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San

THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,

INCLUDING

ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.

(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ MAGAZINE OF BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY,’ AND OF

LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. )

CONDUCTED BY

Sir W. JARDINE, Barr., F.L.8.—P. J. SELBY, Esa.,F.LS.,

GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D.,

CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Esa., M.A., F.LS., F.G.S.,

J. H. BALFOUR, M.D., Reg. Prof. Bot. Glasg.,

AND

RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S., F.G.S.

VOL, ALY.

“Ss

LONDON:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR.

SOLD BY S. HIGHLEY; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL} SHERWOOD AND CO.; W. WOOD,

TAVISTOCK STREET; BAILLIERE,. REGENT STREET, AND PARIS:

LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH :

CURRY, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN.

1844.

‘*Omnes res create sunt divine sapientie et potentiz testes, divitie felicitatis

humane :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini;

ex ceconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet.

Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper estimata; a vere eruditis

et sapientibus semper exculta; male doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”—

LINN.

CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV.

NUMBER LXXXVIII.

Page

I. On the Specific and Generic Characters of the Araneiform Crus- '

tacea. By Harry D. S. Goopstr, M.W.S. (With a Plate.) ......... 1

II. On some British species of the genus Ginanthe. By Joun Batu,

TMG Peis k ths WOR. deeseociens pavicceakvaabantvedensnoduas sep beneveatAcovassere 4

III. Descriptions of new species of Melania collected during the

Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur. By Ricnarp Brinstry Hinps, Esq. ... 8

IV. Contributions to British Jungermannia. By Tuomas Taytor,

M.D.) ELS Gite cescetss Oereecereeveccesenscesscccccctecsvesescess eseccceae AES § |

V. Descriptions of some Chalcidites of North America, collected by

George Barnston, Esq. By Francis Waker, Esq., F.L.S.........0.4 14

VI. Descriptions of some British Chalcidites. By Francis Waker,

BM ety cys cad esuecenne eivedsbsagedsrddedcboersdsevbesesesss, ieehuustaulivas 18

VII. Characters of a new species of Azxolotl. By Prof. Owen, |

FTG cvsavanveqereses soneneee deenerscscccrccceccescceccccecesesescccsosens seuashos va 23

VIII. On Ova believed to be those of the Large Spotted Dog-fish,

Scyllium Catulus, Linn. ........ fala benny Pen'siok on wee wee adevedebuss veadttaudeedects 23

IX. Description of a minute Alga from-the coast of Ireland. By

Wa. Henry Harvey, Esq. (With a Plate.) ....cccccccsscoccsecsecceseees 27

X. Researches on the Organization of the Invertebrate Animals of

the Western Coast of France. By M. pe Quatreraces. Communi-

cated by Atrrep Tuk, M.R.C.S. 0 ve. eceseccecsscecescoceses beceswaapiuses 28

XI. Further Observations on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood

of Calcutta. By Epwarp Brytn, Curator to the Museum of the

Asiatic Society of Bengal. With Notes by H. E. Srricxzanp, M.A.. 34

Proceedings of the Linnean Society; Zoological Society ; Geological

Society Corer eeeesccece OCerereseveee CO eeerecrereseecesere Geerereeeserocsoes 48—74

On a new species of Cervus, Cervus Dimorphé, by B. H. Hodgson,

Esq.; On a supposed new species of Hippopotamus, by S. G.

Morton, M.D.; Kentish Birds ; Scientific Appointments in Trinity

College, Dublin; Habits of the Mantis ; Ethnology ; Saurian Fos-

sils; Meteorological Observations and Table ...... SPREE RMRRES Tae 74—80

iv CONTENTS.

Page

NUMBER LXXXIX.

XII. An Account of some enormous Fossil Bones of an unknown

species of the Class 4ves, lately discovered in New Zealand. By the

Rev. WinriaM Conengo 6 oc iysiiccccc cee tuuacsebnceoneete sua seeess Sabacaiveves 81

XIII. On some British species of Zinanthe. By Cuarues C. Basina-

TON MA., Bil Suj RAGS. Bees iiss saeenn ate Hane cies o's whicaibas 96

XIV. On Cardinia, Agassiz, a Fossil Genus of Mollusca character-

istic of the Lias. By H. E. Srricktanp, M.A., F.G.S........cceceees eae 100

XV. On the Marine Algz of the vicinity of Aberdeen. By G. Dicx1z,

M.D., Lecturer on Botany in the University and King’s College of

Aberdeen. (With a Plate.) (Continued.) .....cccsccscscocsecssonees eovess 208

XVI. Further Observations on the Ornithology of the neighbour-

hood of Calcutta. By Epwarp Buyru, Curator to the Museum of the

Asiatic Society of Bengal. With Notes by H. E. Srricxuanp, M.A.. 114

XVII. Remarks on the genus Eolidina of M. de Quatrefages. By

Josnua Atper and Axsany Hancock, Esqrs. ......... ceecsrenereecvessces 125

New Books :—Annales des Sciences Naturelles, February 1844.—

Giornale Botanico Italiano...... pee bee bbivvovbelves isin ode eb eion 129, 130

Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Geological Society ; Ashmo-

MOA, SHOCIELY: ossneeisseobnsavasincaentiinn Ipsencap sieAens tages vageenene 130—147

Description of a new species of Cuscuta ; Observations on the Habits

of the Python Natalensis, by Thomas S. Savage, M.D., of Cape

Palmas, Western Africa; On the place of Jsoéées in the System ;

Meteorological Observations and Table ........ Sao viesdivvws eee L47—152

NUMBER XC.

XVIII. Some Observations on the Genus Serpula, with an Enume-

ration of the Species observed with the Animal in the Mediterranean.

By Dr. A. Puiniprx. (With a Plate.) ......... be cebuedenseceyeeeconens eveeee 158

XIX. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Brren

Betuineuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal

College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Continued.) .recccscececererecereres 162

XX. On the Fructification of Polysiphonia parasitica, Grev. By the

Rev. Davip Lanpsporoven. (With a Plate.)......ccccccccccscecsceccesees 166

XXI. Note on the Fructification of Cutleria. By G. Dicxte, M.D.,

Lecturer on Botany in the University and King’s College of Aberdeen, 168

Correction (subsequently received) ...........s00 Ainweniia veers 225

XXII. On Microscopic Life im the Ocean at the South Pole, and

at considerable depths. By Prof. EHRENBERG .....sssesscessscseesceeees see 169

XXIII. Descriptions of some British Chaleidites. By Francis

Waren, Reg., Feld. issessescapencanes dee suswewavanvedeceha rege rrey ausses) 181

XXIV. Description of a new British species of Callithamnion. By

W. H. Harvey, Esq., Trinity College, Dublin. (With a Plate.) ...... 186

CONTENTS. Vv

Page

XXV. On the British Desmidiee. By Joun Raurs, Esq., M.R.C.S.,

Penzance. (With a Plate.) ....cccsecccssecsscceseessccvecsceessenesesoesvens 187

XXVI. Carour Linna: Exercitatio Botanico-Physica de Nuptiis

et Sexu Plantarum. Edidit et Latine vertit M. Jomannes Arv. Ar-

ZELIUB covcccsvccccevesvevsocsscoevseresees de scveavescccedssvevvevoueees ecoseeueees 194

New Book :—Annales des Sciences Naturelles for March, April and

May 1844....cccsvscenee eavecceerccvececeevevoeesees svebvuadesestereeren' eves 204

Proceedings of the Zoological Society; Linnzean Society ; Botanical

Society of Edinburgh ............04. esecesenaascae aabasdessuseesss 205—225

Cutleria multifida (Additional Note by Dr. Dickie) ; M. Montagne on

the Colouring of the Waters of the Red Sea; M. de Quatrefages

on Gasteropod Mollusca; Of the Sexes in Holothuria, Asterias,

and Planaria,—Nervous System of Planari@; On the Chrysan-

themum leucanthemum, as a specific remedy against Fleas, by Prof.

Cantraine; Drayton, on the Birds of Lincolnshire and the Fens ;

Meteorological Observations and Table ...,....sececeseseseeees 225—232

NUMBER XCI.

XXVII. Upon the Development of Star-fishes. By M. Sars. (With

6 PUDKOs) idsawdsacndnnicce eOeas Oe eens bo cedscSaedsntesdsssueeclushd sé guuwne cvvee cus 233

XXVIII. On the Fructification of Gloiosiphonia capillaris, Carm.

By the Rev. Davip Lanpszoroven. (With a Plate.) ........ sereery ». 240

XXIX. Brief Descriptions of several Terrestrial Planarie, and of

some remarkable Marine Species, with an Account of their Habits. By

Cuarzes Darwiy, F.R.S., V.P. Geol. Soc. (With a Plate.) ......00000 241

XXX. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Bryen

Be.iineuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal

College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Continwed.) .....cecesccserseeseveee 251

XXXI. On the British Desmidiee. By Joun Ratrs, Esq., M.R.C.S.,

Penzance. (With a Plate.) ......cc000 Sdoosebecncisarecsqhatenapenncise sists 256

XXXII. On the genus Xiphophora, and, in connexion with it, Ob-

servations on this question: Do we find in the Fucacee the two Modes

of Propagation which we observe in the Floridee@? By Dr. Monracne. 261

XXXIII. Further Observations on Ctenodus Labillardieri. By C.

7 ae D.M., in a Letter to the Rev. M. J. Berxerey, M.A.,

«Adee: uganetaue

NAUESWRv AS Covers speoeansderboeerdvessseabvopiiinsceccceredacecs saceseee 269

XXXIV. Description of a Fossil Molar Tooth of a Mastodon disco-

vered by Count Strzleckiin Australia. By Prof. Owen, F.R.S.......+0. 268

XXXV. An Attempt to Classify the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods.

By Wixtiam Kine, Curator of the Museum of the Natural History

Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne ...... 271

XXXVI. Generic characters of an undescribed Australian Fish.

By Joun Ricuarpson, M.D., F.R.S. &c., Medical Inspector of Naval

Hospitals .........s.e0cs00- aancnnnnnstdiee an Bis ise hich 4s chs Maan bw we sdibi axe 280

vi CONTENTS.

New Book :—Plante Javanicze Rariores, descriptee iconibusque illus-

trate, quas in Insula Java, annis 1802—1818, legit et investigavit

Tuomas Horsrieip, M.D., e siccis descriptiones et characteres

plurimarum elaboravit Joannes J. Bennett ; observationes struc-

turam et affinitates preesertim respicientes passim adjecit Ropertus

sede’ SEE TELE TO oe eee ccceecoccccccesensoncessoveceaneoess ascccsees

Page

281

Proceedings of the Linnean Society ; Zoological Society ......... 292—309

Cirsium setosum, M. Bieb.; Alsine stricta, Wahl.; Teguments of Gas-

teropod Mollusca ; Nest of the Dinornis; Meteorological Observa-

tions and Table COCeeesereseeeereretes eeecce Oeeccseeeeoaceecse @vccece ee 309—312

NUMBER XCII.

XXXVII. On a new Genus of Paleozoic Shells. By Witu1am

Kine, Curator of the Museum of the Natural History Society of North-

umberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne ......secesessseeceeseerees

XXXVIII. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By

O’Bryen Bexiineuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the

Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Continued.) ...... coscecece

XXXIX. On the Evidence of the former Existence of Struthious

Birds distinct from the Dodo in the islands near Mauritius, By H. E.

STrickenann, Eeq:; MiA.-: sscscscesticdgqacsssones Pca es Sik ee sass Ceear an ‘

XL. Description of a new Fungus from British Guiana. By the Rev.

M. J. Berxevey, M.A., F.L.S. (With a Plate.) ...... inh vedesenWiri sad ;

XLI. On a new Genus of Diatomacea. By the Rev. M. J. Ber-

KELEY and J. Raurs, Esq. (With a Plate.) ...... Miaeety eksaehantetien cesses

XLII. Descriptions of Pterochilus, a new genus of Nudibranchiate

Mollusca, and two new species of Doris. By Josuva AupErR and AL-

BANY Hancock, Esqrs. ..... Aacdaspodasses osneeeny diasee dui gastaains ease anenee

XLIII. On the species of Chalcidites inhabiting the Arctic Region.

By Francis Wanker, Esq., F.L.S. ....c.cececeeessecees cerceccenceeens deaets

XLIV. Observations on the Gasteropod Mollusca, designated by the

name of Phlebenterata by M. de Quatrefages. By M.Souneyer......

XLV. On Thalassidroma melitensis, Schembri, a supposed new spe-

cies of Stormy Petrel. By H. E. Srricknanp, M.A. ...cccccscesecseee

XLVI. Record of the discovery of an Alligator-with several new

Mammalia in the Freshwater Strata at Hordwell. By Szartes Woop,

Haq-, FIG Biccccsiiasaseceksasveisked ise saabeden dan eheseuegyhacvo teases swouden conan

New Books :—Naturgetreue Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der ess-

baren, schddlichen und verdachtigen Schwimme, von J. V.

313

317

324

327

328

329

331

342

348

349

Krombholz.—Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l’Ile de ~

Cuba, par M. Ramon de la Sagra.— Botanique: Plantes Cellulaires,

par Camille Montagne, M.D. ...cccccccsesecsceees go csesiedeeas o. 301—354

Proceedings of the Linnean Society ; Zoological Society; Botanical

Society of London ; Geological Society ...cccccsssrecerescerees GU4—381

CONTENTS. vil

Page

The genus Chiton found in the Magnesian Limestone of Durham ; On

the Habits of the Goedwit; Batarrea phalloides; Meteorological

Observations and Table.......... mausanthih PR Lees oo seceeseees GOL—384

NUMBER XCIII.

XLVII. On the Morphology of the Reproductive System of the Ser-

tularian Zoophyte, and its analogy with the Reproductive System of

the Flowering Plant. By Prof. E. Forses of King’s College, London.

CWith @ Plate.) : vvcsicacacsscseddo cosh ckngbinnainsrtienss Vadinnddenuiai ons savnapaird 385

XLVIII. On the British Desmidiea. By Joun sce Esq., M.R.C.S.,

Penzance. (With a Plate.) ....cecseseee Mebane cabbiginsditbe sends dissuseces . 391

XLIX. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with LORS By O’Brren

Betuineuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal

College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Concluded.) ....... pethbib kaxenahece 396

L. Observations on the Organogeny of the Flower, and particularly

of the Ovary, in Plants with a free central Placenta. By M. Gaupi-

CHAUD. ...ccsccceveocces 5 Us eu Naghd be chan mepASM¥ RING dln duedenbedeecnseecan owen suaens 403

LI. On the species of Chalcidites inhabiting the Arctic eas. By:

Francis Waker, Esq., F.L.S. (Comtinued.)...ccccsecereveres weds dadpeies 407

LII. Notice of some additions to the British Fauna discovered by

Rosert MacAnprew, Esq., during the year 1844. By Professor

Epwarp Fores of King’s College, London. (With a Plate.) ......... 410

LIII. Descriptions of some new Species of Butterflies in the Collec-

tion of the British Museum. By Epwarp Dovustepay, Esq., F.L.S.... 415

LIV. Descriptions of some new Species of Coleoptera and Homo-

ptera from China. By Apam Wuire, Esq., M.E.S. Lond. and France 422

New Books :—A History of British Ferns and Allied Plants, by Ed-

ward Newman, F.L.S., Z.S. &c.—Faune Ornithologique de la Si-

cile, par Alfred Malherbe.—Uber die Verwandlung der Infusorien

in niedere Algenformen, von Dr. F. T. Kiitzing.—Annales des

Sciences Naturelles for June, July and August ...........000 427—436

Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Entomological Society ; Geo-

logical Society ...... sipebedesticbecraeeeerpeacecsecsas dovesecccssoces 436—459

Capture of Hemipodius tachydromus in Britain; Elatine Hydropiper ;

Hura crepitans; Formation of Cells in the Apices of Roots; On

the Demerara Pink-root, or Spigelia Anthelmia, by Dr. George

R. Bonyun; Meteorological Observations and Table ..... » 459—464

NUMBER XCIV. SUPPLEMENT.

LV. On the British Desmidiee. By Joun Ratrs, vite M.R.C.S.,

Penzance. (With a Plate.) ...cccccccsesserssecscsssssececcesccascecsessers oe 465

LVI. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’BrryEN

Vill CONTENTS.

Page

Betiincuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal

College of Surgeons in Ireland, &. ........eceeceeaeees PaaS Sem st rsa 471

~ LVII. On the Antheridia and Spores of some species of Fucus. By

MM. J. Decartsne and Gustave THURET .....ecccsccccscssccscscecscceces 480

LVIII. On the Development, Structure and CEconomy of the Ace-

phalocysts of Authors ; with an account of the Natural Analogies of the

Entozoa in general. By Harry D. S. Goopsir, Cons. Mus. R.C.S.E. 481

New Book :—Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie,

by Professors -Van der Hoeven and De Vriese~ .....csccscseeecseoes 484

Proceedings of the Zoological Society ;. Botanical Society of London ;

Geological Sockeky:: visicalev elise, Letitdengistadide ces ssneeseds »-. 486—514

Helianthemum guttatum, Mill.; Elatine hexandra and Hydropiper;

Pedicellina echinata ..sccsrecrecrecees GAS hsH Shs ss cpsesceneebapencsese ques 514

Index t sini jutvediters eden Aistudtdisvengious My vacdicdvaedss ve ives diye> we O15

PLATES IN VOL. XIV.

Puate I. Generic Characters of Araneiform Crustacea.

If. Rhododermis Drummondii.—Fructification of Marine Alge.

III. Mediterranean Serpule.—Development of Star-fishes.

IV. Fructification of Polysiphonia parasitica and of Gloiosiphonia

capillaris.

V. Planariz.—Callithamnion Pollexfenii.

mf ©

VII. 7 British Desmidieze,—Micrasterias, Euastrum, Tetmemorus,

VIII.

N.B.—The figures of Micrasterias are half the length of the

original drawings. The figures of Zuastrum are engraved one-

third less than the drawings, except EZ. rostratum, E. spino-

sum and E. binale, which should be reduced in the same pro-

portion to compare them with the other species, all of which

are naturally larger than these three, and the original draw-

ings were in true proportion.

IX. Dickieia ulvoides.—Stereum hydrophorum,

X. New British Shells.—Morphology of Sertularian Zoophytes.

wit } British Desmidieze,—Cosmarium, Xanthidium, Pediastrum.

ERRATUM IN VOL. XIII.

In the plate (Pl. IV.) to illustrate Mr. Babington’s paper on Cuscuta (p. 249) the numbers have

been misplaced by the engraver. Fig. 2. is C. approximata, and fig. 3. is C.Trifolii ; not as referred

to in the text.

_ IN VOL, XIV.

Page 109, line 14, for ‘‘slices,’’ xead “ series,’?

Anrn.d Mag Nati List Voi s4Pvt.

3B

peeeder: aa Aranettorm Crustacea. Ae OPaperhy, foe.

THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

SS seneeness Peplivase er litora spargite muscum,

Naiades, et circhm vitreos considite fontes ;

Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores :

Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum.

At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ;

Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco

Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas

¥erte, Dez pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.”

Parthenii Ecl. 1.

No. 88.° JULY 1844.

-

>

1.—On the Specific and Generic Characters of the Araneiform

Crustacea. By Harry D. 8. Goonsir, M.W.S.

[ With a Plate. ]

AFTER a careful examination, the parts of the Pycnogonide

which are found to afford the most decisive characters for the

proper classification of the species are—the ocular tubercle, the

palpi, oviferous legs, and tarsi. The first of these organs affords

very valuable and sure characters, especially in the determination

of the genera, but unfortunately has never been properly studied.

It is therefore theobjéet of the present communication to illus-

trate the characters of this organ. These animals, when examined

by the naturalist, are generally lying in such a way as to hide this

organ altogether. To see it properly the animal must be viewed

- in profile. Ha er

In Pyenogonum and all the other nonpalpate genera, we find

the ocular tubercle standing at right angles with the segment of

the thorax from which it arises, and with one exception (Phozi-

chilidium), in a line between the first pair of legs. In Phoxichilus

the tubercle is pomted, but in all the others it is truncated.

Pycnogonum Balenarum.

This Pyenogonum when viewed in profile presents the appear-

ance shown in Pl. I. fig. 1. The rostrum is flask-shaped, and

the anterior extremity slightly bulgmg and rounded. The ocular

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. aaa <.

2 Mr. H. D. 8. Goodsir on the Specific and Generic

tubercle is situated about the middle of the first thoracic segment

and is squared or truncated, bearing four small dots or eyes of a

jet-black colour, which are situated in the form of a square round

its superior edge.

Phoxichilus.

Phoxichilus has the ocular tubercle situated a little before the

middle of the first thoracic segment ; it is of considerable size,

erect, and pointed at its extremity. The eyes are four in number,

and are placed rather above the middle of the tubercle. The

rostrum is clavate with a slight bulge before the middle; a fine

line runs along its centre on each side from its base to the tip,

which is crossed at right angles by another near the extremity

(Pl. I. fig. 3).

The last joint of the tarsus is bent and serrate on its inferior

edge (fig. 5).

The ovigerous legs of Phowichilus are seven-jointed ; the first,

third, fourth and sixth are almost all of equal length ; the second

and fifth are equal (fig. 4).

Phoxichilidium coccinewn.

The ocular tubercle of Phowichilidium is situated on a projec-

tion which extends forwards from the first thoracic segment above

the rostrum, and which likewise supports the mandibles. The

ocular tubercle is conoid, truncated, with four eyes surrounding

it at regular intervals, and which are situated at a little distance

from the top. The rostrum is large and clavate, and with the

crucial lines as in Phowichilus (Pl. I. fig. 6).

The last joint of the tarsus is semilunar, with four spines

arising from its basal and inferior edge (fig.8). The oviferous legs

are five-jointed, the first two and last being almost all of equal

length, and the third as long as any of the other two conjoined

(Pl. I. fig. 7).

In Pallene circularis* the ocular tubercle is situated at the pos-

terior edge of the first thoracic segment, and is very slightly raised

above the surface of the segment. The eyes are situated round

its superior edges (PI. I. fig. 9).

The last tarsal joint is slightly curved, but the edges are par-

allel ; the claw is blunted (fig. 10).

Pasithoe vesiculosat.

By Pasithoe we are gradually led from the nonpalpate to the

palpate genera of the order, and at the same time we find these

organs in a maximum state of development. In Pasithoe the ocular

* Jameson’s Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. xxxii. p. 137. pl. 3. fig. 2.

¢ Ib. vol. xxxiii. p. 370. pl. 6. fig. 17.

characters of the Araneiform Crustacea. 3

tubercle arises from the centre of the first thoracic segment and

projects forward, inclining very considerably over the rostrum ;

its extremity is blunted, and the eyes, which are four in number,

are placed near the apex. A thin narrow projection arises from

the anterior edge of the first segment immediately before the tu-

bercle, and is continued beyond the middle of the rostrum. The

palpi are eight-jointed (PI. I. fig. 10).

Nymphon Johnstoni*.

The ocular tubercle in Nymphon arises in all the species from

the posterior edge of the segment. In this species it is bent from

the middle backwards, at which point the eyes are situated ; the

apex is pointed. The palpi are four-jointed (fig. 14). The ovi-

ferous legs are eleven-jointed, including the claw (PI. I. fig. 15).

The two tarsal joints are of equal length (fig. 16).

Nymphon spinosum*.

In this species the ocular tubercle projects backwards from the

base, the superior extremity is rounded, and the eyes are arranged

round a projecting edge (PI. I. fig. 17).

The first joint of the tarsus is about half the length of the se-

cond (Pl. I. fig. 18).

Nymphon pellucidum t.

The ocular tubercle in this species is rather short, its extre-

mity is obtuse and rounded, and the eyes are situated a little di-

stance from the top (fig. 19).

Nymphon similis (n. s. mihi).

The ocular tubercle is depressed and projects backwards (PI. I.

fig.21). It will be observed that this organ, in all the species of

- the genus Nymphon, is situated at the posterior extremity of the

first thoracic segment, and also that it never projects forwards.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Profile of the rostrum and first thoracic segment of Pycnogonum

Balenarum.

Fig. 2. Abdominal surface of same parts with the oviferous leg of one side.

Fig. 3. Profile of Phoxichilus.

Fig. 4. Under or abdominal surface of same parts in Phoxichilus.

Fig. 5. Tarsus of Phoxichilus with portion of last tibial joint.

Fig. 6. Profile of Phoxichilidium coccineum.

Fig. 7. Abdominal surface of same parts with the oviferous leg of one side.

* Jameson’s Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. xxxii. p. 138. pl. 3. fig.5. Through

some error, the proper references to the plate in the journal quoted have

been misplaced.

+ Jameson’s Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. xxxii. p. 139. pl. 3. fig. 3.

t Jb. vol. xxxii. p. 138. pl. 3. fig. 6.

B2

4. Mr. J. Ball on some British species of the genus Qnanthe.

Fig. 8. Tarsus of Phoxichilidium coccineum.

Fig. 9. Profile of Pallene circularis.

Fig. 10. ‘Tarsus.

Fig. 11. Profile of Pasithoe vesiculosa.

Fig. 12. Tarsal and tibial joints of Pastthoe.

Fig. 13. Abdominal surface of rostrum and first thoracic segment of Pasithoe.

Fig. 14. Profile of Nymphon Johnstoni.

Fig. 15. Abdominal surface of rostrum and first thoracic segment of Nym-

phon Johnstoni. .

Fig. 16. Tarsal joints and part of last tibial joint.

Fig. 17. Profile of Nymphon spinosum.

Fig. 18. Tarsal joints with portion of last tibial of Nymphon spinosum.

Fig. 19. Profile of Nymphon pellucidum.

Fig. 20. Abdominal surface of first thoracic segment with oviferous leg of

one side.

Fig. 21. Profile of Nymphon similis.

Fig. 22. Abdominal surface with oviferous leg of one side.

Fig. 23. Tarsal joints with small portion of tibial joint.

Fig. 24. Abdominal surface of first thoracic segment with oviferous leg of

one side in Nymphon minutum.

Fig. 25. ‘Tarsal joints of Nymphon minutum with small portion of last tibial

joint.

II.—On some British species of the genus Hnanthe. By

) JoHN Bartz, B.A., M.R.LA. &c.*

Tue paper by Mr. Coleman (Annals, xiii. p. 188) has induced me

to endeavour to throw light upon some of the doubtful species of

Gnanthe. The Ch. fluviatilis, Colem., I gathered six years since

near Cambridge, and also near Ely, but never having found a

flowering specimen was at a loss how to denominate it. It cer-

tainly has much the appearance of a distinct species, but I do not

think the characters assigned very satisfactory. I find the fruit

of the ordinary Ct. Phellandrium to vary from elliptical to ovate,

assuming quite the form figured in Mr. Coleman’s plate; the

upper leaf in the figure is also seen in Cf. Phellandrium.

I proceed to describe what I believe to be the true Cl. pimpi-

nelloides of Linnzeus and the continental botanists. This appears

to be rare in Britain, as I have only seen specimens, wanting

fruit, gathered m a dry meadow upon red marl near Forthamp-

ton, Gloucestershire, by Mr. Edwin Lees. I give the description

in Latin.

Cinanthe pimpinelloides.—Radix e fibris plurimis lignosis fasciculatis

- inferne in napulos parvulos ovoideos incrassatis. Caulis teres, stri-

atus, sulcatus, farctus, sesqui-tripedalis, alterne ramosus. Folia

. radicalia bipinnata: pinnulis inciso-dentatis trifidisve, omnibus

» acutis, petiolo sesqui-bipollicari basi in vaginam expanso; caulina

infra pedunculum imum conformia pinnulis angustioribus; se-

* Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 11th April 1844.

Mr. J. Ball on some British species of the genus inanthe. 5

quentia pedunculos elongatos rigidos amplectentia vagina petiolari

successive breviori, pinnata pinnulis linearibus tripartitis simpli-

cibusve, inferioribus valde elongatis ; suprema caulis et peduncu-

lorum linearia elongata. Pinnule foliorum omnium margine carti-

lagineo minute denticulato in mucronem producto. Umbelle soli-

tarie, terminales, 6—15-radiatz, convexze ; accessorize primarium

eequantes aut superantes. Involucrum universale nunc nullum,

nunc 1—6-phyllum ; foliis setaceis, ineequalibus, umbella multo

brevioribus. Umbellule multiflore, dense; floribus externis

sepe sterilibus longius pedicellatis, internis subsessilibus. Invo-

lucella polyphylla ; foliolis lineari-lanceolatis, acuminatis, inzequa-

libus, pedicellos florigeros exteriores subeequantibus. Petala in-

eequalia, preesertim florarum sterilium, lata, obcordata, ad medium

fissa, alba nervis coloratis : segmenta marginis calycini liberi lato-

lanceolata, ineequalia, duo exteriora longiora. Diachenium......

An Cnanthe gathered in the island of Ischia, which seems to

be the C&. pimpinelloides of Bertoloni (Fl. Ital. i. 236), differs

in having the pinnules of all the stem-leaves linear, the sheaths

longer, and sometimes wants the sterile external florets. The

diachenium is of nearly equal thickness throughout, crowned with

the erect persistent calyx, and somewhat longer than the stiff,

slightly diverging styles ; the very short adpressed pedicels form-

ing a callous ring at the base. I have this form also from near

Pisa. ae

What principally distinguishes this plant is the mucronate

pinnules of all the leaves; besides which it differs from Ci. La-

chenalii in the fruit and the involucella, and from CE. silaifolia

and CL. peucedanifolia in many obvious points. M4. Jordani, Ten.,

which I have gathered near Peestum, differs mainly by the very

crowded umbel, and the longer sheathing petioles. I do not find

all the leaves bipinnate, as Bertoloni describes them, the upper-

stem leaves being pinnate with very long linear segments, and

ultimately simple linear elongate ; my plant, so far, looking like

an intermediate variety. .

I have no doubt as to the identity of the Gloucestershire plant

with the foreign ones above mentioned, and the Toulouse speci-

men referred to by Mr. Babington (Man. Br. Bot. 130) seems

to agree with my description, so that Cf. pimpinelloides must re-

sume its place in the flora of Britain.

I next come to the @. peucedanifolia of Smith, Hooker, Ba-

bington, and all British botanists, but not of Pollich, or the

principal foreign writers. I agree with Bertoloni in confirming

the opinion of Bieberstein (Fl. Tauro-Caucas. iii. 282), that his

CH. silaifolia is the CE. peucedanifolia of Smith (Eng. Bot. t. 348).

I found this plant in a salt-marsh near Portmarnoch, county

Dublin, Ireland, and have received it from the banks of the

6 Mr. J. Ball on some British species of the genus Ginanthe.

Severn at Deerhurst, Gloucestershire, where it was gathered by

Mr, E. Lees. The followmg description will establish the

identity :—

(Enanthe silaifolia.—Radix e napulis oblongis clavatis fasciculatis

in fibrillam desinentibus. Caulis teres, striatus, fistulosus, alterne

ramosus, 1—2-pedalis. Folia radicalia..... ; ceetera omnia sub-

conformia, bipinnata ; foliolis fere eequalibus ; pinnulis acutis, in-

tegerrimis, inferiorum lanceolatis, superiorum linearibus ; folia

suprema pinnata. Petioli inferiores elongati basi vaginantes, supe-

riores omnes breves l—2-pollicares. Umbellz solitariz, 5—8-ra-

diate, primaria (in speciminibus nostris) subsessilis, accessoriz ra-

morum terminales longiuscule pedunculate. Involucrum universale

nullum seu foliolis 1—7, setaceis, umbellam sub mediam longis.

Umbellule multiflorz, dense, floribus externis longius pedicellatis,

seepe (semper?) sterilibus ; internis subsessilibus. Involucella e

foliolis plurimis, latiusculis, albo-marginatis, nonnullis basi con-

natis, umbellula florigera exigua paulo brevior. Marginis calycini

liberi segmenta pre corollam magna, lanceolata, tria exteriora

longiora. Petala minuta, parum inzequalia, late obcordata, ad

tertium fissa. Styli divergentes. Stylopodium majusculum, coni-

cum. Diachenium (haud omnino maturum) exiguum, clavatum

(ad basin ut videtur haud incrassatum), inferne quidquam con-

tractum.

Comparing the description of Bieberstein, referred to above,

with those of Koch and Bertoloni, there can be but little doubt

that this plant is the Ci. silaifolia of those writers. The two

latter authors differ in one respect, Koch describing the fruit as

cylindrical and “ basi callo cinctis,” as noticed by Babington ; it

is probable however that the same plant is tended by both these

distinguished writers. This species, which differs from all its

allies by the similarity of structure im all the leaves and the

shorter and uniform leaflets, is further distinguished from the

true Cf. peucedanifolia by its very much smaller petals and fruit,

and from (i. Lachenali by the structure of the root.

By far the most common species of this group is the Gi. La-

chenalii of Babington, and apparently the plant of Gmelin, Koch,

DeCandolle and Bertoloni. I may premise that there is some

difference in the various descriptions of the root, upon which,

owing to the general neglect of this portion of most. plants

amongst British botanists, my specimens do not allow me to give

an opinion. The exact Bertoloni says, “ fibris inferne incrassatis

in napulos cylindraceo-clavatis fibrilla terminatis,” whilst Koch

and Babington seem to intend fibres thickened and tuberous from

the top. I have specimens of this plant from several parts of

England, from the coast of Galloway and from near Dunbar in

Scotland. I do not find the difference which Mr. Babington

Mr. J. Ball on some British species of the genus inanthe. 7

suspects between the fresh and salt water forms*. The following

is the description :-—

(Enanthe Lachenalii.—Radix... Caulis erectus, striatus, fistulosus seu

subfarctus, alterné ramosus, 1—3-pedalis. Folia radicalia pinnata,

pinnis pinnatifidis trifidisve ineequalibus, segmentis obverse lanceo-

latis obtusis venosis, petioli mediocris longitudinis basi vaginante ;

caulina pinnata longe petiolata pinnis trifidis segmentis linearibus

acutis valde elongatis; successiva minora, demum simplicia, seg-

mentis semper inequalia. Umbellz solitarie, terminales, 5—15-

radiate, longe pedunculate. Involucrum universale 0, seu 1—6-

phyllum, foliolis linearibus acutis, umbella multo brevioribus.

Umbellule multiflore, floribus externis sterilibus longius pedicel-

latis, internis subsessilibus in fructu fastigiatee. Involucella um-

bellula brevior e foliolis lanceolatis margine pallentibus nonnullis

basi connatis. Petala radiantia quam in @. silaifolia paululum

majora profundius obcordata. Styli diachenio breviores, parum

divergentes. Stylopodium majusculum, conicum. Diachenium

basi non calloso semper angustatum, variat tamen magnitudine

et forma; interdum majus usque ad summum dilatatum quasi

obconicum, interdum (pre siccitate ut videtur) minus, sub calyce

(diviso in segmenta erecta inzequalia) constrictum.

In foreign specimens from the Bolognese Apennines, the fruit is

more exactly as described by Koch. The form of the lower leaves

is very constant in all the forms of this otherwise variable species.

The variation in the form of the fruit is very singular, but with

the specimens before me I cannot refuse to believe it.

A word as to the value of the characters of these species. The

position and size of the tubers of the root are, I suspect, of doubt-

ful constancy ; observation must determine their importance. The

general disposition and proportions of the leaves are probably

much to be depended upon here and throughout the whole order.

The hollowness or solidity of the stem depends, I believe, almost

wholly on the place of growth, and is of no moment. The invo-

lucre is most variable. The petals vary somewhat in size but

scarcely in form, those of the outer sterile floret bemg always

compared with each other. The form of the fruit seems not so

constant as might be expected. The presence or absence of the

incrassated summit of the pedicel I have never seen to vary.

I need scarcely add, that the above descriptions are taken ex-

clusively from the British specimens referred to.

Dublin, March 10, 1844.

* No difference exists between them.—C. C. Babington.

8 Mr. R. B. Hinds on some new species of Melania.

{II.—Descriptions of new species of Melania collected during

the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur. By Ricuarp BrinsLey

Hinps, Esq.

1. Melania fumosa. Testa elongata, crassiuscula, levigata, olivaceo-

fusea, unicolore, vel junioribus infra suturam strigis longitudina-

libus rufis ornata; anfractibus paulisper rotundatis, superne late

subconcave coarctatis, lineis impressis sparsim et obsolete cinctis ;

spira erosa apud anfractum quartum ; apertura cerulescente. Axis

truncatus 29 lin.

Hab. New Ireland; in the streams about Port Carteret.

2. Melania uspirans. Testa elongate subulata, levigata, fusca, uni-

colore ; anfractibus numerosis, subplanulatis, lineis arcuatis incre-

menti fere minute pliciformibus, ultimo ad basin striato; sutura

lineis impressis comitata ; apertura cerulescente ; columella albida.

Axis 23 lin.

Hab. Feejee Islands ; iy the rivers.

3. Melania Plutonis. Testa pyramidato-subulata, subturrita, levi-

gata, nitida, aterrima, unicolore ; anfractibus paulisper rotundatis,

ultimo magno, rotundato; apertura cerulescente. Axis 23 lin.

Hab. Feejee Islands; in the rivers.

Very pyramidal in its shape, and the last whorl displays a far

greater proportion than is usual ; otherwise its characters are per-

fectly passive. The apex is erose to the fifth or six whorl.

4, Melania figurata. 'Testa elongate subulata, leevigata, polita, fulva ;

anfractibus numerosis subrotundatis, superne strigis rufis longitu-

dinalibus, infra lineis interruptis transversis seriatim dispositis

ornatis, infra suturam pliciferis, ultimo ad basin striato; apice

eroso ; apertura cerulescente. Axis 22 lin.

Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

The ornation of this species is eminently distinguishing ; other-

wise it is a smooth, elongated, tawny shell, like many others. The

middle and inferior portions of each whorl are adorned with trans-

verse rufous interrupted lines, disposed in regular series round

the shell, and present a pretty appearance on its pale yellow

semitransparent surface.

5. Melania picta. 'Testa elongate subulata, fusca; anfractibus nu-

merosis, subplanulatis, plicatis, transversim sulcatis, strigis rufis

longitudinalibus ornatis, infra suturam uniseriatim tuberculatis ;

apertura cerulescente. Axis 19 lin.

Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

This speciesclosely resembles M. subulata of Sowerby’s ‘Genera,’

not of Lamarck ; the figure there given does not represent some

of the characters dwelt on in the above description, and I am not

aware that a diagnosis anywhere exists.

Mr. R. B. Hinds on some new species of Melania. 9

- 6. Melania luctuosa. 'Testa subulata, turrita, fusca ; anfractibus pla-

nulatis, fere subconcavis, transversim lineis impressis cinctis, stri-

gis rufis longitudinalibus interruptis ornatis ; spira paulisper erosa ;

apertura cerulescente. Axis 13 lin. ;

Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers.

So contracted are the whorls here as in some cases to be not

only flattened but even concave, particularly towards the last

whorl.

7. Melania perpinguis. ‘Testa elongata, fusca, strigis rufis longitu-

dinalibus plerumque ornata; anfractibus rotundatis, subturritis,

lineis transversis impressis exculptis ; spira subplicata, apud extre-

mitatem erosa; apertura cerulescente, ad peripheriam ustulata.

Axis 14 lin.

Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers.

8. Melania occata. ‘Testa ovata, elongata, lutescente; anfractibus

paucis, rotundatis, exaratis, lyris intermediis angustis acutis ; spira

apud anfractum quartum erosa ; apertura cerulescente. Axis 12 lin.

Hab. River Sacramento, California.

The rounded whorls are ploughed into numerous furrows, and

the intervening ridges are comparatively narrow and keel-shaped ;

the lower part of the aperture is somewhat dilated, and slightly

disposed to elongate im the manner of Jo.

9. Melania mesta. Testa ovata, elongata, fuliginea, infra epider-

midem albida; anfractibus rotundatis, superne angulatis et exca-

vatis, transversim lineis impressis striatis ; spira apud extremitatem

erosa ; apertura ustulata, ad basin subtruncata. Axis 15 lin.

Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers.

The shghtly concave area of the whorl beneath the suture,

which occurs in this species, is shared with a few others. In the

present, it influences the shape of the aperture, straightens the

outer lip, provides it with an angle above, and truncates it be-

low. The margins of the aperture have the colour of burnt

umber.

10. Melania verrucosa. Testa subulata, subturrita, lutea ; anfrac-

tibus octonis planulatis, longitrorsum obtuse plicatis, lineis tribus

transversis intersectis, harum intervallis obtusis, quadratis, tuber-

culosis ; apice vix eroso ; apertura elongata, lutescente. Axis10 lin.

Hab. New Ireland; in the streams.

11. Melania fulgurans. ‘Testa obeso-subulata, levigata, polita, lu-

tescente, strigis rufis angulatis fulmen simulantibus conferta ; an-

fractibus decenis subrotundatis ; spira leviter plicata, exserta, vix

erosa ; apertura ovali, cerulescente. Axis 13 lin.

Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

Few species of Melania have the pretensions to beauty of this.

10 Mr. R. B. Hinds on some new species of Melania.

The shell is subulate, with the inferior whorls obese, smooth and .

polished ; the whorls about ten in number and slightly rounded ;

those towards the apex indistinctly plicated ; spire exserted and

scarcely eroded. The base colour is a pale yellow, densely crowded

with transverse angular dark red markings.

12. Melania florata. Testa ovato-elongata, polita, cornea, tessellata ;

anfractibus paucis, subrotundatis, seriebus tribus macularum rufa-

rum quadratarum eleganter ornatis ; serie suprema precipue max-

ima, intermedia minima; anfractu ultimo ad basin punctato ; spira

erosa ; apertura cornea. Axis 63 lin.

Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams. |

This also is a pretty species with a pale surface, each whorl

being ornamented by three series of transverse reddish spots, of

which the superior is the largest and most deeply coloured ; the

two others are punctations of reddish spots, the inferior being in-

termediate in size. Very delicate striz, not easily recognizable,

traverse the shell transversely.

13. Melania gaudiosa. Testa ovato-elongata, levigata, polita, cornea ;

anfractibus octonis subplanulatis, unicoloribus ; spira oblique pli-

cata, ad extremitatem erosa; apertura ovali, cornea. Axis 9 lin.

Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

Approaches somewhat closely, m general character, the Ame-

rican shell, M. plicifera.

14. Melania pyramidata. ‘Testa elongate subulata, gracili, nitida,

cornea; anfractibus decem subplanulatis, transversim distanter

striatis, superne intra suturam fusco anguste fasciato, ultimo ad

basin puncticulato ; spira versus extremitatem plicata, erosa; aper-

tura ovali. Axis 9 lin.

Hab. New Ireland; in the streams.

15. Melania latebrosa. Testa ovata, elongata, sordide fusca ; anfrac-

tibus perpaucis, rotundatis, lineis impressis transversis instructis,

erosis usque ad penultimum ; apertura parva, ovali, cerulescente.

Axis 8 lin.

Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

A small obese shell, with little to distinguish it beyond its few

rounded whorls furrowed transversely with parallel impressed

lines, and its comparatively small, neat, oval aperture.

16, Melania pugilis. ‘Testa spinosa, elongate ovata, fulva; anfrac-

tibus circa novem, rotundatis, superne spiniferis, infra suturam

serie unica macularum rufarum, inferne seriebus duabus minoribus

cinctis, ultimo ad basin multiseriato, spinis distantibus, ad peri-

pheriam quinque, truncatis, linea angulata alligatis ; spira subtrun-

cata ; apertura oblique ovali, subattenuata, albida. Axis 14 lin.

Hab. New Ireland; in the streams.

Dr. Taylor on some new British Jungermannie. 11

Shell ovate, pale yellow ; whorls ventricose, spiniferous, of an

uniform colour in the middle, above adorned with a single series

of red markings, longitudinal or nearly square, below. with two

series of smaller spots placed on bands slightly paler than the

neighbouring shell; the last whorl exhibits at its base several

series of these articulated bands; the spines are distant and trun-

cated to near their base ; about five occupy the circumference of

a whorl, and an angular line connects each with its neighbours ;

the spire has scarcely lost more than its extreme whorl by ero-

sion ; and the aperture is white, and in a slight degree attenuated

at its base.

17. Melania bellicosa, Testa spinosa, ovata, valde truncata, fusca ;

anfractibus tribus rotundatis, transversim striatis, spiniferis, fre-

quenter erosis; spinis aculeiformibus, subrectis, ad basin decur-

rentibus; spira apud anfractum antepenultimum truncata; apertura

elongate ovali, subfusca. Axis 9 lin.

Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers.

Nearly allied to M. spinulosa, Lamarck, which is found in the

rivers of Timor.

IV.— Contributions to British Jungermannie. By Tuomas

Taytor, M.D., F.L.S. &e.*

1. JuncErMANNIA NIMBoSA,Jayl. MSS. Caule laxe czespitoso, erecto,

subramoso ; foliis laxis subsquarrosis ; lobo inferiori obovato, sub-

acuto, patenti, superiori minori, obovato, erectiusculo, subimbri-

cato, cauli adpresso, utrisque margine ciliatis, subconnexis.

On the summit of Brandon mountain, county of Kerry, 1813.

Stems growing up through tufts of Musci, reddish brown, 2—

4: inches long ; leaves, except at the very base, nearly of the same

size; the lower lobe patent or deflexed, and so the shoots have a

squarrose appearance: their texture is of very minute cells, their

cilie distant and large ; the connexion between the upper and

lower lobes is very short.

This was taken for Jung. nemorosa, L., when first brought

down from Brandon Hill. It differs, however, by the taller size,

the more deflexed lower lobes of the leaves, the slight joining

between their lobes, and by the more considerable and more

distant cilie of they margins.

From Jung, planifolia, Hook., which accompanied it, the pre-

sent is known by the more squarrose leaves, the stronger ciliation

of their margins, the more considerable connexion between the

lobes, and the more concave and less imbricated leaves. The calyx

* Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 9th May 1844.

12 Dr. Taylor on some new British Jungermanniz.

has not been seen, nor indeed has the plant been found again by

the numerous acute observers that have ascended its native

mountain.

2. JUNGERMANNIA cuRTA, Martius. Caule subczspitoso, abbreviato,

adscendente ; foliis inferioribus multo minoribus, subimbricatis, —

apice dentatis; lobo inferiori obovato, planiusculo, superiori mi-

nori, acuto, inferiorum subquadrato. |

Scapania curta, Nees, Lindenberg et Gottsche, Synopsis Hepaticarum,

p. 69; Hooker’s Brit. Jung. t. 21. figs. 17, 18 and 19.

So variable is this species, that in the ‘ Synopsis’ no less than

nine varieties are distinguished. This will account, in some de-

gree, for the late period of recognizing this species in Britain.

In Ireland it occurs ina great variety of situations, on stones on

mountain sides facing the north ; but its most favourite locality is

in old woods on damp rocks, as at Cromaglown near Killarney.

The size is so variable, that some states closely resemble Jung.

nemorosa, L., a species, perhaps, the most difficult to understand

of any of the genus.

3. JUNGERMANNIA Tuusa, Dicks. Caule cexspitoso, adscendente,

subpinnatim ramoso, supra convexo, glabro ; foliis arcte imbricatis,

lobo inferiori patenti, oblongo, recurvo, integerrimo, inferiori

ovato, obtusiusculo, margine reflexo ; stipulis oblongis, acutis, in-

tegerrimis, margine reflexis, apice recurvis ; perichetii lateralis,

emergentis foliis majoribus ciliato-serratis.

On stones ; side of Lough Finnehy, near Dunkerron, co. of Kerry.

Tufts wide, olive-green, the older parts purplish brown, shining,

the shoots acuminated. In plants with perichetia the branches

are very short. Mr. Dickson long since found this plant on the

sides of mountain lakes in Scotland, and very properly judged it

to be distinct from Jung. platyphylla, L. He gave, however, no

diagnosis, whence the two have been confounded. by all subse-

quent writers.

It may be known by its greater size, its shining surface, its

acuminate shoots, its denser structure, its perichetia prominent

beyond the cauline leaves, its perichetial leaves larger, wider,

more divergent, and always ciliato-serrate, its divisions less regu-

larly pinnate, the closer imbrication of the leaves, and the more

patent position of their inferior lobes.

4. JUNGERMANNIA RIVULARIS, Nees. Caule ceespitoso, subpinnatim

ramoso, adscendente ; foliis approximatis, patentibus, lobo supe-

riort ovato-rotundato, plano, inferior? minuto, ovato, obtuso, utro-

que integerrimo : stipulis minutis obovatis integerrimis.

On stones in streams at Dunkerron, co. of Kerry.

Tufts wide, loose, dark green, the younger shoots of a lively

Dr. Taylor on some new British Jangermannie. . 138

green. Stems 1—2 inches long, irregularly branched, scarcely

pinnate, branches short, patent. Leaves oblongo-rotundate, some-

times a little narrower at the top, quite entire; their structure

densely and minutely cellular. The lower lobe is more minute

in proportion to the upper than in any of the congeners: the sti-

pules are scarcely wider than the stems.

Through the kindness of Dr. Gottsche, who sent me specimens

from Hercynia, I have been enabled to identify this species, which

I had long considered something more than a variety of Jung.

platyphylla, L. The fructification I have not seen.

5. Juncermannia Dititrenu, Tayl. MSS. Caule czspitoso, erecto,

apice incurvo, subramoso; foliis imbricatis, semiverticalibus,

erecto-patentibus, secundis, obovatis, dentatis, margine utroque

recurvo, basi decurrentibus; calycibus ex angusta elongata basi

oblongis, compressis, ore truncatis, crenatis, segmentis dentatis.

Lichenastrum, no. 6, Dillenii Muscologia, p. 483. t. 69. f. 6. A, B, C.

On sandy banks of streams in woods, at Gortagaree and Black-

water, co. of Kerry.

Tufts wide, dark green. Stems about an inch high, sparingly

branched, curved at the top. Leaves convex towards the anterior

margin.

Dillenius distinguished the present from Jung. asplenioides, L. ;

they have been confounded by all succeeding writers. This spe-

cies may be recognized by the obovate leaves, which have no ap-

pearance of being truncate at their tops; by their being more

crowded, nearly vertical, dentate throughout ; by both their mar-

gins being recurved, and hence appearing convex in front ; by

their less patent position, by the greater length of their decurrent

bases, very essentially by their smaller cellules ; and by the mouth

of the calyx having large crenulations, which are themselves den-

ticulate. Besides, the tufts are of a darker green, and the shoots

more slender.

6. JuNGERMANNIA AquitxeiA,ayl. MSS. Caule ceespitoso, prostrato,

subpinnato ; ramis complanatis ; foliis imbricatis, erectiusculis,

conyvexis, integerrimis, lobo superiori obovato-rotundato margine

recurvo ; inferiori minori subquadrato ex tumida involuta basi apice

adpresso ; pericheetialibus oblongis transversalibus deflexis ; caly-

cibus elongate obconicis truncatis integerrimis.

Jung. complanata, 6 minor, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 81. f.17.

On rocks over which water continually trickles.

Patches wide, shallow, brownish olive. Stems 1—4 inches

long, irregularly pinnate ; the branches nearly at right angles to

the stem. Leaves from a narrow base, flatly cup-shaped; their

lower lobe swelling out at its involution, while their angulate tops

he closely adpressed to the inside of the upper lobe.

14 Mr. F. Walker on some Chalcidites of North America.

This species differs from Jung. complanata, L., by the smaller

and more convex leaves, their olive-brown colour, their lesser lobe

not sharply reflected upon the upper but having a tumid base,

by the deflexed perichetial leaves, by the perigonia occurring

usually at the termination of the shoot and not on proper short

lateral branches, and by the angulate portion of the lower lobes

of the leaves being shorter. This species prefers very wet surfaces

of mural rocks, while Jung. complanata, L., is partial to trees.

V.—Descriptions of some Chalcidites of North America, col-

lected by George Barnston, Esq. By Francis Waker, Esq.,

F.LS.

Tue two hemispheres of the earth are said to be represented in

their climate and productions by the higher mountains, whose

tops are compared to the poles, and the plains whence they arise

to the equatorial line. The vegetation and animals on one side

of a mountain range are often very different from those of the

other side, while on its summit they are alike. Thus also in

proportion as we are more remote from the poles and nearer to

the tropics, we find creatures more numerous and more various,

due allowance being made for the soil, elevation, size and form of

the land. In entomology, the land within the Arctic circle

comprises one insect region, and of the territories surrounding it

have been formed three regions, that of North America, that of

Europe, and that of Siberia. The insects here described were

taken at Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay*, which is

contained in the North American region. I am indebted to

G. Barnston, Esq., for this opportunity of adding to the know-

ledge of the geography of the Chaleidites.

Callimome splendidus, Barnston’s MSS.fem. Viridis cupreo varius,

abdomine purpureo, antennis nigris, pedibus rufis, alis subfulvis.

(Corp. long. lin. 2; alar. lin. 3.)

Body convex, thinly clothed with hairs: head and thorax mi-

nutely squameous; the scales on the head and on the fore part of the

thorax so disposed as to form little transverse undulations: head

green, zneous in front, as broad as the thorax : eyes and ocelli red :

mandibles fulvous: antenne black, clavate, pubescent, shorter than

the thorax; first joint fulvous, long, slender; second long-cyathiform ;

third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints to the eleventh

successively shorter and broader ; club linear, conical at the tip, more

than twice the length of the eleventh joint : thorax elliptical, green :

prothorax transverse, forming beneath in front a slender neck which

joins the head, its breadth more than twice its length : scutum of the

* See ‘ Observations on the progress of the seasons as affecting animals

and vegetables at Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay,” by G.

Barnston, Esq., in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. xxx.

1840-41.

Mr. F. Walker on some Chaleidites of North America. 15

mesothorax long ; sutures of the parapsides distinct, approaching each

other ; axille large, triangular, not conniving; scutellum nearly rhom-

boidal : metathorax cupreous, transverse, very short : propodeon cu-

preous, large, subquadrate, almost horizontal, having a few little ridges

along the middle: podeon extremely short : abdomen elliptical, pur-

ple, very minutely squameous, varied with green on each side, nearly

as long and as broad as the thorax ; metapodeon occupying more than

one-third of the dorsum, slightly dehiscent on the middle of the hind

border, having a little channel at the base; octoon a little shorter

than the metapodeon; ennaton much shorter than the octoon ; de-

caton still shorter ; protelum, paratelum and telum very short: seg-

ments of the thorax beneath partly cupreous, very minutely squa-

meous, having a suture along the middle: ventral segments of the

abdomen concealed by those of the dcrsum: sheaths of the oviduct

black, pubescent, a little longer than the abdomen: legs pale red ;

coxe green, scaly: wings slightly timged with yellow ; nervures ful-

vous; humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna

much shorter than the humerus; radius much shorter than one-

fourth of the length of the ulna; cubitus not half the length of the

radius ; stigma of moderate size, emitting a thick branch towards

the tip of the radius.

Callimome Cecidomye, fem. Aureo-viridis, antennis nigris, pedibus

flavis viridi et fusco vittatis, alis limpidis. (Corp. long. lin. 14;

alar. lin. 2.)

Body bright golden-green, convex: head and thorax finely squa-

meous, the scales on the head and on the fore part of the thorax so

disposed as to form little transverse undulations : head as broad as

the thorax: antenne black, subclayate, pubescent, shorter than the

thorax ; first joint long, slender, green, fulvous at the base; second

cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints

to the eleventh successively but very slightly shorter and broader ;

club linear, conical at the tip, a little broader than the eleventh joint

and more than twice its length : thorax elliptical: prothorax trans-

verse, narrower in front, its breadth more than twice its length:

scutum of the mesothorax long; sutures of the parapsides distinct,

approaching each other; axille large, triangular, not conniving ;

scutellum somewhat rhomboidal: metathorax transverse, very short:

propodeon transverse, rather short, very slightly decumbent : podeon

extremely short: abdomen fusiform, smooth, shining, narrower, but

not longer than the thorax, blue towards the base; the segments,

excepting the metapodeon, very minutely squameous ; metapodeon

occupying less than one-third of the dorsum, slightly dehiscent

on the middle of the hind border; octoon and ennaton of moderate

length; decaton longer than the ennaton; protelum shorter than

the ennaton ; paratelum still shorter; telum very short: sheaths of

the oviduct black, pubescent, much longer than the abdomen : legs

yellow ; coxz green; a longitudinal stripe of green on each of the

metafemora, and the same of fuscous on each metatibia; mesotarsi

and metatarsi straw-colour, fuscous at the tips: wings limpid, broad,

16 Mr. F. Walker on some Chalcidites of North America.

very long, reaching when at rest to half the length of the sheaths of

the oviduct; nervures piceous; humerus much less than half the

length of the wing; ulna much shorter than the humerus; radius

hardly longer than one-sixth of the ulna; cubitus half the length of

the radius ; stigma small, emitting a very short branch.

Parasitic on Cecidomya communis, Barnston’s MSS.

Lamprotatus Dizus, fem. neus, antennis nigris, pedibus rufis,

FSemoribus viridibus, alis limpidis, (Corp. long. lin. 1; alar.

lin. 12.)

Body convex, zneous: head and thorax finely squameous::

head transverse, short, a little broader than the thorax: antennz

black, subclavate, a little shorter than the thorax; first joint long,

slender, zneous ; second cyathiform, zeneous ; third and fourth joints

very minute; fifth and following joints to the tenth transverse, suc-

cessively shorter and slightly increasing in breadth; club conical,

more than twice the length of the tenth joint : thorax elliptical : pro-

thorax transverse, very short, rounded in front, much narrower than

the mesothorax : scutum of the mesothorax broad; sutures of the

parapsides very distinct, approaching each other; axille large, tri-

angular, not conniving; scutellum narrow, somewhat rhomboidal :

metathorax transverse, very short: propodeon transverse, cbconic,

decumbent: podeon very short: abdomen elliptical, slightly keeled

beneath, a little narrower but not longer than the thorax ; metapo-

deon occupying less than one-third of the dorsum; octoon not half

the length of the metapodeon ; ennaton shorter than the octoon ; de-

caton a little longer than the ennaton ; protelum and paratelum each

as long as the decaton; telum very short; ventral segments hidden

by those of the dorsum: oviduct concealed: legs dull red; coxée

geneous; thighs eneous green; mesotarsi and metatarsi pale red,

their tips fuscous: wings limpid; nervures fuscous ; humerus much

less than half the length of the wing; ulna not more than half the

length of the humerus ; radius longer than the ulna; cubitus much

shorter than the ulna; stigma small, emitting a short branch.

Pteromalus puparum, Linn. &c. ;

Female.—Scales of the scutellum more minute than those of the

scutum of the metathorax: propodeon having a rim on each side:

abdomen oval, concave above, pilose towards the tip; metapodeon

smooth, occupying more than one-third of the dorsum ; octoon of

moderate size, very minutely squameous, as are all the following

segments; ennaton shorter than the octoon; decaton shorter than

the ennaton ; protelum, paratelum and telum of equal length, each a

little longer than the decaton; dorsal segments hiding those beneath

the abdomen, leaving a passage for the oviduct.

Reared from the pupa of Vanessa Cardui by Mr. Barnston. This

insect inhabits Europe, and has been found in Finmark, within the

Arctic circle. It is a means ordained by Providence to counteract

the otherwise too great increase of butterflies belonging to the genera

Pontia and Vanessa.

Mr. F. Walker on some Chalcidites of North America. 17

Encyrtus Bolus, fem. Ater, antennis pedibusque nigris, genubus ful-

vis, tarsis piceis, alis albis. (Corp. long. lin. 4; alar. lin. 4.)

~ Body black, convex, shining, slightly punctured : head transverse,

short, vertical, as broad as the thorax: antennz clavate, black, as

long as the thorax; first joint long, stout ; second cyathiform ; third

and following joints to the ninth small, successively shorter and

broader ; club fusiform, nearly as long as all the joints from the third

to the ninth: thorax elliptical: prothorax transverse, extremely

short, not visible above: scutum of the mesothorax large, having a

slight channel along its disc; parapsides united with the scutum ;

axille triangular; scutellum small: metathorax transverse, very

short; propodeon obconic, declining : podeon extremely short: ab-

domen fusiform, concave above, longer and narrower than the thorax :

legs black ; knees fulvous; tarsi piceous; middle legs having the

tibiz and tarsi long and large as usual: wings white, rather small ;

nervures fuscous ; humerus less than half the length of the wing ;

ulna thick, very short ; radius still shorter than the ulna; cubitus

much longer than the ulna; stigma small, emitting no branch.

Reared from a species of Coccus? that infests willow-twigs.

Tetrastichus granulatus, fem., Barnston’s MSS. Tetrastichus Aga-

thocles? A.N.H.1. 4neo-viridis, antennis fuscis, pedibus flavis,

Semoribus viridibus, tibiis nonnunquam fuscis, alis limpidis. (Corp.

long. lin, 3—%; alar. lin. 1—14.)

Body eneous-green, shining, slightly convex, very minutely squa-

meous, thinly pubescent: head very short, impressed between the

eyes, as broad as the thorax: eyes and ocelli red, one of the latter

in advance on a line between the other two: antenne fuscous, clavate,

pubescent, shorter than the thorax ; first joint long, slender; second

cyathiform ; fourth joint shorter and broader than the third, but

longer and narrower than the fifth; club elliptic, broader than the

fifth joint and about twice its length: thorax elliptical: prothorax

transverse, very short: scutum of the mesothorax very large, having

a slight furrow along the middle; sutures of the parapsides very

distinct, approaching each other; axillz rather large, not conniving ;

scutellum somewhat rhomboidal, having a longitudinal furrow on

each side: metathorax transverse, very short : propodeon transverse,

rather short, slightly decumbent : podeon extremely short : abdomen

oval, depressed, shorter and a little broader than the thorax; meta-

podeon large; octoon and following segments to the telum succes-

sively shorter?: oviduct concealed: legs yellow; coxe and thighs

green; tibize sometimes fuscous; tips of the tarsi fuscous: wings

limpid; nervures fulyvous, not much more than half the length of the.

wing ; humerus rather short ; ulna as long as the humerus; radius

extremely short; cubitus long, rather less than half the length of

the ulna but more than twice the length of the radius; stigma very

small, emitting a short branch.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. C

18 Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites.

V1.—Descriptions of some British Chaleidites. By Francis

Waker, Esq., F.L.S.

Eurytoma tumida, mas et fem. Afra, brevis, gibbosa, alta, anten-

nis pedibusque nigris, genubus tarsisque rufis, alis limpidis, nervis

piceis. (Corp. long. lin. 1; alar. lin. 13.)

Male.—Body convex: head and thorax roughly punctured: head

a little broader than the thorax: antennz setaceous, nodose, verti-

cillate-pilose, as long as the thorax ; first joint long, slender ; second

cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints

hardly dilated, appearing more approximate than in the following

species, verticillata, Serratule, curta, Abrotant, apicalis, collaris, annu-

lipes, atra and Argele: thorax somewhat obconic : prothorax a little

narrower than the head, quadrate; its breadth rather more than

twice its length: mesothorax more convex than that of the follow-

ing species, verticillata, Serratule, curta, annulipes, rufipes, Scultenna

and Sittace; scutum large, broader than long; sutures of the par-

apsides very distinct, approaching each other; axille or paraptera

large, triangular, separated above by a space nearly equal to the

scutum between the base of the parapsides; scutellum somewhat

conical, truncate in front, abruptly decumbent behind, and thus form-

ing nearly a right angle: metathorax very short, appearing trans-

versely after the hind border of the scutum: propodeon (usually

termed metathorax) large, obconic, furrowed distinctly along the

middle, but less clearly on each side, more abruptly decumbent than

in the following species, verticillata, Serratule, curta, Abrotani, an-

nulipes, rufipes, Scultenna and Sittace: podeon slender, cylindrical,

punctured, as long as the propodeon: abdomen short-oval, smooth,

shining, much compressed, hardly longer than high, subtriangular

when viewed sideways (being flat beneath and forming above an

angle whose sides are convex), shorter than that of verticillata, Ser-

ratule and curta; metapodeon large, having no channel ; octoon,

ennaton and decaton of moderate size; protelum, paratelum and telum

very short : wings broad ; humerus slender, much less than half the

length of the wing; ulna thick, much less than half the length of

the humerus; radius much shorter than the ulna; cubitus as long

as the radius; stigma small, emitting a short branch.

Female.—Head as broad as the thorax: antenne shorter than the

thorax, thicker, shorter and more clavate than in the following species,

verticillata, Serratule, curta, annulipes, rufipes, Sittace and Argele ;

fifth and following joints to the ninth long, successively decreasing

in length; club fusiform, twice the length of the ninth joint: podeon

much shorter than the propodeon: abdomen much longer than that

of the male, shorter than that of verticillata, Serratule and collaris,

fusiform, convex and keeled beneath, slightly compressed, its length

considerably exceeding its height ; segments from the metapodeon to

the decaton large above, much contracted on each side, approximate

and conniving together beneath; metapodeon of moderate size; oc-

toon, ennaton and decaton large; protelum very short above, much

dilated on each side and concealing the ventral segments ; paratelum

and telum very short above but broader on each side.

Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites. 19

Kurytoma Argele, mas et fem. Altra, convexa, viv gibbosa, anten-

nis pedibusque nigris, genubus tarsis protibiisque rufis, alis limpi-

dis, nervis fuscis. (Corp. long. lin. 14; alar. lin. 23.)

Male.—Body convex: head and thorax roughly punctured : head

a little broader than the thorax: antennze setaceous, nodose, verti-

cillate-pilose, as long as the thorax ; first joint long, slender ; second

cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints

subquadrate, dilated, successively decreasing in size, each having a

narrow stem about half its length: thorax nearly obconic, less con-

vex than that of verticillata, Serratule, rufipes, tumida and platy-

ptera: prothorax quadrate, a little narrower than the head; its breadth

rather more than twice its length: scutum large, broader than long ;

sutures of the parapsides very distinct, approaching each other; par-

aptera large, triangular, separated by a space nearly equal to the

scutum between the base of the parapsides ; scutellum nearly conical,

truncate in front, less decumbent behind than that of verticillata,

Serratule, curta, annulipes, rufipes, Scultenna, Sittace, tumida, fumi-

pennis, platyptera and Abrotani: metathorax very short, appearing

transversely behind the scutellum: propodeon large, obconic, more

horizontal than that of verticillata, Serratule, curta, Abrotani, annu-

lipes, rufipes, Scultenna and Sittace, having only one broad shallow

channel along the middle: podeon slender, cylindrical, punctured,

longer than the propodeon: abdomen very short, smooth, shining,

not much more than half the length of the thorax, abruptly decum-

bent in front and near the tip ; its length slightly exceeds its height ;

metapodeon less than one-fourth of the length of the abdomen, ha-

ving a short longitudinal channel at the base; octoon of moderate

size, nearly as long as the metapodeon; ennaton very large ; decaton

small; protelum, paratelum and telum very short: wings broad ;

humerus much less than half the length of the wing ; ulna less than

half the length of the humerus, more slender than the ulna of verti-

cillata, Serratule, curta, Abrotani, anunulipes, rufipes, Micipsa, bre«

vicollis and nitida; radius as long as the ulna; cubitus nearly as

long as the ulna; stigma small, emitting a short branch.

Female.—Head as broad as the thorax: antennz slightly clavate,

shorter than the thorax; first joint long, slender; second cyathi-

form ; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints to

the ninth long but successively shorter; club fusiform, twice the

length of the ninth joint: podeon much shorter than the propodeon:

abdomen smooth, shining, slightly compressed, gradually decumbent

towards the base and towards the tip, somewhat shorter than the

thorax ; its height more than half its length; segments not much

contracted beneath; metapodeon rather large; octoon and ennaton

of moderate size; decaton large above, short beneath; protelum,

paratelum and telum very short: oviduct concealed.

Eurytoma Sittace, fem. Aira, convexa, vir gibbosa, antennis pedi-

busque nigris, tibiis fuscis, genubus tarsis et protibiis rufis, alis

_limpidis, nervis fulvis. (Corp. long. lin. 1; alar. lin. 24.)

Body convex : head and thorax roughly punctured : head as broad

C2

20 Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites.

as the thorax: antenne slightly clavate, shorter than the thorax ; first

joint long, slender ; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute;

fifth and following joints to the ninth long, but successively shorter ;

club fusiform, twice the length of the ninth joint : thorax somewhat

obconic, less convex than that of verticillata, Serratule, rufipes, tu-

mida and platyptera; scutum of the mesothorax large, broader than

long; sutures of the parapsides distinct, approaching each other ;

axille large, triangular, not conniving; scutellum truncate-conical,

abruptly declining at the tip, where it forms nearly a right an-

gle: metathorax transverse, very short: propodeon large, obconic,

abruptly declining, furrowed distinctly along the middle but less

clearly on each side: podeon much shorter than the propodeon : ab-

domen oval, smooth, shining, slightly convex, not much compressed,

as long as the thorax; its height little more than half its length ;

the segments gathered together beneath; metapodeon, octoon and

ennaton of moderate size; decaton very large; protelum, paratelum

and telum very short: oviduct concealed: wings broad; humerus

much less than half the length of the wing; ulna less than half the

length of the humerus, slender like that of H. Argele ; radius shorter

than the ulna; cubitus as long as the radius; stigma small, emitting

a short branch.

Eurytoma Scultenna, mas. Atra, convera, vix gibbosa, antennis

pedibusque nigris, genubus tarsis protibiisque flavis, alis limpidis,

nervis pallide fuscis. (Corp. long. lin. 14; alar. lin. 14.)

Body convex: head and thorax roughly punctured: head a little

“broader than the thorax: antennz setaceous, nodose, verticillate-

pilose, as long as the thorax ; first joint long, slender; second cya-

thiform third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints

subquadrate, hardly dilated, successively decreasing in size, joined

closely together like those of . tumida: thorax somewhat obconic,

less convex than that of verticillata, Serratule, rufipes, tumida or

platyptera : prothorax transverse, quadrate, not narrower in front ;

its breadth rather more than twice its length: scutum of the meso-

thorax broader than long ; sutures of the parapsides distinct, approach-

ing each other; axille large, triangular, not conniving; scutellum

somewhat conical, truncate in front, abruptly decumbent at the tip,

where it nearly forms a right angle: mesothorax transverse, very

short : propodeon large, obconic, abruptly declining, furrowed indi-

stinctly along the middle and less clearly on each side: podeon

cylindrical, slender, dull, punctured, as long as the propodeon: ab-

domen oval, smooth, shining, compressed, abruptly decumbent in

front and towards the tip, little more than half the length of the

thorax ; its height does not equal its length; metapodeon occupy-

ing more than one-third of the dorsum, having a longitudinal chan-

nel; octoon rather large ; ennaton very large; decaton of moderate

size; protelum, paratelum and telum very short: wings broad;

humerus much less than half the length of the wing; ulna thick,

not half the length of the humerus; radius much shorter than the

ulna; cubitus a little shorter than the radius; stigma small, emit-

ting a short branch.

‘Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites. 21

Eurytoma Micipsa, mas. Atra, convexa, minime gibbosa, antennis

pedibusque nigris, genubus rufis, tarsis piceis, alis subfuscis.

(Corp. long. lin. 1; alar. lin. 14.)

Body convex: head and thorax roughly punctured: head a little

broader than the thorax: antenne slender, setaceous, longer than

the thorax; joints from the fifth to the ninth elliptical, hardly di-

lated, joined together by slender stalks about half the length of

each joint: thorax somewhat obconical, less convex than that of

nerticillata, Serratule, rufipes, tumida and platyptera: prothorax qua-

drate; its breadth more than twice its length: scutum of the meso-

thorax broader than long; sutures of the parapsides distinct, ap-

proaching each other; axille large, triangular, not conniving ;

scutellum somewhat conical, truncate in front, not falling behind

so deep as.in the species above-mentioned: metathorax trans-

verse, very short: propodeon large, obconic, more horizontal than

in the following species, verticillata, Serratule, curta, Abrotani,

annulipes, rufipes, Scultenna and Sittace, and having only one broad

shallow channel along the middle: podeon cylindrical, slender, dull,

punctured, as long as the propodeon : abdomen oval, smooth, shining,

compressed, abruptly decumbent at the base and towards the tip,

little more than half the length of the thorax; its height is not equal

to its length; metapodeon less than one-third of the length of the

abdomen, decumbent in front; octoon of moderate size; ennaton

large ; decaton of moderate size; protelum, paratelum and telum very

short : wings moderate ; humerus much less than half the length of

the wing; ulna rather thick, less than half the length of the hume-

rus ; radius much shorter than the ulna ; cubitus as long as the radius ;

stigma small, emitting a short branch.

Isosoma Nepe, mas. <Atrum, prothoracit macula utringue fulva,

antennis pedibusque nigris, genubus rufis, tarsis piceis, alis sub-

Suscis, nervis piceis. (Corp. long. lin.1; alar. lin. 14.)

Body black, convex, cylindrical: head and thorax punctured:

head a little broader than the thorax: antenne slender, filiform,

clothed with long hairs, somewhat shorter than the thorax ; first.

joint slightly bent, dilated beneath; second short-cyathiform ; third

and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints to the eleventh

long, cylindrical, nearly equal in size, or successively, yet very

slightly, shorter and broader ; tip of the eleventh joint pointed : pro-

thorax very finely rugulose, somewhat shining, rather broader than

long, a little shorter and more slender than that of J. vacillans, from

which it differs also in having a smaller pale fulvous spot on each

fore-corner: mesothorax dull; sutures of the parapsides very distinct,

approaching each other; axille large, triangular, not conniving;

scutellum obconic, having a rim round its hind border which is more

obtuse than that of I. longulum, petiolatum, and hyalipenne: meta-

thorax transverse, very short: propodeon dull, obconic, decumbent,

coarsely punctured, and having here and there some large shallow

excavations : podeon long, stout, cylindrical, dull, punctured: abdo-

22 Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites.

men elliptical, smooth, shining, not compressed, scarcely more than

half the length of the thorax, a little narrower and less convex than

that of I. longulum and of I. longicorne ; metapodeon large, conical,

occupying about half the dorsum; octoon scarce more than one-

fourth of the length of the metapodeon; ennaton much longer than

the octoon; decaton much longer than the ennaton; protelum,

paratelum and telum very short: legs black; knees fulvous; tarsi

fuscous, paler beneath: wings slightly fuscous ; nervures fuscous ;

humerus much less than half the length of the wing, rejecting be-

neath a short branch; ulna more than half the length of the humerus;

radius less than half the length of the ulna; cubitus a little shorter

than the radius; stigma small.

Decatoma Nicee, fem. Fulva, dorso antennisque nigris, pedibus

flavis, tibiis fusco cinctis, alis subfuscis, nervis flavis, ulna stig-

mateque fuscis. (Corp. long. lin. 1; alar. lin. 14.)

Body convex: head and thorax rugulose, punctured, pubescent,

slightly shining : head yellow, piceous on the vertex, as broad as

the thorax: antennz dark piceous, clavate, shorter than the thorax ;

first joint long, slender; second long-cyathiform, fulvous at the tip ;

third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints to the ninth

successively decreasing in length ; club broader than the ninth joint

and more than twice its length : thorax yellow, long-obconic, hardly

gibbous: prothorax large, quadrate, broader than long, fuscous on

the middle of the hind border: mesothorax piceous, varied with

yellow on each side; scutum transverse; parapsides prominent,

their sutures distinct; axille large; scutellum large, obconic,

abruptly declining ‘at the tip: metathorax transverse, very short:

propodeon short, obconic, abruptly declining, piceous before, behind

and along the middle: podeon minutely punctured, not one-sixth of

the length of the abdomen ; abdomen fulvous, elliptic, not gibbous,

keeled beneath, longer and slightly narrower than the thorax, having

the disc above and the hind borders of the segments piceous ; meta-

podeon shorter than one-fourth of the dorsum ; octoon much shorter

than the metapodeon; ennaton longer than the octoon; decaton

twice the length of the ennaton ; protelum more than half the length

of the decaton; paratelum and telum very short: oviduct just pass-

ing the tip of the abdomen : legs yellow; metatibize mostly fuscous :

wings limpid; nervures fuscous; humerus yellow, shorter than half

the wing ; ulna slender, not one-sixth of the length of the humerus ;

radius longer than the ulna; cubitus as long as the radius; stigma

of moderate size.

Prof. Owen on a new species of Axolotl. 23.

VII.—Characters of a new Species of Axolotl.

By Prof. Owen, F.R.S.

Genus AxoLores*,

Gyrinus, Shaw ; Phyllhydrus, Brooks; Siredon, Wagler; Azoloil,

Humboldt and Cuvier.

Sp. 1. guttata. A. fusca, nigro-guttata, capite antice rotundato,

cauda compresso-lanceolata.

Shaw, Nat. Misc. no. 343, Gyrinus mexicanus; Gen. Zool. iii.

p-612. pl. 140, Siren pisciformis.

Humboldt and Cuvier, Voyage de Humboldt, Zoologie, 2°™* partie,

Reptiles douteux, p.109. pl. 12, Axolotl du Mewique.

Home, Phil. Trans. 1824, p. 419. pl. 22 and 23, Mexican Proteus.

Wagler, Icones Amphib. tab. 20, Siredon Azolotl.

Longitudo 7 unc. ad 14 unc.

Hab. In lacu juxta urbem Mexico.

Sp. 2. maculata. A. grisea, nigro-marmorata, subtus lactea, capite

antice truncato, cauda compresso-rotundata.

Longitudo 3 unc. ad 5 unc.

Hab. In Mexico, in fluviis Sierree Madre, Chihuahua, lat. 26° 6’ N.,

long. 106° 50’ W.

Axolotes maculata, nat. size. :

VIII.—On Ova believed to be those of the Large Spotted Dog-fish,

Scylliium Catulus, Linn. (sp.).

Asout the middle of the month of December last, there were sent to

the Belfast Museum two plants of the tangle (Laminaria digitata),

* This rendering of the Mexican word, first applied generically by Cuvier,

has long been adopted by Mayer and other German anatomists: the word

is inflected according to the third declension—A.olotes, is, em, ibus. The

characters of the first known species, for which the trivial names ‘ mexicana’

and ‘ pisciformis’ have ceased to be distinctive, are prefixed to render those

of the second species more intelligible. |

24 On the Ova of the Large Spotted Dog-fish.

dredged together off Killinchy, Strangford lough, from a depth of be-

tween two and three fathoms, and having many large and remarkable

ova attached to them by tendrils like those on the well-known

‘‘ purses,” as they are called, of the common dog-fish (Scyllium Ca-

nicula), though they evidently belonged to a different species. They

were new to me and interesting in several respects. To the one

plant of tangle were attached fourteen, to the other twelve of these

ova: of the fourteen, six were very old, six of ‘‘ middle age,” and

two quite fresh—of the twelve attached to the other plant, four

were very old, four of middle age, and four quite fresh. Those called

fresh had the ‘‘ white and yelk ”’ as in a newly laid’ hen’s egg ; from

those termed of middle age, the young fish had probably long since

escaped: none remained to bear testimony to its species. The age

of the different ova was denoted not. only by their own appearance,

but by that of the mollusca, zoophytes, &c. parasitical upon them :

—on the oldest were Anomie an inch in diameter ; Discopora hispida,

Tubularia ramosa, Cellularia reptans, all full-grown ; and on them, and

those of middle age, were Lepralie (Johnston) of various species,

Nullipore, and masses of the ova of Buccinum undatum.

The number of ova of different ages suggested certain points of in-

quiry. Their deposition at three different periods of time on the same

plant led to the suggestion that the fish may, like certain birds, as the

different species of Hirundines for example, return time after time to

the same spot to deposit its eggs. We can indeed only infer that

the same individual has deposited the ova on the different occasions,

but the probability is in favour of such inference. That the salmon

(Salmo Salar) returns to its native river—if not to the same “ bed ”

to spawn—we have a notable example in the north of Ireland, where,

from the circumstance of the fish of the adjacent rivers Bann and

Bush being distinguished from each other by certain peculiarities,

those of every age from each river in returning to the fresh water from

the sea are known always to seek the ascent of their native stream.

Being unable to find any ova described like those under consider-

ation, I made a sketch of one and submitted it to my friend Mr. Yar-

rell for his opinion, together with several queries, remarking at the

same time, that as “‘ the ova are evidently generically related to those

- of S. Canicula, the first impression is, that they are those of the

most nearly allied species Scyllium Catulus, especially as we find

those of the next nearest ally, at least among British species—Squalus

annulatus, Nils. (Pristiurus melanostomus, Bonap.)—to be of a dif-

ferent form ; but, that if they belong to S. Catulus, which is said not

much to exceed S. Canicula in size, it will be singular that the ova

should so greatly exceed those belonging to that species as to be

double their size, and in consequence of their much greater strength,

about four times their weight. The transverse markings represented

in the drawing denote plaits, which give to the exterior a handsome

appearance ; but they are not of specific value, the surface of some

ova being quite smooth, of others partially or wholly plaited.”” It

was added—‘“ Is it known how often the Scyllia deposit their ova ?

On the Ova of the Large Spotted Dog-fish. 25

how many are deposited at one time ? how long after deposition the

young fish bursts its prison ?” In the event of Mr. Yarrell’s not know-

ing the ovum (which proved to be new to him likewise), he was re-

quested to send the drawing, &c. for Mr. Couch’s opinion. With

respect to S. Canicula Mr. Yarrell remarked,—

‘“«] never remember to have observed more than one egg in each

oviduct ready for exclusion, but there was frequently one other in

each oviduct at the upper end, or about to separate from the ovarium,

one on each side. How long they are in passing along the oviduct,

how often deposited, and how soon after deposition the young fish

leaves his cell, are points unknown to me; but I suspect in reference

to gaining his liberty the young fish is rather in a hurry, for I have

more than once taken very small spotted sharks swimming at large

before the membranous bag of nutriment had been taken up into the

abdomen, and before the young shark had begun to take food by the

mouth. I will, however, send your sketch and queries to Mr. Couch.”

This gentleman replied,—

** Polperro, Jan. 25, 1844.

‘‘Dzar Sr1r,—I feel an impression that the figure of a ‘ purse’

which I received in your letter of the 24th of December is that of the

large spotted dog-fish, Scyllium Catulus. Both the British spotted

dog-fishes certainly spawn twice in the year, as do many other spe-

26 On the Ova of the Large Spotted Dog-fish.

cies of fishes that are not commonly supposed to do so, a fact which

I have ascertained by observation and dissection. But I have been

somewhat unfortunate in reference to the larger spotted dog-fish in

not being able to obtain the ova of that fish directly from the body ;

a circumstance which arises from this fish going into deep water at

the spawning time, when our fishermen do not find it convenient to

follow them. I have obtained specimens however which I have been

given to understand proceeded from this fish, and they very closely

resemble the pencil drawing in size, form, the raised ridge at the

sides, and in the lengthened tendrils at the corners; the colour a

dark brown, but I never saw any specimen with transverse plaits,

which may throw doubt on the fact of its appropriation*.

‘«« The ova of the Scyllia are deposited in pairs, an ovum descend-

ing at the same time to each corner of the uterus; but I am not able

to say how many constitute one laying, except that they are nume-

rous. They certainly remain a considerable time before exclusion ;

a month or two at least, and perhaps more, for the corals to which

they have been attached, and especially the Gorgonie, are often seen

growing luxuriantly round the tendrils in a manner to show that most

of this growth must have taken place since the deposit. Sometimes

also their surface is studded with small shell-fish, as Anomie@ and

Pectens, of a size to render it probable that the time I have assigned

to them may even have been exceeded.

** JonaTHAN Coucu.”

As, reasoning from analogy, I came to the conclusion that the ova

must be those of S. Catulus, and as Mr. Couch has received similar

ones which were stated to be the produce of this fish, I have thought

it desirable to publish so much as we know of the subject, and to

give a figure of the ovum, although actual proof is still wanting as

to the species to which it appertains. Some of my queries to Mr.

Yarrell bore on the subject noticed in the conclusion of Mr. Couch’s

letter. Were it known how long the ova of the dog-fish were de-

posited before the young fish escaped, we could say that the adherent

mollusca, zoophytes, &c. must have attained a certain growth within

a limited period, but our information is not yet sufficiently positive

on this head. The most newly-deposited ova under consideration

were externally quite free from all parasitical growth, which was at

first sight, or before they were opened, a good indication of their

freshness. But whatever the time may be in which the ovum of the

allied species S. Canicula is deposited before the exclusion of the fish,

proof is afforded by one in my collection containing a young dog-

fish of this species all but ready for its escape, that before its birth

would have taken place, the Discopora hispida attached to the out-

side of its case had arrived at full maturityt.

* As before mentioned, these plaits are not of specific value.—W. T.

+ Since the above was written, I have seen in the collection of Mr. R. Ball,

Dublin, a similar case containing a young S. Canicula, on the exterior of

which were groups of Lepralia of the full ordinary size, and two specimens

of Serpula triquetra nearly an inch in length.

oO

eat Sy

Annd Mag Nat. fiisé. Vol. ih PL.

D'Dichie det. Fructitication of Marine Alge. LD ECSowerby fo.

Mr. W. H. Harvey on a new Alga from the coast of Ireland. 27

Length of recent* ovum of Scylliwm Catulus? 4 inches 6 lines ;

breadth 1 inch 9 lines ; depth 3—4 lines ; surface smooth or plaited

transversely ; sides very strong and closely plaited throughout ; ten-

drils very strong. Colour a uniform brown, but differing in shade

in different ova.

Belfast, May 1844. Wm. Tompson.

IX.—Description of a minute Alga from the coast of Ireland.

By Wm. Henry Harvey, Esq.

[ With a Plate.]

Ruopopermis, Harv. MS.

Gen. Cuar.—Frons carnoso-membranacea, expansa, crustacea,

facie inferiore adherens, e cellulis polygonis sanguineis minutis for-

mata. Fructus? verruce pertusze in frondem sparse.

R. Drummondii, Harv. MS.

Hab. At New Castle, co. Down, spreading over the rocky sides

and bases of maritime caves, in places where it is covered by the sea

at high water, but exposed, on the ebb of the tide, to the dripping

or trickling of fresh water. Dr. Drummond, May 1840.

Frond spreading in wide, concentric, but not regularly circular

patches of a dark blood or brick-red colour, when dry purplish

lake, closely adhering to the rocks on which it grows, and to

which it is attached by the whole of its lower surface ; of a fleshy-

membranous, very tenacious substance, glossy, about half a line

in thickness in the centre, but becoming gradually thinner to-

ward the margin, composed (as shown by the highest power of

the microscope) of strata of minute polygonal cellules closely

packed together, and filled with brilliant rosy endochrome. The

surface appears marked with wavy interrupted lines, and more or

less thickly furnished with wart-like dark-coloured tubercles,

which are either scattered or grouped together in linear masses.

These tubercles are hemispherical, prominent, of the same struc-

ture as the rest of the frond, deeply coloured at the margin, but

in the centre colourless, and generally pierced by a hole which

goes through the frond. It is doubtful whether they contain the

fructification. Dr. Drummond was not able to discover sporules

in any of them in the recent plant, nor have I been more fortu-

nate with the dried specimen. In outward aspect they much

resemble the fruit of Grateloupia, but a minute examination shows

them to be invariably empty.

Though undoubtedly of marine origin, the presence of some

fresh water in the absence of the tide seems favourable to the

growth of this Alga, as Dr. Drummond observed the colour to

_* The specimens have dwindled in drying to about one-half their original

size.

28 M. de Quatrefages on the Organization of

be much more intense and brilliant in places where the fresh

water dripped or trickled over the rocks than where they were

comparatively dry. In the first of these the crust was of “a dark

blood-colour,” in the last “a brick-red.” But among the former

he observed some patches which were “a bright orange.” This

he attributed to a fuller state of fructification, but neglected to

put up specimens. It may, however, be doubted whether this

last colour did not originate in an excess of fresh water, which

we know changes to orange the red of many Floridee, as parti-

cularly observed in Nitophyllum versicolor.

Probably this production is common in similar situations on

other of the British coasts, but, with numerous others of the

crustaceous class of Algze (a neglected group, which will repay in

novelty an observer who has patience to look for them), has been

hitherto unnoticed or passed by. Though our information re-

specting it is still imperfect, its characters are such as to exclude

it from any established genus with which I am acquainted. The

brilliant red colour and substance sever it from Ralfsta, Berk.

(Padina? deusta, Hook.), which in habit it more nearly resembles

than any other British plant; but this is a resemblance of habit

alone, and therefore more one of analogy than affinity. With

the Mediterranean Peysonellia it has, seemingly, more affinity,

and it is in the neighbourhood of that genus that I propose, for

the present at least, to place it. bap 2 Po

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Fig. 1. Rhododermis Drummondii, natural size.

Fig. 2. Portion near the margin, magnified.

Figs. 3 and 4. Different views of tubercles.

Fig. 5. Portion of the surface highly magnified.

X.—Researches on the Organization of the Invertebrate Animals

of the Western Coast of France. By M. pr QuaTREFAGEs.

Communicated by Atrrep Tux, M.R.C.S.

Tue admirable report of M. Milne Edwards upon this subject,

to which want of space in a recent number of this Journal ad-

mitted only of briefly directing the attention of the reader, con-

tains amongst others a most valuable series of observations by

M. Quatrefages relative to the organization of certain Gasteropoda,

which have hitherto been incorrectly associated with the genus

Doris under the general title of Nudibranchiata, but which differ

much, through the degradation of their internal structure, from

all the ordinary Mollusca. As regards the general form of their

body, the generative organs and the position of the central ner-

vous ganglia, these animals resemble the other Gasteropoda,

Invertebrate Animals of the Western Coast of France. 29

but are widely separated from the normal type of that group by

the structural conditions under which the functions of circulation,

respiration and digestion are performed. ‘The great physiological

distinction in the nature of the circulatory apparatus of the class

Mollusca and Articulata consists in its beg provided in the

former with two systems of membranous vessels united at one

end by the intervention of a heart, and communicating at the

other by a network of capillaries, while m the latter one of these

systems (the afferent or venous) is always wanting, and is sup-

plied by lacunze or intervals between the different organs, within

which the blood flows. Some years ago M. Quatrefages had de-

termined the fact, that in the compound Ascidia and several other

~ molluscoid animals, the vascular system only existed in the tho-

racic region of the body, and was replaced throughout the abdo-

men by interstitial meatuses resembling those in the Articulata ;

and that in the Bryozoa the inferior representatives of the same

zoological type, there existed no blood-vessels whatever, and the

nutrient fluid was distributed through large cavities of the body.

Hitherto however no true mollusk was known in which the cir-

culation was not completely vascular, nor could it have been well

anticipated that one of the highest groups of the class should

present the contrary character; still the Eolidians and other

analogous Gasteropoda have furnished such a structural degra-

dation in different degrees. In the first a well-developed heart

and arteries exist, but no proper veins, the blood being returned

by means of a system of irregular lacune similar to those met

with in the Crustacea ; while in other species both the heart and

arteries have disappeared, and the circulation becomes as incom-

plete as in the Bryozoa.

Corresponding modifications are entailed by the above in the

structure of the respiratory organs. There are no branchiz or

pulmonary sacs in the present Gasteropoda, as in the ordinary

Mollusca: respiration is either simply exercised by the general

surface of the integument, or limited to particular appendages

upon the back of the animal ; but even in the latter ease no vas-

cular network enters into their composition, and to supply this

deficiency, nature has introduced a combination of the digestive

with the respiratory system, that was hitherto believed to occur

only in the Meduse and different Entozoa. The digestive cavity

gives off a system of canals, the ramifications of which penetrate

the branchiform dorsal appendages, and within these the nutri-

tive matters, being directly conveyed, are submitted to the influ-

ence of the air before being sent to the various parts of the body.

This complex vasculo-gastric system has been elaborately studied

by M. Quatrefages in the genus Kolidina ; in others it is con-

structed upon a more simple plan, reminding us of that of the

30 M. de Quatrefages on the Organization of

digestive cavity in some Hirudinesand Planarie. In the genera

Pelta and Chalidis no ramified appendages are found, but only

two large sacs, into which the alimentary substances enter and

remain for some time.

The nervous system is also less perfect than in the ordinary

Gasteropoda, and approximates the Tunicata ; the posteesophageal

or ventral ganglia, and the transverse commissure uniting them

and completing the cesophageal ring posteriorly, being frequently

wanting, as are likewise the labial ganglia.

For the reception of these peculiarly-organized Gasteropoda,

M. Quatrefages proposes the establishment of a new order in

that class, to be called PHLEBENTERA, and which, with the genera

already mentioned, must include the genus Acteon, confounded

hitherto with the Aphysians, and, in all probability, Glaucus, the

Placobranchiata, and all other Gasteropods deprived of lungs and

vascular branchiz. Lastly, certain Planarie may perhaps be in-

serted under the same group.

M. Quatrefages has also given to science a most imstructive

memoir upon those polyps which, under the form apparently of

rugose amorphous crusts, are frequently found upon the whelk-

shells inhabited by the Paguri or hermit-crabs; the species had

however always been confounded with the Hydra squamata of

Miller, and neither its structure or mode of reproduction had

been studied. These polyps, designated by our author under

the name of Synhydra parasita, live attached by their base to a

common laminiform floor supported internally by a corneous net-

work and analogous to the polypary of the Gorgonia, but of a

more simple structure, resembling that of the skeleton of the

sponge. Thus associated simply in colonies by their bases, we

might suppose that each individual polyp exercised its functions

independently of another; but they are in fact all united by a

system of capillary canals lodged deeply within the common ba-

silar tissue, and which establish ready communications between

their: respective stomachs.

The same arrangement for rendering the alimentary matters

digested by a.single polyp available to the nutrition of the entire

colony may be observed also in the Alcyonia, the Corallinea, the

Gorgonia, Cornularia, &c., but previous to the discovery of M.

Quatrefages was unknown to occur in the Hydras. Another

particularly interesting fact is the singular structure of a certain

number of these polyps thus united in a kind of tuft. The one

kind present the usual form of Hydras, having a mouth sur-

rounded by filiform tentacles, so that they can directly obtain

food ; while the others are destitute both of oral orifice or appen-

dages, and depend solely for nutrition upon the products of di-

gestion in the former being conveyed to them by the system of

Invertebrate Animals of the Western Coast of France. 31

canals already mentioned. Living thus as parasites, they yet

perform important uses in the ceconomy of the polypary, since,

charged with the process of reproduction, they appear specially

destined to ensure the establishment of new colonies.

M. Quatrefages has seen the Synhydre propagate by three

very distinct methods. In the one case the young individual

proceeds from a bud formed upon the surface of the common ba-

silar tissue, and which is developed nearly in the same manner as

the reproductive gemmules of the Hydras and Sertularias ; in

another, ovules like those of the sponge arise in this common

tissue ; and lastly, reproductive bodies (bu/bill:) are met with upon

the free portion of the polyps, which cannot be likened either

to gemmee or ovules, for they grow by an extension of their tis-

sue like the first, and, like the second, separate completely from

the parent stem before becoming developed into new individuals.

The reproductive gemmules serve to increase the population of

the colony in the midst of which they are formed ; the ovules re-

main probably buried in the basilar tissue after the winter has

destroyed the polyps covering it, and produce other Hydras on

the following spring ; while lastly the bulbilli, becoming detached

and borne afar by the currents, fix themselves at length in some

appropriate spot, develope, and multiplying again by gemme,

found a new colony, in a manner similar to that by which the

compound. Ascidia disperse to a distance their sessile societies by

means of locomotive larvee. These bulbilli are exclusively pro-

duced by the astomatous polyps, around the summit of which

they are grouped, the polyps provided with a mouth appearing not

to participate in any degree in the work of generation. The first

then are the reproductive, the second the nutrition-serving indi-

viduals, and both exhibit corresponding differences of structure.

The tentacles of the reproductive polyps are represented only by

tubercles, and their digestive cavity resembles that of a polyp

whose development is not completed and the stomachic cavity not

yet open externally. Arrested as regards the functions of nutri-

tion and of animal life, all the energies of their organism seem

concentrated upon the exercise of the generative power ; for there

is nothing that could lead us to suppose that the nutritory indi-

viduals are males, and the astomatous females; but rather that

_ the two great physiological acts, the one necessary to the preser-

vation of individual life, and the other destined to perpetuate the

existence of the species, are here exhibited under a separate and

independent form in the same community. This mode of pro-

pagation by bulbilli in the Synhydre constitutes a form of repro-

duction not hitherto well determined to occur in the animal

kingdom, and we cannot therefore peruse the beautiful researches

of M. Quatrefages without feeling their interest no less as bear-

32 M. de Quatrefages on the Organization of

ing upon general physiology than upon the special history of the

polyps.

A third series of researches by the same author has been de-

voted to the study of the organization of the: Annelida, with a

view of determining how the dominant type of that natural group is

modified or lowered either in the inferior species, or in those worms

which have been ranked by many zoologists among the Entozoa.

He has ascertained, in examining the comparative anatomy of the

nervous system in Eunice, Nereis, Phyllodoce, Glycera, and some

other newly discovered genera, that the ganglionic system is far

more complex than has been supposed, and exhibits specific mo-

difications analogous to those which have been observed in Insects

and Crustacea.

The vascular system in all the Annelida studied up to the pre-

sent time by anatomists has been found to present a very consi-

derable amount of development. In some however, as in certain

Tubicole, M. Quatrefages has proved that the circulation is not

performed by vessels, but through lacune situated between the dif-

ferent organs: thus, in a species of Amphicora, very nearly allied

to that discovered by M. Ehrenberg, the blood, easily recognisable

from its green colour, is not inclosed in vessels, but between the

subcutaneous muscular layer and the kind of mesentery that en-

velopes the alimentary canal ; and lastly, in a new genus of Anne-

lida Errantia allied to Syllis, and called by our author Doyeria,

there exist only imperfect rudiments of a vascular apparatus,

which is reduced to a simple dorsal vessel.

The genus Aphlebine of M. Quatrefages furnishes another

striking example of such organic degradation. In the ordinary

Annelida the circulation is performed as in the higher animals, by

the alternate contraction and dilatation of a part of the vascular

system ; but in the present genus, the blood, instead of being pro-

pelled by any organ analogous to a heart, is set in motion by the

repeated strokes of a series of microscopically minute palettes,

which are composed of vibratile cilia united in that form, and

placed upon the walls of the visceral cavity behind the base of

each foot. An analogous mechanism has been observed by Milne

Edwards in the Beroes. :

The affinity of internal structure which previous observers had

perceived to exist between the Annelida and Rotatoria has been

rendered still more intimate by another discovery of M. Quatre-

fages, who found upon the coasts of Brittany an Annelide much

resembling in general conformation a young Syll/is, but which sup-

ported upon either side of its body a series of locomotive organs

analogous to the vibratile discs of the Rotifers, and so disposed as

to simulate when in motion the revolutions of a paddle-wheel.

The feet in this singular Annelide, designated by the name of

_ Invertebrate Animals of the Western Coast of France. 88

Dujardinia, ave furnished with bristles as in the other Annelida

Errantia ; but these are merely passive weapons of defence, since

they remain perfectly immoveable. Sometimes the animal changes

its position in the water by agitating its tail briskly like a long

oar, but in general it swims slowly by means of the above-men-

tioned lateral palettes, which consist of cilia circularly arranged

upon the edges of cup-shaped cavities, supported by papille placed

upon the sides of the body and between the feet. In the form of

its digestive tube and the large size of its ova, Dujardinia also

approximates the Rotifera.

Some further details are of interest from tending to indicate

the links whereby the Annelida are connected to the Planarie

and Entozoa. Thus the Nemerte agree with the Annelida in the

general arrangement of their vascular system, but resemble much

the Hirudines in the structure of their buccal apparatus and

many other points of internal organization, while their reproduc-

tive organs are analogous to those of many Entozoa ; their ner-

vous system may be compared to that of the Lingule, and their

digestive tube, in place of extending the whole length of the body

and opening posteriorly by an anal orifice, as in all the typical

Annelida, terminates towards the anterior third of the body in

a cul-de-sac which communicates externally by the mouth alone,

as in some of the lower organized Entozoa and most Zoophyta.

The very singular observations made by M. Quatrefages upon

the propagation of the genus Syllis have already been given in a

~ previous number of this Journal. It remains only for us to add,

in respect to the Annelida, that in a large number of the Annelida

Errantia jand Tubicole, and also in the Thalasseme and Nemerte,

which establish the passage, between the ordinary Annelida and

Entozoa, he has recognised the existenceof distinct male and female

individuals, has observed the formation of the spermatozoa in the

Nemertea, and by his remarks upon the development of the ova

in the Terebelle, has extended to the class Annelida the import-

ant fact determined by Herold, Rathke, and other embryologists,

respecting the relation of the vitellus to the dorsal surface of the

embryo in Insects, Arachnida and Crustacea.

~ Lastly, M. Quatrefages, in examining the mechanism of motion

in the polyps of the genus Hdwardsia, has arrived at the same

conclusions with Mr. Bowman relative to the theory of muscular

contraction ; for he has observed that the fibres of one and the

same muscle do not all act simultaneously, but that those which

contract, drawing along with them the adjacent fibres in a state

of repose, give rise to the zigzag folds which have been considered

as the efficient cause of the shortening of the muscle.

Touching the subject of animal phosphorescence, our author has

been led, from the microscopic study of the small transparent

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv.

34 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

Annelida, to infer that its production depends very intimately

upon the influence exerted by the nervous system im giving rise

to muscular contraction. This, observes Milne Edwards, becomes

highly probable from the fact, that in the Beroes of the Mediter-

ranean Sea I have constantly remarked that their very brilliant

light emanated from the ciliated sides of the body, the principal

seat of the locomotive function.

XI.—Further Observations on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood

of Calcutta. By Epwarp Buytu, Curator to the Museum of

the Asiatic Society of Bengal. With Notes by H. EK. Srricx-

LAND, M.A. :

Calcutta, March 18, 1844.

Tue cold season of 1843-44 having now terminated, and the time

for collecting specimens of the feathered class fast drawing to its

close, I shall again pass under review the various species of birds

which I have hitherto succeeded in procuring in this immediate

neighbourhood, a task to which I am partly impelled by perusal

of Mr. Strickland’s interesting ‘ Notes’ (vol. xit. pp. 32 e¢ seq.,

ante), which have just reached me.

Nos. land 4*. Paleornis Alexandri and P. pondicerianus. Both of

these are strictly hill species, and I doubt if either of them is ever

met with in the vicinity of Calcutta. With reference to the enume-

ration of the species of this genus which I appended in a note, I may

remark that there is a ‘‘ Psittacus (Conurus) himalayanus”’ of Lesson

described in the ‘ Zoologie du Voyage de M. Bélanger,’ p. 239, which

is doubtless a Paleornis, and would seem to resemble P. schisticeps,

except in having the under parts to dhe belly uniform ash-gray.

‘‘Inhabits the valleys of the Himalaya.” I have never seen it.

The Psittaculus vernalis appears also to be exclusively a hill spe-

cies.

Of the Raptores, 1 have prepared an elaborate monograph of the

Indian species, wherein a very considerable number of synonyms have

been reduced, and which is at présent awaiting publication.

The whole of the true Falcons of India appear to visit this neigh-

bourhood during the cool season, with the exceptions of F’. Aldro-

vandi, which I have only seen from the Himalaya, and the F. cherrug

of Hardwicke and Gray, which is evidently the lanner, F. Janarius,

and which is not yet well established as Indian, though the name F.

cherrug occurs in a MS. catalogue of the birds ‘of Nepal prepared by

Mr. Hodgson. I have somewhere read that a large falcon called

Cherg or Cherrug is highly esteemed in Persia for flying at bustards

and other large game: and there can be little doubt that the lanner

* These numbers refer to Mr. Blyth’s paper, Annals, vol. xii. p.90, and

vol. xiii. pp. 113, 175.

Calcutta, with Notes by H. ¥. Strickland. 35

exists along the Himalaya, especially towards the N.W. in the al-

pine Punjab. Of the rest, I have obtained F. shaheen, Jerdon, and

F. vespertinus, in addition to the species noticed in the catalogue ;

my friend Mr. Earle tells me that he has shot F. peregrinus ; and I

am satisfied of the occasional occurrence of F. juggur, Gray and

Hardwicke, vel F. luggur, Jerdon.

The word Jerax I so spelt to distinguish it in a more marked man-

ner from the genus Hyrav among the mammalia. I have one species

from Assam, and another from Nepal and Arracan ; a third appears

peculiar to the Malay countries, and a fourth inhabits the Philippines.

The true Falco cerulescens, Linn., founded on Edwards, pl. 108, is

certainly a distinct species from any of the four known to me. In

the Assamese J. melanoleucos, nobis, the tibial plumes are white; in

the Nepalese I. eutolmus, Hodgson (Falco cerulescens, var. a, Latham,

from near Sylhet), they are bright ferruginous; and in the Malay

species deep black. Latham’s description of Edwards’s alleged

Bengal species agrees neither with J. eutolmus nor with I. melano-

leucos.

No. 9. I have instituted a division Nisastur for the reception of

Falco badius, Brown, and the species allied to it, conceiving that they

do not range satisfactorily either in Dedalion (Astur, Bechstein) or

in Accipiter*.

No. 14. This I fully suspect will have to be recognised as a di-

stinct species from the European Circus eruginosus, v. rufus, in which

case it will apparently stand as C. variegatus, Sykes ; and Latham’s

Rufous-eared Falcon, no. 103, and Konta Falcon, no. 117, are both

referable to it. If I remember rightly, M. Lesson has some remarks

on the Indian “‘ variety ” of C. eruginosus in the ‘ Zoologie du Voyage

de M. Bélanger.’ ‘Ihe extreme frequency of specimens with ash-co-

loured tail and part of wings, as figured in Gould’s ‘ Birds of Europe’ -

Srom a Himalayan specimen, first led me to entertain this suspicion,

and the Indian bird appears also to be always smaller, to have the

owl-like ruff more developed, and to be further distinguished by

having golden-yellow irides. Now of the considerable number of

European specimens which I have seen, I do not remember to have

met with one having the ash-coloured wings and tail+, nor do I think

the irides were ever pure yellow. Referring to M‘Gillivray’s ‘ Ra-

pacious Birds,’ I observe he mentions the irides of the male to be

‘‘orange,”’ and those of the female to be ‘‘reddish-yellow.” Mr.

Jenyns, without distinguishing the sex, describes the ‘‘ adult in its

* A recent skin has just been brought to me of a small Accipiter shot a

few miles down the river, which is not improbably the Khandesra hawk

which Mr. Jerdon has been long trying to procure.

+ It is however certain that specimens so coloured do occasionally occur

in Europe, as they have been accurately described by various authors from

Brisson to Yarrell. The scarcity of such specimens in Europe is probably

owing to the influence of man, who usually destroys these birds before they

become aged. I do not therefore think that there is at present sufficient evi-

dence to warrant the specific separation of the “ Moor Buzzards’’ of India

from those of Europe.—H. E. S.

D2

36. Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

fourth year”’ to have “ reddish-yellow”’ irides; in the second year

“‘brown;’’ and in the young of the year ‘‘ dusky-brown’”’; but Mon-

tagu describes a female before him to have “‘ yellow” irides, in which

he is perhaps copied by Fleming. None of these authors mention the

presence of any ash-colour on the wings and tail; but I observe that

Mr. Gould’s Himalayan specimen is noticed as ‘‘ showing a curious

change of plumage” by Sir W. Jardine in the ‘ Naturalist’s Library.’

So far from being unusual is it however in this neighbourhood, that

I have seen two or three in the course of a day’s excursion, and

have had at least a dozen specimens thus coloured brought me within

the last few weeks, and two or three only with dark wings and tail.

With respect to the size, Mr. M*Gillivray assigns the following as

the respective dimensions of the sexes of the British species. Length

to end of tail 21 and 24 inches ; of wing 164 and 16% in. ; of tail 10

and 92 in.(!); and alar expanse 50 and 52 in. The dimensions of

the Indian bird are 19 and 214 in.; wing 15 and 16 in. ; tail 83 to9

and 91in.; and alar expanse 45 and—? In four gray-winged males

before me, the length of the wing varies from 14? to 155 in., and in

two dark-winged(young) males it is only 143 in. In the gray-winged

specimens, the pale head and throat never contrast remarkably with

the rest of the plumage, as in the young of both sexes, and com-

monly in the European species; but the central dark lines to the

feathers are usually much developed, often leaving but a slight lateral

pale or rufous edge to each feather. For a minute description how-

ever, I must refer to my ‘Synopsis’ of Indian Raptores*. _

No. 15. This I suspect is the Falco bido, Horsfield, and the spe-

cies would accordingly now stand as Spilornis bido. Falco albidus of

Cuvier and Temminck, v. Buteo melanotis of Jerdon’s ‘ Supplement,’

is merely the young, as was first intimated to me by Mr. Jerdon, a

identification which I have since verified +.

No. 16. Mr. Strickland, following Mr. G. R. Gray, is quite in

error respecting the generic location of the birds which I formerly

referred to Spizaétus, and which must now be restored to Nisaétus of

Hodgson, a very distinct form, represented by the following Indian

species :—1. N. caligatus (?) ; Falco caligatus (?), Rafiles ; F. niveus,

Tem.; N. nipalensis; Hodgson; Bauj Eagle and probably Jerwied

* The European species may perhaps likewise be found here, in which

case, however, I think it likely that such closely allied races would be apt

to coalesce. While treating of this genus, I would also suggest that the sup-

posed female, C. Montagui, described by Mr. Selby to have the lower parts

“‘ orange-brown, without spot or streak,’’ may possibly be an adult female of

C. Swainsonit.

+ Since the above was written, one of my shikarees has come in with a

fine collection of Raptores, procured during an excursion towards the Soon-

derbuns. Among them are two species which I have not procured before

in this neighbourhood ;—Circaétus gallicus, and a remarkable specimen of

a crestless Pernis, which is the P. Ellioti of Jerdon’s list, and doubtless also

that of Lesson in Bélanger'’s ‘ Voyage’ ; I am not sure also that it differs spe-

cifically from P. apivora. [In a note dated three days later, Mr. Blyth says,

‘«<T have got two more specimens of the Pernis, and these lead me to suspect

that P. cristata, Ellioti, and maculosa of Lesson are all one and the same.”’ |

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 37

Eagle of Latham, nos. 74 and 77 : this bird is very common in Lower

Bengal, and both sexes become wholly of a dusky black colour with

full maturity, which renders the name niveus bestowed by Temminck

peculiarly inappropriate * ; in Southern India it does not appear to

have been met with. 2. N. cirratus (Latham), founded on the

Crested Indian Falcon of Willughby ; F. cristatellus, Tem., but cer-

tainly not Spizaétus cristatellus of Jardine and Selby’s ‘ Illustrations

of Ornithology’; N. nipalensis, crested variety, and since N. pal-

lidus, Hodgson : nearly allied to the last, but distinguished by its

splendid drooping occipital crest, which in a fine specimen before me

(procured so near as at Midnapore) measures 5} inches in length,

whereas in N. caligatus (?) there is invariably but a slight indication

of the crest common to the three other Indian species of this group ;

the shape of the dorsal feathers also well distinguishes this species

from the preceding one. 3. N. pulcher, Hodgson; and 4. N. Kie-

neri, which had already been thus identified by Mr. Jerdon.

To Limnaétus may be referred the Morphnus hastatus of Lesson,

v. Spizaétus punctatus of Jerdon’s ‘Supplement,’ and Cawnpore Eagle,

Latham, of which I have recently obtained two specimens in this vi-

cinity, an adult and a young one; and Mr. Jerdon informs me that

he also has lately procured several, among which are pale varieties

analogous to those of Aquila nevia (Vindhiana +).

I have also procured Aquila mogilnik (imperialis) ; Aq. nevia (two

adults beautifully spotted, another adult totally devoid of spots, but

the feathers of both silky and finely glossed with purplish), the Aq.

Sulvescens, Gray, is the young; and several specimens of Aq. pennatia,

vel Spizaétus milvoides of Jerdon. This last is of course the Indian

variety of Buteo lagopus noticed by Latham: and the reference of the

same author to the Kites of India, which occurs in his description of

the British kite, refers of course to the common Indian species, his

Cheela Eagle, nos. 66, 111, and 112.

Nos. 17 to 20, Fishing Eagles. I shot a specimen of Haliaétus Macei

a few days ago, in a transitional state of plumage, passing from the

H., lineatus of Hardwicke’s drawings into the H. unicolor, ibid. ; which

latter I see is considered by Prof. Brandt as probably identical with

Falco leucoryphos, Latham :—vide vol. xi. p. 114, ante. That I have

rightly identified the H. unicolor, Gray, there can be no doubt what-

ever ; and J very strongly suspect that to the F’. leucoryphos must be

referred the F. ichthyaétos, Horsfield, described in immature plumage,

and which would now accordingly rank as Ichthyaétus leucoryphos.

This bird is very common in the Bengal Soonderbuns. The Had.

blagrus is considerably less so, at least to judge from the comparative

number of specimens which are brought me, but this also is far from

being rare: it is evidently the Maritime Eagle, no. 67, of Latham,

* This is analogous to the change which converts Buteo lagopus into the

B. Sancti Johannis, Auct. Mr. M¢Gillivray was unaware of the occurrence

of this bird in the dark plumage within the British Islands, but a specimen

in the dress adverted to was obtained in Epping Forest by "Mr. Doubleday.

+ On further consideration, I feel very doubtful respecting the distinctness

of this from F. limnaétus, Horstield.

38 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

as well as his no. 82, and in second plumage it is his Kumpa-maur

Eagle, no.72. Pandion haliaétus is also very common in the Soon-

derbuns, being of course the Bengal Osprey of Latham, but differing

in no respect from the European species. For Haliaétus pondice-

rianus must now be read Haliastur indus.

No. 22. The EHlanus melanopterus of Bengal has always its outer-

most tail-feather from 2 to $inch shorter than the rest, which is the

sole character upon which the Prince of Canino founded his American

E.. dispar ; the adult is likewise always distinguished by a slaty-black

spot at the extremity of the white on the under surface of the wing,

and immediately impending the base of the first primaries. Does

this correspond to the oval spot of black mentioned as occurring in

Gould’s Australian E. notatus *?

Respecting the Indian Vultures, information concerning which is

sought by Mr. Strickland, I have already informed you (vide vol. xiii.

p.115).

A Abie living Vultur cinereus has been sent by Major Jenkins

from Assam, which enables me to refer to this species beyond all

doubt the so-called V. monachd& figured by Hardwicke, and the head

alone of which is published by Gray. Latham describes this draw-

ing under the head “‘ Chocolate Vulture.” My bird is now casting

its first primaries, and should therefore be in its second year, the

colouring of the head being nearly as represented on the plate. In

the breadth of skull and aquiline strongly hooked beak, this bird ap-

proaches the division Otogyps, and it has been separated by Mr.

Hodgson under the somewhat strange name of Polypteryz.

Of Owls, I have added to the catalogue Ketupa Leschenaulti,

which is by no means rare; Urrua umbrata, nobis, which is less

common; and Scops sunia, Hodgson, of which beautiful little spe-

cies I procured a pair that were taken with bird-lime. There are no

less than five Indian species of true Scops, exclusive of coromanda,

which is probably an Urrua, Hodgson. The U. coromanda, apud

Hodgson, is my U. umbrata; and the same is evidently alluded to by

Latham in his description of Strix coromanda, as represented in a

drawing which he saw in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks, the

figure measuring 20 inches in length; but it cannot be the Striz co-

romanda of Hardwicke and Gray, being much darker in colour, in

addition to its very superior size. Mr. Jerdon has also recently ob-

tained U. umbrata in the south.

That Strix hirsuta, Tem., must be referred to the Sumatran Sér.

scutulata of Raffles, I have this further evidence, that the Bengal

species is quite common about Singapore ; and it is also the Ominous

Owl of Latham, or Col pecha (death-owl) of the Bengalees, by

whom its cry is believed to forebode the death of any sick person

within whose hearing it is uttered. !

* The above remarks are very important, as they seem to show that the

Elanus of America and of Australia is the same species as that of the old

world. The wing-spot in Z. avwillaris, Lath. (£. notatus, Gould), exactly

agrees with Mr. Blyth’s description, except in being sooty-black and not

slaty-black.”—H. E. S.

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 39

No. 27. I observe that Sir W. Jardine remarks, in the ‘ Natura-

list’s Library’ (British Birds, vol. i.), that—‘‘ Of the extra-European

specimens of birds which are considered to be identical with the En-

glish barn owl, the under-parts are always more tinged with ochra-

ceous.” This, however, certainly does not apply to the common

Indian barn owl, which, as I before stated, differs neither in this re-

spect nor in any other from the bird of Europe. I have Calcutta

specimens with under-parts of the most pure snowy-white, and others

more or less coloured beneath, precisely as in those of England.

No. 27 a. I have obtained Ketupa Leschenaulti half-grown, and

from the analogy of plumage I feel confident that Strix coromanda,

as figured by Hardwicke, is the young of my umbrata, but certainly

not the true coromanda.

No. 31. This is Buceros albirostris of Shaw, a species which re-

presents B. malabaricus of the Indian peninsula, in Bengal, Nepal,

Assam, and to the eastward of the bay of Bengal. Latham, however,

has badly figured it as B. malabaricus in his vol. ii. pl. 38.

No. 32. I can perceive no good distinction between the Hoopoes

of Bengal and Southern India, further than that the latter are rather

smaller and considerably more deeply coloured. The Bengal bird is

decidedly the European hoopoe, and the position of the white bar

upon the tail varies in different specimens, being in some also much

more oblique than in others.

No. 33 a. I have obtained asingle specimen of Merops phillipinus.

No. 34. This common species is replaced in Assam, Tipperah,

Arracan and the Tenasserim provinces by Coracias assamensis

(M‘Clelland and Horsfield), which in those parts appears to be

equally common.

No. 37. Halcyon amauropterus is found at all seasons, and may

generally be met with in the Botanic Garden and one or two other

localities. I have also obtained H. atricapillus, which Mr. Jerdon

has likewise recently done in Southern India ; and Todirhamphus col-

laris. H.coromandus I have received from Nepal and from the east-

ern side of the bay.

No. 42. Bucco caniceps is common in the Soonderbuns, and to the

eastward abounds in Tipperah and in Arracan.

No. 43. Picus strictus appears to be the P. goensis of recent au-

thors, but does not well agree with Daubenton’s orginal description.

This and some allied species constitute my division Chrysocolaptes

(Journ. As. Soc. B. no. 59. p. 1004), which I consider to be very

distinct from Mr. Strickland’s Brachypternus, founded on P. auran-

tius, v. bengalensis.

No. 43 a. Picus (Gecinus) striolatus, nobis, J. A. S. B. vol. xii.

p- 1000, has been procured near here by W. Earle, Esq.

No. 48. I have obtained several specimens of Yunz torquilla.

No. 52. For notices of this extremely variable species, vide J. A.

S. B. xi. 908, and xii. 241 and 944, where also are described several

species of Centropus. I may remark that I have received Cuculus

Sonnerati from Singapore as well as from Southern India*. Hudy-

* Is not C. Sonnerati the young of some other species ?—H. E. S.

40 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

namys orientalis was omitted by an oversight; and another species to

be added to the list is Phenicophaus tristis, the Ph. longicaudatus of

my monograph of oriental Cuculide.

Nos. 56, 57 and 58 are true Caprimulgi.

No. 58 a. Caprimulgus indicus, apud Jerdon, procured in this

neighbourhood, and presented to the Society by my friend Willis

Earle, Esq. ‘The same gentleman has also shown me part of a col-

lection formed in Monghyr, a range of hills at no great distance up

the river, among which I perceive various species that do not occur

in this immediate vicinity, e. g. Butastur (Hodgson) teesa ; Urrua ben-

galensis ( Otus bengalensis, Franklin; Urrua cavearia, Hodgson); Picus

mahrattensis ; Zanclostomus sirkee ; Lanius lahtora, L. erythronotus,

L. Hardwickei; Malacocercus chatarhea; Thamnobia fulicata (the

female of this is Saxicolides erythrurus, Lesson in Bélanger’s ‘ Voy-

age’); Motacilla variegata, Lath. (not of Vieillot ; M. picata, Frank-

lin) ; Sitta castaneoventris ; Columba cambayensis ; Philomachus ven-

tralis ; Cursorius asiaticus ;—and of species which are rare here, Cu-

culus canorus and Oriolus aureus of my list; both the latter and O.

-chinensis I have also received from Midnapore. I have also reason to

believe that on the same range occurs the Garrulaz ruficollis (Jardine)

(Lanthocincla lunata, M‘Clell.), of which I lately received a few spe-

cimens from Tipperah.

No. 59 a. Add a Cypselus allied to C. australis, Gould, and iden-

tical with that received from the Deccan by Mr. Jerdon as noticed

in J. A. 8. B. vol. xi. p. 886.

No. 61. Corvus macrorhynchos, v. culminatus. A pair of these birds

which I lately shot measured each 194 inches by 3 feet in alar ex-

panse ; wing 12 in. and tail 7in. Mr. Jerdon, however, gives length

21 in.; of wing 13,4, in. ; tail 72 in. ; andCol. Sykes assigns, “length

14 in., and tail 7 in.,”’ which, added together, gives the same total di-

mensions as are stated by Mr. Jerdon. It doubtless varies in dimen-

-sions like the next species.

No. 62. The variations of size in this most common species are

very observable in the living birds. Picking out a large and a small

one, the former measured 177 in. by 2 ft. 8 in.; wing 11] in., and

tail 74 in.: the latter gave 15 in. by 2 ft. 5 in.; wing 94 in., and

tail 53 in.

No. 63. Latham terms this Corvus rufus, and rightly assigns to it

one of its Bengalee names, derived from its note; but I think it is

more commonly styled Takka-chore, or ‘ Rupee-thief.”

Nos. 64 and 65. Gracula indica inhabits Southern India, and is

the Gr. religiosa of Mr. Jerdon’s list. Gr. religiosa vera inhabits the

hilly parts of Bengal, and is common in Napa and in the countries

eastward of the bay.

No. 70. Mr. Jerdon’s Pastor malabaricus is probably the P. do-

minicanus, apud Lesson, in the Zoology of M. Bélanger’s ‘ Voyage’ :

vide J. A. S. B. no. 9. for a notice of the Indian Mynahs and some

_ additional species.

[My genus Trichastoma certainly appears to be identical with Mr.

Eyton’s Malacopteron, and my Tr. affine is probably his M. cinereus ;

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 41

but Tr. rostratum must be distinct from M. magnum, and I have other

members of this group which will require subgeneric division. ]

No. 74. Malacocercus terricolor is badly figured by Edwards,

pl. 184, on which was founded Turdus canorus of Linneus, a name

which really cannot stand, as a more thoroughly songless bird does

not exist; what cries it has are particularly harsh and chattering—

atch, atch, atch. The name Baniahbou (given it by Buffon) refers to

the black-headed oriole, this being called Saat bhye (seven brothers),

as they always go in families; and Chatarhea (though it is not the

Chatarhea of Franklin), which is a much smaller bird, more striated,

and having a longer and more graduated tail.

No. 74 a. Add Malacocercus Earlei, nobis.

No. 75 a. My friend Mr. Frith, a most accurate observer, assures

me that Timalia pileata, Horsfield, is to be met with. Mr. Hodgson

has sent it from Nepal, and it is included in Dr. M‘Clelland’s cata-

logue of the birds procured by him in Assam.

No, 76. Several common Taylor-birds were brought me the other

day, on the authority of which I can now safely assert that the Or-

thotomus sepium of Sykes is merely the young of O. longicauda (his

O. Benneti).

No. 76 a. Prinia inornata is common in grass-jungle and reeds,

and it occurs also in Nepal. This and other Indian Prinie are de-

cidedly congeneric with the Drymoice(Sw.) of Dr. A.Smith’s ‘ South

African Zoology.’

No. 76 6. Prinia flaviventris is obtained within a short distance of

this place. This is the Orthotomus flaviventris of Delessert, and I

suspect Motacilla olivacea of Raffles; I had previously received it

from Singapore and Tenasserim.

No. 77. Jira tiphia; distinct both from J. zeylonica of Southern

India, and from J. scapularis of the Malay countries. In reply to

Mr. Strickland’s request, I may briefly remark that the anatomy of

this bird is on the usual passerine type : its food small insects, which

it constantly seeks among the foliage and small twigs of trees, where

it is ever in motion, attracting attention by its lively yellow colour,

and more so by the great variety of its notes ; these latter are much

as in the Pari, and are so various as not unfrequently to occasion dis-

appointment to the ornithologist, who had been thus led to suspect

the presence of some unusual species; but its only proper song-note

is a. very peculiar one, whence is derived one of the native appella-

tions of the bird—futteékjou, the second syllable of this being exces-

sively prolonged. ‘The nest is a beautiful structure, one before me

being of a cup-shape, resting upon and bound to a twig of guava,

from which a slight stem branches off obliquely upward on one side,

and the base of this is bound into the lower half of the nest; the rim

and cupped portion are surprisingly thin, but still very compact, the

nest being chiefly constructed of fine cocoa-nut fibres, which.form the

interior lining, whilst the outside is bound and fastened with a pro-

fusion of delicate webs of leaf-rolling caterpillars and spiders: the

eges I have not seen. This genus is undoubtedly very isolated in

42 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

its affinities; but it certainly belongs to the great and much-varied

Timalia series*.

No. 78 a. Turdus unicolor, Gould, must be added to the list, as I

have obtained two specimens in this neighbourhood. I have exten-

sive materials on hand for a monograph on Indian Thrushes.

No. 79. The specific name rubecula was a slip of the pen on my

part for citrina, though the former name is also erroneously included

in the list of Assamese birds collected by Dr. M‘Clelland. This spe-

cies is the Turdus Macei of Vieillot, and also (as Mr. Jerdon informs

me) the 7. albonotatus, Cuvier.

No. 81. Of a number of Dhyals received from Singapore, I can

perceive no difference from the Bengal bird in the male sex, but the

females have a black head and back, nearly as deep as in the males,

whereas in the Bengal females the upper parts are always ash-gray.

Mr. Swainson has subdivided the saularis into two or three species.

No. 82. In connexion with the Shahmour, I may notice the night-

ingale, termed Bulbul Bhostah, which is imported from the countries

west of the Indus, and many are kept by some of the wealthy baboos,

who purchase them at an enormous price. These are carried about

by their servants of a morning, according to native custom, and for

these two or three months past some eight or ten have been thus

daily brought to the fish-bazar, in cages wrapped round and round

with cloth, where the incessant noise and clamour excite them to

sing: the note I at once recognised, of course, though it scarcely

seems to be equal to that of our English nightingale; but I had some

trouble to obtain a sight of one of the captives, and then only by

main force, when through the darkened cage I could perceive

clearly enough that the bird was a true nightingale, and as far as I

could make out, it was the British species, but of this I will not be

positivet. An ornithologist will, I am sure, appreciate the annoy-

ance of continually hearing the note of some fine song-bird in a

closely covered cage, and to be constantly refused a sight of it; to

have hookum nai (‘‘ no orders’) as the invariable reply to your most

civil requests to be allowed to view it: there remained but one prac-

ticable alternative, and of that I availed myself; the bird proving to

- be so perfectly tame and void of fear that there was no occasion

whatever for covering it over; but it is the custom todo so, and that

is suflicient reason to a Bengalee.

Nos. 84 to 88. Eight species of this group have been described by

* I am rather disposed to place Jéra among the Orioling. The form of

the beak and feet, and the disposition of the colours, are very similar to .

those of Oriolus, and Dr. Horsfield has lately obtained a new Jéra equal in

size to the small Oriolus xanthonotus. ‘This view is now confirmed by the

interesting account given by Mr. Blyth of the nidification of Jéra. Mr.

Jerdon has given me a similar account of J. xeylonica: he says it lays four

eggs, pale reddish, with darker spots like those of Hematornis (Pycnonotus),

and its chief food is spiders.—H, E. S.

+ Since writing the above, I have looked at another, which I could see to

more advantage; the bird sung lustily all the while, and it decidedly ap-

peared to be the British species.

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 43

me in J. A. S. B. no. 59. p. 963 et seq. as occurring in the vicinity

of Calcutta.

No. 88 a. I have just procured a second specimen of Phylloscopus

nitidus, so that I have now confirmed all my described new species

of this genus on a plurality of specimens.

No. 90 a. Add a smaller species of Acrocephalus, allied to A.

montanus, and which I believe is the Sylvia rama of Sykes.

Nos. 92 and 93. These are species of true Sphenura, vel Dasy-

ornis. Of Sph. colluriceps I have recently obtained two fine speci-

mens, and Mr. Jerdon has procured additional examples of Sph. stri-

ata. These birds frequent the densest grass-jungle, and Mr. Frith

has well suggested to me that the remarkable firm and elastic ant-

orbital bristles are designed to protect the eyes when the bird is

pushing its way through the grass-stems. ‘This intent is, indeed,

obvious enough when once suggested.

No. 95. This, with some allied species, now constitutes my genus

Cyornis, of which I know four Indian representatives, viz. C. rubecu-

loides, C. banyumas, C. Tickellie*, nobis (Muscicapa hyacintha, apud

Tickell), and C. unicolor, nobis.

No. 97. Add Muscicapa bilineata, Lesson, to the synonyms of this

species.

No. 98 is, Inow think, the true Saxicola rubicola, and no. 99 also

occurs in this neighbourhood.

No. 99 a. A splendid living specimen of Orocetes cinclorhyncha

was brought to me, and kept some time in a cage, when the care-

lessness of a servant suffered it to escape. It was impossible to look

at this beautiful bird alive without being convinced of its close affinity

to the Stone-chats, and not to the Petrocincle ; and with the Saxico-

line birds it must be arranged. In this neighbourhood it seems to be

arare and accidental bird.

No. 101. Respecting Muscipeta paradisi, I have to observe that

both sexes are rufous, with short tails, and merely an indication of the

black hood, in nestling plumage ; that during the following year both

sexes continue rufous, with the crested black hood, the male being al-

ready distinguished by its lengthened middle tail-feathers ; that after

this the males, I think generally, but the females not until a later pe-

riod, assume the white dress, wherein the sexes are still distinguished

by the difference of tail. I am informed that the males breed in the

rufous plumage, and I have repeatedly seen a white male paired with

a rufous female: white females are indeed rare; and I possess one

specimen of this sex with rufous upper-parts and white under-parts,

which however is not moulting, but had thrown out this parti-coloured

plumage at its last change: a similar parti-coloured male is figured

by Mr. Jerdon in the first number of his ‘ Illustrations of Indian Or-

nithology,’ published a few weeks ago.

* T have described this species as C. Tickelli@, but I now suspect that the

Muscicapa rubecula, Sw. (Nat. Libr., Flycatchers), is the female of this

one rather than of C. banyumas, in which case the name rubecula must be

retained for it.

44 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

No. 104. I have procured but one more example of Cryptolopha

potocephala.

No. 109. Graucalus papuensis of India generally and the Malay

countries (Ceblepyris javensis, Horsfield, and Gr. nipalensis, Hodg-

son) certainly appears to accord with Latham’s description of the

Papuan Crow, excepting that the loral region is not black, but merely

of a darker ash-colour than the rest. Length about 12 inches, of

wing 61 to 63 in., and of tail 5 to 55 in. Although, in the few cases

-which I have examined, the females have been distinguished by ha-

ving the under-parts transversely striated from the throat, yet I have

received two or three skins marked as female which had the lower

-parts as in the male. Of several specimens before me, none equals

the dimensions of those assigned by Mr. Hodgson, though I have

received specimens from him marked as nipalensis, which were per-

fectly identical in species with those of Bengal, Southern India, &c.

No. 111. Lalage Sykesi, as described by Mr. Strickland, is the

adult male of the species referred by Mr. Jerdon and myself, after

Col. Sykes, to Ceblepyris fimbriatus *. No. 110 should also probably

be placed as a Lalage, but the divisions of this group do not appear

‘to be generally well-defined.

No. 112. Mr. Strickland is right in his identification of this shrike,

which is also the ZL. phenicurus of India, apud Latham, and his L.

lucionensis, L. melanotis, Valenciennes, L. ferrugiceps, Hodgson; and

it is further noticed by Latham as the ‘‘ Curcutia, said to be found

about Calcutta, making a harsh noise,” as mentioned in his account

-of L. rufus. Mr. Swainson erroneously refers the L. erythronotus,

‘Vigors, to L. superciliosus. The latter is described to inhabit Java

as well as India, and Raffles includes it in his catalogue of Sumatran

birds; I have also received it from Singapore, where, however,

another species with analogous plumage appears to be more common,

the L. magnirostris of Lesson (Bel. Voy.), v. L. sirigatus, Eytont.

Two other species are met with in this vicinity, the L. antiguanus,

* If my Lalage Sykesi be the male of the Ceblepyris fimbriatus of Sykes,

Jerdon and Blyth, the latter name must be incorrectly used. In my speci-

mens of what I consider the true C. fimbriatus of Temminck, the wing is

4 inches 8 lines long, while in LZ. Sykesi itis 4 inches Lline. Moreover my

C. fimbriatus has the rump-feathers spiny, proving it to be a true Campephaga,

while in LZ. Sykesi they are soft, which was my chief reason for placing it

in the genus Lalage.—H. E.S. :

+ I formerly supposed with Mr. Blyth that the Lanius lucionensis, Linn.,

from the Philippine Islands, the Z. superciliosus, Lath., from the Malay

countries, and the Z. cristatus, Linn., from Bengal, were one and the same ;

but having now obtained specimens from all these countries, I find that these

form three distinct though closely allied species. L. lucionensis has the front

gray, passing into grayish-brown on the crown and rich rufous-brown on the

back and tail; Z. swperciliosus has the front white, the crown and upper

parts rufous, and is 1 presume the L. magnirostris of Bélanger, but I cannot

‘at the moment refer to his work; Z. cristatus has the whole front and upper

parts rufous, and a smaller beak than the other two; it must I suppose be

‘called melanotis, the name cristatus being “ likely to propagate an import-

ant error,”’—H. E. 5.

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 45

Latham (v. nigriceps, Franklin, v. tricolor, Hodgson, and Indian

Shrike, Latham), and L. tephronotus, Vigors (v. nipalensis, Hodgson,

and Grey-backed Shrike of Latham).

No. 115. This is Ocypterus leucorhynchos of Mr. Jerdon’s cata-

logue, and also the Assamese leucorhynchos of Messrs. M‘Clelland

and Horsfield.

No. 116. Chibia hottentotta, v. Cometes krishna; the former spe-

cific name, according to Mr. Strickland, being ‘‘ expressive of its

black plumage ;” the Hottentots, however, are not a black race; and

the name (of which Mr. Martin failed to learn the derivation) is

evidently a corruption of heiden-staat, the Dutch equivalent for

‘heathen state*.’”’ Corvus hottentottus is also stated to have been

observed by Thunberg in Caffraria, which, if true, indicates another.

meaning for the specific name; but the description certainly applies

to the young of the Indian species.

With respect to the other Indian Drongos, there is no difficulty

about the birds themselves, but only as regards their synonymy. I

have endeavoured to reduce this in J. A. S. B. xi. 799 et seq., to

which I have subsequently added, that D. aératus, Stephens, is iden-

tical with eneus, and that I have received the true balicassius from

Mr. Hodgson as his annectens. But I had not Latham’s work to refer

to at the time of preparing the synopsis of the birds alluded to, and

now that it is before me, I will endeavour to advance another step

towards their complete determination.

The name Edolius I limit to those species which have prolonged

stems to their outer rectrices, whereof the twirled extremities are

barbed only on the outer side+; the Bhringa (subsequently Melisseus)

tectirostris of Hodgson, founded on EL. remifer, auct., differs consi-

derably from the others, and has the extremities of its outer rectrices

barbed on both sides and not twirled. I now think that there are

as many as four species of these restricted Kdolii, for a Singapore

specimen without any crest which I saw lately in the possession of a

friend, and which is doubtless Gould’s rangoonensis, appeared to differ

from that with a slight frontal crest which I described in J. A. S. B.

xi. 172, and of which I figured the bill and forehead in the plate an-

nexed to p. 802 of the same volume; but on sending for my friend’s

specimen to compare it with that in the museum, I regret to learn

that he has shipped it for France. The following appears to-me to

be the synonymy of the species.

* Such at least is the opinion of a friend, tolerably well versed in philo-

logy ; but another friend of mine, who is familiar with the Dutch language,

will not admit it; and referring to the ‘ Encyclopedia Britannica,’ I find it

remarked, that “ The natives of this country are called Hottentots, in their

own language ; a word of which it is vain to inquire the meaning, since the

language of this country can scarce be learned by any other nation.”

t+ This is not quite correct; the long webs are on the inner, not the outer

side. Moreover both sides of these feathers are furnished with webs, though

the external ones are very short. These species should therefore be placed

in the same genusas Bhringa remifer ; and as Cuvier’s name Ldolius cannot

be retained (being a mere synonym of Dicrurus, Vieill.), the term Bhringa

should be extended to all these rackei-tailed Dicrurine.—H. E. 8,

46 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

1. E. grandis, Gould; malabaricus, Shaw and Stephens, and as

figured by Latham, doubtless from Lady Impey’s drawing described

by him ; malabaroides, Hodgson ; and perhaps, rather than the next,

the Cuculus paradiseus, Linn. Nepal, Tenasserim.

2. E. paradiseus ? (Linn.) ; retifer, Tem. ; platurus,Vieillot ; ma-

labaricus, Gould ; cristatellus, nobis ; Assamese grandis, apud Hors-

field, as identified from Dr. M‘Clelland’s drawing of the specimen.

Bengal, Southern India, Tenasserim. From Nepal I have only seen

the preceding species*.

3. E. rangoonensis, apud nos. Tenasserim.

4. E. rangoonensis, Gould ; perhaps the Malabar Shrike or Drongo

of Sonnerat and Buffon, but a crestless species remains to be verified

as inhabiting Southern India. Rangoon, Singapore.

Of Bhringa (subsequently Melisseus), Hodgson, I know only—

Bhr. remifer (Tem.); tectirostris, Hodgson; Assamese rangoo-

nensis (?), apud Horsfield. Himalaya, Assam.

Next to this might be placed the Chaptia (since Prepopterus),

Hodgson, founded on—

Ch. eneus (Vieillot) ; aératus, Stephens ; muscipetoides, Hodgson ;

Butchanga of the Bengalees, a name which Mr. Hodgson assigns to

the Bengal Fingah ; Bronzed Shrike of Latham. India generally.

There now remain the restricted Dicruri, of which I am well ac-

quainted with four Indian species.

1. D. balicassius (Linn.); Javanese forficatus (?), apud Horsfield ;

annectens, Hodgson. Bill more crow-like than in the others, and tail

much less deeply forked. Malay countries, Nepal.

2. D. indicus, Stephens; albirictus, Hodgson, figured by him in

As. Res. xviii. pl. 2; Fingah of the Bengalees; Indian balicassius,

auctorum : the beak of this species is much more shrike-like than in

the others. India generally, being everywhere the most common

species ft.

3. D. macrocercus, Vieillot ; biloba, Licht. (if these names should

not be rather referred to the preceding species, both having the

tail equally forked in fine specimens; perhaps also cineraceus, Hors-

field, of Java, and leucopheus, Vieillot, of Ceylon, founded on the

Drongri of Levaillant, as very ashy specimens are not unfrequent) ;

Neel Fingah of the Bengalees. About the same size as the preceding,

* The Cuculus paradiseus of Linnzeus is founded on a description by

Brisson of a bird from Siam with a short crest, measuring, according to

Brisson’s figure, one inch from its extremity to the base of the beak. There

is therefore no doubt that this is the cristatellus of Mr. Blyth. I should

rather doubt the distinctness of the rangoonensis of Mr. Gould from that of

Mr. Blyth : they may perhaps be different ages of the same bird.—H. E. S.

+ Mr. Blyth’s second species is certainly the Drongolon of Levaillant,

the basis of macrocercus, Vieillot, bilobus, Licht., and indicus, Steph., and

Vieillot’s specific name must be used for it. Mr. Blyth’s third species is not

cineraceus of Dr. Horsfield (as that bird is uniform pale cinereous), and it

is probably not the leucopheus, Vieill. (ceylonensis, Steph., cinereus, Swains.),

as that is described as wholly silvery gray, and is therefore probably the

same as cineraceus, Horsf. Should this be so, Mr. Blyth’s third species will

require a new specific name.—H. E. S.

Calcutta, with Notes by H. EK. Strickland. : 47

but readily distinguished from it by the ashy tinge of its plumage,

especially on the under-parts, which have never much dark gloss, and

often scarcely a trace of it (whereas in the two preceding the gloss

is very nearly as bright below as above); likewise by the shape of

the beak, which is much less shrike-like, being less strongly and

abruptly hooked at tip, also much less compressed, with the ridge of

the upper mandible distinctly avgulated, instead of being obtusely

rounded ; and the tarsi are shorter, scarcely exceeding five-eighths of

an inch. Irides bright brownish red. Inhabits Bengal, Nepal and

Southern India.

4. D. cerulescens, apud Jerdon, and of myself, ante. This is the true

Lanius cerulescens of Linnzeus, founded on pl. 56 of Edwards’s birds *.

Distinguished from the last species by its inferior size, and by always

having the belly, vent and lower tail-coverts pure white, not merely

tipped with white as in the immature plumage of the rest. Struc-

ture and colouring in other respects precisely as in the last species,

and irides also the same. Length of wing 4# to 5 inches ; of middle

tail-feathers 4in.,and outermost (in a particularly fine specimen) 1 Jin.

more, being generally less. I have only obtained two specimens of

this bird here, but have received it from Bengal and Central India,

and Mr. Jerdon meets with it in the south. It is obviously distinct

as a species.

Of these four Dicruri, I have forwarded specimens to the India-

house. The D. leucogaster, Vieillot, vel albiventris, Stephens (a

name that would apply excellently to no. 4), founded on the Drongri

a ventre blanc of Levaillant, said to have ‘ all the under-parts, from

chin to vent, white,” and to inhabit Batavia, requires, I think, veri-

fication; and D. viridescens, Gould, is a good species, inhabiting the

Indo-Chinese and probably the Malay countries.

No. 122. Pycnonotus hemorrhousa, v. Izos pseudocafer, nobis,

passim, is also common in Arracan. I have a considerable number

of Bulbuls to determine, several being evidently new ; but the clas-

sification of them is far from being easy. The common Bengal species,

which I have regarded as cafer, resembles hemorrhousa, except in its

larger size, in having the nape and entire breast black, and the back

also darker. It measures 9} inches by 125 in.; wing 4 in., and tail

the same or nearly sof.

No. 124. Mr. Strickland is right in supposing this to be the spe-

cies figured by Gould as Pitta brachyura ; it being the Corvus bra-

chyurus, var. B and var. F of Latham, and also, as I fully suspect,

the P. abdominalis, Wagler; while the Linnean bird I conceive to

be also Latham’s var. E, described from Sonnerat, P. malaccensis,

Scopoli, &c., a common Malayan species extending northward to

Arracan, and which has always a black chin. For some descriptions

of Pitte, vide J. A. 8. B. no. 59. n. s. p. 960 et seq.

* It is also the Lanius fingah of Shaw, which is founded on the same

plate of Edwards.—H. E. S.

+ It hence appears that the cafer of Bengal is identical with that of South

Africa.—H. E. 8.

t Several species of Pitta are here confounded :—1. The true Corvus bra-

48 Linnean Society.

No. 126. The bird here referred to, Oriolus galbula, is, 1 am now

satisfied, the young male O. kundoo, as I have received specimens

from Central India precisely similar in colouring which were deci-

dedly that species. The Bengal example referred to has imperfect

wings and tail, or the dimensions of the former would have proved

it to be distinct from O. galbula. It is still the only example of the

species which I have met with here, though others have been sent

me from Midnapore. In a notice-which I gave of the Asiatic spe-

cies of this genus in J. A. S. B. two corrections are necessary, the

O. acrorhynchus, Vigors, being distinct from O. chinensis, and the

O. castanopterus, nobis, being merely the second plumage of O. leu-

cogaster, v. xanthonotus.

[To be continued. ]

PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.

LINNZAN SOCIETY.

March 5, 1844.—E. Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Read a paper ‘‘ On Spiranthes gemmipara.” By Charles Cardale

Babington, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. &c.

Two specimens of this very rare plant were first found by Mr.

James Drummond in or about the year 1810, near Castletown, Bear-

haven, in the county of Cork, ‘‘ opposite the western redoubt, grow-

ing in a salt-marsh near the shore.” One of these was communi-

cated to Sir James E. Smith, who published it in his ‘ English Flora’

under the name of Neottia gemmipara, with a description furnished

by Mr. Drummond. Within these few years the plant has been again

discovered near to, but probably not in exactly the original spot, by

Dr. P. A. Armstrong, who on the 30th of September 1843 con-

ducted Mr. Babington and Mr. E. Winterbottom to the station,

where they saw about twelve specimens, several of which had been

destroyed by cattle, and all were in rather an advanced state of

flowering.

From the specimens then collected Mr. Babington gives a detailed

description of the plant, which differs in a slight degree from that

furnished to Sir J. E. Smith by Mr. Drummond. He thinks it may

fairly be referred to the genus Spiranthes, although differing from

the other European species in some particulars ; the most remarkable

of these differences consisting in the connexion of all the sepals with

chyurus of Linnzeus (founded on Turdus viridis moluccensis of Brisson), with

throat black and lower parts fulvous, from the Moluccas; 2. the “ com-

mon Malayan species which has always a black chin ” is probably P. eucul-

lata, figured in the last Number of the ‘ Annals’; 3. Pitta brachyura of

Gould, with a black beak and white throat, from the Himalaya and Bengal,

and which wants a specific name; 4. a species with yellowish beak, white

throat, and a white or bluish-white streak over the eye: this is the P. ma-

laccensis (Scop.) (superciliaris, Wagl.), founded on Sonn. ‘ Voy. Ind.’ pl. 110,

and is also the abdominalis, Wagl., founded on Edwards, pl. 324.—H. E. S.

Linnean Society. 49

the two lateral petals. The difference inhabit is considerable in

consequence of the great density of the spike, and the arrangement

of the flowers in three spiral lines*.

A notice of a specimen of this plant, exhibited before the Society

on the 7th of February 1843, by the Rev. William Hincks, F.L.S.

&c., will be found at p. 462 of vol. xi. of this Journal.

Read also a continuation of Mr. Griffith’s memoir, comprehending

the parts relating to Cytinus and to Mystropetalon.

March 19.—E. Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Read the commencement of a ‘‘ Monograph on the Class Myria-

poda, Order Chilopoda; with observations on the general arrange-

ment of the Articulata.” By George Newport, Esq., Fellow of the

Royal College of Surgeons, President of the Entomological Society,

&c. Communicated by the Secretary.

April 2.—R. Brown, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Read a continuation of Mr. Newport’s ‘‘ Monograph on the My-

riapoda Chilopoda.”

April 16.—E. Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Read the conclusion of Mr. Newport’s “‘ Monograph on the My-

viapoda Chilopoda.”

Mr. Newport commences his memoir by remarking on the smaller

degree of attention which has been paid to Myriapoda than to any

other class of Articulata. His inability, from this circumstance, sa-

tisfactorily to identify the specimens in the anatomical examination

of which he was engaged, induced him to undertake a complete re-

vision of the class, as far as the materials within his reach, and con-

tained in the cabinets of the Rev. F. W. Hope, the British Museum,

the United Service Museum, that of the Zoological Society, and in |

the Linnean and Banksian collections in the possession of the Society,

would admit.

After passing in review the characters of the class, and noticing

the different views of authors with respect to its classification as a

whole, Mr. Newport enters at length into the reasons which induce

him, in accordance with Leach,. Latreille and others, and in oppo-

- sition to Professor Brandt, to separate the Myriapoda from true in-

sects, and to place them, as a class, immediately before the Annelida.

He details his motives for preferring, with reference to the classi-

fication of the Invertebrata, a system founded on the skeleton and

organs of locomotion, together with the nervous system, to that

which is usually adopted, based on the organs of nutrition. Guided

by these views he proposes to place the sub-kirgdom Articulata at

the head of the Invertebrata, and (following in the steps of our di-

stinguished countrymen Kirby and Spence) to commence with the

Hexapods or true Insects, placing after these the Octopods or Arach-

* In a subsequent communication Mr. Babington states that he has iden-

tified the Irish plant with specimens of Spiranthes cernua, Rich., from North

America, in the herbarium of Sir W. J. Hooker.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. E

50 Linnean Society.

nida, and the Decapods.or Crustacea, to be followed by the Myria-

poda, the Annelida, and the remainder of the Articulata.

The more important objections to this mode of arrangement are

considered and answered ; and the author next proceeds to examine

the division of the Myriapoda into tribes and genera, on which sub-

ject he agrees, to a considerable extent, with Professor Brandt,

whose plan he has followed closely in the formation of the families,

sections and genera, and in the characters assigned to them, but

whose division of the class into masticating and sucking Myriapoda

he has been unable to adopt. The following is a synoptic table of

the genera of the whole class :-—

Class MYRIAPODA, Leach.

Ord. 1. CHILOPODA, Zatr.—Caput latum, prominens. Corporis seg-

menta inzqualia; singula par unicum pedum ad segmentorum latera

insertorum gerentia. Mandibulz prominentes, acute, falciformes. Or-

ganorum sexualium apertura ad extremitatem analem.

Trib. 1. Scutzotarsia, Brandt.—Antennz pluri-articulate, graciles,

corpore longiores. Tarsi longi, pluri-articulati, inzequales. Oculi

compositi, prominentes, globosi.

Fam. 1. Cermatiide, Leach.—Scuta dorsalia 8; singula segmenta

2 ventralia obtegentia. Stigmata mediana.

Gen. 1. Cermatia, J/lig—Oculi prominentes. Caput trans-

versum. Scuta dorsalia emarginata. Stomatum latera in-

crassata.

Trib. 2. Hoxrorarsia, Brandt,—Tarsi 3-articulati. Caput e segmentis

2 mobilibus efformatum. Antenne corpore haud longiores, setaceze

vel filiformes, 14—60-articulate. Oculi stemmatosi, aggregati,

simplices vel nulli.

Fam. 2. Lithobiide, Newp.—Scuta dorsalia 15, subquadrata, in-

zequalia; angulis elongatis, acutis. Coxe posteriores excava-

tionibus ovatis.

Gen. 2. Lithobius, Leach.—Ocelli numerosi. Caput latum,

depressum. Labrum denticulatum.

Gen. 3. Henicops, Newp.—Segmentum cephalicum latum ;

ocellorum pari unico. ;

Fam. 3. Scolopendride, Leach.—Segmenta podophora 21 vel 23.

Pedes posteriores incrassati; articulo primo vel secundo spinoso.

Gen. 4. Scolopendra, L,—Segmentum cephalicum cordatum,

imbricatum. Ocellorum paria4. Spiraculorum valvularium

paria 9.

Gen. 5. Cormocephalus, Newp.—Segmentum cephalicum

posticé truncatum. Spiracula valvularia.

Gen. 6. Rhombocephalus, Newp.—Segmentum cephalicum

basilareque rhomboidea. Labium angustatum.

Gen. 7. Heterostoma, Newp.—Segmentum cephalicum trun-

catum. Dentes magni. Spiracula cribriformia, in paribus 10.

Gen. 8. Scolopendropsis, Brandt.—Segmentum cephalicum

truncatum. Pedum paria 23.

Gen. 9. Theatops, Newp.—Ocelli distincti. Antenne 17-

Linnean Society. 51

articulate, subulate. Pedes posteriores clavati. Labium

dentatum.

Gen..10. Cryptops, Leach.—Ocelli nulli vel absconditi. An-

tennze 17-articulate. Labium haud denticulatum.

Fam. 4, Geophilide, Leach.—Segmenta subzequalia, singula e

subsegmentis 2 completis sed inzequalibus efformata. Segmen-

tum anale pedibus brevibus styliformibus.

Subfam.1. Scolopendrelline, Newp.—Corpus breve, crassum.

Antennz 14—20-articulate.

Gen. 11. Scolopendrella, Gervais.—Pedum paria 10.

Antennz moniliformes, 14—20-articulate.

Subfam. 2. Geophiline, Newp.—Segmenta numerosa. An-

tenn 14-articulate.

Gen. 12. Mecistocephalus, Newp.—Segmentum cepha-

licum angustissimum, elongatum. Corpus attenuatum.

Labium latum, integrum.

Gen. 13. Arthronomalus, Newp.—Segmentum cephali-

cum subquadratum. Antennarum articuli inzequales.

Labium angustum, emarginatum.

Gen. 14. Gonibregmatus, Newp.—fegmentum cephali-

cum cordiforme, acutum. Antennze filiformes. Cor-

pus lineare.

Gen. 15. Geophilus, Leach.—Caput subtriangulare.

Corpus depressum, gradatim incrassatum. Segmenta

pedesque numerosi.

Ord. 2. CHILOGNATHA, Latr.—Caput verticale, rotundatum; mandi-

bulee crassze, robustze, vel cum labio coalite et elongate ; segmenta nu-

merosa. Corporis segmenta inzequalia. Pedes superficiei ventrali affixi.

Organorum sexualium aperture in segmenti 4ti et 7mi superficie ventrali.

Trib. 3. Penrazonsa, Brandt.—Corpus ovale, in globum contractile,

dorso valdé convexo, ventre complanato. Pedes laminis liberis

mobilibus affixi.

Fam. 5. Glomeride, Leach.—Corpus leve, in globum contractile.

Oculi distincti.

Gen. 16. Glomeris, Zatr.—Ocelli 8, in lined laterali curvata.

Segmenta 13, Pedum paria 17.

Gen. 17. Zephronia, Gray.—Ocelli numerosi, aggregati.

Antenne 6—/7-articulate, clavate. Pedum paria 21.

Gen. 18. Spherotherium, Brandt.—Ocelli aggregati. An-

tennze 7-articulate, clavate. Pedum paria 21.

Trib. 4. Monozonia, Brandt.—Corpus vermiforme, elongatum. Seg-

menti singuli dimidia pars anterior cylindrica, posterior lateribus di-

latata; lamina ventrali duplici coalité pedum paria 2 gerenti.

Fam. 6. Polyxenide, Newp.—Caput arcuatum, prominens, Cor-

puslatum. Pedes attenuati; coxismaximis. Segmentum anale

fasciculis longis.

Gen. 19. Polyxenus, Latr.—Corpus breve, squamis parvis

penicillatis vestitum. Pedum paria 13.

Fam. 7. Polydesmide, Leach.

E2

52

Linnean Society.

Subfam. 1. Polydesmine, Newp. Oculi nulli vel obscuri.

Gen. 20. Fontaria, Gray.—Corpus convexum. Segmenta

imbricata; laminis lateralibus deflexis.

Gen. 21. Polydesmus, Latr.—Corpus depressum, subcon-

vexum; laminis lateralibus horizontalibus.

Gen. 22. Strongylosoma, Brandt.—Corpus cylindricum. Seg-

menta tumida; laminis lateralibus rotundatis subnullis.

Subfam. 2. Craspedosomine, Newp. Oculi distincti.

Gen. 23. Craspedosoma, Leach.—Ocelli numerosi, aggregati.

Corpus depressum ; laminis lateralibus prominentibus.

Gen. 24. Platydesmus, Lucas.—Ocelli duo, magni, promi-

nentes, Corpus depressum ; laminis lateralibus prominen-

tibus.

Gen. 25. Cambala, Gray.—Ocelli serie simplici curvata.

Corpus cylindricum; laminis lateralibus brevissimis, in

porcam simplicem desinentibus.

Trib. 5. Brzonra, Newp.—Corpus subcylindricum ; laminis nullis mar-

ginalibus. Antenne 7-articulate, clavate. Segmenta numerosa ;

singula e subsegmentis 2 coalitis efformata, pedumque paria 2 ge-

rentia.

Fam. 8. Iulide, Leach.—Corpus cylindricum ; laminis lateralibus

nullis. Segmenta e subsegmentis 2 coalitis efformata.

Subfam. 1. Synpodopetaling, Newp. Pedes laminis immobi-

libus affixi.

Gen. 26. Platops, Newp.—Caput parvum, complanatum

vel concavum. Pedes graciles, elongati. Corpus pyra-

midale, elongatum.

Gen. 27. Iulus, Z.—Caput convexum. Corpus cylindri-

cum. Prothoracis latera triangularia. Antenne elon-

gate.

Gen. 28. Unciger, Brandt.—Squama inferior analis mu-

cronata. Corpus cylindricum,

Gen. 29, Spirobolus, Brandt.—Caput convexum. Oculi

subtetragoni. Corpus subpyramidale. Prothoracis la-

tera triangularia. Antenne breves.

Gen. 30. Spiropeeus, Brandt.

Gen. 31. Spirocyclistus, Brandt.— Antenne breves. Oculi

elongati, triangulares. Thoracis latera brevia, triangu-

laria.

Gen. 32. Spirostreptus, Brandt.—Antenne breves, arti-

culis infundibulatis. Oculi transversi. Prothoracis la-

tera elongata vel dilatata.

Subfam. 2. Lysiopetaline, Newp. Pedes laminis mobilibus

affixi.

Gen. 33. Lysiopetalum, Brandt,—Frons dilatata. Pedes

laminis liberis mobilibus affixi.

Fam. 9. Polyzonide, Newp. (Ommatophora, Brandt).—Ocelli

conspicui, fronti inter antennas in seriebus transversis inserti.

Gen. 34. Polyzonium, Brandt.—Ocelli 6 parvi, in seriebus

2 transversis. Corpus depressum.

Zoological Society. 53

Gen. 35. Siphonotus, Brandt.—Ocelli 2, in serie simplici

transversa.

Fam. 10. Siphonophoride, Newp. (Typhlogena, Brandt.)—Oculi

nulli.

Gen. 36. Siphonophora, Brandt.—Caput conicum, elonga-

tum. Nutritionis organa rostriformia, elongata.

The author then proceeds to treat at considerable length of the

external anatomy of the Myriapoda, commencing with the composi-

tion and mode of development of the segments and their appendages,

and comparing them in these particulars with Insects. The variations

in the several genera of Myriapoda are particularly noticed ; and the

principles on which their development, in its various modifications,

depends, are elucidated by numerous observations on their mode of

growth. The structure and development of the head are next treated

of in detail in the different families and genera of the Chilopoda; and

the organs of nutrition are especially examined with reference to their

development and analogies. This branch of the subject is concluded

by an appreciation of the relative value of the different parts of the

skeleton in furnishing generic and specific characters.

The systematic description of the families, genera and species of

the Myriapoda Chilopoda completes the memoir; which was accom-

panied by a series of drawings, illustrative of their external anatomy

and generic characters.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Oct. 24, 1843.— William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Bridges on the habits, &c. of some of the smaller species of

Chilian Rodents.. ,

*«* Mus longicaudatus, Bennett.—I found this mouse in the valley

of Quillota, fourteen leagues distant from Valparaiso, in the vicinity

of brooks and rivulets, amongst weeds and long grass, although from

its appearance I should imagine it seldom takes the water. In that

part of Chile it is not rare, but it cannot be considered a common

species. In the province of Colchagua I have found another species

approaching M. longicaudatus and more abundant, differing slightly

in the length of its tail, and in being somewhat less in size. At first

sight the two species are liable to be confounded. Probably this is

the same species mentioned in p. 40 of the ‘ Zool. of the Voyage of

the Beagle’ by Mr. Darwin as being so numerous in the province of

Concepcion.

“« Mus longipilis—W aterh., ‘Voy. of the Beagle,’ —inhabits the pro-

vinces of Aconcagua, Valparaiso and Colchagua. Its favourite haunts

are the hedges made of bushes of Mimosa Cavenia and Trevoa tri-

nervis, also other shrubs used indiscriminately for that purpose. It is

necessary to explain that the hedges of the fields of Chile are renewed

every year by throwing on each side of them new layers of bushes,

and that they are frequently two or three yards across, forming thus

a mass of decomposing wood, which gives excellent shelter for the

54 Zoological Society.

numerous small Rodents-inhabiting that country, which is so rich in

. this interesting group. The Mus longipilis is without a native name

to distinguish it from the other species found in Chile. All the small

species belonging to different families are known and called by the

natives by the name of Llaucha, pronounced Yaw-cha, a term in

the language of the Auracarian Indians signifying a mouse, and this

name is current in the present day in the parts of the country occu-

pied by the descendants of the Spaniards. The general term applied

to the large species is ‘ Ratones.’ There is a species found near

the town of Quillota, fourteen leagues distant from Valparaiso, and

probably not yet known to naturalists, called ‘ Pericote.’ This

animal lives in common in the caves with Octodon Cumingii.

«« Myopotamus Coypus, Auct.,—Mus Coypus, Molina,—inhabits the

margins of rivers and lakes in the southern provinces of Chile, abound-

ing more in the lakes than in the rivers, where the Typha latifolia

and Scirpus species are plentiful to give them shelter. During the

time of copulation, which takes place in September and October, the

Coypo makes a mournful kind of cry, which somewhat resembles

that of a young child. I was once riding along the margins of one

of the streams which enters the river Teno in the province of Col-

chagua, and my attention was roused by a most melancholy sound,

which I fancied was from a child in the water, and to my surprise I

found it arose from a Coypo seated on a dead stump almost on a

level with the water. I could not help listening for a few minutes

at the singular noise, till on a sudden, when the Coypo saw me, it

disappeared under water. ‘The Coypo possesses a strong attach-

ment for its young, and swims with them on its back till they are

sufficiently large to follow the old ones in pursuit of their food. The

places where the Coypo most abounds in Chile are the borders of

the river Maypo near Santiago, the capital of the country, also in

the lakes of ‘Aculeo’ and Quintero. The natives, especially the

husbandmen, use the skin of this animal to make tobacco-pouches.

** Octodon Cumingii, Bennett,—Sciurus Degus, Molina,—Dondro-

bius Degus, Meyen,—is the most common of all the Chile Rodents.

It is found in the hedges of the central provinces of Chile, and may

be seen during the day, but more generally in the afternoon. In

habits it is tame, and at first sight distinguished from all other spe-

cies from its activity and by its carrying the tail curved upwards like

the mountain Lagotis or Viscacha. This little animal has a very ex-

tended range: I have seen it as far north as lat. 28°, and in south

35°, and it may probably extend further, but I do not remember seeing

it in the provinces of Chiloe or Valdivia. In the province Coquimbo,

where hedges do not abound, owing to the sterility of the country,

it inhabits rocky situations, living amongst the loose stones on the

slopes of mountains; and it is frequently found in the caves or bur-

rows of the Chinchilla. The natives employed in killing the ‘Chin-

chillas,’ which are not uncommon about Coquimbo and Huasco,

before they commence following the burrows, which they do with

crow-bars, examine the dung of the animals about the caves, and

from their practical knowledge they distinguish at once if the caves

Zoological Society. 55

are inhabited by the Chinchilla or the Octodon. Nevertheless, as

both animals often inhabit the same cave, they frequently after great

labour find it only occupied by the Octodon. From observations

which my long residence in Chile has given me, I am inclined to

believe that the Octodon Cumingii does not breed more than twice

during the year, viz. in spring and autumn, producing from four to six

young at abirth. The favourite food of the Octodon is herbage near

the hedges: but in the winter months, when pressed by hunger, it feeds

on the tender bark of Mimosa Cavenia, also that of Cestrum Palqui.

‘* Schizodon fuscus—Waterh. ‘Proc. Zool. Soc. for November 1841

—is found in the Valle de las Cuevas, on the eastern side of the

Andes, about six leagues from the slopes of the volcano of Peteroa, at

an elevation of from 5—7000 feet, in S. lat. 35°. Its favourite abode

is near the mountain streams in grassy situations. There are cer-

tain places in the valley completely undermined by the workings of

this animal; and whilst we were riding over these districts, our

horses frequently plunged almost up to their knees in the burrows.

Whilst rambling in search of the beautiful alpine plants I could not

help feeling surprise at finding animals of this order in such a locality

as those elevated valleys, which are covered with snow at least four

months during the year. ‘The question is, do they on the approach

of snow-storms migrate towards the verge of the Pampas, or make a

provision of dried grass and roots for the winter months? I should .

give my opinion in favour of the latter, judging from their enormous

burrows. The Schizodon fuscus is nocturnal like Poephagomys ater :

those I procured were shot in the evening near the entrances of their

caves. I have seen them burrowing and throwing the sand out of

their caves during the day; but the moment they hear a noise their

labours cease and they retire deeper into their caves. ~

“* Notice of the new animal allied to Octodon.—This animal is found

in the vicinity of the town of Curico, in the province of Colchagua ;

it inhabits the hedges made of dead bushes, and does not appear to

burrow, like many other species. The present species may be known

by the singular chirping or whistling noise which it makes. It forms

its nest in the decomposing bushes and sometimes on the surface of

the ground, of dried grass, and appears to live in small communities

of one or two families. This animal appears to be more rare than

many other Rodents, as I have never been able to find it in any other

locality, except the one above mentioned.

“« Poephagomys ater, F. Cuvier; Mus cyanus, Molina.—The Poe-

phagomys ater is undoubtedly the animal alluded to by Molina under

the name Mus cyanus; his long description of its habits agrees in

most respects with the habits of this little animal; but I have never

yet heard it called by the natives ‘ Guanque’: it is generally known

in Chile by the name of Cururo and Cuyeita; Guanque is the ver-

nacular name of a species of Dioscorea on which the ‘Cururo’ subsists.

Molina is perfectly correct in saying that it stores up a considerable

quantity of provisions, which consist of the Dioscorea, Conanthera,

Ornithogalum, Brodiea, and other bulbs and tubers which abound in

the country. The poorer class of inhabitants being aware of its

56 Zoological Society.

habits, sound the caves or burrows, and rob them of their store,

which they eat. The jaws of the Cururo are capable of extraordi-

nary expansion, and by this provision of nature it is enabled to carry

bulbs and tubers of a large size to its granary.

“The work of this little animal would surprise a person unac-

quainted with its habits; I have frequently seen a considerable sur-

face of ground completely undermined by its burrows. It generally

selects the slopes of hills and mountains, where bulbs are found,

especially in the interior parts of the country : its caves are carried

in a horizontal course, at the depth of eight or ten inches, or rather

about the depth in which they meet their food.

‘« This little animal may be considered nocturnal, seldom or ever

making its appearance during the day ; those which I procured were

obtained by waiting for them in the evening, and shooting them when

their head scarcely emerged from their caves.

“‘ Whilst residing in the elevated valleys of the Andes, on the

eastern side, I observed on the dry slopes of the mountains the la-

bours of a Rodent (probably a species of Ctenomys or Poephagomys)

different from any I had previously met with; the chief difference

consisted in the mouth of the cave never being left open. Its mode of

burrowing is similar to Poephagomys ater, in being near the surface ;

but as I was unfortunately unprovided with traps, I could not obtain

one,

‘“‘ Lagotis pallipes, Bennett.—This is the mountain ‘ Viscacha’ ;

the specimen brought home by me, and now in the British Museum,

was taken on the east side of the Andes, at an elevation of 4000

to 5000 feet, between Villavicencia and Uspallata. The specimen

alluded to I found soon after sunrise near Uspallata, in a rocky val-

ley ; I saw four of these animals feeding on the scanty herbage, and

at first took them to be young foxes, but my men assured me to the

contrary. I gave my dog in charge of one of the men, so that I might

approach them ; but, unfortunately, before I got within gunshot the

dog got loose. It was amusing to see these animals bound over the

rugged and rocky side of the mountain, swinging their beautiful

brushy tail and endeavouring to regain the caves in the rock.

‘* There is a mountain ‘ Viscacha’ on the west side of the Andes,

but not having seen it, I am unable to say if it be the Lagotis pallipes

or another species of the same genus. This animal avails itself of

caves in the rock or situations extremely rugged, where large stones

lie tumbled one on another, leaving spaces between them sufficiently

large to admit the body of the Lagotis.

** Notice of a new species of Didelphys.—In looking over the beau-

tiful plates of the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle,’ I find

three species of Didelphys figured, and I feel pleasure in stating that

T am acquainted with another species in Chile, inhabiting the pro-

vince of Colchagua. It is known to the natives by the name of

_ *Llaca,’ pronounced ‘ Yacu.’ -In its appearance it resembles D.

elegans, but is larger in size and possesses an extraordinary fleshy

tail. In 1835, whilst some men were taking down a cottage on an

estate near Curico, two of those beautiful little animals were found

Zoological Society. 57

in the thatch; one was taken alive, and after having it several days

in my possession it by some means made its escape. It appears to

be rare, although, from its having a native name, it might be imagined

to the contrary; I frequently offered a reward to the natives to in-

duce them to obtain another specimen, but never was able to pro-

cure one.”

Nov. 28.—William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :— |

“Descriptions of new species of the genus Narica, discovered by

Hugh Cuming, Esq.,”’ by M. Récluz.

Genre Narica, Récluz.

Nerita species, Chemnitz ; Sigaretus species, Lamarck; genre Va-

nicoro, Quoy et Gaimard olim ; Narica, Récluz, in litteris ; D’Orbigny

(Alcide), Moll. Cuba; Merria, Gray in Beechey’s Voyage.

1. Narica ciparis. Nar. tesid orbiculato-ovatd, ventricosd, antice

dilatatd, superne depresso-pland, solidiusculd, lacted, plicis longi-

tudinalibus anticé laxioribus, subregularibus, lineis elevatis trans-

versis equidistantibus reticulatd, scabriusculd ; spird prominuld,

semisphericd, apice retusd; aperturd subrotundd, patuld; labio

arcuato ; umbilico parvo, profundo ; canal oblongo, angusto et vir

arcuato.

Hab. ‘‘ From the island of Masbate, Philippines; found under

stones at low water.”’ H. Cuming.

2. Narica tieaTa. Nar. testd ventricoso-ovatd, tenuiusculd, albd,

longitudinaliter supernéque tenuiter plicatd, lineis transversis ele-

vatis intermediis minoribus ligatd ; spird prominenti, rotundatd,

radiatim plicatd, apice obtusiusculd ; aperturd subrotundd, parevd ;

umbilico pervio, spiralt, profundo, latiusculo ; canali brevi, largo ;

columella subrectd, medio ad basim arcuatim rotundato.

Hab. ‘*‘ From Catanuam, province of 'Tayabas, isle of Luzon ; found

under stones at low water.” H. Cuming.

3. Narica Desuayestana. Nar, testd ventricoso-globosd, tenui,

fragili, subepidermide lutescente tenuissimd exalbidd sive albd, le-

viter ac creberrimé transversim striatd ; anfractibus subsenis, su-

perne rotundatis, longitudinaliter argute plicatis : plicis in ultimo

postice validis, remotiusculis, anticam partem versis evanescentibus ;

spird semirotundd, angusté plicatd, subacutd ; aperturd subsemi-

lunari ; umbilico magno, patulo ; canali semilunari ad sinistram et

interne carinato, externé radiatim profundé ac eleganter plicato ;

columelld intus et ad basim sinuatd. }

Var. 3. Testd ventricoso-ovatd, subglobosd, plicis obsoletis ; infimo

anfractu angustiore.

Hab. “From St. Nicholas, island of Zebu, Philippines; found

under stones at low water: and var. 6 from Catanauan, province of

Tayabas, isle of Luzon ; found under stones at low water.” H. Cuming.

4. Narica Peritiana. Nar. testd orbiculato-ovatd seu semiglobosd,

crassd, albidd, oblique et crebré plicatd, lineis elevatis transversis,

58

Zoological Society.

irregularibus, angustioribus et remotioribus reticulatd ; anfractibus

depresso-rotundatis ; spird semisphericd, obtusatd, postice incum-

bente ; radiatim plicatd ; aperturd subrotundd, dilatatd ; labio vi«

arcuato, margine in senioribus extern? complanato, submedio vix

anguloso ; umbilico parvo ; canali angusto, elongato, parum arcuato

et angulo angusto cincto.

Hab. ‘‘ From the island of Masbate, Philippines; found under stones

at low water with Narica cidaris.” H.Cuming.

Var. (3. Testd tenuiore, plicis angustis regulariter dispositis, lineis

transversis equidistantibus clathratd, scabriusculd ; umbilico magno,

profundo, spiraliter contorto ; canali latiuscuio, profundo, falciformi.

5. Narica Cuminerana. Nar. testd semiglobosd, ventricosd, te-

nuiusculd, exalbidd, transversim regulariter sulcatd, longitudina-

liter ac oblique lineatd, cancellatd, scabriusculd, ad sectiones gra-

nulatd ; spird prominuld, supra pland, latere carinatd, sulcis re-

ticulatd et punctis valdé impressd ; apice posteriori, acuto ; aper-

turd dilatatd, semilunari ; umbilico profundo, coarctato, canali

semilunari-oblongo, extis annulo acuto cincto ; labio supern? tenui,

ainferne incrassato ; labro intis submarginato.

Hab. “From Catbalonga, island of Samar, Philippines ; found i:

coarse sand at ten fathoms.” H.Cuming.

6. Narica pricata. Nar. testd ventricoso-ovatd, subglobosd, so-

lidd, albd, longitudinaliter grossé plicatd, lineis elevatis crebriori-

bus costas decussantibus circumcinctd ; anfractibus superné de-

presso-planiusculis ; spird prominuld, laterali, subacutd ; aperturd

subrotundd ; umbilico latiusculo, profundo, spirali ; canali semilu-

nari, crenulis profundis extis cincto; columelld arcuatd, basi et

antic gibbosiusculd.

Hab. ‘‘ From the island of Ticao ; found under stones at low water.

“H. Cuming.

7. Narica Gueriniana. Nar. testd orbiculato-ovatd, depressd,

subconoided, subtis pland, crassd, albido-lutescente, oblique cos-

tatd ; costis rotundatis sulcis majoribus, interdum equalibus, lineis

transversis creberrimis eleganter cinctd; spird semiglobosd, obtu-

siusculd ; aperturd semilunari, patuld ; umbilico profundo, extis

dilatato, in canalem latum, semisphericum, extis angulatum ezx-

planato ; columelld rectd, supra lined tenuiter impressd instructd.

Hab. * From the island of Capul, Philippines ; found under stones

at low water.” H. Cuming.

8. Narica pistans. Nar. testd parvd, orbiculato-conicd, tenuius-

culd, pellucida, albidd, costis longitudinalibus obliquis, angustis

acutis valde remotis, regulariter radiata, interstitiis sub lente te-

nuissimé et creberrimé striatis ; spird exsertiusculd, gradatd,

conico-acutd ; apertura semirotundd ; umbilico dilatato, profundo ;

canali largo, semicirculari, intis striato, extis angulo acuto cir-

cumdato.

Hab. “ From Jacna, isle of Bohol, Philippines; found under stones

at low water.” H. Cuming.

9. Narica RosEA. Nar. testd minimd, semiglobosd, rosed, tenui,

Zoological Society. | 59

striato-cancellatd, regulariter granosd ; anfractibus tribus, superne

depresso-planiusculis ; spird prominuld, apice levi, mammillatd,

rubicundd ; aperturd semirotundd ; columella rectiusculd, aldidd,

umbilico largo, extis in canalem latiusculum, semiorbicularem pro-

ducto ; labro intis striato.

Hab. The Moluccas (M. Hardouin- Michelin).

10. Narica @ranuLtosa. Nar. testd parvd, semiglobosd, tenui,

subpellucidd, albd sive albido-lutescente ; anfractibus superné pla-

nulatis, fere gradatis, transversim regulariter striato-costatis ;

costis angustioribus oblique striatis ae cancellato-granosis ; spird

prominuld, semiglobosd, acutd ; aperturd semirotundd, vitred ; co-

lumelld tenui vie arcuatd ; umbilico profundo ; canali latiusculo,

semicirculari.

Var. 3. Testd albo-vitred, hyalind.

Hab. The Moluccas and New Holland.

11. Narica Orspienyana. Nar. testd ovato-globosd, crassiusculd,

lacted, transversim cingulatd: cingulis 5—6 obtusis, majoribus,

lineis longitudinalibus decussantibus, cancellato-granosd ; spird

planissimd, ad peripheriam tricarinatd : carinis obtusis, infimis ma-

joribus ; apice valde laterali, acuto, hyalino, levissimo ; aperturd

ovato-rotundatd ; columelld basi crassiusculd et anticé calloso-gibbd,

superne tenuissimd; umbilico minimo, subclauso ; canali lineart

subrecto.

Coll. M. Récluz.

Hab. New Holland, on the coast of the island Maria.

12. Narica Buarnvitteana. Nar. testd ovato-globosd, antic

dilatatd, striis transversis inequalibus aratd, postice tenuiter pli-

catd: plicis anticé obsoletis; spird parvuld, semisphericd, regu-

lariter plicatd, laterali, apice fuscd ; aperturd subrotundd, lacted ;

columelld arcuatd, basi et intis subcompressd ; umbilico profundo,

angusto, in canalem semilunarem producto ; labro rotundato, intas

levissimé striato.

Hab. 'The Moluccas.

13. Narica Sigaretirormis. Nar. testd globoso-acutd, tenui, ex-

albidd, pellucidd, fragili ; anfractibus 5—6 transversim subtilissimé

striatis ; spird prominenti, conico-acutd ; apice elongato, corneo-

Susco; aperturd semirotundd; columella tenuissimd, vix rectd ;

umbilico rotundato, dilatato, profundo, spirali, in canalem subsenis

oblongum producto.

Velutina Sigaretiformis, Potier, Gal. Moll. Mus. Douai, pl. 39.

f. 21, 22, male.

Hab. New Holland.

Prof. Owen read the second and concluding part of his memoir on

the Dinornis *.

The arrival of the second box of specimens of the bones collected

by the Rev. W. Williams in Poverty Bay, New Zealand, which had

been placed by Dr. Buckland in Mr. Owen’s hands, had enabled him

to confirm his former account of the generic characters and ordinal

* See vol. xii. p. 444.

60 Zoological Society.

affinities of the apparently extinct Dinornis, and also to distinguish

remains of five species of that genus.

The bones of the foot, and especially the tarso-metatarsal bone,

established three distinct species, the largest of which the author

proposed to call Dinornis giganteus; the next in point of size he

termed Din. struthioides, and the third Din. didiformis. The com-

mon generic characters of the tarso-metatarsi of these species were

first pointed out, and then their specific differences of proportion and

figure. The maturity of the different-sized bones indicating the

above species was demonstrated by reference to the long retention

of immature characters in the same bone of existing Struthionide,

and by the fact of a tarso-metatarsal bone of a half-grown Dinornis

giganteus manifesting the same incomplete coalescence of its primi-

tively distinct elements ; showing that the Dinornis, like the Ostrich,

had a tardy ossification of the skeleton, as compared with birds of

flight. The tibiz were next described ; one of these, belonging to a

mature bird, established a species smaller than the Din. didiformis,

and which, from its similarity of stature to the great Bustard (Otis

tarda), Prof. Owen proposed to call Dinornis otidiformis. The

largest tibia, belonging to the Din. giganteus, presented the extra-

ordinary dimensions of two feet eleven inches. ‘The shaft of a

smaller tibia, about two feet long when entire, was referred to the

Din. struthioides, and there were four entire tibiz of the Din. didi-

formis. In the series of femora, after the description of the generic

characters of the bone, the specimens were pointed out which be-

longed to the Dinornithes giganteus, struthioides, didiformis, and oti-

diformis, and two other entire femora were described and their di-

stinctive characters shown, which indicated, unequivocally in the

author’s opinion, a fifth species of Dinornis, of the size of the Emeu,

and which was, therefore, named Din. dromeoides.

Three pelves, more or less perfect, and portions of two others,

were described, and were referred to the Din. giganteus, dromeoides,

and didiformis. ‘Three cervical and two dorsal vertebree also indi-

cated three distinct species of Dinornis, and all of them presented

the common character of unusual strength of the spinous and trans-

verse processes. Comparative dimensions of most of the bones ex-

hibited were given. No part of the skull, sternum, ribs or wing-

bones had been transmitted, but Prof. Owen proceeded to point out

the physiological grounds for concluding that the development of

the anterior extremities must have presented in the Dinornis an in-

termediate condition between that in the Emeu and that in the

Apteryx.

The author then gave his calculations, from the analogies of

existing Struthious birds, of the height of the different species of

Dinornis. The largest, Din. giganteus, according to the proportions

of the Ostrich, must have stood ten feet five inches, but according

to those of the Cassowary, nine feet five inches; its average stature

might be taken at ten feet. A diagram of the great extinct bird,

restored according to these proportions, was exhibited.

The Dinornis struthioides was seven feet high, which is the average

stature of the Struthio Camelus.

Zoological Society. 61

The length of the tibia and metatarsus of the Din. drome@oides not

yet being known, the height of five feet was assigned to it as a pro-

bable one; its femur corresponds in size with that of the Emeu,

whose average measurement in captivity is between five and six feet.

The height of the Din. didiformis was four feet; exceeding, there-

fore, the extinct Dodo (Didus ineptus), but evidently resembling it

in its stouter proportions and shorter metatarsus, as compared with

the other species of Dinornis.

Prof. Owen next proceeded to consider the evidences of tridactyle

birds afforded by the impressions in the New Red Sandstone of Con-

necticut, called ‘ Ornithichnites,’ and having pointed out the propor-

tions of the tarso-metatarsal bone in existing Struthious birds to.

their foot-prints, indicated thereby the size of the same bone in dif-

ferent Ornithichnites, and reciprocally the sizes of the foot-prints of

the different Dinornithes, from those of their tarso-metatarsal bones.

The two phalanges of the Dinornis, which were described and

compared in this section of the memoir, afforded pretty clear indi-

cations of the form and proportions of the toes in the two species

(giganteus and didiformis) to which they were referred. ‘These data

showed that the trifid foot-print of the Dinornis giganteus must have

exceeded in size the Ornithichnites giganteus and O. ingens of Prof.

Hitchcock, and that the Din. didiformis must have left impressions

as large as those called Ornithichnites tuberosus. 'The author warned

his hearers against inferring identity of species or even genus between

the extinct Struthionide of the alluvium of New Zealand and those

of the trias of North America, on account of correspondence of size

and number of toes, which the modern genera Casuarius, Rhea, &c.

proved to be insufficient grounds. He concluded by a comparative

review of recent and extinct Struthionide, remarking on their peculiar

geographical distribution, on the conditions which favoured the for-

mer existence of so rich a development of the family in New Zealand,

and on the probable causes of their extermination. Evidence of the

recent character of the bones described was afforded by the great

proportion of animal matter which they retained, and the details of

the analysis of the earthy salts were promised for a future Meeting.

December 12.—William Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould laid before the Meeting an extensive series of Tou-

cans, and called attention to two species which had not hitherto

been characterized, viz. :—

RAMPHASTOS CITREOLAZMUS. Ramp. rostro nigro, vitta latd basali,

et culmine olivaceo-viridibus, héc colore gradatim cum flavido apud

apicem mandibule utriusque se commiscente ; ptilose nigrd ; guld

alba ; pectore sulphureo, vittd splendide coccined cincto ; tectrici-

bus caude superioribus sulphureis.

Bill black, with a very broad basal band, and the culmen of an

olive-green, passing into pale yellow on the points of both mandibles,

and deepening into orange at the gape; the ridge round the base of

the bill black; crown of the head, back of the neck, all the upper

surface, wings, tail, breast, abdomen and thighs deep black; throat

62 Zoological Society.

white; chest sulphur-yellow, bounded below by a band of rich deep

scarlet; upper tail-coverts sulphur-yellow; under tail-coverts rich

deep scarlet. .

Total length, 21 inches; bill, 55; wing, 8}; tail, 7}; tarsi, 13.

Hab. Santa Fé de Bogota.

In the collection of Prince Massena at Paris, and in my own.

PreRoGLossus Pa@CILOsTERNUS. Pt. culmine rostri, strigd angustd

ad basim mandibule superioris; sic et mandibuld inferiore totd

nigerrimis ; mandibulis utrisque ad basim lined prominente angustd

aurantiacd circumdatis ; mandibule superioris lateribus bellé au-

rantiacis ; capite et guld splendidé nigerrimis ; dorso, alis cau-

ddque saturaté viridi-olivaeeis ; corpore inferiore sulphureo, vittd

pectorali nigrd, alterd sanguined.

Culmen, a narrow band down the base of the upper mandible and

the whole of the under mandible deep black; narrow elevated ridge

surrounding the base_of both mandibles orange; sides of the upper

mandible beautiful orange, fading into white towards the tip, which

is stained with red; head and throat deep glossy black ; back, wings

and tail dark olive-green; rump and upper tail-coverts rich deep

blood-red; all the under surface sulphur-yellow, crossed on the chest

by an irregular band of black, and on the breast by another of deep

blood-red ; the interspaces stained with scarlet ; thighs chestnut, each

feather slightly fringed with sulphur-yellow.

Total length, 18 inches; bill, 44; wing, 6; tail, 71; tarsi, 12.

Hab. Santa Fé de Bogota.

In the collection of Prince Massena at Paris.

Professor Owen read a communication on the Rudimental Mar-

supial Bones in the Thylacinus :—

The marsupial bones, as bones, do not exist in the Dog-headed

Opossum or Hyzna of the Tasmanian colonists (Thylacinus Harrisii,

Temm.); they are represented by two small, oblong, flattened fibro-

cartilages, imbedded in the internal pillars of the abdominal rings,

and appear each as a thickened part of the tendon of the external

oblique abdominal muscle, which forms the above pillar. The length

of the marsupial fibro-cartilage is six lines, its breadth from three

to four lines, its thickness one line and a half.

This was the condition of the rudimental marsupial bones in two

full-grown females and one male specimen of the Thylacinus: in a

fourth large and old male a few particles of the bone-salts were de-

posited in the centre of the fibro-cartilage, occasioning a gritty feel-

ing when cut across by the knife.

This unexpected and very remarkable modification of the most

characteristic part of the skeleton of the Marsupialia, in one of the

largest of that order, has many important bearings upon the physio-

logy of the problematical ‘ ossa marsupialia.’ They have been most

commonly supposed to serve for the support of the marsupial pouch

and young ; but this pouch is well developed in the female Thylacine,

and in one of the specimens which I dissected four well-developed

teats, each two inches long, indicated that it had contained four

Zoological Society. 63

young ones when, or shortly before, it was killed. The existence

of the marsupial bones in the male as well as the female sex in other

marsupial animals had already invalidated the above physiological

explanation, and it equally opposes the idea of the use of the mar-

supial bones, propounded by M. de Blainville,—that they aid in the

compression required to expel the embryo. Besides, it is not in the

females of those animals which give birth to the smallest young that

we should expect to find auxiliary bones for increasing the power of

the muscles concerned in parturition. My view of the uses of the

marsupial bones, as explained in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for

1834, is, that they relate more immediately to an increase of power

in the muscles (cremasteres) which wind round them, than of those

implanted in them: and to the extent to which the cartilaginous

representatives of the ogsa marsupialia in the Thylacine strengthen

the pillars of the abdominal ring, they must increase the contractile

force of the compressors of the mammary glands and teats, which

are situated and surrounded by the cremasteres in the Thylacine, as

in other Marsupialia. Nevertheless, the almost obsolete condition of

the ossa marsupialia in the Thylacine, and their very various relative

sizes in other Marsupialia, are circumstances which seem incompa-

tible with the same kind and degree of use in all the species: they

are very slender, and not above half an inch in length in the Myr-

mecobius, whilst in the Koala they nearly equal the iliac bones in size.

The so-called ‘ pyramidales’ muscles, which derive a great proportion

of their origin from the ossa marsupialia, bear a direct ratio to

those bones in size; and an attentive observation of the habits and

modes of locomotion of the different marsupial species is still want-

ing for a complete elucidation of the function of the marsupial bones.

It is important to the paleontologist that the cartilaginous condition

of the marsupial bones in the Thylacine should be borne in mind in

regard to the evidences of the marsupial order that may be yielded

by fossil remains: the. fossil pelvis of the Thylacine, for example,

had that species been long ago, as it soon is likely to be, extinct,

would never have afforded the triumphant evidence to which Cuvier

appealed in demonstration of the Didelphys of the gypsum quarries

at Montmartre; yet the Thylacine would not therefore have been

less essentially a marsupial animal. This may teach us to pause

before drawing a conclusion against the marsupial character of the

small Stonesfield mammalia, if their pelves should ever be found

without trace of the ossa marsupialia.

‘Descriptions of new Shells, collected during the voyage of the

Sulphur, and in Mr. Cuming’s late visit to the Philippines,” by Mr.

Hinds.

Abstract of the accompanying descriptions of shells :—

The number of well-authenticated species of Terebra hitherto on

record is about sixty. In the present paper exactly fifty more are

added, all of which are presumed to have been hitherto unrecorded.

Of this number sixteen are from the Indian seas, six are from the

African seas, twelve are from the American seas, and five are from

64. Zoological Society.

the Pacific ; and the whole, without exception, from within the Tro-

pics. The localities of eleven are unknown.

They most usually occur under a small incumbent pressure, gene-

rally at a depth of from five to eighteen fathoms. Some are found

about low water, and with much constancy they affect situations

where the floor of the ocean is composed of sandy mud.

TeErEesRA, Bruguiére.

TEREBRA ROBUSTA. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, solidd, ponderosd,

albidd, flammeis longitudinalibus interrupté pictd; anfractibus infe-

rioribus rotundatis, indivisis, levigatis, superioribus versus extre-

mitatem spire subplanulatis, unocinguliferis, longitrorsum plicatis ;

anfractu ultimo rotundato triseriatim picto, ad basin coarctato ;

aperturd elongatd; columelld arcuatd, subcallosd ; epidermide luteo-

Suscd ; operculo parvo, crasso. Axis 57 lin.

Hab. West coast of America, between 8° 57’ and 21° 32! north

latitude ; namely at Panama, Gulf of Nicoya, Gulf of Papagayo, and

San Blas: in from four to eighteen fathoms, sandy mud.

Cab. Belcher and Cuming.

TEREBRA SUCCINEA. Ter. testd subulatd, acuminatd, succined, le-

vigatd ; anfractibus planulatis, lined impressd divisis, longitrorsum

plicis obsoletis vel lineis arcuatis incrementi minutis, transversim

infra lineam impressam, leviter striatis ; ared subconcavi, punctis

parvis fuscis distantibus biseriatim cinctd, versus margines tuber-

culato-incrassatd. Axis 54 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming.

Two specimens of this elegant species are in the above collection,

without any history attached to them; they have evidently been

highly cleaned, but retain the appearance of having been once covered

by an epidermis.

TEREBRA consors. Ter. testd gradatim subulatd, levigatd, politd,

albidd, flammeis pallidis fuscis ornatd ; anfractibus subplanulatis,

superné lined impressd divisis, ared superiore spire leviter tuber-

culatd ; anfractu ultimo prope basin fasciato ; apertura inferne

subeffusd ; columelld breviusculd, Axis 31 lin.

Hab. Tahiti, Society Islands.

Cab. Cuming.

Its nearest ally is T. dimidiata, than which it is far more gradually

subulate ; the upper area of the divided whorl is raised and somewhat

rounded ; the white is the base colour of the shell, and the last whorl

is distinctly banded.

TEREBRA SPECTABILIS. Ter. testd subulatd, levigatd, politd ; an-

fractibus superné sulco impresso divisis, infra longitrorsum pli-

catis, interstitiis levigatis, medio saturate castaneis, infern? albis ;

cingulo tuberculato, albido ; anfractu ultimo fasciato ; columellé

elongatd. Axis 134 lin.

Hab. Guinea, on the sands: Humphrey. Sumatra, on the sands:

Ellis. .

Cab. Cuming.

Zoological Society. 65

Trresra Bicincta. Ter. testd subulatd, levigatd, nitidd ; anfracti-

bus rotundatis, indivisis, longitrorsum plicatis, superné ared coarc-

tatd, transversim biseriatim super plicas minute tuberculutis ; plicis

tenuibus, acutis, interstitiis levigatis ; anfractu ultimo concolore.

Axis 12% lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming. Unique.

Remarkably and very distinctly characterized by the two rows of

small tubercles which encircle the whorls. The shell is otherwise

of an uniform white glassy colour, which might be attributable to its

condition.

Trresra FATUA. Ter. testa turrito-subulatd, albidd, levigata, po-

lita ; anfractibus subplanulatis, superioribus lined impressé cinctis,

maculis fuscis pallidis distantibus biseriatim ornatis ; spird obso-

leté plicatd ; anfractu ultimo elongato, maculis exceptis, unicolore.

Axis 34 lin. .

Hab. St.Christopher, West Indies; on the sand: Mr. Miller, 1799.

Cab. Cuming.

TEREBRA NIMBOSA. Ter. testd elongate conico-subulatd, acuminatd,

lacted, strigis longitudinalibus nubeculatd ; anfractibus planulatis,

levigatis, politis, integris, inferne prope suturam alba, anguste

fasciatd, ultimo fasciato ; columellé levi, truncaté. Axis 25 lin.

Hab.

Cab. Cuming.

TeResra coputa. Ter. testd elongate turrito-subulatd, acuminatd,

levigatd, nitidd, saturaté castaned ; anfractibus subrotundatis,

superne cingulo tuberculato cinctis, infra plico-costatis ; cingulo

atro-castaneo. fasciato, rard intervallis tantdm maculato, inter-

stitiis levigatis ; anfractu ultimo parvo, rotundato, prope basin

duabus fasciis albis angustis ornato. Axis 17 lin.

Hab. Guinea, on the sands: Humphrey.

Cab. Cuming.

TEREBRA ALVEOLATA. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, attenuate acumi-

natd, nitidd, fused; anfractibus subplanulatis, supern? cingulo

tuberculato cinctis, infra plico-costatis, interstitiis striatis ; cin-

gulo et anfractu ultimo albo fasciato, maculis quadratis rufis ar-

ticulato. Axis 16 lin.

Hab. Straits of Malacca; in seventeen fathoms, among mud.

Cab. Belcher.

The description is densi up from a somewhat young specimen,

and the mouth and last whorl] have not yet attained their full deve-

lopment. ‘The character of the shell is however very conspicuous.

In this genus the last whorl will be found very frequently to offer

decided features, and becomes a valuable aid in the diagnosis.

TEREBRA PULCHRA. Ter. testd turritd, conico-subulatd, acuminatd,

nitidd, pallidd ; anfractibus subplanulatis, longitrorsum rect? plico-

costatis, superné lined impressd cinctis, interstitiis levigatis ; an-

fractu ultimo pallide lineato. Axis 11 lin.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. F

66 Zoological Society.

Hab. Marquesas ; in seven fathoms.

Cab. Belcher.

Perhaps more nearly resembling T. plicata than any other species,

from which, with a little care, the description will suffice to distin-

guish it. The specimens were collected at the Marquesas group of

islands, which scarcely offer any particular novelty in any depart-

ment of natural history; and the greatest exception will be found

among Terebra, of which it has a few peculiar species, and also some

interesting varieties of other well-known kinds. Indeed, though the

group is by no means the metropolis of the genus, the species would

seem to exist here under some peculiar circumstances.

TEREBRA COLUMELLARIS. Ter. testd elongatd, subcylindraced, tur-

rito-subulatd, aurantiacd albo nebulosd ; anfractibus subrotundatis,

longitrorsum undate plico-costatis, superné lined impressd cinctis ;

interstitiis rufis, striatis ; anfractu ultimo breviusculo, rotundato,

albo fasciato. Axis 19 lin.

Hab.

Cab. Cuming.

Remarkable from its great similarity to 7’. undulata, which is itself

a peculiar species. The grounds of distinction are its decidedly

cylindrical shape, different distribution of the colour, and its short,

abrupt, rounded and banded last whorl.

TEREBRA NITIDA. Ter. testd obeso-subulatd, acuminatd, pallide

plumbed, polita ; anfractibus subplanulatis, recte plico-costatis, su-

perne interstitiis lined punctatd cinctis, ultimo parvo subattenuato,

unicolore, plicis evanidis ; labio interno producto ; labro anticé sub-

sinuoso. Axis 10 lin.

Hab. Marquesas ; in seven fathoms, sandy mud.

Cab. Belcher.

An excellent diagnostic character exists in this species, in the cir-

cumstance that the girdling line which traverses the upper part of

each whorl does not cross the ribs, but is confined to the interstices.

TEREBRA varRicosa. Ter. testd elongat? conico-subulatd, acumi-

natd, nitidd ; anfractibus subplanulatis, plico-costatis, superné cin-

gulo tuberculato contractato cinctis ; costis subdistantibus albidis,

interstitius striatis fuscis ; anfractu ultimo breviusculo, rotundato,

albo fasciato ; columelld contortd. Axis 11 lin.

Hab. Gulf of Papagayo, west coast of Central America ; in twenty-

three fathoms, mud.

Cab. Belcher.

TEREBRA LAURINA. Ter. testd elongate subulatd, acuminatd, levi-

gatd, politd, olivaced ; anfractibus planulatis, plicis tenuibus sinu-

osis, capillaribus, infra evanidis, superné lined impressd obsoletd

cinctis, ultimo unicolore, levigato; aperturd fuscd ; columella

levi, subtruncatd. Axis 32 lin.

Hab. Western Africa; in sandy mud: Rev. W. V. Hennah.

Cab. Cuming.

The impressed line is always faint, and sometimes not at all visible.

Zoological Society. 67

The specimens are nearly of an uniform colour, but a band of some-

what deeper colour traverses the upper portion of each whorl.

TEREBRA sTYLATA. Ter. testd subulatd, acuminatd, politd, olivaced ;

anfractibus subplanulatis, integris, numerose plicatis, infra evani-

dis, prope suturam albidis maculis fuscis interrupte fasciatis, ulti-

mo levigato, inferne albo angusté fasciato ; apertura fuscd ; colu-

melld levi, subtruncatd. Axis 21 lin.

Hab. Japan; Philippine Islands.

Cab. Cuming.

TEREBRA TUBEROSA. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, saturate fulvd,

nitidd ; anfractibus rotundatis, longitrorsum costatis, superne cin-

gulo numerosé tuberculato ; costis brevibus ; nodulosis striis decus-

santibus ; columelld contortd. Axis 11 lin.

Hab. Ticao, Philippines.

Cab. Cuming. Unique.

In this characteristic species the girdle consists of a number of

small tubercles, superior in number to the vertical ribs.

TEREBRA CONSPERSA. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, nitidd, albd;

anfractibus subrotundatis, plico-costatis, superné lined impressd,

precipue interstitial, cinctis, prope suturam punctis rufis rard

conspersis, interstitiis striatis ; anfractu ultimo ad basin fulvo.

Axis 10 hn.

Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samar, Philippines; eight fathoms,

sandy mud.

Cab. Cuming.

A pretty little species, only known to me through the two speci-

mens in the above collection ; and it will readily be distinguished by

its sparsely scattered rufous spots and orange base.

TEREBRA LinGuALIS. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, albidd, fammeis

atro-fuscis longitudinalibus ornatd ; anfractibus planulatis, duabus

lineis impressis divisis, infra suturam tuberculatis ; ared inferiore

levigatd; anfractu ultimo subrotundato,levigato, fasciato ; aperturd

quadratd ; columelld contorté. Axis 30 lin.

Hab. Gulf of Papagayo, Bay of Montejo, west coast of America ;

ten to seventeen fathoms, sandy mud. |

Cab. Belcher and Cuming.

The whorls, particularly those of the spire, are divided ints three

spaces by two girdling lines; the lower area is smooth, but the two

others, particularly the most superior, is tubercled. It is a handsome

species, from the deep reddish-brown flames with which it is covered.

Terespra Licata. Ter. testd elongate subulatd, acuminatd ; anfrac-

tibus planulatis, transversim striatis, cingulis duobus tuberculatis,

cingulo superiore et ared inferiore maculis quadratis fuscis trans-

versis ornatd, cingulo inferiore minore albidd concolore ; anfractu

ultimo parvo, biseriatim maculato. Axis 154 lin.

Hab. Marquesas ; in seven fathoms, sandy mud.

Cab. Belcher.

TEREBRA FUNICULATA. Ter. testd elongate subulatd, nitidd, fulvd ;

F

68 Zoological Society.

anfractibus numerosis, planulatis, superne cingulo levi lined im-

pressd diviso, infra cingulo minore, ared inferiore transversim

striata ; anfractu ultimo brevi, medio sulco unico ; aperturd parva,

concolore ; labio interno subcalloso, producto. Axis 23 lin.

Hab.

Cab. Booker and Cuming.

TEREBRA FENESTRATA. Ter. testd elongate conico-subulatd, pallide

fulva ; anfractibus planulatis, superné cingulo nodulifero, infra se-

cundo minore, inferne cancellatis ; apice subpapillari ; anfractu

ultimo quadrato ad basin abrupté contractato; aperturd parvd ;

labio interno subcalloso, producto. Axis 15 lin.

_ Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, Philippines; sandy mud at

low water.

Cab. Cuming.

TEREBRA EBURNEA. Ter. testd obeso-subulatd, albd; anfractibus

levigatis, nitidis, superne lined impressd, inferne uni- vel biseriatim

lineis punctatis cinctis; anfractu ultimo quinis seriebus linearum

punctarum ; aperturd elongata ; columella levi, breviusculd. Axis

16 lin.

Hab. Seychelles.

Cab. Belcher. Unique.

TEREBRA AMANDA. Ter. testd elongate conico-subulatd, nitidd ;

anfractibus planulatis, superné cingulo tuberculato margaritaceo

cinctis, infra secundo minore concolore, inferné aurantiacis bise-

riatim punctato-lineatis, ultimo brevi; columella contortd. Axis

11 hn.

Hab. Straits of Macassar ; in eleven fathoms, coarse sand.

Cab. Belcher.

An uncommonly pretty shell, offering an elegant contrast between

the row of pearly tubercles and the general orange colour.

TEREBRA VIOLASCENS. Ter. testd turritd, cylindraceo-subulatd,

violaced ; anfractibus rotundatis, longitrorsum oblique plico-costa-

tis, superne lined impressd obsolete cinctis ; costis subconfertis,

interstitiis crebre striatis ; aperturd parva, elongata ; labio interno

producto. Axis 15 lin.

Hab. New Guinea; in seven fathoms, mud. San Nicholas, Zebu,

and Mindanao, Philippines; in twenty to thirty fathoms.

Cab. Belcher and Cuming.

Tae Philippine specimens are of a different colour, and disposed

to be banded, but they have the appearance of dead shells. The

species is very like an American fossil from Alabama, T.. venusta, Lea.

TEREBRA ARMILLATA. Ter. testé turrito-subulatd, acuminatd, fuscd ;

anfractibus planulatis, longitrorsum subdistanter plico-costatis,

transversim lineis definitis impressis, superne cingulo noduloso,

atate valde notabili; anfractu ultimo subquadrato, ad basin albo

Sasciato ; aperturd atro-fuscd ; columelld contortd. Axis 22 lin.

Hab. Abundant in various localities on the west coast of America

between Panama and the Bay of Magdalena in Lower California,

in from five to thirteen fathoms ; also at the Galapagos, in ten fa-

Zoological Society. 69

thoms: chiefly in sandy situations. It was also found imbedded in

the fossiliferous cliffs which surround a portion of the Bay of Mag-

dalena.

Cab. Belcher and Cuming.

Terepra Aspera. Ter. testa turrito-subulatd, acuminatd, pallidd,

aurantiacd vel fused ; anfractibus subrotundatis, longitrorsum: sub-

conferté plico-costatis, nodulosis liris transversis decussantibus,

superne cingulo plico-nodulifero sparsim fusco maculato ; anfractu

ultimo rotundato, ad basin albo fasciato ; aperturd colorem teste

simulante ; columellé plicatd. Axis 23 lin.

Hab. Panama, Monte Christi, St. Elena, west coast of America;

in from six to ten fathoms, sandy mud.

Cab. Cuming.

TEREBRA TUBERCULOSA. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, acuminatd,

olivaced ; anfractibus planulatis, levigatis, politis, superne cingulo

tuberculato, ared inferiore triseriatim tuberculato, seriebus duabus

superioribus fréquenter subevanidis ; anfractu ultimo subquadrato,

unicolore, multiseriatim tuberculato ; columelldé contortd. Axis

24 lin.

Hab. Panama, Gulf of Papagayo, and San Blas; in from four to

eleven fathoms.

Cab. Belcher.

TEREBRA SPECILLATA. Ter. testd gracilé turrito-subulatd, valde

acuminata, albd, rufo sparsim maculatd et nebulosd ; anfractibus

subplanulatis longitrorsum subdistanter tenue plico-costatis, trans-

versim leviter striatis, superné cingulo tuberculato, interstitiis

tuberculorum precipueé pictis ; anfractu ultimo fasciato ; aperturd

parvd ; columellé subrectd. Axis 20 lin.

Hab. San Blas; from seven fathoms, sandy mud.

Cab. Belcher.

TEREBRA INTERTINCTA. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, pallidd vel

cerulescente ; anfractibus planulatis, politis, duabus vel tribus

lineis transversis, superné cingulo tuberculato, inferné obsolete

tuberculo-plicatis, interstitiis tuberculorum fusco maculatis ; an-

fractu ultimo subrotundato, uniseriatim tuberculato, interstitiis

nebulosis ; aperturd ovali. Axis 20 lin.

Hab. Gambia; among sandy mud.

Cab. Cuming and Saul.

TreREBRA RADULA. Ter. testd turrito-subulaté, fulvd, nitidd; an-.

fractibus rotundatis, plicis tuberculatis longitudinalibus et trans-

versis cancellatis, prope suturam serie tuberculorum majusculorum. ;

anfractu ultimo ad basin albo anguste fasciato ; aperturd oblonga,

concolore. Axis 19 lin.

Hab. Puerto Portrero, west coast of America; in thirteen fathoms,

coral sand. .

Cab. Cuming. A single specimen.

TEREBRA BIFRONS. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, levigatd, fuscd ;

anfractibus rotundatis, inferioribus multiseriatim tuberculatis, su-

70 _ Loological Society.

perioribus longitrorsum biseriatim tuberculo-plicatis ; tuberculis

parvis approximatis, interstitiis levibus ; aperturd oblonga ; colu-

melld rectiusculd, subtruncatd. Axis 23 lin.

Hab. Japan; sandy mud: Dr. Siebold.

Cab. Cuming. Unique.

Terepra Giauca. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, acuminatd, glauces-

cente ; anfractibus rotundatis, eleganter cancellatis, prope sutu-

ram cingulo albido tuberculato; anfractu ultimo elongato, pallidé

Sasciato ; aperturd ovali; columella contorté. Axis 14 lin.

Hab.

Cab. Cuming. Unique.

TEREBRA LARVEFORMIs. Ter. testd subcylindraced, turrito-subulatd,

Suscd, nitidd ; anfractibus brevibus rotundatis, longitrorsum plico-

costatis, superné lined impressd contractatis ; costis rotundatis vel

varicosis, interstitiis leviter striatis ; anfractu ultimo breviusculo,

pallide fasciato ; apertura pallidd. Axis 23 lin.

Hab. St. Elena, Monte Christi, west coast of America; in from

six to fifteen fathoms, sandy mud.

Cab. Cuming.

I have examined a number of specimens of this shell, all of which

I refer to this species, and find them vary much in the general and

relative proportion of their outline and width of whorls.

TEREBRA ELATA. Ter. testd subcylindraced, elongate turrito-subulatd,

pallide Sulva ; anfractibus feré planulatis, longitrorsum plicatis,

superne lined impressd cinctis ; plicis approximatis, interstitis

striatis, anfractu ultimo ad basin et prope suturam fusco ; aper-

turd elongatd. Axis 12 lin.

Hab. Bay of Montijo, west coast of America; in fifteen fathoms,

coarse sand.

Cab. Cuming.

TEREBRA TEXTILIS. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, pallide luted ; an-

fractibus fere planulatis, longitrorsum plicatis, superne lined punc-

tato-impressd cinctis, serie tuberculorum deinde excisd albida ; pli-

cis approximatis, interstitiis striatis ; anfractu ultimo parvo, uni-

colore ; columella plicatd, labio interno producto. Axis 11} lin.

Fab. Sorsogon, Bay of Manila, Philippines ; Straits of Macassar ;

in from six to thirteen fathoms, sand and coarse gravel.

Cab. Cuming and Belcher.

This Asiatic species very closely tenembtts the American just de-

scribed, and. furnishes another of those instances of affinity, whilst

still retaining unquestionable distinctness, which occur so frequently

in the shells of the tropics of the two hemispheres ; and thus whilst

both are enriched by similar forms, these present themselves under

slight but constant differences.

Trrepra picta. Ter. testd subcylindraced, turrito-subulatd, nitidd,

pallide aurantiaed, atro-fusco longitrorsum maculatd vel nebulosé ;

anfractibus rotundatis, superne cingulo tuberculato, infra plico-

costatis, interstitis striatis; anfractu ultimo fasciato ; aperturd

pared, atro-fuscd ; columella swbrectd.. Axis 15 lin.

Zoological Society. 71

Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, Philippines.

Cab. Cuming.

Trresra casta. Ter. testé turrito-subulatd, albescente, levigatd,

politd ; anfractibus integris, planulatis, superne plicatis et lacteo

fasciatis, infra levigatis, strigis longitudinalibus pallide fuscis

nebulosis ; anfractu ultimo subelongato, lacteo fasciato ; columelld

brevi, subrectd. Axis 13 lin.

Hab. llo-ilo, island of Panay, Philippines, at low water.

Cab. Cuming.

TEREBRA INCONSTANS. Ter. testd obeso-subulatd, acuminatd, lividd

vel pallidd, polité ; anfractibus integris, subrotundatis, longitror-

sum plicatis, interstitiis levigatis ; infra suturam et ad basin an-

Ffractis ultimi pallide fasciatd ; apertura effusd; columelld trun-

catd, subcallosd. Axis 16 lin.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Cab. Cuming.

This species has much of the general character of T. anomala, but

the whorls are constantly entire, and the shells are more acuminate

and obese.

TEREBRA PENICILLATA. Ter. testd turritd, obeso-subulatd, levigatd,

politd, albd lineis undatis rufis longitrorsum dispositis ; anfracti-

bus integris, ultimo elongato, efasciato; spird obsolete plicatd;

aperturd elongatd ; columellé levi. Axis 17 lin.

Hab. Seychelles.

Cab. Belcher and Cuming.

TEREBRA vENOSA. Ter. testd subcylindraceo-subulatd, levigatd,

politd; anfractibus integris, subplanulatis, superne albo, infra

purpureo cinctis, strigis rufis longitudinalibus fleruosis ; spird pli-

catd, anfractu ultimo subrotundato, rarivs transversim fasciato vel

lineato ; aperturd elongatd, albd. Axis 16 lin.

Hab, ° |

Cab. Cuming,

The only species in this now extensive genus where the fasciation

of the last whorl is not to be relied on as a character.

These two species have been united by M. Kiener with 7. lanceata,

but I cannot help regarding them as most unquestionably distinct.

TEREBRA LucTuosA. Ter. testd gracile acuminatd, levigatd, politd,

atro-fuscd, rarius castaned vel olivaced ; anfractibus subplanulatis,

integris, superné plicis parvis undatis, infra evanidis, ultimo elon-

gato, concolore ; columelld levi, breviusculd. Axis 17 lin.

Hab. Gulf of Nicoya; Puerto Portrero, west coast of America; in

twelve fathoms, coral sand.

Cab. Cuming and Belcher.

TeEREBRA cusPIpaTA. Ter. testd gracile et elongate subulatd, valde

acuminatd, levigatd, politd, nitidd ; anfractibus planulatis, integris,

superne plicatis, infra evanidis, pallidis ceruleo anguste fasciatis ;

anfractu ultimo levigato, subdiaphano, ad basin fascid rufé ornato.

Axis 13 lin.

Hab. Cape Coast, Africa; Humphrey.

Cab. Cuming.

72 Zoological Society.

TEREBRA Micans. Ter. testd conico-subulatd, acuminatd, semiopacd,

pallide fulvd, nitidd ; anfractibus planulatis, integris, longitrorsum

plicts capillaribus, superné ceruleo et ad basin anfractds ultimi

Susco fasciatis ; aperturd inferne effusd; columella truncatd.

Axis 13 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming.

The specific name I find in use as a cabinet name, but I am igno-

rant who is the originator. |

TEREBRA LEPIDA. Ter. testd obeso- vel rarius subcylindraceo-subu-

latd, acuminata, levigatd, politd, albidd vel pallide fulva ; anfrac-

tibus planulatis, integris, plicis longitudinalibus acutis, interstitiis

levigatis, superné maculis rufis cinctis ; anfractu ultimo subcylin-

draceo, pallidé fasciato. Axis 10 lin.

Hab. Guinea; on the sands: Humphrey.

Cab. Cuming.

TEREBRA OBESA. Ter. testd obeso-subulatd, levigatd, albidd, ma-

culis fuscis longitudinalibus pallide ornat@,; anfractibus paucis,

subrotundatis, integris, ultimo biseriatim ulato ; spird obsolete

plicatd ; aperturd oblongé ; columelid truncatd. Axis 6 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming. Unique.

In this singular little shell the last whorl occupies nearly one half

of the entire length.

TEREBRA NASSOIDES. Ter. testd obeso-subulatd, levigatd, nitidd,

anfractibus planulatis, integris, superné albo, medid fusco einctis,

ultimo unicolore ; aperturd inferné effusd. Axis 6 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming.

TrEREBRA RusTICA. Ter. testd obeso-subulatd, acuminata, fuscd,

nitidd, striis transversis scabra ; anfractibus subrotundatis, longi-

trorsum plico-costatis, superné infra suturam luteis; plicis sub-

distantibus, fere continuis ; anfractu ultimo elongato, concolore ;

_ aperturd elongatd ; columella levi, subrectd. Axis 8 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Metcalfe.

TEREBRA TENERA. Ter. testd parvd, obeso-subulatd, levigatd, ni-

tidd, anfractibus plico-costatis, pallidé fulvis, superneé prope sutu-

ram rufo fasciatis, ultimo ad basin rufo ; plicis continuis ; colu-

melld contortd. Axis 4 lin.

Hab. Straits of Malacca, in seventeen fathoms; Ceylon.

Cab. Belcher.

TEREBRA MERA. Ter. testd subcylindraceo-subulatd, levigatd, ni-

tidd, albidd, vel pallide rufo late fasciatd ; anfractibus subplanu-

latis, superné plicis parvis numerosis obliquis, infra evanidis ;

aperturd parvd, elongatd ; columelld subtruncatd. Axis 74 lin.

Hab. Straits of Malacca, in seventeen fathoms.

Cab. Belcher.

TEREBRA PYGMa&A. Ter, testd purpured, obeso-subulatd ; anfrac-

Geological Society. 73

tibus paucis, subrotundatis, longitrorsum minute plico-costatis, su-

perne insigniter fascid angustd atro-purpured cinctis, ultimo prope

basin fasciato ; aperturd parvd, fuscd ; labio interno subproducto.

Axis 3 lin.

Hab. Straits of Malacca, in seventeen fathoms.

Cab. Belcher.

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

June 21, 1843.—The following papers were read :—

1. “Supplement to a Memoir on the Fossil species of Chimera.”

By Sir P. Grey Egerton, M.P., F.G.S.

Since the author’s former memoir was communicated to the So-

ciety*, he has seen in the collection of Mr. Dixon a new and striking

addition to the genus Jschyodus. ‘The specimen is from the chalk

of Southeram, and presents two dental plates only slightly dislocated

from their natural juxtaposition. At first sight these would appear

to be the dental armature of the lower jaw, corresponding nearly in

size to the lower mandibles of Ischyodus Manteili. A closer exami-

nation has satisfied Sir Philip Egerton that they are in reality the

intermaxillary plates of the upper jaw of a most gigantic chimeeroid.

They exceed in size the corresponding teeth of I[schyodus Townshendi,

the largest species hitherto found, by one third. As compared with

the intermaxillaries of that species they are broader, more compressed

and less robust in antero-posterior diameter, and less hooked at the _

extremity. The form of the cutting edge is not truncate, as in the

recent Chimera, but prolonged to an acute angle, and bent down-

wards like the upper mandible of a bird of prey. The symphysis is

smooth and slightly hollowed. The thin polished investing lamina

of compact dentine is seen adhering to the surface of the tooth. On

the interior surface this is marked with broad transverse irregulari-

ties similar to, although less distinct than, those seen in the recent

Chimera. A fragment in Mr. Dixon’s collection gives evidence of

having belonged to an individual of much larger size than that which

furnished the specimens here described. Sir Philip Egerton proposes

to name this species Ischyodus Gigas.

2. ‘*On the occurrence of the remains of Insects in the Upper Lias

of the county of Gloucester.” By James Buckman, F.G.S.

The remains described in this paper were discovered by Mr. Buck-.

man in a thin seam of argillaceous limestone in the upper lias beds

at Dumbleton, a village twelve miles from Cheltenham, to which his

attention had been directed by Mr. Brodie, who had suspected the

existence of insect remains in the stratum. The section of Dum-

bleton Hill, which is a liassic outlier, presents the following beds.

ft. in.

1. Sandy debris from the oolite, about... ............ 10 0

2. Upper lias shale: this is traversed at twelve feet from

its base by the thin bed of fissile limestone five inches

in thicknesses.) 2 8 eh a EE Pisa Sales 60 0

* See vol. xii. p. 467.

74 Miscellaneous.

The thin seam of limestone included in No, 2 is remarkable for

containing many organic remains not found in any other part of the

lias, and most of them new, comprising land as well as marine ani-

mals and traces of plants. Among them are two undetermined

species of fish with numerous fish-scales and coprolites, two species

of Crustacea, the one allied to Astacus (Fabr.), the other to Hippo-

lyte (Leach). A species of Loligo, a new Belemnite, a new Ammo-

nite (which Mr. Buckman has named 4. Murleyi), A. corrugatus

and ovatus, a small univalve in great abundance, and Jnoceramus du-

bius. The remains of insects comprise one species of Libellula,

which, from the reticulations of the fine wings, seems to belong to

the genus schna, Fabr., and has been named by Mr. Buckman

44. Brodiei, in honour of Mr. Brodie ; two species of Coleoptera of

undetermined genera, and a wing supposed to belong to Tipula.

None of these are of the same species with the insects found by Mr.

Brodie in the lower lias. :

From the presence of a similar band of stone with that containing

the above mentioned fossils at Churchdown and Robin Hood Hill,

liassic outliers presenting the same section as that of Dumbleton

Hill, Mr. Buckman supposes that this thin seam is of constant oc-

currence in the upper lias of the neighbourhood. He concludes that

the period, which the state of things which produced it continued, was

not of long duration, and that its deposition was of a quiescent kind.

MISCELLANEOUS.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF CERVUS, CERVUS DIMORPHE.

BY B. H. HODGSON, ESQ,

In January last I procured from the Saul forest of the Morung a

young stag rising two years, having horns of a unique character,

and a stature and other attributes seeming to place him between the

Axines and Rusans. I considered this animal to belong to a new

species, but as he was young and had the horns imperfect, I deter-

mined to wait awhile before noticing him to the Society. The ani-

mal since his arrival has lived and flourished in my stable. He is

now nearly three years old, and his horns are perfect; but his pelage

is in course of moult or change. I will not, however, longer defer

giving a summary description and sketch of what I apprehend to

be an undescribed, though large and handsome species of deer. This

animal, like Cervus Wallichit and Cervus Elaphoides vel Duvancellii,

possesses a mixed character, so that I hesitate to class it with any

known group at present, and shall merely indicate this attribute by

assigning to it the trivial name of Dimorphé. My specimen has been

reared in confinement; yet it approaches the Rusans in size and

stature, but retains, in youth at least, a good deal of the graceful

Axine type. Its horns are small, owing to confinement perhaps, and

it is possible that maturer age may develope more snags or antlers.

At present there is but one on each beam, and it has a very forward

Miscellaneous. 75

direction, as in Hlaphus and ovr affinis, species to which the present

one is also allied by its short tail and moderate suborbitar sinus.

Cervus Dimorphé, mihi. Deer with moderate, pale, smooth horns.

Axine in the general style, but more bent in the middle of the beam,

more divergent, and possessed of only one basal antler, which is

directed very forward; smail, or moderate, and vertical suborbital

sinuses ; interdigital pores ; broad spreading ears and short stag-like

tail, Stature and aspect mediate between the Axines and Rusans.

In youth bright fawn-red, spotted with white ; in age nigrescent bay

with blackish neck and belly ; a dark list round the muzzle and white

chin; limbs pale. Habitat the Saul forest.—Journal of the Asiatic

Society of Bengal, No. 58, p. 897.

ON A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES OF HIPPOPOTAMUS.

BY 8. G. MORTON, M.D.

It is about six months since I received from my friend Dr. Goheen

an extensive series of skulls of mammiferous and other animals from

Western Africa: they had been obtained by him during a residence

of several years at Monrovia, where he had officiated as colonial

physician ; a situation which gave him great advantages for procuring

the natural productions of that region. Among these crania were

two of a hippopotamus of small size, from the river St. Paul’s.

Although nothing could be more manifest than the difference be-

tween the head of this animal and that of the common species, I

have hesitated to publish it, from a fear that some one else may

already have done so; for I could hardly convince myself that so

remarkable a species was wholly unnoticed in the systems. Having,

however, searched the latest European works on zoology without

finding any account of this interesting animal, I venture to submit

the following facts in relation to it :—

HIPPOPOTAMUS MINOR.

I 4 9 He 2—2 , 1—]

ncisors g Of 7-7) Canines j—-

Dental Formula :

4—4 3—3

False molars —— wi molars 33°

Inches.

Length of the skull, measured from thé anterior extremity to the

hotch between the bans les of the vee DONE SAV ecdigess 12°3

Fygomatic Aiameter si. se ieee lies Nesvebiesedioes err er 8

Parietal diamreter yi iii5 ied oe, ashe bd kek ea avail eet em ctiaeds > 85

Distance between the orbits over the surface of the skull ..s.......... we OD

Vertical diameter of orbit .......ecseeeesees patch Ta phe bei as wad whiiaben ao NT RR.

Horizontal diameter of orbit..........cccceceecccsececcec coves IS is OM 1°8

These measurements have been taken from a very old individual,

in which the sutures are entirely obsolete, and the teeth worn almost

to the level of the jaw ; and the contrast in size between this and the

large or common species (familiar to every one as the H. amphibius,

but recently divided into two species, the H. capensis and H. sene-

76 Miscellaneous.

galensis) will be manifest to every one. The difference, however, is

not only in size, but in all the proportions of the head.

In the H. minor there is a uniform convexity of the upper surface

of the cranium from orbit to orbit, and between the occiput and ossa

nasi; while in the common species the orbits are remarkably ele-

vated, and the intermediate surface is concave. ‘The orbit is placed

about midway between the occiput and snout, and the latter is

consequently short; while in the large species the orbits are placed

about one-third the distance between the occiput and snout. The

H. minor has only two canines in the lower jaw ; the false molars are

proximate to the canines; andthe base of the zygomata is in the

same plane with the upper maxilla. :

The second skull of this species (which is of the same length as

the other) is that of a younger animal ; for the sutures are open, and

the teeth in the process of changing from the deciduous to the per-

manent set. The posterior molars are only partially protruded, and

rise obliquely from the jaws, like those of the elephant and mas-

todon. ?

Dr. Goheen, who assured me from the first that he could find no

notice of this animal in the systematic works, has obligingly favoured

me with the following memorandum in relation to it :—‘‘ This animal

abounds in the river St. Paul’s, and varies in weight from 400 to

700 pounds. They are slow and heavy in their motions, yet will

sometimes stray two or three miles from the river, in which situation

they are killed by the natives. They are extremely tenacious of life,

and almost invulnerable, excepting when shot or otherwise wounded

in the heart. When injured they become irritable and dangerous,

but are said by the natives never to attack them when in their

canoes. The negroes are very fond of the flesh, which seems to be

intermediate in flavour between beef and veal.”

My comparisons with the common hippopotamus have been made

on four specimens (three of which are fully grown) ; two from the vi-

cinity of the Cape of Good Hope, and two from the Senegal river.—

Proceedings of the Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, Feb. 27, 1844.

KENTISH BIRDS.

To the Editors of the Annals of Natural History.

GenTLEMEN,—In my last letter I complained of not having the

wind N.E. by E., which for the Kentish coast is the best wind for col-

lecting birds. It has been in that direction for some time and produced

a good supply, particularly the Whimbrel, which has oocurred in im-

mense numbers, and so tame, that on their first arrival there was no

difficulty in getting a good shot at them. Greenshanks rather thinner

this year than usual, but the Redshank in great abundance. I have

also got two specimens of the Wood Sandpiper : I only saw three,

and succeeded in killing two, male and female. About the 8th of

last month I shot four beautiful specimens of the Purple Sandpiper,

which are in good condition. I have also some very fine specimens

of the Lesser Tern, Common Tern and Sandwich Tern, with all of

Miscellaneous. 77

which the coast has been plentifully supplied during the easterly

winds.

About the 14th of last month I shot a very fine old male black Red-

start in perfect plumage. A pair of Golden Orioles have been in the

large gardens at Kingsgate, which were there for nearly a week, but

I could not get a shot at them, being so very wild. On Saturday

last I also succeeded in shooting, at about five miles from Margate, a

good specimen of the Rose-coloured Pastor: there were two of them,

one escaped; that which I shot is a male. I have also a good

specimen of the Spotted Sandpiper, which was killed last year.

144 High Street, Margate. S. Mummery.

SCIENTIFIC APPOINTMENTS IN TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN.

It affords us very high gratification, more especially at the present

time, when some of our English Universities seem disposed to make

a retrograde movement in science, to be able to announce that se-

veral appointments for the promotion of Natural Science have recently

been made in Ireland’s only University. A chair of geology has been

founded, and the distinguished Assistant Secretary of the British

Association for the Advancement of Science, Mr. John Phillips—

who for some time filled the chair of geology in King’s College,

London—has been appointed to it. With Trinity College a museum

has always been connected, but in these days of progress it had be-

come quite of an antiquated character. With the view of making it

as extensively useful as possible, particularly in objects of science, a

new office—Director of the Museum—has been formed, and Mr.

Robert Ball, the well-known Secretary of the Royal Zoological So-

ciety of Ireland, elected to fill it, this gentleman making over to the

College his own most valuable and extensive collection of natural

history. To secure to the College the large collection of plants made

by Dr. Coulter in California and Mexico, and to have the benefit of

his botanical services, that distinguished traveller was a few years

since appointed Curator of the herbarium, and his collection became

the property of the University. After his lamented death, which

occurred about six months ago, a successor to the new office was

sought for, and that most able botanist Mr. William Henry Harvey

was elected, the College, as in the case of Dr. Coulter, securing the

whole of his very large and important herbarium.

About the same time the chair of botany became vacant, and Dr.

George J. Allman, the most rising philosophical naturalist in Ireland,

was elected to it. Better appointments than these, individually and

collectively, could not have been made, and the enlightened and

liberal spirit with which they have been carried out is worthy of all

admiration. The best men, without reference to any previous con-

nexion by education with the College, or to any of those external

influences which even at great seats of learning will affect elections,

were appointed, their eminent fitness alone for the respective offices,

without any of the ordinary alloy, deciding the election.

When mentioning these appointments, it is justly due to the me-

78 Miscellaneous.

mory of the late Dr. Lloyd, Provost of Trinity College, to state that

it was his anxious wish to found a school of Natural History in the

University over which he presided, and that it was in immediate

course of being carried into effect in the year 1837 when interrupted

by his sudden death.

HABITS OF THE MANTIS,

In a letter from Herr Chr. Zimmerman in Rockingham in North

Carolina to Dr. Erichson, editor of the ‘ Archiv fur Naturgeschichte,’

in which he quaintly retorts upon the latter for incredulity respecting

some former statements of his relative to the food of Mantis Caro-

lina consisting of amphibia, this fact is fully confirmed by the fol-

lowing additional observations :— Your report having come to hand

last September, just the time when the Mantides begin to make their

appearance, I had abundant opportunities of repeating my experi-

ments. Instead of the little striped lizard (Scincus 5-lineatus) as

heretofore, I made use of a species of newt (Salamandra cirrhigera,

Holbri) equally active and more abundant. Its fate was as I anti-

cipated. One newt after the other was seized, and to a greater or

less extent devoured. In vain did they endeavour, by rapid contor-

tions of the body and blows with the tail, to elude the grasp of the

mantis, which, with the head depressed and the hinder part of the

body tilted upwards, kept a firm hold of its victim, and ate until it

could eat no more. I send you the very specimen of mantis with

which these experiments were performed. Whenever a mantis seizes

another insect or small animal, the anterior fang-like extremities are

brought down to below the level of the head, so as to avoid having

to sustain the weight of the prey.—A. T.

ETHNOLOGY.

A tract has been published by M. d’Omalius d’Halloy ‘‘ Sur les

Races Humaines,” of which the following is the account given by the

author when presenting it to the Academy of Sciences. He states

that he had endeavoured to show, that in classing the modifications

of the human race, the natural characters, such as form and colour,

ought to take the precedence of language, historical filiation, and

other social considerations. He then points out that the application

of this principle leads him to remove the Hindoos and Abyssinians

from the whites and to add them to the brown race, which thus be-

comes composed of three geographical groups, separated respectively

by the Sea of Oman and the Gulf of Bengal. He concludes with

remarking upon the constantly progressive development of the

whiter varieties of the human race, whilst the coloured races, and

also the least fair of the white race, are stationary or retrograde ;

whence it may be said, that notwithstanding the stability which now

characterizes organic nature, there is yet in progress a phenomenon

of a like kind with that which is revealed to us in the paleontolo-

gical study of the terrestrial globe, which exhibits the successive

appearance of species more and more perfect; fish having preceded

Meteorological Observations. 79

reptiles, reptiles the didelphous mammalia, and these latter the mo-

nodelphous; man having come last, to crown the series.—Comptes

Rendus, April 15, 1844.

SAURIAN FOSSILS,

For the following information we are indebted to Prof. Bronn of

Heidelberg.

A collection of two Mystriosauri and six or seven Ichthyosauri,

from the lias of Germany, will be sold, together or separately, at

Heidelberg, on the Ist of October 1844. All possess perfect heads

(the bones being separate in the Ichthyosauri), the body complete as

far as the tail, and at least a portion of the extremities more or less

perfect. ‘The Mystriosauri are of the species M. Mandelslohi, n. sp.,

with 48 vertebree, 11 feet long ; and M. longipes, n. sp., with 53 ver-

tebre, and 5 feet long. Five specimens of [chthyosaurus acutirostris,

Ow., are respectively perfect as far as the 65th, 102nd, 117th, 122nd

and 123rd vertebrz, and one, J. communis (if it is not a new species),

perfect to the 66th vertebra. The Ichthyosauri (from 4 to 9 feet

long) have been described in the ‘ Neue Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie,’

1844, p. 385-408, pl. 3 and 4; the Mystriosauri in the Supple-

ment to the ‘ Gavials Fossiles du Lias’ by Bronn and Kaup, p. 37-

47, pl. 5 and 6.

Persons wishing for further information may obtain it from Prof.

H. G. Bronn of Heidelberg.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR MAY 1844.

Chiswick.—May 1. Dry haze: excessively dry: clear and fine. 2, 3. Cloud-

less: excessively dry. 4. Slight rain. 5—7. Overcast and fine. 8. Dry haze.

9. Sultry. 10. Overcast: very fine. 11, 12. Very fine. 19. Sultry. 14, 15,

Very fine. 16. Cloudy and fine. 17. Cloudy and windy. 18, 19. Boisterous.

20. Boisterous: cold and dry. 21. Drizzly. 22. Dry haze: very fine. 23.

Cold haze. 24. Cloudy and cold: fine. 25. Overcast: fine: clear. 26, 27.

‘Cloudy and cold, 28. Cloudy. 29. Overcast: slight drizzle: rain at night.

30. Cloudy. 31. Overcast: fine: clear.— Mean temperature of the month 1°-2

below the average, ‘

Boston.—May 1—3. Fine. 4. Cloudy. 5—7. Fine. 8,9. Cloudy. 10.

Cloudy: raine.m. 11. Fine. 12. Cloudy. 13,14. Fine. 15. Cloudy. 16.

Fine. 17. Rain. 18. Cloudy: rain p.m., with rainbow. 19. Windy. 20, 21.

Windy: rain rm. 22, 23. Cloudy. 24. Cloudy: rain e.m. 25—31. Cloudy.

Sandwick Manse, Orkney.—May 1. Bright: clear. 2 Bright: cloudy. 3.

Damp: clear. 4. Bright: clear. 5. Bright: cloudy. 6. Bright: rain. 7, 8.

Bright: clear, 9. Damp: rain. 10. Drizzle: damp. 11, 12. Cloudy: clear,

13. Clear : showers, 14. Bright: cleared. 15. Cloudy. 16. Cloudy: showers.

17. Showers. 18. Clear: showers, 19. Bright: clear. 20. Bright: cloudy.

21, 22, Bright: damp. 23. Cloudy. 24. Cloudy: clear. 25. Bright: clear.

26, 27. Bright: cloudy. 28, 29. Cloudy. 30, $1. Cloudy: damp.

Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire.—-May 1—$%. Fine, but parching. 4—6.

Very droughty. 7. One slight shower a.m. 8, Fair. 9, 10. Showers, slight.

11. Fair, but cloudy. 12, 13, Fair and clear. 14. Cool. 15—17. Fair and

withering, 18. Hoar-frost a.m. 19, 20, Fair and very dry. 21. Very high

wind, 22—28. Very withering. 29. Hoar-frost. 30, Hoar-frost: dry. $1.

A few drops of rain.

Mean temperature of May ......:scscecsecesevseeees 52°

Mean temperature of May 1843 —...sscsecsesseeees 49 *4

Mean temperature of spring water .........sssess008 48 *1

Mean temperature of _— ditto May 18438 ... 48 °O

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"1ojOMOLe

THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

No. 89. AUGUST 1844.

e

<a

XII.— An Account of some enormous Fossil Bones of an

unknown species of the Class Aves, lately discovered in New

Zealand. By the Rev. WitL1amM CoLEnso.

Ir was during the summer of 1838 that I accompanied the Rev.

W. Williams on a visit to the tribes inhabiting the East Cape

district. Whilst at Waiapu (a thickly inhabited locality about

twenty miles 8.W. from the East Cape), I heard from the

natives of a certain monstrous animal, which, while some said it

was a bird, and others “ a person,” all agreed that it was called

a Moa; that in general appearance it somewhat resembled an

immense domestic cock, with the difference, however, of its

possessing a “face like a man;” that it dwelt in a cavern in

the precipitous side of a mountain; that it lived on air, and was

attended or guarded by two immense Tuataras*, who, Argus-

like, kept incessant watch while the Moa slept; and that if any

one possessing temerity sufficient dared to approach the dwelling

of this wonderful creature, he would be infallibly killed by it: an

act which it was said to execute much in the.same manner as that

by which those unhappy criminals are summarily punished in

the dominions of the native Indian princes, by the trampling of

an elephant, and at which feat this celebrated Moa was quite

expert. ‘

‘A mountain, named Wakapunake, at least eighty miles distant

in a southerly direction, was spoken of as the residence of this

‘creature ; where however only one existed, which one, it was

contended by the many, was the sole survivor of the Moa race,

although they could not assign any possible reason why it should

have become all but extinct.

While, however, the existence of the Moa was universally be-

lieved, (in fact, to dare to. doubt of such a being amounted in the

native estimation to a very high crime,) no one person could be

found who could positively testify to his having had ocular proof

of the existence of the animal; for while with every one it was

a matter of the profoundest credence, that belief only rested on

the bare and unsupported assertion of others. Many of the

* See Note A., Appendix.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. G

82 Rev. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

natives, however, had from time to time seen very large bones ;

larger, from their account, than those of an ox; these bones they

cut up into small pieces for the purpose of fastening to their

fish-hooks as a lure instead of the Haliotis shell*, it answering

that purpose much better, from its gomg more equably through

the water.

It was almost ludicrous, whilst at the same time it showed the

powerful effect which this belief of theirs:had over them, to wit-.

ness their unconcealed fear, almost amounting to horror, on

being requested to go to the residence of the Moa to procure it,

or as a guide thither for that purpose. Unlike, too, what has been

very frequently observed in savage nations, this fear seemed not

to arise from any degree of superstitious dread, but merely from

an abiding conviction of the physical powers of this prodigious

animal ; as well as from their belief of the moral certainty of

such powers being put mto immediate action, if they dared to

intrude within the precincts of his resort.

As a matter of course, I treated the whole story (as far as re-

lated to the present existence of such an animal) as fabulous;

looking on it as one more of those many peculiar tales and

legends which so abounded in the “ olden time,” and which every

nation under heaven invariably possesses ; and I could but think

what an excellent companion for the celebrated roc+ of oriental

story and fairy-tale for the nursery it would have made, had it

but been known a little earlier.

On our return to the Bay of Islands, several natives from the

‘East Cape district accompanied us. From them I subsequently

received pretty nearly the same detail concerning the Moa, as I

had given me before when in that neighbourhood.

In the following year, 1839, the Rev. W. Williams again

visited that district, accompanied by the Rev. R. Taylor. The

non-arrival, by the time appointed, of the vessel by which these

gentlemen were to return to the Bay of Islands, (and through

which cause they were detained a fortnight at the Hast Cape,)

afforded them much more leisure time than I had when there.

Mr. Taylor, hearing of this Moa, prosecuted his inquiries, and

was subsequently rewarded with the discovery of (what appeared

to be) a part of a fossil foe (or rather claw?) of some gigantic

bird of former days.

In the summer of 1841-2, I again visited those parts. At

Waiapu I gained the information, that Wakapunake (the moun-

tain where the Moa was said to reside) had been visited by some

baptized natives, purposely.to ascertain the truth of the common

belief, and which they declared to be altogether without founda-

* See Note B., Appendix. + See Note C., Appendix.

of an unknown species of Bird. 83

tion ; finding neither cavern, nor lizard-guards, nor Moa, nor

any signs of such uncommon /usus nature. But what was of

far greater interest to me than this relation of theirs, were some

bones which I had the good fortune to procure from them, and

which were declared by the natives to be true Moa bones. These

bones, seven in number, were all imperfect, and comprised. five

femora, one tibia, and one which I have not yet been able satis-

factorily to determine. The largest femur, consisting of the dia-

physis only without the processes, measured 8 inches in length,

and 43 inches in girth in the narrowest part. The portion of

the tibia, which like the femur consisted only of the middle part,

measured in length 6 inches, and in circumference 4 inches at

the narrowest and 5 inches at the widest part. The remaining

bone, the largest of all, which was merely a section, measured in

length 6 inches, and in circumference 71 inches at the smallest

part. These bones were all (excepting the last-mentioned) of a

very dark colour, almost a ferruginous brown, and appeared to

have entirely lost their oily matter. They were very stout, espe-

cially the tibia, and were strongly marked and indented on the

outside with muscular impressions. What little remained within

of the reticulated cells appeared to be nearly perfect. They were

all found by the natives in the Waiapu river, and were collected

by them for the purpose of cutting up and attaching to their

fish-hooks, in order to fish. The portion of tibia which I ob-

tained had been sawn across by the native in whose possession it

was, for that purpose. I also obtained several hooks, each having

portions of Moa’s bone attached to it. I could not however

ascertain, from the smallness of the slips, whether these had been

originally cut out of such bones as those I had just procured, or

whether they had not been sawn from bones of a different de-

scription and larger size.

Leaving Waiapu, and proceeding by the coast towards the

south, I arrived at Poverty Bay, where the Rev. W. Williams

resided. This gentleman had had the good fortune to procure a

nearly whole ézbia of an immense bird, without however the

entire processes of either end. This bone measured about 18

inches in length, and was proportionably thick. Mr. Williams

wishing to send this unique relic to Oxford, I left a pair of femora

to accompany it, in order, if possible, to obtam from that seat of

learning some light on these increasingly interesting remains.

At Poverty Bay I made several inquiries after Moa bones, but

to little purpose, as I could not obtain any.

Quitting Poverty Bay, and still travelling in a southern direc-

tion, I soon came within sight of Wakapunake, the mountain

celebrated as the residence of the only surviving Moa. As

natives lived about its base, among whom my route lay, I looked

84, Rey. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

forward with no small degree of interest to the obtaining at least

some Moa relics in this locality; in this however I was dis-

appointed. At the close of the second day’s travel we arrived

at “ Te Reinga” (a village situated at the foot of the mountain),

where, as opportunity offered, I inquired of the natives relative

to the Moa. In reply to my reiterated queries, they said that

he lived there in the mountain, although they had never seen

him, but that the Moa bones were very commonly found after

floods occasioned by heavy rains, when they would be washed

up on the banks of gravel in the sides of the rivers and exposed

to their view; still they had not any at that time by them. I

offered large rewards for any that should be found hereafter, and

which were to be taken to Mr. Williams at Poverty Bay. Here,

as at Waiapu, no one person could be found who possessed the

hardihood positively to assert that he had seen the Moa, although

this neighbourhood had ever been the dwelling-place of that.

tribe. The mountain, too, it appeared was by no means unknown

to them ; for, during a war between themselves and the Urewera

tribe a few years ago, they had fled for refuge to their stronghold

on the top of Wakapunake, where they had lived for some time,

and where many of their relatives eventually fell into the hands

of the enemy, who starved them into a surrender and took the

place. Here then was still further proof (if proof was wanting),

‘that no such colossal animal could possibly at this time be exist-

ing in this place. The spot, however, was well-chosen for the

fiction of such a creature’s residence: a huge, table-topped and

lofty mountain, covered with primeval forests of gloomy pines ;

its brow singularly adorned with a horizontal stratum of whitish

sandstone, which ran continuously and precipitously for more

than two miles. At the base of the mountain ran the river

Wangaroa, down which we paddled in canoes for some distance.

This river is a branch of the Wairoa river, which disembogues

into Hawkes’ Bay. :

These natives further informed me that a Moa resided at a

certain high mountain in Te ’Waiti district, nearly five days’

journey into the interior, in a N.W. direction from the place

-where we now were, and that there I should find people who

had actually seen the animal. If I was little inclined to believe

in the story of its existence before, I was much less inclined to

do so now; however, as my route lay that way, 1 determined to

make every possible inquiry after it.

Fifteen days after this I arrived at Te ’Waiti, the principal

village of that district and not far from the residence of the

second Moa. Here however, as before, the people had never

seen a Moa, although they had always heard of, and invariably

believed in, the existence of such a creature at that place. They,

of an unknown species of Bird. 85

too, had not any bones in their possession; though such, they

said, were very commonly seen after heavy floods. The following

day I passed close by the mountain where this Moa had resided for

so many years, but noticed nothing more than usual (although

I availed myself to the utmost of the use of my pocket telescope),

save that this part of the country had a much more barren and

desolate appearance than any I had hitherto witnessed.

I returned in the autumn to the Bay of Islands, without

gleaning any further information relative to the Moa.

It should however appear (from information which I have

recently received from the Rev. W. Willams), that very shortly

after my leaving Poverty Bay, a Moa bone was brought him by

a native which he immediately purchased. The natives in the

neighbourhood hearing of a price being given for such an article

as a bone, which they had ever considered as of little worth, were

stimulated to exertion, and a great number, perhaps more than

a hundred persons, were soon engaged in the field, actively

searching after Moa bones; the result was, that Mr. Williams

soon had the pleasure of receiving a large quantity of fossil bones,

some of which were of an enormous size, and in a good state of

preservation. The bones, though numerous, were hot in any

great variety, chiefly comprising such as I have already men-

tioned, i. e. those of the femur and tibia, together with those of

the tarsus, the lower part of the dorsal vertebra, and a portion of

the pelvis. Altogether, the bones of nearly thirty birds, appa-

rently of one species only, must have been brought to Mr. Wil-

liams. From the great difference in the sizes of some of them

when compared with each other, Mr. Williams came to the con-

clusion, that the animal to which they once belonged must have

been very long-lived. Whilst, however, I do not perceive how far

this inference is to be correctly deduced from the mere difference

in the size of the bones, we know that longevity is common to

very many of the feathered race, particularly to those of the

larger kinds. One of the bones, a ¢ibia*, measured 2 feet 10

inches in length, and was proportionably thick. Two others

measured, each, 2 feet 6 inches in length. Another, a section

of a femur, measured 8 inches in circumference in the smallest

part! On putting together the bones of the leg and thigh

(although none of them exactly fitted), and making the neces-

sary allowance for the portions deficient of the processes of the

joints, the intermediate cartilages, and lower tendons and integu-

ments of the foot, we obtain at least six feet of the lower ex-

tremities of a bird; which, supposing its upper parts to accord

in size with the lower ones, must have measured in altitude when

* This has been sent by Mr. Williams with several others to Prof. Buckland.

86 Rey. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

alive, at the lowest rate of calculation, from 14 to 16 feet!! An

enormous feathered monster, well worthy, from its gigantic size,

of being classed with the Megalosaurus of Buckland and the

Mastodon of Cuvier.

It so happened that about this time a mechanic, who had

been living at Cloudy Bay in the Middle Island, came to reside

at Poverty Bay. He stated that this bird now existed in the

high hills near Cloudy Bay; and that two Americans, residents

at that place, hearing from a native that such a bird lived on the

mountainous and snowy heights, provided themselves with arms,

and thus equipped, went in high expectation of shooting one,

taking the native with them as their guide. They ascended the

mountain to the place where these birds resort, and, at the

native’s request, hid themselves behind some bushes. Presently

they saw the monster majestically stalking down in search of

food; they were, however, so petrified with horror at the sight

as to be utterly unable to fire on him. They observed him for

near an hour, ere he retired, and were glad enough at last to

make their escape. They described this animal as being about

14 or 16 feet in height.

The bones from which the annexed drawings* were made,

were all found at Turanga (Poverty Bay). They comprise a

tibia, a femur, a tarsus, and fragments of a pelvis and dorsal

vertebra of a Moa. They are very stout, are deeply marked

with muscular impressions, and are in a good state of preserva-

tion. 1. The éibia, which is nearly perfect, measures 30 inches

in length, and in girth, at the largest end, (where it was much

broken away at the edges of the processes, and consequently re-

duced in size,) 163 inches; at the smallest end 12} inches, and

in the smallest part, near the middle of the bone, 54 inches.

There are not any remains of a fibula, however rudimentary,

attached to the tibia, nor is there any apparent mark of attach-

ment to indicate that such formerly adhered thereto. The largest

tibia yet found in nearly a perfect state, measured 4 inches more

im length than thist. 2. The femur, which also is nearly per-

fect, measures in length 13 inches; in girth, at the one end over the

head of the femur, 114 inches, at the thickest end 12} inches,

and in the smallest part 53 imches: the reticulated muscular

impressions on this bone are very numerous and well-defined. I

have seen a portion of a femur, the small part of which measured

' * Drawings of these bones were sent to the Tasmanian Society, together

with the original monographs.

+ I much regret that I had not an opportunity of inspecting the largest

and most perfect bones ere they were sent to England. A vessel sailing

from Turanga for Port Nicholson, by which opportunity they were sent,

was the reason of my not seeing them.

of an unknown species of Bird, 87

in guth 8 inches! 3. The ¢arsus (a small one), nearly perfect,

measures in length 10 inches, and in girth at one end 9 inches,

and at the opposite end 8 inches, and in the smallest part 4:

inches: this bone is comparatively very short and flat, and has

articulations for only three toes. 4. The portion of the bone of

the back and pelvis is not so perfect, being a much-broken frag-

ment, comprising from the upper outer edge of the acetabulum

of the os innominatum to the lower joint of the dorsal vertebrae,

m which the canal for the medulla spinalis is perfect. This

bone, or rather fragment, measures, from the outer edge of

the reticulation of the head of the os femoris to the outer broken

edge of the bone (which is that portion approaching towards

the upper part of the bone of the pels), 11 inches; and across

the imner and smallest part of the bone, immediately beneath

the last of the dorsal vertebra, where it was most perfect, 7

inches: a correct idea cannot however be given of such a frag-

ment as this, through the medium of a written description.

This bone evidently differs very considerably from such bones in

other birds, in its peculiar carmated shape in that portion of it

-which must have formed the highest part of the lumbar region ;

it must have been also considerably larger when entire, as the

whole of the upper ridge is much broken. This bone is also

very deeply indented with muscular impressions.

Having thus given, it is to be feared, rather a tedious detail of

the Moa, and of the bones hitherto found, little more remains,

at present, for the writer, than deferentially to offer a few remarks

on the bones im question; and these suggestions which he has

to submit may be noticed under two general heads. First, does

the Moa now exist? or, at what period of time is it probable

that it existed? Secondly, to what order or family can we rea-

sonably suppose the Moa to belong ?

It is very true that at this time we have but little to assist us

in our search ; nevertheless, let us commence and prosecute our

inquiry, judiciously considering such aids as may present them-

selves to our notice in the course of our investigation at all bear-

ing on the subject before us.

Our first inquiry then will be, does the Moa now exist ? or, at

what period of time is it probable that it did exist? To the first

of these queries I reply, that it 1s my opinion that the species of

bird whose bones we have now before us does no longer exist,

at least in New Zealand: a few reasons for this opinion of mine

I will here adduce.

From my knowledge of the New Zealander, I can but believe

that there is no part of his native land which has not been trod

by him, at one time or other, however mountainous or dreary it

may be. As a proof of this, [ might mention their having pro-

88 Rev. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

per names for every portion of land and water, whether hill or

dale, lake or running stream; and their never being at a loss in

describing distant or unfrequented parts of theirown country, some

one or other present among the “ listening crowd” having either

visited the places spoken of, or received a narration from some

one who had. Now, as no New Zealander is to be found who can

positively state that he has actually seen such a bird, and as

every nook and corner of the land is well known to the natives,

I conclude that the animal in question no longer exists in New

Zealand. In recording this opmion, it will be seen that I pay

no attention whatever to the strange and fearful account given of

the Moa by some natives, a relation which carries with it its

own proof of being false; as I know full well the powers of the

New Zealander for romance, of which description of stories they

have not a few among them. The account, too, furnished the

Rev. W. Williams from the two American settlers, I also, in

like manner, reject; but only as far as the bird whose bones we

have before us is concerned. A very large and peculiar bird

may exist in the mountainous district of the Middle Island; in

fact, we know that several large birds well known to the natives,

though hitherto unknown to science, live on the high hills in the

Northern Island. But I cannot persuade myself to receive one

man’s relation as perfectly correct in every particular, against the

united testimony of those persons from among the different tribes

of the Northern Island with whom I have conversed on the sub-

ject; that person, too, an unscientific man, receiving his relation

from others, who, by their own account, were not only powerfully

operated on by fear, but who are also from that country in the

“far west ” whose natives are proverbially famed for their “long

yarns.”

In thus, however, disposing of that part of the question rela-

tive to the present existence of the Moa, we have still to inquire,

at what period of time is it probable that this bird existed? And

here, I think, we have to consider, first, the situation in which

the bones are found ; and secondly, any additional evidence which

native tradition may be able to afford us.

The Moa bones, as far as I have been able to ascertain, have

hitherto been only found within the waters and channels of those

rivers which disembogue into the southern ocean, between the

East Cape and the 8. head of Hawkes’ Bay, on the E. coast of

the Northern Island of New Zealand. And, as I have before

observed, they are only, when wanted, sought for after floods

occasioned by heavy rains, when, on the subsiding of the waters,

they are found deposited on the banks of gravel, &c. in the

shallowest parts of the rivers. These rivers are, in several places,

at a considerable depth. below the present surface of the soil,

of an unknown species of Bird. 89

often possessing a great inclination, at once perceived by the

rapidity of their waters. They all have more or less of a delta

near their mouths, from a slight inspection of which it is known

that their channels have, in those places at least, considerably

changed. The rocks and strata in these localities indicate gene-

rally both secondary and tertiary formations; consisting, the

former of argillaceous schist, sandstone, conglomerate, green-

sand, &c.; the latter of clay, marl, calcareous tufa, sand, gravel,

and alluvial deposits. The real depositum, however, of the Moa

bones is not certainly known.

From native tradition we gain nothing to aid us in our in-

quiries after the probable age in which this animal lived; for

although the New Zealander abounds in traditionary lore, both

natural and supernatural, he appears to be totally ignorant of

anything concerning the Moa, save the fabulous stories already

referred to. If such an animal ever existed within the times of

the present race of New Zealanders, surely, to a people possessing

no quadruped*, and but very scantily supplied with both animal

and vegetable food, the chase and capture of such a creature would

not only be a grand achievement, but one also, from its im-

portance, not likely ever to be forgotten; seeing too that many

things of comparative minor importance are by them handed

down from father to son in continued succession, from the very

night of history. Even fishes, birds and plants, (anciently

sought after with avidity as articles of food, and now if not alto-

gether, very nearly extinct,) although never having been seen by

either the passing or the rising generation of aborigines, are,

notwithstanding, both in habit and uses, well known to them

from the descriptive accounts repeatedly rehearsed in their hear-

ing by the old men of the villages. This very silence, however,

I embrace as a valuable auxiliary evidence, bearmg me out not a

little in my conjecture, that the bones of the Moa will probably

be found lying either in the upper stratum of the secondary or

the lower strata of the tertiary formation. In fact, unless we

suppose this immense bird to have existed at a period prior to

the peopling of these islands by their present aboriginal inhabit-

ants, how are we to account for its becoming extinct, and, like

the Dodo, blotted out of the list of the feathered race? From

the bones of about thirty birds found at Turanga in a very short

time and with very little labour, we can but infer that it once

lived in some considerable numbers; and, from the size of those

bones, we conclude the animal to have been powerful as well as

numerous. What enemies then had it to contend with in these

islands, where, from its colossal size, it must have been para-

* See Note D., Appendix.

90 Rev. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

mount lord of the creation, that it should have ceased to be?

Man, the only antagonist at all able to cope with it, we have

already shown as being entirely ignorant of its habits, use, and

manner of capture, as well as utterly unable to assign any

reason why it should have thus perished.

The period of time then im which I venture to conceive it

most probable the Moa existed, was certainly either antecedent

or coetaneous to the peopling of these islands by the present race

of New Zealanders.

But we will proceed, and endeavour to ascertain (as we pro-

posed in the second place to do) to what order or family is it

likely that the Moa belongs? In making this inquiry, we have

little to assist us but the bones before us ; from an attentive con-

sideration of which we are necessarily led to conclude that the

animal must have been of large size and great strength ; and, from

the shortness of the farsus (when compared with the length of

the tibia), we also perceive it to have been short-legged. From

its size, we shall naturally be led to seek for its affinities among

either the Raptorial or Rasorial orders; but from its tarsi pos-

sessing only articulations for three toes, we are at once precluded

from supposing that it belonged to the former order; to which

we may also add, first, the (so to speak) evidence of negation, of

not a single specimen or fragment of a wing-bone having yet

been found ; and, secondly, the judicious observation of Cuvier (in

reference to the family of Struthionide), that-it would be morally

impossible to fit such heavy bodies with wings sufficient to enable

them to fly*. In the latter, however (the Gallinaceous or Ra.

sorial order), we have the largest and stoutest birds known ;

these too are terrestrial in their habits, some exclusively so, and

very often possess only three toes. It is true, that in general the

different known members of the family containing the largest

birds have their tars? long, (whereas those of the Moa, as we

have already seen, are short,) yet to this we have exceptions in

the Dodo (alas! no more) and the Apteryz. And I think it

is highly worthy of notice, that the latter, the only known exist-

ing genus of the family possessing short farsi, is entirely con-

fined to these islands.

From a conviction, then, that it is in this order only that the

affinities of the Moa are to be sought with any prospect of suc-

* The Baron’s words are, ‘It appears as if all the muscular power which

is at the command of nature would be insufficient to move such immense

wings as would be required to support their massive bodies in the air.” —

_*Régne Animal,’ Class Aves, ord. 5. fam. 1.—If such were the spontaneous

remarks made by that illustrious naturalist on contemplating the size of the

known members of that family, what would he not have said, had he but

lived to examine the colossal structure of the Afoa!

of an unknown species of Bird. 91

cess, and that it is in the family Struthionide where they will,

doubtless, eventually be found, we are induced, for the present

at least, to place the Moa in that gigantic group. In the ab-

sence, however, of a specimen of an Apteryx* with which to

compare the few bones we at present possess of the Moa, I should,

I confess, be hazarding an opinion in saying that it was most

nearly allied to that peculiar genus ; yet when we consider, that

out of the five existing genera of this family, three at least, ap-

parently possessing the nearest affinities to the remains of the

bird before us, belong exclusively to the southernmost parts of

the southern hemispheret+, and that a connecting lmk. is, as it

were, wanting between the Rhea of the Straits of Magellan, the

Dromiceus of New Holland, the Casuarius of the Indian Archi-

pelago, and the Apteryx of New Zealand, and that this connect-

img link may, in all probability, be supplied in the Moa; I think

we shall be constrained to assign our Moa a place between the

genera Casuarius and Apteryx, possessing as it does (only in a

much greater degree) the immense size and strength of the

former, combined with the short tarsi, and probably wingless

structure of the latter.

I venture however to suppose, that we may gai an addi-

tional gleam of light, both upon the probable period at which

the Moa existed, and also on the family to which it may be allied,

by a consideration of the etymology of its name. The word

Moa, whence is it derived? I confess, I know not any New

Zealand word from which it may be supposed to have derived its

origin. And this will seem the more remarkable when we con-

sider, that a very great number of New Zealand appellatives

are not only derived and easily traceable, but are also generally

highly expressive of some action or quality of the thing itself;

chiefly too is this to be observed when such action or quality

is peculiar or uncommon. But in the Moa, the most uncom-

mon animal New Zealand has ever produced (especially in the

estimation of a native), we have a cognomen which seems an

entire exception to the common rule ; for, as far I understand it

at present, it has, im reference to this immense animal, no mean-

ing whatever. Further, it may not be amiss also to notice en

passant, that it is of rare occurrence in the language to find

anything bearing so very short an appellative as the bird in

question. In the Friendly, Society, and Sandwich groups, the

term “ Moa” has been, I believe, invariably given by the natives

of those islands to the domestic cock, and used as the proper

* It has been my good fortune to have at different times several speci-

mens of the Apteryx in my possession ; at present, Lowever, I have not one,

nor do I know in whose possession one is to be found in New Zealand.

+ See Note E., Appendix.

92 Rev. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

name for that animal by the missionaries there. The New Zea-

lander, in relating his fabulous account of the Moa, almost in-

variably said, it was like a “ ¢ikaokao,” i.e. a cock, (they having

given the cock that name from its crow, which to them sounded

like those letters when drawn out and pronounced after their

manner,) and that it was adorned with wattles, &c. Without at

all, at present, entering into the question as to what country or

countries the existing race of New Zealanders emigrated from to

these islands, the popular belief, that at least a portion of them

is of Malay origin, is, I think, in connexion with the name of

this bird, worthy of notice; for whilst we know the term “ Moa”

is used to denote the cock in the Friendly Islands and other

groups, it is only in the isles of the Indian Archipelago that the

cassowary (Casuarius Casoar, Briss.) is to be found, and. this

bird too is “heavy and stoutly built,” and the only one of the

whole family of Struthionide possessing wattles; for, according

to Cuvier, it “has the skin of its head and top of the neck naked,

of an azure-blue and fiery-red colour, with pendent caruncles

like those of the turkey, and is the largest of all birds next to

the ostrich*.” May we not, I would ask, be allowed to conjecture,

that in that now long-past period, when the forefathers of the

present race of aborigines first landed on these shores, a few of

those New Zealand birds might still be found in the most

secluded and mountainous retreats, having hitherto escaped the

repeated imroads of the original inhabitants (or, we may suppose

. that the bones only were seen and identified to belong to a bird

by those new-comers), to which, from their real or supposed re-

semblance to those of the cassowary, they gave the name of Moa;

the name which that giant bird bore in their fathers’ land ?

This conjecture, however, may be much more fully established,

on ascertaining the name by which the cassowary is known to

the present inhabitants of the islands of the Indian Sea.

The ornithology of New Zealand, now that these islands are

become a British colony, will soon be known; and we may rest

assured, that if such an animal exists, it cannot much longer

remain concealed. And, it is further to be hoped, that ere long

we shall be enabled to find somewhat more of the fossil remains

of the Moa, so as not merely to form in part conjectural opinions

on its size, habits and affinities, but so as to be well assured of

what this prodigious creature really was.

WiLiiaM CoLeEnso.

Paihia, Bay Islands, New Zealand, May 1, 1842.

* Vide Cuvier, ‘Régne Animal,’ class Aves, gen. Casuarius.

of an unknown species of Bird. 93

APPENDIX.

Note A., page 81.

The Tuatara is an animal belonging to the class Reptilia, order

Sauria ; but to which of the families composing the same, I cannot, in

the absence of books of reference, at present determine. It appears to

possess characters common to Lacertinide and Iguanide, in its having

the thin and extensible tongue of the former, combined with the un-

divided one of the latter. It is common in some parts of New Zea-

land, particularly on rocky headlands and islets lying off the coast.

I have one at present in spirits, which I had alive for nearly three

of the winter months; during which time, although I repeatedly

tried to get it to take some kind of food, I could not succeed. From

its habits I supposed it to be a hybernating animal. It measured

19 inches in length, had a row of elevated spines (or rather recurved

scales) nearly the whole length of its back, and appeared a perfectly

harmless creature. It was taken, with two others, on Karewa islet,

off ‘Tauranga harbour, in the Bay of Plenty. The natives speak of

another species possessing a forked tail! and assert that a larger

species, which inhabits swampy places, has been seen six feet in

length, and as thick as a man’s thigh. The largest, however, that

I have ever heard of did not measure above two feet in length.

Note B., page 82.

The shells of several species of Haliotis, Ostrea, and other na-

crescent genera, are commonly used by the natives inhabiting the

isles of the South Pacific for this purpose. A narrow slip of the

shell is firmly fastened to the back of the hook, the barb of which is

generally concealed by a tuft of metallic-surfaced blue feathers, pro-

cured either from the Korora (Aptenodytes minor) or the Kotaretare

(Dacelo Leachii). The hook thus prepared and attached to a stout

line, composed of the fibres of the Korari (Phormium tenar), which,

after being cleaned from the parenchymatous parts, are twisted to-

gether with the hand, is drawn quickly through the water by a per-

son paddling a small canoe; the larger fish, believing this glittering

lure to be their prey, eagerly pursue it, and greedily catching at the

same are taken. In favourable weather a great number of fine fish

are soon captured by this method. Among the New Zealanders it

is a very favourite sport, and one that is not a little animating, when

several canoes are engaged. I have seen upwards of twenty small

canoes thus employed on a fine summer’s evening, on the beautiful

sheet of water in the Bay of Islands. I may here mention, that

previous to the introduction of the Gospel among the New Zealanders,

their hooks were often composed of human bone; those of their

enemies being used for that purpose. Sometimes they formed their

hooks from the tough stalks and branches of Tauhinu ( Pomaderris

ericifolia) and Mangemange (Lygodium volubile), hardening them

by the aid of fire. At present they invariably prefer the hooks which

they make from iron nails to those of our manufacture, the latter,

they allege, being much too brittle.

94. Rey. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

Note C., page 82.

Whoever has read the marvellous ‘'Thousand-and-one Nights’

must be well acquainted with the monstrous stories related of this

extraordinary bird; its celebrity, however, is not confined to that

work. ‘‘ Rukh,” says the author of the Arabic Dictionary, ‘ is the

name of a monstrous bird which is said to have powers sufficient to

carry off a live rhinoceros.” ‘To this animal Marco Polo also refers,

in his relation of the story of the ambassadors :—‘‘ The rukh is said,

by persons who have seen it, to measure sixteen paces across the

wings from tip to tip, the feathers of which are eight paces in length,

and thick in proportion. A feather of the rukh was brought by those

messengers who were sent by the Grand Khan for the purpose of

making inquiries respecting it, which feather is positively affirmed

to have measured ninety spans, and the quill part to have been two

palms in circumference.” The existence of this immense bird seems

to have obtained universal credence throughout all the eastern na-

tions ; and while ancient historians make mention of certain enor-

mous and peculiar animals as common to the Orientals, scientific

men of modern times have wisely omitted such relations from their

nomenclature.

Note D., page 89.

The only quadrupeds indigenous to New Zealand are a dog, a

small rat, a few Saurians, a bat, and on the coast, one or two species

of seal. The dog (Kuri*) is a small animal (somewhat resembling

the variety known as the pricked-ear shepherd’s cur) with erect ears

and flowing tail; its cry is a peculiar kind of whining howl, which,

_ when in a state of domestication, it utters in concert at a signal

given by its master, and is most unpleasant. Of the skins of these

animals the New Zealanders make a_durable garment, which when

composed of alternate strips of black and white fur has a handsome

appearance. Its flesh was formerly eaten. This variety of dog has

however become very scarce in consequence of the continued intro-

duction of other and larger varieties.

The rat (Kiore) is a small field species of Arvicola, Cuv., now

seldom met with. Its place unfortunately is more than supplied

with the common species of Mus (M. musculus, M. rattus, and M.

decumanus t), which everywhere abound, to the infinite annoyance of

* The natives have several names for the dog in addition to that of huri,

such as moimoi, kirehe, peropero, and the general appellative of kararehe. M.

Balbi, ‘ Introd. a |’ Atlas,’ p. Ixix, mentions pero, the New Zealand term for

dog, as being derived from the Spanish perro, and as affording a proof that

the animal was originally of foreign introduction, and obtained in com-

aratively recent times; the natives however invariably assert their always

sreel had this animal among them.

+ These species are severally distinguished by the natives: the indigenous

animal is termed kiore maori (i. e. native rat); M. musculus, kiore iti (i. e.

little rat); M. rattus, kiore mangu (i. e. black rat), or kiore pakeha (i. e.

foreign rat); and M. decumanus, maunga rua (i. e. barn abider.)

of an unknown species of Bird. | 95

the natives. The indigenous species was used as an article of food

by the New Zealanders, being when fat in high repute as a delicious

morceau.

Of the order Sauria, at least six distinct species are now in my

possession. They are all (with the exception of the Twatara already

mentioned) small animals. Two beautiful species, one a light green

with a long tail, the other a darker green, with white oblong and

subreniform spots, are called by the natives Kakariki and Kaka-

wariki. These are often found basking in the sun stretched on

the upper branches of some shrub. ‘T'wo other species of an ash

colour, elegantly marked with gray and brown waterings, called by

the natives Papa, are found in rotten and hollow trees. These four

species are broad and flat, and have small scales which are not

imbricated. Two other graceful species, with bodies much narrower

and more elongated, of a brown colour with numerous light and dark

coloured markings and dots, are called by the natives Mokomoko.

One of these last-mentioned species is very common, and may be

obtained in abundance in the summer season on the shores among

the dry algze and other light substances a few feet above high-water

mark. ‘The other of these last-mentioned species is very scarce, I

having only casually seen it in decayed trees in forests. All the spe-

cies are harmless, and are objects of superstitious dread to the New

Zealander ; chiefly so however to the old and ignorant. The flesh of

the Tuatara alone is made use of by the natives as an article of food;

only however by one or two tribes inhabiting the interior of the

island, for which they have been often spoken contemptuously of

by their countrymen.

The bat I have never had an opportunity of closely examining.

It is however a small species, and like its European relative, is com-

monly seen flitting its tortuous maze on a fine summer’s evening.

The natives call it Pekapeka.

The seals (Phoce) I have never seen ; they are, nevertheless, well-

known to the natives, who call them Kekeno, and assert that they

come on shore at night to browse on thistles! When captured, as

they sometimes are, they afford the New Zealander a rich repast.

They in all probability comprise the species Ph. leptonyx, Blainv.,

and Ph. leonina, Linn. ‘

Pigs, dogs, cats, rats and mice are now both wild and numerous

throughout the whole island. Even the dense forests of the interior,

far away from the residence of men, are infested with the smaller

vermin. The natives attribute the destruction and all but extinction

of the Kiwi (Apterye australis), the Koitareke (a species of Tetrao),

the ’Weka (a large and unknown bird with short wings, probably

allied to the genus Ardea), the Kiore maori, and other terrestrial

animals, to the voracity and numbers of those foreign pests.

Note E., page 91.

It may not be amiss to give here an outline of the genera com-

posing the family of Struthionide, seeing they are but few. Each

96 Mr. C. C. Babington on some British species of Enanthe.

genus contains but a single species. In the present state of our

knowledge the group may be thus arranged :—

Class AVES.

Order IV. Rasorszs, Vigors.

Family IV. Srruruionipa.

1. Genus Struthio, Linnzus. (Type of the group), Ostrich of South

Africa: possessing two toes.

2. Genus Casuarius, Brisson. Cassowary of the Indian Archipelago :

three toes.

3. Genus Dromiceius, Vieillot. meu of N. S. Wales: three toes.

4. Rhea, Vieill. Nandu of Straits of Magellan: three toes.

3. Didus, Linn. Dodo, formerly an inhabitant of the Isles of

Mauritius and Bourbon: three toes: extinct!

6. Genus Apteryz, Shaw. Kiwi of New Zealand: three toes and a

rudimentary one.

‘ ? ?* Moa of New Zealand: three toes: sup-

posed to be extinct.

XIII.—On some British species of Enanthe. By Cuar.zs

C. Basineton, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. &e.+

My friend Mr. Ball having most kindly allowed me to read his

paper upon Cinanthe (p. 4 of the present volume) before its pub-

lication, I have availed myself of his permission, and prepared

the present memoir upon the same subject, which, it will be seen,

is one which presents very considerable difficulty.

To my valued friend the Rev. W. L. P. Garnons I am indebted

for specimens of Ginanthe from “ a marsh between Weymouth and

Portland Island” which agree very well with Mr. Ball’s descrip-

tion of Gi. pimpinelloides, but want the radical leaves. All the

stem leaves that remain (the lowest alone being wanting) have

linear simple pinnules. The diachenia are unripe, as is also un-

fortunately the case in all my foreign specimens of CZ. pimpinel-

loides ; but still they show a considerable difference of form from

those of Gi. Lachenalu, narrowing in a slight degree from the

summit downwards, and being furnished at the base (as far as I

can judge from unripe dried specimens) with the fleshy prominent

ring found in the true GZ. pimpinelloides ; they are crowned with

the erect persistent limb of the calyx, and about equal the length

of the rigid, slightly divergent styles. The leaflets of the involucels

differ slightly in form and proportions, being linear-subulate or

* Prof. Owen’s observations on this subject are given at p. 444, vol. xii.,

and p. 59, vol. xiv. of this Journal; the generic name of Dinornis has been

assigned by Prof. Owen to this monster bird, and no less than five species

distinguished.—Eb.

+ Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 9th May, 1844.

Mr. C. C. Babington on some British species of Qinanthe. 97

almost setaceous on one of the specimens from Mr. Garnons, but

linear-lanceolate on the other ; and in both cases shorter than the

outer barren pedicels. On the Toulouse specimen of GE. pimpi-

nelloides, gathered and named by M. Serre, and already referred

to by Mr. Ball and myself (Man. 130), the involucels have linear-

subulate leaflets which are shorter than the outer pedicels ; whilst

on another from Dr. Noe, found near Fiume (Reich. Fl. Germ.

exsic. 1359), those organs are very narrow and extend beyond

the barren florets. I think therefore that the character drawn

from the involucels can hardly be depended upon, and that the

differences between this plant and Gi. Lachenalii must be founded

upon their very different foots, the remarkable callosity at the

base of the diachenium, and the mucronate pinnules of all its

leaves. Owing to the absence of the radical leaves and of ripe

fruit, I cannot absolutely say that the Weymouth plant is 4. pem-

pinelloides, although I have great reason to believe it to belong

to that species. Its root consists of long fibres abruptly enlarged

at about two-thirds of their length into nearly spherical knobs.

Although these specimens must remain slightly doubtful, those

which are referred to by Mr. Ball seem to admit of no ambiguity,

and will therefore add the true CG’. pimpinelloides to the flora of

Britain. |

CG. peucedamfola of Smith presents much more difficulty than

' we have met with in the consideration of the preceding plant,

owing to the probability that more than one species is included

under the name of (. si/aifolia; for its root keeps it distinct

from the @. peucedanifolia. If we examine the works of authors

of authority who have described plants under the name of CE. si-

laifolia, we find the following differing descriptions, viz. ‘ napulis

radicalibus fasciculatis oblongis,”’ Bertoloni (Fl. Ital. i. 241) ;

“ yadice fasciculata fibris oblongo- vel elongato-clavatis,” and

“fructibus cylindricis basi callo cinctis,’ Koch (Syn. Fl. Germ.

ed. 2. 322) ; “ radicis fibris oblongo-fusiformibus tuberosis cylin-

dricisve ” and “ fructibus ovatis,’ DeCandolle (Prodr. iv. 187) ;

“ yadicis fibris cylindrico-fusiformibus,” Reichenbach (Fl. excurs.

463); “ radicis fibris cylindraceo-fusiformibus,” Bluff and Finger-

huth (Comp. Fl. Germ. ed. 2. i. 495) ; “ tuberibus fusiformibus,”’

Bieberstein (Fl. Tauro-Cauc. ii. 232). Taking the last as the

plant to which this name correctly belongs, we find the deserip-

tions by DeCandolle, Reichenbach, and Bluff and Fingerhuth,

_ and the figure in ‘ Eng. Bot.’ (tab. 348), to agree with it in the

form of the thickened fibres of the root ; but none of these authors

give any useful description of the fruit except DeCandolle, who

calls it “ ovate ;” and as in other species he speaks of the callous

ring at the base, it is clear that he does not understand it to be

present in this plant. It seems then that Smith’s Gi. peuceda-

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. H

98 Mr.C.C. Babington on some British species of Ginanthe.

nifolia must be referred to CE. silaifolia (Bieb.) until it can be

shown that the fruit is different. Owing to the want of authentic

specimens of Bieberstein’s plant, and of ripe fruit of Smith’s, I

am unable to do this, although it will be seen below that several

authors consider it to possess a totally different form from that

described by DeCandolle. The descriptions published by Ber-

toloni and Koch remain to be considered, and it will be seen that

they both describe the root in such a manner as to convey the

idea of a quite different form of fibre from that possessed by the

plant of Bieberstein ; but that i their account of the fruit, totally

different plants must be intended.

I now come to the latest author who has written concerning

these plants, namely Grisebach. In his ‘ Spicilegium Flore Ru-

melicee et Bithynice’ (1. 352—357) he has described several new

species of Ginanthe, and appended a tabular synopsis of all the

European species belonging to the genus. Here we find that

CE. media (Griseb.) has “ radicis napulis sessilibus oblongis utrin-

que attenuatis,” and “ fructibus cylindricis..... annulo calloso

ad basin cinctis;” and he afterwards adds, that it is “ species

media inter QZ’. peucedanifoliam (Poll.), quacum foliis et petalis

convenit, et Gi. silaifoliam (M. B.), cujus fructum radicemque

imitatur.” Here then we have an express declaration that the

true CE. silaifolia has roots similar to Sowerby’s figure in ‘ Eng.

Bot.,’ but that its fruit has the enlarged callous ring at the base.

Concerning CL. peucedanifolia there is very little difference of

opinion ; most authors considering it to possess sessile, more or

less clavate radical knobs, which contract abruptly into a long

slender fibre, and fruits which are narrowed at the base.

If now we refer to Mr. Ball’s description of his specimens

named (2. silaifolia from Portmarnock and Deerhurst, we find

that they possess oblong-clavate radical knobs terminating in a

fibre—a structure which I consider to belong to the CZ. silaifolia

of Bertoloni and Koch, but not of Bieberstein, and the Cé. peu-

cedanifolia of most authors—but then he describes the fruit as

“ clavatum inferne quidquam contractum.” In both these re-

spects, therefore, it would appear that his plants might have been

considered as the i. peucedanifolia, had he not stated that all

their leaves are similar, the leaflets of the lower leaves being lan-

ceolate and of the upper ones linear, which I believe not to be the

case in CE. peucedanifolia. Thus his plant is not Gl. peucedani-

folia from its leaves, not Gi. silaifolia of Bieberstein, DeCandolle,

Reichenbach nor Bluff, from its root. It is probably the plant

of Bertoloni but not that of Koch, if “ the presence or absence of

the incrassated summit of the pedicel,” by which I understand

what most authors call the callous ring at the base of the fruit,

‘is never seen to vary.”

Mr. C. C, Babington on some British species of Uinanthe. 99

I now proceed to notice two English plants contained in my

own herbarium, but previously take the opportunity of suggest-

ing that, as it is not improbable that the form of the radical

knobs varies in different states of the same plant or at different

seasons of the year, it would be advisable that they should always

be examined at the same stage of the plant’s development, namely,

when the fruit of the primary umbel is well-formed but the se-

condary umbels still bear flowers. One of my English specimens

was gathered ten years since at Cambridge, and unfortunately does

not possess the root or fruits; in other respects it agrees pretty

well with Mr. Ball’s description of CE. silaifolia, although not

quite with sufficient exactness to allow me to state with certainty

that they are the same plant. The other English specimens in

my possession have been given to me by the Rev. A. Bloxam, by

whom they were gathered at Sutton Wharf in Leicestershire.

These possess the roots of Gi. peucedanifolia; the radical and

lowest stem leaves are absent, but all the others have short, linear,

acute segments, and the lower ones are bipimnate, whilst the

upper are nearly, and the uppermost quite, simply pimnate. Un-

fortunately the fruit is very young, but yet shows very decided

marks of having a thickened base. On the whole, I am inclined

to consider all my English specimens as referable to the C1. silat-

folia of Koch but not of Bieberstein.

From the above it seems to me that we are authorized to con-

clude that more than one species passes under the name of i.

peucedanifolia of Smith, and I trust that I may venture to ask

English botanists to favour me by the communication of speci-

mens possessing both fruit and roots, in order to enable me to

endeavour to clear up this difficulty in a future edition of my

‘ Manual of British Botany.’

The root of Gi. Lachenalii, which, as Mr. Ball justly observes,

is by far the most common of these plants in Britain, appears

to differ considerably according to the state of the plant ; young

seedlings and the offsets of old plants having slender branched

fibrous roots. On flowering plants the fibres are simple, stout,

and pretty uniformly thick throughout the greater part of their

length; not clavate nor fusiform, nor nodulose. The radical

fibres of fruiting individuals usually thicken gradually, but not

very greatly through a considerable portion of their length, and

are then narrowed quickly, but not abruptly, mto the slender

fibrous extremity. Old plants which, late in the autumn, have

perfected their fruit and are dying down to the ground, have

their radical fibres irregularly thickened throughout at least half

of their length, not at all clavate, and too irregular to deserve the —

name of cylindrical or fusiform.

I have but little objection to make to Mr. Ball’s deseription of

H 2

100 Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia.

. Lachenalii, but find the lowest leaves to be occasionally even

tripinnate, and the leaflets are quickly rounded off at the end to

an acute angle. I suspect that Mr. Ball is not acquainted with

the radical leaves of seedling plants or young offsets: they are

once or twice pinnate, with ovate or wedge-shaped, obtusely mciso-

apiculato-crenate segments.

It only now remains for me to add, that I fully concur with my

friend im the observations with which he concludes his paper,

but think that the position, form, and relative size of the radical

knobs are of more value for the discrimination of species than

they appear to possess in his estimation.

St. John’s College, Cambridge, April 25, 1844.

XITV.—On Cardinia, Agassiz, a Fossil Genus of Mollusca cha-

racteristic of the Lias. By H. EB. Srricxianp, M.A., F.G.S,

THERE are few groups of fossils which, both in their generic and

specific relations, have been involved in greater confusion than

the very natural and characteristic genus of which I am about to

speak. Having resided for some years in a locality where several

species of this genus abound, and having, by the examination of

many hundreds, I might say thousands of specimens, aided by

the kindness of Mr. J. Morris, author of the valuable ‘ Catalogue

of British Fossils,’ been enabled to trace them through their

several varieties, and thus to circumscribe the boundaries of the

species, I hope to correct some of the errors into which other

authors have fallen.

The genus of Mollusks in question is evidently most nearly

allied to Astarte, Sow. (Crassina, Lamarck), a genus which most

authors agree in placing among the Veneride. From the great

strength of the shell, single valves are often preserved in a per-

fect state, and we are thus enabled to ascertain all its characters

with an accuracy that is rarely attainable in fossil bivalves, espe-

cially of the older formations. The genus may be described in

general terms as an Astarte with the addition of very strong

lateral teeth. The shell is longitudinally oval, very thick, equi-

valve, inequilateral, perfectly closed ; the hinge very strong ; the

right valve with two oblique converging cardinal teeth as in

Astarte, but these teeth are flat, and only divided by a slight

groove, which is sometimes obsolete. Below these teeth and im-

mediately behind the lunule is a depression extending in front of

the anterior lateral tooth, with a corresponding elevation in the left

valve, in which the true cardinal teeth are almost wholly obso-

lete. Above the cardinal teeth in both valves is a deep narrow

groove, evidently for the reception of an external ligament, as in

Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia. 101

Astarte. In front of the hinge is a deep and distinct lunule. The

lateral teeth are remote and very strong ; the anterior one of the

right valve obtusely conical, the posterior one of the left valve

elongated, and both mutually entering deep pits in the opposite

valves. Umbones approximate. Muscular impressions very deep,

placed immediately below the lateral teeth, their surfaces smooth ;

the posterior impression round, the anterior one ovate. Above

— the latter in both valves is a small oval detached muscular im-

pression placed on the hinder surface of the lateral tooth, for the

insertion of the retractor muscle of the foot. Pallial impression

entire, parallel to the margin, which is not crenated. External

surface of the shell more or less irregularly imbricated by the

lines of growth. The geographical distribution of this genus is

as yet confined to Northern Europe ; its geological range is from

the base of the lias up to the inferior oolite.

Several species of this genus were described by Sowerby in his

‘ Mineral Conchology,’ under the genus Unio. They differ how-

ever from the whole of the Unionide in many respects, especially

in the want of the small accessory muscular impression behind

the anterior one (which occurs in the Unionide, and to which a

branch of the retractor muscle of the foot is attached), in the

presence of the lunule, in the shell not being nacreous, and im the

habitat having been marine, as is sufficiently proved by the other

fossil animals whose remains invariably accompany these shells.

M. Goldfuss has been no more. successful than Mr. Sowerby

in detecting the true generic relations of these shells, having in

his ‘ Petrefacten’ referred different species of them to the genera

Unio, Cytherea and Lucina, without detecting the essential cha-

racters which distinguish them from all these genera.

M. Agassiz was the first to combine the different species of

this group into one genus, though he failed to perceive that they

are much more closely allied to the Veneride than to the Unionide.

To this genus he gave the name of Cardinia in a paper read to the

Helvetic Society at their meeting at Basle in 1838, and in 1840

he published the characters of the genus in his translation of

Sowerby’s ‘ Mineral Conchology.? In 1840 Mr. J. HK. Gray gave

the name Ginorga to this genus in the ‘ Synopsis of the British

Museum,’ p. 154; but this mere name, destitute alike of ety-

mology and of definition, can have no claim for adoption. In

January 1841, M. de Christol defined a genus Sinemuria in the

‘ Bulletin de la Société Géologique de la France,’ which from the

characters assigned is evidently identical with the genus before us,

though he errs in supposing the ligament to have been internal

instead of external. Lastly, in March 1842 Mr. S. Stutchbury

described this group in great detail in the ‘ Annals of Natural

History,’ and bestowed on it the name of Pachyodon, a name

102 My. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia.

which had been used four years before by M. von Meyer for a

genus of Mammals.

It appears from this historical statement, that as M. Agassiz

was the first to publish the characters of the genus, so his generic

name Cardinia must supersede all later ones.

Some authors have been disposed to extend the geological

range of this genus, by including in it those numerous species

from the coal-measures which Sowerby and most other palzonto-

logists have regarded as true Unionide. Whether Agassiz ori-

ginally proposed this extension of the genus I am not aware,

having never yet been able to meet with his translation of the

‘ Mineral Conchology,’ in which the group is first defined ; but

in his last work on the subject, the ‘ Etudes critiques sur les

Mollusques Fossiles,’ he seems to regard Cardinia as exclusively

confined to the lias and lower oolite. De Koninck however, in

his ‘ Description des Animaux Fossiles du terrain houillier de la

Belgique,’ classes these coal-measure shells as Cardinie, and pre-

fixes a definition of the genus which seems to be chiefly copied

from De Christol’s definition of Sinemuria, and we may therefore

conclude that De Koninck had not been able to examine the in-

terior of the fossils which he describes. He seems to have made a

compromise between the real characters of Cardinia and the er-

roneous statement of De Christol as to the internal ligament ; for

he says that the shell had two ligaments, one internal and the

other external, a statement which I believe to be wholly incorrect.

Capt. Thomas Brown also seems to regard the coal-measure

fossils as generically identical with the lias ones, since he has de-

scribed, under Mr. Stutchbury’s name Pachyodon, no less than

twenty-six species of shells from the coal-measures, which he has

illustrated with very accurate figures in the ‘ Annals of Natural

History’ for Dec. 1843, and in his own ‘ Fossil Conchology of

Great Britain,’ plate 73.

There are however many reasons for regarding as doubtful the

supposed affinity between the Unioniform shells of the coal-mea-

sures and the true Cardinia of the lias, although it must be ad-

mitted that there is much general resemblance in their external

forms. In the first place, I believe no author has yet seen or de-

scribed the interior of any of the coal-measure shells, and there is

consequently no positive evidence whatever as to the structure of

their hinges. Secondly, although the general characters of the

muscular and pallial impressions, as exhibited by the casts in both

these sets of species, are very similar, yet in the coal-measure shells

the muscular impressions are much smaller and shallower than

in those of the lias, and the lateral teeth, if present at all, are evi-

dently much less developed. Thirdly, in conformity with this

greater feebleness of the connecting muscles, we find that the

Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia. 103

shells of the coal-measure fossils are much thinner and weaker

than in those from the lias. Fourthly, the shells from the coal-

measures rarely exhibit any trace of a lunule, and when present

it is more diffused and indistinct than in the liassic species.

Lastly, the Cardinie from the lias were wholly marine in their

habits, while there are strong grounds for believing that the spe-

cies from the coal-beds inhabited fresh, or at most brackish water.

This is shown by the fact that these Unio-like shells are almost

invariably found in the beds of shale accompanying the coal, and

not in the really marine formations of the same age. Now whe-

ther we suppose the coal to have grown in situ like peat, or to

have been washed by currents into certain localities (both which

theories are no doubt true in certain cases), we cannot deny the

coal to be a terrestrial production ; and therefore when we find a

particular family of mollusks constantly, and almost always ex-

clusively, accompanying the beds of coal, we have a very strong

presumption that these animals had a lacustrine or estuarine

habitat.

It is true that in some cases, as in Coalbrook Dale, at Halifax,

at Glasgow, and in Belgium, the coal-measures contain an admix-

ture of these bivalves with various marine genera ; but this does not

necessarily prove them to be marine species, for they may either

(as suggested by Mr. Prestwich in his memoir on Coalbrook Dale,

‘Geol. Proceedings,’ vol. ii. p.405) have been washed down into an

estuary and there become mixed with marine shells, or by a depres-

sion of the land the sea may have washed the marine shells into

the marshes tenanted by these supposed freshwater species. And

it is important to remark, that in the carboniferous limestone, a

strictly marine formation immediately preceding, and in some

cases alternating with the coal-measures, these peculiar bivalves

rarely if ever occur.

For these reasons I think we ought to abstain from classing

the shells of the coal-measures with the well-marked and clearly-

defined genus Cardinia of the lias. I do not indeed mean to as-

sert that the carboniferous group of shells really belong to the

Unionide, where they were formerly classed, for they want the

supplementary anterior muscular impression which distinguishes

that family* ; but I think they may be for the present regarded

as a distinct family, probably lacustrine, and possibly allied to

Unionidae, but the precise characters of which, and especially the

structure of the hinge, are as yet unascertained. Perhaps Dr. Car-

penter, whose researches on the microscopic structure of shells

have opened to us a new element for the determination of fossil

* Mr. G. B. Sowerby, in his ‘ Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells,’ states

that he could find no difference between the casts from the coal-measures

and those which he made from the inside of recent Unios, but he had perhaps

overlooked the supplementary muscle of the latter.

104 Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia.

Mollusca, may be able to throw further light on the affinities of

these ambiguous yet characteristic fossils.

Confining our attention therefore to the shells of the lias and

lower oolite, we will proceed to examine the species of Cardinia

which really exist in nature, as well as those which have been

described in books.

I. Ascertained species of Cardinia.

1. Carpinia Listeri, Sow. (sp.)

Donaz? Park. Org. Rem. pl. 13. f. 7. :

Unio Listeri, Sow. Min. Con. pl. 154. f. 1, 3, 4.

“Pachyodon Listeri, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pl.9. f.1, 2.

Var. 1. Subelongate.

Cytherea latiplexa, Goldf. Petref. pl. 149. f. 6.

Unio hybrida, Sow. Min. Con. pl. 154. f. 2.

Pachyodon hybridus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pl. 9.

f.3, 4.

Cardinia hybrida, Agass. Et. Crit. Moil. pl. 12.

Var. 2. Subcompressed.

Cytherea lamellosa, Goldf. Petref. pl. 149. f. 8.

Var. 3. Lines of growth very numerous.

Pachyodon imbricatus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pl. 9.

f.5, 6.

Var.4. Small-sized (probably young).

Pachyodon cuneatus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pl. 10.

f.11, 12: :

Var. 5.

Cardinia amygdala, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pl. 12. f. 1O—12.

Formation : lower lias.

Localities: Whitby, Yorkshire ; Grantham ; Langar, Nottingham-

shire ; Cropthorn, Defford and Eckington, Worcestershire ; Frethern,

Gloucestershire ; Wurtemburg.

In Worcestershire and Gloucestershire this species is very abun-

dant in a zone of the lower lias, about 150 feet above the base of

that formation. Single valves are frequent. It is subject to much

variation in the thickness of the shell, the frequency and regula-

rity of the imbrications, and the length or shortness of the pos-

terior extremity. Having examined a very extensive series of

specimens, I have little doubt of the correctness of the above

synonyms. 4

2. CarpInia crassissima, Sow. (sp.)

Unio crassissima, Sow. Min. Col. pl. 153.

Pachyodon crassissimus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pl. 9.

£,.7

Lower oolite: Dundry ; Wick near Bath.

Marlstone; Dumbleton, Worcestershire.

Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia. 105

3. CARDINIA cRAssIUscULA, Sow. (sp.)

Unio crassiusculus, Sow. Min. Con. pl. 185 ; Zieten, Verst. Wurt.

pl. 60. f. 1.

Pachyodon crassiusculus, Stutchb. in Ann, Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pl. 9.

f. 8.

Pullastra antiqua, Phill. Geol. Yorksh. pl. 13. f. 16.

Var. 1. Small-sized, perhaps young.

Cardinia elliptica, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pl. 12. f. 16, 17.

Var. 2.

Cardinia similis, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pl. 12. £.23.

Formation : lias.

Localities : Pocklington and Robin Hood’s Bay, Yorkshire; Not-

tinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Somersetshire.

Wurtemburg ; Stuttgard. Var. 1. Argovie; var. 2. Soleure.

After a careful comparison of specimens, I have little doubt of

the specific identity of the above references.

4, CarpINIA LANCEOLATA, Stutchd. (sp.)

Pachyodon lanceolatus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. p.484.

Formation : lower lias.

Locality : Robin Hood’s Bay, Yorkshire.

The figure intended for this species by M. Agassiz was taken

from a specimen of C. attenuata which I sent him.

5. Carpinia atrenvata, Stutchbd. (sp.)

_ Pachyodon attenuatus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pl. 10.

f. 13, 14.

Cardinia lanceolata, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pl. 12”. f. 1—s.

Formation : top of lower lias, just below the marlstone.

Localities : Hewlets near Cheltenham; Bourton-on-the-Water,

Gloucestershire.

M. Agassiz’s figure above-quoted is taken from a specimen

which I sent him, and I am therefore satisfied that it belongs to

the present species.

6. Carpinra concinna, Sow. (sp.)

Unio concinnus, Sow. Min. Con. pl. 223. f. 1, 2; Zieten, Verst.

Wurt. pl. 60. f. 2 to 5; Goldf. Petref. pl. 132. f. 2; Bronn, Lethea

Geogn. p. 361.

Pachyodon concinnus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pl. 10.

f. 15, 16.

Cardinia concinna, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pl. 12. f. 21, 22.

Formations : marlstone and lias.

Localities: Yorkshire; Langar, Nottinghamshire ; Daventry,

Northamptonshire ; Saltford and Weston near Bath ; Wurtemberg,

Fachsenfeld ; Mogglingen ; Staffelegg in Argau.

This is the largest species of the genus. I have a specimen

106 Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia...

from the marlstone of Byfield in Northamptonshire which is 54

inches long by 3 inches broad.

7. Carpinia ovatis, Stutchb. (sp.)

Lucina levis, Goldf. Petref. pl. 146. f. 11.

Pachyodon ovalis, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pl. 10.

¥.37,°18,.19:

Cardinia unionides, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pl. 12”. f. 7—9.

Ver. %.

C. cyprina, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pl. 12”. f. 4—6.

Formation : lower lias.

Localities : Dunhamstead and Coltknap hill, Worcestershire ; Ash-

leworth and Frethern, Gloucestershire; Watchet, Somersetshire ;

Blumenroth, Coburg.

M. Goldfuss’s specific name Jevis is prior to the other two ; but

as it is founded on an erroneous identification with the Corbis

levis of Sowerby, which is a very different shell, I retain Mr.

Stutchbury’s name ovalis. The two supposed species figured by

M. Agassiz are both founded on specimens which I sent to that

learned naturalist myself, and I am therefore able to identify them

positively with the present species. In Worcestershire this fossil

abounds about 100 feet above the base of the lower lias. Single

valves are very rare.

8. CarpDINIA sULCATA, 4g.

Cardinia sulcata, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pl. 12. f. 1—9.

Formation: ‘‘ Calcaire & Gryphites.”

Locality : Soleure.

Judging from the figure and description, the above seems to be

a distinct species.

9. Carpinia aprycuus, Goldf. (sp.)

Cytherea aptychus, Goldf. Petref. pl. 149. f. 7.

Formation : lias.

Locality : Amberg.

I have seen and examined specimens of all the above species

except nos. 8 and 9.

II. Species referable to this genus, but whose specific characters

require further investigation.

1. Pachyodon abductus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pl. 9.

f.9, 10.

I think this is probably one of the numerous varieties of C.

Listeri. Lagree with M. Agassiz that it is not the Unio abductus

of Phillips.

2. Cardinia oblonga, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pl. 12. f. 18—15.

From the lower oolite of Normandy. Described from a cast,

Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia. 107

an authority on which it must be very unsafe to found specific

distinctions.

3. Cardinia levis, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pl. 12”. f.13—15.

From Mulhausen. It is not the Lucina levis of Goldfuss.

Perhaps a variety of C. Listeri or crassiuscula.

4. Cardinia securiformis, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pl. 12”. f. 16—18.

From Soleure ; described from a cast, and perhaps only a va-

riety of C. concinna.

5. Sinemuria Dufrenii, De Christol, Bullet. Soc. Géol. de la France,

Jan. 11, 1841. °

From “ fer oligiste” of Semur. It is impossible to say, from

the brief description given, whether this shell be a distinct species

or not.

6. Unio depressus, Zieten, Verst. Wurt. pl. 61. f. 1.

From Dejerloch near Stuttgard. Probably referable tovariety 1.

of C. Listeri.

III. Species apparently referable to other genera.

1. Venulites trigonellaris, Schloth. Petref. p. 198; Cytherea trigo-

nellaris, Goldf. Petref. pl. 149. f. 5.

From the las of Alsace ; perhaps not a Cardinia.

2. Unio abductus, Phillips, Geol. of Yorksh. pl. 11. f. 42.

From inferior oolite of Glaizedale. Possibly a Cardinia, but

M. Agassiz regards it as a Gresslya.

3. Cardinia quadrata, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pl. 12". f. 1O—12.

From lias of Lower Rhine. The above figure appears to re-

present an Astarte, and much resembles A. lurida, Sow.

4. Unio Listeri, Goldf. Petref. pl. 132. f. 1.

This seems to be the Amphidesma donaciforme or rotundatum

of Phillips, and belongs to the genus Gresslya, Agassiz.

5. Unio uniformis, Sow. Min. Con, pl. 33. f. 4.

6. Unio acuta, Sow. Min. Con. pl. 33. f. 5, 6, 7.

The last two species, said by Sowerby to be from the middle

oolite, are referred to Cardinia by Agassiz, in his translation of

the ‘ Mineral Conchology.’

7. Pachyodon hamatus, Brown in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xi. pl. 16.

f. 6.

From Oxford clay of Gristhorpe Bay, and certainly not a Car-

dinia.

8. Pachyodon vetustus, Brown in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xi. pl. 16.

7

From shale at Gristhorpe Bay, and probably not a Cardinia.

108 Dr. G. Dickie on the Marine Alge

9. Unio striatus, Goldf. Petref. pl. 132. f. 3.

From coral rag, Nattheim.

10. Unio liasinus, Zieten, Verst.Wurt. pl. 61. f. 2; Bronn, Lethza

Geogn. pl. 19. f. 17.

From Fildres near Stuttgard. This is evidently a Gresslya,

allied to Amphidesma rotundatum, Phillips.

XV.—On the Marine Alge of the vicinity of Aberdeen. By G.

Dicxiz, M.D., Lecturer on Botany in the University and

King’s College of Aberdeen*.

[Continued from vol. xiii. p. 335.]

[ With a Plate.}

Previous to entering on the remaining species of the olive-

coloured Algze found in this vicinity, it will be necessary to direct

attention to the difference usually understood between the repro-

ductive bodies called spores and sporidia.

The remarks already made on the acrosperms (sporidia) of Fu-

cus, &c., and the accompanying figures, will sufficiently explain |

their structure; it must be observed, that up to the time of ma-

turity they are enclosed in cells (asci), from which, when ripe,

they are readily emitted. It is more than probable, however,

that there are instances in which there is an intimate adhesion

between the sporidia and their asci, so that both drop off

together.

The observations recorded in the first part of this communica-

tion, on the development of the seeds of Fucus serratus, will explain

_ the nature of spores ; the latter are not necessarily enclosed in cells

up to the time of maturity, but usually become free.

A difference exists im many Algz between the appearance of

the contents of the spores and sporidia: in the latter, the granu-

lar matter has a tendency to cohere in masses, which often assume

a definite arrangement; the contents of the spores are more

abundant, so much so that these bodies are generally dark-co-

loured and almost opake,—hence the expression Melanospermea,

and the granular matter probably never (?) assumes a definite

arrangement.

SPOROCHNOIDES.

Desmarestia ligulata, Lamour.—This species appears to be of

rare occurrence, strictly confined to deep water, and only found

cast up after storms. The first specimens were found by Dr.

Andrew Fleming in October last, on the beach near Don mouth,

* Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 11th April 1844.

of the vicinity of Aberdeen. 109

after a gale, and a few days subsequently I found some very large

examples near the mouth of the Dee. .

D. aculeata, Lamour.—Is very abundant, and, like the former,

an inhabitant mostly of deep water; on one occasion only have I

seen it in situ at low-water mark.

Owing to the localities in which these species grow, no oppor-

tunity has been afforded of procuring them at different seasons

in states favourable for microscopic examination. The fructifica-

tion has by some been supposed to be connected with the pencils

of filaments which are plentifully produced. The structure of

these filaments differs essentially from that of the simple or

branched filaments which usually accompany the spores and spo-

ridia in other Algz ; in Desmarestia they are generally flattened,

being composed of several slices of cells on the same plane, and

often appear like fronds in miniature. It is by no means impro-

bable that they afford one way by which the plants are propa-

gated. The very fact that these filaments (miniature fronds ?) are

so copiously produced, may be the very reason that neither true

spores nor sporidia have hitherto been found. Among Pheeno-

gamous plants there are examples of what may be an analogous -

mode of reproduction, as in Sazxifraga foliolosa, Br., of the Arctic

regions, and others; in mosses, as Macromitrium Leprieurii, Mon-

tagne. The same is no doubt true of some Lichens, and why

not also of Algee ?

Mr. Lyell has presented me with specimens of D. aculeata

picked up on the beach of Cockburn Island, lat. 64° 12'S.: in

this desolate region the temperature may be unfavourable to the

development of true fructification, and the viviparous (?) mode

alluded to may be legitimately inferred. ,

From the structure of the frond in our two species of Desma-

restia, 1 should be inclined to predict that the fructification, when

detected, will be found to consist of spores.

Dicryore”.

Padina Pavonia, Lamour.—This beautiful plant is stated, in

Dr. Greville’s ‘Algze,’ and in Sir W. J. Hooker’s ‘ Flora,’ to have

been found at Aberdeen. The statement, I believe, was first

made by Lightfoot, on the authority of Dr. Cargill; I have often

searched for it, but in vain.

Dictyosiphon feeniculaceus, Grev.—It occurs in pools between

high- and low-water mark, but nearer the former, in great profu-

sion and of large size. It may be reckoned among the most

common species. The fructification is stated, in ‘ Harvey’s

Manual,’ to be rare; I have found it not unfrequently, but only

on distorted specimens, not exceeding three or four inches in

length.

110 Dr. G. Dickie on the Marine Alge

Punctaria plantaginea, Grev.—Is not uncommon in summer

in pools near high-water mark. .

Asperococcus echinatus, Grev.— Not uncommon along with the

former.

A. pusillus, Hook.—A plant corresponding to the description

usually given, and resembling in structure authentic specimens

sent me by Mr. Thompson of Belfast, occurs here, though rarely ;

it is usually parasitical on Polysiphonia nigrescens, but very small.

Chorda lomentaria, Grey.—Not unfrequent in pools near high-

water mark.

C. filum, Lamour.—This species, so common on many parts of

the British coast, and attaiming so great a size as that mentioned

in the ‘Algz Britannice,’ is comparatively a rare plant in this

vicinity, occurring only in deep pools at high-water mark, and

seldom exceeding two feet in length. I have seen it in the small

harbour of Stonehaven attached to stones imbedded in mud, and

attaining a greater size than at Aberdeen. Dr. Greville describes

the fructification as consisting of “external masses of pear-shaped

seeds fixed by their base,” and gives a figure of these; he how-

ever alludes to a second kind, composed of “ sessile ovate cap-

sales scattered among clavate articulated filaments,” discovered

by Captain Carmichael and figured in ‘ Flora Londinensis.’ The

bodies described and figured in the ‘Algze Britannice’ constitute

merely the cortical tissue of the plant; the true fruit, consisting

of asci and sporidia, is imbedded in that tissue, and probably

identical with the bodies seen by Carmichael and represented in

the ‘ Flora Londinensis,’ which I have no opportunity of con-

sulting. I consider it unnecessary to give any representation of

this true fructification, since it exactly resembles that of Alaria

and Laminaria already figured.

EcTocaRPE&.

Cladostephus verticillatus, Lyngb., and C. spongiosus, Ag., are

both not uncommon in pools within high-water mark.

Sphacelaria plumosa, Liyngb.—lIs one of the rarest of our olive-

coloured Algz; only a few small plants, not exceeding an inch

in height, have been found in pools within high-water mark.

S. cirrhosa, Ag.—At least two of the varieties of this species

occur abundantly in pools.

S. olivacea, Ag.—Appears to be rather local ; it occurs on per-

pendicular faces of rocks near low-water mark.

Ectocarpus littoralis, liyngb.—Is very common on the coast,

and found abundantly about the mouths of the Dee and Don ; it

passes more than a mile up the former river, and often grows

luxuriantly in places where at low-tide it is freely exposed to a

strong current of fresh water.

of the vicinity of Aberdeen. ill

E. siliculosus, Lyngb.—Very common in pools near high-

water mark.

E. Hincksiea.—This speties, of which, as stated in his ‘ Ma-

nual,’ Mr. Harvey had only seen one specimen, is very abundant

on the fronds of Laminaria digitata, and sometimes on Rhodo-

menia palmata, in the latter end of April and in May. It appears

to be a very distinct species. |

E. tomentosus, Lyngb.—Very common on different species of

Fucus near low-water mark.

E. granulosus, Ag.—Parasitical on other Algz in pools near

high-water mark, but rare.

E. spherophorus, Carm.—In June 1843 this species was found.

abundantly, parasitical on one of the most abundant of our Rho-

dospermee, viz. Calithamnion spongiosum. It bears fruit co-

piously, and never exceeds, in this vicinity, an inch in height,

and usually is much less.

Myriotrichia filiformis.—Is not unfrequent in pools at high-

water mark, attached to small specimens of Chorda lomentaria.

CHORDARIES.

Chordaria flagelliformis, Ag.—Is very abundant and generally

distributed. The fructification, according to Turner, consists of

“ oblong or pyriform seeds lying among the concentrical fila-

ments.” Ihave not been able hitherto clearly to ascertain the

true structure of the fructification im this species, but should,

from analogy, infer it to consist of spores.

Helminthocladia virescens.—Is in some seasons very abundant

on rocks about half way between high- and low-water marks, and

straggling specimens occur in pools at the latter.

Corynephora marina, Ag.—This remarkable plant is plentiful

in summer, attached to other Algze and corallines. In Harvey’s

‘ Manual’ a passage is quoted from Carmichael in reference to its

fructification, the term “ sporidia”’ bemg made use of: it ought

to be “ spores.”

In the first part of this communication it was stated that “the

coast here is much exposed to the action of heavy seas, and pre-

sents few sheltered coves or even calm pools of any extent, and

hence probably we may account for the absence of some of the

more delicate species ;” it must not, however, be inferred that

this is the only reason why certain Algze are entirely absent from

our coast ; the infiuence of temperature must. be far greater: At

least two other species may yet be expected to be found, viz.

Laminaria bulbosa and Dichloria viridis ; the former being of such

general occurrence on the British coasts, and the latter having

been seen in the Moray Frith.

Scarcely one-half of the Melanospermous Algz enumerated in

112 Dr.G. Dickie-on the Marine Alge

Harvey’s ‘ Manual’ as occurring in Britain are found here; the

proportions will be best seen from the following tabular view.

Aberdeen. Britain.

Pucemtene ince Gasca eee oe 7 16

Lichines 2.6.25. aA 1 2

Lamimarieee ......cccccceeeees 3 7

Sporochnoidew............ 2 7

Diotyetese .0....sesaesstecs 6 18

EctoGarpese soc. iged «sc cueek 12 25

Chord ariegs iis ccces lkvndsane 3 5

Total number of species 34 80

Among the Fucoidee the total absence of Cystoseira will be

observed, and scarcely one-half of the British species occur ; of

Lamiariee scarcely one-half ; of Sporochnoidee only one-third,

the two species of Desmarestia being generally distributed in

Britain. There is also a great deficiency in the Dictyotee, Cut-

leria, Halyseris, Padina, Dictyota and Striaria bemg_ totally

absent. Of Ectocarpee about one-half of the British species are

found, and three out of five Chordariea.

It is proposed at an early opportunity to communicate observa-

tions similar to the present on the Rhodospermee of this coast.

The results obtained from careful dissections of the fructifica-

tion of our Melanospermee have led to similar examinations of

species from other parts of Britain, of which I possess and have

only seen dried specimens. These may now be recorded, allow-

ance being necessary for the disadvantageous circumstances un-

der which the dissections have been made.

Dichloria viridis, Grev.—On this plant Dr. Greville states that

he has seen no pencils of filaments. On a dried specimen received

through the liberality of Mrs. Griffiths they certainly are present ;

it also appears to have nearly the same structure as Desmarestia,

and not such as is represented in the ‘Algze Britannice’ ; drying

and pressure have, however, probably produced some change. If

pencils of filaments (miniature fronds ?) are usually produced by

it, the remarks already made in reference to Desmarestia will also

be applicable here.

Sporochnus pedunculatus, Ag.—Described in Harvey’s ‘Ma-

nual’ thus: “ Fructification club-shaped moniliform filaments,

radiating in scattered warts or concentrical in distinct (mostly

clavate, stalked) receptacles, often terminated by a deciduous

tuft of filaments.” The clavate receptacles consist of a central

tissue continuous with the short stem, and a cortical, composed

of branched filaments placed perpendicularly to the former, and

concrete. The pencils of filaments consist of the free ends of the

central fibrous tissue. The cortical part (branched filaments)

contains distinct asci and sporidia ; these were very evident in a

of the vicinity of Aberdeen. 113

fragment of an Irish specimen sent me by Mr. Thompson of Bel-

fast. To observe this structure, it is best to employ pressure in

a drop of sea-water ; the asci and sporidia are very minute. See

Plate II. figs. 1, 2, 3.

Sporochnus rhizodes, Ag.—Having only examined dried speci-

mens of this species, it is with much diffidence that I venture to_

describe its fructification as differing essentially from that of the

last, and consequently requirmg to be removed from the same

genus. Those who may have opportunities of examining fresh

specimens in different stages can alone be entitled finally to decide

this question.

The warts are composed of moniliform simple filaments, at the

bases of which pear-shaped spores will be seen nestling. The

resemblance to the fructification of Asperococcus echinatus (and

probably also to that of Chordaria flagelliformis) is most striking.

Figs. 4 & 5 represent the structure described.

Elaionema villosum, Berk.—The fructification of this plant was

first pointed out by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, and a figure given in

the ‘Gleanings of British Alge.’ The structure seen in dried speci-

mens is represented at PI.II. fig. 7, and differmg somewhat from

Mr. Berkeley’s representation: in fig. 6 is shown the fructifica-

tion at an early stage; the asci, enclosing several sporidia, are at

that time distinct. I believe, that in a more advanced stage an

adhesion takes place between the asci and enclosed sporidia,

fig. 8. Vanes

The results above stated have prompted the following “ Sug-

gestions towards an Arrangement of the British Melanospermee.”

1. MELANOSPERMES.

Spores and sporidia on the same or on different plants, and in

the same or in different conceptacles.

a. Heterospermee. Corynephora.

Cystoseira.

Halidrys. Cladostephus.

Fucus. Lichina.

Himanthalia. Sphacelaria.

b. Sporifere. Ectocarpus.

Halyseris. ?

Padina. Desmarestia.

Dictyota. Dichloria.

Punctaria. ce. Sporidifere.

Striaria. Alaria.

Asperococcus. Laminaria.

Dictyosiphon. Cutleria.

Sporochnus (rhizodes). Chorda.

Chordaria. Sporochnus (pedunculatus).

Myriotrichia. Elaionema.

Helminthocladia.

| Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. 1}

114 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

From an examination of Cystoseira under very unfavourable

circumstances, viz. of dried specimens, and the fruit probably

immature, I am inclined to believe that spores and sporidia occur

in the same conceptacles. There is some reason to believe that

the same arrangement prevails in Halidrys.

In the Sporifere other subdivisions suggest themselves: in

some the spores are erumpent, breaking out beneath the cuticle

as in Padina; in others, as Striaria, the spores are unaccompanied

by filaments; and Asperoccocus may be cited where the spores

are so accompanied. Should Desmarestia and Dichloria be found

sporiferous, they will be properly placed beside Halyseris.

In Sporidifere, as in Sporifere, there occur membranous and

filamentous species.

A question may arise as to the relative importance of spores

and sporidia; there cannot be a doubt that both are equally

capable of propagating the species.

The above can only be considered an imperfect attempt, a

mere outline or suggestion ; those who possess a thorough know-

ledge of foreign as well as British species are alone entitled to

speak with confidence on the subject, and to such knowledge the

author of this attempt can Jay no claim, and must leave his sug-

gestions to be added to and amended by more experienced algo-

logists.

XV1.—Further Observations on the Ornithology of the neighbour-

hood of Calcutta. By Enywarp Biytu, Curator to the Mu-

seum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. With Notes by H. E.

STRICKLAND, M.A.

[Concluded from p. 48. ]

No. 127. (vol. xii. p. 165, supra) I observed great numbers of Hi-

rundo rustica a few weeks ago, skimming over the salt-water lake a

little above Calcutta.

No. 127 a. Hirundo daurica (erythropygia, Sykes) was observed in

considerable numbers in the middle of April upon the Calcutta espla-

nade.

No. 128. This is also the M. dukhunensis of Sykes. I observe

that the M. picata of Franklin, which is the M. variegata, Latham,

is mentioned as having been received from Calcutta in the ‘ Rev.

Zool. par la Soc. Cuv.’ 1839, pp. 40 and 138 (this being the only

volume of the useful work in question which I have for reference) ;

but I have never heard of the species being obtained in this neigh-

bourhood, having only received it from Central and Southern India.

No. 130. This remarkable species, which is the type of my genus

Nemoricola, is the Bergeronette grise des Indes of Sonnerat, upon

which Latham founds his Motacilla indica. I obtained one beautiful

specimen during last cold season. |

Calcutta, with Notes by 1. KE. Strickland. 115

No. 130 a, 6. The genus Budytes was strangely omitted in my

catalogue, though two species are common: B. citreola, which is less

abundant, and of. which | have one example with a jetty-black back,

and B. beema, Sykes, which is extremely common, and approximates

the B. neglecta, Gould. The sexes of this bird appear to assemble in

separate flocks; at least I have two or three times vainly sought to

pick out a female from among a flock of males, and I think that I

have also observed a flock of females only. The note of this bird is

much weaker and less articulate than that of B. flava of Britain. The

young males assume yellow under-parts in February and March, and

a dull leaden-blue cap and nape, having a strongly defined whitish

supercilium ; in old males the under-parts are much brighter yellow,

and the head and nape are fine dark ashy-gray, with no trace of su-

percilium, the throat continuing white at all ages, spreading laterally

to contrast with the dark ear-coverts. A black cap I have never

seen, though Mr. Jerdon includes B. melanocephala among the spe-

cies of Southern India, and doubts its distinctness from B. beema,

which he identifies with B. neglecta. See also Mr. Drummond’s re-

marks on the species of the Ionian Islands, vol. xii. p. 416 ante. Spe-

cimens with the supercilium slightly developed, or with only a trace

of it, are also here common *.

Of Anthi I have an extensive series of Indian species, but have ob-

tained no additional ones in this vicinity.

No. 134. This lark I heard singing delightfully, soaring over the

dry rice-stubble along the banks of the river during a late excursion ;

its song and mode of delivery closely resembling that of the British

skylark. No. 135 appears to be identical with A. gulgula, apud

Jerdon, and I have not obtained a second example of it in this part.

I have also a very extensive series of Indian larks and Mirafre to

describe, as soon as I can get leisure to do so.

No. 139 is also Alauda gingica of Latham, after Sonnerat.

No. 141. I observed a large flock of this species during my late

excursion, feeding upon the seeds of the reeds, &c. which choke up

the moat surrounding the old fort at Budge Budge, a most capital

locale for the researches of the ornithologist. :

No. 142. I have now obtained wild specimens of Kuplectes striatus,

which I had previously procured only in the bird-shopst.

No. 145. Spermestes malacca, auct.

No. 149. For a monographic notice of the species of Phyllornis,

* The species of Budytes are as yet by no means satisfactorily made out.

It appears clear however that the gray-headed species of India and Malasia

(Motacilla bistrigata, Raffles) is the same with the cinereocapilla of South-

ern Europe. The young of this in Europe has a yellow superciliary streak,

and I have a similar specimen from India. It appears from Mr. Blyth’s

account that the Indian bird with a white supercilium (B. beema, Sykes) is

also the young of the bistrigata; and if this be certainly the case, the true

B. flava of North Europe (B. neglecta, Gould) must be distinct, as the gray-

headed birds without a white supercilium are never found in the North of

Europe.—H. E. S.

+ £. striatus, Blyth, seems to be the Z. flaviceps, Swainson, ‘ Animals in

Menageries,’ p. 310.—H. E. S. To

116 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

v. Chloropsis, vide J. A. 8. B. no. 59. p. 955 et seg. I cannot just now

enlighten Mr. Strickland on the subject of the structure of these

birds, further than by remarking that the species with a curved and

pointed bill have also a meliphagous conformation of tongue, by

means of which, when caged, they will sip at sweets, but they re-

quire to be fed on the usual diet given to insectivorous birds. Vide

Tickell’s list for a slight notice of their habits *.

No. 153. Diceum Tickellie has a pale flesh-coloured bill with

dusky tip. Vide J. A. 8. B. no. 59. n.s. p. 983.

Nos. 154and 155. My Vinago militaris is the species so designated

by Gould, having an ash-coloured belly, and which abounds in Bengal

and Nepal. That of Southern India, V. (or Treron) chlorigaster,

nobis, I have once only obtained in this part, and have received spe-

cimens of it from Mr. Jerdon and others. I cannot recognise, how-

ever, the difference of size and structure of bill mentioned by Mr.

Strickland {, the only distinctions consisting in the green or yellowish-

green belly of 77. chlorigaster, the absence of this colour on the basal

half of the tail, and there is also at most but a faint trace of the same

hue upon the forehead. Tr. bicinctus of India generally, and also

Arracan, differs from Tr. vernans of the Malay countries, in having

the forehead to beyond the eyes, the throat and sides of the neck

bright green, the occiput alone gray, and the pinkish lilac hue sur-

mounting the orange-colour of the breast diminished in quantity,

and not spreading to the sides of the neck, while in 7’. vernans it

quite surrounds the neck; the tail also is broadly tipped with ash-

colour, appearing as ashy-white beneath, this character serving at

once to distinguish the females, while the female Tr. aromaticus may

be known from that of Tr. bicinctus by its ash-coloured forehead.

The Sphenocercus (G. R. Gray) cantillans, nobis, J. A. S. B. xii.

166, is said to occur in the Soonderbuns, though I rather doubt it,

* Having lately procured specimens of Phyllornis in which the tongue

is preserved, I am now satisfied that they belong to the Tenuirostres and not

to the Pycnonoting.—H. E. S. ,

+ There can now be no doubt that Diceum Tickellie is the Certhia ery-

throrhyncha of Latham, and the latter specific name should be adopted.—

H.E.S.

{ This was owing to my having (at p. 38, supra) assumed as the true

militaris a Malayan bird which now appears to be distinct and undescribed.

It is the largest species of Zreron known, with the beak very strong and

almost Vulturine in form. Total length 14 inches; beak to: gape 1 inch

4 lines; height 5% lines; wing 73 inches; medial rectrices 5 inches, ex-

ternal 44. My specimens are wholly greenish-gray above, greater covers

and quills slaty-black, the middle covers and tertials margined externally

with bright yellow, four medial rectrices greenish-gray, the rest slate-co-

loured tinged with green, and broadly tipped with light gray. Below pale

grayish-green, a large patch on the breast of dull orange. Lower tail-covers

chocolate (in a younger specimen gray, tipped with buff); beak plumbeous,

pale yellow towards the end; legs flesh-colour. This species may be called

Treron magnirostris. The true militaris of Temminck and Gould, which is

the pheenicoptera of Latham, inhabits Northern India, as shown by Mr. Blyth,

and the chlorigaster, Blyth (which name is prior to mine of Zreron Jerdoni),

occurs in the South of India.—H. E.S. ;

Calcutta, with Notes by H.E. Strickland. 117

as the group to which it belongs appears to be monticolous. The

Sph. oxryurus, in addition to Sph. sphenurus, inhabits Benyal and

Assam.

Respecting the Columba risoria group, I consider that I have three

distinct species before me :—1. that so commonly kept in cages, both

here and in Europe, and which I presume is the North African species,

of a pale isabelline colour ; 2. the South African Turtur vinaceus ; and

3. that common throughout India, with bluish-gray wings and tail,

and altogether more resembling no. 2, but having the general hue

paler, the under-parts much paler, and no dusky tinge upon the rump ;

its note or coo also differing from that of no. 1. I am not acquainted

with the two varieties of size mentioned by Major Franklin, but the

Bengal species measures 122 to 13 inches long, by 194 to 20 in. in

alar extent; wing from bend 63 to 63 in., and middle tail-feathers

53 to 52 in.*

No. 161. I am not satisfied that Mr. Strickland is correct in re-

garding the wild pigeons which I mentioned as being brought some-

what abundantly to the London markets as the young of C. livia.

The bird I alluded to is well known to Mr. Bartlett, who could pro-

cure any number of specimens ; and it is remarkable that individuals

‘with barred wings appear never to occur among them. It is not im-

probably the blue rockier pigeon noticed by Gilbert White.

No. 163. This is the Perdix gularis of Temminck, and Chickore

of Bengal sportsmen, so termed from its call, which much resembles

that of the red-legged P. chukar of the Himalaya. It abounds in all

the heavy jungles eastward of the Ganges, extending northward to

the Malda range of hills, if not beyond.

The Francolinus or Perdix lunulatus of Valenciennes is evidently

identical with the Curria partridge of Hardwicke, termed F. Hard-

wickit by Gray, and recently F. nivosus in the ‘ Mag. de Zoologie.’

It comes chiefly from the country westward of Agra, and Mr. Jerdon

has also recently obtained it in the south ; but an experienced sports-

man assures me that he doubts exceedingly the existence of this bird

in Bengal, though I observe that a double-spurred partridge is men-

tioned to occur in the Monghyr district, which I must inquire about.

No. 166. Coturnix coromandelica is, I am told, very abundant du-

ring the rains, at which season it breeds.

No. 168. This I now consider must have been the young of Co-

turnix chinensis.

Nos. 169 and 170. Mr. Jerdon has now ascertained, for certain,

that the Hemipodius taigoor of Sykes is the male of his H. pugnaz,

the latter only having the black stripe down the throat and breast,

besides being larger. This corresponds with what I have also ob-

served of its Bengal representative, which appears always to be some-

what smaller than that of Southern India, and decidedly less rufous :

* The pale turtle-dove kept in cages is a domestic variety unknown in

a wild state. The North African bird is the same as the Indian ; it is the

true Turtur risorius, Linn. (sp.), and differs from T. vinaceus of S. Africa

in having the lower wing-covers light and the lower tail-covers dark, while

in 7. vinaceus they are the reverse.—H. E. S,

118 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

from Nepal I have received a third closely-allied species, the H. atro-

gularis of Eyton, but which will bear the prior name of plumbipes,

Hodgson, published in 1837, and which abounds in the Tenasserim

provinces, and also in the vicinity of Singapore. There are two

other Bengal species, additional also to Dussumieri ; one of them the

Turnix tanki of Buchanan, which likewise inhabits Nepal, and the

other undescribed, which Mr. Jerdon has also obtained in the south.

I believe that he has yet another Indian species of this group, col-

lected by Lord Arthur Hay.

No. 171 a, Add Gallus bankiva, brought to me fresh from the

vicinity.

No. 173 et seg. Herons, Bitterns, &. Add Ardea nobilis, nobis,

and Botaurus sinensis ( Ardea sinensis, Lath., and A. lepida, Horsf.) ;

I have also obtained two other specimens of Botaurus stellaris, and

likewise the B. flavicollis (Ardea flavicollis, Lath., and A. nigra,

Vieillot).

The Indian white Egrets are difficult to understand. ‘There are

three sizes of them, of which the smallest is the common A. gar-

zetta, which is very abundant. The A. orientalis of Hardwicke’s pub-

lished drawings may, I suspect, be safely referred to this species,

although the beak is represented to be wholly black, and the toes

are coloured much too orange instead of greenish yellow. This

species always sheds its crest prior to dropping its dorsal plumes ;

and the colour of its toes, contrasting with its black tarsi, at once

distinguishes it.

The large white Egrets have, at all ages, the bill sometimes

orange-yellow, sometimes wholly black, and sometimes the basal

part of the bill is yellow and its terminal part black, varying in pro-

portions. In one fine adult before me, with a fully developed train,

the bill is about half yellow and half black; in another there is a

yellowish ring only near the base; and I have observed the same

differences in birds of the first year. The yellow-billed specimens

constitute the A. flavirostris, Wagler, and the black-billed are pro-

bably the A. modesta, Gray, though I have never seen the train

elongated as in Hardwicke’s figure*.

Of the third size, which is intermediate, I once had several dozens

of the young brought me, all of which had yellow bills, slightly

tipped with dusky-black ; what few adults (with dorsal trains) I have

seen had the bill wholly yellow, with one exception only, wherein

the terminal two-thirds are black ; and the A. nigrirostris of Hard-

wicke and Gray appears to represent a specimen with bill wholly

black. In the Egrets of this size, the wings measure 11 or 114. inches

in length, bill to forehead 3 in., tarsi 43 in., the claws straighter and

more elongated than in the great Egrets. The yellow-billed speci-

mens constitute the 4. putea, Buch. Hamilton MS.

The members of this group are now putting forth their nuptial

* What are the measurements of these large Indian Egrets? and do all

the varieties referred to present the same dimensions ? The Egrets of South-

ern Europe are almost as puzzling as those of India, and we shall look with

interest for any light which Mr. Blyth can throw upon them.—H. E, S.

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 119

dress, and I trust this season to come to some distinct understanding

of the variations here noticed.

No. 188. I did not observe a single specimen of this ‘ Adjutant ’

during the last period of the sojourn of the common great species.

No. 189. A young male of the Bengal jabiru, moulting into the

adult plumage, measured 4 ft. 5 inches in total length by 7} ft. in

alar expanse ; wing 234 in.; tail 84 in.; beak to forehead 13 in., and

2 in. deep at base ; bare part of tibia 9 in.; tarsi 13 in.; middle toe

and claw 44in. Another male, in full plumage, but retaining a few

scattered nestling feathers, showing its age to be about the same as

that of the last, corresponds exactly in its dimensions. An old fe-

male is smaller, especially its legs, the bare part of the tibia measuring

but 74 inches ; tarsi scarcely 114 in., and middle toe and claw 4 in. ;

bill to forehead 123 in., and closed wing 22 in. Bill black ; irides

of young dark, and legs dark brownish-lake ; but the latter appear,

in the adults, to have been coral-red (referring however to Mr. Jer-

don’s catalogue, I perceive that he assigns “‘ rosy-red ”’ as the colour

of the legs of this species). The mouth, anterior scapularies, smaller

wing-coyerts, primaries and secondaries, and the entire under-parts,

are white : head and neck brilliant steel-black, with green reflections ;

the crown reddish-purple, margined with brownish-green, and sur-

rounded by steel-purple : posterior scapularies, tertiaries, the two

greater ranges of wing-coverts, and the tail, bright green-black, va-

ried with steel-blue. The young have the neck and upper parts brown,

a little green-glossed, and indications of white upon the smaller

wing-coverts. ‘This bird is easily tamed, and if brought up from the

nest may be suffered to range at large with impunity ; but it is apt

to attack strangers, its beak constituting a most formidable thrust-

ing weapon*,

No. 196 is perfectly identical with the European species, of which

I have received a specimen from England, and have obtained two

others in this neighbourhood, besides several from various parts of

India.

No. 198 a. I have obtained one specimen of a lapwing, closely

resembling the Vanellus leucurus (Licht.) figured by Savigny, and

which is stated in Griffith’s work also to inhabit Tartary; but it has

not the rufous-isabelline hue of the Egyptian bird, according to the

figure alluded to, nor the defined ash-coloured patch on the breast :

being chiefly of a grayish-brown, glossed with purplish-red upon the

back, the breast inclining to cinereous, throat white, and belly dull

rosy-white or somewhat deeply blushed ; tail pure white; primaries

black, and the greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, the

next range more narrowly so; bill black, and legs bright yellow ; no

trace of crest, wattles, or of spurs on the wing; the irides reddish-

amber. Length (of a female) 11 inches by 23 in. in spread of wing,

the closed wing 63 in. ; bill 1} in., and tarsi 2% in.

* It appears from the above description that the Indian Mycteria is the

same with the AZ, australis from Australia. It cannot I think be referred

to the M. asiatica, Lath., as I before conjectured, and we have yet to learn

what bird is indicated by the latter name.—H. E. S.

120 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

Of the Lobivanellus cinereus, nobis, I procured many examples du-

ing the late cold season.

Nos. 201 and 202 I presume to be Ch. Geoffroyi and Ch. Lesche-

naultit.

No. 204. Also several specimens of Charadrius Cantianus.

No. 206. This is called Himantopus asiaticus by M. Lesson, in the

erroneous supposition that the bird has never a black cap, as in the

European species.

No. 209 is Totanus stagnatilis, Bechstein; also T. tenuirosiris,

Horsfield, and figured by two or three names in Hardwicke’s pub-

lished drawings. Respecting the greenshank, no. 208, I certainly

was never satisfied of the alleged distinctness of the so-called glot-

toides, of which I have seen many specimens from the Himalaya, all

of which were decidedly T. glottis, as Mr. Strickland suggests.

. No. 212 is the European wood-sandpiper, commonly measuring

82 by 16 inches; wing 5 or 54 in. Dr. Horsfield’s T. affinis is pro-

bably a stretched skin of the same*. Judging from the few specimens

brought to the bazar, I was greatly astray in asserting 7’. ochropus

and T. hypoleucos to be somewhat rare. The latter is excessively

abundant a little way down the river, along its banks, on those of

the nullahol (natural or artificial canals) communicating with it, and

about the jheels or marshy lakes; the latter being also favourite

haunts of 7. ochropus.

No. 216 et seg. Terekia javanica was rather plentiful at the com-

mencement of last cold season; Tringa platyrhyncha less numerous

than during the preceding season ; Tr. Temminckii common; Tr. al-

pina obtained once only, a single specimen. I have mentioned that

Tr. canutus has been once obtained by Mr. Jerdon, who has also pro-

cured a single example of Calidris arenaria. Towards the mouth of

the river, Strepsilas interpres occurs, and probably also Hematopus

longirostris, which, with Numenius pheopus, I have received from both

sides of the bay. The Eurhinorhynchus orientalis, nobis, has never yet

occurred to me. I have procured one fine fresh specimen of a com-

mon woodcock, which species is probably not so rare as its haunts

are inaccessible; and as regards the snipe referred to gallinago, it

appears always to have fourteen rectricest. Hardwicke’s figure of

Scolopax Horsfieldi, Gray, has certainly not much the appearance of

Sc. stenura, but I doubt its being a peculiar species.

No. 231. I shall describe the Indian Porphyrio, which I cannot

exactly satisfy myself is Dr. Horsfield’s Javanese species, and also

another undetermined Porphyrio in the museum. The former mea-

sures 17 or 18 inches by 30 to 33 in. ; wing 83 to 94 in. ; tail 4 in. ;

bill to gape 1f in. ; tarsi 35 to $3.in.; middle toe and claw averaging

4} in. ; frontal shield large and broad, extending beyond the eyes,

* T have lately examined the original specimen of Dr. Horsfield’s 7. aff-

nis, Which is certainly the glareola, It measures about 8 inches in length,

the published measurement of 10 inches having been an error.—H. E. S.

+ Be it remembered that the number of tail-feathers is subject to varia-

tion in the British wild swans, a fact I have observed both in Cygnus mu-

siceus and C. Bewickii. |

J

Calcutta, with Notes by H. EB. Strickland. 121

and squared posteriorly. General colour purple, the fore-neck and

breast verditer, and wings the same inclining to greenish; crown

somewhat dusky, the sides of the face and immediately around the

frontal shield dull white ; lower tail-coverts pure white; the medial

portion of the belly dusky-slate ; irides bright red-brown; bill and

frontal disc dark coral-red ; and legs and toes reddish carneous, with

dusky lead-coloured joints *.

The other species is probably either from the Moluccas or from

China. Its size is rather superior to that of the Indian one, the bill

larger and more robust, but the frontal shield smaller, rounded pos-

teriorly, and not reaching beyond the eyes. In colour it is distin-

guished by having the back and scapularies green, the wings purple,

the sides of the face dark, passing into verditer, and the crown, occi-

put and hind-neck dusky-purplish ; all the purple of this species being

darker and less vivid than that of the other. If undescribed, I pro-

pose to term it P. dorsalis +.

No. 232. Gallinula parvifrons, nobis. Distinguished from the Eu-

ropean species by its inferior size and much less developed frontal

shield ; in other respects quite similar, as are also its habits and note.

This bird is the G. akool of Mr. Jerdon’s list; but I have also ob-

tained the true Porzana akool (Rallus akool of Sykes) in this neigh-

bourhood, a species having dark under tail-coverts, and the legs dark

reddish-brown.

Nos. 234 and 235. These are identical; the Rallus rufescens, Jer-

don, referring to the young female Gal. lugubris, Horsfield, vel G.

plumbea, Vieillot, of which I have obtained several examples t.

Nos. 239 and 240. Both of these are common.

No. 241. The only flamingo which I have myself obtained here

is Phenicopterus minor, but there is a Calcutta specimen of Ph. anti-

quorum, Tem., in the museum, and I have received others from the

upper provinces, &c.

Of Ducks, the only additional species to be mentioned is the Anas

formosa, Gmelin, of which I procured a splendid male, shot on the

salt-water lake§. Length 163 by 27 inches. Bill black ; feet dingy

yellowish-olive, darker on the webs; irides dark; the tracheal os-

seous vesicle small. Anas boschas has not yet occurred, though Mr.

* It is evident from the above description that the Indian Porphyrio is

not the smaragnotus, in which the back is of a pure olive-green. Neither

‘ean it, I think, be the indicus of Dr. Horsfield (smaragdinus, Temm.), which

is only 15 (not 19) inches long, and in which. the back is described as nearly

black with a greenish tinge. ‘The Indian bird appears from the description

to approach most nearly to the European P. antiqguorum, Edwards, p!. 87,

in which however the frontal shield is said to be rounded. Mr. Blyth’s

second species seems to, be the smaragnotus of Temminck, in which case the

specimen was probably brought from S. Africa.—H. E. S.

+ This approaches the P. erythropus of Stephens, which that author iden-

tifies with P. smaragnotus, Tem.

t Dr. Horsfield’s Gallinula gularis is also the young of his lugubris,—

H. E.S. |

§ This is a widely different species from the ‘ bimaculated duck’ of English

authors.

122 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

Hodgson has met with it in Nepal, where, however, I have reason to

suspect that it is veryrare. On the Indus it appears to be tolerably

common. This bird is represented in India generally and in the Bur-

mese countries by A. pectlorhyncha, which in many parts is extremely

common, and here is more so than I formerly supposed.

No. 262. This is the true Podiceps minor, though referred to P.

phillipensis by Mr. Jerdon. P. cristatus is also found in the upper

provinces.

Nos. 265 and 266. Both of these pelicans are common in suitable

localities, and they both vary exceedingly in size, as much so as Nu-

menius arquata and Limosamelanura. I suspect that the females are

always much smaller, but cannot pronounce upon this subject at pre-

sent, as I find that I omitted to add the sex, when subsequently as-

certained, to my notes on a number of recent specimens. ‘Two ex-

amples of P. onocrotalus measured respectively 53 ft. by 8 ft. 10in.;

wing 26; tail 8; bill to forehead 14} in., and tarsi 54 in. ; and 4 ft.

8 in. by 7 ft. 10 in., 23, 7, 11 and 5. Another stuffed specimen,

which appears conspicuously larger than the first of these, has the

bill 153 in., and wing 27 in. The small one has the supplementary

glistening reddish-brown feathers on the breast, analogous to the

supplementary feathers of the cormorants when in breeding costume.

Of the other species, which I term rufescens with considerable doubt,

an adult female measured 43 ft. by 74 ft.; wing 21 in.; tail 7 in. ;

bill to forehead 12} in. : a young female is still smaller, and a young

male much larger, the bill measuring 14} in., and the wing 23} in.

This species has a row of dark spots along each lateral half of its

upper mandible, more or less developed ; the pouch also is commonly

more or less spotted, sometimes very thickly so: the feathers of the

head and neck are very different from those of P. onocrotalus, being

larger, of lax and disunited texture and inclining upwards, as does

also the occipital crest ; irides pearly-white in the adult, those of the

other being bright brownish-red. Colour of the adult white, slightly

blushed, and more conspicuously tinged with yellow, especially also

the wings, which have lengthened slender hackles impending their

coverts of a strongly marked yellowish cast; back and rump dull

brownish-rosy ; head and neck tinged with ashy, from the bases of

the feathers appearing externally; and breast also covered with dingy-

yellowish or yellowish-brown hackles: pouch ashy ; and legs leaden-

black, slightly tinged with greenish ; the claws white. The young

have the upper parts brown, the feathers edged paler. I have sent

specimens to the museum of the India-house.

Nos. 270 and 271. These must both be referred to Gelochelidon of

Brehm. Both are numerous; the former being nos. 400 and 403 of

Mr. Jerdon’s list, and the latter nos. 398 and 404 of the same. Add

Anoiis tenuirostris and Rhynchops flavirostris.

No. 274. Of this I have since procured a second specimen.

On casting my eye over the original list, bearing in mind all the

additions and corrections which have been here noticed, I find that

I have obtained about 293 species of birds in this immediate neigh-

bourhood during a sojourn of two years and a half; and not count-

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 123

ing nos. 1, 4, 26, 45, 65, 67, 73, 82, 94, 117, 143, 149, 163, 171,

195 and 272, several of which might however be safely added. Mr.

Jerdon’s original list of the peninsular species generally (of the hills

as well as of the plains) numbered 407 species ; but of these several

are merely nominal, though he has since added very considerably to

that number. If I had included all which I know to inhabit Bengal,

my list would have been much more extensive; but I have confined

myself exclusively to the species which I have procured within a few

miles of Calcutta: and so far are even these from being yet exhausted,

that I have obtained no less than three additional Kaptores while

writing out the present paper, namely Pernis maculosa, Lesson (for

certain), Circaétus gallicus and a small Accipiter, which is probably

the Khandesra hawk long sought for by Mr. Jerdon. With respect

to my own opportunities for out-door observation, I may here repeat

that they have been hitherto extremely few, for during the whole of

the past year I was only one day absent from the museum ; but I

have now just returned from a week’s excursion in the direction of

the Soonderbuns, and have no intention of remaining quite so much

at home for the future. Even in that short trip I found species of

fish to be quite plentiful, which I had never, or but very rarely, seen

in the bazar; among them a splendid undescribed Sciena, taken in

abundance in the middle of the stream, which I had only once or

twice previously met with : and so far as birds are concerned, the ex-

treme plentifulness of Totanus hypoleucos, and also the commonness

of T. ochropus I was previously unaware of ; having formed a judge-

ment from the few brought by the bazar shikarees in comparison to

the multitudes which they bring of T. glareola and some others.

Postscript.—Since the above was in type, a letter has been re-

ceived from Mr. Blyth, dated Calcutta, May 9, 1844, of which th

following are extracts :— ,

I avail myself of a steamer’s departure direct from this to Suez, to

forward another communication to you on zoological matters. The

season is now over for collecting many things, but still I continue to

pick up a little, and have received some valuable contributions from

Arracan, &c. since I last wrote. I have also just received a very in-

teresting letter from Jerdon, announcing a valuable collection on its

way to me, containing various novelties from Southern India, and I

likewise expect two other collections from the peninsula shortly. In

this neighbourhood I have just obtained another Cuculus canorus,

also Phenicophaust ristis (Less. the longicaudatus of my first mono-

graph on Cuculide), and one specimen of an Jéra, which proves, after

all, that typhia and zeylonica are one and the same. ‘This bird had

about half acquired the black cap and back of zeylonica, the change

of colour taking place in the feathers themselves without a moult.

Yet it is strange, that of the great number of these birds which I

have obtained both before and since, I have never procured another

specimen with any trace of this zey/onica plumage. Add Rhipidura

albofrontata to the number of birds not found in this vicinity, but

which occur on the eastern side of the mountains of Central India,

124 Ornithology of the Neighbourhood of Calcutta.

extending to the Monghyr and Rajmahl hills. In my last letter I

stated that the ‘“‘ Misham Yak,” so called, was merely a S. African

Gnoo, the frontlet of which had found its way to that distant locale ;

but a friend who has travelled in the Misham mountains, N.E. As-

sam, assures me that he saw there two or three similar frontlets, and

I have just seen a female head of this “‘ Assam Gnoo,”’ shot by the late

Lieut. Seppings of the Bengal Artillery to the northward of Bish-

nath, one of our frontier stations towards Bootan; this settles the

question of the animal being Asiatic, and I shall now have the male

and female frontlets figured without further delay. Is it not an ex-

traordinary discovery to get a Gnoo in this part of the world ?—

perhaps more so even than that of the Shan Bison. [Ann. Nat. Hist.

vol. xiii. p.312.] It will not, however, inhabit the Misham moun-

tains, which are densely covered with jungle, but the elevated plain

beyond them. I shall come out very strong shortly, with a long list

of new mammalia; and there seems no end to the number of new

birds which I have now by me to describe. Among a variety of in-

teresting specimens in spirits, chiefly of reptiles and fishes, and com-

prising no less than three new Varani among the former, are various

bats, comprising the genus Rhinopoma from Agra and Mirzapore. I

had previously been quite convinced, from the descriptions of people,

that a bat of this genus was abundant in the Taj at Agra. Phayre

has now sent me, chiefly from the vicinity of Sandowa, Arracan, as

many as 139 species of birds, and several capital Mammalia. In the

collection just arrived from him are two new monkeys, which are

doubtless, and one of them certainly, the two Cercopithect mentioned

by Helfer. One is a small Macacus, most allied to M. cynomolgus,

and with a similar long tail; this I shall call M. cancrivorus, from its

habit of feeding principally on crustacea. The other is a tremen-

dously muscular fellow, closely allied to the pigtailed Macacus of ©

Java (nemestrinus), and to the arctoides of Is. Geoffroy: it has a

copious mane on its fore-quarters, from which I shall style it M. leo-

ninus. I have also from the same quarter a new Paradorurus, some

new Sciuride, and more specimens of the new Manis, some of which

I shall soon forward to Dr. Horsfield. Among the birds is a magni-

ficent Lyncornis, Gould, which if new may be called L. splendidus.

Length about 15 inches ; of wing 114, and tail 8} in. ; the latter very

broad, and the markings of it are superb, having alternate mottled

ashy and mottled fulvous bands set off with black; there are no

rictal vibrisse, the feet are as in Caprimulgus, the wings firm and of

considerable length, and the aigrette-like feathers on the sides of the

head are, I know, as in Gould’s genus. Do the other characters I

have named also accord? The colour is difficult to describe without

going much into detail; but the throat and breast are principally

black, the shoulders of the wings bright bay, the head and tertiaries

minutely mottled, with no large spots except along the middle of the

crown. Does this brief description tally with either of Gould’s spe-

cies? Phayre has also sent a new genus resembling Pomatorhinus

in all but the beak, which is straight and much less compressed, also

not so much elongated: this I shall name Orthorhinus. Likewise

Messrs. Alder and Hancock on the genus Kolidina. 125

several new Bulbuls; and of Nectarinitde, Arachnothera inornata,

Nect. goolpariensis, Phayrei (vel Hasseltit ?), mahrattensis, jugularis,

lepida (v. javanica), and phenicotis, Diceum cruentatum, cantillans,

and chrysochlorum, nobis, &c. &c. A shikaree in my employ has just

come in with three specimens of Phenicophaus tristis, a live young

Nisaétus caligatus, &c.

XVII.—Remarks on the genus Holidina of M. de Quatrefages.

By Josuua ALpER and AtBany Hancock, Esqrs.

In a former communication on the Nudibranchiate Mollusca, we

took occasion to express an opinion that the genus Eolidina of

M. de Quatrefages was not a good one, the species on which it

was founded being, in our opinion, nothmg more than an LKolis

imperfectly observed. It was irrelevant to the object of our former

paper to enter into detail on the reasons which induced us to

form such an opinion, but as its accuracy is doubted by M. de

Quatrefages, we shall now take the liberty of stating more fully

our objections to his genus, in order that the facts connected

with it may be more thoroughly investigated. It is not our wish

to enter into personal controversy, but the validity of a genus is

a matter of sufficient importance in zoology to justify our remarks,

more especially as there are some anomalous facts in comparative

anatomy connected with it.

On a careful examination of the description and figure which

M. de Quatrefages has given of his new genus, we must again

assert, that we can find no external character to distinguish’ it

from Eolis. With reference to this he remarks, “that Holidina

wants the lateral or labial tentacles, and that all zoologists at pre-

sent consider the presence or absence of these appendages as fur-

nishing true generic characters.” We must confess our inability

exactly to understand what is here meant by “ lateral or labial

tentacles.” Cuvier, in establishing the genus Kolis, described it

to have four to siz tentacles; but subsequent observations have

proved that the third pair of tentacles of Cuvier are nothing more

than prolongations of the sides of the foot, varying in length in

each species and frequently entirely wanting. Later zoologists

have therefore, we think very properly, considered Kolis to have

no more than four tentacles, two dorsal, and two oral or labial.

Now the species on which the genus Holidina is founded has

just this number of tentacles placed in the usual manner ; it has

also the anterior angles of the foot slightly produced, exactly as

they appear in several species of Holis; indeed so nearly does

it approach to some of the English species, that doubts might be

raised of its specific distinctness. If then Kolidina is a distinct

genus, it must depend upon anatomical characters alone. We are

126 Messrs. Alder and Hancock on the genus Kolidina.

well aware that it would be wrong to infer, in every case, the cor-

respondence of internal characters from a similarity of outward

form ; but at the same time, when the external characters are so

very similar as they are in the present instance, we should be led

to expect, that if any difference in the anatomy did exist, it would

not be such as to affect the most important animal functions.

The two remarkable deviations from the typical organization of

the family which M. de Quatrefages points out, are however of

this kind. We consider ourselves justified, therefore, in scruti-

nizing more narrowly the accuracy of his observations. He com-

plains that in asserting that the anus in Eolis is placed in the

side, we do not enter into the details which are necessary to un-

derstand the relations of this orifice and the intestine proceeding

from it with the gastro-vascular system.

This relationship is very simple. Our observations lead us to

the conclusion, that the whole of the food which enters into the

stomach does not pass into the gastro-vascular apparatus ; indeed

very little of the solid aliment enters it, and such as does is

always driven back to the stomach, nothing being allowed to re-

main in this complicated system of vessels but the most refined

portion of the products of digestion ; such, in fact, as are capable

of being converted into nutrition; and the mass of the grosser

particles is conveyed by a short intestinal canal, crossing diago-

nally from the left to the right side of the body where the anus

is situated. It is placed a short way behind, and generally a little

above the orifice of generation: this we have ascertained beyond

a doubt. It is difficult to see the anus when in a state of repose ;

but when the intestine is filled with coloured matter, or during

the expulsion of the excrement, it may be very readily observed.

In the latter case it is considerably enlarged and protruded into

a nipple-shape. Let us now turn to M. de Quatrefages’ descrip-

tion of these parts in Holidina. According to his views, the anus

is situated posteriorly at-the termination of the central vessel of

the gastro-vascular system, and connected with it: this central

vessel he considers the intestinal canal. It is evident however,

that as very little of the solid portions of the nutriment is admitted

into those vessels, and as never any of it is allowed to remain

there, the anus so placed is not available for the expulsion of the

grosser excrementitious matter, and cannot in fact be considered a

true anus; indeed M. de Quatrefages himself does not seem to

consider it so. If therefore this aperture (which we have not

detected in Holts) does exist, it can only be considered as an ex-

eretory orifice, somewhat similar to those that we have found at

the ends of the papille*.

* Since the publication of our last paper, we have had the opportunity of

confirming our observations on the ejection of small bodies from the ends of

Messrs. Alder and Hancock on the genus Kolidina. 127

How then does M. de Quatrefages consider that the excrement

is disposed of in Kolidina? If we understand him rightly, he has

recourse to the idea that it is voided again by the mouth, as in

some of the Radiata and Zoophytes. Is not such a supposition

contrary to all analogy in an animal so highly organized as this

mollusk? And is it not, we would ask, much more probable that

M. de Quatrefages has overlooked the true intestine and anus,

which, from the minuteness of the subject and the delicacy of its

tissues, are difficult to detect, than that such an anomaly in orga-

nization should exist? That we admit the possibility of a pos-

terior dorsal anus in this family will be seen in our description of

Proctonotus, in which such an arrangement is found; and we

have since been favoured by a friend with the examination of an

undescribed animal of this family belonging to a new genus which

has a similar post-dorsal vent; but in both instances, this part,

which is prominent and tubular, we believe to be a true anus,

connected with the intestine, and not an appendage to the gastro-

vascular system. In the animal observed by M. Milne Edwards

it is probably the same.

The other point of anatomy which we dispute is the absence

of a male intromittent organ in the generative apparatus, and the

consequent androgenous mode of reproduction, widely different

from that of the family to which it belongs. Here again we think

that M. de Quatrefages has overlooked the part in question. We

observe that he has also failed to discover this organ in his genus

Zephyrina, and considers that circumstance a proof of the cor-

rectness of his observation in KHolidina. In another place he ex-

presses an opinion that his Zephyrina is the same as our Venilia

(Proctonotus), im which we are inclined to agree, though, from the

vagueness of his description of the former, we are unable to say

so with certainty*.

the papille as there described. ‘The contents of the ovate vesicle at the ex-

tremity of the papillz are in most cases distinctly visible, and its action

during the expulsion of the minute bodies is not at all obscure. When this

takes place the sides of the vesicle are drawn towards each other, and the

extremity, becoming tubular, is thrust into the very tip of the papilla where

the orifice is placed. This action is generally repeated. several times; each

effort forcing the contents nearer the orifice, through which masses of small

elliptical bodies are ejected at intervals with considerable violence, and oc-

casionally to some distance. This certainly is very unlike disaggregation or

diffluence from pressure, by which M. de Quatrefages supposes we may have

been deceived. We used however during these examinations so little pressure

that the papilla could move freely about, and in one instance the animal

crawled from one side of the compressor to the other while we were exami-

ning it.

* In the generic character of Zephyrina, as given by M. de Quatrefages,

there is nothing to distinguish it from Zolis, excepting that it has respira-

128 Messrs. Alder and Hancock on the genus Eolidina.

Allowing their identity, we can assure him that Proctonotus has

an intromittent organ similar to that of Holis, as we have had the

opportunity of seeing it exserted, and have a drawing of it in that

state. The argument therefore turns on the other side; for if

M. de Quatrefages has failed to detect it in one animal where it

does exist, may he not also have done so in the other? These

sare our principal reasons for doubting the existence of the genus

Eolidina. We would, however, urge upon M. de Quatrefages the

desirableness of again procuring the animal for further examina-

tion*.

M. de. Quatrefages has detached Eolis and the allied genera

from the Nudibranchiata in order to unite them with Acteon and

some other animals low in the scale of organization, and which

seem to form a link between the Mollusca and Planariet+. We

suspect that that gentleman, having prematurely determined on

this apparently incongruous union, has been hurried too rapidly _

tory appendages on the head, ‘ but forming only one row on each side of

* the head.”

The number of rows of papille, however, can only be considered as afford-

ing a specific character in this family, and several of the Eolides have the

papillee extending in front as far as the sides of the dorsal tentacula. We

mention this, not from any doubt that this animal is realiy distinct from

Holis, but as an example of the deficiency of the characters given as generic.

We afterwards learn that the respiratory appendages are continued round

the head; which, with the character of those appendages and other minor

points of resemblance, induce us to believe that Zephyrina and Proctonotus

are the same, though the latter has two rows of appendages on the sides and

round the head, which, according to M. de Quatrefages’ views of generic

characters, would make them distinct. Our observations on the internal

anatomy, however, are much more at variance. In the gastro-vascular sy-

stem, our animal had not the longitudinal vessels down the sides of the

body, as represented by that gentleman ; yet as all the vessels of that system

were coloured in our species, we could not have overlooked them.

* There are some other points of the anatomy of Eolidina which require

further elucidation : for instance, the stomach, according to the figure, is

placed remarkably far forward in the system ; nearly in the position, before

the dorsal tentacles, which we find the mouth to occupy in Eolis. M. de

Quatrefages says that he is confirmed in the opinion of its being the stomach,

by having seen in this mass of an analogous animal the back-bone of a small

fish. More recently, in his description of 4cteon elegans, when speaking of

its tongue, which closely resembles that curious organ in. Lolis, he says, that

at first sight he mistook it for the back-bone of a small fish. Coupling these

observations together, are there not grounds for supposing that M. de Qua-

trefages has really mistaken the buccal mass for the stomach? If so, the

diagram representing its connexion with the gastro-vascular system cannot

be correct. That Holidina has a tongue similar to the rest of the family we

cannot for a moment doubt, and this, as well as the corneous jaws, will most

likely be detected on a re-examination.

+ Of the new genera described, Acteonia is the Limapontia of Johnston

(Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. p. 79), and Amphorina appears not to

differ from Eolis, except in the gastro-vascular system.

Bibliographical Notices. 129

to his conclusions ; and perhaps has been too much inclined to ©

form a low estimate of the characters of the Kolidina*,thus making

them correspond more nearly with their new allies. Some of the

statements that we have now attempted to controvert are of this

nature; and M. de Quatrefages is also inclined to disallow the

existence of a heart and blood-vessels in Zephyrina, in which we

suspect he is equally mistaken.

>

yw

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles.

February 1844.—Zoology.—Considerations on some principles re-

lating to the natural classification of animals, and especially on the

methodical arrangement of the Mammalia, by M. Milne Edwards.

A very important and highly philosophical essay, embodying the di-

stinguished author’s ideas on zoological classification, the publication

of which has been suggested by the paper of Mr. Waterhouse in the

79th Number of the ‘ Annals of Natural History..—On some fossil

Fish-teeth found in the neighbourhood of Staoulli, in the province of

Algeria, by M. Valenciennes. ‘The formation in which these teeth

were found is tertiary (miocene ?) : they belong to three species of

Sargus, a Chrysophrys and an Oxyrhina, and are all extinct forms.—

On the Trypanosoma sanguinis, a new species of Hematozoon, by M.

Gruby+. This supposed animal (on the individual nature of which a

doubt is thrown by M. Milne Edwards) was found circulating in the

blood of frogs in spring and summer. Its body is long, flattened,

transparent and twisted. The cephalic extremity is terminated by

slender elongated filaments, and its caudal end terminates also in

pointed filaments. It moves rapidly in a screw-like fashion.—A

translation of Mr. Harry Goodsir’s important paper on the Reproduc-

tion of Cirripeda.—A translation of an abstract of Dr. Carpenter’s

paper on the Microscopic Structure of Shells.—Researches on Osteo-

genesis, by Dr. Lebert. :

Botany.—Continuation of the monograph of the Nidularie, by

MM. L. and C. Tulasne (with admirable plates).—Observations on

the genus Aponogeion, and on its natural affinities, by M. E. E.

Planchon. ‘The author proposes to place Aponogeton either among

the Alismacee, as the type of a suborder intermediate between the

Alismacee proper and the Juncaginee, or to consider it as the type of

a new family of Aponogetacee, characterized by the absence of a

perianth, by the ovaries being distinct and definite in number, by its

few anatropous ovules attached to the base of the cell, and above all

* We use this word here, as employed by Mr. MacGillivray, to designate

the subfamily of which Zolis is the type. olidina had previously been

employed in this enlarged sense, of which fact M. de Quatrefages does not

appear to be aware.

+ See Annals, vol. xiii. p. 158.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. K

130 Zoological Society.

by the free gemmule, of which the primordial leaves sheath only at

the base. Embryological figures illustrate the paper.—Boissier,

Plante Aucheriane (Umbellifere).

Giornale Botanico Italiano.

A new botanical journal, which promises to be a valuable addition

to our sources of information, has been established in Italy by the

Botanical Section of the Scientific Congress; Prof. Parlatore of

Florence having undertaken the editorship, under the direction of a

committee of the botanists resident in Tuscany.

It is divided into three portions, under the separate titles of ‘ Ori-

ginal Memoirs,’ ‘ Botanical Literature,’ and ‘ Botanical Intelligence,’

each part being separately paged.

The first two numbers contain : preface, plan of the work, collabo-

rators.— Original memoirs : Meneghini on Gaudichaud’s theory of the

merithallus ; Savi on some Microscopic organs of Plants, especially of

Chrysanthema ; Parlatore on the spirit of the last and present centu-

ries in regard to natural science; Parlatore, Monograph of the Fu-

marias ; Meneghini and Savi on the appendages of Acacia cornigera ;

Savi, Morphological considerations on the leaf of Arduina bispinosa ;

Puccinelli, Additamentum ad Synopsin plantarum in agro Lucensi

sponte nascentium.

Literature: Gussone, Flore Sicule Synopsis, 1842 ; Todaro, Or-

chideze Siculz, 1842 ; Puccinelli, Synopsis plantarum in agro Lucensi

sponte nascentium, 1842; Tarsi, on the Irritability of the Pollen ves-

sels of some plants.

Miscellanea: Parlatore, Intelligence respecting the Italian central

Herbarium at Florence, and the consignments received there ; on the

Italian meteorological Archiv ; various short notices and intelligence.

Booxs REcEIVED.

The Medals of Creation, or First Lessons in Geology and in the Study

of Organic Remains. By Dr. G. A. Mantell.

Essays on Natural History, chiefly Ornithology. By C. Waterton, Esq.

A History of British Ferns. By Edward Newman. Second edition.

Elements of Comparative Anatomy. By Rudolph Wagner, M.D. ;

edited by Alfred Tulk. Part I. Mammalia; Part Il. Birds.

PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Dec. 12, 1843.—William Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

“‘ Descriptions of new species of Navicella, Neritina, Nerita, and

Natica, in the cabinet of H. Cuming, Esq.,” by C. A. Récluz.

Navicetia, Lamarck.

1. Navicerta Cooxu. Nav. testd ellipticd, antice angustatd,

Zoological Society. 131

convexd, tenuiusculd, transversim crebré striatd, subepidermide

olivaceo-lutescente, supern? carned, lineolis transversis creberrimis

lineas latiusculas efformantibus reticulatd ; interstitiis maculis

oblongo-acutis lutescentibus, superioribus interdum latioribus

pictd ; apice submarginali, integerrimo ; aperturd cerulescente,

intus croced ; labio luteo-fuscescente.

Var. (3. Testd carneo-violacescente, fasciis nigris radiantibus, basi

ac lateraliter ramosis, lineis transversis nudlis ; aperturd intus

croceo maculatd ; maculd nigro late marginatd.

Hab. “ Island of Johanna, one of the Commoro islands; found in

a small stream by the Rev. W. V. Hennah.” H. Cuming.

2. Navicetia Lingata, Lamarck.

Var.y. Testd lincolis transversis tenuissimis, undulatis, creberrimis,

olivaceis, et maculis oblongis ac linearibus, lutescentibus pictd ;

apice fere marginali, subviolaceo, supra albido, lavissime bi-

radiato.

Hab. “ Ganges, Bengal.” H. Cuming.

Nerita, Linnaeus.

Sect. A. Labro intis integerrimo ; labio superné nec emarginato.

Gen. Neritina, Lamarck, Férussac, &c.

i. Nerira Siquisorensis. Wer. testd ovato-transversd, postice

angustatd, dorso-convexd, superné planulatd, solidd, longitudi-

naliter tenuiter et crebre striatd, spadiceo-reticulatd, interstlitis

maculis oblongis, anticé acutis, albidis seu lutescentibus pictd ;

anfractibus 14; apice retuso ; aperturd extas ovatd, ints lutes-

cente; labio plano, margine et in medio vix arcuato et tenuiter

crenato ; labro subcontinuo, lateralibus rectiusculo.

Var. 6. Testd spadiceo-reticulatd, fascits albidis 2-3 cinctd ; labio

externe fuscescente tincto.

Hab. * Isle of Siquijor, in a small stream.” H. Cuming.

2, Nerita aFricana. Nev. testd ovato-conoided, subepidermide

nigrescente strigis nigris longitudinalibus creberrimis et maculis

oblongis vel ovatis transversis, luteis, anticé acutis et nigro mar-

ginatis, subregularibus, undique pictd ; anfractibus tribus sub-

conicis ; infimo superne rugis raris notato; spird vix prominuld,

apice erosd ; aperturd obliqud, extas semr-oblongd, intis atbido-

cinerascente ; labio convexiusculo superné calloso, antice plano,

rectiusculo et levissim2 crenato.

Var. a. Anfractu infimo depresso; labro superné vix fornicato et

antrorsim productiusculo ; labio posticé lutescente.

Var. 8. Anfractu infimo dorso convexo; labio posticé aurantio.

Hab. “Island of Fernando Po, west coast of Africa; found ina

small stream by Capt. Downs, R.N.” H. Cuming. ;

3. Nertra (Cuituon) Da Costa. Wer. testd subglobosd, supra

medium vix angulosd, muticd, olivaced, maculis triangularibus

albidis, antice acuté nigris pictd et fasciis pallidissime interdum

obsoletis cinctd ; anfractibus quaternis plano-declivis ; spird sub-

132 Zoological Society.

conicd, apice erosd; aperturd subrotundd, intis albd et pallide

cerulescente 3-4 fasciatd ; labio compresso, angusto, valde de-

clivi, superne transversim calloso, margine crenato et in medio

tenuiter arcuato ; labro inferné dilatato, superné subfornicato.

Hab. “Isle of Negros, in a mountain-stream.” H. Cuming.

4. Nerita Leacuut, Récluz in Guérin, Rev. Cuvier. 1841, p. 312.

no. 33.

Var. (3. Testd subglobosd, pallide fuscd, luteo-bifasciatd.

Var. y.? Testd subglobosd, nigerrimd, maculis punctiformibus vix

triangularibus obsitd, nec fasciatd.

An var. Nerite guttata, Récluz in Rev. Cuv. 1841, p. 316. no. 40?

Var. 6.? Testd semiglobosd, tenuiore, striis longitudinalibus regu-

laribus creberrimis, transversis, tenuissimis, nigerrimd, maculis

sparsis, raris, et fasciis angustis binis, lutescentibus, maculis par-

vulis triangularibus pallidioribus confertis pictd.

Hab. ‘Isle of Bohol; found in a small stream.” H. Cuming.

5. Nerita Savana. Wer. testd ventricoso-ovatd, longitudinaliter

substriatd, tenuiusculd, nitiduld, nigratd, maculis fuscis seu lutes-

centibus, diversiformibus, variegatd aut fused et nigrescente nebu-

laté ; anfractibus duobus ; primo partim deroso, infimo superne

depresso ; aperturd subrotundd, inttis albd; labio calloso, plano,

declivi, margine recto, in medio tenuissimeé crenato.

Hab. “Island of Guimaras, Philippines; in small streams.” H.

Cuming.

6. Nerira (Ciirnon) suspuncrata. er. testd semiglobosd, oli-

vaceo-fuscd, tenuiter rugatd ; rugis punctis nigrescentibus seriatis

notatis, subepidermide albd, nigro reticulatd ; anfractu unico, supra

medium anguloso ; apice perforato ; aperturd extis subrotundd, in-

tis albo-cinerascente ; labio semilunari, plano, superné calloso,

margine in medio tenuiter arcuato et crenulato ; dente cardinali

majore, truncato.

Hab. ‘‘ Sinait, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon; in a small

mountain-stream.” H. Cuming,

Sect. B. Labro intis sepiis sulcato ; labio superneé emarginato.

7. Nexira Grayana. WNer. testd ovato-globosd, dorso oblique

conoided, transversim sulcatd ; sulcis costis latioribus, striis longi-

tudinalibus creberrimis sculptd; anfractibus sordide nigro-vio-

laceis, obsolete albo maculatis ; spird prominuld, conico-depressd,

acutd ; apertura pallide fuscescente ; labio planulato, margine

tridentato, supra rugis confertis valde impresso ; labro intis regu-

lariter sulcato, superné unidentato.

Hab. “ Port Curimao, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon; on

the rocks at low water.” H. Cuming.

8. Nertra Panayensis. Ner. testd parvd, ovato-conicd, aurantid,

transversim sulcatd, longitudinaliter crebré striatd ; costis subter

lente subgranosis ; spird conico-acutd ; labio plano, lacteo, dentibus

tribus remotis instructo; labro margine crenato, intis calloso,

lacteo, plane levissimo.

Zoological Society. 133

Var. 8. Testd ventricoso-globosd, spird vix exsertd, minimd, labio

basi ruguloso et margine crenulis plurimis notato.

Hab. “ Nlo-Ilo, province of Panay; under stones at low water.”

H. Cuming. :

9. Nenira Braniana. Wer. testd ovatd, postice angustatd, trans-

versim crebre et tenuiter sulcatd, nigrd sive olivaceo-nigricante,

Sasciis croceis cinctd; spird obtusd, decorticatd ; aperturd albd,

Sauce luted; labio compresso-plano, luteo-fuscescente, granulis

nigris signato, margine levissimé arcuatim excavato, subedentulo ;

labro intis striis tenuissimis elongatis, nigris instructo.

Var. 3. Testd olivaceo-nigricante, lineis nigris et lutescentibus, equi-

distantibus fasciatd ; labio supra rugoso, medio nigro granuloso,

labro intis leviter incrasso et levissimo.

Var. y. Testa costis subnullis, striis longitudinalibus creberrimis, ob-

soletisque.

Operculum nigrescens, minim? granulatum, subtis carneo-lutescente,

fasciis tribus griseis pictum, costuld pland, obsoletd, antice margi-

natum. Dente apicali brevi, truncato, infimo transverso, arcuato,

plano, postice dilatato, truncato, superficie substriatd.

Hab. ‘‘Isle of Corregidor, bay of Manila; under stones at low

water.”” H. Cuming.

10. Nerira Hinpsi. Ner. testd semiglobosd, solidd, cinereé sive

albidd, nigro obscure articulatd, transversim laviter sulcatd, striis

longitudinalibus undulatis sulcis interdum decussantibus insculptd ;

spird parvd, convexo-depressd, vie exsertd ; aperturd diluté stra-

mined ; labio angusto, compresso-subconcavo, rugoso et granuloso,

margine in medio 2—4-denticulato; labro intis valde calloso et

longé sulcato. Operculum pallidé cinereo-fuscescens, granulosum,

obsolet2 biangulosum, albido-viridescens, antice angulum planissi-

mum circumdatum. Dente apicali plano, superne leviter incras-

sato, brevi, truncato, basi maculd fuscd notatd; infimo arcuato,

substriato, postice parim dilatato, truncato.

Hab. *‘Tlo-Ilo, isle of Panay; under stones at low water.” H.

Cuming.

11. Nerira Speneieriana. er. testd orbiculato-conicd, trans-

versim levissimée sulcatd; sulcis basi obsoletis, albidd, nigro-

zonatd ; spird conico-acutd, lutescente, nigro-punctatd, sulcis pro-

Sundioribus ; labio albo, levigato, margine subbidentaio; labro

intis incrassato, levissimo. Operculum pallide fuscum, tenuissime

granulosum, subtis pallide rufum. Dente apicali obsoleto, infimo ar-

cuato, transversim substriato, postice superficie dilatatd et truncatd.

Hab. “Tlo-Ilo, isle of Panay; under stones at low water.” H.

Cuming.

12. Nerrra Rumpuit, Récluz, Rev. Cuvier. 1841, p. 147. no. 10.

Var. 1. Récluz, loco citato, Nerita polita oceani australis, Chem-

nitz, Conch. v. p. 321. tab. 198. f. 2013 et 2014.

Hab. ‘‘'Trenate, Molucca Islands; under stones at low water.” H.

Cuming. |

Fauce nitidissimé rubro-sanguinea,

134 Zoological Society.

Var. 2. Testd striis transversis nullis, fasciis viridescentibus imma-

culatis, alternis albis sive pallidé rufescentibus, nigro articulatis ;

aperturd sanguined ; labio bidentato ; labro intis crebreé sulcato.

Chemnitz, Conch. v. p. 319. pl. 193. f. 2010.

‘Island of Trenate, Molucca Islands ; on the reefs.”

Operculum Nerite Rumphii. Forma Ner. Orbignyane accedens,

sed diversa.

Var. 3. Testd albd maculis nigris latis seriatis unifasciatd.

*‘ Isle of Ticao; under stones at low water.”

Var. 4. Testd albido-lutescente, nigro late unifasciatd.

“Isle of Ticao, &c.”

Var. 5. Testd nigrescente, ravido-fasciatd.

‘«Isle of Masbate ; under stones at low water.”

Var. 6. Testd nigrd, albo anguste trifasciatd.

*‘ Isle of Corregidor, off Manila; under stones.”

Var. 7. Testd olivaced, nigro-varid, in medio albo-unifasciatd Sascid

lineis angustis olivaceis articulatd.

‘Isle of Masbate ; under stones.”

Var. 8. Testd lutescente, ceruleo-undatd, fasciis tribus @ maculis

rubris articulatis.

‘St. Nicolas, island of Zebu ; under stones.”

Var. 9. Testa nigrd, venis albis et maculis concoloribus pictd.

“Trenate, Molucca Islands; under stones.”

Var. 10. Testd rufescente aut cinered, maculis nigris hastatis trans-

versis pictd.

An Chemnitz, v. p. 320. pl. 193. f. 2011 % Nerita pennata, Des-

hayes in Lamarck, ed. alt. t. vill. p. 613. no. 23}. (vidi in collectione

ejus) non Born, Nerita pennata. (Heec est Ner. piperina, Chemnitz,

Conch. xi. p. 73. tab. 197. f. 1905, 1906; Lister, Conch. Synops.

pl. 604. f. 29; Neritina piperata, Sow. Conch. Illust. f. 18.)

*«* Port of Curimao, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon; under

stones.”

Var. 11. Testd rufescente aut albidd, roseo-trifasciatd et maculis

viridibus parvis seu nebulis varid.

‘‘ Isle of Masbate; under stones.”’

Var. 12. Testd violaced, albo anguste trifasciatd.

“Isle of Corregidor, &c.”

Var. 13. Testd luteo-rufescente, albo-trifasciatd ; fasciis nigro sive

viridescente articulatis.

‘‘TIsle of Burias ; under stones.”

Var. 14. Testd fusco-nigrescente pallidd, fasciis tribus nigris, et

maculis albis sparsis pictd.

‘Isle of Siquijor, under stones; and port of Curimao, province of

North Ilocos, isle of Luzon.”

Var. 15. Testd luteo-rufescente, maculis albis transversis parvulis

pictd, nigrescente obsolete trifasciatd.

‘* Trenate, Molucea Islands.”

Zoological Society. 135

Var. 16. Testd nigro, ravido et albido-fuscescente fasciatd.

“ Isle of Siquijor, &c.”

Var. 17. Testd tenui, striis cancellatd, fusco-rufescente, interdum

maculis nigris parvulis hastatis pictd ; labio planissimo antic? valde

denticulato.

** Isle of Siquijor, &c.”

Var. 18. Testd albd, rufescente fulguratd sive roseo-trifasciatd.

** St. Nicolas, isle of Zebu, &c.”’

Var. 19. Testd lutescente, fasciis viridescentibus zonisque albis nigro-

maculatis marginatis.

‘Isle of Ticao ; under stones.”

Var. 20. Testd albo-vinosd, nigro late bifasciatd et in interstitiis

interdum viridescente zonatd.

“Isle of Corregidor, bay of Manila.”

Var. 21. Testd albd aut fuscescente, venis nigris longitudinalibus

pictd et albo unifasciatd.

“‘ Isle of Corregidor, &c.”

Var. 22. Testd sordidé vinosd seu fusco-violaced, fasciis tribus albis

cinereo articulatis seu nebulosis.

‘Isle of Burias.”

Var. 23. Testd purpureo-nigrescente, fuscescente nigro-punctatd sive

albo-bifasciatd ; fusciis cinereo nebulosis.

** Port of Curimao, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon.”

Var. 24. Testd albido-lutescente, nigro anguste bifasciatd.

‘Isle of Corregidor.”

Var. 25. Testd virescente, albo anguste trifasciatd.

‘* Isle of Corregidor.”

Var. 26. Testd cancellatd, totd nigrd.

‘Isle of Corregidor.”

Var. 27. Testd fusco-nigricante, maculis nigris transversis inten-

sioribus pictd.,

‘‘From Pasacos, isle of Luzon.”

Var. 28. Testd grised, maculis albis obsolete tessellatd.

* Isle of Ticao.”

Var. 29. Testd pallide fusco-rubelld trifasciatd, venis albis lineatd,

interstitiis albo angusté marginatis ; fascid albd spiram decurrente.

«St. Estevan, province of South Ilocos, isle of Luzon.”

Var. 30. Testd dilute chocolatd, albido-fasciatd.

‘* Isle of Burias.”

Var. 31. Testd luteo-castaned, albo angusté trifasciatd, transversim

regulariter sulcatd, seu levissimé ad spiram tantum spiraliter cin-

gulatd.

“Isle of Corregidor.”

Var. 32. Testd omnind aurantid.

“ Jimmamaylan, isle of Negros.”

136 : Zoological Society.

Natica, Adanson.

A. Umbilicum funiculatum.

Obs.—Funiculus. Columna callosa auctorum, columella adherens

et in umbilico spiraliter contorta, apice plus minisve dilatato, trun-

cato, raritis convexo aut rotundato.

* Testa subglobosa ; operculum testaceum. Gen. Nacca, Risso.

1. Natica picta. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, tenuiusculd, levi-

gatd luteo-rufescente, albo angust2 3-4 fasciatd: fasciis remotis

maculis spadiceis sagittatis articulatis, superd ad suturam spadiceo-

marginatd ; spird convexo-conicd, apice spadiced ; aperturd intis

Sulvd ; columella rectd, basim versus concaviusculd, superné breviter

reflexd ; umbilico coarctato, quadrato ; canali arcuato, extis zond

albd maculis spadiceis undulatis radiato ; funtculo crasso canalem

angustante.

Hab. ‘‘ Basey, island of Samar, Philippines; found on the ricaid

H. Cuming. .

Testd fundo pallid chocolato, fascid supremd rard maculis supremis

majoribus et intensioribus ; anfractibus quinis, convewxis, superneé

depressiusculis.

2. Narica rvzona. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, tenui, albd,

lineolis creberrimis longitudinalibus luteo-spadiceis et fasciis tribus

@ maculis sagittiformibus concoloribus, in supremd angulatis pictd ;

spird convexo-acutd; aperturd albidd, basi et externe subacutd ;

labio rectiusculo, superné breviter reflexo et. tenuissimo ; umbilico

rotundato exttis zond albd maculis spadiceis circumdato ; funiculo

angusto, superne interdum rotundato et dilatato cavitates angus-

tante ; labro fragilt.

Operculum testaceum, tenue, lineolis elevatis 2-3 anticé cinctum.

An Nat. zebra, var.?

Hab. “With Natica zebra from Cagayan, province of Misamis,

island of Mindanao; found in sandy mud at twenty-five fathoms:

and with Natica areolata from the isle of Capul, Philippines; on the

reefs.”” H. Cuming.

3. NATICA ORIENTALIS, Gmelin.

Var. y. Testd rufd, suturd anguste canaliculatd, albd.

Var. 0. Testd subepidermide fuscescente albidd, suturd canaliculatd,

epidermide fusco creberrime striatd.

Var. e.? Testd minor, subepidermide pallid fusco-albd, zonis binis @

maculis elongato-quadratis spadiceis seriatim pictd; suturd pro-

fundd, epidermide fusco creberrime striatd; aperturd basi minus

auctd et acutd ; funiculo coarctato.

Hab. ‘‘ Singapore ; found in sandy mud.” H. Cuming.

4, Natica Broperip1ana. Nat. testd globoso-ovatd, solidiusculd,

luted seu pallide fuscd, zonis albis spadiceo maculatis cinctd, lon-

gitudinaliter tenuiter sulcatd: sulcis superneé et inferne profun-

dioribus ; spird conico-acutd, apice fusco-spadiced ; suturd fasciold

albo marginatd ; aperturd basi et externe angulosd ; columella in

Zoological Society. 137

medio arcuatim concavd, superne et inferné incrassatd ; umbilico

dilatato, profundo, zond albd, levigatd circumdato ; canali umbilico

lineari ; funiculo crasso, largo, depresso.

Testa anfractibus 5-6 convexis, subcostatis. Macule fasciarum nunc

quadrate, nunc transversim oblonge seu arcuate ; fascie mediane

macule biseriate, infime parvule. Labrum solidum. Operculum

testaceum, antice striis tribus aratum, in medio costd arcuatda valde

exsertd sculptatum ; apice puncto calloso notato ; posticé inferne

ad marginem crebre rugoso seu’ crenulato et in medio ventri-

coso. :

Hab. “ Xipixapi, West Colombia; sandy mud, sixteen fathoms.”

H. Cuming.

5. Natica Exenz. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, postice angustatd,

tenut, longitudinaliter striis equidistantibus superne et inferné

profundioribus, striolis transversis creberrimis subcancellatis

sculptd ; albido-stramined, lineolis crebris undulatis longitudina-

libus pictd; anfractu infimo superne planulato; spird convexo-

conicd, subacutd; aperturd bast subangulosd, supern? rotundatd ;

labio subrecto, in medio subarcuato, superné calluso ; umbilico

dilatato, profundo, spirali; canali lineari; funiculo lato, superné

crasso et oblique truncato ; labro fragilt.

Var. 3.? Testd minori, ventricoso-ovatd, anfractibus senis, superneé

planatis, gradatis, superioribus longitudinaliter striatis, infimo

levigato, lineis spadiceis remotiusculis subundulaiis picto ; spird

conico-acutd ; columella rectd, superné et inferne incrassatd ;

canali umbilico profunde arcuato, valde latiore ; funiculo angusto ;

aperturd semi-oblongd.

Hab. ‘St. Elena, West Colombia; found in sandy mud at six

fathoms.”’ H. Cuming.

Testd tenuiori, sulcis longitudinalibus strieformibus ; anfractu in-

fimo transverso, anticé dilatato posticeque angustato, fasciis nul-

lis, lineis spadiceis crebris undulatis angulatisque ; spird minori ;

columelld minus concavd; funiculo crassiore a Natica Broderi-

piana differt.

Var. 6. Forma Natica Fanel Adansonii accedens sed diversa; an

species nova ?

Umbilicus testaceus, anticé triangulatus, in medio costd latd, crassd,

exsertd, sulco anticé cinctd et postice revolutd insculptus, ared posticd

arcuatim sulcatd. Margo postica transversim crenulata: crenis infe-

rioribus valde impressis.

6. Narica arEoLatTa. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, tenui, parvd,

subpellucidd, glaucind seu luted, lineis angulato-flecuosis, sep? basi

latioribus arcuatisque pictd, ornatis ; spird convexo-conicd, apice

Suscd ; aperturd subviolaced ; labio oblique rectiusculo, ad umbi-

licum subconvero, basim versus arcuatim rotundatd ; funiculo

crasso, superneé rotundato, plano umbilicum canalemque vald? an-

gustante.

Var. 3. Testa minor, maculis luteis antice albo marginatis ac arcu-

atis subseriebus 3—4-cincta, interdum confluentibus ; anfractibus

superne zond dilute aurantid lined albd marginatd ornatis.

138 Zoological Society.

Rumph. Mus. tab. 22. fig. G. bona, non Natica zebra, Lamk.

Hab, ‘Island of Capul : found on the reefs, Philippines.” H. Cu-

ming. Amboina (Mus. Paris et Rumphius).

7. NATICA FULGURANS. Nat. testd ovatd, ventricosd, tenuiter striatd,

albd, flammeis fulgurantibus spadiceo-nigris interdum confluentibus

pictd ; spird conicd, acutd; aperturd albd; columelld obliqud,

rectiusculd, umbilico profundo; canali latiusculo ; funiculo de-

presso, superné basique compresso ; labro basi oblique rectiusculo,

crasso, compresso.

Hab. “ Le Senegal (Mme Dupont).”

Testa alba seu dilute ravida; flammis interruptis in zonas trans- |

versas efformantibus sepe dispositis.

8. Natica Cotuie1. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, albd, maculis spa-

diceo-fuscis quinque seriatis: seriebus duabus maculis rufis qua-

dratis interdum angulatis alteris punctiformibus cinctd; spird

converd, apice acutd; anfractibus superné planiusculis, radiatim

breviter striatis ; aperturd albidd, intis subflammulatd ; umbilico

arcuato, profundo; funiculo parvo; culumelld oblique rectius-

culd.

Var. 3. Testa maculis quadratis quinque seriatis cincta; seriebus

tribus medianis maculis majoribus interdum confluentibus ; aper-

turd intis rosed ; funiculo crasso extis ad sinistram oblique pla-

nulato, basi canali propinquiori.

Hab. “Swan River, Australia; found on stones, low water, by

Lieut. Collie, R.N. Var. from the island of Ticao found on the

reefs.” H. Cuming.

9. Natica Fanet, Adanson.

Var. B. Testa alba, seu albo-subvinosa, maculis rotundatis atropur-

pureis, paucis interdum confluentibus picta.

Natica variolaria, nobis olim.

Hab. ‘‘ Zanzebar, east coast of Africa, collected by Mr. ‘Thomas

Thorre.” H. Cuming.

Testa subglobosa, ovata, ventricosa, nitidissima, levigata. Anfracti-

bus senis, convexis, superne depresso-planis, radiatim tenuiter stri-

atis, fere gradatis. Spira conica; apice acutiusculo. Apertura

semirotunda, alba, obliquata. Columella oblique recta, angusta, su-

perne breviter reflexa, adnata, basi in labro continuato et incrassato.

Umbilicum semirotundum, fuscum, profundum. Funiculum depres-

sum, latiusculum, rufum, superné vix callosum, semiovatum, colu-

melle adnatum. Operculum?

10. Narica Gampia. Nat. testd ventricoso-ovatd, interdum sub-

globosd, crassd, albidd seu dilute carneolatd ; anfractibus convezis,

levigatis, supern? longe radiatim striatis, superioribus supra de-

presso-planiusculis ; spird conico-depressd, acutd ; aperturd ob-

liqud, albd ; columelld recta, superné incrassatd, callosd ; umbitlico

parvo; canali arcuato, profundo; funiculo magno, superne dila-

tato, plano, semiovato ; labro crasso.

Var. 3. Testa ovatd, substriatd, supern® cinereo-fuscescente, fusco

Loological Society. 139

obscure zonatd, inferne albidd, submedio zond pallidd cinctd ;

spird glaucescente ; aperturd intis fusco-purpurascente.

Operculum testaceum, solidum, ad apicem tenuiusculum, lacteum,

postice marginem versus fuscum, levigatum, antice lined angustd

circumdatum. Varietates innumere Natice maroccane Chem-

nitzit (Nat. marochiensis Lamk. non Menke nec Philippi, que

est Nerita (Natica) glaucina Linné certé) differt, formd, facie,

consistentid, umbilico, funiculo et operculo. ara.

Hab. ‘‘ River Gambia; found on the sands by Mr. Beale of Jer-

sey.” H. Cuming.

1]. Natica canrena, Lamk.

Nerita canrena, Linn., Mus. L. U. p. 674. no. 383. Synonymis

et variet. exclusis.

Var. 8. Minor, tenuior, magnitudinis avellane, zonis tribus albis et

totidem fuscis pallidis cincta; zonis albis medio ventris lineis

arcuatis spadiceis ornatis, superd maculis spadiceis arcuatis pictd ;

suturd fascid angustd luted marginatd, siriis radiatis crebris

sculptd ; umbilico parvo ; canali profundo, arcuato, zond latissimd

alba circumdato et maculis spadiceis remotis notatd.

Hab. *“ Jacna, isle of Bohol, Philippines; twelve fathoms, sandy

mud.” H. Cuming.

An eadem ut typus Linnei?

Var. y. Testd, omnind albd, ad suturam lacteo fasciatd ; labro fra-

gilt.

Hab. “Island of St. Vincent, North America.” H. Cuming.

12. Narica pavimentuM. Nat. testd ovato-obtusd, subglobosd, par-

vuld, exalbidd, lacteo-quadrifasciatd, supremd laid lineis rufis radia-

tis, tribus inferioribus angustioribus maculis quadratis rufis seriatis

articulatis pictd ; spird convexo-rotundatd, parvd, viz prominenti ;

aperturd albd, obliqud ; columelld rectd, solidd; funiculo semi-

rotundo, umbilico parvulo omnind occultante.

Var. 3. Testd fascid medii ventris maculis longitudinaliter oblongo-

quadratis remotioribus pictd.

Testa anfractibus quinis, convexo-depressis, infimo convexiore ; su-

turd vix impressd. Operculum?

Hab. ‘The island of Ticao, Philippines; found on the reefs.”

H. Cuming.

13. Natica GuatTeRIaNna. Nat. testd subovatd, semigloboso-acutd,

tenut, subepidermide fuscescente albidd, punctis quadratis spadi-

ceis seriatis in medio ventris trifasciatd, superne lineis concolori-

bus obsoletisque decurrentibus ornatd ; anfractibus ventricosis, ad

suturam longé et crebré striatis, fascid albd circumdatis ; spird

conico-acutd ; aperturd dilatatd, basi subproductd et angulosd ;

umbilico parvo ; funiculo semiovato, supra oblique plano, umbi-

licum et canalem valde occultante.

Var. 3. Testa minor, fasciis punctorum in medio ventris ultimi duabus.

Hab. “‘ Sual, province of Pangasinan, island of Luzon; found at

five to seven fathoms, on sand.” H. Cuming.

140 Zoological Society.

** Testa subovata seu ovata; operculum cartilaginosum, Gen. Natica,

Risso.

Mamitiate, Récluz.

14. Natica PanamaEnsis. Nat. testd ovato-globosd, ventricosd, pon-

derosd, albidd ; anfractibus septenis, supremis depresso-convexis,

infimo ad peripheriam depresso-planulato, supra subanguloso, de-

clivi seu convexiusculo, striis tenuissimis impresso ; spird conicd,

acutd ; aperturd obliqud, oblongo-semilunart; columelld superneé

et antice ventricosd, valdé incrassatd, calloso-lacted, convexd, sub

umbilico productiusculd ; umbilico profundo; funiculo intis sub-

obsoleto, externé oblongo, calloso et cum callo columelle consoli-

dato ; labro tenuiusculo.

Operculum cartilaginosum, radiatim tenuiter striatum, dilute fuscum.

Sinu Panama propria.

Hab. ‘ Panama; found at ten fathoms in fine sand.” H. Cuming.

15. Natica Firemrinerana. Nat. testd ovato-oblongd, crassiusculd,

lacted, nitidd, politd, levissimé striatd, anfractibus senis, depresso-

convexiusculis, infimo ovato-convexo, superné subconico ; spird de-

presso-conicd, apice exalbido ; aperturd angustd, semirotundd ;

columella oblique rectiusculd, in medio subconvead, externé callosd,

crassd ; umbilico profundo, superné partim tecto, externé angulo

vix notato circumdato, basi in canalem profundum arcuatum pro-

longato, a funiculo modificato.

Junior. Canali umbilico subconsolidato, lineari.

Operculum cartilagineum, luteum, tenuissimum, margine antico hyalino

zonatum, fascid latd, purpureo-rufd, apice revolutd, superficie eleganter

radiatim striatd valde differt. Testa interdum albo dilute straminea

seu ferrugineo partim tincta.

- Hab. “Sorsogon, isle of Luzon; found in sand and small stones.”’

H. Cuming.

Nerita mamilla, var. lactee, Linnei valde affinis, sed spira acuta

et umbilico aperto differt. Natice vavaoi Le Guillou proxima, sed

columella convexiore, basi et interné non angulata, rotundato-con-

cava, angulo umbilici remotiore et linezformi, canali umbilici an-

gustiore et columella supra medium convexiuscula transversim nec

sulco obsoleto instructa dissimilis est. Natica uber, Valenciennes,

feré simillima, sed in hac operculum cartilagineum omnind luteum

et striis tenuioribus, in Nat. Flemingiand.

16. Natica pusra. Nat. testd ventricoso-ovatd seu globoso-acutd,

levigatd, crassd, ponderosd, albido-stramined, ad suturam obscure

fasciatd et transversim obsolete striatd; spird conico-depressd,

plus minusve prominuld, acutd ; aperturd semirotundd, intits sub-

margaritaced ; labio antice recto, basi incrassato, superne valde

calloso: callo supra medium convexo ; umbilico spirali, in cana-

lem profundum arcuatumque prolongatum et funiculo modificatum

sive fere sive omnind obtecto ; labro solido.

_ Hab. * Chili?” H. Cuming.

Natice Flemingiane proxima, sed solidiore, ventricosiore, ponde-

Zoological Society. 14]

rosa columella nec anticé convexd, superné valdé convex4, umbilico

interdum occultato, differt.

17. Natica uBERINA, Valenciennes in Mém. Géol. de Humboldt.

Var. 2. Testd ovato-conicd, obsoletissime cancellatd ; anfractibus

superne conicis ; spird elongatd, conicd; canali umbilici et capite

Suniculi magis elongati.

Hab. ‘‘Casma, Peru; found in muddy sand, five fathoms.” H.

Cuming.

18. Natica Cumineiana. Nat. testd ovato-ventricosd, luteo-auran-

tid, ponderosd, superne tenuiter et crebre striatd, nitidissimd ; an-

Sractibus senis conico-depressis, infimo ventricoso, supra levissimeé

conico; spird conico-depressd, acutd, partim albd; suturd sub-

obliteratd ; aperturd oblongo-semilunari, albd ; columelld lacted,

rectiusculd, in medio subconverd, superne et externe incrassatd,

callosd ; umbilico patulo, spirali; canali largo, semirotundo, lac-

teo, bianguloso ; angulo interno spirali, externo posticé carinato ;

Suniculo lacteo, crasso, extern? semirotundato, interne depresso,

spirali, umbilicum modificante.

Junior. Testd tenuiore, carneolatd, spird lacted, angulis umbilici ob-

soletis ; callo columelle supra umbilicum sulco transverso notato,

in adulto vix conspicuo.

Operculum rubicundum striis radiatum et tenuissime longitudinaliter

arcuatimque impressum, antice zond hyalind circumdatum. Natica au-

rantia, var. lutea, nobis (Nerita mamilla, var. lutea, Linné), proxima

sed veniricosiori, majori et umbilico patulo, funiculato, diversa est. Na-

ticee porcelane, D’Orbigny multd major, ventricosior, aurantid ac non

stramined dissimilis.

Hab. “Island of Cayo, Philippines; found in sandy mud, deep

water.” H. Cuming.

Junior. Natice fuscate, nobis (Nerita mamma veneris fuscata seu

lutea, HeRRAS Conch., p. 282. pl. 189. f. 1932, 1933) accedens sed

diversa.

19. Natica Powisiana. Nat. testd ventricoso-ovatd, crassd, nitidd,

rufo-purpurascente, interdum rufo obscure fasciatis anfractibus

senis convexo-depressis ; infimo fascid suturali luted, latd, ornato ;

spird conico-depressd, albd seu luteo tinctd, acutd ; aperturd semi-

rotundd, intis albido-cinerascente ; columelld albd, rectiusculd,

in medio subconvexd, basi crassd et oblique rectd, superne callosd ;

umbilico patulo, albo, spirali, in canalem latum extis desinente ;

canali intiis subangulato, extern costuld convexiusculd, basin ver-

sus sensim crescente, superne in umbilicum decurrente ; funiculo

semiovato, plano, intis convexiusculo.

Var. 6. Testd aurantio-rufescente.

Hab. ** Moluccas.” H. Cuming.

Natica Cumingiana valde affinis, basi columelle crassiori extis ob-

liqué truncata, angulo externo umbilici costeformi, rotundato, ob-

tuso et in perforatione decurrente, angulo interno canalis majore et

depressiore, apertura semirotunda, anticé dilatata sed non mneee, et

superné aucta differt.

142 Zoological Society.

20. Natica Satanconensis. Nat. testd ovatd seu oblongd, ceruleo-

Juscd seu fulvd, substriatd ; anfractibus quaternis depresso-con-

vewis, superne conicis et zond aurantid marginatis ; spird conicd,

obtusiusculd, pallid? cerulescente et albo fasciatd ; aperturd semi-

rotundd, fulvo-castaned ; columella rectd, in medio vix converd,

supra crassd, supern® angulo transverso calloso instructd, ad um-

bilicum sulco notatd ; umbilico profundo, coarctato, fulvo-aurantio ;

canali arcuato, largo, funiculo superne oblongo, basi sensim atte-

nuato modificato.

Operculum pallid? fulvum, radiatim striatum, tenue, et cartilagi-

neum. Natice mamillaris, Lamk. (Natica fuscata, nobis) proxima

sed diversa.

Hab. ‘‘ Salango, West Colombia; found in sandy mud.” H. Cu-

ming. ‘

21. Natica pyrirormis. Nat. testd oblongo-pyriformi, lacted, sub-

striatd, nitidd ; anfractibus 5-6 convexiusculis, elongatis, superne

declivis : infimo ventricoso-conico, superné depresso; spird elon-

gatd, conicd, apice puncto fusco-notatd ; aperturd obliqud, sub-

semilunari, angustatd ; columelld rectiusculd, extis superné callosd,

basi cum funiculo supra compresso consolidatd, umbilico parvo,

extern? occultante et canali arcuato profundo angustante ; labro

tenuiusculo, subpellucido.

Spird interdum superne lutescente. Anfractus ultimus sepeé tenuiter

striatus: striis inter oculum et lumen hyalinis.

Hab. “ Tlo-Ilo, island of Panay ; found on the sand at low water,”

H. Cuming: ‘‘ and from Huan river, Australia; found in sandy mud

by Lieut. Collie, R.N., ten fathoms.”

22. Nartica aurAnTIA, Lamk.

Var. 3. Lutea seu straminea, Nerita mamilla, var. lutea, Linné,

Mus. Lud. Olr. p. 675. no. 386. Natica straminea, zobis olim.

Natica sulphurea, guorundam.

Hab. ‘‘ Philippines; found on the reefs.” H. Cuming. Var. (.

Amboina, Timor (Mus. Paris).

B. Umbilicum nudum, pervium, nec funiculatum.

* Testa subglobosa, operculum cartilagineum.

23. Natica vioLacea, Sowerby, Tankerville Catal.

Natica amethystina, Lamarck’s collection.

Var. B. Testd globoso-ovatd, ventricosd, albd seu lacted, maculis

luteis seu dilute chocolatis superioribus characteriformibus, medi-

anis quadratis, inferioribus oblongis quinque seriatis pictd ; colu-

melld intis et extis pulchré roseo-violaced.

Hab. “Island of Ticao, Philippines; found in coral sand at four

fathoms. Var. a. from the island of Masbate, Philippines; sandy

mud.” H. Cuming.

24. Narica Burrasiensis. Nat. testd parvuld, ventricoso-globosd, .

subepidermide luteo-olivaceo albd, nitidd, levigatd, lineis luteis

longitudinalibus undulatis crebris, interdum maculis albis majoribus

Zoological Society. 143

superne et in medio ventris subtriseriatis pictd ; spird parva, sub-

conicd, acutd ; aperturd semirotundd, in fundo violaced ; columelld

rectd, basi crassiusculd, supern? callosd, callo fusco-rubente, supra

umbilicum parvum, externe reflerum, curvum, et angulatum, partim

occultante.

Var. 3. Testd ad suturam fascid albd, latd, spiram decurrente pictd ;

spird apice fusco-violascente.

Operculum testaceum, album, striis obsoletis ornatum, postice margine

tenuiter crenatum, anticé lined elevatd cinctum, apicem versus le-

vissime callosum.

Natica intricata (Nerita intricata, Donovan) minor, minus globosa,

umbilicus nec funiculatus differt.

Hab. “Island of Burias, Philippines ; found in sandy mud at seven

fathoms.”” H. Cuming.

25. Natica Raynotpiana. Nat. testd subglobosd, crassiusculd,

tenuissime et dense striatd, albd seu dilute aurantio-fulvd, spadiceo

trifasciatd et sepeé reticulata ; anfractibus spire depresso-convezis,

infimo_rotundato ; spird depresso-conicd, subacutd, fuscd ; aperturd

semirotundd, albd; columella subrectd, utrinque arcuatd, superne

callosd, incrassatd ; callo albo, umbilicum extis albo-zonatum par-

tim occultante.

Var. 3. Testd dilute aurantio-fulvd, spadiceo-trifasciatd nec reticu-

latd.

Var. y. Testd albd seu albidd maculis spadiceis triseriatis cinctd

interdum lineis reticulatd, seu lineis confluentibus subflammulatd.

Var. 6.? Testd globoso-ovatd, albd seu pallidé aurantid, lineis reti-

culatis pictd, nec fasciatd.

An Nerita arachnoidea, Gmelin, p. 3674. no.17 ? Chemnitz, Conch.

v. pl. 188. fig. 1915, 1916, optima (Mus. Paris), non Natica arach-

noidea, Lamarck (Natica cruentata, var. trifasciata, nobis).

Hab. “‘ Zanzebar, East Africa; found on the sands by Mr. T.

Thorre. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao ; found

on sandy mud.” H. Cuming. ‘Trincomalee, bay of Ceylon, by M.

Raynaud (Mus. Paris). Var. ¢. patriam ignoro.

26. Natica GauLapacosa. Nat. testd globoso-acutd, subepider-

mide dilute olivaceo-albd, fascid largd carneo-rufescente aut viri-

descente, superne fascid pallide rufa cinctd; anfractibus quinis

subplanis : infimo ventricoso, superné declivi, planiusculo ; spird

parvuld, conico-depressd, rufo-fulvd, acutd ; aperturd semirotundd,

albd, obliqud ; columella oblique rectd, superne calloso-angulatd,

ad umbilicum parvum, partim occultante reflexd.

Operculum cartilagineum, olivaceo-fuscum tenuissime radiatim stria-

tum, aperturd teste minus.

Hab. “‘ Gallapagos Islands; found in coral sand at Albemarle

island.”’ H. Cuming.

27. Natica pistrormis. Nat. testd minimd, subglobosd, albido-

viridescente, subpellucidd ; anfractibus depressis, infimo ventricoso,

superné sepiis subanguloso, levigatis ; spird depresso-conicd seu

planulatd, vie exsertd; aperturd semirotundd ; columelld rectd,

-

144. Zoological Society.

supern? breve reflexd, adnatd ; umbilico punctiformi, subfuniculato.

Operculum cartilagineum, tenuiter radiatim striatum, lutescens, in

medio rubicundum ? Tale ego vidi in aperturd eddem teste.

Hab. _“ Valparaiso, Chili; found in coarse sand at aS fa-

thoms.” H. Cuming.

** Testd ovato-acutd, tenuiusculd, sepissime zonatd ; columelld nigro

aut fusco-purpurascente pictd; operculo cartilagineo, oblongo ;

aperturd angustiore.

28. Natica Zanzesarica. Nat. testd ovato-oblongd, tenui, subepi-

dermide olivaceo-albd, maculis fusco-purpureis elongatis interdum

confluentibus trifasciatd ; anfractibus senis, convexis, tenuiter et

crebre striatis : penultimo maculis bifasciato, infimo ovato; spird

conico-acutd, albd; apice fusco, minimo; aperturd ovato-aculd,

columella supra umbilicum adnatd, reflexd, fusco-purpurascente,

anticé vie arcuatd ; umbilico profundo, extis partim occultato.

Hab. “ Zanzebar.” Mr. Thorre.

29. Natica Priamus. Nat. testd ovato-acutd, ventricosd, nitidis-

simd, tenue striatd, zond pallidiore in medio cinctd : zond lateraliter

maculis spadiceis seriatis, sepitis remotis et quadratis marginatd ;

spird parvd, conico-acutd, maculis fasciatd, apice albo et puncto

Susco notato ; aperturd ovatd, basi et antic? dilatatd, albido-fuscd ;

columella supra umbilicum adnatd, chocolatd, subarcuatd, extern?

in medio albo unimaculatd et reflexd, umbilicum profundum zond

extis decurrente rufd partim occultante ; funiculo valde depresso,

viz conspicuo, in umbilicum continuato.

Var. 3. pallidiore.

Hab. “ Moluccas,” H. Cuming: Isle of France, M. Le Colonel

Mathieu (Mus. Paris).

Natica maura, Lamarck’s Encyclop., Sowerby, Tankerville Cat.,

proxima sed major, ventricosior, tenuior, fasciata, columella tenuior

valde differt.

30. Natica Samarensis. Nat. testd ovato-acutd, albido et ceru-

lescente longitudinaliter pallid zonatd, fusco-spadiceo transversim

quadrifasciatd : fasciarum maculis interdum flammeformibus aut

confluentibus ; spird conico-acutd, albo cinctd; aperturd ovatd,

spadiceo-flammulatd ; columelld omnind rufo-fuscd, subrectd, basi

obtuse emarginaid, superne reflexrd, supra umbilicum extern? auctd ;

umbilico fere tecto, intis spadiceo.

Operculum cartilagineum, tenuiter radiato-striatum, angulo circulari

in medio notatum, luteo-fuscescens, aperturd teste multd minus.

Hab. *‘ Catbalonga, island of Samar, Philippines; under stones at

low water.” H. Cuming.

Natica Simie, Deshayes in Lamarck, An. s. vert. viii. p.652. no.45.

(Lister, Conch. pl. 142. f. 36. Ner. fasciatus @ museo Ozoniensi),

proxima, sed major, solidior, fasciis dissimilibus, columelld omnind rufo-

Suscd differt.

31. Natica sex, Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, pl. 35. fig. 6, 7. optime ;

Seba Mus., iii. pl. 41. f. 21. optima.

Geological Society. 145

Var. 3. Testd tenui, subepidermide stramined, exalbidd, anfractibus

superne lacteo marginatis, columeild et umbilico rufo-fuscis.

Operculum tenue, rubrum, longitudinaliter creberrime transversim

radiatim valde striatum.

Hab. “St. Nicolas, island of Zebu, Philippines ; found under stones,

This species is remarkable for the smallness of the operculum; the

animal covers a part of the shell when at rest.” H. Cuming.

Var. /3. “‘ Loon, isle of Bohol, Philippines; found under stones.”

H. Cuming. |

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Nov. 1, 1843.—The following communications were read :—

1. “On the Fossil Remains of Star-fishes of the Order Upiiuride,

found in Britain.” By Prof. Edward Forbes.

After enumerating the several Ophiuride recorded as British fos-

sils, the author described four new species, viz. 1. Ophioderma tenut-

brachiata, and 2. Ophiura Murravi, discovered by Dr. Murray in the

lias near Scarborough; 3. Amphiura Pratti, discovered by Mr. Pratt

in the Oxford clay; and 4. Ophiura cretacea, communicated by Mr.

Tennant, from the chalk. The animals of this order appear to have

commenced their existence in the earliest periods of organic life, and

to have continued to the present day without any great modifications

of form, of family or generic value. ‘They seem at present to be much

more numerous than at any former period. None of the fossil spe-

cies is identical with the existing.

2. ‘*On the Geology of Malta and Gozo.” By Lieut. Spratt, R.N.,

Assistant Surveyor H.M.S. Beacon.

The formations composing these islands are tertiary, and appear,

from the author’s researches, to belong to one geological epoch.

They are all of marine origin, and very regularly deposited in parallel

strata, but little inclined from the horizontal. ‘They may be grouped

under four divisions :—1. Coral limestone; 2. Yellow sandstone and

blue clay; 3. Yellow and white calcareous sandy freestone; and 4.

Yellowish white semi-crystalline limestone. Each of these groups

is characterized by peculiar fossils, some of which are common to

more than one. By a careful examination of the organic remains in

each, the author was enabled to detect several extensive faults in

both islands. These displacements amount generally to about half

the present height of the islands above the sea, viz. about 300 feet,

and the direction of the faults is transverse to the line of elevation,

or the direction of the islands, that is, N.E. and S.W., the chain of

islands running N.W. and S.E. Advantage of the irregularities of

surface caused by these faults has been taken in constructing the

military defences of the island. ‘The author concludes with a de-

tailed account of the several strata and their subdivisions, describing

the distribution of the contained fossils, a collection of which accom-

panied the paper.

Nov. 15.—The following papers were read :—

1. ‘On some Fossil Remains of an Anopictherium, and two spe-

cies of Giraffe, from the tertiary strata of the Sewalik Hills in India.”

By Dr. Falconer and Capt. Cautley.

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. L

146 Ashmolean Society.

The Anoplotherium is an undescribed species, differing from those

of the Paris basin, and much larger, its size being between that of

the horse and of the Sumatran rhinoceros. It is founded on two

upper jaws, with the near molars perfect. It is a true Anoplothe-

rium, as distinguished from the subgenera of Xtphodon and Dicho-

bune. The discoverers have named it Anoplotherium Sivalense. ‘The

remains were dug out of a bed of clay in the tertiary strata of the

Sewaiik hills, mixed up with bones of Sivatherium, Camelus Siva-

i nsis, Antelope, Crocodile, &c. The authors describe two species

of giraffe. The first, which they designate Camelopardalis Sivalensis,

is founded on the third cervical vertebra of an old animal, and they

infer it to have been one-third smaller than the existing species. The

bone is very perfect, and completely silicified. It measures 8 inches,

while the same vertebra of the existing species is 113 to 12 inches.

The bone is more slender in its proportions than the existing one,

and exhibits a series of specific differences in addition to the size,

The second species they name Camelopardalis affinis, provisionally,

from its close resemblance to the existing Cape Giraffe, in form and

size of teeth, &c. ‘The species is founded on two fragments of the

upper jaw, with the back molars, and a fragment of lower jaw con-

taining the last molar. ‘The dimensions agree to within the tenth

of an inch with those of a female head in the Museum of the College

of Surgeons. The giraffe bones were found along with those of

Anoplotherium, Camel, Crocodilus biporcatus, &c., in a clay bed in the

Sewalik hills*.

' 2. Prof. Sedgwick commenced the reading of a paper, in continua-

tion of his former memoir, ‘‘ On the Geology of North Wales,” and

described a section across the Berwyns.

ASHMOLEAN SOCIETY.

Ozford, June 3.—Prof. Twiss read a paper in illustration of a

collection of specimens of the Ova and Fry of the Salmon, presented

to the Ashmolean Museum by Mr. A. Young, the manager of the

Duke of Sutherland’s fisheries on the river Shin, in Sutherlandshire.

The collection consists of thirteen specimens of the ova, selected at

intervals varying from twenty to one hundred and thirty-three days

from the time of theiz being deposited, and ten specimens of the young

fry from the day on which they were hatched, the one hundred and

thirty-fifth after impregnation, to the time when they assume the

silvery character of the smolt and descend to the sea, which in this

case was one year and nine days after exclusion from the egg. The

experiments of Mr. Young, which have now been carried on through

a period of three years with the greatest care, confirm the previous

observations of Mr. Shaw, in the Nith river in Dumfriesshire, in

their general bearings, with such slight variations as the different

characters of the respective rivers may account for. Mr. Young has

ascertained that the average period required for hatching the ova

of the salmon of the Shin river varies from one hundred to one hun-

* The first announcement of the fossil remains of the Giraffe was made

by Capt. Cautley in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. vii

p. 658 (15th July, 1838).

Miscellaneous. 147

dred and forty days, according to the greater or less warmth of the

weather. Mr. Young considers that the fish passes through the

condition of parr, whose characteristics are the transverse bands, and

assumes the silvery appearance of the smolt in about twelve months

from the time of being hatched; and he is disposed to think, that

some of the young. fish which have been deposited as ova, and there-

fore hatched late in the season, do not assume the smolt appearance,

nor go down to the sea at the end of the first year. Prof. Twiss

called attention to the importance of tnese observations in connexion

with the preservation of the young fish, which have hitherto not

unfrequently been taken and destroyed, as if a distinct species of

trout; to the increased facility of propagating peculiar breeds or

races of fish, by transporting the ova, when impregnated, in water

from one river to another; and to the great value of careful notices

as to the spawning-seasons of the fish of different rivers, in con-

nexion with a more discriminating system of legal regulations as to

the fence months. Dr. Buckland gave some account of his visit to

the experimental ponds at Drumlanrig, in company with Prof. Agassiz,

who was himself conducting a series of analogous experiments on

the trout of the lake of Neufchatel. He alluded to the great proba-

ble advantages of hatching the ova in artificial ponds, with a view to

the preservation of the young fry. In the experiments of Agassiz,

and Sir F. Mackenzie, Bart., it was found nepEMaty to feed the

young fry with the paunches of sheep.

Prof. ''wiss afterwards read a letter from Mr. ps of Invershin

Bonar Bridge, N.B., respecting the propagation of Eels. ‘The fol-

lowing are the more important conclusions:—The adults spawn in

the summer months, in sand and gravel banks in the rivers, and do

not descend to brackish water to deposit their spawn. ‘The spawn

becomes vivid in the following September and October, but remains

under the gravel, in the spawning-beds, until the following Apml or

May, depending entirely upon the heat and cold of the weather ;

and the adult eels, in place of emigrating, get into holes in the *

banks of the rivers, and underneath large stones, as soon as the water

turns cold, and remain stationary until the warmth of summer again

heats the water of the rivers.

MISCELLANEOUS.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CUSCUTA.

Tux following description of a new Cuscuta by Dr. L. Pfeiffer of

Cassel, occurs in the ‘ Botanische Zeitung’ of Oct. 13, 1843. As

some of the plants on which it is found are common with us, it is

not improbable it may be met with in this country.

Cuscuta hassiaca, Pfr. Caule ramoso, floribus irregulariter fascicu-

latis, pedunculatis, fasciculis et floribus singulis bractea fultis, ca-

lyce campanulato 5-fido, tubo corolle campanulato, Jimbum

eequante, squamis convergentibus clauso, 5-fido, laciniis expansis,

apice subcorniculato inflexis ; stamin. 5 anthera brevioribus ; stylis

2 filiformibus, stigmatibus weogrruacs

L 2