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ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME XXXIX.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea).

By H. G. Woop, B.A., Ph.D. (With 105 Text-figures.)

NOV 25 1952

LIBRARN_

ISSUED MAY 1952. PRICE 54s, 6d.

| PRINTED FOR THE

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BY NEILL AND CO. LTD.,

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ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME XXXIX

ANNALS

OF THE

SPOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

UV DIG OGLE CVO XG

PRINTED FOR THE

TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM, CAPE TOWN

BY NEILL AND CO. LTD., 212 CAUSEWAYSIDE, EDINBURGH

1952.

tht ‘a

1. tee

ren.

TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

Professor R. 8. Apamson, F.R.S.S.Afr.

The Rev. S. J. Fort.

Professor D. L. ScHottz, D.Sc.

C. J. SIBBETT, J.P.

S. H. Sxatre, Ph.D., F.R.S.S.Afr., J.P.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN

MUSEUM.

KEPPEL HARcoURT BARNARD, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Director.

ALBERT JOHN Hessz, B.Sc., Ph.D., Assistant in Charge of the Entomological

Department.

LizuwEe DrrK Boonstra, D.Sc., Assistant in Charge of the Palaeontological

Department.

Miss E. Marcaret Suaw, B.A., Assistant in Charge of the Ethnological and

Numismatic Department.

Miss G. Joyce Lewis, B.A., Assistant in Charge of the Botanical Department.

A. J. H. Goopwin, M.A., Honorary Keeper of the Archaeological Collections.

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CONTENTS.

H. G. Woop. PAGE

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea) ‘ 1-327

DATE OF PUBLICATION.

April 1952.

Thesis approved by the University of Cape Town for the degree of Ph.D., 1945.

a ty

‘

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME XXXIX.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea).

By H. G. Woop, B.A., Ph.D.

(With 105 Text-figures.)

THIs paper forms a survey of the Crane-flies of the south-west Cape

region. The territorial limits of this region are arbitrary ones and

became fixed chiefly by the transport facilities and by the short periods

of the year available for the systematic collection of specimens. The

area of this investigation comprises the coastal belt of the Cape

Province from Port Elizabeth (254° EH.) to Clanwilliam (322° 8.).

The principal objects of this paper are to supplement the original

descriptions by Alexander (1917, 1921) with figures and notes, and

to record the life-histories of numerous species bred from material

collected during the years 1932 to 1939 by Dr. K. H. Barnard,

Mr. C. W. Thorne and the author. I am indebted to the Director

of the South African Museum for the use of the literature and for

permission to examine the holotypes in the South African Museum,

which were described by Alexander (1917, 1921). Especially do I

tender my thanks to Dr. K. H. Barnard for his suggestions, generous

help, companionship and collecting in the field, both of the adults

and immature stages of Crane-flies. I have also to thank Mr. C. W.

Thorne for his assistance and co-operation in field work and for his

patience and enthusiasm in breeding the majority of the immature

stages—factors which have made this paper possible. I am also

VOL. XXXIX. 1

2 Annals of the South African Museum.

indebted to Mrs. Wood for her enthusiasm in collecting and for the

discovery of several new larvae and pupae.

TOPOGRAPHY

Portions of a concise and excellent description of the region by

Barnard (1943) read as follows :—

“Of the rivers in this area the Berg and the Olifants (Clanwilliam)

rivers run approximately north-westwards to the Atlantic Ocean; the

others flow southwards and south-eastwards, arising on the south side

of the main Cape watershed.

“The main Cape watershed runs from about Tulbagh north-

eastwards to Matjiesfontein and along the line of the Klein Roggeveld,

Komsberg, Nieuwveld and Sneeuwberg ranges. North of this line,

and east of the Roggeveld escarpment, lie the catchment areas of the

southern tributaries of the Orange River. The formation of this

watershed . . . is considered to have occurred or to have been in-

tensified during Tertiary times. From Tulbagh a continuous chain

of mountains strikes southwards and south-south-westwards to Cape

Hangklip. The fish fauna, and also the distribution of certain

insects, indicates that these mountains have been a barrier of some

importance.”

‘“In the northern part of the Cape Peninsula only the rivers arising

on the eastern and southern slopes of Table Mountain, Constantia

Berg and the Kalk Bay Mts. contain fishes. Of these the Black River

(with its tributaries the Liesbeek and Kromboom streams) flows

northwards into Table Bay; the Palmiet River flows southwards into

Hout Bay on the Atlantic coast; the Diep River and Silvermine

River drain southwards into False Bay.”

‘There are several lakes (vleis) on the Cape Flats (isthmus) which

are more or less interconnected, at least during periods of heavy

rainfall. The poverty of the fish fauna. . . of the streams of the

Cape Peninsula and the adjacent (western) portions of the Cape Flats

is evidently due to the whole isthmus between Table Bay and False

Bay having been formerly under the sea.”

It is interesting to note that this area has been a barrier to the

dispersal of numerous Tipulidae from Table Mountain to the mainland

and vice versa.

Table Mountain (3549 feet) is the dominant mountain mass of the

Cape Peninsula and provides ample material for the collector of

Crane-flies. Every type of ecological habitat occurring in the rest

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 3

of the S.W. Cape is duplicated on Table Mountain (see Table:

Kcological Habitat, p. 5).

The vegetation of this S.W. Cape region is characterised by the

development of the Rutaceae, Proteaceae, Hricaceae and Restiaceae

with a consequent similar composition occurring in the plains as on

the highest mountains (7381 feet Matroosberg). Inthe greater portion

trees are confined to the ravines of the mountain ranges, but towards

the east in the districts of Knysna and Tsitsikama magnificent forests

of indigenous trees exist. As the immature stages of Crane-flies are

notable lovers of moisture, living in an aquatic or subaquatic habitat,

investigation and collecting have been concentrated on those districts

yielding a high degree of shade and humidity.

Seventy-six species are now known to occur in the 8.W. Cape, of

which seventeen are new. Prior to this paper no life-histories of

Tipulidae had been described from South Africa; forty-four correlated

life-histories are herein described from the 8.W. Cape. This in terms

of genera means that only seven out of twenty-three representative

life-histories are still to be discovered.

ECONOMICS AND GENERAL STRUCTURE

No attempt is made in this paper to duplicate the information

pertaining to Crane-flies, for future workers could not do better than

to refer to Alexander’s “‘Crane-flies of New York” (1920 a), which

supplies a wealth of detail necessary for the study of the family and

which contains a tabulation of references published by various authors

prior to 1920. Pages 845-876 refer especially to details of general

structure of imagos; pages 837-845 to the life-cycle of typical examples

of Tipulidae.

WING VENATION

The nomenclature for wing venation in this paper is the Comstock-

Needham system as modified by Tillyard and Alexander. The

system of Comstock (1918) for the medial and cubital fields of the

wing was altered by Tillyard (1919, 1926). Since then Alexander

(1927 a, pp. 169-171; 19276, pp. 42-71) has demonstrated fully that

certain modifications of the radial field were necessary, due to the

fact that two distinct lines of specialisation have appeared in the

Tipulidae. For the purposes of quick reference the following is a

summary of his interpretations of the radial field, which are applicable

to S.W. Cape species.

4 Annals of the South African Museum.

(1) The tribes Hexatomini and Eriopterini have evolved from some

ancestor similar to the present genus Peringueyomyina. From this

primitive type of venation (fig., Alex. 1921, p. 233) the anterior branch

of the upper fork of RS, 7.e. the vein R,, has swung cephalad and fused

with vein R,. A consequent element R,,, has been formed (figs. 61a,

69a, 97a).

(2) Simultaneously, the anterior branch of the lower fork of RS,

i.e. the vein R,, has become attached to the stem (R,,,) of the upper

fork; thus an element R,,,,, has been formed (figs. 6la, 69a, 97a).

(3) The posterior branch of RS is thus R, alone (figs. 6la, 69a).

(4) In some higher forms (fig. 80a) vein R, and R, may become

fused as far as the wing margin, thus eliminating cell R,.

(5) In the subfamily Tipulinae and in the tribe Limoniini (see notes

on systematics) a true radial cross-vein (r) occurs but is present in

an oblique or longitudinal position, forming part of a serial vein

consisting of R,+r+R, (figs. 59a, 60a).

(6) The distal portions of R, and R, have atrophied (figs. 55), 57a).

(7) The posterior branch of RS is the resultant fusion of R, with

R, as far as the wing margin (figs. 55a, b, 57a).

The figures of wings in this paper are projections by the author.

GENITALIA

The early workers on Crane-flies laid stress chiefly on the wing

venation and on the colour of the species described, but of recent

years there has been a growing tendency to figure the male hypo-

pygium in addition. This is a satisfactory state of affairs, as the

male hypopygium is of vast importance in differentiating closely allied

species. It is understandable that some authorities are not prepared

to permit the “mutilation” or dissection of types in their collections,

but is it of greater scientific value for a species to be fully described

and figured than for it to be pinned in solitary remoteness in a

cabinet ?

The genitalia of dried specimens may be satisfactorily examined

after soaking the end of the abdomen (i.e. from the seventh segment)

in 30 per cent. alcohol for four to ten days (depending on the age of

the specimen). This allows the tissues to soften and to recover a fair

amount of their original shape and elasticity. The genitalia can then

be cleared in a 10 per cent. solution of KOH for one to four days

(depending on the amount of chitinisation), examined “in the round”

under alcohol and fixed for future reference as a permanent mount.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 5

Parachlorophenol+chloralhydrate may be used as an alternative

clearing solution to KOH.

The “wet” method of collecting Tipulidae, 7.e. in 40-50 per cent.

alcohol + 6-8 drops of glycerine, is thus advantageous as it preserves

the body structures from shrinkage and permits easier handling,

examination and dissection. Specimens required for the cabinet are

readily dried and pinned. The legs tend to break at the end of the

femur whatever the method of collection and are thus of little value

from a morphological standpoint.

Full descriptions of the composition of Tipulid genitalia will be

found under the various notes on generic characteristics.

EcoLoGcicaL HABITAT

The works of Alexander (1920 a), Bangerter (1928-1930) and Rogers

(1926-1933) have added considerably to the knowledge of the environ-

ment in which the immature stages of Crane-flies occur. Inexact and

generalised statements of their habitat found in early publications

have given way to an accurate tabulation, for it will be seen (infra)

that the majority of Crane-flies, as larvae, require moisture to

a varying degree. Rogers (1930) gives a graphic illustration of

this fact: ““among the crane-flies swept from the herbage of the

stream-margined thickets, some of the species exist as larvae in

the coarse damp sand; others in small pockets of saturated silt by

the rill margin; another lives attached to stones beneath the flowing

water; others in mosses and liverworts; others in drier mosses; some

in waterlogged, rotten wood; and still others in fungi or com-

paratively dry rotten wood. For some of these species the actual

habitat is the wet rotten wood, the fungi or the flowing brook, and

these may be provided by a variety of general habitats that differ

markedly in topography and vegetational association from the

stream-margined thickets”’.

The following ecological habitats of the S:W. Cape larvae are

arranged on the lines suggested by Alexander (1931, pp. 137-148),

but this tabulation may require a more exact limitation in future years.

A. On vertical cliff and rock faces, in or beneath a scum of algal

growth with percolating or flowing water; in rapid-flowing

streams under hygropetric conditions.

Inmonia tupulipes (Karsch).

Inmonia capicola (Alex.).

Annals of the South African Museum.

B. In slime tubes in or attached to filaments of moss growing on

cliff and rock faces with percolating or flowing water.

LInmomia sexocellata (Alex.).

Inmoma rubrithorax (Alex.).

C. In or beneath wet to saturated mats or cushions of mosses and

liverworts, on earth or rocks along stream margins.

Dolichopeza hirtipennis Alex.

Dolichopeza flavifrons Alex.

Elephantomyia aurantiaca Alex.

D. In or beneath wet to saturated mats of Juncus lying partially in

water along stream margins.

Tipula jocosa Alex.

es)

. Sandy, gravelly or loamy soil, with slight humus, at margins of

streams or ponds.

Peringueyomyina barnards Alex.

Tipula pomposa Bergroth.

Inmnophila dubtosa Alex.

LInmnophila crepusculum sp.n.

Gonomyia ngrobimbo Alex.

Gonomyia sulphurelloides Alex.

Erioptera claripennis Alex.

Erioptera witzenbergi sp.n.

Trimicra inconspicua (Loew).

F. Rich organic earth or mud, as at margins of rills, streams, vleis

or other water-bodies, or on small rocks, ledges; in swamps

and marshes; in leaf drift at stream margins.

Tipula soror Wiedemann.

LInmnophila nox Alex.

Conosia irrorata (Wiedemann).

Rhabdomastiz afra sp.n.

G. Beneath leaf mould, in rich moist to saturated humus soil in

woods.

Tipula caffra Alex.

Gonotipula cuneipennis Alex.

Nephrotoma antennata (Wiedemann).

Nephrotoma petiolata (Macquart).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 7

Nephrotoma umbripenmis Alex.

Longurio capicola Alex.

Longurio chionoides (Alex.).

Longurio minusculus Alex.

Longurio silvester sp.n.

H. In tree boles in forests, containing damp rotting humus.

Limoma subapicalis (Alex.).

I. In wet to saturated decaying wood, adjacent to streams or in

forest areas, in a rust-coloured slimy scum just beneath

the dead bark.

Limoma subapicalis (Alex.).

Elephantomyia montana Alex.

J. In wet to saturated decaying wood adjacent to streams or in

forest areas, but tunnelling in the wood itself.

Lnmoma peringueyr (Alex.).

K. In wet to saturated decaying or rotten wood, confined to im-

mediate vicinity of stream, mostly in or projecting from the

water.

LInmnophilomyra lacteitarsus Alex.

Pseudolimnophila medialis (Alex.).

Pseudolimnophila griseiceps (Alex.).

Pseudolimnophila thornei sp.n.

L. In relatively dry soil beneath Restio clumps or in soil under the

lee of rocks on mountain plateaus.

Tipula coronata Alex.

Tipula caffra Alex.

Longurio belloides Alex.

Longurio bonae sper (Bergroth).

Longurio micropteryx Alex.

Longurio minusculoides sp.n.

Longurio dolichoros sp.n.

Longurio flagellata sp.n.

Nephrotoma antennata (Wiedemann).

8 Annals of the South African Museum.

M. Beneath carpet of moss on relatively dry soil on mountain

summits.

Longurio spinosa sp.n.

TAXONOMY

In South Africa three families of Crane-flies have been recorded,

namely Tanyderidae, Ptychopteridae and Tipulidae.

In the 8.W. Cape region the primitive family Tanyderidae is

represented by a remarkable genus Peringueyomyina Alex., but no

member of the family Ptychopteridae has as yet been discovered.

The majority of species belong to the family Tipulidae, the actual

distribution into smaller groups being shown to the best advantage

by the following chart. (The figure in parenthesis indicates the

number of species composing the genus).

In this paper subgenera have been dispensed with as far as it is

possible at present. Subgenera, however useful they may seem from

a classificatory point of view, are artificial and ephemeral, existing

in keys only until some connecting link or characteristic is discovered.

In nature, subgenera or even genera do not exist—they are founded

for classificatory purposes upon arbitrary characteristics instituted by

some author, often upon the observation of a solitary specimen.

Too much attention is given by some scientists to the naming of

single specimens, which exist in collections and which are isolated

from the natural environment, divorced from their genetically

different brothers and sisters, and are uncorrelated with their immature

stages.

The rearing of the immature stages of Crane-flies during recent years

has improved the taxonomy of Tipulidae to a marked degree; it has

shown the close alliance of genera and revealed the gradual transition

of the specialised and complex members of one tribe to the primitive

forms of another—a state of affairs which was not considered possible

by early authors when observing and describing only the adult fly.

(Cf. notes on genus Lamonia in this paper, p. 168).

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LOCALITIES

In order to avoid duplication of the references cited and of

collecting localities, full lists are given at the end of this paper

(pp. 322-325).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 9

Family Genus

TAN Y DERIDA BE ———— — _—_—_——_——— — Peringueyomyina (1)

Tribe Limonia (8)

LIMONIINI

Antocha (1)

Pseudolimnophila (3)

Limnophilomyia (1)

Subfamily HEXATOMINI Limnophila (4)

LIMONIINAE Elephantomyia (3)

Atarba (1)

Conosia (1) -

Teucholabis (1)

Gonomyra (6)

Rhabdomastiz (1)

Family

TIPULIDAE ERIOPTERINI

Ervoptera (8)

Dasymolophilus (2)

Podoneura (1)

Platylumnobia (4)

Trimicra (1)

Tipula (5)

Nephrotoma (3)

TIPULINAE TIPULINI

Dolichopeza (7)

Longurio (12)

Gonvotipula (1)

Habromastiz (1)

Annals of the South African Museum.

MICROPTERISM: see genus Longurio (p. 106).

Key to Families in S.W. Cape.

Imagos.

. Only one anal vein reaches wing margin (fig., Alexander, 1921,

p. 233) : ‘ : : : : : Tanyderidae.

Two anal veins reach wing margin (fig. 28, c) . : : : Tipulidae.

Larvae.

. Body eucephalous, head non-retractile; no spiracular disc or

spiracles at end of abdomen; replaced by six conspicuous

filaments : : : : é : : : . Tanyderidae.

Head retractile; spiracular disc usually present; if absent,

spiracles occur at the end of abdomen ‘ 5 : 5 Tipulidae.

Pupae.

. Wing pads reveal Peringueyomyina venation . : ‘ . Tanyderidae.

Wing pads not as above : A : : ; : 5 Tipulidae.

Famity TANYDERIDAE.

1880. Osten-Sacken, p. 517 (subfam. TANYDERINA).

1921. Alexander, p. 231.

One genus and one species occurs in the 8.W. Cape.

Gen. PERINGUEYOMYINA Alex.

1921. Alexander, p. 232.

Peringueyomyina barnards Alex.

Figs. 1-3.

1921. Alexander, pp. 233-234, fig. (wing).

Imago.—See Alexander, pp. 232-234.

Larva.—Body eucephalous, terete, segments devoid of creeping

welts; chaetotaxy prominent; lateral spiracles on prothorax and

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 11

Fie. 1.—Peringueyomyina barnardi Alex. a, lateral view; 6, lateral view of

end of abdomen, dotted lines show protuberant anus; c, ventral view of abdomen.

12 Annals of the South African Museum.

eighth segment of the abdomen; no spiracular disc; end of abdomen

with six conspicuous filaments or tracheal gills and two pairs of

large elongate anal gills. Details of head capsule as in general

description.

Pupa.—No cephalic crest; breathing horns small, widening to a .

funnel shape; leg sheaths unequal in length, the fore tarsi the shortest;

venation on wing pads typically Peringueyomyinan; abdominal seg-

ment eight with fingerlike lobes, the other segments having a trans-

verse row of spines near the posterior margin; cauda prominent, as

in general description.

Alexander’s description of the adult fly is excellent.

Larva.—Length 25-26 mm., diameter 1-8-2 mm. Colour dirty

white, posterior segments often greyish black due to the contents of

alimentary system, head capsule dark brown.

Body (fig. 1, a) eucephalous, terete, creeping welts absent; prothorax

divided by a constriction into two complete rings, slightly larger than

the meso- and metathorax which are divided dorsally into two

portions; the nine abdominal segments gradually increase in length

to the seventh segment which is almost twice as long as broad, the

eighth and ninth segments decrease rapidly in length; the first and

second abdominal segments are divided dorsally into a narrow basal

ring and a broader posterior ring, the division on the remaining

segments less distinct; eighth abdominal segment with a pair of

dorso-lateral fleshy filaments near posterior margin, each filament

bearing three to four elongate setae; ninth segment with a pair of

similarly situated filaments, twice as long as the former pair, bent

sharply at mid-length, tapering to slender apices, carrying three

elongate single setae and two pairs of apical setae; ultimate segment

ringlike, having on each outer lateral margin a fleshy filament with

five elongate single setae, this filament about equal in length to that

on the eighth abdominal segment, dorsad to each filament a pair of

anal gills, narrow at origin, then dilated somewhat and tapering to

rounded apices, ventrad to each filament a protuberance, the apex

of which has numerous minute hooks. In each filament there appears

to be a tracheal tube, the filaments probably serving as tracheal gills

and helping the minute spiracles situated on the prothorax and eighth

abdominal segment. Anus often protruding; no spiracular disc.

Chaetotaxy prominent: head with eight dorsal setae, four along

each side of clypeus, three lateral setae, and two ventral setae. Basal

ring of prothorax with row of six dorsal setae, four pleural setae and

row of four ventral setae behind origin of head capsule; posterior

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 13

ring with row of eight dorsal setae, two pleural setae, seven scattered

ventral setae and two tufts of four setae. Basal ring of meso- and

metathorax bare; posterior ring as in prothorax. Abdominal seg-

ments 1-7 with basal and the posterior rings having row of eight

dorsal setae, two pleural setae and row of four ventral setae. Ab-

dominal segment eight with one seta cephalad of filament and row

of four ventral setae. Abdominal segment nine with two ventral

setae. |

The chaetotaxy from abdominal segment three becomes more

delicate and more difficult to detect owing to the contents of the

alimentary system forming a dark background.

Head capsule (fig. 2, a) massive, compact, heavily chitinised.

Clypeus elongate-triangular, apex of triangle posterior, anterior lateral

corners with a pair of stout setae. Antenna (fig. 2, 6b) inconspicuous

even under high magnification, broader than long, with a single seta

and two apical papillae almost as long as the antenna; ventrad of

these are concealed six minute papillae. Mandible (fig. 2, c) broad,

massive, with three strong apical teeth, inner face of mandible bearing

a prosthecal tuft of numerous slender truncate setae and delicate

hairs, caudad of this tuft a single seta, near the heel of mandible

a pair of stout prominent spines. Maxilla (fig. 2, d): outer lobe

cylindrical with an apical palpus (bearing about six sensory papillae)

and a small sensory papilla; inner lobe small, broad, outer angle with

short curved slender papilla, anterior margin indented with small

papilla and a tuberculate seta, inner anterior and posterior angles

with tuft of setae. Labrum (fig. 2, a) broad, dorsal surface with two

elongate tuberculate setae near posterior margin; outer margin of

labrum with strong setae which are continued ventrally on to the

epipharyngeal surface to form two dense cushions, in which occur

two ridges of short truncate papillae on either side of median line;

inner corners of anterior margin with a large truncate papilla and

three to four stout, blunt, slightly smaller papillae. Hypopharynx

(fig. 2, e) a flat plate, on lateral edges of the slightly concave anterior

margin is a blunt rounded swelling or tooth, laterad of which is another

truncate swelling or tooth; ventral surface covered with numerous

scalelike setae. Mentum (fig. 2, f) entire, twice as long as broad,

anterior margin bearing eight broad blunt teeth, each outer pair

slightly smaller than the inner teeth.

Pupa.—Length 14-15 mm., diameter 2 mm. Colour pale yellowish

brown, thorax and breathing horns dark brown, cauda chitinised.

Chaetotaxy prominent.

14 Annals of the South African Museum.

No cephalic crest. Immediately dorsad of each antennal origin a

tuberculate spine, farther dorsad and slightly laterad two tuberculate

pie PK

SS of \

' WAN i

a ‘Ni A ay

Fic. 2.—Peringueyomyina barnardi Alex. Larva: a, dorsal view of head

capsule; 6, dorsal view of antenna; c, mandible; d, maxilla; e, ventral view of

hypopharynx; f, anterior margin of mentum. Pupa: g, ends of tarsal sheaths.

setae; a single seta over inner corner of eye and three setae near

apex of maxillary palpus. Frons prominent, comprising two medial

lobes, each with an anterior spine and a pair of caudal spines. Rostral

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 15

Fic. 3.—Pupa of Peringueyomyina barnardi Alex. a, pronotal breathing horn,

with further enlargement of surface sculpturing; 6b, head region (ventral aspect);

c, ventral view of cauda; d, dorsal view of cauda.

16 Annals of the South African Museum.

sheath (fig. 3, 6) short, a tapering tube, apex truncate; labial lobes

longer than broad, margin gently curved towards the apices; maxillary

palpi long, abruptly narrowed into small tubelike apices, inner angle

of margin strongly angulated. Antennal sheath (fig. 3, b) extending

to base of wing pad, slender, apex rounded, outer basal margin with

five dilations.

Thorax depressed, practically flat. A pair of setae at cephalic

origin of wing pad and at base of halteres; a seta at apex of antennal

sheath, a tuft of three setae on mesothorax slightly laterad of median

line, a row of four setae across metathorax. Pronotal breathing horn

(fig. 3, a) short, gradually widening to a funnel-shaped apex, surface

with elongate-hexagonal sculpturing; adjacent to the breathing horn

a large tubercle which has three long setae. Wing pads extend to

end of abdominal segment 2; revealing the typical Perunqgueyomyinan

venation, which makes the correlation of pupal ““shucks” with imagos

a certainty; sheaths of fore tarsi ending opposite end of abdominal

segment 2, other tarsi as in fig. 2, g.

Abdominal segments roughened with microscopic hooks and rounded

tubercles. Abdominal segment 1 with two setae towards lateral

region on tergite and a transverse row of eight setae near posterior

margin. Abdominal segment 2 with the transverse row of eight setae

and three pleural setae. Tergites and sternites 3-7 with an anterior

row of four setae and the transverse row of eight setae near posterior

margin, these being more delicate and spinelike than those in the

anterior row; three pleural setae, one situated in mid region, the

remaining two near posterior margin. Hach dorso-lateral corner of

abdominal segment 8 prolonged into a fingerlike lobe, inner margin

irregular, apex acute, the arrangement of the four elongate setae as

in fig. 3, d; the sternite with no anterior setae, two ventral setae

present near posterior margin, three setae ventrad and one seta dorsad

of each dorso-lateral lobe. Cauda of female: tergal sheaths (fig. 3, d)

fingerlike, larger than sternal sheaths, apex acute, two elongate setae

present as in fig. 3, d; sternal sheaths (fig. 3, c) wide at origin, with

slender acute divergent apices; in lateral aspect these sternal sheaths

curve slightly dorsad, their apices being hidden by the tergal sheaths.

Cauda of male: tergal sheaths as in female; sternal sheaths elongate,

bulbous basally for the basistyles of the imago, then abruptly con-

stricted into two slender dorsally curved lobes, tapering to acute

apices and longer than the tergal sheaths; in many pupae the disti-

styles of the male imago can be clearly seen in these sheaths, thus

deciding the sex of the pupa prior to the emergence of the adult fly;

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 17

at the origin of each sternal sheath is inserted a small wide lobe,

acute apically and bearing a small seta.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Capes Exrovance:) Oudebosch (Kk, H. B:; C. W. 1.

H. G. W.), January 1933 and 1934; Landdrost

(he Eee wes Wi ean Ge We)) January 1935:

French Hoek Pass (G. A. W., H. G. W.), April 1935;

Palmiet River (G. A. W., H. G. W.), March 1932;

Hermitage Kloof (G. A. W., H. G. W.), January 1938.

Remarks.—This fly is apparently limited in its distribution.

Dr. Barnard, Mr. Thorne and the author have collected Tipulidae

extensively in the 8.W. Cape region since 1931, but the above are

the only localities in which this Tanyderid occurs.

In January 1932 some fifty adults were collected at Oudebosch.

In the same month of the following year, Mr. Thorne and the author

spent the best part of two days searching for and ultimately finding

three mature pupae and two pupal exuviae. The larvae occurred

beneath a large overhanging boulder in the white gravelly sand spits

along the edges of a forest streamlet. The difficulties of the search

can be realised by few—the days seemed endless as we scratched in

the sand, becoming wetter and more miserable by the hour. The

pupal exuviae were found in the drier ridges above the water;

doubtless the larvae migrate to these regions prior to pupation.

In January 1938 Mrs. Wood and the author found some thirty

larvae and pupae at Hermitage Kloof. These immatures frequented

a similar habitat to that of the Oudebosch specimens, but in this case

the task of collection was easy, for the roof of the overhang was

seven feet high and permitted free access to the sand spits in the

streamlet. Although the larvae were not bred, there can be no doubt

as to the correlation.

The larva reveals a striking similarity to that of Protoplasa fitchir

O.8. (Alexander, 1930, pp. 223-225, pls. 5, 6), especially with regard

to the arrangement of the minute spiracles. The pupa is even more

primitive than that of P. fitchw, differing vastly in the shape of the

pronotal breathing horns, mouth parts and lack of cephalic crest.

Famity TIPULIDAE.

1758. Linnaeus, p. 585.

In the 8.W. Cape region this family is composed of the two

subfamilies—the Tipulinae and the Limoniinae.

VOL. XXXIX. 2

Annals of the South African Museum.

Key to Subfamilies and Genera in S.W. Cape.

Imagos.

Terminal joint of maxillary palpi elongate, whiplike, from

two and a half to six times the length of the penultimate

(figs. 4, e, 7, a); nasus usually distinct; antennae with

13 joints; wings with Sc, atrophied, vein Cu, constricted

at m—cu, the latter at or close to fork of M;,, (fig. 35, a)

Terminal joint of maxillary palpi short; no distinct nasus;

antennae with 14 or 16 joints; wings with Sc, present,

vein Cu, straight, not constricted at m-—cu, the latter

placed far before fork of M,,,, usually at or close to

fork of M (figs. 57, a, 59, a)

. Species normally winged

Species apterous, 7.e. wings equal to or less (han Halen

or subapterous, 7.e. wings longer than halter but not

more than four times its length .

. Males; hypopygium simple in structure, decniy V-shaped

(dorsal view), dististyles recurved, lying along basi-

styles, armed with spines (lateral view), apical region

of inner dististyle prolonged into a strong hook; females

possess the normal type of ovipositor (fig. 8, a, b, c),

i.e. the valves acicular; nasus usually bifid . 6

No subapterous males; females possess an unusual type

of ovipositor (fig. 14, e, f, g), 1.e. the valves reduced,

fleshy, not acicular; nasus not bifid, although often

produced .

. Male hypopygium simple in strane, despa Vishabed

(dorsal view), dististyles recurved, a along basistyles;

nasus usually bifid

Male hypopygium not V-shaped; nasus ey

. Legs long and filiform; wings (fig. 28, c) with vein R,,,

usually atrophied and Sc joining R at origin of RS so

that RS appears as a continuation of Sc; Ist M, open

by atrophy of basal section of M,, the outer medial field

thus appearing pectinately branched; macrotrichia

present in apical cells of wing; male hypopygium has

ventrad of ninth tergite a conspicuous flattened lobe of

specific shape, covered with black spicules; body

coloration obscure yellow and dark brown

Legs of normal stoutness for this family; wings (fig. “48, a)

with R,,, usually preserved and Sc joining R far beyond

origin of Rs so that RS does not appear as a continuation

of Se; 1st M, cell present; no macrotrichia in apical cells

of wing; male hypopygium without any lobe beneath

ninth tergite 6 :

(Tipulinae) 2

(Limonwnae) 9.

Longurio.

Dolichopeza.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 19

6. Antennae elongate in male, 12-jointed . : ? ere

Antennae of normal length, 13-jointed . : 8.

7. Wings (fig. 48, a) with anal angle practically eines

“anal furrow”’ evident, almost attaining wing margin;

in male hypopygium one dististyle articulates with each

basistyle; winged females with ovipositor valves reduced,

fleshy, not acicular . ; : : ; : - Goniotipula.

Wings with anal angle present; “‘anal furrow” not attain-

ing wing margin, ending about the insertion of m-cu

into Cu; in male hypopygium two dististyles articulate

with each basistyle; winged females with the ovipositor

valves long, chitinised, acicular . ‘ Habromastix.*

8. Body coloration highly polished, often black ana ellow:

wings with RS short and oblique in position, shorter

than m-cu; cell M, sessile or very short-petiolate; vein

M, arising opposite or basad of origin of M,,>5 _ . . Nephrotoma.

Body coloration dull fawn, or vivid green and brown;

wings with RS long, 7.e. exceeding m-—cu (except Tipula

jocosa, where RS equals m-—cu); cell M, petiolate; vein M,

arising distad of origin of M,,. . Tipula.

9. Subapterous, 7.e. wings are mere : ‘ , . Platylimnobia.

Wing of normal size. 10.

10. Front of head produced int a slender sosteiun te

exceeds in length the combined head and thorax . LElephantomyia.

Front of head not produced into such a rostrum, at most

not exceeding the head. : 11.

11. Wings with free tip of Sc, often BieeeRt (fig. 55, b);

veins R, and R, fused as far as margin so that only

» two Be ches of, RS are present (fig. 55, 6); antennae

with 14 or 16 joints; male hypopygium with basistyles

short; ventral dististyle large, fleshy and bulbous,

longer than basistyles (except Antocha, where basistyles

are long and dististyles not fleshy and bulbous; in

this case anal angle of wing is very prominent, almost

square (fig. 60, b) , : ow 12:

Wings with free tip of Sc, atropiiied (fig. 83, a veins R,

and R, separate, the former usually transferred to upper

Poach (R2,3) to form a distinct element R,,3.4

(fig. 66, a), 2.e. three branches of RS present (except

Atarba and Teucholabis, where R, is captured by R,, 3

as above—in which case see male hypopygium); an-

tennae usually with 16 joints; male hypopygium with

basistyles long; ventral dististyle not large, nor fleshy

and bulbous; anal angle of wing not prominent or

square . : : , : ‘ , 5 Pls:

* Alexander (1921, pp. 218, 219) described two species of this genus from Natal

and Zululand, and recently (1945, p. 96) another new species from Mossel Bay in

the S.W. Cape region.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

18.

Ie).

20.

21.

Annals of the South African Museum.

Wings with RS long and straight, diverging at an acute

angle from R, (fig. 60, 6); antennae 16-jointed; anal

angle of wing very prominent, almost square :

Wings with RS shorter and more arcuated (fig. 55);

antennae usually oaks anal angle of wing not

square

Anterior arculus of wing ineking (fig. 61)

Anterior arculus present E 1

Thoracic praescutum produced cephalad over ‘peonbtin :

Praescutum normal, not produced

Wings with only two branches of RS present (fig. 86)

Wings with three branches of RS present (fig. 66, a)

Wings with vein R, present, close to fork of RS; Se

usually long, Sc, ending beyond origin of RS (fig. 86, a)

Wings with vein R, lacking; Sc short, ending opposite

or before origin of RS (fig. 82, a)

Cell M, present

Cell M, absent ; i

Wings with cell R, short, vein R,

equal to petiole of cell Ry

Wings with cell R, deep, vein R, ee (hen patiole

of cell Rg : :

Wings with cell Rg very short; 7.€. vein R ies then one-

half the petiole: of cell Rg; two astiensies articulate

with each basistyle of male hypopygium

Wings with cell R, short, 7.e. vein Rg, about equal £8

petiole of cell Rz; only one dististyle articulates with

each basistyle of male hypopygium :

Wings with distinct macrotrichia in outer pellet RS

ending in cell Rg, this cell thus being sessile, almost

without an element R,..5 14 :

Wings glabrous in outer cells; RS endian: in sel R,

(fig. 89, a), cell R, being petiolate by presence of a

distinct element Ry, 3.4

Wings with veins R, and Ry, nearly eqgal in length or

with R, expeddina three-quarters of R,, the veins

extending generally parallel to one another as far as

wing margin; cell R, at margin wider than cell R,

(Note: Hrioptera bonae spei and Erioptera clausa)

Wings with veins R, and R, divergent, unequal in length,

R, being thus less than two-thirds of R,; cell Rg at

margin much more extensive than cell R,

shorter than or about

. Wings with Sc, far removed from tip of Sc,, the iter

vein long, subequal in length to RS; m-cu inserted

before fork of M by a distance equal to one and a half

times m—cu

Wings with Sc, not for removed fern tip ‘of cue tlie

latter vein at most one-half length of RS; m-—cu at or

distad to fork of M .

Antocha.

Limonia.

Pseudolimnophila.

14.

Conosia.

15.

16.

We.

Teucholabis.

Atarba.

Limnophila.

18.

19.

20.

Rhabdomastix.

Limnophilomyia.

Dasymolophilus.

21.

22.

Gonomyia.

Podoneura.

23.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea).

23.

24.

10.

Coxae of middle and hind legs only slightly separated by

the small meral region

Coxae of middle and hind legs mele aeaarited be jade

“‘not-bellied”’ meral region

Wings with vein Cu, nearly straight, as distal seotion

not swinging cephalad towards wing tip; cell, lst M,

small, less than one-half the distal section of M, 435

terminal three joints of flagellum of antennae smaller

than the previous three joints

Wings with vein Cu, having its distal setion siewtly

deflected at apex towards wing tip; cell lst M,, when

present, elongate, subequal to or longer than distal

section of M flagellar joints progressively smaller

to distal end

1423

Larvae.

. Spiracular disc surrounded by six to eight lobes

Spiracular disc not as above

. Moss dwellers

Not moss dwellers

. If aquatic, in mud or Beneath ee of 7 uncus in or near

streams or springs; never moss dwellers;

large and conspicuous (figs. 9, c, 12, a, b)

Soil dwellers, not aquatic, far removed from deinal

streams or springs, 7.e. in shady woods or open mountain

slopes; anal gills usually absent, anus blown out; if

gills present, not conspicuous

anal gills

. Spiracular disc with six distinct and pees ebes (fig. 21, 2B)

Spiracular disc lobeless at first glance, with indications

of four to six lobelets, which are never large

. Large forms (22-23 mm., diameter 3-4 mm.); spiracular

disc with very large lobes, conspicuous

Small forms (10 mm., diameter 3 mm.);

with smaller lobes

spiracular disc

. Spiracular dise with six minute pies

Spiracular disc with four minute lobes

. Spiracular disc absent or lobeless .

Spiracular disc surrounded by distinct isbes: Aitfouph

these may be small in size

. Spiracular disc lobeless but having a PD rtronsly baited

chitinised hook caudad of each spiracle (fig. 34, g, h)

Spiracular dise without hook next to spiracles

. Creeping welts or pedal warts present

No pads, welts or warts

Larvae small (11-12 mm.);

narrow

creeping welts striplike,

Larvae larger (19-20 mm.); pedal warts large, prominent

globular swellings

Gnophomyia.

24.

Trimicra.

Erioptera.

(Tipulinae) 2.

(Limoniinae) 7.

Dolichopeza.

Tipula.

Nephrotoma.

Goniotipula.

Tipula.

Longurio.

12:

Longurio.

10.

Rhabdomastiz.

int

Limnophilomyia.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

Annals of the South African Museum.

Creeping welts dorsal (abdominal tergites 2-7) and also

ventral (abdominal sternites 1-7)

Creeping welts ventral only (abdominal sternites 5-1)

Spiracular disc squarely truncate, surrounded by five

lobes, of which dorsal lobe may be small but distinct .

Spiracular disc surrounded by four lobes

Larvae aquatic, not wood feeders .

Larvae wood feeders

Spiracular disc without a fringe of Heats) along margins of

lobes; inner surfaces of lobes with a conspicuous pattern

of dark markings; mandible uniformly wide, apical

region split up into teeth (fig. 87, d, f)

Lobes of disc fringed with moderately long aes lone

outer margins; inner surfaces of lobes clear, without

pattern of markings; mandible broad at base, tapering

gradually to a large apical hooked tooth (fig. 104, a, c)

Creeping welts on abdominal segments 2-7; mandibles

powerful, massive; larvae actually feeding on the wood

Creeping welts on abdominal segments 5-7; mandibles

minute, difficult to find in head capsule; larvae feeding

on rust-coloured scum just beneath hard bark of

decaying trees

Creeping welts dorsal (ahdomitial forsitcs 2-7 ) and alee

ventral (abdominal sternites 1-7); larvae in silt-covered

jelly tubes in moss or on rocks; incapable of distending

abdominal segment prior to disc; head capsule massive,

compact . :

Creeping welts absent; ‘Body subescent: dnevaed in gravelly

sand or mud spits, not in moss or on rocks; often

capable of distending subterminal abdominal segment;

head capsule dissected (fig. 70, e) :

Maxilla (fig. 70, e) an elongate flattened projectine blade ;

Maxilla not an elongate blade

Mandible with a single ventral cutting footnh (fig. 84, a

spiracular disc with ventral lobes much longer than

dorsal pair

Mandible with three io four ventral cutting fool (fig. 70,

a); disc with microscopic lobes or with lobes greatly

elongated but of equal length

Pupae.

. Maxillary palpi sheaths strongly curved or recurved at

tips :

Maxillary palpi not deonewed at tive

Moss dwellers

Not moss dwellers : :

If aquatic, in mud or beneath tate of Fines in or near

streams or springs, never moss dwellers

Limonia.

Elephantomyia.

13.

16.

14,

15.

Gonomyia.

Trimicra.

Pseudolimnophila.

Elephantomyia.

Limonia.

U7.

18.

Erioptera.

Conosia.

Limnophila.

(Tipulinae) 2.

Dolichopeza.

Tipula.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 23

10.

11.

12.

13.

14,

15.

. Cephalic crest small, a transverse ridge;

Soil dwellers, far removed from actual streams or springs,

i.e. in shady woods or on open mountain slopes

. Maxillary palpi recurved at tips

Maxillary palpi strongly curved, not eertiered: at fine

. Cephalic crest insignificant; chaetotaxy greatly elongated,

striking . : ;

Cephalic crest conspicuous;

conspicuous

chaetotaxy short, not

. Breathing horns long and nieved or albneate: Slavate:

cauda practically unarmed on eighth segment; ventral

spines absent; female cauda without tergal sheaths

Breathing horns long, not curved, cylindrical, bluntly

rounded apically, or breathing horns microscopic and

bloblike; eighth segment of cauda with two to eight

lobes; female cauda with tergal and sternal sheaths

. Wood dwellers (decaying logs)

Aquatic

. Rostral sheath biounated (figs. US), ih 81, e)

Rostral sheath normal, not elongated j ‘

breathing horns

flattened tapering blades; abdominal segments devoid

of spinal armature; scurfy basal transverse welt on

abdominal tergites 3-6

Cephalic crest pronounced with sotiforous fapeeolbe’

breathing horns slender, tubular; abdominal segments

with subterminal transverse row of ae and setae;

no welts on tergites . ‘ : :

Pupae in silt covered jelly tubes in moss or on rocks;

basal transverse welt of hooks and spines on tergites

3-7 and sternites 5-7 5 : :

Pupae in gravelly sand or mud spits; no welt on tergites

or sternites : :

Breathing horns microscopic, mere ‘tained faberoles:

Breathing horns large, conspicuous

Breathing horns wide basally, twisted me dnttened

blades 6

Breathing horns not aenely: fisted: if arent tnvisted!

this occurs apically and not basally and the breathing

horns are not flattened p

Deeply depressed areas on thorax behind each breathing

horn; median carina present : :

No depressed areas on thorax, entire thorax convex

Breathing horns slightly twisted gd into a dilated

funnel-shaped opening :

Breathing horns not dilated apical, or even tasted:

cylindrical or tapering gradually to narrow apex.

Cephalic crest conspicuous, consisting of numerous acute

spines :

Cephalic crest abeent 3

Nephrotoma.

Goniotipula.

Tipula.

Longurio.

10.

Elephantomyia.

LIimnophilomyia.

Pseudolimnophila.

LTimonia.

11.

15.

12.

Trimicra.

13.

Gonomyia.

14.

Conosia.

Limnophila.

Rhabdomastix.

Erioptera.

24 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus TipuLA Linnaeus.

1758. p. 585.

Imago.—Males normally winged; females winged, with long slender

legs, or subapterous and physogastric with short stout legs; tibial

spurs 1, 2, 2; nasus usually distinct, not bifid; terminal joint of

maxillary palpi elongate, whiplike, two and a half times to four times

the length of penultimate joint; antennae 13-jointed, joints swollen

basally; wings with Sc, entering Sc far beyond origin of RS, usually

opposite mid-length of RS; RS elongate, exceeding m-—cu (except

jocosa), vein R,,,. preserved, cell M, petiolate, never sessile, vein M,

arising distad to origin of M,,,, Ist M, present; body coloration

usually opaque; 3 hypopygium with ninth tergite notched and lobed

according to species, ninth sternite not as elongated as in genus

Longurio, two dististyles articulate with each basistyle (except caffra),

the inner dististyle usually a complex structure; 2 ovipositor usually

elongate, valves acicular; often reduced in subapterous 2 to short

inconspicuous truncate lobes (“‘coronata” group).

Larva.—Form plump, terete. Chaetotaxy composed of stiff setae.

Spiracular disc surrounded by six lobes (except caffra). Head capsule

retractile, compact, with the posterior incisions shallow; antennae

of varying length according to species, as long as broad to four times

as long as broad, cylindrical, apical papilla small, at most one-quarter

the basal segment (except coronata), often reduced and inconspicuous,

surrounded by three to four sensory pegs. Mandible small for so

massive a head capsule, produced into an apical tooth and often with

a ventral cutting tooth. Maxilla of Lomonzan construction, variously

armed with hairs and setae according to species. Labrum having

two circular areas bearing various setae. Hypopharynx with five

stout teeth (except coronata); prementum a fleshy scurfy rounded

lobe; mentum with seven teeth. Anal gills four (“soror” group) or

absent (““coronata”’ group), if present, of varying specific shape.

Pupa.—Form slender to stout. Cephalic crest usually lacking

(“soror”? group) or conspicuous (“‘coronata” group). Mouth parts

with sheaths of maxillary palpi strongly recurved (“soror” group)

or strongly curved (‘“‘coronata” group). Pronotal breathing horns

equal in length, short-cylindrical (“‘soror”’ group) or elongate (“‘coro-

nata”’ group), tips rounded or slightly dilated. Wing pads usually

extend to end of abdominal segment 2 in g¢ and 99; legs short (end

of abdominal segment 3 in all 99 and g¢ of “soror” group) or long

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 25

(end of abdominal segment 6, 7 or 8 in g3 of “coronata”’ group.)

Armature of abdominal segments strong, each segment having a

transverse row of a varying number of spines along posterior margin.

Cauda with four powerful dorsal lobes, the eighth segment of cauda

supplying an additional eight lobelike spines, four ventral, one pleural

on each side and two dorso-median spines situated between the

anterior lobes of cauda (“‘soror” group) or eighth segment with the

ventral spines absent; sheaths enclosing ninth sternites of go

hypopygia of varying shape and length according to species.

Five species of Tipula frequent the S.W. Cape region. The life-

histories of all five have been determined and show that the immatures

occur in a wide range of environment as follows :—

T. soror: Wet saturated moss, mud or ooze on cliff walls.

T. pomposa: Damp organic soil or mud on extreme edge of streams.

T. j0cosa: Beneath mats of Juncus on edge or partially immersed

in swift streams.

T. coronata: In dry soil beneath Restio clumps on mountain slopes.

T. caffra: As in coronata, also in rich soil of shady woods.

The study of the genus has revealed that two natural groups of

imagos exist. In the “soror” group (TL. soror, pomposa, jocosa) both

sexes are large and normally winged, possessing the typical features

of the genus, the 99 having the normal Tipuline ovipositor. In the

“coronata”’ group (T. coronata and caffra) the $3 are normally winged

and small, while the 99 are subapterous, physogastric, and differ

vastly in appearance, structure, and ovipositor apparatus from the

“soror’ group. This natural grouping is consolidated by the structure

of the head capsule and spiracular disc of the larvae, and by the

general features of the pupae. The 99 of the “coronata” group are

easily distinguished by their unusual form of ovipositor from the

subapterous 99 of Longurio (compare figs. 8, a, b, c and 14, e, f, g).

In 1929 in Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile (pp. 34, 35)

Alexander described at some length the structure of the male hypo-

pygium of the genus Tipula, stating this to be the most important

character for the separation of the different species. He writes “the

basistyle of median to small size, usually entirely separate from the

sternite by a suture, the latter sometimes obsolete on its dorsal

portion.” (This is applicable to the S.W. Cape species.) ‘“‘The

ventro-caudal angle of the basistyle usually produced into a lobe, this

sometimes lacking or very small, in others small and scarcely longer

than broad, in the extreme cases very long and conspicuous, being

26 Annals of the South African Museum.

from eight to ten times as long as thick.” (In the S.W. Cape species

this ventro-caudal lobe on the basistyles is entirely absent.)

‘““On the mesal face of the basistyles is borne a caudal lobe of

various forms that furnishes important specific characters.” In some

figures which he submits (figs. 127 and 136) Alexander shows this

lobe to be continuous with or produced from the basistyle. In other

figures (121, 130, 142, 147, 155, 158) he does not show the actual

origin of this lobe from the basistyle. (In the S.W. Cape species this

lobe is absent.) Two dististyles articulate with the mesal face of the

basistyle: the outer dististyle is a fleshy flattened lobe, sparsely

haired; the inner dististyle is a sengle complex structure of varying

shape and with different projections which arise from the common

basal portion (see fig. 4, a, b, c of T. soror).

The penis is bulbous basally, situated at the junction of the eighth

and ninth sternites, and consists of a slender tube which is ventrally

curved and which emerges from the aedeagal sheath attached medially

to the incision of the ninth sternite. Due to this arrangement, the

“latera”’ and “‘basum” (lateral and basal plates of the penis)—

processes for the attachment of muscles—have undergone a torsion

of 180 degrees, the former plates being directed dorsally, the latter

caudally (not cephalad as in other genera).

Key to Species of Tipula.

6 Imagos.

1. Large forms (17-21 mm.; wings 17-23 mm.) (“soror” group) . 3.

Smaller forms (8-10 mm.; wings 9-12 mm.) (“‘coronata” group). 2.

2. Ninth tergite deeply incised medially into two triangular lobes, the

apices of which are subacute (fig. 17, 6); each Meee bears

only one dististyle (fig. 17, c) : caffra.

Ninth tergite not deeply incised, usually With the eaatlal margin

or surface produced into a median lobe (fig. 13, 5); each

basistyle bears two dististyles (fig. 13, a) : coronata.

3. Outer dististyle a flattened fleshy pubescent lobe, trinnienlae apex

bluntly rounded (figs. 4, c; 11, c); ninth tergite produced into

a median lobe, either broad and squarely truncated or slender

and truncate with a slight notch (fig. 4, f; ll,d) . : 4,

Outer dististyle a flattened fleshy pubescent lobe, narrow in sieios

slightly swollen after mid-length, bluntly rounded apically

(fig. 7, 6, e); ninth tergite with its median area produced ventrad

and slightly caudad into a pendulous pale fleshy lobe densely

haired (fig. 7, c) . é ; : 4 : é : . jocosa.

4, Inner dististyle (fig. 4, a, b) with two hooks and two blades; ninth

tergite with its median lobe broad (fig. 4, f) . . : . soror.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea).

Inner dististyle (fig. 11, a, b) with one ridged and one curved blade,

no hooks present; ninth tergite with its median lobe narrow and

slender (fig. 11, d)

2 Imagos.

. Subapterous, wings about equal to length of a halter; body

physogastric; ovipositor reduced, inconspicuous (‘“‘coronata”’

group) ; :

Normal wings, 7.e. apex enches ona of abdomen: Body dindee

not physogastric; ovipositor of normal shape, acicular, slender;

large forms (23-28 mm., wings 19-29 mm.) (“‘soror’’ group)

. Flagellar joint 1 of antennae twice as long as broadest diameter;

ultimate joint equal to penultimate, elongate-cylindrical

(fig. 14, c); wings (fig. 14, d) gradually swelling from the base to

the wide rounded apex, costal margin almost straight; legs

long (see table p. 52); ventral ovipositor valves (fig. 14, i

forming a shallow median groove .

Flagellar joint 1 not clavate, elongate- colncr eal thnes dines as

long as broad, ultimate joint twice the penultimate, conical

(fig. 17, g); wings (fig. 17, 7) constricted near base, curved,

costal margin curved; legs short (see table, p. 60); ventral

ovipositor valves forming a deep median groove

. Freshly caught specimens possess a vivid greenish elon on

thorax and wings which fades in older specimens to dull yellow

and brownish on wings; costal margin unshaded up to the

stigma; RS short, shorter than m-cu, three times basal

deflection of Ry; : :

Freshly caught specimens nenally Bowl. on hore and wings;

costal margin shaded to stigma with a brown suffusion, extend-

ing to vein R in depth; RS long, four and a half to five times

the basal deflection of Ry, 5 .

. Large females (27 mm., wings 23-28 mm. . pheding alone sostal

margin stops at end of stigma; Cu devoid of shading; Ist M,

as large as that of jocosa : : j $

Smaller females (23-24 mm., wings "19-20 mm.); shading along

costal margin continuous alone RS and R, to wing tip; shading

present along Cu; Ist M, small

Larvae.

. Spiracular disc surrounded by six conspicuous lobes (fig. 5, g, h);

anal gills large and conspicuous (fig. 5, g) (“‘soror”’ group)

Spiracular disc with minute lobes, in which case larva never

exceeds 20 mm., or disc with mere indications of six microscopic

lobes, in which case larva never exceeds 27 mm.; anal gills

absent, actual margins of anus usually distended and conspicuous

(fig. 15, d) (“‘coronata’’ group)

pomposa.

coronata.

caffra.

jocosa.

pomposa.

soror.

Annals of the South African Museum.

. Colour jet black, integument opaque; chaetotaxy absent; if

present, microscopic and difficult to detect against body colour,

replaced by groups of twenty short stiffened hairs; anal

gills black; vale of fully grown larva 50-55 mm., diameter

7-8 mm. : : :

Colour fawn to sepia browne never Gpibke: integument opaque

or transparent; black chaetotaxy conspicuous against body

colour; anal gills white or dull fawn; length never exceeds

20-23 mm.

. Anal gills dull fawn, massive, Gerda pair : arodiced lnterad anal

abruptly narrowed to slender apices (fig. 5, g), cephalic pair

broad, each lateral angle square; maxilla (fig. 5, f) with outer

lobe devoid of hairs or setae

Anal gills white and thus outatandinig against body csloun

elongate, curved round body surface, slender, tapering to

rounded apices, each gill bearing basally a small lobule about

one-sixth the length of the gill (fig. 9, c); maxilla (fig. 9, d)

with outer lobe very pubescent over its whole surface, extreme

edge fringed with hairs and curved acute hairlike setae, on the

inner edge a small palpus with sensory pegs

. Spiracular disc (fig. 18, d) surrounded by six short lobes, oleagie

visible, lateral and dorsal lobes wide at origin, then suddenly

narrowed to slender outwardly curved apices; labrum narrow

(fig. 18, a); antennae (fig. 18, a) elongate-cylindrical, twice its

diameter; hypopharynx (fig. 18, 6) with five anterior teeth,

middle tooth the longest; chaetotaxy very short, tips of setae

just visible above the layer of soil grains adhering to the

integument; pleural setae of abdominal segments situated on

a large conspicuous fleshy protuberance

Spiracular disc apparently lobeless at first sight, alduee examina-

tion reveals six microscopic fleshy lobelets (fig. 15, d), the dorsal

pair mere tubercles for the elongate setae; labrum broad

(fig. 15, 6); antennae (fig. 15, 6) short-cylindrical, as long as

broad; hypopharynx (fig. 15, a) with three anterior teeth,

middle tooth the smallest; chaetotaxy of moderate length,

conspicuous against body colour; no pleural protuberance on

abdominal segments :

Pupae.

Small forms (11-16 mm., diameter 2-3-2 mm.); breathing horns

long and curved, or if shorter and not curved, shape is elongate-

clavate, not cylindrical; cephalic crest conspicuous, distinct

(fig. 19, a, b); maxillary palpi strongly curved but not recurved

at tips; cauda (fig. 19, c) unarmed on eighth segment except

for each large pleural spine or armed with two additional

dorso-median spines, thus the ventral spines in both these

cases absent; female cauda with the tergal sheaths absent

pomposa.

soror.

jocosa.

caffra.

coronata.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 29

Large forms (18-31 mm., diameter 2-6-5-5 mm.); breathing horns

short, cylindrical, not clavate, apices sometimes slightly dilated;

cephalic crest at most a minute fleshy conical tubercle at base

of antennal sheaths; maxillary palpi strongly recurved at tips;

eighth segment of cauda (fig. 6, g) with eight lobelike spines,

i.e. two dorso-median spines, one pleural spine on each side and

four ventral spines : 3.

2. Cephalic crest (fig. 19, a, b) a stout uae ohitinieed median fake!

each outer angle produced into a thick blunt hook (ventral

aspect); crest wide and stout at origin, tapering to an acute

ventrally curved apex (lateral aspect) (fig. 19, b); male cauda

(fig. 19, d) with anterior dorsal lobes smaller than posterior

dorsal lobes, the latter wide at base, almost truncate apically,

each outer angle further prolonged into an acute spine; ventral

spine on sheaths of ninth sternite much enlarged and con-

spicuous, scarcely projecting beyond tip of posterior dorsal

lobes; eighth segment of cauda unarmed except for a prominent

pleural spine even longer than the anterior dorsal lobes; female

cauda (fig. 19, c, e) has no ventral spines on sternal sheaths,

apex of cauda oblique, not truncate : . caffra.

Cephalic crest (fig. 16, a) a stout, moderately lone median lobe,

bifid, the incision deep; crest wide, dorsal margin strongly

curved to a spinous apex (lateral aspect) (fig. 16, 6); male

cauda (fig. 16, c, d) with the anterior dorsal lobes much larger

than the small bulbous posterior lobes; segment eight of cauda

has only two dorso-median spines between anterior dorsal

lobes, two large pleural spines present on each side, ventral

spines on sheaths of ninth sternites projecting far beyond tip

of posterior dorsal lobes; female cauda (fig. 16, e, f) with apex

practically truncate, consequently the two anterior dorsal lobes,

the two dorso-median spines and the lateral spines form a ring

round the bulbous posterior dorsal lobes; ventral spines on

sternal sheaths conspicuous, apices acute ; 3 : . coronata.

3. Sheaths enclosing ninth sternites of male hypopygium enormous,

projecting beyond posterior dorsal lobes of cauda (fig. 10, a, b);

no lobule or spines laterad of base of each anterior dorsal lobe . _ soror.

Sheaths of ninth sternites not longer than posterior dorsal lobes,

often reduced and considerably shorter; lobule or spines

laterad of base of each anterior dorsal lobe. : . 4.

4. Colour warm brown to black; large forms (25-31 mm., diameter

5-5-5 mm.); sheaths of ninth sternites end Spain tips of

posterior dorsal lobes and therefore not longer than these lobes

(fig. 10, c, d); laterad and cephalad of each anterior dorsal lobe

a small bifid lobule (fig. 10, c,d) . : pomposa.

Colour light brown; smaller forms (18-20 mm., cismeter 2: 6

3 mm.); sheaths of ninth sternites much reduced, just reaching

base of posterior dorsal lobes (fig. 10, e, f); laterad of base of

each anterior dorsal lobe occur two minute acute slender spines

(fig. 10, e, f) : : : 3 5 : : : . jocosa.

30 Annals of the South African Museum.

Tipula soror Wiedemann.

Figs. 4-6; 10, a, 6.

1821. p. 24; 1828. p. 46.

1917. Alexander, p. 166, pl. xii, fig. 28 (wing); pl. xi, fig. 49

(hypopygium); pl. xiv, fig. 58 (9th tergite).

3S: Length 18-6-19 mm., wing 19-1—20 mm.

Antennae (fig. 4, g) 13-jointed, lhght yellow, flagellar joint 1

elongate-fusiform, remaining joints swollen basally, then gradually

tapering to a narrow apex, each enlargement bearing four to six black

verticils, ultimate joint one-third the penultimate, conical. Palpi

(fig. 4, e) light brown, two-thirds the length of the antennae, ultimate

joint two and a half times the penultimate, whiplike, although not

as elongate as in T. pomposa and T. jocosa.

An accurate drawing of the wing was given by Alexander in 1917.

The most important feature for the classification of species of T2pula,

however, is the male hypopygium, which was first figured and described

by Alexander (1917, p. 166). “Ninth tergite moderate in size, the

caudal margin concave with a very broad median lobe, whose caudal

margin is squarely truncated and bifid for a short distance by a deep

line; the caudal dorsal margin with numerous small black spicules.

Outer pleural appendage [i.e. the outer dististyle] very broad and

flat, pale, almost white, the apex somewhat obliquely truncated, the

outer face with short, appressed hairs that are most numerous at the

cephalic dorsal angle.”

The apical margin of the outer dististyle is undulate, being produced

at the proximal angle (fig. 4, c). This outer dististyle articulates in a

socket on the mesal face of the basistyle which is small and irregularly

rounded caudally (fig. 4, d), the dististyle thus being a separate

structure and not a prolongation of the basistyle. Inner dististyle is

a single complex structure partly visible through the translucent outer

dististyle. From a lateral aspect (fig. 4, a) the outer surface of this

dististyle is divided into two divergent hooks, the smaller tapering

to a slender blackened apex and directed slightly inwards, the larger

directed dorsally and suddenly narrowed to a slender apex which

from a posterior aspect (fig. 4, b) is directed slightly outwards; on the

caudal surface of this hook are nine to ten short tuberculate setae.

On the inside of the smaller hook (H.) arises a flattened truncate

blade (B.) which has the dorsal angle slightly produced; at the base

i, a) Eo) Gees ey aaa ee

Fic. 4.—Tipula soror, Wiedemann. a, inner dististyle (male hypopygium);

b, ditto, posterior view; c, outer dististyJe (male hypopygium); d, end o

abdomen (lateral view); e, maxillary palpus; f, ninth tergite (dorsal view);

g, antenna.

32 Annals of the South African Museum.

of this blade occur seven to eight short tuberculate setae. On the

inside of the larger hook (L.H.) is a large flattened blade (L.B.),

heavily chitinised and strong along the cephalic region, but membra-

nous and weaker along the caudal margin, which is curved and bears

eighteen to twenty-two minute apical setae; at the base of the larger

blade is a rounded protuberance bearing numerous yellow hairs. In

normal position the apex of the large blade on this inner dististyle

rests in the concavity of the ninth tergite. The planes in which the

hooks and blades lie may be easily detected when the dististyle is

viewed from a posterior aspect (fig. 4, 6). Penis is bulbous basally,

situated at the junction of the eighth and ninth segments and consists

of a much elongated tube, curved ventrally and emerging from

the aedeagal sheath attached medially to the deep incision of the

ninth sternite; apex of penis bifid.

@: Length 23-5-25 mm., wing 19-2-20 mm. Similar in colour,

wing venation and general appearance to the male; ovipositor of

normal tipuline type. Legs long and slender, thus:

I it Il

Femur ‘ 8-5 10 12

(ilo, - AO 10-2 14-]

Tarsus : 13 14 16

Total 31:5 34-2 42-1

Localities. —Cape Peninsula: Camps Bay slopes (K. H. B., H. G. W.),

September 1932; Chapmans Peak (K. H. B.,

H. G. W.), November 1934; Glencairn Valley

(K. H. B., H. G. W.), August 1932.

Cape Province: Landdrost (K. H. B.), 1917; French

Hoek Pass (E. side) (G. A. W., H. G. W.), October

1933; Witte River Valley (G. A. W., H. G. W.),

October 1933; Matroosberg (Lightfoot), November

1917; Olifants River, Clanwilliam (Lawrence), Sep-

tember 1932; Sneeuwgat Valley (K. H. B., C. W. T.,

H. G. W.), November 1933; Tradouw Pass (G. A. W.,

H. G. W.), January 1938; Hermanus (G. A. W.),

March 1939.

Larva.—Length 33 mm., diameter 3 mm. Colour dull dirty fawn,

the thoracic segments brownish yellow, the dorsa of abdominal

segments darkened with light brown. Form terete, plump, greatest

diameter at fifth abdominal segment; integument thin, revealing the

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 33

underlying muscles, covered with a dirty cream microscopic

pubescence.

Chaetotaxy composed of short stiff setae, their blackish-brown

colour making them conspicuous against the body colour in spite of

their small size. Dorsum of prothorax with eight setae, a pair near

each lateral margin and four evenly spaced minute setae across the

mesal portion; pleura with three setae, one anterior and two at

mid-length; venter with four setae, each outer seta large, the inner

setae microscopic; meso- and metathoracic segments with eight evenly

spaced pairs of setae; pleura with two setae, one anterior and one

mesal; venter with a tuft of three setae on each lateral margin and

two smaller setae. Dorsa of abdominal segments 1-7 have a trans-

verse row of setae near the posterior margin, consisting of a single

seta on either side of median line, laterad of each are two pairs of

longer setae; cephalad of each outer pair is a group of twenty stiffened

hairs from which projects a single large seta; pleura with four setae,

one anterior and a group of three near posterior margin; venter with

a pair of setae on either side of median line near posterior margin;

at each postero-lateral corner a group of twenty short stiffened hairs

appears as a black circular spot from which protrudes a long seta

and near which is another median seta. Immediately cephalad of

the gills is a ventral row of four evenly spaced setae and one pleural

seta.

Spiracular disc (fig. 5, g, h) surrounded by six lobes of equal length,

the two ventral lobes broad at the base, in the shape of an equilateral

triangle, the two dorsal and the two lateral lobes narrower at the base,

tapering to bluntly rounded apices, the inner surface of each dorsal

lobe being margined with a thin stripe of dark brown; lateral lobes

margined only by an outer strip of brown; ventral lobes with a trans-

verse basal brown stripe, the central portion of which is blackened,

giving an ocellate effect, apex of these lobes darkened with a blackish-

brown circular dot; outer ring of spiracles dark blackish brown, inner

portion darker black; spiracles large, circular, separated by two-

thirds the diameter of one spiracle. Anal gills four (fig. 5, g), dull

fawn, massive, the caudal pair produced sideways and abruptly

narrowed to slender apices; cephalic pair broad, each latera! angle

square.

Head capsule retractile, broad, compact and massive, heavily

chitinised, posterior incisions shallow, the prefrontal sclerite large and

conspicuous. Basal segment of antenna (fig. 5, c) elongate-cylindrical,

four times as long as its diameter, the solitary apical papilla reduced

VOL. XXXIX. 3

Fic. 5.—Larva of Tipula soror Wiedemann. a, hypopharynx and prementum;

b, labrum (dorsal view); c, antenna; d, mentum; e, mandible; f, maxilla; g, end

of abdomen with anal gills and spiracular lobes (ventral view); h, spiracular disc

(posterior view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 35

to a minute cone, near which are two microscopic sensory pegs.

Mandible (fig. 5, e), although heavily chitinised and strong, is small

for the size of the head capsule, produced to a bluntly rounded apical

tooth and a single truncate cutting tooth. Maxilla (fig. 5, f): cardo

a slender tapering rod; inner lobe bearing a short cylindrical palpus

with several sensory papillae at its apex, distad of this palpus is a

set of six to eight closely placed stiff setae; outer lobe chitinised,

irregular in shape, extreme angle hooked and devoid of setae and hairs.

Labrum (fig. 5, 6) large, conspicuous, having two chitinised areas

near the apex, each ring armed with six inner tuberculate conical

papillae and a fringe of ten outer hairlike setae, the apical set of five

larger and truncate; apex of labrum bluntly rounded, its margin

beset with twelve small papillae. Hypopharynx (fig. 5, a) consists

of a broad flattened plate, the basal lateral angles of which are pro-

duced into strong chitinised arms, anterior margin divided into five

broad blunt teeth, ventral surface of plate densely clothed with numer-

ous stiff acute setae; dorsad of the hypopharynx and attached to

it basally is a large rounded fleshy lobe—the prementum—covered

with a microscopic scurfiness. Mentum (fig. 5, d) very broad, almost

completely divided behind, anterior margin having three blunt teeth

on either side of the long large median tooth.

Pupa.—Length 18-25 mm., diameter 2-5-3-2 mm. Colour light

sepia to dark brown, wing pads pale yellowish brown on young pupae,

dark brown to black in mature pupae, usually covered with minute

grains of soil and debris which are easily removed; pleural region of

abdomen yellow.

Form moderately slender; head of moderate size; cephalic crest

absent, at most represented by a small conical tubercle at base of

each antennal sheath (fig. 6, e), which is slender, moderately elongate,

extending a short distance beyond the wing angle; labrum (fig. 6, a)

broad; apex pointed; labial lobes oval, contiguous along inner

margins; maxillary palpi strongly recurved at tips for three-eighths

to one-half their length, tapering abruptly to acute points.

Pronotal breathing horns (fig. 6, c) rather short for so large a pupa

but distinct, equal in length, cylindrical, margins slightly crenulate,

tips rounded and slightly curved ventrally. Mesonotum transversely

wrinkled. Wing pads extend to end of abdominal segment 2, venation

clearly distinguishable; leg sheaths reaching end of abdominal seg-

ment 3, fore tarsi much shorter than the others which are equal in

length, tips of all tarsi shghtly curved inwards.

Abdominal segments 2—7 subdivided into two annuli of equal length,

i g

Fic. 6.—Pupa of Tipula soror Wiedemann. a, mouth parts; 8, fifth abdominal

segment (ventral view); c, pronotal breathing horn; d, female cauda (lateral view) ;

e, antennal sheath; f, female cauda (dorsal view); g, female cauda (ventral view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 37

each anterior annulus devoid of spines or setae; in the pleural region

there occurs a single conspicuous chitinised mammiliform spine at

mid-length; the posterior annuli (fig. 6, 6) being armed with stronger

and stouter spines as follows: dorsum of segment 2 with a transverse

row of four small acute spines, of segment 3 with six spines, of seg-

ments 4-7 with ten mammiliform spines, one on either side of median

line, the remaining eight grouped in evenly spaced pairs; pleura of

segments 3-7 with a single mesal spine, shorter than that on anterior

annulus; venter of segment 3 with a pair on either side of leg sheaths,

of segments 4-7 with a transverse row of eight to ten spines along

caudal margin and two additional large mesal spines. Spiracles

apparently lacking, detectable only after dissection of the empty pupal

exuviae, wherein the tracheae are visible and terminate on the dorsal

region of the cauda; the pleural spiracles are situated slightly cephalad

of each posterior spine.

$ cauda (fig. 10, a, 6): armed with four powerful, stout dorsal lobes

tapering to spinous chitinised apices, one at the base of each tergal

sheath, the other two further cephalad and dorsad, the former lobes

being longer, more slender and often with the apices slightly bifid;

at the base of cauda, on segment eight, occurs a row of four ventral

- evenly spaced lobelike spines (fig. 10, a), a single pleural spine on each

side and two dorso-median spines lying between the anterior pair of

lobes of cauda; tergal sheaths short, but longer and more slender

than the sternal sheaths which are thick at base, tapering abruptly

to blunt apices.

2 cauda (fig. 6, f, g): similar in armature to g; sheaths enclosing

the ninth sternites are enormous, wide, blunt, longer than the posterior

dorsal lobes, bearing an acute hooked spine at the ventral angle, the

sheaths being produced on their inner apical surface into two rounded

fingerlike median lobes, below which the sheaths are deeply incised

along the median line.

Remarks.—Larvae and pupae of this species were discovered by

Dr. Barnard and the author at Chapmans Peak in November 1934.

In this locality the motor road is constructed along the contour of

the shale band which marks the junction of the igneous granite rock

and the sedimentary Table Mountain Sandstone. The impervious

granite causes the water filtering through the horizontal and vertical

bedding planes of the shale and sandstone to trickle out from numerous

springs. Due to the constant supply of water small plants flourish

at the base of one clifflike cutting, the saturated organic ooze and.

mud on the small ledges two to six inches in width providing an ideal

38 Annals of the South African Museum.

habitat for the immatures of T. soror. This locality is exposed to

the direct sunlight throughout the day. An examination of the

oesophagus of the larvae shows them to be vegetarian, feeding on

rootlets and pieces of dead leaves. The pupal stadium occupies

thirteen days; the pupae rest in a vertical position in the drier

portions of the mud.

In Tradouw Pass (January 1938) Mrs. Wood and the author found

four large larvae of this species in a similar type of environment,

but here mosses and liverworts predominated on the small ledges, the

locality being shaded for the greater part of the day by huge Cunonia

capensis (“ Rooiels’”’) trees. At French Hoek Pass, Witte River

Valley and Sneeuwgat Valley, adults of T. soror are to be found

flying amid the clumps of short reeds which grow in the open marshy

ground. The adults hang by the first pair of legs from the reeds

with the wings almost at right angles to the body. It is probable

that the immatures frequent the black saturated mud of these bogs.

Tipula jocosa Alex.

Kigs, 7-9; 10, ¢, 7:

1917. pp. 168-169, pl. xu, fig. 31 (wing).

1921. pp. 226-227, pl. iv, fig. 27 (9th tergite), fig. 28 (hypopygium).

$: Length 17-5-18-5 mm., wing 18-185 mm. Freshly caught

specimens are beautifully coloured with a vivid green sheen on the

thorax and wings, which fades in older specimens to dull yellow on

the thorax and brown on the wings.

Antennae similar to those of T. soror, the ultimate joint one-half

the penultimate; palpi with ultimate joint four times the penultimate;

decidedly whiplike, twice joints 1-3 combined.

Alexander’s description (1921, pp. 226-227) and ae are excellent,

although the actual shape of the dististyles is obscured by the dark

shading. He states “‘ninth tergite large, ample, the posterior margin

concave, the lateral angles slightly produced into thin, heavily

chitinised lobes, the median area produced ventrad and slightly

caudad into a pendulous pale fleshy lobe that is densely clothed with

a fine pubescence.”

The caudal margin of this ninth tergite is densely beset with minute

black dorsal spicules. Basistyle small, slightly concave along the

a d

Fic. 7.—Tipula jocosa Alex. a, head of imago (lateral view); b, end of abdomen

showing hypopygium and underlying penis (lateral view); c, ninth tergite (dorsal

view); d, end of penis; e, outer and inner dististyles (male hypopygium).

40 Annals of the South African Museum.

caudal surface. Outer dististyle (fig. 7, e) a flat, narrow, pale fleshy

lobe, sparsely haired, slightly swollen after mid-length, bluntly

rounded apically; inner dististyle (fig. 7, e) heavily chitinised, its

inner surface deeply concave, its outer surface consequently sharply

carinate along its margin, the inner margin of the concavity produced,

swollen and rounded, the outer surface produced into a conspicuous

chitinised hook that is directed cephalad; basal surface of this disti-

style clothed with numerous stiff hairs. From a posterior view a tuft

of long yellow hairs is situated on the inner side of each basistyle

immediately ventrad of the aedeagal sheath. Penis bulbous basally,

remainder an elongate slender ventrally curved tube which is bifid

apically (fig. 7, d) and which emerges from the slender aedeagal

sheath attached to the base of the ninth sternite.

@: Length 24-5-26 mm., wing 19-8-20-5 mm. Legs reveal the

following lengths :—

I II Iil

Femur : 1l 12-5 13-2

Tibia . . 14-5 15 16-5

Tarsus Sie (9) 19 20-5

Total 44.5 46-5 50-2

Similar to male in vivid coloration, venation and appearance;

ovipositor of normal tipuline type (fig. 8, a, b, c).

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Platteklip (K. H. B.), March 1931,

November 1933 (H. G. W.), February 1931; Lekker-

water (H. G. W.) February 1931, May 1933; Kirsten-

bosch (H. G. W.) November 1932; Fernwood

(H. G. W.) February 1933.

Cape Province: Oudebosch (H. G. W.) January 1934.

Natal: Alexander, 1921.

Larva.—Length 20-23 mm., diameter 1-8-2 mm. Colour a warm

sepia brown due to the short brown pubescence on the thick opaque

integument. Form plump, terete, transversely and irregularly

wrinkled.

Chaetotaxy consists of black setae of moderate length which renders

them fairly conspicuous against the brown body colour. JDorsa of all

segments have three setae near each posterio-lateral angle, the outer

seta somewhat longer than the inner pair and surrounded by a tuft

of about ten stiff hairs slightly longer than the neighbouring pubescence

of the integument; a single seta on the pleural region near posterior

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 41

margin; venter of all segments with a seta on either side of median

line at mid-length, another seta at each postero-lateral angle sur-

Fic. 8.—Tipula jocosa Alex. a, tergal valves (female ovipositor); 6, sternal

valves (female ovipositor); c, female ovipositor (lateral view).

rounded by a tuft of twenty stiff hairs difficult to observe against

the similarly coloured body.

Spiracular disc surrounded by six lobes of equal length, tapering

42 Annals of the South African Museum.

to bluntly rounded apices and fringed with delicate brown hairs,

which on the ventral lobes become longer along the apical margins,

two large setae present on the ventral surfaces of these lobes, one

mesal and one basal; inner surface of lobes with a slender median

{

)

Z d

Fig. 9.—Larva of Tipula jocosa Alex. a, labrum and antennae (dorsal view);

b, mentum; c, end of abdomen with spiracular lobes and anal gills (lateral view);

d, maxilla.

stripe interrupted at one-third of its length, apical portion abruptly

narrowed, then dilated into a black semicircle; dorsal lobes marked

with a dusky area of brown at base of both margins, lateral lobes

similarly marked on outer margin only. Spiracles large, circular, dark

brown, separated by the diameter of one spiracle, outer ring large,

inner portion a small dark oval; between the spiracles occur two low

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 43

semicircular blackish marks. Anal gills four, white, thus conspicuous

against the brown body colour, long, curved around body surface,

slender, tapering to rounded apices; each gill bears basally a small

lobule, which is slightly longer on the ventral gills, being one-sixth

the length of the gill.

Head capsule compact, revealing the general features of the “soror”’

group, but differing in the following details: each chitinised ring on

labrum (fig. 9, @) armed with two elongate, tuberculate setae and two

adjacent setae one-half their length, and a single elongate outer seta,

the margin of the ring being fringed with fifteen to twenty elongate,

broad, hairlike setae; apical region of labrum pubescent with two

prominent median tuberculate setae. Mentum (fig. 9, b) triangular

in outline, almost completely divided behind, the seven anterior teeth

acute, each outer tooth smaller, the inner teeth increasing in size to

the large castellated acute median tooth. Maxilla (fig. 9, d) devoid

of long tuberculate setae; inner lobe bearing short cylindrical palpus

with five to seven apical sensory pegs; proximad of its base is a

tuft of thirty to thirty-five delicate hairs; outer lobe clothed with a

pubescence of long hairs over its entire surface, the extreme edge

fringed with hairs and curved acute hairlike setae; inner apical

surface having a small chitinised palpus, at apex of which are two

sensory pegs.

Pupa.—Length 18-20 mm., diameter 2-6-3 mm. Similar in colora-

tion and general features to T. soror, but clearly distinguishable by

the male cauda (fig. 10, e, f) where the sheaths enclosing the ninth

sternites are much reduced, just reaching the base of the posterior

dorsal lobes, each ventral spine much enlarged, one-half the size of

the posterior dorsal lobes, tapering to an acute apex; the four dorsal

lobes of the cauda are noticeably bifid at the apices, especially from

a dorsal aspect; immediately laterad of the base of each anterior

dorsal lobe occur two minute acute slender spines.

2 cauda as in 7’. soror, consequently the respective female pupae

are difficult to classify until the adults have emerged.

Remarks.—The adults seem confined to those portions of mountain

streams which are well shaded by trees. When disturbed, they fly

rapidly to some rock or cliff face near the stream where they rest

quite flat against the rock surface with the legs widespread and the

wings at an angle of sixty degrees to the body. The adults are readily

recognisable in the field by the vivid green coloration on the thorax

and wings.

In Platteklip watercourse is a small pool six feet in diameter which

Fie. 10.—Male cauda of pupa: Zpula soror Wiedemann. a, dorsal view;

b, lateral view. Tipula pomposa Bergroth. c, dorsal view; d, lateral view.

Tipula jocosa Alex. e, dorsal view; f, lateral view.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 45

is supplied by a constant stream of crystal clear water. On one side

of the pool Juncus plants flourish luxuriantly and form a large dense

mat four feet square and five to six inches thick. In this ideal

habitat of wet soggy ooze provided by the lower portions of this mat

Dr. Barnard found the larvae of T. jocosa feeding on the rootlets

and fine organic debris surrounding them (November 1933). The

larvae were covered with the greyish slime or ooze and were difficult

to detect until the spiracular disc was opened out for respiration.

The larvae, when fully grown, migrate away from the stream margin

to the drier regions of the mat where they pupate. This stadium

occupies six days.

Tipula pomposa Bergroth.

igsy lOc rd:. lil 12:

1888. p. 139.

1917. Alexander, p. 168, pl. xii, fig. 30 (wing); pl. xii, fig. 52

(hypopygium); pl. xiv, fig. 60 (9th tergite).

3g: Length 19-5-20 mm., wing 21-8-23 mm. Antennae similar to

those of JT. soror, ultimate joint one-half the penultimate. Palpi

with ultimate joint more whiplike, three-quarters the length of

penultimate joint.

Alexander’s figures of the wing and the ninth tergite given in 1917

are sound, but his sketch of the male hypopygium (fig. 52) is incorrect.

The accurate portion of his description for the male hypopygium is

quoted thus: “Ninth tergite broad, the caudal margin produced

medially into a slender lobe whose tip is truncated with a U-shaped

notch; this lobe is concave dorsally, the lateral margin being slightly

elevated, the caudal margin with numerous chitinised points which

continue back on the dorsal surface of the lobe for about half its

length.” The remainder of Alexander’s description is faulty.

The outer dististyle is not “‘shghtly elongate-oval,” but in hypopygia

relaxed and cleared in KOH is triangular with the basal side irregular

in outline, the remaining two sides tapering gradually to a bluntly

rounded apex (fig. 11, c). The inner dististyle is not merely “‘more

rounded-oval,” but is a complex structure. From a lateral aspect

(fig. 11, 6) this dististyle is narrow basally, then suddenly broadened;

the caudal margin is rounded and beset with numerous long yellowish

hairs, the apical surface giving rise to two processes, a wide high ridge

(R) and a curved flattened rounded blade (B) (fig. 11, a), at the base

of which occurs a slight protuberance with numerous fine hairs.

46 Annals of the South African Museum.

Penis produced into a long ventrally curved tube, three and a half

times its bulbous base.

Q: Length 27-28-5 mm., wing 23-8-28-2 mm. Similar in colora-

tion, venation and appearance to the male; ovipositor of normal

tipuline structure. Legs as follows:

I II III

Femur Rn Ace: 13 14-4

Tibia . 5 1 thee 15 18

Tarsus 50 20) 21 23

Total . , Ales 49 55-4

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Seven Weeks Poort (K. H. B.,

H. G. W.), Hebruary 1932; Cansoy@@ eee

H. G. W.), February 1932; Schoemans Poort

(G. A. W., H. G. W.), January 1937; Oudebosch

(H. G. W.), September 1933; Groendal Valley,

Zwartkops River (K. H. B., C. W. T.), November

1938.

Zululand and Transvaal (Alexander); St. Lucia Bay

(fF. H. Power) December 1942.

Larva.—Length 50-55 mm., diameter 7-8 mm. Colour black due to

the black microscopic pubescence on the opaque integument. Form

plump, terete, the greatest diameter at the fifth abdominal segment.

Chaetotaxy, if present, difficult to detect against the jet-black body

colour, apparently reduced to a single short seta on each thoracic

pleura, replaced by groups of about twenty short black stiffened

hairs distributed thus: on thoracic dorsa a transverse row of six

evenly spaced groups; on venter one group near each lateral margin;

abdominal segments 1-7 with two dorsal and two ventral groups, a

group being situated near each postero-lateral corner of segment.

Spiracular disc (fig. 12, a) surrounded by six lobes of equal length,

the two dorsal and the two lateral lobes narrow at base, tapering to

bluntly rounded apices, the former lobes marked along inner margin

with a brown stripe dilated basally, narrow apically, the latter lobes

similarly striped on outer margin; the two ventral lobes broader at

the base than dorsal and lateral lobes, inner surface with a dark

brown mesal mark of irregular shape, apex of lobe with a short

slender median stripe. Between the spiracles are two low semi-

circular brown spots, each being prolonged ventrally as a thin white

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 47

band which terminates between the ventral lobes; between this white

band and the outer stripe on each ventral lobe is a black oblique oval

mark. Spiracles large, circular, separated by one and a half times

the diameter of one spiracle, outer ring dark brown, central portion

black. On the body prior to the spiracular disc occur six blunt

7 d

Fie. 11.—Tipula pomposa Bergroth. a, inner dististyle, male hypopygium,

anterior view; b, lateral view; c, outer dististyle (male hypopygium); d, ninth

tergite (dorsal view) with apical notch enlarged.

blackish-red protuberances, situated thus: one laterad and slightly

dorsad of each lateral lobe, one between the base of this protuberance

and the base of each dorsal lobe, one laterad and slightly dorsad of

each ventral lobe. Anus a wide transverse slit, often dilated, the

fleshy sides with a pattern of yellow and brown; laterad of each corner

is a large conspicuous black wrinkled tapering anal gill which bears

basally a small lobule; the two ventral anal gills are similarly shaped

but the basal lobule is larger and is one-quarter the length of the gill.

48 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fig. 12.—Larva of Tipula pomposa Bergroth. a, spiracular disc (posterior

view); 6, anal gills and spiracular lobes (ventral view).

Head capsule massive, revealing the typical shape and structure

as in T. soror, the only difference being the presence of a small extra

ventral cutting tooth on the mandible.

Pupa.—Length 25-31 mm., diameter 5-5-5 mm. Colour dark

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 49

brownish red to black. General shape and features as in T. soror,

differing as follows: on either side of the transversely wrinkled

mesonotum is a double rounded tubercle between each wing root and

the pronotal breathing horn.

3 cauda (fig. 10, c, d): With the armature arrangement of spines

- and lobes asin 7. soror, but the dorsal lobes are much larger and more

conspicuous, being slightly bifid apically, with an extra acute basal

spine on the ventral surface; laterad and cephalad of the anterior

dorsal lobes a small bifid lobule; the sheaths enclosing the ninth

sternites of the male hypopygium are large, but are shorter than the

posterior dorsal lobes and consequently conspicuously shorter than

in T. soror; ventral hooked spine on these sheaths larger than in

T. soror; median fingerlike lobes absent.

Remarks.—In February 1932 Dr. Barnard, Mr. Thorne and the

author first discovered the immatures of this species at Seven Weeks

Poort. These enormous larvae of the largest crane-fly in the 8.W.

Cape were found in the wet sandy gravel and reddish silt on the edges

of a small trickle of water two to three inches in depth, in which also

occurred the immatures of Conosia wirrorata (Wiedemann). This

locality is well protected from the wind and the heat of the sun by

the reeds and shrubs some five feet in height, which interlace to form

a low canopy of foliage over the water. Pupation takes place in

the drier portions of the low muddy bank and is of ten to twelve

days duration.

At Hermitage Kloof (January 1938) Mrs. Wood and the author

found three larvae and two pupae drowned in a small pool in the

watercourse. The recent rains had caused the stream to become a

raging torrent. It is probable that these immatures occupied the

white gravelly sand along the edges of the watercourse which contains

little silt or ooze.

In the field the larvae are easily distinguishable from others of the

genus by their large size and peculiar anal gills.

Tipula coronata Alex.

Figs. 13-16.

1917. pp. 169-170, pl. xu, fig. 32 (wing); pl. xi, fig. 50

(hypopygium); pl. xiv, fig. 61 (9th tergite).

1921. p. 222.

VOL. XXXIX. 4

50 Annals of the South African Museum.

g: Length 8-8-7 mm., wing 9-5-11-4 mm. Antennae (fig. 13, f)

13-jointed, dull brown, flagellar joint 1 clavate, joints 2-4 enlarged

but gradually becoming smaller than one another, semi-clavate to

short-fusiform, remaining seven joints conspicuously and abruptly

Fic. 13.—Tipula coronata Alex. a, male hypopygium (lateral view); 06, ninth

tergite (dorsal view); c, penis (lateral view); d, aedeagal sheath (dorsal view);

é, inner and outer dististyles, male hypopygium (posterior view); /, antenna.

narrower and consequently threadlike in appearance, joints equal in

length, slender, cylindrical, four to five times as long as broad,

coloration pale yellowish brown.

“Ninth tergite subquadrate, the caudal margin with a very deep

median re-entrant angle; caudal margin densely beset with powerful

black bristles; margin of the U-shaped notch pale, the inner ventral

angle of each of the lateral lobes produced beneath into a blunt

lobule that is armed at the tip on the outer face with three stout

black teeth and several powerful bristles”’ (see fig. 13, a).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 51

Alexander in the remainder of his description of the male hypo-

pygium (p. 170 and in his fig. 50) failed to note the presence of the

fleshy outer dististyle and consequently described only the inner

dististyle (“‘pleural appendage’’).

Basistyle small and inconspicuous; outer dististyle (fig. 13, e) a

fleshy pubescent lobe, spatulate in outline; inner dististyle (fig. 13, a, e)

triangular when viewed posteriorly, its outer basal margin armed with

a row of six short, stout equidistantly spaced spines; from a lateral

aspect this lobe is broad at base, tapering to a slightly hooked slender

apex, outer basal angle rounded, slightly produced, knoblike, bearing

twenty to thirty stout, armed, setalike hairs. Penis short (fig. 13, c),

only twice the length of its bulbous base, which is enclosed by the

cup-shaped aedeagus with its “latera”’ and ‘“‘basum”; ninth sternite

extensive, deeply incised on the mid-ventral line, at the base of

which is the short, chitinised aedeagal sheath (fig. 13, d) attached

by a short, tapering strip of membrane to either side of the incision.

Q: Length (newly emerged) 8-9 mm., (gravid) 15-5 mm.; greatest

diameter of abdomen 3mm. Subapterous; young females have the

abdomen of normal length and width, and reveal a similar coloration

to that of the males. Gravid females dark reddish brown, almost

black, unicolourous on praescutum, abdomen enormously swollen and

greatly extended, containing on an average 320 to 350 black eggs

which are visible through the stretched segments of the abdomen.

Palpi (fig. 14, 6) have the ultimate joint one and a half to one and

three-quarter times the length of penultimate, this joint consequently

not as whiplike as in the typical members of the genus (fig. 7, a).

Antennae (fig. 14, c) 13-jointed; flagellar joint 1 enlarged, clavate,

twice as long as its broadest diameter; joints 2-3 equal in length,

semi-clavate, twice as long as broad; joints 4-5 less wide, about equal

in length, short-fusiform; joints 6-9 equal in length to joint 5 but

slightly narrower, three times as long as broad, slightly fusiform,

penultimate joint swollen apically, twice as long as ultimate joint,

which is small and conical. Distal to the fifth flagellar joint the

female antennae differ remarkedly from those of the male (cf. fig. 13, f).

Wings (fig. 14, d) one and a quarter times the length of a halter,

gradually swelling from the base to a wide rounded apex; costal

margin almost straight; anal angle suffused with light brown, basal

portion with five macrotrichia; venation reduced to a straight radial

vein bearing five mesal and seven to eight apical macrotrichia, and

vein M with five macrotrichia along mid length, costal margin with

numerous macrotrichia.

52 Annals of the South African Museum.

Halteres (fig. 14, a) almost straight, slender, slightly dilated basally ;

knob small, oval, twice the width of halter stem. Legs long and

slender for a subapterous female, fore femora not incrassate.

I II Il

Femur ¥ 5 5-5 5-5

Tibia . ; 5-8 4-5 6-2

Tarsus eo 9-2 9-6

otalie i 19-2 21-3

Abdomen enormously swollen and packed with black eggs; ninth

sternite large, underlying the ninth tergite and the short telescoped

tenth tergite; ovipositor (fig. 14, g) unusual in form and structure;

thus these females (and those of T. caffra) are easily distinguishable

from the subapterous females of the genus Longurio. Dorsal valve

subdivided into two valvelets, one above the other, the caudal margin

of each being rounded and indentate medially; anus heavily chitinised

and opening through the membranous tissue at the base of the dorsal

ovipositor valve (fig. 14, e); tenth sternite large, heavily chitinised,

pubescent, concealed when viewed from a dorsal aspect, the short

slender valves at apex form a deep median groove or furrow for the

emission of the eggs, the sides being chitinised and clothed with

numerous stiff black setae.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Orangezicht (K. H. B.), May 1931;

Kcho Valley (K. H. B., H. G. W.), April 1931; Red

Gods (K. H. B., C. W. T.), April 19573 sGnetio

(K. H. B., H. G. W.), May 1931; Chapmans Peak

(G. A. W., H. G. W.), May 1934.

Cape Province: Seven Weeks Poort Berg (K. H. B.),

December 1928; Fonteintjiesberg (K. H. B.), March

1929; Ruiterbosch (K. H. B., H. G. W.), February

1932; Meirings Poort Berg (K. H. B., H. G. W.),

February 1932; Zebasberg (Stokoe), April 1933;

Slanghoek Peak (K. H. B.), March 1938; Palmiet

River (K. H. B., C. W. T.), April 1936; Waaihoek

Kloof (K. H. B.), April 1928; French Hoek Pass

(G. A. W., H. G. W.), April 1935.

Larva.—Length 15-17 mm., diameter 3-3-5 mm. Colour dull

cream to yellowish brown, often dark brown. Form very plump, the

greatest diameter about third abdominal segment; integument opaque,

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 53

Fie. 14.—Tipula coronata Alex. Female: a, halter; 6, maxillary palpus;

c, antenna; d, wing; e, tergal valves of ovipositor (ventral view); f, sternal valves

of ovipositor (dorsal view); g, end of abdomen (lateral view).

54 Annals of the South African Museum.

covered with microscopic pubescence to which adhere persistently

minute grains of soil; each abdominal segment wrinkled into three

transverse folds or annuli.

Chaetotaxy consists of very short, stiff, brown setae, the tips of

which just emerge from the thin layer of soil on the integument,

consequently difficult to detect at first. Dorsum of prothorax with

a row of eight setae along the anterior and posterior margin, pleura

with four setae, an anterior group of three and a mesal seta, venter

with an anterior and a posterior row of four setae; remaining segments

of thorax and abdominal segments 1-7 with eight dorsal, two pleural

and eight ventral setae, all of which form a continuous posterior row

round the segment, the pleural setae on the abdominal segments

situated on a large conspicuous fleshy protuberance.

Spiracular disc (fig. 15, d) surrounded by six short lobes which are

relatively much shorter than those of the “soror” group; ventral

lobes the largest, in the shape of an equilateral triangle, the inner

surface entirely darkened with brown, a stout elongate apical seta

present; dorsal and lateral lobes stout and wide at base, then suddenly

narrowed to slender acute outwardly curved apices; cephalad of

each lateral lobe a stout seta; inner surfaces of these lobes devoid

of markings; spiracles large, circular, separated by the diameter of

one spiracle, outer ring light brown, inner region black. Anal gills

absent, the actual anus often blown out and distended, colour dirty

white to yellowish; along the ventral margin of the anus a row of

four short tuberculate setae.

Head capsule broad, compact, massive, revealing the general

features of the genus, but differing distinctly from the “soror” group

in the following details: labrum (fig. 15, 6) large, broad, having two

chitinised areas near apex, each ring armed with an outer and two

inner elongate spear-shaped tuberculate setae, cephalad of inner

pair of setae a single elongate seta, margin of labrum fringed with

numerous hairlike setae; along base of antenna occur two much-

elongated tuberculate setae. Antenna (fig. 15, 6) with basal segment

as long as broad, apical papilla twice as long as its basal diameter,

conical, sculptured basally, surrounded by four to five sensory papillae.

Maxilla (fig. 15, c): cardo a slender tapering rod, armed with two

much-elongated tuberculate setae at inner angle; inner lobe bearing

a short cylindrical palpus with several sensory papillae at its apex,

distad of this palpus a large spear-shaped seta, outer lobe armed

with two elongate setae, inner twice as large as the outer, apical area

of lobe fringed with numerous setalike hairs. Hypopharynx (fig. 15, a)

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 55

with three anterior teeth, middle tooth small and rounded, outer teeth

larger, tapering to irregular shaped apices.

Fic. 15.—Larva of Tipula coronata Alex. a, hypopharynx and prementum;

| 6, labrum and antennae (dorsal view); c, maxilla; d, end of abdomen (lateral

| view).

Pupa.—Length 13-16 mm., diameter 2-2-8 mm. Similar in colour

and general appearance to T. caffra, differing as follows: cephalic

crest not as large, consisting of a stout, moderately long median lobe

56 Annals of the South African Museum.

(fig. 16, a), bifid (ventral aspect), the incision deep; (lateral aspect)

the crest very wide, dorsal margin strongly curved to a minute

spinous apex (fig. 16, d).

Pronotal breathing horns moderately long, elongate-clavate,

directed laterally, equal in length, margins crenulate (fig. 16, a, 6).

Dorsa of abdominal segments 2-6 as in T. caffra, of segment 7 with

only one small spine on each posterio-lateral angle; venter armed

only on abdominal segments 6-7 with five inconspicuous and seven

large spines respectively.

$ cauda (fig. 16, c, d): Anterior dorsal lobes large and prominent,

tapering gradually to slender chitinised apices, posterior dorsal lobes

much smaller, being bulbous and abruptly narrowed to short acute

apices; sheaths of ninth sternites large, rounded, ventral spine much

enlarged and conspicuous, projecting far beyond the tip of posterior

dorsal lobes; eighth segment of cauda armed with two dorso-median

and two large lateral lobelike spines, closely placed together, curving

to acute apices; ventral spines absent.

2 cauda (fig. 16, e, f): Actual armature as in male, but apex of

cauda practically truncate, consequently the two anterior dorsal lobes,

the two dorso-median spines and the lateral spines form a dorsal

ring around the bulbous posterior dorsal lobes; tergal sheaths of

ovipositor absent, sternal sheaths large, rounded; ventral spines

present, conspicuous; apices acute.

Remarks.—Male imagos of this species have been recorded from a

large number of localities in the Cape Peninsula and Province and

occur chiefly on open mountain slopes.

In May 1936 the allotype female was bred by Mr. Thorne from larvae

collected at Palmiet River. For three years previous to this date

Dr. Barnard, Mr. Thorne and the author had searched persistently

and unsuccessfully for the immature stages of this species on Table

Mountain. The presence of the winged males on the Restio clumps

and the knowledge of the breeding locality of members of the closely

allied Longurio genus confined the search to the dry soil at the base

of the Restio clumps. The females are physogastric and subapterous

and, as they are eagerly sought after by the winged males in their

unceasing activity, seem loath to move far afield. The eggs are laid

within a small radius in the shelter of a Restioclump. The consequent

larvae burrow downwards to a depth of nine to twelve inches, feeding

on the rootlets of the Restio and congregating where most food is

available. In the light of these facts the formidable difficulty of the

search, namely, finding the correct Restvo clumps on our vast mountain

Fic. 16.—Pupa of Tipula coronata Alex. a, head (ventral view); b, head

(lateral view); c, male cauda (dorsal view); d, male cauda (lateral view); e, female

cauda (dorsal view); f, female cauda (lateral view).

58 Annals of the South African Museum.

slopes, can be realised. Eventually, at Palmiet River the labours

of Dr. Barnard and Mr. Thorne were rewarded by the discovery of

several larvae which proved to be T. coronata. These were found at

the base of Restvo clumps which skirt the open boulder-strewn banks

of the river. Prior to pupation the fully grown larvae burrow upwards

and rest, protected by the Resto clump, just beneath the surface of

the soil. The duration of the pupal stage is nineteen days. After

the emergence of the adult fly the pupal “shuck”’ is left protruding

from the soil.

In April 1937, on Table Mountain, a further search by Dr. Barnard

and Mr. Thorne for the immatures of this species proved successful,

numerous larvae and pupae being collected and bred. The females

bred are easily distinguished from the subapterous Longurio females

by the possession of an unusual form of ovipositor (fig. 14, g). The

slender abdomen of newly emerged females rapidly becomes

enormously swollen as the ovaries produce their 320 to 350 black eggs.

Tipula caffra Alex.

Figs. 17-19.

1917. pp. 171-172, pl. xu, fig. 33 (wing).

The description of the holotype male and the figure of wing by

Alexander are excellent. The value of the description of the male

hypopygium is considerably lessened by the lack of suitable figures.

Alexander states: “ninth tergite extensive, profoundly incised

medially by a V-shaped notch, this cut extending about to the eighth

segment, so that the ninth tergite, viewed from above, is completely

divided into two lobes, each lobe triangular, the apex subacute.”

Fig. 17, 6, illustrates the ninth tergite. Basistyle wide, truncate

at apex. The usual fleshy pubescent outer dististyle found in all the

other species of Zipula in the 8.W. Cape is absent, thus only one

dististyle articulates from the mesal face of each basistyle. This fact

and also the actual structure of the dististyle are of vast specific

importance and such loosely worded phrases as “appendages yellow,

simple in structure” (Alexander, 1917, p. 171), especially when no

accompanying figure is given, are of little value.

The dististyle (fig. 17, c) 1s simple when contrasted with the inner

dististyle of T. soror and T. pomposa, and is a pubescent structure,

stout and broad at base, tapering gradually to a hooked chitinised

apex, outer mesal region bearing a small fleshy protuberance, unarmed,

Fic. 17.—Tipula caffra Alex. a, male antenna; b, ninth tergite (dorsal view);

c, end of abdomen (lateral view); d, aedeagal sheath (lateral view); e, penis (lateral

view); f, female halter; g, female antenna; h, female maxillary palpus; 7, female

wing; 7, sternal valves of ovipositor (dorsal view).

60 Annals of the South African Museum.

but pubescent. Penis (fig. 17, e) an elongate tube, five and a half

to six times its bulbous base, aedeagal sheath of moderate length

(fig. 17, d).

2: Length 10-1lmm. Subapterous, physogastric. Young females

have a coloration similar to the males, but the praescutal stripes are

absent; gravid females are dark reddish brown, almost black, uni-

colourous on praescutum. Ultimate joint of palpi (fig. 17, 6) twice

the penultimate. Antennae (fig. 17, g) 13-jomted; flagellar joint 1

cylindrical, three times as long as broad; joint 2 subglobular, one-half

the length of previous joint; joints 3-6 equal, cylindrical, two and a

half to three times as long as broad, slightly fusiform; joints 7-10

cylindrical, equal, clearly shorter than joint 6; ultimate joint twice

the penultimate, elongate, cylindrical, slightly dilated at rounded

apex; antennae are shorter than those of the males and consequently

their general shape and appearance differs from that of the males.

Wings (fig. 17, 2) one and a quarter the length of a halter, costal

margin curved strongly for one-third its length, the wings consequently

strongly restricted and bent at this region, thereafter swelling to a

wide rounded apex; anal angle and vein M suffused with light brown,

the former having three basal macrotrichia; costal margin fringed

with numerous delicate hairs for its entire length, radial vein

prominent, bearing nine basal, eight mesal and six apical macrotrichia ;

traces of veins Cu and R,,,; occur in majority of females. Halters

(fig. 17, f) conspicuously curved, slender, much dilated basally, knob

large, three and a half to four times the width of the stem. Legs

short, thus differing vastly from those of female 7. coronata.

I II Ill

Femur Fk 4. 3 2

Tibia . : 3°5 3 3

Tarsus : 4-5 4-5 5

Total . ei 10-5 10

Abdomen of gravid females packed with black eggs, consequently

much dilated; terminal sclerites and ovipositor similar in arrangement

to the female of T. coronata, except that the apical valves of the

sternite are longer and form a deeper median groove or furrow

(fig. 17, 7).

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Fernwood (C. W. T.), May 1935.

Cape Province: Sneeuwgat Valley (Lightfoot), April

1916; French Hoek Pass (H. G. W.), April 1935.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 61

Larva.—Length 24 mm., diameter 83-5 mm. Colour dull dirty

fawn, thoracic segments dirty white. Form plump, terete, greatest

diameter about the second abdominal segment; integument thin,

revealing the underlying muscles and alimentary system, devoid of

fine hairs.

Chaetotaxy composed of stiff setae of moderate length. Dorsum

of prothorax with six setae along anterior margin and a transverse

row of eight evenly spaced setae near posterior margin; pleura with

three setae, one anterior and two posterior; venter with an anterior

and posterior row of four longer setae; meso- and metathorax with

anterior row of four pairs of setae, each outer seta elongate, three

times the inner; pleura with two anterior pairs of equal setae; venter

with mesal row of four single evenly spaced setae; dorsa of abdominal

segments 1-7 have a transverse row of setae near posterior margin,

consisting of four evenly spaced setae, laterad and slightly cephalad

of each outer seta an additional pair of setae, the inner five times

the outer; pleura with a mesal and a pair of posterior setae; venter

with four evenly spaced pairs of setae, each outer pair slightly caudad

of the inner pair; four setae along ventral lip of anus.

Spiracular disc (fig. 18, d) apparently lobeless at first, closer examina-

tion reveals six minute fleshy lobelets, the dorsal pair mere tubercles

for bearing the elongate brownish setae, lateral and ventral lobes

distinct, conical, each bearing an apical seta, cephalad of each

lateral lobe a single long seta, laterad a pair of short setae; spiracles

large, circular, separated by twice the diameter of one spiracle;

spiracular area devoid of markings. Anal gills absent, anus a wide

transverse slit, the surrounding area frequently distended as in

Longurio.

Head capsule compact and massive, revealing the general features

of T. coronata with the following minor specific differences: labrum

(fig. 18, a@) a narrow transverse plate at apex of which occur two

chitinised areas, each ring armed with an elongate spear-shaped

tuberculate seta; in each corner laterad of the outer seta is a set of

five hairlike marginal setae; cephalad of the inner seta another

shorter tuberculate seta; along base of antennae occur three much-

elongated tuberculate setae. Antennae (fig. 18, a) with basal segment

twice as long as its broadest diameter, rounded at outer apical margin;

apical papilla large and conspicuous, two and a half times as long

as its basal diameter, conical, surrounded by four to five sensory

papillae; auditory disc at mid-length. Hypopharynx (fig. 18, b)

with five anterior teeth; middle tooth large, rounded; inner teeth

62 Annals of the South African Museum.

smaller, rounded; outer teeth reduced, acute. Maxilla (fig. 18, c)

similarly haired to that of T. coronata, possessing these additional

Fic. 18.—Larva of Tipula caffra Alex. a, labrum and antennae (dorsal view);

b, hypopharynx; c, maxilla; d, end of abdomen (dorsal view) with spiracular disc.

setae: inner lobe with a single seta at inner basal angle of palpus

and three setae below the outer angle of the membranous tissue

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 63

supporting the palpus; outer lobe with three loose tuberculate setae

in its extreme edge; outer basal region with a tuft of seven to ten

large acute setae.

Pupa.—Length 11-15 mm., diameter 2-3 mm. Coloration pale

golden yellow; thorax deep orange with dark yellowish brown to

dark brown; wing pads, abdominal incisures and pleural region pale

sulphur yellow; cauda and tips of breathing horns heavily chitinised.

Form moderately slender. Cephalic crest (fig. 19, a) very prominent,

consisting of stout, wide chitinised median lobe, each outer apical

angle produced into a thick blunt hook (ventral aspect); crest wide

and stout at base, tapering to an acute ventrally curved apex (lateral

aspect—fig. 19, b); antennal sheath (fig. 19, a) slender, tapering to

wing angle, base irregular, prolonged into a large, pointed, ventrally

directed, chitinised lobe; labrum (fig. 19, a) with a prominent

chitinised lobe situated on median line, tapering to a subacute apex;

actual labrum broad, pointed apically; labial lobes oval, outer angle

often slightly produced, inner margins contiguous; maxillary palpi

(fig. 19, a) strongly curved but not recurved at tips, tapering to

slender apices.

Pronotal breathing horns slender, elongate, very large for this small

pupa, equal in length, directed outwards and forwards (fig 19, a, b),

curved from a lateral aspect, margins crenulate, apices slightly dilated.

Wing pads extend to end of abdominal segment 2; leg sheaths of

equal length in female, extending to end of abdominal segment 3,

in male greatly elongated; fore tarsi extending to end of abdominal

segment 6; mid tarsi opposite end of anterior annulus of segment 7;

hind tarsi reaching middle of cauda.

Abdomen slightly flattened dorso-ventrally; pleura often crenulate

and carimate; abdominal segments 2—7 subdivided into two annuli;

posterior annulus somewhat longer than the anterior, each anterior

annulus devoid of spines or setae except in the pleural region where

there occurs a long, slender, acute spine at mid-length; posterior

annuli (fig. 19, a@) armed with stout, acute spines as follows: dorsa

of segments 2-7 with a transverse row of 22, 26, 26, 16, 13, 9 spines;

pleura of segments 2-7 with two closely placed spines, cephalad of

which is the minute respiratory spiracle; venter of segment 4 bare,

of segments 5-7 with 7, 9, 8 spines, which are much longer and more

slender than the dorsal spines, several becoming almost setalike at

their apices.

$ cauda (fig. 19, d, f): Armed with four powerful dorsal lobes,

he anterior lobes smaller than the posterior lobes, tapering to acicular

64 Annals of the South African Museum.

chitinised apices; smaller lobes wide at base, almost truncate apically

(dorsal view—fig. 19, d), each outer angle further prolonged into an

acute spine; sheaths enclosing ninth sternites large and rounded,

practically as long as posterior dorsal lobes; ventral spine much

Fic. 19.—Pupa of Tipula caffra Alex. a, anterior portion (ventral view); 0, ditto

(lateral view); c, female cauda (dorsal view); d, male cauda (dorsal view); e, female

cauda (lateral view); f, male cauda (lateral view).

enlarged and conspicuous, clearly visible from lateral aspect (fig. 19, f),

scarcely projecting beyond tip of posterior dorsal lobes; eighth seg-

ment of cauda unarmed except for a prominent pleural spine, wide

at base, tapering to an acicular apex, considerably larger than anterior

dorsal lobes. This lack of armature on the eighth segment readily

distinguishes these pupae from those of the “soror”’ group.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 65

2 cauda (fig. 19, c, e): Similar to that of male, usual sheaths of

ovipositor absent, sternal sheaths large and stout at base, tapering

suddenly to acute apex, inner surface markedly oblique; ventral

spines absent.

Remarks.—The adults and immatures of this species were first

found on the Cape Peninsula by Mr. Thorne. The larvae and pupae

occur in the rich dry soil of Fernwood Ravine, the former burrowing

to a depth of six to nine inches below the surface of the ground,

which is covered by a thick carpet of rotting leaves.

The late Mr. R. M. Lightfoot collected two adults at Sneeuwgat

Valley in April 1916. This elevated valley (3600 feet) has the Resto

and scrubby vegetation so typical of the 8.W. Cape mountains. It

is probable that in this situation the larvae and pupae live in the soil

at the base of the Restvo clumps as do the immatures of Tipula

coronata and several species of the closely allied genus Longurio.

The immatures of 7. coronata and T. caffra closely resemble those

of the genus Longurio, the larvae in the reduction of the size of the

spiracular lobes and the lack of anal gills, the pupae in the high

cephalic crest. This tendency towards similarity is probably due to

the environmental factors, for the forms of both genera frequent the

same Restio clumps, share the same food and react to the same

humidity of the soil.

Genus NepHrotoma Meigen.

1803. p. 262.

1834. Macquart, p. 88 (Pachyrina), p. 89 (Pachyrina).

Imago.—Males and females normally winged; body coloration

orange and jet black; nasus prominent, not bifid; terminal joint of

maxillary palpi elongate, whiplike, approximately four to six times

the length of penultimate joint; antennae 13-jointed, elongate in

males, shorter in females; wings with RS short, usually less than

m-cu; vein R,,, preserved (Alexander, 1917, fig. 41); cell M, short-

petiolate, usually sessile, lst M, present; Sc, atrophied, Sc, enters Sc

immediately adjacent to origin of RS; male hypopygium with caudal

margin of ninth tergite concave, median portion notched but never

produced to form a lobe; two dististyles articulate with each basistyle,

outer a fleshy conspicuous flattened blade, usually tapering to an

acute or subacute apex, inner dististyle a slightly concave blade,

apex curved dorsally to'a hook, outer margin carinate and

VOL. XXXIX. 5

66 Annals of the South African Museum.

membranous, basal margin produced into a low ridge; female

ovipositor with acicular valves, never reduced or fleshy.

Larva.—Form plump, terete; chaetotaxy composed of stiff setae,

often tuberculate on abdominal pleura 4-7. Spiracular disc sur-

rounded by six lobes. Head capsule retractile, massive. Antennae

twice as long as broad, apical papilla reduced. Mandible with apical

tooth and a single ventral cutting tooth. Hypopharynx with five

teeth, mentum with seven teeth. Prementum fleshy with microscopic

setae. Labrum and maxilla as in genus Tipula. Anal gills two or

absent.

Pupa.—Cephalic crest absent. Sheaths of maxillary palpi strongly

recurved. Pronotal breathing horns elongate, conspicuous, apices

dilated (lateral aspect). Hach abdominal segment with a transverse

row of spines. Male cauda with minute tergal sheaths, sternal sheaths

large, conspicuous; female cauda with tergal sheaths very large,

longer than prominent sternal sheaths; eighth segment with four

dorsal, one pleural on either side and two ventral lobes.

The numerous species of this genus which occur throughout South

Africa reveal a striking uniformity in size and colour but vary con-

siderably in the structure and length of the male antennae. The male

hypopygium, which is in other genera so useful in classification, is

remarkably uniform and reveals only minor specific differences. The

species comprising this genus are not well understood, as the majority

of holotypes are solitary females, which differ considerably from the

males. Careful breeding of adult flies from larvae, and an abundance

of specimens collected in copula in the field, will gradually correlate

the sexes and reduce many of the difficulties which now exist in

classifying the various species.

The life-histories of two of the three species frequenting the 8.W.

Cape have been worked out and are herein described. The immatures

of both species occur in the fertile, moist top layer of the soil in

forest areas and also the relatively dry soil beneath Restio clumps on

mountain slopes and plateaus.

Key to Species, of Nephrotoma.

Imagos.

1. Antennae of male elongate, four and a half or eight times the

length of head and rostrum; if bent backwards, extending

to end of abdominal segment 3; point of contact between

Cu, and M, beneath cell Ist M, : : . ; <tr

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 67

Antennae of male moderately elongate, three and a half times

the length of head and rostrum; if bent backwards, ex-

tending to base of abdomen; point of contact of Cu, before

origin of M, by a distance subequal to basal deflection of

Rais : petiolata.

2. In male and female Poetnot itn light vellow withe dark Reon

median stripe; apical hook of inner dististyle (fig. 20, e)

acute; penis moderately long (fig. 20, a), five times as ne

as basal portion. antennata.

Male and female without peetnotal stripe: apical Hoole of inner

dististyle (fig. 24, d) bluntly rounded, wide; penis ae 24, b)

elongate, six times as long as basal portion : umbripennis.

Larvae.

No anal gills; pleural protuberances on segments 4-7 . . antennata.

An anal gill on either side of anus; no pleural protuberances . _petiolata.

Pupae.

Male antennal sheath extending to end of abdominal segment 1 antennata.

Male antennal sheath extends to end of thorax. ; . petiolata.

Nephrotoma antennata (Wiedemann)

Fig. 20-22.

1821. p.53(Tipula); 1828. p.53 (Tipula).

1888. Bergroth, p. 140 (Pachyrrhina).

1917. Alexander, p. 177, pl. xu, fig. 38 (wing); pl. xiv, fig. 64 (9th

tergite) (Nephrotoma).

Length 12-13-55 mm., wing 13-13-5 mm. Head orange-yellow;

eyes jet black; nasus prominent but not bifid, light brown clothed

with short, coarse, black hairs; dark brown occipital mark forming

a narrow elongate triangle, apex of which is slightly produced to

base of low frontal tubercle; palpi dark brown, ultimate joint

yellowish, elongate, six times the length of penultimate joint; antennae

(fig. 20, h) 13-jomted, conspicuously elongate, four and a half to

four and two-thirds as long as the combined head and rostrum—if

bent backwards, extending to end of third abdominal segment;

flagellar joint 1 orange-yellow, elongate, seven to eight times its

broadest diameter, one and three-fifths the combined scape, incised

slightly at mid-length but basal swelling missing, remainder of

flagellum dark chocolate-brown, joints gradually becoming shorter

638)". Annals of the South African Museum.

but still seven to eight times their broadest diameter until penultimate

joint, which is three-quarters the length of flagellar joint 1, each joint

deeply incised beyond the pronounced basal swelling which bears the

majority of moderately long, dark brown verticils.

In female, antennae (fig. 20, g) are thrice shorter than in male,

being one and two-thirds to one and three-quarters the length of

head and rostrum—if bent backwards, extending to end of thoracic

praescutum; flagellar joint 1 elongate-cylindrical, five times as long

as broad, subequal to combined scape; joints 2-4 equal, each being

three-quarters of flagellar joint 1 but only three times as long as

broad, the basal swelling and consequent incision feeble; joints 5-8

equal, slightly shorter and more slender than joint 4, each being four

and a half times as long as broad; joints 9-11 shortening rapidly,

ultimate joint subequal to penultimate. In female, ultimate joint of

palpi is four times the penultimate.

Pronotum light yellow dorsally, propleura dark brown. Mesonotal

praescutum dull orange-yellow with three dark stripes, the middle

stripe less dark and appearing longitudinally divided by an opaque

velvet-black line which is narrowed caudally and does not attain the

transverse suture; a similar opaque black line surrounds each lateral

stripe except for a short portion on the outside; scutal lobes whitish

yellow, marked with a dark brown stripe directed outwards apically,

anterior end continued along the transverse suture to above the wing

root; scutellum and postnotum light yellow, the latter with a con-

spicuous dark brown median stripe, which is continued laterally along

posterior margin of sclerite. Pleura yellow with whitish cast, having

dark brown marks on lower region of mesepisternum and on meso-

notum, continued along dorso-cephalic edge of mesepimeron. Legs

with orange-yellow femora and dark brown tibiae and tarsi, fore

coxae darkened with brown along anterior basal surface, remaining

coxae yellowish. Halteres dark brown. Wings tinged light grey,

veins dark yellowish brown, Sc, absent, Sc. enters Sc immediately

adjacent to origin of RS, so that latter vein appears as a continuation

of Sc,, RS short, two and a half times basal deflection of R,,,, cell

M, short-petiolate to sessile, Ist M, long and narrow, three to three

and a half times as long as broad, point of contact between Cu, and

M, beneath cell Ist M, as in genus Trpula.

Females are darker in colour; entire prothorax, whole of mesepi-

sternum and mesosternum, practically entire mesepimeron and all the

coxae coloured dark brown.

Abdomen deep orange, devoid of dark markings, ninth tergite of

Fic. 20.—Nephrotoma antennata (Wiedemann). a, penis (lateral view);

6, ““basum”’ of penis (posterior view); c, ‘‘basum” and ‘“‘Jatera”’ of penis (dorsal

view); d, outer dististyle (male hypopygium); e, inner dististyle; f, ninth tergite

(dorsal view); g, female antenna; h, male antenna.

70 Annals of the South African Museum.

hypopygium (fig. 20, f) large and broad, strongly arched from a

posterior aspect, the caudal margin very broadly concave with a low,

obtuse median protuberance, the lateral ends armed with a flattened

heavily chitinised blade, directed ventrad, the distal margin of which

is serrated by five to eight acute teeth, the mesal margin armed with

eight to sixteen stout, evenly spaced spicules. Basistyles of medium

size, slightly produced to truncate apices, on inner side of which

articulate two dististyles; ninth sternite well chitinised, deeply incised

along median line, bent inwards and bearing the aedeagal sheath.

Outer dististyle (fig. 20, d) a fleshy, conspicuous, pubescent, flattened

blade, swollen basally, then drawn out into a long, tapering, bluntly

rounded tip; inner dististyle (fig. 20, e) a well-chitinised, slightly

concave blade, apex curved dorsally to a stout, acute, chitinised hook,

actual margin carinate and membranous, basal region of dististyle is

produced into a low ridge, the margin of which is irregular. Aedeagal

sheath short, stout, well chitinised, basal supports wide and heavily

chitinised; penis slender, moderately long, curved strongly ventrad,

apex narrowed and acute, basal bulbous portion lying beneath the

junction of eighth and ninth segments, usually orientated through

180 degrees from the normal horizontal position, ““basum”’ short, a

wide blade, constricted basally, “‘latera”’ slender flattened blades.

In female lateral edges of abdominal segments 1-9 are often

darkened to form a continuous black line, but the tergites remain

devoid of markings.

Localities—Cape Peninsula: Platteklip (K. H. B.), April 1933;

Isolation Valley (K. H. B., C. W. 1) EE Gave?

May 1933, April 1934; “The Round House’, Camps

Bay (H. G. W.), April 1934.

Cape Province: French Hoek Pass (G. A. W., H. G. W.),

April 1935.

Larva.—Length 22-24 mm., diameter 3 mm. Colour lhght fawn,

pleura and thoracic segments paler, dorsum of ultimate abdominal

segment darkened with medium brown.

Form terete, moderately slender; integument thin on pleura,

revealing the underlying muscles, transversely wrinkled into five raised

folds on each abdominal segment.

Chaetotaxy consists of moderately long, stiff setae, jet black

basally, pale yellowish borwn apically. Dorsum of prothorax with

six setae, a pair near each lateral margin, the outer of which is con-

siderably longer, and two on the mesal portion, venter with transverse

row of six evenly spaced setae; meso- and metathorax with one dorsal

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 71

seta situated at each posterio-lateral angle, pleura with four minute

setae; venter with a pair near each lateral margin. Dorsa of

abdominal segments 1-7 have four setae, one at each postero-lateral

angle and one on either side of median line; pleura with four setae,

two anterior and two posterior, the latter setae are borne on fleshy

rounded protuberances, which become increasingly prominent on

segments 4-7 until on this last segment they simulate the lobes on

the spiracular disc; four large evenly spaced along posterior margin

and two anterior; each lateral seta borne on a small fleshy pro-

tuberance. Immediately cephalad of the gills is a ventral row of

four evenly spaced setae and one pleural seta.

Spiracular disc (fig. 21, a) surrounded by six lobes, the four dorsal

lobes elongate, wide and stout at origin, tapering to subacute mem-

branous apices, usually strongly curved cephalad, each outer lobe

somewhat longer and larger than the inner; the two ventral lobes

short, triangular, inner surface marked with a transverse basal brown

stripe and a small apical circular spot. Spiracles large, conspicuous,

circular, separated by two-thirds the diameter of one spiracle, outer

ting narrow, dark brown, inner portion large, jet black. Anal gills

absent, margin of anus fleshy, dilated into six irregular folds.

Head capsule retractile, compact, massive, heavily chitinised.

Basal segment of antenna (fig. 21, f) elongate-cylindrical, twice as

long as broad, apical conical papilla reduced, sculptured basally,

surrounded by four sensory pegs, three microscopic in size, the fourth

and outer being three times as long. Mandible (fig. 21, e) heavily

chitinised, produced into a subacute hooked apical tooth and a single

blunt ventral cutting tooth. Hypopharynx (fig. 21, d) a broad

flattened plate, basal lateral angles of which are produced into short

chitinised arms, anterior margin with five blunt teeth, outer teeth

smaller than inner, ventral surface armed with numerous stiff acute

setae, dorsad of hypopharynx is attached a large rounded fleshy

prementum with microscopic setae. Mentum (fig. 21, c) broad,

anterior margin with six teeth, median tooth the longest and sharpest.

Labrum and maxilla as in genus Longurio.

Pupa.—Length g 15-18 mm., diameter 3 mm.; 2 19-20 mm.,

diameter 4mm. Colour deep brown to dull black, usually concealed

by minute grains of soil, breathing horns dark brown.

Form moderately slender, head of moderate size, cephalic crest

lacking; antennal sheath (fig. 22, c) elongate in male, extending

to end of abdominal segment 1, in female to wing axil, slender,

margins especially at basal half deeply incised at each segment;

72 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fie. 21.—Larva of Nephrotoma antennata (Wiedemann). a, end of abdomen

(posterior view) with anal gills (a.g.); 6, maxilla; c, mentum; d, hypopharynx

and prementum; e, mandible; f, labrum and antennae (dorsal view) with conical

papilla of antenna enlarged.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 73

labrum (fig. 22, a) broad, convex, apex pointed; labial lobes (fig. 22, a)

rectangular, caudal margin constricted prior to distal angle;

maxillary palpi (fig. 22, a) strongly recurved for two-thirds their

length, tapering to acute points.

Pronotal breathing horns (fig. 22, 6) moderately long, divergent,

equal in length, cylindrical, margins strongly crenulate, tips much

dilated (lateral aspect), broadly rounded. Mesonotum convex,

transversely wrinkled, armed with a large conical protuberance

midway between origin of each breathing horn and insertion of

wing pad, caudad occurs an additional yet smaller protuberance on

either side of median line, bearing two short stiff setae. Wing pads

extend to end of abdominal segment 2, leg sheaths in male almost

to end of abdominal segment 4, in female to end of segment 3, tips

of tarsi forming a shallow V.

Abdominal segments 2-7 subdivided into two annuli of equal

length, each anterior annulus devoid of spines except in pleural

region where a single slender acute spine occurs on the carinate

margin; posterior annuli armed as follows: dorsa of segments 2-7

with 6, 10, 10, 11, 10, 6-8 spines in a transverse subterminal row;

pleura of segments 3-7 with a slender hooked spine on carinate

margin, the last two segments having an additional small spine ventrad

and slightly cephalad; venter of segment 3 with a pair of spines on

either side of leg sheaths, the inner large, twice the outer which bears

two short apical setae, of segments 4-7 with a transverse row of five

spines, the inner three very large, stout, tapering to acute chitinised

apices, each outer spine small, conical, bearing two apical setae.

Spiracles difficult to detect.

S$ cauda (fig. 22, e, f): At base, on segment eight, occur eight

powerful lobes tapering to spinous chitinised apices, four dorsal, of

which the dorso-median are small and slender, two ventral and one

on each pleural region; tergal sheaths wide and stout at origin, bent

at mid-length, tapering to acute apices; sternal sheaths lacking, at

most mere indications exist in the form of two microscopic rounded

lobes ventrad of tergal sheaths, which are armed with a ventral basal

lobelike spine.

2 cauda (fig. 22, d): Similar in armature to male, tergal sheaths

elongate, tapering, apices slightly divergent; sternal sheaths thicker,

shorter, contiguous, apices truncate.

Remarks.—The conspicuously coloured adults of this widespread

species occur in vast numbers during the autumn months and are

frequently mistaken by the layman for “‘giant mosquitoes.”

74 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fig. 22.—Pupa of Nephrotoma antennata (Wiedemann). a, mouth parts;

b, pronotal breathing horn; c, antennal sheath; d, female cauda (lateral view);

e, male cauda (lateral view); f, male cauda (dorsal view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 75

Empty pupal cases of this species were found in great numbers by

Dr. Barnard, Mr. Thorne and the author while they were engaged

in the search for the immatures of Tipula coronata (Table Mountain,

May 1933). In April 1934, at the same locality, over thirty fully

grown larvae were discovered dead on the surface of the soil amid

the Restio clumps. These apparently had been drowned by the heavy

and continuous rainfall which had fallen two days previously, when

the larvae were resting just beneath the soil prior to pupation.

The credit of the indubitable correlation of immatures to 1magos

of this species must be given to Dr. Barnard, who bred the flies from

larvae collected in the rich soil along the margin of a forest stream

(Platteklip, April 1933).

Nephrotoma petiolata (Macquart)

Fig. 23.

1838. p. 49 (Pachyrhina).

1888. Bergroth, p. 140 (Pachyrrhina).

1917. Alexander, pp. 179-180, pl. xu, fig. 41 (wing) (Nephrotoma).

The following notes will supplement the scanty description of

Macquart and the brief observations given by Bergroth. Alexander

gave four lines on head and ninth tergite, but figured the wing.

$: Length 13-14 mm., wing 13-13-4 mm. Head orange-yellow;

eyes jet black; nasus prominent, not bifid, clothed with coarse black

hairs, the dark colour continued caudad as a median stripe to origin

of rostrum; dark brown occipital mark continued as slender stripe

on to high frontal tubercle; palpi dark brown; ultimate joint whip-

like; antennae (fig. 23, c) 13-jointed, moderately elongate, three and

a half times the length of combined head and rostrum—if bent back-

wards, extending almost to base of abdomen; scape orange-yellow;

entire flagellum dark blackish brown; flagellar joint 1 elongate-

cylindrical, six and a half times as long as broad, one and a third

times the combined scape; remaining joints deeply incised beyond

pronounced basal swelling, joints 2-6 each being four-fifths of flagellar

joint 1 but are relatively thicker, being only four times as long as

broadest diameter; joints 7-10 gradually becoming shorter; ultimate

joint one-quarter of the penultimate.

In female, antennae (fig. 23, d) are one and a half to one and

two-thirds the length of head and rostrum, extending to end of

Fic. 23.—Nephrotoma petiolata (Macquart). a, inner dististyle (male hypo-

pygium); 6, ninth tergite (ventral view); c, male antenna; d, female antenna;

e, outer dististyle (male hypopygium).

The Orane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 77

mesonotal praescutum, thus the antennae are one-half those of the

male; flagellar joint 1 three-quarters of combined scape, four times

as long as broad; remaining joints as in male; ultimate joint one-half

the penultimate.

Pronotum light yellow dorsally, propleura dark brown; this colora-

tion continued on to the dorso-cephalic surface of fore coxae.

Distribution of stripes on mesonotal praescutum, scutal lobes and

scutellum as in antennata, but these stripes are entirely jet black,

postnotum light yellow, usually entirely unmarked. Frequently

some males and females have a feeble indication of a thin median

stripe. Pleura orange-yellow with whitish cast. Legs orange-yellow,

becoming dark brown on tibiae and tarsi. Halteres dusky brown.

Wings tinged with pale brown, veins yellowish brown, Sc, absent,

Sc, enters Sc adjacent to origin of RS; RS short, one and three-

quarters basal deflection of R,,,; cell M, usually sessile, lst M, two

and a half to two and two-third times as long as broad, insertion

of Cu, varies, before origin of M, by a distance subequal to basal

deflection of R,,, to immediately adjacent to origin of M,.

Abdomen orange-yellow, frequently unmarked in some males, in

other males and most females there occur black diamond-shaped

marks of tergites 2-6; the thin double stripe along the edge of

pleurites is continued on to tergites and sternites of segments six and

seven across the posterior margin, entire eighth sternite dark blackish

brown. Ninth tergite (fig. 23, 6) large and broad, caudal margin

concave, armed with fourteen black spicules and a conspicuous median

rounded incision, along each side of which occur six spicules; each

lateral end of tergite prolonged into a chitinised ventral ridge bearing

ten spicules; fine setae are scattered on ventral surface between the

incision and lateral ridges. Outer dististyle (fig. 23, e) a fleshy lobe,

narrowed basally, shghtly dilated mesally, then rapidly tapering to

rounded apex; inner dististyle (fig. 23, a) as in antennata.

Localitves.—Cape Peninsula: Newlands (H. G. W.), December 1939,

September 1944.

Cape Province: Oudebosch (C. W. T., H. G. W.),

September 1933, January 1934; du Toits Kloof

(Ga W Cuwe is Ey Gs. W.), April 19343)\Cold

Bokkeveld (Versfeld), October 1934; Schoemans Poort

(H. G. W.), January 1938; Tradouw Pass (G. A. W.,

H. G. W.), January 1938; Skurfteberg (K. H. B.,

C. W. T.), October 1937.

Transvaal and Rhodesia (Alexander).

78 Annals of the South African Museum.

Larva.—Length 22-24 mm., diameter 3-3-2 mm. Similar in

structure, bead capsule and spiracular disc to antennata. Chaetotaxy

as in antennata, but the pleural protuberances on segments 4-7,

which are so prominent in antennata, are absent.

Antenna elongated, four to four and a half times as long as broad,

cylindrical, shghtly curved at mid-length, apical papilla much reduced,

a narrow ring surrounded by three to four microscopic sensory pegs.

Pupa.—Length 17-17-5 mm., diameter 2-8-3 mm. As in an-

tennata; antennal sheath of male ending opposite junction of thorax

and abdomen.

Remarks.—The larvae of this species were found in a forest-clearing

at Oudebosch (January 1934) and were closely associated with the

immatures of Longurio capiwola. Both forms occupied adjacent

patches of ground but did not intermingle, although they exist on a

similar diet (see life-history L. capicola).

During egg-laying the female flutters over the surface of the soil

in clumsy fashion with the abdomen directed sharply downwards.

When a suitable spot is reached, she bobs up and down on her middle

and hind legs, stabbing the ground rapidly with the ovipositor. The

wings are kept widespread to maintain the balance. An egg is usually

deposited after every four to six stabs. The entire procedure may

occupy several hours during which time about two hundred and thirty

egos are deposited.

Nephrotoma umbripenms Alex.

- Wig. 24.

1917. pp. 172-173, pl. xu, fig. 34 (wing); pl. xiv; fe wO2e(oon

tergite).

$: Length 14-15 mm., wing 15-15-6 mm. Heal orange; antennae

(fig. 24, a) 13-jointed, very elongate, eight times as long as head and

rostrum—if bent backwards, extending to end of abdominal seg-

ment 3; scape yellow; joint 1 clavate; joint 2 subglobular, small;

flagellar joint 1 yellow basally, becoming dark brown apically,

elongate-cylindrical, seven and a half to eight times as long as broad,

practically twice as long as combined scape; remaining joints dark

chocolate brown, incised beyond basal swelling; joints 2-5 equal in

length but broader than flagellar joint 1, being only five to six times

as long as broadest diameter; joints 6-10 gradually becoming shorter

Fic. 24.—Nephrotoma umbripennis Alex. a, male antenna; 8, penis (lateral view);

c, aedeagal sheath (dorsal view); d, inner dististyle; e, outer dististyle; f, ninth

tergite.

80 Annals of the South African Museum.

but much thinner, being eight to nine times as long as broad; ultimate

joint tapering, one-half the penultimate.

Thoracic and abdominal coloration and venation of wing well

described and figured by Alexander.

Caudal margin of ninth tergite (fig. 24, f) chitinised, slightly concave,

armed with twenty small stout spines, produced at each lateral angle

into a subacute chitinised apex, directed ventrad. Outer dististyle

(fig. 24, e) a fleshy lobe, narrow basally, much dilated mesally, then

tapering to bluntly rounded apex; inner dististyle as in antennata,

but apical hook is wide and bluntly rounded. Aedeagal sheath

(fig. 24, c) moderately long, stout; apex acute. Penis (fig. 24, 6)

elongate, slender, six times as long as the length of basal portion.

Remarks.—The male hypopygium of this species is similar in general

appearance to that of NV. antennata and of N. petiolata, being therefore

typical of the genus Nephrotoma. Alexander’s statement (1917,

p- 173) that in “the male hypopygium this form closely approaches

Tipula” is misleading. In the genus Trpula (see pages 25-26 in

this paper) the inner dististyle is a complex structure armed with

various processes and protuberances; the median margin of the ninth

tergite is usually produced into a lobe of specific shape and size.

Localities. —Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Kaaimans Gat (G. A. W., H. G. W.),

April 1933.

South Africa, without exact locality (Alexander).

Genus DoLICHOPEZA Curtis

1825. No. 62.

1925a. Alexander, pp. 41 seq.

Imago.—Males and females normally winged; body coloration

usually obscure yellow and dark brown; nasus inconspicuous, not

bifid; terminal joint of maxillary palpi elongate, whiplike, approxi-

mately four times the length of penultimate jot; legs usually long

and filiform; antennae 13-jointed, but ultimate joint in males usually

less than half the penultimate; female antennae sometimes much

shorter than in male, in which case the ultimate joint equals the

penultimate in length; wings with vein R,,, usually atrophied,

sometimes present, Sc usually short, Sc, atrophied, Sc, enters Se very

close to origin of RS; cell M, petiolate, never sessile; Ist M, open

by atrophy of basal section of M,, the outer medial field thus appearing

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 81

pectinately branched; ninth tergite of male hypopygium of varying

specific shape; two dististyles articulate with each basistyle; outer

dististyle fleshy, cylindrical (except fluminis); inner dististyle

revealing specific variations; female ovipositor moderately elongated,

valves acicular, never reduced or fleshy.

Larva.—Form plump, terete; coloration vivid green; chaetotaxy

inconspicuous, reduced. Spiracular disc surrounded by six distinct

lobes; on each side of penultimate segment occurs a stout tubercle

which simulates the dorsal lobes of disc. Head capsule retractile,

compact, massive; basal segment of antenna elongate-cylindrical,

twice as long as broad; apical papilla microscopic. Hypopharynx

three-toothed; mentum seven-toothed. Labrum, mandible and

maxilla as in genus Longurio. Anal gills four, short, stout,

protuberant.

Pupa.—Cephalic crest absent. Sheaths of maxillary palpi strongly

recurved. Pronotal breathing horns elongate, conspicuous, wide at

base, tapering, apices dilated (lateral aspect); abdominal segments

with subterminal row of spines on sternites 7-9 only; lateral margins

of tergites and sternites mottled with irregular brown spots and

blotches consisting of closely placed striae of chitin. Cauda armed

with four dorsal, four ventral and two lateral lobelike spines on

anterior portion; at origin of tergal sheaths an additional spine; in

male, tergal sheaths are fingerlike, curved dorsad and inwards, sternal

sheaths smaller, blunt; in female, tergal sheaths elongate, contiguous

medially, longer than the small sternal sheaths; outer basal surface of

each sternal sheath is produced into a powerful and conspicuous

lobelike spine, which is larger in female cauda.

Seven species of Dolichopeza inhabit the 8.W. Cape district; the

life-histories of two of them are herein described. The adults are to

be found in moist shady places, e.g. around the buttresses of forest

trees, beneath culverts, in caves and clefts along the banks of streams

and on shrubs and grasses of waterfalls. The immature stages,

however, are most conservative in their choice of habitat and occur

in or beneath wet to saturated mats or cushions of moss and liverwort

on the sides of waterfalls, or on roots in the flowing rill and streams.

The larvae of the genus are the only members of the family Tipulidae

in the S.W. Cape that may be foundin sphagnum moss. An examina-

tion of the alimentary contents reveals that they are vegetarians,

feeding on the leaves of moss and liverwort, the chlorophyll of which

colours the body a dark vivid green. During torrential rains the

larvae are to be found in the scanty soil below the moss cushions,

VOL. XXXIX. 6

82 Annals of the South African Museum.

where they rest head upstream with the spiracular disc closed but

with the anal gills distended. In normal conditions the larvae are

to be found just beneath the surface of the moss. The pupae occur

in the drier regions of the moss, usually six to twelve inches away

from the edge of the flow of water, resting head upwards, this position

being maintained by the solidity of the drying moss. The pupal

stadium occupies twelve to sixteen days, the “shucks” after the

emergence of the imago protrude from the moss and indicate to the

collector the possible locale of additional larvae and pupae. The

teneral adults are paler in colour with the abdomen a vivid green

—a colour which disappears after three to six hours as the body

coloration becomes apparent. Copulation takes place usually in some

shady retreat and is of an average duration of three to four minutes.

During copula the female rests against a suitable support by means

of two or four legs with the wings folded lengthwise over the abdomen

and bears the entire weight of the male. The male is thus suspended

head downwards from the end of the abdomen by the hypopygium

only. His legs are widespread and the wings are set at right angles

to the body. If disturbed while in copula, the female frequently flies

away with the male attached to another neighbouring retreat. In

the normal resting position of the male (7.e. when not in copula) the

wings are folded lengthwise over the abdomen.

Although the species reveal slight differences in wing venation and

in the shape and length of the antennae, the male hypopygium is

the only satisfactory structure for the exact determination of the

species. In this hypopygium the ninth tergite is reduced in size, the

caudal margin being variously produced and denticulate according

to species. This tergite is fused laterally with the enlarged basistyles,

the ninth sternite being fleshy and inconspicuous, serving merely to

join the ventral portions of the basistyles together and to support

the aedeagal sheath. Ventrad of each end of this ninth tergite occurs

a conspicuous flattened lobe of specific shape, covered with a varying

number of black spicules. The basistyle is large and is covered with

a fine pubescence, in addition to which often occur numerous scattered

elongate setae. On the dorso-caudal margin of each basistyle

articulate two dististyles: the outer uniform in shape throughout

the genus, being elongate-cylindrical, although its length varies;

inner dististyle a simplified appendage, the shape of which varies

considerably and is especially useful for specific determination.

Aedeagal sheath short, dilated apically; penis slender, moderately

long; bulbous basal portion of penis lying beneath the seventh and

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 83

eighth segments, usually turned away from the normal horizontal

position, the basal plate of specific shape and size, the two dorsal

and two ventral plates uniform throughout the genus, these five plates

being processes for the attachment of muscles.

Key to Species of Dolichopeza.

1. Coloration light orange-yellow, including head; _ thoracic

stripes scarcely indicated; wings tinged with yellow, R,,,

entirely preserved; ventral plates on either side of ninth

tergite large, oval . : saa ee : ; ; - aurantiaca.

Coloration darker; mesonotal praescutum usually dark brown

or yellow with dark brown stripes; head usually marked

with brown; wings tinged with brown; R,,, usually more

or less atrophied; ventral plates of ninth tergite small,

usually square (absent in barnardi) . : 2.

2. Mesonotal praescutum uniformly dark brown; petiole of call

M, short (fig. 32, c), merely one-third to two-thirds the

petiole of cell M,; cell M, consequently elongate, five to ten

times its own petiole : 5 . flavifrons.

Mesonotal praescutum yellow with tines to four brow stnnes:

petiole of cell M, longer (fig. 30, 6), equal to or longer than

petiole of cell M,; cell M, shorter, usually one and two-

thirds to three times its own petiole : : 5 weg:

3. Ninth tergite highly arched (fig. 25, c), the margin smooth

medially; ventral plates at each end produced mesad as a

narrow strip, which bears blackened spicules; inner disti-

styles (fig. 25, a) heavily chitinised, longitudinally grooved

and ridged . : thoracica.

Ninth tergite not arched; rental Plates “ABE produved miesad:

inner dististyle not longitudinally grooved or ridged . . 4.

4. Ventral plates absent; inner dististyle (fig. 29, e) narrow at

base, then dilated to form a shallow Y, the arms of which

are slightly produced; tip of outer dististyle having

numerous acute spines. barnardi.

Ventral plates at each end of ninth tengite re (fig. 5, d):

inner dististyle not Y-shaped; tip of outer dististyle

unarmed A é : ‘ : : : : bY Op

5. Outer dististyle (fig. 25, g) elongate-cylindrical; petiole of

cell M, equal to or one and a quarter times the petiole for

cell M,; cell M, equal to or three times its own petiole 5 os

Outer dististyle (fig. 30, d) not elongate-cylindrical but a

flattened blade, narrow basally, then dilated to wide apex . fluminis.

6. Inner dististyle (fig. 25, f) a large flattened blade, moderately

chitinised, becoming narrowed after the dilated base and

curved strongly dorsad, apex bluntly rounded, inner surface

prior to apex with a small blunt spine; cell M, three times

its own petiole, thus cell M, deep and narrow; basal portion

84 Annals of the South African Museum.

of penis horizontal (fig. 25, 7), median ventral keel of basal

plate deep and rounded, basal plate moderately concave;

first flagellar joint moderately elongate-cylindrical, five to

six times its diameter, one and two-thirds the length of the

second joint; joints 3-9 three times their diameter in length hirtipennis.

Inner dististyle (fig. 28, f) comparatively short and stout;

cell M, equal in length to its petiole, thus cell M, wide

and shallow; basal portion of penis twisted through 110

degrees (fig. 28, g), basal plate very wide and very shallow,

keel restricted to an inconspicuous basal strip (fig. 28, g, e);

first flagellar joint elongate-cylindrical, six to seven times

its diameter, scarcely longer than the second joint; joints

3-10 five times their diameter in length . , : . peringueyt.

Larvae.

Four dorsal lobes equal in size, short, bluntly rounded, their

margins densely fringed with black hairs . ‘ . hirtipennis.

Four dorsal lobes unequal, the median lobes short, corel the

lateral lobes elongate, tapering to slender apices, all lobes

glabrous . : ‘ : : : ‘ : . flavifrons.

Pupae.

The pupae of D. hirtipennis are indistinguishable from those of D. flavifrons.

Dolichopeza hirtipennis Alex.

Figs. 25, d-1; 26, a-g; 27.

1917. pp. 157-158, pl. xi, fig. 21 (wing) (Non hirtipennis Alex., 1921,

p. 211. =zceticeps Alex., 1925a).

3S: Length 95-10 mm., wing 12-13 mm. Holotype male well

described by Alexander, but the details of the hypopygium were

not given. In 1921 (p. 212), while describing Dolichopeza aurantiaca,

Alexander gave a short comparative reference to the hypopygium of

lirtupennis, stating that on the ninth tergite “the band is irregularly

and finely denticulate or roughened”; it was not stated, however,

whether this character was taken from the Cape type specimens

described in 1917, or from the Natal specimens assigned in 1918 to

hirtipennis, which were later (1925) redescribed as picticeps.

Ventrad of each end of ninth platelike tergite (fig. 25, d) is a short,

square, heavily chitinised, flattened lobe bearing twenty to twenty-

four small stout black spicules over the entire dorsal surface. Outer

dististyle (fig. 25, f) fleshy, cylindrical, clothed with a fine pubescence,

Fie. 25.—Dolichopeza thoracica Alex. a, outer and inner dististyles (male

hypopygium); 6, penis and aedeagal sheath (lateral view); c, ninth tergite

(posterior view). Dolichopeza hirtipennis Alex. d, plates at end of ninth tergite

(dorsal view); e, ““basum” of penis; f, outer and inner dististyles (male hypo-

pygium); g, antenna; h, maxillary palpus; 7, penis and aedeagal sheath (lateral

view).

86 Annals of the South African Museum.

in which are scattered elongate outspreading setae; inner dististyle

(fig. 25, f) a large flattened blade, moderately chitinised, becoming

narrowed after the dilated base and curved strongly dorsad, this

hooked region being more heavily chitinised, apex bluntly rounded,

inner surface prior to apex produced into a small blunt spine.

Aedeagal sheath short, stout, dilated apically, through which usually

projects the slender elongate penis (fig. 25, 7) which curves strongly

ventrad and which arises from the cephalic region of the large dilated

base. This basal portion of the penis usually lies within the seventh

and eighth abdominal segments and has experienced no orientation

from the normal horizontal position. The basal plate (fig. 25, e) is

wide, moderately long and moderately concave, being constricted

basally; the median keel (fig. 25, 7) is deep and rounded; the two

ventral plates are wide and flat, with rounded margins, the dorsal

plates are slender and taper to acute apices.

Antennae (fig. 25, g) 13-jointed, rather short, only one and two-

thirds the entire length of head and rostrum, clothed with a fine

pubescence and a few sub-basal verticils; scape light yellow, first

joint slightly darker yellow, flagellum dark brown, pale apically;

flagellar joint 1 elongate-cylindrical, five to six times as long as

diameter, one and two-thirds the length of the second joint which

consequently appears abruptly shorter; joints 3-9 gradually becoming

slightly shorter, elongate-cylindrical, approximately three times their

diameter in length, anterior regions tending to dilate somewhat;

penultimate joint slightly longer than previous joint, narrowed

apically; ultimate joint short, less than one-half the penultimate,

rounded apically. Palpi (fig. 25, h) equal in length to antennae, first

three joints light brown, ultimate joint whitish, whiplike, twice as

long as first three joints combined.

Wings (figured by Alexander, 1917) with vein R,,, atrophied;

petiole of cell M, equal to petiole of cell M,, which is three times

the length of either petiole.

Localities —Cape Peninsula: Echo Valley (K. H. B., H. G. W.),

March 19382; Lekkerwater (G. A. W., H. G. W.),

March 1933; Kirstenbosch (H. G. W.), November

1932.

Cape Province: Landdrost (K. H. B.), 1919; (K. H. B.,

C. W. T., H. G. W.), January 1933; Sneeuwgat

(K. H. B., C. W. T., H. G. W.), November 1933;

du Toits Kloof (G. A. W., ©. W. T., Hi Gaga:

April 1934.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 87

Larva.—Length 17-20 mm., diameter 3-3-5 mm. Colour a dark

vivid green due to the presence of chlorophyll in fresh specimens,

the colour rapidly disappearing in alcohol; preserved specimens dark

brown, ventral surface paler brown; integument covered with

microscopic velvet pubescence.

Form terete, plump, the greatest diameter about the fourth abdomi-

nal segment; segments are much wrinkled dorsally, the opaque

integument revealing minute transverse ridges.

Chaetotaxy reduced to a row of four short setae along posterior

margin of abdominal segments; inconspicuous against the dark body

colour. On each side of the penultimate segment occurs a stout,

blunt, conical tubercle which simulates the dorso-lateral lobes of the

spiracular disc; this disc (fig. 26, f) being moderate in size, white and

conspicuous against the dark body colour, surrounded by six short,

fleshy, blunt lobes, four along the dorsal margin of disc and two

ventral lobes, all six lobes being fringed with dark brown curved hairs,

the four dorsal lobes equal in size, bluntly rounded apically; inner

margins of dorsal lobes marked by a dark brown crescent, dilated

dorsally; dorso-lateral lobes marked on the mesal region by small

brown semicircle; ventral lobes the longest, stout at base, inner face

a black triangular mark; spiracles oval, obliquely placed, separated

by one and a half times the diameter of one spiacle, outer ring dark

brown, inner portion black; ventrad of each spiracle an elliptical light

brown mark. Anal gills four, cream, massive, blunt, conspicuously

protuberant, equal in size.

Head capsule retractile, compact, massive, heavily chitinised, the

prefrontal sclerite large and conspicuous. Basal segment of antenna

(fig. 26, e) elongate-cylindrical, twice as long as broad, the solitary

conical apical papilla much reduced, membranous, microscopic, about

three times the length of each sensory peg which surrounds it.

Mandible chitinised, small for the size of the head capsule, produced

into a blunt apical tooth and a single rounded ventral cutting tooth;

occasionally there exists an indication of a small dorsal tooth. Hypo-

pharynx (fig. 26, a) a broad flattened plate, basal lateral angles of

which are produced into chitinised arms, anterior margin with three

broad, blunt teeth, dorsal surface with stiff acute setae; ventrad of

hypopharynx and attached to it basally is the large rounded fleshy

prementum with microscopic scurfiness (fig. 26, a). Mentum (fig. 26, d)

broad, anteriorly with seven blunt teeth, median tooth the largest.

Labrum and maxilla as in genus Longurio.

Pupa.—Length 12 mm., diameter 2:3-2-5 mm. Coloration in field

88 Annals of the South African Museum.

a dark vivid green; preserved specimens light yellowish brown;

breathing horns and cauda chitinised; pleural regions and wing pads

“ft pt ei

fl RATA

i (jl Mi) \

(

Fic. 26.—Larva of Dolichopeza hirtipennis Alex. a, hypopharynx and pre-

mentum; 06, labrum (dorsal view); c, maxilla; d, mentum; e, antenna; f, spiracular

disc. Dolichopeza flavifrons Alex. g, spiracular disc.

light yellowish brown; lateral margins of tergites and sternites with

dark brown spots and blotches, which on closer examination prove to

be closely placed striae of chitin.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 89

Form moderately slender; head of moderate size; cephalic crest

absent, at most represented by a small conical tubercle on inner side

of antennal sheath, which is slender, elongate, extending to opposite

end of mesonotum; labrum (fig. 27, 6) broad, produced to subacute

apex; labial lobes truncate along margin; maxillary palpi stout

basally, strongly recurved to blunt apices.

Pronotal breathing horns (fig. 27, a, b, c) directed slightly outwards

and dorsad, equal in length, elongate and conspicuous, slightly dilated

basally, tapering, apices swollen and rounded (lateral aspect). Meso-

notum high, convex, transversely wrinkled, median line slightly

carinate; metanotum with six minute striated punctures arranged in

form of a horseshoe, laterad of each middle puncture a single setiferous

puncture; first abdominal segment with a transverse row of eight

striated punctures. Wing pads extend to end of abdominal segment

2 and leg sheaths almost to end of segment 4, tips of tarsi level.

Abdominal segments 2—7 subdivided into two equal annuli, devoid

of spines or setae, except sternites 7-9, which are armed with a

subterminal transverse row of minute acute spines, their number

being nine, fourteen, twelve; the dorsa of abdominal segments 2-7

are further marked with two striated punctures on the anterior edge

of the segment.

$ cauda (fig. 20, d, e): Tergal sheaths fingerlike, curved dorsad

and inwards, longer than the sternal sheaths which are blunt and

wide; the outer basal surface of each sternal sheath is armed with a

prominent slender tapering spine directed slightly laterad and ventrad;

at origin of tergal sheath occurs a stout spine which is usually strongly

bifid, each bifurcation being well chitinised; anterior portion of cauda

armed with four dorsal, four ventral and two lateral lobelike tapering

spines, the last being the largest and most prominent; frequently

some of the lobes tend to become slightly bifid at their apices.

segment arranged as in male; tergal sheaths elongate, tapering to

rounded apices, considerably longer than the sternal sheaths which

are stout and wide at base, tapering to acute apices, outer basal margin

of each latter sheath produced directly laterad into a conspicuous

and powerful spine, stout at base, tapering to acute apex; spine at

origin of tergal sheath as in male.

Remarks.—Adults were first bred from larvae collected at Landdrost

by Dr. Barnard, Mr. Thorne and the author in January 1933. Beling

(1886, pp. 189-191) described the larva of Dolichopeza albipes as

having only five lobes surrounding the spiracular disc—the median

Fie. 27.—Pupa of Dolichopeza hirtipennis Alex. a, head and thorax (lateral

view); 6, head (ventral view); c, pronotal breathing horn; d, male cauda (dorsal

view); ¢, male cauda (lateral view); f, female cauda (dorsal view); g, female

cauda (lateral view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 91

lobe of the three dorsal lobes was formed by the apparent fusion of

two lobes. This condition is most unusual for a Tipuline larva.

Since that date no additional life-history of Dolichopeza has been

recorded or described. The larvae of the two S.W. Cape species

described herein are therefore particularly interesting in that six

distinct and separate lobes surround the spiracular disc; this feature

being in keeping with the other closely allied genera comprising the

subfamily Tipulinae. The immatures of the 8.W. Cape species closely

resemble those of the American Oropeza obscura described and figured

by Alexander (1920a, pp. 982-984) and which now constitutes the

subgenus Oropeza of the genus Dolichopeza. Unfortunately, Beling

did not describe or figure the head capsule of his larva. The author

ventures to suggest that the number of lobes surrounding the spiracular

disc in Beling’s larva of Dolichopeza albipes was due to some abnor-

mality or mutation and that it was not typical of the genus Dolichopeza

(sens. str.).

Dolichopeza peringueyr Alex.

Fig. 28.

1925a. pp. 46-47.

6: Length 7 mm., wing 8-2 mm. Holotype male well described

but not figured by Alexander, the hypopygium having “ninth tergite

flattened, feebly arched, consisting of a small plate, the caudal margin

smooth, witb a broad and shallow U-shaped notch; ventrad of the

lateral ends of this tergal plate a short, chitinised lobe bearmg com-

paratively few” (fifteen to nineteen) “‘small black spicules that are

broadly interrupted on the median area.

“Outer dististyle unusually long and conspicuous, cylindrical,

with outspreading setae; inner dististyle comparatively short and

stout, chitinised, the apex subtruncate and bearing two small teeth”

(see fig. 28, f).

Aedeagal sheath as in /irtupennis; slender penis arises from the

cephalic region of the bulbous base; basal portions have undergone

a torsion of 110 degrees, the ventral plates being directed

cephalad, the basal plate directed dorsad and the dorsal plates

curving dorso-caudally; the basal plate (fig. 28, e) is short, very wide

and very shallow, margins chitinised, median keel restricted to an

inconspicuous strip.

Antennae (fig. 28, a) 13-jointed, elongate, three and a half to three

92 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fic. 28.—Dolichopeza peringueyi Alex. a, antenna; 6, maxillary palpus;

c, wing; d, caudal margin of ninth tergite (dorsal view) with ventral plates;

é, ““basum”’ (dorsal view); jf, outer and inner dististyles (male hypopygium);

g, penis and aedeagal sheath (lateral view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 93

and three-quarters the length of entire head; scape yellow; flagellum

dark brown; flagellar joint 1 elongate-cylindrical, six to seven times

its diameter; joint 2 slightly shorter, the difference scarcely noticeable;

joints 3-10 gradually becoming shorter, elongate-cylindrical, length

about five times their diameter; ultimate joint one-third the pen-

ultimate, rounded apically; palpi (fig. 28, 6) with the ultimate joint

twice joints 1-3, whiplike.

Wings (fig. 28, c) with Sc, present, ending near mid-length of RS,

this condition closely resembling that of genus Tipula; R,,, preserved,

elongate, three times R.; petiole of cell M, long, equal in length to

its cell, one and a quarter times the petiole for cell M,, consequently

cells M, and M, are wide and shallow.

This fly is closely allied to Dolichopeza barnardi sp.n. in general

appearance and distribution in the field, but is readily distinguished

by the slight difference in wing venation and by the structure of the

male hypopygium.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Orangezicht (K. H. B.), January 1934;

Cape Town (Alexander, 1925a).

Dolichopeza barnardi sp.n.

Fig. 29.

3S: Length 7-5 mm., wing 9mm. Frontal prolongation of head

short, three-quarters the length of head, brownish yellow, nasus

inconspicuous, black, clothed with long setae; eyes black. Antennae

(fig. 29, a) 13-jointed, elongate, three to three and a half times the

entire length of head; scape yellow; flagellum dark brownish yellow,

first flagellar joint much elongated, ten to eleven times its diameter,

cylindrical, one and a half times the second joint which appears

abruptly shorter, joints 3-10 elongate-cylindrical, about six times

their diameter, gradually becoming shorter, ultimate joint incon-

spicuous, one-quarter the penultimate, rounded apically; palpi shorter

than antennae, only twice the entire length of head and rostrum,

ultimate joint twice the length of joints 1-3.

Mesonotal praescutum obscure yellow, the coloration almost obliter-

ated by four brown stripes, the median pair narrowly separated

anteriorly, contiguous behind, scutum brown, scutellum obscure

yellow, postnotum yellow tinged with pale brown. Pleura yellow,

anterior portions of sclerites margined with brown. Legs with coxae

Fic. 29.—Dolichopeza barnardi sp.n. a, antenna; 06, maxillary palpus;

c, ““basum’’; d, penis and aedeagal sheath (lateral view); e, outer and inner disti-

styles (male hypopygium); /f, caudal margin of ninth tergite; g, wing.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 95

and trochanters light yellow, remainder of legs light brown becoming

darkened towards tarsi. Halteres elongate, one-half length of the

hind femora, yellow, knobs dark yellowish brown, tips paler. Wings

(fig. 29, g) tinged with pale brown, stigma dark brown, conspicuous

white areas before and after stigma, cord seamed with brown, veins

dark brown. Macrotrichia occur on veins and in cells R, to Cu,.

Sc, ends immediately before origin of RS which is short and transverse,

R,,. practically entirely preserved, R, strongly arcuated, r-m longer

than basal deflection of R,,;, petiole of cell M, and petiole of cell M,

equal, cell M, two and a half times the length of either petiole.

Abdomen obscure yellow, anterior and posterior margins of each

individual segment darkened with brown, tergites 8 and 9 and

sternites 7-8 almost entirely brown. Male hypopygium small,

yellow, caudal margin of ninth tergite chitinised, dark brown, pro-

duced into two rounded lobes, finely roughened and denticulate

(fig. 29, f); basistyles clothed with elongate delicate hairs. Spinose

lobes at end of ninth tergite absent. Outer dististyle (fig. 29, e)

somewhat dilated at irregular base, distal portion cylindrical, apex

bearing eighty to one hundred minute closely packed acute spicules,

numerous elongate setae occur along outer margin; inner dististyle

(fig. 29, e) a flattened chitinised blade, narrow at base, then dilated

to form a shallow Y, the arms of which are slightly produced and

subacute; several elongate setae are scattered along the margin and

inner surface. Aedeagal sheath short, stout, the slender penis arising

from the cauda] region of the bulbous base; basal portions of penis

twisted through 45 degrees from the horizontal, the basal plate

(fig. 29, c) long, moderately wide and concave, the basal constriction

gradual and slight, median ventral keel fairly deep anteriorly,

becoming more shallow basally (fig. 29, d); ventral and dorsal plates

as in ¢ hirtupennis.

Localitues.—Cape Peninsula: Echo Valley (K. H. B., C. W. T.),

March 1932.

Dolichopeza fluminis sp.n.

Fig. 30.

$: Length 9-9-5 mm., wing 11-12 mm. Frontal prolongation of

head short, one-half the lateral length of head, light yellow; nasus

black, short and stumplike, clothed with few long setae; eyes black;

vertex dark brown. Antennae (fig. 30, a) 13-jointed, moderately

Annals of the South African Museum.

Fre. 30.—Dolichopeza flumines,

ninth tergite; d, outer and inner

aedeagal

sp-n.

dististy

a, antenna; 0, wing; C,

caudal margin of

les (male hypopygium); @ penis and

sheath (lateral view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 97

elongate, two and a quarter to two and a half times the entire length

of head and rostrum; scape yellow; flagellum brown, flagellar

joint 1 elongate-cylindrical, six times its diameter, one and a half

times joint 2; joints 3-10 gradually becoming shorter, elongate-

cylindrical, five times their diameter; ultimate joint small, one-third

the penultimate, rounded apically; palpi shorter than antennae, only

twice the entire length of head and rostrum, ultimate joint twice

length of joints 1-3.

Mesonotal praescutum obscure yellow, the coloration practically

obliterated by three brown stripes, median stripe extremely narrow

anteriorly, then dilated for remaining three-quarters of its length;

humeral angles whitish, bordered anteriorly with brown; scutum,

scutellum and postnotum sepia brown. Pleura light obscure yellow,

anterior margins of sclerites darkened with brown. Coxae and

trochanters pale yellow, remainder of legs dark brown, tips of femora

and base of tibiae ringed with white. Halteres dark brown, knobs

blackish brown, apical half pure white. Wings (fig. 30, 6) suffused

with light brown, stigma dark brown, conspicuous white area before

and beyond stigma, veins dark brown; macrotrichia on veins and in

cells R, to Cu,. Sc, ends immediately before origin of RS which is

short and transverse, tip of R,,. partially preserved; r—m longer than

basal deflection of R,,;; petiole of cell M, two-thirds the length of

petiole of cell M,; cell M, five and a half times its own petiole, and

also three and a half times the petiole of cell M,, consequently cells M,,

M, and M, appear deep and narrow.

Abdomen obscure yellow, anterior and posterior margins of tergites

darkened with brown, the suffusion becoming more pronounced

medially on each tergite until tergites 6-8 are almost entirely dark

brown, with only the margins yellow; posterior margin of sternites

2-5 narrowly marked with dark brown, sternites 6-8 uniformly

covered with dark brown; hypopygium small, light yellow. Caudal

margin of ninth tergite chitinised, dark brown, undulate, slightly

produced into two rounded lobes, finely roughened and denticulate

(fig. 30, c); ventral surface of basistyles heavily clothed with elongate

setae. The lobes ventrad of the lateral ends of the tergite bear nine

to twelve black spicules confined to the caudal margin. Outer

dististyle (fig. 80, d) not cylindrical, a moderately chitinised flattened

blade, narrow basally, then dilated to a wide concave apex, the angles

of which are rounded; inner dististyle (fig. 30, d) a chitinised curious

structure, narrow basally, then dilated, cephalic angle produced into

a slender arm, the apex of which is swollen into a flat, thin, rounded

VOL XXX, 7

98 Annals of the South African Museum.

lobe. The slender penis arises from the cephalic region of the bulbous

base; these basal portions of penis twisted through 45 degrees

from the horizontal; the basal plate (fig. 30, e) is wide, moderately

long and moderately concave, the median keel deep at apex, then

slender and constricted basally; ventral and dorsal plates as in

hirtupennis.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Groot River (G. A. W., H. G. W.),

February 1936.

Dolichopeza aurantiaca Alex.

Fig. 31, a-g.

1921. pp. 212-213, pl. iv, fig. 15 (wing); 1925a. p. 41 (in key).

3S: Length 8-8-9-5 mm., wing 9-5-10-5 mm. The following details

will supplement Alexander’s general description of this fly.

Head orange without markings; eyes black and conspicuous;

antennae (fig. 31, a) 13-jointed, moderately elongate, two and three-

quarters the length of entire head and rostrum; scape yellow;

flagellum dark brown; flagellar joint 1 elongate, five times as long

as its diameter, one and a half times the second joint; joints 3-6

equal in length, elongate-cylindrical, four times their diameter; joints

7-10 equal in length but each is slightly shorter than joint 6, tending

to become fusiform; ultimate joint one-half the penultimate, rounded

apically; palpi (fig. 31, 6) ight brown; basal joints pale, decidedly

shorter than antennae, being only twice the length of head and

rostrum; ultimate joint whip-like.

In female, antennae (fig. 31, c) are shorter, only one and three-

quarters the head and rostrum; flagellar joint 1 as in male, but

twice the length of the second joint; joints 3-5 each slightly shorter

than joint 2; joints 6-11 small, slightly fusiform, shorter than

joint 5, three times as long as their diameter; palpi as in male.

Thorax, legs and abdomen are almost uniformly orange-yellow to

orange-brown, being devoid of dark markings or stripes. Wings

(fig. 31, d, also figured by Alexander, 1921) with R,,,. preserved;

petiole of cell M, long, one and a half times petiole of cell M,; cell M,

thus only one and two-thirds its own petiole.

Caudal margin of ninth tergite chitinised (fig. 31, f) and forming a

Fie. 31.—Dolichopeza aurantiaca Alex. a, antenna; 0b, maxillary palpus;

c, female antenna; d, wing; e, outer and inner dististyles (male hypopygium);

f, ninth tergite (posterior view); g, ventral plate on ninth tergite. Dolichopeza

thoracica Alex. h, maxillary palpus; 7, male antenna.

100 Annals of the South African Museum.

horseshoe-shaped band, the median portion of which is depressed

ventrad into a wide high plate, its margin bearing three acute median

teeth; plates ventrad of each end of ninth tergite are oval, large,

completely covered with fifty to sixty black spicules (fig. 31, g).

Outer dististyle (fig. 31, e) short, cylindrical, slightly curved at mid-

length; inner dististyle (fig. 31, e) equal in length to outer dististyle,

a flattened blade, inner margin strongly chitinised, outer margin

curved, thin, membranous, apex bluntly rounded. Ventral and

dorsal plates as in hirtupenmis.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Avontuur Road, Knysna (C. W.

November 1936; Harkerville (G. A. W., H. G.

January 1938.

Natal (Alexander).

Remarks.—In its uniform orange-yellow coloration this fly is

deceptive and is quite unlike the other members of this genus in

the 8.W. Cape. Although vein R,,, is entirely preserved, this fly is

readily classified by the remainder of the venation and by its typical

Dolichopezian hypopygium.

T.),

W.),

Dolichopeza flavifrons Alex.

Figs. 26, g; 32.

1925a. pp. 43-44.

3: Length 9-11 mm., wing 10-3-12-5mm. Alexander’s description

of the male, although devoid of figures, is excellent, the portions

pertaining to the male hypopygium are herein quoted: “ninth tergite

not arcuated, flattened, the margin distinctly projecting as a broad

flattened black median lobe, the caudal margin of which is feebly

concave, the dorsal surface weakly granulose. Ventrad of the ends

of the tergal plate a conspicuous cylindrical lobe, the head dilated

and obliquely truncate, here set with abundant black spines, the

lateral angle produced caudad.”

Outer dististyle (fig. 32, d) is cylindrical, moderately long, uniformly

covered with numerous elongate setae; inner dististyle (fig. 32, d) a

flattened blade having the base dilated, beyond which it is abruptly

narrowed by a marked circular indentation, along the margin of which

occur eight short stiff setae; the remainder of the dististyle curves

strongly dorsad to a subacute, strongly chitinised apex, the outer

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 101

apical margin armed with stiff elongate setae. Basal portion of penis

twisted through 45 degrees (fig. 32, f), the actual structure of the

various plates as in hirtipennis, the keel of the ventral plate being

slightly less deep.

Palpi (fig. 32, 6) slightly shorter than antennae, twice the entire

length of head and rostrum, ultimate joint twice length of joints 1-3.

Antennae (fig. 32, a) 13-joimted, moderately elongate, two and a

quarter to two and a half times the entire length of head and rostrum;

scape light yellow; flagellum hght brown; flagellar joint 1 elongate-

cylindrical, six times as long as its diameter, one and one-third times

the second joint, which appears scarcely shorter; joints 3-10 gradually

becoming shorter, elongate-cylindrical, five times as long as broad;

ultimate joint one-half the penultimate, slender, rounded apically.

Female antennae similar in shape and size.

Wing (fig. 32, c) has R,,, preserved, but sometimes atrophied

(Alexander, 1925); petiole of cell M, varies considerably from short

(7.e. two-thirds) to very short (7.e. one-third) compared with length

of petiole of cell M,; consequently cell M, is five to ten times its

own petiole but only three and a half times the petiole of cell M,;

cell M,, M, and M, thus appear deep and narrow.

Localitves.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Oudebosch (Lightfoot), December 1920;

(CA We te Ga Ww.) september 1934,

Larva.—Length 15-17 mm., diameter 2-8-3 mm. Similar in

coloration and general structure to Dolichopeza hirtipennis, but

revealing the following distinguishing features. The four dorsal lobes

of spiracular disc (fig. 26, g) are unequal in length, the two median

lobes being short, fleshy, conical; the dorso-lateral lobes conspicuous,

large, stout basally, tapering to slender transparent apices; all four

lobes devoid of hairs. The tubercle on each side of the penultimate

segment closely simulates the dorso-lateral lobes, thus being longer

and more prominent than in hirtipennis, and tapering to a slender

apex. Antennae of head capsule with basal segment elongate-

cylindrical, twice as long as broadest diameter.

Pupa.—Length 9 mm., diameter 2 mm. The female pupae and

“shucks” are exactly similar to those of Dolichopeza hirtipennis.

Unfortunately no male pupa is available for study; it is possible

that the lobelike spines of the cauda might provide a distinguishing

feature.

Remarks.—Along a stream near the entrance to the dense woods

of Oudebosch Mr. Thorne and the author collected numerous larvae

102 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fic. 32.—Dolichopeza flavifrons Alex. a, antenna; b, maxillary palpus; c, wing;

d, outer and inner dististyles (male hypopygium); e, caudal margin of ninth

tergite; f, penis and aedeagal sheath (lateral view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 103

of this species (September 1934). These were confined to the moss

cushions on the rocks projecting from the water and were not in the

moss on the actual banks of the stream.

Dolichopeza thoracica Alex.

Figs. 25, a-c; 31, h, 1.

1925a. pp. 47-48.

$: Length 6-5-7-6 mm., wing 8-3 mm. Alexander’s description

of the holotype male is figureless. “Male hypopygium more or less

incrassated; ninth tergite narrowly margined with chitin, highly

arched, viewed caudally appearing ¢-shaped, the ends of this narrow

band dilated and bearing a few spicules; ventrad of this outer

chitinised margin on either side a conspicuous blackened lobe that is

densely spiculose, these spicules continued mesad as a narrow line,

meeting on the meson” (see fig. 25, c).

“Outer dististyle of moderate length, cylindrical, provided with a

few setae. Inner dististyle conspicuously blackened, the outer surface

grooved and ridged longitudinally, the appendage directed mesad and

then dorsad; apex of inner style irregularly toothed” (see fig. 25, a).

The head which is missing in the holotype is as follows: Frontal

prolongation of head short, yellow; nasus inconspicuous; vertex

darkened with brown; antennae (fig. 31, 7) 13-jointed, moderately

elongate, two and a half times the length of head and rostrum; scape

and first flagellar joint yellow, rest of flagellum dark brown; flagellar

joint 1 elongate-cylindrical, six to seven times as long as its diameter,

one and a quarter to one and a third times the length of the second

joint; joints 3-10 gradually becoming shorter, but three times as long

as their diameter; joints 5-8 tending to become fusiform; ultimate

joint one-half the penultimate, slender, rounded apically; palpi light

brown, somewhat shorter than antennae, twice to two and a quarter

times the length of head and rostrum; ultimate joint whiplike,

twice the combined joints 1-3 (fig. 31, h).

Female antennae approximately the same length; similar in shape

and coloration.

Wing with petiole of cell M, long, one and two-thirds the petiole

of cell M,, cell M, consequently short, only one and a half times to

one and two-third times the length of its petiole and almost three

times the petiole of cell M,; cells M, and M, thus appear wide and

shallow.

104 Annals of the South African Museum.

Localitves.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Humansdorp (Tucker), January 1921.

Natal: Cathkin Peak, Drakensbergen (Lawrence),

January 1938.

Genus Loneurio Loew.

SOON spare:

Imago.—Males winged or subapterous, females subapterous,

v.e. wings usually equal to or less than length of halter (in L. capicola

wings are twice a halter; in L. silvester four times a halter); abdomen

of winged males about equal to wing alone, physogastric in all

females; verticils of outer joints of flagellum long and conspicuous;

nasus frequently bifid; ovipositor valves with smooth margins,

chitinised, acicular; male hypopygium simple in structure, deeply

V-shaped (dorsal view), the dististyles recurved and lying along basi-

styles, outer dististyle a flattened blade, inner dististyle armed with

a varying number of stout spines (lateral view), apical region prolonged

into a strong hook.

Larva.—Form plump, terete. Chaetotaxy often composed of long

stiff setae, often absent or reduced. Spiracular disc apparently

lobeless at first glance, but closer examination reveals a lobelet laterad

of each spiracle and two ventral lobelets (spiracular disc of L.

micropteryx and L. minusculus entirely lobeless, but having a strongly

curved chitinised hook caudad of each spiracle). Head capsule

retractile, compact, massive, with the posterior incisions shallow;

antennae short-cylindrical; apical papilla large, one-third to one-half

the basal segment, surrounded by three to six small sensory pegs;

mandible produced to one or three apical teeth; maxilla of Limonian

construction; labrum having two large circular areas with slender

papillae on apical surface; hypopharynx consisting of a broad

flattened plate with the ventral surface beset with acute setae and

with the anterior margin divided into three or five short teeth, each

lateral angle of this plate articulating with a strong tapering side

plate; mentum broad with five teeth. Anal gills absent, anus usually

distended.

Pupa.—Cephalic crest usually conspicuous, of varying shape; head

capsule at origin of antennal sheaths produced into large ventrally

directed lobes for levering the pupa upwards to surface of soil (except

L. minusculus); pronotal breathing horns long, cylindrical, usually

bluntly rounded apically (except LZ. monusculus and L. micropteryz,

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 105

where horns are microscopic and bloblike); abdominal segments with

subterminal row of spines varying in number; male cauda having

tergal sheaths reduced, sternal sheaths large, dorsally curved, each

with a ventral lobe; spiracles small, on inner side of dorsal lobes,

anterior region of cauda armed with two to eight lobes; female cauda

having tergal and sternal sheaths of equal length (except L. szlvester),

the sternal sheaths without any ventral lobe, anterior lobes as in male.

The number of species of Longurio frequenting the 8.W. Cape is

now twelve (new species six), all of which possess subapterous females.

Nine complete life-histories and two additional correlated pupae are

herein described. The study of the genus has revealed the following

remarkable facts :—

(1) Five species (L. micropteryx, chionordes, dolichoros, flagellata and

spinosa) have subapterous males and females, the wings being similar

in size and shape in both sexes of the respective series.

(2) Seven species (L. bonae spe, minusculus, capicola, belloides,

versfeldi, minusculoides and silvester) have normally winged males.

(3) The females of L. bonae spei, minusculoides and belloides are

subapterous, while the females of capicola and silvester are hemip-

terous. The remaining two females will probably be subapterous

judging from the appearance of the unreared pupae.

(4) The immatures occur in two distinct types of environment:

(a) soil beneath the clumps of Restiaceae on dry mountain slopes or

plateaus, (b) soil beneath a carpet of rotting leaves in dense woods.

The S8.W. Cape immatures are distributed as follows :—

(a) (0)

belloides chionoides

minusculoides silvester

bonae sper

dolichoros

spinosa

flagellata

caprcola

micropteryx

minusculus

(5) The immature stages of the S.W. Cape species differ vastly in

habitat from the solitary life-history described by Alexander (1920a,

pp. 990-992) who states that two larvae of Longurio testaceus Loew

were found “‘in wet sand in a bog on the top of South Mountains.”

106 Annals of the South African Museum.

Micropterssm.—A comparison of the pupae of winged species with

those of subapterous species reveals that the wing pads are similar

in every respect. It is consequently difficult to advance any reason

for the extensive aberrations which occur in the females and in some

males immediately prior to the emergence of the imago. It seems as

if some influence or tropism affects the potential imago and restricts

the ultimate size of the wings. In some species (L. capicola and L.

silvester) the aberration is shight—the wings being one-half the length

of those of the normal males; in others (L. flagellata and L. dolichoros) —

the aberration is great, the wings being microscopic and not larger

than a halter knob.

In the closely allied genus Tipula the females of two species, T.

caffra and T. coronata, are similarly affected—the adults being

subapterous and physogastric.

Key to Species of Longurio.

3 Imagos.

1. Wings of normal length . 3 ‘ : : “ee

Wings reduced (not longer than nae) ; : : Se

2. Wings of normal width; cell M, present . . : 2 ee

Wings very narrow, cell M, absent . : minusculoides.

3. Wings with a distinct bicoloured effect, due to strane lone

tudinal suffusions along costal margin, along Cu and anal

margin, with pale whitish areas between . : w+ GAs

Wings almost uniformly coloured; slight darkening may be

present along costal margin and along Cu, but bicoloured

effect is absent, due to lack of white areas é 3 eae

4. Small forms (10 mm., wing 10-12 mm.); inner dististyle

with short, low mesal Bee Rte thirteen spines

(fig. 38, f) . ; : } bonae spev.

Large forms (18 mm., wing 1s mm.); inner dististale fous

slender, a prominent mesal ridge with eighteen to nineteen

spines (fig. 37, c) . : ‘ : . belloides.

5. Inner dististyle with low rabsal mage bearing six to seven

spines, distad of which near origin of apical hook are three

to four spines in alignment (fig. 33,c) . : ‘ 865

Inner dististyle with more than fifteen spines on mesal ridge;

no spines near origin of apical hook (fig. 35, c) : si Fie

6. Thorax orange-yellow, unmarked; pleura unstriped; scape

of antenna yellow; flagellum dark brown, yielding a

distinct contrast . ‘ . minusculus.

Mesonotal praescutum with Sp eS Coutnent tered:

pleura yellowish with dorso-ventral stripe over mesepi-

sternum and mesosternum . : : , ; . silvester.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea).

10.

. Sixteen to eighteen spines on inner atetyle:

Large forms (14 mm., wing 16 mm., width 4-5 mm.); due to

width of wing apical cells and cell lst R, appear broad

(fig. 35, a); cell M, three and a half times its petiole;

cell Ist M, twice as long as broad; inner dististyle (fig. 35, c)

with a long prominent ridge along greater part of its

length, bearing twenty-five to twenty-six spines, apical

hook relatively short : é ;

Small forms (11 mm., wing 13 mm., math 3 rans) apical

cells and cell Ist R, appear narrow (fig. 38, a); cell M,

four to four and a half times its petiole; cell lst M, three

times as long as broad; inner dististyle (fig. 38, c) broad

and short, inner angle below apical hook square, the

prominent ridge short, bearing eighteen to twenty-two

spines, apical hook relatively long .

. Inner dististyle with a raised chitinised prob aberanio bearing

spines, antennae 11- or 12-jointed .

Inner dististyle without any ih Lia

13-jointed

antennae 9- or

protuberance

large and conspicuous (fig. 40, f); antennae 12-jointed;

wings about size of a halter stem ; , .

About six spines on inner dististyle; protuberance small

(fig. 47, c); antennae 1]-jointed; wings about length of a

halter knob or one-half the length of a halter stem

Four to five spines on inner ee wings about one-half

the size of a halter stem

Six spines on inner dististyle; wings abort {ite lene bie a

halter knob . : : :

Inner dististyle long and slender (fig. 43, By with ten spines;

antennae 9-jointed, ultimate joint elongate, flagellate;

wings microscopic, less than one-half the length of a halter

knob é : : ‘ ; ; é

Inner dististyle shorter (fig. 41, c), with eight to eleven

spines; antennae 13-jointed, ultimate joint normal; wings

slightly less than one-third the length of entire halter

Q Imagos.

. Wings equal to or smaller than a halter

Wings twice or four times the length of a halter .

. Wings about twice length of a halter; hag valves of

normal construction

Wings four times the length of a nalter, sGripositor wale

reduced, not normal

. Wings not longer than one- third the lena of a haleees

usually not longer than a halter knob :

Wings equal to or at least two-thirds the length of a halter :

. Wings longer than the halter knob, about one-third the

length of a halter; antennae 13-jointed .

107

capicola.

versfeldt.

10.

chionoides.

10.

spinosa.

dolichoros.

flagellata.

micropteryx.

capicola.

silvester.

micropteryx.

108

Annals of the South African Museum.

Wings not longer than a halter knob, often less; antennae 9-

or 11-jointed 3

. Wings about the size of a halter non antouitas ane jointed

Wings microscopic, less than one-half the length of a halter

knob; antennae 9-jointed : : : : :

. Costal margin of wings strongly curved (fig. 40, e), apical

portion wide, as long as basal portion; antennae 12-jointed

Costal margin not strongly curved, apical portion narrow,

long, two and a half to three times the basal a

antennae 13-jointed

. Wings almost uniformly suffused with oe brown! arith a white

diamond-shaped patch near apex; vein R distinct, con-

tinued round the apex bearing setae; width of wing almost

uniform after its constriction; mesothorax sepia brown .

Wings slightly darkened, hyaline, only vein R visible, ter-

minating well before apex of wing

. Large forms (20 mm.); vein R with thirty to fog satan

Small forms (11 mm.); vein R bearing twenty setae, a

row of ten setae continuous with vein R; width of wing

gradually wider after constriction; mesothorax dark yellow

Larvae.

. Conspicuous chitinised hooks on spiracular disc caudad of

spiracles

No hooks on spiracular dlige ;

. Spiracular disc heavily chitinised beuwesin the spinaclest a

single large hook behind each spiracle

Spiracular disc white, unchitinised; a pair of hooks of anequal

length behind each spiracle

. Large forms (above 20 mm., usually 24 mm.

Small forms (not reaching 18 mm., usually 15 mm.)

. Antennae more than twice as long as broad; apical papi

one-half the length of basal segment; oe with

five teeth

Antennae as broad as yng sical eatin one- sauante: a

length of basal segment; hypopharynx with three teeth

. At present not known to occur in Cape Peninsula

At present only known to occur in Cape Peninsula

. Hypopharynx with five teeth

Hypopharynx with less than five teeth

. Hypopharynx with two teeth

Hypopharynx with three teeth . ; ‘ 4 :

. Length 15-16 mm., diameter 3 mm.; a slight ridge anterior

to lateral lobes of spiracular disc; spiracles separated by

twice the diameter of a single spiracle ‘

Length 11-12 mm., diameter 2 mm.; no ridge siateriog to

lateral lobes of disc; spiracles separated by three and a

half to four times the diameter of a single spiracle

dolichoros.

flagellata.

chionoides.

bonae spet.

belloides.

minusculoides.

micropteryx.

minusculus.

belloides.

capicola.

chionovdes.

spinosa.

silvester.

dolichoros.

flagellata.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea).

Pupae.

. Pronotal breathing horns small, bloblike,

(fig. 42, a, b) ;

Breathing horns large, conspicuous (fig. 39, Cn UN

. Cephalic crest low, inconspicuous; lobes at origin of antennal

sheaths large, conspicuous (fig. 42, a, 6); the dorsal lobes

at base of each tergal sheath on the cauda is markedly bifid

in male and female; armature of spines on abdominal

segments as in table, pp. 139, 140 .

Cephalic crest absent; lobes at origin of aibenvial sheaths

inconspicuous, reduced, not apparent at first; dorsal lobe

at base of each tergal sheath on cauda not bifid, tapering

to an acute apex; armature of spines on abdominal

segments as in table, p. 114

. Each lobe on head capsule at origin of uel atonal eheathi

large and bifid (ventral view), more conspicuous than

cephalic crest

Each lobe (if present) at origin of ick wal bheaen Anal!

and conical; cephalic crest much more conspicuous .

. Male and female with venter of abdominal segments 5-7

having sixteen, fifteen to sixteen, ten spines; female with

dorsa of segments 2—7 with 30-32, 30-32, 23-24, 23, 14-16,

9-10 spines . :

Male and female with conten of seen 5 7 ae 8- 9, 8-9,

8-10 spines; female with dorsa of segments 2-7 with 21, 21,

17, 15, 11-12, 9 spines . 5

. Small forms (8-5-9 mm., diameter 1- 5 mm.)

Large forms (15-18 mm., diameter 3-3-2 mm.) : :

. Cephalic crest a high median lobe (ventral view), a high

triangular lobe tapering but not curved to an acute apex

(lateral view) (figs. 39, c, d; 46, a, b) : :

Cephalic crest a high truncate median lobe (ventral view),

arising with a strong curve dorsad of origin of antennal

sheaths, curving to an acute apex (lateral view) (fig. 47, g, h)

. Cauda practically truncate; tergal and sternal sheaths short,

intermingled with armature of lobelike spines . .

Cauda not truncate; tergal and sternal sheaths projecting

far beyond armature of lobelike spines

. Length 18-20 mm., diameter 3 mm.

Length 11-14 mm., diameter 2 mm.

. Spines comprising armature on dorsa of abdorainal seamients

2-5 few, i.e. seventeen in male, twenty-two in female

Spines more numerous; twenty-eight to thirty-six in male;

thirty-two to thirty-six in female

inconspicuous

109

micropteryx.

minusculus.

chionoides.

capicola.

flagellata.

silvester.

belloides.

bonae spei.

dolichoros.

spinosa and minusculoides.

110 Annals of the South African Museum.

Longurio minusculus Alex.

Figs. 33, 34.

1917. pp. 162-163, pl. xi, fig. 26 (wing); pl. xii, fig. 51 (hypo-

pygium); pl. xiv, fig. 56 (9th tergite).

3: Length 8-2-9-6 mm., wing 8-8-10-3 mm. Holotype male well

described and figured by Alexander, but additional notes are necessary

for exact determination of the species. Outer dististyle of male

hypopygium with sparse pubescence, a flattened fleshy lobe, rounded

apically; inner dististyle (fig. 33, c) with a low mesal ridge bearing

six to seven stout spines, distad of which near the origin of the apical

hook are three to four spines in alignment.

Nasus of head not bifid but produced into a rounded hairy apex.

The contrast between the yellow scape and the dark brown flagellum

of the antennae is striking. Legs reveal the following lengths in

millimetres :—

I II III

Femur . 5-2-5°3 5-2-6°3 5-6-7

Tibia . 6-7 5-8-6-8 5-8-7-2

Tarsus. . 9-2-9-4 11-5-13 13-2-17-2

Total . 20-4—-21-7 22-5—26-1 24-6-31-4

2: Unknown, probably subapterous judging from the structure of

a single pupa collected in 1938 (see description of immatures), which

closely resembles pupae of the other subapterous females of this genus.

Localittes.—Cape Peninsula: Table Mountain (K. H. B.), March

INS).

Cape Province: Ruiterbosch (K. H. B., H. G. W.),

February 1932; French Hoek Pass (K. H. B.,

H. G. W.), December 1932; Steenbras (K. H. B.),

December 1925; Landdrost (K. H. B., C. W. T.,

H. G. W.), January 1933; Zuurvlakte (K. H. B.),

November 1932; Hermitage Kloof (G. A. W.,

H. G. W.), January 1938.

Larva.—Length 18 mm., diameter 3 mm. Colour orange-yellow,

often darkened with brown. Form terete, integument devoid of

pubescence. Chaetotaxy consists of long stiff setae; thoracic seg-

ments with mesal ring of evenly spaced setae, eight across each

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 111

dorsum, six across each venter. Setae on abdominal segments

gradually become longer and thicker until they reach their maximum

on segments 5, 6 and 7. Dorsum of abdomen with eight setae, two

near each lateral margin at mid-length; outer seta large and stiff,

Fic. 33.—Longurio minusculus Alex. a, male antenna with elongate verticil;

b, base and apex of verticil further enlarged; c, inner and outer dististyles of male

hypopygium.

three times the inner, the remaining four setae forming a row near

posterior margin, evenly spaced, the outer slightly longer than the

inner; pleura with two large stiff setae at mid-length; venter with a

posterior row of four pairs of long evenly spaced setae, inner pairs

shorter than the others, each outer pair composed of one long and one

short seta.

Spiracular disc (fig. 34, g) white, without chitinisation, broader than

long, anterior margin undulate, integument surrounding disc mottled

with brown blotches and spots, spiracles circular, large, prominent,

112 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fic. 34.—Longurio minusculus Alex. Larva: a, mentum; 6b, antenna with disc

and apical sensory papillae; c, mandible (lateral aspect); d, labrum (dorsal view);

e, maxilla; f, hypopharynx; g, spiracular disc at caudal end of body (dorsal aspect) ;

h, chitinised hooks of disc enlarged (lateral view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 113

black, separated by twice the diameter of one spiracle; immediately

caudad of each spiracle a brown chitinised protuberance, broader

than each spiracle and produced dorsad into two stout black hooks

(fig. 34, h). Laterad of each spiracle on edge of disc three setae,

anterior the largest, middle the smallest; laterad of each hooked

protuberance a single seta on edge of disc; caudad of each protuber-

ance two setae, one behind the other; further laterad three setae,

ventral posterior surface a row of four evenly spaced setae.

Head capsule retractile, broad, compact, massive, with posterior

incisions shallow, prefrontal sclerite large and distinct. Antenna

(fig. 34, 6) short-cylindrical, as broad as long, auditory organ apparent

at mid-length, apical papilla large, more than half the length of basal

segment, conical, surrounded by three to four sensory pegs or papillae.

Mandible (fig. 34, c) powerful, massive, broad at base, produced into

a single broad, bluntly rounded apical tooth. Maxilla (fig. 34, e)

large, cardo elongate, transverse, tapering, with three setiferous

punctures bearing long, tapering, powerful setae; outer lobe chitin-

ised basally, with a prominent short-cylindrical palpus at apex,

bearing six to ten minute sensory papillae, a single powerful seta

and numerous setalike hairs on mid-region of lobe; inner lobe

pubescent, with sensory pegs and two to three powerful apical setae,

mid-surface with setalike hairs, lateral surface bearing numerous

truncate setae, basal edge with two curved acute setae. Labrum

(fig. 34, d) large, broad, conspicuous, with four to five setiferous

punctures along meso-lateral surface, each puncture bearing a

powerful tapering seta; apical surface with two large, circular, chitin-

ised areas having three powerful setae set amid numerous setalike

hairs and smaller sensory pegs. Hypopharynx (fig. 34, f) consists of

a broad flattened plate, anterior margin of which is divided into three

broad, short teeth, middle tooth rounded, lateral teeth acute, ventral

surface beset with tuft of long acute setae, each basal lateral angle

of hypopharynx produced into strong flattened tapering plate.

Mentum (fig. 34, a) deeply split behind but not completely divided,

having five teeth along anterior margin, middle tooth large and

powerful.

Pupa.—: Length 15 mm., diameter 2mm. Colour dark yellowish

brown, cauda blackened. Cephalic crest absent; ventrad of origin

of antennal sheaths two small rounded tubercles with a short stiff

seta. Antennae slightly crenulate along basal margin, tapering to

slender apices. Mouth parts as in genus.

Thoracic pronotum high, convex. Pronotal breathing horns

VOL. XXXIX. 8

114 Annals of the South African Museum.

microscopic, rounded apically, similar in shape to those of L. micro-

pteryx; mesothorax with three to four setae at mid-length. Leg

sheaths form a shallow V, fore tarsi extending to end of abdominal

segment 3, hind tarsi opposite anterior annulus of abdominal

segment 4—the female imago will consequently be subapterous and

physogastric.

Chaetotaxy nil.

Abdominal segments subdivided into two annuli, posterior annulus

of segments 2-7 armed with a transverse subterminal row of short

spines in the following notation: 20, 20, 18, 15, 12, 9; venter of

segments 4--7 with the usual anterior and three posterior spines.

2 cauda: Tergal sheaths and sternal sheaths equal, former slender,

bluntly rounded at narrow apices, the latter with tips divergent; at

base of each tergal sheath a dorsal lobelike spine, apex acute, inner

surface bearing two setae; anterior region of cauda having each

dorso-lateral lobelike spine large with three setae on cephalic surface;

on each lateral region two large lobelike spines, the more ventral the

larger, ventral lobes absent.

Remarks.—In January 1938 Mrs. Wood and the author collected

adult males, larvae and one pupa at Hermitage Kloof, which nestles

at the foot of the Langebergen Range at Swellendam. The immatures

were in the dry rich soil beneath a scanty layer of moist leaves cn

the steep sides of a wooded ravine, the actual watercourse being some

two hundred yards distant. Unfortunately, due to the hot weather

encountered on the remainder of this collecting trip, the majority of

larvae and the pupa died. There can be little doubt as to the

accuracy of the correlation of the immatures with the adults (g3) of

this species, for the latter which were captured were extremely

numerous in this vicinity and were flying rapidly to and fro over the

ground seeking the subapterous females; secondly, no other species

of Longurio is as yet known from this locality.

At the other localities recorded the adult males were collected at

high altitudes (2500-5800 feet), either near the summits of the

mountain peaks or on elevated plateaus. In these localities the

vegetation consists chiefly of Restzo clumps one to two feet in height

intermingled with other low grasses and small solitary shrubs, this

form of growth being typical of most of the 8.W. Cape mountain

summits.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 115

Longurio capicola Alex.

Figs. 35, 36.

1921. pp. 214-215.

3: Length 14-16 mm., wing 16mm. Holotype male well described

but not figured by Alexander.

Wings (fig. 85, a) almost uniformly suffused with strong yellowish

brown, costal and subcostal cells darker, a trace of dark brown

forming an indistinct longitudinal stripe along Cu,, but no white

areas are present—bicoloured effect of wing absent. Outer dististyle

as in genus; inner dististyle (fig. 35, c) short, wide, having a promi-

nent basal chitinised ridge with twenty-five to twenty-six black

spines. Legs reveal following lengths :—

I II Ill

Femur . 8-5-9 8-8-10 11-12-8

(ilongs 3 9-8 10-9-8 11-12-8

Tarsus . 15 18-19 29-31

otal o3:o-oa°6 36-8-38°8 51-56-6

?: Hemipterous. Length 18 mm., wing4mm. Frontal prolonga-

tion of head reddish brown, as long as lateral diameter of head, nasus

bifid, each bifurcation clothed with long yellowish hairs; palpi brown,

ultimate joint as long as the previous three. Head dark reddish

brown, vertical tubercle conspicuous; eyes black, small, widely

separated; antennae (fig. 35, 6) as in male, light yellowish brown,

13-jointed, scapal joint 1 cylindrical, three times as long as broad;

scapal joint 2 globular; flagellar joints 1-2 equal, elongate-fusiform ;

joints 3-6 shorter, similar in shape to joints 1-2; joints 7-9 equal,

shorter than joints 3-6, cylindrical; ultimate joint inconspicuous,

buttonlike; penultimate joint fusiform, wider and longer than the

previous joint.

Prothorax distinct, prominent, dark reddish brown. Mesonotal

praescutum unicolourous, chestnut brown (differing vastly from that

of male, where the dark brown stripes are conspicuous against the

light yellowish-brown background); pleura dark brown; _halteres

yellowish brown, knob whitish; wings a miniature of those in male,

similar in coloration and venation; two to two and a half times the

length of the halteres; legs short and stout, yellowish, fore femora

¢ be

Fie. 35.—Longurio capicola Alex. Imago: a, wing; 6, male antenna; c, inner

and outer dististyles of male hypopygium. Larva: d, caudal end of body showing

spiracular disc (dorsal aspect); e, antenna with sensory papillae and sculptured

apical segment; f, hypopharynx.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 117

clavate, much blackened apically, remaining femora only slightly

darkened apically.

I Il Tit

Femur. 4 4 4.9

Tibia 4 5-5 | 5

Tarsus . 5-5 5-5 8-2

Total : 13:5 15 17-4

Abdomen swollen, reddish brown with yellow pubescence, the black

eggs beneath giving a spotted effect; ovipositor valves dark reddish

brown, large and strong.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Oudebosch (Lightfoot), December

1920; (C. W. T., H. G. W.) January 1933 and 1934;

(Cy AL Wie CO. Wet El Ge W-) September 1937;

River Zonder End Peak (K. H. B.), January 1919.

Larva.—Length 24 mm., diameter 4 mm. Colour dull fawn-

yellow, pleural regions of abdomen darkened by alimentary contents

showing through the thin integument. Body plump, terete.

Chaetotaxy consists of numerous long stiff setae, blackened at

their origin. Prothorax with a row of six setae along edge of upper

lip and four lateral setae on either side, four evenly spaced setae

along edge of lower lip; a mesal row of eight dorsal, two lateral and

four ventral setae; meso- and metathorax with an anterior row of

eight dorsal, two pairs of pleural and four ventral setae; abdominal

segment 1 with an anterior row of six evenly spaced dorsal setae,

three pleural setae, one anterior to the others, and four pairs of ventral

setae; abdominal segments 2—7 subdivided into three annuli, the

setae being confined to the posterior annuli, consisting of six dorsal

setae, each outer seta cephalad of the others, two pleural setae,

and eight ventral setae, an outer pair and four middle evenly spaced

setae.

Anal gills blown out in majority of specimens into an enormous

white bulbous sac, sharply constricted at origin from the last ab-

dominal segment. Ventral surface of bulbous sac with four setae,

dorsal surface (fig. 35, d) with the two large circular spiracles separated

by one and a half times the diameter of one spiracle, stigmal ring

dark reddish brown, inner region paler, yellowish brown; adjacent

to each spiracle are two short, white, fleshy, fingerlike lobes, one

caudad and one laterad of each spiracle, the latter lobes bearing a

single apical seta, the former lobes with three minute setae; posterior

Fic. 36.—Longurio capicola Alex. Pupa: a, ventral aspect of head; 6, lateral

aspect; c, male cauda (lateral view); d, male cauda (dorsal view); e, female cauda

(lateral view); f, female cauda (dorsal view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 119

to each caudal lobe two setae, immediately cephalad of each lateral

lobe one seta, laterad of which is another seta; anterior to each

spiracle a seta.

Head capsule of Longurian type. Antenna (fig. 35, e) two and a

half to three times its broadest diameter, slightly curved, narrow at

origin, swollen towards apex; auditory organ at mid-length; apical

conical papilla sculptured at base, slightly less than one-half the

length of basal segment, surrounded by five to six minute sensory

pegs. Mandible broad at base, produced into a single apical tooth.

Hypopharynx (fig. 35, f) with anterior margin of flattened plate

divided into five teeth; middle tooth the largest, broad, bluntly

rounded; outer teeth less broad, slightly smaller but more acute

than the inner.

Pupa.—tLength 18-20 mm., diameter 2-8-3-1 mm. Colour dark

amber-brown, breathing horns slightly darker at tips.

Cephalic crest a median curved ridge, on either side of which is a

single tuberculate seta (fig. 36, 6). At the origin of each antennal

sheath the front of the capsule is produced into a large chestnut-

brown bifid, ventrally directed lobe, the inner bifurcation of each

longer than the outer, apices bluntly rounded (ventral view), sharply

pointed (lateral view) (fig. 36, a, 6). Antennal sheaths with three

small conical lobes at origin, sinuous at mid-length, tapering to

slender apices, ending beyond tips of maxillary palpi by a distance

equal to one-half the length of these palpal sheaths (fig. 36, 0).

Labrum with anterior margin produced into a strong transverse

ventrally directed ridge (fig. 36, a, b); labial lobes rectangular,

postero-lateral angles of each produced slightly into a bluntly rounded

apex; maxillary palpi curved, short, stout, not recurved at the some-

what narrowed tips. Abdomen much swollen. Thoracic pronotum

low and mesothorax convex, the latter with a pair of long setae on

either side of the median line opposite origin of wing pad; metathorax

narrow with two setae near each lateral margin. Wing pads reaching

end of abdominal segment 2, with the typical Longurian venation.

Leg sheaths of male elongate, fore tarsi extending to middle of ab-

dominal segment 5, middle tarsi to middle of segment 6, hind tarsi

almost to end of segment 7; of female short, ending opposite end of

abdominal segment 3, hind tarsi slightly longer.

Pronotal breathing horns (fig. 36, a, 6) slender, cylindrical, with

apex slightly expanded, outer margin finely crenulate.

Dorsal portion of abdominal segment 1 with row of eight long setae

and an additional seta at axil of each halter pad. Abdominal

120 Annals of the South African Museum.

segments 2-7 of male and female subdivided into two narrow anterior

and a posterior annulus as wide as the former two; posterior annuli

having a subterminal transverse row of stout, acute, caudally directed

spines, extending almost to the pleural region in the following dorsal

notation: 21, 21, 18, 14, 12, 9; each row interspaced with six to

eight elongate tuberculate evenly spaced setae, the outer setae

situated at the end of the row of spines, slightly cephalad of which

is an additional seta; venter of segments 5-7 with a subterminal

row of spines in the order: 8, 8, 10; at the end of each row there

occur two to three elongate setae, in mid-region near each lateral

margin two additional setae, venter of segments 3-4 with six setae,

a pair near each postero-lateral angle, cephalad of each pair an

additional seta; pleura of segments 2-7 with the usual anterior and

the three posterior spines carrying elongate setae; cephalad of the

latter group of spines a microscopic black spiracle.

S cauda (fig. 36, c, d): Tergal sheathlets inconspicuous, cephalad

of which are two broad lobes, each lobe having an acute apex, sternal

sheaths broad, thick, slightly curved dorsally to rounded apices,

ventral surface of each with two basal lobes, apically spines; anterior

region of cauda with a dorsal chitinised lobe and a long seta near each

lateral margin, inner basal surface of lobe with a large black spiracle;

on each lateral region of cauda two large setiferous lobelike spines,

acute apically; ventral lobes absent.

? cauda (fig. 36, e, f): Tergal and sternal sheaths short, of equal

length, the former tapering to slender rounded apices, having each >

lateral surface near the apex produced into a large conical, acute

lobe; sternal sheaths fused almost to the bluntly rounded apices;

lobes and setae on anterior region of cauda as in male.

Remarks.—At Oudebosch Mr. Thorne and the author have on three

occasions collected larvae and pupae of this species. Near the

entrance to the forest region is a clearing some fifty yards square

hemmed in by dense luxuriant undergrowth. The tops of the tall

surviving trees in the clearing form a thick canopy overhead, excluding

the sunshine and rendering the humid atmosphere gloomy and depress-

ing. The soil is covered by a thick carpet of rotting leaves three to

four inches deep, from which arise solitary clumps of short grass.

In this confined space have been found Limonia subapicalis, Limonia

libnotina, Teucholabis nova, Longurio capicola and Nephrotoma

petrolata. Adult males of Longurio capicola are to be taken while

they rest on the grasses or leaves with their wings at right angles to

the body and their long slender legs widespread.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 121

The larvae of this species burrow to a depth of nine to twelve

inches in the compact soil, feeding on the rootlets of the trees.

During the early summer months, when the soil tends to become dry

at that depth, the larvae form a small chamber or compartment by

twisting round and round, the walls of the chamber becoming smooth

and polished. Prior to pupation the larvae burrow upwards and rest

one-half to three-quarters of an inch beneath the superficial layer of

leaves. Here pupation occurs, the adults emerging in fourteen to

seventeen days. The strong bifurcate lobes on the head capsule

enable the pupae to pull themselves up through the small plug of

soil and leaves, the anterior part of the pupal “shucks” from the ends

of the tarsal sheaths remain projecting from the soil between the

leaves.

In a small patch of soil adjacent to the above-mentioned habitat

were found immatures of Nephrotoma petiolata. These larvae were

within three inches of the surface of the soil and did not intermingle

with the larvae of Longurio capicola, although they exist on a similar

diet.

Dr. Barnard (January 1919) captured three adult males on the

River Zonder End Peak at 5400 feet. The vegetation of this locality

is typically mountainous (see notes on Longurio minusculus), the

immatures probably frequent the soil beneath the Restio clumps.

Longurio belloides Alex.

Fig. 37.

1921. pp. 215-216.

g: Length 18-20 mm., wing 18-19 mm. Alexander’s description

of the holotype male is good.

Nasus distinctly notched by a deep U, each bifurcation clothed

by long black hairs; ultimate joint of palpi subequal to joints 2 and

3 combined; vertical tubercle of head prominent, not as conspicuous

as in Longurio capicola. Antennae (fig. 37, 6) short, extending to

tips of palpi; 13-jointed; flagellar joint 1 pedicellate; joints 2-8

elongate-oval, gradually becoming shorter; joints 9 and 10 cylindrical;

ultimate joint rounded apically.

Frequently, the four stripes on the light brown mesonotal prae-

scutum are absent, the lateral regions being darkened with dark

brown. Wings (fig. 37, a) having a bicoloured effect of brown and

asa

Fey

Fic. 37.—Longurio belloides Alex. a, wing; b, male antenna; c, inner and

outer dististyles of male hypopygium; d, wing of female.

white, the brown suffusions similar in distribution to those of Longurio

capicola; petiole of cell M, one-half the length of cell. Legs reveal

the following lengths :—

I II Il

Femur . 9-10-3 10-2 11-5-12-2

Tibia . 10-8-13 10-5-12 12-5-15:8

Tarsus . 16-18 20-24 25-32

Total . 35-8-41-3 40-7-46-2 49-60

Inner dististyle of male hypopygium (fig. 37, c) long, slender, a

prominent ridge at mid-length terminating at origin of apical hook

and bearing eighteen to nineteen black spines.

Q: Length 20-21 mm., wing 2-5 mm., ovipositor5 mm. Frontal

prolongation of head yellowish brown, as long as lateral diameter

of head; nasus slightly bifid, clothed with long brownish hairs; palpi

dark brown; ultimate joint one and a half times the penultimate;

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 123

head dark yellowish brown, vertical tubercle conspicuous; eyes large,

black. Antennae short, extending to ends of short palpi, dark

yellowish brown, scape lighter; 13-jointed, structure of flagellar joints

as in male but tend to be somewhat thicker.

Entire thorax and legs dark yellowish brown, mesonotal praescutum

devoid of markings; wings (fig. 37, d) hght yellowish brown, one and

one-third the length of halteres, moderately wide at origin, then

abruptly constricted, uniformly narrow for remainder of length,

apex rounded, costal margin straight and bearing numerous stout

setae, vein R strong and prominent, terminating before apex, bearing

thirty to forty macrotrichia, halteres dirty white. Legs as follows:—

I II III

Femur . 5-5-6 (=1@5) 8-8°5

‘(Miloney 5-5-6-5 7-8 9-10-5

Tarsus . 6-7 6:5-7 6-8

Morals 17-19-5 20-5-22-5 BBA

Colour of abdomen as in male, ovipositor dark reddish brown,

valves elongate, acicular, equal to last three segments of abdomen.

Older females are unicolourous, being dark reddish brown, the abdomen

becoming greatly distended by the mass of black eggs which is clearly

visible through the transparent pleurites.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: River Zonder End Peak (K. H. B.),

January 1919; Great Winterhoek Peak (K. H. B.),

February 1934; (K. H. B., C. W. T.) January 1939;

Babylons Tower (K. H. B., C. W. T.), March 1939.

Larva.—Length 22-25 mm., diameter 4 mm. Colour dull yellowish

brown to dark brown, integument opaque. Body plump, terete.

Chaetotaxy consists of short stiff setae. Prothorax with a row of

six dorsal setae along anterior margin, the two outer setae on either

side placed close together, a row of eight mesal setae, each outer

three placed close together; four pleural setae, two anterior and two

posterior; eight ventral setae, four anterior and four posterior;

mesothorax with six dorsal setae, two lateral and eight ventral setae

along anterior annulus; metathorax with eight dorsal, two lateral

and eight ventral setae; abdominal segments 2—7 subdivided into

three annuli, the setae being confined to posterior annulus, consisting

of six dorsal setae, each outer two cephalad of the others, the two

pleural setae and eight ventral setae arranged in pairs. Anal gills

124 Annals of the South African Museum.

blown into an enormous dirty white bulbous sac, constricted at

origin from last abdominal segment.

Spiracular disc with two circular spiracles separated by three times

the diameter of one, stigmal ring reddish brown, inner region black;

ventral lobes the largest, round, inner surface marked with yellowish-

brown triangle, apex bearing two short stiff black setae, one caudad

of the other; lateral lobes minute and fleshy, bearing a single short

seta; anterior of each spiracle is a seta borne on a minute tubercle

which might be considered as the microscopic dorsal lobe of disc.

Head capsule asin Longurio minusculus.. Antenna short-cylindrical,

as broad as long, apical papilla small, about one-quarter the length

of basal segment, conical, surrounded by three sensory pegs. Mandible

produced into a broad apical tooth, having an additional shorter

dorsal tooth.

Pupa.—Length 18-20 mm., diameter 3mm. Colour light yellowish

brown, breathing horns black, cauda chitinised. Cephalic crest

similar to that of Longurio bonae sper. Thorax depressed similarly

to Longurio capicola. |

Chaetotaxy nil. Abdominal segments subdivided into two annul,

posterior annulus having the subterminal transverse row of spines

in the following notation:—dorsa of segments 2-7 with 22, 25, 21,

12-18, 15, 7-8 spines, venter of segment 3 with a spine on either

side of leg sheaths, segment 4 with three pairs of spines, segments 5

and 6 with nine spines, segment 7 with seven spines.

2 cauda as in female Longurio dolichoros, tips of sternal sheaths

divergent.

Remarks.—In January 1919 Dr. Barnard collected one adult male

on River Zonder End Peak (5400 feet) together with three adults of

Longurio capicola. On the Great Winterhoek Mountain (6000 feet),

in February 1934, he collected three adult males and one female pupal

“shuck.” The latter was found projecting from the dry soil at the

base of a grass poll sheltered by a low ridge of rock. At that time

there was little doubt as to the correlation of the pupa to the imago,

for the ““shuck” revealed the typical characteristics of the genus and

differed clearly from the pupa of the closely allied species Longurio

capicola.

The Winterhoek locality was revisited in January 1939 by

Dr. Barnard and Mr. Thorne, who collected from the soil around a

Restio clump twenty larvae and eleven pupae, from which males and

females were reared, the correlation thus being further confirmed.

In March 1939 on the summit of Babylons Tower they found six

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 125

larvae and fourteen pupae, from which were bred six male and one

female imagos.

The larvae found in these two localities are easily distinguishable

from those of Longurio capicola in the details of the head capsule

and by the length of the chaetotaxy.

Longurio versfeldi sp.n.

Fig. 38, a-—d.

g: Length 11 mm., wing 13 mm., width 3 mm. Head dark

brown, eyes black, nasus slightly produced, not bifid, clothed with

long black hairs, vertical tubercle inconspicuous, almost absent,

antennae and palpi (fig. 38, 6, d) dark brown, former twice the length

of palpi, 13-jointed, scapal joimt 1 cylindrical, scapal joint 2 sub-

globular, flagellar joint 1 slightly clavate, joints 2-5 equal, about

one-third shorter than previous joint, fusiform, joints 6-10 equal in

length, gradually becoming less narrow and less fusiform, assuming

a cylindrical shape in joints 9 and 10, all being one-quarter shorter

than joint 5, ultimate joint slightly longer than penultimate joint,

tapering to blunt apex.

Pronotum yellowish brown. Mesonotal praescutum dark yellowish

brown with three blackish-brown stripes, almost confluent behind,

middle stripe split by a thin pale vitta, scutal lobes blackish brown;

pleura pale yellowish brown. Wings (fig. 38, a) almost uniformly

coloured with pale yellowish brown, this suffusion slightly darker

along costal margin to stigma and along length of Cu to m-cu, latter

stripe narrow, not as prominent as in species with the bicoloured

wing, venation similar to that of Longurio belloides, RS slightly longer,

petiole of cell M, shorter, one-quarter to one-fifth of cell M,. Halteres

pale yellowish brown. Legs of same colour, tips of femora and tibiae

darkened, lengths as follows :—

i II Ill

Hemun 9) 1 8-2

Tibia 2 7-2 6 8-8

Marsusi ). 15 14 25

Total ; 29-7 74g 42

Abdomen dark blackish brown, sternites paler, pleura whitish,

hypopygium yellowish, short; basistyles short and stout; inner

126 Annals of the South African Museum.

dististyle (fig. 38, c) short, broad; inner angle prior to origin of apical’

hook truncate; outer margin with a short raised protuberance at

Fic. 38.—Longurio versfeldi spn. a, wing; 6, antenna; c, outer and inner

dististyles (male hypopygium); d, maxillary palpus. Longurio bonae spei (Bergroth).

e, wing; f, inner dististyle; g, male antenna.

base of apical hook, bearing eighteen to twenty-two chitinised spines;

apical hook relatively long.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 127

2: Unknown, possibly subapterous.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Voorkoeden Farm, Caledon (Versfeld),

May 1935.

Remarks.—Dr. M. Versfeld reported “‘adults flying about in great

numbers at farm Voorkoeden at the foot of the Zwartberg Mountain,

Caledon, on 23-26 May 1935.”

Two subsequent visits to this locality by Mr. Thorne and the author

in April and May 1938 failed to yield either adults or immatures,

although the most typical environment—the stony slopes with Restio

clumps—was examined thoroughly. On the first visit many adults

of Longurio bonae sper were taken while they flitted from clump to

clump of Restzo in their short low flight.

On the second visit one pupa and some seventy larvae of Longurio

flagellata were dug from the dry soil beneath the scanty grass near

an overhanging rock.

Longurio bonae sper (Bergroth).

Figs. 38, e-g; 39.

1888. pp. 138-139 (Tipula).

1917. Alexander, p. 163, pl. xi, fig. 25 (wing); pl. xin, fig. 48

(hypopygium); pl. xiv, fig. 55 (9th tergite).

S: Length 10-2-11 mm., wing 12-3-12-5 mm. Alexander figured

the wing and male hypopygium, showing and stating five to six black

spines to be present on the “pleural appendages.”

Male hypopygia, cleared and loosened in KOH for accurate

examination (fig. 38, f), reveal that the inner dististyle is long and

slender with a short, low mesal ridge, terminating before the origin

of the apical hook, bearing thirteen short black spines.

Antennae (fig. 38, g) with scapal joint 1 three times as long as

broad, scapal joint 2 subglobular, flagellar joint 1 slightly clavate,

joints 2-4 equal in length, elongate-fusiform, joints 5—7 equal, shorter,

more dilated, joints 8-10 equal to previous joint in length, cylindrical,

thus differing from the female, ultimate joint cylindrical, rounded

apically, the line of separation from the penultimate joint often

difficult to detect even under high magnification.

Wings (badly shaded in Alexander’s figure) with strong dark brown

suffusions, similar in distribution to those of Longurio belloides; costal

128 _ Annals of the South African Museum.

region as far.as the radial vein and vein R,,, dark brown, except for

a small white area anterior to the forking of vein M; the longitudinal

stripe along Cu darker brown, this suffusion continued round to meet

Fic. 39.—Pupa of Longurio bonae sper (Bergroth). a, antennal sheath;

b, pronotal breathing horn; c, head and thorax (lateral view); d, head (ventral

view).

the costal suffusion, leaving a white stripe in cells M, Ist M, and the

anterior parts of cells Rz, M, and M;; anal region with lighter brown

suffusion, leaving a small white stripe in the basal and mid-area of

cell 1A, entire wing yielding a bicoloured effect (fig. 38, e).

Mesonotal praescutum dark brown with darker stripes. Abdomen

from segment 3 dark blackish brown. The entire body of living

specimens is coated with a silvery dust or bloom. Legs as follows:—

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 129

[ II III

Femur. 5-5-5 7-6 9-1

Tibia : 2 8-6 11-4

arsuse © - 2 10:5 14

Total 2 26-7 34-5

@: Subapterous. Length 9-10 mm. Frontal prolongation of head

dark yellowish brown, as long as lateral diameter of head; nasus bifid,

each bifurcation clothed with long yellowish hairs; palpi dark brown,

ultimate joint twice the length of previous joint and two-thirds the

length of joints 2 and 3 combined; head blackish brown, the vertical

tubercle conspicuous; eyes large, black; antennae dark brown,

13-jointed, scapal joint 1 four times as long as broad, scapal joint 2

subglobular, flagellar joint 1 clavate, joints 2-7 almost equal in length,

elongate-fusiform, joints 8-9 elongate-cylindrical, joint 8 twice the

length of joint 9 and equal to joint 7, penultimate joint one and a

half times the previous joint, fusiform, ultimate joint bulbous,

inconspicuous, the constriction often difficult to detect.

Prothorax blackish brown. Mesonotal praescutum sepia brown

with a trace of a middle black stripe, antero-lateral corners of sclerite

lightened with yellow, rest of thorax and powerful coxae sepia brown;

wings dark brown, equal in length to halteres, wide at origin, then

abruptly constricted and sharply bent, uniformly wide for remainder

of length, apex rounded, costal margin and apex bearing numerous

stout setae, vein R strong, prominent, contiguous around apex, other

venation absent, a white patch in meso-apical region; halteres dusky

brown, knobs dirty white; legs dark yellowish brown, tarsi blackened;

of the following length :—

I II III

Femur . 5-9 6-2 6-5

Tibia : 6:8 7 7

Tarsus . 0 is) i

Total 19-7 20-7 20-5

Abdomen swollen, dark blackish brown with yellow pubescence,

pleura dirty white, strong ovipositor valves dark reddish brown.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Echo Valley (K. H. B., H. G. W.),

April 1932 and 1933; Red Gods (C. W. T.), March

1937.

VOL. XXXIX. 9

130 Annals of the South African Museum.

Cape Province: Jonkershoek (K. H. B.), October 1926;

Palmiet River (K. H. B., C. W. T.), May 1937;

Voorkoeden Farm (G. A. W., C. W. T., H. “6. W.),

April 1938; Babylons Tower (K. H. B., C. W. T.),

March 1939.

Larva.—Unknown.

Pupa.—Length 14 mm., diameter 2 mm. Colour dark brown,

breathing horns a lighter brown, exuviae pale yellowish brown.

Cephalic crest (fig. 39, c, d) prominent, consisting of a high median

truncate lobe, slightly notched (ventral view), a high triangular lobe,

tapering but not curved to an acute apex (lateral view).

Thoracic pronotum high; pronotal breathing horns (fig. 39, b) long,

divergent, directed laterad rather than dorsad, crenulate for one-third

of the length, apex not swollen, bluntly rounded. Wing pads in

male and female extend to end of abdominal segment 2; leg sheaths

in male form a deep V, the fore tarsi ending opposite the row of

spines on segment 6, hind tarsi opposite the origin of the sternal

sheaths on the cauda.

Chaetotaxy nil. Dorsa of abdominal segments 2—7 with a sub-

terminal transverse row of acute spines on the posterior annulus in

the following notation in male:—17, 22, 18, 12, 10, 10; venter of

segments 3-5 bare, segment 6 with seven spines, segment 7 with five

spines; in female dorsa of segments 2-7 with the transverse row

having the following spines :—22, 22, 20, 18, 13, 13; venter of segment

3 with four spines, two on either side of leg sheaths, five to six on seg-

ment 4, twelve on segment 5, eleven on segment 6 and ten on segment 7.

$ cauda: as in Longurio dolichoros, except that there is only one

ventral lobe on the anterior region of the cauda and that the dorsal

lobe laterad of each spiracle is smaller.

and sternal sheaths equal in length, latter fused for greater part of

their length, apices divergent, outer angle of each acute, blackened,

chitinised.

Remarks.—At Palmiet River Dr. Barnard and Mr. Thorne found

three mature pupae just beneath the surface of the soil at the base

of a Restio clump (May 1, 1937) and five empty “shucks” protruding

from the soil. These Restio clumps are the typical type of vegetation

skirting the open boulder-strewn banks ofthe river. On May 4,

one male and one female imago emerged from the pupae.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea).

131

Longurio chionoides (Alex.).

Fig. 40.

1917. pp. 164-165, text-fig. 2 (side view); pl. xiii, fig. 44 (nasus)

(Tipula).

F921. p. 218.

Holotype female subapterous, locality unknown.

are as follows: length 15-17 mm.

Femur . 3°7-4

iia 4-9-5

Tarsus . 4-4-6

Total 11-9-13°6

Antennae, palpi and wings as in male.

Additional notes

Legs have the following lengths :—

II III

5 5-5-6

4-5 6-1-6-5

4-5 6-3-6-5

14 17-9-19

The black blotches of the

abdomen noted by Alexander are due to eggs in the ovaries; the

black closely set impressed punctures are merely the chitinised

cuplike pits or alveoli situated at the insertion of the yellowish hairs.

$: Length 12-14-83 mm. Legs have the following lengths :—

Femur . 7-5-9°5 .

Tibia 8-10

Tarsus . 10-2—13-5

Total 2 ae

Colour yellowish brown.

Il INU

9-10 9-5-11-5

9-10 10-12

12-2-15 17-22

30-2-35 36-5-45-5

Frontal prolongation of head elongate, as

long as the lateral diameter of head; nasus slightly bifid, not as

deeply cleft as in female, each slight projection bearing stout bristles;

palpi (fig. 40, d) light brown with ultimate joint pale yellow, one and

three-quarters to twice the penultimate joint; eyes black, large; on

vertex a prominent median tubercle projects over the origin of

antennae, which are 12-jointed (fig. 40, c), scapal joint 1 dark reddish

brown, elongate-cylindrical, three times its diameter, scapal joint 2

short-globular, flagellum lght yellow, joints 1-3 subequal, cylindrical,

joints 4-5 shorter and equal, remaining joints equal, short-cylindrical,

except the ultimate joint which is bulbous basally, tapering to blunt

apex.

132 Annals of the South African Museum.

Prothorax prominent, dark yellowish brown. Mesonotal prae-

scutum pale yellowish brown, lighter than head or abdomen. Wings

(fig. 40, e) light yellow, reduced, equal to stem of halter, strongly

curved, extending to base of halteres, leaning inwards and touching

over the thorax, venation indistinct, slight indication of vein R,

costa with numerous short setae. Legs longer and more slender than

in female, with coxae enlarged and powerful, fore femora slightly

incrassate, but not as noticeably as in female.

Abdomen dark yellowish brown, with black pleural stripe along

length of abdomen. Hypopygium of Longurian construction, disti-

styles (fig. 40, f) equal in length, outer dististyle a fleshy pubescent

lobe, inner dististyle pubescent, broad basally, more or less uniformly

wide, tapering abruptly to a curved, chitinised, apical hook, a

prominent projecting chitinised ridge near basal region bearing sixteen

to eighteen stout dark brown spines.

Localities—Cape Peninsula: Kirstenbosch (K. H. B., H. G. W.),

November 1932; Fernwood (H. G. W.), January

1933; (G. A. W., H. G. W.) October 1933; (K. H. B.,

H. G. W.) November 1932.

Remarks.—In 1921, p. 218, Alexander contrasted the female of

this species with the male of Longurio micropteryzx, giving a list

of differences. The list is valueless—the female chionoides closely

resembles the female micropteryx, both being physogastric and similar

in general appearance. The male chionoides strongly resembles

the male mcropteryx. It was only after extensive breeding and

collecting of the subapterous species of Longurio that the correct

correlation of males to females was effected.

The subapterous Longurio males are easily distinguished inter se

by the armature and shape of the dististyles; the females, however,

present a difficult problem, and the morphologist is compelled to

rely on small differences in the size and in the shape of the palpi,

antennae and wings. ‘Thus in these descriptions of the subapterous

forms great stress has been placed on structural characteristics

rather than on varying degrees of colour, which are at best unsatis-

factory and transient, depending on the age of the fly, the intensity

of the light and the medium in which the specimen has been examined

and stored.

Larva.—Length 24-26 mm., diameter 4 mm. Colour dull yellow,

integument of abdomen stretched and very thin, revealing the black

contents of the alimentary system and the fibres of the muscles.

Body plump, terete. Length and distribution of chaetotaxy, general

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 133

appearance and the details of the spiracular disc and the head capsule

as in Longurio capicola.

Pupa.—Length 15-17 mm., diameter 2-3-2-7 mm. Colour of

thorax dark reddish brown, abdomen rich orange-yellow, wing pads

and legs of mature pupae black, cauda chitinised; exuviae light

brown.

Similar to pupa of Longurio capicola in shape of mouth parts,

breathing horns and bifid cephalic crest (fig. 40, a, b). Leg sheaths

and cauda of males and females as in capicola.

Mesonotum moderately high, having one seta at each wing-root

and a transverse mesal row of four larger setae; metathorax with

row of six setae. Abdominal segment 1 with row of eight setae,

evenly spaced along posterior margin, the two outer setae very

elongate, an additional seta at origin of each halter pad; abdominal

segments 2—7 subdivided into two annuli, posterior annulus somewhat

longer than the anterior and having a subterminal transverse row of

stout, acute, caudally directed spines, extending almost to the pleural

region in the following notation:—on dorsa 20, 21, 22, 16, 11-12,

5-7; each row interspersed with eight elongate seta, one-half the

width of the abdomen, the outer setae situated at end of the two of

spines, slightly cephalad of which is an additional seta; venter of

segments 5-7 with subterminal row of spines in the order:—16, 15-16,

10, each row having two lateral and two mesal setae; pleura of

segments 2—7 with the usual anterior and the posterior spines carrying

elongate setae; cephalad of latter group of spines a microscopic

spizacle.

In female the number and distribution of spines as follows: dorsa

of segments 2-7 with 30-32, 30-32, 23-24, 23, 14-16, 9-10 spines;

venter of segments 3-4 bare, of segments 5-7 with 15-16, 18-19,

9-10 spines.

3S and 2 cauda as in capicola.

Remarks.—Males were caught scurrying over a waterfall at Skeleton

Ravine by Dr. Barnard and the author (November 1932). In January

1933 Mrs. Wood and the author discovered the locale of the immatures

in Fernwood Ravine. Their type of habitat resembles closely that

of the Oudebosch area in which the immatures of Longurio capicola

were found, the larvae even constructing a similar small cell or com-

partment at the same depth in the soil. These larvae and pupae

are practically identical in their resemblance to the immatures of

Longurio capicola, for there is no feature whereby the larva of this

species can be distinguished from that of Longurio capicola, while

134 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fic. 40.—Pupa of Longurio chionoides (Alex.). Pupa: a, head and thorax

(lateral view); b, ventral view. Imago: c, male antenna; d, maxillary palpus of

male; e, wing of male and female; /f, inner and outer dististyles of male

hypopygium.

the pupa is different only in the number of spines in the abdominal

armature.

The chionoides locality in the beautifully wooded National Botanic

Gardens at Kirstenbosch is some eighty miles from the capicola

locality in the forest remnant of Oudebosch and is separated by the

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 135

Cape Flats and the Hottentots-Holland Range of mountains. The

sandy soil of the Cape Flats is a formidable barrier to the spread of

wingless Tipulidae for the water capacity of the surface soil is low

(approximately 12 to 16 per cent.).

There is sufficient evidence, both botanically and entomologically,

to show that at some time the forest areas of the 8.W. Cape were

extensive and stretched from the Cape Peninsula to Knysna and

Tsitsikama districts. During that time it is probable that the common

ancestral form of these two species spread throughout the entire

region. Subsequently, as the intervening sections of forest disap-

peared, the ancestral forms became isolated in the Oudebosch and the

Kirstenbosch localities and evolved into the two markedly different

imagos of to-day, although the larvae and pupae still retain their

mutual affinities.

In the Oudebosch locality males retained their wings, whilst the

females became hemipterous (wings twice length of halteres) and

physogastric. In the Kirstenbosch locality both males and females

have become subapterous (wings equal to stem of halteres), the body

form of the male being slender, whilst that of the female is physogastric.

The larvae and pupae of both species differ clearly from the

immatures of the other species of Longurio (see Key).

Longurio micropteryx Alex.

Figs. 41, 42.

1921. pp. 217-218.

Alexander’s description of the holotype male is good, but the

following details must be noted for the exact differentiation from

allied species.

3g: Length 8-5-9 mm., subapterous. Frontal prolongation of head

short, stout, half the lateral diameter of head; nasus not bifid but

produced into a rounded apex clothed with black hairs; ultimate

joint of palpi one and a third to twice the previous joint; eyes black,

relatively large; vertical tubercle low, not conspicuous; antennae

(fig. 41, a) 13-jointed, scapal joint 1 three times as long as broad,

cylindrical; scapal joint 2 subglobular; flagellar joint 1 pyriform

with narrow base, joints 2-3 slightly swollen; remaining joints equal,

elongate-cylindrical; ultimate joint not elongate, slightly dilated

apically.

136 Annals of the South African Museum.

Wings (fig. 41, d) curved at origin, then straight, wide, apex truncate,

less than one-third the length of a halter. Legs as follows :—

I II Iil

Femur . 5-5-5 6-2-6:3 6-8

ibis 5-5-6 6-3-7 7-4-8°-5

Tarsus . 8-9-2 7-8-8:5 15-17-5

(oral =, Ios =P 07/ 20-3-21-8 28-4—34

Abdominal segments reddish brown with a black pleural stripe

along abdomen. Inner dististyle (fig. 41, c) pubescent, broad basally,

uniformly wide, tapering abruptly to curved, chitinised apical hook,

the apical region bearing eight to eleven black spines.

2: Length 8-115 mm. Subapterous, physogastric, the length

depending on the number and stage of development of eggs in

abdomen. Colour dark brown, noticeably darker than the male,

but the structure of antennae, palpi and wings as in male. Legs

shorter and stouter than in male, dark yellowish brown.

I II Ul

Femur. 3 3-1 3°4

Tibia 2-9 3 3°6

Tarsus . 3 3°1 4.4

Total . 8-9 9-2 11-4

Abdomen dark chocolate-brown, pleura whitish, dark longitudinal

stripe thus absent.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Kirstenbosch (K. H. B., H. G. W.),

November 1932; (C. W. T.) June 1934; Fernwood

(K. H. B., C. W. T., H. G. W.), September 1934;

(C. W. T.) June and July 1934; (H. G. W.) November

1933; Isolation Valley (K. H. B.), July 1934; Red

Gods (C. W. T.), May 1935; Kasteels Poort (K. H. B.,

H. G. W.), August 1933; (C. W. T.) May 1934;

(C. W. T.) October 1934.

Larva.—Length 15-16 mm., diameter 2 mm. Colour light to dark

golden-yellow due to the microscopic pubescence which gives a shiny

satiny appearance to the body, integument opaque. Form terete.

Chaetotaxy short on thorax but longer and more definite on

abdomen; prothorax with mesal row of four dorsal and four ventral

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 137

setae; meso- and metathorax with posterior row of four dorsal,

two pleural and four ventral setae. Abdominal segments divided into

Fic. 41.—Longurio micropteryx Alex. Imago: a, male antenna; b, maxillary

palpus of male; c, inner and outer dististyles of male hypopygium; d, wing of

male and female; e, male hypopygium (lateral view). Larva: f, antenna.

two annuli, posterior annulus twice the length of anterior, former

having a transverse row of eight setae, an outer pair closely placed,

inner setae slightly caudad, microscopic, a pair of pleural setae and

four pairs of ventral setae, each outer seta twice the inner.

i / Wo é

VAY

Fic. 42.—Longurio micropteryx Alex. Pupa: a, ventral view of head; 0, lateral

view; c, lateral view of male cauda; d, dorsal view of male cauda; e, dorsal view

of female cauda. Larva: f, spiracular disc; g, spiracular hook, lateral aspect

(further enlarged).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 139

End portion of body not constricted, mottled with brown, spiracular

disc (fig. 42, f) lobeless, heavily chitinised and consequently dark

reddish brown, broader than long, spiracles large, circular, black,

separated by twice the diameter of a single spiracle; caudad of each

spiracle a large stout, black, heavily chitinised curved hook (fig. 42, g);

laterad of each spiracle three long setae, at hind base of each hook

two setae, further laterad and caudad another seta, three lateral

setae on edge of body and four ventral setae on ventral surface;

anus white, fleshy.

Head capsule of Longurian construction. Antennae (fig. 41, /)

short-cylindrical, as broad as long; auditory organ at mid-length;

apical conical papilla large, as long as basal segment; surrounding

this papilla are three to four sensory pegs. Mandible with a single

broad apical tooth, sometimes with slight indications of a dorsal

tooth. Hypopharynx as in L. minusculus (fig. 34, f).

Pupa.—Length 12-13 mm., diameter 1-6 mm. Colour a rich

golden-yellow, older pupae dark brown, with legs, wing pads and

thorax almost black, exuviae dark yellowish brown.

Cephalic crest (fig. 42, a, b) low and inconspicuous, a mere flattened

carina between the bases of antennal sheaths, which have at their

origin a small conical lobe, ventrad of which are another two conical

lobes, the second the larger, prominent, well chitinised, directed

ventrad; frons with a chitinised protuberance at mid-length. An-

tenna (fig. 42, a) slightly crenulate along basal margin, slightly

sinuous at mid-length, tapering to the slender apex. Labrum broad,

anterior margin trilobed, labial palpi broad, uniformly wide, outer

angle subacute; maxillary palpi tapering gradually, slightly curved

at mid-length.

Thoracic pronotum high, convex. Pronotal breathing horns

(fig. 42, b) microscopic, rounded apically, as long as the diameter of

an antennal sheath at that level, cephalad of breathing horns three

short setae; mesothorax high with three to four setae. Wing pads

extend to end of abdominal segment 2; leg sheaths in male forming

a deep V, fore legs the shortest, ending opposite end of abdominal

segment 4, hind tarsi opposite subterminal row of spines on abdominal

segment 6. Abdominal segments 2—7 subdivided into two annul,

posterior annulus one and a half times the anterior, the former with

a subterminal transverse row of acute submammaliform spines, the

dorsa of segments 2-5 having eighteen to twenty spines, segment 6

with thirteen to fourteen spines, segment 7 with six spines; venter

of segment 3 bare, segments 4—5 with six spines, arranged in two sets

140 Annals of the South African Museum.

of three, segment 6 with eight spines, segment 7 with eleven spines;

pleura of segments 2—7 with the usual three acute spines, each having

a long stiff seta.

Chaetotaxy limited, arranged thus: segment 1 of abdomen with

three long setae at each postero-lateral angle, remaining segments

with three setae at end of each dorsal and ventral subterminal row

of spines amid which are two to four additional evenly spaced

setae, venter of segments 3-4 with two setae, one on each side of leg

sheaths.

$ cauda (fig. 42, c,d): Tergal and sternal sheaths of usual Longurian

construction; at base of former sheaths each chitinised lobe is bifid,

the outer bifurcation the larger, bearing two long setae, one on the

outer margin, one on the inner margin; inner bifurcation with two

long setae, one on inner margin, the other towards the base of

the dorsal surface, both bifurcations tapering to slender acute

blackened spines, between the bifurcations a small seta; anterior

region of cauda with two dorso-lateral lobes, a lateral lobe on each

side and three to four ventral lobes, each lobe terminating in a large

blackened apex, armed with an elongate seta on outer surface,

each dorso-lateral lobe having two additional setae on inner

surface.

2 cauda (fig. 42, e): Lobes on anterior region of cauda as in male

except for the absence of the ventral lobes; tergal and sternal sheaths

of equal length, the former wide at origin, tapering gradually to —

slender apices, closely placed but not fused along median line; sternal

sheaths wide and thicker at origin, fused for the greater part of their

length, apex of each sheath a shallow bifurcation, each portion bluntly

rounded, ventral lobe on sternal sheaths absent.

Remarks.—This species occurs in two distinct types of environment

on Table Mountain: at Kirstenbosch and at Fernwood Ravine on

the eastern slopes; at Kasteels Poort and at Isolation Valley on the

western side.

The larvae of this species were discovered by Mr. Thorne, ac-

companied by Dr. Barnard, while they were searching for the

immatures of Tipula coronata at Kasteels Poort (March 1934). Here

the immatures occur in the dry soil at the base of the Restro clumps,

the larvae being easily distinguished by their rich golden colour.

Unlike Longurio capicola these larvae do not make a chamber in the

soil, but merely burrow at random, seeking the rootlets of the Restio.

In this locality have been found the immatures of Longurio flagellata,

Tipula coronata and Nephrotoma antennata. Adult males are to be

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 141

found from late May to early July and again in October, but the

majority of pupae occur in April.

In the woods of Fernwood locality the immatures live in the moist

soil beneath a carpet of dead leaves, in which also occur the im-

matures of Longurio chionoides, Goniotipula cunerpennis and Tipula

caffra. Adult males occur in June and July or in November, but

the majority of pupae are to be found during June, the consequent

swarming of the males occurs ten to fourteen days later (June 22 to

July 8).

The occurrence of adults in June-July and again in October—

November in both of these different localities would indicate that the

species is double brooded, but it is more probable that the adults

emerging in October-November are stragglers which have taken

longer in their larval stadia.

Longurio flagellata sp.n.

Figs. 43, 44.

$: subapterous; length 5-5-7 mm. Head dark yellowish brown,

eyes black, frontal prolongation of head short and small, about the

volume of a single eye; palpi dark brown (fig. 43, 6), small, two-

thirds the diameter of an eye, ultimate joint twice the third joint;

antennae (fig. 43, a) dark brown, two and a half to three times the

length of the entire head, 9-jointed, scapal joint | cylindrical, twice

as long as broad; scapal joint 2 subglobular; flagellar joints 1-3

gradually becoming shorter, the first slightly clavate; joints 2-3

slightly fusiform; joint 4 the shortest of the flagellum; joints 5-6

gradually increasing in length and becoming decidedly fusiform;

ultimate joint conspicuously elongate, equal in length to the previous

3 joits—a feature which readily distinguishes this species from the

other subapterous members of this genus.

Prothorax prominent, a dark brown ridge. Mesothorax depressed,

unicolorous, dark brown, praescutum small, scutellum large, equal in

size. Wings (fig. 43, d) microscopic, one-third the length of a halter

knob, dirty white, with an indication of a single vein. Halteres

(fig. 43, e) large, stem brown, knob pale yellow. Coxae very powerful,

yellowish brown, remainder of legs long and slender, dark yellowish

brown, basal third of femora pale yellowish.

142 Annals of the South African Museum.

iL II Iil

Femur . 5-2-5:8 5-5-6°9 6-6-8

ibis. 4-5-5-2 5-5-8 6-7-2

Tarsus . 5-5-6°8 9-9-2 10-2-13-6

Total . 15-2-17-8 19-5-21-9 22-2-27°6

Abdomen dark brown, tergites and sternites margined posteriorly

with black; hypopygium light yellow, basistyles long, one-third the

Fic. 43.—Longurio flagellata sp.n. Imago: a, antenna; 6, maxillary palpus?

c, inner dististyle (male hypopygium); d, wing; e, knob of halter. Larva:

f, antenna.

length of abdomen, outer dististyle as in genus; inner dististyle

(fig. 43, c) long and slender without any ridge or protuberance, with

ten spines along the length of apical hook.

Q: Subapterous; length 6-7 mm., of which the ovipositor valves

are 2 mm. Pale yellowish brown, older 99 darker, often dark

reddish brown, ovipositor valves heavily chitinised, elongate, acicular,

one-third the length of entire body.

Structure of antennae, thorax and wings as in male, but ultimate

joint of antennae not as elongate, only one and a half times the

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 143

previous joint; ultimate joint of palpi subequal to previous joint,

dilated, not elongate-cylindrical. Legs pale yellowish brown,

remarkably short compared with those of the male, femora strongly

incrassate.

I Il Iil

Femur 1:8 2-1 2-9

Tibia ! 1-8 2-1 2-9

Tarsus 1-8 2°5 3

Total 5-4 6-7 8-8

Abdomen enormously swollen, out of all proportion even when

devoid of eggs, dark reddish brown.

Localities—Cape Peninsula: Kasteels Poort (K. H. B., H. G. W.),

August 1932 and 1933; (K. H. B., C. W. T.) July

1934; Blinkwater (K. H. B., H. G. W.), August 1933.

Cape Province: Witte River (G. A. W., H. G. W.),

September and October 1933; Jonkershoek

(K. H. B.), July 1927; French Hoek Pass (G. A. W.,

H. G. W.), September 1935; (K. H. B., C. W. T.)

October 1936; Voorkoeden Farm (C. W. T.,

H. G. W.), May 1938.

Larva.—Length 11-12 mm., diameter 2mm. Colour of specimens

killed in hot water a dirty white, often darkened with brown towards

spiracular disc; specimens killed slowly in alcohol dark brown to

black, spiracular disc contracted; integument thin, revealing the

white fibres of the muscles and contents of the alimentary system

after mid abdomen. Form terete.

Chaetotaxy consists of short black setae of uniform length; pro-

thorax with an anterior and a mesal row of six dorsal, three pleural

and four ventral setae; meso- and metathorax with similar anterior

row of setae. Abdominal segments with a similar posterior row of

setae, on dorsa of each outer seta is cephalad of the inner four setae.

At abdominal segment 7 the body is slightly constricted, then it

expands rapidly, bearing the spiracular disc and the distended white

anal gills; spiracular disc (fig. 44, c) white, wider than long, the sur-

rounding regions of body irregularly mottled with brown spots and

blotches, spiracles of medium size, circular, separated by three and

a half times the diameter of one, stigmal ring narrow, dark brown,

central area black, chaetotaxy around disc as in L. capicola, four

small lobes present, the lateral lobes the smallest, fleshy, fingerlike,

144 Annals of the South African Museum.

dd, lke es ccs

eld

Richio?

Fic. 44.—Longurio flagellata spn. Larva: a, mandible; 6, hypopharynx;

c, spiracular disc (dorsal view). Pupa: d, ventral view; e, lateral view; f, lateral

view of male cauda; g, lateral view of female cauda.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 145

bearing an apical and two basal setae, ventral lobes rounded, fleshy

protuberances, bearing two apical setae.

Head capsule typically Longurian. Antennae (fig. 43, f) short-

cylindrical, as long as broad, auditory organ at mid-length, apical

conical papilla half the length of basal segment, sculptured at base,

surrounded by four to five minute sensory pegs. Mandible (fig. 44, a)

broad at base, produced into bluntly rounded apical teeth, dorsal tooth

smallest, ventral tooth large, rounded. Hypopharynx (fig. 44, 6) with

three teeth, the outer teeth large, broad, tapering to acute apices, middle

tooth smaller, slightly truncate apically. Mentum with five teeth,

middle tooth larger and more acute than the teeth in, other species.

Pupa.—tLength 8-5-9 mm., diameter 1-5 mm., ovipositor of

female 1-8-2 mm. Colour light dirty yellow to dark brown in older

pupae, breathing horns black basally, light yellow apically, cauda

slightly chitinised.

Cephalic crest (fig. 44, d, e) very high and prominent, relatively

the most conspicuous of the Longurian pupae in the 8.W. Cape,

consisting of a high median protuberance, split into two acute

divergent apices (ventral view), a large chitinised lobe curving to an

acute, ventrally curved apex (lateral aspect); antennal sheath long,

extending beyond base of wing pad by one-quarter the length of

pad, tapering gradually to slender apex.

Thoracic pronotum high, elevated, curved. Pronotal breathing

horns long, divergent; apices rounded, outer margins not crenulate.

Mesothorax high, curved; leg sheaths and wing pads of males and

females as in L. dolichoros.

Chaetotaxy nil. Abdominal segments 2-7 subdivided into two

annuli of equal length, posterior annulus bearing a subterminal row

of acute spines arranged on the dorsa of the male thus: 25-27, 25-27,

23-24, 14, 7; venter of segments 3-5 bare; segment 6 with ten

spines; segment 7 with twelve spines. In female the dorsa of

segments 2-7 have the spines arranged in the following notation:

24, 24, 28, 19, 8; venter of segments 3-5 bare; segment 6 with

eight spines; segment 7 with eleven spines.

$ cauda (fig. 44, f): Tergal and sternal sheaths as in other members

of genus; the lobes at base of tergal sheaths are small, conical, fleshy,

bluntly rounded, not tapering to the usual acute blackened apex; on

anterior region of cauda the dorsal lobes laterad of spiracles are reduced

or absent, merely indicated in some specimens, ventral lobes two,

three or four, usually four, all being acute, on either side of cauda

one lateral lobe, acute apically.

VOL. XXXIX. 10

146 Annals of the South African Museum.

very long, the former with slender apices, the latter thick and wide

at origin, fused for most of length, apices bluntly rounded, lobes on

anterior region of cauda as in male, ventral lobes lacking.

Remarks.—Considering its small size and subapterous condition

this species is spread over a wide area in the S.W. Cape. Dr. Barnard

and Mr. Thorne found the larvae of this species in May 1934 at

Kasteels Poort. They occurred in the soil at the base of Restio

clumps bordering the sides of the swiftly flowing narrow mountain

stream. Just beneath the surface of the soil are to be found the

pupae from which the male adults emerge after twelve to thirteen

days and the female adults after thirteen to seventeen days. The

pupae are easily distinguished by their high cephalic crest.

Longurio silvester sp.n.

Figs. 45, a-c; 46.

3S: Length 12-13 mm., wing 13 mm., width 3-5 mm. Head light

yellowish brown; eyes black; frontal prolongation of head short

and stout, yellowish brown, nasus present with short black hairs,

vertex dark brown, vertical tubercle low, indistinct; palpi dark

brown, ultimate joint one and a quarter times the penultimate;

antennae (fig. 45, 6) 13-jointed, scape light yellow, flagellum dark

brown; scapal joint 1 three times as long as broad; scapal joint 2

subglobular; flagellar joints 1-2 subequal, subglobular; joints 3-4

equal in length to joint 2, fusiform; joints 5-10 abruptly narrower

than joint 4, consequently remainder of flagellum threadlike; each

joint elongate-cylindrical, four to five times as long as broad, ultimate

joint small, one-third the penultimate, apex rounded.

Pronotum dark brown. Ground colour of mesonotal praescutum

practically obliterated by the three dark brown stripes which are

confluent; remainder of thorax, coxae and trochanters dark yellow,

almost orange except for a brown stripe extending over the mesepi-

sternum and mesosternum. Wings (fig. 45, a) pale yellowish brown,

the suffusion darker along the costal margin as far as the stigma to a

depth of vein R. Sc enters R, before the fork of RS by a distance

equal to r-m; RS six times length of r-m; R, and Sc, equal, each

two and a half times R,,,; cell R, long and narrow, six times its

broadest diameter; cell M, divergent, twice as wide at wing margin

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 147

as tip of cell M,; petiole of M,,, one-quarter the length of its cell,

cell Ist M, long, two and a half times as long as broad. Legs light

brown, tips of femora and tibiae blackened.

[ IT Il

Femur. il 8 9

Tibia : 7:5 8-2 9-5

Tarsus), = 10 14 19

Total 24-5 30-2 37°5

Abdomen dark chocolate-brown, first segment often orange;

hypopygium yellowish, short; basistyles short and stout; inner

dististyle similar in shape to that of L. minusculus.

2: Hemipterous, physogastric; length 10-11 mm., wing 6 mm.,

width -8-1 mm. Darker than male, head, thorax and legs warm

sepia brown; antennae as in male, but frequently they are deformed

and are 9-jointed, in which case ultimate joint is formed by the fusion

of four normal joints and is irregular in shape (fig. 45, c), flagellar

joint 1 elongate-clavate, two and a half times as long as broad, more

conspicuous than second subglobular scapal joint; jot 2 abruptly

narrowed, slightly fusiform; joints 5-8 threadlike, elongate-cylindrical.

Mesonotal praescutum coloured as in male; wings one-half those

of male, long and narrow, four times the length of each pale yellow

halter, venation as in male but the dark suffusion and tendency of

the wing to wrinkle renders the apical veins and cells indistinct.

Coxae of legs large.

I II IOUE

Femur. 4-5 4-4 5-2

Tibia : 4-7 4-2 6

arsus)) 4-9 5 6-7

Total 2 14-1 13-6 17°9

Abdomen yellowish brown, covered with pubescence of fine yellow

hairs, frequently the black small eggs are visible through the integu-

ment; ovipositor valves remarkably reduced for the genus Longurvo,

closely resembling those of the species Tipula caffra in shape and

construction.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: MHarkerville Forest (G. A. W.,

C2 W: T., Ho G. W-), September. 1938.

148 Annals of the South African Museum.

Larva.—Length 15-18 mm., diameter 4:2-4-7 mm. Colour dull

dirty yellow, darkened by the brown microscopic pubescence. Form

terete, very plump, greatest diameter at segment 4 or 5 of abdomen.

Fic. 45.—Longurio silvester sp.n. a, wing; b, male antenna; c, female antenna

(with terminal variation). Longurio minusculoides spn. d, wing; e, antenna;

f, maxillary palpus.

Chaetotaxy short, difficult to distinguish against the colour of body

to which persistently adhere fine grains of soil; dorsum and venter

of prothorax with four setae along anterior margin and one mesal

seta towards each side; meso- and metathorax with mesal row of

four dorsal, one pleural and four ventral setae; abdominal seg-

ments 1-7 subdivided by transverse wrinkles into two unequal

annuli, the posterior annulus bearing a row of eight dorsal and six

ventral setae; pleura with a large white, rounded protuberance

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 149

bearing a central seta twice the height of the swelling; the

protuberance on segment 1 smaller than the others.

Spiracular disc white, without chitinisation, broader than long,

anterior margin undulate, overhanging the spiracles but scarcely

lobed, bearing a seta which is longer than on the proper lobes, lateral

lobes small, conical, fleshy, with minute apical seta, ventral lobes

the longest, triangular, fleshy, tapering to subacute apex, bearing an

apical seta, inner surface with a circular apical brown mark; integu-

ment surrounding disc mottled with pattern of brown spots and

blotches; spiracles circular, large, prominent, centre black, outer

ring dark brown, separated by the diameter of one spiracle. Anus

white, often distended; gills absent; on either side of anus two

moderately long setae.

Head capsule compact, massive, typical of genus, closely resembling

that of Longurio minusculus, differing in the following details: An-

tenna with basal segment twice as long as broad, cylindrical, apical

conical papilla one-third to one-half the basal segment and thus

relatively longer. Labrum similarly armed with setiferous punctures

and setae within the two circular apical areas, except that the setae

are fewer in number, being an elongate outer seta and three to four

smaller setae towards inner edge. Hypopharynx a flattened blade,

armed with the usual tuft of long acute setae, but each outer angle

of plate is rounded and slightly produced into a small blunt tooth;

middle tooth definitely missing, its position replaced by a shallow

concavity on the plate.

Pupa.—Length 16-18 mm., diameter 2-5-3: mm. Colour of male

light yellowish on abdomen, thorax deep brownish orange, wing pads

black; female entirely dark reddish brown, cauda chitinised.

Cephalic crest (fig. 46, a, b) prominent, consisting of a moderately

high median lobe, shghtly notched (ventral view), triangular, tapering

but not curved to rounded apex, dorsal margin slightly crenulate

(lateral view), the crest being nearest to that of L. bonae sper in

appearance.

Breathing horns, mouth parts and antennae as in L. bonae sper;

labral protuberance (fig. 46, 6) larger and more prominent; leg sheaths

and wing pads as in male and female of L. bonae spev.

Chaetotaxy nil. Abdominal segments 2-7 in male and female

subdivided into two annuli; posterior annulus of segments 2-5 with

a dorsal subterminal transverse row of short wide truncate, often

acute, spines, eighteen to twenty in number, segment 6 with fourteen

to fifteen spines, segment 7 with eight to ten; venter of segments 3-5

Fic. 46.—Pupa of Longurio silvester sp.n. a, head and thorax (lateral view);

b, ventral view; c, male cauda (lateral view); d, dorsal view; e, female cauda

(lateral view); f, dorsal view.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 151

bare, segment 6 with five to six spines, segment 7 with seven to

eight spines; pleura of segments 2-7 having the usual anterior and

three posterior spines.

3d cauda (fig. 46, c, d): Tergal sheaths inconspicuous, mere rounded

tubercles, at base of each occurs a large lobelike spine; sternal sheaths

large, thick, strongly curved dorsally to blunt apices, on ventral

surface of each sheath occurs a chitinised spine; anterior region of

cauda armed with a dorso-lateral spine laterad of each blackened

spiracle and two lobelike spines on each side; ventral spines absent.

apically; tergal sheaths inconspicuous, merely minute swellings;

sternal sheaths much larger but much reduced when contrasted with

the more normal sheaths of other species, wide at base, tapering to

subacute divergent apices; lobelike spines on anterior region of

cauda as in male.

Remarks.—This female pupa is readily distinguished from others

of the genus Longurio by the abbreviation of the sternal and tergal

sheaths on the cauda, which is practically truncate in appearance;

in fact this pupa resembles the coronata group of the genus Tipula

more closely than it does other members of the genus Longurio.

The resultant female imago is easily distinguishable from other

Longurio females by the remarkably reduced ovipositor valves.

In September 1938 Mrs. Wood discovered the larvae on the outskirts

of the dense Harkerville Forest, Knysna district. They occurred

around the base of an Ironwood tree in the damp soil rich in humus

which is derived from the thick carpet of rotting leaves. From

these larvae Mr. Thorne reared two subapterous females and one

normally winged male; eight pupae being preserved in alcohol.

Longurio minusculoides sp.n.

Fig. 45, d-f.

$: Length 10-11 mm., wing 8 mm., width 1-1-2 mm. Similar

to L. minusculus Alex. in coloration and appearance, but differing

thus: entire antennae (fig. 45, e) dark brown, 13-jomted; flagellar

joint 1 shghtly clavate; joints 2-4 equal in length, elongate-fusiform;

joints 5-7 shorter, two-thirds the length of the previous joint, swollen

(but not abruptly narrower as in minusculus); remaining joints equal

in length, elongate-cylindrical; ultimate joint being rounded apically.

152 Annals of the South African Museum.

Ultimate joint of palpi equal in length to joints 2 and 3 combined

(fig. 45, f).

Wings (fig. 45, d) short, not extending beyond end of abdomen,

long and narrow; apical cells consequently elongate and narrow;

wings suffused with dark brown except for a narrow white stripe

along mid-length, extending from middle of cell R to vein Cu, ter-

minating at m-cu and r—m, but continuing in some specimens along

cell R,,; to wing margin, stigma white; venation with Sc, absent in

two specimens examined, Sc not extending to half-way along RS,

consequently R, (beyond junction of Sc) long, one and a half times

RS; R,,. longer than R,, cell Ist R, long and narrow, dilated at

mid-length; cell M, absent; cell 1st M, long and narrow.

Abdomen dark brown (not orange asin minusculus); outer dististyle

as in genus; inner dististyle with small ridge bearing five to six spines

(no spines near origin of apical hook).

@: Length 11-13 mm., subapterous. Entire head, palpi and

antennae dark brown, similar in shape to those of male; nasus not

bifid but bluntly rounded, clothed with dark brown hairs; eyes black;

frontal prolongation of head as long as lateral diameter of head;

vertical tubercle low, inconspicuous.

Thorax dark yellow, mesonotal praescutum darkened with brown;

wings dark brown, two-thirds the length of the dark brown halteres,

wide at origin, then abruptly narrowed and swelling slightly to

rounded apices, vein R prominent, bearing about twenty stout setae,

costal margin with thirty to forty setae. Legs dark brown, long and

slender for a subapterous female of this size; as follows:—

I Il Il

eae 4-5 5 6

Tibia , 4-5 y 6-4

Tarsucwanee 5 5:8 ¢

Total 14 15-8 19-4

Abdomen swollen, reddish brown, with yellowish pubescence, the

multitudinous black eggs clearly visible through the integument,

giving a mottled effect to the abdomen; ovipositor valves a dark

chestnut brown.

Localitues.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Vreyersberg (K. H. B., C. W. T.),

October 1937.

Larva.—Unknown.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 153

Pupa.—Length § 11-15 mm., 2? 15-16 mm.; diameter g 1-:5-1-6 mm.,

SEO mam:

Colour pale yellowish brown, breathing horns black, cauda heavily

chitinised.

Cephalic crest, mouth parts, antennal sheaths, thorax and pronotal

breathing horns as in L. dolichoros; the wing pads, however, reveal

the typical venation of the male.

Abdominal segments subdivided as in L. dolachoros but the number

of spines and their distribution, especially in the male, afford a striking

difference. Segment 1 with a transverse row of six dorsal spines;

dorsa of segments 2—5 with twenty-eight to thirty acute spines in a

subterminal transverse row across the posterior annulus; segment 6

with eighteen spines; segment 7 with fourteen; venter of segments

53-5 not bare in male, segment 3 having two spines at mid-length on

either side of leg sheaths, segment 4 with six spines arranged in three

pairs across the posterior annulus, segment 5 with nine spines arranged

in three sets of three; in the above two segments the spines are beneath

the tarsal sheaths, segment 6 with fourteen spines, segment 7 with

nine to eleven spines.

In female the dorsa of segments 2-5 have thirty to thirty-two

acute spines in the subterminal row, segment 6 with nineteen spines,

segment 7 with fourteen; venter of segment 3 with nine spines

arranged in three sets of three, segment 4 with six spines in three

pairs, segment 5 with fifteen spines, segment 6 with thirteen, segment 7

with eleven.

Chaetotaxy nil.

$ cauda as in L. dolichoros; 2 cauda as in male except for absence

of ventral lobes in anterior region; sternal sheaths with the apices

acute and divergent.

Remarks.—In October 1937 Dr. Barnard and Mr. Thorne collected

on the slopes (2000 feet) of Vreyersberg between Herbertsdale and

Van Wyksdorp winged adult males of this species. Numerous

subapterous male Longurio dolichoros were also found by sweeping

the clumps of Restio. Several larvae, pupae and empty “shucks”

were found amid the roots of the Restio clumps. From these pupae

were reared eight winged males and six subapterous females of L.

minusculoides and also fifteen subapterous males of L. dolichoros, the

pupae of these two species being accurately correlated. The cor-

relation of the winged males with the subapterous females bred is

indubitably correct, for these differ remarkedly from those of L.

dolichoros in the length of the wings (see Key).

154 Annals of the South African Museum.

The five perfect larvae are uncorrelated and are assigned to L.

dolichoros due to the close similarity in every detail to the larvae of

L. dolichoros found at Tradouw Pass, Langebergen. In spite of

exhaustive examination, the author has been unable to find the

slightest detail whereby these Vreyersberg larvae of L. dolichoros

could be distinguished from the Tradouw Pass specimens of the same

species. Although both the localities mentioned above are on the

Langebergen Range, they are fifty-five to sixty miles apart and are

separated by the formidable Gouritz River Gorge, the formation of

which occurred at an early stage in the evolution of the present-day

topography (Barnard, 1936).

Longurio dolichoros sp.n.

Fig. 47.

S$: Subapterous; length 85-11 mm. Head hght orange-yellow,

blackened along the low inconspicuous vertical tubercle; eyes black;

nasus with a shallow bifurcation, clothed with fine hairs; frontal

prolongation of head as long as lateral diameter of head; palpi and

antennae dark brown, the second and third joints of the former

equal (fig. 47, b), ultimate joint one and a quarter times the previous

joint; antennae (fig. 47, a) 10-jointed, scapal joint 1 cylindrical,

three times as long as broad; scapal joint 2 subglobular; flagellar

joint 1 clearly clavate; joints 2-4 equal in length, fusiform, gradually

becoming more narrow; joints 5-7 suddenly shortened, similar in

width to previous joint; ultimate joint one and a half the penultimate,

rounded apically. ,

Entire thorax, coxae and trochanters a rich orange-yellow; pro-

thorax ridged, mesothorax depressed, praescutum small, margined

with a black border which is continued round the postnotum. Wings

(fig. 47, d) dark brown, about the length of a halter knob, wide at

origin, bluntly rounded apically, with indications of two veins, R and

M; halteres long, stem and knob dirty white; coxae powerful; legs

long and slender, dark yellowish brown, of following length :—

I II Kil

Femur . (23) 8-8-5 8-2-10

Tibia 7-5-8 8-8:5 10-5-11

Tarsus . 10-138 12-14-5 14-16:5

Lotrali 25-29 28-31-5 32°T-37°5

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 155

Abdominal segments 1 and 2 orange-yellow, remainder darkened

with brown on tergites, sternites pale orange-brown; hypopygium

yellow; outer dististyle as in genus; inner dististyle (fig. 47, c) with

a short yet prominent protuberance at mid-length bearing six stout

spines.

@: Subapterous; length 115-12 mm. Similar to male in shape

of palpi, antennae and wings. General coloration dark brown, with

a silver bloom over entire physogastric body. Legs slender and

relatively long for a subapterous female of this length; fore femora

scarcely incrassate.

I Il Iil

Femur. 4-5 4-5 5

Tibia ; 4 4 6

Tarsus. iy 5 5:5

Total : 13-5 13-5 16:5

Abdomen dark reddish brown as in other females of this genus.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: lLangebergen (Swellendam area)

(ke Eee BF @ctobermel925>. (Ke Eee Be vAc J. Es.

CaiWeet. Ee Ca We) Januaryel935. eVreyersbere

(ke Ee Be Ca We I). October 19375) Coloniebos,

Swellendam= (G. A: W., ©) Wael. EH. G: W.),

September 1938.

Larva.—Length 15-16 mm., diameter 3 mm. Similar in colour

and general appearance to larvae of L. spinosa and L. flagellata.

Chaetotaxy very short, the setae being mere sharpened points;

spiracular disc (fig. 47, e) with lateral lobes joined anteriorly by a

low ridge, spiracles circular, often indistinctly tricoloured, separated

by twice the diameter of one spiracle.

Head capsule has the antennae one and a quarter times as long as

broad, short-cylindrical, apical conical papilla one-half the length of

basal joint, surrounded by five to six sensory pegs. Mandible similar

to that of L. flagellata, with three teeth, ventral tooth almost truncate.

Hypopharynx (fig. 47, f) with three teeth; outer teeth large, rounded

on inner edge, outer angle truncate; middle tooth broad, bluntly

rounded.

Pupa.—Length 14 mm., diameter 15 mm. Colour light orange-

yellow; breathing horns black with dark reddish-brown apices; older

pupae almost entirely dark sepia-brown; exuviae pale yellowish brown.

Fic. 47.—Longurio dolichoros sp.n. Imago: a, antenna; 6, maxillary palpus;

c, inner dististyle (male hypopygium); d, wing. Larva: e, end of abdomen;

f. hypopharynx. Pupa: g, ventral view; h, lateral view; 7, lateral view of male

cauda; 7, dorsal view of male cauda.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 157

Cephalic crest (fig. 47, g, h) large, prominent, consisting of a high

median truncate lobe (ventral view), arising with a strong curve

dorsad of the origin of antennal sheaths, curving ventrad to an acute

apex (lateral view), continued to the origin of antennal sheaths.

Frons bears ventrally a small cone. Labrum (fig. 47, g) broad,

anterior margin undulate, outer angles bluntly rounded and some-

what swollen, mid-region tapering to a shallow apex; labial lobes

uniformly wide, apices tapering sharply; maxillary lobes long, not

recurved, wide at origin, then constricted and tapering to slender

acute apices. Antennal sheaths (fig. 47, g, h) have three conspicuous

chitinised conical lobes at origin, the third the smallest, the first two

directed ventrad, remainder of sheath slender, tapering to rounded

apex, extending to base of wing pad.

Thoracic pronotum high, curved. Pronotal breathing horns

(fig. 47, g, h) long, conspicuous, divergent, much blackened and

crenulate basally, cylindrical, apex slightly swollen, reddish brown,

bluntly rounded. Mesothorax high, curved. Wing pads in male and

female extend to the posterior margin of abdominal segment 2; leg

sheaths in male forming a deep V, fore tarsi the shortest, ending

opposite posterior margin of abdominal segment 4; hind tarsi opposite

anterior annulus of abdominal segment 6; in female, tarsi form a

shallow V, fore tarsi ending opposite posterior margin of abdominal

segment 3, hind tarsi opposite anterior annulus of abdominal segment 4.

Chaetotaxy nil.

Segment | of abdomen with a transverse mesal row of six short

spines across the dorsum; segments 2—7 subdivided into two annul,

posterior annulus one and a half times the length of the anterior,

the former annulus with a subterminal transverse row of long sharp

spines, seventeen on dorsa of segments 2—5, ten on segment 6, four

to six on segment 7; venter of segments 3—5 bare, venter of segment 6

with subterminal transverse row of five to six spines, segment 7 with

seven to eight spines, the bases of which are large fleshy protuberances;

pleura of segments with a single spine at mid-length of the anterior

annulus, the posterior annulus at mid-length having a large acute

spine on a fleshy protuberance at the base of which is a smaller spine.

In the female the number and distribution of spines is as follows:

dorsa of abdominal segments 2-5 with twenty-two spines; segment 6

with fourteen spines; segment 7 seven to nine spines; venter of

segments 4-5 not bare but with seven spines of which two are near

each lateral margin and three small mesal spines; venter of segment 6

with eleven spines; segment 7 nine spines.

158 Annals of the South African Museum.

3S cauda (fig. 47, 7,7): Tergal sheaths inconspicuous, not apparent

at first, mere truncate indications of lobes, at the base of each occurs

a large chitinised lobelike spine, tapering to acute blackened apex;

sternal sheaths large, thick, fingerlike, strongly curved dorsally to

blunt apices, on ventral surface of each sternal sheath occurs a

chitinised spine armed with a short apical seta; anterior region of

cauda having a chitinised dorso-lateral lobelike spine and seta, the

inner surface with a blackened spiracle; on the lateral regions of

cauda an acute lobelike spine; ventral region of cauda with two

similar spines closely placed on the median line.

2 cauda with similar lobelike spines on anterior region except for

the two ventral ones are absent; tergal sheaths elongate, wide at

origin, tapering gradually to slender apices, closely placed but not

fused along median line; sternal sheaths wide at origin, thicker and

longer than tergal sheaths.

Remarks.—In January 1935 Dr. Barnard, Dr. Hesse, Mr. Thorne

and the author collected many larvae of this species in the clumps

of Restio which sheltered a small stream. Several pupae and adults

were reared from this material.

In the pendulous filaments of moss in this streamlet were found

the larvae and pupae of Limoma rubrithorax (see later life-history).

Longurio spinosa sp.n.

S: Length 8-9-5 mm.; subapterous. Frontal prolongation of

head stout and short, dull yellow, entire occiput densely haired, dark

brown, almost black except for a thin yellow band behind eyes, this

suffusion prolonged on to the low vertical tubercle; nasus indistinctly

bifid, with numerous hairs; palpi with coarse bristles, dull brownish

yellow, fourth joint as long as joints 2 and 3 combined; antennae

11-jointed, twice as long as palpi, scape brownish yellow, flagellar

joints darker brown; scapal joint 1 elongate-cylindrical, three to

three and a half times as long as broad; scapal joint 2 globular,

as long as broad; flagellar joint 1 elongate-clavate, one and a half

times as long as broadest diameter; joints 2-3 subequal to joint 1,

short-fusiform, one and a half times as long as broad; joints 4-6

slightly shorter in length but considerably wider, becoming short-

oval; joint 7 short-oval but less wide than previous joints; joints 8-9

equal to one another, one-half length of joint 7, short-cylindrical;

ultimate joint rounded apically.

Thorax not elevated, mesonotal praescutum brownish yellow with

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 159

four dark brown stripes, the intermediate pair separated by a pale

vitta, both extending from the anterior to posterior margins of

sclerite, lateral stripes curved, broad, not extending to anterior

margin; often the praescutum yellowish suffused with brown and

stripes not distinct. Wings short, pale yellow, one-half the length

of a halter. Halteres whitish yellow, stem long and slender. Coxae,

trochanters and femora light yellow, the latter darkened near apices;

tibiae and tarsi brownish; legs of the following lengths:—

i II Ill

Femur 5 5-5 6

Tibia 5 6 6°5-7

Tarsus Uf 9 14-15

Total : 17 20-5 26°5-28

Abdomen with dense golden pubescence, tergites 2-8 darker brown,

posterior margins blackened, sternites 2-7 yellow, eighth segment

brown; hypopygium yellow.

Female unknown, probably subapterous judging from the female

pupae available for study.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Meirings Poort Spitzkop (K. H. B.,

CW ie EE iG: We), Hebruary, 1932:9 (Cy W. .

and L. D. Boonstra) January 1935.

Larva.—Length 15-16 mm., diameter 3 mm. Colour dirty white

but most specimens are blackened from the thorax, due to the dark

alimentary contents showing through the extremely thin integument,

the fibres of the muscles and the ganglia of the ventral nervous

system even being clearly visible. Form terete, plump.

Chaetotaxy definite, long; prothorax with an anterior and a mesal

row of six dorsal, three pleural and four ventral setae; meso- and

metathorax with a mesal row of eight dorsal, three pleural and eight

ventral setae, the two inner setae being near the anterior margin;

abdominal segments with posterior row of eight dorsal setae, outer

pair close to and near middle of dorsum, inner setae along posterior

margin, two to three pleural setae and four pairs of ventral setae near

posterior margin.

Body not constricted at end, anal gills blown to form a large

whitish bulb, spiracular disc not chitinised, broader than long, with

four small fingerlike lobes, the lateral lobes the smaller, fleshy, white,

with an apical seta, at base another seta, further cephalad an ad-

ditional seta; ventral lobes broad, with a small yellowish crescent

160 Annals of the South African Museum.

on inner face and two apical setae; spiracles small, circular, separated

by three times the diameter of one, mostly tricoloured, outer ring dark

reddish brown, middle ring yellow, central area black; three lateral

setae near edge of body and four ventral setae.

Head capsule of Longurian type. Antennae one and three-quarters

as long as broad, cylindrical, apical conical papilla one-third the

length of basal segment, surrounded by three sensory pegs. Mandible

with an apical tooth and a strong ventral tooth. Hypopharynx with

five teeth along anterior margin, middle tooth the largest, rounded;

outer teeth bluntly rounded; inner teeth often worn and irregular in

shape, usually a truncate ridge.

Pupa.—Length 14-15 mm., diameter 1-8-2 mm. Colour light

orange-yellow, breathing horns deep yellow to dark brown, cauda

chitinised.

Prothorax as in dolichoros; pronotal breathing horns one-half the

length of those of dolichoros, similar in shape, divergent.

Chaetotaxy short, confined to pleural spines. Abdominal seg-

ments 2-7 subdivided into two annuli, the posterior annulus twice the

length of the anterior, the former annuli having the transverse row

of spines in the following notation: 29-36, 31-39, 34-37, 24-28,

14-18, 10-12; venter of segments 5-7 with the subterminal row of

spines in the order 14-18, 12-15, 11-13.

In female the dorsum of segments 2-7 with the spines thus: 34-36,

39, 31, 23, 16, 8-11; venter of segments 3-4 with twelve spines, on

former segment one or six on either side of leg sheaths, segments 5-7

with 11-20, 17-20, 7-9 spines.

3S cauda as in dolichoros; ventral lobes on anterior region of cauda

two to four.

@ cauda as in male, except for absence of ventral lobes; tergal

sheaths slightly longer than sternal sheaths, which are bluntly rounded

apically. :

Remarks.—In February 1932 larvae were discovered near the

summit (5000 feet) of Meirings Poort Spitzkop by Mr. Thorne. They

occurred amid the rhizoids of a thick carpet of moss growing in the

shelter of a rocky pinnacle.

Genus GONIOTIPULA Alex.

1921. p. 213.

Imago.—Rostrum short, not exceeding rest of head; antennae of

male elongated, 12-jointed, without verticils; in female antennae

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 161

shorter, less than one-half those of male; wings with anal angle

lacking, RS elongate, exceeding m-cu; Sc, lacking, Sc joins R far

beyond origin of RS, usually opposite three-quarters the length of

RS, tip of Sc, and of R, atrophied; cell M, petiolate; 1st M, present;

“anal furrow” evident, almost attaining wing margin, vein 2A

straight, rather long, almost parallel to anal angle of wing. Male

hypopygium with ninth tergite notched, ninth sternite extensive;

a single dististyle articulates with each basistyle; female ovipositor

reduced, valves fleshy, not acicular.

Larva.—Form plump, terete. Chaetotaxy composed of stiff setae.

Spiracular disc surrounded by six lobes. Head capsule retractile,

compact; antennae two to two and a half times as long as broad,

elongate-cylindrical, apical papilla small, one-third of the basal

segment, surrounded by three to four sensory pegs; mandible as in

genus Tipula; maxilla of Lomonan construction; labrum having two

circular areas bearing few setae; hypopharynx with three wide

anterior teeth; prementum a fleshy scurfy rounded lobe; mentum

with seven teeth. Anal gills absent; anus distended, white.

Pupa.—Form slender, stout. Cephalic crest inconspicuous, a

chitinised triangular lobe, apex slghtly bifid. Maxillary palpi

strongly curved but not recurved at tips. Pronotal breathing horns

short-cylindrical, directed outwards and caudad. Wing pads extend

to end of abdominal segment 2; legs in female to end of segment 4,

in male to opposite anterior annulus of segment 6. Chaetotaxy

greatly elongated, conspicuous. Armature of abdominal segments

strong, each dorsum with a transverse row of twenty to twenty-eight

acute spines, venter 6-7 with ten to twelve spines, interspersed with

about eight setae. Cauda truncate; tergal sheaths absent; sternal

sheaths large; segment eight of cauda with a semicircle of two dorsal

and two lateral lobes round the two large conspicuous spiracles.

This genus is represented in the 8.W. Cape by a single species,

the immatures of which frequent the rich soil of shady woods.

Gomotipula cuneipennis Alex.

Figs. 48, 49.

1921. pp. 213-214.

3g: Length 8-8-6 mm., wing 8-8-5 mm., greatest width 1-5-1-6 mm.,

antennae 3mm. General coloration light brown. Antennae (fig. 48, b)

12-jointed, not “1l-segmented”’ as stated by Alexander, elongate, as

VOL. XXXIX. il

Fic. 48.—Goniotipula cuneipennis Alex. Imago: a, wing; 6, male antenna;

c, hypopygium (dorsal view); d, lateral view; e, dististyle; jf, membranous tissue

on ninth tergite. Larva: g, hypopharynx and prementum; h, antenna; 7, mentum;

j, maxilla; k, labrum (dorsal view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 163

long as head and thorax combined—if bent backwards, extending to

base of abdomen; scapal joint 1 short-cylindrical, one and a half

times as long as broad; scapal joint 2 abruptly narrower and shorter,

one-half the length of joint 1, shghtly longer than broad; flagellar

joints elongate-cylindrical, joint 1 four times as long as_ broad,

joints 2-3 becoming considerably longer, being seven times as long

as broad; remaining joints gradually becoming shorter, five times as

long as broad; ultimate joint rounded apically.

Wings (fig. 48, a) as described by Alexander.

Male hypopygium (fig. 48, c, d): ninth tergite broad, caudal margin

concave, densely clothed with stiff setae or coarse hairs, attached to

ventral surface a large membrane, which is prolonged caudad into

two rounded lobes concealing the aedeagus (fig. 48, f). Basistyles

longer than broad, wide basally, tapering slightly to blunt apices,

bearing a single dististyle (fig. 48, e), which is a flattened fleshy

structure, pubescent on the outer surface and divided apically into

two chitinised hooks, the dorsal hook smaller and more acute than

the ventral, inner apical angle slightly produced, bluntly rounded,

bearing twenty to thirty stiff setae. To the inner mesal surface of

the basistyles is attached the chitinised flattened lateral prolongations

of the aedeagal sheath, which itself is minute and inconspicuous.

Penis bulbous basally, situated at the junction of the eighth and

ninth sclerites, consisting of a slender elongate tube curved slightly

ventrad and projecting from the minute aedeagal sheath. The basal

portion of the penis is orientated through 90°, so that the “‘latera”’

project cephalad and caudad; whilst the ““basum” is directed dorsad,

being a wide flattened plate.

Female antennae of similar shape and number of joints to male,

but shorter in length, being less than one-half those of male—if bent

backwards, extending almost to mid-length of mesonotal praescutum.

Ovipositor valves reduced, fleshy, not acicular; of equal length, as

long as broad.

Larva.—Length 9-10 mm., diameter 3 mm. Colour dull dirty

fawn; abdominal segments darkened by the short dense blackish-

brown pubescence; thoracic segments pale yellow with short narrow

strips of pubescence.

Form terete, plump, greatest diameter at fourth abdominal seg-

ment. Abdominal segments 5-6 with a fleshy conical protruding

lobe on each lateral surface, larger on latter segment.

Chaetotaxy composed of short stiff setae, distributed as follows:

prothorax with six dorsal, two lateral and four to six ventral setae

164 Annals of the South African Museum.

along anterior margin; meso- and metathorax with transverse row

of four dorsal, two lateral and four ventral setae. Abdominal seg-

ments with similar distribution, but this is difficult to detect against

the dark body background.

Spiracular disc surrounded by six lobes, two dorsal, two dorso-

lateral and two ventral, the latter the largest, broad, dull cream, inner

surface mottled with brownish-yellow triangle and bearing a short

apical seta, outer basal angle with a stiff seta; the first four lobes

narrow, almost as long as ventral lobes, fingerlike, tapering slightly

to bluntly rounded apices, inner and outer surfaces coloured dark

brown. Spiracles small, one-half width of the triangular mark on

ventral lobe, separated by twice the diameter of a single spiracle,

central area blackish brown, outer ring pale yellowish brown. Anal

gills absent; anus blown, white in colour. Laterad of anus a short

seta, ventrad a transverse row of four setae.

Head capsule retractile, compact, massive, heavily chitinised, pre-

frontal sclerite large, conspicuous. Basal segment of antenna

(fig. 48, h) elongate-cylindrical, two and a half times as long as broad,

auditory organ on inner mesal surface, apical papilla large, conical,

one-third the length of basal segment, sculptured basally, surrounded

by three to four minute papillae. Mandible heavily chitinised,

large, powerful, produced into a blunt apical tooth and a single

rounded ventral cutting tooth. Labrum (fig. 48, k) large, broad,

conspicuous, with row of four punctures across meso-lateral surface

and an additional puncture caudad of outer puncture, each puncture

bearing an elongate slender tapering seta; apical surface with two

large circular areas having four inner setae, the outer pair short,

lateral margin of circle chitinised, bearing numerous short acute

setae, three to five at apex, nine continued dorsad along edge of

chitinous strip. Maxilla (fig. 48, 7) large, broad; cardo moderately

long, tapering, with two long setae; outer lobe chitinised basally,

with a moderately elongate palpus at apex, armed with nine to ten

minute sensory papillae, surrounded basally by fringe of short,

curved, setalike hairs; inner lobe with three to four short setae on

inner margin, two mesal setae, the dorsal seta much elongated,

powerful, and an outer seta, inconspicuous, surrounded by dense

pubescence of minute stiff hairs. Hypopharynx (fig. 48, g) a wide

narrow plate with three teeth and beset with microscopic acute hairs.

Prementum a fleshy lobe attached to hypopharynx, rounded apically

and covered with finely pointed scurfiness. Mentum (fig. 48, 2)

deeply split behind but not completely divided, with seven teeth on

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 165

anterior margin, increasing in size from each outer tooth to the

powerful acute median tooth.

Pupa.—tLength: male 7-5-7-8 mm., female 8-5-9-2 mm.; diameter:

male 1-5-1:-6 mm., female 1-8-2 mm. Coloration sulphur yellow,

wing pads darker, armature of cauda dark brown, mature pupae

similarly coloured but head and thorax are dark brown; eyes black;

wing pads and legs dark blackish brown.

Form short, plump; head of moderate size. Cephalic crest small,

inconspicuous, consisting of chitinised triangular lobe directed ventrad

(lateral view), apex somewhat bifid (ventral view). Antennal sheath

slender, joints clearly visible; in female ending at same level as

apex of labrum; in male elongate, extending to one-half the wing

pad. At base of antennal sheaths a row of three minute, rounded

tubercles. Labrum bluntly pointed; labial lobes short; maxillary

palpi strongly curved but not recurved at tips (fig. 49, 5).

Pronotal breathing horns (fig. 49, a) short, scarcely as long as

maxillary palpi, slender, cylindrical, rounded apically, directed out-

wards and caudad. Pronotum high, shghtly ridged, bearing three

setae midway between antennal sheath and base of breathing horn.

Wing pads extending to end of abdominal segment 2; leg sheaths

in female opposite end of segment 4, in male at end of anterior annulus

of segment 6; mid tarsi slightly shorter than the others.

Abdominal segments 2-7 subdivided into two equal annuli: dorsa

of segments 2-7 with subterminal transverse row of twenty to twenty-

eight acute spines, venter of segments 6-7 with ten to twelve spines.

Chaetotaxy composed of greatly elongated coarse setae, distributed

thus: mesothorax twelve setae—a pair at insertion of each wing pad,

slightly caudad but dorsad a triangle of three setae; just posterior

to V-shaped suture of imago another seta on either side of median

line; metathorax two dorso-median setae, laterad of which a group

of three setae. Abdominal segment 1 with transverse row of eight

setae, cephalad of each outer seta an additional seta. Dorsum of

abdominal segments 2—7 with eight scattered setae, occurring usually

amid the subterminal row of spines, cephalad of each outer seta an

additional seta; anterior annulus of pleura with a solitary mesal

seta; posterior annulus with group of three setae; posterior annulus

on venter of abdominal segments 3-4 with three setae, one of which

is cephalad of each outer seta, all situated on either side of leg sheaths;

of segments 5-7 with setae forming transverse subterminal row.

3 cauda (fig. 49, c, d): Somewhat truncate, tergal sheaths absent,

sternal sheaths large, bulbous, outer angle tapering suddenly to acute

166 Annals of the South African Museum.

chitinised tips; on dorsal base of each sheath a prominent, tapering,

dark brown chitinised lobe, apex an acute spine; eighth segment of

cauda with a semicircle of two dorsal and two lateral lobes, similarly

shaped to above-mentioned lobes and forming with them a complete

“uh %

ery \

(i eri’

Fic. 49.—Goniotipula cuneipennis Alex. Pupa: a, breathing horn; b, mouth

parts; c, d, cauda 4, dorsal and lateral views.

ring on dorsum of cauda; within this enclosed area occur two large

spiracles near the base of lateral lobes, these latter lobes armed with

three elongate setae, two basal and one apical; slightly dorsad on

each lateral surface of eighth segment a longer and larger lobe, acute

apically, setiferous on outer margin; on venter a large median lobe

similarly setiferous; on either side of this lobe an additional seta.

2 cauda: More truncate, similarly shaped and armed, but with a

pair of closely placed lobes on venter of eighth segment.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 167

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Kirstenbosch (G. A. W., H. G. W.),

November 1932; Fernwood (G. A. W., C. W. T.,

H. G. W.), December 1934.

Cape Province: Caledon (Peringuey), October 1918.

Remarks.—During November 1932 adults were seen swarming over

the ground beneath the shady wooded slopes of Skeleton Ravine.

The males were present in hundreds and were fluttering over the

ground in their unceasing search for the females, which were then

emerging from the pupal cases. So great was the reproductive urge

that three to four males would cluster around a female, finally dragging

her from the pupal “‘shuck” and copulating while she was still in a

teneral condition.

In the following year and in 1934, at Fernwood Ravine, one hundred

and sixty fully grown larvae were dug out of the moist rich soil

beneath a carpet of rotting leaves. From these numerous male and

female imagos were bred by Mr. Thorne and the author.

Genus Limonta Meigen.

1800. p. 15, Amphinome (nomen nudum).

1803. p. 262, Limoma.

1818. p. 116, Limnobia.

Imago.—Terminal joint of maxillary palpus short, not longer than

penultimate joint and not whiplike in appearance; no distinct nasus;

antennae with 14 joints; anal angle of wing not square and prominent;

veins R, and R,; fused as far as wing margin, 1.e. only two branches

of RS being present (figs. 55; 57, a; 59, a); vein R, present; m-—cu

close to or beyond fork of M—if before, the distance not exceeding

length of m-cu itself; RS short, 2.e. two to three times m-cu,

usually arcuated; some species with mouth parts (especially labial

palpi) lengthened, the rostrum equal to combined head and

thorax; male hypopygium having two dististyles articulating with

each basistyle, ventral dististyle large and fleshy, bulbous, longer

than basistyle; female ovipositor valves acicular, never reduced.

Larva.—Chaetotaxy nil; form terete, slender; segments of abdomen

usually with basal transverse creeping welts bearing microscopic

spines; the spiracular disc small (absent in capicola), lobeless or

lobed—if lobed, the four lobes indistinct or definite according to

species; anal gills four; head capsule massive; antennae bi-

segmented, second segment usually button-shaped, surrounded by a

168 Annals of the South African Museum.

few papillae; mandible massive with one to three apical teeth and

two to four ventral cutting teeth; maxilla simple, outer lobe haired,

with one or more papillae, inner lobe densely haired; labrum broad,

pubescent, often with sensory papillae; mentum broad, margin with

eleven to thirteen teeth; hypopharynx a collar of two plates, number

of teeth according to species. .

Pupa.—No cephalic crest; pronotal breathing horns usually

flattened and broad; mesonotum bare of spines; abdominal segments

with basal transverse welts of hooks and spines on tergites 3-7 and

sternites 5-7.

Alexander (1929a, pp. 239-246) suggested the urgent necessity of

reducing the diverse genera allied to Lomonza to the rank of subgenera

due to the plasticity of the features of the adult flies. In 1931

(p. 158) he affirmed his suggestion, stating “it is even more difficult to

find suitable characters for the definition of these groups in their

larvae and pupae.” The present author wishes to confirm this

observation. The adults of this genus in the 8.W. Cape region are

separated easily enough, but the immatures reveal an amazing

resemblance which prevents the possibility of retaining the old genera

(Dicranomyia, Geranomyia, Rhipidia and Libnotes) listed in 1917 and

1921 by Alexander. 1

Further, the close resemblance of the immatures prevents sub-

generic grouping. For instance, the larvae of the 8.W. Cape species

of Limonia can be distinguished only in the number of teeth on the

hypopharynx and in the details of the spiracular disc. Consequently,

L. sexocellata and L. rubrithorax (of the former subgenus Geranomyia)

resemble L. tipulopes and L. peringqueyi (of subgenus Dicranomyia)

more closely than does L. capicola (of subgenus Dicranomyiza). This

is not due to the immediate water distribution and food of the larvae

mentioned, for a glance at the following table reveals that in these

two respects L. capicola is more closely allied to L. sexocellata, tupulipes

and rubrithorax than is L. peringueyr.

The male hypopygium, which is so useful in the classification of

species in other genera, is remarkably uniform within this genus

Inmonia. The basistyles are short and stout, usually prolonged into

a conspicuous pubescent ventro-caudal lobe. Each basistyle bears a

dorsal, chitinised, curved dististyle and a fleshy, larger, bulbous,

pubescent ventral dististyle, the inner basal edge of which is pro-

longed into a short curved lobe bearing two to three stiff setae.

Aedeagus a simple sheath attached to the membranous broad

gonapophyses. .

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea).

169

In the 8.W. Cape the genus Limonia comprises eight species, of

which six life-histories are herein described. The environment of the

immatures is as follows :—

. Spiracular disc absent;

. Large forms (over 20 mm.);

decaying bark of trees.

Key to Species of Limonia.

Imagos.

. Rostrum short (7.e. less than combined head and thorax) ..

Rostrum long (2.e. equal to combined head and thorax)

. Wings with pattern of blotches or spots .

Wings unspotted (except for stigma)

. Wings with dense pattern of spots (7.e. spots are citaibaterl over

whole surface of wing) (fig. 55, a) : :

Wings with scanty pattern (i.e. spots along ane region; tot

extending to vein M) .

. Se elongate (7.e. ends beyond origin ice RS)

Se short (at or before origin of RS)

. Se ends before fork of RS by a distance equal £8 basal dedection

of R, ARS RS six times length of basal deflection of Ry, af

Se ends beyond fork of RS; RS three to four times length of

basal deflection of R, ie

. Thorax brownish yellow without distinct stripes

Thorax with stripes that are confluent behind .

. Wings with ocellate pattern (fig. 59, a)

Wings unspotted (except for stigma)

Larvae.

caudal tracheal system mew ke

dorsally and before end of body .

Spiracular disc present; lobed or lobeless, at nia of Body.

. In rapidly flowing streams under hygropetric conditions

In humus in tree boles or under bark of dead trees

four blunt but distinct lobes Sound

spiracular disc (fig. 53, c); hypopharynx with seventeen and

twenty teeth on the dorsal and ventral plates 6 :

Small forms (fully grown, less than 20 mm.); usually not ex-

ceeding 15 mm.; no lobes around spiracular disc; hypopharynx

with twelve teeth on each plate .

L. capicola

L. tupulipes | Rapidly flowing streams under hygropetric

L. sexocellata conditions.

L. rubrithorax |

L. peringueyt Decaying logs near forest streams.

L. subapicalis Decaying humus in tree boles or under

Soa tS

tipulipes.

afra.

subapicalis.

libnotina.

peringuey?.

capicola.

sexocellata.

rubrithorax.

capicola.

subapicalis.

peringueyt.

170 Annals of the South African Museum.

4. Both plates of hypopharynx with six teeth . : . sexocellata.

Both plates with more than six teeth, usually about ten tect he Oe

5. Dorsal plate of hypopharynx with ten teeth, ventral plate

fourteen; spiracular disc with four lobes distinct although

small, each lobe with definite brown mark . tupulipes.

Both plates with ten teeth; spiracular disc spparentl lobelsest

no marks on inside of disc . : : : : . rubrithorax.

Pupae.

1. Rostral sheath elongate (fig. 59, f) . : : sexocellata and rubrithorax.

Rostral sheath short (fig. 52, b) ; : : aheee

2. In rapidly flowing streams under hygropetric Connon: , Sn

In humus in tree boles or under bark of dead trees . : 3.

3. Male and female cauda with prominent lateral lobes (fig. 54, e, f) subapicalis.

Male and female cauda without such lobes : , : . peringuey?.

4. Male and female cauda with eae dorsally curved spines

(higer O25 ecg) we 3 4 é 5 , ; . tupulipes.

Male and female cauda without any igromunent spine : . caprcola.

LInmoma tupulipes (Karsch).

Figs. 50-52.

1886. pp. 51-52.

1917. Alexander, pp. 141-142, pl. x, fig. 3 (wing) (Decranomyia).

1921. Id., p. 181 (Dicranomyia).

Much conflict of opinion has arisen concerning the position of Sc,

in this species (Edwards, 1912, p. 197; Bergroth, 1913, p. 580;

Alexander, 1917, pp. 141-142). This has been due to the scanty

material at the disposal of these authors (Edwards and Bergroth

one each; Alexander six specimens). The issue was further compli-

cated by loose statements by some authors in their earlier works,

€é.g. position of Sc, is placed close to the tip of Sc,”’ (Bergroth, 1913,

p- 580) and “Sc, is considerably removed from tip of Sc,.” The

distance of separation should be referred to some suitable norm,

e.g. “distance being equal to the entire radial sector” (Alexander,

1917, p. 141), or “Sc, before origin of RS by twice the thickness of

that vein” (this report), and should be accompanied by a camera

lucida projection of the wing, as a freehand drawing permits too

large a personal error.

As suggested by Alexander (1917, p. 141), the study of more material

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 171

has thrown considerable light on the position of Sc,, which is the main

distinguishing character between Limonia (Dicranomyia) confinis

Bergroth and Limonia (Dicranomyia) tipulipes Karsch. Bergroth

writes (1913, p. 580), “this character is not subject to variations in

the species of Dicranomyza, but is quite constant.’ The examination

Sc Se, (C

Fie. 50.—Wings of Limonia tipulipes (Karsch), showing types a, 6, and c.

by the author of a series of 316 wings of tvpulipes revealed that three

main types of venation exist (fig. 50):—

type a: Sc, before origin of RS by two-thirds the length of RS,

type b: Sc, before origin of RS by thickness of vein Sc,,

type c: Sc, opposite origin of RS.

Other specimens show the gradual transition from one type of wing

to another.

These results show that:

(1) the position of Sc, is NoT constant in this species as stated by

Bergroth;

Annals of the South African Museum

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Fic. 51.—Larva of Limonia tipulipes (Karsch)

a, lateral view of larva; 6, dorsal

view of labrum; c, mentum; d, mandible apex (lateral view); e, mandible (dorsal

view); f, maxilla; g, antenna; h, spiracular disc; 1, hypopharynx

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 173

(2) it cannot per se differentiate between two closely allied species;

(3) Bergroth probably examined a tipulipes with type c wing;

(4) Alexander was hasty in denouncing Bergroth’s observation for

that type of wing when he (Alexander) was examining

type a;

5) Limoma (Dicranomyia) confinis Bergroth is conspecific with

LInmonia (Dicranomyra) tupulipes Karsch.

Localities.—As for Lamoma capicola (p. 185).

Also: Stellenbosch (Peringuey, 1887); Ceres (Light-

foot, 1913); Orange Free State, Transvaal, Natal,

and South West Africa. See Alexander, l.c.

Larva.—Length 12-13 mm., diameter 1 mm. Colour dirty white,

often with an underlying green tinge in living specimens; creeping

welts rich brown and therefore relatively conspicuous against the

body colour; integument with microscopic appressed pale brown

pubescence. Main tracheal system conspicuous through the in-

tegument as two dark brown tubes commencing at the spiracles,

continued forwards on each side as a long undulating tube.

Body (fig. 51, a) terete, form slender, the first seven sternites of

abdomen with a conspicuous basal transverse fusiform welt, densely

armed with microscopic spines; dorsal welts narrow, striplike,

occurring on abdominal segments 2-7, a conspicuous ring of micro-

scopic hooks on the posterior margin of abdominal segment 7; on

meso- and metathorax an indication of dorsal and ventral creeping

folds, those on the latter segment forming a complete ring.

Chaetotaxy nil. Spiracular disc (fig. 51, h) small, the two dorso-

lateral lobes blunt but definite in outline, edged with dark brown,

fringed with short, stiff, black hairs; ventral lobes smaller, with two

dark brown semi-circular areas, similarly fringed with hairs; the large

elliptical spiracles dark brown, capable of close approximation under

water in times of stress. Anal gills four, white, long, indistinctly

trisegmented.

Head capsule massive, large, retractile, of Limonian type. Antenna

(fig. 51, g) bi-segmented, first segment twice as long as its greatest

diameter, cylindrical, chitinised, with a basal auditory plate, second

segment reduced, buttonlike, surrounded by three to four sensory

papillae. Mandible (fig. 51, e) broad, massive, with a blunt apical

tooth slightly longer than the tooth on either side of it; ventral

cutting-edge with four blunt teeth which become smaller towards

the base of the mandible; inner face of mandible bearing a subacute

prosthecal tooth and a fringe of coarse setae. Maxilla (fig. 51, f):

174 Annals of the South African Museum.

Wy i peels

TORR

sii

Fie. 52.—Pupa of Limonia tipulipes (Karsch). a, pronotal breathing horn,

with apex enlarged; b, mouth parts; c, antennal sheath; d, abdominal segment

five (lateral view), with Save enlargement of hooks and spines; e, anterior

portion of pupa (lateral view); f, female cauda (lateral view); g, male cauda

(lateral aa: h, male cauda (dorsal view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 175

cardo distinct, with three setae; outer lobe margined apically with

dense setae in which occurs a large palpus, bearing about five minute

papillae; inner lobe smaller, densely haired, with a small apical

palpus. Labrum (fig. 51, 6) subtriangular, anterior margin broad,

fringed with delicate hairs, those at the lateral margin coarser and

longer; near anterior margin two ringlike hyaline areas, each with

three to four minute sensory papillae; adjacent to each a group of

two sensory papillae; laterad to the ring three distinct setae; epi-

pharyngeal surface pubescent. Hypopharynx (fig. 51, 7) a collar of

two chitinised plates, the dorsal plate striplike, with ten sharp slender

teeth; ventral plate much larger, anterior margin having fourteen

sharp teeth, the outer tooth on either side slender, often difficult to

determine, ventral surface of plate with numerous scalelike setae.

Mentum (fig. 51, c) conspicuous, broad, deeply cleft behind, anterior

outline with a large median tooth, each side with five subacute teeth.

Pupa.—Length 8 mm., diameter 1mm. Body devoid of prominent

setae. Thorax deep warm brown, abdominal segments pale cream

deriving a brown tinge from the transverse bands of chitin and in

living specimens tinged with green; pronotal breathing horns light

brown, the two tracheal tubes conspicuous through the integument,

underlying abdominal segments 4-6; wing pads and leg sheaths

brown to black in mature pupae; cauda dark brown, heavily

chitinised.

Labrum (fig. 52, 6) broad, apex semi-truncate; labial lobes almost

straight across, rounded laterally; maxillary palpi narrowed towards

tips, anterior margins undulating. Antennal sheaths (fig. 52, c)

armed with a single chitinised tubercle at origin, extending to base

of wing pad, apex tapering abruptly.

Thorax convex; each pronotal breathing horn (fig. 52, e) an elongate-

oval flattened lobe, directed towards head, a row of breathing pores

(hyaline areas) along both margins, apical region of lobe evidently

a large slithke pore reinforced with numerous chitinous columns.

Leg sheaths ending opposite end of basal annulus of abdominal

segment 4; wing pads opposite end of abdominal segment 2.

Tergites of abdominal segments 1-2 with rectangular transverse

chitinised areas; segments 3—7 subdivided into two annuli: the basal

annulus of tergites 3-7 and sternites 5-7 with transverse welt densely

covered with hooks or crochets, margined by straight spines, the

tergal welts surrounded by a narrow strip of chitin (fig. 52, d);

sternite 4 having incomplete welts on either side of leg sheaths;

posterior annuli of tergites 3-7 with a broad chitinised area bearing

176 Annals of the South African Museum.

microscopic points of indefinite distribution in which are four widely

spaced setae, an additional two setae further caudad, posterior annuli

of sternites 4—7 bare, of sternite 8 with a rectangular chitinised area

with four setae, posterior margin of this sternite having a transverse

welt of hooks. A pair of spiracles on dorsum of segment 8, laterad

of each a seta; pleura of segments 3-7 with a minute spiracle.

3S cauda: Dorsal view (fig. 52, h) shows sternal sheaths bulbous,

rounded, inner apical angles dilated slightly; tergal sheaths reduced,

the spine not apparent from this view; lateral view (fig. 52, g) shows

sternal sheaths large; tergal sheaths reduced, prolonged into a strong

elongate spine curved dorsad.

@ cauda: Tergal sheaths slender, contiguous along median line,

sternal sheaths hidden (dorsal view); sternal sheaths shorter than

tergal sheaths, each of which is produced into the curved spine

(ig, BA, J/))e

Remarks.—The immatures of this species inhabit slime tubes on

the surfaces of rocks in streams, where they are covered by a thin

film of flowing water. The larvae create these tubes over small

irregularities and crevices in the boulders, rendering them in-

conspicuous by an intermixture of moss and other vegetable frag-

ments. The tubes are longer than the larvae and, being open at

both ends, afford a double exit for the larvae, which, when disturbed,

wriggle with considerable agility across the surface of the rock.

Should a larva be unable to retrace its route, it will set about making

another slime tube in the nearest convenient crevice. The pupae

frequent the upper regions of the rock where the mossy growth is

thicker and which affords a safe anchorage for the slime tube. The

strong curved spines on the cauda of the pupae are probably to fix

them firmly in the slime tubes in the event of adverse conditions,

such as the sudden rise of the stream level.

These spines are of primary importance, especially in the field, for

distinguishing the pupae of this species from those of closely allied

species, e.g. Limona sexocellata and Limoma capicola.

LInmoma afra (Bergroth).

1888. pp. 128-129 (Rhipidia).

1917. Alexander, p. 143, pl. x, fig. 5 (wing) (Rhopidia).

1921. Id., p. 184 (Rhopidia).

Alexander figured the wing for the first time.

The Crane-fliies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 177

Localities—Cape Peninsula: Fernwood (C. W. T.), November 1933;

Nursery Ravine (H. G. W.), November 1932;

Kirstenbosch (K. H. B., H. G. W.), November 1933.

Cape Province: Landdrost (K. H. B.), 1917.

Eastern Province and Natal (Alexander, l.c.).

Remarks.—These flies were found associated with Limnophila

dubiosa (Kirstenbosch and Fernwood). It is probable that the

immatures frequent a similar if not identical type of habitat.

LIimona subapicalis (Alex.).

Figs. 53, 54.

1917. pp. 143-144, pl. x, fig. 6 (wing) (Libnotes capensis).

19256. p. 1007 (Limonia subapicalis) (Lumonia capensis preoccupied

by Macquart, 1838).

Localities —Cape Peninsula: Fernwood (G. A. W., H. G. W.),

July 1937; (C. W. T.) December 1937; Cecilia

Waterfall (G. A. W., H. G. W.), December 1936.

Cape Province: Oudebosch (K. H. B., C. W. T.,

H. G. W.), January 1934; (G. A. W., C. W. T.,

H. G. W.) September 1937.

Natal (Alexander, l.c., 1917).

Larva.—Length 24-26 mm., diameter 1-7-2 mm. Colour dirty

white with an underlying green tinge, creeping welts rich brown,

integument transparent, shiny, revealing the black alimentary contents

from the first abdominal segment to the anus, and the main tracheal

system of two lateral tubes; preserved specimens dirty cream, no

green tinge or tracheal system visible.

Body elongate, form slender. Abdominal segments bear on ter-

gites 2-7 and sternites 1-7 a basal transverse fusiform creeping welt

covered with microscopic spines, the dorsal welts and that of sternite 1

narrow, striplike; posterior margin of segment 7 with a complete ring

of microscopic spines; on venter of metathorax a scurfy creeping

fold.

Chaetotaxy nil. Spiracular disc (fig. 53, c) large, four blunt but

distinct lobes, fringed with microscopic black hairs, the two ventral

lobes slightly larger than the dorso-lateral pair, the obliquely placed

VOL. XXXIX. 12

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178 Annals of the South African Museum.

spiracles slightly wider at the ventral end; inner face of ventral

lobes with a narrow clavate black mark. Anal gills four, white;

dorsal pair stout, large; ventral pair twice as long, tapering.

Head capsule massive, of Lamonian type. Antenna bi-segmented,

first segment twice as long as broad, second segment extremely

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Fic. 53.—Larva of Limonia subapicalis (Alex.). a, dorsal plate of hypopharynx;

b, ventral plate of hypopharynx; c, spiracular disc; d, maxilla.

reduced, ringlike, with about three microscopic sensory papillae.

Mandible similar to that of L. tepulipes, but with three ventral cutting

teeth, the last tooth square, less prominent than the first two teeth.

Maxilla (fig. 53, d): cardo striplike, distinct; outer lobe having a

large apical palpus with about three sensory papillae, on either side

a tuft of coarse setae; inner lobe densely haired apically, three closely

placed papillae near inner anterior corner. Labrum oval, anterior

margin broad, fringed with hairs; near this margin two ringlike areas

with two to three papillae; epipharyngeal surface pubescent. Hypo-

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 179

pharynx (fig. 53, a, b) a collar of two plates, the dorsal with sixteen

teeth, the ventral plate with twenty sharp teeth, the three outer

teeth on each plate more slender and sharper, ventral surface of

ventral plate with slender scalelike setae. Mentum broad, deeply

cleft behind, anterior margin with a large median tooth, each side

with five subacute teeth.

Pupa.—Length 15 mm., diameter 2 mm. Thorax warm brown,

abdominal segments pale cream, in living specimens tinged with

vivid green; welts and cauda dark brownish yellow.

Cephalic crest lacking (fig. 54, 6). Labrum (fig. 54, d) broad, very

obtusely rounded at apex; labial lobes broad, caudal margin slightly

indentate; maxillary palpi tapering to pointed apices. Antennal

sheath (fig. 54, c) extending to wing base, slender, with three

chitinised protuberances at origin. Thoracic pronotum convex, with

a low chitinised carina between breathing horns, which are chestnut

brown, elongate, curved, flattened against the thorax, gradually

narrowed to the blunt tips, margins serrate, upper surface with

numerous microscopic pores, distributed chiefly along outer margin

(fig. 54, a, 6). Leg sheaths ending midway between abdominal

segments 3 and 4, sometimes between 4 and 5; wing pads opposite

end of segment 2.

Chaetotaxy nil. Abdomen with tergites of segments 1-2 slightly

chitinised; segments 3-7 subdivided into two annuli; basal annulus

of tergites 3-7 and sternites 5-7 with a transverse welt densely

covered with hooks and crochets, margined by straight sharp spines;

sternites 3 (rarely) and 4 having incomplete welts on either side of

leg sheaths; posterior annuli of tergites 3-7 and sternites 4-7 with

broad strip of chitinisation.

3 cauda (fig. 54, f): Anterior margin of dorsal sheaths with a black,

heavily chitinised, triangular structure, apex bearing four short

setae; dorsal sheaths short, inconspicuous; ventral sheaths promi-

nent, bluntly bifid apically; inner bifurcation slightly produced,

lateral surfaces with a large rounded lobe.

moderate setae; dorsal sheaths tapering, bluntly rounded, less narrow

than ventral sheaths, lateral surface having a flat top or lobe; ventral

sheaths broad, tapering slightly, then swelling into two small lobes

(fig. 54, e).

Remarks.—One habitat of the immatures of this fly is strikingly

similar to that of Limonia (Libnotes) perkinsi Grimsh., which was

bred from decaying vegetation and the accumulation of debris behind

180 Annals of the South African Museum.

ak uly it oor

Shes hgh pd dey

BL 4

Fic. 54.—Pupa of Limonia subapicalis (Alex.). a, pronotal breathing horn, with

enlargement of one pore; 6, anterior portion of pupa (lateral view); c, antennal

sheath; d, mouth parts; e, female cauda (ventral aspect); jf, male cauda (dorsal

aspect); g, female cauda (dorsal aspect).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 181

old leaf sheaths on banana plants in the Hawaiian Islands by Swezey

(Alexander, 1920a, p. 815).

The presence of an adult fly near a tree bole at Oudebosch (January

1934) provided a clue to the habitat of the immatures. Several

handfuls of debris were extracted from the bole. In this damp

rotting humus occurred numerous elongate larvae in various stages

of development. These were bred. The slimy shiny larvae actively

burrow through the humus, feeding as they go. Prior to pupation,

however, the larva secretes a tube of glutinous saliva round minute

pieces of debris, thus forming a black woody cocoon, wherein it

changes. The old larval skin remains at the bottom of the tubelike

cocoon. Duration of pupal stadium is six to seven days. This type

of habitat is rare in the 8.W. Cape area, where true forest is limited,

and the fast disappearing indigenous bush confined to the kloofs and

ravines.

At Fernwood Ravine (July 1937) Mrs. Wood, Mr. Thorne and the

author gathered many larvae of this species, which occurred through-

out a saturated rust-coloured scum beneath the bark of a fallen poplar

tree. Many imagos were bred.

In September 1937, at Oudebosch, were found larvae and pupae

in a fallen log of Halleria capensis (Wild Fuchsia; Oudehout) in a

similar rust-coloured scum beneath the crumbling bark. Associated

with the immatures were numerous larvae of Elephantomyia montana.

In the two above-mentioned logs pupation occurred just beneath

the surface of the log, no glutinous cocoon or tube being secreted.

The tree-bole habitat of January 1934 was revisited, but it provided

no immatures as the humus was extremely saturated and unsuitable.

Limonia libnotina Alex.

Higa DDS ra:

1934. pp. 50-52.

The wing is figured here for the first time (fig. 55, a).

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Nursery Ravine (G. A. W.), March

1932; Fernwood Ravine (G@. A. W., C. W. T.,

H. G. W.), July 1937.

Cape Province: Oudebosch (C. W. T., H. G. W.),

January 1934; (Lightfoot) December 1920.

Remarks.—The immatures of this species are unknown.

182 Annals of the South African Museum.

Inmonia peringueyr (Alex.).

Ines, G5, 08 or.

1917. Alexander, pp. 142-143 (Dicranomyia).

1921. Id., p. 182 (Dicranomyia).

The type (without definite locality) seems to be somewhat dis-

coloured, being darker in colour than the fresh specimens (see

Fic. 55.—a, wing of Limonia libnotina Alex.; b, wing of Limonia

peringueyt (Alex.).

Alexander’s note, 1921, p. 182). The description of the body colour

is consequently misleading. Freshly caught specimens of this fly

are unicolourous, being a pure sulphur yellow except for the black

head, the tergites of the abdomen being lightly tinged with brown.

The thoracic praescutum is unstriped.

The wing (fig. 55, 6) is here figured for the first time.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Fernwood (C. W. T.), November 1934;

Orange Kloof (K. H. B., H. G. W.), March 1932;

Wynberg Caves (near entrance) (K. H. B.), March 1931.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 183

Cape Province: Jonkershoek (H. G. W.), July 1931;

Oudebosch (C. W. T., H. G. W.), September 1933,

January 1934; River Zonder End Peak (H. G. W.),

December 1931.

Larva.—Length 11-12 mm., diameter -6-—-8 mm. Colour dirty

white, creeping welts little chitinised and therefore relatively

inconspicuous, pubescence of body microscopic, pale.

Body terete, form slender; anterior margin of meso- and meta-

thoracic sternites with a scurfy creeping fold; abdominal sternites

1-7 and tergites 2-7 with creeping welts as in this genus, those on

the tergites narrow, striplike; the welts are not as definite in outline

nor as heavily armed with short hooks as in Limonia tipulipes or

Inmoma sexocellata.

Chaetotaxy nil. Spiracular disc small, apparently lobeless even under

high magnification, the edge of disc with a scanty fringe of minute

hairs; spiracles ovoid, the ventral end slightly wider, central portion

minute. Anal gills white, small, short, bluntly rounded apically.

Head capsule as in genus; remarkedly similar in general appearance

and structure to that of Limona tipulipes. Hypopharynx a collar

of two plates, each with twelve marginal teeth, the lateral pair on

each plate more slender and sharper than the inner subacute teeth;

ventral plate with scalelike setae.

Pupa.—Length 8 mm., diameter -5--7 mm. Body devoid of

prominent setae. Thorax yellow, abdominal segments white;

breathing horns pale brown; wing pads and legs yellowish brown.

Labrum (fig. 56, 6) broad, rounded; each labial lobe semi-circular;

maxillary palpi angulate at margin near base, tapering, apex bluntly

rounded. Antennal sheath (fig. 56, c) unarmed, narrow, apex slightly

split, extending to base of wing pad.

Thorax convex. Each pronotal breathing horn (fig. 56, a, d) a

flattened lobe, directed forwards, slightly wrinkled transversely,

apparently without pores along the margin, apex narrow, bluntly

rounded. Leg sheaths V-shaped, ending half-way on abdominal

segment 4; wing pads half-way on segment 2.

Tergites of abdominal segments 1-2 with slight chitinised rec-

tangular areas; segments 3-7 subdivided into two annuli; basal

annulus of tergites 3-7 and sternites 5-7 with the usual transverse

welt of hooks and margination of straight spines; sternite 4 having

incomplete welts on either side of leg sheaths; posterior annulus of

tergites and sternites bare; posterior margin of segment 7 lined by a

narrow welt of hooks and crochets.

184 Annals of the South African Museum.

S$ cauda (fig. 56, e): Tergal sheaths small, extending towards

lateral regions of cauda, posterior margins rounded; sternal sheaths

not bulbous, apices gently rounded.

Fic. 56.—Pupa of Limonia peringueyi (Alex.). a, pronotal breathing horn;

b, mouth parts; c, antennal sheath; d, anterior portion of pupa (lateral view);

€, male cauda (dorsal view); f, female cauda (lateral view).

2 cauda (fig. 56, f): Tergal sheaths are somewhat longer and more

distinct than the sternal sheaths.

Remarks.—At Fernwood Ravine Mr. Thorne found these immatures

in a decaying log (November 1934). The larvae are wood-feeders and

tunnel throughout the log. Immediately before pupation they

gather together pieces of chewed wood and even the “fras,”’ with

which they impregnate the jelly tube secreted by the salivary glands.

Within this tube pupation occurs.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 185

Inmonia capicola (Alex.).

Figs. 57, 58.

1921. p. 183 (Dicranomyra).

This common fly is easily recognised by the wing pattern (fig. 57, a)

and by the coloration of the mesonotal praescutum, which is brown

with the brownish-black median and shorter lateral stripes confluent

behind. The whole disc is therefore almost of this brownish-black

colour.

Localities—Cape Peninsula: Kasteels Poort (K. H. B., H. G. W.),

August 1932; Echo Valley (K. H. B., H. G. W.),

February 1932; April 1932; October 1932; Platte-

klip (H. G. W.), January 1932; (K. H. B., H. G. W.)

March 1930; (K. H. B.) April 1932; Lekkerwater

(H. G. W.), January 1932; Kirstenbosch (K. H. B.,

H. G. W.), November 1932; Orange Kloof (H. G. W.),

January 1933.

Cape Province: Oudebosch (K. H. B.), December 1928;

Sneeuwgat (K. H. B.), September 1932; Wolvenhoek

Kloof (K. H. B.), April 1931; Palmiet River

(H. G. W.), March 1932; George (K. H. B.), January

1931; Witte River (K. H. B., H. G. W.), November

1933; Riversdale (K. H. B.), October 1922; Lemoens-

hoek (K. H. B.), November 1927; Waaihoek Kloof

(ke He By April) 1928; Steenbras (El. G. W-),

November 1932; French Hoek Pass (H. G. W.),

January 1935; French Hoek Pass (Hast side)

(H. G. W.), October 1933; Meirings Poort (K. H. B.,

C. W. T.), October 1937; Krom River (K. H: B.),

September 1935; Bains Kloof (K. H. B., H. G. W.),

April 1933; Zwartberg Pass (K. H. B., C. W.

H. G. W.), February 1932; Landdrost (K. H.

C. W. T., H. G. W.), November 1933.

Larva.—Length 16 mm., diameter -‘9 mm. Colour dirty white,

creeping welts rich brown and therefore conspicuous against the

body colour, distribution of welts as in Limonia tipulipes.

Body terete, form slender, ultimate segment slightly prolonged

dorsally (fig. 57, b, c), spiracular disc absent, tracheal system clearly

visible from end of abdominal segment 7, posterior extremity of

B.,

186 Annals of the South African Museum.

system just beneath integument and partially surrounded by crescent-

shaped chitinised area, actual spiracles (if present) difficult to detect

even under high magnification. Anal gills four, large, fleshy, rounded

lobes.

Chaetotaxy nil. Head capsule massive, of Lamoman type, closely

resembling that of Limonia tepulipes. Hypopharynx (fig. 57, d) of

Fie. 57.—Limonia capicola (Alex.). a, wing of imago; b, end of abdomen of

larva (lateral view); c, ditto (dorsal view); d, hypopharynx.

two plates, each with six teeth, each outer tooth sharper, more

slender; ventral surface of ventral plate with numerous scalelike

setae, anterior of which are four circular areas bearing minute papillae.

Labrum as in Limona tipulipes, but each lateral corner bears a

prominent curved papilla.

Pupa.—Length 9 mm., diameter -9-l1 mm. Body devoid of

prominent setae. Thorax dark brown, abdominal segments dirty

white, deriving a brown tinge dorsally in mature pupae from the

deposition of chitin; breathing horns dark brown.

Labrum (fig. 58, d) semi-circular; labial lobes almost straight

——$—<—— ————$———- ——---—--

———

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 187

Fie. 58.—Pupa of Limonia capicola (Alex.). a, head portion of pupa; 6, breathing

horn; c, antennal sheath; d, mouth parts; e, female cauda (ventral aspect);

f, female cauda (lateral aspect); g, male cauda (dorsal aspect).

188 Annals of the South African Museum.

across, rounded laterally; maxillary palpi narrowed towards tips,

strongly angulated at base on posterior margin. Antennal sheath

(fig. 58, c) extending almost to base of wing pad, strongly curved

near origin, apex tapering abruptly. Thorax convex. Hach pro-

notal breathing horn (fig. 58, a, 6) an oval flattened lobe, directed

towards head; ventral basal angle hidden by antennal sheaths; a

row of sixteen pores along both margins. Leg sheaths ending half-way

on abdominal segment 4; wing pads opposite end of segment 2.

Tergites of abdominal segments 1-2 with transverse strip of chitin;

basal annulus of tergites 3-7 and sternites 5-7 with a transverse welt

of hooks and crochets, the tergal welt surrounded by strip of chitin;

posterior annulus of tergites 3-7 and sternite 7 with a narrow trans-

verse strip of chitin (visible only in mature pupae), of sternites 4-6

bare; sternite 4 with incomplete welts on either side of leg sheaths;

posterior margin of segment 7 armed with a narrow ring of spines.

3S cauda (fig. 58, g): Tergal sheaths reduced, margin between with

a blunt U-shape, each sheath tapering; ventral sheaths bulbous,

conspicuous, inner apical angle slightly produced (dorsal view);

tergal sheaths he flat against the larger sternal sheaths (lateral view).

2 cauda (fig. 58, e, f): Sternal sheaths tapering gradually to a slight

constriction, then swollen somewhat to bluntly rounded apices,

smaller than the tergal sheaths which carry apically a seta (ventral

view); tergal.sheaths the larger, fingerlike, bearing a prominent fleshy

tubercle near the origin (lateral view).

Remarks.—Pupae of this species were discovered near the Sneeuwgat

Nek by Mr. Thorne and the author (October 1934), but, in spite of

many searches in the correct habitat, only in July 1937 were the larvae

found at Kasteels Poort, on moss along the edges of the rapidly flowing

streamlet, by Mrs. Wood. Several imagos were bred from this

material.

The larvae are readily distinguished from those of the closely allied

species Limonia tipulipes, L. sexocellata and L. rubrithorax by the

absence of a spiracular disc.

Inmoma sexocellata (Alex.).

Fig. 59.

1921. pp. 185-186 (Geranomyia).

The holotype is a female, as stated by Alexander on page 186,

although his description on page 185 is labelled male. This fly is

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 189

widespread in the S.W. Cape area, being recognisable by the ocellate

pattern of the wing (fig. 59, a).

Localities.—As for Limonia capicola (p. 185).

Larva.—Length 13-14 mm., diameter 1mm. Colour dirty yellowish

brown, creeping welts slightly darker brown and relatively incon-

spicuous against body colour, integument with microscopic appressed

pubescence. Main tracheal system indistinct through integument.

Body terete, form slender, salivary glands conspicuous through the

venter of meso- and metathorax, which are devoid of a creeping welt

or fold; the first seven abdominal segments with a basal transverse

welt of microscopic hooks; the dorsal narrow striplike welts occurring

on abdominal segments 2-7; segment 7 having on the posterior

margin a ring of spines.

Chaetotaxy nil. Spiracular disc (fig. 59, c) small, lobes apparently

absent, the elongate-elliptical spiracles dark brown, capable of close

approximation under water. Anal gills four, ventral pair longer than

dorsal pair, tri-segmented, dull brown.

Head capsule (fig. 59, 6) massive, typically Limonian. Hypo-

pharynx (fig. 59, d) of two plates, each with six marginal teeth. This

is the only distinguishing feature between the head capsule of this

species and that of L. tipulipes and L. rubrithorax. These observations

again show the impossibility of differentiation between the larvae of

the former genera Geranomyia and Dicranomyia.

Pupa.—Length 10 mm., diameter 1-1-2 mm. Body devoid of

setae. Similar in colour to that of Limoma tipulipes. Frons

(fig. 59, f) triangular, apex produced, slender, rostral sheath long,

narrow, subtended on either side by the paraglossal sheaths, which

project far beyond the tip of the rostrum; maxillary palpi thick and

stout at origin, blunt, fingerlike at apex, slightly curved. Antennal

sheath (fig. 59, f) unarmed, extending to base of wing pad, apex

tapering abruptly.

Thorax convex. Pronotal breathing horns (fig. 59, e) elongate

flattened lobes, directed inwards and forwards, transversely wrinkled,

margined by several pores (hylaine areas), which are distinct on

dorsal edge. Leg sheaths end opposite posterior margin of abdominal

segment 3; wing pads opposite end of segment 2.

Abdominal welts and chitinisation as in pupa of L. capicola;

sternite 4 having incomplete basal welts.

3 cauda (fig. 59, g): Tergal sheaths reduced, margin between a

deep U-shaped notch, each sheath conical, bluntly rounded; ventral

sheaths bulbous, apices bluntly pointed, not rounded.

190 Annals of the South African Museum.

2 cauda: Similar to that of L. capicola, but without the prominent

fleshy tubercle at the origin (cf. fig. 58, e, f).

Fie. 59.—Limonia sexocellata (Alex.). Imago: a, wing. Larva: 6, head

capsule (dorsal view); c, spiracular disc; d, hypopharynx (dorsal plate and hinge

plates). Pupa: e, anterior portion; f, head region (ventral view); g, male cauda

(dorsal aspect).

Remarks.—Larvae and pupae collected at Platteklip (December

1933) by Mrs. Wood and the author occurred within jelly tubes

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 191

besprinkled with minute sand grains and were attached to the

pendulous filaments of moss plants in the midst of a trickle of water.

Judging from the enlarged salivary glands of the larvae, these tubes

are composed of glutinous saliva. The locale of the adult fly is no

indication of the environs of the immatures, for the former may be

found resting in Anopheles fashion with the wings folded along the

body under overhanging rocks and grottos or on the stems of trees

as far as twenty yards from water. The characteristic “bobbing”

of the flies when they first alight attracts the eye and renders them

easy to capture. Associated with the above pupae were four pupae

of Limonia tipulipes. This is not usual, for tapulepes immatures occur

in jelly tubes on the surfaces of rocks in the stream-bed on which the

moss growth is scanty and short. The larvae of Limonia tipulipes

can be distinguished even in the field from those of this species by

the conspicuous creeping welts; the tapulipes pupae differ in the shape

of the breathing horns and in the possession of the prominent caudal

spine.

Inmonia rubrithorax (Alex.).

Fig. 60, a.

1921. pp. 186-187 (Geranomyia).

The wing venation was well described by Alexander and is figured

here for the first time (fig. 60, a).

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: French Hoek Pass (Kast side)

(K. H. B.), October 1933; Krom River (K. H. B.),

September 1932; Witte River (K. H. B.), October

1931; Olifants River Mountains (K. H. B.), Sep-

tember 1932; Sneeuwgat (K. H. B., C. W. T.),

November 1932; Tradouw Pass (North side, Barry-

dale) (K. H. B., C. W. T., H. G. W.), January 1935.

Larva.—Length 14-16 mm., diameter -8-1 mm. Closely allied to

LInmoma sexocellata. The creeping welts are not as heavily spined,

and consequently not as conspicuous against the body colour. It

differs from the larva of sexocellata by the number of teeth on the

hypopharynx, the head capsule being identical with that of Lemona

tupulipes (see fig. 51, b-g, 2).

Pupa.—Length 9 mm., diameter -8-1 mm. Similar to that of

Inmonia sexocellata; no difference can be distinguished by the author.

192 Annals of the South African Museum.

Remarks.—The larva of this species can be distinguished readily

from that of tvpulipes by the spiracular arrangement.

Outside the village of Barrydale (January 1935) Dr. Barnard,

Mr. Thorne and the author collected many larvae and pupae, which

occurred in a feeble trickle of water some four to nine inches wide

and were confined to the pendulous filaments of moss in the water.

(See note on life-history of Limonia sexocellata.) Along the im-

Fic. 60.—Wing of: a, Limonia rubrithorax (Alex.); 6b, Antocha transvaalia (Alex.).

mediate margins of the trickle of water were clumps of Restio one to

two feet in height at the base of which were found the immatures

of Longurio dolichoros.

Genus AnTocHA, Osten-Sacken.

1859. p. 219.

Imago.—Rostrum short, not exceeding rest of head; wings with

Sc very long, terminating near tip of R,,,, 2.e. about mid-length of

basal section of R;, RS long, four times m—cu; R, perpendicular in

position, inserted usually before tip of R,,,. by distance equal to

twice its own length, the element R,,,,, thus usually absent; vein

R,,; strikingly small, practically in alignment with RS, veins R,

and R,,; subparallel; cell R, scarcely divergent, r-m long, three-

quarters the length of m-cu; cell M, absent; vein M,,. swung

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 193

cephalad and not in the usual alignment with M; cell 1st M, open;

cell M, widely divergent and short, twice the length of its petiole;

Cu, inserted before fork of M by distance equal to twice its own

length; anal angle of wing strikingly square and affording a dis-

tinctive generic characteristic. Male hypopygium with basistyles

long, with two dististyles at apex, ventral dististyle not bulbous,

but a flat, tapering chitinised blade.

This genus is represented in the 8.W. Cape by a single species,

the immatures of which are unknown.

Antocha transvaahia (Alex.).

Fig. 60, 0.

1921. pp. 187-188 (Orimargula).

Alexander’s description of the wing is correct.

Length 3-5 mm., wing 4-6 mm. General coloration reddish brown.

Additional notes on the wing (fig. 60, 6) are given in the generic

characteristics.

Male hypopygium with ninth tergite small. Basistyles three times

as long as broad; outer dististyle a flat, tapering chitinised blade;

dorsal dististyle a fleshy pubescent lobe. Interbase thin, slender,

bladelike, abruptly rounded apically, connected dorsally to basal inner

margin of basistyle by a microscopically pubescent strip of chitin

and ventrally to the smaller rodlike gonapophysis, ventrad of which

is the slender prominently curved aedeagal sheath. Ninth sternite

keel-shaped (lateral aspect), enclosing and protecting the slender

penis.

Localities —Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Schoemans Poort (C. W. T., K. H. B.,

A. J. H.), November 1937.

Remarks.—The holotype locality for this fly was Komati Poort,

Transvaal (Alexander, 1921, p. 188). In November 1937 Mr. Thorne

collected several adults by torchlight along the edge of the stream

in Schoemans Poort. In spite of a search in the following year by

Mrs. Wood, Mr. Thorne and the author, no immature stages of this

fly were found, although a clue to their habitat has been provided

by Alexander (1931, p. 171) and Bangerter (1929, pp. 5-7), who

record that Antocha saxicola of North America “lives within silken,

mud-covered cases, fastened to the sides of submerged rocks in

rapid-flowing streams.” (See Addendum, p. 325).

VOL. XXXIX. 13

194 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus PSEUDOLIMNOPHILA Alex.

ISN 70, BIL

1924. p. 4 (Key to Ethiopian species).

Imago.—Head strongly narrowed and prolonged behind; antennae

16-jointed; wings with Sc moderately long (terminating before fork

of RS by distance equal to Sc,) or long (terminating distad to the fork

of RS), R, present, meeting R, just before wing margin by distance

equal to its own length, thus R,,,. short; RS elongate, three and a

half to four times m-cu; three branches of RS reach wing margin;

cell R, very deep, parallel sided; cell M, present, deep, two and a half

to three times its petiole (except thornei, where cell M, is one and a

half times its petiole); anterior arculus lacking; pseudosutural

foveae and tuberculate pits distinct; in male, hypopygium basistyles

conspicuous bearing two dististyles at apex; ovipositor valves slender,

chitinised.

Larva.—Creeping pads on abdominal segments 2-7; chaetotaxy

not apparent; spiracular disc surrounded by five short lobes. Anal

gills four, short, ovate. Head capsule massive, compact, of three

plates. Antenna bi-segmented, apical segment hemispherical, with

three to six minute papillae at base. Mandible massive, broad at

base, tip produced to a slender point, cutting-edge with two teeth.

Maxilla: outer lobe with apical palpus, inner lobe pubescent. Labrum

broad, dorsal surface pubescent, with various sensory papillae.

Hypopharynx a large flattened lobe covered with small subacute

spines. Prementum a broad plate, minutely pubescent or as two

pubescent lobes. Mentum chitinised, almost completely divided,

outer face terminating in a single tooth, behind which is a tridentate

plate.

Pupa.—Cephalic crest pronounced, with setiferous tubercles. Pro-

notal breathing horns slender, apices not split into flaps. Abdominal

segments with subterminal transverse rows of spines and setae.

Eighth segment of cauda with two spiracles and two setiferous

tubercles on dorsal surface; venter with two chitinised lobes bearing

numerous chitinised acute hooks; male cauda with biramous sternal

sheaths.

The life-histories of the three species in the 8.W. Cape area have

been worked out by Mr. Thorne and the author. The immatures

inhabit decaying logs near forest streamlets and are thus limited in

their distribution.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 195

Key to Species of Pseudolimnophila.

Imagos.

1. Se ending before fork of RS; cell M, one and a half times its

petiole; ventro-basal lobe on basistyles of male hypopygium

present . . thornei.

Se ending beyond ‘fork of RS: cell M, ree es three aad. a half

times its petiole; ventro-basal lobe absent . : 2.

2. Pleura with dark longitudinal stripe; wings (fig. 74, a) aie dante

brown clouds; RS relatively long, 7.e. two and a half times

the length of Rg,3,4; ninth tergite of male hypopygium with

deep median V . medialis.

Pleura unstriped; wings e (Be. 74, b) anelonded: RS relatively

short, 7.e. one and a half times the sit of Ry,3,4; ninth

tergite with wide median U ; ; ; : . griseiceps.

Larvae and pupae.—It is at present, due to the few specimens available for

study, difficult to provide a key for the differentiation of the species, which are

closely allied in appearance and structure.

Pseudolimnophila medialis (Alex.).

Figs. 61, a-d; 62-64.

1921. pp. 204-205 (Limnophila).

1924. p. 6 (in key) (Pseudolumnophila).

The holotype described by Alexander is a female.

3: Length 7-5-7-8 mm., wing 7-3-8 mm. Head light brown, a

long narrow diamond mark on vertex, apex of which is continued to

end of the low tubercle (which is bifid in most females); long black

setae comprise the cephalic chaetotaxy. Antennae slightly shorter

than those of female, but similar in shape, six to seven times the length

of head (rostrum excluded).

Pronotum light brownish yellow. Mesonotal praescutum warm

brown, the two narrow darker brown stripes separated by a median

vitta, half the width of a single stripe, this vitta continued caudally

between the scutal lobes, the caudal and central areas of which are

dark brown; lateral stripes of praescutum indistinct, dusky, concealing

the ground colour along the lateral edges of the sclerite. Pleura light

dirty yellow with a broad, dark brown, longitudinal stripe from the

neck sclerites to the junction of the abdomen, dilated slightly beneath

the wing; anterior spiracle encircled by a dusky fringe of this colour;

196 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fic. 61.—Pseudolimnophila medialis (Alex.). a, wing; 6, ninth tergite (dorsal

view); c, gonapophysis; d, tip of aedeagal sheath. Pseudolimnophila griseiceps

(Alex.). e, wing; f, male hypopygium (dorsal view), inner dististyle enlarged.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 197

(some specimens with the thoracic ground colour darker, so that the

entire praescutum is dark brown with only the thin median vitta

affording a lighter coloration for the sclerite). Legs dull yellow.

Wings (fig. 61, a) with dark brown clouds as described by Alexander;

RS two and a half times the length of petiole R,,3,,, appearing

relatively long; cell M, three times its petiole.

Male hypopygium as in male of Pseudolumnophila griseiceps, but

revealing these differences: ninth tergite with a deep median V

extending to near the cephalad margin of tergite, apices truncate

(fig. 61, 6). Gonapophyses undilated at base (fig. 61, c). Apex of

aedeagal sheath (fig. 61, d) rounded; apices of lateral surfaces with

numerous stiff microscopic hairs.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape ErovmeesOudebosch (K: HE B.C. W. T.,

H. G. W.), January 1935.

Larva.—Length 14-15 mm., diameter 1 mm. Colour rich golden-

yellow, paler towards caudal segments; coloration due to the micro-

scopic integumental pubescence on dorsal and ventral surfaces; head

capsule blackish brown.

Body slender, terete, uniformly wide after the thoracic segments;

ultimate segment swollen ventrally. Abdominal sternites 2-7 with

transverse creeping pads situated anteriorly; opposite on tergites 2—5

a double transverse constriction, on tergites 6-7 a single constriction

opposite caudal end of creeping pad; each posterior annulus thus

formed with a single round mark on tergites and sternites 1-6, that

on tergite 7 indistinct; a similar spiracle or mark on each pleuro-

sternal margin of the thoracic segments. Chaetotaxy not apparent.

Spiracular disc (fig. 62, e) surrounded by five lobes, each blunt

ventral lobe with a brown triangular spot on the face, each lateral

lobe lined by a brown crescent, swollen ventrally, the single dorsal

lobe lmed by a dusky rectangular spot. Spiracles large, circular,

separated by twice the diameter of a single spiracle, outer ring narrow,

dark brown; inner portion black. Anal gills four, ovate, with a

slight inner constriction near apex, anterior pair directed laterally.

Head capsule massive, compact, consisting of three plates; lateral

plates curved, large, chitinised; apices membranous; dorsal plate

triangular; apex caudad membranous. Antenna (fig. 62, d) bi-

segmented, short-cylindrical, length of basal segment twice its

diameter, auditory plate almost basal in position; apical segment

subglobular or hemispherical, practically as wide as the basal seg-

ment, with three to six minute papillae at its base; junction of

198 Annals of the South African Museum.

antennae with head capsule partially surrounded by a dense ring of

hairs. Mandible (fig. 62, f) massive, powerful, broad at base, a single

ant,

CC tie

MOQ II

or 1

ap .

fh yy

/ Yyaee

/ cys)

/ | z

‘

COONS ‘ae

Fig. 62.—Larva of Pseudolimnophila medialis (Alex.). a, mentum, prementum

- and hypopharynx (ventral view); 6, maxilla; c, labrum (dorsal view); d, antenna;

é, spiracular disc; jf, mandible.

seta at heel of mandible, tip produced to a slender point or tooth,

dorsad of which is a single sharp tooth, ventral cutting-edge with

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 199

two stout teeth. Maxilla (fig. 62, 6): cardo elongate, transverse,

with four setiferous punctures; outer lobe with a tuft of setae at

inner apical angle, palpus at its tip conspicuous, bearing six to eight

minute papillae, inner lobe of maxilla densely pubescent apically,

several elongate setae on inner margin, palpus on mesal apical region

minute, bearing several microscopic papillae, the whole partially

concealed by the pubescence of the lobe. Labrum (fig. 62, c) broad,

short, dorsal surface densely pubescent, lateral margins of labrum

with six to ten slender juxtaposed papillae, apices truncate, epi-

pharyngeal surface with a flattened median lobe, minutely spinose

or papillate, apex bluntly rounded, each outer apical angle of lobe

with two slender sensory papillae, apices truncate; outer margins of

lobe fringed with short hairs; on either side of the lobe’s origin a

chitinised horseshoe-shaped structure bearing a setiferous puncture,

enclosing four to six minute papillae; between this horseshoe structure

and the base of the lobe a setiferous puncture. Hypopharynx

(fig. 62, a) a large flattened lobe, outer margin evenly rounded,

surface densely set with small subacute spines or papillae. Pre-

mentum (fig. 62, a) a moderately broad plate, outer margin slightly

concave, surface minutely pubescent. Mentum (fig. 62, a) heavily

chitinised, almost completely divided, outer (ventral) face terminating

in a single median truncate tooth, behind which is a tridentate plate,

lateral teeth conical, median tooth smaller, evenly rounded.

Pupa (fig. 63, a).—Length ¢ 9 mm., 9 11 mm.; diameter 1-5-

1:8 mm. Colour pale orange, eyes dusky brown, mature pupae

darkened warm sepia; breathing horns blackened basally, apices dark

reddish brown. Cephalic crest pronounced, a large setiferous tubercle

on each of the antero- and the postero-lateral corners; a large cone

at and connected to the origin of the antenna, conspicuous from a

lateral aspect (fig. 63, a), not pronounced (ventral view) (fig. 63, c);

antennae (fig. 63, d) moderately long, extending to base of wing pads;

basal region swollen slightly, remainder slender. Labrum (fig. 63, 5)

evenly rounded; labial lobes indentate medially, each lobe evenly

rounded. Maxillary palpi directed backwards, lying along margin of

cheek, wide at origin, tapering to narrow apices. Frons with a seta

laterad of the median line.

Thoracic pronotum convex, with a low median carina; a pair of

setae ventrad to base of breathing horns, which are slender; apices

directed ventrad; tracheal tube conspicuous. Lateral angle of thorax

with a pair of setae. A single seta above wing axil; a seta above

wing axilla and two setae on either side of median line comprise the

200 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fic. 63.—Pupa of Pseudolimnophila medialis (Alex.). a, lateral view;

hb, mouth parts; c, head (ventral view); d, antennal sheath.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 201

mesonotal chaetotaxy. Leg sheaths end in male just beyond posterior

margin of abdominal segment 5, in female opposite basal annulus of

abdominal segment 5, apices of outer tarsi slightly longer than those of

inner pairs. Wing pads end opposite posterior margin of abdominal seg-

ment 2, with the typical Pseudolimnophilan venation in mature pupae.

Abdominal segments subdivided into two annuli, the dorsal basal

annuli of segments 3-7 subdivided into two annulets; sternites 4—7

divided into a narrow basal annulus and a broad posterior annulus;

lateral margins of abdominal segments carinate. Segment | (basal

annulus): a seta on antero-lateral angle, pair of setae dorsad and

mesad; (posterior annulus) a pair of similar anterior setae, a sub-

terminal row of three setae. Dorsa of segments 2-7 (posterior

annulus): subterminal transverse row of spines, intermingled with

this row several delicate setae, a single seta at antero-lateral angle;

venter of same annuli of segments 5-7 with similar rows of spines,

fewer in number, laterad of this row on segments 5-7 and in a cor-

responding position on segments 3 and 4 two setae; venter of all

posterior annuli with an anterior seta on either side of median line.

Pleura (basal annuli) of segments 2-7 with a distinct spiracle, cephalad

and dorsad of which is a delicate seta; (posterior annuli) with two

mesal setae, caudad of which is a group of numerous spines and a

single seta. Dorsal scabrous areas on the basal annuli of segments 3-7

and on posterior annuli of segments 2-4.

S and © cauda (fig. 64): Dorsum of eighth segment constricted

transversely, spiracles on basal annulus conspicuous, laterad and

cephalad to each spiracle an elongate seta, cauded of which are three

slender acute teeth; venter with two lateral chitinised lobes directed

caudad and ventrad, separate in male but meeting in female, bearing

a row of large, chitinised, acute hooks. Dorsum of posterior annulus

with two large, conical setiferous tubercles, cephalad and laterad

of which is a seta. Male cauda (fig. 64, c): tergal sheaths short,

wide at origin, tapering to slender rounded dorsally directed apices,

bearing two setae; sternal sheaths biramous; intermediate between

tergal and sternal sheaths a median lobe, indentate medially. Female

cauda (fig. 64, a, b): tergal sheaths wide at origin, tapering gradually

to slender apices, two setae on outer apical surface; sternal sheaths

not as prominent, conical, each sheath with a large lateral lobe

directed ventrad and caudad.

Remarks.—Hart (1898, pp. 202-204) and Alexander (1920a, pp. 851-

852) recorded that the immatures of the North American Pseudo-

limnophila luterpennis and P. inornata were characteristic swamp

202 Annals of the South African Museum.

inhabitants, frequenting rich organic mud. The three S.W. Cape

Pseudolimnophila bred by Mr. Thorne and the author occurred in

rotting logs in forest areas.

““Oudebosch”’ is the remains of a large indigenous forest which

once skirted the foot of the River Zonder End Range on the southern

escarpment side. Fire due to the promiscuous veld-burning by the

surrounding farmers or to the careless “smoking out” of wild bees’

nests by coloured folk, and the systematic cutting of the principal

Fic. 64.—Pupa of Pseudolimnophila medialis (Alex.). a, female cauda (lateral

view); b, dorsal view; c, male cauda (lateral view).

trees, have taken their toll. Oudebosch, however, is still a paradise

for the collector of Tipulidae, offering several different types of

habitat within a small area—treeless Restio ridges, shallow purling

mountain streams with sandy margins, mossy boles of trees, decaying

logs and forest-clearings with a carpet of rotting leaves.

Several decaying logs in the immediate vicinity of a small stream

yielded the immatures of this species (January 1935). On the under-

side of one decaying log resting just above the splashing stream were

found several newly emerged adults of Pseudolimnophila medialis and

numerous pupal exuviae; the latter with the anterior portion from

the end of the tarsal sheaths projecting. From a similar log larvae

were reared, these occurred to a depth of three inches, being confined

to the softer saturated portions of the log. The type of tunnel eaten

by the larvae and the mode of emergence of the adults as in

Limnophilomyra lactectarsus.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 203

Pseudolimnophila griseiceps (Alex.).

Ionfi, Cll By js

1921. p. 206 (Lomnophila).

1924. p. 7 (in key) (Pseudoliamnophila).

The holotype described by Alexander is a female.

3g: Length 8-5 mm., wing 10-5 mm. Head dark grey to black,

slightly paler than the eyes. Antennae similar to those of P. medialis

Alex. in shape and length, 7.e. six times the length of head (rostrum

excluded), 16-jointed.

Pronotum lightish yellow, similar in colour to the pleura; longi-

tudinal stripe of latter absent. Mesonotal praescutum light yellowish

brown with deep reddish-brown stripe split by a capillary median

vitta; lateral stripes arising from the posterior margin of the sclerite,

not extending to lateral edges, which reveal consequently the ground

colour; lateral stripes almost confluent with median stripe, separation

barely perceptible. Scutal lobes reddish brown; pleura light yellow;

longitudinal stripe absent. Wings (fig. 61, e) unclouded (see Alex-

ander, 1921, p. 206); RS one and a half times the length of petiole

Roi3:4 appearing relatively short; cell M, three to three and a half

times its petiole.

Tergites of abdomen pale brown; sternites dirty yellow. Hypo-

pygium (fig. 61, f) with ninth tergite having a wide median U, apices

subacute. Basistyles short, stout; outer dististyle pubescent, broad

(lateral aspect), ventral margin prolonged into a chitinised sickle-

shaped hook, bearing several stout acute spines; inner dististyle a

fleshy lobe whose onter surface is concave, forming a shallow groove

into which fits the outer dististyle when at rest. Basal inner margins

of basistyle connected to dilation of the gonapophyses which are

produced into slender lobes. Aedeagus partially surrounding penis,

chitinised, with the usual “‘latera” for the attachment of muscles;

apex of sheath trilobed on ventral margin.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Oudebosch (K. H.

Hs Gy Wey anwary 1935) (C2 We

September 1937; Harkerville (G. A.

January 1938.

Remarks.—Mrs. Wood, Mr. Thorne and the author collected larvae

and pupae of this species from a barkless decaying log of Halleria

204 Annals of the South African Museum.

capensis in Oudebosch forest-clearing (January 1937). The log

rested on the leaf-bedecked ground some sixty yards from the nearest

stream. The larvae occurred at varying depths, being as far down

as one and a quarter inches.

Pseudolimnophila thorner sp.n.

Fig. 65.

6: Length 7-5 mm., wing 9mm.; 98:5 mm., wing 9mm. Head, -

rostrum and antennae dull yellowish brown. Antennae three to four

times the length of head (rostrum excluded), flagellar joints oval.

Thorax dull yellowish brown with three slightly darker brown prae-

scutal stripes; scutal lobes dark brown; postnotum blackish brown.

Pleura yellowish brown with dark brown longitudinal stripe extending

from the cervical sclerites to base of abdomen. Halteres light brown,

knobs darker. Coxae and trochanters yellowish brown, remaining

joints dark brown. Wings (fig. 65, a) suffused with black, with

definite blackish-brown spots and clouds. Sc ends before fork of RS

by a distance equal to basal deflection of R,,,; Sc, twice Scy; RS

two and a half times the length of petiole R,,5,,, appearing relatively

long; R, joining R, before the tip by its own distance, inserted at

mid-length of R; cell M, one and a half its petiole; anterior arculus

lacking.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, sternites dull testaceous yellow;

hypopygium (fig. 65, b) dark brown. Ninth tergite large, concealing

the aedeagus, caudal margin undulating, with median V, apices

subacute. Basistyles stout, a membranous area on dorsal surface,

ventro-basal lobe slender, prominent. Outer dististyle pubescent,

broad, dilated mesally, apex sharply bent into a short, spineless,

sickle-shaped hook; inner dististyle pubescent, forming a shallow

sroove into which fits the outer dististyle. Basal inner margin of

basistyle connected to the gonapophysis by strip of chitinised tissue;

gonapophyses semicircular, attached to aedeagus, curving dorsad and

fusing with the membranous region of the aedeagus. Aedeagus

(fig. 65, c, d) consisting of two slender chitinised rods lying close to

the penis, easily separated under slight pressure of a needle point,

latero-basal projections of aedeagus prominent. Penis (fig. 65, c)

chitinised, slightly bulbous basally, tubelike, apex truncate.

Localitues—Cape Peninsula: Fernwood (C. W. T.), April 1936.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 205

Remarks.—The adult flies are separated easily from the two 8.W.

Cape species: P. griseiceps and P. medialis by the venation and wing

| markings, the shape of the ninth tergite and the presence of a

ventro-basal lobe on the basistyles.

; Fic. 65.—Pseudolimnophila thornet sp.n. a, wing; 6b, male hypopygium (dorsal

view); c, penis and aedeagal sheath; d, tip of aedeagal sheath enlarged.

Adult flies of this species were bred by Mr. Thorne from larvae

collected at Fernwood Ravine (March 1936). They were in a

saturated rotting log of Cunonia capensis, which lay over the shallow

| streamlet.

Genus LimNopHILomyIA Alex.

1921. Limnophila subgen. Limnophilomyza, p. 208.

206 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genotype: Limnophilomyia lacteitarsus Alex.

(Southern Ethiopian region).

Imago.—Rostrum short, not exceeding rest of head, labium

triangular, pointed; male antennae elongate, twice the length of

combined head and thorax; female antennae equal in length to com-

bined head and thorax, 16-jointed, flagellar joints with short sub-basal

verticils; tibial spurs absent; wings with Sc long, terminating at

fork of RS, Sc, equal in length to Sc,; tip of R, frequently indistinct,

R, lacking, cell R, deep and gradually divergent, longer than its

petiole; RS long, four times m-cu; vein R, in a straight line with

RS; Ist M, cell small, almost square; cell M, lacking; male hypo-

pygium simple, basistyles elongate, slender, each bearing apically a

single elongate dististyle one-half its length; aedeagus a slender tube

surrounding the elongate slender penis; female ovipositor with

acicular chitinised valves.

Larva.—Body elongate, slender, thoracic segments the most

prominent, conspicuous dorsal and ventral pedal warts on abdominal

segments 2-7. Spiracular disc a minute dorsal projection at apex

of abdomen, lobes absent, spiracles narrow, slitlike. Head capsule

massive, compact, of one dorsal and two lateral plates; antennae

unsegmented, cylindrical, with an apical papilla; mandible powerful,

short, stout, apical surface bearing a ring of five teeth; maxilla with

outer lobe having an apical palpus, inner lobe equal in length, its

pubescence forming a brush of setalike hairs; labrum broad, entire

surface covered with setalike hairs; hypopharynx a broad flat collar,

anterior margin with six to eight stout teeth; mentum a chitinised

plate, anterior margin with five stout teeth. Anal gills four,

conspicuous, with tracheae.

Pupa.— Cepbalic crest small, ‘a transverse ridge. Pronotal

breathing horns thin, flattened, tapering blades. Abdominal seg-

ments devoid of spinal armature but having short setae; a basal

transverse scurfy welt on abdominal segments 3-6. Highth segment

of cauda with two dorsal rounded setiferous lobes, male cauda with

tergal and sternal sheaths of equal length, former tapering to dorsally

curved spines; tergal sheaths of female cauda the longer and more

chitinised.

This genus contains the single species formerly placed in a subgenus

Inmnophilomyia Alex. of the genus Limnophila Macquart. The

absence of tibial spurs in the imago, the primitive organisation of

the immature forms and their intimate relationship with those of the

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 207

lower subtribes of the tribe Hexatomina render it impossible for the

inclusion of this fly in the genus Limnophila. It is necessary,

consequently, to raise the subgenus Limnophilomyia of Alexander

(1921, pp. 208-209) to generic rank.

Inmnophilomyia lacteitarsus Alex.

Figs. 66-68.

1921. pp. 209-210 Limnophila (Liamnophilomyia).

Additional notes as follows :—

$: Length 7 mm., wing 7-7 mm. Entire head with a pubescence

of black hairs.

Alexander’s description of the male antennae is excellent: scapal

joint 2 is globular; terminal flagellar joint minute (fig. 66, f), sub-

piriform. Pseudosutural foveae light yellow. Hach side of thorax

with following chaetotaxy (fig. 66, b): pronotum two setae; meso-

notal praescutum with row of twelve to thirteen setae on lateral

surface; scutum two setae near caudal margin; scutellum twelve to

twenty delicate setae, covering entire sclerite; junction of mesepi-

sternum and mesosternum with a horizontal row of four setae; mesal

region of mesepisternum with a vertical row of five to six setae; caudad

of origin of latter a row of four to six setae. Halteres elongate, ending

in white fleshy knobs (not black). All legs similar to the posterior

leg described by Alexander; claws black. Tibial spurs absent.

Wings (fig. 66, a): As in Alexander. Numerous specimens from

the following list of localities show: Sc, and Sc, at tip of Sc, equal

in length, ending opposite fork of RS (Sc, does not project “‘con-

siderably beyond Sc,” and is not “nearly four times the length of

Sc, alone”). In this respect the holotype is abnormal. A single

male had M, and M, joined just before the wing margin (with cell

lst M, consequently closed) and the tip of R, distinct, reaching wing

margin.

Abdomen dark brown, rather long. Alexander writes: “‘ Hypo-

pygium rather small, the pleurites moderately stout, elongate, the

long, slender, yellow pleural appendages lie on the dorsal face of the

pleurites, and are subsinuous with the tips bent slightly outward.”’

Ninth tergite and sternite fused, latter incomplete with a resultant

gap ventrad to origin of penis, ventral edges produced slightly; caudal

margin of tergite produced into two conspicuous pubescent processes,

Fic. 66.—Limnophilomyia lacteitarsus Alex. a, wing; 0b, thorax (lateral view);

¢, ovipositor (lateral view); d, IXth tergite and male hypopygium (lateral view);

e, dorsal view of same; f, male antenna.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 209

almost one-half the length of the basistyles, tips truncate (fig. 66, d, e),

apical outer margin twisted ventrally. Basistyles uniformly narrow

(dorsal aspect), base bulbous, tapering to a stout, bluntly rounded

apex (lateral aspect); dististyle (as in Alexander) sparsely haired.

Aedeagus simple, merely a sheath surrounding penis; lateral basal

surface giving rise to a bladelike projection, directed cephalad, and

to a short gonapophysis, dorsally directed, connected to inner base

of the basistyle. Penis elongate, curved dorsally, bulbous base

rounded with a triangular basal blade (fig. 66, d).

Female similar to male in colour, chaetotaxy and venation. An-

tennae a miniature of that of male, slightly less than the length of

the combined head and thorax, similar in shape and pubescence.

Abdomen with ninth tergite reduced, a narrow ring surrounding

most of the tenth tergite; latter hairy, uniformly wide (dorsal view),

supporting the slender, acicular, sightly curved tergal valves, and

ventrally giving rise to two fleshy hairy lobes; eighth sternite

supporting apically the carinate, chitinised sternal valves, mesal

portion of each being split and giving rise to an extra acicular

valvelet (fig. 66, c).

Localities—Cape Peninsula: Oudekraal Ravine (G. A. W.,

H. G. W.), August 1933; Window Gorge (K.

H. G. W.), November 1932; Platteklip (K.

H. G. W.), November 1933.

Cape Province: French Hoek Pass: (Hi. G. W.),

December 1934; (East side) (K. H. B.) October 1933;

Landdrost (K. H. B., C. W. T., H. G. W.), January

1gS3eesteenbrass (Ky EH Be CW. i. eG. WwW.)

November 1932; Oudebosch (C. W. T., H. G. W.),

January 1933 and 1934; (H. G. W.) September 1937;

Bains Kloof (East side) (K. H. B., H. G. W.), May

1933; du Noms oot road (G.. As Ws CW. T..

H. G. W.), September 1933; Seven Weeks Poort

(H. G. W.), January 1935; Palmiet River (G. A. W.,

H. G. W.), January 1937.

Larva.-—Length 19-20 mm. Coloration of thoracic segments

golden-yellow due to the short pubescence; abdominal segments to

segment 6 dark brownish black due to contents of alimentary

system; remainder of abdomen frequently devoid of food, consequent

coloration of this region pale white; integument transparent; apex

of spiracular disc and the tracheal tubes caudad of the anal gills a

hght brown.

VOT X XRT, 14

leh, 16).

Jol,” bie,

(

Vip wii y

\\\

BOoOk5

Pid ICS

a lad

—

U ~

Fig. 67.—Larva of Limnophilomyia lacteitarsus Alex. a, head capsule (dorsal

view) showing underlying mentum and hypopharynx; 6, end of abdomen (ventral

view) with anal gills and anus; c, slitlike spiracles; d, mentum; e, labrum and

antennae; f, mandible; g, antennal papillae; h, maxilla.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 211

Body elongate, terete, slender, thoracic segments the most promi-

nent, prothoracic segment divided into two rings by a faint con-

striction; pleural regions of the posterior ring, the dorsum and the

venter of the mesothoracic and the venter of the metathoracic seg-

ment produced; conspicuous dorsal and ventral pedal warts on

abdominal segments 2-6, each about one-half the diameter of the

particular segment, situated anteriorly on segments 2—4, but nearer

the mesal regions on segments 5-6, the dorsal warts anterior to the

level of the ventral, each with numerous rows of microscopic hooks

fringed by stiff short setae; first abdominal segment short; second

and third each twice the length of first segment; fourth-seventh

gradually becoming longer, actual segmentation of the latter indistinct ;

a slight constriction immediately cephalad of the anus.

Chaetotaxy: anterior ring of prothoracic segment two setae on

meso-lateral surface, posterior ring with two pleural setae, dorsad and

ventrad a single anterior seta; meso- and metathoracic segments five

scattered setae and two ventral setae, one anterior and one posterior.

Abdominal segment 1 with four evenly spaced pleural setae, two setae

on each side of dorsum near posterior margin; segments 2-3 with

one pleural seta on a level with pedal wart, three pleural setae two-

thirds from anterior margin and three pleural setae near posterior

margin; segment 4 with arrangement as in previous segment except

for a single posterior seta; segments 5-7 as in segment 4.

Spiracular disc (fig. 67, b, c) a minute dorsal projection at the apex

of the abdomen, lobes absent, spiracles parallel to one another,

narrow, slithke. Anal gills (fig. 67, b) four, conspicuous, each gill

constricted transversely into four apparent segments; tracheae visible.

Head capsule (fig. 67, a) massive, compact, consisting of three

plates, the lateral plates curved, large, chitinised along their junction

to dorsal plate, apical portion of each plate membranous; ventral

origin of each plate with a rounded chitinised area (ventral aspect);

dorsal plate short, with a wide median U, apices membranous, acute.

Antennae (fig. 67, e, g) unsegmented, cylindrical, about one-quarter

the length of the mandible, apex with a large conical papilla, at base

of which occur three minute sensory pegs and two elongate setae.

Mandible (fig. 67, f) short, stout, massive, outer basal surface with

two setae, apical surface bearing a ring of five teeth, the second

tooth the largest, the first tooth frequently split into two slender

teeth, the remaining teeth becoming abruptly smaller. Maxilla

(fig. 67, h): cardo long and narrow, subtransverse, with three con-

spicuous setae; outer lobe pubescent along outer margin, palpus

Fic. 68.—Pupa of Limnophilomyia lacteitarsus Alex. a, side view of pupa;

6, mouth parts; c, fifth abdominal segment (ventral view); d, breathing horn, with

further enlargement of marginal striae; e, male cauda (lateral view); jf, female

cauda (lateral view.).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 213

short, flattened, disc-like, partially surrounded by a tuft of moder-

ately long setae and having several conical sensory pegs at its apex;

inner lobe equal in length although much more slender than outer

lobe, with one mesal and one apical seta, apex with a conical papilla,

pubescence of lobe forming a thick brush of long setalike hairs.

Labrum (fig. 67, e) broad, entire surface covered with setalike hairs.

Hypopharynx (fig. 67, a) a broad flat collar, anterior margin with

six to eight stout blunt teeth; lateral edges of collar produced

ventrally, bearing a few short hairs. Mentum (fig. 67, a, d) a broad,

heavily chitinised plate, anterior margin with five blunt, stout teeth,

middle tooth the largest.

Pupa (fig. 68, a): Length 12 mm., diameter 1-4-1-6 mm. Newly

formed pupae pure white with slight chitinisation on head and cauda;

older pupae yellowish cream; mature pupae with wing pads and legs

up to ends of tibiae black.

Cephalic crest small, a low transverse median ridge. Labrum

(fig. 68, b) broad, tapering to bluntly rounded apex; labial lobes

rounded apically, inner lateral corner pointed. Maxillary palpi long,

tapering to slender apices. Antenna (fig. 68, a) of female short,

extending to one-quarter the length of wing pad; male longer,

extending to three-quarters length of wing pad.

Thorax flattened somewhat dorso-ventrally. Pronotal breathing

horns (fig. 68, a, d) thin, slender, curved dorsad (lateral aspect);

narrow at origin, swollen mesally into a flat tapering blade, the margins

having horizontal chitinised striae (dorsal aspect). Dorsad of the

base of each breathing horn a small tubercle bearing two short setae.

Wing pads end opposite posterior margin of abdominal segment 2;

leg sheaths opposite end of segment 4, ends of tarsi forming blunt V,

the innermost tarsi the largest.

Abdominal segments slightly flattened dorso-ventrally, the pleural

regions slightly carinate. Entire segments densely covered with

acute microscopic spines; abdominal tergites 3-6 having a prominent

basal transverse welt with stout, acute chitinised spines. Chaetotaxy:

abdominal tergites 1-7 and sternites 5-7 with a transverse row of

eight evenly spaced setae near posterior margin, tergites 3-7 and

sternites 5-7 with an additional pair of setae on each meso-lateral

region (fig. 68, c); sternites 3-4 with three setae on either side of

leg sheaths, a mesal pair and a single posterior seta; laterad and

cephalad of wing-pad’s apex on segment 2 a pair of setae; pleura 3-7

with three setae, one anterior, one mesal and one posterior.

S$ cauda (fig. 68, e): Sternal sheaths contiguous medially, bluntly

214 Annals of the South African Museum.

rounded, projecting between the divergent tergal sheaths, which are

short, thick at origin, tapering to acute, dorsally curved, chitinised

apices, on inner side of which is a short seta. In meso-dorsal region

of tergal sheaths are two projecting rounded lobes, each bearing a

short seta.

nected to and concealed by the narrow tergal sheaths, which are larger,

more chitinised, tapering to blunt apices, on each side of which is

an acute, dorsally directed spine and three minute setae; meso-lateral

lobes as in male.

Remarks.—The darkly coloured adults are easily recognisable by

their characteristic “white feet.”” They occur on the underside of

logs in which the immatures live, the entire colony being extremely

restricted in its distribution. In open, treeless, mountainous areas,

such as in the Steenbras area, Hottentots-Holland Mountains, the

adults are found among the reeds (Restiaceae), which overgrow and

partially conceal the actual streamlet. The adults may be captured

while one is worming a way on hands and knees through the reeds *

—sweeping is of little avail. In these regions it is probable that the

immatures inhabit the roots and rotting stems of the reeds.

Several larvae were collected at Window Gorge (July 1932) in a

decaying log of Rooiels (Cunonia capensis) on the edge of a water-

fall pool. The larvae were found one to one and a half inches above,

but the majority occurred two to three inches below the water-level,

this portion of the log being constantly in contact with the water of

the pool. The surface of the log was soft, barkless and saturated.

The larvae tunnel parallel to and just below the rotten surface, often

to a depth of one and a half inches. Prior to pupation the larva

eats its way to above the water-level and almost to the log’s surface,

being separated from the exterior by a layer of wood of infinitesimal

thinness. Thus a tunnel is made, wider than the width of the future

pupa. Pupation occurs near the exit covering; as a general rule the

tips of the breathing horns are two to four millimetres below the

exit. The larval skin is deposited in the tunnel. The pupa gradually

darkens. Aftersomesix days it bursts through the thin exit covering,

and the anterior portion from the middle of the tarsal sheaths projects

backwards. By prolonged and sustained effort the imago emerges

from the pupal case, which is left extruding from the old tunnel.

In Steenbras area (November 1932) two pupae and several pupal

* ““Grouting’’ is the term used by entomologists in the Fenlands in England.

[Ep.]

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 215

exuviae were collected from a damp rotten log near a streamlet in a

small group of trees. Three larvae were close by in another small

log. These were bred. Adults emerged in December 1932. Duration

of pupal stadium is six days (minimum). In this locality the larvae,

pupae and pupal exuviae were on the underside of the logs, which

were splashed from time to time by the streamlet.

In copula the female rests on the log with the wings folded length-

wise over the abdomen. The male hangs head downwards but with

the wings similarly folded, the legs being spread out and free from

any support.

Genus LimnopHina Macquart.

1834. p. 95.

Imago.—Rostrum short, not exceeding rest of head; antennae

16-jointed; wings with Sc moderately long, terminating before fork

of RS by distance equal to Sc, (except venaguttula, where Sc is long,

terminating at fork of R,,5,,); R, present, meeting R, just before

wing margin by a distance equal to its own length, thus R,,, short;

RS elongate, four to five times m-cu; three branches of RS present;

celle very deep; ‘cell Ist M, present: cell M, present, equal to or

less than its petiole in length (except venaguttula, where cell M, is

one and a half its petiole); in male hypopygium basistyles short to

elongate with two dististyles articulating apically; aedeagus a shallow

simple cup surrounding penis; female ovipositor valves short and

broad, not acicular.

Larva.—Body slender, terete. Spiracular disc surrounded by four

lobes, inconspicuous or prominent, fringed with elongate hairs. Anal

gills four, short. Head capsule very dissected. Mandible massive,

tip produced to a slender point, cutting-edge with three to four

teeth. Maxilla an elongate, flattened, projecting blade. Antenna

one- or two-segmented; if latter, basal segment broad, second seg-

ment elongate, cylindrical with minute papillae at apex. Labrum

broad, armed with various papillae and setae. Prementum reduced,

inconspicuous; mentum heavily chitinised, consisting of two lateral

rods and a transverse bar.

Pupa.—Cephalic crest reduced. Pronotal breathing horns short,

usually cylindrical. Abdominal segments armed with acute or

castellate spines, lateral margins often carinate. Tergal and sternal

sheaths of cauda conspicuous, large; dorsum of eighth segment with

square of four lobes, with a few setae or small spines nearby.

216 Annals of the South African Museum.

Three of the four species of Limnophila occurring in the 8.W. Cape

have been bred. The agile larvae are to be found in gravelly sandy

spits and in organic saturated mud at the margin of shallow streamlets

and rills.

Key to Species of Limnophila.

Imagos.

1. Wings unspotted or unclouded except for the stigma . «| 2.

Wings with marked pattern of spots and blotches . 3.

2. Antenna with flagellar joints 1-3 subglobular, enlarged, be

coming abruptly less broad and slightly shorter; tergal

valves of ovipositor tapering to rounded apices, sternal

valves with more than ten apical setae; male hypopygium

with a pronounced ventro-basal lobe on each basistyle . crepusculum.

Antenna with flagellar joints 1-4 subglobular, the first joint

the largest, joints 2-4 gradually becoming less broad, about

equal in length; tergal valves of ovipositor abruptly rounded

apically, sternal valves with six to ten delicate apical

setae; male hypopygium without a ventro-basal lobe on

basistyle : : : : : : : : - nox.

3. Wings (fig. 69, a, b) with heavy pattern of spots which tend to

merge together in apical portion of wing; cell M, small,

equal to or less than length of its petiole, supernumerary

cross-vein in cell M distad to origin of RS : dubiosa.

Wings (fig. 77, a) with light pattern of spots which are sleanie

separate; cell M, longer than its petiole, supernumerary

cross-vein in cell M at or proximad to origin of RS... . venagutiula.

Larvae.

—

Four conspicuous lobes on spiracular disc (fig. 70, f); cutting-

edge of mandible with four teeth (fig. 70, a); maxilla long,

slender, outer lobe pronounced, apex hyaline . 5 dubiosa.

Four inconspicuous spiracular lobes (fig. 74, f); cutting- as

of mandible with three teeth (fig. 74, 6); maxilla a long,

flattened, projecting blade : : 2.

2. Body colour a dark golden-yellow due to tite ane likasiene

pubescence of the integument . : : : ‘ . crepusculum.

General coloration white or cream, pubescence scanty, more

pronounced towards caudal segments but never prominent oz.

Pupae.

1. Abdominal segments flattened dorso-ventrally, lateral margins

incised, the carinate margins consequently being pronounced

flattened blades (fig. 71, e); abdominal armature of mam-

miliform spines (fig. 71, a,c) . 4 : : : . dubiosa.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 217

Abdominal segments normal, not flattened dorso-ventrally,

lateral margin not carinate (fig. 75, e) , 2 ee

2. Pronotal breathing horns tapering. Mesonotal ridges shane,

spinose (figs. 75, e; 76, a). Abdominal armature of simple

spines (fig. 75,f) . : : : : . crepusculum.

Pronotal breathing horns not tapering: Mesonotal ridges low,

crenulate (figs. 76, 6, c). Abdominal armature of castellate

spines (fig. 76, f) . 3 : : 3 : : = eNOL.

Limnophila dubiosa Alex.

Figs. 69-71.

1917. pp. 156-157 (2? Limnophila).

Alexander’s description of the antennae of the holotype mae is

sound. Since “but six flagellar segments remain,” additional notes

are as follows: antennae of male slightly more than twice the length

of that of the major female; 16-jointed, flagellar joints 7-12 uniform,

cylindrical, gradually becoming shorter; penultimate joint slightly

shorter than previous joint, apical portion dilated; ultimate joint

one-half the penultimate in length, of similar shape, apex with three

to six short, stout setae (fig. 69, c).

Male hypopygium with ninth tergite and sternite fused to form a

uniformly wide segment, the caudal margin of former with a pro-

nounced median indentation (fig. 69, g). Basistyles elongate, slender,

with a microscopic pubescence and numerous large scattered setae.

Outer dististyle a flattened chitinised blade, narrow at its origin,

apical margin square, outer apical surface with a single row of small

black spines, directed apically, ultimate spine more pronounced,

acute; inner dististyle a fleshy lobe with scattered setae. Gonapo-

physis a slender, narrow, chitinised rod, attached to dorsal inner

surface of the basistyle, apex uneven, lower mesal surface giving rise

to a chitinised rodlike projection, apex of which is acute. The

conspicuous aedeagal structure deep, broad, cup-shaped, surrounding

the penis, the dorsal caudal angle of the cup pronounced, subglobular;

lateral base of cup giving rise to a bladelike projection, inner margin

of which has a minute constriction. Penis with slightly bulbous

base, tapering gradually to a narrow tip.

Alexander in his description of the holotype male (1917, p. 156)

(“this very interesting fly is, unfortunately, not in good condition’’)

states cell M, is absent. A careful re-examination of the holotype

and of sixty-three perfect specimens revealed that cell M, is present

(fig. 69, a), being formed by the branching of M,,., the petiole (M,,.)

218 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fic. 69.—Limnophila dubiosa Alex. a, wing of male and “major” female;

b, wing of “minor” female; c, male antenna; d, “‘major’ female antenna;

e, “minor” female antenna; f, ninth sternite (ventral view); g, male hypopygium

(dorsal view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 219

being equal in length to the vein M, in the male. Occasional females

possess M,,, about twice the length of vein M,.

Great variation occurs in the shape of the antennae and in the wing

venation and markings of the females, which, however, fall into two

more or less distinct groups. The major group, in which the wing

markings resemble those of the males, has the petiole slightly less

than the vein M,. The antennae of this group are as follows: scapal

joint 1 as broad as long, scapal joint 2 less broad than previous joint,

globular (fig. 69, d); flagellar joints 1-3 longer than the second

scapal joint, oval; joints 4-5 elongate-elliptical, being the longest

joints; joints 6-10 uniform in shape and length, narrow, shorter

than joint 4 or 5; joints 11-12 somewhat longer than joints 6-10,

penultimate and ultimate joints equal in length, each shorter than

joint 11 or 12, penultimate joint dilated at apex, ultimate joint

cylindrical, with a few setae at tip. Pubescence as in male.

The minor group has the petiole twice the length of vein M, and

the apices of the wings more densely clouded, the entire apical portion

being suffused with dense blackish brown as figured (fig. 69, b). The

wings are narrower than those of the major group. The antennae

are as follows (fig. 69, e): shorter than those of the major group,

about two-thirds the length of major group; scapal joint 1 longer than

broad, scapal joint 2 subglobular, relatively larger than that of major

group; flagellar joint 1 oval to subglobular, longer than the previous

joint but less broad; joints 2-4 slightly longer than first flagellar

joint, elongate-oval, the longest joint of the flagellum; joints 5-6

shghtly shorter but of similar shape; joints 7-12 uniform in shape,

length and width but shorter than joint 5 or 6, cylindrical, narrow;

penultimate joint undilated; ultimate joint piriform, shorter than

previous joint. Pubescence as in male.

A small percentage of females (less than 5 per cent.) reveal the

markings of the minor group yet possess the wing venation

characteristic of the major group.

Localities—Cape Peninsula: Fernwood and Nursery Ravines

(eT BeCa Weal. HG. W.); Platteklp (sine B:,

H. G. W.); Chapmans Peak (H.G. W.), January 1934.

Cape Province: Stellenbosch (K. H. B.), April 1931;

du Toits Kloof (West side) (C. W. T., H. G. W.),

April and October 1934; (G. A. W., H. G. W.)

September 1934; Seven Weeks Poort (K. H. B.,

C. W. T., H. G. W.), January 1935; Palmiet River

(G. A. W., H. G. W.), January 1937.

220 Annals of the South African Museum.

Larva.—Length 15-17 mm. (gills 2 mm.); diameter 1-2-1-5 mm.,

of distended ring 1-8-2 mm., at spiracular disc -8 mm. Colour dull

opaque white, penultimate segment warm buff.

Body slender, terete, pro- and mesothoracic segments slightly

narrowed, former truncate anteriorly; hyaline tips of maxillary palpi

projecting from the prothoracic orifice; ultimate segment narrowed;

frequently penultimate and ultimate segments distended to a pro-

nounced ring. Integument with microscopic appressed pale yellow

pubescence on dorsal and ventral surfaces, giving body a pale cream

coloration. Abdominal segments 2-6 with a bare white transverse

stripe giving the appearance of false segmentation at the anterior

third of the true segment, not apparent on the lateral surfaces.

Chaetotaxy: prothoracic dorsum and venter with three short,

single setae near anterior margin in the form of an equilateral triangle,

apex posterior; two tufts of longer setae in mesal region, a tuft at

level of apex of triangle on each pleural region. Meso- and meta-

thoracic segments with two of four dorsal, two lateral and two or

four ventral tufts forming a ring anterior to mid-region of segment.

Abdominal segment 1 with a ring of four dorsal, and two ventral

tufts posterior to mid-region, two ventral and two lateral tufts near

anterior margin. Abdominal segments 2—7 with two lateral anterior

tufts, posterior to this another two lateral tufts; a ring of four dorsal

and two ventral tufts near posterior margin; frequently segments 1-7

with two extra ventral tufts near mesal region of segments. Pen-

ultimate segment bare; ultimate segment (fig. 70, f) with a lateral

tuft of setae anterior to junction of spiracular disc; a dorsal fringe of

hairs, directed cephalad, at junction; immediately posterior to

junction a lateral tuft, on the diagonal intermediate between this tuft

and the spiracle a similar tuft, directed dorsad; four ventral tufts,

the outer pair at the tips of and the inner pair at the base of the

anterior anal gills.

Spiracular disc (fig. 70, f) surrounded by four lobes, densely fringed

with delicate black hairs of varying length, those at the apices of

lobes the longest, about one-half the length of the lateral lobes, which

at most are somewhat shorter than ventral pair; imner surfaces of

lobes bare, white. Spiracles situated at base of lateral lobes, just

visible from a dorsal aspect, margined by a ring of dark brown. Anal

gills four, stellate, stout, short, about twice the length of diameter

on anus, white, apices bluntly rounded.

Head capsule (fig. 70, e) very dissected, consisting of four mem-

branous plates, the dorsal pair margined by a heavily chitinised rod,

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 221

pronounced at cephalic end and produced inwards, apex fused to a

short narrow chitinised rod on the same plane as the base of the

labrum, the apex of this rod fitting into the posterior indentation of

the labrum; lateral pair of plates convex, with two narrow rods of

chitin near the margins, articulating ventrally with the caudal ends

of lateral rods of the mentum, dorsally at the area of heavy chitinisa-

tion of head capsule. Antenna (fig. 70, 6) apparently unsegmented,

long, slender, flattened, the basal half chitinised, this chitinisation

abruptly narrowed and continued as a slender rod for a short distance,

apical portion hyaline, with a large, hyaline, bi-segmented papilla

near the apex, situated on the caudal surface as the antenna is curved

caudally; first segment of papilla short, broad, with a basal seta on

caudal face, this seta slightly less than the length of the second seg-

ment, latter segment elongate-conical, tip rounded, base with a narrow

finely-sculptured annulus; tip of antenna narrowed, with two closely

placed minute papillae at apex. Mandible (fig. 70, a) massive,

heavily chitinised, tip produced to a slender point, cutting-edge at

mid-length with a single row of four flattened teeth, varying in

shape, usually the two anterior teeth slender, sharply pointed, the

third the largest, tapering to a blunt apex, the fourth truncate apically.

Maxilla with base chitinised, this chitinisation abruptly narrowed at

origin of outer lobe, continued up along outer margin to tip of lobe,

remainder of outer lobe hyaline, apex with two minute papillae;

palpus reduced to a mere rounded swelling on inner face. Labrum

(fig. 70, d) broad, postero-lateral corners rounded, the whole chitinised

except the thin hyaline membrane connecting the postero-lateral

corners to the ends of the lateral projections of the labrum, these

projections arising near the antero-lateral corners of labrum and

projecting caudally; mesal posterior margin indented slightly on

either side of the median rounded lobe; anterior margin rounded,

produced to two large hyaline median protuberances, the edges of

which are concave with a single pointed seta; near inner base of each

protuberance a hyaline papilla, tip rounded; adjacent to its base a

chalaza; posterior to its base a minute papilla; an odontoid process

at outer margin of each protuberance; sides of epipharynx with an

anterior brush of elongate delicate setae intermingled with three to

four stout setae. Mentum (fig. 70, e) a heavily chitinised bar, un-

grooved, articulating with two lateral chitinised rods which in turn

articulate at their bases with the ventral rods of the lateral capsule

plates. Immediately dorsad to the mentum bar is a pair of elongate

papillae (comprising the prementum), each papilla with a secondary

—

TT \\\\

‘Niki

ZA we

Gp a,

BB Y < :

Ay) \\

GAM AN

Ye % / h

nee

x ~

Fic. 70.—Larva of Limnophila dubiosa Alex. a, mandible; b, antenna; c, tip of

maxilla; d, labrum (dorsal view); e, head capsule (ventral view); jf, end of

abdomen (dorsal view).

Se eS Se ee eee See

PS ie

ee :

oe ee es Bs

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 223

papilla on the inner face about mid-length, two apical papillae, the

outer slightly longer and more slender than the inner papilla.

Pupa (fig. 71, e)—Length 9 mm., diameter 1-2-1-8 mm. Colour

sepia, mature pupae dark blackish brown; breathing horns light

brown with a central annulus, which is more pronounced on inner

surface, apparent even in exuviae; incisures of abdominal segments

in distended exuviae pale brown.

Cephalic crest small, consisting of two closely placed but separate

conical lobes, apices with three setae directed cephalad, another seta

on outer face above a minute indentation. Labrum (fig. 71, d)

broad, tapering abruptly to a broad truncate tip. Labial lobes thick

at origin, terminating in narrow proximad-directed chitinised points.

Maxillary palpi short, thick at their origin, tapering gradually to

blunt apices. Antenna of male greatly elongated, apex opposite one-

third the length of wing pad, origin at inner margins of the eyes

slightly crenulate; antenna of female shorter than that of male,

apex opposite one-quarter the length of wing pad. Thoracic pro-

notum flattened, carinate medially, the carina continued caudally to

mid-length of the high convex mesonotum. Pronotal breathing horns

(fig. 71, 6) cylindrical, divergent, each about length of head, uniformly

wide, edges crenulate to mid-length, pore pronounced, edges un-

serrated. Wing pads end immediately before the posterior margin

of abdominal segment 2, with typical Limnophilan venation. Leg

sheaths short, extending to posterior transverse row of spines on

abdominal segment 3, apices of tarsi level.

Abdominal segments flattened dorso-ventrally, especially in the 9;

lateral margins of abdominal segments deeply incised, the carinate

margins consequently being pronounced and bladelike, each segment

indistinctly divided into two annuli by a false constriction; posterior

annulus twice the length of basal one. Numerous stout spines of

varying shapes and sizes (fig. 71, a, c), caudally directed, comprise the

abdominal armature. The dorsum and venter of basal annulus of

each segment except 1, and the venter of abdominal segment 2 with

transverse row of these spines; carinate margins of this annulus bare;

dorsum and venter of each posterior annulus except abdominal seg-

ment 1 with a subterminal transverse row of spines; mesal surfaces

with several scattered spines arranged in three longitudinal rows of

two spines (fig. 71, a); some pupae with four longitudinal rows of

three to five spines; the spines on the venter without setae; those on

the dorsum setiferous, shape as in fig. 71, c. Carinate lateral margins

of this annulus with a single stout acute spine on the same level as

WU YN UY Lay

v V V

v Vv

YW vay Gly PV yy

e e

eee Tete ee lew A @erae oan

Nie

Fic. 71.—Pupa of Limnophila dubiosa Alex. a, fifth abdominal segment;

b, pronotal breathing horn; c, spines on abdominal segments; d, mouth parts;

e, pupa (lateral view); f, female cauda (lateral view); g, male cauda (lateral view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 225

the subterminal transverse row; anterior to this spine three smaller

stout bifid setiferous spines (fig. 71, a). Dorsum of abdominal seg-

ment 1 with two stout median setiferous spines. Venter of abdominal

segment 2 with three evenly spaced stout spines, adjacent to hind

tarsi, middle spine setiferous; subterminal posterior transverse row

of spines present. Subterminal ring of spines of abdominal segment 7

completely encircling the segment posteriorly.

g cauda (fig. 71, g): Tergal sheaths elongate, divergent, broad at

base, tapering to acute tips which bear on either side of the median

line two small closely placed subterminal setae, not projecting beyond

tips of the sheaths; sternal sheaths short, broad, fused medially from

a ventral view to near the bluntly rounded apices; dorsum of eighth

segment with a square of four elongate massive lobes tapering to

acute tips, the posterior pair of lobes longer and stouter, each with

two ventral subterminal setae; frequently two additional setae placed

cephalad on the dorsal surface; at base of each anterior lobe a blunt

bifid setiferous spine. On the same level as this spine on the pleural

region a large bare elongate lobe, acute, equal in size to the dorsal

anterior lobe; two small bifid setiferous spines, one dorsad, the other

ventrad to this pleural spinelike lobe; on the pleuro-sternal margin

another setiferous spine.

? cauda (fig. 71, f): Tergal sheaths elongate, slender, fused from a

dorsal aspect, tapering to narrowly rounded tips which bear a small,

slightly curved, acute spine, terminal in position; two to three sub-

terminal setae on dorsal surface; sternal sheaths slender, narrowing

to acute, somewhat hooked tips. Dorsum of eighth segment with

square of four lobes; posterior pair very broad at base, stout, tips

trilobed with a single seta on inner lobe; anterior pair of lobes broad

basally, tapering to acute tips; remainder of armature as in male.

Remarks.—The immature stages of Limnophila dubiosa are to be

found in gravelly sandy spits and in organic saturated mud at the

margins of shallow streamlets and rills. Pupation occurs in the drier

areas of these sandy spits. Average duration of pupal stadium is

nine days.

Some forty pupae were collected in an area of one square foot at

Fernwood Ravine (November 1933) and from these both the major

and minor types of females were reared.

Specimens from the first three localities listed reveal a continuous

sequence of imagos from llth November to 23rd April, with an

optimum emergence on 16th November (Nursery Ravine) and

4th December 1932 (Platteklip). The adults occur on the lower sides

VOL. XXXIX. 15

226 Annals of the South African Museum.

of the boulders and on the undercut banks of streams in shaded

woods, being easily recognisable in the field by their black colour,

the supernumerary cross-vein in cell M and the heavily spotted wings.

They are characterised by a shuffling sideways gait and seem loath

to fly from their resting position, in which the wings are folded

lengthwise over the abdomen.

Teneral imagos are frequently found with the abdominal pleurites

distended to a remarkable extent. It is probable that the imago,

as its thorax protrudes from the thoracic split of the pupal hull,

inflates the abdomen in order to facilitate its emergence. Soon after,

the distended pleurites are invaginated beneath the lateral scalloped

hairy margins of the sclerites and the tergites as the abdomen

commences to flatten dorso-ventrally.

Edwards (1921, p. 220) ranked Idioptera as a distinct genus, stating

““Tdioptera as a whole differs from the other genera of the Limnophila

group in possessing an extra cross-vein in the lower basal cell, but

the distinction is not by any means a fundamental one. The cross-

vein is occasionally absent in one or both wings of I. pulchella Mg.,

and I. marmorata Mg.”

Alexander (1917, p. 157) indicated that this species was of the

subgenus Idioptera of the genus Limnophila.

The immature forms of this species possess the typical character-

istics of the genus Limnophila Macquart given by Alexander (1920a,

p. 858) and are closely allied to those of Limnophila nox and L.

crepusculum. The slight differences which do exist are considered by

the author to be specific. Accordingly, the ranking of [dioptera as a

distinct genus (or even subgenus), chiefly on the presence of the

supernumerary cross-vein in cell M of the wing in the adult fly, is

scarcely valid.

LInmnophila crepusculum sp.n.

Kigs: (20a. 0:e, ae; 14:1) alonsae

3: Length 6 mm., wing 5-5-5 mm. Head, rostrum and palpi

dark umber brown; antennae (fig. 72, a) short, black; scapal joint 1

twice as long as broad, cylindrical; scapal joint 2 broad, globular;

flagellar joints 1-3 subglobular, enlarged, becoming abruptly less

broad and slightly shorter; joint 4 equal in length to previous joint,

short-oval; joints 5-14 elongate-cylindrical, slender; ultimate joint

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 227

subpiriform, equal in length to the twelfth joint, about one-half as

long as the penultimate joint.

Pronotum large, praescutum pronounced, rectangular. Mesonotal

praescutum, scutum and scutellum unicolourous, umber brown, with

a yellowish brown sheen, postscutellum light brown, posterior margin

narrowly banded with black. Pseudosutural foveae pronounced,

black. Pleura similar in colour to dorsal sclerites, unicolourous except

for the pale brown metepisternum and metepimeron. Wings dark

brownish black, veins dark brown. Venation as in Limnophila noz.

Halteres light brown; trochanters black, remainder of legs dark

umber brown.

Abdomen a lighter brown than the thorax, segments 7-9 darkened.

Dorsal caudal margin of ninth segment as in fig. 73, b; ventral margin

produced, underlying the aedeagus. The hypopygium (fig. 73, 6) is

similar in general form to that of Lamnophila nox. The pronounced

ventro-basal lobe on the basistyles is covered with a pubescence of

stunted, closely placed setae. Outer dististyle (fig. 73, b, c) uniformly

wide in the basal half (viewed dorsally), dilated towards its apical

bifurcation (lateral view) (fig. 73, c), the dorsal prong merely a

rounded protuberance, scarcely apparent when viewed dorsally,

ventral prong prominent, tapering to its bluntly rounded apex, inner

ventral margin with several stout setae. Ventral surface of the cup-

like aedeagus with a short pubescence (fig. 73, a), tips of structure

elongated dorsally into acute hooks.

2: Length 6-9-5 mm., wing 6-5-8 mm. Similar in colour and

venation to male. Antennae (fig. 72, 6b) similar to those of male;

terminal portion of flagellum (joints 5-14) slightly shorter than in

male, short-cylindrical, moderately elongate, penultimate joint equal

in length to previous joint, ultimate joint uniformly wide, tip rounded,

about one and a half times the length of penultimate joint.

Ovipositor: tergal valves (fig. 73, e) short, broad basally, tapering

to rounded apices; sternal valves (fig. 73, d) short, stout, apices

bluntly rounded, bearing numerous (more than ten) delicate setae;

lateral gonapophyses extending to apices of sternal valves, tips

setiferous.

Localities.:—Cape Peninsula: Kasteels Poort (K. H. B.), January

1933 and 1934; Platteklip (K. H. B., H. G. W.),

December 1933; (K. H. B.) November 1934; Orange

Kloofi(KepaesBe ce) Wa lH. G. W.), January and

March 1934; Red Gods (K. H. B.), January 1933.

Larva.—Length 12-14 mm., diameter 1:5 mm., of distended ring

228 Annals of the South African Museum.

1:8 mm. Colour, with the exception of the bare pale yellow eighth

abdominal segment, a dark golden-yellow, due to the long luxuriant

pubescence of the integument.

Body slender, terete, slightly narrowed towards distended ring,

segments distinct, prothoracic segment tapering slightly, truncate

anteriorly; penultimate segment distended to a pronounced ring;

ultimate segment narrowed, with an indentation on lateral margins

Fie. 72.—Limnophila crepusculum sp.n. a, male antenna; 6, female antenna.

Limnophila nox Alex. c, male antenna; d, female antenna.

prior to apical half which is as broad as long, apex of segment abruptly

narrowed, spiracular disc dorsal in position.

Chaetotaxy indistinct due to integumental pubescence. Mesal

lateral margins of thoracic segments with a tuft of two to three long

delicate setae; prothoracic segment with two separate additional setae

on anterior margin. Abdominal segments with similar tufts on caudal

lateral margins. Basal half of ultimate segment, cephalad to the

indentation, with a single seta near lateral surface; on anus level a

ring of four ventral evenly spaced setae, apical half of segment with

two elongate cephalad-directed setae on either side of median line,

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 229

situated cephalad to anterior lobes of spiracular disc, the outer seta

the longer; laterad of each spiracle a single seta.

Spiracular disc (fig. 74, f) minute, elongate-oval in outline, with

four minute lobes, anterior pair small and inconspicuous, rounded,

posterior pair distinct, narrowly separated by a minute indentation;

edges of disc with moderately long pale hairs which emerge with those

on the apices of the posterior pair of lobes, the latter hairs being of

varying lengths, gradually increasing in length until the inner ones

are about three to four times the length of the ultimate segment.

Ventrad to the disc several long setae, directed caudo-laterally. The

spiracles are inclined towards one another, oval, outer margins pale

brown, inner portion dark brown. Anal gills four, white, stellate,

short, stout, globular, equal in length.

Head capsule (fig. 74, e) very dissected, consisting of six mem-

branous plates, the dorsal pair margined by a heavily chitinised rod,

pronounced at cephalic end; this area of heavy chitinisation produced

inwards, apex truncate, inner mesal surface with two setae, outer

much elongated, delicate; inner short, one-quarter the length of

outer; lateral plates one-half the length of dorsal plates, convex,

apices rounded; ventral plates slender, narrow, apices truncate, each

with a chitinised central rod connected by a short, narrow, chitinised

rod to the broad, flat plate arising from the caudal end of each of the

lateralrods. Antennae (fig. 74, a) bi-segmented, basal segment broad,

second segment elongate-cylindrical, tapering slightly to a square apex

which bears an elongate-cylindrical papilla, about the length of the

previous segment, two minute papillae and an inner seta twice the

length of the largest papilla. Mandible (fig. 74, 6b) massive, powerful,

heavily chitinised, tip produced to a slender point; cutting-edge at

mid-length with a single row of three large bladelike teeth, the cephalic

tooth rounded, the second tooth the largest, broad, tapering to an

acute point—at the junction of these two teeth a small, slender,

acute spine, hardly toothlike in calibre; caudal tooth broad, apex

blunt; base of mandible not swollen, uniformly wide to origin of

caudal teeth. Maxilla with broad base, chitinised for one-half of its

length, this chitinisation then abruptly narrowing to a slender short

rod, apical portion of lobe gradually narrowed to a slender point,

bearing a single minute papilla; two closely placed setae on inner

mesal margin (fig. 74, e). Labrum (fig. 74, d) broad, dorsal surface

with three pronounced blunt teeth on either side of median line,

outer teeth the broadest, partially concealing three to four small acute

spines. Adjacent to outer edge of mid-tooth occur four spines

‘

’

‘

a, penis and aedeagal sheath (lateral

c, outer dististyle (lateral view);

Fie. 73.—Limnophila crepusculum sp.n.

view); 6, male hypopygium (dorsal view);

d, ventral valves of ovipositor; e, dorsal valves of ovipositor. Limnophila nox

Alex. f, outer dististyle (male hypopygium); g, ventral valves of ovipositor;

h, end of abdomen (lateral view); 2, dorsal valves of ovipositor.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 231

situated near anterior margin of labrum which swells abruptly to a

marked protuberance, the anterior margin of which bears ten slender,

acute spines, the mid-spines the largest, each outer spine with an

elongate seta, the third spine setiferous, the seta being one-half the

length of its neighbour. Between this protuberance and the dorsal

tooth is a broad pronounced median lobe or tooth, anterior edge

irregular, bluntly serrate; immediately laterad and partially concealed

occur two closely placed papillae; farther laterad and somewhat

anterior two additional papillae. Mentum consists of two lateral rods

articulating with the transverse bar (fig. 74, c), the ventral outer

surface of each lateral rod bearing the minute flattened lobe which

forms the inconspicuous prementum, these flattened lobes projecting

inwards and bearing a series of closely placed teeth, the teeth at the

origin of the lobe minute, arranged in two definite rows, the outer

row soon disappearing, the inner row replaced by more elongate

slender acute teeth which at the cephalic portion of the lobe occur

in two rows; the transverse bar with two to three rows of teeth similar

in shape to the longest teeth on the above-mentioned lobes, situated

ventrally and caudally—these teeth projecting into the gullet of the

larva and apparent only under high magnification.

Pupa (fig. 75, e).—d, length 7-8-5 mm., diameter -8-1 mm.; 9,

length 8-5-9-5 mm., diameter 1:5 mm. Colour yellowish brown,

pronotum darker due to the heavier chitinisation; mature pupae

darkened blackish brown; breathing horns dark blackish brown at

origin, apical half gradually paler, tip pale yellow; incisures of the

abdominal segments in mature pupae pale brown.

Cephalic crest inconspicuous, reduced, apparent only as two low,

closely situated ridges between the relatively high antennal sheaths

(ventral aspect); upper surface of each antennal sheath (fig. 75, a)

between the eyes with two minute truncate protuberances, followed

by two pronounced conical lobes, the proximal lobe the larger,

tapering to acute apex; from a lateral aspect these lobes and pro-

tuberances of antennal sheath, unless carefully examined, appear to

comprise the cephalic crest; apex of antennal sheath opposite the

lower margin of eyes. Labrum (fig. 75, c) broad basally, tapering to

truncate apex; frequently labrum is somewhat elongated and

separates the labial lobes which are thick at their origin, short,

rectangular, apices truncate. Maxillary lobes rounded and thick at

origin, short, narrowing suddenly to blunt points.

Thoracic pronotum convex, flattened slightly posteriorly, with a

low median carina; a low lateral ridge extending from the base of

Fic. 74.—Larva of Limnophila crepusculum sp.n. a, antenna; 6b, mandible;

c, ends of lateral bar and transverse bar of mental region; d, labrum (dorsal view);

é, head capsule (ventral view); jf, end of abdomen (dorsal view) with spiracular disc.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 233

breathing horn to near the origin of the wing pad. Pronotal breathing

horns (fig. 75, d) directed slightly laterad, short, wide at origin,

tapering gradually to the apex, edges somewhat crenulate, pore

prominent. Mesonotum high, convex, armed with four prominent

chitinised spinelike protuberances on either side of median line

(fig. 76, a), the anterior protuberance a definite lobe, produced laterad

and ventrad to a decided chitinised crest terminating immediately

ventrad of wing pad (fig. 75, e); the apex of lobe (lateral view) acute,

broadly rounded (fig. 75, e); (caudal aspect) remainder of mesonotal

armature spiniform, the spines 2, 3 and 4 equal in length, the fourth

or posterior spine with a slight low lateral crest, laterad of both

spines 2 and 3 a single smaller spine. Metanotum with a spine on

either side of median line. Outer leg sheath short, longer in male

than in female; in former ending opposite tip of basal annulus of

abdominal segment 4, in latter opposite posterior margin of seg-

ment 3. Wing pads end opposite posterior margin of abdominal

segment 2, with the typical Lemnophilian venation.

Abdominal segments broad, the segments of some females slightly

longer than those of males; lateral margins scarcely incised; each

segment divided into two annuli by a false constriction; posterior

annulus less than twice the length of basal one. Abdominal seg-

ments have armature consisting of numerous spines caudally directed,

of uniform shape (fig. 75, f), each spine bearing mesally a short seta

which does not extend beyond the apex of spine. Dorsum and venter

of basal annulus of each segment except abdominal segment | and

the venter of abdominal segment 4 with a transverse subterminal row

of spines which on the dorsa of segments are larger than those on the

remaining segments; pleural region of this annulus with two separate

spines near anterior margin. Dorsum and venter of each posterior

annulus with a subterminal transverse row of spines, this row con-

nected to that on the venter of segments 3-7 by a few scattered smaller

spines on the pleural region; mesal surface of venter of segments 2-3

frequently with three scattered spines; mesal surface of venter of

segments 4—7 with from one to two spines; the spiracles of the mesal

pleural region of segments 2—7 surrounded by three to four spines.

Dorsum of abdominal segment 1 (basal annulus) with a large spine

on either side of median line; laterad and slightly cephalad two to

three single smaller spines. The transverse row of spines on the

venter of abdominal segment 4 (basal annulus) replaced by two to

four scattered spines between the tarsal sheaths. The venter of basal

and posterior annuli of abdominal segments 3-7 have scabrous areas

yey oy y SL

Gn YVAN

‘

Fig. 75.—Pupa of Limnophila crepusculum sp.n. a, antennal sheath; 0b, spines

on abdominal segments; c, mouth parts; d, pronotal breathing horn; e, pupa

(lateral view); f, fifth abdominal segment (ventral view); g, male cauda (lateral

view); A, male cauda (dorsal view); 7, female cauda (ventral view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 235

of varying shape and size, those areas on the posterior annuli the

larger (fig. 75, f).

3 cauda (fig. 75, g, h): Sternal sheaths large, broad, stout, bulbous,

fused to near the bluntly rounded apices, completely hiding the tergal

sheaths (from ventral aspect); tergal sheaths slightly shorter than

sternal sheaths, conical, wide at origin, tapering to divergent, acute,

dorsally directed points which bear an inner dorsal seta, not pro-

jecting beyond the apex of the sheath. Dorsum of abdominal seg-

ment 8 with a raised square of four lobes in mesal region, the lobes

acute, closely situated, caudal pair the larger. Ventrad to each

anterior lobe are three slender spines; on the pleural region (ventrad

to each posterior lobe) a scabrous area; on venter a larger scabrous

area, with two minute mammilate spines near caudal margin.

2 cauda (fig. 75, 2): Similar to that of male, the divergent tergal

sheaths more distinctly divided from the sternal sheaths; latter

sheaths shorter than those of male, slender, fused to near their

rounded apices.

Remarks.—The adult flies are closely allied to those of Limnophila

nox Alex. in general appearance and wing venation. They are readily

distinguished by the shape of the antennae and by the details of the

hypopygium or by the ovipositor valves.

The males frequently swarm together above the low banks of a

streamlet, dancing round and round in caddislike flight. The adults

occur on the small pebbles on the edge of the water, resting on raised

sandy spits beneath undercut boulders in the stream-bed. Pupal

cases from Platteklip and pupae from Orange Kloof were found among

the gravelly sand spits and small pebbles of the watercourse, being

sheltered from the direct stream by undercut boulders. At Orange

Kloof the larvae frequented the more moist areas of the stream-bed,

over which percolated a thin film of water.

Average duration of pupal stage is seven days.

LInmnophila nox Alex.

Figs. 72, c, d; 73, f-4; 76, 6-f.

1921. pp. 207-208, pl. 11, fig. 7 (wing).

Additional notes are as follows: specimens from the localities listed

below are larger than either the holotype or the paratype, being: 3,

length 7-8 mm., wing 6-7-5 mm.; 9, length 9-10 mm., wing 8 mm.

236 Annals of the South African Museum.

Antennae of male “short, black; basal flagellar segments sub-

globular, enlarged, broader than long, the terminal flagellar segments

slender, elongated, with long black bristles” (Alexander, pp. 207-208).

Fic. 76.—Pupa of Limnophila crepusculum sp.n. a, ridge of thorax. Pupa of

LIimnophila nox. 6, ridge of thorax; c, anterior portion of pupa (lateral view);

d, antennal sheath; e, mouth parts; f, fifth abdominal segment (ventral view).

For distinguishing this species from Lamnophila crepusculum, the shape

of these basal flagellar joints 1s important. Male flagellum (fig. 72, c):

joints 1-4 subglobular, enlarged, the first joint the largest; joints 2-4

gradually becoming less broad, about equal in length; joints 5-14

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 237

forming the terminal portion of flagellum; joints 5-6 equal in length

and size, abruptly narrower but slightly longer than joint 4, slightly

shorter but otherwise similar to the remaining joints, which are

uniform in shape, size and pubescence; ultimate joint shghtly longer

than previous joint, apex rounded.

Female flagellum (fig. 72, d): joints 1-4 as in male; joints 5-6 not

abruptly narrowed as in male, since they are broader than those of

male, short-cylindrical, slightly shorter than joint 4; remainder of

flagellum except the ultimate joint short-cylindrical, being shorter

yet broader than in male; ultimate joint elongate-cylindrical, about

twice the length of penultimate joint, apex rounded. Pubescence as

in male.

Pleura lighter brown than dorsal sclerites of thorax, with a con-

sequent contrast in thoracic coloration (which is absent in L. crepus-

culum). Abdomen brownish-grey pruinose; ninth segment ring-like,

ventral margin not produced as in L. crepusculum. Alexander’s

description of the male hypopygium (p. 208) reads: “male hypo-

pygium with the pleurites (baszstyles) short and stout, the two pleural

appendages (dististyles) relatively small, the outer appendage (outer

dististyle) a little longer but narrower than the fleshy inner appendage

(inner dististyle). Penis-guard (aedeagus) slender, almost straight;

gonapophyses with the tips slender, acute.’ (Author’s italics.)

From this it is evident that the male hypopygium of this species

is exactly similar to that of L. crepusculum, except for the absence

of the ventro-basal lobe on the basistyles and the shape of the outer

dististyle. The latter appendage is slender, uniformly wide for most

of its length, tapering to an acute tip; inner mesal surface with ten

to eleven setae (fig. 73, f).

tergal valves (fig. 73, A, 7) short, broad, stout, abruptly rounded;

sternal valves (fig. 73, g) clearly separate from one another at their

bases, narrow, apical portion tapering to a subacute tip, bearing six

to ten delicate setae; lateral gonapophyses not extending to apices

of sternal valves, tips setiferous.

Localities. —Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: French Hoek Pass (East side) (K. H. B.,

H. G. W.), October; (G. A. W., H. G. W.) September

19333) Manddrosta( Ke .H. B,C. Wet., He G: W.),

January 1933; Oudebosch (8000 ft.) (K. H. B.),

January 1934.

Larva.—Length 11-5-12 mm., diameter 1-1-2 mm. Similar to L.

238 Annals of the South African Museum.

crepusculum in shape, head capsule and spiracular disc. The chief

differences, by which this larva can be distinguished (even in the

field) from that of L. crepusculum, are in the general coloration and

in the scantier integumental pubescence.

General coloration white or cream; pubescence scanty, more

pronounced towards caudal segments but never as prominent as in

L. crepusculum; eighth abdominal segment bare, white.

Pupa (fig. 76, c): Length 95-11 mm., diameter 1-2-1:-5 mm.

Similar in colour and general appearance to L. crepusculum, differing

as follows: size smaller. Antennal sheaths (fig. 76, d). Labrum

(fig. 76, e) with truncate apex; labial lobes short, thick at origin, apices

truncate; maxillary lobes thick at origin, tapering gradually to blunt

points.

Pronotal breathing horns (fig. 76, c) not directed laterad, either

parallel to one another or curving slightly inwards at apices, relatively

longer than in crepusculum, cylindrical and uniformly wide for most

of length (not tapering), slightly swollen at apices. Mesonotum

armed with a low ridge (fig. 76, b) along anterior margin on either

side of median line, apex of ridge subacute (lateral aspect), incon-

spicuous (dorsal aspect) with row of minute juxtaposed ridges, which

tend to disappear on metanotum (fig. 76, c). Outer leg sheaths of

male end opposite end of abdominal segment 3 (fig. 76, c); of female,

of posterior annulus of same segment.

Abdominal armature comprised of short, broad, castellate spines

(fig. 76, f), caudally directed. Actual arrangement as in crepusculum,

with this minor difference: venter of posterior annuli (abdominal

segments 4-7) with several scattered spines on mesal region, those

on the last segment being more pronounced. Scabrous areas of

abdominal segments and of the cauda not apparent, being either

absent or concealed by the sand grains which are difficult to remove

completely from the pupae.

Remarks.—Kxcept for the shape of the antennae and of the ovi-

positor valves, it is wellnigh impossible to differentiate the females

of this species from those of crepusculum. It is interesting to note

that the left wing of one male possessed M,,, unbranched; the right

wing, however, had a small cell M, which was about one-fifth the

length of its petiole.

At French Hoek Pass the adults of this species were found swarming

on the edges of a marsh of saturated red ooze, the actual water being

covered with an iridescent scum. This marsh occurred below the

embankment of a road and was supplied by a small trickle of water

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 239

from a culvert. Empty pupal cases and one mature pupa were

present on small raised mud spits near the upper drier regions of the

marsh (October 1933).

In September 1934 several larvae and pupae were found by

Mrs. Wood and the author in the same spot, the larvae being in the

saturated mud beneath the water. Six imagos were reared from these

larvae.

Adults of Tipula soror occurred on the grasses in the middle of

the swamp (October 1933). It is probable that the immatures of

this species inhabit the saturated mud of the bog.

Limnophila venaguttula Alex.

Fig. 77.

1934. pp. 53-55 Limnophila (Elaeophila).

Length 6-2-6:8 mm., wing 7-2-8-4 mm. Coloration of body,

venation and markings of wings fully described by Alexander. An-

tennae short, as long as entire head, 16-jointed, shape as in fig. 77, c.

Wings (fig. 77, a) are illustrated for the first time.

Ninth tergite and sternite fused, forming a narrow ring, caudal

margins almost straight. Basistyles moderately long, twice as long

as broad, swollen basally, tapering gradually to blunt apices, inner

basal angle produced into a short chitinised hook attached to mesal

surface of aedeagus. Dorsal dististyle (fig. 77, 6) a pubescent lobe,

flattened and fleshy, wide basally, tapering to blunt apex; ventral

dististyle (fig. 77, 6) heavily chitinised, a flat blade, constricted

slightly mesally, apical angle swollen, rounded, constricted suddenly

and produced into a short, acute curved hook. Hach gonapophysis

short, rodlike, chitinised, acute apices produced dorsad, basal portion

produced cephalad into the swollen “latera’’; aedeagus shorter than

gonapophyses, broad basally, tapering sharply to slender apex;

““basum”’ a broad plate; penis undetectable.

Female ovipositor similar to that of L. noz.

Localitues.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Coldstream (Tucker), January 1921;

Harkerville Forest (G. A. W., H. G. W.), January

1937 and 1938.

240 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fic. 77.—Limnophila venaguttula Alex. a, wing; b, male hypopygium

(dorsal view); c, antenna.

Genus EKLEPHANTOMYIA Osten-Sacken.

1859. pp. 203, 220.

Imago.—Rostrum greatly elongated, from one-half to once the

length of entire body; antennae usually 16-jointed; wings with Sc

long, extending to mid-length of RS, frequently longer, ending

opposite fork of RS; Sc, at tip of Sc; element R,,, absent, R,

absorbed by R, to form element R,,., vein R, atrophied, thus anterior

branch of RS is vein Ry, posterior branch is vein R;, thus only two

branches of RS reach wing margin; cell M, absent; cell Ist M,

closed; male hypopygium with two dististyles articulating with each

basistyle; penis usually prominent and elongate; aedeagal sheath

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 241

with lateral chitinised projections bearing distad a stout chitinised

gonapophysis and proximad a slender acute rod.

Larva.—¥orm slender, with silky pubescence. Abdominal seg-

ments 5-7 with ventral creeping welts or pads. Chaetotaxy nil.

Spiracular disc lobeless or with four distinct lobes. Anal gills absent

or four in number, short. Head capsule massive, of Lumonian

construction (aurantiaca) or composed of slender, elongate, narrow

plates, not of Lomonian construction (montana).

Pupa.—F¥rons produced into rostral sheath, short and semicircular

or elongate, lying between fore femora, labial lobes at apex of this

sheath. Antennal sheaths le partly across eyes. Cephalic crest

reduced, not conspicuous. Thorax convex; pronotal breathing horns

lying flat against head, long, wide, or curved and bent, widely

separated. Chaetotaxy short, surrounded by clusters of spines or

unarmed. Eighth segment of cauda with a square of four lobelike

spines.

The three species of Hlephantomyza occurring in the 8.W. Cape area

have been reared, the immatures frequenting the following habitats :—

E. aurantiaca {In moss cushions in waterfalls or along edges of

EL. pseudosimilis streams or trickles.

E. montana In decaying logs.

The affinities of this genus have for many years been puzzling aud

obscure to many workers on Tipulidae. Until 1920 this genus was

included in the tribe Limoniini (Alexander, 1919, p. 897); from 1920

to 1927, from a study of the immature stages, it was included in the

tribe Eriopterini (Alexander, 1920a, p. 952). In 1927 (19276, p. 58)

Alexander cleared any doubts by stating that “veins R, and R,

fused to the wing-margin, and the basal section of R, entirely

atrophied”. Thus only two branches of RS attain the wing margin

—a feature which is possessed only by the tribe Limoniini.

The study of the larval and pupal stages of Hlephantomyia in the

S.W. Cape has revealed that two distinct types of immatures exist :-—

(a) aurantiaca type, which resembles the tribe Limoniini in head

capsule and spiracular disc,

(b) montana type, similar to immatures of EL. westwoodi, and thus

of the typical structure found in the tribe Hexatomini.

In this paper, therefore, this genus is included in the tribe Hexa-

tomini in accordance with recent work of Alexander (19270, p. 53;

1931, p. 150; Curran, 1934, p. 46).

VOL. XXXIX. 16

242 Annals of the South African Museum.

Key to Species of Elephantomyia.

Imagos.

1. Stripes on mesonotal praescutum : : : g Se

Mesonotal praescutum unspotted ; ; : 5 . aurantiaca.

2. One dorso-median stripe on praescutum : : : - montana.

Three stripes on praescutum : : : ‘ : . pseudosimilis.

Larvae.

1. Head capsule massive, of Limonian type, individual mouth

parts distinct, large; no oesophageal ridges; _ spiracular

disc lobeless . : : : : : : : . aurantiaca.

Head capsule minute, with long, slender, rodlike plates;

actual mouth parts minute, indistinct; oesophageal region

surrounded by conspicuous, oblique, chitinised ridges; four

lobes round the spiracular disc 5 : : : . montana.

Pupae.

1. Breathing horns upright and conspicuous; rostral sheath of

normal length : é 5 5 : :

Breathing horns flat against head and inconspicuous, at first

glance apparently absent; rostral sheath elongate, extending

to base of fore femora. : 5 0 ; : . montana.

aurantiaca.

Elephantomyia aurantiaca Alex.

Mission 19.

1917. p. 146, pl. x, fig. 8 (wing).

The holotype described by Alexander was in poor condition, the

rostrum and the abdomen having been broken. Additional notes are

as follows :— |

Length (excluding rostrum): ¢ 5-6 mm., 98 mm.; wing: ¢ 5-8-

5-9 mm., 9 6-7 mm.; rostrum: ¢ 3:5, 9 4-5 mm.

Wing (figured by Alexander): with Sc moderately long, extending

to mid-length of RS, Sc, at tip of Sc, (not shown in Alexander’s

figure); RS six and a half times basal deflection of R;; vein Rg,

lost by atrophy, vein R, captured by R,, thus only two branches of

RS attain wing margin (7.e. veins R, and R;); cell R, wider at margin

than cell R, by one-quarter the width of the latter; cell R, thus some-

what divergent; cell 1st M, one and a half times as long as broad.

Abdomen similar in colour to thorax; dark markings absent.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 243

Hypopygium (fig. 78, a): the sparsely haired ninth tergite is fused

with ninth sternite forming a narrow ring, the caudal margin of the

tergite being produced into a broad conspicuous membranous lobe,

with microscopic pubescence and which normally conceals the under-

lying structures; posterior margin of ninth sternite ridged medially.

Basistyles stout, sparsely haired; outer dististyle chitinised, broad

at origin, tapering abruptly into slender rod, bifid apically; inner

dististyle a fleshy pubescent lobe. The spirally twisted penis is

prominent, protected basally by the enveloping aedeagal sheath, apex

of which is produced into tapering projection. Basally the aedeagal

sheath dilates, giving rise on either side to a chitinised support curved

dorsad and bearing a proximad slender acute rod and the distad flat

chitinised bladelike gonapophyses, apices of which are acute (fig. 78, 0).

Rostrum one-half the length of the entire body.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Kasteels Poort (top) (H. G. W.),

February 1933, January 1934; Orange Kloof

(H. G. W.), January and March 1933, January 1934;

Platteklip (K. H. B.), March 1933; Fernwood Ravine

(C. W. T.), February 1934 and 1935.

Cape Province: Ceres (Lightfoot), April 1913; Land-

drost (K. H. B.), March 1919; French Hoek Pass

(K. H. B., H. G. W.), December 1933; Meirings

Poort Spitzkop (C. W. T.), September 1935.

Larva.—Length 10-11 mm., diameter -8 mm. Colour golden-

yellow due to the heavy pubescence of body; creeping pads incon-

spicuous. Body terete, form slender, abdominal segments 5-7 with

a ventral creeping welt, which, although protuberant, is relatively

inconspicuous against the body colour; no welts on remainder of body.

Chaetotaxy nil.

Ultimate segment of abdomen produced dorsally into a small

spiracular disc (fig. 78, e), which is lobeless and unmarked. Spiracles

small, oval, placed close together, capable of approximation under

water in times of torrential rains. Anal. gills four, short, bluntly

rounded.

Head capsule massive, retractile, of Limonian type. Antenna

(fig. 78, c) bi-segmented, first segment twice as long as broad, cy-

lindrical, apex slightly swollen, second segment not buttonlike but

elongate, 1.e. three times as long as broad, base surrounded with the

usual three to four minute papillae. Mandible massive, with two

apical teeth and three ventral cutting teeth, the last tooth truncate.

Maxilla: outer lobe covered with dense elongate hairs, apex bearing

244 Annals of the South African Museum.

a distinct flattened palpus with four to six minute pegs; inner lobe

fleshy, densely pubescent. Labrum as in genus Limona. Hypo-

pharynx of two plates, dorsal with six blunt teeth, ventral plate often

having the teeth worn, the stumps of six visible. Mentum (fig. 78, d)

es @

Fic. 78.—EHlephantomyia aurantiaca Alex. a, male hypopygium (dorsal view);

b, penis and aedeagal structures (dorsal view). Larva: c, antenna; d, mentum;

e, end of abdomen (lateral view) with anal gills and spiracular disc.

conspicuous, anterior margin with a median tooth, on either side a

larger and broader tooth, laterad of this tooth a prominent, broad,

almost circular tooth.

Pupa.—Length: g¢ 6 mm., 9 7-8 mm.; diameter: ¢ -8 mm.,

@ 1mm. Colour rich yellowish brown; thorax and breathing horns

dark brown; wing pads and legs blackish brown.

Cephalic crest reduced, merely two minute setiferous tubercles.

Antennal sheaths (fig. 79, a, c) lying partly across eyes, stout at their

origin, curved from mesal region, tapering to slender apices. Frons

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 245

produced into slight rostral sheath, of normal length, constricted

slightly before the semicircular apex; maxillary palpi slender,

tapering abruptly to slender apices; labial lobes at apex of rostral

sheath, bluntly rounded (fig. 79, 6).

Thorax convex, with a deep transverse pronotal groove; breathing

horns (fig. 79, a) stout, sharply bent at origin, then slender, curved,

widely separate, tracheal tube visible, especially at origin. Postnotum

has transverse row of six setae, praescutum two mesal median setae.

Abdominal segments subdivided into two narrow basal annuli and

a broad posterior annulus (fig. 79, d). Traces of a spiracle on segment 7

only. Entire abdomen densely covered with acute microscopic

spines; on sternite 7 and on cauda these are concentrated round the

setae giving the effect of a raised cluster of five to seven spines. On

the pleurite of segment 7 three to five spines are clustered round

mesal and posterior setae. Chaetotaxy: tergites 3-7 and sternites 5-7

(posterior annuli) with transverse row of six to eight large evenly

spaced setae near posterior margin and a similar row across the mesal

region; sternites 3-4 with a pair of setae on either side of leg sheaths;

tergites 1-2 have posterior row of setae only; pleura with four setae,

one anterior, a mesal pair, and one posterior. Wing pads extend to

opposite end of abdominal segment 2; leg sheaths of female opposite

end of segment 4; of male, end of segment 5.

Female cauda (fig. 79, g, h): Both pairs of sheaths long, practically

of similar length, each tergal sheath with apical dorsal swelling bearing

a sharp chitinised spine, cephalad of which is a pair of medial setiferous

tubercles; a conspicuous dorsal square of four spined lobes near

origin of sheath; laterad of cephalad angles of square clusters of

bifid spines around each seta.

Male cauda (fig. 79, e, f): Tergal sheaths produced apically into a

spined swelling; sternal sheaths larger, wider, each sheath with

large, outer, spined swelling and a smaller inner protuberance;

armature of cauda as in female.

Remarks.—Dr. Barnard first bred two adults from pupae collected

in a cushion of moss and liverworts on a waterfall in Platteklip

(November 1933).

At French Hoek Pass Dr. Barnard and the author secured six

larvae in moss on a small cascade eight feet in height. Due to the

time of the year and the high gradient of this stream, little water

was present, the moss being merely damp. In time of torrential

rains it is probable that the larvae migrate towards the safer areas

on the bank of the stream. One adult was bred out by Dr. Barnard.

SS)

Fic. 79.—Pupa of Elephantomyia aurantiaca Alex. a, head and thorax (lateral

view); 6, rostral sheath and mouth parts; c, antennal sheath; d, fifth abdominal

segment (ventral view); e, male cauda (dorsal view); jf, male cauda (lateral view);

g, female cauda (dorsal view); h, female cauda (lateral view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 247

Larvae collected by Mr. Thorne at Fernwood (February 1935) were

found in the wet, sandy, moss-covered soil on the extreme edges of

the forest rill. Pupation occurs towards the drier regions of the

bank.

A striking feature of this pupa is the reduction in the length of

the rostral sheath. In the imago the rostrum is one-half the length

of the entire body. (The pupa of HL. montana, by way of contrast,

has the rostral sheath long, extending to base of swollen fore femora.)

The larva of this species has a head capsule of Limonian construc-

tion, resembling that of Lomonia sezxocellata, and differing from it

only in the armature of the mentum and in the antennae.

Elephantomyia montana Alex.

Figs. 80, a; 8l.

1934. pp. 56-57 (£. wahlberg: montana).

6: Length (excluding rostrum) 5-6 mm., wing 6-4 mm., rostrum

5mm. Additional notes to Alexander’s figureless description are as

follows :—

Rostrum black, greatly elongated, practically as long as entire body.

Wings (fig. 80, a) with Sc ending opposite fork of RS; Sc, at tip of

Sc, and equal in length; RS strongly arcuated at origin, four times

basal section of R;; vein R, slightly sinuous at mid-length, running

parallel to R;, cell R, thus not divergent; cell lst M, one and a half

times as long as broad.

Hypopygium (fig. 81, a) resembles that of EH. aurantiaca, differing

thus: the more cup-shaped aedeagal sheath having antero-lateral

corners prominently produced caudad to carry the flat, chitinised,

bladelike gonapophyses which are bluntly rounded apically. Penis

short, hardly extending beyond tips of proximad structures.

Basistyles slightly shorter and stouter.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Fernwood (C. W. T.), December 1934,

January 1935; Window Gorge (C. W. T.), October

1934.

Cape Province: Oudebosch (Lightfoot), December

1920; (G. A. W., C. W. T., H. G. W.) September

1937; (C. W. T., H. G. W.) September 1933.

Larva.—Length 12 mm., diameter -8-1 mm. Colour rich golden-

yellow due to the silky appressed pubescence; creeping welts darker

yellow.

248 Annals of the South African Museum.

Body terete, form slender, tapering towards either end but more

abruptly anteriorly, head capsule often protruding as a sharp narrow

point; abdominal segments gradually increasing in length to the

fourth and fifth, then gradually decreasing in length; abdominal

segments 5-7 with basal transverse, mouthlike, creeping fold of

microscopic scurfiness, each welt margined with short stiff hairs.

Chaetotaxy nil.

Spiracular disc (fig. 81, c) devoid of inner markings, surrounded

by four lobes, fringed with short yellow hairs, dorso-lateral pair of

Fic. 80.—a, Elephantomyia montana Alex.; b, Elephantomyia pseudosimilis Alex.

lobes smaller than the ventral pair, the oval spiracles at base

of former lobes being separated by four times the longer diameter

of one spiracle. Anal gills absent; the transverse slitlike anus

surrounded by dense yellow hairs (fig. 81, bd).

Head capsule small and narrow, the three plates elongate, narrow,

slender, rodlike, dilated apically. The prominent antennae bi-

segmented, basal segment short, cylindrical, second segment large,

three to four times the basal, suboval. Oesophageal region strength-

ened with oblique parallel ridges of chitin, producing a latticed

effect. The dense long hairs of the labrum and maxilla render the

details of the rest of the head capsule difficult to detect. Mandible

evidently minute, not distinguishable even after dissection.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 249

Pupa (fig. 81, d) —Length 6 mm., diameter 1-2 mm. Unicolourous,

a dark yellowish brown.

Between eyes a ridge with slight transverse crest, in front of which

and immediately proximad of origin of each antennal sheath a stout

seta, further cephalad a pair of long setae on frons, behind each

antennal base a long tuberculous seta. Antennal sheaths (fig. 81, d, e)

lying across eyes, stout at origin, wrinkled mesally, then dilated and

tapering to slender pointed apices. Frons broad at origin, produced

into a prominent elongate rostral sheath lying between the swollen

fore femora; near apex of sheath lie the maxillary palpi, which are

dilated at origin, and taper gradually to slender acute apices; labial

palpi small, rounded, at apex of rostral sheath. At each junction

of eye and rostral sheath a prominent wartlike tubercle.

Thorax convex. Pronotal breathing horns directed cephalad, lying

flat against head, long, wide, bluntly rounded apically (fig. 81, d, f).

Laterad of each horn two outer and three inner setae. Postnotum

with transverse row of six setae. Wing pads extend to end of

segment 3, leg sheaths opposite end of segment 5, 6 or 7 in male.

Abdominal segments 2-6 subdivided into two annuli, anterior

annulus extremely narrow, posterior annulus broad. Entire abdomen

densely covered with acute microscopic spines, no concentrations or

clusters of spines around the setae on segment 7 and the cauda.

Chaetotaxy as in #. aurantiaca, the setae somewhat more conspicuous

against body shading. Spiracles on pleura 2-7 ringed with dark

brown or black; conspicuous against body colour (fig. 81, d).

Remarks.—Mr. Thorne first bred this species from larvae collected

in a decaying log at Fernwood Ravine (January 1935).

In a fallen log of Halleria capensis over a forest stream were found

larvae and pupae by Mrs. Wood, Mr. Thorne and the author (Oude-

bosch, September 1937). They occurred with the immatures of

LInmonia subapicalis Alex., both species being in the saturated rust-

coloured scum beneath the crumbly bark. The fully grown larvae

burrow or eat their way for a distance of three-quarters of an inch

until they are immediately beneath the epidermis of the tree. Here

they pupate; duration of pupal stadium six to seven days (minimum).

The mature pupae wriggle vigorously until the body as far back as

the ends of the tarsal sheaths projects out of the burrow. After a

long and sustained effort, accompanied by much swaying to and fro,

the imagos split the pupal case along the thorax and emerge, leaving

the “shuck”’ protruding from the log.

The immatures of this species closely resemble those of the North

Fic. 81.—EHlephantomyia montana Alex. Imago: a, male hypopygium (dorsal

view). Larva: 6, end of abdomen; c, spiracular disc (dorsal view). Pupa:

d, side view; é, rostral sheath and mouth parts; f, pronotal breathing horn.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 251

American genotype EH. westwoodi O. 8. (Alexander, 1920a, pp. 953-

955).

Elephantomyia pseudosimilis Alex.

Fig. 80, 0.

1921. pp. 188-189 (EF. insularis pseudosemilis).

Alexander described the holotype in detail, but the abdomen was

missing; from the following measurements it was obviously a female.

Length: @ (excluding rostrum) 9-9-2 mm., wing 7-8 mm., rostrum

65mm. Length: $5-5-6 mm., wing 5-8-6-2 mm., rostrum 4—4-2 mm.

Rostrum dark brownish black, three-quarters the length of entire

body. Wing (fig. 80, 6) with Sc, at tip of Sc,, one-half the length

of Sc,, ending opposite three-quarters the length of RS; cell R,

slightly divergent, one-half the width of cell R, at wing margin.

Abdomen slightly lighter than thoracic ground colour. Hypo-

pygium closely allied to that of #. aurantiaca, differing as follows:

basistyles shorter and stouter, without the double notch on inner

anterior margin. Extreme tip of basistyle is pointed and has numerous

small black spines on inner margin immediately anterior to tip.

Penis long, slender and curved backwards, enclosed in a sheath

which possesses no hooklike structure at tip. Gonapophyses

pick-shaped.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Kasteels Poort (K. H. B.), October

1932; Echo Valley (H. G. W.), March 1932.

Cape Province: Zwartberg Pass (K. H. B.), February

1932; Michell’s Pass (C. W. T., H. G. W.), October

1934; Oudebosch (K. H. B.), January 1919.

Remarks.—An adult of H. pseudosimilis was bred from a single

larva collected at Michell’s Pass (October 1934). Consequently the

larva cannot be described. The pupa closely resembles that of L.

montana in general appearance, but differs vastly in the type of

habitat (see Ecological Table, p. 241). Duration of pupal stadium:

seven days (minimum).

Genus ATARBA Osten-Sacken.

1869. p. 127.

Imago.—Rostrum short; wings unspotted; generic composition of

wing as described under description of species; male hypopygium

252 Annals of the South African Museum.

not of Lamonian construction; basistyles long, each bearing two

dististyles; penis elongate, strongly curved ventrad and then dorsad;

ovipositor acicular, elongate, of normal construction.

This genus is represented in the 8.W. Cape by one species. The

immature stages are still unknown.

Atarba capensis Alex.

Fig. 82.

1917. pp. 147-148, pl. x, fig. 10 (wing).

USPalh, [De LS

Length 4-4-4-7 mm., wing 5-1-5-6 mm. General coloration dull

yellow. Antennae missing from holotype.

Wings (fig. 82, a) without stigma; Sc short, ending beyond origin

of RS by a distance equal to Sc,; Sc, two to three times length of

Sc,, ending opposite one-half the length of RS; RS short, arcuated,

two and a quarter to two and a half times m-cu; two branches of

RS reach wing margin (7.e. veins R, and R;), as veins R, and R,

have been captured by R, to form R,,.,3; R, one and a half times

RS; cell R, broad, shghtly divergent apically; cell M, absent; cell

Ist M, closed, broad; m-—cu at fork of M.

Abdomen uniformly brown; a black ring prior to hypopygium.

Male hypopygium (fig. 82, b) with ninth tergite narrow, caudal margin

widely cleft by a median notch. Basistyles long, two and a half

times as long as broad, pubescent, tapering slightly to apical notch

which bears the two dististyles: dorsal dististyle a chitinised curved

blade, outer margin hooked and armed with eight to ten acute,

blackened spines; ventral dististyle a fleshy pubescent lobe, tapering

to slender apex. Gonapophyses short, stout, wide basally, forming a

broad open structure around mid-length of aedeagal sheath, each

caudal surface prolonged into a broad concave lobe, apex rounded;

‘outer basal angle produced into a chitinised rod or strip connected

to inner basal angle of basistyle. Aedeagal sheath long and slender;

penis elongate, projecting, strongly curved ventrad and then dorsad,

apex funnel-shaped, with crenulate margins.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Landdrost (K. H. B.), 1915; Knysna

(Peringuey), October 1916.

Remarks.—Rogers (1927, pp. 1-7), from a study of the immatures,

indicated that this genus might be a member of the tribe Lamoniwna,

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 253

being allied to the American Dicranoptycha. Thus the affinity of

Aiarba remains unsolved and puzzling, for it is allied to the genus

Rhabdomastiz. This latter genus has been placed without doubt in

the tribe Eriopterini. In the 8.W. Cape the type of male hypopygium

Ri+2+3

Fic. 82.—Atarba capensis Alex. a, wing; 6, male hypopygium (dorsal view).

found in Atarba is not that found in the tribe Limoniini, but agrees

with that of the tribe Eriopterini and Hexatomini.

Genus ConosiIA van der Wulp.

1880. p. 159.

Imago.—Rostrum short, not exceeding rest of head; antennae

12-jointed; wings with Sc terminating distad to fork of RS; RS

elongate, almost straight, about four to four and a half times m-cu;

three branches of RS attain wing margin; cell R, very deep; R,

254 Annals of the South African Museum.

reflexed back at basal section, consequently proximal end of cell R,

is acutely pointed; cell lst M, present; cell M, present; thoracic

praescutum produced over pronotum; in male hypopygium basistyles

are stout but long, bearing two dististyles apically. Ovipositor of

normal Tipuline composition.

Larva.—Body slender, terete. Spiracular disc surrounded by four

lobes, ventral pair twice the length of lateral pair, fringed with long

hairs. Anal gills short, stout. Head capsule very dissected. Man-

dible massive, tip produced into an acute sickle-shaped apex; cutting-

edge with a solitary truncate tooth. Maxilla with base chitinised,

apical portion elongate, hyaline, bearing three minute papillae.

Antenna unsegmented, elongate, apex with a large papilla, two to

three papillae and an elongate seta. Mentum heavily chitinised,

consisting of two lateral rods and a transverse bar.

Pupa.—Body elongate, slender. Cephalic crest absent. Mouth

parts irregular in outline, truncate apically. Thorax convex;

breathing horns large, tubular basally, directed ventrad towards

head sheath, apices dilated into wide pores, edges annulate. Chaeto-

taxy nil. Abdominal segments armed with longitudinal rows of

blackened spines. Pleura with spiracle near anterior margin on a

raised rounded protuberance. Sternal sheaths bearing an acute spine

apically, in male longer than tergal sheaths, in female shorter than

tergal sheaths; eighth segment of cauda with a square of four lobes

lying flat against surface of that region of cauda.

This genus is represented in the S.W. Cape by the cosmopolitan

species, Conosia wrrorata. The immature stages are to be found in

the wet gravelly sand and red silt on the margins of streams.

Conosia wrrorata (Wiedemann).

Figs. 83-85.

1828. p. 574 (Limnobia wrrorata).

1848. Walker, p. 39 (Lomnobia substituta).

1857. Doleschall, p. 388 (Limnophila cruz).

1880. v. d. Wulp, p. 159.

1917. Alexander, p. 154.

1921. Id., p. 203.

1927b. Id., p. 54, fig. 33 (radial field of wing). |

Wiedemann’s description (1828, p. 574) of this species is meagre.

Additional notes are as follows: antennae (fig. 83, b) with the first

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 255

scapal joint two and a half times as long as broad; scapal joint 2

large, globular; flagellar joint 1 subequal, globular; joints 2-4 less

globular, increasing in length; joints 5-9 fusiform; ultimate joint

longer than previous joint.

Wings with distribution of clouds and spots as in fig. 83, a; Sc

long, ending opposite fork of RS; Sc, absent; RS long, 7.e. four to

five times m—cu; cell R, consequently long and narrow; R, in align-

ment with RS; R,,, emerges from RS at rmght angles and is bent

again at right angles at its forking into R, and R,; R, reflexed back

at basal section so that the proximal end of cell R, 1s acutely pointed;

R,,,. sightly smuous towards wing margin; R, meeting R, before tip

of Sc by its own length; cell M, one and a half times its petiole;

cell Ist M, acute proximad, divergent distad.

Kighth sternite of abdomen elongate, projecting beyond the eighth

and ninth tergites. Male hypopygium (fig. 83, c) with caudal margin

of ninth tergite produced, slightly concave medially; ninth sternite

a narrow sclerite concealed normally by the eighth sternite. Basi-

styles stout, somewhat swollen basally, pubescent. Outer dististyle

chitinised, narrow, apex hooked, bearing several acute spines; inner

dististyle a fleshy pubescent lobe. Basal inner margin of each

basistyle connected to the aedeagus, the dorsal margin of this

pubescent connection heavily chitinised and contiguous ventrally

beneath the aedeagus. Aedeagus bears two elongate, slender,

acicular rods produced cephalad into two “latera,’’ which are apparent

through the ninth and part of the eighth segments when in normal

position. Tubular portion of penis definite, tapering apically, short

(fig. 83, d, e).

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Seven Weeks Poort (K. H. B.,

C. W. T., H. G. W.), January 1935.

Zululand and Damaraland (Alexander, l.c.).

Larva.—Length 16-20 mm., diamteer 1-1-3 mm. Colour dull

cream, integument with appressed golden-yellow pubescence which

on ultimate segment is especially pronounced, coarser and more

erect.

Body slender, terete, a marked constriction between the penultimate

and ultimate segments, the latter segment narrower than previous

one. Posterior margins of each abdominal segment elevated into a

transverse ridge of hairs. Abdominal segments 2-7 divided into

two annuli, anterior annulus narrow, bearing on abdominal segments

5-7 a dorsal and a ventral transverse cushion of numerous juxtaposed

256 Annals of the South African Museum.

rows of coarse microscopic hairs; a mere suspicion of such cushions

on abdominal segments 2-4.

v rT

Fic. 83.—Conosia irrorata (Wiedemann). a, wing; 6, male antenna; c, male

hypopygium (dorsal view); d, e, aedeagal sheath, gonapophyses and penis

(dorsal and ventro-lateral views).

Chaetotaxy composed of tufts of a few stiff setae, the more con-

spicuous of these being situated as follows: thoracic segments and

abdominal segment 1 with two dorsal and two ventral tufts near

mesal region, one tuft at mid-pleural region. Abdominal segments

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 257

2-7 with two dorsal and two ventral tufts near mesal region on the

posterior annuli; one pleural tuft an anterior annulus, one on mid-

pleural region of posterior annulus. Abdominal segment 7 with two

to three additional tufts near posterior margin of tergum and sternum.

Spiracular disc (fig. 84, a, 6) surrounded by four lobes, the ventral

pair long, slender, fingerlike, twice the length of lateral lobes, fringed

with long delicate hairs, those at the apices becoming very long.

There is a tendency for four to six hairs to congregate together to

form several groups of hairs around the apex of each lobe. Apical

hairs of lateral lobes are four to five times the length of the lobes,

those on the ventral lobes with length of eight to ten times. Inner

face of ventral lobes with a blackish-brown iongitudinal stripe on

either side of the yellowish median vitta, the dorsal stripe wider

than the ventral, with a faint arcuate line extending across the

spiracular disc to near the spiracles, inner face of the lateral lobes

with a black crescent at apex. Spiracles small, light brown, separated

by one and a half times the diameter of a single spiracle. Anal gills

four, white, stout, short, ovate. Anterior to them is a prominent

ventral fringe of long stiff hairs, ventrally directed; laterad to posterior

pair are numerous pencils of stiff hairs, some directed cephalad, some

ventrad.

Head capsule (fig. 84, e) very dissected, consisting of four membran-

ous plates, dorsal pair margined by a heavily chitinised rod, pro-

nounced at cephalic end and. produced inwards, the anterior margin

indentate, providing an articulation socket for the base of mandible;

lateral pair of plates convex, margined by a narrow rod of chitin,

articulating ventrally with the caudal ends of the lateral rods of the

mentum and dorsally at the area of heavy chitinisation of the capsule.

Antenna (fig. 84, c) apparently unsegmented, elongate, slender,

swollen basally, apex bearing a large elongate-conical papilla, sculp-

tured basally, and two to three minute papillae in addition to an

elongate seta about one-half the length of the antenna. Mandible

(fig. 84, d) massive, powerful, heavily chitinised, deep at base, pro-

duced into an acute sickle-shaped apex, cutting-edge at mid-length

with a solitary truncate tooth, basad of which the edge is finely

serrate for a short distance. Maxilla (fig. 84, e) with base chitinised,

this chitinisation abruptly narrowed at origin of outer hyaline lobe,

continued up along outer margin of lobe as a narrow rod to apex

which bears two to three minute papillae. Labrum (fig. 84, f) broad,

postero-lateral corners rounded; dorsal surface chitinised, each

antero-lateral corner produced into a truncate cone bearing two to

VOL. XXXIX. 17

Fic. 84.—Larva of Conosia irrorata (Wiedemann). a, end of abdomen (lateral

view); 6, spiracular disc; c, antenna; d, mandible; e, head capsule (dorsal view);

f, labrum (dorsal view); g, papilla on mental transverse bar.

(<5

tment od

ee ee ee ee eS

— 2s

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 259

three minute papillae; laterad of each cone a brush of numerous

stiff setalike hairs. Anterior margin of labrum is produced into two

truncate dilations confluent medially, each bearing apically two hyaline

conical papillae; dorsad and laterad two additional smaller papillae,

on surface of these dilations are two rows of five setae, those situated

anteriorly being elongate, the three caudal setae being short. Mentum

a heavily chitinised transverse bar, ungrooved, articulating with the

lateral rods. Anterior and dorsad to the mental transverse bar is a

pair of elongate papillae (apparently attached to the cephalic margin

of bar—the actual attachment difficult to determine), each papilla

as in fig. 84, g. Caudad to the transverse bar and on either side of

the lateral rods of mentum, arising probably from the oesephageal

surface, occur numerous groups of acute spines, directed caudally,

each group composed of three to eight spines.

Pupa (fig. 85, a).—Length 12-13 mm., diameter 1-1-2 mm. Colour

medium cream, mature pupae dark brown, eyes black. Body

elongate, slender. Cephalic crest absent. Antennal sheaths (fig. 85, a)

broad and square basally, suddenly constricted and tapering to

slender narrow portion for the flagellar joints, terminating at insertion

of wing pad. Labrum (fig. 85, 6b) broad, tapering to irregular

truncate apex, labial lobes bent at mid-length, produced caudally

into truncate apices. Maxillary palpi short, broad basally, produced

slightly into rounded apices.

Thorax convex. Pronotal breathing horns (fig. 85, a, c) large and

conspicuous, tubular basally, dilated apically into prominent wide

pore, inner surface of which is concave, margins divided into numer-

ous narrow annuli, continued along dorso-lateral surface as a double

annulate stripe. Wing pads extend to end of abdominal segment 3;

leg sheaths opposite end of segment 3; tarsi the same length.

Chaetotaxy nil.

Abdominal segments not subdivided into annuli but with numerous

transverse wrinkles on majority of segments. Dorsa of segments 2-7

and venter of segments 3-7 armed with numerous acute, blackened,

caudally directed spines, arranged in transverse row of six spines

along anterior margin and three longitudinal rows of ten to fifteen

spines, those of the mesal longitudinal row smaller than those in

lateral rows. Pleura 2-7 with larger, conspicuous, acute, single |

spine near posterior margin. Venter of abdominal segment 3 with

the mesal row of spines missing, its position being occupied by the

ends of the tarsal sheaths. Pleura 3-7 with an anterior spiracle at

the apex of a prominent raised rounded protuberance.

Annals of the South African Museum.

260

‘uroy suryyeorg [eyouosd ‘o {sy1ed yynou ‘q §P mora [eI04eT “v

*‘(UURTMOpeIM\) DIDIOL DIsoUoD Jo edng—'Gg ‘DIA

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 261

Male cauda with sternal sheaths longer than tergal sheaths, bearing

an acute chitinised spine apically; eighth segment of cauda with a

square of four large fleshy lobes, directed caudad and lying flat

against the raised surface of this region of cauda, the lobes tapering

gradually to blunt round tips.

Female cauda armed on eighth segment as in male, sternal sheaths

short, one-half the length of the tergal sheaths, latter elongate,

contiguous medially, rounded apically, bearing acute spine as in male.

Remarks.—Seven Weeks Poort yielded the first record in the 8.W.

Cape area for this widespread species (January 1935), ““which has a

tremendous range throughout the tropics and warm temperate regions

of the Old World” (viz. localities: Alexander, 1923, pp. 11-12).

The adults occurred in a locality similar to that described by

Munro (Alexander, 1923, p. 12): “. . . I have not found it numerous

among trees and bushes, but the localities it especially favours are

along small streams away from trees. Here it often occurs in great

numbers among the rank grass, the more so when the stream or

“spruit’ is in a furrow caused by water erosion and hence is more

or less protected from the wind.”

Many fully grown larvae were found in the wet sandy gravel and

reddish silt on the edge of a small trickle of water two to three inches

in depth. The dark mature pupae and empty “shucks,” to which

grains of mud adhere persistently, were present in the drier regions

of the low bank. Several adult flies were bred from these larvae.

An adjacent portion of the stream yielded the immatures of Tipula

pomposa and of Gonomyia sulphurelloides.

Genus TEUCHOLABIS Osten-Sacken.

1859. pp. 203, 222.

Imago.—Rostrum short, not exceeding rest of head; antennae

14-jointed; Sc moderately long, ending opposite mid-length of RS;

Sc, equal to Scz; RS gently arcuated, two and a half times m-cu;

two branches of RS reach wing margin, being subparallel, vein R,,3,,

present, three-quarters the length of vein R,; R, enters R, before tip

by a distance equal to its own length; cell M, lacking; cell Ist M,

present, broad; veins 1A and 2A straight. Male hypopygium with

short basistyles bearing two elongate and elaborate dististyles (whence

generic name is derived).

Sc,

Fic. 86.—Teucholabis nova sp.n.: a, wing; 6, male hypopygium (dorsal view);

c, male hypopygium (ventral view); d, spines and seta of dorsal dististyle; e, ventral

dististyle; f, g, aedeagal sheath and penis (ventral and lateral views).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 263

This genus is represented in the 8.W. Cape by a single species,

T. nova sp.n., described herein. The immature stages are as yet

unknown from this region.

Teucholabis nova sp.n.

Fig. 86.

dg: Length 5-5-5 mm., wing 5-5-6 mm. Head blackish brown;

rostrum, palpi and antennae light brownish yellow; eyes black.

Antennae moderately long, two and a half times the head and

thorax, clothed with short pubescence and odd, stiff, basal verticils,

14-jointed; scapal joint 1 cylindrical, twice as long as broad; scapal

joint 2 subglobular, slightly longer than broad; flagellar joints 1-2

as broad as previous joint, one and a half times as long as broad,

short and broadly fusiform; remaining joints gradually becoming

slightly longer but more slender, thus being fusiform; ultimate joint

longer than previous joint, considerably narrower, being five times as

long as broad..

Prothorax pronounced, light brownish yellow, prolonged into an

elongate slender neck. Thorax light brownish yellow, with faint

indications of three darker brown stripes on mesonotal praescutum;

pleura similarly coloured, with a wide and distinct dark brown stripe

extending from prothorax to base of halter. Wings (fig. 86, a)

suffused with pale yellow, veins yellowish brown, stigma indistinct;

Sc moderately long, ending opposite mid-length of RS; Sc, and Sc,

equal in length, short; RS gently arcuated along entire length, two

and a half times m-cu; R,,, meeting R, proximad of its tip by a

distance equal to its own length, transverse in position, veins R, and

R, fused, cell Rg consequently obliterated, replaced by a triangular

composite cell R, and Rs, and producing a venation that is similar

to that found in the genus Limonia (see fig. 57, a); cell M, absent;

cell lst M, closed, broad, one and a half times as long as broad.

Halteres yellowish brown, stems elongate—if bent sideways, reaching

to end of abdominal segment 3. Legs long and slender, unicolourous,

yellowish brown.

Abdomen dark yellowish brown, slender, bearing the enormous

prominent hypopygium whence the generic name is derived; eighth

tergite narrow, only one-quarter of the width of the large sternite

264 Annals of the South African Museum.

which projects partially beneath the hypopygium. Caudal margin

of ninth tergite slightly indented medially, lateral angles rounded;

mid-basal surface strengthened by chitinous strips, triangular in

shape; apex posterior; ninth sternite absent. Basistyles (fig. 86, ), c)

short, stout, ventral basal surface prolonged caudad into a conspicuous

projecting rounded lobe, apex densely clothed with coarse setae and

armed with twenty to twenty-five minute spines. Dorsal dististyle

(fig. 86, 6) a rounded lobe, densely covered with elongate stiff setae,

the lobe being produced caudad into a long slender chitinised blade,

which bears along dorsal margin eleven pairs of spines; each proximad

spine blunt, toothlike; each distal spine twice as long, bent at mid-

length, tapering, acute (fig. 86, d), between each tooth a long seta;

ventral dististyle (fig. 86, c, e) complicated in structure, consisting

of three lateral processes and a large ventral blade, well chitinised

and bearing rows of stiff setae along outer surface; apical area pro-

longed into sharp wide hook; dorso-lateral process the longest,

concave, chitinised, having fifteen to eighteen elongate stiff apical

setae, this process produced at mid-ventral surface into a large

widely rounded lobe, densely clothed with microscopic pubescence

and ten to fifteen stiff setae; ventro-lateral process a slender acute

glabrous lobe, one-third of the dorso-lateral process in length.

Aedeagus (fig. 86, f, g) a squat, wide, semi-membranous structure,

irregular in shape at broad apical opening, lateral surfaces well

chitinised, with Y-shaped rod, the dorsal arm of which is bent into

a thin strip of chitin articulating with inner basal angle of basistyle;

basal portion of rod articulating in socket in “latera” of penis;

penis (fig. 86, f) ventral to aedeagus, projecting between the ventro-

basal lobes of basistyles; penis sheath long, narrow, semi-chitinised,

constricted suddenly near apex, each outer angle shoulderlike, apex

of sheath partially divided into two rounded lobes.

Ovipositor with short, stout, but well-chitinised valves, of normal

Tipuline structure.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Robinson Pass (H. G. W.), November

1937.

Remarks.—The above locality provides the first record for this

species in the 8.W. Cape. In the field the male imago is easily

distinguished from other crane-flies by the fearsome array of processes

on the large hypopygium. The flies are to be captured in shady

wooded areas along the edges of small mountain streams. Alexander

(1920a, p. 946) and Rogers (1930—see Alexander, 1931, p. 146)

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 265

record the larvae of the American species, 7’. complexa, as inhabiting

wet to saturated decaying wood.

Genus GonomyiA Meigen.

1818. p. 147.

Imago.—Rostrum short, not exceeding rest of head; antennae

16-jomted, simple in both sexes, last three joints normal; wings

with Sc, moderately long, not extending beyond mid-length of RS;

three branches of RS reach wing margin, R, beyond fork of R,,5,,,

vein R, present or missing; cell R, short, vein R, shorter than petiole

of cell Rg; R, entirely distinct from M,,,, being separated by r—m

cross-vein; medial field of wing displays great variation due to fre-

quent atrophy of certain elements, e.g. cell lst M, open (nigrobimbo)

or closed (sulphurelloides). Ninth tergite often produced into lobes;

basistyles short or long, with three separate dististyles usually, at

least two dististyles, of specific shape; ovipositor valves acicular,

never reduced.

Larva.—Form slender, terete. Chaetotaxy and creeping welts nil.

Spiracular disc tilted dorsad, surrounded by five clear-cut lobes;

dorso-median lobe small; inner surface of lobes heavily marked.

Anal gills four, globular. Head capsule very dissected, consisting of

six chitinised bars. Antenna at least twice as long as broad, auditory

organ usually present, solitary papilla conical, conspicuous. Mandible

slender, apex a blunt point, three ventral cutting teeth. Maxilla a

large fleshy lobe with dense hairs. Labrum-epipharynx long, apex

with dense pubescence. Mentum not conspicuous, reduced to two

bars, bearing four to six teeth. Hypopharynx a cushion of transverse

rows of disc-like protuberances.

Pupa.—Cephalic crest absent or small, inconspicuous. Thorax

behind breathing horns flattened. Breathing horns present but

small, of specific shape. Chaetotaxy and spines absent from the

abdominal segments. Highth segment of cauda armed with a square

of four lobes equal in size to the chitinised projections on the tergal

and sternal sheaths.

Six species represent this genus in the S.W. Cape region. The

immatures of two species have been correlated and occur in the

saturated gravelly sand containing organic matter on the margins of

streamlets.

266 Annals of the South African Museum.

Key to Species of Gonomyia.

Imagos.

1. Cell Ist M, closed . : : : . é cf Bae

Cell Ist M, open. 3.

2. R, twice its petiole a +39 cell R, relatively nae widely

Geet at wing margin . mimetica.

R, only one-third to one-half a petiole R, +3? ceil R,

relatively minute, not so divergent at wing margin . sulphurelloides.

3. 1st M, open in remarkable fashion, 7.e. basal section of M,

obliterated, vein m lacking, so that cell M, is undivided ._ brevifurca.

Ist M, openinnormal way . 4,

4. Black and yellow coloration; ninth forgite with deep noteRe

ventral dististyle directed caudad . ‘ : pulchrissima.

Black and rufous coloration; ninth tergite with sialon

notch; ventral dististyle often directed cephalad . . nigrobimbo.

(G. flaveola is not included beyond 4, as a male is unknown and is necessary for

accurate determination of the species.)

Larvae.

Ventral lobes of spiracular disc marked with wide areas of

brown, split by a narrow vitta; antenna with apical papilla

longer than basal portion . nigrobimbo.

Ventral lobes of disc with slender ies of Brot! “ist snl

by a vitta; antenna with apical papilla shorter than basal

portion : ; ; ; : : ; : . sulphurelloides.

Pupae.

Breathing horns minute, conical (lateral view), flattened,

semicircular (dorsal aspect) . : nigrobimbo.

Breathing horns larger, narrow and Sabular paeeliee suddenie

dilated into flattened circular apices. : : . sulphurelloides.

Gonomyia sulphurelloides Alex.

Figs. 87, 88.

1921. pp. 197-198, pl. in, fig. 11 (wing).

Length 4:5-4-7 mm., wing 5:1 mm. General coloration light

yellow with dark yellow markings.

Head and rostrum sulphur yellow; palpi dark brown; tubercle

conspicuous, sulphur yellow, bifid, protruding over bases of antennae,

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 267

each bifurcation bearing two to three apical hairs and a lateral row

of six to seven hairs; mesal region with a dark brown blotch, the

posterior end of which runs backwards towards the neck. Antennae

with scapal joints sulphur yellow, large, elongate-oval, flagellum of

14 dark brown joints, elongate-cylindrical, becoming shorter towards

apex of flagellum, clothed with elongate verticils one to one and a

half times the length of the joint; joints 4~7 bearing secondary very

elongate verticils four to five times the length of joint (these secondary

verticils absent in female). Flagellum of female with joint | globular,

remainder oval, becoming more elongate towards apex, ultimate

joint longer than penultimate. Eyes widely separated, ommatidia

coarse.

Thorax as described by Alexander; pronotum lighter yellow with

a dark brown median stripe meeting the mesonotal median stripe;

immediately ventrad of the dark lateral edge of mesonotal praescutum

a narrow sulphur-yellow stripe, contiguous with the pronotal stripe

and ending at wing base; propleura brownish grey. Wings with Sc

short, ending before origin of RS by a distance equal to m-cu; Sc,

difficult to detect; RS arcuated, two and a half times m-cu; R,

absent, consequently element R,,,,, absent, replaced by element R5,,

which is twice RS in length; cell R, very small, widely divergent;

Ist M, present, narrowed at inner end; m-—cu inserted at fork of M;

vein 28 slightly sinuous.

Ninth tergite of male hypopygium (fig. 87, a) with a median V,

apices bluntly rounded. Basistyles short, broader than long,

pubescent, bearing two dististyles in apical notch. Dorsal dististyle

profoundly divided basally; dorsal arm slender, elongate, tapering

suddenly to an acute apex; ventral arm shorter, slender, apex chitin-

ised, slightly hooked, bearing several delicate hairs; ventral dististyle

slender, lateral outer margin with a minute spine; apex of dististyle

chitinised, bearing several delicate hairs; ventro-caudal lobe of

basistyle elongate, dilated slightly mesally, with numerous scattered

setae; aedeagal sheath large, feebly chitinised, fleshy; actual penis

indistinct.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Seven Weeks Poort (K. H. B., C. W. T.,

H. G. W.), January 1935.

Natal (Alexander).

Larva.—Length 7-8-8:4 mm., diameter -4--5 mm. Colour light

brown due to delicate appressed pubescence.

Body slender, terete, tapering gradually at thoracic region, a

268 Annals of the South African Museum.

Wut

1H .

Y WA

CZ,

Fic. 87.—Gonomyia sulphurelloides Alex. Imago: a, male hypopygium;

b, ninth sternite. Larva: c, end of abdomen (lateral view); d, spiracular disc

(dorsal view); e, head capsule (dorsal view); f, mandible; g, labrum-epipharynx;

h, protuberance of hypopharynx; 7, mental papillae; 7, antenna.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 269

marked annular constriction prior to spiracular disc. Abdominal

segmentation indistinct.

Chaetotaxy consisting at most of a few scattered pencils along

pleural regions of body. Spiracular disc (fig. 87, c, d) tilted dorsad,

surrounded by five subequal lobes, fringed by light brownish-yellow

hairs, ventral pair of lobes the longest, dorso-median lobe the shortest;

centre of disc suffused with two light brown areas, the ventral and

larger area giving rise to the dark brown, club-shaped marks which

project to the apices of the ventral lobes, inner margin of each lobe

lined with dark brown, a seta situated apically; lateral lobes with a

dark brown crescent, the arms of which continue past and surround

the spiracles; dorso-median lobe with a semi-crescent, split frequently

by a yellow vitta. Spiracles circular, dark brown, margined by a

narrow light yellow annulus, which in turn is edged with black;

spiracles separated by two and a third to three times the diameter

of a single spiracle. Anal gills four, white, short, twice as long as

broad.

Head capsule (fig. 87, e) minute, long, slender, greatly dissected,

consisting of six bars, two dorsal, two dorso-lateral and two ventral,

the two dorsal bars being the margins of a thin plate, membranous

medially, slightly chitinised laterally, apex a short transverse chitinised

tod; base of each dorsal bar joined to that of the dorso-lateral bar,

this junction continued cephalad to articulate via a Y-shaped rod

with a short transverse bar whose lateral projections support the

antennae; apices of dorso-lateral bars expanded, flattened; ventral

bars broader than the others, long, delicate, anterior end hardly

expanded, apparently untoothed; dorso-lateral and ventral bars

connected by membranous tissue forming a thin hyaline plate.

Antenna (fig. 87, 7) prominent, unsegmented, cylindrical, apex with

a large conical hyaline papilla and two to three minute papillae.

Mandible (fig. 87, f) slender, apex a bluntly rounded point, ventral

cutting-edge with three blunt teeth, outermost tooth truncate, the

second tooth conical, bluntly rounded, above and below which is a

minute odontoid tooth, basal tooth bluntly rounded, dorsal edge

opposite this and the second gives rise to two stout setae, projecting

inwards; inner basal region swollen with a long elliptical opening

from which extrudes a dense brush of long setae. Maxilla a large

fleshy lobe, bluntly rounded, bearing a row of three to five minute

sensory papillae on dorsal apical surface, densely covered with long

yellowish hairs. Labrum-epipharynx (fig. 87, g) long, apex bearing

numerous stout sensory papillae, partially concealed by the dense

270 Annals of the South African Museum.

pubescence of long yellow hairs which arises from mid-region, laterad

to this origin a single stout seta. Mental region not conspicuous,

reduced to two small adjacent bars, each bearing four to six teeth

(fig. 87, 7). Hypopharynx a large cushion, densely pubescent, with

several papillae, entire surface covered basally by juxtaposed

transverse rows of elliptical disc-like protuberances (fig. 87, h).

Fig. 88.—Pupa of Gonomyia sulphurelloides, Alex. a, pronotal breathing horn;

b, antennal sheath; c, mouth parts; d, male cauda (lateral view); e, female cauda

(lateral view).

Pupa.—Length 6-5-6:8 mm., diameter -9-1 mm. Colour of

abdomen pale yellow; thorax, wing pads and head lght brown;

breathing horns whitish yellow; eyes black; mature pupae reveal

darker toning to above colours.

Cephalic crest absent. Antennae (fig. 88, 6b) moderately long,

extending to base of wing pad, markedly crenulate along outer basal

margin. Labrum (fig. 88, c) triangular, apex rounded; labial lobes

truncate, slightly rounded at each outer angle; maxillary palpi

straight, stout at origin, tapering to narrow apices.

Thorax behind breathing horns flattened, each declivity separated

by a low median carina and bounded by a low raised ridge, directed

laterad along dorso-cephalic angle of mesonotum to above insertion

of wing pads, its margin irregularly serrate. Pronotal breathing

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 271

horns (fig. 88, a) distinct, narrow and tubular basally, suddenly

dilated into flattened circular apices (lateral aspect), directed slightly

laterad, and uniformly wide (dorsal view). Wing pads end opposite

end of abdominal segment 2; leg sheaths opposite end of segment 3,

mid-tarsi slightly shorter than the others.

Abdominal segments divided into two annul, anterior annulus

subdivided in turn into two annulets. Chaetotaxy and spines

absent. Dorsa and venter of abdominal segments 5-7 lightly

chitinised along posterior margins.

Male cauda (fig. 88, d) armed with a square of four distinct lobes

on eighth segment, the ventral pair the longer; sternal sheaths large,

enclosing the elongate dististyles of the male hypopygium, produced

dorsad into two closely placed blunt apices; tergal sheaths shorter,

bulbous, outer angle produced into a short acute apex.

Female cauda (fig. 88, e) armed as in male, tergal sheaths con-

spicuous, contiguous medially, tapering and directed slightly dorsad

into blunt apices; sternal sheaths only slightly shorter, rounded

apically (these latter sheaths are longer than in G. nigrobimbo).

Remarks.—Associated with the immatures of Conosia irrorata

(Wiedemann) and Ti: pula pomposa Bergroth were found several larvae

and pupae of this species. These occurred some six to twelve inches

from the water’s edge just below the surface of a low mound of

saturated gravelly sand containing a small percentage of black silt.

The quick, wriggling larvae tend to proceed to the drier portions of

the mound prior to pupation. Minimum pupal duration: six days.

Alexander (1920a, p. 940) found the immatures of Gonomyia

sulphurella O. 8. a close ally to the above species, in ““mud along the

banks of streams.”’

Gonomyia nigrobimbo Alex.

Figs. 89, 90.

1934. pp. 60-61.

Length 4-4-5 mm., wing 3-6-4 mm. Holotype male well described

but not figured by Alexander.

General coloration black with obscure rufous markings. Antennae

(fig. 89, 6) 16-jointed, black, clothed with short pubescence and

scattered longer setae; scapal joint 1 short-cylindrical, twice as long

as broad; scapal joint 2 subglobular, one-half length of first joint;

272 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fic. 89.—Gonomyia nigrobimbo Alex. a, wing; b, antenna; c, d, male hypo-

pygium (dorsal and lateral views); e, dististyles (male hypopygium); f, aedeagal

sheath and penis (dorsal view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 273

flagellar joints becoming gradually shorter and more slender, short-

oval, one and three-quarters to twice as long as their broadest

diameter; ultimate joint longer than penultimate.

Wings (fig. 89, a) suffused with black, veins black; Sc, elongate,

two and a half times m-—cu, terminating at mid-length of RS; Sc,

far removed from tip of Sc,, terminating at origin of RS; R, inserted

from fork of RS by one-half its own length and equal to r—m cross-

vein in length; RS straight, five times m—cu; cell Rg widely divergent,

twice its petiole in length; 1st M, open by atrophy of outer deflection

of M, (in Alexander’s holotype the distal section of Mg lies free in the

membrane of the wing); cell M, divergent, one and a half times its

petiole; m-—cu inserted before fork of M but frequently at or beyond

fork of M. Ninth tergite of male hypopygium (fig. 89, c) with caudal

margin prolonged into two lobes, apices bluntly rounded, separated

by a short shallow V. Basistyles twice as long as broad, pubescent,

outer apical angle produced caudad into a conspicuous powerful lobe

concealing the insertion of the three dististyles which articulate

within the notch of each basistyle; this notch situated on the ventral

inner surface of basistyle and is best seen from a ventral aspect.

Dorsal dististyle (fig. 89, e) a curved, simple, flattened rod, dilated

basally, its apex broadly bifid; mesal dististyle an elongate-cylindrical

pubescent rod, rounded apically; ventral dististyle elongate, often

directed cephalad and projecting conspicuously beneath the basi-

style, its base dilated, apical half narrowed into a long, sinuous,

acute point, mesal lateral margin produced into a strong acute spine,

setiferous. Aedeagus (fig. 89, f) an elongate conspicuous tapering

setiferous sheath, connected to inner portion of each basistyle by a

semi-circular strip of chitin; “‘latera”’ shghtly swollen; penis slender,

bulbous portion small.

Tergal valves of female ovipositor flattened, slender, bladelike

structures, curved slightly dorsad, twice as long as sternal valves

which are straight and thicker.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Fernwood (C. W. T., H. G. W.),

November 1934; (C. W. T.) January 1933.

Cape Province: Oudebosch (Lightfoot), December 1920.

Larva.—Length 9-9-5 mm., diameter -75--9 mm. Colour dull

yellow.

Form terete, slender, tapering gradually towards thoracic region,

a marked constriction prior to spiracular disc, greatest diameter of

body at fourth segment; integument thin, revealing the underlying

longitudinal muscle fibres.

VOL. XXXIX. 18

274 Annals of the South African Museum.

Chaetotaxy and creeping welts absent. Spiracular disc (fig. 90, a)

tilted dorsad, surrounded by five lobes, dorso-median lobe small,

Fic. 90.—Pupa of Gonomyia nigrobimbo Alex. Larva: a, spiracular disc.

Pupa: 6, head and thorax (lateral view); c, head (ventral view); d, e, pronotal

breathing horn (dorsal and lateral views); f, ridge of thorax; g, female cauda

(lateral view); h, male cauda (lateral view).

bearing a minute rectangular mark on inner surface; the remaining

four lobes stout, bluntly rounded apically, their margins fringed

with short delicate hairs; lateral lobes marked with a dark brown

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 275

triangle split medially by a thin yellow vitta; ventral lobes marked

with a small triangle and a large rectangle of brown separated by a

thin vitta, the latter mark bearing a long stiff seta apically; spiracles

small, separated by three times the diameter of a single spiracle,

each surrounded by a pale brownish area which becomes a distinct

oblong between the spiracles. Anal gills four, white, stout, globular.

Head capsule minute, greatly dissected, the six heavily chitinised

bars arranged and articulating as in G. sulphurelloides. Antenna

unsegmented, cylindrical, apex with a large conical hyaline papilla,

longer than the basal segment, surrounded by two to three minute

papillae. Mandible slender, apex bluntly rounded, toothlike; ventral

cutting-edge with three blunt teeth, outermost tooth the largest, all

bluntly rounded; dorsal cutting-edge with two teeth, subacute,

proximal tooth a minute peg; basal region as in sulphurelloides.

Remainder of head capsule as in sulphurelloides.

Pupa.—Length 6-8-7-2 mm., diameter -8-1 mm. Newly formed

pupae pale cream, slightly chitinised on head and thorax; older pupae

light yellowish brown, wing pads and leg sheaths black.

Cephalic crest (fig. 90, 6, c) small, represented by a conical pro-

tuberance at origin of each antennal sheath, which is crenulate on

outer margin at each joint and which extends to bend in fore femora.

Labrum (fig. 90, c) triangular, apex obtusely rounded; labial lobes

rounded and slightly produced at outer angle; maxillary palpi

straight, stout at origin, tapering to blunt apices.

Thorax behind breathing horns flattened, each declivity separated

by low median carina and bounded by a high raised ridge, irregularly

serrate (fig. 90, b, f), directed laterad along dorso-cephalic angle of

mesonotum to above the insertion of wing pad. Pronotal breathing

horns (fig. 90, 6, d, e) small, short, flattened, distal margin irregular,

semicircular (dorsal aspect), conical, directed dorsad (lateral aspect).

Wing pads extend almost to end of abdominal segment 2; leg sheaths

opposite end of abdominal segment 3; mid-tarsi shorter than others.

Abdominal segments indistinctly divided into two annuli, devoid

of chaetotaxy and spines, mottled with dark brown blotches and

spots.

Male cauda (fig. 90, h) armed with a square of four prominent

equal lobes on eighth segment; sternal sheaths large, bulbous,

irregularly rounded apically, outer dorsal angle slightly produced;

tergal sheaths not projecting beyond sternal sheaths, slender,

divergent, curved strongly dorsad, tapering to acute, heavily

chitinised spinelike apices.

276 Annals of the South African Museum.

Female cauda (fig. 90, g) armed as in male; tergal sheaths con-

spicuous, contiguous medially, tapering and directed slightly dorsad

into acute chitinised apices; sternal sheaths shorter, small, rounded

apically.

Remarks.—At Fernwood Ravine the immatures of this species were

found by Mr. Thorne and the author in the saturated organic sand

on the margins of the forest rill (November 1934), associated with

the larvae of Limnophila dubiosa. The striking black and rufous

flies scurry in Stone-fly fashion over the boulders and small stones

protruding from the stream and seem loath to take to fight. Pupation

occurs in the dry sand-spits under the shelter of a convenient rock,

this stadium taking eight to nine days.

Gonomyia pulchrissima Alex.

igen oe

1921. pp. 200-201.

Length 3-4-3-6 mm., wing 2:3-2-5 mm. Holotype male not figured

by Alexander.

General coloration yellow with brownish-black markings. An-

tennae (fig. 91, 6) 16-jointed; scapal joint 1 cylindrical, twice as long

as broad; scapal joint 2 subglobular, half as long as previous joint;

flagellar joint 1 broad-cylindrical, as broad as long; joints 2-6 short,

slightly fusiform rather than cylindrical, one and a half times as

long as broad, equal in length to joint 1; joints 7-14 narrower than

previous joints, becoming twice as long as broad and more fusiform.

Wings (fig. 91, a) suffused with light yellow, veins brown; Sc ending

opposite one-third the length of RS, Sc, apparently absent, R,

difficult to detect (Alexander states: “‘r rather indistinct, connecting

R, just beyond base’), RS straight, five to five and a half times

m-cu; cell R, deep, two and a quarter to two and a half times its

petiole, widely divergent, vein M, most variable in length being

(a) with tip of M, lying free in wing membrane and equal to m-cu;

(>) lying free and three times m-cu; (c) usually connected to M,,.,

consequently cell Ist M, open by the atrophy of outer deflection of

M, and one to one and a half times its petiole; m-—cu inserted at

fork of M.

Male hypopygium (fig. 91, c) with caudal margin of ninth tergite

prolonged into two elongate, uniformly wide lobes, separated by a

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 277

deep narrow U-shaped sinus, one-half the length of the tergite and

terminating opposite mid-length of basistyles, apices bluntly rounded

and directed slightly ventrad. Ninth sternite broad-triangular.

Basistyles twice as long as broad, pubescent, outer apical angle

——

Fie. 91.—Gonomyia pulchrissima Alex. a, wing; 6, antenna; c, male hypo-

pygium (dorsal view); d, tip of penis (lateral view); e, dististyles (male

hypopygium).

prolonged caudad into a conspicuous powerful lobe, bluntly rounded

and forming the lateral portion of the apical notch which bears three

dististyles: dorsal dististyle (fig. 91, e) a strongly chitinised, powerful,

flattened blade, swollen basally, then constricted and sharply bent

at mid-length, apex dilated into a small round pubescent protuberance

and a large subacute hook; middle dististyle (fig. 91, e) a simple

clavate rod clothed with short hairs; ventral dististyle (fig. 91, e)

278 Annals of the South African Museum.

elongate, largest of the three dististyles, its base dilated, apical half

narrowed into an elongate, sinuous, acute rod, inner mesal angle with

two chitinised hooks, the inner the larger. The apical notch of the

basistyles is continued ventrally for a distance in order to accommo-

date the swollen bases of the three dististyles. This led Alexander

to state erroneously that “the longest pair” (v.e. the ventral disti-

styles) “are apparently attached to the sternite.” Inner basal edge

of basistyles connected to the narrow chitinous strips projecting

laterad and slightly dorsad from the base of the aedeagus. Aedeagal

sheath simple in structure, consisting of an elongate, pubescent,

semi-chitinised tube surrounding the slender penis, flattened and

uniformly wide (viewed laterally); apex of penis curved strongly

ventrad (fig. 91, d), acute; “latera” slightly swollen, bulbous portion

of penis minute.

Localitves.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: French Hoek Pass (K. H. B.), December

1916; (G. A. W., H. G. W.) December 1932.

Remarks.—This beautifully coloured crane-fly is by no means

common and seems confined to the immediate vicinity of small

mountain rills and streams. Like G. nigrobsumbo the adults are loath

to take to flight and are captured only by sweeping.

Gonomyia mimetica Alex.

1921. p. 198, pl. i, fig. 14 (wing); pl. iv, fig. 23 (hypopygium).

3: Length 4:5 mm., wing 5-2 mm. General coloration greyish

yellow, abdomen brownish. Wing described and figured by

Alexander.

Male hypopygium with ninth tergite narrow, prolonged medially

into a square lobe, extending half-way up the basistyles, each outer

angle more densely clothed with stiff hairs; ninth sternite narrow,

produced caudad into broad rounded lobe, apex pubescent. Basi-

styles twice as long as broad, pubescent, outer apical angle moderately

prolonged as small lobe; two dististyles articulate in apical notch

of each basistyle; dorsal dististyle stout, subcircular, inner apical

angle produced into short rounded tubercle, clothed with ten to

fifteen stiff hairs, outer apical angle produced as powerful, pubescent,

heavily chitinised, laterally curved hook; ventral dististyle an elon-

gate, slender, pubescent rod, twice as long as dorsal dististyle.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 279

Aedeagus elongate, projecting beyond tips of basistyles, a lightly

chitinised tube surrounding the slender penis, dorso-apical region

prolonged into a slender acute rod, slightly shorter than tip of penis,

which projects from aedeagal sheath, “‘latera”’ short.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Montagu (Tucker), October 1919.

Natal (Alexander).

Gonomyia flaveola Alex.

1921. pp. 199-200, pl. in, fig. 13 (wing).

Female known. Length 5-8-6-3 mm., wing 6-6-5 mm. General

coloration yellow. Wing described and figured by Alexander.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Knysna (Peringuey), October 1916.

Gonomyia brevifurca Alex.

1917. pp. 153-154, pl. xi, fig. 18 (wing).

Holotype male, with the exception of the hypopygium, fully

described by Alexander. Wing figured.

Length 4 mm., wing 3:3 mm. General coloration yellow with

blackish markings.

Male hypopygium similar to that of G. pulchrissima, differing as

follows: ninth tergite with caudal margin only slightly prolonged

medially into two short lobes, separated by a shallow notch, not

extending beyond origin of the “latera’’ on the aedeagal sheath.

Aedeagal sheath thus appears relatively longer, although in matter

of fact it is not longer than that of G. pulchrissima. Tip of sheath

longer, tapering to a wide opening, prolonged slightly ventrad, not

truncate, tip of penis not reaching apex of sheath when in normal

position.

Localitues—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Landdrost (K. H. B.), 1916.

Genus RHABDOMASTIX Skuse.

1890. p. 828.

Imago.—Antennae 16-jointed, moderately long, two and a half

times combined head and thorax, flagellar joints elongate-cylindrical

280 Annals of the South African Museum.

or elongate-fusiform, on average seven to eight times as long as

broadest diameter; wings with Sc moderately long, ending opposite

mid-length of RS; RS long, five and a half times m-cu; R,,, trans-

verse in position; cell Rg widely divergent, vein R,,, less than one-

half the length of its petiole; three branches of RS reach wing margin;

cell M, absent; cell 1st M, small, hexagonal. Penis moderately long;

aedeagus of two chitinised rods dorsad and laterad of base of penis,

supporting gonapophyses which are long, slender, acute; ovipositor

of normal Trpuline structure, with chitinised acicular valves.

Larva.—Form very slender, elongate. Spiracular disc microscopic,

apparently lobeless, the two spiracles elliptical, margins of disc with

fine, moderately long setae. Chaetotaxy reduced, of microscopic hairs,

scanty in distribution. Head capsule minute, of three narrow plates.

Mandible long, chitinised, cutting-edge toothless. Antenna elongate,

cylindrical, apical papilla one-quarter its length. Labrum-epipharynx

with five sharp teeth and numerous dorsal hairs. Maxilla a large

lobe projecting from prothoracic orifice. Hypopharynx with three

teeth. Mentum an indistinct transverse bar.

Pupa.—Cephalic crest large, of two closely placed protuberances,

acute apically. Pronotal breathing horns microscopic, mere tubercles

directed outwards. Abdominal segments with a transverse row of

few setae. Tergal and sternal sheaths large, at base of former a

bifid lobe, setiferous; eighth segment of cauda with lateral tuberculate

setae and two dorsal bifid lobelike spines.

As far as the author is aware, this genus has not previously been

recorded from South Africa. It is represented in the S.W. Cape by

the single species, R. afra, described herein. The immatures occupy

the wet, saturated sand-spits in small mountain streams.

Rhabdomastiz afra sp.n.

Figs. 92, 93.

3d: Length 4-4-5 mm., wing 3-3-2 mm. Rostrum very short,

maxillary palpi minute; head light brown, broad, somewhat flattened

dorso-ventrally; eyes large, black. Antennae (fig. 92, 6) 16-jointed,

clothed with numerous delicate hairs one-half the length of flagellar

joint, light yellowish brown, scape darker, elongate, two and a half

times the head and thorax combined—if bent backwards, extending

to end of abdominal segment 1; scapal joints equal in length, sub-

globular, as broad as long; flagellar joint 1 peglike, practically twice

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 281

the length of previous joint, remaining flagellar joints elongate-

cylindrical or slightly fusiform, joints 2-5 becoming increasingly

longer, approximately six times as long as broadest diameter; joints

6-10 equal in length, seven times as long as broad; joints 11-13

shortening gradually, being eight times as long as broad; ultimate

joint one-quarter of penultimate in length, but four times as long as

broad, rounded apically.

Mesonotal praescutum rufous brown with a single narrow, median,

dark brown stripe split by a thin vitta of pale yellow. Pleura and legs

light sepia brown, with two indefinite stripes on the former extending

from wing root to mid and hind coxae, these stripes split by a pale

vitta. Wings (fig. 92, a) with stigma indistinct, veins light yellowish

brown; Sc moderately long, terminating opposite mid-length of RS,

Sc, short, twice the length of Sc,; RS long, arcuated slightly at

origin, five to five and a half times m-cu; R,,, short, transverse in

position, not joined to R, but reaching wing margin distad to tip of

R, by a distance equal to its own length, cell R, short, widely di-

vergent, only two-thirds its petiole R,,5,,; vein R, slightly longer

than R,,3,,; rm long, equal to m-—cu, creating a wide cell R,;;

cell M, absent; cell lst M, closed, small, longitudinally hexagonal;

vein 2A short, straight.

Abdomen rufous brown with darker coloration along pleurites.

Ninth tergite of hypopygium (fig. 92, c) broad, chitinised on either

side of membranous median portion which is prolonged caudad as an

irregular fleshy lobe overlying and concealing aedeagal structure.

Basistyles long and slender (fig. 92, d), two and a third as long as

broad, pubescent, from whose apical notch articulate two prominent

dististyles, the dorsal (fig. 92, d) a heavily chitinised, shghtly curved

rod, dilated at origin, bluntly rounded, outer angle bent into a short

acute hook, outer margin armed with double row of eighteen to

twenty acute minute spines; ventral dististyle (fig. 92, d) a wide

flattened fleshy blade, tapering to a bluntly rounded apex. Penis

(fig. 92, d) moderately long, slender, bulbous basally; aedeagal

structure (fig. 92, d) composed of straight chitinised rod dorsad and

laterad of base of penis and connected to it by muscular fibres; from

the apical notch of each rod articulates the elongate, slender, con-

spicuous, acutely pointed gonapophyses (fig. 92, d, e), the base of

which is prolonged into a short arm attached to the chitinised

projection from the inner basal surface of the basistyle.

Ovipositor of normal Tipuline composition, consisting of chitinised

acicular valves.

282 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fig. 92.—Rhabdomastiz afra sp.n. Imago: a, wing; b, male antenna; c, ninth

tergite (dorsal view); d, male hypopygium (dorsal view), ninth tergite removed;

e, gonaphysis. Larva: ff, maxilla; 9g, labrum-epipharynx; h, antenna;

?, mandible; 7, hypopharynx.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 283

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Platteklip (K. H. B.), November 1932

and 1934; (G. A. W., H. G. W.) December 1934;

Orange Kloof (K. H. B., C. W. T.), March 1934.

Cape Province: Oudebosch (C. W. T., H. G. W.),

September 1933.

Larva.—Length 14-16 mm., diameter -6--7 mm. Body elongate,

terete, slender, abdominal segments about three times as long as

broad, pro- and mesothoracic segments slightly narrowed; hyaline

tips of maxillary lobes projecting from the prothoracic orifice.

Integument opaque with microscopic appressed pubescence which

becomes longer on the sixth and seventh segments; penultimate

segment frequently distended to a pronounced swollen ring; con-

siderably lighter in colour than remainder of abdomen; ultimate

segment short, one-third the length of seventh segment, tapering

quickly to blunt apex bearing the two spiracles.

Chaetotaxy composed of microscopic pencils of delicate hairs

scattered along anterior margins of thoracic segments.

Spiracular disc microscopic, lobeless even under high magnification,

margins of disc sparsely clothed with fine, moderately long setae;

spiracles dark brown, minute, closely placed, elliptical, major axis

lying dorso-ventrally.

Head capsule minute, consisting of three plates, narrow, margined

with strips of chitin, the dorsal plate the largest, truncate caudally,

each marginal strip of chitin articulating in the socket of a Y-shaped

rod situated laterad of base of each mandible. Mandible (fig. 92, 2)

long, slender, heavily chitinised, deep at base, apex bluntly rounded,

ventral cutting-edge sharpened but toothless, basal slit with brush

of elongate, stiff, acute setae, which partially conceals the mandible.

Antenna (fig. 92, h) greatly elongated, a slender semi-transparent

cylinder, apical papilla very slender, one-quarter the length of basal

segment, without papillae at its base. Labrum-epipharynx (fig. 92, g)

a long projecting structure, apex with row of five conspicuous sharp

teeth arranged fanwise, their bases partially concealed by a large tuft

of short hairs. Maxilla (fig. 92, f) a large fleshy lobe, wide basally,

bearing a prominent, rounded, fleshy lobelet, latered of which is a

short stiff seta, ventral surface of maxilla greatly prolonged into a

hyaline apex which projects normally from prothoracic orifice.

Hypopharynx (fig. 92, 7) a short, wide, chitinised plate with three

minute subacute teeth. Mental region not conspicuous, reduced to a

small semi-chitinised transverse bar articulating with ends of

chitinised strips of lateral plates of head capsule.

284 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fig. 93.—Pupa of Rhabdomastix afra sp.n. a, head and thorax (lateral view);

b, head sheath (ventral view); c, female cauda (lateral view); d, e, male cauda

(dorsal and lateral views).

Pupa.—Length 5-2-5-5 mm., diameter -7--8 mm. Colour pale

yellow to light yellowish brown; head and thorax of mature pupae

heavily chitinised; wing pads dark brown.

Head prominently projecting ventrad, neck narrow. Cephalic

crest (fig. 93, a, b) moderately large, conspicuous, composed of two

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 285

closely placed median protuberances, ventrally directed, apices bifid,

acute chitinised points; at caudal surface of each base a small

rounded swelling. Laterad and dorsad of cephalic crest, at the origin

of each antennal sheath, occurs a large bifid lobe, each bifurcation

slightly chitinised, acute; dorsad of each base an elongate tuberculate

seta. Along margin of each eye are three small, chitinised, acute,

lobelike spines. Antennal sheaths crenulate along outer margin at

each joint, slightly curved towards apex, which extends to bend in

fore femora. |

Thorax behind breathing horns depressed, each depression separated.

by a high median carina and bounded by a low raised ridge, directed

laterad along dorso-cephalic angle of mesonotum to above the

insertion of wing pad, this ridge bearing two to three rows of minute

scattered chitinised spines, those on median region becoming longer

and stouter; on either side of the high median carina an elongate

tuberculate seta. Laterad of each breathing horn a short tuberculate

seta. Pronotal breathing horns microscopic (fig. 93, a), being mere

raised tubercles directed outwards, difficult to detect even under

high magnification. Across meso- and metathorax and dorsum of

abdominal segment 1 a row of four short setae. Wing pads extend

to end of abdominal segment 2; leg sheaths opposite end of abdominal

segment 4.

Abdominal segments 2-7 indistinctly subdivided into three or four

narrow transverse annuli, bearing short delicate chaetotaxy as

follows: dorsum of segments 2-7 with subterminal transverse row of

eight setae, often arranged in pairs on segments 6-7; in addition

segments 5-7 have a mesal transverse row of four setae; venter of

segments 2-4 bare, segments 5-7 with subterminal row of four setae,

situated along a row of evenly spaced, acute microscopic spines,

twenty-four in number; in addition occurs a mesal transverse row

of four setae.

3 cauda (fig. 93, d, e): Sternal sheaths short, closely placed along

median line, apices widely rounded; tergal sheaths widely divergent,

tapering to acute, chitinised, spinelike apices, inner apical angle

bearing an elongate tuberculate seta. Cephalad of each tergal sheath

a wide, dorsally directed, bifid lobe, the bifurcations tapering to

chitinised spines, outer bifurcation armed with elongate seta. Highth

segment of cauda bearing three lateral tuberculate setae, on dorsum

two short acute spines on median line, laterad of which occurs a

short, bifid spinelike lobe armed with a long seta on inner surface

of inner bifurcation.

286 Annals of the South African Museum.

2 cauda (fig. 93, c): Sternal and tergal sheaths elongate, contiguous

medially, the latter sheaths the larger, bearing on outer apical angle

two curved hooklike spines, the outer having a short seta; eighth

segment of cauda as in male.

Remarks.—Dr. Barnard and the author discovered the immatures

of this species amid the small gravelly sand-spits under small rocks

where they were sheltered from the main force of the cascading

stream (Plattekliip; November 1933). Several pupae occurred in the

drier regions of the spits in these rock shelters where the sand was

raised two to three inches above the level of the water. Pupal

stadium: eight to ten days.

In November 1934 Dr. Barnard and Mr. Thorne found additional

larvae and pupae under similar conditions at Orange Kloof.

Genus ErioprerA Meigen.

1803. p. 262.

Imago.—Rostrum short, not exceeding rest of head; antennae

simple in both sexes, terminal joints not conspicuously shortened;

15-jointed (except EL. peringueyi, where 16-jointed); wings with Sc,

short, terminating near Sc, and prior to mid-length of RS (except

peringueyi, where Sc, long, equal to RS and terminating distad to

branching of RS); three branches of RS reach wing margin; cell R,

short and divergent with vein R, shorter than petiole of cell Rg (or

cell R, deep with vein R, longer than petiole of cell Rg, veins Rg and

R, parallel), R, distinct from M,,, by r—m cross-vein; cell M, absent;

cell Ist M, absent (except H. ignava and clausa); male hypopygium

with basistyles short and wide, having a single dististyle (except

E. peringueyi, clausa and bonae spe). Female ovipositor valves

reduced, fleshy, occasionally acicular (H. clausa).

Larva.—F¥orm slender, elongate. Creeping welts or pads absent.

Spiracular disc with four slender lobes, ventral lobes three and a half

times the length of dorsal lobes, fringed with moderately long hairs.

Head capsule long, slender, of three plates with chitinised margins.

Labrum and maxilla as in Gonomyia. Remainder of capsule cannot

be given until additional material is available.

Pupa.—Cephalic crest absent. Pronotum depressed on either side

of median carina; breathing horns absent even under high magnifica-

tion. Abdominal segments unarmed with spines but with chaetotaxy

of four to six minute dorsal setae along posterior margin of segments.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 287

Cauda with sternal sheaths bulbous, stout; tergal sheaths shorter,

caudal margin of each bifid, outer bifurcation large, directed dorso-

caudally into chitinised lobe; eighth segment of cauda with minute

tubercles, no large spines or spinelike lobes.

This genus contains eight species in the 8S.W. Cape. The pupae

of two have been correlated. Their habitat is the muddy sand-spits

along the margins of streams.

Key to Species of Krioptera.

Imagos.

1. Cell Ist M, closed (fig. 100, a) . : ; : : 5

Cell Ist M, open (fig. 94,@a) 5 o Bk

2. Large forms (5-8-6 mm., wing 6- 1 6-8 mm. je ovipositor

reduced, valves minute, fleshy . ; . agnava.

Small forms (2 mm., wing 3 mm.); ovipositor normal Salves

elongate, acicular : , . clausa.

3. Wings densely clouded by fae fertehrse bands of colour;

Se, long, equal to RS; vein 2A conspicuously sinuous

(hig 99%). : : ‘ : ; ; ‘ . peringuey?.

Wings hyaline; Sc, short, less than one-half RS; vein 2A

almost straight (fig. 96, a) . , : 4,

4, RS curved, forming with upper branch (Ree) a distinct

semicircular outline; cell R, short, z.e. one to one and a

half times its petiole, veins 1, and R, widely divergent

(fig. 96, a); in male hypopygium two dististyles articulate

in apical notch of each basistyle (fig. 96, c) . ‘ . bonae sper.

RS straight (fig. 97, a); cell R, deep, z.e. at least four times

its petiole; veins Rg and R, practically parallel (fig. 97, a);

in male hypopygium a single dististyle articulates with

each basistyle (fig. 97, c) : noe

5. In male hypopygium outer apical ile of bacistylen is pro-

longed into a strong, conspicuous, chitinised rod as long

as basistyle (fig. 97, c) . : ; : : . longicalcaratus.

In male hypopygium this rod absent 5 6.

6. Ninth tergite of male hypopygium produced medially ratte

two slender, closely placed, ventrally directed lobes,

separated by deep narrow V (fig. 94, e); aedeagus armed

with two dorsally curved, acute hooks (fig. 94, c) . . claripennis.

Ninth tergite of hypopygium elongate-triangular, narrowed

to a single acute apex (fig. 98, c); aedeagus devoid of

acute hooks (fig. 98, f) ; 5 : are

7. Sc, removed from tip of Sc, by Htetarice Bacal to m-cu;

cell Rg very deep, 7.e. fifteen times its petiole; cell M,

five are its petiole (fig. 98, a) . : : : . witzenbergi.

288 Annals of the South African Museum.

Se, removed from tip of Sc, by distance equal to one-third

of m-cu; cell R, deep, 7.e. four and a half times its petiole;

cell M, three times its petiole (fig. 100, e) , : . brumatus.

Pupae.

1. Colour light yellow; two inner bifurcations on tergal sheaths

almost as large as outer bifurcations, conical in shape . witzenbergi.

Colour dark orange-yellow; outer bifurcation of tergal

sheaths large, prominent; inner bifurcation a minute,

conical, spinelike lobe . ; ; ; : ; . claripennis.

Erioptera clarupennis Alex.

Figs. 94, 95.

1921. pp. 191-192, pl. in, fig. 10 (wing).

Length 3 mm., wing 4:4 mm. Colour dark brown, often dusted

with grey.

Antennae (fig. 94, 6) 15-jointed: scapal joint 1 equal to joint 2,

which is large and subglobular and after which the flagellar joints

appear suddenly slender and shorter, joints 1-4 being oval, almost

twice as long as broadest diameter, remaining joints becoming more

fusiform, two and a half times as long as broad; ultimate joint longer

than penultimate, rounded apically, constricted basally.

Wings, described by Alexander, as in fig.94,a. Sc long, terminating

at three-quarters the length of RS, Sc. much removed from tip of Sc,

by a distance equal to length of vein R,,5, terminating before fork of

RS by a distance equal to R,,5,,; RS long and straight, five times

m-cu; cell M, four times its petiole in length, becoming increasingly

divergent as vein M, is straight, m—cu inserted at two-thirds of Mg,,;

veins 1A and 2A straight.

Male hypopygium (fig. 94, e, f) with ninth tergite wide basally and

bearing eight to ten coarse hairs on dorso-median margin, tapering

suddenly and produced medially into two slender, closely placed,

ventrally directed lobes, separated by a deep narrow V, each lobe

truncate and blackened apically; ninth sternite represented by a

narrow strip of chitin. Basistyles bulbous, pubescent, wide and short

dorsally, then produced laterad but scarcely extending to end of

aedeagus, joined ventrally by a narrow strip of chitin, bearing in a

large apical notch the single dististyle which is stout and thick basally

(fig. 94, d), then bent and tapering, apex abruptly narrowed to short,

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 289

wide, chitinised tip, inner basal angle acute; aedeagus a large flattened

structure (fig. 94, c), rounded apically and armed with two chitinised,

dorsally curved, acute hooks; basal region prolonged into two slender

membranous “‘latera”’ ; penis undetectable.

Alexander listed the holotype as a male, stressing, however, that

‘from the genitalia of the dried specimen it does not seem to be a

male.’ An examination of the holotype’s genitalia, after treatment

in alcohol and KOH, and also those of freshly caught specimens,

revealed that the above male hypopygium is not typical of the genus

Erioptera.

Ovipositor (fig. 94, g, h) not composed of acicular valves but

reduced in size and chitinisation. Dorsal valves short, fleshy,

pubescent, rounded apically and contiguous medially, longer than

the sternal valves but slightly longer than ninth tergite; sternal

valves wide basally, tapering to acute apices which are separated by

a narrow U-shaped notch; dorsad to these latter valves and lying

within their concave surface is a lobelet on either side, subequal in

length. Attached to the lateral margin of eighth sclerite is a large

pubescent flattened blade, rounded apically (viewed laterally), but

which appears as a narrow curved rod when viewed dorsally, being

shorter than the tergal valves.

Localities ——Cape Peninsula: Orange Kloof (C. W. T.), November

1931; Fernwood (C. W. T.), November 1933.

Cape Province: Matroosberg (Lightfoot), January 1917;

French Hoek Pass (G. A. W., H. G. W.), December

1932 and 1933; January 1935; Palmiet River

(G. A. W., H. G. W.), January 1937.

Larva.—Length 9 mm., diameter -4 mm. Colour dirty yellow;

integument thin, revealing the underlying muscle fibres and the dark

brown contents of the alimentary canal.

Form slender, terete, constricted prior to spiracular disc. Chaeto-

taxy consists of long irregularly scattered hairs. Creeping welts

absent.

Spiracular disc (fig. 95, a) small, lying within the deep concavity

of the four slender, whitish lobes which surround it; ventral lobes

much elongated, three and a half times the length of the dorsal lobes,

outer margin fringed with delicate whitish hairs which at the apex

of the lobe become twice as long as the basal hairs, laterad and

cephalad of disc a long stiff seta.

Head capsule long, slender, consisting of three concave plates, one

dorsal and two lateral, the margins of which are heavily chitinised.

VOL. XXXIX. 19

290 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fic. 94.—Erioptera claripennis Alex. a, wing; 6, antenna; C, aedeagus;

d, dististyle; e, f, male hypopygium (dorsal and lateral views); g, h, female

ovipositor (dorsal and lateral views).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 291

Labrum and maxilla as in the genus Gonomyia. Remainder of head

capsule difficult to distinguish and cannot be accurately described

until additional material is available for examination.

Pupa.—Length 6-6-5 mm., diameter -5—-6 mm. Colour light to

dark orange-yellow, eyes black, mature pupae have dark brown to

black wing pads.

Cephalic crest absent. Antenna (fig. 95, d) moderately long,

extending to base of wing pad, margins smooth, constricted suddenly

to slender apex. Labrum (fig. 95, c) short, as broad as long, apex

bluntly rounded; labial lobes (fig. 95, c) prominent, truncate and fused

medially, each outer angle somewhat produced and bluntly rounded;

maxillary palpi (fig. 95, c) short, straight, directed backwards and

lying along the cheek (fig. 95, 6), wide at origin, tapering to narrow,

pointed apices.

Thoracic pronotum depressed on either side of median carina,

armed with a stiff seta dorsad of origin of each antennal sheath.

Breathing horns absent; no indication of a pore even can be detected

under high magnification. Mesonotum convex, smooth, with a slight

median carina along one-fifth of its length; armed with a short seta

mesally. Wing pads terminate opposite end of posterior annulus of

segment 2 (fig. 95, 6); leg sheaths equal in length, ending opposite

anterior annulus of segment 3.

Abdomen considerably flattened dorso-ventrally, segments 2-7

subdivided into two annuli, anterior annulus longer than posterior

and again subdivided into three ridged transverse annulets; pleural

margins slightly carinate. Chaetotaxy restricted to four to six

minute dorsal setae along posterior margin of segments.

S$ cauda (fig. 95, e, f): Sternal sheaths wide, stout, bulbous, closely

placed, contiguous medially; tergal sheaths slightly shorter, caudal

margin of each widely bifid, the inner bifurcation a minute, conical,

spinelike lobe, outer bifurcation large, prominent, directed dorso-

caudally and produced as a well-chitinised acute lobe; on the slightly

raised mesal surface of eighth segment occur two small rounded

protuberances, each armed with a solitary seta.

given to differentiate the sexes of the pupae of this species; dissection

of the genitalia of the imago from the cauda of the pupa will alone

decide the sex of the pupa under examination.

Remarks.—In the swift flowing upper reaches of the River Zonder

End Mrs. Wood and the author discovered the pupal “shucks” of

this species flattened against the small boulders on the edge of a pool

292 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fic. 95.—EHrioptera claripennis Alex. Larva: a, spiracular lobes. Pupa:

b, anterior portion; c, mouth parts; d, antennal sheath; e, f, cauda (dorsal and

lateral views). Hrioptera witzenbergi sp.n. g, cauda of pupa (dorsal view).

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 293

one foot deep and some six feet in diameter (December 1933).

Several adult flies were captured by sweeping the foliage of tree-heath

bounding the margins of the stream. During December of the next

year Mrs. Wood and the author found forty to fifty pupae and three

larvae of this species in the same pool. The larvae and the majority

of the pupae died within three days after being placed in breeding

phials in spite of every attempt by the author to imitate the aeration

present in the splashing sunht stream.

Erioptera bonae sper Alex.

Fig. 96.

1917. pp. 148-149, pl. x, fig. 11 (wing).

Length 3-3-1 mm., wing 3-9-4 mm. General coloration light

brownish grey.

Antennae (fig. 96, 6) 16-jointed: scapal joint 1 short-cylindrical;

scapal joint 2 conspicuously larger and swollen, twice as long as

broad; flagellar joint 1 globular, as broad as long, one-half the length

of scapal joint 2; flagellar joint 2 similar to flagellar joint 1 in shape

but only two-thirds of its length; joint 3 slightly longer than broad,

subglobular, barely longer than joint 2; joints 4-6 short-fusiform,

becoming twice as long as broad; joints 7-9 longer in length, three

times as long as broad; joints 10-13 elongate-fusiform, five and a half

times as long as broad; ultimate joint four times as long as broad,

being two-thirds of the penultimate joint, rounded apically.

Wings (fig. 96, a) as described and figured by Alexander. Sc short,

ending opposite one-third the length of RS, Sc, removed from tip of

Sc, by a distance equal to r-m vein; RS short, three to three and a

half times m-cu vein, slightly curved, cell R, one and a half times of

its petiole, widely divergent at wing margin, being two and a quarter

times the width of cell R,; R, branches from an element Ry,3.,,

hence vein Rg,, is present (compare Hrioptera longicalcaratus), cell M,

two and a half times its petiole, becoming increasingly divergent to

wing margin; lst M, open by atrophy of m; vein m-—cu inserted at

fork of M; veins 1A and 2A practically straight.

Male hypopygium (fig. 96, c): ninth tergite roughly oval, bearing a

basal transverse row of eight stiff setae, caudal margin prolonged into

a membranous trilobed plate reaching almost to apex of penis, clothed

with short delicate pubescence mesally. Basistyles longer than broad,

294 Annals of the South African Museum.

pubescent, tapering slightly towards apex, inner apical angle prolonged

into a short pubescent lobe, rounded apically, each basistyle bearing

two dististyles joined basally by a narrow strip of chitin, dorsal

dististyle (fig. 96, d) a slender, cylindrical, fleshy rod curved dorsad,

Fie. 96.—Erioptera bonae spei Alex. a, wing; b, antenna; c, male hypopygium

(dorsal view); d, dististyles.

ventral dististyle (fig. 96, d) divided at mid-length into two processes,

the dorsal a flat chitinised blade, apex of which is split into three

short, curved hooks, the dorsal hook the largest, ventral process an

elongate, slender, tapering, slightly curved rod, apex rounded. Ninth

sternite apparently absent as the basistyles are fused ventrally.

Aedeagal sheath (fig. 96, c) supported by two chitinous strips attached

to the inner basal margin of basistyles, tapering and surrounding the

bulbous portion of penis basally, produced cephalad into two stout,

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 295

wide, platelike “latera”’; penis slender, projecting from the aedeagal

sheath, apex acute.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Cape Town (Lightfoot), August 1909;

Orangezicht (K. H. B.), August 1933.

Cape Province: du Toits Kloof (West side) (G. A. W.,

C. W. T., H. G. W.), May 1934.

Erioptera longicalcaratus sp.n.

Tne, Sle

Length 4-45 mm., wing 5-5-5 mm. Rostrum of head short,

stout, less than length of head, pale yellow; palpi short, as long as

head itself; vertex of head dark brown; eyes black. Antennae

(fig. 97, b) pale yellowish brown, 15-jointed; scapal joint 1 short-

cylindrical, twice as long as broad; scapal joint 2 wider, as broad as

long; flagellar joint 1 subglobular, almost twice as long as broad;

joints 2-7 fusiform but equal in length to joint 1, three times as long

as broad; remainder of flagellum having joints longer, four times as

long as broad; ultimate joint rounded apically.

Mesonotal praescutum dark brown, scutellum and postnotum

lighter in colour, yellowish brown. Pleura yellowish brown. Halteres

dirty white. Legs yellowish brown. Wings (fig. 97, a) tinged with

pale brown, stigma indistinct, venation similar to that of H. clar-

pennis; Sc long, terminating at four-fifths of the length of RS; Sc,

removed from tip of Sc, by a distance equal to three times R,,9.4,

Sc, terminating beyond fork of R,,5,,, practically at R,; R, branches

from an element Ry,5, hence Rz,, 1s absent (compare H. bonae sper);

RS long and straight, six times m-—cu; cell lst M, open by atrophy

of m, cell M, five times its petiole, becoming increasingly divergent

as vein M, is straight; m-—cu inserted at mid-length of M,,,; veins 1A

and 2A straight.

Abdomen light brown, hypopygium lightish yellow. Ninth tergite

triangular, apex posterior and prolonged into a widely rounded plate,

caudal margin of which is indent medially, producing two rounded

lobelets. Basistyles (fig. 97, c) short, as wide as long, tapering

suddenly to narrow apex, inner apical angle prolonged into a strong,

conspicuous, chitinised rod, as long as the basistyle and longer than

the actual dististyle, resembling at first glance a dorsal dististyle,

only one dististyle articulates in notch of each basistyle (fig. 97, c, d),

296 Annals of the South African Museum.

being narrow basally, then dilated and divided into two portions, the

dorsal abruptly narrowed to a bluntly rounded chitinised apex, the

ventral portion more fleshy, three to four times as long as dorsal

Fic. 97.—Erioptera longicalcaratus sp.n. a,wing; 6, antenna; c, male hypopygium

(dorsal view); d, dististyle; e, aedeagal sheath and penis (dorsal view).

portion, pubescent, a hooklike rod, apex rounded; ninth sternite

elongate-triangular, pubescent, forming a hollow, dorsally-directed,

keel-shaped structure into which nestles the aedeagal sheath, basi-

styles not fused ventrally. Aedeagal sheath (fig. 97, e) short, one and

a half times as long as broad, surrounding the penis, caudal margin

produced into two membranous rounded lobes; penis short, slender.

saci,

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 297

Female similar in general appearance to male, but slightly darker

in colour. Ovipositor not composed of acicular valves but reduced

in size and chitinisation. Dorsal valves short, fleshy, pubescent,

rounded apically and similar in shape to those of EH. claripennis

(see fig. 94, g, h).

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Silvermine Valley (H. G. W.), March

1933; Orange Kloof (H. G. W.), March 1933;

(C. W. T.) November 1934.

Cape Province: du Toits Kloof (West side) (H. G. W.),

May 1934; Oudebosch (C. W. T., H. G. W.), Sep-

tember 1934; (K. H. B.) January 1934; Sneeuwgat

(K. H..B., C. W. T., H. G. W.), November 1932.

Erioptera witzenbergi sp.n.

Ines, Oey, jp Bier

Length 3-5-3-8 mm., wing 4-4-2 mm. Rostrum short, less than

head in length, light brown; palpi short, ight brown; head dark

brown; eyes black. Antennae (fig. 98, 6) dark brown, 15-jointed;

scapal joint 1 cylindrical, three times as long as broad; scapal joint 2

shorter, slightly longer than broad, subglobular; flagellar joints 1-2

equal to previous joint in length, short-fusiform, twice as long as

broad; flagellar joint 3 slightly shorter than joint 2, but still twice

as long as broad; joints 4-8 short-fusiform, of equal length, two and

a half times as long as broad; joints 9-13 fusiform, scarcely shorter

in length but distinctly narrower, being three times as long as broad;

ultimate joint rounded apically, shghtly longer than penultimate

joint.

Thorax unicolorous, dark blackish brown, pleura paler, light brown.

Wings (fig. 98, a) suffused with yellowish brown, veins dark brown,

stigma indistinct; Sc long, terminating before fork of RS by a length

equal to m-cu; Sc, removed from tip of Sc, by distance equal to

m-cu; Sc, terminating practically opposite fork of RS; R, branches

from an element R,,3, hence element Rz,, is absent; RS long and

straight, five times m—cu; Rg, almost parallel to R,,,, thus cell R,

not divergent, fifteen times its petiole, cell 1st M, open by the atrophy

of m, cell M, five times its petiole, becoming increasingly divergent,

m-—cu inserted at mid-length of M,,,, veins 1A and 2A straight.

Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium with ninth tergite

298 Annals of the South African Museum.

elongate-triangular, narrowed suddenly into a short, slender, chitin-

ised, acute apex, curved slightly dorsad; beneath this apical

portion and prolonged past it, to overlie the aedeagal sheath, occur

Fic. 98.—Hrioptera witzenbergi sp.n. a, wing; b, antenna; c, male hypopygium

(dorsal view); d, dististyle; e, f, aedeagus (dorsal and lateral views).

two closely placed, transparent, rounded, membranous lobes. Basi-

styles (fig. 98, c) longer than broad, inner apical angle prolonged into

a small rounded lobe bearing several stiff setae, outer apical angle

slightly produced, subacute; only one dististyle (fig. 98, c, d) articulates

in apical notch of each basistyle, being a flattened chitinised blade,

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 299

wide basally, then divided into two processes, the ventral produced

into a small, rounded, pubescent lobe, the dorsal process elongate,

conspicuous, heavily chitinised, constricted apically to a truncate

pubescent hook, the ventral angle prior to the constriction bearing

a small acute tooth. Ninth sternite apparently absent, bases of basi-

styles closely approaching one another, joined by a narrow strip of

chitin. Aedeagal sheath (viewed laterally, fig. 98, f) a deep flattened

structure surrounding the penis, ventral margin widely rounded,

dorsal margin prolonged into a dorsally curved subacute apex (viewed

dorsally, fig. 98, e), the sheath is widely rounded basally, the “latera”’

being produced cephalad into narrow chitinised plates to which are

attached membranous strips for the attachment of the sheath to the

inner basal portions of the basistyles; penis short, bulbous basally,

tip not projecting from the aedeagal sheath.

Ovipositor not composed of acicular valves but reduced in size

and chitinisation; similar to that of EF. claripennis (see fig. 94, g, h).

Localitvies.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Skurftebergen and Witzenbergen

(C. W. T.), October 1937.

Pupa.—See p. 288 and fig. 95, g.

Erioptera peringueyt Bergroth.

Fig. 99.

1888. pp. 129-130. |

1917. Alexander, p. 149, pl. x, fig. 12 (wing).

Zid p: 191:

Length 6-9-7 mm., wing 5-8-7-5 mm. General coloration light

brownish black.

Antennae (fig. 99, b) 16-jointed; scapal joint 1 short-cylindrical,

twice as long as broad; scapal joint 2 shorter, one and a half times

as long as broad, subglobular; flagellar joints 1-2 becoming shorter

but as long as broad, semi-globular; joints 3-6 short-fusiform, one

and a half times as long as broad; joints 7-9 longer, twice as long as

broad; joints 10-14 elongate-fusiform, three times as long as broad;

ultimate joint one-half the penultimate, rounded apically.

Wings (fig. 99, a) light yellowish brown, clouded with two darker

transverse bands, one across the origin of RS, the other from the

stigma along the forking of RS and M; venation with Sc short,

300 Annals of the South African Museum.

ending beyond origin of RS by a distance subequal to R,,5,,; Se,

elongate, at least three to three and a quarter times the length of

Rois.4, terminating opposite fork of Rj,5,,; R, branches from an

element R,,3, hence element R,,, is absent; RS long, almost straight,

three and a half times its petiole, cell Ist M, open by atrophy of m,

Fic. 99.—Hrioptera peringueyi Bergroth. a, wing; 6, antenna; c, male

hypopygium (dorsal view), with ninth tergite removed; d, ninth tergite (dorsal

view).

cell M, three and a half times its petiole, slightly divergent, veins M,

and M, swing cephalad near wing margin, m-—cu inserted prior to

fork of M by distance equal to r—-m, Cu, sinuous near tip, vein 2A

sinuous, closely approaching wing margin at mid-length and thus

providing a ready specific distinction.

Male hypopygium (fig. 99, c, d) with ninth tergite prolonged caudad

into a membranous truncate lobe concealing the aedeagal structure

and penis. Basistyles long, twice as long as broad, prominent,

pubescent, bearing two dististyles apically, the dorsal dististyle a

flattened blade, wide basally, then suddenly constricted and bent at

mid-length into a narrow bifid apex; ventral dististyle a pubescent

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 301

rod, wide basally, constricted at mid-length and generally tapering

gradually to a bluntly rounded apex. Ninth sternite present, a

narrow structure connecting the bases of the basistyles, caudal margin

pubescent. Aedeagal sheath wide basally, produced caudally into

_ two slender chitinised apices and bearing basally two slender, dorsally

directed, acute appendages; penis short, curved ventrad apically,

actual apex bifid.

Ovipositor of normal construction and chitinisation, tergal valves

elongate, curved strongly dorsad, sternal valves shorter, wide basally,

tapering to slender acute apices.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Camps Bay slopes (H. G. W.),

September 1932.

Cape Province: Stellenbosch (Peringuey), November

1887; Palmiet River (G. A. W., H. G. W.), January

1937.

Also Natal (Alexander, 1921).

Remarks.—This crane-fly is readily distinguished by the two

transverse bands of colour across the wing and by the sinuous 2A vein.

Erioptera ignava Alex.

19206. pp. 30-31.

Length 5-8-6 mm., wing 5-7-6-2 mm. No additional specimens

have been recorded since the holotype was described by Alexander;

this species 1s readily distinguished from other species of Hrioptera

in the 8.W. Cape by the features listed in the key.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Cape Town, September 7 (no year,

no collector’s name given).

Erioptera clausa Alex.

Fig. 100, a-d.

1921. pp. 190-191.

Length 1-8-2 mm., wing 3 mm. General coloration yellowish

brown.

Antennae (fig. 100, 6) 15-jointed, clothed with coarse pubescence

and moderately long verticils; scapal jomt 1 short-cylindrical, one

and a half times as long as broad; scapal joint 2 large, conspicuous,

302 Annals of the South African Museum.

ee Ta

Fic. 100.—Erioptera clausa, Alex. a, wing; 6, antenna; c, male hypopygium

(dorsal view); d, dististyles (male hypopygium). Hrioptera brumatus sp.n.

e, wing; f, antenna; g, male hypopygium (dorsal view); h, dististyle.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 303

equal to previous joint in length, subglobular; flagellar joint 1 oval,

twice as long as broad, as long as previous joint; flagellar joints 2-12

oval, gradually becoming shorter and narrower but remaining twice

as long as broad; ultimate joint fusiform.

Wings (fig. 100, a) as described by Alexander. Sc short, ending

opposite one-quarter the length of RS; Sc, almost at tip of Sc, and

subequal to it; RS short, two and a half times m-cu, strikingly

curved, continued into R,,.,, so that these two veins form a wide

semicircle, cell R, slightly divergent at wing margin, being subequal

to width of cell R, at margin, the latter cell uniformly wide; R,

branches from an element R,,3,,, hence vein R,,, is present; cell 1st

M, closed, becoming slightly wider towards wing margin, m-cu

inserted beyond fork of M, situated at two-fifths to one-half the length

of lst M,; veins 1A and 2A not sinuous, 2A swung slightly caudad.

Male hypopygium (fig. 100, c) described but not figured by

Alexander; of minute size. Ninth tergite reduced to a very narrow,

membranous, transverse strip, median area prolonged into a short,

widely rounded lobe. Basistyles large, twice as long as broad, each

bearing three dististyles in apical notch, dorsal dististyle (fig. 100, c, d)

the longest, flattened, swollen basally, suddenly tapering and strongly

bent at mid-length to resemble a blade of a sharp cutlass; middle

dististyle a smaller, almost straight, membranous rod; ventral

dististyle uniformly slender, slightly bent, tip acute; aedeagal sheath

slender, rounded apically, surrounding the penis, produced cephalad

into two basal platelike “latera”’; penis short, not projecting from

the aedeagus, apex acute. Ninth sternite apparently absent,

basistyles being fused ventrally for one-half their length.

Ovipositor of normal construction and chitinisation; tergal valves

elongate, acicular, directed strongly dorsad; sternal valves shorter

in length, wide basally, tapering suddenly to slender apices from

mid-length.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: French Hoek Pass (K. H. B.), December

1916; Skurftebergen and Witzenbergen (C. W. T.),

October 1937.

Remarks.—This fly is one of the smallest species found in the

S.W. Cape. Although Mr. Thorne records that they were swarming

over grass clumps in a valley near the nek between the Skurftebergen

and Witzenbergen, no larvae were found in the nearby streams

(October 1937). The task of finding the immature stages which should

be from four to six millimetres in length seems wellnigh impossible.

304 Annals of the South African Museum.

Erioptera brumatus sp.n.

Fig. 100, e-h.

Length 3-4—4-2 mm., wing 2-8-3 mm. Head, palpi and antennae

yellowish brown; frontal prolongation of head as long as the lateral

diameter of head; eyes black.

Antennae (fig. 100, f) 15-jointed, clothed with fine short pubescence

and odd scattered setalike hairs; scapal joint 1 cylindrical, twice as

long as broad; scapal joint 2 equal in length, subglobular; flagellar

short-oval; joints 3-11 shghtly shorter, one and three-quarters times

as long as broad, short-oval; penultimate and ultimate joints longer

than joint 11.

Prothorax prominent, brownish yellow. Mesonotal praescutum

unicolourous, medium brownish yellow. Wings (fig. 100, e) hyaline,

stigma absent; Sc long, terminating before fork of RS by a distance

equal to m-cu, Sc, at tip of Sc,; R, branches from an element Ry,5,

hence R,,, is absent (compare fig. 100, a), cell R, deep, four and a

half times its petiole; RS straight, four times m-—cu; cell Ist M, open

by atrophy of m; cell M, three times its petiole, becoming increasingly

divergent; m-—cu inserted at one-third the length of M,,,; veins 1A

and 2A practically straight, not markedly sinuous. Legs unicolourous,

blackish brown.

Abdomen pale yellowish brown, hypopygium minute. Ninth tergite

(fig. 100, g) broad-triangular, constricted slightly apically to form a

chitinised, rounded median lobe. Basistyles short, as long as broad,

apical notch large, bearing a single dististyle (fig. 100, g, h), consisting

of a flattened pubescent blade, twice as long as broad, apex bearing

two small chitinised hooks, the outer the larger; aedeagus a short,

lightly chitinised tube, not projecting past the basistyles, surrounding

the slender penis; “latera” short, swollen basally. Ninth sternite

elongate-triangular, terminating practically opposite tip of penis.

Female similar to male in colour and appearance; older females

dark blackish brown on the thorax. Ovipositor not composed of

acicular valves but reduced in size and chitinisation; similar to that

of EF. claripennis, but the flattened blade attached to the lateral

margin of eighth sclerite is absent.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Graafwater (C. W. T.), August 1938.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 305

Genus DAasyMOLOPHILUS Goetghebuer.

1920. p. 132.

Imago.—Rostrum short, not exceeding head; body and wings

densely haired; antennae 16-jointed, with sub-basal row of elongate

verticils, at least as long as respective joint; wings with anal angle

lacking, margin practically parallel to vein 2A; Sc, elongate, ter-

minating opposite insertion of R,; Sc, far removed from tip of Sc,

near origin of RS; three branches of RS attain wing margin; cell R,

deep, vein R, longer than petiole of cell Rg; 1st M, cell open. Male

hypopygium with a torsion of 180 degrees, ninth tergite thus ventral

in position; a single dististyle articulates with each basistyle;

phallosomic structure lies dorsad and arises from aedeagus, of varying

specific shape and length.

The minute species of this genus are present in the mountainous

regions of the 8.W. Cape. The immature stages still await discovery.

Key to Species of Dasymolophilus.

RS longer than R,+,.; cell R, at margin being considerably

widened; R,,, and R; arise exactly at fork of RS, there

being no element R,.;; phallosomic structure a con-

spicuous, curved, blackened spine, as long as aedeagus . eriopteroides.

RS shorter, 7.e. two-thirds the length of R,,; vein R,;;

distinct and longer than either R, or Ry:3, being one and

a half to twice vein R,,3,; phallosomic structure a de-

pressed plate, caudal margin slightly concave, each caudo-

lateral angle terminating in a slender, smooth, darkened

spine : : ; 2 ; : : : . liliputanus.

Dasymolophilus liliputanus Alex.

1934. pp. 61-62.

d: Length 1-5 mm., wing 2-2 mm.

The holotype of this minute crane-fly is in the British Museum,

so figures cannot be given in this paper to supplement the short

description by Alexander.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Ceres (Turner), April 1925.

VOL. XXXIX. 20

306 Annals of the South African Museum.

Dasymolophilus eriopteroides (Alex.).

Fig. 101, a-c.

1921. pp. 193-194, pl. in, fig. 12 (wing) (Molophilus).

3S: Length 1-8 mm., wing 3-2-3:-3 mm. Coloration dark brownish

black; body and wings densely hairy.

Antennae (fig. 101, 6) two and a half times the head and rostrum

combined, clothed with fine pubescence and a sub-basal row of six

to eight elongate, stiff, curved verticils, three times the length of

their respective joint; 16-jointed, scapal joint 1 elongate-cylindrical,

two and a half times as long as broad; scapal joint 2 large, as long as

previous joint, elongate-clavate, twice as long as its broadest diameter;

flagellar joints 1-3 one-half the length of and conspicuously narrower

than scapal joint 2, twice as long as broad, oval-fusiform, joints 4-14

becoming slightly longer but more slender.

Wings (fig. 101, a) with anal angle lacking, the posterior margin

from base to mid-length being almost straight and practically parallel

to vein 2A; Sc, elongate, five-sixths the length of RS, terminating

opposite insertion of vein R,; Sc. far removed from tip of Sc,, ending

opposite one-third of RS; RS long, one and a quarter times vein R,,5;

R,,3 strongly arcuated at origin, short, twice the length of R, itself;

R, meeting R, beyond fork of RS by a distance equal to its own

length, R, a continuation of RS; R,,,and R, arising exactly at fork

of RS, the element R,,,; being absent; cell lst M, open by atrophy

of m; m-cu at fork of M.

Male hypopygium reveals a torsion of the ninth segment through

180 degrees, so that the ninth tergite is swung round to lie on the

ventral aspect of the abdomen; ninth tergite large, twice the length

of the ninth sternite, caudal margin practically truncate. Basistyles

(fig. 101, c) with elongate dense pubescence, apical notch on ventral

surface, bearing a single conspicuous dististyle, a semi-chitinous broad

flattened blade, tapering from inner apical angle into a subacute tip.

Phallosomic structure (7.e. the fused gonapophyses) lies dorsad of and

arises from the mid-region of the aedeagus, being a conspicuous curved

blackened spine, as long as the aedeagus. Aedeagus slender, elongate,

‘“latera”’ short, small, tip of aedeagal sheath deeply cleft; penis small.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Landdrost (K. H. B.), 1917; Witte

River (G. A .W., H. G. W.), October 1933; French

Hoek Pass (G. A. W., H. G. W.), January 1935.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 307

Genus PoponEura Bergroth.

1888. p. 133.

Imago.—Rostrum short; antennae 16-joimted; wings marked with

pattern of distinct spots; Sc moderately long, terminating opposite

mid-length of RS; Sc, long, ending opposite fork of R,,3.,, three

times m-cu; Sc, far removed from tip of Sc,, inserted opposite mid-

length of RS; three branches of RS reach margin; R, meeting R,

beyond fork of R,,3,, by distance equal to its own length; cell M,

absent; cell Ist M, closed; vem 2A moderately sinaous. Male

hypopygium with two dististyles on each basistyle.

The genus Podoneura was proposed by Bergroth for the single

species found in the 8.W. Cape. The immatures are still unknown.

Podoneura anthracogramma Bergroth.

ice HO dame

1888. pp. 133-134.

1917. Alexander, p. 151, pl. x, fig. 14 (wing).

HOA bids, p. 197.

6: Length 4:5-4-7 mm., wing 4 mm. General coloration dark

reddish brown.

Antennae 16-jointed, flagellar joints fusiform, joints 1-3 and 10-14

equal in length, middle joints somewhat longer.

Wings (fig. 101, d) clear, veins pale yellow; spots darker yellow,

distributed as in figure; Sc, long, ending opposite fork of R,,3,,,

three times m-cu; Sc, far removed from tip of Sc,, inserted at end

of Sc, opposite mid-length of RS; RS straight, five times m-cu,

about equal to vein R,; R,,5,, short, arcuated, subequal to m-—cu;

R, meeting R, beyond fork of R,,3,, by a distance equal to its own

length; veins R, and R, subparallel, cell R, deep, seven and a half

times its petiole (vein R,,3,,); cell M, absent; cell Ist M, closed,

elongate, at least twice m—cu; m-—cu before fork of M by a distance

equal to one and a half times its own length; vein 2A strongly

sinuous, closely approaching wing margin prior to its tip. Legs

variegated with black.

Male hypopygium with ninth tergite narrow, slightly produced

caudally into minute median indentation. Basistyles moderately

long, twice as long as broad, pubescent; inner basal angle connected

308 Annals of the South African Museum.

to the short lateral prong of the gonapophyses. Dorsal dististyle

(fig. 101, e) a chitinised glabrous rod, tapering gently to a biramous

Ri+2

Fig. 101.—Dasymolophilus eriopteroides (Alex.). a, wing; 6, antenna; c, male

hypopygium, ninth tergite removed (dorsal view). Podoneura anthracogramma

Bergroth. d, wing; e, male hypopygium (dorsal view).

apex, each prong acute and powerful; ventral dististyle (fig. 101, e)

equal in length, somewhat less chitinised, a broader, equally strong,

curved hook. Gonapophyses (fig. 101, e) short, each being a chitinised

blade, broad basally, inner basal region connected to mid-surface of

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 309

aedeagal sheath, inner apical region prolonged into a slender, acute,

slightly curved rod, outer apical region produced into short sinuous

strip of chitin connected to inner angle of basistyle. Aedeagal sheath

short, broad; “latera”’ narrow, closely surrounding the widely bulbous

base of penis; apex of sheath bluntly rounded; penis slender, short.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Cape Town (Peringuey), November

1887; (Cowper), January 1918.

Cape Province: Steenbras (H. G. W.), January 1933.

Also Natal and Rhodesia (Alexander, 1921).

Remarks.—This fly is not common in the 8.W. Cape and has not

been captured alive by the author. Solitary specimens in a semi-

decomposed condition have been found floating on the surface of

small mountain pools.

Genus PLATYLIMNOBIA Alex.

HDI pe 149.

Imago.—Head large, wider than narrow thorax; terminal joint of

maxillary palpi short, not whiphke; antennae 11-, 12- or 16-jointed.

Front broad, widely separated eyes, which have coarse ommatidia.

Mesothoracic dorsum very flattened, depressed; praescutum short,

not projecting over pronotum. Halteres inconspicuous, legs slender,

coxae very large, tibiae unspurred. Wings reduced to mere pads

without apparent venation. Male hypopygium with stout basistyles,

each bearing a single biramous dististyle which might at first glance

appear as two separate dististyles; ovipositor with sternal valves

powerful, almost straight; tergal valves more slender.

Four species of this endemic genus occur in the 8.W. Cape

mountains, the immature stages still await discovery. These agile

wingless Tipulids are rare and seem restricted to small areas in the

mountain reeds and Restio clumps, over which the agile males scurry

backwards and forwards in their search for the females. They are

distinguishable from other subapterous Crane-flies (Zipula and

Longurio) by the short ultimate joint of the maxillary palpi and by

the structure of the male hypopygium.

Key to Species of Platylimnobia.

1. Large size (4-5-5-3 mm.); antennae 16-jointed . : 5. 8d

Small size (2-6-3 mm.); antennae 11- or 12-jointed . eee

2. Antennae 11-jointed; ultimate joint as long as the two

previous joints combined . : : : . . pumila.

310 Annals of the South African Museum.

Antennae 12-jointed; ultimate joint scarcely longer than

previous joint . : . : : : 6

3. Wings present, extending to base of abdomen; basistyles

short, stout; penis short, not elongate, simple ‘ . barnardi.

Wings apparently absent; basistyles longer, twice as long

as broad; penis elongate, a complicated structure

(fig. 102, 7) : - 5 ‘ : . : . montana.

pseudopumila.

Platylimnobia barnards Alex.

Fig. 102, a-d.

1917. pp. 150-151, text-fig. 1 (head and thorax), pl. xii, fig. 45

(hypopygium).

S: Length 4-6-5:3 mm., female 4:5 mm., subapterous. General

coloration brownish yellow.

Antennae (fig. 102, a) dark brown, 16-jointed. (Alexander’s state-

ment, 1921, p. 196: “I believed that I could distinguish 16 segments,

there being 14 flagellar segments,” is correct.) Scapal joint 1

cylindrical, three times as long as broad; scapal joint 2 one-third

the previous joint, globular; flagellar joint 1 slightly longer than

previous joint, clavate, twice as long as broadest diameter; joints 2-5

equal in length to flagellar joint 1; joints 6-13 slightly shorter than

joints 2-5 but equal to one another, oval-cylindrical, one and a half

times as long as broad; ultimate joint two-thirds of the penultimate

in length and width, rounded apically.

Wings (fig. 102, c) distinct, lying along thorax and extending to

base of abdomen, venation nil. Legs long and slender, dark brown,

of following lengths :—

I II Ill

Femur. 6 6-2-6-4 6°5

Tibia : 6 6-2 6-2

Tarsus . 6:5 6°5 6

Total : 18-5 18:9-19-1 18-7

Abdomen light brownish yellow, eighth segment dark blackish

brown, hypopygium pale brown. Caudal margin of ninth tergite

(fig. 102, 6) produced slightly into two short widely triangular lobes.

Basistyles stout, powerful, one and a half times as long as broad,

clothed with scattered setae which become more numerous and

elongated along outer apical margin. Dististyle (fig. 102, d) a single

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 311

biramous structure. (Alexander’s statement, p. 150: “pleural ap-

pendages two,” is incorrect.) Dorsal process of dististyle a well-

chitinised curved hook, subacute apically, bearing on ventral mesal

surface another similar hook, one-half the length and thickness of

the former hook, outer margin with one or two setae; ventral process

lightly chitinised, flattened, outer angle produced into a strong

curved hook, inner angle into a flat triangular lobe, both angles

bearing eight to ten short stiff setae. Aedeagus well chitinised, a

stout broad structure surrounding the short penis; cephalad regions

prolonged into short “‘latera,” dorso-caudal regions into a slender

flattened lobe extending almost to tip of penis.

Ovipositor with sternal valves powerful, almost straight; tergal

valves more slender.

Localitees.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Landdrost (K. H. B.), January 1915

and March 1919; (C. W. T.) January 1933.

Platylimnohia pumila Alex.

1921. p. 196, pl. iv, fig. 22 (antenna).

3: Length 2-6 mm., apterous; hind leg 2:8 mm.

The solitary holotype in poor condition, abdomen missing.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: Landdrost (K. H. B.), 1917.

Platylumnohia pseudopumila sp.n.

Fig. 102, e-g.

S: Length 2-6-3 mm., apterous. Head brownish yellow, broad;

rostrum short, one-half the lateral diameter of head; palpi yellow,

short, as long as rostrum; ultimate joint not longer than previous

joint; eyes with coarse ommatidia, black. Antennae (fig. 102, e)

light yellow, one and a half times combined head and rostrum,

12-joimted; scapal joint 1 broad-cylindrical, one and a half times as

long as broad; scapal joint 2 subglobular to globular, large, as broad

as long; flagellar joints one-half as narrow as scapal joint 2; joints 1-3

broad-oval, broader than long; joints 4-9 oval-cylindrical, slightly

longer than broad; ultimate joint cylindrical, scarcely longer than

penultimate joint.

312 Annals of the South African Museum.

9 =

Fic. 102.—Platylimnobia barnardi Alex. a, antenna; 6, ninth tergite; c, wing;

d, dististyle. Platylimnobia pseudopumila sp.n. e, antenna; f, dististyles; g, male

hypopygium (dorsal view), ninth tergite removed. Platylimnobia montana sp.n.

h, antenna; 7%, dististyle; 7, male hypopygium (dorsal view), with ninth tergite

removed.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 313

Thorax unicolourous, light brownish yellow. Wings microscopic,

mere pads one-half the lateral diameter of an eye, venation nil;

halteres apparently absent. Legs long and slender, dull yellow, of

the following lengths :—

I II Il

Femur. 2-2 2°5 2-8

Tibia , 2 2°8 3-2

Tarsus. 2-6 2°6 3°2

Total 6-8 7:9 9-2

Abdomen light orange, unicolourous. Hypopygium with ninth

tergite slightly produced caudad, bearing a membranous triangular

lobe which partially conceals aedeagus. Basistyles (fig. 102, g)

stout, one and a half times as long as broad, densely pubescent

apically, inner basal margin heavily chitinised, dorsal angle produced

into a short curved rod connected to the aedeagus by the gonapo-

physis. Dististyle (fig. 102, f) biramous, dorsal process fleshy, apex

broadly rounded, bearing numerous stiff setae; ventral process the

larger, heavily chitinised, produced into a swollen rounded apex,

inner apical surface having a low ridge of ten to fifteen acute micro-

scopic teeth and six to ten stiff setae. Aedeagus (fig. 102, g) a short

tube surrounding penis, the latero-basal angles produced cephalad

into broad flat “latera” and bearing a short gonapophysis on either

side, this structure wide basally and connecting the “latera” to the

curved rod of basistyles, prolonged into a bluntly rounded apex with

a mesal rounded projection on dorsal surface. Penis projecting

slightly from aedeagus; apex swollen, rounded.

Localitues—Cape Peninsula: nil.

Cape Province: French Hoek Pass (C. W. T.), October

1936.

Platylimnobia montana sp.n.

Fig. 102, h-).

$: Length 5-5-2 mm., apterous. Head brownish yellow, broad;

rostrum moderately short, as long as lateral diameter of head; palpi

yellow, twice the length of rostrum, ultimate joint not longer than

previous joint; eyes with coarse ommatidia, black. Antennae

314 Annals of the South African Museum.

(fig. 102, h) light yellow, three times combined head and rostrum,

16-jomted; scapal joint 1 short-cylindrical, twice as long as broad;

scapal joint 2 subglobular, as wide as broad; flagellar joint 1 the

longest joint, slightly clavate; flagellar joints 2-13 broad-oval, one

and a half times as long as broad, gradually becoming shorter and

more slender; ultimate joint equal to penultimate in length, rounded

apically.

Thorax, trochanters and coxae unicolourous, dark sepia brown;

wings microscopic, as long as diameter of an eye, venation nil; halteres

smaller than wings, stemless, mere flaps lying next to thorax. Legs

long and slender, of following lengths :—

I Il Ill

Femur. 4 4-5 5

Tibia : 4 4-]-4-2 D—oOr2

Tarsus . 3°83 3:9-4 5-5 =0

Total f 11-8 12°5-12-7 15-5-16-2

Abdomen light orange with dark brown suffusions around segments

1 and 2, eighth and ninth segments chestnut brown, basistyles light

yellow. Hypopygium with ninth tergite and sternite forming a

complete ring, caudal margin of tergite straight, each outer angle

produced dorsad into a rounded lobe bearing numerous coarse hairs.

Basistyles (fig. 102, 7) clothed with moderately long hairs, conspicuous,

powerful, twice as long as broad, swollen basally, tapering to widely

rounded apical notch, which bears the single biramous dististyle.

Dorsal portion of dististyle (fig. 102, 7) a fleshy lobe tapering gradually

to a bluntly rounded apex, mesal surface clothed with ten to twelve

scattered setae, apical surface with twenty-five to twenty-eight closely

placed shorter setae; ventral portion a rounded chitinised swelling

two-thirds the length of the former process, bearing ten curved,

chitinised teeth along outer margin and odd scattered teeth on dorsal

surface. Aedeagus (fig. 102, 7) with penis large, prolonged cephalad

into the ““basum”’—a wide membranous plate, the central region of

which is a short chitinised rod, dilated below base of penis, tapering

to a slender apex and prolonged caudad into a slender chitinised

tube, the apical region surrounded by a wider, more fleshy sheath,

which supports a thin, fanlike membrane, striated longitudinally with

extremely narrow strips of chitin. Laterad of bulbous base of penis,

arising from the aedeagal structure, is the gonapophysis, connecting

aedeagus to basistyle, this gonapophysis consisting of two processes,

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 315

the dorsal wide and prolonged caudad as a hollow semi-chitinised

structure, strongly curved at apex; ventral process a flattened, wider,

but more membranous rod, twice the length of previous process.

Localitues.—Cape Peninsula: Isolation Valley (K. H. B., H. G. W.),

January 1935.

Genus TrimicrRA Osten Sacken.

1861. p. 290.

Imago.—Rostrum short, not exceeding rest of head; antennae

16-joited, simple in both sexes, last three joints conspicuously

narrowed and shortened; wings with Sc, very long, terminating

distad to branching of RS and exceeding one-half RS, which ends

in cell R,; three branches of RS reach wing margin, R, beyond fork

of R,,3,,; cell R, at margin wider than cell R, which is deep, vein R,

being longer than petiole of cell Rg, this latter cell petiolate by distinct

element R.,3,,; Rs and R, nearly equal in length, veins extending

generally parallel to one another to margin; R; entirely distinct

from M,,., separated by r—m cross-vein, cell M, absent, cell Ist M,

small, less than one-half distal section of M,,,; Cu, nearly straight,

its distal section not swinging cephalad towards wing tip; coxae of

middle and hind legs widely separated by “pot-bellied” meral

portion; in male hypopygium two bulbous basistyles with two

dististyles; tergal valves of female ovipositor elongate, strongly

upcurved; sternal valves short, straight.

Larva.—F¥orm slender. Spiracular disc surrounded by five lobes,

lateral and ventral lobes equal, fringed apically with short recurved

hairs. Anal gills prominent, bulbous, four in number. Chaetotaxy

and creeping welts absent. Head capsule very dissected, consisting

of six chitinised bars. Antennae two and a half times as long as

broad, a solitary conical papilla conspicuous, moderately long.

Mandible slender, powerful, with apical hook and four cutting teeth.

Labrum densely pubescent. Hypopharynx a broad cushion covered

with minute truncate flattened spines. Mentum inconspicuous.

Pupa.—Breathing horns wide basally, twisted into flattened

blades. Deeply depressed areas on thorax behind each horn, median

carina present. Cephalic crest represented by two small conical

lobes. Highth segment of cauda armed with five rounded lobes;

tergal sheaths of male and female curved strongly dorsad; sternal

sheaths in male large, bulbous; in female short, small.

316 Annals of the South African Museum.

This genus is represented in the 8.W. Cape by a single species, the

immatures of which occur in the gravelly sand-spits in or along the

margins of streams and rivers.

Trimicra inconspicua (Loew).

Figs. 103-105.

1866. p. 59 (Gnophomyia).

1917. Alexander, p. 149, pl. x, fig. 13 (wing) (Trimiecra).

1921. Ibid., p. 194.

Length 6-8 mm., wing 6-8-2 mm. General coloration rufous

brown.

Antennae (fig. 103, h) 16-jointed, the last three joints (whence

generic name is derived) conspicuously shorter and narrower than

the previous joints, the total length two-thirds that of the three

combined previous joints, each joint tapering, four times as long as

broadest diameter; scapal joint 1 short-cylindrical, twice as long as

broad; scapal joint 2 subequal, subglobular; flagellar joint 1 equal

to previous joint, stout, short-fusiform, twice as long as broad;

joints 2-3 somewhat shorter than joint 1, similar in shape; joints’4-11

approximately equal in length to joint 1, but joints 5-11 flattened

on outside, markedly rounded on inside, tapering and narrowed

apically.

Wing venation (fig. 103, a) as given under generic characteristics;

short delicate pubescence along veins.

Male hypopygium (fig. 103, 6, c) has ninth tergite and sternite

forming a ringlike segment, the caudal margin of tergite (fig. 103, c)

produced and gently rounded, sternite (fig. 103, b) narrow, of uniform

width. Basistyles enormous, bulbous, pubescent, well chitinised

along inner margins, especially ventrally where basistyles are joined

basally by a continuation of these chitinised margins; ventro-caudal

lobe conspicuous, produced to a truncate apex bearing a few stiff

setae, dorsad of this lobe a small conical protuberance bearing two

to three shorter setae. Two dististyles articulate with each basistyle

(fig. 103, d); dorsal dististyle a slender rod bent slightly at mid-

length, apex truncate, rounded at inner angle, armed with fifteen to

eighteen minute setae; ventral dististyle equal in length, a flattened

blade, apex prolonged into a heavily chitinised hook, below which

occurs a small acute prong. Aedeagus complicated (fig. 103, e), the

The Orane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 317

aedeagal sheath stout, moderately elongate, tapering to slender bifid

apex, basal portion widened, containing the bulbous base of the

short stout penis. Attached to dorsal surface of sheath at mid-length

are two gonapophyses (fig. 103, f), which are produced into slender,

chitinised, dorsally curved hooks; the basal portion of each gonapo-

physis is fused to a membranous support which connects the aedeagus

to the inner basal surface of the basistyles, this support being

produced caudally into a fleshy tapering lobe.

Ovipositor (fig. 103, g): tergal valves slender, narrow blades,

directed strongly dorsad, tapering to acute apices, about twice as

long as sternal valves, which are. stout and straight, tapering to

blunt apices.

Larva.—Length 12-12-5 mm., diameter -8-1-2 mm. Colour light —

yellowish white, becoming darker on abdomen due to the increase

of the fine microscopic pubescence.

Body elongate, terete, slender, constricted slightly before spiracular

disc and anal gills, greatest diameter about abdominal segment 4.

Chaetotaxy and creeping welts absent.

Head capsule (fig. 104, d) retractile, long, very slender and dissected,

consisting of six bars, the two dorsal bars being the margins of a

membranous plate; base of each dorsal bar joined to that of dorso-

lateral bar, the junction continued cephalad to articulate via a short

rod with the transverse chitinised bar, laterad of which are situated

the antennae; ventral bars hardly expanded, untoothed. Antenna

(fig. 104, d) elongate-cylindrical, two and a half times as long as

broad, conical apical papilla solitary, narrowly sculptured basally,

auditory disc visible. Mandible (fig. 104, a) slender, heavily chitin-

ised, apex produced into a pronounced acute hook, ventral cutting-

edge with four flattened teeth, the outermost tooth the longest, the

second subequal, slightly hooked, the last two closely placed, much

smaller and slender, situated on a rounded protuberance on inner

mesal surface; adjacent and also opposite to the tooth a single stiff

elongate seta, inner ventral surface bears a large bunch of numerous

elongate stiff setae radiating fanwise and directed ventrally on either

side of hypopharynx. Maxilla of Limonian construction. Labrum-

epipharynx (fig. 104, d) long, narrow, bluntly rounded, the entire

structure densely covered with a pubescence of long yellow hairs.

Mentum not conspicuous, reduced. Hypopharynx (fig. 104, 6) a

broad cushion, its entire surface covered by juxtaposed rows of

slender truncate protuberances.

Spiracular disc (fig. 104, c) surrounded by five lobes, unmarked on

318 Annals of the South African Museum.

Fie. 103.—Trimicra inconspicua (Loew). a, wing; 6, c, male hypopygium

(ventral and dorsal views); d, dististyles (male hypopygium); e, aedeagus (dorsal

view); f, gonapophysis; g, female ovipositor (lateral view); h, antenna.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 319

inner surfaces, the dorsal lobe somewhat shorter than the remaining

equal tapering lobes, the margins of which are fringed with fine long

hairs, directed strongly outwards and becoming longer towards the

apex of each lobe; spiracles large, circular, separated by twice the

Fic. 104.—Larva of Trimicra inconspicua (Loew). a,mandible; 6, hypopharynx;

c, spiracular disc; d, head capsule (dorsal view).

diameter of a single spiracle; outer ring narrow, deep yellowish

brown; inner area black, the spiracles situated at base of lateral lobes

of disc. Anal gills four, equal in size, white, subglobular.

Pupa.—Length 10-11 mm., diameter -7--8 mm. Colour yellowish

white, thorax dark brown, older pupae black on wing pads, leg

sheaths and thorax black, horns deep yellow, eyes black.

Cephalic crest small (fig. 105, a) consisting of two closely placed

320 Annals of the South African Museum.

median conical lobes, directed ventrad, situated between bases of

antennal sheaths (fig. 105, c), which are slender and moderately

elongate, ending immediately beyond curve of wing pad, outer basal

Fic. 105.—Pupa of Trimicra inconspicua (Loew). a, head and thorax (lateral

view); 6, mouth parts; c, antennal sheath; d, pronotal breathing horn; e, f, female

cauda (lateral and dorsal views); g, h, male cauda (lateral and dorsal views).

margin crenulate. Labrum (fig. 105, 6) triangular, apex posterior;

labial lobes semicircular; maxillary palpi wide at origin, tapering to

acute apices.

Thorax behind breathing horns deeply depressed on either side of

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 321

thin median carina (fig. 105, a); dorso-cephalic crest of mesonotum

produced into acute conical lobelet. Pronotal breathing horns

(fig. 105, a, d) moderate in size, wide basally, then twisted into

flattened slender structures with slightly crenulate margins, apices

slightly thickened. Wing pads terminate opposite end of abdominal

segment 2; apices of leg sheaths irregular, hind tarsi terminate

opposite end of segment 4, mid-tarsi at end of segment 3, fore tarsi

opposite anterior annulus of segment 4.

Abdominal segments 2-7 subdivided into two subequal annuli

devoid of chaetotaxy, welts or spines. Male cauda (fig. 105, g, h)

armed with five prominent, closely placed lobes on eighth segment,

the caudal and lateral lobes equal in size, bluntly rounded, the

cephalo-median lobe small, conical; sternal sheaths very prominent,

large, bulbous, rounded apically, contiguous medially; tergal sheaths

smaller, tapering, well chitinised and directed dorsad, apices acute

and somewhat divergent.

Female cauda (fig. 105, e, f) armed as in male, tergal sheaths con-

spicuous, contiguous medially, stout at origin, tapering, directed

strongly dorsad; sternal sheaths shorter, rounded; lateral surface

of former sheaths bearing at mid-length a small conical lobe.

Localities.—Cape Peninsula: Kasteels Poort (K. H. B., C. W. T.),

October 1932.

Cape Province: French Hoek Pass (G. A. W., H. G. W.),

October 1932; Meirings Poort (K. H. B., C. W. T.),

October 1937; -Verkerde Vier (K. BH. B.C. W..T:);

October 1937; Stellenbosch (Peringuey), September

1913; Knysna (Peringuey), October 1916; Krom

River (K. H. B.), September 1935.

Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal (Alexander, l. c.).

Remarks.—Womersley (1937, pp. 60-63) described briefly but figured

fully the immatures of the cosmopolitan Trimicra palipes. The

larvae of T. inconspicua were found by Dr. Barnard and Mr. Thorne

in the gravelly sand-spits under a rock shelter in a shallow portion

of a wide stream (Meirings Poort, October 1937). The locality is

thus similar to that recorded by Alexander (1920a) for American

species. The pupae occurred in the drier regions of the sand-spits,

the pupal stadium occupying six to nine days. Adult flies were

caught near the empty pupal “shucks,” which protruded from the

sand.

VOL. XXXIX. 21

322

Annals of the South African Museum.

COLLECTORS

K. H. B.=Dr. K. H. Barnard, 8. Afr. Mus.

Dr. L. D. Boonstra, S. Afr. Mus.

A. J. H.=Dr. A. J. Hesse, 8. Afr. Mus.

Dr. R. F. Lawrence, 8. Afr. Mus. (1922-1935); Natal Mus.

R. M. Lightfoot, S. Afr. Mus. (died 1921).

Dr. L. Peringuey, S. Afr. Mus. (died 1924).

P. Stokoe, Botanical Collector, S. Afr. Mus.

. W. T.=Mr. C. W. Thorne, S. Afr. Mus.

W. E. Tucker, 8S. Afr. Mus. (1914-1920).

EK. Turner, Brit. Mus. (died 1945).

Dr. Martin Versfeld, University, Cape Town.

. A. W.=Mrs. G. A. Wood.

. G. W.=The Author.

LOCALITIES

More precise details of the abbreviated localities are as follows:—

Cape Peninsula.

Skeleton Ravine;

Table Mountain:

Northern slopes: Platteklip stream and Oranjezicht (between residential

area and Tafelberg road).

Western slopes: Camps Bay slopes, Kasteels Poort, Lekkerwater.

Southern slopes: Orange Kloof, upper reaches of Palmiet River.

Eastern slopes: Kirstenbosch (National Botanic Gardens), Nursery Ravine,

Window Gorge, Newlands, and Fernwood (upper

reaches of Liesbeek River); Cecilia (upper reaches of Diep River).

Summit plateaus and valleys: Kasteels Poort (top), Red Gods, Isolation

Valley, Echo Valley, Wynberg Caves.

Silvermine Valley, upper reaches of the Silvermine stream on Lakeside Plateau,

Kalk Bay Mountains.

Glencairn Valley, area around catchment reservoir, upper reaches of Glencairn

stream (Elsies River).

Chapman’s Peak, western side of Peninsula, south of Hout Bay.

Cape Province.

Avontuur road, on pass between Knysna and Edmonton (Knysna district).

Babylons Tower, Hout or Klein River Mts., north of Hermanus.

Bain’s Kloof, Wellington Mts.

Banhoek, Stellenbosch district.

Barrydale, north end of Tradouw Pass.

Bosch Kloof, Keeromberg, Worcester.

Cango, north of Oudtshoorn, foothills of Zwartbergen Range.

Cederbergen, Clanwilliam district.

Cold Bokkeveld, north of Ceres.

Coldstream, Humansdorp district.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 323

Coloniebos, on east of Swellendam, Langebergen Range.

du Toits Kloof, west end, streams south of the Seven Sisters or Hawequas

Mts., Wellington district.

Fairy Glen, Brandwacht Mts., north of Worcester.

Fonteintjiesberg, north of Worcester.

French Hoek Pass, valley to catchment intake, near summit of pass.

French Hoek Pass, east side, headwaters of River Zonder End.

Graafwater, west of Clanwilliam.

Great Winterhoek, north of Tulbagh.

Groendal Valley and Dolley Dam, Zwartkops River, 10 miles from Uitenhage.

Groot River, Nature’s Valley, southern slopes of Tsitsikama Mts., Coldstream

district.

Harkerville Forest station, Knysna district.

Hermitage Kloof, on west of Swellendam, Langebergen Range.

Jonkershoek, Stellenbosch district.

Kaaimans River, 6 miles east of George.

Kaaimans Gat, near Wilderness, George district.

Kogmans Kloof, between Ashton and Montagu, western end of Langebergen

Range.

Krom River, southern Cederbergen, east of Citrusdal.

Landdrost Kloof, Hottentots Holland Mts., Somerset West, eastern side,

headwaters of Palmiet River and River Zonder End.

Lemoenshoek Peak, Langebergen Range, north of Heidelberg (Cape).

Matroosberg, Hex River Mts., northern slopes on Ceres side.

Meirings Poort, Zwartbergen Range, north-east of Oudtshoorn.

Meirings Poort Spitzkop, peak in same range west of the Poort.

Michell’s Pass, between Wolseley and Ceres.

Montagu Pass, Outeniqua Mts., north of George.

Olifants River Mts., Citrusdal, Clanwilliam district.

Oudebosch, indigenous forest, southern slopes of River Zonder End Peak.

Palmiet River, near Kleinmond, southern Hottentots Holland Mts.

River Zonder End Peak, Zonder End Range, between Caledon and Swellendam.

Robinson Pass

Ruiterbosch

Schoemans Poort, foothills of Zwartbergen Range, north of Oudtshoorn.

Seven Weeks Poort, Zwartbergen Range, east of Ladismith (Cape).

Skurftebergen, east of Witsenbergen Range and north of Gydo Pass (Ceres).

Slanghoek Peak, Wellington Mts.

Sneeuwgat valley, between Great Winterhoek and Witzenbergen Range,

draining into Twenty-four Rivers system.

Steenbras, plateau on east side of the Spitzkop, Hottentots Holland Mts.,

Grabouw district.

Tradouw Pass, Langebergen Range, east of Swellendam.

Verkerde Vlei, 10 miles west of Touws River.

Voorkoeden Farm, 12 miles east of Caledon.

Vryersberg, Langebergen Range, north of Herbertsdale.

Waaihoek Mts., Waaihoek Kloof, north-west of Worcester and south of Ceres.

Witte River, valley in Wellington Mts. near Bain’s Kloof.

Witzenbergen Range, Tulbagh.

fouteniqus Mts., north of Mossel Bay.

324 Annals of the South African Museum.

Wolvenhoek Kloof, north-east slopes of Drakenstein Mts., now part of the

Berg River Forestry area, French Hoek district.

Zebasberg, part of the Waaihoek massif, north-west of Worcester.

Zuur Vlakte, plateau above du Toits Kloof, Hawequas Mts.

Zwartberg Pass, Zwartebergen Range, south of Prince Albert.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ALEXANDER, C. P. (1917). Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. xvii, Part 2, pp. 139-180.

(1919). “‘Crane-flies of New York,” Cornell Univ., Agric. Expt. Stat., Part 1,

Memoir 25, pp. 771-993.

—— (1920a). Jbid., Part 2, Memoir 38, pp. 695-1133.

—— (19206). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. vi, pp. 1-44.

—— (1921). Ann.S8. Afr. Mus., vol. xviii, Part 2, pp. 181-234.

—— (1923). Rev. Zoo. Afr., vol. xi, Part 1, pp. 1-16.

waa

Saad

1924). Arkiv. Zool., vol. xvi, Part 4, No. 18, pp. 1-15.

1925a). S. A. Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. v, pp. 39-48.

—— (19256). Rep. Harvard Afr. Exped., p. 1007.

—— (1927a). Rec. Indian Mus., vol. xxix, Part 3, pp. 169-171.

—— (19276). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., vol. lii, Part 2, pp. 42-72.

). Philippine Journ. Sc., vol. xl, pp. 239-271.

). Dipt. Patagonia and 8. Chile, Br. Mus., Part 1, pp. 1-240.

—— (1930). Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., vol. lv, Part 3, pp. 221-230, pls. 5, 6.

—— 1931). Archiv. Hydrobiol., Suppl.-Bd. 9, Band 2, pp. 135-191.

—— (1934). Encyclop. Entom., Tome 7, Dipt., pp. 49-62.

—— (1945). Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., vol. xiv, Parts 7-8, pp. 96-97.

BANGERTER, H. (1928). Miicken-Metamorphosen, I, Konowia, vol. vii, pp. 156-

161.

—— (1929). Jbid., II, vol. viii, pp. 1-7.

—— (1930). Jbid., III, vol. ix, pp. 97-102.

BaRnarp, K. H. (1936). 8S. Afr. Geogr. Journ., vol. xix, pp. 3-12.

—— (1943). Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. xxxvi, Part 2, pp. 104-108.

Berxine, T. (1886). Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien., xxxvi, pp. 171-214.

Bererots, EK. (1888). Ent. Tidskrift., vol. ix, pp. 127-141.

—— (1913). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 580.

Comstock, J. H. (1918). Wings of Insects, pp. 1-430.

CurRRAN, C. H. (1934). North American Dipt., pp. 28-58.

Curtis, J. (1825). Brit. Entomol., vol. 2 (15), No. 62.

(1833). Jbid., p. 444.

DoLEscHALL, C. L. (1857). Nat. Tijds. N. Ind., vol. xiv, p. 388.

Epwarps, F. W. (1912). Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. xv, Part 2, pp. 195-213.

ENDERLEIN, G. (1912). Zool. Jahrb., vol. xxxii, Part 1, pp. 74-75.

GorETGHEBUER, M. (1920). Bull. Soc. Ent. Belg., vol. ii, p. 132.

Hatipay, A. H. (1833). Entomol. Mag., vol. i, p. 154.

Karscu, F. A. F. (1886). Ent. Nachr., vol. xii, No. 4, pp. 51-52.

Linnagvus, C. (1758). Syst. Natur., ed. 10, p. 585.

Lorw, H. (1866). Berlin. Entomol. Zeitschr., vol. x, p. 59.

—— (1869). Ibid., vol. xiii, p. 3.

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea). 325

Macquakt, P. J. M. (1834). Hist. Nat. des Insect. (Suit. a Buffon), Dipt., vol. i,

pp. 88-95.

—— (1838). Dipt. Exotiq., vol. i, Part 1, p. 49.

MeiceEn, J. W. (1800). Nouv. Classific. Mouches, p. 15.

—— (1803). [Illiger’s Mag., vol. ii, p. 262.

— (1818). Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Insekt., vol. i, pp. 116-153.

OsTEN-SACKEN, C. R. von (1859). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, pp. 219-223.

(1861). Jbid., p. 290.

—— (1869). Monogr. Dipt. N. Amer., Part 4, pp. 127-183.

—— (1880). Verh. Zool.-bor. Ges. Wien, xxix, pp. 517-522.

RIEDEL, M. P. (1914). Voy. All. et Jeannel en Afr. Orient., Ins. Dipt., iii, pp. 71-99.

Rogers, J. 8. (1926-31). Numerous papers, see ALEXANDER.

—— (1933). ‘‘Ecological Distribution of Crane-flies of N. Florida,’’ Ecol. Mon.,

vol. iii, No. 1, pp. 1-74.

SkusE, HW. A. A. (1890). Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 2nd ser., vol. iv, Part 3,

pp. 757-892.

STEPHENS, J. F. (1829). Cat. Brit. Ins., vol. iii, p. 243.

TILLYARD, R. J. (1919). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., vol. xliv, pp. 533-718.

(1926). Insects of Aust. and N. Zealand, pp. 1-560.

—— (1926). ‘Tipuloidea, pp. 347-349.

v. D. WutP, F. M. (1880). Tijd. v. Entomol., vol. xxiii, pp. 159-161.

Waker, F. (1848). Ins. Saunders., vol. i, Dipt., p. 444.

Westwoop, J. O. (1876). Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 505.

WIEDEMANY, C. R. W. (1821). Dipt. Exotica, vol. i, pp. 24-53.

—— (1828). Aussereur. Zweifl. Ins., vol. i, pp. 46-53 and 574.

ADDENDUM

p. 193. Antocha.

Needham and Christenson (1927. Utah Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull.

201, p. 24, fig. 33) give figures of larva and pupa of A. montana,

and describe method of collecting.

326 Annals of the South African Museum.

afra (Limonia) .

afra (Rhabdomastix)

Amphinome

antennata (N: ephrotoma)

anthracogramma (Podoneura)

Antocha ;

Atarba

aurantiaca (Dolichopeza)

aurantiaca (Elephantomyia) .

barnardi (Dolichopeza)

barnardi (Peringueyomyina)

barnardi (Platylimnobia)

belloides (Longurio)

bonae sper (Hrioptera)

bonae sper (Longurio) .

brevifurca (Gonomyia) .

brumatus (Erioptera) .

caffra (Tipula) .

capensis (Atarba)

capensis (Libnotes)

capicola (Limonia)

capicola (Longurio)

chionoides (Longurio) .

claripennis (Erioptera)

clausa (Erioptera)

Conosia

coronata (Tipula)

crepusculum (Limnophila)

crux (Limnophila)

cuneripennis (Gonrotipula)

Dasymolophilus

Dicranomyia

Dolichopeza

dolichoros (Longurio) .

dubiosa (Limnophila) .

Elaeophila

Elephantomyia .

Erioptera .

ertopteroides (Dasymolophilus)

INDEX

PAGE

176 | flagellata (Longurio)

280 | flaveola (Gonomyia)

167 | flavifrons (Dolichopeza)

67 | fluminis (Dolichopeza)

307

192 G

251

98 | Geranomyia

242 | Gnophomyia

Goniotipula

Gonomyia. .

griseiceps (Pseudolimnophila)

10 a

oy Habromastix .

293 hirtipennis (Dolichopeza)

127

279 I

304 | 7 dioptera .

ignava (Hrioptera)

inconspicua (Trimicra)

insularis (Elephantomyia)

58 | irrorata (Conosia)

252

177 J

185

115 | jocosa (Tipula) .

131

288 L

301 : : : F

253 | lacteitarsus (Limnophilomyia)

49 | Libnotes

296 | lubnotina (Limonia)

254 | Liliputanus (Dasymolophilus)

16] | Limnobia . ; :

LIimnophila

Limnophilomyia .

LIimonia

5 longicalcaratus (Erioptera)

an Longurio .

154 M

217 | medialis (Pseudolimnophila)

micropteryx Longurio)

mimetica (Gonomyia) .

minusculoides (Longurio)

239 | minusculus (Longurio)

240 | Molophilus

286 | montana (Elephantomyia)

306 | montana (Platylimnobia)

PAGE

14]

279

100

168

316

160

265

203

226

301

316

251

254

207

168

181

305

167

215

205

167

295

104

195

135

278

151

110

306

247

313

The Crane-flies of the South-West Cape (Diptera, Tipuloidea).

Nephrotoma

nigrobimbo (Gonomyia)

nova (Teucholabis)

nox (Limnophila)

Orimargula

Pachyrhina ‘

peringueyt (Dolichopeza)

peringueyt (Hrioptera)

peringueyt (Limonia) .

Peringueyomyina :

petiolata (N Cage)

Platylimnobia

Podoneura

pomposa (Tipula)

Pseudolimnophila

pseudopumila (Platylimnobia)

pseudosimilis (Hlephantomyia)

pulchrissima (Gomomyia)

pumila (Platylimnobia)

Rhabdomastix

Rhipidia . é :

rubrithorax (Limonia) .

PAGE

271

263

235

193

299

182

309

307

194

311

251

276

311

279

168

191

sexocellata (Limonia) .

silvester (Longurio)

soror (Tipula)

spinosa (Longurio)

subapicalis (Limonia) .

substituta (Limnobia) .

sulphurelloides (Gonomyia)

Tanyderidae

Teucholabis

thoracica (Dolichopeza)

thornet (Pseudolimnophila)

Tipula

Tipulidae .

Tipulinae .

Tipulini

tipulipes (Limonia)

transvaalia (Antocha) .

Trimicra .

umbripennis (Nephrotoma) .

venaguttula (Limnophila)

versfeldi (Longurio)

wahlbergi (Hlephantomyia)

witzenbergi (Hrioptera)

327

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