INTRODUCTION.

ooo

The Catalogues which follow occupied the late Mr. Blyth during the

last three years of his life. Sir A. Phayre, K.C.8.1., now Governor of

Mauritius, had requested him to undertake a sketch of the Natural

History of Burma, which should form a chapter in a work on that

country then under preparation. The MS. when obtained from Miss

Blyth, after her brother’s death, proved to constitute a more elaborate paper

than Sir Arthur’s purpose required. Blyth, as was his wont, had gone into

the subject con amore, and had poured out all he knew of the Mammal and

Avi-fauna of Burma. An Introductory Note, apparently not quite com-

pleted, accompanied the Catalogues, and reserving this as sufficient probably

for his object, Sir Arthur handed over the rest of the MS. to me, suggesting

that the pages of this Journal would be the most appropriate place for such

a paper. |

This suggestion was one in which I cordially concurred; but the late Dr.

Stoliczka, the able editor of Part II. of the Journal, was far away in Kashgar,

and Dr. Anderson, of the Indian Museum, was in England. There might bea

difficulty, in their absence, in passing this roughly written MS. through

the press in Calcutta. Here, on the contrary, the most competent editorial

aid offered; and having received the kindest assurances from Lord Walden,

Dr. Anderson, and Dr. Dobson, I addressed the President of the Society,

and proposed that the Catalogues should be published in London. This

proposal was at once assented to, with a due expression of thanks on the

part of the Council of the Society, both to Sir A. Phayre and to the gentle-

men just named, whose respective shares in this publication will be explained

in the sequel. | |

More than one obituary notice of Blyth and his scientific labours, by

competent and kindly pens, has already appeared in the columns of those

Journals to which he had been in the habit of contributing. This seems

iV dntroduction.

a fitting place for collecting in a brief memoir such particulars as are

obtainable of his early life, and such as I can myself supply of his long

career in our Society’s service. My personal acquaintance with him com-

menced on my return to India from furlough in 1848. He had then been

Curator of our Museum for seven years, and my official connexion with

the Society, combined with a taste for his pursuits, brought me into frequent

and close relations with him. Of the incidents of his pre-Indian life some

knowledge has been obtained from his sister, who has kindly given me

access to such of his letters as are in her possession.

The carbon print which accompanies this memoir has been prepared by

the Autotype Company from a photograph taken of Blyth when he visited

Dublin some ten years ago. It has been kindly contributed to me by Miss

Blyth and her relative Mr. R. Loder, of High Beeches, Crawley, Sussex.

Edward Blyth was born in London on the 23rd December, 1810. His

father was of a Norfolk family, and from him the son appears to have inherited

both his taste for nature and the retentive memory for which he was so re-

markable. Blyth’s father died in 1820, leaving four children, whose care

and education now devolved on the widow, a Hampshire lady, who at once

sent Edward, the eldest boy, to Dr. Fennell’s school at Wimbledon. Here

the boy seems to have made unusual progress in his books, but the school

reports describe him as of truant habits, and as being frequently found in

the woods. He left school in 1825, and his mother seems at first to have

intended him for an University career, and ultimately for the Church, but

at Dr. Fennell’s suggestion she sent her son to London to study chemistry

under Mr. Keating, of St. Paul’s Churchyard. He did not, however, long

persevere in this study, being dissatisfied with his instructor’s mode of

teaching. His enthusiasm for Natural History pursuits disinclined him

for any ordinary employment, and on coming of age he embarked the little

means he had in a druggist’s business at Tooting. To this he seems to have

given little personal attention. The management of the business was left to

another, while Blyth devoted all his time to the study which engrossed his

thoughts. ‘‘ Never,” says his sister, ‘‘was any youth more industrious;

up at three or four in the morning, reading, making notes, sketching bones,

colouring maps, stuffing birds by the hundred, collecting butterflies, and

beetles—teaching himself German sufficiently to translate it readily, singing

always merrily at intervals.’”’ He took aroom in Pall Mall, to have readier

access to books, and passed much of his time in the British Museum, in

which, or in some kindred institution, he tried hard to find employment.

Naturally the Tooting business did not thrive under such fitful manage-

Introduction. v

ment. Blyth soon found himself in serious difficulties; such literary work

as offered itself in his own special line of study supplied him with but

precarious means. In the Introduction to his edition of White’s ‘ Selborne,’

which bears date from Lower Tooting, 1886, he alludes to the anxieties

which then surrounded him, though ‘‘his mind,” he adds, ‘‘cleaves to its.

favourite pursuit in defiance of many obstacles and interruptions, and eagerly

avails itself of every occasion to contribute a mite to the stock of general

information.”? Young as he was, Blyth had at this time earned for himself

a reputation as a diligent and accurate field observer, and he corresponded

with many of the leading naturalists of the day. He seems to have been a

contributor to both Loudon and Charlesworth’s series of the Magazine of

Natural History from 1833 till his departure for India, and in one of his

papers of the volume for 1838 he proposed a new arrangement of Insessorial

birds. Rennie enlisted him as a writer in the ‘Field Naturalist,” and he

was associated with Mudie, Johnston, and Westwood, in an illustrated trans-

lation of Cuvier, which was published by Orr and Co. in 1840. Blyth

undertook the Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles in this work, adding much

original matter of his own, which is inclosed within brackets. A new and

enlarged edition of the work appeared in 1854, with important additions to

the Molluses and Fishes by Dr. Carpenter.

The Proceedings of the Zoological Society from 1837 to 1840 ‘contain

a few papers read by Blyth at their meetings. One of these, on the Osteology

of the Great Auk, observes on the distinetive characters of Auks and

Penguins. In another he draws attention to peculiarities in the structure

of the feet of the Trogons. But the most important of these con-

tributions was his Monograph of the genus ‘“Ovis,” read in 1840.* He

here describes fifteen species of Sheep, including the then newly discovered

O. poh, from Pamir. At the same meeting he exhibited drawings and

specimens of the Yak, Kashmir Stag, Markhur, Himalayan Ibex, and other

Indian ruminants, his remarks on which show the attention which he had

_ already begun to give to the Zoology of India.

Just at this time our Society had obtained from the Court of Directors

a grant for a paid Curator of its Museum, which had grown into a collec-

tion beyond what was manageable by the honorary office-bearers who had

* Proc. Zool. Soc., July 28. This was an ‘Amended List” of species, of which he had

enumerated nine in a summary Monograph in the previous February. This paper was

reprinted in Taylor’s Mag. of Nat. Hist, in 1841, and again with additional matter in

J.B.A.S. vol. x. pt. 2, p. 858.

V1 Introduction.

hitherto looked after it. The labours of Hodgson, Cantor, M‘Clelland, and

_ others, had filled it with valuable Zoological specimens, which with important

fossil and other contributions were falling into great disorder. Prof. H. H.

Wilson, then our honorary agent in London, was asked to select a

competent man to undertake the general charge of the Museum, and the

appointment was offered to and accepted by Blyth, then in weak health, and

professionally advised to seek a warmer climate. Provided with passage

and outfit by the Court of Directors, the latter arrived in Calcutta in

September, 1841. His letter to Mr. H. Torrens, published in our Society’s

Proceedings for that month (vide Journ. Vol. X. Pt. 2, p. 756), expresses the

diffidence with which he entered on the charge of the Mineral Department of —

the Museum; but of this duty he was largely relieved in the following year

on the appointment of Mr. Piddington to all the Departments of Economic

Geology. He still retained the custody of the Paleontological specimens.

One of the duties impressed on him by our then President, Sir E. Ryan,

was that of furnishing monthly reports at the Society’s meetings; and in

October, 1841, he accordingly submitted the first of that long series of

useful reports which appear in our Proceedings with scarcely any inter-

mission for the next twenty years. Each of the monthly issues of this

Journal for the remainder of 1841 contains a paper by Blyth. In the first

of these, ‘A general review of the species of True Stag,’ etc., he committed

himself to an opinion, shared with him by Ogilby, regarding Hodgson’s

Cervus affinis, which, as Jerdon has pointed out (Mamm. p. 252), he did not

recant till 1861. |

Many of Blyth’s reports fill from fifteen to twenty pages, and his

remarks on the various contributions which reached him were just what were

wanted by the field observers who supplied them. The active correspondence

which he set on foot with these and with sportsmen, all more or less

naturalists, throughout India, encouraged their useful pursuits, and brought

him a large accession of specimens. He received in July, 1846, the

thanks of the monthly meeting of our Society for his exertions “ in

opening out new channels of scientific intercourse.” * He had already found

it necessary to apply for assistance in his Museum duties, but the Society

had not the means of supplementing the Government grant beyond the small

allowance which they gave him for house rent. Had Blyth been less devoted

to the special service in which he had engaged, there were not wanting to

him opportunities of finding far more remunerative employment in other

* J.BAS, xy. p. ol.

Introduction. | Vil

quarters. ‘The Dutch authorities in Java seem to have about this time made

him a very tempting offer. |

The Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1841 and 1842 contain two

letters from Blyth, of which one was written on the voyage out to India,*

and the other shortly after his arrival.t The latter contained remarks. on

various species of birds found in India and Europe. Nothing from his pen

appears in the Calcutta Journal of Natural History, of which the publication

had just commenced’ when he reached India, and which was brought to a

close in 1847. He found time, however, to send home several papers for

the Annals of Natural History in 1844-48, as will be seen in the List

appended to this Memoir, in which: I have endeavoured to collect the

titles of all his published writings. |

The unpleasant episode in regard to the publication of the Burnes

Zoological drawings with Dr. Lord’s notes had occurred before I joined the

Society. The materials, which consisted of certain wretched figures by

a native artist, and some descriptions of already well-known species, the

Afghanistan localities of which were alone new, had been made over to us by

the Government before Blyth became our Curator. The lithographer’s death

had brought the work to a stand, and when inquiry was made in 1844, the

notes which were to furnish the letterpress were not forthcoming. Blyth’s

explanation of his share in their disappearance will be found in our Pro-

ceedings of October, 1844. This was followed by a controversy with Mr.

Torrens,§ then our Secretary; and the financial embarrassments of the

Society soon afterwards neeessitated the abandonment of the publication. Of

the fourteen coloured copies of the completed plates, I possess one, and I quite

agree with Blyth that their issue would have brought ridicule on the Society.

The heavy outlay incurred on this undertaking, and on the publeation

of Cantor’s Chusan drawings, was unfortunately the cause, not only of the

embarrassments just noticed, but of a temporary estrangement between the

Philological and Physical elasses of our members. Funds which had been

assigned by the Government for furthering Oriental literature had no doubt

been appropriated to other objects. Blyth came in for a share of this

discontent on the part of the Orientalists, and some Naturalists also com-

plained that he was enriching the Mammal and Bird departments of the

Museum at the expense of those of the shells, fossils, and insects. The

want, too, of a Catalogue of. the collections had: been long felt, and the

* P.Z.S, 1841, p. 63. + idem. 1842, p. 93.

{.J.B.A.S, xii. pt. 2, p, 61. § idem. xiv. pt. 2, p. cvi.

peli aula eee Se ee ee eee

Viil Lntroduction. ;

Curator had been repeatedly urged to supply it. The Council refers to his

delay in performing this duty in their Report* of 1848, while commend-

ing ‘his regularity of attendance and remarkable industry.’ His appli-

cation for increased pay and a retiring pension was referred to the Society

at large with the following guarded remarks:—‘‘It must be admitted that

for any scientific man capable of discharging the duties on which Mr. Blyth is

employed, and of performing them with activity and zeal, for the advancement

of science, etc., the [monthly] salary of 250 rupees is a very inadequate com-

pensation. But the Council cannot but regard the present as an inauspicious

period to address the Honourable Court in furtherance of any pecuniary

claim. Thediversion of the Oriental grant to so large an amount as has but

_ lately been brought to notice, cannot be regarded with indifference by them,

nor can it have disposed them to entertain with much favour any fresh

demand on their munificence preferred by the Society.” The application was

then referred for report to the Natural History Section, and notwithstanding

the stout struggle made on his behalf in the Section, their report was

unfavourable to Blyth’s claims, which were finally negatived at the J uly t

meeting in 1848. |

_ In the following year Blyth published his Catalogue of Birds, which had

in fact long been ready for issue in a form which would have satisfied the

Council. It had been constantly kept back for the Appendices, Addenda,

and ‘‘ Further Addenda,” which disfigure the volume, and seriously detract

from its value as a work of reference. This habitual reluctance of his to

part with his compositions till he had embodied in them his latest gained in-

formation is conspicuous throughout his contributions, and it is in fact

partly due to this habit that these Burman Catalogues form a posthumous

publication. |

Blyth availed himself of every opportunity which offered of escape from

his closet studies to resume his early habits of field observation. Frequent

mention will be found in his reports of the little excursions into the country

which he thus made, and of the practical results obtained from them. The

geniality of his disposition and the large store of general information at his

- command insured him a warm welcome in all quarters. One of his favourite

resorts was Khulna, on the edge of the Jessore Sunderbuns, where the indigo

factory of an intelligent and untiring observert offered him a favourable

station for field pursuits.

* J.B.A.S. xvii. pt. 1, p. 10. t J.BAS, xvile pt: 2, 9092.

{ Our common friend Robert Frith, whose name is of frequent occurrence in the

Curator’s reports.

Introduction. 1X

Several contributions from Blyth on his special subject will be found in

the pages of the different sporting Journals which have appeared in Calcutta.

He was on the regular staff of the ‘Indian Field.’ In the ‘ India Sporting

Review’ he published a sketch of ‘The Osteology of the Elephant,’ and a

series of papers on ‘The Feline Animals of India.’ For the ‘Calcutta

Review’ he wrote an article on the ‘Birds of India.’ It gives the re-

sults of his latest experience on the subject of the communication made in

1842 to the Zoological Society, which has been noticed above, and shows

that of 358 species of birds admitted by Yarrell into the English avifauna,

no less than 140 are found in India.

In 1854 Blyth was married to Mrs. Hodges, a young widow whom he

had known as Miss Sutton, and who had lately come out to join some rela-

tives in India. This step on his part necessarily aggravated the embarrass-

ments entailed on him by his inadequate income, and on completing his four-

teenth year of service in 1855, he memorialized the Court of Directors for an

increased salary and for a pension ‘‘after a certain number of years’ service.”

In the second paragraph of his memorial he observes, ‘‘that however

desirous the Asiatic Society might be of augmenting your memorialist’s

personal allowances, the ever-increasing demands on its income, consequent

on the extension of its collections among other causes, altogether disables it

from so doing.”’ On this memorial being submitted to the meeting * of May,

1856, it was agreed to forward the document to Government, ‘‘ with the

expression of the high sense entertained by the Society of the value of

Mr. Blyth’s labours in the Department of Natural History, and of its

hope that the memorial may be favourably considered by the Honourable

Court.”’

The extract just given will show, in Blyth’s own words, that he had no

complaints to make of our Society’s treatment of him. Mr. A. Hume, who

seems to have first joined our Society in 1870, has gone somewhat out of his

way in his ‘Rough Notes’ + ‘to do justice to Blyth’s merits as Curator, at

the expense of older members. The language used is in Mr. Hume’s charac-

teristic style, and is as offensive as the charge brought against the Society

is unjust. The same charge is implied in the use of the words “neglect

and harshness’? in the ‘‘In Memoriam” with which vol. ii. of ‘Stray

Feathers’ opens, and which, with this exception, describes with much

truth and feeling the life-long struggle in India, as at home, which Blyth’s

* J.B. A. 8. xxv. 237.

t See note to ‘My Scrap Book or Rough Notes on Indian Oology and Ornithology,

No. 1, p..181.

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x | Introduction.

scientific ardour supported him in maintaining against the most depressing

obstacles. 3

That nothing came of this memorial is due probably in some measure to

the movement which commenced in 1857 for transterring our collections to

an Imperial Museum, but mainly to the great convulsion which shook our

empire in that year. I find no record in our Proceedings of any reply

having been made to our recommendation, and the negociations for the

foundation of the new museum were not resumed for some three years.

Blyth made a short tour in the N.W. Provinces in July, 1856. He

spent some six weeks in Lucknow, Cawnpore, Allahabad, and Benares. Oude

had just been annexed, and the sale of the Royal Menagerie at Lucknow

had been determined on. The tigers were the finest caged specimens in the

world, and to one who understood their value in the European market, the

inducement to buy and ship the animals was irresistible. A German friend

joined in the speculation, and found the necessary funds. Blyth was to do

the rest, and as no competitors offered, he bought the bulk of the collection

for a trifle. Eighteen magnificent tigers were sold at 20 rupees (£2) a head!

Some casualties occurred on the passage down the river; but his collection,

when exhibited in Calcutta, contained sixteen tigers, one leopard, one

bear, two cheetas, three caracals, two rhinoceroses, and a giraffe, which carried

a saddle and was daily ridden. Difficulties unfortunately occurred in finding

ships for the transport of the animals, and their detention in Calcutta caused

further casualties and heavy charges, which his partner would not face.

The speculation collapsed, but one of ey tigers which reached Tngiiate

realized £140.

<n December, 1857, Blyth had the misfortune to lose his wife. His

short married life had been of the happiest, and the blow fell heavily on

him. His letters to his sister for the early months of 1858 are painful to

read. The shock proved too much for him, and brought on a serious attack

of illness; it threatened paralysis of the heart, and he seems to have been

subject to partial returns of similar attacks for the rest of his life. His

health too suffered much from the isolation imposed on him by his straitened -

means, and from want of proper exercise. Some distraction for his thoughts ©

was luckily afforded at this time by the opening up of a new fauna in the

Andaman Islands, which Dr. Mouatt had been sent to report on before their

occupation as a penal settlement. To this Report Blyth contributed an in-

teresting chapter on the Zoology of the Islands, so far as it was then known.

The China expedition of 1860 was considered both at home and 3 in India

a good opportunity for obtaining information regarding the natural history of |

Lnutroduction. Xl

North China. Blyth’s name was put forward as that of a naturalist readily

available and eminently qualified for the post of naturalist to the expedition.

Replying to Lord Canning’s objections that scientific observations in a hostile

country would have to be carried on at much personal risk, our Council,* while

urging the importance of the mission in a scientific point of view, stated on

Blyth’s behalf that ‘‘ he was quite willing to encounter the danger, whatever

it might be.”’ The application, however, failed: no naturalist was appointed.

This result was to be regretted, as it affected Blyth personally, for his health

was failing, and the sea-voyage, with the stimulus afforded by so interesting

a mission, would have been most beneficial to him, and would probably have

averted the utter breakdown which was now at hand. It is doubtful whether

he was equal to the more laborious task which he offered to-undertake in the

following year, when the scientific expedition into Chinese Tartary was pro-

jected by the Government. |

Blyth was a staunch adherent of Darwin’s views, and an opportnnity of

thus declaring himself offered at our November meeting in 1860, when Mr. .

H. Blanford read his paper on the well-known work of Dr. Broun on the

laws of development of organized beings. The value attached by Darwin to

Blyth’s observations is shown by the frequent reference made to them, more

especially in his ‘ Animals and Plants under Domestication.’ His first cita-

tion of Blyth in the latter work describes him as an ‘ excellent authority,”

and the many quotations that follow in these interesting volumes show how

carefully he read and noted all that fell from Blyth, even in his contributions

to sporting journals.

In 1861 Blyth’s health fairly gave way, and in July of that year a second

memorial was submitted to Government} with a view to obtaining a recon-

sideration by the Secretary of State for India of his claims to a pension.

Lord Elgin, the new Viceroy, took up the subject warmly, and pressed it on

the attention of the Home authorities as a special case :t ‘‘the case,’”’ as he

observed, ‘‘of a man of science who had devoted himself for a very small

salary to duties in connexion with the Asiatic Society, a body aided by and

closely identified with the Government of India, from which the public have

derived great advantage.’ After describing Blyth as ‘‘the creator of the

Natural History Museum, which has hitherto supplied the place of a public

museum in the Metropolis of India, and which will probably soon be made

over to Government as part of a national museum,” and referring to the

* J. B.A. S. xxix. p. 82. € J.B Av Soe 60.

+t Idem, xxx1, 430. |

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Xil Iutroduction.

importance of Blyth’s labours in zoology in maintaining and extending the

character and standing of our Society, this dispatch concludes thus: ‘‘ His:

Excellency in Council considers, therefore, that if under such circumstances

Mr. Blyth should, after twenty years’ service, be compelled to retire from ull

health, brought on very much by his exertions in pursuit of science, it would

not be creditable to the seunas that he should be allowed to leave with-

out any retiring pension.”

Meanwhile, Blyth was only enabled to remain at his post by the facilities

which the Council afforded him of making short successive visits to Burma.

He was for some five months in that province, from which, and more espe-

cially from the Yonzalin River, he communicated several interesting letters.

His camp life there agreed with him, and he had kind friends like Phayre,

Fytche, and Tickell to associate with and take care of him. His return to

Calcutta was always attended by a relapse, and the hot season of 1862

brought him to a state for which there was no alternative but instant depar-

ture for Europe. As yet, however, no orders had been received from home in

regard to the pension. It was clear that for these it would not do to wait,

and the Council* under the emergency gave Blyth a year’s leave on full pay.

He had hardly gone when the expected reply was received, and this, notwith-

standing the Viceroy’s strongly expressed opinion, proved} an unfavourable

one. LEventually{ a pension of £150 a year was conceded, owing, I believe,

mainly to the untiring efforts made in London on Blyth’s behalf by the late

Sir P. Cautley and Dr. Falconer. ive

By the end of 1864 our Society’s negociations with the Government for

the transfer of its collections to the Indian Museum had been brought to a

successful close, and at the November meeting the following just tribute was

paid to our late Curator in the form of a resolution, which, on the Council’s

proposition, was carried unanimously :—

‘‘Qn the eve of transferring the zoological collections of the Society to

Government, to form the nucleus of an Imperial Museum of Natural History,

the Society wishes to record its sense of the important services rendered by

its late Curator, Mr. Blyth, in the formation of those collections. In the

period of twenty-two years during which Mr. Blyth was Curator of the

Society’s Museum, he has formed a large and valuable series of specimens

richly illustrative of the ornithology of India and the Burmese Peninsula,

and has added largely to the Mammalian and other vertebrate collections of

* The Council’s action in anticipation of the vote of a meeting was cordially approved

at our annual meeting of 1863, but was protested against as illegal by Mr. Oldham.

+ J.B. A. S. xxxii. 32. + J.B. A. &. xxmiiiy 78.

Introduction. Xill

the Museum; while, by his numerous descriptive papers and catalogues* of

the Museum specimens, he has made the materials thus amassed by him sub-

servient to zoological science at large, and especially valuable to those engaged

in the study of the vertebrate fauna of India and its adjoining countries.’’}

Blyth was elected an Honorary Member of the Society in the follow-

ing year. The Museum was now under a Board of Trustees, and a new

_ Curator, better paid, and.with all the prospective advantages of a Government

official, had taken charge of it. Writing to me from Malvern, in June,

1865, Blyth says: ‘“I had always a presentiment that my successor in the

Museum would be more adequately remunerated, beginning with just double

what I had after more than twenty years’ work, with an additional £50 yearly,

and house accommodation! How very much more could I have accomplished

with such an income!” ‘With this mild explosion he brushed off discontent,

and strove to make the most of his small means. His letters to me, and

these were frequent up to the time of my leaving India in 1868, were full of

his own special subject; some of them are published in our Society’s

Proceedings.

In January, 1864, Blyth visited Dublin, where he read two papers

before the Royal Irish Academy. The first of these was ‘On the True

Stags or Elaphine division of the genus Cervus,’ and does not appear to

have been printed 7m extenso in the Academy’s Proceedings.{ His other

paper, ‘On the Animal Inhabitants of Ancient Ireland,’ was published at

length in the Academy’s Proceedings § of January 25th. What the extra-

ordinary bones were which he exhibited at the meeting, and which he

referred to as “‘ probably Tibetan,” was not explained in any of his letters.

At a meeting of the Geologicall| Society of Dublin, he made some

remarks on a paper of Professor Haughton’s ‘On Geological Epochs,’ and

expressed his concurrence in Dr. Carte’s identification of the bones of the

Polar Bear discovered in Lough Gur, in County Limerick. On further ex-

amination, however, these bones have been pronounced by Mr. Busk to be

indistinguishable from those of Ursus ferox.

The question of zoological distribution will be found to have been

treated by Blyth, in a paper which he contributed to ‘Nature’ in 1871

* Blyth’s Catalogue of Mammalia was published in 1863, its last sheets being carried

through the press by his friend Jerdon.

Vode ed. 8; EXKUL, 5S2,

t Vol. vi. Jan. 11, 1864, p. 458.

§ Id. qu. sup. p. 472.

|| Proceedings G. S. D. for January 13, 1864, Journ. p. 173.

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X1V Lntroduction.

(March 30). He had been led to consider it while drawing up the intro-

ductory chapter which was to preface these catalogues, for in a letter to me

dated 15th July of that year he refers to this MS. as follows :—

‘‘T suppose that Phayre showed you my sketch of what I conceive to

be the true regions and sub-regions of 8. E. Asia, and I expected that he

would have modified somewhat my notions with regard to the provinces into

which I venture to divide the Jndo-Chinese sub-region, but he seems to have

assented to them altogether. Only yesterday I received the ‘ Proceedings of

the Asiatic Society’ for April and May last, and the ‘Journal of the Asiatic

Society of Bengal,’ Part II., No. 1, 1871, and in p. 84 of the ‘ Proceedings’

I find some remarks by Stoliczka which quite confirm my views, only that I

think that, with regard to the extension of the Malayan fauna into India, he

should rather have said Southern India, because the African affinities of

Central and Northern India, inclusive of the Siwalik Deposits, are of ancient

date, as shown by the occurrence of Bos namadicus in Central India, which

is barely separable from the European B. primigenius (a type of Bos which is

elsewhere only known from Europe), and by the presence of giraffes and of

antelopes of African type in the Siwalik Deposits. I have such an enormous

mass of valuable facts to deal with, that I gave over making them public in

driblets at the meetings of the Zoological Society; and I have now time and

undisturbed leisure to treat of them in a work which I am preparing on ‘ The

Origination of Species,’ a subject upon which I think I can throw some

hight,’’*

As pointed out in a note, Blyth’s ‘Austral-Asian region’ is generally the

same with Dr. Sclater’s ‘Indian region,’ minus Hindustan proper, or the plains

of Upper India east and south of the north-west desert—the Dukhun or table-

land of the Peninsula with the intervening territory, inclusive of the Vindhyan

Ghats—the Coromandel Coast and the low northern half of Ceylon—all of

which Blyth places in his Ethiopian region. What remains of India after

this large deduction Blyth distributes through three sub-regions, viz. the

Himalayan, Indo-Chinese, and Cinghalese. India cannot, he argues, be

treated as a natural zoological province: it is a border-land in which different

zoological regions meet, and one, therefore, “of. extraordinarily complex

zoological affinities.”” Burma of course falls within his Indo-Chinese sub-

* Among the papers left by Blyth is one headed ‘ Origination of the Various. Races of

Man, which he may have intended to form part of the book here referred to. It contains

nothing original, but brings together numerous points of resemblance and contrast observable

in the several groups of the order Primates.

Introduction. XV

region, which extends southward as far as Penang and Province Wellesley,

where his Malayan sub-region commences.

The interest which Blyth had always taken in the Rhinoceros group was

revived by the safe arrival at the Zoological Gardens of the Chittagong indi-

vidual, the Ceratorhinus crosser of the present Catalogue. In his paper con-

tributed to the ‘ Annals’ in 1872, he argues against Gray’s assignment of this

species to Rhinoceros sumatrensis, and in favour of its identity with the

fine Tavoy specimen shot by Col. Fytche, and figured in this Journal, vol. xxx.

p. 156. Blyth’s conjecture that the Arakan Hills is one of the habitats of

this species is borne out by the letter in which Capt. Lewin, the superin-

tendent of the Hill Tracts of Chittagong, first reported to me in 1867 the

capture of the animal.* After giving her measurements, which were then

6 feet from crown of head to root of tail, and 4 feet 2 inches in height, and

otherwise minutely describing her horns, Capt. Lewin adds: ‘‘ You are mis- |

taken I think in supposing that she has come from the Tenasserim Provinces

—the two-horned species is found in my hills. I have seen one alive, and

several of my men have seen a dead one.”

In the Journal of Travel and Natural History, No. 2,}+ of 1868, will be

found a letter from Blyth in explanation of some remarks which he had made

at the Zoological Society on the occasional shedding or loss by violence of

rhinoceros’ horns, followed by their renewal. In this he takes the opportunity

of pointing out the tendency which some species have to develope a rudi-

mentary horn on the forehead, and argues for the possible explanation in this

manner of cases of three-horned rhinoceroses being reported by travellers.

The connexion which Blyth established, first with ‘Land and Water,’

and later with the ‘ Field,’ gave him interesting literary occupation ;

and the ‘Naturalist’? columns of both these journals abound in scraps

by ‘ Zoophilus,’ which did real service to the advancement of scientific truth.

No pen so ready as his to expose current fallacies or sensational announce- |

ments in works of travel of the results of loose and careless observations.

Very many of his ‘scraps’ are worthy of being collected and preserved, for

such use as we see they have been turned to by Mr. Darwin. These columns

occasionally contained more elaborate papers, such as the series in the

‘Field’ for 1873, on ‘ Wild Animals dispersed by human agency,’ and ‘On

the Gruidee or Crane family.’ This monograph, for such it amounts to, was

* The date of capture is erroneously given, both by Mr. Blyth and by Dr. Anderson in

his cited communication to the Zoological Society.

Tt Page 1380.

XV1 Introduction.

its writer’s last utterance. He had long been ailing, and in the autumn of

this year he became very ill, and. went to Antwerp for a change. On his

return he called on me, feeling, as he said, better, though complaining of

ereat prostration. He seemed full of what he had seen in the Antwerp

Zoological Garden, where he thought he had found another new species of

Rhinoceros. This was our last interview. Though nursed by a tenderly-

attached sister, his weakness increased, and he died of heart disease on the

27th of December, within a day or two of his 63rd birthday.

More competent authorities than I can pretend to be have done justice

to the high intellectual powers which Blyth displayed from the outset of his —

career as a naturalist; to the wonderful capacity and accuracy of his memory,

which, unassisted by any systematic notes, assimilated the facts once stored

in it, and enabled him readily to refer to his authority for them; to his great

power of generalization, and to the conscientious use which he made of it.

Abundant proof of the high respect with which his opinions were always

listened to, and of the careful consideration given to them even where they

were not accepted, is to be found in the published works of his brother natural-

ists. No higher testimony to his habitual scientific caution need be adduced

than that of Mr. Darwin, but it 1s equally borne by Jerdon throughout his pub-

lished writings. Gould“ refers to him as ‘‘ one of the first zoologists of his

time, and the founder of the study of that science in India.’ I confine myself

here to putting on record the tribute of an old and intimate friend, to the

excellent qualities of heart possessed by Blyth. The warmth and freshness of

his feelings which first inspired him with the love of Nature clung to him.

through his chequered life, and kept him on good terms with the world,

which punished him, as it 1s wont to do, for not learning more of its wisdom.

Had he been a less imaginative and a more practical man, he must have been a

prosperous one. Few men who have written so much have left in their writings

so little that is bitter. Noman that I have ever known was so free as he was

from the spirit of intolerance; and the absence of this is a marked feature in

all his controversial papers. All too that he knew was at the service of

everybody. No one asking him for information asked in vain. Among the | i

many pleasurable reminiscences of my own long residence in India, few are

more agreeable than those which recall his frequent Sunday visits to me.

The Society are largely indebted to the three able Naturalists who have

lent their aid to the publication of these Catalogues. That of the Mam-

malia, with the exception of the Bats, was revised by Dr. Anderson last

21 OF. : Pah 3

sae ee ————— —_ — Sail —_ s Pe a ie =, CS iL F a vat on

——— ———— — ee —- lS —~_ —— -

* «Birds of Asia,’ Pt. XXVI. Trochalopteron blythit.

——_—___—_ —— —

See o ’ = ——— ——

fi 4

‘a

"aa <*> 7 . - . af

tlie,

= a se tsereerenncearedenetnacenvensetira gsr et Oe Te ti

“eo ) ir foot. eee t ihe ™ ae i ates ii

ie te eed bere ep, fr ee a Ta a pA . BS - Se Sir 7

= een 2 , athe 7 - 7 nd re Bini. gE KF OS a

fea end rit

Ake ‘ ee bes eae eles

java nr

Introduction. XVil1

year, before he was summoned to India to join the second expedition to

Yunan. Dr. Dobson, of the Royal Victoria Hospital of Netley, has edited

the Catalogue of the order Chiroptera, the study of which he has long

specially cultivated. In both cases the notes and additions of the editors are

inclosed within brackets, and bear their respective initials. One or two

notes added by myself are signed ‘ Editor.’ All unsigned notes and citations

of references are those of the author of the Catalogues. |

The Catalogue of Birds will be found, under Lord Walden’s able and

conscientious treatment, to be a complete list of the Burmese species, 660 in

number, as ascertained to date. His editorial notes and additions, which

embrace the latest information afforded by his fine collection, are inclosed in

brackets, and largely enhance the value of the Catalogue. Blyth’s MS., for

the species enumerated in it, has been scrupulously adhered to, obvious

errors of orthography having alone been corrected, and localities being

added where the habitats were doubtful when he wrote. On this last

point I quote Lord Walden’s own words:

‘“'The names of the localities added are given on the authority of Mr.

‘Davison, Mr. Oates, Major Lloyd, Captain Feilden, and Lieutenant Ward-

‘law Ramsay, whose initials will be found attached. My endeavour has

“been to include those localities which, while within the range, are not

‘specified by Mr. Blyth. All Major Lloyd’s and Lieutenant W. Ramsay’s

‘‘specimens and some of Captain Feilden’s have been identified by me. Mr.

‘Hume is responsible for the accurate identification of those obtained by

“Mr. Davison and Mr. Oates, and although that gentleman, in most

‘‘cases, adopts the faulty nomenclature of Mr.G. R. Gray’s Hand List, 1

‘“‘ believe I have succeeded in correctly interpreting his meaning.”’

A. GROTE.

Lonpon, August 27, 1875.

Last of Mr. Blyth’s published papers in the Journal of the Asiatie Socrety of

Bengal and other Journals, with the necessary references.

Curator’s Reports, read at the Society’s Monthly Meetings.

Report for September, 1841, read by his predecessor, Mr. Piddington, on

the occasion of Mr. Blyth’s first introduction to the meeting of the

6th October, X. 836. | |

Report for October, 1841, X. Pt. 2, 917.

» . November, 184], X. Pt.-2; 936.

XVI Introduction.

Report for January, 1842, XI. Pt. 1, 95.

; February, 1842, XI. Pt. 1, 129.

April, 1842, XI. Pt. 1, 444.

June, 1842, XI. Pt. 1, 585.

July, 1842, XI. Pt. 2, 788. The two Appendices to this Report

monograph the Asiatic Drongos and Quails.

August, 1842, XI. Pt. 2, 865.” Treating mainly of Reptilia.

September, 1842, XI. Pt. 2, 880.

October, 1842, XI. Pt. 2, 969.

November, 1842, XI. Pt. 2, 1202.

February, 1848, XII. Pt. 1, 166. To which is appended a

revision of all previous reports, beginning with some interesting obser-

vations on Asiatic Simiade.

November, 1843, XII. Pt. 2,925. This is entitled the ‘ Monthly

Report for December, 1842,’ but it contains Addenda, which cover

the whole intervening period. It is very full and interesting, especially

in its comments on collections from Darjeeling.

May, 1844, XIII. Pt. 1, 361. Further appendix to the above

report for December, 1842. It describes the Mynahs and Babblers. «

November, 1846, XV. p. xcix.

February, 1847, XVI. Pt. 1, 209.

March, 1847, XVI. Pt. 1, 385.

April, 1847, XVI. Pt..1, 502.

May, 1847, XVI. Pt. 1, 608.

June, 1847, XVI. Pt. 2,725. Describing the Quadrumana in the

Society’s Collection.

July, 1847, XVI. Pt. 2, 863. Describes the Sciuride in the

Society’s Collection, and gives Addenda to previous Reports.

i August, 1847, XVI. Pt. 2,992. With Supplement. Describes

the Hornbill group. |

aie? December, 1847, XVI. Pt. 2, 1271. Remarks on the different

species of Pangolins.

January, 1848, XVII. Pt. 1, 82.

March, 1848, XVII. Pt. 1, 247.

April, May, and June, 1848, XVII. Pt. 1, 559.

January, 1849, XVIII. Pt. 1, 80.

June, 1850, XIX. 426.

July, 1850, XIX. 490.

September, 1850, XIX. 497.

Lntroduction. : X1X

Report for October, 1850, XIX. 561.

January, 1851, XX. 108. (Arrear Reports of 1849.

February, 1851, XX. 213.

)

i | 3 August, 1851, XX. 448.

7 ou earl, 1852, XX. 841-356)

. , May, 1852, XXI. 433.

"3 May, 1858, XXII. 408.

= September, 1853, X_XIT. 580.

- October, 1853, X XIT. 589.

3 February, 1854, XXIII. 210. Appends a short note to his paper

Re on Orangutans in Vol. XXIT.

ni Ks October, 1854, XXIII. 729. Describes in a note the series of

Indian and Tibetan Foxes in the Society’s Museum.

"h 4, +February, 1855, XXIV. 178.

il 5, March, 1855, SMV. 187,

— . " April, 1855, XXIV. 252. Reports on Riippell’s contributions

from Abyssinia, and mentions Tickell’s and Frith’s discoveries of Ad-

te jutants’ nests.

bile | =< May, 1855, XXIV. 359.

q a July, 1855, XXIV. 469. Enumerates in a note the series of

smaller Squirrels in the Society’s Collection.

‘i October, 1855, XXIV. 711. Is mainly given to notices of

Theobald’s contributions of Reptiles and other specimens from Tenas-

serim provinces.

ai i August, 1856, XXV. 4389. Remarks in a note on the two

“st supposed wild types of the Domestic Cats of India.

= May, 1857, XX VI. 238.

July, 1857, X XVI. 284.

| : ‘5 October, 1857, X XVI. 314.

y a December, 1857, X XVII. 81. Subjoins in a note a synopsis of

the species of Paleornis with their synonyms.

6 May, 1858, XXVII. 267. Describes Dr. Liebig’s contributions

from the Andaman Islands, and numerous Siluroid and other Fishes

obtained in the neighbourhood of Calcutta.

s February to May, 1859, XXVIII. 271. Further observations on

| Andaman collections. <A note elucidates the series of Flying Squirrels. |

- September, 1859, XXVIII. 411. Reports on Tickell’s contribu-

tions from Tenasserim.

eee — . — 1 Cae. 7 ae — = wll ,

(eben! siurthon art lal Sg ane Soa eg A ae

XX. . Introduction.

Report for March, 1860, X XIX. 87. Reports on Swinhoe’s contributions —

from Amoy and Formosa; on Cape specimens from Layard; and on

further collections from the Andaman Islands.

April and May, 1860, X XIX. 447.

May and June, 1860, XXX. 90. Reports on collections from

China, the Philippine Islands, and Cape of Good Hope.

July, 1861, XXX. 185. Comments on Stags and Staghorns.

This report first announces his new conclusions in regard to Cervus

afinis.

February, 1862, XX XI. 331. Reports on collections from British

Burma, and enumerates in a note the ascertained species of Sciuride

in that province. 3

February (continued), 1863, XXXII. 73, 451. Reports on col-

lections from Burma and Port Blair. In a note are enumerated the

Testudinata of the Burmese provinces so far as then ascertained.

Letter from Blyth, December 2, 1864, XXXIV. Pt. 2, 48. Comments on

Milne-Edwards’s Monograph of the Chevrotains. -

», Nodate. On Inuus Assamensis and Indian Rats and Mice, XXXIV.

Pt. 25-192.

,», . September 17th, 1865, XXXIV. Pt. 2, 279. Refers to his forth-

coming Comments in the Ibis on Jerdon’s ‘Birds of India.’ Concludes

with an enumeration of the species of Arboricola.

No date. XXXV. Pt. 2, 156.

Communications to the Journal of the Society. The papers marked with an

asterisk were reprinted in the Annals of. Natural History.

1841. General review of the species of true Stag, or Elaphoid form of

Cervus, comprising those more immediately related to the Red

Deer of Hurope.: X. Pt. 2, 736.

Monograph of the species of Wild Sheep. X. Pt. 2, 858.

Description of another new species of Pika (Zayomys) from the —

Himalaya. X. Pt. 2, 816. | |

Ditto of three Indian species of Bat, of the genus Zaphozous. X.

Bie O71,

1842. Notes on various Indian and Malayan Birds. XI. Pt. 1, 160.

Notice of the predatory. and sanguivorous habits of the Bats of the

genus Megaderma, with some remarks on the blood-sucking pro-

pensities of other Vespertihionide. XI. Pt. 1, 255.

sr.

~~!

1842.

1844.

1845.

1846.

1847.

1849.

1850.

1853.

1854,

1855.

Introduction. XXi

Monograph of the species of Lynx. XI. Pt..2, 740.

Descriptive notice of the Bat described as Zaphozous longimanus by

General Hardwicke. XI. Pt. 2, 784.

Monograph of the Indian and Malayan species of Cuculda, or Birds

of the Cuckoo family. XI. Pt. 2, 897 and 1095.

Notes of various Mammalia, with descriptions of many new species—

Pt. 1, Primates. XIII. Pt. 1, 463.*

Additions to and annotations on Hodgson’s Leiotrichine Birds of the

Sub-Himalaya, with a synopsis of the Indian Pari and Indian

Lringulide. XIII. Pt. 2, 983.

Notices and descriptions of various new or little-known species of

Birds.- XIV. Pt. 1, 178; XIV. Pt. 2, 546; XV. Pt. 1, 280;

XVI. Pt. 1, 117-428.

Description of Caprolagus, a new genus of Leporine mammalia.

Pte, 2408

Drafts for a Fauna Indica—No. 1, Columbide. XIV. Pt. 2, 845.*

Notes on the Fauna of the Nicobar Islands. XY. 367.

Some further notice of the species of Wild Sheep. XVI. Pt. 1, 350..

Note on the Sciwrt inhabiting Ceylon, and those of the Tenasserim

XV ITIL, PE. 1, 600:

A supplemental note to the Catalogue of the Birds in the Asiatic

Society’s Museum. XVIII. Pt. 2, 800.

Description of a new species of Mole (Zulpa leucwra, Blyth).

215:*

Remarks on the modes of variation of nearly affined species or races

of Birds, chiefly inhabitants of India. XIX. 221,

Conspectus of the Ornithology of India. XIX. 229—819, 501.

XLV.

provinces.

AIX.

. Notice of a collection of Mammalia, Birds and Reptiles procured at

or near the Plateau of Cherra Punji, in the Khasia hills north of

Sylhet. XX. 517.

Report on the Mammalia and more remarkable species of Birds in-

habiting Ceylon. XX. 158.

Remarks on the different species of Orangutan. XXII. 369.

Notes and descriptions of various Reptiles new or little known.

XXIT. 639.

Monograph of the Indian species of Phylloscopus and its immediate

affines. XXIII. 479.*

Memoir on the Indian species of Shrews.

XXIV. 24.*

Report on a Zoological Collection from the Somali country. XXIV. 291.

Lntroduction.

. Further remarks on the different species of Orangutan. XXIV.

518.

. Description of a new Indian Pigeon akin to the ‘Stock Dove’ of

Kurope, with notices of other Columbine. XXVI. 217.*

. On the different animals known as Wild Asses. XXVIII. 229.*

On the Great Rorqual of the Indian Ocean, with notices of other

Cetals, and of the Syrenia or Marine Pachyderms. XXVIII.

481. | |

. On the flat-horned Taurine Cattle of S.E. Asia, with a note on the

races of Reindeer, and on Domestic Animals in general. X XIX.

282—3876.

Report on some Fishes, received chiefly from the Sitang river and its

tributary streams, Tenasserim provinces. XXIX. 188.

The Cartilaginous Fishes of Lower Bengal. XXIX. 35.

. Memoir on the living Asiatic species of Rhinoceros. XXXI. 151.

Further note on Elephants and Rhinoceroses. XX XI. 196.

Ditto on Wild Asses and alleged Wild Horses. XX XI. 363.

. Memoir on the Rats and Mice of India. XX XIT. 327.

List of communications to the ‘ Ibis.’

I. p. 464. 1859. Letter stating the occurrence of Catarractes pomarinus in

Moulmein, with remarks on the Zoology of the Andamans.

II. p. 823. 1860. Note on Edible Birds’ Nests. His letter, from which

extracts are also published, mentions his new Cassowary, C. uno

appendiculatus.

III. p. 268. 1861. Note on the Calcutta Adjutant, Leptoptilus argala. —

IV. 1862. Among his letters extracted from in this Vol., the last (p. 385),

on Jerdon’s new Birds from Upper Burma, is the most interesting.

V. 1863. Catalogue of the Birds of India, with remarks on their Geo-

graphical Distribution. Part I. Seansores and papas

‘Note on the genus Pyrrhula.

His letter extracted from at p. 117 of this Vol. announces Tytler’s

last Andaman discoveries, Hematornis Elgini, etc.

VI. 1864. His letter at p. 411 remarks on the distinct characters of the

Buccomde and Capitonide, which he had L pains out so far back as

1838.

New Serres. I. 1865. A few identifications and rectifications of Synonymy.

Introduction. | XXlll

II. 1866. The Ornithology of India. A Commentary on Dr. Jerdon’s

‘Birds of India.’

III. 1867. The same paper continued. |

The Ornithology of Ceylon. A supplement to Dr. Jerdon’s ‘ Birds

of India.’

IV. 1868. Extracts from letters only.

VI. 1870. Notes relating chiefly to the Birds of India; being Comments on

| the Collections of the Leyden Museum, which Blyth had visited in

1869.

Tuirp series. IJ. 1872. Letter commenting on Hume’s observations on

Halhetus albveilla, and on Khasia Birds in the India Museum.

Communications to ‘ Annals of Natural History.’

1843. Frest sertes. XII. pp. 90, 165, 229. List of Birds obtained in the

vicinity of Calcutta, with remarks on their habits.

1844. XIII. p. 113. Further notice of the species of Birds occurring in the

| vicinity of Calcutta. |

XIII. p. 175. Description of some new species found in the neigh-

bourhood of Calcutta. |

XIV. pp. 34-114. Further observations on the Ornithology of the

neighbourhood of Calcutta, with notes by H. E. Strickiand.

1847. XX. p. 382. Critical remarks on the republication by Mr. Strickland

of Karl Sundevall’s paper on the Birds of Calcutta.

XX. p. 318. Critical remarks on J. E. Gray’s Catalogue of Hodgson’s

Collections.

1848. Sreconp sErtes. I. p. 454. Corrections of ditto.

1871. Fourry series. VIIT. p. 204. On the supposititious Bos (?) pegasus of

the late Col. C. Hamilton Smith.

1872. X. p. 399. On the species of Asiatic two-horned Rhinoceros.

I find on reference to the Index published in 1872 of the Proceedings of

the Zoological Society, that besides exhibiting and remarking on Horns and

other specimens at its meetings, Blyth contributed the following papers :—

1861. Notes on some Birds collected by Dr. Jerdon in Sikkim.

Letter on Rhinoceros cross, Gray.

XXIV | Introduction.

1868. Synoptical List of the species of Felis inhabiting the Indian Region

and the adjacent parts of Middle Asia.

1864. Notes on sundry Mammals (Chevrotains, Asiatic Civets, and the

Unicorn Goat of Tibet).

1866. Ditto on African Buffalos.

1867. Remarks on an Indian Quail (Rollulus superciliosus).

Notes on three Asiatic species of Deer, viz. Rucervus duvaucelh, R.

schomburgkt, and Panolia elde.

1869. Notice of two overlooked species of Antelope (Bosclaphus major and

Strepsiceros imberbis.

On the Hybrid between the Chamois and the Domestic Goat.

Contributed to Journal of Travel and Natural History.

1868. No. 4. Review of Layard’s ‘ Birds of South Africa.’

ERRATA.

‘No. 1. 1875,’ had been introduced into the upper corners of ‘some of

the earlier pages, which were printed off before the oversight was discovered.

p- 24. ‘Order Secundates ”’ omitted in the heading over the words

‘¢ Sub-order Carnivora.” |

yp O2; note. For. FZ8.. 1873,” read 1872.7

en = a = < x : - za a ~ = —

ee eee Se Se s

ee _ c a he ARIE Ry I oe om te

CATALOGUE OF THE Mammats anp Birps or Burma.—By the late

Epwarp Bryru, 0.10Z2.8.

Sub-kingdom VERTEBRATA.

Class MAMMALTA.

Order PRIMATES.

Sub-order CHEIROPODA.

Tribe CATARRHINI. |

fam. Hylobatidee.

Gibbons, or Long-armed Apes.

*1, HyYLoBATES HOOLOCK.*

Sumia hatock Harlan ; H. scyrites and H. choromandus, Ogilby. Myouk Ulwai-gyen,

Arakan ; also Too-poung, of the Arakanese, Tickell.

The White-browed Gibbon inhabits the hill-forests from the basin of the

Brahmaputra to that of the Irawddi.

2. H. tar.

Homo lar, L.; Simialongimana, Schreber ; 8. albimana, Vigors and Horsfield; Pithecus

varvegatus, Geoflroy (nee Kuhl); H. entelloides, Is. Geoffroy ; H. pileatus, Gray.

The White-handed Gibbon bears the same native name as the preceding

species, and inhabits the hill-forests of the Tenasserim provinces, Malayan

peninsula, Siam, Cambodja, if not also Hainan, and probably the South

of China. |

According to Dr. Anderson, two species of Gibbon occur in the

vicinity of Bhamo;} but I cannot help suspecting that mere differences

of colour were so regarded, especially as one of them, mentioned as a

light-coloured species, is indicated from native report only. Black examples

of H. hoolock and H. lar have been figured from life by Dr. Sclater;{ and

* «An asterisk prefixed denotes that the species was obtained by Sir A. P. Phayre.

t “Report of Expedition to Western Yunan via Bhamo,” by J. Anderson, M.D.,

pp: 296, 271, 278. ft P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 86, pl. v.

—

2 Mammals of Burma.

three differently coloured individuals, representing what I consider to be

varieties of Hf. Jar from Cambodja, by the name 7. pileatus, have also been

figured by Dr. Gray.* The dubious H. pileatus is supposed by Mr. S winhoe

to be the particular kind of Gibbon which inhabits the Chinese island of —

Hainan, and he also reports the alleged existence of a black species of long-

armed Ape in the country West of Canton.| The variations of colour of

H. hoolock and H. lar I have elsewhere described; +t and I have seen

examples of H. Jar from the Malayan peninsula corresponding to the figures

assigned to the supposed HZ. pileatus.

Both the White-browed and the White-handed Gibbons vary exceed-

ingly in shade of hue, from black to sullied white and pale fulvescent;

the two sexes equally of 4. dar, but the females only, so far as I have seen,

of H. hoolock. The males of the latter would appear to be constantly black,

the females rarely so, at least in Assam, though according to Colonel Tickell

both sexes of it are always black in Arakan. A pale specimen from

Sandoway has nevertheless been recorded.§ In the opinion of Col. Tickell

the Gibbon of Arakan is different from that inhabiting the forests and hills

of Kachar, Manipur, and Assam, ‘‘or, if the same,” the latter ‘is so strongly

modified as to be larger and stouter, with a totally different call, and subject

to vary the same as H. lar, which H. hoolock in Arakan is not.’ || I

remember seeing a pair of tame Hoolocks, about full-grown, at Akyab, at a

time when I had long been familiar with the animal, which is not rarely

brought to Calcutta from the G4ro and other hill-ranges bordering upon the

valley of the Brahmaputra; and I failed to perceive the slightest difference

in voice or any other particular.

Whatever the rest of the colouring may be, Z. hoolock has constantly

a broad white frontal band either continuous or divided in the middle ;

while A. lar has invariably white hands and feet, less brightly so, in some,

and a white ring, encircling the visage, which is seldom incomplete. Some

of both species are variegated or parti-coloured; and the pale examples

of H. lar constitute the supposed Z. entelloides.¢ Whether the two any -

where inhabit the same forests, and what the limits of the range of either

of them may be, has yet to be ascertained, but the habits which Tickell

and I have detailed may be considered to have generic application.**

* P.Z. 8. 1861, p. 136, pl. xxi. + ibid. 1870, pp. 224, 615,

+ J. A. S. B. xvi. pp. 729, 730. 9 tid. xill. p. 464.

| cbid. xxxil, p. 196. {1 Archives du Museum, tom. ii. D. 532, BW.

*% J. A. 5. B. xi. p. 464, and Tickell, id¢d. vol. xxxiii. p, 196.

ae *

1875. | Long-armed Apes. 3

According to Dr. Theodore Cantor,* the H. variegatus, Kuhl (nec

Geoffroy, = H. agils, Fr. Cuvier, = H. raffles, Geoffroy, = H. leucogenys,

Ogilby), is also an inhabitant of the Malayan peninsula, though less

numerous there than H. lar; HH. variegatus occurring elsewhere for certain

only in Sumatra, where it inhabits, together with HZ. syndactylus (Simia

syndactyla, Rafiles, Sramanga syndactyla, Gray), the Siamang or Pouched

Gibbon. Helfer even states that the latter species has been found in the

southern parts of the Tenasserim provinces, as high as the 15th deg. N. lat.t

Cantor, however, does not include it in his “List of Mammalia inhabiting

the Malayan Peninsula;”? + but Mr. Wallace asserts that it ‘‘is not un-

common in some parts” of that peninsula.§ This, it may be suspected,

is a mistake, arising probably from the circumstance that—as Sir T.

Stamford Raffles remarks—‘‘ Samang or Siamang is the name given to

certain tribes of aboriginal inhabitants of the Malayan peninsula.’’|| The

Siamang Ape, there is reason to believe, is quite peculiar to the island

of Sumatra, where only Mr. Wallace actually observed it; and the fact

that in other species of Gibbon the second and third digits of the foot are

occasionally connected, may have deceived Helfer and others into the sup-

position that such animals represented the veritable H. syndactylus.

The Siamang is distinguished from all other Gibbons, not only by its

much greater size, but by its possessing an inflatable laryngeal sac. Mr.

Wallace remarks of it that ‘it moves much more slowly than the active

Hylobates’’ (HH. agilts, F. Cuvier), ‘‘ keeping lower down on trees, and not

indulging in such tremendous leaps; but it is still,” he adds, ‘very active,

and by means of its immense long arms, five feet across in an adult about

three feet high, can swing itself along at a great rate.’ In all of the

species of Gibbon the thumbs of both the hands and feet are separated

from the other digits to the base of the metacarpal and metatarsal bones;

a character which is distinctly represented in no published figure that

I know of, nor am I aware that it occurs in any other quadrumana,

with the exceptions of the allied lemurian genera Jndris and Propithecus.

It also is not generally understood that the long-armed Apes are true

bipeds when on the ground, applying the sole flatly, with the pollux

widely separated from the other digits; the hands are held up to be out of

the way, rather than for balancing, and this even when ascending a flight

of steps, as I have seen repeatedly, but they are ever ready to seize hold

heo8, 8. Bo x¥. p. 178, tT ibid. vi. p. 858. + Le p. TT.

§ “ Travels in the Malay Archipelago,” i. p. 134, | Tr. Lin, Soc., xiii. p. 242,

4 Mammats of Burma. Pee

of any object by which the animal can assist itself along, even as a human

being commonly grasps a banister when ascending a stair-case. Upon the

forest trees, however, the Gibbons swing themselves about or forward

by means of their upper limbs only, with extreme facility and grace, and

at a marvellous rate of speed when duly exerting themselves, taking the

most astounding hand-leaps in rapid and continuous succession when in full

career. They are further remarkable for their exceedingly loud shouting

cries, not unmusical in tone, which are often uttered in concert, and differ

- more or less in the different species.

Dr. Gray separates the Siamang from Hylobates, and expresses a

suspicion that all the rest may prove to be local varieties of one species.

I am familiar with four of them in the living state, and I consider

these to be sufficiently well distinguished to rank as species. No one who

knows the two could well confound a white-browed with a white-handed

Gibbon, and their voices differ considerably. To the best of my recol-

lection, that of H. variegatus also differs very appreciably from these ;

and the voice of A. leuciscus, which is peculiar to Java, I do not re-

member to have heard. Of the Bornean H. concolor (Simia concolor, Har-

lan, H. harlani, Lesson), I have only seen mounted skins, and it is most

nearly akin to H. variegatus, if indeed separable from it; and Z. JSunereus,

Is. Geoff., is another alleged species inhabiting the ‘‘ Solo” or Sulu Archi-

pelago.* Living specimens of both of the latter require to be compared

with living specimens of HZ. variegatus.

Fam. Papionidee.

Monkeys with simple stomach, and provided with cheek-pouches; inclusive of the

African Baboons.

*3. INUUS LEONINUS. |

Inuus leoninus, Blyth, Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Asiatic Society

of Bengal, 18638, p. 7, No. 14; Macacus nemestrinus ? var., J. A. S. B. vol. xiii. p. 473;

1. arctoides? ibid. vol. xvi. p. 781; M. andamanensis, Bartlett, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 467

and fig.; 1870, pp. 220, 663, and pl. xxxv., p. 598. Myouk-la-hoing, Arakan; Myouk-me,

Tenasserim, Mason.

Lhe Long-haired Pig-tail Monkey was originally described from two

skins without skull or other bones attached, which were transmitted to

Calcutta from Arakan by the author of the present paper. One was

that of a particularly fine male, with hair on the fore-quarters from

four to five inches long, and the tail-tuft of a deep ferruginous colour,

* Archives du Muséum, tom. v. p. 532, pl. xxvi.

1875. | Short-tailed Monkeys. 5

which also tinged the fore-quarters. ‘The other was that of a small young

animal, rather pale in colour. It does not appear to be a common species,

and chiefly inhabits the limestone mountains from the North of Arakan to

an undetermined distance southward. In the Malayan peninsula, it is

replaced by the nearly allied £. nemestrinus, the well-known Short-haired

Pig-tail Monkey of the Malay countries, which is a likely species to

inhabit also the southern Tenasserim provinces. Both of them are highly

docile,* and the manifold performances of ‘‘ Jenny,” the so-called Andaman

Monkey, that lived for some time in the London Zoological Gardens, will

be remembered by very many visitors. A fine male has since lived in

the Regent’s Park collection. In Sumatra the short-haired species is

commonly trained to gather cocoa-nuts, as noticed by Raffles, and recently

by an American traveller, Mr. A. 8. Bickmore.t

The long-haired species distinctly tends to connect the Malayan Pig-

tail Monkey with the series of Rhesus-monkeys; and one of these, J. sancti-

johannis, Swinhoe, inhabiting the islets near Hongkong, is described to be

‘like a Rhesus with a very short tail.” Another Chinese species, J.

lasvotus, Gray,{ was described and figured as tail-less; but it is a common

practice among Chinamen to deprive Monkeys of their tails, as was found

on post-mortem examination to have been effected in the present instance,

and the animal was otherwise like a Bengal Rhesus-monkey, only much

larger. There is reason to believe that it inhabits the province of Tse-

Chuen, whence probably it ranges southward into Hainan, in which island

a Rhesus-like Monkey was obtained by Mr. Swinhoe, who regarded it as

identical with the Bengal species. Another monkey of the same group

inhabits Formosa, Z. cyclopis, Swinhoe,§ small and dark in colour. Then,

besides L. erythreus, (Simia erythrea, Schreber, S. rhesus, Audebert), of

Bengal and Upper India, there are L. pelops, Hodgson, in the Himalaya,

and 1. assamensis (M. assamensis, M‘Clelland, = MU. problematicus, Gray, =

M. rhesosimelis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 495, pl. 25), originally

described from Assam, and since obtained from the Bengal Sundarbans.|| It

* [This remark seems applicable only to the females and young, for the adult males

are well known to be very fierce. A full-grown IM. nemestrinus is nearly as large and

formidable as an ill-conditioned mastiff.—J.A.]

t ‘Travels in the East India Archipelago” (1868), p. 478.

i P. Z. 8.1868, p. 60, pl. vi.; also Sclater, cbid. 1871, p. 221.

» P. Z. S. 1862, p. 350, pl. xlii.; 1864, p. 711; 1870, p. 615, and woodcut.

| ‘Supposed new Monkey from the Bengal Sundarbans,” J. Anderson, M.D., P.Z.S.

1872, pp. 529-533, figure of skull and skull of M. rhesus. |

‘ES

Si a

2) ae

6 | Mammals of Burma. [ No. 1,

is only quite recently that the distinctions of these animals have become

tolerably understood. Even another of them has been described by M.

Adolphe Milne-Edwards as WU. tchiliensis,* from ‘‘Tche-ly,’’ which, to

judge from the published figure of a female, is not unlikely to prove

identical with JL. pelops.t So far as known, the Pig-tailed Monkeys are

the only representatives of the sub-group in the Indo-Chinese and Malayan

countries; but another and kindred sub-group, indeed hardly separable, that

of the Stump-tail Monkeys, has at least one Indo-Chinese representative.

4. Invuus spxcrosvus.t

Macacus speciosus, ¥. Cuvier, Mamm, Lithog.; nec apud Temminck, Faun. Japon. t. 1

M. aretordes, Is. Geoffroy, Zoo. de Voy. de Belanger, 1830; Mag. de Zool. 1833, Mamm.,

t. 2; M. brunneus, Anderson, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 628; 1872, p. 628, pl. xii.

The brown Stump-tail Monkey, described by M. Isidore Geoffroy St.-

Hilaire from Cochin-China, and since obtained in Kachér, and by Dr.

Anderson in the Kakhyen hills to the East of Bhamo.

There are several nearly-allied species of Monkey with very short naked

tail, and one in Japan in which the same kind of tail is fully clad. The latter

was identified by Prof. Temminck with the Macaque d face rouge, M.

speciosus, F. Cuvier, but it is not probable that the French zoologist should

have obtained the Japanese species, and his figure applies much better

to the present one, which he is far more likely to have received from

Cochin-China. In this case the Japanese monkey might bear the name

of /. fuscatus, formerly applied to it in the Leyden Museum. Together with

living specimens of I. speciosus, as here recognized, there was received at the

London Zoological Gardens a very similar monkey which, at first sight,

appeared like a rufous individual of the same, but on minute comparison of

the living animals it was adjudged to be different, and has been figured and

* Recherches sur les Mammifeéres, p. 227, plates 32, 33.

tT [Z. tchiliensis is apparently the same monkey deseribed by Dr. Gray (J.c.) as

M. lasiotus.—J.A.] : :

+ [Dr. Murie has identified a Macaque that lived in the Zoological Society’s Garden,

London, as an example of M. speciosus, F. Cuv. and Geoff. St.-Hil., and he has pointed out

certain structural characters which separate it from a monkey which he has regarded as I,

arctoides, Geoff. St.-Hil. This last-mentioned specimen had been described by Dr. Anderson

as a new species under the name of YU. brunneus. M. arctoides was characterized by Geoff.

St.-Hilaire as ‘une espéce trés distincte de la précédente (1. speciosus) par ses longs poils

plusieurs fois annelés de brun et de roux-clair,...”’ and he also says that the black-faced ©.

maurus is separated by its uniformly brown hair from M7. arctotdes,

which has well annulated

hair, whilst If. brunneus has its hair of a uniform colour, —.J A.J |

1875. | Short-tailed Monkeys. 7

described as Macacus rufescens, Anderson.* A second specimen of it has since

been received. Its habitat is unknown. Another allied species, brown, with

hair upon the head much lengthened, constitutes the I. melanotus, Ogilby ;+

habitat also unknown, as the assigned habitat of Madras cannot be accepted.

M. Fred. Cuvier likewise figures I. maurus (UM. inornatus, Gray, Proc. Zool.

Soc. 1866, p. 202, pl. xix.), a dark and black-faced Monkey of the same

group, which is believed to inhabit Borneo; and IL. ochreatus, Ogilby (I.

ocreatus apud Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 383, pl. lxxxii., and W. fus-

catus, Schinz, apud Gray), is believed to come either from Celebes or one

of the Philippines. The Synopithecus niger apud Gray (IL. niger, Desm.),

_ formerly supposed to inhabit Celebes, would appear now to be a Philippine

species. ‘There is much yet to be learned respecting the exact habitat, or

the geographical range, of all of these various stump-tailed Monkeys. One

of great size, MW. tvbetanus, Ad. Milne-Edwards,+ has recently been described

to inhabit ‘‘the coldest and least accessible forests of Kastern Thibet,” and

this one has the short tail clad as in the Japanese species.

*5. Macacus cyNnomonevs. 3

Simia cynomolgus, L.; Macaque of Buffon; WM. carbonarius, F. Cuv., Mamm. Lithog. ;

Blyth, J.A.8.B. xvi. p. 732; MM. aureus, Is. Geoff., Arch. Mus. tom. ii. p. 566,

Bélanger’s Voyage, Atlas, f. 2, golden rufous variety ; Cercopithecus cynosurus apud Helfer.

Myouk-ta-nya, Arakan.

Iwo mounted skins of the Crab-eating Monkey in the British Museum,

erroneously marked from ‘‘India,” represent the Burmese type, very inferior

in colour, without any yellowish tinge, and having no trace of crest on the

vertex ; the face blackish in the living animal, with strongly contrasting white

eye-lids, as in the African Monkeys known as Mangabeys. As seen alive

together with the ordinary crested race of the Malayan peninsula and islands

(Argrette of Buffon, Simia aigula, L., S. Jascicularis, Raffles, WL. cristatus,

Gray, founded on an albino!), there is considerable contrast of appearance,

although the skulls are not distinguishable ;§ the face of the latter is much

less dark, and the colouring of the upper parts is mostly yellowish. The

Philippine race (IZ. palpebrosus, Is. Geoff.) resembles it, but is considerably

darker in hue; and a living specimen received from Siam in the London

Zoological Gardens is like the Philippine race, but with the face as pale as in

M. radvatus of Southern India. Another monkey of the kind recently examined,

* P. Z.S. 1872, pp. 204, 495, and pl. xxiv. t iid. 1839, p. 31.

{ Recherches sur les Mammiféres, p. 244, plates 34, 35.

§ The skulls of two adults from Arakan are described in J, A, S. B. vol. xiii, p. 474.

8 | Mammals of Burma. | No. 1,

from an unknown locality, is brightly tinged with yellowish above, but has

no trace of crest on vertex, the hair of the crown lying very flat, and the

face is but slightly infuscated. IL carbonarius, F. Cuv., is asserted to be from

Sumatra; and upon a casual individual variety from Pegu M. Is. Geoffroy

founded his If aureus, which he elsewhere states to inhabit Sumatra and

‘‘vraisemblement Java.’ Moreover, according to M. Bélanger, the orange-

coloured M. aureus is commonly to be purchased in Calcutta, which decidedly

is not the case. Major Berdmore sent the skin of a young example of the

same occasional variety from Mergui; but it can be safely asserted that

there is no established race of such a colour, like the Patas monkey, Cer-

copithecus ruber, of Abyssinia. JIL. philippinensis, Is. Geoff.,* is founded on

a crestless albino, which has assuredly no claim to be regarded as a peculiar

species. Another figure of a mature albino given by Crawfurd in his

‘Embassy to Siam and Cochin-China,” one of a couple of such animals

he saw at Bangkok, well represents the Burmese race without a trace of top-

knot. The Monkeys of this type are so commonly conveyed about from port

to port, not only in European but in native vessels, that erroneous localities

are apt to be assigned to specimens; but it is certain that no long-tailed

Monkey of the group with fully haired forehead inhabits the region westward

_of the Bay of Bengal. How far northward of Akyab the I. cynomolgus

extends its range has yet to be ascertained, but it may be safely averred that

there is no such animal in the Bengal Sundarbdéns. The corresponding

Indian sub-type, exemplified by ML. radiatus of S. India, brown with pale

face, and M. pileatus of Ceylon, rufous with dark face, has a semi-nude

forehead and longish hair on crown radiating from a centre. This sub-type

does not occur eastward of the Bay of Bengal, though a living specimen

of M. radiatus was sent from Formosa by Mr. Swinhoe,t who then—mis-

taking it for his subsequently described Jnuus cyclopis—believed that it

inhabited the camphor forests of the interior of that island. In his ‘Catalogue

of the Mammals of China, inclusive of those of Formosa,” t he makes no

reference to such a species. Upon certain of the Nicobar Islands the Aigrette

Monkey has been probably introduced, as, according to the Abbé de la |

Caille, it was in the Mauritius by the Portuguese. There it had become

numerous in the last century, and its habits, in a state of freedom, as observed.

upon that island, are described in Grant’s ‘History of the Mauritius,”

published in 1801. In all probability the present Philippine race is not

indigenous to that great archipelago.

* Arch. du Museum, ii. p. 568, t. 33.

t J.A.S. B. xxix. note to p. 88. 1: Pi Bs SIO pp GLa,

by 1875.) Long-tailed Monkeys. 9

et Fam. Colobidee.

Uy | Long-tailed Monkeys, which have no cheek-pouches, the stomach sacculated, and

ai which subsist to a considerable extent on green foliage.

Rh | *6. PRESBYTES CRISTATUS.

"ij. é Simia cristata, Raffles ; Semnopithecus pruinosus, Desmarest; 8. phayret, Blyth, J.A.8.B.

ays, xvl. p. (83; S. argentatus, Bl., MS., Horsfield’s Catalogue, No. 8. Myouk-huyo, Arakan.

es The Silvery-leaf. Monkey inhabits Arakan, Tenasserim provinces,

= Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, Banka, and Borneo. |

a Of a somewhat glistening or silvery dark ash colour, with white under-

de, parts; a conspicuous crest on the vertex, and long whisker-tufts, which

/ conceal the ears on a front view; face leaden black, contrasting with

7 pinkish flesh colour on the mouth and lips, extending to the lining of the

nme nostrils, besides which a large semi-circular mark of a paler and more

Ne livid tint occupies the inner half of each orbit. Three small living young

™ sent from Ramri Island by Captain J. R. Abbott were quite similar in

OAR colouring to the adults, showing no trace whatever of rufous; but

whe P. cristatus is described to have the young bright rufous, as in some of the

OE allied species, and certainly the figure assigned to the young of P. erdstatus

le in the great Dutch work by Professor Temminck and Dr. 8. Miiller, repre-

‘me sented of a rufous colour, and with ears conspicuously visible on a front

al view of the face, can hardly refer to the Arakan species, which neverthe-

aid less appears to be true P. eristatus. Writing of P. obscurus and P. melanopus

nil (P. albo-cinereus apud Schinz), in the Malayan peninsula, Dr. Cantor remarks

_. that ‘both attain to the same size, have in common the shape of the body,

ae the white marks on the face, and the general distribution of colour ;’”’

me while of P. cristatus he states that ‘‘the whitish colour on the eyes and

ay mouth is present, though less distinct than in the preceding two species.’’*

le Those markings, however, could not be more conspicuously so than in the

hae three young examples from Ramri already noticed, one of which is now

ye mounted in the India Museum, London.

lt A species is referred to P. albocinereus by Dr. Anderson, as being

ye ‘common on the banks of the Tapeng;’’+ and P. albocinereus of the Malayan

gl peninsula apwd Schinz and Cantor must bear the name P. melanopus, Geoff.

T (Semnopithecus stamensis, 8. Miiller,=S. nigrimanus, Is. Geoffroy, = 8.

\o cmereus, Gray, and the young S. dorsatus, Waterhouse). It occurs commonly

gi in collections from Malacca, and as it has been received from Siam, it is

likely to occur in the Tenasserim provinces. One distinguishing character

* J. AS. B. xv. p. 176. t “Report of Expedition,” ete., p. 271.

. : : a, | ? =<

REPORT PRE SS WR, _— — :

pe ca pk: EF : Se TORS 7 >» = ie: giao alain) SPIRIT At , ae

ea ae eS PS = = 2 eel _——— ‘ a a ste id Sut

EE SSS eS =e ae = er A

— ni 7 = - a = - . ee 7 ; : a 5 ai, PATS ee! Bes)

——S SS SSS ESS . = = - = : a = = — = = ‘

10 Mammals of Burma. [ No. 1,

of it is that it has two lateral radiating centres of hair upon the crown, the

hair meeting and being pressed upwards between them. The small young

resemble the adults, excepting that their colours are more strongly

contrasted.

7. PRESBYTES OBSCURUS.

| Semnopithecus obscurus, Reid, P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 14; S&. leucomystax, Tem.; Sima

maura apud Raffles; S. albocinereus, Is. Geoffroy; &. halonifer, Cantor; probably

S. maurus apud Helfer; ?S. sumatranus, 8. Miller, apud Schinz; 8. eristatus in the Atlas

to ‘* Voyage au pole sud,” t. 3. Myook-myet-gwen-phyoo (Mason). |

The Dusky-leaf Monkey is the most common species of the genus in

the Malayan peninsula, from which its range extends at least to the province -

of Mergui, where it was obtained by the late Major Berdmore. It has also been

received from Siam, and is likewise an inhabitant of Sumatra, if not also of

Borneo. The adults are blackish, with hair upon the nape lengthened and

conspicuously whitish. The newly born young are of a vivid golden-

ferruginous colour, which soon changes to dusky-ash, and is continued

latest upon the tail.* This may be the species which Mason refers to as

being ‘‘found, in considerable numbers, in the interior” of the Tenasserim

provinces; but, he adds, ‘‘it is not so numerous as the other Monkeys and

the Gibbons.”’ He also remarks that ‘‘the large flowers of the Dullenza,

and many others, are much sought after by these monkeys as food.”

8. PRESBYTES CHRYSOGASTER.

Semnopithecus chrysogaster, Lichtenstein ; S. potenziani, C. L. Bonaparte, apud Peters,

P. Z. S. 1866, p. 429.

The mounted skins of an adult female and young, procured by Helfer

somewhere in the Tenasserim provinces, are in the Berlin Museum. By

the courtesy of Professor W. Peters I have been favoured with coloured

drawings of those specimens. The mature animal has the upper parts,

limbs, and tail blackish, the hairs ferruginous on the basal half; slight

band crossing the forehead, cheeks, front, throat, and front of neck, sullied

white; rest of the lower parts deep and bright ferruginous, which tinges

the inner side of the limbs; face colourless, or pinkish white. Young

wholly pale ferruginous, somewhat darker on the hands and feet. There

is a slight compressed crest on the vertex, but no distinct whisker-tufts, or

lengthened hair on the nape. It is highly probable that some adults are

wholly ferruginous, as happens with P. maurus in Java (the so-called S.

pyrrhus, Horst.,=S. auratus, Geoff.), and with P. melalophus in Sumatra,

* J.A.8. B. xvi. p. 734,

;

oak

187 5. | | Lemurs. 11

the so-called P. nobilis, Gray; while it is likely that there is a melanoid

phase of P. rubscundus of Borneo.* | |

Before seeing the coloured drawings sent by Professor Peters, I suspected

that P. chrysogaster would prove identical with P. paleatus, Blyth, which

is common in the hills bordering on Sylhet and those of Tippera and

Chittagong, and the old males of which are deeply tinged with ferruginous

on the lower parts. Females and young have the lower parts white or but

faintly tinged with ferruginous, and the rest of the coat is of a pure grey,

the face black, and there 1s no crest, but the hairs of the crown are so

disposed as to appear like a small flat cap laid upon the top of the head.

The old males seem always to be of a deep rust colour on the cheeks,

lower parts, and more or less on the outer side of the limbs; while in

old females this rust colour is diluted or little more than indicated. A

mature male which I possessed alive was an exceedingly gentle animal,

and the species is akin to P. maurus of Java, though so different in colouring.

It is likely to occur in the northern part of Arakan.

9. PRESBYTES BARBEI. 3

Presbytes barbet, Blyth, J. A. S, B. xvi. p. 374.

This species is closely allied to, if not identical with, P. femoralis,

Horsfield (=P. chrysomelas, Tem.), of the Malayan peninsula and Sumatra,

the female of which is figured of a brown colour by MM. Temminck and 8.

Miller; but adults of both sexes described as P. barbet, from skins, minus

_ the skull, procured in the interior of the Tippera hills, were black.

The colour is probably variable. According to Cantor, the face during

life is intense black, except the white-haired lips and the chin, which are of

a milk-white colour. It is another likely species to occur in the Indo-

Chinese region; and from the Malayan peninsula Dr. Cantor gives four

species of this genus, viz. P. eristatus, P. femoralis, P. obscurus, and

P. melanopus; while the remarkable and very handsome P. nemeus was

observed plentifully in Cochin-China by Crawfurd, whence also has lately

been described and figured P. nigripes, Ad. Milne-Edwards.t M. Milne-

Edwards, jun., has also figured and described Rhinopithecus roxellana, a

very remarkable animal of this group from the same forests of Eastern

Tibet as are inhabited by Macacus tibetanus.

* In the Calcutta Museum there is a brown specimen of the common P. cephalopterus

of Ceylon.

T J. A.S. B. xii. p. 174, xiii. p. 467, xvi. p. 735.

¢ Nouv. Arch. du Mus., tom. vi., Bulletin p. 7, t. 1.

at,

fame te

‘ ee 4h

dit

TA :

————————————————

eS eNseeeneseeeeneeeseneeeee

= SST — ———

: ae

——————————

a a TT PRS ae eer rere ee _ EEE —

Sea ae = = - —— “ a

b i ay

ie. ¥ ee be a ‘ ) “

St RGN OTTO TED EEL LS TE ION ERAS TRE GA Ree ae.

ee a = Sear al aI te ec | |

_ SS > = = ae —— — Sa ———_ se . : aiciae Lae ae ‘ — = os es ————— J :

os See —- : m= —_ = = Bei exnay Fie

—

™ re ~

oh ee aeons

12 Mammals of Burma.

Sub-order LEMURIA.

Fam. MNycticebidee.

*10. Nycricenus TARDIGRADUS (J. 10).

Nyceticebus tardigradus, F. Cuv., N. bengalensis, Geoffroy; “Sloth” of Anglo-Indians,

and doubtless, therefore, “the little Bradypus”’ of Helfer.* Myouk-moung-ma, “Monkey's

concubine,’’ Mason. | ;

The Slow Loris 1s generally diffused, but from its habits not much

observed. The range of this genus extends to Eastern Bengal, and I have

been assured, on good authority, that it inhabits the island of Préparis,

though it has not been met with either in the Andaman or Nicobar Islands.

Vosmaer’s figure (1770) of his ‘‘ Bengaalschen Luiaard”’ very well represents

the race inhabiting Sylhet and Arakan. In Malacca it is more deeply

coloured; and M. Ad. Milne-Edwards separates that of Siam and Cochin-

China by the name JV. cinereus.t |

Sub-order PLEUROPTERA.

fam. Galeeopithecidee.

11. GALAOPITHECUS VOLANS.

Lemur volans, L.; Vespertilio admirabilis, Bontius; figured in Marsden’s “ History of

Sumatra,” pl. ix. Myook-hloung-pyau, i.e. embryo-monkey flying, Mason.

The range of the Cobego, a very remarkable but common Malayan

animal, extends certainly to Mergui, where skins of it were procured by

Major Berdmore; but Mr. Dunn states that he possessed a living specimen

that was obtained about one hundred miles up the Koladyne river, which

flows from the North into Akyab harbour! He was moreover positive

about the correctness of the identification.t According to Sir T. Stamford

Raffles, writing in 1820, ‘‘this animal, the kudurg of the Malays, is too

well known to require description. It usually hangs from the branch of

a tree suspended by its four hands..... Mr. Marsden’s figure gives a

very good idea of this animal.”§ Mr. Wallace remarks that “it is

sluggish in its motions, at least by day, going up a tree by short runs of

a few feet, and then stopping a moment as if the action was difficult.

It rests during the day, clinging to the trunks of trees, where its olive or

brown fur, mottled with irregular whitish spots and blotches, resembles

closely the colour of mottled bark, and no doubt helps to protect it. Once,

* J. AS. B. vii. p. $59,

t Ann. Se. Nat. 1837, vil. p. 161, Nouv. Arch. de Museum, iii. Bulletin p. 9, pl. 3.

iP. ZS. 1868, p: 370: §- Tr, Lin, Soc,-xiij. p. 248;

ee SE

1875.1] Hlying Lemur. 13

in a bright twilight,” he adds, ‘‘I saw one of these animals run up a

trunk in a rather open space, and then glide obliquely through the air to

another tree, on which it alighted near its base, and immediately began to

ascend. I paced the distance from one tree to the other, and found it to

be seventy yards; and the amount of descent at not more than thirty-five

or forty feet, or less than one in five. This I think proves that the

animal must have some power of guiding itself through the air; otherwise

in so long a distance it would have little chance of alighting exactly

upon the trunk. Like the Cuscus of the Moluccas, the Gale@opithecus feeds

chiefly on leaves, and possesses a very voluminous stomach and long con-

voluted intestines. The brain is very small, and the animal possesses such

remarkable tenacity of life, that it is exceedingly difficult to kill it by any

ordinary means. The tail is prehensile, and 1s probably made use of as an

additional support when feeding. It is said to have only a single young

one at a time, and my own observation confirms this statement, for I once

shot a female, with a very small blind and naked little creature clinging

Closely to its breast, which was quite bare and much wrinkled, reminding

me of the young of marsupials, to which it seemed to form a transition.

On the back, and extending over the limbs and membrane, the fur of these

animals is short, but exquisitely soft, resembling in its texture that of the

Chinchilla.”* Raffles, however, states that it produces two young at a

time, and Mr. A. Adams, who accompanied Sir E. Belcher in the exploring

voyage of H.M.S. ‘‘Samarang,’’ found two young in one which he dissected.

He observed this animal ‘‘ both in Borneo and Basilan in a wild state. It

is crepuscular,” he adds, ‘“‘and hangs suspended during the day to the

under surface of boughs in the tops of high trees. When it moves, it seems

to shuifle and scramble among the leaves, and sometimes drops suddenly

from its elevated position. It feeds on leaves, and the stomach of one I

examined was filled with the remains of the foliage of Artocarpus and

other trees. At Sarawak I had a living Cobego in my possession, which

was procured on the occasion of felling some trees, in the top of one of

which the animal was suspended. It was very inactive on the ground,

and did not attempt to bite or resist.’”’+ ‘In several shot on the hill at

Pinang,” remarks Dr. Cantor, ‘‘the stomach”? contained vegetable matter,

but no remains of insects. In confinement, plantains constitute the

favourite food, but deprived of liberty the animal soon pines and dies.’’t

* Wallace’s “Travels in the Malay Archipelago,” vol. i. p. 185.

tT Notes, etc. (1848), p. 265. + dk. BOB, ay pags.

14 Mammals of Burma. [ No. 1,

According to Horsfield, the Cobego ‘lives entirely on young fruits and

leaves; those of the cocoa-nut and of Bombax pentandrum are its favourite

food, and it commits great injury to the plantations of these, which surround

the villages of the natives” of Java. In that island it is ‘‘ confined to

particular districts, where it is met with chiefly on isolated hills, covered |

with a fertile soil, and abounding with young luxuriant trees, the branches '

of which afford it a safe concealment during the day. As the evening

approaches, it leaves its retreat, and is seen in considerable numbers making ©

oblique leaps from one tree to another ; it also discovers itself by a croaking,

harsh, disagreeable noise. If an individual is forced from its usual abode,

it advances by slight awkward leaps, until it meets with an object on which

it can ascend by its claws.”

gg ee

This animal occurs in Siam, and is probably far from rare in the valley

of the Tenasserim river. By some zoologists it is referred to the order or

sub-order Insectivora; although, it would seem, to no extent an insect-eater,

according to all trustworthy observation.

Order CHIROPTERA. |

Tribe HARPYDIA. |

}

Harpies or Roussettes ; Frugivorous Bats which do not hybernate, and are peculiar

to warm climates. They have no American representatives.

fam. Pteropodidee.

Pieropus medius, Temminck, Monog.i. p. 176; Pteropus edwardsti, Geoffroy, Ann. Mus,

XV. p. 192 partim, apud Peters. Len-hwat or Len-wet, Mason.

The common Indian Roussette, or ‘‘ Flying-fox.”

Some of the larger species of this genus are by no means well defined

apart, if really differing to an extent which should be regarded as specific. |

Prof. Peters has elaborately monographed the genus Pteropus,* and subse-

quently the rest of the family,} of which he recognizes ten genera. He admits :

twenty-six species, with two sub-species, of Péeropus as then known to him.

The ordinary Indo-Chinese Roussette is the same as the Indian one, and

wherever found varies to some extent in colouring, the back being more or less

* “Bericht der Akademie zu Berlin,”’ May 27th, 1867,

tT tbid. Dec, 19th, 1867, é

*12. Prrropus mepivs (J. 12), | .

ty!

Frugivorous Bats. 18

pale and the lower-parts more or less suffused with black or wholly fulvous ;

but in the Southern Tenasserim provinces it seems to grade into the more

deeply-coloured #. edulis of Peron and Lesueur, as figured in Horsfield’s

‘Zoological Researches in Java,” which is recognized as distinct by Professor

Peters, who refers to it P. edulis et gavanicus, Desm., P. edulis, funereus, et

pluto, Tem., P. micobaricus* and Pachysoma giganteum, Fitzinger. It is

probable, therefore, that the latter, if truly distinct, should be recognized as

an inhabitant of the Tenasserim provinces; but I suspect that it will be

found to grade into the other.

13. CYNONYCTERIS AMPLEXICAUDATA (J. 13).

Pieropus amplexicaudatus, Geoff., Ann. and Mus. xv. p. 96; Peters, in P. Z. S. 1871,

p. 018; P. leschenaulti:, Desmarest; P. seminudus, Kelaart.

Tenasserim provinces, Siam, Amoy, Formosa, S. India and Ceylon,

Malay countries to Timor, Moluccas, Philippines.

14. KonyYcTERIS SPELZA.

Lonycterts spelea, Dobson, Journ. As. Soc. B. 1873, p. 204; Macroglossus speleus,

Dobson, J. A. 8. B. xl. pl. x. fig. 3, 4, p. 261.

Tenasserim, Siam.

The habit of resorting to caves implied by the specific name of this

kiodote has not, that I am aware of, been previously remarked of any of

the family, but is hkely to be common to sundry of the smaller Ptero-

podide. | Specimens of Cynonycterts amplexicaudata have since been obtained

by Mr. W. T. Blanford, in the Némakdun Salt Caves, Kishm Island, in the

Persian Gulf. ] + | |

| 15. MAcROGLOSSUS MINIMUS.

Steropus minimus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 96 (1810); Steropus rostratus, Horsf.

Zool. Research. in Java (1825); Macroglossus minimus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii.

p. 96; Horsf. Cat. Mamm. Mus. HE. I. Comp. p. 29; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. As. Soc.

Beng. No. 57; Dobson, J. A. 8. B. 18738, p. 2065.

A specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, was obtained by Major

Berdmore in 1858, in the valley of the Sitang river, Tenasserim province.

This, the smallest species of frugivorous bat, has a rather wide distribution,

extending from the Himalaya to North Australia. |

* [Pteropus nicobaricus, Dobson, J. A. 8. B. 18738, p. 198. Quite distinct from both

P. edulis and P. medius.—G.E.D. ]

t [Dobson in P. A. 8, B. May, 1878, p. 110.]

Mammals of Burma.

*16. CYNOPTERUS MARGINATUS (J. 14).

Vespertilio marginatus, B. H.

A. common and very generally diffused species, inhabiting, it would

seem, everywhere that bananas grow in 8.E. Asia and its islands.

Its flight is particularly light and buoyant, and is performed by rapid

movement of the wings, as it hovers around a fruit-tree, being quite unlike

the slow winnowing motion of the wings of the larger ‘ Flying-foxes,”

Both, however, travel to vast distances in the course of a night’s foraging.*

The neck and sides of this Bat are often strongly tinged with bright

ferruginous, which would appear to indicate full maturity.+ It is an ex-

traordinarily voracious feeder, and will devour more than its own weight

at a meal, voiding its food apparently but little changed while still slowly

munching away. Of the guava, though a soft mellow fruit, it swallows

only the juice, opening and closing its jaws very leisurely in the act of

mastication, and rejecting the residue. <A pair have now been living for

some time, and have reared a young one, in the London Zoological Gardens,

where also the larger species of this family thrive and propagate freely. A

species from the Andamans is described as C. brachysoma, Dobson. t

Tribe SPECTRA.

Insectivorous Bats chiefly, which hybernate where the temperature is low. Zen-no, Mason.

Sub-tribe Pacuyvra.

Thick-tailed Bats; the tail more or less protrusile and sheathing within the interfemoral

membrane ; the wings long and narrow, and contracting with a double flexure.

fam. Moctilionides.

etek Bats.

17. TapHozoUs THEOBALDI.

Laphozous theobaidi, Dobson, P. A. 8. B. 1872, p. 152; 2. saccolaimus of Burma,

Passvn.

Tenasserlm provinces.

* vide Hutton, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 698.

+ [I have observed this in adult females only, and believe it to be a pacOna ary sexual

character, like the epaulets in Zyomophorus,—G. E. D. ]

Fadl. ee p20,

per

1875. | | Lnsectivorous Bats. 17

18. T. tonermanus (J. 31).

Taphozous tongimanus, Hardw. Trans. Lin. Soe. vol. xiv. tab. xvii. p. 525.

Rangoon.

This animal is pale fulvescent when young, and becomes gradually

blacker with age; the very old being somewhat of a deep black, but with

base of fur white.

19. T. metanopocon (J. 32).

T. melanopogon, Tem.

|The Indian Museum possesses a specimen of an adult male of this

species (with the characteristic black beard well developed), received from

Amherst, in Lower Burma. |

Other species are sure to occur in Burma, and very probably the Cheiro-

meles torquatus, Horsfield, a large naked bat akin to Zaphozous, with a narrow

collar of hair, and the pollux somewhat opposable, which was procured by

Finlayson in Siam, and also inhabits Malacca, Borneo, and Java. It emits a

highly offensive odour. Chewromeles conducts to Wyctinomus (see Dysopes),

and of this genus WV. plicatus may be confidently looked for, and to

the south probably the darker race described as JV. tenuis, Horsfield, which

occurs in the Malay Peninsula. Also Myctinomus johorensis, Dobson,*

from Johore in the Malay Peninsula. Of a larger species, MW. insignis,

Blyth,t which Mr. Swinhoe identifies with the African WV. ruppellit, and

which should therefore occur in other parts of Southern Asia, he remarks,

‘“‘T have often, on a cloudless evening, at Amoy, seen these Bats flying

along high in the air, being easily distinguished by the narrowness of their

wings. When irritated,” he adds, ‘‘ the creature has a habit of exposing its

tail, and of sinking its eye into the socket and thrusting it out again. The

membrane extending from the tail to the legs is wrinkled, and covers the

tail like a glove, so as to slip up or down as the creature wishes to expand

or contract its interfemoral wing, or, in nautical language, to shake out or

take in reefs.”{ In Taphozous the tail withdraws entirely within the

membrane.§ [I have compared the specimen labelled N. insignis in the

* P.A.S. B. Jan. 1878, pp. 22, 23; Nyctinomus (Cherephou) johorensis, J. A. 8. B.

1874, p. 144. |

' Cat. Mam. Mus. As. Soc. Bengl. No 87.

t P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 619-690.

; A classification of the genera of Chiroptera, by Prof. W. Peters, is sigulichbdl In

the Monatsbericht der Konigl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, May 22nd, 1868,

] cee aby :

y at * ' 2

eer ong +. Geen: ei Fe EE EEE Se EE ELT TS A ves WISI

— aR eT SERS ; ane are SE sed m Lae foe

“ i ahs. ss a ee =? a Pitot

‘ _ , : . ————— — inate, awe oe ee ~

. mein ime - sii aay - - (arr minis . - Zz - “<i a tees ~~ 7

a i ee eS

4 _

iF .

| fi

= ——wee -

on ee

18 Mammals of Burma. | No. 1,

Indian Museum, Calcutta, with JV. cestonii, Savi, of Southern Europe, and

can find no difference whatever. That specimen was sent from Amoy by

Mr. Swinhoe, and may therefore be safely assumed to be identical with

the specimen referred by him to JV. ruppellit.—G.E.D. |

[Mr. Blyth has followed the example of other Zoologists in placing

Rhinopoma next Megaderma. Although connected with Megaderma through

Nycteris, I believe that this genus is much more allied to Zaphozous, and

should therefore be classed with the Woctilionide.—G.E.D. ]*

Sub-tribe Leprura.

Bats with ample wings, which contract with double flexure ; the tail (when present) slender

and fixed in the interfemoral membrane.

Fam. Megadermatidee.

20. Rurtvopoma Harpwicxr (J. 30).

Rhinopoma harduickii, Gray.

India, Indo-Chinese, and Malayan countries.

p. 256. In this classification his fifth family, Bracuyura, comprises Mysticina, Noctilio

Laphozous, Emballonura, Diclidurus, and Huria; and his sixth family, Monosst, is composed

of Molossus (seu Nyctinomus) and Cheiromeles. They seem to range better as two sub-

families of Noctilionide, Cheiromeles having so much affinity with Taphozous. Prof. Peters

recognizes in all six families of Bats, which are named by him as follow:—1. Prerori=

Pieropodide.—2. MuEGADERMATA = Megadermatide (comprising Rhinopoma, Megaderma,

Nyecteris, and Nyctophilus, all foreign to America).—3, RutnoLoput = Rhinolophide (also

foreign to America)—4. Vampyri = Vampyride (with four subfamilies, exclusively

American),—éd. Bracuyura.—6. Moxossr.—7. VESPERTILIONES = Vespertilionide (with

fourteen genera). In Bericht der Akademie eu Berlin, 1871, p. 301 et seq., the same

zoologist has supplied a monograph of the Rhinolophide, in which he recognizes twenty-nine

species of Rhinolophus, twenty-four of Phyliorhina, and as a third genus only one known

species, the Oelops Frithii, nobis.

* [I do not agree with the author in placing Rhinopoma in the same family with Mega-

derma. Ehinopoma is, in my opinion, closely related to Taphozous. Its connexion with

that genus 1s shown in the peculiar frontal depression, in the projecting muzzle and valvular |

nostrils, in the weak and deciduous upper incisors, in the form and folding of the wing, in |

the production of the tail beyond the interfemoral membrane, and even in the microscopical

structure of the hair. Further, the species of these genera show remarkable similarity in

their habits, and in them an enormous deposit of fat is heaped up about the root of the

tail immediately before the hybernating season. Similar deposits of fat have not been

observed by me in any other genera of Chiroptera.—G.E..D.]

B Ite

- ey

a hl

1875 A Lnsectivorous Bats. 19

21. MrcgaDERMA SPASMA.

_ Megaderma spasma, L.; M. horsfieldi, Blyth, Catal. No. 60; Horsfield’s Catal. No. 39.

Tenasserim provinces.

The true JZ. spasma inhabits Ceylon and the Malayan countries generally ;

and the Indian J. lyra can hardly but occur in Arakan and Pegu, as it has

been obtained at Amoy and in Formosa. The Bats of this genus are highly

predatory, and Col. McMaster records that at Rangoon one killed on suc-

cessive occasions two canary-birds. Wycteris javanica, Geoff., inhabits the

Malayan peninsula, and should be looked for in the Tenasserim provinces.

fam. Bhinolophidee.

Sub-fam. RHINOLOPHINA.

| Horse-shoe Bats. .

22. RHINOLOPHUS C@LOPHYLLUS.

Lhinolophus celophylius, Peters, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 426, and pl. 35.

Obtained by the late Lieut. Beavan in the valley of the Salween.

23. R. tuctrus (J. 17).

Rhinolophus luctus, Temminck,

Indo-Chinese and Malayan countries, India (to lower region of the

Himalaya), China, Philippines.

| According to Captain Hutton, ‘‘this fine species commences its flight

rather early in the evening, and does not soar high, like the smaller

Bats in general, but remains below at about from twenty to thirty feet

from the ground, wheeling with a somewhat heavy and noiseless flight

around buildings and large trees in search of beetles and other insects.

Indeed,” he adds, “I think it may be truly said of all the larger species

of” insect-eating ‘‘ Bats, that they hawk for prey in the lower regions

of the atmosphere, while nearly all ‘the smaller ones ascend; and the

reason is, that while the flies and minute insects are in the higher regions,

the large beetles and other large insects, of which the smaller Bats could

make no use, are found below among the branches of the trees. Lt. luctus

appears usually to dwell in pairs, and does not associate in communities like

some of the smaller species of its genus—though in a large cavern, affording

ample room for them to dwell apart, several pairs may sometimes be found.

I have taken them from the roofs of outhouses, and in wide cavesin limestone

rocks; but they appear to fly only in the warmer months of summer,

20 Mammals of Burma. | Nena

remaining (at least such is the case at Masuri) in a semi-torpid state

during the winter. It is possible, however, that in the warmer south-eastern

climates of Sikhim and the Khasia hills they may be active likewise in the

winter,’’ as where winter is unknown.*

24. R. arrryts (J. 21).

Rhinolophus afinis, Horstield, Zool. Res. Java, pl. 8, fig. a. s.

Indo-Chinese and Malayan countries; also Malabar and Ceylon, and

not uncommon at Masuri, at an elevation of about 5000 to 6000 feet.t

‘Like the preceding” (&. ductus), remarks Capt. T. Hutton, “this

species is early on the wing, and may be seen in the evening twilight

coursing slowly round the trees in search of insects, crunching the hard-

winged beetles as if flies, with a sharp crackling sound. It flies so low as

to be easily caught in a common butterfly net.” i

25. R. Roux (J. 22).

Lihinolophus rouxi, Temminck, Monog. ii. p. 306.

India, with Ceylon; Indo-Chinese countries; China.

26. R. pusriivs.

Lthinolophus pusilius, Temminck ; R. pusillus, Dobson, Proc. As. Soc. B. 1872, p. 155.

Burma. '

As a matter of course, other species remain to be observed. R. minor,

Horsf., originally described from Java and common in the Malay countries,

is also common at MAsuri, at from 4000 to 6500 feet elevation. t

Sub-fam. PHyLLORHININA.

27. PHYLLORHINA DIADEMA.

Lthinolophus diadema, Geoff.; Peters, in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 426; R. nobilis, .

Horsfield, also Cantor; Hipposideros lankadiva, Kelaart.

Indo-Chinese and Malayan countries, Moluccas and Philippines, Ceylon.

The allied P.. armiger, Hodgson, H. diadema apud Cantor, nec Geoffroy,

and fH. swinhowi, Peters, olim, must needs also occur, as it inhabits the Lower

Himalaya, Ceylon, Malacca, and 8. China (Amoy). Hutton remarks of it

that, ‘like Rhinolophus affinis, this species may frequently be heard during

its flight cracking and crunching the hard wings of beetles, which in the

* P, Z. S. 1872, p. 695. + Hutton, /.c. p. 696. { Hutton, Z.c. p. 698.

Ls +

1875. | Insectivorous Bats. 91

evening hours are usually abundant among the trees. The teeth are strong,

and the tout-ensemble of its aspect is not unlike that of a bull-dog.”’*

[ 28. P. MASoNT.

Phyllorhina masoni, Dobson, J. A. 8. B. 1872, p. 338.

This fine species, very similar to P. deadema, but differing from it in

the form of the concave front surface of the transverse nose-leaf, which

is divided into two cells only by a single central longitudinal ridge, has been

found at Moulmain, and the single type specimen is in the Indian Museum,

Calcutta. Closely allied to it, but much smaller, is P. nicobarensis, Dobson,

from the Nicobars.t |

[29. P. LARVATA.

Phyllorhina larvata, Horsfield; Zool. Researches in Java.

Prome, Burma.t

Extremely variable in the colour of the fur. |

[30. P. spxoris (J. 26).

Vespertilio speoris, Schreb. Saugeth. Suppl. Atlas.’

A specimen of this species was found by me among several specimens

of P. larvata collected by Dr. Anderson at Prome, — during the first

expedition to Yunan.—G.E.D. |§

31. P. BICOLOR.

Rhinolophus bicolor, Temminck, Monog. i. p. 18, t. 32, fig. 9,10; Hipposideros fulvus,

Gray, Peters, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 513, vzde Dobson in P. A. 8. B, 1872, p. 155.

P. bicolor inhabits the Malayan countries and Philippines, and was

obtained by Hutton in the Deyra Doon and hills up to 5500 feet.

According to Mr. Dobson, the golden-coloured specimens examined proved

to be pregnant females exclusively. Examples so coloured occur in several

species both of Rhenolophus and Phyllorhina. ||

* vide P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 701. ffl, Aes, Beis ly poe

+ [vtde Dobson in P. A. 8. B. 1872, p. 155. ]

§ [The specimens preserved in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, corresponding to Catal.

no. 77 (old coll.), are undoubtedly examples of P. darvata, Horsf.—G.E.D.]

|| Cantor remarks, of two individuals of Rhinolophus affinis, ‘the male is reddish-

brown above, light greyish brown beneath; the female is above golden-fulvous, which

becomes lighter on the lower-parts.”’—J. A.S. B. xv. p. 181.

————_———_—_S

Others doubtless remain to be discovered in the Indo-Chinese countries,

inclusive of Celops frithii (J. 29).

32. ASELLIA STOLICZKANA.

Asellia stoliezkana, Dobson; P. A. 8. B. May, 1871, p. 106; J. A. - B. vol. xl. p. 263;

Phyllorhina trifida, Peters; P. Z. 8. June, 1871, p. 513.

Specimens were obtained by Dr. F. Stoliczka and Mr. F. Day at Penang.

fam. VWespertilionide,

Ordinary Bats.

*33, Nyoricesus Lurnus (J. 48).

Nycticejus luteus, Blyth, J. A.S. B. vol. xx. p. 157; Seotophilus heathii, apud

Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 619. |

Arakan, and probably the rest of British Burma, unless far to the south-

ward. ‘Very common in Canton in April and May.” *

#34, N. vemmrncxi (J. 44).

Vespertilio temmincki, Horsfield. |

Generally diffused, except probably at high elevations. One of the most

abundant of Bats throughout India up to the base of the Himalaya, as well

as in the Indo-Chinese and Malayan countries, and the South of China.

35. N. castangvs (J. 45).

Nycticejus castaneus, Gray.

This species or race, which merely differs from the last in having the

under-parts nearly or quite as deeply coloured as the upper-parts, has been

obtained at Dacca, although chiefly a Malayan race or variety. Jerdon

refers to it as inhabiting Burma. Others are likely to occur, especially of

small size, and not improbably the large and singularly adorned JV. ornatus:

which has been received from the Khasia hills.

[I believe both WV. luteus. and N. castaneus are synonyms of V. temminckit.

NV. luteus is the perfectly adult WV. temminchit. No difference whatever,

except size, can be found on comparing recent specimens and skeletons.

Specimens of JV. ornatus, Blyth, were obtained by Dr. Maes in the

Kakhyen Hills, Yunan.—G.E.D. |

* Swinhoe, lc., vide also Hutton, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 706.

22 Mammals of Burma. | i ies

1875. | | Insectiworous Bats. 93

*36. VESPERUGO IMBRICATUS.

Vespertilio imbricatus, Horsfield; ‘ young probably V. abramus, Tem., and V. lodatus,

Gray; probably adult of V. coromandelianus, F. Cuv.,” Dobson, in P. A. S. B. 1872)

p. 156).*

A minute species, about the commonest and most generally diffused

of Bats from the base of the Himalaya to Ceylon, as likewise in the Indo-

Chinese and Malayan countries, and the South of China. It has also been

recorded from Persia.t When disturbed in a room its flight is so exceedingly

rapid that it can hardly be followed by the sight.

37. TYLONYCTERIS PACHYPUS.

Vespertilio pachypus, 'Temk., Monog. Mamm.; Scotophilus fulvidus, Blyth, J. A.S. B.

vol. xxviii, p. 293; Vesperus pachypus, Dobson, P, A. 8. B. 1871, p. 212; Tylonycteris

pachypus, Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 704.

Tenasserim provinces.

88. Kurtvouna prota, (J. 53).

Vespertilio pictum, Pallas. |

This very beautifully coloured little Bat, as seen alive or quite fresh,

occurs in British Burma, as in the adjacent parts of 8.E. Asia.

|*39. VESPERTILIO HASSELTII.

Vespertilio hasseltit, Temm. Monog. Mammal. il. p. 225; Vesperugo hasseltii, Wagner, —

Suppl. Schreb. Saugeth. v. p. 740. |

This large-footed bat belonging to the same section of the genus

(Subg. Leuconoé, Boie) as Vespertilio capaccint, Bonap., is readily dis-

tinguished from all other allied species by the very small size of the second

lower premolar and its position quite internal to the tooth-row. Dr. Peters,

who first detected the presence of this small premolar, remarks that the

species was long considered as Vesperugo on account of the supposed absence

of this tooth.§ Tenasserim province, Sumatra and Java. |

40. V. BERDMOREI.

Myotis berdmorei, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxvii. p. 298.

A small species, akin to the European V. pipostrellus, obtained by the

late Major Berdmore in the valley of the Sitang. ‘Of a dark fuscous hue,

* Mr. Swinhoe gives Vesperugo abramus (et akokomult), Tem., and V. imbricatus, Tem.,

as distinct, P. Z.S. 1870, p. 618.

foe, we 5. By, xl p. $61, y Po Z.8. 1872, ps 7.

§ Monatsb. Berl. Akad. 1866.

24 Mammals of Burma. | Nera

the fur slightly tipped with earthy-brown on the upper-parts, and much

more largely with a paler (almost whitish) brown below; membranes dusky.

Length 34.in., of which tail 14 in.; expanse 92 in.; fore-arm 14 in.; ear-

conch (posteriorly) 4 in. Three specimens (females).

[This species must ever remain doubtful, for the types referred to above

cannot be found in the Indian Museum collection. They were absent from

the collection of the Asiatic Society when it was transferred to the Indian

Museum, Calcutta.—G.E.D. |

It need hardly be remarked that the foregoing is a meagre list of the

Chiroptera which may reasonably be expected to inhabit the different pro-

vinces of British Burma; but it is a group which for various reasons is

neglected by ‘ordinary collectors, and one that to be investigated with

tolerable success requires some special attention to be bestowed upon it. Only

those zoologists who have made some study of the Bats can have an adequate

idea of the multitudinous variety of them, not only as regards specific but

very strongly marked divisional forms; and exceedingly little is as yet known

of the diversities of habit which must needs accompany so much variation in

structure.

Sub-order CARNIVORA.

Fam. Canidee.

41. Canis rurizans (J. 187).

Canis rutilans, Miiller; vide Murie, on “Indian Wild Dogs,” P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 715

et seg. Tau-khwae (Mason),

The “‘Dhole” is generally diffused through the forests, but apparently

not common anywhere; it hunts in packs.

A Burmese female in the People’s Park, in Madras, ‘‘ upwards of three

years old,” is stated by Col. McMaster to answer to Hodgson’s description of

the Ludnsu of Nipal, ‘‘except in her height, which cannot be more than

seventeen or eighteen inches.” In Malacca and Sumatra the race, C. suma-

trensis, Hardwicke, is smaller and deeper coloured, and the Tenasserim

race is probably identical with it, whether or not so with that of India.

In the latter there is considerable difference in the appearance of the

animal according to season, the winter vesture being longer and paler in

colouring, with the brush much more finely developed. This seasonal

difference may well have given rise to some of the notions regarding a

plurality of species.

r 7 << + i~

ye 2 ns

’ . MAG e ‘ ;

. wit aes aki Ps oe Tere y Tog eet oe tee pee ; n Ps f

ci NN dar tir GE ke a Al any he IDF he : de eo ae i is oe Ce Ae ee, PP * 7 = ltt cert Mi ieamemmimiarinns

mares a7 ee a a ‘ ' : . aaa

= = ———————— —— —— ———— = ——— ee = SS — > — r = pene oetan teens

SSS ee ——————— =I = a ETT — —— ———— ee a

ee or at EE a Ra ES ee o ‘ a = - - eae tea i

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1875. ] Carnivores—Dogs— Cwets and Genets. 95

¥42, C. AUREUS.

Canis aureus, Lin. ; Myae Khwae (Mason).

The Jackal is not uncommon at Akyab, and it has been shot in the

vicinity of Prome, and at Thyetmyo; but in Arakan it has not passed the

boundary of the Naf river.

Kam. VWiverride.

Sub-fam. Viverrinz (Civets and Genets).

*43. VIVERRA ZIBETHA (J. 119).

Viverra zibetha, Lin., S.N.T. 65; Hyoung-myen, Arakan.

The Grey Civet is a widely diffused species, which, Mr. Swinhoe states,

inhabit China from Hongkong to Shanghai, as also the Chusan Archipelago,

and the island of Hainan. Dr. Cantor procured it in the Malayan peninsula,

Province Wellesley; and it inhabits Arakan, and probably is extensively

diffused over the Indo-Chinese countries, as in Lower and Eastern Bengal,

and the Tarai at the foot of the Eastern Himalaya.

ae MEGASPILA.

Viverra megaspila, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxxi. p, 3381; V. zbetha, apud Waterhouse,

Cat. Zool. Soc. Mus. 1838, No. 252; V. tanggalunga, apud Cantor, J. A.S. si Ey. pe a,

nec apud Gray. Khyoung-myen, Ricson,

Large-spotted Civet. Of the same size as V. ztbetha, with the body-

markings large and black, and comparatively few in number, 7.¢. as com-

pared with V. cwettina of Malabar. I have seen flat skins of this

animal from Prome, resembling those which Dr. Cantor procured in

Province Wellesley, and one brought from Sumatra by Sir T. S. Raffles,

which was formerly in the Museum of the Zoological Society in London.

It is nearly allied to V. civettina of S. Malabar, but very different from

V. tanggalunga, Gray, of the Malay countries, which is a much smaller

animal, with more cat-like tail, and the spots of which are much smaller

and more numerous. In the Philippine Islands it is probable that V.

tanggalunga should be regarded as an introduced species.

*45, VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS (J. 121).

Viverra malaccensis, Gmelin, 8.N. 92. Wa-young-kyoung-bank, Arakan. Kyoung-

_ka-do, Mason.

The Common Viverette. It is abundant in the Indo-Chinese countries,

as in India, 8. China, and the Malayan peninsula and islands. There is a

nearly allied species in Madagascar.

Manunals of Burma.

Sub-fam. Parapoxurina (Musangs).

*46, Parapoxurus Gray (J. 124).

Paradoxurus grayt, Bennet, P. Z. 8. 1835, p. 118,

Hill Musang. Inhabits the Arakan hills.

*47, P. musanea (J. 123).

Paradoxurus musanga, F. Cuv., Mamm. Lith. 1. t. 55. Kyoung-woon-bank, Arakan.

Common Musang. As common as in the neighbouring countries.

48. P. TRIVIRGATUS.

Paradoxurus trirgatus, Temm. Monagr. ii. t. 68, fig. 1; Kyoung-na-ga, Mason.

Lhe three-streaked Musang inhabits Tenasserim provinces, Malayan

peninsula, Sumatra, and Java. 7 |

*49, P. LEUCOTIS.

Paradoxurus leucotis, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxvii. p. 274; Horsfield’s Catal. Marhm.

India House Mus., No. 66. Ma-zwet-phyoo, Arakan. |

The white-eared Musang inhabits Sylhet, Arakan, and Mergui.*

*50. ARCTICTIS BINTURONG (J. 126),

Vierra binturong, Rafiles, Trans. Lin. Soc. xiii. p. 258. Myouk-kya, or “ Monkey-

tiger,’ Arakan.

The Binturong inhabits the Mishmi hills, at the head of the valley

of Assam, and occurs southward to the Straits of Singapore, and is also

found in the islands of Sumatra and Java. Finlayson procured it in Siam.

lam. Herpestide.

Mungoose,

*51, Urva canorivora (J. 184),

Urva cancrivora, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B. vol. vi. p. 561. Mwai-ba, Arakan.

The crab-eating Mungoose is found in N ipal, the Khasia hills, Arakan,

Pegu, N. Tenasserim, Vokien hills near Amoy (Swinhoe). It is the only

representative of the Mungoose group in British Burma.

* The species found in the Andaman Islands appears to be identical with P. Jewcotis, .

Blyth. It was, however, described as a new form by the late Lieut.-Col. Tytler, and

named after himself as P. tytlert (J. A. S. B. 1864).

> =

” ‘ a

y se eT Te er et te ER NSPE yes ERLE CODES ORE Wig Rh RITE eg it phy

i EC i Ct RT EE en ae Oe Ee Sa As a ~ di

oe ——— SS — a Se Ee

ae a

va *

1875. | =a Cats. 97

fam. Felide.

Cats.

52. Ferris treris (J. 104).

Felis tigris, Lin.; Tigris regulis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 268. Kya, Arakan.

The Tiger. Common in the forests.

53. F. parpus (J. 105).

Felis pardus, Lin.; Leopardus pardus, Gray, P. Z.S. 1867, p. 268. Theet-kya,

Arakan. |

The Pard. Also common; and black individuals not rare in the Southern

Tenasserim provinces and Malayan peninsula.

*54, F. macroceris (J. 107).

felis macrocelis, Temminck ; F. diardi, F. Cuvier.

The clouded Tiger-cat. A skin has been obtained in the mountains which

separate Arakan from Pegu, and the species is probably of general occurrence

in the higher mountain forests. Crawfurd noticed a dressed skin of it in the

market at Bangkok. As the animal increases in age, its ground-hue

becomes more fulvescent, and there is much individual variation in its

markings. J have never seen it from the Malayan peninsula, but it in-

habits Sumatra and Borneo, as likewise the Eastern Himalayas, and the

islands of Formosa and Hainan; doubtless, therefore, the intervening

countries generally in suitable localities. Hodgson notes it from Tibet !

55. I. viverrina (J. 108).

Felis viverrina, Bennet, P. Z. 8. 1833, p. 68.

The fishing Tiger-cat. Tenasserim provinces, and probably the lowlands

generally of British Burma; also Camboja, 8. China, Formosa, and all suit-

able parts of India, with Ceylon. This animal has coarse fur, for a Felis,

and chiefly inhabits low watery situations, where it preys much on fish.

*)o. Uo unpDATA (J. 110).

Felis undata, Demarest. Theet-kyoung, Arakan.

The Leopard-cat. Generally diffused. Specimens from Arakan and

Tenasserim present the ordinary colours of Indian examples, with the

body-markings resembling those of Genetta afra. Dr. Gray describes £.

tenasserimensis,* but I cannot perceive that the flat skin upon which this

is founded differs from ordinary /. undata. |

* P, Z. 8. 1867, p. 400.

ee ae

Mammals of Burma. | No. 1,

*57. F. cHaus (J. 115).

Felis chaus, Gildenst. Khyoung tsek-koon, Arakan.

The Chaus. The author procured this species in Arakan, and Col.

McMaster states that he ‘‘shot a very fine one in Burma.” Egyptian

specimens exhibited in the London Zoological Gardens do not differ in

any respect, that I can perceive, from the common Indian species.

Mason refers to a species about the size of a domestic cat, ‘but its

colour and markings are exactly those of a Tiger. These Cats,” he adds,

‘are very abundant in the jungles, and occasionally venture into towns,

where they make great havoc among the poultry.” I could not well fail

to have met with such a species, did it exist, and take leave to doubt that

any small species of Cat is coloured and marked exactly like a Tiger.

Lf, undata is doubtless intended, at least in part. ;

Mason also refers to an animal which he denominates the ‘ Fire-cat,”’

or ‘‘ Hire-tiger,’’ of the Burmans. This is very probably F. temminckit,

Vigors (£. moormensis, Hodgson, and F. chrysothrix, Tem. MS.), which

is found not only in Nipal and Assam, but in the Malayan peninsula

and Sumatra, and therefore may be expected to occur in the intervening

territory. It has been lately figured by Dr. Sclater.*

Fam. Mustelidee.

Sub-fam. Lutrina (Otters).

*58. Lurra narr (J. 100).

Lutra nair, F. Cuv. Phyau, Arakan.

Common on both sides of the Bay of Bengal.

*59, AoNYxX LePTonyx (J. 102),

Lutra leptonyx, Horsfield, Zool. Res. Java.

Otter with minute claws. ‘‘Otters abound in some of the streams.

In the upper part of the Tenasserim, a dozen at a time may be occasionally

seen on the rocks of the river. The Burmese sometimes domesticate them,

when they will follow a man like a dog” (Mason).t As common as the

former species.

eT. A. O. 166, Pu SXxvI, p. 616,

+ No animals are more difficult to determine than the species of Otter, from their general

similarity, which may lead to over-hasty identification of them, and the neglect to note

specific differences which appear on minute examination. The skuils generally afford good

means of discrimination.

1875. | Martens, Weasels and Badgers. 29

Sub-fam. Musreninm (Martens, Weasels,* and Badgers).

*60. MARTES FLAVIGULA (J. 96).

Mustela flavigula, Boddaert.

Black-capped Marten. Khasia hills and Arakan.

Similar to Himalayan specimens, and differing from the Malayan race,

found also in Formosa, by having much longer fur and a wholly black cap,

instead of a brown cap with black periphery.

*61. HELictis NIPALENSIS (J. 95).

Gulo nipalensis, Hodgson, J. A. 8. vol. v. p..287; Melogale personata, Is. Geoffroy.

Kyoung-pyan (Mason). |

The Brock-weasel. Arakan, and common in Pegu.

It is decidedly identical with the species inhabiting Nipal and Sylhet,

if not also with H. orzentalis (Horsf.) of Java; but distinct from AH. mos-

chata, Gray, of S. China and Hainan, and ZH. subaurantiaca, Swinhoe, of

Formosa. Dr. Gray identifies Melogale personata, from the vicinity of Ran-

goon, with the Chinese H. moschata, judging—it may be presumed—from

the figure rather than the description in the Zoologie of M. Bélanger’s Voyage

aux Indes Orientales.t

*62. ARCTONYX COLLARIS (J. 93).

Arctonyx collaris, F. Cuv., Mamm. Lith. ii. t. 60; <Arctonyx isonyx, Hodgson.

Khway-too-wet-too, Arakan; Khwae-tawet, wet-tawet (Mason).

Large Burman Sand-badger.[ Inhabits Assam, Sylhet, and Arakan,

and at least as far southward as the country bordering on the Sitang. An

Arakan specimen is figured.§ |

63. A. TAXOIDES.

Arctonyx taxoides, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B. xxii. p. 591.

The small Burman Sand-badger is much smaller and better clad than the

preceding, with the pig-like snout less developed. Both appear to have much

the same geographic range. °

* The Mustela nudipes, F. Cuv., inhabits the mountains of the Malayan peninsula,

Sumatra, and Java, and may therefore be looked for on those of the Tenasserim provinces.

7 £.2.:5, 1860, p. 103.

{ [In Jerdon’s Mammals of India, the Hindustani Bhalu-soor, ¢.e. Bear-pig, is given as

the native name of this animal; but this seems to be an error, for the usual term applied to

it is Bali-soor, which means Sand-pig, which isin consonance with its known habits.—J.A.]

§ J. A.S. B. vol. vii. p, 735, pl.

Mammals of Burma. | No. 1,

Nearly allied is the Mydaus meliceps, Horsfield, of the higher mountains

of the Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Java, which is likely also to inhabit

those of the Tenasserim provinces. JI. leptorhynchus,* A. M.-Eidwards, is

described from N. China. | |

Fam. Ursidee.

Bears.

*64, HeLARCTOS MALAYANUS (J. 43).

Ursus malayanus, Raffles, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. i. t. 68. Wet-woon, Arakan.

The Sun Bear. This is the only Bear which inhabits British Burma,

where it is diffused from Arakan to Mergui, and thence southward through-

out the Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo; the Bornean race, U. eury-

spilus, Horsfield,+ differing but slightly. How far-northward of Arakan its

range of distribution may extend, I am unaware; but Ursus tibetanus, the

common Black Bear of the forest region of the Himalaya, is the only Bear as

yet determined from the hill ranges bordering on Assam, and this I believe to

be the U. malayanus apud Walker ;{ the same animal occurring likewise in

S. China, and in the islands of Hainan (?) and Formosa.§ Tn all probability

the H. malayanus is generally diffused over the great Indo-Chinese peninsula,

where it especially inhabits the precipitous limestone mountains, and is there-

fore difficult of access, from the tangled vegetation of the places to which it

resorts. When brought up tame, it is an animal of gentle disposition, which

will follow people about hkeadog. I have seen one that suffered itself to be

fondled by little children. ‘‘ On one occasion,’’ writes Mason, while “‘sleep-

ing in a Karén field that had been recently harvested, I was disturbed all night

by a number of them digging up the roots of the sugar-cane that had been left

in the field. They will occasionally attack man when alone. On descend-

ing the Tenasserim a few years ago on rafts, the foremost raft passed over a

rapid, and made short a turn into a little cove below, when a Bear from the

shore made a plunge at the raft, and threw the two Karéns on it into the

water. At this moment the other boats came in sight, and the Bear retreated.

On another occasion I met with a Burman and a Bear that he had just shot, and

the Burman assured me that he had shot the Bear in the very act of running

upon him. And last year,’’ continues Mason, ‘‘a Karén of my acquaintance

in Tonghoo was attacked by one, overcome, and left by the Bear for dead.

* Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. v. tom. Vili, p. 374, and Ann. M. N. H. (4), t. it. p, 230.

.¢ Zool. Journ. vol. 1. pl. 7.

+ Cale, Journ. N. H. iu. p. 265. § P. Z.8. 1870, pp. 230, 621.

187 5. | 7 Bears—Tupayes. 31

Though severely bitten, the man recovered.”’ It is probable that such acts

are prompted by maternal solicitude. The common Sloth Bear, or Prochilus

labiatus, ‘of India and Ceylon, is unknown to the eastern side of the Bay of

Bengal.

Of the Infra-sub-order Prynierana, or Seals, etc., there is no representative

in inter-tropical seas.

Sub-order InsEcrrvora.

fam. Tupaide.

Tupayes. —

*65. TuparA PEGUANA (J. 88).

Tupaia peguana, Lesson, Bélanger’s Voy., Atlas, t. 4; Cladobates belangeri, Wagener ;

Herpestes sp., Calc. Journ. N. H. 1. p. 458. Zswat, Arakan.

Common throughout British Burma, but hardly separable from 7

ferruginea, Rattles, of the Malay countries, from which it seems to differ only

in wanting the deep ferruginous tinge on the upper-parts, though even this

is not quite absent in some specimens. Northward it extends to the Khasias,

and even to the lower range of the Sikhim Himalaya.

According to Col. McMaster, ‘‘ Burmese specimens differ somewhat from

_ those of Arakan, in having the lower parts much darker, and with the pale

central line narrower; in the Burmese examples, the whole chin, throat, and

breast being buff.” He also remarks that ‘‘the Burmese Tupaia is a harm-

less little animal: in the dry season living on trees, and in the Monsoon

freely entering our houses, and in impudent familiarity taking the place

held in India by the common Palm Squirrel; it is, however, probably from

its rat-like head and thievish expression, very unpopular. I cannot,” he adds,

‘‘endorse Jerdon’s statement regarding their ‘ extraordinary agility,’ for they

did not to me appear to be nearly so active as Squirrels: at least, I remember

one of my terriers on two occasions catching one, a feat which I have never

seen any dog do with a Squirrel; cats of course often pounce upon them.”

Mason remarks that ‘‘one that made his home in a mango-tree neat my

house at Tonghoo made himself nearly as familiar as the cat. Sometimes I

had to drive him off the bed, and he was very fond of putting his nose into

the tea-cups immediately after breakfast, and acquired quite a taste both for

tea and coffee. He lost his life at last, by incontinently walking into a

rat-trap.”’ ,

In the vicinity of Malacca the small 7. javanica, Horsf.,* is associated

* Zool. Res. in Java,

32 Mammals of Burma. | Nerdy

with 7. ferruginea, though unnoticed in Dr. Cantor’s ‘‘ Catalogue of the

Mammalia of the Malayan Peninsula ;” and perhaps the most extraordinary

instance in the class of what has been termed “‘ mimicry” occurs in a Squirrel,

Lihinosciurus tupaiades, Gray, differing little, if at all from Sevurus laticau-

datus, 8. Miiller, of Sumatra and Borneo, which inhabits the same district.

Not only does this rodent resemble 7. ferruginea in size and the texture and

colouring of its fur, but the muzzle is singularly elongated, and there is even

the pale shoulder-streak usual in the genus Tupara. As a group of Jnsecti-

vora the Tupayes would seem to ‘‘mock” the Squirrels; but the particular

species of Squirrel referred to again specially simulates the Tupaia ferruginea

of the same locality.

Another Malayan species of the order Znsectivora, the Gymnura rafflesti,

Vigors and Horsfield (Viverra gymnura, Raffles), occurs probably in Mergui,

and is doubtfully mentioned as having been received from Arakan,* probably

by mistake. This remarkable animal is not unlikely to be the “‘Opossum”

of Colonel Low,} for it is difficult to imagine what other animal could be

alluded to by that name.

Fam. Erinaceides.

66. Hytnomys SUILLUS.

H, peguensis, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B, xxviii. p. 294; Anderson, Trans. Z. S., vol. viii.

p- 458. |

Procured by Major Berdmore in the valley of the Sitang river. The

Bornean specimens which I saw at Leyden appeared, without actual com-

parison, to be quite identical.

fam. Soricide.

Sub-fam. Sortcinam (Shrews).

67. Pachyura rinpica (J. 69).

Sorex indicus, Geoft.; S. cerulescens, Shaw; Pachyura indica, Anderson, P. Z. 8. .

1873, p. 231. Kywet-suk (Mason).

Indian Musk Shrew. The common pale grey Musk Shrew, vulgarly

called the ‘‘ Musk Rat’ in India, occurs in the Tenasserim provinces, where,

if I mistake not, it 1s the prevalent species.

* Cale. Journ. N. I. ii. p. 147.

t J. R.A.S. ii. p. 50, and As. Res. xvii. p. 159.

MST. | | Insectwvores. 32

68. P. murtna (J. 70).

Sorex murinus, Lin.; Pachyura murina, L. Anderson, P. Z. 8. 18738, p. 231.

Malayan Musk Shrew. ‘‘ This,” remarks Dr. Jerdon, ‘‘is the common

large ‘Musk Rat’ of China, Burma, and the Malayan peninsula, extending

into Lower Bengal and Southern India, especially the Malabar coast, where

it is said to be the common species, the bite of which is considered venomous

by the natives. The musky odour of this Shrew is much less powerful than

in S. cerulescens.’? I was never able to obtain a specimen of it in Lower

Bengal, and am not wholly satisfied with regard to its alleged range in

Burma.

69. P. GrRirFItHti.

Sorex grifithii, Horsfield, Catal.; Tomes, Ann. M. N. H., 2nd ser. vol. xxiv. p. 28;

P. griffithii, Horsfd., Anderson, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 2381.

The large Black Shrew. JInhabits the Khasia hills and those of

Arakan ; certainly not Afghanistan, as stated by Dr. Horsfield.*

70. P. NuDIPEs. |

Sorex nudipes, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 84; S. perroteti apud Blyth, ddd. xvi.

p. 1275. P. nudipes, Blyth, Anderson, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 231.

The Bare-footed Shrew. One of the group of minute Shrews, which

appears to be of common occurrence in the Tenasserim provinces,

71. CRocrpURA FULIGINOSA.

Sorex fuliginosus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. vol. xxiv. p. 362; Crocidura fuliginosa, Anderson,

fas, >, 18/3, p. 231.

The Dusky Shrew. Procured by Major Berdmore in the Tenasserim

Provinces.

Sub-fam. Tatpinz (Moles),

72. TALPA LEUCURA.

Talpa leucura, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. vol. xix. p. 215, and figure of skull.

The Sylhet Mole. Obtained by Major Berdmore in the valley of the

Sitang.

* The late Mr. 8. Griffith collected both in the Khasia hills and in Afgh4nistan, and

his specimens from those two very distinct localities became intermixed and confounded.

Hence several Khasia species of mammalia, birds, and reptiles have been erroneously stated

by Messrs. Horsfield and Moore to inhabit Afghanistan. Vide Ibis, 1872, p. 89.

Mammals of Burma.

Order CETACEA.

fam. Delphinide.

Dolphins and Porpoises,

73. ORCELLA FLUMINALIS.

Orcella fluminalis, Anderson, P. Z. 8S. 1870, pp. 220, 544; 1871, pl. 48, fig. 2.

La-boing (Mason).

The Irawadi Dolphin, inhabiting the deep channels of the river from

300 to 600 miles from the sea. Colour uniform dirty white.

fam. Balenopteride.

Rorquals.

74, Batmnoprera rnvica (J. 147).

Balenoptera indica, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. vol. xxviii. p. 488.

Indian Rorqual. <A specimen eighty-four feet in length was cast upon

Juggoo or Amherst Islet, South of Ramri, and East of Cheduba, on the Arakan

coast, in 1851: another was stranded on the Chittagong coast in 1842, said

to have been ninety feet long and forty-two feet in circumference.* Whale

Bay, in the Mergui archipelago, was so named by Captain R. Lloyd, ‘from

the circumstance of its being resorted to by numerous Whales,”+ it being

the only part of the coast where he had seen them.

Order PROBOSCIDEA.

Kam. Elephantide.

75. KLEpHas inpicus (J. 211).

Hilephas indicus, Linn.; Hseu, Mason; Chang, Siamese.

The Asiatic Elephant. The Elephant of Sumatra, and also that of |

Ceylon is considered by Professor H. Schlegel to be a peculiar species, £.

sumatranus, Schlegel; but the late Dr. Falconer did not admit of the alleged

distinctions, and a large living male Sumatran Elephant in the Zoological

Gardens of Amsterdam, as also a half-grown one in that of Rotterdam, are

certainly not to be distinguished by any external character from the ordinary

Indian Elephant.

* Noted in J. A. S. B. xxi. p. 414, and xxviii. p. 482.

t wid. vu. p. 1030, and map.

1875. | | Rodents and Squirrels. 35

Order RODENTIA.

Fam. Sciuride.

Sub-fam., Preromypinz (Flying-squirrels).

#76. PTEROMYS CINERACEUS.

Pieromys cineraceus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 276; P. petaurista, var. cineraceus, Bl.,

ibid. xvi. p. 864. Shau-byau, Arakan.

The Burmese Great Flying-squirrel inhabits Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim

provinces. It is a large species, very like P. petaurista of Central and

Southern India and also Ceylon, but generally with whitish tail; one

Tenasserim specimen, however, is unusually rufous, with the tail coloured

uniformly with the upper-parts.

Many specimens of this animal require to be collected aia compared

together.

*77, ScIUROPTERUS PHAYREI.

Sciuropterus phayrei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 278; 8. sagitta, apud Blyth, dbid.

xxiv. p. 187.

Pegu, Tenasserim Provinces, and Cambodja, where it was obtained by

Mouhot. It is akin to S. horsfieldi, Waterhouse (S. aurantiacus, Wagler),

of the Malayan peninsula.

*78. S. SPADICEUS.

Sciuropterus spadiceus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xvi. p- 867, pl. xxxvi. fig. 1. Kywat-shoo-

byan, Arakan,

It inhabits Arakan, and is a diminutive species, of the same size as

S. volucella of North America.

Sub-fam. Scrurinz (Squirrels).

*79. ScluRUS MACRUROIDES (J. 151).

Sciurus macruroides, Hodgson. Leng-thet, Arakan; Sheu (generic), Tenasserim,

Mason.

The large Black Squirrel. Thisis the Himalayan S. bicolor, auct., with

densely clad ear-conch, whereas Malayan specimens referred to the same

have an almost nude ear-conch. There is a Tenasserim local race, with

broad pale transverse band on the loins, forming a kind of cincture. The

true 8. bicolor, Sparrman, is now identified with the Javanese race, S.

hypoleucus, Horsfield, which is not larger than the S. macrourus com-

36 Mammals of Burma. | [ No. 1,

mon in Ceylon. Examples from the Arakan mountains do not differ from

those of the E. Himalaya and the hills bordering on the Brahmaputra

valley to the southward of it. The races brought together under the name

S. giganteus, Tem., seem to be almost endless, but each of them is locally

true to its particular type of colouring, within a moderate range of variation.

*80. S. FERRUGINEUS.

Sciurus ferrugineus, F. Cuv., Mamm. Lithog.; S. keraudreni, Is, Geoffroy, vide J. A.S. B.

xxiv. p. 474, xxxi. p. 3834; S. stamensis P Gray.

The Bay Squirrel. Occurs in the hilly regions of Arakan and Pegu.

. S. CANICEPS.

Sciurus caniceps, Gray, Ann. M. N. H. 1842, p. 212; &. chrysonotus, Blyth, J. A. S. B.

xvi. -p. 878, xxiv. p. 474.

The Golden-backed Squirrel. It inhabits the Tenasserim provinces, but

is commoner to the southward; it is certainly not found in Bhotan, or any

~~ of India, as asserted by Dr. Gray.

82. S. ATRODORSALIS.

Sciurus atrodorsalis, Gray, Ann. M. N. H. 1842, p. 213; vide J. A.S. B. xxiv. p. 477,

XXVill. p. 276; var. S. hyperythrus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxiv. p. 474, vide Beavan in P. Z. S.

1866, p. 428; S. rufogaster, Gray, same variety. ,

The Black-backed Squirrel. It is common in the hills about Maulmein,

but is replaced on the opposite side of the Salween by the next species.

It certainly does not occur in ‘‘ India, Bendres,” as asserted by Dr. Gray.

*83. S, PHAYREI.

Sevurus phayrer, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxiv. p. 476, xxviii. p. 275; 8. pygerythrus, var. ?

ibid, XV. p. 345.

Phayre’s Squirrel. It is common throughout the Province of Martaban,

but does not inhabit Malabar, as has been stated.*

S. BLANFORDI.

— Sciurus phayrei, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxxi. p. 333.

It has been found in the vicinity of Ava, and the Shén hills, but not in

‘‘ India,’’ as asserted by Dr. Gray.

* Ann. M.N. H. ser. 3, Vol, Xx. p. 77.

~ — — EE ee

— = i a a

1875. | Rodents and Squrrels. God

85. S. PICEUS. |

Sciurus piceus, Peters, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 429.

Tenasserim.

*86, S. LoKRIAH (J. 1538).

Sciurus lokriah, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B. 1886, p. 233 ; &. subflaviventer, M‘Clelland, vide

J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 475.

A mountain race, inhabiting Nipal, Sikhim, the Khésia hills, and those

of Arakan.

*87. S. ASSAMENSIS.

Sciurus assamensis, M‘Clelland, vide J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 475; S&S. bdlythii, Tytler,

Ann. M. N. H. 1854, p. 72.

A very abundant race, inhabiting the valley of the a with

Kastern Bengal, Tippera, Chittagong, and Arakan.

*88. S. PYGERYTHRUS.

—Sciurus pygerythrus, Is. Geoff., Zoologie Voy. de Belanger, vide J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 475.

It inhabits Lower Pegu, and is common in the neighbourhood of Rangoon.

89. S. SLADENI.

Sciurus sladent, Anderson, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 139.

Thizyain, in Upper Burma.

90. S. GoRDONI.

Sciurus gordont, Anderson, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 140.

Bhamo, Upper Burmah.

91. 8. QUINQUESTRIATUS.

Sciurus guinguestriatus, Anderson, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 142.

A hill species, common at Ponsee, on the Kakhyen range of hills, east

of Bhamo, at an elevation of from 2000 to 3000 feet.

92. S. BERDMOREI.

Scrurus berdmoret, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 603, xxviii. p. 418, xxxi. p. 334; S.

mouhoti, Gray. |

The Ground Squirrel. Tenasserim, Martaban, Mergui, Cambodja.

From what I have observed of this species I doubt if it ever ascends

trees, as I never saw it retreat to them, but always to the cover of low

herbage. It should, perhaps, more properly range as a species of Zumuas.

Sy Per =

—_ - . ——s

= + Ty as ie an da

SSS a a oa - >

“s »)

aetna - i ae “

7 me oa ee ~ ~

- |

= Mpa oy it ee i | pyr ee oe ee

a Ar a a

= - SS - =

el ye a ee a py hal

natin os Some Pe Raia. Set

ie i

t= dave

2 -~ :

ate:

ae mere

SS ee —— =

= °3 = — an mine ee

rare a en

a bcs al 7

_ io 9 eg tpn

= a

ik a

4 oe | \

vie

‘ie

_ sisting between the faunse of the upper provinces of the two peninsulas than

38 | — .§ Mammals of Burma. [ No. 1,

3. S. BARBEI.

Sciurus barbei, Blyth, J. A. 8, B. xvi. p. 875, pl. xxxvi. fig. 3, xviii. p. 608.

Tenasserim provinces, commoner to the southward, Siam, Cambodja?

Hainan? S. China ? | |

A Malacca specimen in the Leyden Museum is marked Tamias leucotis,

Tem. It is closely allied to S. m‘clellandit of the E. Himalaya and also

of Formosa, but more brightly coloured, having four pale dorsal stripes

about equally vivid, alternating with five black stripes. It is doubtless

S. m‘clellandii of Cambodja,* of Hainan,+ and of China and Formosa ;t but

a Formosan specimen in the Leyden Museum represents the Himalayan race,

S. m‘clellandi. Mason remarks of S. barbed that it abounds in the provinces

of Yé, Tavai, and Mergui.§

Fam. Murides.

Rats nin Mice.

94, HapaLoMys LONGICAUDATUS.

Hapalomys longicaudatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii, p. 296.

A remarkable murine form, from Schwe Gyen in the valley of the Sitang

or neighbouring hills, discovered by Major Berdmore.

95. Nxsoxra rnpica (J. 172). | ee

| Nesokia indica, Gray ; Mus indicus, Geoff. Probably Yae-kwet of Mason. |

It has been obtained at Tonghoo by Mr. W. Theobald. | The occur-

rence of this common Indian field Rat in the open country of upper Pegu,

together with a Hare akin to the Lepus ruficaudatus of the plains of

Northern India, and of sundry birds identical with or akin to Indian

species which are unknown in the broad belt of forest which fringes the |

coast of British Burma, indicates the probability of a closer connexion sub-

we as yet know of; our acquaintance with the fauna of Western Indo-China

being chiefly sssediaead to that of the great maritime belt of forest. The

present species is, however, indicated by Mr. Swinhoe from Formosa.

* P, Z. 8. 1861, p. 187. + ibid. 1870, p. 232. t ibid. 1870, p. 634.

§ In addition to all of the above, I have seen an undescribed species of medium size

from Tonghoo. |

| P. A. 8. B. 1866, p. 240.

187 5. | ——- Rats and Mice. 39

96. Mus sanpicora (J. 174).

Mus bandicota, Bechstein. Myae-kywet (Mason).

This species I give on the authority of Mason, which I accept the more

readily as it is known to occur in Siam and the Malayan peninsula and

islands; also in Formosa, where Mr. Swinhoe thinks that it was probably

introduced when the Dutch were in possession, A.D. 1680.*

*97. M. pEcumanvs (J. 176).

Mus decumanus, Pallas, Glires, 91.

The common. Brown Rat. I observed this pest to be very numerous

and troublesome at Akyab, but saw no traces of it at Rangoon or Maulmein,

nor further southward; but wherever there is European shipping, it will

sooner or later find its way and establish itself permanently.

*98. M. RoBUSTULUS.

Mus robustulus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxvii. p. 294; Theobald, P. A. S. B. 1866, p. 240;

M. berdmoret? Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xx. p.1738; M. rufescens, Gray, var. ? 3

Common Rat of Rangoon and Maulmein, also of Mergui. vee to

be critically examined in the fresh state.

Under the heading of ‘‘ White-bellied Rat,’”? Mason remarks that ‘the

Rats are scarcely second to the Termites for the mischief they perpetrate.

They burrow in the gardens and destroy the sweet potatoes; they make

their nests in the roofs by day and visit our houses and larders by night.

They will eat into teak drawers, boxes, and book-cases, and can go up and

down anything but glass. In the province of Tonghoo they sometimes

appear in immense numbers before harvest and devour the paddy like locusts.

In both 1857 and 1858 the Karens on the mountains west of the city lost all

their crops from this pest; and it is said that they are equally destructive

occasionally in the eastern districts, but have not appeared for several years.

The natives say it is the same Rat as the one that frequents houses.”

Again, he remarks that Mr. Cross, when on the Tenasserim river a few

months ago (in 1858 ?), wrote—‘‘ The people, in common with all who grow

the hill paddy, over an extent of country more than fifty miles square, are

suffering a famine of rice. This is occasioned by swarms of Rats, which

devoured the paddy, or rather cut down the stalks, just as the ears began

to fill. The Rats twice visited some parts of this territory during the season,

* P, Z. S. 1870, p. 635.

a ci Vl a nea EL

Tia “ i Se

oom . = Pts A .

: + —— — —— =: —_—— - = Se - ~ S Pi. pee = -

rm ee A OE TT a eee earatsee ee eranal E a wt prs pee em - ik a es lA a ’ vei : ’ . |

—- saa 24 - : i - . = : SPS es ors —

tania ? N 4 Ted 4 ‘ tT. _— .\ ye bates range sides pes . 7 —_ ae — oa, 4

" sas vit : 2 : 7 = ; “

— 2 eS res a ne and rola lal ae a Ne Pi il = ret eh .- S Na 7 - ror in A oa ss _ - |

Fi vino ng Paresomasas . - _ ——- - + —— — =e ar = — eas - - 9

= , 4 . Ps ———s rt 1 . a e i ash -< Ly say i ae . et J

= > 3 “ : : z,

na aii y : . . Yr id J ? Sey ee ve a! tae: i la ai ° +s .

= cial py any ay olny esheets Se Rin Se tel eg mah Seerrn nem Ni oS iy Ul Alc ord tg rerio oie ea ecien iY u : ]

“er “aaeine nt eipaatinay ponte a8 epic a 2 =" — - = sums mcctoe tee Sony oe Saleen ea oy vl pol meta ton "iteas re nha tesa Fea’

40 Mammals of Burma. | No. 1,

so that scarcely a stalk of rice escaped them. I met with two of these

animals, swimming the Tenasserim where it is more than a quarter of a mile

wide, and succeeded in capturing one. The animal is about five inches from

the nose to the end”’ (base ?) ‘‘ of the tail, of a slim and nimble appearance, the

belly white, and the rest a mouse colour. During the rains, when the river

is much wider and more rapid, these Rats crossed in columns, as the people

say, so abundantly that a boat, in passing through, caught bushels of them.

They only make their appearance at long intervals, like the locusts of other

places. It is said to be from twenty to thirty years since they visited the

country before, to any great extent.”

99. M. caupartor (J. 188).

Mus caudatior, Hodgson, Horsf. Cat. Mamm. India House Mus., p. 144; var. I.

cimnamomeus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 294.

Lower Pegu and Martaban.

It differs only from the Nipdlese animal of Mr. Hodgson by having the

upper-parts entirely of a bright cinnamon colour.

#100. M. concotor.

Mus concolor, Blyth, J. A. S. B, xxviii. p. 295, the young; 7id. M. ——? p. 294, the

adult.

Upper and Lower Burma; Malayan peninsula.

It requires to be critically examined in the fresh state.

101. M. PEa@uveEnsts.

Mus peguensis, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxviii. p. 295.

Schwe Gyen, valley of the Sitang river.

A particularly well-distinguished species, of which there is an unmis-

takeable specimen marked from the Philippines in the Derby Museum of

Liverpool. Mason suspects this to be the field Mouse of the Karen districts.

102. M. nirrpvtvs.

Mus nitidulus, Blyth, J, A. 8. B. xxviii. p. 294.

Valley of the Sitang. Mason notices a “very familiar little Mouse in

the houses at Tounghoo,” which he never saw in the Tenasserim provinces ;

and he inclines to refer it to the present species.

103. M. BEAVANI.

Mus beavant, Peters, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 589.

Valley of the Salween.

gp!

1875. | Rats and Mice. 4]

104. M. Bapivs. |

Mus hadius, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxviii. p. 295.

Valley of the Sitang.

It is allied to UL oleraceus of India, the type of Dr. Gray’s genus

Vandeleuria. |

Other species of Rat and Mouse doubtless remain to be discovered, and

it is desirable that they should be minutely described when fresh. Of the

former, a very likely species to occur is the MZ andamanensis, Blyth,* a

subspinous Rat which proves to be the Uf. setifer apud Cantor,} but not

M. setifer of Horsfield, which is identical with I bandicota. Three

well-distinguished species of Mice from the Khasia hills are described

as I. cumcularis, M. erythrotis, and MW. ghiroides, Blyth.t According to

Mason, “there is a Water Rat throughout the country which burrows in the

banks of streams, and takes to the water when pursued.”

105. RuIzomys SUMATRENSIS.

Mus sumatrensis, Raffles; R. cinereus, M‘Clelland, Cale. Journ. N. H. ii. p. 456,

and pl. xiv. not good; Spalax javanus et Nyctocleptes dekan, Temminek. » Pwat, Tenasserim,

Mason.

Tenasserim provinces; Malayan peninsula and islands. Arakan? S

*106. R. CASTANEUS.

Rhizomys castaneus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xii. p. 1007, xxxvi. p. 198; MM. badius apud

Blyth.

Arakan, Pegu.

Barely separable from If. badius (J. 201), from which it seems to differ

only in its much brighter colouring.

107. R. prurnosus.

Lhizomys prwinosus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx. p. 509.

Originally described from the Khésias, and obtained by Dr. Anderson

in the vicinity of Bhamo. |

108. R. minor (J. 201).

hizomys minor, Gray, Ann. M. N. H. x. p. 226; Horsfield’s Catal. No. 228.

Allied to the two preceding species, but of a dusky brown colour, with

white muzzle and around the eye, and pale naked feet. I obtained a living

ear. 2, . b. xxx, 7. 108: ° T ibid, xv. p. 254. t ibid. xxiv. p. 721.

§ Cale. Journ. N. H. ii. p. 297. | Journ. of Exped, p. 256.

I a a a a a a

¥ 7 Oe. oer

es See

SSS

= = :

—

- tie er veo at

= aia pment en series Hes oot Ee

=——

. — .

ie a

beets

SS ae eee

————

42 | Mammals of Burma. [ No. 1,

specimen of this animal when in Upper Martaban, but the skin of it got

spoiled ; and I at once recognized the same species in two drawings of it as

obtained in Siam by Capt. Finlayson. It has likewise been obtained at

Yanangeen, on the Irawadi. It is even included, together with R. sinensis,

Gray, in Mr. H. Walker’s ‘“ Catalogue of the Mammalia of Assam”? (7b2d. iii,

p. 267); but both species are there in need of verification. Mason remarks

that ‘‘this animal, which burrows under old bamboo roots, resembles,” to,

some extent, ‘‘a Marmot more than a Rat, yet it has much of the Rat in its

habits. I one night caught a specimen gnawing a coco-nut, while camping

out in the jungles.” According to Mason the Byhais call the Bamboo Rat

thai, and they say that there is the Bamboo Khai, the Reed Khai, the

Maranta Khai, and the Wie, a very small species of the same tribe.” In

R. sumatrensis the fur is thin and bristly. The other three here given are

smaller animals, with shorter tail and the fur soft and dense.

fam. Hystricide.

Porcupines.

*109. Hystrix BENGALENSIS? (J. 205).

Hystrix bengalensis, Blyth; H. malabarica, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 3538, pl. xvi.

_ Phyoo, Tenasserim (Mason).

The Porcupine of Arakan appears to be ea same as that of pee

and of Eastern and Lower Bengal, the skull of which is not tumid, as

in H. leucura, Sykes. Moreover, I cannot perceive (to judge from the

stuffed specimen in the British Museum), that the adult Z. malabarica, Day,

differs from it in any respect. I have only seen small Arakan specimens,

however, and will not be too confident that I am right in referring them to.

the present species.

110. H. toneicavpa? (J. 206).

Hystriz longicauda, Marsden ; Acantheon javanicum, F. Cuv., Mém. Mus. ix. t. 1, fig. 3, 4.

I also give this Malayan species with hesitation, though I believe it to

be that which inhabits the Tenasserim provinces. |

There is also H. alopeus, Hodgson,* from Nipal, which seems to be one

and the same with H. grote:, Gray,t from Malacca, remarkable for having

but one black ring on its white quills. The skins of Porcupines when dried,

and afterwards relaxed and set up in museums, are usually in wretched

* J, A. 8. B. 1847, p. 772, 6. 32.

+ [P. Z. S. 1866, p. 306, pl. xxxi. This species is referred by Mr. Sclater to Z.

longicauda, Marsden, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 234,.—Ed. ]

1875. | Porcupines—Hares— Boars. 43

condition, and when of young or half-grown specimens only, some of the

supposed species of them (if they really be species) are difficult of discrimina-

tion. These animals require to be compared together when alive, adult, and

in good condition, in order to be properly understood.

111. ATHERURA FASCICULATA.

Hystrix fasciculata, Shaw ; Buffon, Supp. tom. vii. p. 308, t. 77.

This animal inhabits the Tippera hills, Siam, and the Malayan peninsula,

_ and thereiore probably the Indo-Chinese countries generally. |

A. living Malayan example in the London Zoological Gardens could not

be distinguished from its African companions referred to A. africana, Gray ;

but an example from Assam is much paler in colour and more freckled, as

was orfe which I possessed from Tippera. This northern race is well figured

in Hardwicke’s “(Illustrations of Indian Zoology,’ copied from one of

Buchanan Hamilton’s drawings.

fam. Leporide.

Hares.

112. Lupus PEGUENSIS.

Lepus peguensis, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. B, xxiv. p. 471. Yung (Mason).

Inhabits the open country within or beyond the range of forests. Craw-

furd long ago remarked that ‘‘ the Hare is unknown in Pegu, but that it

makes its appearance in the hills before the disemboguement of the Irawadi.”

Order UNGULATA.

Fam. Suide.

113. Sus onistarus (J. 215).

Sus cristatus, Wagner, Minch. gel. Anzeig. ix. p. 535, 1839; S. indicus, Gray.

Tau-wet (Mason).

A boar which I examined at Akyab was of the ordinary Bengal race.

but the Tenasserim wild boars are considerably smaller, the skulls of adults

being one-fifth less in linear dimensions, though otherwise similar. One

such was given to me in Calcutta as that of a tusked sow, and I afterwards

found that the Tenasserim boar-skulls differed in no respect. The race

requires to be critically examined. Mason remarks that the Tenasserim wild

Hogs are of ‘“‘a small blackish species, exceedingly numerous,” and that

they are very destructive to the Karen paddy-fields. According to Colonel

McMaster, although some heads of Tenasserim wild boars, which I showed

- - é a fe :

—— ——

ne si) La ¥ mi.

v ie

ae Ee

<i al pee Aga Pee RTS a |

= — Ss

a = :

Saat Se

.* * r, 4

‘ ~ . ~ .

- - pa

—

ai = es =a ——

—

" .

: : y ;

Ps Ae :

a OO erg > — = ; c

ee — — = Aue

—— = = = —————————

. 1s ae ’ , 7 si

a felt iar ent Lag shyt, Mg ey SSS eee ee ee

= = == = = ~ ——

S——SSSS eee ae

a ae

44 Mammats of Burma. | Nios te

him in Calcutta, ‘‘ were certainly smaller than those of India,” the animals

which he had seen in Upper Pegu appeared to him to be about the same size

as those which he had seen in former hunting days in India. That Pigs are

inimical to snakes is well known; but Mason mentions that he has seen the

head of a Python ‘that was killed by a drove of hogs, whose whole length

measured eighteen feet.” Whether wild or tame does not matter, but that

author repeatedly uses the word ‘“‘drove”’ in connexion with wild animals,

even rats. It is a remarkable fact (if quite trustworthy) that a number

of Hogs should thus combine to destroy a large Python. |

Fam. Tragulide.

Chevrotains.

114. Tra@uLus KANCHIL.

‘ Moschus kanchil, Raffles. Yung* (Mason).

This small Chevrotain, or ‘‘ Mouse-Deer,’’ with a medial black stripe on

the chest, is common in the southern Tenasserim provinces, and extends

throughout the Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo; but in Java it

appears to be replaced by the equally diminutive 7. yavanicus (T. pelandoe,

Blyth).t In Cambodja and Cochin-China there is a race which chiefly differs

from 7. kanchst in wanting the medial dark stripe on the chest (Z. affinis,

Gray) ;{ and the island of Hainan, it is remarked by Mr. Swinhoe, “‘ produces

a-~ Mouse Deer, which I have made out to be Zragulus meminna.§ The

latter can hardly be, for that species (Meminna indica) is elsewhere un-

known eastward of the Bay of Bengal. There is, again, a Chevrotain

much larger than the 7. kanchil, which seems to be generally diffused over

the Malay countries, the Z. napu, F. Cuvier, which is not unlikely to occur

in South Tenasserim; and what are probably local races of Z. napu have

been described as 7. stanleyanus and T. fuscatus, the pyrrhous 7. stanleyanus

having been erroneously supposed to inhabit Ceylon. Meminna indica is the

only species of Chevrotain that inhabits Ceylon and the Indian peninsula;

and throughout the Malay countries there are the larger 7. napu and its

subordinate races, and—except in Java—the smaller 7. kanchil (to which

T. afims should perhaps be subordinated), with 7. javanicus in Java only.

The Z. kanchil is the only one, so far as hitherto ascertained, that ranges

northward into British Burma, and in the Malayan peninsula it is much

more abundant than the 7. napu.

* The same name which he assigns to Lepus peguensis.

fala. B. Sxvin, pr 277. |

to P Ze Be 1861, py 138. § ibid. 1870, p. 644.

1875. | Deer. : 45

Fam. Cervidee.

Deer.

*115. Rusa ARISTOTELIS (J. 220).

Cervus aristotelis, Cuv. Schap.

Common and generally diffused through the great forests. The Samur

Deer of Burma appeared to, me to be rather small, and 1 have never

seen a fine pair of horns of this species from the countries eastward of the

Bay of Bengal. :

*116. HyrnaprHus porcinus (J. 222).

Cervus porcinus, Zimm,

The Drat, or Hog Deer, is very abundant. Mason observes, however, that

this species seems to be confined to the plains. ‘‘It abounds,” he states,

‘¢north and east of Maulmein, and on the large islands south of Tavai; but

it is not found north of the station, nor eastward among the hills, nor in the

valley of the Tenasserim, but is found again on the plains of the Sitang.”’

Some individuals (especially does) are more or less distinctly ‘‘ menilled”’ or

spotted when in their summer coat, which has given rise to reports of the

Indian Spotted Deer (Axis maculatus) having been observed in Burma.

The so-called Hog Deer of Malabar is the Meminna indica; but, whether

or not introduced (as is most probable), the true Hog-Deer inhabits a part

of the west and south-west of Ceylon. The Indian Spotted Deer has

been introduced into Province Wellesley and has there multiplied, as noticed

by Cantor; and according to Raffles also in Sumatra, and there by native

agency.

*117. PaNoLIA ELDI.

Cervus eldi, Guthrie, Calc. Journ. N. H. u. p. 415; horns figured, 2d¢d. i. pl. xii,

ii. pl. xii; C. (Rusa) frontalis, M‘Clelland, cdid. 11. p. 401, pl. xiii, xiv; 0. dyratus, Schinz ;

C. dimorphe, Hodgson; Panolia acuticornis, Gray. TZ’hamine of Burmese, Sungrai of

Manipur.

It inhabits Pegu, and thence northward to the valley of Manipur, and

southward to Mergui and the adjacent northern part of the Malayan peninsula.

In Cambodja and the island of Hainan it is replaced by a nearly allied race,

P. smithi,* subsequently C. platyceros of Dr. Gray;+ and interposed

between the two races of Panola there would appear to occur the fine

* Cervus smithii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 45.

+ vide P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 841, figs. 22 and 28.

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46 Mammals of Burma. | No. 1,

Rucervus schomburgki, Blyth, which is a Siamese representative of the Indian

R. duvaucelli, and doubtless similar in its habits. or illustrations of the

horns of all four species, vide Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 835, figs. 1-28. The

earliest figure of the horns of P. eld: is given, with a portrait of its dis-

coverer, Lieut. Eld, in the Bengal Sporting Magazine.*

This remarkable Deer is a highly gregarious species, resorting to open-

ings in the forest, like the Indian Bard-sing’ ha, Rucervus duvaucellt.t

*118. CERVULUS AUREUS (J. 223).

Styloceras aureus, H. Smith, G.A.K. iv. 148, t. v. 805.

Gee, or Barking Deer. |

The diminutive Deer of this form, commonly known as Muntjacs,

are generally distributed over the hill forests of north-east Asia and its

islands; but examination of a series of skulls from different localities

in the Museum of the London Royal College of Surgeons inclines me to

think that the various species of them have not been satisfactorily made

out. That of Java, C. vaginalis, Boddaért, is one of the most distinct,

and has considerably larger horns than any of the others; again, the small

C’. reevestt, Ogilby, of China is well distinguished ; and Dr. Gray charac-

terizes one from Cambodja as C. cambojensis,t which he has since identified

with Rucervus schomburgki! The Burmese species differs in no respect

that I am aware of from the ordinary Indian one, and again from that

inhabiting the Malayan peninsula; but the Sumatran would appear to be

somewhat different. It is the most numerous and universally diffused of

all the Deer of Burma. More extensive materials for comparison of the

different races than are at present available are needed for a final determina-

tion of the species of Muntjac Deer.§

Fam. Capride.

Goats, Sheep, and Antelopes in part.

*119. CAPRICORNIS SUMATRENSIS.

Antilope sumatrensis, Shaw; Marsden, Hist. Sumatra, Atlas, pl. xiv; F. Cuvier,

Mamm. Lithog.; 4. interscapularis, Lichtenstein ; C. rudida, Blyth; ©. swinhoei, Gray,

P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 268, pl. xxxv; skull with horns from Arakan, figured Calc. Journ. N. H.

i, pl. xu. Zan-kseik, Mason.

* Jc. vol. xiv. 1839, p. 346.

t vide Lieut. Eld, doc. cit., and especially Lieut. Beavan, in J. A. S. B, xxxvi. p. 175

et seg., and P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 789.

t P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 188.

_ § [Sir VY. Brooke has since arranged the known species, P. Z. 8.1874, p. 88.—Hd. |

- Fr Ft ee Sf es =

1875. | Goats, Sheep and Antelopes—Brson. 47

This species appears to be distributed from Arakan through Pegu to the

extremity of the Malayan peninsula, and to occur in Siam and Formosa, and |

also in Sumatra.

This species varies much in colour, from red to black, and the black

sometimes with a white nape, or the hairs of the nape may be white at the

base only. Two flat skins from Arakan are of a pale red-brown colour,

with black dorsal list, and quite resemble the figure of one from Formosa,

which is styled C. swinhoe. The late Lieut. Beavan, again, described a

female shot on ‘‘the grass and bamboo-covered sides of Zwagaben’’ moun-

tain, near Maulmein, as being of a mingled black and ferruginous colour,*

and he mentions that the animal had been seen at Thayet Myo in Pegu..

Mason also states that it is common on the mountains of Tonghoo, and

Cantor obtained it from those of the Malayan peninsula. The ‘wild goat”

mentioned by Crawfurd, as stated by the Siamese ‘‘to be found in some of

the mountains of their country, and to be shot for their horns, which are

prized by the Chinese for certain alleged restorative properties,’’ can hardly

be any other. On comparison of skulls from Sumatra, Arakan, and

Mergui, I could detect no distinguishing character, and they differ little

from those of C. bubalina of the forest region of the Himalaya, except

in being considerably smaller. The genus is a very peculiar one, by no

means so nearly related to the Goats and Gorals as is generally supposed,

but examples of it should be studied in captivity before it can be thoroughly

understood, and the skeleton of this form is a desideratum in European

collections.

Fam. Bovidee.

The Bovine family.

*120. Bos eaurus (J. 288). |

Bos gaurus, C. H. Smith. Fine skull figured in J. A. 8. B. vi. p. 224; another cb7d. x.

470. Pyoung. | |

The Gaur, or “ Bison” of Indian sportsmen, is diffused in all suitable

localities throughout British Burma, and its range extends southward to the

straits of Singapore, but not to any of the islands. Nowhere does this grand

species attain a finer development than in Burma, and the horns are mostly

short and thick, and very massive, as compared with those of Indian Gaurs,

though the distinction is not constant on either side of the Bay of Bengal.

In the Malayan peninsula, where it is known as the Salandang, this animal

would appear to be becoming extremely rare, at least to the southward; and

* P. Z. 8, 1866, p. 4.

}

;

{

;

‘

hie

i ,

} +

OM.

48 Mammals of Burma. | No. 1,

we need information respecting its distribution in other parts of Indo-China...

I have seen a characteristic skull from Johore, and once possessed a living

calf, which was sent, together with a Malayan Tapir, from Singapore.

121. B. FRONTALIS.

Bos frontatis, Lambert, Lin. Trans. vii. p..57, pl. 4; B. gaveus, Colebrooke; P. Z. 8,

1866, pl. 1, young bull; Hodgson, J. A. 8. B. x. p. 470, skull, fig. 1.

The Gayal or At’ hun.

In the domestic state only, the range of this fine species extends south-

ward to the hills bordering on the Koladyne river, which flows into Akyab

harbour from the north. In the hilly parts of Tippera and Chittagong it

exists in the wild state. Inthe fully mature bull the horns are longer and the

dewlap is considerably more developed than is represented in the figure cited.

¥122: B. sonDAICUS.

Bos sondaicus, 8. Muller; B. bentinger, Temminck. Tsoing of Burmese.

The Banting inhabits Pegu, the Tenasserim provinces and Malayan penin-

sula, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java; being domesticated in the island of Bali.

The hybrid with the Javan humped cow constitutes the B. leuco-

prymnus of Quoy and Gaymard, as the hybrid Gayal constitutes the P.

sylhetanus of F. Cuvier. The Banting has bred in the Zoological Garden

of Amsterdam, where I have seen bull, cow, and calf in fine condition.

The bull, more especially, has an indication of a hump, which, however,

must be specially looked for to be noticed; and he has a broad and

massive neck like the Gaur, but no raised spinal ridge, nor has either of

these species a deep dewlap like the Gayal. The cow is much slighter

in build, with small horns that incline backwards; and she retains her

bright chestnut colour permanently, while the bulls become black as they

attain maturity, excepting always the white ‘ stockings,’’ and also the white

patch on each buttock, which is characteristic of the species. In the old

bull the cuticle between the bases of the horns becomes enormously thickened,

corneous and rugged, and this begins to show before the coat has commenced

to change colour, as may be seen in a stuffed specimen in the British Museum,

which is that of an animal procured in Pegu by the author of this paper,

and which lived for some time in the London Zoological Gardens. How far

to the eastward the range of this animal extends in the Indo-Chinese

countries, remains to be ascertained; but I have reason to believe that two

other species of Bos there remain to be described, one of which is domesticated

in Siam and the other in Cochin China.

-e i.

1875. | Buffaloes and Tapirs. ae! 49

123, Busatus aRni (J. 239).

Bos arnt, Shaw. |

The Indian Buffalo exists wild, whether or not indigenously so, and

everywhere in the domestic state; and, as the calves obtain their full supply

of milk, the tame Buffaloes in Burma assume their full development, and

are not stunted in their growth, as in most parts of India. The Rev. F. Mason

remarks that ‘“‘there are great numbers of wild Buffaloes in the jungles

of the South, which are supposed by the natives to be indigenous; but they

are more probably of the domestic race that have run wild, like the wild

Horses of America.’”’ The Indian Buffalo now abounds in a state of wildness

in the north of Australia, where they have spread from Port Essington,

and there are many in the delta of the Nile, where also they must needs have

descended from domestic stock.

From Crawfurd’s description of the animal it would seem that Bos

sondaicus is domesticated in Siam. He, however, styles it B. taurus? ‘The

Bos taurus,” he remarks, ‘‘is found wild in the Siamese forests, and exists

very generally in the domestic state, particularly in the northern provinces.

Those we saw about the capital were short limbed, compactly made, and

frequently without horns. They were generally of a red or a dark-brown

colour, and never of the white or grey, so prevalent amongst the cattle

of Hindustan. They also want the hump over the shoulders, which charac-

terizes the latter. They are used only in agricultural labour, for their milk

is too trifling in quantity to be useful, and the slaughter of them, publicly

at least, is forbidden even to strangers. When, during our stay, we wanted

beef for our table, our servants were obliged to go three or four miles out

of town, and to slaughter the animals at night. The wild cattle, for the

protection of religion does not extend to them, are shot by professed hunts-

men on account of their hides, horns, bones, and flesh, which last, after being

converted into jerk beef, forms an article of commerce to China.’’*

Kam. Tapiride.

Tapirs.

124. TaprRus MALAYANUS.

Tapirus malayanus, Raffles, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog. i. p. 87.. Ta-ra-shu, Mason.

' The Malayan Tapir inhabits the Tenasserim provinces as high as the

15th deg. north lat.; also Lower Siam, the Malayan peninsula, Sumatra,

and Borneo; if not likewise the southern provinces of China, where the

species is not likely to be a different one. ‘‘Though seen so rarely,”

* Embassy to Siam and Cochin China, 11. p. 192.

50 Mammals of Burma. | No. 1,

remarks Mason, ‘‘the Tapir is by no means uncommon in the interior of

Tavoy and Mergui provinces; I have frequently come upon its recent foot-

marks, but it avoids the inhabited parts of the country. It has never been

heard of north of the valley of the Tavoy river.”

Fam. BRhinoceratide.

Rhinoceroses.

125. RurvocEros sonpatcus (J. 213).

Rhinoceros sondaicus, Cuvier; Horsfield, Zool. Res.in Java; S. Miiller, Verhand. t. 33;

R. nasalis, R. stenorhynchus, et R. flowert, Gray, apud Busk, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 416.

Khyen-hseu, Mason.

The Lesser One-horned Rhinoceros. So far as I have been able to

satisfy myself, this is the only single-horned Rhinoceros of the Indo-Chinese

and Malayan countries, its range of distribution extending northward to the

Garo hills, where it co-exists with the large A. endicus, and to eastern and

Lower Bengal. It would appear to be the only Rhinoceros that inhabits the

Sundarbans, occurring within a few miles of Calcutta; and yet I know of

but one instance of its having been brought to Europe alive,* and then it was

not recognized as differing from R. indicus, which latter is not uncommonly

brought down the Braéhmaputra from Assam, and sent to Kurope from

Calcutta. There is reason, also, to believe that &. sondaicus is the species

which was formerly hunted by the Moghul Emperor Baber on the banks

of the Indus. Southward it inhabits the Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, Java,

and Borneo (?vdde Busk, loc. cit.). Itis about a third smaller than A. sndceus,

from which it is readily distinguished by having the tubercles of the hide

uniformly of the same small size, and also by having a fold or plait of the

skin crossing the nape, in addition to that behind the shoulder-blades, In

R. indicus the corresponding fold does not thus meet its opposite, but curves

backward to join—or nearly so in some individuals—the one posterior to the

shoulders. A fine living male, before referred to, was exhibited for some

years about Great Britain, and was finally deposited in the Liverpool Zoo-

logical Gardens, where it died, and its preserved skeleton is now in the

anatomical museum of Guy’s Hospital, Southwark. Two passable figures

of it from life are given in the ‘‘ Naturalists’ Library,”. where it is mistaken

for the huge &. indicus.

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se = 2

: ik PE Ron

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Ss WATE ence oh

ae Stine Seer 9 = yee!

SSS SSS a

y Dorie non

te ,

= Dh “ “tng La

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7 pant ’ a ee aan i Si alte

Se a it ee ae : - a

SSS SSE ==

— ee Sa a a

* [Since Mr. Blyth wrote this paper, another example of this species is now alive in the

Zoological Society’s Garden.—J.A. ]

_ i a a

1875. | Rhinoceroses. 51

Rhinoceros sondaicus is found at all elevations, as remarked of it by Dr.

Horsfield, in Java; and from the mountains of Palouk, thirty miles

north of Mergui, a writer quoted by the Rev. F. Mason observes—‘‘ We

were on the summit of the highest range of mountains in the provinces.

The tall timber trees at the first ascent were dwindled into a thick growth

of stunted bushes, unmixed with a single shrub. The path, which was

narrow and steep, had reached a level spot, that had been in the rains

the wallowing place of a rhinoceros; for it has the habit of wallowing

in the mire no less than the hog and the buffalo.” The Sumatra Rhinoceros

was also tracked by General Fytche to an altitude of about 4000 feet, when

he obtained a close view of the animal with two finely developed horns.*

_ Crawfurd was assured at Bangkok that a thousand Rhinoceros horns were

thence annually exported to China.

According to Helfer, the R. indicus, in addition to R. sondarcus, inhabits

the northern portion of the Tenasserim provinces; and Mason asserts that a

single-horned Rhinoceros from the Arakan jungles was purchased by the

London Zoological Society, and lived for many years in the Regent’s Park,

the species in that case being unquestionably R. indicus. Again, according

to a writer in the Oriental Sporting Magazine,} both species of one-horned

Rhinoceros occur in Burma, and he cites, as his authority for the statement, a

writer in the first series of the same periodical (vol. ii. p. 35), mentioning that

his said authority appears to be ‘‘a thorough sportsman and no mean

naturalist.’? I nevertheless hesitate, upon present evidence, to admit the

Great Indian Rhinoceros into the list of Burmese animals.

126. CERATORHINUS CROSSII ?

Rhinoceros crossit, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 250, with figure of anterior horn, 32 in,

in length over the curvature, and 17 in. in span from base to tip; &. dasiotis, Sclater.

Kar-fringed Rhinoceros. In the Rhinoceroses of this type the hide is

comparatively thin, and is not tessellated or tuberculated, nor does it form a

‘coat of mail,” as in the preceding; but there is one great groove (rather

than fold or plait) behind the shoulder-blades, and a less conspicuous crease

on the flank, which does not extend upwards to cross the loins, as represented

in F. Cuvier’s figure; and there are also slight folds on the neck and at base

of the limbs; the skin being moreover hairy throughout. There is also a

second horn placed at some distance behind the nasal one.

Until recently, the existence of more than one species was unsuspected.

In 1868, a young female was captured in the province of Chittagong, and on

7. A, &. B. xxx. p, 157, t+ July, 1832, p. 301.

! i

per

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reg

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) &

;

52 Mammals of Burma. | | [ No. 1,

its arrival in the London Zoological Gardens, early in 1872, was believed to

represent the Rhinoceros sumatrensis of Bell and Raffles; but soon afterwards

another two-horned Rhinoceros was received at the same establishment from

Malacca, obviously of a different species, which proved to be the veritable R.

sumatrensis. Since its arrival, it has now (1878) considerably increased in size,

and it probably is not yet quite full grown. As compared with C. sumatrensis,

it is a considerably larger animal, with much smoother skin, of a pale clay-

colour, covered with longer and less bristly hair, the latter of a light brown

colour, as seen in the mass. The ears are placed much further apart at the

base, and are not lined with hair as in the other, but are conspicuously fringed —

with long hair; and the tail is much shorter and largely tufted at the end.

The horns are worn away, but if the species be truly assigned to C. erossii,

the anterior would grow very long and curve to a remarkable extent back-

wards, while the posterior horn would probably be short. A second speci-

men of an anterior horn, almost as fine as the one first described, has recently

turned up among the stores of the British Museum; and I found a smaller

anterior horn of #. crossz in the Museum of the London Royal College

of Surgeons, confirmatory of its peculiar shape. In this group the horns are

remarkably slender except at the base, and of much more compact texture

than in other Rhinoceros horns. I have reason to believe that this is the two-

horned species which inhabits the Arakan hills, those of northern Burma,

and which extends rarely into Assam; and I think it highly probable that

the skull figured in Journ. As. Soc. B. xxxi. p. 156, pl. iii. f. 1, repre-

‘sents that of ©. crossit (seu Jt. dasvotis), in which case the range of the

species would extend into the Tenasserim provinces. A detailed notice of the

individual sent to London has been given by Dr. Anderson.*

127. C. SUMATRENSIS.

Lthinoceros sumatrensis, Bell, Phil. Tr, 1793, p. 3, pl. 2, 3,4; R. javanus, F. Cuv.

Mamm. Lithog., very young; C. dlythit, Gray, Ann. M. N. H. (4), vol. xi. p. 860.

Kyen-shan, Mason. 7 |

The Sumatran Rhinoceros is much smaller than the preceding species,

with a harsh and rugose skin, which is black, and clad with bristly black hairs ;

the ears less widely separated at base, and filled internally with black hairs;

the muzzle anterior to the nasal horn much broader; and the tail conspicuously

longer, tapering, and not tufted at the end. Horns attaining considerable

length, and curving but slightly backwards, as represented in Journ. As. Soc. B.

gem 1 b6 201 ivf. <s;

* P.Z.S, isi}, p. 129.

1875. | Dugong and Pangolins. 53

This is the ordinary two-horned Rhinoceros of the Tenasserim pro-

vinces, extending into Siam, and southward throughout the Malayan

x peninsula and Sumatra; but in Borneo there would appear to be a still

‘ smaller species, which is referred to the same by Professor H. Schlegel.

~ How far northward its range extends has not been ascertained, but I suspect

ly _ that it does not occur in Arakan. A Rhinoceros of some kind inhabits the

fl province of Quang-si, in China, in lat. 15 deg. N., as noticed by Du Halde.

Rik, In general, this is an exceedingly shy and timid animal, but it has been known

ay to attack the night-fires of travellers, as happened once to Professor Oldham.

“ In this case the animal was shot, and its skull is now in the Museum of

dy() Trinity College, Dublin, where I have verified it as appertaining to the

be present species. For remarks on this and the preceding species, vide Ann.

Ley M. N. H. (4), vol. x. (1872), p. 399. Lieutenant Newbold noticed the

bs existence of the ‘‘ Badok, or Sumatran Rhinoceros” in the Malayan peninsula

bi in 1838.* |

ai Order SYRENIA.

ag fam. Halicoride.

xc |

Ha 128. HaticorE pueone (240).

me. Trichechus dugong, Erxleben, F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog. i. 120; Zool. Aristolabe,

Atlas, t. 27.

The Malayan Dugong. Mason records that the existence of this animal

in the Mergui archipelago was brought to his notice by the late Rev. S.

: Benjamin in 1858. It is occasionally obtained by the Andaman Islanders.

—_ Finlayson strangely asserts that in this animal ‘‘a single spiraculum opens

: near the top of the head.”’ |

fam. Manide.

; a Pangolins.

yet *129, PANGOLINUS LEUCURUS.

| Manis lucurus, Blyth, J. A. S..B. xi. p. 464; xvi. p. 1274. Theu-khwe-ghyat, Mason.

‘atl Burmese Pangolin. Ranges from Arakan to Mergui, and is probably

"de the species ‘‘ closely allied to javanicus” observed by Dr. Anderson near

av Bhamo. From Malacca I have only seen the P. javanicus, Desmarest, and it

gt is probable that P. auritus, Hodgson, 1886 (Manis dalmanni, Sundevall,

rd * 1842, I multiscutata, Gray, 1848), occurs to the northward. From Cam-

ip | bodja Dr. Gray gives P. pentadactyla (Pangolinus typus).

\ * Madras Journ. Lit. Se. vii. p. 70.

= ———

I SS ee ee ee Se = = —

etait [es I Lie ere = ie | =

AGS esas 6 silane ania atin Se se ee Za8

i ee aoe ae a as be i

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——————— = —— em - i = * oo + “a

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ot Birds of Burma.

Province SAUROPSIDA.

Class AVES.

Sub-class CARINATZs.

Order PREHENSORES.

Fam. Psittacide.

Parrots.

*1. PALMORNIS ALEXANDRI (J. 147).*

P. eupatrius, L., adopted by Dr. Finsch, Die Papageien, tom. 1. p. 11. Aya-

phoung-ka.

A mountain species in British Burma, chiefly or wholly confined to the

* Jt is probable that more species of PaLmornis remain to be discovered in the Indo-

Chinese peninsula. Some of them are very local, as P. couumBorpEs (J. 150), which is

confined to the mountains of 8. India, as P. cALTHROoP# is to those of Ceylon. P. Ery-

THROGENYS, nobis (P. nicobaricus, Gould, B. As. pt. ix. pl. 13), is known only from the

Andaman and Nicobar Islands. PP. caniceps, nobis (Gould, B. As. pt. ix. pl. 12), was

founded on a mutilated specimen obtained alive from a Nicobar savage, and a black-billed

(and probably, therefore, female) example of it was subsequently procured by the late Dr.

Cantor in Province Wellesley, These were the only specimens known, when Herr v. Pelzeln

obtained it in the Car Nicobar, and quite recently I saw three in a collection, which also

contained two of P. ERYTHROGENYS, but whence obtained could not be learned, and there

were no species peculiar to the Andaman or Nicobar Islands together with them, though

several common to the Tenasserim provinces and Malayan peninsula. The fine P. DERBIANUS

(P. Z. S. 1850, pl. 25; Gould, B, As. pt. x. pl. 9) is only known from a single speci-

men, the habitat of which could not be ascertained; and P. Barsarus, Gm. (Souancé

Rev. Zool. 1856, p. 209; P. luctani, Verreaux, P. erythrogenys, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1850,

pl. 26; Gould, B. As. pt. ix. pl. 11), is yet another species of which the habitat has

only recently been ascertained, viz. Western China (Sze-chuen), though three or four

specimens of it were preserved in different museums. All of these birds, excepting the first-

mentioned two (from 8. India and Ceylon), are nearly akin to P. viprisca, though well dis-

tinguished in every instance; and the last three of them are not unlikely to prove indigenous

to different parts of the Indo-Chinese countries. P. Lonaicaupatus (Gould, B. As. pt. x.

pl. 10, 11); P. malaccensis (Gmelin, nec Latham) ; P. erythrogenys (Lesson, and of which

bay

1875.) Parrots. AG

loftier elevations. Mason remarks that he never observed it in the pro-

vinces of Tavoy and Mergui. Schomburgk, however, notes it from Siam.*

| Paleornis eupatrius, Lin., is the correct title. Psittacus alexandri,

Lin., belongs to the Javan parrakeet. |

2. *P. rorauatus (J. 148).

Kyat-gyot. |

Resorts to open country as elsewhere, and is therefore chiefly met with

in the interior, beyond the maritime belt of forest. Dr. Cantor procured it

so far southward as in Province Wellesley.

[Thayet Myo (Wardlaw Ramsay). |

8. *P. scuisticers (J. 150).

P. schisticeps, Hodgs.; Gould, B. As. pt. x. pl. 8.

Mountains of Arakan.

[Tonghoo hills (W. &.). The Tonghoo bird belongs to the race named

P. finschii, Hume (Str. Feath. ii. p. 509). |

4. *P. cyanocEPHALUS (J. 149, partem).

P. cyanocephalus, Lin.; Edwards, pl. 233. Kyat-ta-ma.

Exceedingly common in the forests of British Burma, where it takes

P. afinis, Gould, and P. viridimystaz, nobis, are the young), belongs to the southern half of

the Malayan peninsula, with the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, and LoricuLus GaLGuLus

has exactly the same range of distribution; the latter being replaced in Java by L. PusILuus,

_G. R. Gray; which is closely akin to L. vernnauis of India and Burma, 1 being, however,

well distinguished, which is more than can be averred of P. viprisca as inhabiting the

same island.

[The Andaman race of P. erythrogenys (P. afinis, Tytler, P. tytlerr, Hume) slightly

differs. .P. derbyanus is not generally admitted to be distinct from P. melanorhynchus,

Wagler. It is not certain whether the title Psittacus barbatus, Gm., should not be expunged.

It was given to Latham’s bearded parrakeet (Syn. 1. p. 238, no. 88), described from a

specimen, origin unknown, in the Hunterian Museum. Examples of the species, P. duccant,

are so rate, that a comparison with Latham’s description is difficult to make. Eventually

examples exhibiting the phase of plumage described by Latham may be met with ; in the

mean time it seems best to follow Dr. Finsch and adapt Verreaux’s title. ]

* The Indo-Chinese bird should now be compared with the Andaman race, as described

by Mr. V. Ball (J..4. 8. B. xli. pt. ii. p. 278).

[I have compared a large series of Burmese and Andaman individuals, and find that the

latter differ by having the bills considerably larger. ]

onto Tie rey

. aties ———————————EEE—eE—————————————————— — - ——— oo SESE PS = Sa a a ana ee = Ss eer car — sone a

ea a some ae nn SS ee oS Se ee ee eae Te ee See ne ere net, = « i RSE AL “- ROR + Te et Ad a - ;

a= | Gye p nee Spite eR ae te SR Aigieh ie Me BW eR : — ray BSA tg : - sor ap coplencty eerie — rts meee atm ee Ge erry tee ee - ~~ ae :

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By int

56 — Birds of Burma. [ No. 1,

the place of P. rosa (Boddaért) of India generally and Ceylon. In Nipal

both species occur, but the present one only (if I mistake not) in Lower

Bengal, and its range extends eastward to the south of China. ‘There are

various distinctions, one of which is that in P. rosa the wings are blue on

the inner side, while in P. cyanocepHatus they are green within. P. Rosa

is also a much more finely coloured bird than the other, and has a con-

spicuously longer tail. |

[Rangoon, Karen hills, Tonghoo (W. #.). Linneus’s title of Psit-

tacus ecyanocephalus, founded on Brisson’s Psittaca cyanocephala (Orn. iv.

p. 859, no. 70, pl. xix. f. 2, ‘‘ East Indies’’), applies to this race. While

Psittacus purpureus, P. L. 8. Miller (Suppl. p. 74, no. 6, d.), founded

on the Perruche a téte rouge de Gingt (Daubent. Pl. Enl. 264), Psettaca

gingrana erythrocephala, Briss. (tec. p. 3846, no. 65, pl. 29, f. 2, ‘“‘royaume

de Gingi’”’), as shown by the late Mr. Cassin, ten years ago (P. Ac. N.

Sc. Philadelphia, 1864, p. 239), must take precedence of Gmelin’s title of

Psittacus erythrocephalus (8S. N.1. p. 325, No. 74 ex Briss.). Mr. G. R. Gray

(H. List, 1. No. 8054), who followed Cassin, adopted P. L. 8. Miiller’s title,

and retained it, rather vaguely, for the species inhabiting ‘India and

Ceylon,’’ while restricting Gmelin’s title of bengalensis to the Nipalese form.

Curiously enough, Mr. Gray wrongly associated P. L. 8.. Miiller’s title of

purpureus with Daubenton’s plate, No. 888, on which Boddaert founded his

title of Psittacus rosa (Table, p. 53). There does not appear to be conclusive

proof of both species occurring in Nipal, but conf. Jerdon, in Ibis (1872, p. 6,

No. 149). The title of Pstéacus rosa, Boddaert, strictly pertains to the

Bengal form. | |

5. *P. viprisca (J. 152).

Psittacus ponticerianus, Gmelin; P. alexandri (L.), apud Finsch, Die Papageien, tom.

il. p- 59; P. modestus, Fraser, the young. |

An exceedingly common species in the forests of British Burma, and

Mason remarks of it (in particular) that ‘‘ immense flocks of Parrakeets may

be seen simultaneously descending on the rice-fields, where persons have to

be in constant attendance to drive them away during the season of harvest ;”

while of P. rorevatus he notices that it is ‘often seen in the rice-fields, but

in smaller companies, which have not the habit of simultaneous descent.”

Westward, the present species is common in the Terai region of the E.

Himalaya, but its range does not extend further into India, whence its

synonym of ponticerianus is a misnomer. Great numbers of the very young

are brought every season to Calcutta from Chittagong, and it is remarkable

1875. ] Parrots. 57

that from the earliest age the males only have the upper mandible coral-

red. In a presumed female which I possessed in captivity, the upper

mandible changed from black to coral-red when the bird was about eighteen

months old; and I have seen numerous specimens which had been killed

when the change was in progress. I have also shot red-billed and black-

billed specimens out of the same flock, and therefore cannot admit the P.

nigrirostris, Hodgson, as a distinct species, differing only in the colour of

the upper mandible. Moreover, the same sexual diversity in the colouring

of the bill, whether permanently or otherwise, occurs in several kindred

species. Rarely, the lower mandible is also red in Burmese specimens,

almost constantly so in Javanese examples; but I have been unable to

detect the slightest difference of plumage on comparison of skins from Nipal, —

Arakan, and Java.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. &.). Assuming that the rose-breasted parra-

keets of the Indian Continent and Burma belong to one species, and those of

Java and Borneo to another, it is not difficult to allot to the first their

correct title. Mr. G. R. Gray (¢.c. No. 8066), following Cassin (J.c.),

adopted for the Indian species exclusively P. L. 8. Miiller’s title of Psittacus

fasciatus, bestowed by him (t.c. p. 74, no. 6, f.) on Daubenton’s plate (op.

cit. no. 517), and which subsequently served as the subject of Pséttacus

vibrissa, Boddaert, not vibrisca (¢.c. p. 80), and of Psittacus pondicertanus,

Om, (6. p. 325, No. 73). This plate, as has been shown by Dr. Finsch,

was taken from the Javan species, and therefore the titles cited fall before

that of Psittacus alexandri, Lin. Wagler (Monog. p. 511) first bestowed a

title, that of Paleornis melanorhynchus, on the Continental species, and by

this it must be called. |

6. P. MELANORHYNCHUS.

P. melanorhynchus, Wagler, nec Sykes; Ibis, 1873, p. 79; 2. nigrirostris, Hodgson, |

partim, vide Cale. Journ. N. H. vii. p. 560.*

A most closely allied species to the last, from the Tenasserim provinces,

if not also the base of the Eastern Himalaya. As seen alive, together with

examples of the preceding, the difference is more conspicuous from its

purely white irides, whereas the other has dark irides. The cap has a

slight tinge of verditer, but no trace of ruddy colouring, and the red of the

breast is continued past the black moustachial streak and the ear-coverts,

* It is worthy of notice that Mason designates the bird, not distinguishing the two

races, as the “ black-billed Parrakeet.”’

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58 Birds of Burma. [ No. 1,

so as to form a half-collar bordering the sides of the cap; it also does not

descend so far on the abdominal region, a larger portion of which is green

than in the other. These differences are conspicuous in the living birds

when seen together. All hitherto examined have the bill black, but in

the male it is probable that the upper mandible is coral-red. A living

specimen in the London Zoological Gardens is alleged to be from Kashmir,

which is certainly a mistake. There are skins in the British Museum which

are positively from the Tenasserim provinces.

| The facts here stated are quite new. I am not aware that they have

ever been previously published. Dr. Jerdon certainly was unacquainted

with them. Further investigation is most desirable; more especially as

Mr. Blyth is completely at issue on many points with what has been averred

by Mr. Hume. My own experience does not accord with Mr. Blyth’s

opinion. | ,

7. PsrrrINus MALACCENSIS.

Psittacus malaceensis, Latham, nec Gmelin; P. incertus, Shaw; Swainson’s J//. Orn.

pl. 164. 3

This common Malayan species occurs in Mergui province. It is essen-

tially a short-tailed Palgorms, but with affinity to Zanygnathus.

[Blyth’s generic title Psctéinus is absorbed by Dr. Finsch in Kuhl’s

Psittacula. Latham’s specific title malaccensis is also by the same author

superseded, on the ground of its conveying an erroneous idea of the geo-

graphical range, and Shaw’s title ancertus is adapted. A better or more

acceptable reason is that Gmelin and Latham named two distinct species

of Asiatic parrots by the title of malaccensis. |

8. *LORICULUS VERNALIS (J. 153).

Kyai-tha-da.

Generally diffused in the forests.

| Tonghoo (W. £.). |

Order RAPTORES.

Fam. Falconide.

9, FaLco PEREGRINATOR (J. 9).

Faico peregrinator, Sundev.; Gould, B. As. pt. ii. pl. 2; communis, var. (?)

Raffles, ex Sumatra. |

It is asserted by Mason that I showed him a skin of this Falcon received

mi)

1875. | Falcons. 59

from Burma, though I have no recollection of the circumstance. It is,

however, a most likely species to occur there, as is also /. peregrinus, in

suitable localities, where ducks resort plentifully. £. peregrinator would

appear to be chiefly a Malayan species, and the specimen of it originally

obtained by Sundevall was obtained on board ship, in lat 6°, between Ceylon

and Sumatra, about seventy miles from the Nicobar Islands.

| Major Lloyd has sent me an undoubted example of this Falcon, shot

near Tonghoo. |

[10. F. pernerrinus (J. 8).

- Prome (Oates). |

11. Hyporriorcuis sEvERuS (J. 14).

Tenasserim. Inhabits from the 8. E. Himalaya to Java and the Philip-

pines, but has not hitherto been met with in the plains of India. Mr.

Holdsworth notes it from Ceylon.

*12. TInNUNCULUS ALAUDARIUS (J. 17).

Gyo-theing.

Common. TZ. saturatus, nobis,* from the Tenasserim provinces, is

perhaps a distinct race, remarkable for the great development of the black

markings on its plumage; but it requires further confirmation.

| Tonghoo (Lloyd), Karen nee (W. &.), Thayet Myo (Peilden).

Linnunculus atratus, Blyth, apud G. R. Gray, H. L. No. 212, ex Burma,

is a misprint for 7. satwratus, Blyth. |

[13. ERyrHRoPUs VESPERTINUS ? (J. 19),

Mr. Hume has thus, with doubt, identified an example sent to him by

Captain Feilden from Thayet Myo. |

14. PoLIOHIERAX INSIGNIS.

Poliohierax insignis, Walden, P. Z. 8. 1871, p.627; Lithofalco feildeni, A. O. Hume,

Peat. Dp. 1372, p. 70.

Upper Pegu.

*15. Hrmrax EvTotmus (J. 20).

falco cerulescens, apud Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. pt. 2, xxxix. p. 282. Koung-oo-hnouk.

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim, Siam.

| The title of Mcrohterax, Sharpe, must be employed for this genus. |

* J.A.S. B, xxii. p. 277; Ibis, 1866, p. 238,

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~~ oad e ; as .

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pc ak poe is See aigistoa; aces es Sea uelena irae = upeoes teneeeneiee = = inks = a - ~ ae nn eer om os ne ere ee eS ae

Sf Ree sp REE aed ae eS het ae, 2 7 on SOI ree AUS aa haere — Ey ine yg A427 L " pu ee SS ee ee eS

a, ete ENS ese Pay ibe! SEY Stu ir a Pet at = ee eee eee eer gi yr epee a reer ares oe a - a Faas Set eel Behera re deatnds cca J

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60 Birds of Burma. | Deeds

16. H. rrrnerrarivs.

H. fringillarius, Drapiez ; H. malayensis, Strickland; Falco cerulescens, apud Vieillot,

Gal. des Ois. t. 18; Pl. Col. 97. |

Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo. Obtained by Helfer, pro-

bably in Mergui province (specimen in Calcutta Museum). In the north

of Arakan, H. melanoleucus, nobis,* will most probably be found to occur, as

it has been obtained in the province of Kachar.

[Meeta Myo (Davison). | |

*17,. Baza LopHortss (J. 58).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca.

18, PERNIs prrLtorHyNncuus (J. 57).

A long-crested specimen received from Mergui, and described as P.

brachypterus.t Its primaries were not fully grown. Mr. A. O. Hume

notes it from Burma and Siam.

[Tonghoo (W. R.), Thayet Myo (F. and 0.)]

*19, ELANUS MELANOPTERUS (J. 59).

Arakan, Tenasserim. ‘‘ Various localities in British Burma” (4. 0.

Hume).

[Thayet Myo (W. #.), Arakan (0.). |

*20. SPILORNIS CHEELA (J. 39).

Doung-tswoon.

Common in Arakan, if correctly identified, as is most probable. The

nearly allied but smaller race, with shorter crest, S. bacha (Daudin); Falco i]

bido, Horsfield; Mematornis spilogaster, nobis; HH. elgint, Tytler, inhabits |

the Andamans, South India, and Ceylon, as also Malacca and Java; and, |

according to Messrs. Swinhoe and Gurney, is an intermediate race.

| Tonghoo (W. &.); Thayet Myo (2). 8S. elgint, Tytler, is undoubtedly

a distinct species. Nor can I agree to unite S. spilogaster with S. bacha.

At Kalee Gunge Dr. Day obtained an adult bird, in the rich brown plumage

of true S. bacha. |

21. S. RUTHERFORDI.

S. rutherford, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 85.

Has been procured in the vicinity of Rangoon, in Siam, and Hainan.

| Said by Mr. Hume to have been obtained near Tonghoo. Neighbour-

hood of Amherst and Ye (D.). |

# JA. $2 By xi. pe 179 bis. + J. A. S. B. xxi. p. 436.

i 1875. | Fatcons. 61

ie *99,. Crrous MELANOLEUCUS (J. 53).

| Thein-kya.

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim.

hy, | [Tonghoo (W. R.); Thayet Myo, Rangoon (fF). ]

*23. C. cINERACEUS (J. 52),

F Pegu, Tenasserim.

| *24. C. swarnsoni (J. 51).

Arakan, Pegu.

ay *25. C. meuarnosus (J. 54).

= Arakan, Tenasserim.

: : :

at | Tonghoo, Rangoon CW. R.).]

26. Pottornis TEESA (J. 48).

Common in Province Amherst.

[Tonghoo (W. &.); Thayet Myo (0.). Hodgson’s generic title, Butas-

bes

bur, takes precedence over Poliornis, Kaup. |

27. P. INDIcUS. |

Faico indicus, Gmelin; F'. javanicus, Latham; Buteo poliogenys, Temminck, Fauna

Japonica, pl. vil. B., where printed pyrrhogenys; B. pygmeus, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xiv. p. 117;

3 Astur barbatus, Kyton.

rs According to Mr. A. O. Hume, this species ‘“‘has now occurred on

os several occasions in Southern Burma.” The specimen described as Buteo

ta! |

‘ . pygmeus was obtained by Helfer. One procured by Mr. Swinhoe in Formosa

a” had a crested occiput.*

0 28. P. LIVENTER.

P. liventer, Temminck, p.c. 488.

st? An example from Tonghoo, identified by Viscount Walden;} Siam

(Gurney).

[Tonghoo (W. #.); Thayet Myo (0.). To Major Lloyd belongs the

credit of having first discovered that this species was an inhabitant of

¢ Burma, where, judging by the number of examples sent to me, it appears

J | very common. |

‘4

* This, 1864, p. 429. + Tr. Z. §. viii. p. 37 (1871).

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nee ad

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Pat ne

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ae,

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ee ea

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Se ea

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ee ss A rt all tren ty ‘

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LETT errr srererar a

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Sane ar ae betaine

Birds of Burma. | No. 1,

*29. ACCIPITER VIRGATUS (J. 25).

Arakan, Tenasserim. Common.

| Thayet Myo (#.). Captain Feilden was good enough to send me the

example here noted, and which I provisionally identify with A. vergatus. -

In Mr. Sharpe’s opinion it may belong to the race named 4. stevensont by

Mr. Gurney. The latter gentleman, however, as will be seen below, identi-

fied, although with doubt, this Thayet Myo example as belonging to “A,

rhodogaster, nearly adult.’”’ Above, the plumage is dark cyanous. The

breast is dove-coloured, without a trace of rufous. The abdomen pure

white, with dove-coloured bands. The ventral region and under tail-coverts

pure white; also the throat, with the exception of a mesial line of ash-

coloured feathers. Tarsus, 2; wing, 6°25; tail, 5°50. ]

30. TERASPIZIAS RHODOGASTRA.

Nisus rhodogaster, Schlegel; Tr. Z. 8. vol. viii. pt. ii. p. 38, pl. 11.

Mr. Gurney thus identifies a specimen sent to Lord Walden from

Thayet Myo.

[This refers to the example above mentioned. It is, however, highly

improbable that a species peculiar to Celebes should occur in Burma. |

*31. Micrastur Bapius (J. 28).

Thinkyet-oma.

Arakan, Siam, Hainan. Common. J. soloénsis, Horsfield, should be

looked for, as it was obtained in the Car Nicobar by Herr v. Pelzeln.* Nisus

minutus, Lesson, is identified with it by Dr. Pucheran,} being founded on

a specimen alleged to have been received from the Coromandel coast. Prof.

Schlegel notes it from Java, Celebes, the Philippines, and China.

| Tonghoo, Karen hills, at 4000 feet of elevation (W. &.); Pahchaun,

Pabyouk, Pahpoon (D.). The Burman race of this species has been separated

by Mr. Hume, under the title of Micronisus poliopsis, Str. Feath. ii. p. 325. |

*32. LopHospiz1as Trivireata (J. 22).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Hastern slopes of the Pegu hills (0.); pine forest north of Kollidoo

(D.). Hodgson’s title of cndicus is adopted by some authors for the some-

what larger Nipalese race of this Sumatran species. |

* Reise “Novara,” Aves, 1850, p. 12.

t Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 210.

. se.

2 Be ee ag gh te a

=e we

1875. | Falcons. 63

*33. SpPIZAETUS LIMNAETUS (J. 34).

Arakan, Tennasserim, Malacca, Sumatra.

[Tonghoo (W. &.); Thayet Myo (0.). |

34. S. ALBONIGER.

S. alboniger, nobis, J. A. 8. B., xiv. p. 178; Gould, B. As. pt. xv. f. 1.

Mergui, Malacca, Borneo.

*35. AQUILA BIFASCIATA (J. 27).

Won-lo.

Specimen received from Arakan, in the phase of plumage figured as

A. bifasciata by Hardwicke and Gray.*

56. A. NaviarT (J. 28).

A. orientalis, Cab., Gurney, Ibis, 1872, p. 329.

Arakan.

*37. A. Fusca (J. 30). |

A. fusca; vide Mr. A, Anderson, P. Z. 8. 1872, pp. 69, 622; Morphnus hastatus,

Lesson.

Arakan.

|The author of the title, 4. fusca, is not written in the MS. ]

38. HIeRAETUS PENNATUS (J. 31).

Moulmein. |

I have seen a Spanish specimen with rudimentary occipital crest, as

usual in Indian examples.

| Thayet Myo (£“). |

39. NEOPUS MALAYENSIS (J. 32.)

Tenasserim provinces.

*40. Panpion HALIAETUs (J. 40).

Won-let.

Arakan, Tenasserim. Common.

*41. PortoakTus IcTtHyaEtus (J. 41).

Common.

[Tonghoo (W. &.); Pabyouk (D.).]

* Vide Mr. W. E, Brook, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 502, and Mr, A. Anderson, id¢d. p. 620;

also Dresser, ‘did. 1872, p. 863; and H. Gurney, Ibis, 1873, p. 99.

T P. Z. 8. 1868, pl. 34.

ES, I aS

ia) es

wer

AS aa AN al ah len Sesto sig

Sor ee eee

: >

* = 7 hl

pte rr ae

alma erent wer ee

REET OIE L RS

Fes No eA ak aa

— 2

ae 5 at

CS an

bi ong SDS SEER ded

ss bab

este

PE Mae CN el ee en ne ee:

w :

ie Be Ms:

‘>

= a

eee

in a ee

Spee

~ mere se << = sidghanteainial te ey 4

ic) eee arene Sr |

SSS

ma ak -

Birds of Burma. [Nom

P. HUMILIS.

Falco humilis, 8. Muller ; Icthyaétus nanus, nobis.

Burma, fide Viscount Walden. Mr. W. E. Brooks identifies Haliaétus

plumbeus, Hodgson,* with this species.

*43. BLAGRUS LEUCOGASTER (J. 43).

A. common maritime species which preys chiefly on sea-snakes.

“44, Harrastur INDUS (J..55).

Common, extending southward to Malacca.

| Tonghoo (W. #.); Thayet Myo (0.). ]

*45. Mitvus govrnpa (J. 56).

Tswon-boke. |

Common in the cold season. At Bangkok it is as abundant as in

Calcutta. Cantor procured it at Pinang.

[46. M. arrrnis.

M. affinis, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 140.

Thayet Myo examples, obtained by Mr. Oates and mee Feilden, are

thus identified by Mr. Hume. |

(47. Burzo prumipss (J. 47).

A Buzzard obtained by Captain Feilden at Thayet Myo is identified by

Mr. Hume as B. japonicus, Schlegel. |

fam. Vulturide.

Vultures.

48. VuLtur catvus (J. 2),

Vultur calvus, Scopoli; Gould, B. As. pt. xi. pl. 1.

Not a common species,

49. Gyps inpicus (J. 4).

Vultur indicus, Scopoli; Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, pl. 3, immature plumage.

Arakan, Siam. Vultures assigned to this species are mentioned to have

been obtained on Zwagaben mountain by Lieut. Beavan.t I have seen two

specimens of G’. indicus in a Malacca collection. No doubt a Vulture of any

kind is there rare, or it would not have been deemed worthy of preservation.

* J. A.S8. B., xli. pti. p. 73 + P.Z. 8, 1866, p. 3.

1875. | Owls. 65

According to Sir T. Stamford Rafiles, “ Wiultures are rare on the west coast

of Sumatra, but are occasionally seen on the Malay peninsula, and at

Pinang.” Mr.-k. W. H. Holdsworth notices that the Vulturtde are absent

from Ceylon ;{ and Mr. Wallace asserts the same of the entire Malayan

archipelago. t

[ Upper Pegu (0.). |

50. G. BENGALENSIS (J. 5).

Leu-ta.

‘Often seen in great numbers, even in the suburbs of large towns”

(Mason). I noticed a few about Akyab only. Cantor procured it in

Province Wellesley.§ It abounds as much in Siam as in Bengal.

| Thayet Myo (Hume); Pabyouk (D.).]

fam. Strigidee,

Owls.

dl. Hunva nrparensts (J. 71).

Specimen in nestling garb, obtained by Colonel Tickell upon Moulé-it

mountain, and described by him as Ptiloskelos amherstdi.|| This species has

been confounded with the Malayan H. orientalis (Horsfield), which is a

much smaller kind, and otherwise differs considerably. The young of both

are in the British Museum, which enables me to confirm the present identi-

fication.

| Tonghoo (W. £.).]

“52. ASCALAPHIA BENGALENSIS (J. 69).

Arakan.

*53. A. conomanDa (J. 70).

Arakan.

54. Scops terria (J. 75).

Arakan, Tenasserim. Identical with Himalayan specimens.

[| Rangoon, Karen hills (W. R.); Thayet Myo (F.). The Rangoon and

Karen examples are not separable from Malaccan individuals. But they are

distinct from true S. Jempijt, Horsf., which is from Java. |

OES, 2a 2. SUL. DP. 270: t 2.4. 8.1872, p. 406,

+ Ibis, 1868, p. 2. § P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 258.

| J. A. 8S. B. vol. xxviii. p. 448,

“|

i= He

7" (

iinet Aa hy a

* — i oneal " ane

Bria

ent aeie elk Rediesd Sock ae eee hak

Soiree 0 ui tien le yr pea

66 | Birds of Burma. Nord,

mE | *55. 8. BakKamUNA (J. 74).

i ) i noe S. pennata et S. sunia, Hodgson; Gould, B. As. pt. xxii. pl. 3.

Ml Arakan. Otus mantis, 8. Miiller, which is S. rufescens, Horsfield, is

dubiously stated by Mr. A. O. Hume to have been found in Burma.

| Thayet Myo (L£. fide Hume). |

*56. Kerupa CEYLONENSIS (J. 72).

Tee-dok.

Arakan. The common Indian species, an example of which was

obtained by Canon Tristram in the valley of the J a Its range extends

eastward to China.

| Tonghoo (W. &.); common from Thayet Myo to Tonghoo (0.); Am-

herst (D.). |

57. K. JAVANENSIS.

ii i | K. javanensis, Lesson; Strix ketupa, Horsfield; Strix ceylonensis, apud Temminck,

th P.C. 74. |

One received from Ramri Island, Arakan; also Siam. Common in the

Malayan peninsula and archipelago.

{| Amherst (D.). |]

*58. AleoLius BRAcHYoTUs (J. 68).

Brachyotus accipitrinus (Gm.), Ibis, 1872, p. 328.

Arakan.

| Asto accipititronus (Pallas) is the correct denomination of this Owl.

Those authors who may desire to generically separate it from the long-eared

Owl, will have to adopt the generic title of Brachyotus, Gould, and not that

of Aigolius, K. and B., previously employed by Kaup as the generic title of

S. tengmalme. | ”

*59. ATHENE WHITELEYI (?).

Athene whiteleyt (?), Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 313; A. cuculoides (?).

Arakan, Tenasserm. Common.

A. castanoptera, Horsfield, a Javanese species, is mentioned by Helfer; |

and an example of the Indian 4. radiata was obtained by Dr. Cantor from a

Keddah.*

[ Rangoon, Tonghoo, Yey-tho (W. R.); Thayet Myo (0.). The

numerous individuals collected by Major Lloyd and Lieutenant W. Ramsay |

all belong to true 4. cuculovdes. |

* P.Z.S. 1854, p. 262.

gat!

1875. |: | Owls. | 67

| 60. A. PULCHRA.

A. pulchra, Hume, Str. Feath. 187 a 469,

Thayet Myo (W. £&.). |

61. Guaucrpium BRODIEI (J. 80).

Noctua brodiei, Burton; Gould, B. As. pt. xxii. pl. 4.

Obtained by Colonel Tickell upon Moulé-it mountain.

| Meeta Myo, Kyouknyat (D.). |

*62. Ninox scututatus (J. 81).

Khen-bok.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca. Common.

‘Very abundant at Tavai; and though I never heard it at Moulmein,

its familiar voice saluted me on the first night of my arrival at Tounghoo”

(Mason).

[Karen hills (Z.); Tonghoo (W. R&.); Thayet Myo (0.); Pahpoon,

Kyouknyat, Amherst (D.). Until’comparison has been made with Sumatran

examples, it will be best to retain the title of the Ceylon species, 1. har wae,

for the Burman WVinoz. |

63. SYRNIUM SELOPUTO.

Strix seloputo, Horsfield; Strix pagodarum, Tem., P. C. 220; 8. sinensis, vera. P

Latham, not of Hardwicke and Gray.

Mergui, Siam, Nicobar Islands. In Assam, according to Mr. A. O. Hume,

this species apparently replaces the S. occellatum of India, and it is ‘“con-

stantly found in Burma.’’ |

| Thayet Myo (#7). Identical with Malaccan examples. S. SINENSIS,

Lath., founded on Sonnerat’s Hibou de la Chine (Voy. Indes, ii. p. 185), can

hardly refer to this owl. |

64. 8. rvprant (J. 68).

This should be the Burmese race, as it occurs at Malacca, as well

as in South India and Ceylon; but Mr. A. Hume has a Burmese specimen,

and suspects that ‘‘if the Nipal and Nilgiri birds be distinct, the Burmese,

Kumaon, Simla, and Kotegurh birds are intermediate between these two.” *

65. Proprius saptus (J. 62).

Strix badia, Horsfield; Gould, B. As. pt. xxii. pl. 6.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Malay countries.

| Tonghoo, Karen hills (W. k.). Identical with Malaccan and Bornean

examples, |

* “Scrap-book,” Part I. Raptores, No. 2, p. 351.

et a aE ee eee te

SS ee

SE ok} dentate a

ht ry re! oe : -

bo ay

ye pe

Be By

68 Birds of Burma. | No. 1,

66. StRrx Javanica (J. 60).

Strix javanica, Gm.; Gould, B. As. pt. xxiv. pl. 1; &. endiea, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 250 ;

nec 8. javanica, apud Horsfield, as figured by Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, pl. 15.

Common and generally diffused.

| [Thayet Myo (#7). This is true §. javanica, Gm., founded on F. von

Wurmb’s Wachteule von Java (Magazin f. d. Neueste, iv. pt. 2, p. 10, no. 4,

1786). No Latin title was given by this author. |

67. 8. canprpa (J. 61).

S. candida, Tickell; Gould, B. As. pt. xxiv. pl. 2.

Tonghoo. Occurs also in Central and Southern India, China, the

Philippine Islands, and Australia.

| Tonghoo (Z.). |

Order INSESSORES.

Sub-order Prcarrm,

Tribe HALYCONES.

fam. Bucerotidee.

Hornbills.

“68. DicHocERos Brcornis (J. 140).

Young-yen, Arakan (Phayre). Oukchingee (Big-Hornbill), and sometimes Yonia

(Beavan).

This fine Hornbill seems to be generally diffused through the forests,

and is by no means rare, nor particularly shy. Southward its range extends

to Malacca and Sumatra.*

[Mong (W. £.); common on the western slopes of the Pegu hills (O05

Pahpoon, and 30 miles north of Ye (D.). Mr. Hume (Str. Feath. ii. p. 470)

treats the Malaccan race as distinct. The characters which differentiate the

Indian from the Malayan forms have yet to be recorded. |

“69. HypRocissa ALBIRosTRIS (J. 142).

Ouk-Khyen.

The commonest species of Hornbill throughout British Burma.

| Tonghoo, Karen hills (W. R.).]

* Buceros cavatus and B. bicornis are given as distinct species by Mr. W. H. Blanford,

Ibis, 1870, p. 466. It can only be by a mistake of some kind.

Se ee a

1875. ] Hornbills. 69

70. ANORRHINUS TICKELLI. |

Buceros tickelli, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xxiv. pp. 266, 285; xxviii. p. 412; Ibis, 1864, pl. iii.

Mountains of Amherst Province, up to 4000 feet of elevation. A

kindred species from the Nagas was referred to 4. galeritus by Major

Godwin-Austen,* and is named 4. austent by Dr. Jerdon;+ but it proves to

be no other than the Malayan Craniorrhinus corrugatus (Tem. P. C. 520), the

head being now in the possession of Lord Walden. A. galeritus is also a

Malayan species.

*71. ACEROS PLICATUS (?).

Buceros plicatus (?), Latham; B. rujficollis, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xu. p. 176.

Chittagong, Kachar, Arakan, Tenasserim provinces, Malayan peninsula,

Sumatra, Java (?). Javanese specimens appear to me to be somewhat

different. In Tenasserim, remarks Mr. Barbe, both this species and the

next are very common, associating in flocks of a dozen or twenty birds, but

the two species do not mingle in the same flock.

| Dr. Day obtained this species in Assam. ]

72, A. SUBRUFICOLLIS.

A. subruficollis, nobis, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 177.

Tenasserim provinces, Malayan peninsula. This species is very closely

akin to the Papuan A. ruficollis (verus), the females being undistinguishable.

| Tonghoo (W. #.). |

73. A. NIPALENSIS (J. 146),

Munipur, Kachar, Tenasserim mountains. |

Kam. Upupidee.

Hoopoes.

74, UPupA LONGIROSTRIS.

Upupa longirostris, Jerdon, B. of Ind. i. p. 898. Toung pee-tsok.

Tenasserim, Siam, Hainan. |

This is hardly to be considered more than a deeply-coloured race of

U. epops, and I have an impression that Arakan specimens are pale, like

those of Lower Bengal and also of Europe.§

| Tonghoo, Thayet Myo (W. L.). |

Pa. . B. Xxxtx. p.-96. t Ibis, 1872, p. 6.

{ For notice of the Hornbills of British Burma, vide Tickell, Ibis, 1864, p. 173 et seq.

§ Cf. Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli. pt. 2, p. 235; Sharpe and Dresser, Hist. of Birds of

Europe, pt. vii. ; Murie, Ibis, 1873, pp. 181 et seg.

oe eh dir epost EE

‘7h + =n ap

— -\ o-epedigietiel

—_

Set ome

(a ee

Miia AEN © ge Kk) fy et =» a inseam eB

roi

> Oe a my

one ee

a P

rape,

earners et envioran tae a

1 eso

Ni aid aie

SS ae

En ean tee neon

i Let Rr Sea

etn

tapos

—

tte eter

- :

ee hl ae ee ~.

“a

Birds of Burma.

fam. Alcedinides.

Kingfishers.

75, CARCINEUTES PULCHELLUS.

Carcineutes pulchellus (Horsf.), Sharpe, Mon. Alc. pl. 96.

The range of this Malayan species extends to Mergul.

[Karen hills (W. &.); Amherst (D.). The examples from the Karen

hills are absolutely identical with those Malaccan individuals which possess

a rufous collar. This collar is strongly marked in these Karen specimens.

But in many Malaccan specimens it is wanting. When in this common

phase of plumage, they become the C. amabiiis, Hume (Str. Feath. 1. p. 474),

founded on Upper Pegu examples obtained by Mr. Oates. |

*76. PELARGOPSIS BURMANNICA.

Pelargopsis burmannica, Sharpe, Mon. Ale. pl. 35. Peing-nyen (generic).

Arakan (?), Tenasserim provinces, Siam, Andaman Islands.

One of several geographical races which are barely separable.

| Yey-tho, Karen nee (W. &.); Thayet Myo (0.). |

*77. P. aAMAUROPTERA (J. 128).

P. amauroptera (Pearson), Sharpe, Mon. Alc. pl. 30.

This species is seldom seen far inland, though in India it occurs in the

Tarai at the foot of the Eastern Himalaya; being chiefly seen about estuaries

where the water is brackish. It probably is nowhere more abundant than

along the Tenasserim coast.

| Yey-tho (W. £&.).]

*78. Hancyon pirEata (J. 130).

Halcyon pileata (Bodd.), Sharpe, Mon. Alc. pl. 62.

Conimon. |

| Palow (0.); Karope, Tavoy, Moulmein (D.). ]

*79. H. conomanpa (J. 181).

Hl. coromanda (Lath.), Sharpe, Mon. Alc. pl. 57.

Common, chiefly about estuaries.

[Meeta Myo, Amherst, Tavoy (Bj)

*80. H. swyrnensis (J. 129).

H. smyrnensis (Linn.), Sharpe, Mon. Ale. pl. 59.

The most common species of its genus, as generally throughout Southern

Asia. |

| Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. &.).]

bic

gi!

1875. | | Kingfishers. 71

*81. SAUROPATIS CHLORIS (J. 182). _

Haleyon chloris (Bodd.), Sharpe, Mon. Alc. pl. 87.

Common along the sea-coasts.

_ [Amherst, Henza Basin (D.).]

*82. CHYX TRIDACTYLA (J. 133).

Ceyx tridactyla (Pall.), Sharpe, Ion. Alc. pl. 40. Deing-nyeen.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca. |

[Eastern Pegu hills (0.); between Tavoy and Meeta Myo, Karope, Ye

(D.).

*83. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS (J. 184).

Alcedo,bengalensis, Gm., Sharpe, Mon. Ale. pl. 2.

Common.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. #.); Thayet Myo (F.).]

*84, A. ASIATICA.

A. asiatica, Swainson; A. meningting, Horsfield ; Sharpe, Mon. Alc. pl. 5.

Tenasserim provinces. It is remarked by Mr. W. T. Blanford, that

Pelargopsis burmannica, Halcyon smyrnensis, and Alcedo bengalensis, are

apparently replaced in the Irawddi delta, where the water is salt, by P.

amauroptera, H. pileata, and A. asiatica. According to Helfer, Alcedo

beryllina, Vieillot (biru, Horsfield), is also an inhabitant of the Tenasserim

provinces, but I have never seen it even from the Malayan peninsula. The

present, however, is one of the species which Helfer did procure.

| This is probably A. beavani, Walden, for Mr. Hume remarks that

Amherst and Ye examples are identical with individuals from various parts

of India and from the Andamans. 4. meningting, Horsf., the senior title of

A. asiatica, is a perfectly distinct species. |

“85. CuRYLE RuDIS (J. 186).

Ceryle rudis (Linn.), Sharpe, Mon. Ale. pl. 19.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Malacca, South China.

| Tonghoo (W. R.); Thayet Myo (0.).]

[86. CO. eurrata (J. 187).

C. guttata (Vig.), Sharpe, Mon. Ale. pl. 18.

Kollidoo, Pachaun (D.). |

shen, senesced >,

Oe On ale ie ee

7 7

= eed

a= -

CO TTT eee

* Se LL

alee,

papain iadiala

= So ——— ee

Sak ok A pur ed ee

5 eae adil —_

Birds of Burma.

Fam. Coraciad2.

Rollers.

“87. Coractas AFFINIS (J. 124). |

Coracias afinis, McClell., Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, pl. 211, not good. Hgnet-kha.

Generally diffused, and always typically coloured; whereas specimens

from Tippera, Sylhet, Assam, and Lower Bengal are mostly crossed more or

less with C. indica, showing every gradation from one to the other. Gould’s

figure assigned to C. affinis in his “‘ Birds of Asia’’* represents a hybrid of

the kind; and C. indica also interbreeds with C. garrula in localities where

those two races meet. Eastward, the present species extends at least to

Siam.

[ Rangoon, Tonghoo, Thayet Myo (W. R.).]

*88. EuRYsToMUS ORTENTALIS (J. 126).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca.

fam. Meropidee.

Beeeeaters.

*89. Mrrors puitipprnvs (J. 118).

Merops phitippinus, Linn.; Gould, B. As. pt. vii. pl. 2.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Philippines, South

China. The Philippine race does not, as has been asserted, differ in any

respect.

| Tonghoo (W. R.); Thayet Myo (0.).]

“90. M. eryrrocerHatus (J. 119).

M. erythrocephalus, Gm.; Gould, B. As. pt. viii. pl. 18.

~ Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Malacca. The Javanese I. quinticolor,

Vieillot, is distinguished by having no rufous above the black pectoral band.f

[ Rangoon, Karen nee (W. R.); Thayet Myo (F.). The Malaccan

habitat is doubtful. For reasons already stated (Ibis, 1878, p. 301),

Gmelin’s title, taken from Brisson, cannot be adopted. If, however, the title

of quinticolor, Vieillot, is to be used for the Javan race, the continental form

must take the name of JL. leschenaulti, Vieill. In either view the necessity

of coining the new title of I. swinhoe’, Hume, does not seem apparent. |

_ a = a) eel

L875.) Bar bets. 73

*91, M. virivis (J. 117).

M. viridis, var. ferrugeiceps, Hodgson.

Arakan, Tenasserim provinces, Siam. Jf. sumatranus, Raffles, occurs in

Siam, and should be looked for in the Southern Tenasserim provinces.

(Rangoon, Tonghoo hills, Karen hills (W. R.).]

*92. NyYcTIORNIS ATHERTONII (J. 122).

Nyctiornis athertonii (J. & 8.), Gould, B. As. pt. ii. pl. 2.

Tenasserim provinces.

| Tonghoo, Karen hills (W. R.).]

93. N. AmIcra.

Merops amictus, Temminck, P.C. 310; Swainson’s Zool. Ill., 2nd series, pl. 56; Gould,

B. As. pt. ii. pl. 3; N. malaccensis, Cabanis.

Procured by Helfer, probably in Mergui province.

[Near Zadee (D.). NV. malaccensis, Cab., was described from the young

bird. |

Tribe COCCYGES.

fam. Capitonide.

Barbets.

*94, MEGALHMA MARSHALLORUM (J. 191).

Megalema marshallorum, Swinhoe ; Marshall’s Mon. Cap. pl. 16. Pko-goung.

Arakan.

| Karen hills (W. 2.). Mr. Hume has identified examples obtained by

Mr. Davison at Kollidoo and Kyouknyat as belonging to UL virens (Bodd.),

and not to the Himalayan bird. |

*95. M. wopasonr (J. 192).

M. hodgsoni, Bp.; M. lineata, Marshall’s Mon. Cap. pl. 36, 37.

Khasias, Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim, Siam, Malacca (?), Java.

‘ [Rangoon, Tonghoo, Yey-tho (W. R.); Thayet Myo (0.). Vieillot’s

title of déneata cannot be applied. |]

*96. M. asrarica (J. 195).

M. asiatica (Lath.); Marshall, Mon. Cap. pl. 29. Kok-kha-loung.

Arakan, where not common.

[| Tonghoo (W. &.); Pahpoon, Kollidoo (D.).]

Birds of Burma.

i a at en

97. M. rranxuint (J. 196).

M. franklinii (nobis); Marshall, Mon. Cap. pl. 24.

A cA a ts nn

Khasias, Tenasserim mountains.

According to Col. Tickell, this species ‘‘swarms from 3000 to 5000

feet elevation, not higher, nor lower, and from the first level it suddenly

supplants MU. lineata (MU. hodgsoni?), the Pokoung of the Burmese.”

(98. M. Ramsay.

M. ramsayi, Walden, Ann. N. H. (4), 15, p. 400, June, 1875,

Karen nee (W. B.). |]

— a ra

— Pn Sl Ae cat a fe it Hei

= ee ee ~~

*99, M. cYANOTIS.

M. cyanotis (nobis); Marshall, Mon. Cap. pl. 33, fig. 3.

Khasias, Tippera, Kachar, Arakan, Tenasserim provinces.

[Karen Hills (W. B.).] :

| 100. M. wystacopHanvs.

M. mystacophanus (Tem.), Marshall, Mon. Cap. pl. 19.

Om-ben-gwen (D.). |

[101. M. rycoenrra.

M. incognita, Hume, Str, Feath. ii. p. 442.

Karope, Ye (D.).| — .

*102. M. waMAcePHALA (ks 197), q bn)

X. hemacephala (L. 8. Miller); Marshall, Mon. Cap. pl. 42.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Penang, Malacca, Philippines.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. R.); Thayet Myo (Go.

Fam. Picidee.

Woodpeckers. Theet-towk (generic).

“103. Hemicercus canEnTE (J. 165). .

Picus canente, Lesson, Cent. Zool. t. 73.

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim. This only differs from the South Indian

fT. cordatus in being constantly larger.

- [Karen hills, from 500 to 4000 feet (W. R.). Two males are sent by

Mr. Ramsay. One has the head uniform deep black; the other with a few

buif markings on the feathers of the forehead and crown. |

1875. | Woodpeckers. 75

#104, ALOPHONERPES GUTTURALIS (J. 168).

Picus pulverulentus, Temminck, P.C. 389; Picus gutturalis, Valenciennes.

Arakan, Shan hills, Tenasserim, Malacca, Java. The largest of Asiatic

Woodpeckers.

[Arakan and Pegu hills (0.); Tonghoo (Z.). Examples from Cochin-

china in no way differ. According to Sundevall (Consp. Av. Picinarum,

p. 10, no. 23), Temminck’s title has priority, and he quotes the year

1825 as the date of publication. But there must be some mistake, for

Sundevall refers to the 65th Livraison of the Recueil, whereas P. pulveru-

lentus was described and figured in the 66th. Anyhow, Crotch (Ibis, 1868,

p- 500) gives 1826 as the year in which both these Livraisons were published.

Elsewhere (Ibis, 1871, p. 164, note) reasons are stated why, while the exact

date of Valenciennes’ title remains undetermined, preference should be given

to the one bestowed by Temminck. |

105. THRIPONAX CRAWFURDIL.

Picus crawfurdi, J. E. Gray, Griffith’s English edition of Cuvier’s “Animal Kingdom,”

Birds, vol. ii. p. 5138, pl. 1; Hemilophus feddeni, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxxii. p. 75; T. jerdoni,

Cabanis, Mus. Heine. ii. p. 105.

Upper Pegu.

| Thayet Myo, Tonghoo (W. &.); Pahpoon, Kyouknyat (D.).]

106. T.. savensts.

P. javensis, Horsfield; Picus leucogaster, Reinwardt, Tem. P. C. 501.

Mergui, Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines.

*107. CHrysocoLAPTEs aurricristatus (J. 166 partim).

Picus guttacristatus, Tickell 9? ; pe gs delesserti, Malherbe, Mon. Picida, pl. 64;

Ibis, 1866, p. 355; 1872, p. 8.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Malacca. ,

| Yey-tho, Tonghoo (W. &.); Thayet Myo (7); Arakan hills (0.).

Tickell’s title has priority over Malherbe’s and Hodgson’s titles. |

*108. Tiga JAVANENSIS (J. 184).

_Picus javanensis, Lyungh ; vide Lord Walden in Ibis, 1871, p. 170 ; Picus tiga, Horsfield ;

Tiga intermedia, Blyth.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Java. Common. A smaller race (Z. rufa,

apud Stoliczka) occurring in the Malayan peninsula and Sumatra.*

| Yey-tho, Rangoon, Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. &.); Thayet Myo Saale

Malaccan and Javan examples are smaller, otherwise identical. |

* Vide Stoliczka, in J. A. 8, B. xxxix. p. 289.

ne a, sa

ee ee

a == =. aoe os

<a pee

ol ea iacaae i

or = penne tear —_—s wee}

ees |

st x — SS 7

a ay he ree ere

See <i aes

ny een aa ad a a ons Aone =

eee

—-

7 nS eR eS

aan See Sik eae

repens = eel oe :

See eT sa aE

oat ee

= ‘ bls S ey ‘

- be ' j ¢

Ba ise.

IN RS ee

ian a

3 =

SS es

‘hy

a on — .

= gi re OS iil " ion.

2 - <i ee

— asa = = a ; aera oe: = ‘

Rees A he — FE a . = = are Snail P =

ese ee — _

a Se ; oe : cena

Birds of Burma. [ No. 1,

109. Gucrnus stRioztatus (J. 171).

Pegu, delta of the Irawadi (Blanford).

| Tonghoo (Z.). The Ceylon and Malabar form of this species is con-

siderably smaller than the Sub-Himalayan and Burman. A Ceylon example

has the uropygium deep golden orange. |

¥110. G. VIRIDANUS.

G. ie blaine nobis, J. A. 8. B. xii. p. 1000. |

Arakan, Tenasserim, Pegu, Siam. Barely separable from G. dimidiatus

of Sumatra and Java, but considered so by Lord Walden.*

[Tonghoo (W. #.). If considered identical with the Javan bird, this

Woodpecker must take the title of vittatus, Vieillot. |

wil, CG. 6cormeiiis G),172).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Yey-tho, Tonghoo (W. &.); Thayet Myo (0.). |

[1 12. GECINUS ERYTHROPYGIUS.

Gecinus erythropygius, D. G. Elliot, N. Archiv. 1865, p. 76, pl. iii.; G. erythropygius,

Wardlaw Ramsay, P. Z. 8. April 21, 1874, p. 212, pl. xxxv. (motu proprio); G. nigrigenis,

Hume, P. A. 8. B. May, 1874, p. 106.

Foot of Karen hills, also at 600 feet, Tonghoo (W. R.); hills north of

Pahpoon (D.). | |

*113. CHRYSOPHLEGMA FLAVINUCHA (J. 178).

Chrysophlegma flavinucha (Gould); B. As. pt. i. pl. 5.

Arakan, Tonghoo.

| Yey-tho, Karen hills, Tonghoo (W. R.); Thayet Myo (0.5; neigh-

bourhood of Pahpoon (D.). |

*114. C. cutoroLtopuus (J. 174).

Khasias, Arakan, Tenasserim provinces.

| Tonghoo, Karen nee hills, at 3000 feet elevation (W. &.); Thayet

Myo (0.). |]

115. C. MENTALIs.

Picus mentalis, Temminck, P.C. 384.

Mergui, Malayan peninsula, Sumatra.

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 539.

;

1 one me rere

1875. | | Woodpeckers. ae

116. C. PuNICcEUS.

Picus puniceus, Horsfield, Tem. P.C. 4238.

Mergui, Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, Java.

(117. Venit1a pyrRHoris (J. 176).

Tonghoo hills (W. &.); Pahpoon (D.).]

*118. GECINULUS VIRIDIS.

Gecinulus viridis, Bl., J. A. S. B. xxxi. p. 341.

Upper Pegu.

| Tonghoo hills, at 2500 feet (W. R.); Pahpoon, Kyouknyat, Pahchaun,

Ye, Meeta Myo (D.).]

“119. Microprernus puatocers (J. 178).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. R&.); Thayet Myo (0.). Malherbe’s title of

rufinotus must be adopted. |

*120. M. BURMANNICUS.

M. burmannicus, A. Hume, P. A. 8S, B, 1872, p. 71.

Thayet-myo.

| This is nothing but IL rufinotus, and has no claim to rank as a distinct

species. Mr. Blyth had no opportunity of examining Thayet Myo examples. |

*121. MEIGLYPTES JUGULARIS.

Merglyptes jugularis, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xiv. p. 195.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam.

[Arakan and Pegu hills (0.). Included by Sundevall (¢. ¢. p. 93, no. 4)

among his species dubie, yet an undoubtedly distinct form. |

*122. M. rrisris.

M. tristis, Horsfield; Tem. P.C. 197, fig. 1.

Mergui, Pinang, Malacca, Sumatra, Java.

“123. Denprotypes Macet (J. 157).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca.

| Karen hills, at 3000 feet, Karen nee, at 4000 feet elevation WV tas

*194. D. ATRATUS.

Picus atratus, nobis, J. A. 8. B, xviii. p. 803, xxviii. p. 412,

Tenasserim mountains.

| Karen hills, at 3000 and 4000 feet. Iris, in male, dark brown; bill

OS Birds of Burma. | No. 1,

horny, mandible whitish ; legs, greenish plumbeous (W. R.); pine forests

north of Pahpoon (D.). An old male exhibits a carmine tinge on some of

the pectoral feathers. |

= ae »

esi So RE RN ence eraentadimememeee Ee = - 7"

rer -~ ~~—--—~- ~ a =. ~ ih

a ~~}

a te a ot a — - eS ——~v - aioe — : . = ‘

- - - - : a emir ee ee ee he ¥

- Ae “ * ¥ A r —— \

= ~~ —_ ~ . meeneet — ps en ~>14 tm? y 7 kash . }

nae Reo Sa

—————SSSs ———— ——— SESE 9

Ae ; PS ay | yee may"

= See et

Se ne Atenas de tame

125. D. awmatts.

Picus anatlis, Horsfield; Picus pectoralis, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xv. p. 15.

Tonghoo, where the occurrence of this Javanese species is remarkable.

- [Tonghoo (Z.); Karen nee (W. R.); Thayet mat (#7). Identical with

Javan examples. | | ’

aie he on bed an a

— Sere ——

126. Lioprro MAHRATTENSIS (J. 160).

| Picus blanfordi, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xxxii. p. 75.

Tonghoo. As compared with specimens from Central India, those from

Pegu have more of white on the plumage, but Viscount Walden informs me

that in this respect they resemble others from Ceylon.

| Thayet Myo (£.); Tonghoo (W. B.).]

#197. YUNGIPICUS CANICAPILLUS.

Picus canicapiius, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xiv. p. 197.

Khasias, Arakan, Tenasserim provinces. Common.

| Tonghoo, Karen nee at 4000 feet (W. BR.) ; Thayet Myo (f#). |

128. Vivia rnNominatTa (J. 186).

Picumnus innommatus (Burton); Gould, B. As. pt. xxii. pl. 18.

Tenasserim mountains.

| Karen hills at 2000 feet (W. B.). |

#129. SasTA ocHRACEA (J. 187).

Sasia ochracea, Hodgson; Gould, B. As. pt. xxii. pl. 14.

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Tonghoo hills (W. R.).]

| 130. S. aBNORMIs.

Picumnus abnormis, Tem., P.C. 871, fig. 3.

Stated by Mr. Hume (Str. Feath. ii. p. 472) to have been obtained by

Mr. Davison near Ye. |

*131. Lynx torgurtta (J. 188).

Arakan.

| Karen nee (W. &.); Thayet Myo (0.).]

1875. | Cuckoos. 3 79

fam. Cuculides.

Cuckoos.

*132. HieRococcyx sPARVERIOIDES (J. 207).*

Arakan, Malacca.

| Rangoon, Yey-tho, Karen nee at 4000 feet (W. R.); Pahpoon (D.).].

133. H. varrus (J. 205).

This species can hardly but occur, as also H. nisicolor (J. 206); but in

the Malay countries they would seem to be replaced by 1. hyperythrus,

Gould,} of which Cuculus fugax, Horsfield, is the young bird. HZ varius is

common in the Dacca district of Eastern Bengal, and Jerdon gives it from

“Burma and Malacca,” but I do not remember to have seen a specimen

from the eastern side of the Bay of Bengal.

134. CucuLus microprervs (J. 203) and C. arrrnis (J. 204).

These differ only in size, and have the same note bhokatdko, which I

often heard in the vicinity of Moulmein during the rainy season, but did not

obtain a specimen. Both races occur in Java, and C. affinis occurs both in

Nipal and the Malayan peninsula. Of necessity both of them must inhabit

the Indo-Chinese countries. I have never seen a specimen of intermediate

dimensions.

| Mr. Hume (Str. Feath. iii. p. 79) makes the important statement that

the above numbers of Jerdon belong respectively to the male and female. If

this be so, a hitherto much disputed question is satisfactorily settled. |

135. C. canorus (J. 199).

A specimen of this bird, in the plumage of immaturity, was shot in my

presence, in the garden of the Commissioner, at Moulmein. Mr. Wallace

obtained it in Timor.

| Karen nee at 3500 feet (W. R.); Prome (Ravkes). |

136. C. striatus (J. 200).

C. striatus, Drapiez ; Ibis, 1866, p. 359; 1872, p. 12.

The range of this Cuckoo extends from the Himdlaya to China and

* Mr. Hume gives H. strenuus, Gould, from Thayet Myo. P. A. S. B. 187250. 71.

[The Thayet Myo example of the supposed Philippine H. strenuus, here alluded to, was

nothing but H. sparverioides.]

T B. As. pt. viii. pl. 15.

: oe

—————— ——= i rer = AT ER vm =

i ~s aie onchange ged age pe eel . ee ey ¥ ip elibowt sare > beans si. ss

—— ian a 5 =F a 5 ea -Culaae * :

: sn y Perla ee = rai or te SE al i Tie at a ate <A e eee ST

E — iene ———————————————E_—E—EEE os Sil ee ae : = '

1A Fae eet. ane —, ~ —~: ror . m _ ns Age or een are ney 4 err 2 S =

? “ ere ’ aay WE eer P nls PLAS «ges 900 ; ze

Pee

able Ai pep LTE Oe Fm

Be Pi 9 Nan <4 Fae eo 6

Lm nk

ths Pas Nore aa

PS Shae APSR Mirth MH

q 5

. i

pore

es = : a Sg ae

le, ete a

x a

er ee ng mene =a —, - ~~ 2

- " . : ee ee = = oe

See a tine. ~ ‘ ahs 7 — | eh

=, —> - = — a i

80 Burds of Burma. [ No. 1,

N. Australia. I have seen two Tenasserim examples of it. C. poliocephalus

can also hardly but occur, as examples from Java differ in no respect from

others obtained in the Himalayas, Nilgiris, and mountains of Ceylon.

137. C. sonnERATII (J. 202).

Tenasserim provinces, Malayan peninsula and islands. As an Indian

bird, I have only seen it from Malabar and Ceylon.*

| Thayet Myo (W. &.). |

*138. CAcOMANTIS PASSERINUS (J. 209).

Cuculus passerinus, Vahl; Polyphasia rufiventris, Jerdon, Ibis, 1872, p. 15.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Hainan, Pinang. Replaced by a smaller

race (C. threnodes) at Malacca.

| Thayet Myo, Yey-tho, Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. R.). OC. passerinus is

distinct from C. rufiventris, the correct title of the species Mr. Blyth refers

to. While there is no record of C. passerinus ever having been found in

Burma, C. rufiventris is there very common. |

*139. SuRNIcULUS LUcUBRIS (J. 210).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Pinang, Java.

| Tonghoo hills, Yey-tho, Karen nee (W. #.). Javan, continental, and

Ceylon birds are identical. |

*140. Curysococcyx macuzatus (J. 211).

Cuculus malayanus, Raffles, apud Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, pl. 117.

Arakan, Tenasserim. Mr. Gould distinguishes a smaller race (C.

schomburgkt ) from Siam.

| Tonghoo (Z.). |

141. CO. XANTHORHYNCHUS.

C. xanthorhynchus, Horsfield, Zool, Res. in Java, pl. —.

Procured by Helfer, probably in Mergui province, idee the supposed

new species of Chalcites noticed by Jameson og A. 8. B. vii. p. 243).

Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Philippines.

* According to Lord Walden, the species “ Penthoceryx pravatus (Horsfield), which

inhabits Malacca, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, is considerably smaller than P. sonneratit

(Latham) of India and Ceylon.” Ibis, 1872, p. 367. Vide admeasurements, Joc. cit.

+ P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 73.

, a

~_—

ou £

1875. | Cuckoos. | | 81

142. EupyNAMIS CHINENSIS.

Eudynamis chinensis and E. malayana, Cab. Mus, Hein, iv. p. 52; Walden, Ibis,

1870, p. 339.

Nipal, Tenasserim, Siam. _ |

| Thayet Myo, Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. R.). EF. malayana is the correct

title. Malaccan individuals are identical. |

*143. Cocoysres cornomanovs (J. 2138).

Cuculus coromandus (Linn.) ; Gould, B. As. pt. vi. pl. 3.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Malay countries generally.

[Thayet Myo, Rangoon (W. Be. De

144. C. sacoprnus (J. 212).

This common African and Indian species abounds in Upper Pegu; but I

have seen it from no other locality eastward of the Bay of Bengal.

[Thayet Myo (W. R.).]

145. PHorn ICOPHAES ERYTHROGN ATHUS.

Phoentcophaés erythrognathus, Hartlaub, Verz. Brem. Samml. p. 95.

Tenasserim provinces, Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

146. ZANCLOSTOMUS JAVANICUS.

Phenicophaus javanicus, Horsfield, Zool. Res. in Java, pl. —.

Tenasserim provinces, Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, Java.

147. Z. DIARDI.

Melias diardi, Lesson, Traite, p. 132.

Mergui, Pinang, Malacca, Sumatra.

GPts. A. reisris (J. 215).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, pease gd Hainan, Pinang, Malacca. A

very common species.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo, Tonghoo hills, Karen nee (Wen os Thayet

Myo (0.).]

“149. CENTROPUS RUFIPENNIS (J. 217).

Generally diffused.

| Thayet Myo, Karen hills, Tonghoo (W. R.). Mr. Hume (Str. Feath.

i. p. 454) has separated the race which inhabits the Doon, the neighbour-

hood of Dacca, and Thayet Myo, under the specific title of C. intermedius.

These Burman examples bear out Mr. Hume’s remarks, and may fairly be

considered distinct from the common crow pheasant of Peninsular India. |

—_—_——_= ee a Aa

Pwilging lie! ighdurb Veer atid aaelt

———|

pa irae

= oan on . pooh

an | 2X

: a —— :

Se > = See

Sats E “ BMH

ad ce a a ae ay ~ = _ ~ “|

& 3 ‘

Z =~ = —

=r, —~ — a = aap Pe i _

* 7 Pel ’ = vs in

- ~ — SSS

or = “ ———— eee -

= ———= = = ee ~—S~ = — =a ——= ——

: : — z : Sor See eS

te . ag ee om ete hg

Stee ae) 3s \

Bac

Se ——————

Ate i a oe at ae wee

Birds of Burma. | No. 1,

[ 150. C. rurycrrcvs.

C. curycercus, A. Hay, J. A. 8. B. 1845, p. 551.

Introduced by Mr. Hume in his list of birds of the Tenasserim provinces

(Str. Feath. ii. p. 473), but without the exact locality being stated. Two

distinct species seem to be included by him under the title. The smaller

may possibly be C. rectunguis. |

~*151. C. BENGaLENsIsS (J. 218).

Also generally diffused,

[| Karen nee (W. &.). |

(152. RaINoRTHA CHLOROPH MA.

Cuculus chloropheus, Raffles, Tr. L. 8. xiii. p. 288.

Lemyne, Thayet-chaung, near Meeta Myo (D.). |

fam. Trogonidee.

Trogons.

#83. HARPACTES HopGsonI (J. 116).

farpactes hodgsont.; Ibis, 1866, p. 342; Gould, B, As. pt. xvii. pl. 1.

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Karen nee at 4000 feet (W. R.); Thayet Myo (7). |

*154. H. opEscrvs.

Lrogon oreskios, Tem.; Gould, B. As. pt. xvii. pl. 3; Mon. Trogonide, pl. 34; Beavan,

Ibis, 1869, p. 407; P. Z. S. 1866, p. 538.

Arakan, Tenasserim provinces, Siam, Cambodja, Java.

According to Col. Tickell, Harpactes hodgsoni is ‘common on the hills

from 3000 feet upwards. Below that it is replaced by ZZ. orescius. It flies

in small flocks, and is active and vociferous on the wing, solitary and quiet

during the heat of the day, sitting in the shade.”

| Karen hills (W. R.).]

fam. Caprimulgidee.

Night-jars.

*155. LYyNcoRNIS CERVINICEPS.

Lyncornis cerviniceps, Gould, Icones Avium, pt. ii. pl. 4. Hgnet byeen ; Tween-dweng-

nghat.

Generally diffused over the forest-region of British Burma, from Arakan

to Mergui. It has recently been procured at Darjeeling. In Upper Martaban

ee ee ee

eee

ae eis

1875. | Night-jars. 83 ih

I remarked that on their first appearance, towards evening, these superb | | il

Night-jars would seek their food high in the air, descending gradually within We

gunshot, and finally sweeping about close to the ground, in considerable ii

numbers, as it became too dark to fire at them. | i

| Tonghoo (Z.); Pahpoon (D.). | ie

*156. CaprimuLeus rnprcus (J. 107). Pt

Generally diffused, extending southward to Malacca and sete i

[157. C. soraKa. | | i

: C. jotaka, Tem. & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 37, pl. 12, 13. | i

3 Tonghoo (Z.). | i )

| oe i

*158. C. macrourus (J. 110). - Tat

. Indo-Chinese and Malay countries generally, extending to N. Australia. i

| [Tonghoo (W. #.); Thayet Myo (#.). Tonghoo examples very much li

larger than typical Javan individuals. Wing, 8; tail, 7. | | i

*159. C. monticotus (J. 114). | Hh

| Indo-Chinese countries generally, extending eastward to South China. | u

| Tonghoo (W. &.); Amherst, Yeboo, Pahpoon (D.). | i

| ‘ q

| 160. C. arsrnoratus (J. 109). i

oh Tonghoo (W. £&.). |] 4‘

*161. C. asraricus (J. 112). | |

fs Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam. One or more species of Batrachostomus a

-" must needs occur, though as yet overlooked.* According to Mason, the i ;

at Burmese call Night-jars my@-wot (earth-crouchers), while the Arakan name | a

af for them is Hynet-byen (outside-bird). . | i Se

| Thayet Myo (W. R.).] | | (i <e

| 162. Barracnostomus Hopesoni (J. 106). |

Otothriz hodgsont, G. R. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 101, pl. 152. \

‘Karen nee, at 6000 feet. Iris, marbled buff; bill, light madder; legs, | i

| light madder, tinged with violet” (W. B.). | @

| A male, in grey mottled plumage, and closely resembling the type.

. | i

a La

* Mason, however, gives Podargus afinis, Blyth, without mentioning any locality. :

( Probably Otothrix hodgsoni, G. R. Gray, if the two really differ. i

pi | |

i! ‘|

}

— — Sar ens ear aps = on ~~ oe

perenne moos

et i thi Aloe mene

es 7 -

eS Se

rane meters

apeciySaune eerste mete ee

84 Birds of Burma. | No. 1,

The other known species of this genus within the Indian region are :—

1. B. gavanensis, Horsf. = P. cornutus, Tem.= B. stellatus, Gould.

Malacca, Java, Borneo, Sumatra.

2. BL. afinis, Blyth=P. parvulus, Tem.=B. castaneus, Hume. SBorneo,

Malacca, Darjeeling.

8. B. moniliger, Layard= DB. punctatus, Hume. Ceylon, Malabar.

4. B. stictopterus, Cab.=B. stellatus, Gould, ap. Salvaderi. Malacca,

Borneo. I have some doubts whether this is not a phase of B. savanensis.

In dimensions the two do not materially differ. The markings are similar,

but the colouring is dark rufous brown, and not chestnut. I have never met

with examples of this species, if it be one, or of B. yavanensis in grey

speckled plumage. But grey examples of ZB. afinis and B. moniliger are as

common as rufous individuals.

5. B. auritus, Gould. Malacca. In rufous-brown, or in grey plumage,

very common; but I have never met with it in chestnut plumage. |

Tribe CY PSELI.

fam. Cypselide.

Switts.

*163. ACANTHYLIS GIGANTHA (J. 96).

Cypselus giganteus, Hasselt; P.C. 364.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Andamans, Pinang, Nilgiris, Ceylon.

|Tonghoo (Z.). Chetura indica, Hume, is synonymous. |

164. CYPSELUS PACIFICUS.

Hirundo pacifica, Latham; C. vittatus, Jardine and Selby, Z2. Orn. 2nd series, pl. 39;

C. australis, Gould.

Upper Assam, Kachar, Tenasserim provinces, Pinang, China, Australia.

| Thayet Myo (0.). |

*165. C. parmarum (J. 102).

Pyan-hiwa, Mason.

The common Indian Palm Swift abounds in the Indo-Chinese countries,

where also (though not hitherto detected within the limits of British Burma)

must needs also occur the allied C. infumatus, Sclater (C. tinus, Swinhoe ;

C. tectorum, Jerdon),* which inhabits the Naga and Garo hills, was obtained

* Ibis, 1871, pl. x.; Gould, B. As. pt. xxiv. pl. 16,

(ab

1875. | Swifts. 85

by Mr. Swinhoe in Hainan, and was originally described by Mr. Sclater from

Borneo. It is somewhat remarkable that C. subfurcatus, nobis,* has not

hitherto been observed in the Indo-Chinese countries, though a resident

species at Pinang. The allied western species (C. afinis), so common in

India, is, however included by Mason.

| The title, C. batassvensis, J. EK. Gray (Cuv. An. King. (Griffith), Aves, ii.

p. 60, 1829), founded on Latham’s Balassian Swift (Gen. Hist. vii. p. 329),

takes precedence over C. palmarum, J. E. Gray (Hardw. Ill. Ind. Zoo. i

pl. 35, fig. 1, 1832).]

| 166. C. INFUMATUS.

C. infumatus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 602. )

Tonghoo (W. #&.); very common in Upper Pegu ce ); common in

Tenasserim (ume). |

167. Cotnocatia FuctrpHaGA (J. 103).

Hirundo fuciphaga, Thunberg; Wallace, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 384; Ibis, 1863, p. 328 ;

1866, p. 341; C. dinchi, apud Ball, J. A. 8. B. xl. pt. 2, p. 376.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Andamans.

“The Swiftlets which build the edible nests,’”’ remarks Mason, ‘‘ are so

numerous in the limestone caves on the islets and islands of the T'avai coast,

that the Government revenue from the birds’-nest farm in 1847 was nearly

eleven thousand rupees; but in 1849 it was more than four thousand rupees

less. At Mergui they are not so numerous.”’

[As has been elsewhere shown (Ibis, 1874, p. 182), this Swift must take

the title of francica, Gm. Mr. Wallace was the first author who published

the opinion that examples from India, Ceylon, Bourbon, Mauritius, the

whole of the Malay islands, the Louisiade Archipelago, New Caledonia,

Tahiti, and the Marianne islands, do not specifically differ. That naturalist

not considering the variations in size and slight variations in colouration

which are to be found occurring sufficient to justify specific separation.

Examples (C. spodiopygia) from Ovalau and Mango island (Fiji) can ia

be separated. |

168. C. LINCHI.

C. lincht, Horsfield; Wallace, P.Z.8.; Voy. “ Novara,’ 1868, p. 384, Vogel, t. i. f. 2.

Mergui Archipelago, Nicobars, Java, etc.

| This is the true Hirundo fuciphaga, Thunb. |

wo. A.D, B. ay p, 807;

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*169. Macropreryx coronatus (J. 104).

Hirundo coronata, Tickell; Gould, B. As. pt. xi. pl. 2.

Pegu, Siam. Replaced by JL klecho in the Malayan peninsula. |

[Thayet Myo, Tonghoo, Karen nee, at 1700 feet (W. R.); Ngabeemah,

pine forests north of Kollidoo, Henza Basin (D.). |

Suborder PASSERES.

Fam. Corvidee.

Crows, Jays, etc.

*170. Corvus vaitLanti (J. 660).

Corvus vatllanti, Lesson.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca. Generally diffused in pairs throughout

the forests.*

| Pegu (0.). |

*171. C. sPLENDENS (J. 668).

Kyte-gan. :

At Akyab this Crow abounds, and also (as I was informed by Mr. W.

T. Blanford) at Mandell, high up the Irawddi. At Khyouk Phoo, a party

of seven individuals made their appearance on the 7th December, 1856,

which subsequently stocked the neighbourhood; but to what extent the race

may have spread at the present time Iam unaware. Elsewhere in Arakan

this Crow has still no representative; but across the mountains which divide

that province from Pegu, again at Rangoon, Moulmein, Tavoy, and as far

South as Mergui, as also in Siam, it is replaced by a wholly black race, quite

similar in form and habit, but having a much shriller voice (a sort of shrieking

caw), if possible still more inharmonious than that of the other. There is

just a very faint tinge of ash-colour on the nape and breast, where the com-

mon Indian Crow is cinereous; but this must be specially looked for to be

remarked. Though abundant about Mergui station; I have not seen it from

any locality further south; and I have been assured that it does not occur

at Pinang, Malacca, or Singapore. This melanoid race of C. splendens 18

erroneously referred to C. culminatus (i.e. C. vaillanti) by Mason, as it also

* Forjvariation of size in this species, cf. W. T. Blanford, J. A. S. B. li. pt. 2, p. 68.

. carl ?

ee '

1875. | Crows, Jays, ete. | af

is by the late Sir R. H. Schomburgk.* Sir A. Phayre, referring to it as the

common Crow of the branches of the Irawddi, states that “away from the

river, on the hills, there is a Crow of the same size, but not with the same

tinge on the neck, being of an uniform black throughout.’’+ As regards the

Indian bird, an unknown donor has favoured me with two skins differing

remarkably in size, but in no other respect. Length of closed wing 11 in.

in the larger specimen, 10 in. in the smaller; of middle tail-feathers, re-

spectively, 63 in. and 54 in; tarsus 12 im. and 13 m. Some Ceylon

“specimens now (1872) living in the London Zoological Gardens are decidedly

smaller, and rather darker coloured than Bengal or Akyab specimens; and

I have seen other specimens from Ceylon, which again were darker. coloured

and approximately melanous }

[ Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. &.). The melanoid variety referred to has

recently been separated and named C. insolens, Hume (Str. Feath. 11. p. 480).

The late Mr. G. R. Gray (H. List, ii. p. 14) restricted Vieillot’s title of

splendens (erroneously referring it to Temminck) to a supposed Javan and

Sumatran species of Corvus, and adopted Hodgson’s title of cmpudicus for the

Indian. The type of Ze Choucas gris du Bengale, C. splendens, Vieillot

(N. D. vii. p. 441, 1817), came from the Indian continent, and no representa-

tive race even of that species 1s known as existing in either Java or Sumatra,

Temminck’s statement notwithstanding. °C. ¢mpudicus, Hodgson, must

continue, as hitherto, a synonym of C. splendens, Vieillot. Another

curious variety of this Crow occurs in Tonghoo. Two examples of it

are of an isabelline cream colour; the urapygium and abdomen being dark

brown. I do not, however, propose to name it as belonging to a distinct

species. |

Magpie Group.

172. Pica MEDIA.

Pica media, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 393; P. sericea, Gould; P. caudata, apud

J. Anderson, Exped., p. 259.

Bhamo, China, Hainan, and Formosa.

* Ibis, 1864, p. 252.

2.2. ©. BD, xxi. p. 76, xxiv. p. 479.

{ Some time ago I received a packet containing two skins of C. splendens, coloured as

in India. Wing, respectively 11 in. and 94 in.; tail, 64 and 53 in.; beak to forehead 2 in.

andlgin. The latter are probably the admeasurements of the Ceylon race.

ad are inal

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7 77

Birds of Burma. | No. 1,

_*173. Denprocrrta rura (J. 674).

Common throughout the Irawadi valley, 1 in Pegu (Blanford) ; also in tin

vicinity of Moulmein.

[ Rangoon, Tonghoo, Yey-tho (W. R.); Thayet Myo (F.); Tenasserim

provinces (D.). |

#174. D. wrazavensts (J. 676).

D, himalayensis, nobis, Ibis, 1865, p. 45.

Mountains of Arakan, and probably those of the Indo-Chinese 7

generally.

| Tonghoo hills, Karen nee (W. R.); north of Pahpoon (D.).]

*175, CRYPSIRHINA VARIANS.

Corvus varians, Latham; Lev. Ois d’ Afr. pl. 56; Phrenotrix temia, Horsfield, Zool.

Res. in Jaya, pl. —.

Prome, Bassein, common in the neighbourhood of Moulmein, Lower

Siam, Java. I have never seen this species from the Malayan peninsula,

though it is cited from Malacca by Herr v. Pelzeln, which I strongly suspect

to be a mistake.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo, Yey-tho (W. &.); Tenasserim provinces (D.). The

Malaccan habitat is certainly erroneous. This is another peculiar Javan

species, which re-appears north of Province Wellesley. It has long since

been compared and specifically identified with Javan individuals. |

#176. C. cucurzara.

C. eucullata, Jerdon, Ibis, 1862, p. 20; Gould, By As. pt. xv. pl. 3.

Thayet Myo, and the dry country above the British frontier. Not seen

in Lower Pegu (Blanford).

| Thayet Myo (W. R.).]

[177. TEMNURUS LEUCOPTERUS.

Glaucopis leucopterus, Tem. P. C. 265.

Meeta Myo (D.). |

*178. Unoctssa MAGNIROSTRIS,

Psilorhinus magnirosiris, nobis; Gould, B. As. pt. xi. pl. 3.

Mountains of Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam.

| Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. R.). ]

pur a

—

; =

—2

ad a

;

1875. | ~ Starlings. 89

*179. CIssA SINENSIS (J. 673).

Coracias chinensis, Bodd.; Gould, B. As. pt. 1x. pl. 8.

Arakan, Tenasserim provinces, China (?).

[Tonghoo, Karen hills (W. &.); Thayet Myo (0.). |

[180. GaRRULUS LEUCOTIS.

G. leucotis, Hume, P. A. 8. B. 1874, p. 106.

Tonghoo, Karen nee; very generally distributed both in the hills and in

the plains of the Titec province (W. &.). |

fam. Sturnidee.

Starling family.

Subfam. Hutapetinz (True Mainas),

*181. HuLABES INTERMEDIA (J. 693).

Gracula intermedia, A. Hay; cf. Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix. pt. 2, p. 327.

Arakan, Tenasserim provinces, Siam. The common ‘Hill Maina” of

Northern India; that of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands now considered to

be different.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. #.). Perfectly distinet from £. yavanensis. |

182. AMPELICEPS CORONATUS.

Ampeliceps coronatus, nobis, J. A.S.B. xi. p. 194, xv. p. 32; Gray and Mitchell,

Gen. Birds, pl. 81.

Tonghoo, Yé, Mergui, Cochin China.

| Tonghoo (Z.); South of Moulmein (D.). |

Subfam. Srurnin# (Starlings, ete.).

*183. ACRIDOTHERES TRISTIS (J. 684).

La-yet-mouk.

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim.

| Rangoon (W. &.); Thayet Myo (0.). |

*184. A. arnernranus (J. 685).

Tenasserim provinces. ‘Though common in Upper India, as remarked

by Jerdon, ‘‘it certainly does not occur in Southern India, notwithstanding

its specific name, taken from Gingi, south of Madras.”

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Birds of Burma.

*185. A. Fuscus (J. 686 partim®).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Pinang, Malacca, Hainan.

[ Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. R.).]

[186. A. stamEnsis.

A, siamensis, Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 308.

‘‘Karen nee, at 3000 feet. Iris, pale chocolate ; bill, orange-yellow ;

legs, dusky yellow” (W. £&.). |

*187. STURNOPASTOR CONTRA (J. 683).

Sturnopastor contra, var. superciliaris, nobis, J. A. S. B. xxxii. p. 77.

Khasias, Thayet Myo, Tavoy, Siam.

About Tavoy it is particularly abundant, and, as Mason remarks, ‘‘is often

seen perched on the back of the Buffalo, gathering insects.”

[Tonghoo (W. R&.).]

188. S. NIGRICOLLIS.

Gracula nigricollis, Paykull, Act. Holm. xxviii. pl. 9; Pastor temporalis, Tem.

Bhamo, Lower Siam, South China.

189, STURNIA BURMANNICA.

Sturnia burmannica, Jerdon, Ibis, 1862, p. 21; Pastor peguanus, Lesson, (?) the

young (?).

Thayet Myo and Ava; more common above the British frontier than

below it (Blanford).

| Tonghoo, Karen nee, Thayet Myo (W. R.). A sordid tawney-white

albino variety of this species is among the Thayet Myo examples. |

#190. S. PAgopARUM Ce cere

Arakan.

*191. S. mauaparica (J. 688).

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim.

| This species does not appear to inhabit Upper Pegu, being replaced by

the following. |

* The true 4. mahrattensis (Sykes), of South India, has been received at the London

Zoological Gardens. It has the bill wholly yellow, white irides ; a less developed frontal

crest, and more of white tipping the middle tail-feathers. _A. leucocephalus, a very distinct

species, from Cochin China, is described in the Ibis, 1870, p. 185. Another allied species

from Siam is distinguished by Mr. Swinhoe as .A. siamensis (P. Z. S. 1863, p. 303).

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1875. | | Weaver Birds. | a

192. S, NEMORICOLA.

S. nemoricola, Jerdon, Ibis, 1862, p. 22.

Thayet Myo.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. #.). TZ. leucopterus, Hume (Str. Feath. ii.

p. 480, note) appears to be synonymous. | |

193. S. sINENSISs. |

Oriolus sinensis, Gmelin; Pl. Enl.617 ; Pastor elegans, Lesson, Bélanger, Voyage, pl. 6.

Pegu (Lesson); China. |

| That this species winters in Pegu is suggested by Mr. Swinhoe (P.Z.S.

1871, p. 884), but the fact has yet to be established. |

194. CALORNIS DAURICA.

— LTurdus dauricus et Gracula sturnina, Gmelin; Pastor malayensis, Eyton; Pl. Enl.

Bei, fig. 2.

Mergui, Malacca, Dauria.

[This bird can hardly be placed in the genus Calornis. It is more

nearly allied to the members of Sturnia. Its oldest specific title is sturnina,

Pallas. It is difficult to decide what species is meant to be depicted in

Pl. Enl. 627, fig. 2. ] | |

195. C. AFFINIs.

C. affinis, A. Hay, J. ALS. B. xv. pp. 36, 369.

LTippera, Arakan, Nicobar Islands.

196. C. CHALYBEA.

Lurdus chalybeus et T. strigatus, Horsfield; TZ. -insidiator, Raffles, Tem. P.C. 199.

figs. 1, 2.

Mergui, Malacca, Sumatra, Java. |

[If the Mergui Calornis belongs to the Malaccan and Sumatran species,

it must take the title of cins:diator, Raffles, until it has been shown that the

Javan Calornis belongs to the same species. |

| 197. SARAGLOSSA SPILOPTERA (J. 691).

Karen hills at 2000 feet, Tonghoo (W. £.). |]

Fam. Ploceidee.

W eaver-Birds.

198. PLockus JAVANENSIS.

Loxia javanensis, Lesson, Traité, p. 446.

Pegu, Siam, Java, Lombok. Observed by myself in Rangoon station.

[ Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. &.); Thayet Myo (0.).]

ee Me vents a oben aa

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SS ee

Birds of Burma. | Nox a

*199. P. pHitrppinus (J. 694).

LP. baya, nobis ; cf. W. T. Blanford, J. A.S. B. xli. pt. 2, p. 167. Zsa-ghaung-kwet.

Arakan, Lower Pegu, Malacca, Sumatra, not Philippines. Attaches its

pensile nests to the projecting thatch of dwelling-houses in Rangoon, as duly

noticed by Jerdon.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. &.); Thayet Myo (0.). |]

*200. P. manyar (J. 695).

Arakan, Thayet Myo, Siam, Java.

201. P. Benearensis (J. 696).

Thayet Myo, Ava.

tam. Astrildidee.

Waxbills, Amadavats, etc.

202. Pappa ORYZIVORA.

Loxia oryzivora, Lin.; Edwards, pl. 41.

The well-known ‘Java. Sparrow’ of British dealers in birds, which is

extensively diffused over the Malay countries, was procured in Mergui

province by Major Berdmore. Mr. Swinhoe notices it from Amoy, Hong-

kong, and Shanghai; but in the vicinity of those emporia it has probably

escaped from captivity in the first instance, as it likewise has in that of

Madras, in Madagascar, Zanzibar island, the Seychelles, St. Helena, Celebes,

and the Philippines.

*203. Munra RUBRINIGRA (J. 698). |

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim, South-west China. Common. Bornean speci-

mens are similar to Indian and Burmese, having the black of the abdominal

region and lower tail-coverts well developed; but this black is much reduced

in quantity, and sometimes nearly obsolete, in examples from Malacca and

Sumatra. In the race inhabiting Celebes (I. brunneiceps, Walden), the

black beneath is well developed, while that on the head and neck is much

embrowned. The race with white underparts, having the black abdominal

patch and lower tail-coverts (Edwards, pl. 355), has never been observed

eastward of the Bay of Bengal, but occurs rarely in Lower Bengal, and

prevalently (if not wholly) in South India and Ceylon. IL. formosana,

Swinhoe,* is yet another of these very slightly differing races, for which

names are barely admissible.

| Tonghoo (W. £&.). |

* Ibis, 1865, p. 356,

om + FSP A

1875. | Finches. 93

*204. M. puncrvraria (J. 699).

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim, Siam. The true Indian race, as distinguished

from the kindred IZ misorva (Tem.), which inhabits the Malayan peninsula,

and has ash-coloured upper tail-coverts. |

| Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. #.). The Burman spotted Munia, as repre-

sented by Mr. Ramsay’s examples, belongs to I. sub-undulata, Godwin-

Austen (J. A. 8. B. xl. p. 370, May 6, 1874), IL. superstriata, Hume (Str.

Feath. u. p. 481, note, Oct. 1874), being a synonym. |

*205. M. acuricaupa (J. 702). . |

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Malacca, Sumatra, China, Formosa. This

species is the Mringilia muscardina of the Leyden Museum, a systematic

name which is adopted for it by Mr. Gould.* In J apan it is extensively

bred, white, partially white, and of pale colouring.

|Tonghoo hills (W. R.); Thayet Myo (0.). I cannot find that Mr.

Gould employed the title of muscardina in any part of the Z. 8. Proceed-

ings of 1859. |

*206. M. tevconota (J. 701).

Tau-tsa, * Forest Sparrow.”

Arakan. Of general diffusion.

207. AsTRILDA aMANDAVA (J. 704).

Mason includes this species (the common Speckled Waxbill, Amadavat,

or Lal Muna of India) without remark; and Sir R. H. Schomburgk notices

its occurrence in Siam, as also Mr. Gould (from specimens sent by Schom-

burgk).t ‘‘ Many are brought to Bangkok for sale. They frequent the rice-

fields and pastures, and go in flocks.” I do not remember having seen

Burmese specimens ; but Jerdon notices that the range of the species extends

to Assam and Burma, which Mr. W. T. Blanford assures me is the fact.

Fam. Fringillidee.

True Finches.

Subfam. PassERin (Sparrows).

*208. Passer rnpicus (J. 706).

P. domesticus, var. (?), Ibis, 1867, p. 41. Hin-tsa (House Sparrow).

Not uncommon at Akyab, but rare to the southward, in the jungle-clad

provinces. Common, together with P. montanus, at Thayet Myo. Nubian

specimens are undistinguishable.

* PZ. B®. 1859, p10. + 3D, ZB. 1859, :p, 1065

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SEP rai k Banl aide oes

ees

pageant

Bs"

—

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ieee oes

Se ee ss FA Aba St te ad ele da) peel ett

ae nee STE te eset a laos

—

stir

I 7s as ab an

se sean

Pinte SR pee as Arta tee Pe

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same -

apr - La

eet: TE

—- — - + —— = ~ oe et ee aero = . i

Sr Es EE

= nee rr ern ary pe tees = A

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Birds of Burma. [ No. 1,

*209. P. monranvus (J. 710).

The common house Sparrow everywhere to the eastward of the Bay of |

Bengal, its range extending southward to the Malay countries, and eastward

to China and Japan, Formosa, and the Philippines.

*210. P. AssIMIxis.

P. assimilis, Walden, An. M. N. H. (4), v. p. 218.

Tonghoo.

#911. P. FLAVEOLUS.

P. flaveolus, nobis, J. A. S. B. xxxi. p. 844. Passer jugiferus, Tem., Bonap. Consp.

Av. 1. p. 508.

| Arakan, Upper Pegu; ‘abundant in the bushes near Thayet Myo; also

common further up the Irawadi” (W. . Blanford). Doubtful as an inhabi-

tant of the Philippines, as alleged of P. jugiferus, which I identified with the

present species in the Royal Museum of Natural History at Leyden. Accord-

ing to Mason, this species ‘is found throughout the country,’ but he shows

that he did not recognize P. montanus to be the common Sparrow of the

country ! |

[ ‘Iris, in 2, brown; bill above, pinkish brown, below somewhat paler ;

legs brownish. Karen nee” (W. R.). One example, a female, has the

mandibles crossed as in Loxva, the maxilla to the left, the mandible to the

right. |

Subfam. FRineiLLin#& (Typical Finches).

*212. CarpoDAcUs ERYTHRINUS a 738).

Arakan.

| Tonghoo (W. R.).]

Subfam. Emperizinm (Buntings).

*213. Evuspiza avREoua (J. 728).

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim, China. Occurs in large flocks in the interior,

which migrate northward to breed. |

[Tonghoo (L.). Mirafra flavicollis, McClell., as long since stated

by Horsfield and Moore, is the female. EZ. flavogularis, Blyth, is also

synonymous. In the H. List, No. 7679, McClelland’s title is made to re-

present a distinct species, and that of Mr. Blyth is treated as a 1 synonym a Xe

M. flavicollis. |

= oo

cS Ge 1 i

i a Tale Di ae rae eal nema aaa Aa .

1875. | | Larks, Wagtails and Pipitts. 95

214. EMBERIZA RUTILA.

Limberiza rutila, Pallas; Tem. and Schl., Fauna Japonica, Aves, tab. 56B.

A single specimen procured by Mr. W. H. Blanford, near Bassein.

Another since obtained at Sikhim.

|Tonghoo, Karen nee, Tsankoo hills (W. R.); neighbourhood of Pah-

poon (D.). |

[215. EK. rucata (J. 719).

Tonghoo, Thayet Myo, in winter (0.). |

(216. E. pusreza (J. 720).

Karen nee, at 5500 feet (W. B.).]

“217. MELOPHUS MELANICTERUS (J. 724).

Arakan, Pegu, Siam, South China.

{| Karen nee (W. £.). |]

Fam. Alaudidsee.

Larks.

*218. AtaAupa GuLeuLA (J. 767).

Sent from Arakan, where probably not common. It is likely to be so

in Upper Burma.

219. ALAUDULA RAYTAL (J. 762).

“ Abundant on the banks of the IrawAdi, in Upper Burma, frequenting

the sand-dunes, to the colour of which its own plumage closely approximates.

During the height of the flood of the Iraw4di, I observed it feeding on the

roads and plains in the station of Thayet Myo in small parties” (Jerdon).

*220. Mrirarra assamica (J. 754).

Arakan. |

221. M. arrinis (J. 755).

Common at Thayet Myo (W. H. Blanford).

|. microptera, Hume (Str. Feath. i. p. 483), is synonymous. |

fam. Motacillidee.

Wagtails and Pipits.

*222. CoRYDALLA RICHARDI (J. 599).

Arakan.

| Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. R.); Pahpoon, Tavoy, Moulmein (D.).]

ogi ve

Sa chipercheee

A RST SLT ATONE Tl

AE EET TO SO

Aiea © z Lae

i woe

Rare Ae baa

. 4

2 camer only

Pe -

pene

SSR

ee ee

= ey Se RS a

aR Sea eC ae

*, See ae ag SP 2

laa — :

Doalexsl ose? Var

So a eR oe

> . re r

SSS :

were, Sa rs eh a ene ee ” ee

Panes ee : fe oo —— ote Ee

° f ’ i - sae So eee : |

2 Lae — — apes ~~

at ——————————— zs _— @

at ee . ited eatiemisle a a as

Atenas 7 rat ~ ss

ee ee

—

a et ~

a a

— SS

ate ager

——

rer

- = - ss ay oe a a ea

Sate A ae . '

’ f }

‘ 4 q ~

ee = — . — _ ae ae — i. = Cad

pal § ~~ — aon — a aT ‘ cas

— Ee = = a = o. - ra — - — ts

, <= PVR en te Soy er a= — ~ ~— ~

a =: as are =a 2h += - scans cama == =

ay a mSHSLI é

Birds of Burma.

*223. C. ruFuta (J. 600).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. R.). |

*224. Pipastes MacuLatus (J. 596).

Anthus maculatus, Hodgs.; Gould, B. As. pt. xvii. pl.11; Fauna Japonica, Aves, pl. xxiii.

Arakan, Tenasserim. Anthus agilis, Sykes, is true P. trivialis.

[Karen nee hills, from 2000 to 5200 feet elevation (W. R.). Some

eminent ornithologists decline to admit the specific distinction of A. agilis,

A. maculatus, and the common European Tree Pipit. In the H. List,

No. 3640, L. 8. Miiller’s title of plumatus is adopted for the European bird.

But as Linnzeus published the twelfth edition of the Systema ten years before

L. 8. Muller bestowed the title cited, it is more in accordance with accepted

practice to prefer the Linnean title. |

*225. ANTHUS ROSACEUS (J. 605).

Arakan. ;

[ 226. A. CERVINUS.

Motacilla cervina, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 511.

Examples obtained by Mr. Davison in Tenasserim are thus identified by

Mr. Hume. |

*227. Bupyres viripis (J. 593).

Motacilla cmereicapilia, Savi, N. Giorn. d. Lett. p. 190.

Arakan, Tenasserim. Bengal and Egyptian specimens quite similar.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo, Karen nee at 3000 feet elevation (W. fia. |

| 228. B. cancaratus (J. 594).

A single immature example obtained at Pahpoon by Mr. Davison is thus

identified by Mr. Hume. |

#229. Lrwonzpromus rnpicus (J. 595).

Motacitla indica, Gm.; Gould, B. As. pt. xiv. pl. 13.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca, China.

| Thayet Myo (F.). |

*230. Moracitia tuzonensis (J. 590).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Tonghoo (W. &.). The black-backed, white-faced species, is referred

to under the above title. But strictly Sonnerat described the grey-backed

1875. | Henicures, Pittas. 97

_ = ;

eS ae

bird. While Scopoli in his diagnosis, taken from Sonnerat, misquoted the

description, and converted the word ‘‘ grey ”’ into black.”? The members of

this section of the genus which inhabit Luzon have not hitherto been

examined, and it therefore remains quite uncertain from what species Son-

nerat described. It is not improbable that he did so from an Indian example

of UL. dukhunensis. |

[ 231. M. pununensts (J. 591).

Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. &.); Pahpoon (D.). |

*232. M. poaruta (J. 592).

_Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca.

[Rangoon (W. £#.). Whether or not specifically distinct from J.

sulphurea of Europe, this bird must take the title of melanope, Pallas. |

Fam. Henicuridee.

Henicures.

*233. Henicurus eurratus (J. 584, partim).

Linicurus guttatus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 664; B. As. pt. xviii. pl. 11.

Kast Himalaya, Khasias, Arakan.

a | *234. H. immacutatus (J. 585).

Khasias, Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Thayet Myo (0.). |

*235. H. scuistaceus (J. 586). |

Arakan, where much less common than the preceding race ; Tenasserim,

China.

| Karen hills (W. 2.). |

[ 236. H. tescHENAULTI.

Turdus leschenaulti, Vieill. N. D. 20, p. 269.

This Javan and Foochow bird is stated by Mr. Hume to have been

obtained in the neighbourhood of Pahpoon and at Meeta Myo. If the iden-

‘tification is correct, an interesting fact. It may perhaps be ZH. frontalis. |

fam. Brachyuride.

Pittas.

*237. HypRORNIS NIPALENSIS (J. 344).

Hydrornis nipalensis, Hodgson ; Gould, B. As. pt. i. pl. 2.

Arakan, Tenasserim.

3 ‘i

"| Le

q it a

hee.

y ales

{ 7

Lirds of Burma. | No. 1,

| 238. H. oarnsr.

H, oatesi, Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 477,

‘Karen nee, from 2500 to 4000 feet. Iris (male not quite mature),

brown; bill, pale brown; legs, light fleshy pink. Iris (in adult female),

brown; bill, dark vinous brown; legs, light fleshy pink” (W. R.).]

*239. BRACHYURUS CYANEUS.

Pitta cyanea, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xii. p. 1008, xvi. p. 153; Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds,

pl. 55; Gould, B. As. pt. 1. pl. 2a; D. G. Elliot, Mon. Brachyuride, pl. xiii. Myat-gnung.

Arakan, Martaban; Tenasserim (Helfer).

[ Karen hills, at 2000 feet. Iris, hair brown; bill, black ; legs, fleshy

*240. B. moLtuccEnsis.

Lurdus moluccensis, P. L. S. Miller; Elliot, Ibis, 1870, p. 413; Mon. Brachyuride,

pl. iv. ; Pitta cyanoptera, Temminck, P.C. 218.

hain. Tenasserim, Siam, Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, South

China (Amoy). One specimen, received from. Arakan, has the bill fully as

large as in B. megarhynchus (Schlegel), from the Isle of Banka.* 3

| Rangoon (W. R.); LThayet Myo (D.). There is no evidence in favour

of the Javan habitat attributed to this Pitta by Temminck. The size of

the bill varies considerably. |

| 241. B. mecarnyncuvs. |

Pitta megarhyncha, Schlegel, Vog. Nederl. Ind. Pitta, p. 32, no. 8, pl. 4. He, 2s

A well-marked species, hitherto known as being peculiar to the island

of Banka, but stated by Mr. Hume (Str. Feath. ii. p. 475) to occur at Tavoy

and Amherst in the months of May, June, and July. |]

“242. B. cucutzatus (J. 346).

Nipal, Khasias, Arakan, Malacca.

| Rangoon (W. &.); Thayet Myo (F.); Amherst (D.). Malaccan indi-

viduals are identical with Himalayan and Burman examples. |

Fam. Turdidee.

Thrushes.

Subfam. Turpinz.

“243. Myropnonus remmincxir (J. 343).

Khasias, Arakan, Tenasserim.

[Karen hills (W. R.). WM. eugene’, Hume (Str. Feath, i. p. 475) 1s

synonymous. J. temminchit extends to Siam. |

* Ibis, 1870, pl. xii.

the

1875. | | Lhrushes. 99

| 244. BracHYPTERYX CRURALIS (J. 338).

Karen nee, 5000 feet (W. &.). |

[ 245. Pnozpyea squamata (J. 329).

Karen nee, at 4000 feet (W. £.). |]

*246. PEerRrocossyPHus CcYAaNneEvs (J. 351).

Arakan, Tenasserim. Generally, but not always, with more or less of

ferrugineous colouring on the abdominal region, as in specimens from the

Kast Himalaya. ‘In Burma,” remarks Colonel M‘Master, “this is the

tamest and most confiding bird I have ever seen; it not only frequently

enters the verandahs, but the inner rooms of houses, and is almost startling

with its noiseless and uncanny familiarity. Whilst at Tonghoo, I had, every

Season, one or two of them about my house, so fearless, that they might

almost have been handled. I saw one, in my verandah at Rangoon, kill and

swallow a large scorpion.’’ *

| Karen hills, from 2000 to 4000 feet (W. R.). ]

247. MontTrIcoLA SAXATILIS.

Turdus saxatilis, L.; Pl. Enl. 562.

‘Upper Burma, on the banks of the river near Ava.” + ‘‘ Summers on

the Pekin mountains” (Lard). |

*248. OROcOETUS CINCLORHYNCHUS (J. 353).

Arakan.

*249, GEHOCICHLA CITRINA (J. 355).

Arakan.

| Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. R.); Thayet Myo (0.); neighbourhood of Ye

and Amherst (D.). |

*250. TuRDUS OBSCURUS.

Turdus obscurus, Gmelin; TJ. pallens, Pallas; TZ. rufulus, Drapiez; . modestus,

Kyton ;{ Fauna Japonica, Aves, pl. xxvil. Myai-lu-hgnet.

Khasias, Arakan, Andamans, Malacca, Java, Borneo, China, and North-

East Asia, according to season. |

(251. T. pALLIpus.

T. pallidus, Gm. 8. N.i. p. 816. .

‘Karen nee, at 5000 feet in January (W. R. - Has also been received

by Major Godwin-Austen from N. Cachar. |

* J.A.S. B. xl. pt. 2, p. 211. t vide Blanford, Ibis, 1870, p. 466.

+ Not 7. javanicus, Horsfield, which is the same as 7’. fumidus, 8S. Miiller.

- EEA 3 tierra amity

sa a= ae i;

PE re Te “ "i

Fee A ERY UE ET ee eae - oon pag

i Se eS eee ct

ee ~ pagpiltthin bela alidiant: data dt Pe Sees meee

pons penny ee re es ar oe

ore eh

pe + gt ty SS ol ct as - 3, a yy

= SS 24

eee epee

te nS NTP I GL Se NE eh ema

f = ¢

bs net citar oi; aera,

’ F Nts:

PPE a 9 a OE ee , ‘

: Sg, \ . ae 4

9 et SS Se ea =

aoe . > = = = atiacisis oe Se ee eee -

. =e oi at sl aaa a a

— = — —- = — _ = he — m. rane. 2 nol eal \ ies i > ~

= = aceeiiiecmanmmiel a ee Serene er aesnimet — —

. : : yee he . : : a

= r ed sees a .

a .

+, gy

{ae

La i th Ma at me rt sell lily ie tay lata EE

a pas OPH in hater tha lat Sieh

100 Birds of Burma. | No. 1,

| 252. T. sIBERICUS.

TL. svberieus, Pallas, Reise, Russ, Reichs, iii. p. 694, no. 10.

Karen nee, March 1, at 2500 feet. Iris (in female), rich brown; bill,

black, slightly yellow at gape; leg, brownish yellow (W. £.).]

*953. ZOOTHERA MARGINATA.

Zoothera marginata, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xvi. p. 141.*

Khasias, Arakan. |

| ‘‘ Karen nee, from 1500 to 8000 feet. Iris(3, ¢), dark brown; maxilla,

dark brown, almost black; basal half of mandible, albescent; legs, brown

with a tinge of pink; orbital skin, purplish” (W. L.). |

[254. OrxocincLa MOLLISsIMA (J. 370). wf

Karen nee, at 5000 feet (W. 2&.). |] ip

[ 255. O. pauma (J. 371). | “

Thayet Myo (Hume). | x

Hi (ny

Ail pint =<

*256. ANTHOCINCLA PHAYREI.

Anthocincla phayret, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xxxi. p. 348.

One specimen procured in Tonghoo. [Pahpoon (D.). |

Subfam. Saxrconinm (Wheatears, Robins, etc.).

#257. Crrrocincia macrourA (J. 476).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca, Sumatra, Java. The Hainan race is

smaller, according to Mr. Swinhoe.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo, Karen nee, at 1500 feet (W. R.).]

*258. CopsycHUS SAULARIS (J. 475).

Gracula saularis, Lin.; Gould, B. As. pt. xv. pl. 5. Tha-beik-lway.

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim, Siam, South China.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. R.). |

259. Myromena tEvcura (J. 477).

Procured by Col. Tickell upon Moulé-it mountain, at an elevation

of 5500 feet, being probably the same species as was obtained by Bélanger in

Pegu, in which case, the kindred Javanese race (Brachypteryx ailbifrons,

* Z. monticola, apud Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xli. pt. 1. p. 142.

‘i

—

1876. | Wheatears, Robins, ete. 101

Boie)* is figured for it by M. Lesson, by the name Wotodela diana, in the

supposition of its being a more brightly coloured specimen of the same bird ;

the two species being very nearly allied. IZ. Jeucura has also been obtained

in the Khasias. - °

| Karen nee (W. R.). In his text Lesson also describes the Javan bird,

and there is nothing to show that he referred to any other species. ‘T'he

genus LVotodela, of which Lanius diana, Lesson, is the type, must, therefore,

merge in Brachypteryz. | |

*260. Ruyacornis FruLtarnosa (J. 505).

Arakan, Thayet Myo, China.t

[261. Rorrorzra avrorea (J. 500).

Thayet Myo (/-). |

*262. CHAIMARRHORNIS LEUCOCEPHALUS (J. 506).

Arakan.

*263. ‘CyanEcULA suEctca (J. 514).

Arakan.

*264. CaLLIoPE’ CAMTSCHATKENSIS (J. 512).

Arakan.

| Karen nee (W. &.); Thayet Myo (BF); Pahpoon (D.). |

[ 265. LARVIVORA CYANE.

Motacilla cyane, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 697, no. 18.

Pahpoon (D.). |

_ 266. Bracuypreryx ——-(?).

From Z4wagaben mountain, described by Lieut. Beavan.t

267. OREICOLA JERDONI (J. 487).

Lthodophila melanoleuca, Jerd.; Gould, B. As. pt. xviii. pl. 11.

‘‘Qbtained only once, in long elephant-grass, in the northern portion

of the Bassein district” (W. H. Blanford).

*268. PRATINCOLA FERREA (J. 486).

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim, South China.

| Tonghoo, Tonghoo hills, Karen nee, at elevations of from 2500 to 4000

feet (W. R.).]

* Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 257.

T &. aurorea has been received both from the Khasias and the Malayan peninsula.

{ Ibis, 1870, p. 321. |

archi adnsec ae ee RA Shenae onl ners eae SEES steer dersmi=rastineerne*insietvenffr=rsee-sereeypreniewyinama

neta denel tel hi eee et Nil ith natin at oon ink nd 4) not aa ane nanan ae

al erent sali Kd Cattle te tol Sa Ad ceaheF? ¥ —

a aE

i igs wren

w pert ats te

a aaa Ml Beeaoaetat yn nen

ee A lett Si witty - q

en = x

. — . ~}

ln a it et ir eae lat = - 7 — =

alin

ea easements

102 Birds of Burma. | No. 1,

*269. P. caprata (J, toa

Lay-khya.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Java, Celebes, Lombock, Floris, Philippines, Pinoe

| Tonghoo, Yey-tho, Karen nee, at 3500 feet (W. &.); Thayet Myo

(0.).]

*270. P. mnpica (J. 483).

P. indica, nobis; Gould, B. As. pt. xv. pl. 12.

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. #&.). It has been shown most conclusively by

Mr. Dresser (B. Eur. Dec. 1873) that the Asiatic Stonechat cannot be speci-

fically separated from the European. Mr. Blyth’s title must therefore give

way to that of P. rudicola (Lin.). | |

271. P. tevcura (J. 484).

P. leucura, nobis; Gould, B. As, pt. xvii. pl. 12.

‘“Banks of the Irawadi, near Thayet Myo, and throughout Upper |

Burma. Common, and a constant resident’”’ S36 H. Blanford).*

| Tonghoo (Z.). |

fam. Muscicapidee.

Chat-flycatchers. t

272. Nitrava GRanpis (J. 316). |

Chaitaris grandis, nobis; Gould, B. As. pt. i. pl. 4.

Tenasserim mountains.

#273. N. sunpARA (J. 314).

N. sundara, Hodgson; Gould, B. As. pt. 1. pl. 6.

Mountains of Arakan and Tenasserim.

| Karen nee, at 4000 feet (W. R.).]

[ 274. N. macericorrmH (315).

Phenicura macgrigorie, Burton; Gould, B. As. pt. ii. pl. 6; Nidtava vivida, Hume, Str.

Feath. i. p. 478.

| Karen nee, at 3000 feet (W. R.); three days south of Pahchaun (D.).

* Query Saxicola hemprichit (?), Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys., fol. aa. [The characters »

which distinguish P. leweura from P. hemprichii will be found stated by Mr. Dresser, B.

Kur., sub P. rubicola. |

+ These Chat-flycatchers, with mottled nestling plumage, ee much with the

preceding subfamily.

1875. | | Chat-flycatchers. = Os

Karen examples identical with Himalayan, etc. The Tenasserim bird has

been separated under the title cited, from being ‘‘altogether brighter than

the Himalayan species.” No other character (?) is mentioned. |

*275. CYORNIS RUBECULOIDES (J. 304).

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim provinces.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo hills, Karen nee, from 600 to 2000 feet Wo de.

Many of my Burman examples, and also some from Ceylon, have the dark

blue of the throat divided by the rufous colouring of the breast running up

almost to the chin. Examples obtained in the neighbourhood of Pahpoon

and Ye are identified by Mr. Hume as belonging to Oyornis elegans (Tem.); an

identification, judging by’ his remarks (Str. Feath. ili. p. 104, swdb OC. rubecu-

loides), which requires confirmation. Cf. Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 373. |

[276. C. rrexenxt (J. 305, 306).

C. tichelli, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1842, p. 491.

Karen nee (WV. R.). |

“277. SIPHIA sTROPHTATA (J. 319).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| 278. S. eryrmaca (J. 322).

S. erythaca, Blyth & Jerdon, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 201. ;

Karen hills, at 4000 feet (W. R.); pine forests north of Pahpoon Gee

*279. ANTHIPES MONILIGER (J. 317).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Karen nee, at 5000 feet (W. R.).|

“280. ERYTHROSTERNA MACULATA (J. 326).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Java.

| Karen nee, at from 3000 to 5000 feet (W. R.).]

*281. E. reucura (J. 328).

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim, Hainan. Very common about Akyab in the

cold season; obtained also at Bassein.

| Rangoon, Karen hills (W. R.). |

282. KE. acornaus? (J. 325).

Zwagaben.* |

| Karen nee, at 2500 feet (W. R.). LE. sordida, Godwin-Austen, is the |

female of some species of Xanthopygia, perhaps of X. nareissina, but from

which the type slightly differs. |

* Beavan, Ibis, 1870, p. 320.

—

ine

as |

‘ce

ae |

ae —

ag peathememne =e ere-y~aee renee vine

TE aE Eg ce aT RT Te

= mS aS ene r li . ——

= i 2a

Se epee. 62s APT” £9E" re 8

S-sagene oe ane Saleen apaaleienel aeaaremends eagrhadhenhses aie Paerpnehaed - -

Fee pa 6

sO I FL pe

SO ee 8 py Ee Ry EE

Birds of Burma. | No. 1,

*283. EumyIAs MELANOoPS (J. 801).

Arakan, Tenasserim. |

| Karen nee, at from 700 to 5000 feet; frequents rocky hills (W. &.).]

*284. Buraris LatrRostris (J. 297).

Arakan, Malacca, Sumatra, China.

[Tonghoo (W. R.); Pabyouk and Meeta Myo (D.).]

*285. B. srprricus (J. 296).

Muscicapa sibirica, Gmelin; cf. W. E. Brooks, J. A. 8S. B. xl. pt. 2, p. 75.

Arakan. | ee @

[Tonghoo hills, Karen hills at 700 feet, in December, a young bird

286. B. rerRueineus (J. 299).

Thayet Myo, Hainan, South China.

Fam. Sylviidee.

Warblers.

*287. ARUNDINAX AEDON (J. 518).

Arakan, Tenasserim, China.

[ Tonghoo (W. R.). |

*288. ACROCEPHALUS BRUNNESCENS (J. 515).

Arakan.

| Hemprich & Ehrenberg’s specific title, stentorea, has precedence. |

*289. A. pumEToRUM (J. 516).

Arakan.

= = ere = =

<a SS SSS ee Ss cane ~*

= SSO Se ee eee z = =a - =

[ 290. A. BISTRIGICEPS.

A, histrigiceps, Swinh., Ibis, 1860 (January Ist), p. 51. Salicaria maackti, Schrenck,

Amur Lande, 1, pt. ii. p. 370, pl. 12, fig. 4-6 (June, 1860).

Tavoy (D.). |

p a ‘eeeZ %

, ; wee ®

ELE ZL TOL TAT wh ee 8 I —, : : : ’

— = ee ee SS ey nee ——

- — = ——r =P — _ oo” _ - > ”

rr fe ies ss . . " SS a a a ar . —— ee at a

/ = . —= 7 = ae PE ers a — ——S ae

. sel

[291. Nuornis rravorrvacea (J. 552).

A. specimen obtained by Mr. Oates in Upper Pegu is doubtfully thus

identified by Mr. Hume (Str. Feath. iii. p. 189).]

i q

ii ial TES 5 vara winereanesg Ie

LENA Ret) ALATA ak AT eat EY Mat a

alu eat age irk 4 nea cps

: “hh

1875. ] Warblers. 105

[ 292. N. assrmixis.

Horornis assimilis, Hodgs. Cat. B. of Nipaul, Brit. Mus. 2nd ed. p. 143; Blyth, Ibis,

1867, pp. 21, 22; Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8S. B. 1874, p. 167.

Karen nee(W.#.). In all respects identical with Shillong, Naga hills,

Assam, and Darjeeling examples, excepting that the entire under-surface is

more decidedly tinged with pale sordid yellow. NV. assimilis can be readily

distinguished from JV. flavolivacea, by its shorter wing and tail, weaker and

much shorter bill, and by having the under shoulder-coverts pure sulphur-

yellow. |

*293. PHYLLOPNEUSTE FuUSCATUS (J. 555).

Hlorornis fulviventris, Hodgson, P. Z. 8. 1845, p. 31.

Arakan, China.

| Yattoun (0.); Ye-boo, Pahpoon (D..). |

#994. P. BRUNNEUS.

P. brunneus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiv. p- 591; P. maackw, Schrenck; cf. Ibis, 1871,

p- 109.

Arakan.

*295. P. maenrrostRIs (J. 556).

P, borealis, Blasius, Naumania, 1858, p. 313; Ibis, 1871, p. 110.

Arakan, China.

| Mr. Hume (Str. Feath. ii. p. 478) includes P. borealis as a Tenasserim

species, but omits P. magnirostris. |

*296. P. vinipanus (J. 560).

z; schwartei, Radde, Reisen, i. p. 260, pl. ix. f. 1, a, b, c.

Arakan. |

| Neighbourhood of Pahpoon (D.). |

| 297. P. LueuBRIs (J. 558).

Pahpoon (D.). |

[ 298. P. BRooxs!.

Phylloscopus brookst, Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 408.

Pahpoon (D.). ]

299. REGULOIDES TROCHILOIDES (J. 564).

Amherst. |

[Karen hills, from 3000 to 4000 feet (W. &.); Tonghoo (L.); neigh-

bourhood of Pahpoon (D.). |

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106 Birds of Burma. [ No. 1

*300. R. supercriiosus (J. 565).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Tonghoo, Karen hills, from 700 to 2500 feet ( IV. R.).]

*301. R. prorueutus (J. 566).

Arakan.

[ Pine forests north of Pahpoon (D.). |

302. R. viriprpennts (J. 567 2

Originally described from the Tenasserim hills, and since obtained

plentifully at Darjeeling.

| Karen hills, from 2000 to 4000 feet (W. R.).]

[ 303. R. rrocroa (J. 568).

Karen nee, Karen nee hills at 3000 feet (Wie): |

¥304. ABRORNIS XANTHOscHISTUs (J. 572).

Arakan. |

305. A. SUPERCILIARIS (J. 574).

A. superciliaris, Tickell, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 414.

Originally described from the Tenasserim hills, and since found to be

common at Darjeeling.

| Tonghoo hills, Karen nee (W. R.).]

[ 3806. A. CHRYSHA, 0.8.

Above bright oil-green, two broad dark stripes springing from the fore-

head, passing over the head and descending down the sides of the neck,

where they are almost black. A central single stripe thus formed on the

head, yellowish-green. A broad stripe, springing near the nostril and

passing over the eye, and thus bounding the dark stripe, bright yellow.

Kar-coverts mingled black and green. Cheeks, chin, throat, thigh-coverts,

under tail-coverts, shoulder-edge, under shoulder-coverts, and axillaries,

bright canary-yellow. Breast paler yellow, shading to pale silky grey on

the abdominal region and flanks. _ Quills light brown, edged externally with

bright greenish yellow. Major wing-coverts tipped and edged with yellow.

Rectrices like the quills, all but the middle pair being edged on their interior

margins with very pale yellow. Maxilla brown; mandible pale straw-colour.

Wing, 2; tail, 2°75; tarsus, 0°56; bill from forehead, 0°50. Karen hills, ?

a. |

I am not sure whether this is not Reguloides fulviventer, Godwin-Austen,

a species founded on a carbolized example, in which the green and yellow

may have become changed to grey, or altogether discharged. | |

)

Bs)

vor | Babblers. 107

*307. CULICIPETA BURKII (J. 569).

Arakan. — |

[The generic title, Cryptolopha, Swainson, is synonymous and has pre-

cedence. The Arakan form may possibly belong to the following species. |

308. C. TEPHROCEPHALUS.

C. tephrocephalus, J. Anderson, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 218.

Bhamo.

| ‘Iris, brown; bill, above brown, sale yellowish ; legs, pale greenish

brown, Karen hills, at 3500 feet” (W. R.); neighbourhood of Pahpoon (D.).

Dimensions of the bill in the specimen from the Karen hills equal to those of

Darjeeling examples of C. burkit. |

tam. Garrulaeidee.

- Babblers.

*309. GARRULAX LEUCOLOPHUS (J. 407).

Khasias, Arakan.

*310. G. BELANGERI.

G. belangert, Lesson, ‘Bélanger’s Voyage, Atlas, t. 4.

Tenasserim provinces.

The Himalayan G. leucolophus, the range of which extends to Arakan,

the Tenasserim G. belangert, the G. diardi, Lesson, = G. leucogaster, Walden,

of Siam and Cochin-China, and the G. bicolor, Lesson, of Sumatra, are

mutually representative races or conspecies, but which do not appear to grade

into one another. Each in its own range abounds, and from its noisiness is

the most prominently conspicuous bird in the forest.

[Tonghoo (W. &.); Thayet Myo (/-). |

811. G. STREPITANS.

G. strepitans, Tickell, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 269.

Tenasserim mountains, where common from 3000 to 5000 feet elevation

( Zickelt ).

312. G. CHINENSIS.

Lanius chinensis, Scopoli, Del. Fl. Faun. Insubr. il. p. 85; Corvus aurttus, Daudin.

Tenasserim provinces, also South China. Obtained by myself in Upper

Martaban, where observed associating with G. belangeri.

[Tonghoo. Iris( 6), lake colour; bill, black; legs, dusky brown (W.L.). ]

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108 Birds of Burma. - oa

313. G. pEcToRALIS (J. 412).

Arakan. As remarked by Dr. Jerdon, “‘ Specimens fgom the Himalayas

have usually the ear-coverts silver-grey, whilst those “from Arakan have

them black and grey in every gradation.” In some the pectoral band is

wanting.

[Thayet Myo, Karen nee (W. £.). |

¥*314. G. MoNnILIGER (J. 413). |

Arakan, Tenasserim. Very similar to the last, and therefore liable to be

confounded with it; but it is smaller and conspicuously less robust.

| Rangoon, Thayet Myo, Yey-tho, Karen hills (W. &.). |

*315. G. ALBIGULARIS (J. 411).

Tavoy, Siam ( Gould).

*316. TRocCHALOPTERON MELANOSTIGMA.

Trochalopteron melanostigma, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xxiv. p. 268.

Tenasserim mountains, where obtained by Colonel Tickell, “up to the

vast wall-like crags of Moulé-it, 7500 feet.”’

| Karen nee. Iris (4), deep chocolate; bill, black; legs, pale brown

(W. R.).)]

| 317. AcTINURA RAMSAYI.

Actinura ramsayi, Walden, Ann. M. N. H. (4), 15, p. 402 (June Ist, 1875).

Karen nee, at 3500 feet. Iris ($ ?), light hair brown; bill, horny

brown; legs, slaty brown (W. 2.). |

*318. SrBIA MELANOLEUCA.

Sibia melanoleuca, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xxviii. pp. 413, 461.

Moule-it mountain, where obtained by Colonel Tickell. ‘Evidently

exceedingly rare, or confined to elevated peaks. A pair only seen, of which

the male was secured. Lively and restless, with a prattling whistle like

that of S. capostrata.” It is a conspecies with S. capistrata of the Himalaya,

and S. gracilis* of the Khasias.

[319. S. prcaorpEs (J. 430).

Karen nee, at 5000 feet (W. R.).]

* J. A. 8. B. xx. p. 521; xxvii. p. 429.

. ._ 4

erg §

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iy cove mnie TART orem Sapna yearns

£875. | | Babblers. 109

*320. GAMPSORHYNCHUS RUFULUS (J. 884).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| The Tenasserim race has been separated by Mr. Hume under the title - 7

of G. torquatus (PB. A. 8. B. 1874, p. 107).] aa

321. PTERYTHRIUS ERYTHROPTERUS (J. 609).

Lanius erythropterus, Vigors; Gould, B. As. pt. viii. pl. 8.

Bhamo.*

322. P. MRALATUS.

P. eralatus, Tickell, J. A. 8. B. xxiv. p. 267.

Tenasserim mountains, at 3500 to 4500 feet elevation.

| Karen nee hills, from 4000 to 5000 feet. Iris (2), deep lavender; bill,

above black, below lavender; legs, dull white; claws, dark brown (W. R.). |

*323. ALLOTRIUS MELANOTIS (J. 611).

Pteruthius melanotis, Hodgson; Gould, B. As. pt. viii. pl. 11.

4 Tonghoo.

Deed

fam. Liotrichidee.

it | 324, Curra NIPALENSIS (J. 612).

4 Karen nee, at 6000 feet (W. R.).

Sundeval (M. N. Av. Disp. Tentamen, p. 41) rejects the generic title

Cutia, and adopts Hodgson’s substituted title of Heterornis. |

oe [ 325. Liopriia annecTans (J. 618).

1 Karen nee (W. £.).

The ferruginous colouring of the lower back, rump, and upper tail-—

coverts, in the example from Karen nee, is much darker Ahan is observable

in a numerous series from Darjeeling, Assam, and the Munipur hills. |

*326. LiormRix LuTHA (J. 614).

Sylvia lutea, Scopoli; Gould, B. As. pt. iii. pl. 17.

Khasias, Arakan, South-west China.

*327. L. ARGENTAURIS (J. 615).

Mesia argentauris, Hodgson; Gould, B. As. pt. xiv. pl. 10.

Khasias, Tenasserim mountains.

[ Tonghoo hills, Karen nee hills, from 1500 to 4000 feet (W. B.). |

* vide J. Anderson, Exped. p. 2659.

110 Birds of Burma. [ No. 1,

| 328. L.striauta (J. 616).

Tonghoo hills (W. B.).]

329. SIVA CYANOUROPTERA (J. 617).

S. cyanouroptera, Hodgson; Gould, B. As. pt. xiv. pl. 12.

Khasias, T’enasserim mountains.

| Karen dee (1 .-ai.). |

| 330. Mrinta castawercurs (J. 619).

Karen nee, at 5200 feet (W. R.).]

331. STAPHIDEA srRiaTa (J. 625).

Is this identical with L castaneiceps, Moore, from the Khdsias, and with

S. torqueola, Swinhoe,* from China? Obtained by Col. Tickell on Moulé-it

mountain at an elevation of 3000 feet.

| Distinct from S. torgueola, but doubtfully so from S. castaneiceps. |

*332. YUHINA GULARIS (J. 626).

Arakan.

| 333. PRopaRus DUBIUS.

P. dubius, Hume, P. A. 8. B. 1874, p. 107.

Discovered by Mr. Davison in pine forests north of Pahpoon.

= Minla rufogularis, Mandelli ? |

Query

Fam.

(2) T

“334. Herpornis xantHoievca (J. 680).

Khasias, Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca. A very closely allied race from

Hainan and Formosa is named H. tyrannula, by Mr. Swinhoe. t

[Common in the Pegu hills (0.).]

fam. Zosteropidee.

“335. ZOSTEROPS PALPEBROSUS (J. 681).

Sylvia palpebrosa, Tem.; P. Z. S. 1872, pl. xx. fig. 1.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Nicobar Islands.

| Karen hills (W. B.).]

* Gould, B. As. pt. xxiii. pl. 14.

t [Title omitted in MS.]

+ Ibis, 1870, p. 347, pl. 10.

aoe

a Titmice. 111

306. Z. SIAMENSIS.

Z. svamensis, nobis, Ibis, 1867, p. 34.

Tenasserim mountains.

| Rangoon (W. £&.).]

eerie tee toke,

—

[337. Z. austent, n.s.

Karen nee, at 2500 feet (W. R.).]

Above, dark uniform oil-green ; underneath, light yellowish-green ;

“almost pure yellow on chin, throat, ne under tail-coverts. A shade of black

below the eye. Quills dark brown, edged externally with the colour of the

dorsal plumage. Shoulder-edge bright yellow. Axillaries and under

shoulder-coverts white tinged with yellow. Rectrices hair-brown, narrowly

edged externally with green. Wing, 2-6: ; tail, 1°50; tarsus, 0°50; Dill,

from forehead, 0- 55. |

— = “ ze —

—— mente

Fife ay Ape ra ==

Sit aa aR

Fam. ——— (?).*

*338. Muscrrrna CINEREA.-

Muscitrea cinerea, nobis; J. A. 8. B. xvi. p. 122.

Arakan. A remarkable form, of which the affinities are not obvious.

The only specimen became destroyed by insects.

| The type was obtained in the island of Ramree. ]

Kam. Paridee.

Titmice.

“339. MuLANOCHLORA FLAVICRISTATA (J. 650).

Parus flavocristatus, Lafr.; Gould, B. As. pt. xx. pl. 16.

Arakan, Tenasserim mountains, Malacca, Sumatra. ‘One obtained at

Kyodan, Salween river” (Beavan).

| Karen nee (W. R.). The specific title, sultanea, Hodgs., has prece-

dence. | |

| 340. Parus comMIxtvs.

P. commizxtus, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1868, p. 63.

Karen nee, at 3000 feet. Iris, hair brown; bill, black; legs, plumbeous

(VW. R.); pine forests north of Pahpoon (D.). Barely separable from

Japanese examples of P. minor. |

* [Title omitted in MS. ]

= di abe sa5-=

112 Birds of Burma. | Nox ae

[ 341. P. nrpatensis (J. 645).

P. nipalensis, Hodgson, Ind. Rey. ii. p. 31 (1838).

Thayet Myo (/.). The Indian species is now admitted to be distinct

from the Javan, P. cmereus, and the title of P. cesius, Tickell, has been

adopted for it by Mr. Swinhoe. Where or when Tickell published this title

I have failed in discovering, yet Jerdon certainly employs it as a synonym

Ge]

¥342. MAcHLOLOPHUS SUBVIRIDIS.

Parus subviridis, Tickell, J. A. 8. B. xxiv. p. 267; xxviii. p. 418.

Tenasserim mountains, at 3500 feet elevation. | | |

| This must still continue a doubtful species. It was founded on a single

example, shot at an elevation of 3500 feet in the Tenasserim hills by Col.

Tickell. A second individual (much injured) from Tenasserim was identi-

fied with it by Mr. Blyth (/. ¢.) four years later. Both appear to have been

examples of Jf. spelonotus in immature plumage. |

[ 343. M. sprronotus (J. 649).

Karen nee, at 3500 feet (W. R.). |

| 344. A%GITHALISCUS ERYTHROCEPHALUS (J. 634).

Parus erythrocephatus, Vigors, P. Z. 8. 1831, p. 28.

Karen nee, 3000 feet (W. R.). ]

Fam. Sittidee.

Nuthatches.

345, SIvrA NEGLECTA.

Sitta neglecta, Walden, Ann. M. N. H. (4), v. p. 218.

Tonghoo.

| Tonghoo, Yey-tho, Karen nee (W. £#.). |

*346. DENDROPHILA FRONTALIS (J. 253).

Arakan, T'enasserim, Malay countries.

[Tonghoo, Karen nee, Tsanko hills (WV. f.). Identical with examples

from Ceylon, India, Java,.and Borneo. |

(347. CERTHIA DIScoLoR (J. 245).

Karen nee, 5000 to 6000 feet (W. R.).|

1875. | | Babblers. 113

Fam. Timeliidee.

¥348. PoMATORHINUS _HYPOLEUCUS.

Pomatorhinus hypoteucus, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xiii. p. 319; xiv. p. 559; xxiv. p. 218;

P. albicoilis, Horsf., Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, pl. 57.

Nipal, Khasias, Arakan, Tenasserim.

| 349. P. OCHRACEICEPS.

?’: ochraceiceps, Walden, Ann. M. N. H. (4), 12, p. 487.

Tonghoo, Karen nee hills, at 2500 feet. Iris (&), pale straw-yellow ;

bill, coral-red, with a marked tinge of orange; legs, greenish (W. R.). |

*350. P. scuisticeps (J. 402).

Khasias, Tippera, Arakan.

| Upper Pegu (0.). |

*351. P. LevcogasTER (J. 403).

Khasias, Arakan, Tenasserim. ‘This and the preceding species resemble

each other in colouring; but P. schisticeps 1s altogether larger, and has

proportionally longer and coarser bill.and feet, with very much longer and

| straighter claws. . |

[‘‘Karen nee, at 38000 feet. Iris (6) straw-yellow; bill, orange-

yellow, black at nostrils; legs, slaty (W. 2.). |

¥352. P. PHAYREI.

3 P. phayret, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xvi. 452.

; Sikhim, Tavoy, Khasias, Arakan.

¥350. P. ALBIGULARIS.

P. albigularis, nobis, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 274.

This species and P. hypoleucus were procured by Colonel Tickell upon

Moulé-it mountain, at from 5000 to 6000 feet elevation. According to Mason,

it is very common in the province of 'Tavoy.

| 354. P. MARIA.

P. marie, Walden, Ann. M. N. H. (4), 15, p. 408 (June Ist, 1876).

Tonghoo hills (W. £.). |

(355. P. pryrHrocenys (J. 405).

Pine forests north of Pahpoon (D.). |

; i

f) ‘ ‘wag 3 :

oe. > al

a ra ee

= _ “- - = = SSS SSS oT ae spain!

io aay”

q /

sn nk ne a cA EES ORR

rt eter Sa oe

a le ee cen pd ae Net de

114 | Birds of Burma. [ No. 1,

*356. Tretia seRDont (J. 396).

‘Timalia erdoni, Walden, Aun. M. N. H. (4), x. p. 61; . bengalensis, Godwin

Austen. |

“Upper Burma, where much more abundant than in Bengal, and less

shy, affecting hedge-rows and villages, instead of the unfrequented grass

jungles and thickets, in which alone it is seen in Bengal”? (Jerdon).

Mr. W. T. Blanford informs me that he has Burmese specimens of

intermediate size to 7. yerdont and T. pileata, Horsfield, rendering the pro-

priety of their separation doubtful.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. #.) ; Pahpoon, Yeboo (D.). The continental

form must take the title of Z. bengalensis, Godwin Austen (J. A. 8. B. 1872,

p. 143), which has priority over mine. As the specific validity of the

species in no way depends on its dimensions, the information quoted has no

bearing on the point. And this remark equally applies to Mr. Hume’s

observations (Str. Feath. ili. p. 118). The large series, from various parts,

I have had opportunities of comparing with the Javan species, fully support

Dr. Jerdon’s, Major Godwin Austen’s, and my own conclusions. |

*357. MIXoRNIS RUBICAPILLA (J. 395).

Motacilla rubicapiila, Tickell; Ibis, 1872, p. 376.

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Karen nee (W. #.); both sides of the Pegu hills (0.).]

#358. PELLoRNEUM RUFICEPS (J. 399).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

309. P. TICKELLI.

P. tickellt, nobis, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 414; P. subochraceum, Swinhoe, Ann. M. N.

H. (4), 7, p. 257.

‘Tenasserim mountains.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo, Thayet Myo, Karen hills (W. R.).]

360. P. mrvor.

P. mnor, A. O. Hume, Str. Feath. ii. p- 298.

Thayet-myo.

| A synonym of P. tickelli. |

*361. TuRDINUS* CRISPIFRONS.

Lurdimus crisprfrons, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xxiv. p. 269.

Tenasserim mountains.

* Generically identical with Cacopitta, Bonap. (1850).

1875. | Babblers. 115

362. T. GUTTATUS.

‘T. guttatus, Tickell, J. A.S. B. xxviii. pp. 414, 450.

Tenasserim mountains.

368. T. BREVICAUDATUS.

T. brevicaudatus, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xxiv. p. 272; Gould, B. As. pt. xxiv. pl. 9; 7.

striatus, Walden.

Khasias, Tenasserim mountains. These three cee were harried

by Col. Tickell.

[ 364. DryMocaTAPHUs FULVUS.

_ Drymocataphus fulous, Walden, Ann. M. N. H. (4), 15, p. 401 (June 1st, 1875).

Karen nee, at 2500 feet (W. 2.). |]

365. T'RIcHosroma ABBorti (J. 387).

Arakan (Ramri), Moulmein. This bird is barely separable from the

(so-termed) Brachypteryx sepiaria, Horsfield, which is Myiothera grisea of the

Leyden Museum, and Walacopteron olivaceum, Strickland. Its range extends

to Kastern Bengal, and to the Nipdlese tarai.

[Rangoon, Tonghoo, foot of Karen hills (W. R. ). Identical with

examples from the Garo hills, from hills near Mymensing, from Dunapur,

and from Dunsiri valley. |

| 366. T. wrnor.

LT’. minor, Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 5365.

Lemyne, Meeta Myo, Ye(D.). Judging by the description, a species of

doubtful validity. But, if distinct from the Indian species, eee true

LT. abbotte. |

[367. T. RUBIGINOSA.

f. rubiginosa, Walden, Ann. M. N. H. (4), 15, p. 402 (June Ist, 1875).

Karen nee (W. £.). |

*368. ALCIPPE NIPALENSIS (J. 388).

A. phayrei, nobis, J. A. 8S. B. xiv. p. 601, wanting the dark sincipital stripes, is

probably the young.

Arakan, Tenasserim. ‘‘Common, but local, in hilly jungles up to

4000 feet’? (Zickell).

[ 369. A. MAGNIROSTRIS, 0S.

Karen nee hills, at 3000 feet (W. &.).

All the individuals obtained in the locality named differ from Darjeeling,

tills inh ita ji em

mu sate r Darl

116 Birds of Burma. | LNo. 1,

Garo hills, and Naga hills examples, by wanting the grey-coloured cheeks and

ear-coverts of A. nipalensis, and by having the .tail brown and not rufous.

All the dimensions are greater. Wing, 2°75; tail, 3; tarsus, 0°87. |

*370. STRACHYRHIS NIGRICEPS (J. 391).

Arakan, Tenasserim mountains. ‘In hilly forests, 3000 feet” (Zvckell).

Timalia larvata, 8. Miiller,* from Sumatra, is nearly akin and should be

compared with it.

[| Pegu hills (0.).]

[3871. S. RuFIcEPs (3938). |

Karen nee (W. &.); neighbourhood of Pahpoon (D.).

A single Karen nee example, in very indifferent order, appears to belong

to this species. | |

| 372. S. RUFIFRONS.

S. rujifrons, Hume, Str. Feath. 1. p. 479.

Pegu hills (0.). |

*373. 8S. curysna (J. 394).

S. precognitus, Swinhoe.

Arakan, South China. ;

| S. chrysea is also stated by Dr. Jerdon to occur in Arakan, and in Mr.

Blyth’s manuscript the number of that species in Jerdon’s Birds of India

(394) is added to the title. But it is evident that S. precognita, Swinhoe,

cannot be a synonym, for it is the name of a species nearly allied to, although

distinct from, S. ruficeps. This last species was probably omitted by Mr.

Blyth through accident, while to it he doubtlessly intended to add S. precog-

nita, Swinhoe, as a synonym, and not to S. chrysea. |

(374. S. ASsMILIS, 0.8.

Above cinereous olive-green. Feathers of the head yellow, with brown

central streaks. Cheek and ear-coverts, pale brown tinged with yellow.

Entire under surface, dilute yellow. Quills, brown edged externally with

pale yellow. Rectrices, cinereous brown tinged with olive-green. Wing,

1°92; bill, from forehead, 0°56; tail, 1:92; tarsus, 0°58.

‘Karen nee (3, 2) at 2800 feet of elevation. Iris (&), lake; bill,

lavender, pink at base of mandible; legs, brownish yellow; feet, greenish.

Iris (2), brown; bill, dark plumbeous, pinkish at base of mandible ; legs,

light greenish-brown”’ (W. £.). |

* Bonap. Consp. Ay. i. p. 217.

18 75. ] Babblers. 117

¥375. Pycroruis SINENSIS (J. 385).

‘‘Very common in Upper Burma’”’ (Jerdon). I noticed it abounding in

the vicinity of Akyab.

[Karen nee (W. &.); Thayet Myo (0.).]

— = sae atv en Pe Spa Te fePec re Pe oy! i mie

" 5 mm" : 4 . . wuts ; : <0 “ rt

ei AI ss > itt die ds Sa ea ——— oes nly Re erderciel R: LE EO SEF IE REN > ayer A at pLmylye tetas

eit.) et i ge re 2} on erigeyerye ete San c “ 4)

ior seli shiloh ie analveiay paadeeieiALeesty) apettiniaion pal vieaslas ane eeatooieseeeeant kee ater eet Eee ets Telia teen demon - sare shin te ovetvedl |,

ay , ‘ . s a a eee - a a, RD 7

— = +1947 ey

“ip . . .

ae, wer oe :

eainaerecnty = Pra

Peto ae TY ees

pore wn es =

ae a n eooe)

Lt Yor—tie

TEs ap ds hat tears ey ee

376. P. ALTIROSTRISs.

Chrysomma alttrostre, Jerdon, Ibis, 1862, p. 22.

Common at Thayet Myo.

[This species has not been recognized since Dr. Jerdon described it

thirteen years since. By some it is regarded as nothing but P. SIneNSis, a

species thoroughly well known to Dr. Jerdon. But, moreover, he mentions

7 7

;

' a

‘fe.

> iz

| &

{ } 4

ma:

}

4 ; i

BT 4

(/. ¢.) that ‘‘it will probably be considered worthy of separation as a sub-

genus,” and that it ‘‘makes an approach to the Paradoxornis group.’ In

conversation Dr. Jerdon has asserted that it was a “ good species.” |

*377. PaRapOoXoRNIS RUFICEPS (J. 875).

Paradoxornis ruficeps, nobis; Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, pl. 94, fig. 1; Gould,

B. As. pt. vi. pl. 12.

Received from Arakan, and the only species as yet received from any re

part of British Burma, though others may be expected to inhabit the same OEE

localities.* He

[Karen nee, at 2500 feet (W. R.).] Hy :

[378. P. evtaris (J. 374). | He

P. gularis, Horst.; Gray and Mitchell, Genera of Birds, ii. pl. 94, fig. 2. HI |

Karen nee, at 5600 feet (W. B.). | if

| Fam. Megaluridee. iy

*379. CRATEROPUS GULARIS. | i

Chatarhea gularis, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xxiv. p. 478. j

“The familiar garden-babbler of Thayet Myo, and still more abundant |

and familiar higher up the Irawddi, as Mr. W. J. Blanford informs me” Hy

(Jerdon. Hh

[Thayet Myo (W. B.).] if

* Suthora brunnea, J. Anderson, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 211. Momien, Yunan. 4500 feet. Wt |

HAY

eat

i ak

CT ahaha ota ert ? .

f ) ;

(a oh) ae ;

. dj = Loe ate 4 | i t

: Sin ae’ c id “a bY ; ey = ; ee ‘

Abad Fae iO ave ec pi aig alah SEL ok os 8 i le a Stag) ih A SPT OAR Sie Tes DEEL PLONE at TN TTT 2 a “ — | - : * Rees : t ; 4 4 * ‘ ‘

. = ame as et — - ae ee: eS ———— se BIST ————————— Sn ae SE ae ES a as fin ‘eg a ay a J Shae 3

sal , ‘ ; SSS = = —— SS en ee 3 ‘ meee °

2 i. ~ a Saas — nig ————————— —- ' . = . omits ne Lada " ‘ ——— ——— = —— SS = ae —— a TES fed ait! cig Y 4 %

da Reith il tt ie i st a cc th A I hai We to — se a pete terre a re jie . = ~ == a SSS Sa =r ——— e+ Bae ay gb 2 ‘ i

7 y —_ ane ae a oe eoree ae rs dik ; - = —-—— - mh Me

r p ‘a - ' e a a 2 ? oF tee SS — eto Pn de dein SSS ee are Nabe : it tren hi he macikd ) hers

_ “ > Se ESE ——e eeeEOEeEeeeeeeee Scabies ais ul R ia cil 3 ae : : Me 2a : ti ‘ mee A 4

— = ~ : —= = = " -" = aia - ee = = ae aaa — . ~ — r A ‘ es et Deities. = anew ’ a 7 | :

Se, oe aa = ~ ; trae an “ ¥ " pends ; Ae ee a A Cr acta Mt ale ee —— —— = ee sina o e . € ~

: TAS ie ee ress Se I == oe <= - — = os = ————— = = — tel 4 “ eaikr?: = os (5 ths ade a een — eae on —_ a ed sti .

= = : ————ESS = - — = - — = aus ae F a 4 = = : a = en ——— —— 2 4

7 > = _ - - = — en a er =

‘ ae he — = = \

- = es es — = a = = SSE = = SSS TSS ~ = a ee —= —= ——— —— vet a ‘)

= — = = <i ez = a ; al = — a af? = NETS . aa) ; e 2 oo 7 my = 3 7 Ldn bar leave be apes x =e f sn ——> = = = = ane oe ]

SSS SS = — = > 3 ae = ee Re OE et te . va et at ae - we a . “ ae =e Se mre a ta EL a Sota le Oa oe > : ” — SS - ———_——

— e : ‘ , ; 5 os os

: > ‘ Beis tote STs:

¥ - ae

~ : |

P |

]

118 . Birds of Burma. No: aig

880. C. EARLEI (J. 439).

‘Not rare at Thayet Myo, but confined entirely to the long grass and

reeds on the islands and churrs of the Irawadi”’ (Jerdon).

*381. C. caupatus (J. 438). | |

Arakan, Thayet Myo. As this and the two preceding species are

absolutely congeneric with sundry African species of undoubted Crateropus,*

IT can only refer them to that genus. It is remarkable that the true Mala-

cocerct, so characteristic of India and Ceylon, have no typical representative

in the countries eastward of the Bay of Bengal.

*382. Mxcaturus paLusrris (J. 440).

The range of this species extends from India, Assam, and Burma to Java

and the Philippines. I do not remember to have seen it, however, in col-

lections from the Malayan peninsula.

*383. Drymorca Lonercaupara (J. 544).

Arakan.

[384. DryMoEcCA BLANFORDI, D.s.

Above brown (darkest on the head), with an olive-green tinge, which is

in some very distinct on the rump. A dull, broad, albescent stripe springing

from the base of the bill, and extending back over and beyond the eye.

Kar-coverts mingled albescent and pale brown. Cheeks, wing lining, and

all the lower surface of body yellowish white, faintly rufescent on flanks and

thigh-coverts. Quills, brown externally, narrowly edged with olive-green.

In some with an indistinct rufous shade. Rectrices, pale brown above;

albescent underneath. All but middle pair with a bold subterminal brown

transverse isolated mark. Middle pair with a faint indication of a dark

terminal spot. (4) Wing, 2; tail, 2°50; tarsus, 0°82; bill, from fore-

head, 0°58.

“Tris (?), dark buff; maxilla, horny brown, mandible, pale; eyelids,

yellowish brown; legs, dull white. Iris (4), yellowish brown; bill, fleshy

brown ; eyelids, yellowish brown; Tonghoo” (W. £.). |

*385. PRINIA FLAVIVENTRIS (J O2).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca.

[Rangoon (W.£#.). The type of Delessert’s species came from Bhootan.

Assam (Tezpur) examples obtained by Major Godwin Austen agree with

* Of. This, 1867, p. 6.

1 875. | Wren Warblers. | 119

Delessert’s diagnosis, the ear-coverts and the lores being grey; the

ciliary region being dark coloured like the head. Sylhet individuals do not

differ, but specimens from the Munipur hills, while otherwise undistinguish-

able, possess pure white lores continued into a bold pure white supercilium.

Out of a large series obtained by Lieutenant W. Ramsay at Rangoon, one

only has the lores and superciliary ridges pure white. All the other speci-

mens being like the Assam and Sylhet birds. In my series. of the Javan

representative form, P. familiaris, one example only has white lores and

supercilium. The presence of a white supercilium does not appear to indicate

the sex, for all the Munipur birds whose sex had been determined are marked

5, while the single Rangoon example with a white supercilium is noted a ?,

and the others, some 6 and some @. |

*386. P. RUFESCENS.

P. rufescens, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xvi. p. 456; P. beavani, Walden.

Arakan, Pegu.

[P. beavani is a distinct species. P. rufescens is a very rufous form of

P. gracilis. |

[387. P. eracriis (J. 536).

Rangoon (W. #.); Pegu (0.) ; Kollidoo (D.) ap

[ 388. P. Hopasont (J. 538).

Rangoon, Karen nee (W. 2.); Thayet Myo (0.). |]

[389. P. BEAVANI.

BP. beavani, Walden, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 651.

Yey-tho, Karen hills, at 2000 feet (W. R.); Thayet Myo (O.); Tenas-

serim (D.). |

*390. CIsTICOLA SCHHNICOLA (J. 539).

Arakan, Pegu, Hainan, South China, Formosa.

{ 391. HorzEITes PALLIDIPES.

Phylloscopus pallidipes, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. 1872, p. 162, pl. vii.

Pahpoon (D..). |

[392. H. sERIcna, n.s.

Above uniform, rather dark, brown washed with an olive tint, having in

some lights a ruddy tone. Under-surface of body and wing-lining silky

white, the flanks, thigh-coverts, and under tail-coverts sullied with pale

super-.

120 Birds of Burma. | No. 1,

brown. Cheeks and ear-coverts mixed pale brown and white. Space before

the eye and superciliary ridges, sordid white. Quills and -rectrices brown,

edged with the colour of the upper plumage. Wing, 2; tail, 1°75; tarsus,

0°68 ; bill, from forehead, 0°60. |

“Tris (?), dull brown; bill, yellow: legs, fleshy white. Karen hills”

[393. Suya crrnicerRa (J. 547).

Thayet Myo (0.). |

[ 394. S. ERYTHROPLEURA, 0s.

Male, above rufous brown, the base of the feathers being ash. On the

lower back and upper tail-coverts the rufous hue predominates. Space before

the eye, dark brown. A white line, springing from near the nostril, passes

back over and behind the eye. Lar-coverts, cheeks, chin, throat, breast,

abdomen, and wing-lining, creamy white, strongly suffused with rufo-fulvous.

Flanks, thigh-coverts, and under tail-coverts bright ferruginous. Quills,

brown edged with ferruginous. Rectrices like the back.

(4) Wing, 1°87; tail, 4:87; tarsus, 0°88; bill, from forehead, 0°65.

Tonghoo (W. £#.). |

*395. ORTHOTOMUS LONGICAUDA (J. 5380).

Of general occurrence, extending eastward to South China and Formosa,

and southward to Singapore. |

[Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. &.); Thayet Myo (0.); Tenasserim (D.).

The Ceylon and Indian Tailor-bird must stand O. sutorius (@. R. Forster),

Zool. Ind. p. 17 (1781), even if it be considered identical with the South

China species, Muscicapa longicauda, Gm.= 0. phyllorrhapheus, Swinh.,

which it appears to be. | |

*396. O. EDELA.

O. edela, Tem., P.C. 599, fig. 2. |

Tavoy, Siam (Gould). According to Mason, ‘‘Tailor-birds are very

common at Tavoy, though rare at Moulmein.” He is not likely to have

discriminated the particular species.

| I am not certain which species is intended by Mr. Blyth. The authority

of Mr. Gould is quoted for the occurrence of this Javan race of the common

Indian Tailor-bird at Tavoy and in Siam. The Javanese O. edela and the

Indian O. sutorvus are barely separable, the Javan being chiefly distinguished

by having the lores and superciliary stripe pale ferruginous, and not greyish-

1875. | Sir ties: ay

white. All the Burman examples, and those from Siam, I have been able to

examine, belong to O. sutorius. Formerly Mr. Blyth mistook the more

does occur in Burma. :

(397. O. FLAVI-VIRIDIS.

0. flavi-viridis, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1854, p.

Rangoon (W. £.).

The description of O. nitidus, Hume, agrees well with this species

before the grey throat and black breast-feathers have been assumed. Mr.

Hume’s specimens were obtained at Pahpoon, Ky oe and Thayet-

chaun. | /

]

[398. O. cononatus (J. 531).

Tsan koo hills, at 3000 feet (W. 2.). |

[ 399. LocusTELLA LANCEOLATA.

Sylvia lanceolata, Tem., Man. d’Orn. iv. p. 614; Locustella subsignata, Hume; cf.

Dresser, B. Eur. parts 35 and 36.

Yeboo (D.). |

fam. Ganiidee.

Shrikes.

*400. Lanrus TEPHRONOTUS (J. 258).

| e Arakan.

1 [Kyouknyat (D.). |

*401. L. nroricers (J. 259).

L. nigriceps, Frankl.; Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, pl. 71.

Arakan, Siam.

[Tonghoo (W. &.); neighbourhood of Pahpoon (D.). |

*402. L. cristatus (J. 261).*

Arakan.

[Rangoon, Karen nee (W. &.); Thayet.Myo (0.); Tenasserim (D. ). |

* vide Lord Walden, “On the Rufous-tailed Shrikes,” Ibis, 1867, p. 212. Mason

includes L. tigrinus, Drapiez, but I know not on what authority.

ly rm Tn s a

ee eS ete eg he ORT tna So oe

Te “eter re Em th + Myers Saw Ce

recently described O. flavi-viridis, Moore, for O. edela, and Moore’s species:

cnet 7:ss-shhssmmenasrnnad timer suas ssroceeensanscmanetianeniamcertemnnanviineds endo

— eyes mes

AE ag eet PR era

122 Birds of Burma. [No. 1,

403. L. cotzurrorpuzs.

L. collurioides, Lesson, Voyage Bélanger, p. 250; L. hypoleucus, nobis, J. A. §. B. xvii.

p. 249.

Pegu, Martaban, Tenasserim provinces, Siam. “ Thayet Myo and Ava a ig

in cold season only” (W. 7. Blanford). fe

| Rangoon, Tonghoo, Thayet Myo, Karen nee (W. Ss n

*404. TEPHRODORNIS PELVICA (J. 263). | 4

Arakan, Tenasserim, Hainan. | lg

[Karen hills (W.R.); Thayet Myo(0.).]

*405. T. ponticERiana (J. 265). |

Pegu. : : <

| Tonghoo (W. &.); Thayet Myo (0.). | e a

*406. HyLorerPE PHILOMELA (J. 266). 7 £

. Arakan, Pinang, Java, Borneo, Andaman Islands. is

[Must stand Myloterpe grisola (Blyth). Hylocharis occipitalis, Hume, } i

Str. Feath. 11. p. 202, is synonymous. |

407. HEMIPUS OBSCURUS.

Muscteapa obscura, Horsfield; M. hirundinacea, Reinwardt.

Mergui.*

[408. H. prcarus (J. 267).

Muscicapa preata, Sykes, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 85.

Tonghoo, Karen nee, at 1500 feet, Tsan koo hills (W. R.); Thayet

Myo (0.); Pahpoon (D.). All the examples sent to me by both Major

Lloyd and Lieutenant Wardlaw Ramsay, from the Tonghoo province, belong

to the South Indian and Ceylon species. But Mr. Blyth seems to be correct

in his opinion that the Assam bird, I. capitalis, is a distinct species. All

the examples of the male I have seen from Darjeeling, Assam, and the N aga

hills, have the back brown, and the head alone black (ef. Blyth, Ibis, 1866,

p. 368; Jerdon, op. cit. 1872, p. 116; and compare Hume, Str. Feath. 1878,

p. 435 ; 1875, p. 98). Young males in both species wear the female dress.

The young H. picatus in transition plumage, before assuming the full black

dorsal garb, shows brown on the back. 7. capitalis, &, when adult, retains

the brown colouring on the back |

let EI RTL STE SE PR EN —e

Se unease TS Le

* Mason also gives UM. picatus, meaning doubtless JX. eapitalis (cf. Ibis, 1866, p. 368).

tin i eBid a id 8 Mile PAE TES

a iar: Sate aati: a2) SF ce RE te et

1875. | Cuckoo shrikes. 123

Fam. Graucalidee.

ate ee

ae a eT ee

— - = Di tie ue ‘

#409. GRAUCALUS MACEI (J. 270).

Arakan, ‘l'enasserim.

[ Rangoon, Tonghoo hills, Karen nee from 2500 feet to 4000 feet

(W: R.); Thayet Myo (Ff.).]

*410. VoLVOCIVORA AVENSIS.

Volvocwora avensis, nobis, Catal. p. 327; C. melanoptera, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xv. p. 307.

Common in Arakan. |

[ Rangoon, Tonghoo, Thayet Myo, Karen nee (W. R.); Pabyouk, near

Amherst (D.). |

~*411. V. syxusr (J. 268).

Upper Pegu.

(412. V. menanoscuisrus (J. 269).

V. melaschistos, Hodgson, Ind. Rev. i. p. 328 (1836).

Examples obtained at Pahpoon, Pabyouk, Ye-boo, and Ye, by Mr. Davi-

son, are thus identified, with doubt, by Mr. Hume (Str. Feath. ii. p. 474). |

*413. Puricrocorus speciosus (J. 271).

Turdus speciosus, Lath.; Gould, B. As. pt. ix.; P. rutidus, Gould; P. fraterculus,

Swinhoe; P. andamanensis, Tytler. Hgnet-men-tha &, hgnet-men-thamie 2 (‘ Prince and

Princess Bird,’’ Mason). |

Arakan, Tenasserim, Andaman Islands, Khasias, Siam; and Hainan

(Swinhoe). Mr. V. Ball remarks of this species that ‘‘the amount of red on

the central tail-feathers varies much in specimens from various parts of India

and Burma.” Four out of five males from the Andamans have the central

tail-feathers wholly black. The specimens in Lord Walden’s collection from

India have black middle tail-feathers, while in those from Burma the outer

web is red. Others sent by Mr. Swinhoe as P. fraterculus do not appear to

be separable. |

[Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. &.); Thayet Myo (0.). Out of a numerous

series from Tonghoo and its vicinity only one male has the middle pair of

rectrices completely black; while in all the females, without exception, they

are entirely black. Some Assam examples have the middle pair black. |

*414, P. prevrrostRis (J. 273).

Phenicornis brevirostris, Vigors; Gould’s Century, pl. 8.

Arakan.

| Karen nee, at 3000 feet (W. ht. \; pine forests oe of Pahpoon (D.). |

7 a

)

124 Birds of Burma. [ No. 1

—-*415. P. Roseus (J. 275). |

; Muscicapa rosea, Vieillot; Gould, B. As. pt. ix. pl. —

ye Arakan.

| | Tonghoo (W. &.); Pahpoon (D.).|

*416. P. PEREGRINUS (J. 276).

Parus peregrinus, Linn.; Gould, B. As. pt. ix. pl. —

Arakan, Tenasserlm. Common; some of the males very brightly

coloured, and appearing to grade into P. flagrans, Boié, of the Malayan

peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. Mr. V. Ball remarks that ‘ Andaman

specimens correspond to the darker-plumaged variety of this bird from

Madras and Ceylon, from one of which Gould’s figure is taken.”

| Tonghoo (Z.); Karen nee (W. &.); Thayet Myo (£).] P. flagrans,

Boie, in no way resembles P. peregrinus, otherwise than by its small dimen-

sions. It is a diminutive form of P. ardens, Boié, which, in its turn, is a

small form of P. speciosus. The female of P. flagrans is yellow and grey, as

in the other two species. PP. peregrinus is a distinct type, and has no known

representative in any part of the Malayan sub-region. |

*417. P. ALBIFRONS.

ie P. albifrons, Jerdon, Ibis, 1863, p. 20. 7

ll | Thayet-myo. An interesting ‘“‘double” of the Indian P. erythropygius.

| [Tonghoo (Z.); Thayet Myo (0.).]

fam. Pipridee.

Manakins.

*418. CALYPTOMENA VIRIDIS. .

Calyptomena viridis, Rattles ; Horsfield, Zool. Res. in Java, pl.; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B.

Xxxix. pt. 2, p. 284.

Tenasserim mountains.*

‘These birds resort to dense thickets when alarmed, but will sally out

to feed on fruits (wild figs), and they mingle with Barbets and other birds

a while so doing. ‘The note is low and sweet—a low whistle. Like the Eury-

i if lavmi, they are tame and stupid” (Zvckell). Helfer also procured this species

1) ae in the Tenasserim provinces.

* vide J. A. 8S. B. xi. p. 248; Tickell, op. cit. xxiv. p. 279.

Broadbills. 1295

fam. Eurylemide.

Broadbills.

¥419. SERILOPHUS RUBROPYGIUS (J. 139).

Raya rubropygia, Hodgs.; Gould, B. As. pt. v. pl. —

Arakan, Khasias, 8. E. Himalaya.

#420. S. LUNATUS.

S. dunatus, Gould; B. As. pt. v. pl. —

Tenasserim provinces. ‘These birds are much better flyers than the

Eurylaim:. I found them once in a flock, like Titmice, but very high up”

(Zickell). Dr. Helfer states, in his MS. notes quoted by Mr. F. Moore, “that

he observed this bird in societies of thirty or forty, upon the loftiest trees in

the forests in the Tenasserim provinces; and that they are so very fearless

that the whole flock can be shot down one after the other.”. He only observed

them on one occasion.

| ‘‘ Iris, iridescent green and brown; bill, turquoise blue, paler towards

the tip; region of nostrils, gape, and under surface of basal half of mandible,

orange; legs, orange-green; claws, bluish-white”’ (W. #.). Karen hills, 30

miles north of Tonghoo (Z.); Karen nee, at 8000 and 4000 feet (W. R.);

Pahpoon, Amherst, Om-ben-gwen (D.). |

421. CoRYDON SUMATRANUS.

Coracias sumatranus, Raffles; Gould, B. As. pt. v. pl. —

Tenasserim provinces, Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo. ‘‘A singular and

rare bird; crepuscular (very likely diurnal as well), and so stupid and tame

as to allow itself to be pelted without moving” (7Zvckell). |

| Karen hills (W. R.).]

*422. HURYLEMUS JAVANICUS.

Lurylemus javanicus, Horsf.; Gould, B. As. pt. v. pl. —

Tenasserim provinces, Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

‘“‘ Not common, at least it isnot often seen, being very quiet and secluded,

though excessively tame, and not crepuscular like Corydon” (Zickell).

| Tonghoo hills (Z.). |

423. E. ocHROMELAS. 7

Li. ochromalus, Raffles; Gould, B. As. pt. v. pl. —

Tenasserim provinces, Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

5 Sie Pe picts Cd yeaplla Ng i

See ee ese

re 5)!

- = reteeh A oem nie ineremmians “atte ool

n s , _

~ 4 M J P

— “a a aa os , sy)

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Sys aes, % ane " »j

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it!

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126 a | Birds of Burma. [ No. 1,

424. CYMBORHYNCHUS MACRORHYNCHUS.

Lodus macrorhynchus, Gm.; Gould, B. As. pt. v. pl. —

Bassein, Tenasserim provinces, Siam, Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

[Count Salvadori has recently (Atti R. Ac. Sc. Torino, ix. p. 421) re-

stricted Latham’s Great-billed Tody to Sumatra and Borneo, also to Java, but

with a doubt, and has separated the Malayan Broadbill under a new title,

C. mataccensis (t. ¢. p. 425). True C. macrorhynchus, according to the

Count, has a black and unspotted tail; whereas the Malayan bird, on the

three outer pairs of rectrices, has, towards the apex, and on the inner webs,

a white oblique spot. In the Malaccan bird this is so, and Sumatran examples

will more probably be found to agree with the Malaccan rather than with the

Bornean. But to which race Latham’s type, contained in the Leverian

Museum, belonged, Count Salvadori does not make quite clear. Latham’s

type, however, is, as the Count mentions, and as Herr von Pelzeln has told

us (Ibis, 1874, p. 19), extant in the Vienna Museum. We may therefore

assume that the Count, with his accustomed accuracy, has satisfied himself

on the point. |

*425. C. AFFINIS.

C. afinis, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xv. p. 812; Gould, B. As. pt. 5, pl. —

Arakan (Ramri), Tavoy (Gould), Siam, and Cambodja (@. R. Gray).

*426. Psarisomus DALHOUSLH (J. 138).

Liurylaimus dalhousie, Jameson; Gould, B. As. pt. v, pl. —

Arakan, Tenasserim, Sumatra. ‘‘On the table-land of Cherra Punji,”

remarks Mr. Frith, “‘ flocks of this bird often ascend, while, as they fly about

from garden to garden, the native boys hunt them by intercepting and turn-

ing their flight away from the gardens, when they are soon fatigued and

easily caught with the hand” (J. A. S. B. 1855, p. 279, note).

| Karen hills, at 3000 feet (W. R.). I can find no record of a com-

parison having been made between this species and Sumatran Z. psittacinus,

S, Mill. |

Kam. Hirundinidee.

Swallows.

*427. Hirunpo rustica (J. 82).

Mostly of the smaller eastern race (H. gutturalis, Scopoli), but I think

not exclusively so. Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Tonghoo (W. £.); Thayet Myo (0.).]

1875.) Swallows.

(428. H. ryriert.

H. tytleri, Jerdon, B. Ind. iii. p. 870.

Thayet Myo (0.); Tavoy (D.).]

127

[429. H. morREORUM.

H. horreorum, Barton, Fragm. N. H. 1799, p. 17.

Tonghoo (W. #.). Undistinguishable trom Californian examples. |

(430. H. ririrera (J. 84).

Pahpoon (D.). |

“431. CucROPIs ERYTHROPYGIA (J. 85, partim).

Hirundo erythropygia, Sykes; Gould, B. As. pt. xx. pl. 10; Ibis, 1866, p. 337.

Common in parts of the jungles, at least during the northern winter.

(432. C. STRIOLATA.

Hirundo striolata, Tem., Faun. Japonica, p. 33.

Karen nee, at 2600 feet, in March; Karen hills, at 3000 feet, in

January (W. R.). Identical with Flores, Formosan, and Chinese examples.

Quite distinct from C. erythropygia, which is barely separable from C. rufula. |

433. CHELIDON uRBICA (J. 92).

Col. Tickell writes: ‘‘There are great numbers here” (at Moulmein)

‘in the season; and I have also seen large flocks of them in India, but they

appear from time to time, not constantly, as does H. rustica.” *

*434. CoryLE sINENsIs (J. 89).

Common along the rivers, where it holds the place of C. riparia in Europe.

|Tonghoo (W. R.); Pahpoon (D.). C. obscurior, Hume, Str. Feath.

lil. p. 43, is founded on a single indifferent specimen of a species of Cotyle

obtained at Thayet Myo by Mr. Oates. |

kam. Artamide.

Clusterers.

“435. Artamus Fuscus (J. 287).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Hainan. In the Andamans and Nicobars,

A. leucorhynchus (Lin.) replaces it.

| Tonghoo, Thayet Myo, Karen hills (W. B.).]

* J. A. 5S. B. xxiv. p. 809.

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128 Birds of Burma. [N 0. 1,

Fam. Dicrurides.

Drongos.

*436. CHIBIA HOTTENTOTA (J. 286). f

Arakan. y

| Tonghoo, Karen hills (W. R.); Pahpoon, Moulmein Dae

*437. BHRINGA REMIFER (J. 283).

Arakan, enasserim.

| Tonghoo, Karen hills (W. R.); Thayet Myo (O.). The Burman ex-

amples, as well as Indian, are not separable from the J avan. |

*438. CHapria mneEa (J. 282). |

Arakan, ‘'enasserim. .— a

[| Tonghoo, Karen hills, Karen nee (W. R.); Thayet Myo (0.). Gs Sr

matayensis, A. Hay, is identical with the Sumatran Zuolius picinus, S. er

Miller, Bp. Consp. i. p. 852, the type of which I have compared at Leyden. |

*439. DIssEMURUS PARADISEUS (J. 284, partim). Bs

Arakan, Tenasserim. I provisionally bring together the various races

of Bhimray (as they are designated in Bengal), because it appears to me that

their differentiation is not yet sufficiently understood; but specimens from

different localities differ much in size and in the development of the frontal

crest. In some the latter is rudimentary, if it exist at all; while in others

it attains a length of 23 in.,* the frontal plumes flowing over and beyond the

occiput. ‘he ordinary length in Burmese specimens is about 14 in. In one

specimen in the Calcutta Museum, which is believed to have been procured ’ Me

by Helter, the frontal crest is rudimentary, whilst the racket tail-feathers : :

attain very unusual length, the unwebbed portion of them being much more hae

spirated than I have seen in any other. Again, there is one race, found _

especially in Tippera, with the frontal crest 23 in. long, and the closed wing 5 ig

62 in. But, with the exception perhaps of this Tippera bird, there would |

seem to be all possible gradations in different localities, especially as regards th

the development of the frontal crest. The longest crested (or Tippera form) i a

is styled Chiba malabarotdes by Mr. Hodgson,t and the Edolius grandis, y

Gould,{ is described to have the crest 14 in. in length. £. paradiseus ( Cu- | a)

* vide figure in J. A. 8. B. xv. p. 296. ] ‘th

+ India Review, 1837, p. 325; syn. Lanius malabaricus, as figured by Latham and | “uy

Shaw, not as described by Latham from Sonnerat’s figure. Vey

+ P. Z. §. 1836, p. 3.

Drongos. 199

culus paradiseus, L.) 18 based on Brisson’s Cuculus cristatus seamensis,

founded on a drawing by Poivre of a Siamese specimen, and should therefore

denote the ordinary Tenasserim bird, which is identical with the Bhimray of

the Calcutta bird-dealers. As observed in captivity, this species has astonish-

ing powers of mimicry.* I had one which imitated the fine song of the

Shama (Cittocincla macroura) to perfection; also the crowing of cocks, and

every other sound produced by domestic poultry, the cawing of crows, the

notes of various other wild birds, the bieating of calves, the ery of a dog

being whipped, mewing of cats, etc.; but I do not remember to have heard

one sing in the wild state. Mason, however, mentions its loud, flute-like

notes, and remarks of one that used to come at sunset every evening, and

i perch on a bough near his dwelling in Dong-yan; “there it would sit and

| pour forth an incessant strain of melody for half an hour at a time.” As

seen alive, it presents a very different appearance from the stuffed specimens

exhibited in museums, the hackled feathers of the neck showing to advantage.

When tamed it is very fearless and familiar, and may be suffered to have its

liberty in country places. It preys with avidity on small birds and other

animals. But with all its extraordinary faculty of imitating sounds, the

Bhimraj never attempts to articulate human speech, in which some examples

of the hill maina (Hwlabes) succeed so admirably. .

[Thayet Myo, Karen nee, Tonghoo, Rangoon (W. #.). These examples

agree with the Siam bird. An individual from Tonghoo, obtained by Major

Lloyd, has the outer pair of rectrices feathered along the whole length of the

inner side of the shaft. This is found occasionally to occur in individuals of -

many species of Dissemurus. E. intermedius, Lesson, 1s founded on some

species, with the outer pair of rectrices fully webbed. Malabar in-

dividuals sometimes exhibit the same peculiarity. In D. megarhynchus it

isnormal. On the other hand, D. lophorhinus sometimes has the inner web |

wanting, except at the extremity of the outer rectrices. |

*440. BucHanaa aTRA (J. 278).

Muscicapa atra, Hermann, if distinct from 2&. macrocerca of Java; Ibis, 1872, p. 119.

Arakan.

[Tonghoo, Karen nee, Rangoon (W. &.). Muscicapa atra is Hermann’s

title for the South Indian bird, which is invariably smaller than that of

Northern and Eastern India. D. macrocercus, Vieillot=Z. longus, Tem.,

pertains to the Javan bird alone; a distinct form. Some Burman examples

—* of. Ibis, 1860, p. 99.

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130 | Burds of Burma.

possess, while others want, the white rictal spot, an unstable character

among the continental races, but never found, so far as at present recorded,

in true B. macrocerca, nor in B. catheca. Adult Tonghoo birds agree

best in the relative proportions of the rectrices with B. catheca. |

441. B. InTERMEDIA.

D. intermedius, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xv. p. 298; xxxix. pt. 2, p. 822; Viscount Walden in

P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 545.

Arakan hills, near Bassein (W. 7. Blanford), South Tenasserim, Pinang,

Malacca (Stolvczka).

[Tonghoo, Karen nee, Karen hills (W. R.); Moulmein (Beavan). Lieut.

W. Ramsay has sent from the localities cited a very numerous series of a

species of Buchanga, which provisionally, until I have been able to examine

typical Penang examples, are here referred to B. intermedia (Blyth). They

vary but slightly in their dimensions when full grown. Wing, 5:25; outer pair

of rectrices, 6-12; middle pair, 4:25. Nor is there much if any variation in

their colouring when in perfect plumage. Lores, jet black; under surface,

pure uniform bluish-ash, with little or no gloss; above, glossy bluish-ash,

somewhat darker than below, and paler on the rump; rectrices, ashy-blue.

They are almost identical in colouration with Javan B. leucophea, that bird

‘however being smaller, and having a less forked tail. Wing of B. leucophea,

5; outer pair of rectrices, 5°38; middle pair, 4. Among a large number of

Javan birds I can find no variation of colouration when in perfect plumage.

B. mouhotr, Walden, is not separable from this Burman form. |

[442. B. prrrHops.

Dicrurus pyrrhops, Hodgs., Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 84, no. 653.

Rangoon, (W. &.).

The Rangoon examples sent by Lieutenant W. Ramsay are all referable

to B. pyrrhops. They are identical with individuals from Deyra Doon,

Nipaul, and Dacca. In colouration they do not differ from B. intermedia,

but their dimensions. are considerably larger. Wing, 5°75; outer pair of

rectrices, 6°50; middle pair, 4°50. In perfect plumage they do not vary

among one another. Nor can either they or B. intermedia be confounded

with fully-plumaged examples of B. longicaudata, either from Malabar,

Ceylon, Simla, Mussoorie, Nipaul, Darjeeling, and Asalu. The ashy Drongos

have no representative in Southern India or in Ceylon. While B. longicau-

data has no representative in Java, so far as is yet recorded, nor have I ever

seen a Malaccan or Burman example of it. Along the lower ranges of the

all

flycatchers. 131

Himalaya it certainly occurs, and there meets B. pyrrhops. In immature

plumage B. longicaudata might, by a superficial observer, be mistaken for B.

pyrrhops. But in adult full dress it is as distinct as it is from B. atra, with

which, however, it was also for long confounded. By some B. leucophea, B.

intermedia, and B. pyrrhops might be considered as constituting one species,

but no author who had studied the subject would unite them with B. longi-

caudata. The D. cineraceus, Horsf., apud Blyth (J. A. S. B. 1846, p. 299),

and there described by Mr. Blyth from a Malaccan specimen presented by me

to the Calcutta Museum, was an example of B. leucogenys, in the young .

plumage before the pure white cheeks are developed, and in which phase of

plumage it may be easily mistaken for B. leucophea. It ranges from Malacca

through Siam, Camboja, and China, to Japan. It is not unlikely that it,

as well as B. longicaudata, may be found to occur in Tenasserim. Mr.

Blanford gives the last (Ibis, 1870, p. 468) from the Bassein district. |

443. Dicrvrus ANNECTENS (J. 279),

Nipal, Tenasserim, Malacca.

| Rangoon (W. R.). D. affnis, Blyth, is synonymous. |

fam. Tehitreadee.

F lycatchers.

*444, TcHITREA AFFINIS (J. 289).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca.

|Thayet Myo (W. &.). The oldest and correct generic title is Muser-

peta, Cuvier. Count Salvadori (Uccelli, Borneo, p. 187) adopts Lerpsiphone,

Glogger, a more recent title for an undefined genus. |

—

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[445. T. parapisr (J. 288).

Mr. Hume thus identifies, but with doubt (Str. Feath. iii. p. 474), a

single example of an ‘immature female’’ obtained at Lemyne by Mr.

Davison. |

(446. PHILENTOMA VELATUM.

Drymophila velata, Tem. P. C. 334.

Om-ben-gwen (D.). |

*447. HyporHyMys AZUREA (J. 290).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malay countries, Philippines. Common.

| Thayet Myo (0.).]

132 Birds,of Burma.

*448. MyIALESTES CINEREICAPILLA (J. 295).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca. |

| Tsan koo hills, Karen nee, 3500 feet (W. R.). The title of this genus S|

7 must stand Culcvcapa, Swinh., it having precedence over Hmpidothera, :

Sundey. |

*449, LEUCOCERCA ALBIFRONTATA (J. 292). ys

Tonghoo.

| Thayet Myo (0.). Lesson’s specific title, awreola (Tr. p. 390), was

published during the same year as that of Franklin. Until we have means of

determining the month, or day of the month of the year 1831, on which the

Traité was published, it will be most convenient to retain the title by which

the species is best known. Franklin published his title on the 9th of

August. | | a

(450, L. arsrcorrrs (J. 291). : |

Platyrhynchus albicollis, Vieillot, N. Dict. 27, p. 13 (1818). iil

Karen nee hills, at 4000 feet (W. &.); Pahpoon (D.); Thayet Myo ja

451. L. JAVANICA.

Muscicapa javanica, Sparrman, Mus. Carls. pl. 75.

Mergui, Siam. The common species of the Malay countries. -

(452. CHELIDORNYX HYPOXANTHA (J. 294). ity

Rhipidura hypoxantha, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xvii. pp. 930, 935. iin

Tonghoo hills (W. #.). | ey

Thy

Kam. Brachypodiide.

Bulbuls.

*453. HyPpsIPETHS PSAROIDES (J. 444).

Arakan, Fokien province, China (Swenhoe).

454. H. concotor. |

H. concolor, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xviii. p. 816, probably H. yunanensis, J. Anderson,

Ee S167 1p. 223. :

Tenasserim mountains (Bhamé district?). This and the preceding, a

Himalayan race (found also on the Khasias), the darker-coloured HZ. ganeesa

of South India, the still darker H. nigerrimus, Gould, of Formosa, and the

black HZ. perniger, Swinhoe, of Hainan, are geographical representatives of

ened - face ee Nd Se \ eo?

ERR BT i a Mihi it ita ERD Sn RRA 0A aI LP NE IEP TY TO AI A ALTE

Bulbuls. 133

each other, or conspecies, and it is remarkable that Ceylon examples are not

so dark coloured as are those from the mainland of South India, nor so grey

as are Himalayan specimens. In Turdus melaleucus, J. E. Gray (H. nivevceps,

Swinhoe), of China, however, we have the same type, with the coral-red

bill, but the black cap replaced by pure white; a remarkable variation,

which is repeated among the black-headed and white-headed cinnamon-

coloured munia grosbeaks.

[Tonghoo, Karen hills, at 1500 feet. Iris, hair-brown; bill and legs,

lake-red (W. R.). H. yunanensis, Anderson, is synonymous. The white-

capped Chinese species must stand H. leucocephalus (Gm.), founded on

Sonnerat’s Merle Dominiquain de la Chine, Voy. Indes, ii. p. 191.]

*455. H. MaccLELLanpi (J. 447).

H. holti, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 266.

Arakan, South China.

456. H. TICKELLI.

ff. tickelli, nobis, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 275.

Tenasserim provinces.

[ Karen nee hills, 2500, 4000 feet. Iris, red-brown; bill, brown; legs,

fleshy brown (W. R.). Under-surface of body plumage hardly distinguish-

able from the same in HZ. malaccensis. |

*457. IoLE VIRIDESCENS.

Tole pie deacbns. nobis, Ibis, 1867, p. 7; J. virescens, nobis, J. A. S. B. xiv. 573.

Arakan, Khasias, Tippera, Tenasserim (where obtained by Helfer).

[ Tonghoo (Z.); Yey-tho, Tsan koo hills (W. &.). |

: | *468. Hemixvus Fiavata (J. 448).

Pycnonotus flavala (Hodgs.), Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, pl. 59.

Khasias, Arakan, Tenasserim. A representative species, A. castaneimotus,

Swinhoe, inhabits Hainan.

[H. hildebrandi, Hume, Str. Feath. 1. p. 508.

Karen hills, at 2000 feet. Iris (?), lake-brown; bill, black; legs, light

brown (W. R.); forests north of Pahpoon (D.). A representative form, with

the head and crest dark brown, not grey. Probably the species determined

by Mr. Blyth as HZ. flavala. |

459. TRACHYCOMUS OCHROCEPHALUS.

Turdus ochrocephalus, Gm. ; Tricophorus crispiceps, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xi. p. 204.

Mergui. Common at Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

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134 Birds of Burma.

“460. CRINIGER FLAVEOLUS (J. 451).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| C. griseiceps, Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 478.

Tonghoo hills, Karen nee (W. R.); Upper Pegu (0.); sore of Pahpoon

(D.). Differs slightly from true “C. flaveolus by having the feathers washed

with a cinereous tinge, but does not appear to have been discriminated by

Mr. Blyth. | |

461. C. ocHRacevs.

C. ochraceus, Moore, Cat. E. I. C. Mus. i. p. 252.

Tenasserim (obtained by Helfer).

| This is a small form of 7. guttwralis, S. Miiller.)

[462. Axcurus striatus (J. 449).

Lrichophorus striatus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. 1842, p. 184.

Tonghoo hills, at 5000 feet (W. R.).]

*463. Ixus FINLAYSONI.

Pycnonotus finlaysont, Strickland, Ann. M. N. H. 1846, p. 411.

Arakan, Tenasserim provinces, Siam. <‘ This,’’ remarks Mason, ‘“‘is a

very common bird in Moulmein, and in the dry season its musical, though

little varied notes, are often heard. It is rarely seen at Tavai.”

| Tonghoo hills, Karen hills (W. R.).]

| 464. I. ANNECTENS.

I. annectens, Walden, Ann. M. N. H, (4), 15, p. 401.

Rangoon (W. £.). |

465. I. BLANFORDT.

Pycnonotus eee Jerdon, Ibis, 1862, p- 20; Pycnonotus familiaris, nobis, J. A. 8. B.

XXxl. 348.

Very abundant at Thayet Myo.

| Tonghoo (W. &.). |]

*466. I. FLAVESCENS.

Pyenonotus fiavescens, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xiv. 663; P. luteolus, from Siam apud Horsf.

and Moore, Cat. H. I. C. Mus. 1, p, 248 (?).*

Khasias, Arakan.

| Tonghoo hills, Karen nee, at from 2500 to 4000 feet. Iris, light

brown ; bill and legs, black (W. R. ); north of Pahpoon (D.).]

* Gould gives P. goiavier (Muscicapa goiavier, Scopoli) from Siam (P. Z. 8. 1859,

p. 151). The true L. gotavier, however, is peculiar to the Philippines, and the species in-

tended by Mr. Gould must stand as I. analis.

in)

Bulbuls. 135

467. OTOCOMPSA MONTICOLA.

Ixos monticolus, M‘Clelland, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 160; Ibis, 1867, p. 440.

Khasias, Tenasserim provinces. Probably O. jocosa, var. sinensis, J.

Anderson, from Bhamo. Barely separable from O. jocosa of Bengal and

Northern India, which again only differs from 0. fuscicaudata, Gould, of

South India, by having white spots on its rectrices. Another instance of

different local races or conspecies. Mason remarks that this is one of the

most common birds in the neighbourhood of Tavoy.

| Rangoon, Tonghoo, Karen nee, Karen hills (W. f.). The Bengal

bird must take the specific title of emeria, Lin., even if the Chinese race,

Lanius jocosus, Lin., is identical with it, as stated by Mr. Swinhoe, and

who is doubtless correct. Linneeus described the Bengal Bulbul twice

over in the 12th edition of the Systema, once under the genus ZLanius,

and again under DMuscieapa, but both times with the same specific title,

emeria. |

*468. PycnonoTtus HaMORRHOUS (J. 462).

Turdus cafer,Gm., founded on Merle huppé du Cap de bonne espérance, P. E. 568, fig. 1.

Specimens from Arakan and South India appear to me to be undis-

tinguishable, although the larger and much blacker P. pygeus takes its

place in Lower Bengal. |

| Thayet Myo, Tonghoo, Rangoon (W. &.). Rangoon examples more

properly fall under the race named pygeus by Hodgson. This appropriate

title, which had been adopted by Jerdon, Blyth, and other accurate authors,

was changed, through misprint or other error, in the Hand-List, No. 3957,

to the inappropriate title of pygmaeus. H. pusillus, Blyth, founded on the

South Indian bird, is a synonym of true P. hemorrhous. |

469. P. NIGRIPILEUS.

P. nigropileus, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xvi. p. 472.

Tenasserim provinces. Common. Another representative race of the

preceding, which again only differs from P. crocorrhous, Strickland, of Java,

in having the lower tail-coverts crimson.*

[Tonghoo, Karen hills (W. #.); Moulmein, Amherst (D.).]

* P. xanthorrhous, J. Anderson (P. A.S8. B. 1869, p. 265; P. andersoni, Swinhoe),

is a species described from Yunan and from the Ichang gorge of the Upper Yang-tsze.

ees

136 Birds of Burma.

[470. P. arricapriivs.

Muscicapa atricapilia, Vieill. N. Dict. 21, p. 489 (1818); A. Hay, M. J. L. Sc. xiii. p.

160; Ibis, 1866, p. 318.

Hematornis chrysorrhoides, Lafr., Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 367.

Karen nee, from 1000 to 2000 feet (W. R.); Pahpoon, Meeta Myo hills,

Tavoy (D.). |

#471. RUBIGULA FLAVIVENTRIS (J. 456). iu

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam. Common. i

[ Rangoon, Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. £.).] Y

*472. BRACHYPODIUS MELANOCEPHALUS. | " if

Lanius melanocephalus, Gm.; Turdus atriceps, Tem., P.C. 147. Bok-wa. i

Tippera, Arakan, Tenasserim provinces, Malacca, Sumatra. Dr. Stoliczka q ‘J

remarks that he has seen this species ‘‘ darting after insects almost like a Bld

Flycatcher.”

[ Karen nee (W. £.). | ‘ea

(473. B. ciINEREIVENTRIS. | m

B. cinereiventris, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. 1845, p. 576. ue

Tonghoo (W. #.). I have great doubts whether this is a species distinct “s

from 6. melanocephalus. It seems to be rather a variety, the yellow of the ta

nape and under surface being changed to grey. A Malaccan example in my i.

collection is in a stage of transition from yellow to grey. Where not grey, Li

these examples do not differ from 6. melanocephalus. Mr. Blyth describes ‘al

(4. c.) “the tail-feathers as being less deeply tipped with yellow,” etce., linn

but the rectrices in these two examples are identical with those of Malaccan ‘a

and Burman specimens of £B. melanocephalus. In Sumatran Jzus chalco- ye

cephalus all the yellow plumage of 6. melanocephalus is changed to grey, the | ie

black and metallic parts only remaining the same in the two forms. Whether n

it be considered as a distinct species or not, B. cinerewentris is an interesting Thy.

example of an ‘‘incipient”’ species. | | a

Subfam. PHyLLoRNiTHIN”# (Hurriahs). Ty

474. PHYLLORNIS JAVENSIS. x

Meliphaga javensis, Horsfield; Chloropsis sonneratts:, Jard. and Selby, Ill_Orn. pl. 100; i

Gould, B. As. pt. xiii. pl. 6. . Be,

This Malayan species was obtained on Mouleé-it mountain by Col. Tickell.*

[Xe(D.).] | q y

PaO: i. SxIN. Dr 211 |

j \ ie 9 ag

: LEER AS A ais. aI ats ATA ie IO he FS GL ee PTET ae = SSL Sater ar

— ~- - - a apnea ” boon n- Soa

Bulbuls. 137

*475. P. Hopesoni (J. 465).

P. hodgsoni, Gould, B. As. pt. xili. pl. 8. Hynet-seing (generic).

Arakan; also obtained by Mr. W.T. Blanford seventy miles above Ava.*

-[ Rangoon, Tonghoo, Yey-tho, Thayet Myo, Karen nee COW BS. Ehe

continental species seems to have been separated from the Sumatran, on in-

sufficient evidence. The Malaccan form is considerably smaller. |

*476. P. CHLOROCEPHALUS.

P. chlorocephaius, Walden, Ann. M. N. H. (4), 1871, vol. vii. 241; Zurdus cochin-

chinensis, Gm. (?).

Arakan, Tenasserim; has been obtained also on the Garo hills.

| Tonghoo, Karen nee, at 1600 feet (W. R.).|

*477. P. HaRDWicKII (J. 466). |

Chloropsis hardwickii, Jard. and Selby ; Gould, B. As. pt. xiii. | ae es

Arakan, Tenasserim mountains. /. lazulina, Swinhoe, of Hainan, is

barely separable. | |

[ Tonghoo hills, Karen hills, from 3500 to 4000 feet (W. R.). P. lazu-

lina has the shoulder patch coloured like the moustache, and the crown

cinereous green. |

*478. ToRA LAFRESNAYILI.

Lora lafresnayii, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 401; Mag. de Zool. 1846, t. 60;

Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. xxxix. pt. il. p. 309; 2 JL. innotata, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xvi. p. 472.

Arakan, Malacca. Apparently of rare occurrence.

[ Phenicomanes tora, Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 427, pl. 54, is synony-

mous. As long since pointed out (Ibis, 1866, p. 817), if Sylvia leucoptera,

Vieill., is a species of fora, and there can be but little doubt that it is,

Vieillot’s generic title of githina must supersede Horsfield’s. |

*479. I. ryputa (J. 468).

I. typhia, Ibis, 1867, p. 19. |

Tndo-Chinese countries generally, Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, Java,

and Borneo. Throughout this range of distribution it never shows the

black upper parts of J. zeylonica, but there co-exists with it in the Malay

countries, the J. scapularis, Horsfield, the male of which is J. viridissima,

Temminck.

[ Rangoon, Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. &.). Javan L. scapulares, . 3088

certainly not separable from I. typhia, * ; the bill however is shorter. J.

* J, AS. EB. axe. -pe79.

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| 138 Birds of Burma.

viridissima is not the male of J. scapularis. J. viridis, Bp., may be the male

of L. scapularis, but then it is difficult to separate /. veridis from I. typhia.

1. viridis, described from Bornean examples, occurs also at Malacca, and is the

species referred to above as the J. typhia of those countries. It is certainly

of a much deeper yellow underneath than J. typhia of India and Burma,

having the chin, cheeks, throat, breast, and under tail-coverts intense golden,

- much deeper than in J. zeylonica in full plumage, and it is but little less

brilliant in the female. The bill, too, is somewhat stouter than in J typhia,

and much more so than in Javan J. scapularis, a character also relied on by

Bonaparte. As it is possible that J. typhia does sometimes assume this rich

golden colour, although in the many individuals I have examined I have

never met with one, J. viridis had better, for the present, remain a synonym

of L. typhia. Of the males, one Tonghoo example (April 19) has the inter-

scapulary region black. Another (April 15) has the entire head and nape

black. A Rangoon individual (June 6) has the occiput and nape black,

forehead mixed black and green, some interscapulars turning to black, or re-

verting to green. All the rest (a large series) green above. A Karen nee male,

in otherwise typical plumage, has the middle pair of rectrices broadly tipped

(quarter of an inch) with green, remainder very narrowly tipped with green,

outer pair fringed on inner and outer margins, and tipped with the same colour.

This example has the chin, cheeks, throat, and breast very deep yellow, but

not golden, as in /. vides. The mutations, both in colouring and markings,

which exhibit themselves in all the members of this genus, have been too little

studied and are too little known to entitle any one at present to pronounce dog-

matically on the subject. The problem is a much deeper one than whether J.

seylomica and J. typhia are to stand in our lists as titles representing one species

or two distinct species. The admitted fact'that the occurrence of birds in the

L. zeyloniea garb are exceptional in Burma and the rule in Ceylon and penin-

sular India, whereas breeding males are rarely (as yet recorded) found in

Ceylon and peninsular India in JZ. typhia plumage, is one that cannot be dis-

posed of or accounted for by a mere dogmatic assertion that all belong to one

species. Cf. Captain Cock (Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 297).]

Subfam. [Renrnz (Irenas).

*480. InENA PUELLA (J. 469). °

Coracias puella, Lath.; nec Muscicapa eyanea, Begbie, v. Irena malayensis, Moore; ef.

Viscount Walden, Ann. M. N. H. (4), v. p. 417; J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 274.

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Tonghoo, Karen hills (W. #.); Thayet Myo (0.). The Zrena of the

Karen hills very closely resembles the Malabar bird; the colour of the males

is however perhaps a shade lighter, approaching more nearly to I. cyanea. |

kam. Oriolidee.

Orioles.

“481. PsaRoPHOLUS TRAILLD (J. 474).

Pastor traillii, Vigors; Gould, B. As. pt. xxiii. pl. 5.

Arakan, Tenasserim. A mountain species, inhabiting the more elevated

forests, In Hainan and Formosa it is represented by P. ardens, Swinhoe, as

in Java by 0. sanguinolentus, Tem.

| Tonghoo, Karen hills, Karen nee (W. R.).° Swainson’s generic title,

Analerpus, has precedence. The oldest title for the Javan species is eruentus,

Wagler. |

*482. ORIOLUS MELANOCEPHALUS (J.-472).

Loriot de la Chine, P.E. 79. |

Arakan, Tenasserim provinces, Malayan peninsula.

| Tonghoo, Yey-tho, Thayet Myo, Karen nee (W. R.). |

*483. O. rnpicus (J. 471).

O. indicus, Jerdon, Ill. Orn. pl. 16.

Arakan, Tenasserim, China, Java. The Coulavan of Buffon, P. E.

570, upon which is founded O. chinensis, L., does not represent this species,

but O. acrorhynchus, Vigors, which appears to be peculiar to the Philippines.

[Rangoon (W. &.). The Rangoon individuals, all in perfect plumage,

- eannot be separated from China examples. They must therefore take the

title of O. chinensis. The title of O. hippocrepis, Wagler, cannot be used

for any species of Oriole, as 1t was applied to Indian, China, Cochinchina,

Javan, and Sumatran examples generally, and, moreover, included the Philip-

pine O. acrorhynchus. D’Aubenton’s plate, above alluded to (P. E. 570), the

subject of which may have been described by Montbeillard, not Buffon (Hist.

Nat. Ois. iii. p. 262), certainly agrees best with O. acrorhynchus, Vigors. But

Linnzeus founded no title on it. Montbeillard identified, by reference, his

Coulavan with Brisson’s O. cochinsinensis, described from individuals obtained

in Cochinchina by Poivre, and brought by him to Reaumur. On Brisson’s

species O. chinensis, Lin., was founded, but the description in the ‘‘ Ornitho-

logia”’ applies better to the Chinese bird than to the Philippine. ]

Orioles. | 139

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140 Birds of Burma.

*484. O. TENUIROSTRIS.

O. tenuirostris, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xv. 48.

Arakan, Pegu, Martaban. Apparently not common, and distinguished

from the preceding species by having a much more slender bill.

| Tonghoo(Z.); Thayet Myo, Karen nee (W. R.); Kollidoo (D.). |

Fam. Nectarinide.

Sunbirds.

*485. ARACHNOTHERA MAGNA (J. 228).

Arakan, T’enasserim.

*486. A. AURATA.

A. aurata, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xxvii. p. 416.

Tonghoo.

[Karen hills, at 2500 feet (W. R.). Jerdon (B. Ind. 1. p. 361) refers

to an Arachnothera phayrei, Blyth, from Pegu. I cannot find that Blyth

ever published any such title. Jerdon states that A. phayret is very close to

A. magna. A. aurata is noted in my private memoranda (written some years

ago) on Jerdon’s work, as being intended: a correction almost certainly

entered, as in many other instances, after personal reference to Blyth or

Jerdon, although the circumstance has escaped my memory. There is a

Nectarinia phayrei, Blyth, a title Jerdon may have had in his mind. As

Blyth does not include A. phayred in this list, it is most probable that he

never published such a title, and that it occurs (/. ¢.) through a slip of the

pen. |

*487. A. pusttta (J. 224).

Tippera, Arakan, Tenasserim, Pinang, Malacca, Sumatra.

[Tonghoo (W. #.). This species must take the specific title of longt-

rostra, Lath., Ind. Orn. i. p. 299. One Tonghoo example, shot in April, has

the orange pectoral tufts fully developed ; while in another (6), obtained on

the 20th of that month, they are absent. Javan individuals can hardly be

separated. |

[ 488. A. MODESTA.

Anthreptes modesta, Eyton, P. Z. 8. 1889, p. 105.

Meeta Myo (D.). Thus identified by Mr. Hume. |

Sunbirds. | 141

¥489. ARACHNECHTHRA ASIATICA (J. 234).

Certhia asiatica, Latham ; Ibis, 1870, p. 20; A. intermedia (?), A. O. Hume, Ibis, 1870,

p. 486, from Tippera. |

Arakan, ‘‘Thayet Myo, Yenan-khyoung” (Blanford). A. intermedia is

described to have the bill of intermediate length to those of A. asiatica and

A. lotenia; but neither Mr. W. T. Blanford nor myself distinguished the

more eastern form from that common in North India.

| Tonghoo, Thayet Myo, Karen nee (W. R.); general, north of Ye (D.).

A. intermedia cannot claim specific rank. |

*490. A. FLAMMAXILLARIS.

Nectarinia fammaxillaris, nobis; Ibis, 1870, p. 24.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Pinang, Siam, South China (°?).

| Rangoon, Yey-tho (W. R.).]

*491. AirHopyea MILES (J. 225).

Cinnyris miles, Hodgs.; Ibis, 1870, p. 32.

Viscount Walden remarks that Moulmein and Tippera specimens in his

collection are smaller than those from the Deyra Doon and from Nipal.

‘“From Tippera, wing 2°12, tail 2°72, bill -57; from the Deyra Doon, wing

2°18, tail 3:18, bill 6. The Moulmein specimen is still smaller.”’

~ [Tonghoo (Z.). Some five years ago I pointed out (/.¢.) that Moulmein

and Tippera specimens differed from Deyra Doon and Nipaul individuals,

but I refrained from separating the former specifically until the variations

that 4. miles undergoes had been investigated. While identifying the

Tenasserim race (south of Moulmein) with WV. latham:, Jard., Mr. Hume

(Str. Feath. ii. p. 478, note) has bestowed on it the specific title of cara.

The Tenasserim and Tonghoo race does slightly differ from true 4. miles,

but it certainly is not . lathamz, which is described as having a blue front

and upper tail-coverts, and black interior maxillary stripes. There can be

little doubt that VV. lathami is=_4%. eupogon. |

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Bt, my ‘2a aah LAs a ee a ee Tn

nm >a

*499. AX. eouLpIm (J. 227).

Cinnyris gouldie, Vigors; Ibis, 1870, p. 30.

Mountains of Arakan, where probably also occur 4. nipalensis, 4. satu-

rata, and ZG. ignicauda, all of which inhabit the Khasias.

le. OP ots

(493. AK. DEBRII.

Nectarinia debryii, G. Verr., R. M. Zool. 1867, pl. 16; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 39.

Karen nee, at 4000 feet. Iris (&), bill, and legs, browu (W. #.). A

e a]

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142 Birds of Burma.

representative form of 7%. gouldie, from which it only differs by having the

breast vermilion. : .

| 494. AK. SANGUINIPECTUS.

Ai. sanguinipectus, Walden, Ann. M. N. H. (4), 15, p. 400 (1st June, 1875).

Karen nee hills, at from 2500 to 3000 feet (W. R.).]

*495. N ECTAROPHILA HASSELTI.

Nectarinia hasselti1, Tem.; Certhia brasiliana, Gm.; Ibis, 1870, p. 41.

Tippera, Arakan, Tenasserim, Pinang, Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo.

*496. ANTHOTHREPTUS MALACCENSIS.

Certhia malaccensis, Scopoli; Ibis, 1870, p. 47.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Cambodia, Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo,

Celebes, and Sula Islands, but ‘“‘does not reach the Moluccas” ( Wallace).

*497. CHALCOPARIA PH XNICOTIS. |

_ Nectarinia phenicotis, Tem.; Certhia singalensis, Gmelin; Ibis, 1870, p. 48.

Tippera, Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam, Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

[ Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. R.).]

*498. Dicmum cruentatuM (J. 236).

Certhia cruentata, Lin.; Gould, B. As. part vi. pl. —

Arakan, Tenasserim, Pinang, Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo. Very abundant

in the vicinity of Mergui station.

[Rangoon, Yey-tho, Tonghoo (W. &.); Thayet Myo (/%). The race

which inhabits Sarawak has been specifically separated by Count Salvadori

under the title of D. nigri-mentum (Ucc. Borneo, p. 165). Malaccan indi-

viduals appear also to differ, although but slightly, from Burman, Bengal,

and Assam examples. | |

*499, ]). TRIGONOSTIGMA.

Certhia trigonostigma, Scopoli; C. cantillans, Latham (ef. Stolicazka, J. A. 8. B. XXXIX.

pt. 2, p. 308).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo.

[Karen hills, at 3000 feet (W. 2.). ]

*500. D. curysorromum (J. 237).

Khasias, Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca.

[Tonghoo. Iris (é, ?), brown; Dill, black; legs, dark slate- colour

a RE) ES I a

Fi SE a ES

a a ee

Pigeons.

“501. D. pryrHRoruynona (J. 238).

Certhia erythrorhyncha, Latham, Ind. Orn. i, p. 299; Nectarinia minima, Tickell.

Latham’s title was founded on the drawing of a young specimen, with

the colour of the bill exaggerated. A still smaller species from Hainan

has been described as D. minullum, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 240.

Arakan, Tenasserim. Exceedingly abundant in the jungles near Moul-

mein, and coming within reach of the hand if the spectator remains motionless.

| There is nothing in Latham’s text to indicate that he described from a

drawing. | 7

[502. D. virescens.

D. virescens, Hume, Str. Feath. ii. p. 198.

Pahpoon and neighbourhood (D.). |

; _ [503. D. onrvaceum. )

D. olivaceum, Walden, Ann. M. N. H. (4), 15, p. 401 (June Ist, 1875). |

Tonghoo hills, Karen hills (W. R.).} |

‘ [504. Myzanrue renrpectus (J. 241). k

Vr Karen nee, at 4000 feet (W. R.).] |

Order GEMITORES.

Pigeons.

nt fam. Treronide.

Hurrials.

th #505. Torta nipatensis (J. 771).

alt | Not uncommon in Arakan; occurs also in the Malayan peninsula, and in

i Sumatra,

pt | Pegu hills (O.); Tenasserim (D.). The generic title, Toria, must give

way to Lreron. The species seems to be identical with 7. nasica; if so, its

range extends to Borneo. |

*506. CROocOPUS VIRIDIFRONS.

Treron viridifrons, nobis, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 849; Bonap., Icon. des Pigeons, pl. 9.

Pegu, Tenasserim provinces, Siam. This race is barely separable from

C. phenicopterus, but its colours are always purer and more strongly con-

trasted. Mr. W.'T. Blanford, however, gives C. phenicopterus from Ava, in

addition to C. viridifrons from Bassein and Thayet Myo.*

| Tonghoo (W. &.). |

! * This, 1870, p. 469.

144 Birds of Burma.

*507. OsMoTRERON PHAYREI (J. 776). |

Common in Arakan and Pegu, rare in Lower Bengal. In colour it quite

resembles Zorza nipalensis, but the bill is very differently shaped.

| Tonghoo (W. #.); Tenasserim (D.). |

*508. O. Bicrnota (J. 774).

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim provinces, Siam, Malacca (fide Walden) and

India generally. A slightly different race inhabits Hainan (0. domvzillet,

Swinhoe).* From Siam Mr. Gould notes the allied Z. viridis (Scopoli)=

vernans, Lin., in addition to O. brcincta. O. viridis is a common Malayan

species, which is likely to occur in South Tenasserim.

| Tonghoo (W. &.). The common Malayan species alluded to is Columba

vernans, Lin. Mr. Hume notes it from Tenasserim (Str. Feath. 1. p. 461,

and i. p. 162), but does not include it in his list of Tenasserim birds (op,

ett. 11. p. 481. |

| 509. SPHENOCERCUS SPHENURUS (J. 778).

| Tonghoo hills (W. #.); hills north of Pahpoon (D.). |

, (010. 8. aproaupus (J. 779).

‘Tonghoo hills (W. #.); hills north of Pahpoon (D.). |

fam. Columbidee.

Pigeons and Doves.

Subfam. Carporuacinz (Fruit Pigeons).

*511. CarpopHaGa INSIGNIS (J. 781).

Mountains of Arakan.+

In the Leyden Museum I remarked that C. insignis (Hodgson) appeared

to be the same as C. badia (Raffles), the former being rather brighter in

colouring; while C. lacernulata (Tem.), of Sumatra and Java, is rather smaller

with a distinct grey cap.

[ C. lacernulata is, as yet, only with certainty recorded as an habitant

of Java. |

*512. C. mnza (J. 780).

Bung-madie.

Generally diffused over British Burma, and identical with the species as

found in Central India and in the Andaman Islands; while the correspond-

* Ibis, 1870, p. 534. + cf. J. A. 8. B. xxvii. p. 416.

SS ES a a ce a

Pigeons and Doves. | 145

ing bird of the Nicobars (C. insularis, nobis*) is constantly distinguishable.

C. rosacea (Tem.), from Timor, etc., differs very slightly. In Southern India

and Ceylon the race is smaller, but otherwise similar (C. pusilla, nobis +).

Of this small race I observed four specimens from Travancore and Ceylon in

the Museum at Leyden.

| Tonghoo (Z.). |]

513. C. BICOLOR.

Columba bicolor, Scopoli; Sonnerat, Voy. t. 103; C. alba, Gmelin; C. littoralis, Tem.

Mergui archipelago, Nicobar Islands, Malayan peninsula.

Subfam. CoLtumBin”® (Pigeons).

514. ALsocomus puniceus (J. 782).

Arakan, Tenasserim, not uncommon on Ramri Island; Central India,

Ceylon. It is nearly allied to Columba tanthina;+ and an unnamed species of

the Palumbus or Cushat group from Siam (Xvengmai) would seem to be

indicated by the late Sir R. H. Schomburgk.§ |

| Tonghoo (W. &.). The examples constituting the large series obtained

at Tonghoo by Lieutenant W. Ramsay in no way differ from Maunbhoom

and Upper Assam individuals. |

*515. CotumBa trivia (J. 788).

Columba livia, var. intermedia, Strickland; C. turricola, Bonap.

Common, as throughout India, and only differing from the wild

‘European livia in having no white above the tail. It everywhere grades into

the domestic Pigeon.

*516. TURTUR TRANQUEBARICUS (J. 797).

Turtur tranquebaricus, Hermann, Obs. Zool. p. 200. Gyo (generic).

Arakan.

[Karen nee(W.&.). The Karen nee examples belong to true 7. humilis

of the Philippines, and not to 7. tranquebaricus. |

*517. T. TIGRINUS.

Columba tigrina, Tem.; Knip, Pig. pl. 43.

Indo-Chinese and Malayan countries.. This can hardly be considered as

eS. AS. Beep eri. t+ op. cit, xvi. p. 816.

t Fauna Japonica, Aves, t. Ix. c. § Ibis, 1864, p. 250.

‘ ita

\ a.

et EE eae DAN ITE LY APOE I Say Ty SR aN HE SS PT,

raves ae ere ee, Neen "

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146 Birds of Burma.

being other than a race of 7. swratensis, of India with Ceylon, but, except

where the two come in contact, the difference would seem to be maintained.

| Yey-tho, Thayet Myo (W. R.). Mr. Hume, Str. Feath. iii. p. 164)

speaks of ‘‘typical tegrina from Sumatra.” As the species, 7. tigrinus, was

not described from a Sumatran individual, it is difficult to gather what is

meant by the expression ‘‘ typical.”’ |

*518. T. mezna (J. 793).

Gyo-peing-tu-ma.

Arakan, Tenasserim. A specimen of 7. cambaiensis flew on board a

steamer when in sight of land on the voyage from Moulmein to Rangoon.*

[Tonghoo, Karen nee, at 4000 feet (W. R.). |

| 519. T. n1sortus (J. 796).

Thayet Myo (/.). Professor Schlegel (Mus. P.-Bas, Columbae, p. 123)

adopts the title of 7. douraca, Hodgs., for this Indian dove, and restricts the

Linnean title to the domestic bird of Europe (¢. ¢. p. 125). But all the

authors Linneus quotes described the bird from India. It is the Zurtur

indicus of Aldrovandi, and Linneus says “ habitat in India.’’ |

520. MacropyGiIa RUFICEPS.

Columba ruficeps, 'Tem.; P.C. 561.

Mergui, Province Wellesley, Java. A finer species akin to this inhabits

the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Jf. rufipennis, nobis ;+ and the IL. tusala

is likely to occur on the higher mountains of Arakan, if not further south ;. 1t

is not rare on the Khasias, and a smaller race of the same is described from

Hainan. { |

| This Javan species may occur as stated, but the following appears to be

the commoner form. |

(521. M. assrmixis.

M. assimilis, Hume, Str. Feath. 1. p. 441. )

Karen hills, at 3000 feet. Iris (¢), grey; bill and legs, vinous brown

(W. R.); Kollidoo (D.). |

(522. M. rusarra (J. 791).

Karen nee (W. £&.); Kollidoo (D.). |

* Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 406. Pb Ag SB. x¥s pp et.

t Ibis, 1870, p. 356. |

Pheasants, ete. 147

ig “523. CHALCOPHAPS InDIcUS (J. 798).

\ _ India, Indo-China, and Malay countries, Andaman Islands; but the

a Nicobar race* is a little peculiar, and corresponds with CO. marie, Bonap.

a8 | Rangoon, Tonghoo, foot of Karen hills (W. R.); Tenasserim (D.).

Recent investigations do not confirm the opinion that the Nicobar race of

this species differs. |

—

tm ae A a lk ae a ee.

a ome . Py =?

\d . So = a —_ ao —

»! -

Subfam. Cananinm (Hackled Ground-Pigeons).

024, CALG@NAS NICOBARICUS.

Columba nicobarica, Lin. ; Edwards, pl. 339; Pl. Enl. 491.

This remarkable bird is common in the Mergui archipelago, and I have

received the young from the Cocos Islets, north of the Andamans. It seems

to be only able to maintain itself in islands where there are no small carnivor-

ous mammalia; and I doubt, therefore, the statement that it is ‘common on

| the Tenasserim coast.”’}

Sar pa aor maa TE a eee i Se

;

i Order GALLINACEA.

Poultry-Birds.

fam. Pavonidee.

a = | Pheasants, ete.

i f Subfam. Pavonrn (Peafowl).

Hf *525. Pavo MUTICUS.

Pavo muticus, L. Oo-doung. Hlliot, Mon. Phas. pt. i1. pl. 11.

ih Chittagong, Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam. Invariably of darker and less

vivid colouring than the species as it occurs in Java, but not otherwise

differing. In the provinces of Sylhet and Assam the Indian species, P. cris-

tatus, replaces it.{

It is doubtful, at present, whether this species really inhabits the

Malayan peninsula or Sumatra; but Crawfurd distinctly asserts that it

inhabits ‘“‘the tropical countries lying between India and China,—of the

Malayan peninsula, and the islands of Sumatra and Java.”§ On the other

hand, Wallace remarks that ‘‘ itis a singular fact in geographical distribution

that the Peacock should not be found in Sumatra or Borneo, while the superb

ed, A. BBS pe. t Cale. J. N. H. i. p. 605.

t Cale. J. N. A. tie pe - § Tr. Ethn. Soc. .s. vol. il. p. 451.

148 Birds of Burma.

Argus, fire-backed, and ocellated Pheasants of those islands are equally

unknown in Java.”* Raffles must mean this species when he states that

‘the common Peacock is a native of the Malayan peninsula and of Java, and

but in Sumatra he may only have seen tame Peafowl, imported from Java.

The late Dr. Cantor had specimens in his collection from Pinang and Pro-

vince Wellesley, but whether procured there in the wild state I am unaware ;

it may be remarked, however, that the same collection contained specimens

of Gallus varius, which is understood to be quite peculiar to Java.

| The occurrence of this species in Burma offers a notable instance of the

fact that Javan forms, unknown in the Malay peninsula south of Pinang, and

in Sumatra and Borneo, reappear in Burma. |

Subfam. ARGUSANINZE.

526. ARGUSANUS GIGANTEUS.

Phasianus argus, L.; Elliot, Mon. Phas. pt. i. pl. 2.

Mergui, Malayan peninsula, Sumatra.

‘527. PoLYPLECTRON CHINQUIS.

Polyplectron chinguis, Temminck ; Pavo tibetanus, L.; Gould, B. As. pt. xxiii. fig. 1;

Elliot, Mon. Phas. pt. 11. pl. 8. Doung-Kula, Monuwur, and Day-o-da-huk.

Sylhet, Assam, Tenasserim provinces; South-West China (Swinhoe).

| The oldest name for this species is P. thibetanus, but as it involves a

geographical error, Temminck’s title is adopted by most authors. |

Subfam. PHastaANINe (Pheasants).

528. GALLUS FERRUGINEUS (J. 812).

Tetrao ferrugineus, Gm.; Elliot, Mon. Phas. pt. ii. pl. 9.

The wild common Fowl. Abundant in the forests, and the domestic

poultry of the Karéns 1s commonly recruited from the wild race, which is not

the case in those parts of northern and central India where the wild and

tame inhabit the same forest districts. The cheek-lappet of the cock is pure

white and contrasting in the Indian race, and red in the Indo-Chinese race.

The tarsi are always slate-coloured in the wild bird, but tend to become

yellow in the domestic before any other change is perceptible.

[Tonghoo (W. &.); Tenasserim (D.). |]

* Malay Archipelago, i. p. 169.

rae *®* | ee & eo S&S

= we

—

—s

Pheasants, ete. 149

*529. NycTHEMERUS LINEATUS.

Phasianus lineatus, Latham; P. reynaudii, Lesson; P. Fasciatus, M‘Clelland ; Elliot,

Mon. Phas. pt. iii. pl. 7. eet.

Pegu, Martaban, Tenasserim. Common down to the sea-level or nearly

so. In Arakan the race is hybrid (Lophophorus cuviert),* and presents every

gradation from JV. lineatus to G'. horsfieldit of Tippera and Sylhet.t

| Karen hills(W. R.). Wagler’s generic title Genneus has precedence. |

030. N. ANDERSONT. |

uplocamus andersoni, Elliot, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 137; Mon. Phas. pt. v.pl. 41.

This fine species, intermediate to WV. lineatus and the well-known Silver

Pheasant, WV. argentatus, Swainson,§ was discovered by Dr. J. Anderson in

Yunan. |

Another beautiful species, Diardigallus prelatus, Bonap.,|| inhabits the

Shan States, and is now bred in European vivaria. According to M. Germain,

this bird is common through the forest region of French Cochin-China.

In the Yunan mountains the superb Lady Amherst Pheasant was

obtained by Dr. J. Anderson.

[The oldest published title with a description for D. prelatus, is crau-

furdu, J. EB. Gray (Cuv. R. An. (Griffith), Aves, iii. p. 27). Mr. Craufurd

brought the type (¢) from Ava, but we have no evidence that the species is

indigenous to Burma, and it is therefore not here included. |

531. EupLocoMus IGNITUS. 7

Phasianus ignitus, Latham; E. vieillotté, Gray; Gould, B. As. pt. ii. pl. 8; Elliot,

Mon. Phas. pt. ii. pl. 10.

This large Malayan Pheasant is common along the valley of the great

Tenasserim river. Kachar.

Subfam. Prerpicinm (Partridges).

*532. FRANCOLINUS PHAYREI.

Francolinus phayrei, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xu. p. 1011; xxiv. p. 480.

Common in Pegu, and a young example is contained in the British

Museum from Cochin-China. Very similar to /. sinensis (Tetrao chinensis,

* Tem... 2,0, yop. 1. t+ HElhot, Mon. Phas. pt. iv. pl. 4.

t vide J. A. S. B. xvii. p. 817. § Elliot, Mon. Phas. pt. i. pl. 6.

|| Phasianus crawfurdii (?), Gray, 2 ; Gould, B. As. pt. xi. pl.4; Elliot, Mon. Phas.

pt. 1. pl. 12.

{ Thaumalea amherstia, Gould, B. As. pt. xviil. pl. 7; Elliot, Mon. Phas. pt. i. pl. 10.

‘ : ee a’ ‘ pao, ,

yA _ ia % re

NEALE x ite rs iat Bi le? 1 ERE Sn ST a i re DS GR Mister a = Sere So neeaee es

a ouch = a a PPE tet Lee Sr Ae ni re

150 Birds of Burma.

Osbeck, 7. perlatus, Gmelin), but less robust, having the bill and feet more

slender. In Hainan the species is described as identical with that of South

China. Sir. R. H. Schomburgk’s /. pictus from Siam is doubtless the

present species. | |

| Thayet Myo, Karen nee (W. #.). The slight differences between the

Burman and Chinese races of this Francolin, relied on by Mr. Blyth, seem

hardly sufficient to constitute a separate species. A comparison made between

numerous examples from Burma and China disinclines me to concur in Mr.

Blyth’s opinion. | —

533. ARBORICOLA RUFIGULARIS (J. 825).

This species of Peura Partridge, which inhabits the South-East Hima-

laya, at a lower altitude than 4. torqueola, was obtained by Colonel Tickell

in the mountainous interior of the Tenasserim provinces, at elevations of from

3000 to 5000 feet.

*534. A. INTERMEDIA.

A. intermedia, nobis, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 277.

I failed to discriminate these two races, until I had received numerous

living examples of A. atrigularis from Sylhet, when I remarked the difference

of A. intermedia, which I have reason to suspect was received from Arakan.

There is a specimen of the latter in the British Museum, habitat unknown.

(Since the above was written, Mr. W. T. Blanford has obtained A. entermedia

from Arakan. )

535. A. BRUNNEIPECTUS.

A. brunneipectus, Tickell, J. A. 8S. B. xxiv. p. 276.

Tenasserim mountains, from 3000 to 5000 feet ( Zickelt).

| Tonghoo and Karen hills (W. £&.). |

536. A. CHLOROPUS.

A. chloropus, Tickell, J. A. 8. B. xxviil. pp. 416, 463.

‘¢Tolerably numerous; but as far as my observations go, is entirely con-

fined to the forests on the banks of the Zummee river. Unlike its known

congeners, it avoids mountains, and inhabits low though not humid jungles,

where the ground merely undulates or rises into hillocks. arly in the

morning these birds come out on the pathway, scratching about in the

elephants’ dung, and turning over the dead leaves for insects. They do not

appear to have any crow or call, though during the pairing season this may

not be the case” (Zickell). This species is nearly allied to A. charlton

a re

— —— . = . *

—— ee -———

— — =

— — ™

LHemipodes. 151. |

(Eyton), 4. pyrrhogaster (Reichenbach) of Province Wellesley, but is

sufficiently distinguished.

[ Eastern slopes of the Fog hills (0.). :

537. CALOPERDIX OCELLATA.

Letrao ocellatus, Rafiles, Tr. L. 8. xiti. p. 3822; Perdix oculea, Tem.; Hardw. Ill. | i]

Zool. i. pl. 58. | -

;

Obtained by Major Berdmore in Mergui province. Had. also Province

Wellesley and Sumatra.

| Temminck’s specific title has precedence. | i,

038. BAaMBUSICOLA FYTCHEI. | os .

Bambusicola fytchet, J. Anderson, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 214, pl. xi. | _~

Was obtained on the hill-sides of Ponsee, at an elevation of 3000 feet. Fi e

039. RoLLULUS CRISTATUS.

Columba cristata, Gmelin; Perdix coronata, Latham.

Valley of the Tenasserim river, Siam, Malayan peninsula, Sumatra, and

Borneo. ‘‘ More common about Malacca than in the Wellesley Province and :

in Tenasserim”’ (Stoliezka). i |

| Must stand as Rollulus roulroul. | an

*540. CoruRNIx communis (J. 829).

Arakan, Martaban.

[Karen nee (W. &.). | ——

| 641. C. cornomanpdeEticts (J. 830).

7 | Common in Upper Burma. | i

542. EXCALFACTORIA CHINENSIS (J. 831).

Tetrao chinensis, Lin. ; Gould, B. As. pt. x. pl. 12.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malayan peninsula and islands. q

, he - .

Fam. Turnicide. i «

Hemipodes.

ee ts

548. TuRNIX BLANFORDI.

Turnix blanfordt, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xxxii. p. 80; Hemipodius maculosus, Tem. (?);

Turnix maculatus, Vieillot, Gal. des Oiseaux, t. 217.

Arakan, Pegu.*

-[Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. £.); KaBidus (D.). Not to be separated from

Shanghai and Chefoo examples. |

* vide Swinhoe, in P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 402.

152 — Bards of Burma.

544. T. ptumprpes (J. 838).

L’. plumbipes, Hodgson, Beng. Sport. Mag. 1887, p. 345.

Tenasserim specimens are quite similar to those from Nipal.

| Thayet Myo, Karen nee, Tonghoo (W. R.). Not separable from

Malaccan examples; but differing somewhat from Javan 7. pugnaa. |

Order GRALLATORES.

Waders.

N.B.—Bustards are foreign to the Indo-Chinese countries, but a straggler of the Likh

Florikim (Sypheotides aurita) is recorded to have been shot at Sandoway, Arakan

(Bengal Sport. Mag. 1835, p. 151).

Tribe LIMICOLA& (Plovers and Snipes).

Kam. Charadriadee.

Plovers.

*545. AESACUS RECURVIROSTRIS (J. 858).

Common along the banks of rivers.

| Kyasoo creek (W. R.). |

546. OEDICNEMUS CREPITANS (J. 859).

Yenan-khyoung (W. H. Blanford).

547. CH@ITUSIA CINEREA (J. 854).

Bassein, China and Japan.*

[Tonghoo (W. &.); Ye (D.). As Professor Schlegel (/. ¢.) gives Mr.

Blyth’s title precedence, it may be accepted for the present. Further inves-

tigation may, however, show that Temminck and Schlegel’s title was published

at an earlier date. The Report in which Mr. Blyth first described C. cinerea

was for March, 1842, but was only actually published with the Proceedings

of the A. 8. B. for June, 1842. |

#548. SARCOGRAMMA ATRINUCHALIS.

Sarcogramma atronuchatis, nobis, J. A. 8. B. xxxi. p. 340, note.

Common from Arakan to Malacca. It has much more black on the nape

than the Indian race, margined with white below, more or less developed.

[ Yey-tho, Thayet Myo, Tonghoo, Karen nee (I. R.).|

# H. Schlegel, Mus. des Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 69.

Plovers.

549. SARCIOPHORUS BILOBUS (J. 856).

Thayet-Myo.

| Boddaert’s specific title, malabaricus, has priority, as a glance at Pl.

880 will show. | | | |

Enl.

“550. HopLoprERUS VENTRALIS (J. 857).

Common along the banks of rivers. Mr. Swinhoe met with it in Hainan

| Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. R.).]

“551. SQUATAROLA HELVETICA (J. 844).

Arakan.

| Tonghoo (W. &.). |

*552. CHARADRIUS FULVUS (J. 845).

Common in the cold season.

| Thayet Myo, Tonghoo (W. R.).]

558. AUGIALITES PLACIDA.

Aigialites placidus, G. R. Gray, Cat. Hodgs. Coll. 2nd ed. p. 70, 1863; 4. hartingi,

Swinhoe ; Hudromias tenuirostris, A. O. Hume, probably Charadrius longipes, apud David,

N. Arch. de Mus. 1867, p. 38.

A specimen of this bird was believed by Dr. Jerdon to have been pro-

cured by him in Burma, but he was not sure whether he obtained it on the

coast or inland.

*554. AX. Moneoica (J. 847).

Common in the cold season.

*555. AX. DuBIA (J. 849).

Charadrius dubius, Scopoli, Del. Fl. Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 92. |

Smaller than the European 4. curonicus, but otherwise similar, and of

common occurrence.* |

| 4. philoppensis, apud Jerd., No. 849, and which is the number in Mr.

Blyth’s MS., is=C. curonicus, Gm. But perhaps the species actually in-

tended by Mr. Blyth is 4. minuta (Pallas), apud Jerdon, No. 850, and of

which Lieutenant W. Ramsay obtained specimens at Tonghoo. The title C.

philippensis, Lath., was founded on the same plate as that of C. dubius, Scopoli.

Until the species which inhabits the island of Luzon has been studied, the

correct titles for the two species cannot be determined. The synonymy is

very simple, but the correct application of the various titles cannot be made

until the Philippine type has been compared. |

* For notice of Z. philippensis, commonly referred to the same, vide Ibis for 1867, p. 164.

154 | Birds of Burma.

[556. AS. corontous (J. 849).

Rangoon (W. R.).]

*557. AB. ALEXANDRINUS (J. 848). |

C. alecandrinus, Lin. | :

Arakan.

| Tonghoo (W. &.). | q

kam. Heematopodidee.

*558. STREPSILAS INTERPRES (J. 860). 7}

Arakan. | -

559. HmMaTopus ostRALEGuS (J. 862). | qi

Arakan ; China and Japan (H. Schlegel). —

fam. Glareolidee- 7 :

: 41

Pratincoles. q !

%560. GLAREOLA ORIENTALIS (J. 842). |

Arakan, Pegu. :

[Tonghoo (W. #.).| |

#561. G. nacrua (J. 848). j,

Arakan, Pegu, Tenasserim. Dr. Jerdon found this species breeding at

Thayet Myo, with the young just flown in May. 7

[ Tonghoo (W. £.). |] | ai

| qi

Fam. Recurvirostride. 1 :

#562. HIMANTOPUS AUTUMNALIS (J. 898). 7 »

Arakan. i. leucocephalus* will doubtless be met with.} : '

The Stilt-plovers of the Old World have bright rose-coloured legs, and ? |

ruby-red irides; while those of America (ZZ. nigricollis) have very much paler q i

pinkish legs and dark irides; diversities which are not seen in the dry skins. :

[Karen hills (W. R.).] q'

| ql

* Gould, Birds of Australia, vol. vi. pl. 24. a |

t cf. Ibis, 1865, p. 35, 1867, p. 169; J. A. S. B. xli. pt. 2, p. 253. ;

TS rr ed

a NN EL =

Snipes, ete. 155

fam. Sceolopacidee.

Snipes, ete.

*563. Toranus @Lorris (J. 894).

Arakan.

[ Upper Pegu (0.). |

*564. T. stagnatiuis (J. 895).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

[Upper Pegu (0.).]

*565. T. catrpRis (J. 897).

Arakan.

| Karen nee (W. R.).|

*566. ACTITIS GLAREOLA (J. 891).

Arakan.

| Tonghoo, Karen nee (W. R.). |

~*567. A. ocHRorus (J. 892).

) Arakan.

| Upper Pegu (0.). |

*568. A. HyPoLEUcUS (J. 893).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Tonghoo (W. B.). |

*569. XENUS CINEREUS (J. 876).

Arakan, Tenasserim.*

*570. Liwosa mGocePHALA (J. 875).

Arakan.

*571. NuMmENIUS LINEATUs (J. 877).

Numenius lineatus, Cuvier, R. An, 2nd ed. 1. p. 521; Lesson, Tr. d’Orn. p. 565; WX.

major, Fauna Japonica, Aves, pl. 66.

Arakan.

[Kyasoo creek (W.' R). Mr. Blyth has always maintained that the

Indian differed from the European Curlew. |

*572. N. pumopus (J. 878).

Arakan, Tenasserim, Andamans, and Nicobars.

[Thayet Myo (£.). |

* of. Ibis, 18738, p. 68.

- a o, n a - — oo TR cn Th ee. GUT ES ¥ wot ae

RRR Age eal Es =a i ch a TARE EGO “fe feechin 2 GRE verte :

deniniambdie —— - caer een

156 Birds of Burma.

*573. TRinea suBARQUATA (J. 882).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

*574. T. pLatyruyncna (J. 886).

L. platyrhyncha, Tem.; Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, pl. 157, fig. 2.

Arakan.

*575. T. satina (J. 884).

LT. salina, Pallas; 7. damacensis, Horsfield; 7. subminuta, Middendorff.

Arakan, Tenasserim.

[ Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. R.). While 7. damacensis, Horsf., remains

unidentified, it will be best to adopt Middendorff’s title of subminuta for this

species. Mr. Swinhoe identifies 7. salina, Pallas, with 7. albescens, Tem., a

species which has a red neck and throat in spring. For it, 7. ruficollis is the

oldest title. |

"576. 'T. tremMincxi (J. 885).

Arakan.

| Tonghoo (W. &.). |

577. EURYNORHYNCHUS PyemmuS (J. 887). |

E. pygmea (Lin.), Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, pl. 157, fig. 1; Gould, B. As. pt. xx1.

pl. 13; Ibis, 1869, pl. xi. |

Estuaries of rivers, on extensive mud-banks left by the tide.

*578. PHILOMACHUS PUGNAX (J. 880).

Arakan.

| Moerhing’s generic title cannot be used, and as Leach gave no generic

characters, and was not substituting a title, Pavoncella must fall, and

Machetes, Cuv., be adopted. |

579. GaLtinaGco scoLtopacina (J. 871).

Common in Upper Burma.

| Tonghoo (W. #&.); Pabyouk (D.). |

¥*580. G. steNURA (J. 870).

The most common snipe of the Indo-Chinese and Malayan countries.

[ Scolopax stenura, Kuhl, MS.; S. sthenura, Bp., An. St. Nat. 1829; S.

horsfieldii, J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 2. Mr. G. R. Gray (H. L. No.

10344) most unaccountably gives Dr. Gray’s title the precedence. |

Jacanas, Cranes.

[581. G. eattinuta (J. 872).

Upper Pegu (0.). |

| 582. ScoLopax RUSTICOLA (J. 867).

An example of this Woodcock was shot at Moulmein by Colonel D.

Brown a few years since (fide Hume, Str. Feath. ii. p. 482). ]

*583. RiYNCHEA BENGALENSIS (J. 878).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

| Rangoon, Yey-tho (W. R.). |

kam. Parride.

J acanas.

*584. Meropipius rnpicus (J. 900).

Arakan, 'Tenasserim.

| Tonghoo (W. £.). |

*585. HyDROPHASIANUS SINENSIS (J. 901).

Arakan, 'Tenasserim.

| Tonghoo (W. #.). Must stand J. chirurgus (Scop.), unless on com-

parison the Philippine bird be found to differ. |

Fam. Gruidee.

Cranes.

586. GRUS ANTIGONE (J. 863).

Kyo-gya.

Arakan and Pegu. Very numerous in the interior in large flocks.

According to Lieut. Beavan, it breeds in Burma.* Cantor procured it in

Province Wellesley, and it is common in Siam.

| 587. G. LoNerRostRis (J. 865).

G. longirostris, Tem., Fauna Japonica, Aves, pl. xxi. ; @. cinerea, of Indian authors ;

ef. Ibis, 1873, p. 81.

Included by Mason, and was observed by Mr. Swinhoe in Hainan.

* P. Z. S. 1867, p. 762.

158 Birds of Burma.

Fam. Tbidide. J

Ibises.

*588. FALcrInELLUs IaNneus (J. 948). oT

Arakan. : | al

*589. GERONTICUS PAPILLOSUS (J. 942).

Arakan. | i

*590. [pis MELANOCEPHALUS (J. 941).

Kula-gowk.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam.

Fam. Ciconiidee.

Storks.

*591. TANTALUS LEUCOCEPHALUS (J. 938).

Arakan, Tenasserim. Common.

| Tonghoo (W. R. 2n epist.). |

*592. ANASTOMUS oscrTANs (J. 940).

Kha-ru-tsoke.

Arakan.

*593, XENORHYNCHUS AUSTRALIS (J. 917).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

|The Asiatic Jabiru, even if it be identical with the Australian, must

take the title of asvatica, Lath. ]

*594. Crconra EPIscopus (J. 920). |

Ciconia microscelis, Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, pl. 151. Khyee-kheng-tswop.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malayan countries. |

| Upper Pegu (0.). | | | FI

595. C. asa (J. 919).

Included by Mason.

596, Luproprinus areata (J. 915).

Arakan, Tenasserim. Breeds on trees on the limestone mountains.

| Tonghoo (W. &. im epist.). Although long ago shown by Professor

Schlegel (Mus. P.-Bas, Ardeae) that, under the title of Ardea dubia, Gmelin

2 as a

a ‘ 7 —

Herons. | 159

had confounded three distinct species, namely the two Indian and the African,

Mr. G. R. Gray (H. L. No. 10195) adopted Gmelin’s title for the larger

Adjutant of India. It is even doubtful whether Latham’s title of argala

may in strictness be employed. If it be rejected, an unexceptionable title,

Professor Alfred Newton suggests, is available in _A. gigantea, RK. Forster

(1795, Faun. Ind. p. 11), and the adoption of which would avoid the

necessity of using Temminck’s most objectionable title of marabu. |

“597. L. savantca (J. 916).

Dung-tsat and Nghet-gyee.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Hainan.

Fam. Ardeidee.

Herons.

—*598. ARDEA SUMATRANA (J. 922).

Ardea sumatrana, Raffles; Gould, B. Austr. vol. vi. pl. 54.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Malacca, Sumatra, and Australia.

*599. A. cINEREA (J. 928).

Generally diffused.

*600. A. purPuREA (J. 924).

Khyung byaing.

Generally diffused.

*601. Huropras ata (J. 925).

Arakan.

| Cf. Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 412, E. modesta. ]

*602. H. mnTERMEDIA (J. 926),

Ardea intermedia, Wagler; Fauna Japonica, Aves, pl. 69; Gould, B. Austr. vol. vi.

pl. 57. 3

Frequents open places about the town of Rangoon. Obtained at Bhamo.

*603. H. aarzerra (J. 927).

Common in the interior.

604. H. EULOPHOTES.

H. eulophotes, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 44; Gould, B. Austr. vol. vi. pl. —.

Obtained by Major Berdmore at Mergui.

OEE

160 Birds of Burma. |

605. H. concotor. | :

Demiegretta concolor, nobis, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 372. |

Arakan (Ramri), Andaman and Nicobar Islands.*

—

*606. BupHus coromannus (J. 929).

Arakan.

*607. ARDEOLA GRAYI (J. 930). .

Arakan.

| Karen nee (W. &.). | )

[608. A. PRASINOSCELES. Be

A. prasinosceles, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 64. { rte

Examples obtained by Mr. Davison at Tavoy and Ye-boo, are thus 7 sil

identified by Mr. Hume (Str. Feath, ii. p. 483). ] iy

*609. Burorrpxs savanicus (J. 931).

Common. "

[Tonghoo, Rangoon (W. #.). | i

*610. ARDETTA FLAVICOLLIS (J. 932). .

Common. |

[Tonghoo, Rangoon (W. f.). | be

*611. A. crnnAMOMEA (J. 933). it

Common. | q ,

[ Rangoon, Tonghoo (W. &.). | q

*612. A. stnEensIs (J. 984). :

Common. j-

[Tonghoo (W. £.). | 7%

¥613. GoRSACHIUS MELANOLOPHUS. ’

Ardea melanolopha, Raffles, Tr. L. 8. xi. p. 326. q \

Specimen obtained in Ramri by Major J. R. Abbott. | gq tf

- \y

* Ardea jugularis, Forster, is given by Herr v. Pelzeln from the Nicobars, in addition ; 1

to A. concolor. | =

[The specific title of sacra, Gm., supersedes that of concolor, Blyth (ef. Walden, Ibis, q 4

1878, p. 318). A. jugularis, Forster, is synonymous. ] - el

Rails, Coots, ete. 161

*614. Nycricorax GRIsEus (J. 937).

Arakan, Bhamo.

| Rangoon (W. £.). |

fam. Rallidee.

Rails, Coots, etc.

“615. PorpHYRIO POLIOCEPHALUS (J. 902).

Arakan, Tenasserim. P. smaragdinotis is given from Siam.* |

| Tonghoo (W. R.). Latham’s description agrees well with the common } i

Indian purple Coot, He says nothing about a brown ‘back, and that the i:

whole head, neck, and lower parts are unicolorous pale lavender-blue, as

my | ae : | EE

: stated by Mr. Hume (Str. Feath. 11. p. 185). Latham describes the bird as

having the back purple; the head and neck, blue-grey, growing to azure &g

towards the chin; breast and belly verditer green (Suppl. i. p. 375). | FT

*616. GALLICREX CRISTATUS (J. 904). | : ie

Arakan, Tenasserim. _ :

| Upper Pegu (0.). Must stand G. cimereus (Gm..). | sgt

*617. PorzANA PHa@NIcURA (J. 907).

Rallus phenicurus, Forster; Gould, B. As. pt. xxiv. pl. 12.

Arakan, Tenasserim, Siam. Common. rs

[Tonghoo (W. £.). | |

*618. P. marvuETta (J. 909).

Arakan. ~

*619. P. promma (J. 910). i

Common. 1

e620. PP ruses (J. 911).

Common.

*621. Hypormnipra striata (J. 913).

Common.

[Rangoon (W. R.).|

4a : * Tbis, 1864, p. 246, note.

[P. smaragdinus, Tem. P. C. 421=P. indicus, Horsf., and not the African P. smaragno-

re tus, Tem.= Gallinula madagascariensis, Lath., is the species alluded to. ]

162 Birds of Burma.

| 622. Ratrrva ceyronica (J. O1f}.

Lhayet Myo (0.).]

| 623. R. rascrava.

ftatlus fasciatus, Raffles, Tr. L. S: xiii. p. 328,

Amherst (D.).]

“624. Rattus rnpicus (J. 914).

fi. japonicus, Schlegel.

Arakan.

*625. GALLINULA CHLOROPUS (J. 905).

Arakan.

| Upper Pegu (0.).]

*626. Furica atra (J. 908).

Arakan.

*627. Popica PERSONATA.

Podica personata, G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, 90, Aves, pl. 4; Gen. Birds, pl. 173.

Cachar, Tenasserim provinces, Malacca. |

‘These very rare birds in Tenasserim,”’ remarks Col. Tickell, “are met

with in shady deep narrow streams in forests, whether in the tideway or

remotely inland. They swim rapidly, but seldom dive; and although emi-

nently aquatic in conformation, resort, strange to say, for safety to land.

Scrambling up the steep banks when shot at, and running with unexpected

rapidity into dense thickets, its flight is like that of the Coot, or Water-hen,

squattering along the surface of the water.” *

Kan. Laride.

Gulls.

628. Larus rcrnyaktus (J. 979).

Ramri.

*629. XEMA BRUNNEICEPHALA (J. 980).

Chrowcocephalus tibetanus, Gould. Mason also includes X. ridibunda.

Arakan.

* Tickell, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 455.

630. LESTRIS POMATORHINUS.

An example in mature plumage procured by Colonel Tickell near Moul-

mein.* ;

Fam. Sternidee.

Terns.

*631. GELOCHELIDON ANGLICA (J. 983).

Arakan. :

“632. HypRocHELIDon rnpica (J. 984).

Arakan, Tenasserim.

633. THaassEvus cristatus (J. 989).

Sterna bergii, Licht. ; S. velox, Ruppell.

Tenasserim coast.

634. Tn. meprus (J. 990).

Sterna media, Horsfield; S. afinis, Ruppell; S. bengalensis, Lesson ; 8. torresii, Gould.

Arakan, Tenasserim.

*635. SEENA AURANTIA (J. 985).

A common river Tern.

[ Tonghoo, Sittang river (W. £.). |

—¥636. STERNA MELANOGASTRA (J. 987). —

Sterna melanogastra, Tem.; Gould, B. As. pt. x. pl. 16.

A common river Tern. |

Of maritime Terns which must needs occur on the coast may be men-

tioned Onychoprion melanauchen (Tem.), P.C. 427, which breeds plentifully in

the Nicobars; O. panaya, Anous stolidus, and A. tenwirostris.t

On the coast must also necessarily occur Phaéton ethereus, Sula fiber, and

probably Fregata.

[Tonghoo (W. #.). Horsfield’s title, javanica, has priority. |

[637. S. mrnura (J. 988). ;

Tonghoo (W. B£.). | .

ae ee

Irrawady river (W. R.). I have not as yet been able to identify this

species. |

* J. A.S. B. xxvii. p. 416. t of. Ibis, 1867, p. 178.

Terns. : 163

164 | Birds of Burma.

689. Ruyncnors atBrconiis (J. 995).

Not rare. Frequently seen on the Tavoy river, according to Mason.

| Tonghoo (W. R.).| |

Order NATATORES.

? ) foe!

Tribe TOTIPALMAT. Ai. ..

;

fam. Pelecanidee.

Pelicans.

640. PELECANUS JAVANICUS. |

Common. | )

| Jerdon’s number is left blank in MS. | :

*641 P. PHILIPPINENSIS.

P. philippinensis, Gm.; Ann. M.N. H. xiv. p. 122; J. A. 8. B. xviii. p. 821. |

Common. | i,

| Jerdon’s number is left blank in MS. | _—

= :

kam. Graculidee.

Cormorants.

642. GRacuLus carzo (J. 1005). :

Obtained by Colonel Briggs at Tavoy,* and common in Upper Burma. Ih

Finlayson probably means this Cormorant when he mentions having ty

procured ‘‘a fine species of black Pelican”’ in the Gulf of Siam. iy

| Tonghoo (W. R.).] _

643. G. FuscrcoLiis (J. 1006).

Phalacrocorax sulcirostris, Brandt.

Bhamo, Mouloung lake (J. Anderson). ;

644. G. premaus (J. 1007).

Ten-gyve.

Common.

| Tonghoo, Sittang river (W. &.).]

* P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 150.

Darters.

kam. Plotidee.

Darters.

*645. Prorus mELANocaster (J. 1008).

Ten-gyte. |

Arakan, Tenasserm. Enormous flocks near Mengoon (J. Anderson).

The alleged Australian species (P. novehollandie, Gould) differs in no respect.

| Tonghoo (W. R.).]

Tribe LAMELLIROSTRES.

Fam. Anatidee.

*646, SARCIDIORNIS MELANONOTUS (J. 950).

Tau-won-bat.

_ Common.

| Tonghoo (W. £&.).]

ft *647, DENDROCYGNA ARCUATA (J. 952).

at j Common. J. major is also included by Mason.

| Tonghoo (W. £&.). |

= *648. CasARCA RUTILA (J. 954).

| Arakan, Bhamo.

649. C. LEvcoprerRA (J. 955).

Inhabits the valleys of the great rivers, from the Megna at least to the

Tenasserim. The Anas scutulata, S. Miiller, seems to be a domesticated, if

ie not hybrid, variety of this species, and the examples of it in the British and

| Leyden Museums have much intermixture of white in the plumage.

%650. NErropus COROMANDELIANUS (J. 951),

Karagat.

Common.

[Tonghoo (W. £.). |

#651. ANAS PacILORHYNcHA (J. 959).

_ Arakan, Bhamo, Tenasserim.

*652. A. CARYOPHYLLACEA (J. 960).

| A. caryophyllacea, Latham; Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, pl. 168.

Arakan, Bhamo.

166 Birds of Burma.

“653. A. sTREPERA (J. 961).

Arakan.

*654. A, ACUTA (J. 962).

Arakan.

*655. A. crrcra (J. 965).

Arakan, Tenasserim. Has been known to breed near Moulmein.

| Tonghoo (W. £.).]

“656. A. crEcca (J. 964).

a Arakan, common at Bhamo, Hainan.

= *657. A. PENELOPE (J. 968).

| | Arakan, Hainan.*

i “658. Furiauta nrroca (J. 969).

Arakan.

659. Branra Rrvurina (J. 967).

Bhamo.

| [If employed, Branta should be written Brenthus. But as the type of |

Scopoli’s genus (Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 67) is A. bernicla, Lin., A. rufina can-

not well be included under it. |

Tribe (?)

fam. Podicipidee.

. Grebes.

*660. Popicers purirprEnsis (J. 975).

Arakan.

| Tonghoo (W. £.).]

* A. punctata (Anas punctata, Cuv., Gould, B. Austr. vii. pl. 11; Querquerdula

: andamanensis ? Tytler) inhabits the Andaman Islands (Ball, J. A. S. B. xli. pt. ii. p. 290).

| [Not 4. punctata, Cuv., but I. gibberifrons, 8. Miiller= M. alboguiaris, Hume. ]

Birds of Burma. - 167

| From the total number of birds known to inhabit Burma, 660, as noted

in the foregoing list, four must be deducted. Namely:

1. Paleornis melanorhynchus, apud Blyth.

2. Leraspizias rhodogastra.

3. Micropternus burmannicus=M. rufinotus.

4, Pellorneum minor=P. tickells.

The next seven species may have been confounded with species also

enumerated :

5. Caprimulgus indicus with C. jotaka.

6. Cypselus batassiensis with C. infumatus.

7. Sturnia malabarica with S. nemoricola.

8. Brachyurus megarhynchus with B. moluccensis.

9. Cryptolopha burki with C. tephrocephalus.

10. Orthotomus edela with O. flavi-virrdis.

11. Macropygia ruficeps with M. assimilis.

And the total may have to be still further reduced by three more species,

namely :

12. Sturnia ak its occurrence not resting on good evidence.

13. Machlolophus subviridis, apparently I. spilonotus, juv.

14. Brachypodius cinereiventris, perhaps a variety only of B. melano-

cephalus.

The following four ‘species, not separately enumerated, may have to be

added :

1. Megalema virens, n addition to ML. marshallorum.

2. Hemixus hildebrandi, in addition to H. flavala.

3. Criniger grisevceps, in addition to C. flaveolus.

4. Osmotreron vernans.

Further investigations will doubtless make known a great many more

ome belonging to either rea or Malayan genera. |—WaLpEN.

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