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ANNALS OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME 53

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VOLUME 53

PRINTED FOR THE

TRUSTEES OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

1968

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LIST OF CONTENTS

Page

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M.

A checklist of the land and fresh water birds of the western Cape Province

(published September 1968) I

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M.

Bibliography of the birds of the western Cape to 31 December 1964 (published

September 1968) Dols)

The Trustees of the South African Museum acknowledge the receipt of a

grant from the C.S.I.R. towards the costs of publication of this monograph.

ENNALS OF THE SOUTE AFRICAN MUSEUM.

VOLUME 51, page 220: Acknowledgements.

Please insert attached slip.

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ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

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Stuur asseblief hierdie kaartjie terug indien verdere uitgawes verlang word

A CHECK LIST OF THE LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS

OF THE WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE

J. M. WiInTERBOTTOM

Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology

South African Museum, Cape Town

(With 5 plates and 44 maps)

[MS. received 10 August, 1965]

CONTENTS

PAGE

Introduction 2

Topography 6

Climate : 8

Zoogeography . 9

Bird habitats . 2 : : 4 F 12

WantersRainiall’ Area! (52 Ne) 2) 85

Temperate Forest ; 22

Karoo Area. 24

Man-made habitats 37

Aquatic habitats é 000

Migration and movements . . . 49

Breeding seasons 54

Sources of information land aeknoye

ledgements 57

Systematic list . SBP Ui Ft BO ak 75

Family Strathionidae : ; , Br gis:

Podicipidae . : : 70

Phalacrocoracidae . : Sain (7)

Relecanidaew oe eal! oH) ps7 o

Ardeidae . 78

Scopidae . ; ce re Od:

Ciconiidae . 3 3 Oe

Threskiornithidae . : 5 ty

Phoenicopteridae . 5 =o Che}

Anatidae . : ‘ 7 89

Accipitridae . : 6 . 96

Falconidae . - : 51108

Pandionidae . : : SELLE

Sagittariidae . : : 5 LEE

Phasianidae . : : 5 ELT

Gruidae . 114

Otididae . : 3 : 5 1K

Heliornithidae ‘ ; LLG

Rallidae . 5 ; SP iit

Turnicidae . j ; em l22

Jacanidae ; 122

Burbinidaewmrie ice 09-8) 122

Haematopidae F ; 23

Charadriidae . : : et o4

Scolopacidae . I : L2G

Himantopidae ion riaiai mas icy t

Rostralidae . : Ses nla as 9

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 53 (1), 1968: 1-276, 5 pls.

Family Glareolidae

Laridae

Pteroclidae

Columbidae

Cuculidae

Musophagidae

Psittacidae

Strigidae .

Tytonidae

Caprimulgidae

Coraciidae

Alcedinidae

Meropidae

Bucerotidae

Upupidae

Coliidae .

Trogonidae

Apodidae.

Capitornidae .

Picidae

Indicatoridae .

Alaudidae

Hirundinidae .

Campephagidae

Dicruridae

Oriolidae

Corvidae .

Paridae

Pycnonotidae .

Muscicapidae .

Motacillidae

Laniidae .

Sturnidae

Nectariniidae .

Promeropidae .

Zosteropidae .

Ploceidae.

Thraupidae

Fringillidae

Gazetteer of type localities and ether

places mentioned in the text

References

PAGE

135

138

140

142

146

149

150

152

153

154

155

157

158

159

162

164

166

168

169

184

188

189

190

IgI

192

194

226

231

236

239

241

242

243

254

255

266

267

2 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

INTRODUCTION

The area with which this check list deals is bounded on the east by the

eastern boundaries of the magisterial districts of Mossel Bay, Oudtshoorn,

Prince Albert, Beaufort West, Victoria West, Richmond, De Aar and Philips-

town; on the north by the Orange River; and on the west and south by the

sea (map 1). The estimated area is about 110,000 sq. miles; and it lies entirely

between 28 and 25°S. and 17 and 25°E.

After the pioneer labours of Le Vaillant, Andrew Smith and the Verreaux

brothers, the western Cape was curiously neglected by ornithologists and the

only publications of importance before the Second World War are those of

Sharpe (1904) on the collections made by Grant and Seimund at Deelfontein,

in the Richmond District; by Sclater (1911-12) on the collections made by

Grant in Little Namaqualand; and by H. L. Hare (1915) on the birds of

Philipstown. Subsequently, the western fringe of the area was covered by

J. D. Macdonald (1957); but the main Karoo has remained virtually undocu-

mented. There is, however, a list of the birds south and west of the Olifants

and Breede rivers, edited by the writer for the Cape Bird Club 1956 (revised

edition 1963)

The area immediately east of the southern part of that considered here

is covered by the Check list of the birds of the eastern Cape Province, 1958, compiled

by J. M. Paterson for the Eastern Cape Wild Birds Society; while to the north,

the present area slightly overlaps that covered in the astonishing tour de force

of Hewitt (1931). Other adjoining areas more or less adequately covered are

South West Africa (Hoesch & Niethammer, 1940) and the te Free State

(Van der Plaat, 1961).

The birds listed here are classified in 60 families, 207 genera, 435 species

and 511 forms (i.e. species and subspecies). The biggest families, in genera,

species and forms are set out in table 1.

TABLE I

GENERA, SPECIES AND FORMS IN DOMINANT FAMILIES IN WESTERN CAPE

Family Genera Species Forms

Accipitridae .. ae 16 3I 34

Sylviidae By. ae II 26 34

Ploceidae oe 3 13 2 2

Scolopacidae 7 20 20

Turdidae 2s 9 17 27

Anatidae ae a 10 17 17

Fringillidae 4 15 23

Alaudidae 6 14 39

Ardeidae 6 14 14

Charadriidae 3 12 12

It will be noted that, of these ‘dominant’ families, five are passerine and

five non-passerine; and that the numbers of Charadriidae and Scolopacidae

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 3

fro

ian pa Net: KAROOx

\ ‘ied

Map 1. Western Cape, showing geographical divisions and author’s routes and collecting

stations.

are largely, and of Sylviidae somewhat, swollen by the inclusion of non-breeding

Palaearctic migrants.

The largest genera (seven or more species and/or ten or more forms) are

set out in table 2.

TABLE 2

SPECIES AND FORMS IN DOMINANT GENERA IN WESTERN CAPE

Genus Family Species Forms

Serinus Fringillidae 10 17

Cisticola Sylviidae 7 10

Anas Anatidae 4] 5]

Charadrius Charadriidae a] 7

Certhilauda Alaudidae 3 18

The Alaudidae are usually considered one of the most primitive (and

therefore, by inference, oldest) families of the Oscines. It is therefore particularly

interesting to note that, while they are comparatively undifferentiated at the

generic and specific levels, they show great plasticity at the subspecific level.

4 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

In this they are strikingly contrasted with such a genuinely old family (i.e.

known to be so from palaeontological evidence) as the Anatidae, whose

seventeen species fall into ten genera but which show no subspecific modifica-

tion at all within our limits; and the Ardeidae, whose fourteen species, in six

genera, likewise show no subspecific variation. The point has been more fully

discussed elsewhere (Winterbottom, 1962c).

It might be maintained that the area here considered is not typical for

climatic or other reasons of the Ethiopian Region as a whole. At the species

level, and omitting Palaearctic migrants, the dominant passerine families* of

the Ethiopian Region are set out in table 3. It will be seen that, compared

TABLE 3

SPECIES IN DOMINANT FAMILIES OF ETHIOPIAN BIRDS

Species

Family 2) | % Ethiopian

Ethiopian Western species in

Region Cape western Cape

Ploceidae sc ee 192 22 II

Sylviidae ais or 154 23 15

Turdidae ae a 95 16 17

Muscicapidae .. ss 87 23 26

Nectariniidae .. a 71 6 8

Lanudae aie A 59 8 14

Alaudidae a oo 58 14 24.

Pycnonotidae .. atc 2 4 8

Sturnidae a io 45 6 13

Fringillidae .. ae 2 15 36

with the Ethiopian Region as a whole, the western Cape is particularly

characterized by the high percentage of species of the families Fringillidae,

Muscicapidae and Alaudidae which penetrate into its limits; and the low

percentage of species of the families Nectariniidae and Pycnonotidae which

it contains. Of these families, the Nectariniidae and Pycnonotidae are essentially

tropical and the Fringillidae, though numerous in the tropics, are the most

prolific of all families in the Palaearctic and may therefore be regarded as

temperate. The Muscicapidae, on the other hand, are largely tropical (only

thirteen species in the Palaearctic). The Alaudidae are essentially a family of

desert and open country birds, and the other great centre of abundance for

them in the Ethiopian Region lies along the borders of the Sahara and Somali-

land deserts. Broadly speaking, however, the western Cape is sufficiently like

the rest of the Ethiopian Region for conclusions based on its avifauna to be

valid; and the differences are chiefly due to its temperate climate. It is believed

that most dominant bird families originated in the tropics (Darlington, 1959;

Winterbottom, 1961g), though Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1961) has argued for

the zone of contact between subtropical forest and arid country as the major

centre of evolution in insects.

* For the purpose of this discussion, the warblers, thrushes and flycatchers are each given

family rank.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 5

Keast (1961) divides the breeding land and fresh-water birds of Australia

into three categories, Sedentary species, South—North migrants and Nomadic

species. It is by no means easy to fit all our western Cape species in these

categories for two reasons: (i) a number of them fall into different categories

in different parts of their range, as with the Dabchick Podiceps ruficollis and

probably the Red-capped Lark Calandrella cinerea, which are sedentary in the

south but nomadic on the Karoo; or into two categories at once, as with the

European Bee-eater Merops apiaster, which is a breeding summer visitor and a

non-breeding visitor from the Palaearctic, and the Southern Pochard WNetta

erythrophthalma, which is a sedentary species and a non-breeding visitor from

the north in Africa (Middlemiss, 1955; Winterbottom, 1964e): and (11) the

status of a number of the Karoo species is uncertain, particularly in the case

of suspected nomads. Nevertheless, an attempt is made here to classify the

species into six categories, as in table 4.

TABLE 4

NUMBERS OF SPECIES IN WESTERN CAPE BY STATUS

Status No. of species % of whole

Sedentary species ba as 259 64.

Breeding summer visitors a AN 22 5

Nomadic species . . oe ae ne 15 4.

Non-breeding Palaearctic migrants .. 40 10

Non-breeding Ethiopian migrants or 6 I

Casuals and strays ke a oe: 62 25

District lists of species reveal a range of from 284 to 96 species. This varia-

tion is partly due to the thoroughness of the coverage, partly to the size of the

district and partly to the ecological variety in the habitats available in each.

The present totals, in which the three Peninsula districts of Cape Town,

Wynberg and Simonstown have been grouped as ‘Peninsula’ and the two

districts of Stellenbosch and Somerset West as ‘Hottentots-Holland’, is as

follows:

Peninsula 284 Worcester 194. Tulbagh 147

Bredasdorp 247 Vanrhynsdorp 176 Richmond 137

Hottentots-Holland 246 Hopetown 174 Laingsburg 133

Swellendam 242 Robertson 172 De Aar 130

Mossel Bay 225 Bellville 169 Williston 130

Philipstown 218 Ceres 169 Ladismith 126

Hopefield 216 Prince Albert 41 160 Calitzdorp 122

Piketberg 216 Riversdale 168 Kenhardt 121

Oudtshoorn 214 Calvinia 163 Wellington 120

Namaqualand 210 Montagu 160 Fraserburg 112

Caledon 209 Gordonia 159 Prieska III

Clanwilliam 207 Paarl 158 Sutherland 111

Beaufort West 201 Victoria West 157 Britstown 96

Malmesbury 194. Carnarvon 150

6 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

It is an interesting point that, within the area of the Cape Bird Club (1.e.

west and south of the Olifants and Breede rivers), the districts with lowest

totals of birds fall into a belt across the centre of the area from east to west (i.e.

Robertson—Malmesbury), while those for the area here covered as a whole

fall into a belt across the middle from north to south (Kenhardt, Prieska,

Williston, Fraserburg, Britstown, Sutherland and Ladismith). How far this

represents a reality, however, and how far it is due to the tendency to explore

the more distant areas before the intermediate ones is uncertain.

‘TOPOGRAPHY

The fairly narrow coastal strip of lowland is divided from the interior

plateau, which lies mostly between 2,000 and 3,000 ft. above sea-level, by an

escarpment; or, in the south and south-west, by a series of escarpments

(map 2). The complicated mountain ranges of the south are responsible for

two enclaves of arid country in the otherwise well-watered coastal area. These

are the Breede River valley, between Worcester and Bonnievale, and the

Little Karoo, between Montagu and the eastern boundary of our area. The

escarpment is lower and less well-marked in the north. The highest peak in

the Richtersveld, the Kuboosberg, is only 4,484 ft. high; Vogelklip, south of

Springbok, is 4,315 ft.; Ezelskop, in the Kamiesberg, however, reaches 5,474 ft.

But many of the southern peaks exceed 6,000 ft. and the Matroosberg in the

Hex River Mountains and two peaks in the Swartberg range, 7,000 ft.

A second, but more interrupted, escarpment runs in a wavy line from

Calvinia to Three Sisters, constituting the Roggeveld, Komsberg and Nieuweveld

ranges, with peaks of over 6,000 ft.; and, north of this, there is a broad belt of

country over 4,000 ft. in elevation, gradually dropping away to the north.

After a break between Nelspoort and Murraysburg, this escarpment resumes

again in the south of the Richmond District as the Sneeuwberg, with the

highest peak reaching 8,500 ft.

The southerly and westerly flowing rivers mostly cut through the coastal

ranges in their course; but the Nieuweveld range marks a divide, the rivers

to the south flowing direct to the sea and those to the north draining (when

they have any water) into the Orange River. On the Calvinia—Williston—Ken-

hardt borders is a tract of country characterized by wide, flat depressions,

called vloers, flooded in wet years, which may drain into the Orange River

system or may have no external drainage at all. Such are Grootvloer and

Verneukpan, north of Brandvlei.

Geologically, the coastal strip is covered with Recent deposits, chiefly

sand; the various rocks of the Karoo series which occupy the centre and east

of our area produce soil usually with a red tinge; and the contrast between

this and the greys and whites of the west coast sandveld is reflected in the

plumage of many of the birds, in which coastal subspecies tend to be grey and

inland subspecies brown or rufous (e.g. Bradornis infuscatus, Certhilauda albescens

and C. curvirostris). The Archaean granites of the north are the home of the

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE Wi

RiIVEr

ORANGE

KAMIESBERG

NIEUWVELD

Bae

LOWER KAROO

LITTLE KAROO—).

100 M.

Map 2. Western Cape, showing Escarpments and Mountain Ranges.

A-B: line of section in Inset.

SWARTBERG MTS

NIEUWVELD MTS

OUTENIOQUA MTS.

UTTLE

KAROO

LOWER KAROO

GAMKA R

Section along 22° E., from coast to Nieuwveld Mts.

8 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

pale desert species and subspecies, though whether this paleness is the effect

of the soil or of the desert climate remains to be proved. It is, however, to be

noted that where this granite is overlaid by red Kalahari sands, and there

only, the Red Lark Alaemon burra occurs.

CLIMATE

The application of the climatic classifications of K6ppen and Thornthwaite

to South Africa has been discussed by Schultze (1947). On the basis of the

maps he gives, the main bulk of the western Cape—i.e. most of the Karoo—

falls into the Arid Warm climate of Thornthwaite and the Desert of Képpen;

but in the south, and extending through the macchia to the sea between

Bredasdorp and Cape St. Blaize, is a belt of less arid country classified by

Thornthwaite as Semi-arid Warm and by Koppen as Steppe (the northern

limits vary considerably in the two classifications) and Semi-arid Warm or

Steppe country also occurs in the Philipstown—Hopetown area in the north-

east. The south-west corner is classified by Képpen as Warm with Dry

Summers and by Thornthwaite as Sub-humid Warm (with patches of Humid

Warm).

It will be seen below that I have used vegetation types rather than climate

as the basis for my divisions of the western Cape, since they seem to me to

accord more closely with the facts of bird distribution. It must be said, however,

that the much more detailed information available for the vegetation enables

refinements to be made in such maps which are not possible to climatologists,

whose data are confined to relatively few stations and those ‘mostly in the

valleys—a particularly important point in connection with the semi-arid

(steppe) intrusion to the south, since this zone is crossed by two mountain

ranges with much wetter climates than the low country, parts of which, indeed,

owe their aridity to their being in the rain-shadows of these ranges.

A further factor is the reliability of the rainfall. This may be measured

in various ways, one of which is the percentage frequency of years in which

the rainfall is within 85° of the normal. For the Winter Rainfall area, this

figure is 70° or more, but for the Karoo it is 60-70% over the western,

southern and eastern parts and 50-60% in the centre and north, in which the

lowest annual rainfall may be less than 20°% of the normal. Birds permanently

inhabiting such areas must therefore be able to withstand severe drought

conditions. In years of good rainfall, the areas may be invaded by species like

the Tawny Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae and the Quail Coturnix coturnix, which

are unable to maintain themselves there permanently.

There would appear to be no real evidence that temperatures influence

the distribution of birds within the area of this list, though there are occasional

possible exceptions, as with the Yellow-billed Duck Anas undulata (Rowan,

19636) and perhaps the subspecies saturatior of the Yellow-bellied Eremomela

Eremomela icteropygialis (Winterbottom, 19620).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 9

ZOOGEOGRAPHY

I have already discussed (Winterbottom, 1960c) the broad zoogeographical

and ecological divisions of the western Cape, which I have classified in three

main divisions: Winter Rainfall, Temperate Forest and Karoo, of which the

first and third are western and the second eastern in their affinities. ‘The western

affinities of the Winter Rainfall area, which have been disputed by Moreau

(1952), might be expected in view of the probable derivation of part, at least,

of the Karoo flora from that of this area (Acocks, 1953). The Temperate

Forest is not further subdivided, but the others can be classified ecologically

into various sections.

Before proceeding to discuss these, however, a brief summary of the

effects, so far as we are able to judge them, of Pleistocene climatic and geo-

graphical changes may be given. They are more fully discussed in the paper

already cited (Winterbottom, 1960c). In effect, it is there argued that the

existing broad divisions persisted throughout, but not always in exactly the

same geographical areas nor covering the same extent of land. In the pluvials,

Temperate Forest would increase its area very considerably in the south at

the expense of macchia, which, however, would expand northwards along the

escarpment to Little Namaqualand and inland, at least on the mountains, to

the Roggeveld and, perhaps, the Nieuweveld ranges. (See map in Cooke,

1962, and discussion in Moreau, 1963.)

Not discussed in my previous paper was the possible effect of the with-

drawal of water from the sea during the northern glacial periods, with a

consequent increase in land area, particularly to the south. There can be little

doubt that this occurred to some extent. Krige (1927) states: “The evidence

in favour of submergence seems sound enough to deduce a former emergence

of at least part of the Agulhas Bank, if not the whole of it. This emergence must

have occupied much of the Pleistocene time’, and he is inclined to add the

effects of uplift to that of lowering of sea-level. The figures quoted by Zeuner

(1959) for the lowering of the sea-level during the last glacial period are

75-100 m., which agree with those quoted by Krige from Du Toit but are

considerably more than the Daly figure of 50-60 m. also quoted by Krige.

Farrington, quoted by Beirne (1952), gives 400 ft. (= 150 m.). The attached

map (map 3) shows the approximate effect of a lowering of the sea-level by

50 fathoms (i.e. roughly 100 m.), and may be taken to indicate the absolute

maximum of extra land likely to be available as a result of this eustatic change

of sea-level; but makes no allowance either for uplift or for later submarine

erosion of the Bank, a factor to which Krige attaches importance. Zeuner is,

moreover, inclined to accept an earlier eustatic change which lowered the sea-

level 200 m. and which would have resulted in the conversion of the whole

Agulhas Bank into dry land.

The significance of this extra land for the fauna and flora would depend

to a considerable extent on when it was available. If it was available during

an arid phase, it might well be of considerable importance in providing a

ie) ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

or 7

\ MOSSEL BAY

: FORT BEAUFOR

\ \ CAPE UAGULHAS

35 Ne N SS

Map 3. The Agulhas Bank, showing the 50-fathom line and the edge of the Bank.

bigger ‘refuge’ for the Winter Rainfall flora and fauna; but if it was during a

pluvial period, its significance would be much less. The correlations suggested

between the African pluvials and the Holarctic glaciations are far from being

firmly established; but Clark (1959) remarks that ‘increases in rainfall appear

to coincide with phases of falling sea-level’—in other words, the lower sea-

level would occur during a pluvial—and he refers the major regression of the

sea to the earlier part of the Gamblian Pluvial. This is the fourth pluvial and

may correspond to the Wiirm Glaciation. The probability, therefore, that

this extra land-area to the south was available only during the pluvial period(s) ,

together with its limited extent, even if the whole Agulhas Bank were exposed,

inclines me to believe that it is unlikely to have had a significant effect on the

avifauna. This conclusion is reinforced by Van Zinderen Bakker’s suggestion

(1962) that ‘the climate of the coastal region of the Cape may not have changed

considerably since the Middle Pleistocene’.

Another proposal not discussed in my previous paper was the zoogeo-

graphical arrangement put forward by Bowen (1933), which is an attempt to

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE II

apply Merriam’s ‘life-zone’ concept to Africa. Owing to the deplorably small

scale of Bowen’s maps, it is difficult to give precise limits to his divisions; but

he divides the area covered in this list between three districts, each representa-

tive of a distinct climate, and an intermediate or transition zone. This last

runs along the coast from the eastern side of False Bay eastwards. North of it

lies his South-east Veldt District, forming the south-eastern province of his

Highland Climate. The boundary, approximately east-and-west in the west,

veers north-north-east and south-south-west about the Dwyka River and

crosses the limits of our area at the Vaal—Orange confluence. North and west

of this lies his Kalahari Arid District of the Kalahari Climate, which extends

west to about Upington and the Ceres Karoo, to the west of which again,

between it and the South-east Veldt District, is his Damara Arid District of

the South-west Desert Climate.

It will be seen that the sclerophyll vegetation of the south-west is divided

from north to south between the Damara Arid, South-east Veldt and transi-

tional areas and that the first two of these are joined with areas of Karoo.

Since these proposals, in my opinion, bear very little resemblance to the facts

of bird distribution in the area, I do not propose to discuss them further.

Even in North America, where it has had the widest acceptance, the life-zone

concept has been severely criticized and is now considered useful only in limited

mountain areas (see, e.g., Van Tyne & Berger, 1959).

Poynton (1960, 1961), using Bowen’s ideas as a starting point, has pro-

duced another arrangement. He keeps the Cape sclerophyll area as a distinct

temperate zone; the western coastal belt from St. Helena Bay north and the

Orange River valley below the Aughrabies Falls is a ‘subtraction-transition’

area; and the rest of the western Cape, as defined here, forms his Western

Temperate Transitional Zone. It will be seen that this broadly agrees with

my own proposals, even to the recognition of a distinct west coast element

(Winterbottom, 1960c), though differently weighted (Winterbottom, 1962)).

The proposals of De Meillon, Davis & Hardy (1961) are closely similar

to those put forward here, the chief difference being the allocation of the west

coast area, here included in the Karoo, to the Namib Desert Subregion, a

proposal that merits serious consideration, though I think the weight of

ornithological evidence is slightly against it, since none of the endemic Namib

species occur south of the Orange River. Nevertheless, there are a number of

subspecies of birds which are confined to this area, examples being Certhilauda

albescens codea, C’. curvirostris falcirostris, Nectarinia chalybea albilateralis, Bradornis

infuscatus infuscatus, Saxicola torquata clanceyi and Serinus flaviventris hesperus.

Udvardy (1963) has virtually abandoned the classical type of zoogeo-

graphical study in favour of the idea of ‘faunal groups’ (see below, under

‘Karoo’, p. 24). While this concept can yield useful ancillary results, I regard

it as less fruitful on the whole than the older method (Winterbottom, 19652).

12 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Birp HABITATS

In considering the birds of the three major divisions into which I divide

the western Cape, the primary stress will be on the ecological side, as shown

in the various habitats available to them. A preliminary habitat classification

for birds of the whole Cape Province south of the Orange River has already

been published (Winterbottom & Skead, 1962) and this will be used in the

discussion which follows.

Keast (1961) allocates the breeding land and fresh-water birds of Australia

by major habitats, each species being included only once, ‘under the formation

to which it is confined or, in the case of those species which occur in more

than one, under the formation that is judged to be its main habitat’. While it

is fairly easy to disentangle species whose main habitat is forest, there are

many species (Streptopelia capicola, Mirafra apiata, Certhilauda albescens, Parisoma

subcaeruleum, Lanius collaris, Malaconotus zeylonus, Serinus flaviventris, S. albogularts,

Emberiza capensis, to name a few at random) in which allocation to Winter

Rainfall or to Karoo would be merely misleading. I therefore make no attempt

to do so here. Some light may be thrown on the differences between Africa

and Australia by considering that in the latter the savannah and sclerophyll

areas are split into several sections by the central desert, whereas in Africa it is

the savannah which is the central, continuous habitat, separating the desert

and forest into several divisions each; while the sclerophyll forms a single block

in the south-west (the northern sclerophyll, along the Mediterranean, belongs

to the Palaearctic Region and the Ethiopian species in it are few and faunisti-

cally unimportant).

Furthermore, it is probable that the whole South West Arid district, of

which both Winter Rainfall and Karoo areas are a part, is a better equivalent

to one of Keast’s ‘major habitats’ than either is separately; though even then

certain species, such as Streptopelia capicola, which occurs widely in two or three

other districts as well, would present grave difficulties.

Here are Winterbottom and Skead’s habitats for the western Cape,

omitting the habitats for Group A (Salt Water) as well as those in the other

groups which do not occur in the western Cape:

B. FRESH WATER

Permanent vleis (including irrigation lakes and large farm dams)

Temporary vleis, flooded fields and sewage farms

Reservoirs and tanks (with cement or brick walls)

. Mudflats and rivers with muddy beds

. Reed-beds

. Swamps

. Wide rivers

. Tree-enclosed rivers

. Streams with rocky beds

. Streams with sandy beds

9D ON MN PON

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE

CG. FOREST

15.

Knysna forest

South coast scrub forest (west of Knysna)

D. BUSHVELD

. Valley bushveld

. Spekboomveld or Succulent Mountain Karoo

. Bush and thorn along Karoo rivers

. Hillside scrub

VELD

. Karroid Broken Veld

. Central Upper Karoo

. Western Mountain Karoo

. Arid Karoo

. Central Lower Karoo

. Succulent Karoo

. Orange River Broken Veld

. Namaqua Broken Veld

. Strandveld

. False Arid Karoo

. False Upper Karoo

. False Succulent Karoo

. False Orange River Broken Veld

. Karroid Danthonia

F. MACCHIA

Mo Pp OF ND

. Mountain Renosterbosveld

. Coastal Renosterbosveld

. Coastal Macchia

. Macchia

. False Macchia

. Dense stands of proteas

G. OTHER INDIGENOUS HABITATS

Pie

Sand dunes

Cliffs and precipices

H. ALIEN WOODLAND

COo~ayr Mo POON ww

. Mixed alien woodland

. Oak woods

. Pine plantations

. Gum plantations

. Black wattle plantations

. Rooikrantz and Port Jackson plantations

. Hakea bush

. Willow groves

14 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

I. AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENVIRONMENTS

. Ploughed fields (bare of vegetation)

. Pastures and commons

. Winter cereal crops

. Maize fields

. Lucerne

. Lupins

. Vineyards

Orchards, deciduous

g. Orchards, citrus

12. Farmyards

13. Commercial vegetable gardens

14. Town gardens and parks

15. Closed towns without gardens

16. Quarries

17. Cuttings

Oy AN fond

For the present list, I have tried to make use of a series of collecting stations

so spaced as to cover most of the geographical districts and most of the major

habitats. These stations are listed in table 5 and shown on map 1. No collecting

stations were located in the following districts:

Ladismith, Montagu, Richmond, Tulbagh and Worcester, and the fol-

lowing of Acocks’ habitats were not covered:

Danthonia Mountain Veld replaced by Karoo, Mountain Renosterbosveld,

Karroid Danthonia Mountain Veld and False Macchia.

Of the districts omitted, Richmond was the one in which Grant and

Seimund made their big collection for the British Museum during the Boer

War; and a considerable collection was made in Worcester for the South

African Museum by Butler in the 1890’s. Moreover, I have traversed much

of the latter district many times and have collected on odd days at Touws

River and elsewhere. Montagu, Ladismith and Tulbagh are all small districts

about whose avifauna enough is known to suggest that they do not differ

from those of neighbouring areas.

Geographically, the biggest gap lies within the area bounded by 29° and

32°S. and 19° and 23°E. Most of this area, however, consists of Arid Karoo,

which has been sampled by my collecting stations at Banken, Jagersberg and

Banksfontein (map 4). As the map shows, I have also crossed the area on a

number of different routes.

On the ecological side, the two types of Danthonia Mountain Veld occupy

very small areas and there is no reason to think they are faunistically very

important. The other two types are also predominantly mountain floras; and

the indications are that the False Macchia has an avifauna very similar to that

of the true Macchia. Attention should be given, however, to Mountain

Renosterbosveld, the lack of information about which is a serious gap.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 15

we A RO RADOER yi

Map 4. The Arid Karoo. Borders of Arid Karoo: — - —-—-—

Author’s Routes: —:—:— pe

WINTER RAINFALL AREA

Although given the meteorologically-derived title of Winter Rainfall

area, it should be noted that the area so delimited on the map (map 1) more

closely coincides with the botanical division of sclerophyll or macchia (which

needs a minimum of 10-15 in. of rain per annum— Wicht, 1945—or 250 mm.—

Levyns, 1964) than with the limits of the area receiving 60% or more of its

rainfall in winter; for the latter includes Namaqualand and all Ceres and

Vanrhynsdorp and excludes the coastal districts from Robertson and Swellen-

dam east, which receive rain at all seasons. As compared with the map in my

original classification (Winterbottom, 1960c), the chief difference is that I

have now excluded the whole of Acocks’ Strandveld of the west coast from

the Winter Rainfall area, analysis of its avifauna having shown that, although

transitional, its affinities lie more with the Karoo.

As I have previously pointed out (Winterbottom, 1960c), the avifauna

of the Winter Rainfall area is chiefly derived from the Karoo, with a small

admixture of eastern forms and a still smaller one of species evolved in situ

(e.g. Promerops cafer, Bradypterus victorini, Serinus leucopterus, Nectarinia violacea) —

I estimate a total of 6 species and 20 subspecies as being essentially Winter

Rainfall forms. ;

Further subdivision of the Winter Rainfall area is complicated by

differences of opinion among the botanists. Thus Pole-Evans (1936) does not

16 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

further subdivide; Adamson (1938) uses five divisions; and Acocks (1953)

also five—which do not coincide with Adamson’s. In classifying the Cape

Bird Club’s Field Cards, I have, for convenience, used Acocks’ divisions,

combined with the club’s own suggestions, which have included the separation

of areas of dense Protea (pl. II, fig. 1) from the rest. For the relations these

Acocks divisions bear to Adamson’s, see table 5, where my chief collecting

stations are shown with all three botanical classifications. To the non-botanist,

Acocks’ divisions are easier to use, since each locality can be pinpointed on

his relatively large-scale map; whereas Adamson’s maps are on a much

smaller scale and are practically devoid of reference points. I therefore use

Acocks’ divisions as a basis for what follows and they have been similarly

used by Winterbottom & Skead (1962) for the whole Cape Province south of

the Orange River.

Data on absolute densities of birds in the Winter Rainfall area have

never been published; but I have the results of some counts of my own and of

others made under my direction at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African

Ornithology’s Field Courses in 1961, 1962 and 1965, all relating to Coastal

Macchia and covering an area of 522 acres. All counts were made in spring

and early summer (between August and December); and a total of 1,609 birds

of 70 species is included. The most numerous species is the Grey-backed

Cisticola Cisticola subruficapilla, with 231 individuals. Next in order of abundance

are the Karoo Prinia Prinia maculosa (164), the Yellow Canary Serinus flaviventris

(83), the Cape Bulbul Pycnonotus capensis (83), the Orange-breasted Sunbird

Nectarinia violacea (80), and the Lesser Double-collared Sunbird WNectarinia

chalybea (66). The Karoo Robin Erythropygia coryphaea and the Cape Bunting

Emberiza capensis, the White-eye Zosterops virens, the Stonechat Saxicola torquata

and the Cape Robin Cossypha caffra were the next most numerous species; and

the most abundant non-passerines were the Black Swift Apus barbatus (26)

and the Cape Turtle Dove Streptopelia capicola (32). Work is now in progress

on the population of Coastal Renosterbosveld in the Bontebok National Park,

Swellendam.

The five types into which Acocks (1953) divides the vegetation of the

Winter Rainfall area fall into four divisions—False Karoo types, Temperate

and Transitional Forest types, Sclerophyllous Bush types and False Sclero-

phyllous Bush types. My data are at present adequate only to deal, even

approximately, with three types altogether, one being Macchia, the only type

in the third division, and the others Coastal Macchia and Coastal Renoster-

bosveld, both of the second division. They constitute F4, F3 and F2 of Winter-

bottom & Skead’s classification (p. 12 above). In addition, I have fair data for

dense Protea Bush (F6 above). The detailed ecology of those habitats has been

discussed elsewhere (Winterbottom, 1966d) and that of the Macchia, including

dense Protea Bush, by Broekhuysen (1966). The characteristic (i.e. regular

and dominant as defined in the next paragraph) species are listed, dominant

species being in bold type, in table 6. Of the 70 species in the table, only

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE Lyf

17 are common to all four lists and only five have the same status (i.e. either

dominant or regular) in all.

We may take it that Macchia is the ‘Cape Flora’ par excellence and that

dense protea is climax Macchia. The botanical peculiarities of this flora are

reflected in the avifauna. In considering these lists, based on the Cape Bird

Club collection of Field Cards, I have called ‘dominant’ those birds which

occur in 40% or more of the lists for any habitat; and ‘regular’ those which

occur in 10-39% (Winterbottom, 1966d). There are 21 such species for dense

protea, five dominant and 16 regular. All five dominants are dominant also

in Macchia; and only one of the regular species (Apalis thoracica) does not

appear also in the Macchia list and that is essentially a species of dense

vegetation.

In view of this close similarity, we may consider Macchia as holding the

characteristic avifauna of the Cape flora. There are 15 dominant and 17

regular species in it, a considerably shorter list than for either of the others.

Of its dominant species Cisticola fulvicapilla, Onychognathus morio, Promerops cafer,

Nectarinia famosa, Nectarinia violacea and Zosterops virens are not dominant in

either of the other lists. Macchia shares five dominant species with Coastal

Macchia and three with Coastal Renosterbosveld; and 25 species of its regular

and dominant forms are common to each of the others, though not always

the same species. The species in the Macchia list not found in either of the

others number four and are: Monticola rupestris, Cercomela familiaris, Laniarius

ferrugineus, and Serinus tottus. It will be noted that three are birds associated

with mountainous or rocky terrain.

Coastal Macchia has 16 dominant and 37 regular species; and Coastal

Renosterbosveld, g and 46 respectively. Of the 9 Coastal Renosterbosveld

dominants, all but one are dominant in Coastal Macchia too, the other (Afrotis

afra) being regular; and of the total lists of 53 and 55 respectively, 42 species

appear in both. Of those that do not, Coastal Macchia shares four with Macchia

and Coastal Renosterbosveld also shares four. Coastal Macchia has seven species

which do not appear in either of the other lists: Buteo buteo, Circus ranivorus,

Colius striatus, Certhilauda curvirostris, Sturnus vulgaris, Cisticola tinniens, Creatophora

cinerea—a, curious assemblage which no single explanation will cover. Coastal

Renosterbosveld has nine species not appearing in either of the other lists:

Francolinus africanus, Caprimulgus pectoralis, Calandrella cinerea, Hirundo albigularis,

Hi. cucullata, Corvus capensis, Parisoma subcaeruleum, Cisticola textrix and Anthus

novaeseelandiae. In this case, it may be noted that Calandrella, Cisticola and Anthus

are all characteristic of short vegetation.

As we shall see when we come to deal with the Karoo faunas, the vegetation

type known as Strandveld (E11) is, in fact, a transitional one. Here it may be

noted that 11 species, regular or dominant in Coastal Macchia and/or Coastal

Renosterbosveld but not in Macchia, are regular or dominant in Strandveld.

It is clear therefore that all three of these faunas are intermediate in character

between that of the true Cape flora and the true Karoo floras. A further point

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

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A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE

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22 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

is that, whereas the Macchia flora is of astonishing richness and diversity, the

avifauna is relatively impoverished, having only 32 regular and dominant

species as against 55 for Coastal Macchia and 55 for Coastal Renosterbosveld.

The characteristic (i.e. regular and dominant) species for the four habitats

listed in table 6 represent 22 families, 12 passerine and 10 non-passerine, that

with most representatives being the Muscicapidae (15, 7 in Macchia, 10 in

Coastal Macchia, 12 in Coastal Renosterbosveld and 5 in Dense Protea; of

which 4, 6, 7 and 4 respectively belong to the Sylviinae). The Fringillidae have

5 species (4 each in Coastal Macchia and Coastal Renosterbosveld) and so

have the Hirundinidae (4 in Coastal Renosterbosveld) ; the Alaudidae, Sturnidae

and Ploceidae each have 4 (all 4 Sturnidae in Coastal Macchia and all 4

Ploceidae in Coastal Macchia and Coastal Renosterbosveld).

TEMPERATE FOREST

The Temperate Forest, as stated above, is not further subdivided here.

In our area, this habitat exists in restricted localities only and much of it

is relict in its status. This is brought out by the western limits of characteristic

species which penetrate into the western Cape, as shown in table 7. The

affinities of the Temperate Forest avifauna are with the avifauna of the Tem-

perate and Tropical Forests further east (Winterbottom, 1960c, 1962a),

which is the more interesting in that Levyns (1963) considers the flora closely

connected with those of the Winter Rainfall and Succulent Karoo areas.

However, she notes that it is an old flora of mixed origin, some genera giving

indications of northern affinities, while others clearly point to the south.

These latter she considers support the theory of continental drift, a theory

which is of no value to the ornithologist, since the events it postulates must

have taken place before the evolution of the modern bird orders.

Although a small enclave of the Knysna Forest enters our area in the

south-east, it is so small in extent and so limited in geographical distribution

that it will not be treated here as distinct from the relict patches further west,

though the Knysna Forest as a whole is divided from them by Winterbottom

& Skead (1962). Nor have I distinguished here the bramble scrub along forest

edges. It is chiefly important as the preferred habitat of Bradypterus sylvaticus.

While considered faunistically distinct, the Temperate Forest occurs

only as enclaves within the Winter Rainfall area (and not within the Karoo

area) ; and for geographical purposes in the systematic list is lumped with that

area: in other words, the districts and sub-districts (see p. 60) are grouped

into ‘Karoo’ and ‘Winter Rainfall’ and there are no “Temperate Forest’

districts.

There are no available figures for absolute density of birds in Temperate

Forests. Indeed, the assessment of population within such an environment is

one of the most intractable problems of bird census work. Thirty-eight lists

are, however, available in the Cape Bird Club files, though relating chiefly

to the least extensive and most relict forests of the extreme south-west and not

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE

TABLE 7

DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATE FOREST BIRDS

Species

Accipiter tachiro

Polyboroides typus

Francolinus afer

Sarothrura affinis

Columba arquatrix

Aplopelia larvata

Cuculus solitarius

Chrysococcyx klaas

Tauraco corythaix

Ciccaba woodfordi

Mesopicos griseocephalus

Campethera notata

Psalidoprocne pristoptera

Campephaga phoenicea

Coracina caesia

Oriolus larvatus

Phyllastrephus terrestris

Andropadus importunus

Muscicapa adusta

Batis capensis

Trochocercus cyanomelas

Terpsiphone viridis

Bradypterus sylvaticus

Turdus olivaceus

Cossypha dichroa

C. caffra

Pogonocichla stellata

Laniarius ferrugineus

Dryoscopus cubla

Malaconotus olivaceus

Onychognathus morio

Nectarinia amethystina

N. afra

Kosterops virens

Estrilda melanotis

Serinus scotops

Western Limit

Cape Peninsula

Somerset West

Swellendam (French Hoek ?)

Swellendam

Cape Peninsula

Ruiterbos, Mossel Bay Dist.

Cape Peninsula

De Hoop, Bredasdorp Dist.

Cape Peninsula

Swellendam

Ruiterbos

Swellendam

Cape Peninsula

Cape Peninsula (N. to western Calvinia)

Swellendam

Cape Peninsula

Cape Peninsula (7.0. smithii on Karoo)

Ruiterbos

Cape Peninsula (N. to Kamiesberg;

C.c. namaquensis on Karoo)

Swellendam

Cape Peninsula

Ruiterbos

Swellendam

Cape Peninsula

Swellendam

Cape L’Agulhas, Robertson

Cape Peninsula (N. to Springbok)

Cape Peninsula

Caledon (probably only as straggler;

otherwise Swellendam)

28)

including the most important areas, Grootvadersbos in Swellendam and

Ruiterbos in Mossel Bay. The regular and dominant species are:

Columba arquatrix, Streptopelia capicola, Pycnonotus capensis, Andropadus

importunus, Muscicapa adusta, Batis capensis, Turdus olivaceus,

Cossypha caffra, Apalis thoracica, Laniarius ferrugineus, Onychognathus

morio, Zosterops virens, Nectarinia famosa, N. violacea, N. chalybea, Serinus

canicollis.

Of these, four (Columba arquatrix, Andropadus importunus, Muscicapa adusta,

Laniarius ferrugineus) can be regarded as true forest forms; and three more

(Turdus olivaceus, Cossypha caffra, Zosterops virens) are probably originally forest

forms, which have extended their range into other habitats. The remaining

nine are intrusive forms from the surrounding sclerophyll; and the high per-

24 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

centage of such species (56%) strikingly emphasizes the relict status of our

forest patches.

The birds fall into eight families, seven of them passerine, those represented

by most species being the Muscicapidae (5 species, 2 Muscicapinae, 2 Turdinae

and 1 Sylviinae) and the Nectariinidae (3 species).

Karoo AREA

I have already given my reasons (Winterbottom, 1960c) for rejecting the

proposal of McLachlan & Liversidge (1957) to divide the Karoo of the western

Cape zoogeographically into four divisions; and (above) for similarly rejecting

Bowen’s proposal to divide it into three, plus a transition zone. These decisions

were based on the facts set out in table 9, where the geographical distribution

of characteristic Karoo birds is shown in much greater detail than was possible

in my previous paper. For the reasons there and elsewhere (Winterbottom,

1966A) set out, I regard much of Great Namaqualand (at least the Rubble

Calcrete Shelf and Shrub-grass Veld of Keet, 1949) as part of the Karoo

(cf. Poynton, 1960, who includes this area in his Western Temperate Transi-

tional). A number of species and sub-species of birds are confined to the Karoo

as thus defined and these are set out in table 8.

Although my original concepts of what constitutes the Karoo were based

on the distributions of the species set out in table g and on the botanical

evidence, they are confirmed if one adopts Udvardy’s (1963) concept of faunal

populations. I estimate that twenty-one species have their centres of distribu-

tion on the Karoo and were therefore presumably evolved there. These are:

Otis ludwigi Eremomela gregalis

Eupodotis vigorsi Cisticola subruficapilla

Certhilauda albescens Prinia pectoralis

Calendula magnirostris P. substriata

Alaemon burra Parisoma layardi

Calandrella sclateri Batis pririt

Cercomela schlegelit Onychognathus nabouroup

C’.. tractrac Nectarinia fusca

C. sinuata Serinus alario

Erythropygia coryphaea S. albogularis

Euryptila subcinnamomea

Although available records from outside the western Cape are imperfect,

and, in places, fragmentary, the accompanying map reveals the position fairly

accurately. The ‘heart-land’ of the Karoo is clearly the area south of the Orange

and north of the coastal escarpments of the south, extending as far west as

25°E., with a strong element extending nearly 10° farther east; and northward

in South West Africa almost to 25°S. The close relationship of the Karoo

fauna to that of the Winter Rainfall area is also clear from this map. Further

consideration of the implications of this method of analysis have been published

elsewhere (Winterbottom, 19652).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE

‘satoads $-€ :s}op fsarsads 6-G :sqjnq {saroads V1—O1 : soul]

[euoserp fsoroads 12—-G1

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26 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

TABLE 8

FORMS CONFINED TO THE KAROO (INCLUDING GREAT NAMAQUALAND, S.W.A.)

Form Remarks

SPECIES

Eupodotis vigorsii Also W.R. area

Alaemon burra

Certhilauda albescens Also W.R. area (separate subspecies)

Calandrella sclateri

Cercomela schlegelii

C. tractrac Also W.R. area

Erythropygia coryphaea Also W.R. area

Euryptila subcinnamomea

Eremomela gregalis

Cisticola subruficapilla Also W.R. area (separate subspecies)

Prinia substriata

Parisoma layardi Also W.R. area (separate subspecies)

SUBSPECIES

Rhinoptilus africanus granti

Pterocles namaqua furva Also W.R. area

Apus affinis theresae Also W.R. area

Certhilauda curvirostris subcoronata =

C.c. falcirostris (W) ze

C.c. gilli =

C. albofasciata macdonaldi *

C.a. latimerae *

C.a. bushmanensis

Calandrella starki gregaria

Saxicola torquata clanceyt (W) “ef

Syluvietta rufescens diverga *:

Bradornis i. infuscatus (W) =

B.i. seimundi 5

Parus afer afer Also W.R. area

Anthoscopus minutus gigi *

Nectarinia chalybea albilateralis (W) *

Ploceus velatus inustus =

Serinus flaviventris quintoni “3

Sif. hesperus (W) =

Emberiza impetuani sloggetti Also W.R. area*

* Range restricted to a limited part of the Karoo; replaced by other subspecies elsewhere.

Those marked (W) are confined to the west coast strip.

Notwithstanding this general uniformity, it is sometimes useful to divide

the Karoo into rough geographical areas for descriptive purposes, provided

they are not regarded as of zoological importance. Five may be recognized in

the western Cape: Little Namaqualand, Bushmanland, Upper Karoo, Lower

Karoo and Little Karoo (map 1). Of these, the most distinctive zoologically

is Bushmanland, as defined in table 11, from which sixteen of the species

listed in that table as present in all the other four divisions have not been

recorded:

Gyps fulvus, Francolinus africanus, F. capensis, Caprimulgus pectoralis, Geocolaptes

olivaceus, Corvus albicollis, Monticola rupestris, Saxicola torquata, Apalis thoracica,

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 249)

Prinia maculosa, Sigelus silens, Sturnus vulgaris, Spreo bicolor, Nectarinia famosa,

Ploceus capensis, Euplectes capensis; another three are absent from it and one other

division only (Aquila rapax, Circus maurus and Anthropoides paradisea); and two

(Mirafra sabota and Alaemon burra) are recorded only from Bushmanland and

the Upper Karoo.

There are six species (F. rupicoloides, Eremopterix verticalis, E. australis,

Myrmecocichla formicivora, Sporopipes squamifrons, and Nectarinia fusca) not recorded

from the Little Karoo but recorded from the other four divisions: and a further

five (Circus maurus, Calandrella starki, C’. sclatert, Prinia flavicans and Amadina

erythrocephala) absent from the Little Karoo and one other division.

The only species confined to a single division (Upper Karoo) is Hirundo

sprlodera.

In order further to check the validity of divisions not based on ecology,

I tried two other arrangements of the districts. One of these was based on

rainfall, whether summer, winter or at all seasons. Three species (Aquila rapax,

Eupodotis caerulescens, Otis denhami) were confined to the summer rainfall area.

Another five species (Anthropoides paradisea, Mirafra sabota, Alaemon burra,

Calandrella sclateri and Hirundo spilodera) are absent from the winter rainfall

districts, but all are species limited further to one or two of the ‘rain at all

seasons’ districts; and the first of them is a breeding resident within the Winter

Rainfall area of the south. It therefore appears highly unlikely that the time

at which rain falls is a significant factor in bird distribution on the Karoo.

The other grouping was an attempt to combine geography with other

factors. It removed Calvinia 1 to Bushmanland; Ceres 2 to the Winter Rainfall

area (where it properly belongs) ; and split off Richmond, De Aar, and Philips-

town as False Upper Karoo. The only effects of this were to add one species

(Spreo bicolor) to the Bushmanland list; and to establish that three species

(Otis ludwigit, Caprimulgus pectoralis and Alaemon burra) recorded from the

Upper Karoo, have not been recorded from the False Upper Karoo.

The rejection of geographical subdivisions therefore seems amply justified.

Having rejected geographical divisions, it remains to consider ecological

ones. As with the Winter Rainfall area, so with the Karoo—when it comes to

subdivision, the botanists disagree. Pole-Evans (1936) uses two divisions

only; Adamson (1938) uses six; and Acocks (1953) no less than twenty-one,

five of which, however, do not occur in our area. The complications caused

by these differences are illustrated in table 5, in which my chief collecting

stations are classified according to each of these three. For convenience, as

explained on p. 16, I have used Acocks’ classification and the distribution

of the characteristic Karoo birds within these subdivisions is set out in table ro.

One further ecological division of the Karoo must be mentioned before

any detailed discussion of the validity of Acocks’ divisions as a basis for the

ecology of the birds can be made. This is the growth of thorny bushes, chiefly

Acacia and Rhus, along many of the watercourses (D6 of Winterbottom & Skead).

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A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE

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A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 31

nearly as dense can be found in the south (e.g. in the Traka basin north of

Klaarstroom (pl. III, fig. 1)). In both these instances, the composition of the

avifauna is complicated by the intrusion of species not properly belonging to the

Karoo. In the case of the Orange, these are mostly birds of the tropical savan-

nahs (e.g. Merops hirundineus, Rhinopomastus cyanomelas, Nilaus afer and Lagonosticta

senegala) ; in the south, of the Winter Rainfall area (e.g. Apalis thoracica, Tchagra

tchagra). But vegetation of this type exists much more widely, as, for instance,

along the Dwyka River, on the farms Hillmore (Beaufort West) and Wagenaars-

kraal (Victoria West) and even in the Richtersveld. Where it occurs, this type

of bush is the chief habitat of such forms as Parisoma subcaeruleum, Stenostira

scita and Batis pririt; and its presence is probably essential to such species as

Pycnonotus nigricans, Turdus olivaceus, Cossypha caffra, Prinia substriata and Xosterops

spp.; and perhaps also to Streptopelia capicola, S. senegalensis and Nectarinia

chalybea. Winterbottom & Skead (1962) classify it as a distinct habitat.

An additional intrusive element into the Karoo is a northern component,

not dependent upon the last-mentioned habitat but restricted for the most

part to the north-east corner of our area. Examples are Mirafra sabota (map

20), Prinia flavicans, Hirundo spilodera, Amadina erythrocephala, Sporopipes squamtfrons,

Passer motitensis and Serinus atrogularis, though Sporopipes occurs as far west as

Banken and Vioolsdrif, western Bushmanland, Serinus to the Orange River

mouth and Amadina has been visually recorded as far to the south-west as

Saldanha Bay.

There is only one published account of bird densities on the Karoo

(Winterbottom, 1946), which refers to 194 acres of the Central Upper Karoo

at Melton Wold, Victoria West, during summer. To this I can add the results

of censuses over 20 acres of Succulent Karoo in Vanrhysndorp in winter.

(A much more comprehensive study of the population of Karroid Broken

Veld near Klaarstroom is at present in progress but is not considered here.)

The gross densities are 2:0 and 1-4 birds per acre, which are surprisingly

close together. The most numerous species at Melton Wold were the Lark-

like Bunting Emberiza impetuani (69) and the Black-eared Sparrow-Lark

Eremopterix australis (48). The only other species which reached a density of

O*I per acre were the Mossie Passer melanurus and the Yellow Canary Serinus

flaviventris, though the Chat Flycatcher Bradornis infuscatus, White-rumped

Swift Apus affinis and Rufous-eared Warbler Prinia pectoralis approached it

closely. The Vanrhynsdorp figures are too small to be reliable but the most

numerous species was the Spike-heeled Lark Certhilauda albofasciata (13), of

which only fifteen were counted in the much bigger acreage at Melton Wold.

These results may be compared with Dixon’s (1959) for desert scrub in

Texas, where he found 10-15 and 30-31 territorial males per 100 acres. Dixon

gives no formula for estimating absolute densities, but his figures should be

at least doubled to obtain them. Even if this is done, it will be noted that the

winter figures for South Africa (140 birds per 100 acres) are higher than

Dixon’s highest.

32 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Of the 11 of Acocks’ Karoo types and five of his False Karoo types which

occur within the boundaries of the western Cape, adequate data for analysis

of the avifauna, even in a preliminary way, exist for only nine: Strandveld

(E11 of Winterbottom & Skead), Karroid Broken Veld (E3), Central Upper

Karoo (E4), Arid Karoo (E6), Succulent Karoo (E8), Orange River Broken

Veld (Eg), Namaqua Broken Veld (E10), False Upper Karoo (E13) and

False Arid Karoo (E12). It may be noted, however, that these types, between

them, occupy more than two-thirds of the area of Karoo within our limits.

Of these types, Strandveld, as indicated above, may be regarded avifaunisti-

cally as a transition type between Karoo and Winter Rainfall. No fewer than

twelve species, ten regular and two dominant, do not appear in any other list

for Karoo habitats but eleven of them appear in one or more of the Winter

Rainfall lists. Statistical analysis confirms the distinctness of the Strandveld

from other Karoo habitats. A fuller treatment of six of these habitats (Strand-

veld, Karroid Broken Veld, Central Upper Karoo, Arid Karoo, Succulent

Karoo, Namaqua Broken Veld and False Upper Karoo) has been published

elsewhere (Winterbottom, 1966e).

Although each habitat has its peculiarities (table 11), the following

species, each of which occurs in the lists for at least six habitats, can be looked

upon as characteristic Karoo birds, those marked * being dominant in at least

four habitats:

Melierax musicus, Falco tinnunculus, Eupodotis vigorsit, Pterocles namaqua,

Columba guinea, Streptopelia capicola, S. senegalensis, Oena capensis, Lybius leucomelas,

Calendula magnirostris, Certhilauda curvirostris, C. albescens, C. albofasciata, Eremopterix

verticalis, Calandrella cinerea, Bradornis infuscatus, Oenanthe monticola*, Cercomela

schlegeliu*, C. familiaris, C. tractrac, Myrmecocichla formicivora*, Erythropygia cory-

phaea*, Sylvietta rufescens, Cisticola subruficapilla, Prinia pectoralis, P. maculosa*,

Hirundo rustica, H. rupestris, Lanius collaris*, Malaconotus zeylonus*, Parus afer,

Corvus albus*, Spreo bicolor, Nectarinia fusca, Passer melanurus*, Serinus alario,

S. flaviventris*, S. albogularis*, Emberiza impetuani*, and E. capensis*.

Almost as characteristic (present in five lists) are:

Buteo rufofuscus, Falco rupicoloides, Merops apiaster, Colius colius, Pycnonotus

nigricans (if regarded as conspecific with P. capensis, this species belongs to the

preceding group), Oenanthe pileata, Onychognathus nabouroup and Nectarinia famosa.

The longer list of ‘characteristic Karoo birds’ used for table 10, which

was more subjectively compiled, includes all these species plus others which

are too rare, or too limited in distribution, to find a place in table 11.

Each Karoo habitat has between 40 and 64 dominant and regular species,

of which 7-17 are dominant. The full lists are set out in table 9. They belong

to 30 families, 12 passerine and 18 non-passerine. The dominant family is

again the Muscicapidae, with 26 species, of which 6 belong to Muscicapinae,

11 to the Turdinae and 9g to the Sylviinae. Other prominent families are the

Alaudidae (9 species), Ploceidae and Fringillidae (6 each).

Within single habitats, the Muscicapidae vary from 9g species in False

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 33

TABLE 10

ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHARACTERISTIC KAROO BIRDS

Species 25| 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 39 | 40

Sagittarius serpentarius .. x I Sx x

Gyps fulous.. 516 x

Falco peregrinus. .

F. biarmicus .. on x

F. rupicoloides ..

F. tinnunculus .. oa os || a

Aquila rapax

Polemaetus bellicosus x

Circaetus pectoralis x

Buteo rufofuscus ale x

Melierax musicus x

Circus maurus

Francolinus africanus Xx

Anthropoides paradisea .. Xx

Otis kori a x

Otis ludwigit

O. denhami

Eupodotis vigorsit

E. caerulescens .

Afrotis afra

Burhinus capensis yer lex

Cursorius rufus ..

Rhinoptilus africanus

Pterocles namaqua

Columba guinea. .

Streptopelia capicola

S. senegalensis ..

Oena capensis

Tyto alba

Bubo africanus . 66

Caprimulgus pectoralis .

C. rufigena :

Apus barbatus

A. caffer

A. affinis

A. melba

Colius colius

C. indicus

Lybius leucomelas

Geocolaptes olivaceus

Dendropicos fuscescens

Mirafra sabota ..

Calendula magnirostris .

Certhilauda curvirostris . .

C. albescens

C. albofasciata ..

Alaemon burra ..

Exremopterix verticalis

E. australis

Calandrella cinerea

C. sclateri

C. starki

x XXX KK XK X

x XxX X X

x XX X

x X x

x aS Chae S

x x X X

x X

x XX X XK X x X

XxX XK XK XK XK XK XK X

x X

x XX

x xX

x X

x X X X

UGS ONL G OS DOS OS

x XXX X

x xX XK XK XK XK XK XK

x X X X X

x X X

xX XK XK KX KK KK XK XK K XK XK XK XK X

DS Lat KP SOK OES ON OS OS ON

ISOS OS OS, ON, PSP ROSS PSH OS

Ke KOK OT eX

xX X X X

XOXe Kee ee

Sek 2426

x xX X X

x X X

XXX X

DS OS OS OL PN DS PNAC aS OM ON ON OMS. CN ONION DS ON ONS ON

x X X

Geos OS PS OS 0S DS DN

OS ON OS ON ON DON PM

x X

xXx XXXX XX KK XK XK XK XK XK XK XK OK OK XK XK OXK OX OX OX OX OX OX

Kon

x X

OS OS ON PROS Of OS OS OS ON OS OS OS ON OM

xX X X X X

xX X X X

xXx XXX

xX yx

x XX

x XX X X

x X X

xX X X

xX XX

xX XX X

xX X X

eS eS oN

xX XX xX

xX XX

OG Geo OO

x XX X

34. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Species 25} 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 39 | 40

Hirundo albigularis xan lex

H. dimidiata .. soit os tt ox

H. cucullata s<I| S<

Hi, spilodera.. ae

Hi. rupestris —.. SeuleX

Corvus albus

C. capensis ate

Parus afer me, See Poe

Anthoscopus minutus

Pycnonotus nigricans

Turdus olivaceus

Monticola rupestris

Oenanthe monticola

Oe. pileata He

Cercomela familiaris .. | X

C. tractrac

C. sinuata 0)

C. schlegelii —.. a

Myrmecocichla formicivora

Erythropygia coryphaea .. | X

Eremomela icteropygialis

E. gregalis uh

Sylvietta rufescens ha LX

Euryptila subcinnamomea

Cisticola subruficapilla .. | X

Prinia pectoralis

P.maculosa.. aise | OX

P. flavicans aig

P. substriata’.. aot lass

Parisoma subcaeruleum .. | X

P. layardi

Bradornis infuscatus

Sigelus silens

Batis pririt

Stenostira scita ..

Lanius collaris ..

Malaconotus zeylonus

Onychognathus nabouroup

Spreo bicolor 50 |iex

Nectarinia famosa se HX

N. chalybea x

N. fusca :

Passer melanurus sien | ox

Sporopipes squamifrons ..

Amadina erythrocephala. .

Serinus alario .. te |X

S. flaviventris

S. albogularis

Emberiza capensis

E. impetuani

x &X

x xX XK X x xXKXKKKKK KK KKK XK

KOK EEK KOK POO KO TeX

x X x xX XK xX Xora x xX XK XK XK

xx K KK XK XK XK X x eK KR OOK

x xX XK XK KK KK XK XK x xX XK XK XK XK X

XOX OE KEK xX XK XK XK XK X

SON ON 28 x xX XK XK XK XK XK x

x x xX XK KK XK XK x x x

x xX XX XK xX x xX XK X x xX XK XK x XX X

x XX X x X X &X

x KX

x X

x MK XX KK XX X

x X

x xX X

x xX &

x XXX KK KKK KK KK XK XK XK

x xX X

KEXP XK

Se OAS ON

xxxxXx

xxxxxXxxXxX xxxxX

xxxxxXxxXx XXX

x xX

x x xX xX

x xX

x xxxx

xx xX XX xxxx

x xX xX

PPPS, OS Pasco ne CN ote OPS) OS ES Pek

KX OPE GOES

x xX XK XK X

xX XK X

KK KOO KE KOK

xX xX XK X

Se EES 2S OS BS

xX X

Sh OS OS OS OS OS ON ON OAS OAS DGPS SES De ES SIDS

SEO OIRO SEK NON ENON

x X XK XK XK

x X X XK XK

x xX XxX XK X

xX xK XK XK XK XK XK XK

x xX XK XK X

x X XK X

x X XK XK XK

xXx xXXXX

x XXXK XX

Note.— Numbers refer to Acocks’ habitats.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 35

TABLE II

DOMINANT AND REGULAR BIRDS IN SOME KAROO HABITATS

Species KBV |CUK]}] AK | SK | ORBV | Str. | FUK | FAK | NBV

Elanus caeruleus . . a R

Buteo rufofusceus . . D

Melierax musicus A D

Falco biarmicus .. iy R

F. tinnunculus D

F. rupicoloides

Francolinus africanus

F. capensis ae

Anthropoides paradisea

Otis denhami a0

Eupodotis vigorsii si R R R

Afrotis afra

Burhinus capensis

Vanellus coronatus

Cursorius rufus

Rhinoptilus africanus

Pierocles namaqua

Columba guinea ..

Streptopelia capicola

S. senegalensis

Uena capensis

Merops apiaster ..

Opupa epops

Bubo africanus

Caprimulgus rufigena

C. tristigma

Colius colius si

Lybius leucomelas a. R

Geocolaptes olivaceus

Apus barbatus

A. caffer ..

A. affinis

Mirafra sabota

M. apitata

Calendula magnirostris

Certhilauda curvirostris

C. albescens

C. allobasciata

Eremopterix verticalis

E. australis

Alaemon burra

Calandrella cinerea

C. starki ;

Pycnonotus capensis

P. nigricans

Parisoma subcaeruleum

P. layardi

Bradornis infuscatus

Sigelus silens

Batis pririt

Stenostira scita

Turdus olivaceus

Oenanthe monticola

O. pileata Pa

Cercomela schlegelii

re)

Do PRO

ARAA

AAD

ro)

Wm WoW

WS od bd Pd

DHinmoo w

m wan

mm WH

Dan my

dd od Dd

AAR AA

yom)

rs)

AAR

rs)

AAR

Dd i

Wao WD

Unn

WO Daw

ae)

a FP DOADD F APRARD

Pa AAOUAOA

AOAAACAOD AAR

rs)

Oo FF PARR ARR BZ

ORPOUAR AR AR

ARS

Wee)

UFO FB o

OAD

36 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Species KBV |CUK| AK |} SK | ORBV | Str. | FUK | FAK | NBV

C. familiaris .. 50 R R R

C.. tractrac as ie R D R R R R

C. sinuata ae R R

Myrmecocichla formicivora D D

Saxicola torquata. .

Cossypha caffra ‘

Erythropygia coryphaeus ..

Eremomela icteropygialis . .

E. gregalis

Apalis thoracica .

Sylvietta rufescens

Cisticola subruficapilla

Prinia pectoralis . .

P. maculosa

P. flavicans

P. substriata

Hirundo rustica ..

H. albigularis

H. cucullata

H. spilodera

A, rupestris

Lanius minor

L. collaris

Malaconotus zeylonus

Parus afer

Anthoscopus minutus

Corvus albus

C. capensis

C. albicollis

Sturnus vulgaris ..

Creatophora cinerea ;

Onychognathus nabouroup. .

Lamprotornis nitens :

Spreo bicolor 56 Se R D R

Kosterops pallida. .

A. virens.. .

Nectarinia famosa

N. chalybea Ae

N. fusca .. ob 40 R R R

Philetarius socius. .

Plocepasser mahali

Ploceus capensis ..

P. velatus

Euplectes capensis

Passer melanurus. .

Serinus alario

S. atrogularis

S. flaviventris

S. albogularis

Emberiza impetuani

E. capensis

AFAR 7 BW

UAAB

a aw

Ss} sis}\5)

rs)

DOnAn

GRAF AU PAAAAA FPOAAF FP DY

URW WD WHR ORR wm YO

WD WD w

Ss) fllelis|— be

BY Aeo won z

AAAS

PF DU ARUD ARRAAADA DOWD BWR

re)

Rise wwii 7

m mH

UnD w

7 Pe bd

7OU

co)

AAARF FY

DUUORF FU BF

BAAD FU

Totals: Dominant .. 7

Regular .. | 44 47 40 3

Tort Lest [Oe | 4 at) 149) | a) ee ee

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 37

Upper Karoo to 20 in Central Upper Karoo. It is curious to note that not a

single species of the Muscicapinae appears in the list for Namaqua Broken

Veld; and, whereas in the Winter Rainfall habitats, it was the Sylviinae which

provided the largest number of species, in the Karoo it is the Turdinae.

MAN-MADE HapsiTats

The extent of habitats directly due to man varies very much from one

part of the area to another. In the south-west Cape, and especially in the

vicinity of Cape Town, such habitats occupy most of the country except the

mountains; on the other hand, in the Richtersveld, their extent is virtually

nil. I do not here consider habitats indirectly due to man, such as the extension

of the Karoo brought about during the iast 400 years by overgrazing; nor the

aquatic habitats created by dams and weirs, the avifauna of which does not

differ significantly from natural waters except in being poorer, especially when

the artificial waters are newly made.

It has long been known that the usual effect of human interference with

the natural habitat has been to reduce the number of species of birds present

but to increase the number of individuals.* This is due to the simplification

of the natural communities; and its effects in respect of number are well shown

in the results of my transect counts of birds from the train between Southfield

and Cape Town. I have also made other counts from trains and cars in the

Winter Rainfall area and on the Karoo. The sets of data are compared, month

by month, in table 12, from which it is clear that, except in early summer,

suburban areas hold a much denser bird population than the countryside as

a whole and that the density of birds in the Winter Rainfall area is roughly

double that in the Karoo.

TABLE 12

TRANSECT COUNTS IN WESTERN CAPE: BIRDS/MILE

Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.

Southfield—Cape Town | 12°6 | 15:2 | 13°5 | 20:8 | 21-9 | 22-0 | 21°5 | 26°3 | 23:0 | 201 | 16-9 | 14°4

Other W.R. counts 4°4| 6-8] 6-4 7°9 7°2 8-2 5°7 9°6 8-8 | 8-8 | 10°3 | 11°7

Karoo counts .. 3°4 3°7 2°1 2°6 3:7 3°2 2°7 3:1 1°6 2°2 5°9 4°9

Note.—The Karoo figures include counts made in Karoo country extra-limital to the area of this check list.

Man-made habitats, as considered here, fall into two groups, woodland

and open country, with some transitional habitats between the two. The wood-

land, of oak, pine, eucalyptus and alien acacias, is largely confined to the

Winter Rainfall area. It has been inadequately studied, but the avifauna of

pine and eucalyptus plantations is extremely poor, both in numbers and species,

even along the edges, which are normally a rich woodland habitat. This

appears to be in contrast, as far as eucalyptus goes, with the situation in Cali-

fornia, where Robertson (1931) recorded 38 species using these trees, 17 using

them as nest sites and no less than 11 eating the seeds.

* This presupposes that human predation is not excessive; where it is, of course, the general-

ization does not apply—e.g. transect counts over 1,000 miles in Italy in October-November

1961 gave an average of only 4:6 birds per mile, the corresponding figure for England being 20:8.

38 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

The avifauna of the acacia belts (‘wattles’, rooikrantz, Port Jackson—

Acacia saligna and A. cyclops, H6 of Winterbottom & Skead) is also somewhat

impoverished in species but those that are present are often abundant. There

are few oak woods of any extent, these trees being mostly planted in avenues,

hedges and gardens; and this habitat will not, therefore, be further considered

here.

The wattle plantations constitute the best known of the woodlands of

alien trees, as well as having the richest avifauna. Nevertheless, it must be

borne in mind that true woodland is an alien habitat in the western Cape,

the natural habits being open country, scrub and forest. Even the Macchia,

the poorest of the Winter Rainfall habitats, supports thirty regular species,

of which eleven are dominant. As against this, wattles have only twenty-eight

regular species, eleven being dominant. They are:

Elanus caeruleus, Francolinus capensis, Streptopelia capicola, Streptopelia

senegalensis, Colius striatus, Colius colius, Lybius leucomelas, Pycnonotus capen-

sis, Turdus olivaceus, Cossypha caffra, Apalis thoracica, Prinia maculosa,

Sigelus silens, Lanius collaris, Laniarius ferrugineus, Malaconotus zeylonus,

Corvus albus, Sturnus vulgaris, Spreo bicolor, Zosterops virens, WNectarinia

famosa, Nectarinia chalybea, Promerops cafer, Ploceus capensis, Euplectes capensis,

Estrilda astrild, Passer melanurus, Serinus flaviventris.

This is a curious mixture of forms, including forest species like Turdus

olivaceus and Laniarius ferrugineus, as well as others more characteristic of the

sclerophyll. Three of the dominant species (Streptopelia senegalensis, Sturnus

vulgaris, Ploceus capensis) are not dominant in any of the indigenous bush types.

They represent fourteen families, ten of them passerine. The families best

represented are the Muscicapidae (5 species, 1 Muscicapinae, 2 each Turdinae

& Sylviinae), the Ploceidae (4 species, 2 Ploceinae, 1 each Estrildinae &

Passerinae) and the Laniidae (3 species).

Though much more restricted in extent and less thoroughly studied, a

word may be added about the plantations of black wattle Acacia mollissima

(H5) at Ruiterbos, Mossel Bay District. Here the avifauna is derived from that

of the Temperate Forest and an astonishing number of forest species have

adapted themselves to this alien vegetation. They include Cossypha dichroa,

Dryoscopus cubla and Oriolus larvatus, which are not known, even from true forest,

farther west; as well as Muscicapa adusta, Batis capensis, Terpsiphone viridis,

Turdus olivaceus, Cossypha caffra, Laniarius ferrugineus, Estrilda melanotis and

Serinus scotops, which are more widely distributed. It will be noted, however,

that only four of these species appear in the wattle list above. It may be added

that the Muscicapa, Batis, Turdus, Cossypha caffra, Laniarius and Estrilda were all

recorded in black wattle in Bain’s Kloof in May 1959; together with Serinus

leucopterus, a species of dense protea bush.

There are thirty-two cards for pine plantations in the Cape Bird Club

files and the poverty of this environment is brought out by the list of four

dominant and four regular species:

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 39

Buteo rufofuscus, Streptopelia capicola, Indicator indicator, Corvus

albicollis, Onychognathus morio, Zosterops virens, Serinus tottus and S. canicollis.

Of these, the Buteo, Corvus, Onychognathus and Serinus tottus are probably

merely stragglers from the more open mountain-sides adjoining the plantations,

most of which are in mountainous country.

There are only twelve cards for gum plantations and the only species

occurring on more than two of them are Streptopelia capicola, Kosterops virens

and Serinus canicollis, also dominant species in pines.

Although pure stands of single alien tree species are usually unfavourable

to bird life, stands of mixed exotics (H1) may be less so. Examples are the

mixed woodlands of conifers, oaks, gums, poplars and other species near the

old Manor House at Tokai and near the Forest Station at Newlands. Forty-

five lists exist in the Cape Bird Club files for this and similar woodlands in the

Winter Rainfall area. The dominant and regular species are:

Francolinus capensis, Streptopelia semitorquata, Streptopelia capicola,

Streptopelia senegalensis, Colius striatus, Pycnonotus capensis, Andropadus importunus,

Muscicapa adusta, Batis capensis, Terpsiphone viridus, Turdus olivaceus,

Cossypha caffra, Prinia maculosa, Laniarius ferrugineus, Malaconotus

zeylonus, Onychognathus morio, Zosterops virens, Nectarinia famosa, Nectarinia

violacea, Nectarinia chalybea, Ploceus capensis, Fringilla coelebs, Serinus canicollis,

Emberiza capensis.

It will be noted that, in point of fact, this assemblage of six dominant and

twenty regular species is more impoverished than that for wattles; and that

it is further biased towards forest forms, for in addition to the Turdus and

Laniarius of the wattles list, it includes also Andropadus importunus, Muscicapa

adusta, Batis capensis and Terpsiphone viridis; and Turdus and Laniarius are here

dominant, not just regular. The species fall into 11 families, of which eight

are passerine, those best represented being the Muscicapidae, with six species

(3 Muscicapinae, 3 Turdinae, 1 Sylviinae) and the Columbidae, Nectarinidae

and Fringillidae, with 3 each.

Intermediate between woodland and open country are gardens (I 14 of

Winterbottom & Skead), which, in effect, reproduce the ‘woodland edge’

habitat on an extended scale. They suffer from their floristic composition,

being mostly of alien species; and from the activities of man and his parasites

(especially domestic cats). Nevertheless, they contain a surprising variety of

birds. An inquiry organized by the writer for the Cape Bird Club in 1955-6

produced 120 reports, mostly from the Cape Peninsula but including gardens

from as far afield as Swellendam in the east, Ceres in the north-east and Pike:-

berg in the north. A full report has been produced (Winterbottom, 1956d)

and the detailed data are filed in the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African

Ornithology. Altogether, 113 species were recorded, of which 16 occurred in

over 50% of the gardens and a further 4 in 40-50%. The list of dominant and

regular species is based on this and subsequent data.

Ardeola ibis, Burhinus capensis, Larus dominicanus, Larus novaehollandiae,

40 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Streptopelia semitorquata, Streptopelia capicola, Streptopelia senegalensis,

Cuculus solitarius, Upupa epops, Colius striatus, Colius colius, Apus barbatus, Apus

melba, Apus caffer, Motacilla capensis, Pycnonotus capensis, Turdus olwvaceus,

Cossypha caffra, Prinia maculosa, Hirundo rustica, Hirundo cucullata, Hirundo

rupestris, Lanius collaris, Laniarius ferrugineus, Malaconotus zeylonus,

Corvus albus, Sturnus vulgaris, Onychognathus morio, Spreo bicolor,

Zosterops virens, Wectarinia famosa, Nectarinia chalybea, Ploceus capensis, Estrilda

astrild, Passer melanurus, Fringilla coelebs, Serinus canicollis (11 dominant,

26 regular).

The assembly covers 19 families, 11 of them passerine, and 7 are repre-

sented by 3 species each, a curious pattern shown by no other environment

analysed here.

The total of 37 species, 11 dominant, emphasizes the relatively rich

avifauna of this habitat—richer than that of Macchia. The species are drawn

from three sources, Sclerophyll (sensu lato), Forest and Aquatic habitats.

Detailed studies of a single garden habitat have been published (Winterbottom,

1962d, 1966f) and a comparative study of the birds in this habitat, in Rhodesian

townships and in some types of indigenous bush (Winterbottom, 1960g) has

shown that the number of dominant species in this garden habitat is less than

half that in the indigenous bush (17 to 35); but that the proportions between

the different groups classified by food (insect-eaters, seed-eaters, fruit-eaters,

birds of mixed diet) are virtually unaltered, though predators have been

eliminated (table 13). Markus (1966) found a similar situation in Pretoria.

There is inadequate information about garden birds on the Karoo, but

the species indicated on p. 31 as favouring dense streamside cover seem to

provide the chief source. To them can be added the Masked Weaver Ploceus

velatus, the Mossie Passer melanurus and the Fiscal Lanius collaris. Fruit attracts

the Pied Barbet Lybius leucomelas and the Pale-winged Starling Onychognathus

nabouroup.

Another intermediate habitat is orchards, which have trees like woodland

but little undergrowth. Winterbottom & Skead (1962) divide them in two,

citrus orchards (I 9) and orchards of deciduous fruits (I 8). Unfortunately,

only seven Field Cards are available in the Cape Bird Club files.

TABLE 13

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF DOMINANT SPECIES IN EACH FOOD TYPE

Insect- Seed- Fruit- Mixed

Area Predators eaters eaters eaters Diet

Sasmeer Township se Oo 41 24. II 24.

Indigenous bush on Flats. . 6 2 23 6 23

(Data from Winterbottom, 1960g.)

A third ‘intermediate’ habitat is vineyards (I 7). For these, 26 Field

Cards exist, mostly due to my colleague Mrs. M. K. Rowan, who filled them

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 4I

in in the course of her studies of frugivorous birds. The list of 4 dominant and

1g regular species is:

Ardeola ibis, Elanus caeruleus, Francolinus capensis, Numida meleagris, S.

capicola, S. senegalensis, Colius striatus, Upupa epops, Turdus olivaceus, Mota-

cilla capensis, Dicrurus adsimilis, Lanius collaris, Malaconotus zeylonus, Sturnus

vulgaris, Spreo bicolor, Xosterops virens, Passer melanurus, Ploceus capensis,

P. velatus, Estrilda astrild, Vidua macroura, Serinus tottus, S. canicollis.

In view of the small number of records on which it was based, too much

importance should not be attached to this list.

In the category of open country are included such habitats as pastures

(I 2), lucerne fields (I 5), grainfields (I 3), ploughed land (I 1) and market

gardens (I 13). The avifauna of these habitats is chiefly derived from that of

the opener parts of surrounding indigenous bush; but certain species have

found some of these habitats so favourable that they now occupy them almost

exclusively; while others have undoubtedly been able to increase in numbers

to an extent that would have been impossible without man’s activities. It

appears probable that certain species are wholly dependent on such environ-

ments, the existence of which has been the reason why they have been able

to penetrate the western Cape. For instance, the Fan-tailed Warbler Cisticola

juncidis was unknown in the area when Vincent compiled his Check list (published,

1952); and that it was not found by Lynes (1935) when he explored the south-

west Cape specially for species of this genus in 1934 is strong presumptive

evidence that it had not reached there then. The first authentic record was

in 1950 (Feely, 1950), though MacLeod (1952) believes that it had reached

the south-west Cape earlier. It is now widely distributed in pastures, cornfields

and lucerne lands, not only in the Winter Rainfall area but also in at least

some places on the Karoo (e.g. Klaarstroom, Montagu, Vioolsdrif, Fraserburg

Road).

Also inhabiting lucerne lands on the Karoo is another Cisticola, C. aridula,

which I have collected at Beaufort West and Klaarstroom; it is not otherwise

known south of the northern Cape.

The invasion of the western Cape by the Cattle Egret Ardeola ibis is

probably another example. Though it has not been documented in the same

way as in the eastern Cape (Skead, 1952), Stark & Sclater (1900-6) report

only a single record from the Cape Town area and Gill (1952) notes that it

first bred on the Berg River in 1925 and in the Peninsula in 1931 (summary

in Winterbottom, 1964c).

The European Starling Sturnus vulgaris is another species whose distribu-

tion seems to depend on man-made environments. It spread across the farming

areas of the south-west Cape pretty rapidly, but was held up for eleven years

by the big block of indigenous forest between Knysna and Humansdorp, only

reaching Port Elizabeth, where it is now numerous, in 1955, Grahamstown in

1958 and King William’s Town in 1961; and it has only recently begun to

penetrate the Karoo (Winterbottom & Liversidge, 1954; McLachlan, 1955;

42 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Winterbottom, 1957¢, 19582, 1959e, 1964e; Blignaut, 1958; Skead, 1962;

Liversidge, 1962). The House Sparrow Passer domesticus is also dependent on

human settlement (Winterbottom, 19614, 1964e; Cole, 1962; Clancey, 1963¢;

Rowan, 1964; Schmidt, 1965).

Other species which have greatly profited by man’s clearance of the

land include the Thick-billed and Red-capped Larks Calendula magnirostris and

Calandrella cinerea, the Tawny Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae, the Mossie Passer

melanurus and the Crowned Plover Vanellus coronatus; while the creation of

dams on the Karoo has perhaps been the factor enabling the Blacksmith

Plover V. armatus to extend its range southwards across that habitat into the

Winter Rainfall area, where it was first reported in 1939 (Broekhuysen, 1942)

and is now widely distributed.

Unfortunately data are inadequate for the detailed analysis of most of

these habitats, even in the Winter Rainfall area. Outside it, only lucerne fields

are of sufficient extent to be important. They have a limited avifauna of larks

(Calendula magnirostris, Calandrella cinerea); pipits (Anthus spp.) and warblers

(Cisticola juncidis, C’. aridula, Prinia maculosa), with occasional plovers (Vanellus

spp.); and, as foragers only, Pied Starlings Spreo bicolor, Fiscals Lanius collaris,

storks Ciconia spp., swallows Hirundo spp. and swifts Apus spp.

There is no published data on bird densities in these habitats, but I have

available censuses of my own and others made under my supervision at the

P.F.I.A.O. Field Courses. Of these, the most substantial relates to pastures,

for which censuses aggregating 884 acres, all in the Bredasdorp District, are

available. They relate to the months of September, October and December and

comprise 359 birds of 37 species, giving an average of 4-1 birds per acre. The

most numerous species is the Red-capped Lark Calandrella cinerea, with 71

individuals. Next come the Crowned Plover Vanellus coronatus (51), the Tawny

Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae (36), the Mossie Passer melanurus (28) and the Yellow

Canary Serinus flaviventris (28). Other species reaching an average of 0-1 per

acre are, in order of abundance, the White-throated Seed-eater Serinus albogularis,

the Cape Weaver Ploceus capensis, Kittlitz’s Plover Charadrius pecuarius, and the

Cape Turtle Dove Streptopelia capicola.

The absolute density here recorded is closely similar to the figure I obtained

over 1983 acres on the Kafue Flats, Zambia (Winterbottom, 1955) and con-

siderably in excess of the populations found in Albany, the Transkei and

Basutoland (Skead, 1946; Winterbottom, 1947 and unpublished), which ranged

from 0-7 to 1-4 birds per acre; but does not approach the 40 birds per acre

found by Lack (1937) in Tanganyika, though the latter was not a really

representative sample. Mitchell (1961) found densities of 0-2-0-5 breeding

birds per acre in five plots at various stages in the succession from cultivation

to prairie in Minnesota; but he omitted to count the numbers of 17 species

which used parts of the areas but did not breed there. It is evident from

Mitchell’s discussion, however, that this was a very impoverished habitat.

Graber & Graber (1963) record 1-3-2-9 birds per acre from pastures in

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 43

summer in Illinois, using methods directly comparable with those used here;

Finzel (1964) found 5-9-17-5 birds per acre in herbaceous communities in

Wyoming during the breeding season but this fell to o- 1-1-2 during the post-

breeding season (late July—end of September) and to less than 0-1 during the

winter.

Within the Winter Rainfall area, the files of the Cape Bird Club contain

196 Field Cards on pastures, 73 on grain fields, 51 on ploughed fields and a

few on other open country habitats. The dominant and regular species in the

first three habitats are set out in table 14. For pastures, there are 35 species,

of which 9 are dominants, almost as many species as for Gardens (37), but

with 2 fewer dominants. The list for grain fields numbers 32 (5 dominants)

and no fewer than 26 of them occur in the list for pastures too, though not

always in the same categories. As might be expected, the avifauna of ploughed

lands is a poor one. There are 14 regular and only 1 dominant species. All

occur in one or other of the other two lists and all but one in both.

The list for pastures contains representatives of 16 families, 9 of them

passerine; for grainfields of 14, 9 passerine; and for ploughed land 9, 7 passerine.

The superior adaptability of the passerines to extreme environments is clearly

shown. The family represented by most species is the Ploceidae, with 5 (4 each

in pastures and grainfields). The Muscicapidae are represented by 4 species,

all of which occur in pastures and 3 in each of the other habitats; and the

Hirundinidae also by 4, all of which occur in pastures, 2 in grain and none in

plough.

Finally, while not exactly a habitat, a word should be said about the

influence of telegraph and telephone poles and wires. The poles provide nesting

sites for a number of species which might otherwise find suitable sites scarce or

entirely absent. This applies especially to the Social Weaver Philetarius socius,

which has been able to extend its range southwards into treeless areas by

utilizing telegraph poles for its nests (Rudebeck, 1956). Other species which

commonly make use of the poles are the Pied and Black Crows Corvus albus

and C.. capensis and the Mossie Passer melanurus. As look-out perches, both poles

and wires are widely used by many species of raptors, from the Martial Eagle

Spizaétus bellicosus to the Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni and Black-shouldered

Kite Elanus caeruleus, by the Fiscal Lanius collaris and, less regularly, by members

of the genus Cercomela, especially the Karoo Chat C. schlegelit. They are also

used as perches by a very wide variety of other birds, amongst the most regular

being the various swallows Hirundo spp., especially the European H. rustica,

the European Bee-eater Merops apiaster, the Cape Canary Serinus canicollis,

the Fork-tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis and many others.

Except in the Winter Rainfall area, the only permanent, natural aquatic

habitat in the western Cape is the Orange River (pl. V, fig. 1); but some of

the temporary ones, such as Brandvlei in the Calvinia District, may be of

considerable importance in the economy of water birds; and the natural

habitats have been enormously augmented by dam-construction, especially in

44 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

TABLE 14

DOMINANT AND REGULAR BIRDS IN SOME ARTIFICIAL OPEN COUNTRY HABITATS

Species Plough Pasture Grain

Ardea melanocephala

Ardeola ibis

Alopochen aegyptiaca

Elanus caeruleus . .

Buteo buteo

Circus ranivorous

Numida meleagris

Coturnix coturnix. .

Charadrius pecuarius

Vanellus coronatus

Larus novaehollandiae

Streptopelia capicola

S. senegalensis

Oena capensis

Upupa epops

Calendula magnirostris

Eremopterix verticalis

Calandrella cinerea

Motacilla capensis

Anthus novaeholla diae

Macronyx capensis

Oenanthe pileata . .

Cercomela sinuata

Saxicola torquata. .

Cisticola textrix ..

Hirundo rustica ..

H. albigularis

H. cucullata ,

Riparia paludicola

Lanius collaris .. Xs ne is R

Malaconotus zeylonus

Corvus albus

Sturnus vulgaris ..

Spreo bicolor

Ploceus capensis ..

Euplectes orix

E. capensis

Vidua macroura ..

Passer melanurus ai a ine R

Serinus canicollis

S. flaviventris .. sf a a R

AAUn

awn

AAFP FFF #

GD DRURFFFZAZUD FF FFA RAAARAAARAYD PAR FP AAA YD

WDHUOWW DUURRUR RRA PeOOURUD ARROW BF

recent years. This has undoubtedly led to a considerable extension in the

breeding range of some water birds (e.g. Spoonbills Platalea alba and Grey

Herons Ardea cinerea breeding in the Victoria West District, Winterbottom,

1958e). On the other hand, the deepening of certain vleis (e.g. Voélvlei, near

Gouda; Brandvlei, near Worcester; and Zeekoe Vlei, near Cape Town) for

irrigation or boating has very adversely affected the water-bird population.

The water habitats in the south-west Cape have been the subject of

intensive study for many years, though many of the results have not been

published. The earliest study was confined to the Palaearctic waders and

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 45

European Swallow Hirundo rustica (Broekhuysen & Meiklejohn, 1941). The

1952-8 series has been written up by Winterbottom (1960e); the Rondevlei

situation is revealed in the Warden’s Annual Reports (Middlemiss, 1952

onwards) ; and a study of the tidal Langebaan Lagoon has been published by

Liversidge, Broekhuysen & Thesen (1958).

Broadly speaking, aquatic habitats may be divided into two groups,

flowing rivers and streams; and static pools, dams and vleis. The former may

be further subdivided according to the nature of the banks and the size of the

channel—a very broad river, such as the lower Berg River, approximates in

its conditions for birds to a static vlei; a rapidly flowing stream, such as the

upper Olifants or the Wemmershoek River, has a quite different—and much

more restricted—fauna. A few species, of which the Black Duck Anas sparsa

and perhaps the Giant Kingfisher Ceryle maxima are the most notable, are

virtually confined to rivers. But our river birds have been inadequately studied

and generalizations would be inaccurate. It may be noted, however, that the

avifauna of the Orange River is exceedingly poor, probably owing to its

heavy burden of silt (Winterbottom, 1959d).

Static waters have, generally speaking, a much richer avifauna than flowing

waters; and the richness is correlated directly with the extent of the shallows

and inversely with the acidity and turbidity of the water. For instance, I

attribute the general scarcity of kingfishers on western Cape waters, as com-

pared with those of Zambia, for example, to the turbidity of nearly all Cape

rivers, dams and vleis; and the heavy burden of silt present in the water of

most Karoo dams is also very unfavourable to bird life. Acid waters, such as

dams and reservoirs in the mountains, carry very few birds too. This is probably

because such waters do not support the same wealth of invertebrate life as

alkaline and neutral waters. There are no published data to support this, but

Dr. A. D. Harrison (pers. comm.) states, ‘on the whole, I found the fauna

densest in the alkaline vleis which were altogether more productive when the

algae and water weeds were considered as well’.

Shelter on the shores is another important factor, but it affects different

groups to different extents, being of negative significance for the Charadriidae

but vital for the Rallidae (except the coot Fulica cristata out of the breeding

season). The vegetation bordering our vleis has been classified by Schelpe

(1959) into seven types, as under:

1. Bare shore

. Low salt bush

. Low grass-reeds (2 ft.)

. Tall reeds (+ 6 ft.)

. Low scrub (less than 20 ft.)

. Islands of reeds

7. Trees at water’s edge

Data are at present inadequate to characterize the birds of each of these

habitats, but they are obviously important.

HAowk © N

46 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Another important aspect is the depth of the water, the richness of the

avifauna varying inversely with the depth (see above), which partly accounts

for the sparse bird life found, for instance, on most reservoirs. Correlated with

this is the permanence or impermanence of the vlei itself, permanent vleis

(e.g. Rondevlei, pl. I, fig. 1) having a somewhat different fauna from temporary

vleis (e.g. Rietvlei, pl. I, fig. 2). And a further factor influencing the bird

life is the absolute size of the water area—certain species, like the White

Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, White-breasted Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo,

Darter Anhinga anhinga and Sea Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, are virtually confined

to large bodies of water, probably because these alone contain aquatic verte-

brates of adequate size to serve as food.

A detailed discussion of the distribution of water birds in the south-

western corner of the Winter Rainfall area has already been published (Winter-

bottom, 1960e); and the data on some of the species of Anatidae over the

whole continent, with special reference to southern Africa, also exist (Middle-

miss, 1958a, for WNetta erythrophthalma; Rowan, 19636, for Anas undulata;

Winterbottom & Middlemiss, 1960, for Anas smithit).

Considering first the avifauna of vleis, these may be divided into per-

manent (Bi of Winterbottom & Skead) and temporary (B2); and the latter

further divided into those of the Winter Rainfall area and those of the Karoo

(there are no truly permanent vleis on the Karoo). Permanent vleis have a

regular and dominant summer population of 54 species, of which 20 are

dominant; temporary Winter Rainfall vleis have 56 regular and dominant

summer species, 23 being dominant; and for Karoo vleis the figures are 28

and 8 respectively. It must be added, however, that the summary for the

Karoo is based on only 97 lists, 4094 of which are from Melton Wold in the

summer of 1943-4 (Winterbottom, 1945, 1962n). The detailed lists are set

out in table 15.

Comparing first the two Winter Rainfall types, 17 dominant and 19

regular species are common to both. Eight species are regular or dominant on

permanent vleis but do not appear in the temporary vleis list; and ten are in

the temporary vlei list but not the permanent vlei list. Four species dominant

on permanent vleis are only regular on temporary vleis; and six dominant on

temporary vleis are only regular on permanent vleis. Consideration of the

species involved suggests that, generally speaking, those which are more con-

spicuous on permanent vleis are birds of open water (e.g. Podiceps cristatus,

Phalacrocorax carbo), of reed cover (e.g. Ardea purpurea, Nycticorax nycticorax,

Bradypterus babaecalus) or of mud (e.g. Tringa glareola); whereas the species

which predominate on temporary vleis are most often birds of the water’s

edge (e.g. Egretta spp., Charadrius pecuarius, Cisticola juncidis and visitors like

Sturnus vulgaris). Not fitting into any of these explanations are the Lesser

Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor, regular on permanent but not on temporary

vileis; and Red-billed Teal A. erythrorhyncha, a dominant bird on temporary

vleis but only regular on permanent ones.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 47

Turning new to the Karoo vleis, it is clear from the most cursory glance

at table 15 that they resemble the Winter Rainfall temporary vleis more than

the permanent ones. This is to be expected; but they differ from all Winter

Rainfall vleis in a number of important particulars. Thus none of the Ardeidae

species are dominant; the dominant Anatidae are the tadornines Alopochen

and Tadorna, not species of Anas; the most frequent species of Acrocephalus is

baeticatus (which does not quite reach regular status), not gracilirostris as in the

Winter Rainfall habitats; of the eight dominant species, four are not dominant

in either of the other divisions and Charadrius pecuarius and Tringa glareola, the

mud-loving Wood Sardpiper, in only one of them; and there are no fewer

than six regular species not in the Winter Rainfall temporary vlei list at all.

The birds in the lists fall into seventeen families for permanent vleis

(4 passerine), twenty for temporary vleis (6 passerine) and eleven for Karoo

vleis (1 passerine); and the big predominance of non-passerine families in

these habitats as compared with land habitats is very striking. The following

families provide seven species each in one or more habitats: Ardeidae (7, 5

and 2 species respectively), Anatidae (7, 7, 7), and Scolopacidae (7, 6, 6) —all

non-passerine families.

It may be noted that for the anatids, the general pattern is for concentra-

tion on the larger bodies of water during the dry season and dispersal to smaller

pools in the rains. I (Winterbottom, 1960e) have suggested that this is con-

nected with breeding; but Mrs. Rowan (1963a) has convincingly argued that,

for the Yellow-billed Duck Anas undulata at least, it is a question of exploiting

newly available food resources. The pattern is not confined to the Winter

Rainfall area, where the bulk of the duck population are species of Anas, but

is found also among the tadornine species on the Karoo. After the heavy

rains of 1962-3, it was noticeable on a trip from Cape Town to Bloemfontein

and back in April that the big dams were almost devoid of ducks, whereas

many Shelduck Tadorna cana and Egyptian Geese Alopochen aegyptiaca were to

be found on small roadside pools.

The only other aquatic habitat for which data enough exist for even a

preliminary list is for reed-beds (B5), in the Winter Rainfall area only. There

are only seventy such lists, however, and the nature of the environment makes

identification of many of the species so difficult that it is probable that most,

if not all, are seriously incomplete. The total number of regular and dominant

species is twenty-four, of which only three are dominant—confirmation of

the incompleteness of the lists. These species are:

Ardea cinerea, A. melanocephala, A. purpurea, Anas undulata, Circus ranivorus,

Limnocorax flavirostra, Porphyrio porphyrio, Gallinula chloropus, Fulica cristata,

Centropus superciliosus, Alcedo cristata, Cossypha caffra, Acrocephalus baeticata, A.

gracilirostris, Bradypterus babaecalus, Cisticola tinniens, Prinia maculosa, Motacilla

capensis, Macronyx capensis, Spreo bicolor, Ploceus capensis, Fuplectes orix,

E. capensis, Estrilda astrild.

Among the species obviously underestimated by this method are the

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Species

Podiceps cristatus

P. ruficollis

Phalacrocorax carbo. .

P. africanus

Anhinga anhinga

Pelecanus onocrotalus

Ardea cinerea

A. melanocephala

A. purpurea... :

Egretta intermedia ..

E. garzetta

Ardeola ibis

Nycticorax nycticorax

Scopus umbretta

Ibis ibis mM

Threskiornis aethiopica

Platalea alba

Phoenicopterus roseus

P. minor te

Alopochen aeg yptiaca

Tadorna cana

Anas undulata

A. capensis ..

A. erythrorhyncha

A. smithii .. A

Netta erythrophthalma

Plectropterus gambensis

Oxyura punctata

Haliaetus vocifer

Circus ranivorus

Porphyrio porphyrio

Gallinula chloropus . .

Fulica cristata

Himantopus himantopus

Recurvirostra avosetta

Charadrius hiaticula

C. alexandrinus

C. pecuarius

C. tricollaris

Vanellus armatus

Tringa hypoleucos ..

T. stagnitilis

T. nebularia

T. glareola 5

Calidris ferruginea ..

C. minuta :

Philomachus pugnax

Larus dominicanus ..

L. cirrocephalus

L. novaehollandiae ..

Sterna hirundo

Chlidonias leucoptera

Ceryle rudis

TABLE 15

DOMINANT AND REGULAR VLEI BIRDS

Permanent

Vleis

PUAAAAUAACOUA

APROURFOOD FAA BA

Cd it hol Rohohol i.)

=—

~—

Temporary

W.R. Vileis

DOU AURAUAA

APUUUOUAF FF BA

DUR PreURPOURUUR AOR

—~

Sloks)

—

HOmRU Y

Karoo

Vleis

vee AAA AAA an

woke)

a FPRADY

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 49

Permanent | Temporary Karoo

Species Vleis W.R. Vieis Vleis

Apus barbatus Me oe oh i's R

A. melba :

Calandrella cinerea ..

Motacilla capensis ..

Anthus novaeseelandiae

Acrocephalus gracilirostris

Bradypterus babaecalus

Cisticola juncidis

C. tinniens ..

Hirundo rustica

H. albigularis

H. cucullata :

Riparia paludicola ..

Corvus albus

Sturnus vulgaris

Estrilda astrild

PAROD PR O

AAABRROAD ARUR AA

re)

Note.—Symbols enclosed in brackets and referring to migrant species indicate that the

species falls into that category if summer lists alone are considered.

rallines Limnocorax, Porphyrio and Gallinula and the Swamp Warbler Bradypterus.

The Red Bishop Euplectes orix is often enormously abundant in reeds while it

is breeding, but forsakes them for the rest of the year; and the same is true to

a lesser extent for the Cape Weaver Ploceus capensis.

The species represent ten families and, in contradistinction to the state

of affairs in open vleis, half of them are passerines. The best represented family

is also passerine, the Muscicapidae, with six species (1 Turdinae, 5 Sylviinae).

There are four species of Rallidae, four of Ploceidae (3 Ploceinae, 1 Estrildinae)

and three of Ardeidae; but only one anatid.

MIGRATION AND MOVEMENTS

Comparatively little is known about migration and movements within

the western Cape, chiefly because most of it is a sparsely populated area without

resident ornithologists. In the extreme south-west, a good deal has been done,

both by direct observation and by ringing; but little has been learnt about the

movements in and through the area further north. Of the Palaearctic-breeding

migrants, the most numerous and widely distributed are the European Swallow

Hirundo rustica, Steppe Buzzard Buteo buteo vulpinus, Lesser Kestrel Falco naumannz,

White-winged Black Tern Chlidonias leucoptera and such waders as Calidris

ferruginea, C'. minuta, Philomachus pugnax, Charadrius hiaticula, Tringa nebularia,

T. glareola and T. stagnitilis. Unfortunately little is known about where in the

Palaearctic these birds breed, though it has recently been shown that most

of the swallows come from Asiatic Russia (McLachlan, 1964). Nor is anything

much known about the routes they follow to reach their winter quarters. It is

considered probable, however, that the same birds follow the same routes to

the same places—it has been proved, for example, that individual Little

50 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Stints Calidris minuta and other waders return year after year to Rondevlei

Bird Sanctuary (Middlemiss, 1961, 1962); and there is circumstantial evidence

that Curlew Sandpipers C. ferruginea reach the Cape Peninsula via the Lange-

baan Lagoon of Saldanha Bay (Winterbottom, 1960e), apparently travelling

via the east shore of the Caspian Sea (McLachlan, 1964). Moreau (1960)

refers to ringing results in Tunisia, where the same birds have been taken at

the same place during different migrations; and this may have been the case

with a Common Sandpiper Tringa hypoleucos captured at Entebbe, Uganda,

in August and October (Ashton, 1954).

An even darker riddle concerns birds known to be breeding migrants

both in the Palaearctic and in the western Cape. The best-known example of

this is the European Bee-eater Merops apiaster. It remains to be proved whether

Palaearctic-breeding birds ever reach the western Cape, though they

undoubtedly do reach more northern and eastern parts of South Africa; and

it is quite unknown where the Cape-breeding birds, which disappear from their

nesting haunts in January, spend the rest of the year. Very similar comments

apply to the Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta. Though this species is never entirely

absent from our area, it does move considerable distances, as shown by the

recovery of a bird ringed at Rondevlei at Pearston, about 450 miles east. It is

not known whether Palaearctic-breeding birds of this species, and of the Black-

winged Stilt Hzmantopus himantopus ever reach South Africa (despite the state-

ment in Mackworth-Praed & Grant, 1962), but the idea that South African

stilts are subspecifically distinct from those of the Mediterranean cannot be

sustained (Winterbottom, 19627). It is now known that the young of South

African-breeding White Storks Ciconia ciconia migrate north, though whether

they reach Europe is not yet proved (McLachlan, 1963).

Of birds which migrate, or move about, within the Ethiopian Region,

more is known about our ducks than about any other group. Thus it now

seems probable, from the results of ringing (map 6) and census work, that the

Yellow-billed Duck Anas undulata is a local wanderer—or, as Keast (1961)

would say, is nomadic (Winterbottom, 1964c; Rowan, 19635) and the same is

probably true of the Wigeon A. capensis; that the Red-billed Teal A. erythrorhyncha

is chiefly a breeding visitor (map 7); that the Pochard WNetta erythrophthalma

has a small, resident, breeding population and a much larger one of non-

breeding summer visitors (Middlemiss, 1958, Winterbottom, 1964c); and that

the Shoveller A. smithii breeds chiefly in the southern Cape but then disperses

all over the sub-continent and perhaps East Africa too (Winterbottom &

Middlemiss, 1960).

Other prominent migrants which do not pass beyond the Ethiopian

Region include the Red-chested and Didric Cuckoos Cuculus solitarius and

Chrysococcyx caprius, all the breeding Hirundinidae except H. rupestris and

Riparia paludicola, all the breeding swifts (Apus barbatus, A. melba, A. affinis,

A. caffer, A. horus), the Paradise and Dusky Flycatchers Terpsiphone viridis and

Muscicapa adusta and the Black Kite Milvus migrans parasitus. We have no

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE

“DIDINpUN SpUP ‘Sd1IZAOIDY Sursury 9 dv]

Woods je didad =

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

“pymudysoryjydda Soup ‘SoIIIAOIOY Sursuny *L avi

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 53

adequate data on off-season quarters for any of these. In addition to their true

migrations, the swifts, at least, make considerable weather movements even

when breeding (Winterbottom, 1960d).

Probable local wanderers, in addition to the ducks already cited, include

several of the larks (see White, 1959). The numbers of Eremopterix verticalis,

E. australis and Calandrella sclatert, for instance, fluctuate enormously in any

single area; and the presence of the northern subspecies Calandrella cinerea

witputz2 within the normal range of C.c. cinerea in the Caledon district, as

shown by a specimen in the South African Museum, is proof of another species’

wandering habits. Clancey (1959f) reports collecting two different subspecies

of Eremopterix verticalis at the same water-point at Kalkrand, South West Africa;

and both he and I have had the same experience with Calandrella starki in

Bushmanland. Similarly, examples of the South West African breeding sub-

species of the Black-headed Canary Serinus alario leucolaema have been recorded

as far south as St. Helena Bay (Rowan, 1961) and as far east as Philipstown.

Study of the Australian desert avifauna (Keast, 1958, 1961; Serventy &

Marshall, 1957; Immelmann, 1963) has shown that a very high percentage of

the species is nomadic, moving and breeding in response to the incidence of

rainfall; and it is highly probable that the same will be found to hold good for

many of the birds of the Karoo and the Kalahari. Thus, the late S. F. Townsend

(MS.) notes, under ‘Melton Wold/86’: ‘After some heavy rains in March,

many birds began to build’; and again, in respect of the same place and under

the Karoo Robin Erythropygia coryphaeus: “3 eggs. April 3/87 after heavy rains.’

The point is further discussed below.

Some reference has already been made to species which are extending

their range; and the subject has been more fully discussed elsewhere, both

in general (Gill, 1952) and in the case of particular species (e.g. Skead, 1962;

Winterbottom & Liversidge, 1954; Winterbottom, 19614, 1964c). Comments

will be found under the appropriate species in the systematic list below and it

is not necessary to say more here. It appears likely, too, that adverse climatic

conditions may cause temporary recession of range in some species. Thus,

during the prolonged drought of the late 1950’s, the Lark-like Bunting

Emberiza impetuani disappeared from the Beaufort West area (W. F. Quinton,

pers. comm.) ; and the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris appears to have lost

much of its foothold on the Karoo. By contrast, when the drought broke in

1961, certain species, not normally inhabitants of the Karoo, took advantage

of the unusual conditions to invade that area, as with Tawny Pipits Anthus

novaeseelandiae and Quails Coturnix coturnix found numerous and breeding near

the temporarily running streams in the east of the Laingsburg District in

August of that year.

Discussion of changes of range, however, is handicapped in several ways:

(i) our knowledge of past bird distribution in the western Cape is scanty, even

for the south-western corner, and virtually non-existent for the rest of the

area before the First World War; (ii) it is impossible to disentangle the various

54 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

factors involved, which include long-term and short-term climatic fluctuations,

the direct effect of agricultural and other human activities, the indirect effects

of progressive deterioration of the veld similarly caused by man, the effects of

man as a predator and wanton destroyer of wild life by shooting, trapping

and poisoning. To these we may hope to add in the future the effects of man

as a conservationist, both of the soil and of the wild life, though so far his

efforts in this direction have been slight and too recent to show results. Not

the least of the purposes of this ‘check list’ is to enable future ornithologists

to see the position as it was in the mid-twentieth century and to assess the

changes that have subsequently taken place.

BREEDING SEASONS

The incidence of breeding seasons of birds in Africa generally has been

discussed by Moreau (1950), who concluded, in respect of South Africa:

‘In the S.W. Cape they [i.e. the birds] breed at the end of the rains; in the

transitional area in the wettest time of the year; in Natal in the first half of the

rains; and north of Natal breeding begins two months before the rains and

ends almost in the first month.’ This quotation refers to birds other than those

of grasslands and fresh waters; and it may be mentioned that Moreau’s ‘transi-

tional area’ refers to an area between Humansdorp and Grahamstown, extend-

ing for about 100 miles inland. He had no data for the Karoo nor from the

northern Cape. These areas are now more adequately covered and the extent

to which they fit in Moreau’s pattern has been discussed elsewhere (Winter-

bottom & Rowan, 1962; Winterbottom, 1963).

In the western Cape, the rainfall pattern is complicated. Most rain falls

in the south and east (Claremont, 54 in.; Stellenbosch—Bosboukloof, 43 in.;

Ceres, 41 in.; Swellendam, 30 in.; Cape Town, 25 in.; Agulhas, 18 in.; Mossel

Bay, 17 in.) and least in the north and north-west (11? in. at De Aar, 9 in. at

Beaufort West and Sutherland, 6 in. at Fraserburg, Prieska and Upington,

falling to 2 in. at Goodhouse and less than 2 in. at Port Nolloth). But local

conditions may modify this picture. Thus Worcester, in the rain-shadow of

the mountains, receives only 114 in. and Oudtshoorn, for the same reason,

only 9} in. Roughly speaking, the 300 mm. isohyet marks the boundary between

Macchia and Karoo in the south.

In addition to a consideration of how much rain falls, it may also be

important to know when it falls. In the west and south-west, from Namaqualand

to Bredasdorp and inland to western Calvinia and the whole Ceres District,

60% or more of the rain falls in winter; in the north and north-east, 60% or

more falls in summer; and in the centre of the country, the rainfall is more

evenly distributed (map 7) over the months, but, in the northern part, very

erratically from year to year. The question is more fully discussed by

Wellington (1955).

Data are quite inadequate for the winter rainfall, intermediate and summer

rainfall parts of the Karoo to enable variations in the breeding seasons to be

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE DD

O 0 i

Map 8. Western Cape: Rainy seasons and rainfall.

worked out; but there is a mass of data for the south-western area here called

‘Winter Rainfall’, though too little of it is from the parts east of Bredasdorp

and Worcester to make it practicable to pronounce whether the more even

spread of the rainfall has affected the breeding season there (see below).

As between the Winter Rainfall and Karoo areas defined in this list,

however, the peak of the breeding season is at very much the same time in the

two areas, being September and October, during each of which months 20%

or more of all nests found are recorded and 40% or more of the species are

56 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

breeding on the Karoo; and 20% of the nests and 60% of the species in the

Winter Rainfall area (Winterbottom, 1963f). There is a slight recrudescence

of breeding in the Karoo in March which needs further investigation but is

believed to be a direct response so rain in those years in which normal rainfall

is delayed until autumn. (Cf. J. T. Marshall, 1963, on the response of Pzpilo

aberti to late rains in Arizona.)

Within the Winter Rainfall area, there are now sufficient reliable records

for the Cape Peninsula and the Somerset West—Stellenbosch areas, which

are some 30 miles apart, to enable comparisons to be made, both of the general

breeding season and of the breeding seasons of certain individual species.

These have been considered in detail elsewhere (Winterbottom, 1962,

1963; Broekhuysen, 1963). It is enough here to indicate that they reveal that

the breeding on the Peninsula tends to be somewhat later than in the Hotten-

tots-Holland and that there are differences in the extent to which the breeding

season is concentrated in any one species, though the latter varies according

to species, being greater in one area in some and in the other in others. There

is also a subjective opinion among local ornithologists that breeding is earlier

in the north-west (Clanwilliam, Piketberg, Hopefield) than further south on

the Cape Flats and earlier on the Cape Flats than in the Rdens (Caledon,

Bredasdorp) east of the Hottentots-Holland Mountains. This is interesting

because it reverses the trend deduced by Macdonald (1957) for the west coast

from Little Namaqualand north. The probability that the trend is real, how-

ever, is supported by the data extracted from the Nest Record Cards for the

south-west Cape and presented in table 16 below. They are based on between

1307 (for the western districts) to 4468 (for Peninsula) records.

TABLE 16

BREEDING RECORDS (CALCULATED DATES OF CLUTCH COMPLETION) FOR VARIOUS

AREAS OF THE SOUTH-WEST CAPE, AS PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL NESTS FOUND

Area | Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.

Western districtst I Z| te | I r | ie az 23 | AI 17 7 2

Peninsula oe eral 2 | rl I } 2 | 5 | 17 | 22 22 14 8

Hottentots-Holland .. I Te Alera a| 9 Gye eh lt GO ey 20 10 I

Eastern districts? | 3 | 6 ae! He I | I 4 | 3 | 13 31 27 5

1 Clanwilliam, Hopefield, Malmesbury, Piketberg, Vanrhynsdorp.

? Bredasdorp, Caledon, Robertson, Swellendam.

A further factor is difference from year to year. Again subjective opinion

is that this occurs; and the statistics that exist confirm this but are not really

adequate to enable one to pronounce that the results are not due, at least in

part, to sampling errors. Thus, assuming that the suggestions in table 16

are correct, a relatively high proportion of records for any one year from the

western districts would simulate an early season; and a relatively high pro-

portion from the eastern districts, a late one. Ignoring this possible complica-

tion, we may divide the years from 1951 to 1962 into three categories:

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE

G 8 61 Lo 0G L & § 6 I z 6 s[B10,J,

ae, G O1 && 1 oI € Co) I I fC) I I &

8 L gI cE Li 8 I z I I I I z

6 8 Li o& Qa 8 € I a I (a) I I

Ayreyq € G 61 6% o& 8 I a 6 te) z re 0g61

oe, G Ol 0% QZ Fi aI z & 9 z z G 6

9 L 13 6% oS G & € € I I 9 8

¢ 6 Li gz 13 L 4 z L I I I L

Arey G 8 Li Li gz 8 6 G & z € & 9

& 8 0% ga 1 9 z & 9 z I v ¢

G 8 gl 1& 61 9 z 6 G I g I v

OL & 13 Gz gl 9 G v I I Fa G &

a1e7 Il oI oS 6% II z I g ra I 4 Ub re

eT 61 ZI 61 Qe L v G1 v z Co) ) Oo 1S61

SYIVUIOYT 29 “AON ‘pO dag “sny Ajn{? oun? Ae aidy “IVI qo sue TeIX

saioads LE uOd AdVO LSHAM-HLNOS NI SHLNOW GNV SUVAA AM SLSAN AOVLNAOUA

Li alavy,

58 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

(i) Years in which the peak of the breeding, as measured by the per-

centage of total nests found, is in August. These would be early seasons and

are 1956 and 1960.

(ii) Years in which the peak of the breeding is in September and the

percentage of nests recorded in October exceeds that in August by more than

5%. These would be late seasons—1951, 1952, 1959 and 1963 (very late—

peak in October).

(ii1) The rest, which can be regarded as normal seasons. The detailed

figures are set out in table 17, and are based on records for 37 common species. *

If we group the four late seasons and take the average figure and do the same

with the two early seasons, the contrast comes out very well. The percentage

figures for the period July to December are:

July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec

Mate. %- te Ee 5 II 22 234 104 84

iBanhya\. ne ae 8 28 20 18 64 4

All seasons... as 6 19 26 20 8 6

It will be seen that in the late seasons, about 10% of the nests were found

in each of the months November and December, whereas in the early seasons

nesting tails off in these months even more than it does in normal seasons; and

the amount of nesting in August in early seasons is more than 24 times that

in late seasons.

Totals for individual species are usually too small to be reliable, but the

Red-knobbed Coot Fulica cristata is late in late years and early in early years;

though it was also early in 1961; the Cape Wagtail Motacilla capensis was also

late in late years, but not particularly early in early ones, whereas the Cape

Robin Cossypha caffra showed the opposite phenomenon. The Fiscal Lanius

collaris agreed with the general average except in 1959, when it was early

instead of late (and in 1958, when it was early instead of normal).

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

A full bibliography of works dealing with the birds of the western Cape

will be published separately. In this check list, I propose to deal with the

sources used for each district.

The area south and west of the Olifants and Breede rivers is covered by

the Check list of the birds of the S.W. Cape (1963), edited by the writer and issued

by the Cape Bird Club. It will be referred to here as C.B.C. check list and the

* Anas undulata, A. smithii, Burhinus capensis, Fulica cristata, Himantopus himantopus, Charadrius

alexandrinus, C. pecuarius, Vanellus coronatus, V. armatus, Streptopelia capicola, S. senegalensis, Calandrella

cinerea, Motacilla capensis, Anthus novaeseelandiae, Pycnonotus capensis, Turdus olivaceus, Saxicola

torquata, Cossypha caffra, Erythropygia coryphaeus, Cisticola subruficapilla, C. tinniens, Prinia maculosa,

Hirundo albigularis, Lanius collaris, Malaconotus zeylonus, Promerops cafer, Nectarinia famosa, N.

violacea, N. chalybea, Kosterops virens, Passer melanurus, Ploceus capensis, Euplectes capensis, Serinus

canicollis, S. flaviventris and Emberiza capensis, representing 17 families, 12 passerine and 5 non-

passerine.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 59

information contained in it will be broadly summarized only in this list.

There is no other general work on the region, but a good many localities in the

western Cape are listed in Layard (1867), in Stark & Sclater (1900-6) and

in Shelley (1g00-12). There are also a few such localities in Hewitt (1931);

and the type-localities cited in Vincent (1952) have also been useful.

During the course of this study 2,600 bird skins have been collected by

the author and his helpers and deposited in the South African Museum; and

all the material in that institution has been examined. I also collected and

examined the 132 skins in the Morrison Collection, most of which are now in

the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. In connection with the

collecting, I am deeply grateful to my wife, who skinned many of the specimens;

to the Divisional Council of the Cape and their Chief Warden of Nature

Reserves (Mr. E. H. J. Middlemiss), who were always ready to make available

the services of the skinner attached to Rondevlei Bird Sanctuary; and to those

who accompanied me on collecting trips and helped with the collecting (C.

Booth, the late B. Carp, J. G. R. MacLeod, A. N. B. Masterson, E. H. J.

Middlemiss, R. Rau, R. Winterbottom).

In critical cases, where material in the South African Museum was

inadequate to elucidate the problems, additional material has been borrowed

from the following museums, to the authorities of which my grateful thanks

are due: Albany Museum, Grahamstown; British Museum (Natural History) ;

Durban Museum & Art Gallery; East London Museum; Kaffrarian Museum,

King William’s Town; Museum Dr. Alvaro de Castro, Lourengo Marques;

Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg; National Museum of Southern Rhodesia,

Bulawayo; Port Elizabeth Museum; Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. The Director

of the Durban Museum & Art Gallery (Mr. P. A. Clancey) also made helpful

comments on the text of this list.

I am deeply grateful, too, to the following ladies and gentlemen who

have put unpublished field records at my disposal:

E. Ashforth; H. J. v. d. H. Barry, Carl Battenhaussen, Sir Charles Belcher,

Dr. G. Beven, Dr. and Mrs. G. J. Broekhuysen, H. W. Bromly, R. K. Brooke,

R. M. Cary, Mrs. C. E. Chaundy, P. A. Clancey, Miss M. Courtenay-Latimer,

Mrs. M. de Villers (the records of her father, the late S. F. Townsend), Rev.

W. R. Duxbury, the late Miss F. F. T. Frere, H. L. Hare, J. H. Hofmeyr,

P. K. Hofmeyr, Mrs. Littlewood, R. Liversidge, P. Lor, Dr. G. R. McLachlan,

G. L. Maclean, J. G. R. MacLeod, J. Martin, R. Martin, H. K. Morgan,

Mrs. Moore (also for the records of her father, the late S. Tapson), A. Morris,

C. d’C. Murray, Dr. J. E. Nel, T. N. Pocock, W. F. Quinton, Misses C. St. C.,

E. & J. R. Robinson, Andrew Rowan, Mrs. M. K. Rowan, R. K. Schmidt,

C. J. Skead, W. P. Stanford, Mrs. I. Taylor, P. Tongue, G. D. Underhill,

A. van der Plaat, T. J. R. von Etzdorf, P. Wheeler, the late A. H. Wilson,

C. H. F. Woolley;

to the following for permission to collect on their farms and for much kindness

and hospitality:

60 ; ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

G. Battenhaussen, the late Senator J. W. Butler, J. M. Connan, M.P.,

J. J. Douglas, P. J. du Plessis, C. J. Hodgson, W. Laurence, J. MacRobert,

Rev. Father M. Malery, O.S.F.S., P. G. Marais, C. P. Marincowitz, G. A. O.

Marincowitz, M. Melck, H. L. Normand, W. F. Quinton, A. J. Roux, John

Roux, James Roux, Jurgens Schoeman, W. M. G. Smit, D. H. Torr, R. H.

Worn; Evan) Breda, G:)W: A.jvan Heerden,) D. J. Visser; Ds OX Whee.

and for similar permission to the Departments of Forestry and Water Affairs,

the National Parks Board, the Cape Department of Nature Conservation,

the Cape Town City Council, the Kenhardt Municipality, the Smartt Irriga-

tion Board, Monazite & Mineral Ventures Ltd., Searles Ltd., Cape Blue

Mines Ltd., David Graaff Foods Ltd.; to Dr. A. D. Harrison for information

on the comparative productivity of fresh-water vleis; and to Dr. De Winter

and the Botanical Survey of South Africa, Mr. John Voelcker and the Trustees

of the South African Bird Book Fund, Mr. C. J. Skead and Mr. Walter

Stanford, C.B.E., for the use of photographs.

Finally, I must gratefully acknowledge the support received from the

South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, whose award

of a Senior Bursary during the years 1956-60 inclusive enabled this work to

be started and who gave a grant towards the publication costs of this paper.

The field work on which this list is based was closed on 31 December

1964; and no systematic or distributional data have been used after November

1966.

In the systematic list, the districts from which each form has been recorded

are listed in the last line under the abbreviations given below, those in heavy

type indicating that the author has examined at least one specimen from that

area. For the definitions of the sub-districts, see below under the district

concerned.

B — Britstown P — Philipstown

BW 1, 2, 3 — Beaufort West PA — Prince Albert

C 1, 2— Calvinia Pr — Prieska

@e 13/29 — Ceres R — Richmond

Cl 1, 2 — Clanwilliam Rb — Robertson

Cn — Carnarvon Rv 1, 2 — Riversdale

Ct — Calitzdorp S — South-west Cape (see

D — De Aar footnote on p. 61)

F — Fraserburg Su 1, 2 — Sutherland

H — Hopetown Sw 1, 2—Swellendam

K — Kenhardt T — Tulbagh

L — Ladismith U — Gordonia

Lg — Laingsburg V — Vanrhynsdorp

M — Montagu VW -— Victoria West

MB — Mossel Bay W — Williston

N 1, 2, 3, 4— Little Namaqualand Wot, 2, 3 — Worcester

O — Oudtshoorn

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 61

Beaufort West

Abbreviations*: BW 1, BW 2, BW 3. Classification: Karoo

The author collected at Hillmore, 20 miles south-east of Beaufort West

and in BW 2, 18-25 September 1955 and on odd days subsequently.

The district may be divided into three sections, one north of the Nieuwe-

veld Mountains (BW 1); one centring on Merweville, with the Koekemoers

River as its eastern boundary (BW 3); and the rest of the district (BW 2).

Of these BW 3 consists of Karroid Broken Veld; BW a, partly of this, but with

Central Lower Karoo in the east (including my collecting station, Hillmore) ;

and BW 1 includes both of these plus Danthonia Mountain Veld replaced by

Karoo and Central Upper Karoo (all terms after Acocks, 1953). There is no

body of permanent fresh water in the district, but the municipal dam at

Beaufort West itself may carry a considerable population of aquatic birds

when it holds water.

Bellville

Abbreviation: S+; Classification: Winter Rainfall

The C.B.C. check list summarizes all information on this district. Additional

details on the birds of Rietvlei will be found in K. M. F. Scott (1954) and

Winterbottom (19608).

Bredasdorp

Abbreviation: §; Classification: Winter Rainfall

The C.B.C. check list summarizes all information on. this district. Supple-

mentary information on the Cape L’Agulhas region will be found in Robinson,

Robinson and Winterbottom (1957, 1960) and on De Hoop in Winterbottom

(1958d) and Smit (1961). The author has collected at Cape L’Agulhas and

Zoetendalsvlei, where Roberts also made a collection, on various occasions.

Britstown

Abbreviation: B; Classification: Karoo

The author and J. G. R. MacLeod collected at the Smartt Syndicate

Dam, where also the East London Museum has made a collection, 22-24

February 1960.

The vegetation is classified as Central Upper Karoo in the east and False

Arid Karoo in the west. The chief body of fresh water is the Smartt Syndicate

Dam, which, however, is not permanent.

* As used in the systematic list.

+ This is used for the following districts, which are wholly contained in the area covered

by the C.B.C. check list (see p. 58):

Bellville Cape Town Paarl Somerset West Wynberg

Bredasdorp Hopefield Piketberg Stellenbosch

Caledon Malmesbury Simonstown Wellington

62 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

(~s

* ¥SLANGFONTEIN

oy Baw. id —

‘ | a

==] 3

hea —_/NELSPOORT

Ie —— :

UBEAUFORT WEST |

SU ¢

O.VV.

(an ar ee a Be 5 ORE

=the 7 ay

—éMERWEVILLE 7 IBA ere

Map 9g. Beaufort West District. Horizontal lines: Central Lower Karoo; broken lines: author’s

routes; dot-dash lines: boundaries.

Caledon

Abbreviation: S; Classification: Winter Rainfall

The C.B.C. check list summarizes all information on this district. For more

details on the birds of Hermanus, see Ashton (1945) and Scott, Harrison &

MacNae (1952).

Calitzdorp

Abbreviation: Ct; Classification: Karoo

The author collected at Matjesvlei, about 7 miles north of Calitzdorp and

in the foothills of the Swartberg Mountains, 15-20 November 1960; and pub-

lished the more interesting of the results (1961/). Valuable additional informa-

tion has been supplied by Mr. T. N. Pocock.

Apart from False Macchia high up on the Swartberg, the vegetation of

the district is classified by Acocks (1953) as Succulent Mountain Scrub in the

north, Karroid Broken Veld in the centre and Succulent Karoo in the south-

east.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 63

Calvinia

Abbreviations: C 1, C 2; Classification: Karoo

The author collected at Lokenburg, on the western border of the district

(C 2), 20-24 October 1956. Lists made available to me by Mrs. M. K. Rowan,

[ Ge — i

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{ ss or

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/ _—

/ "~-—._ @HAAKDOORN

I [NONDERSTEDOORNS

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i~ae I

/ oS _~S/BRANDVLE!

; “~ Sand

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ool Oe ra ty

/ o— CA I:

I Ske !

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Z Da eat

7? LOERIESFONTEIN ) ‘

/ i ;

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Cri

: ee \

LOKENBURG® < j \ \,

\ me I =) pe see eat

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BOTTER*: | (

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Map 10. Calvinia. Horizontal lines: Winter Rainfall types of vegetation; broken lines: author’s

routes.

64 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Miss M. Courtenay-Latimer, Dr. G. R. McLachlan, C. J. Skead and R.

Liversidge, plus my own notes made while travelling through the district,

are the other chief sources.

The district may be divided into two sections, keeping the area of the

big vleis in the north-east (C 1) separate from the rest (C 2). The vegetation

is chiefly Arid Karoo in the north and east and Western Mountain Karoo in

the west and south; but, especially in the south-west, there are smaller areas

of other types of vegetation—Macchia and Mountain Renosterbosveld,

Succulent and False Succulent Karoo. The periodically flooded vleis are

another important environment.

Cape Town

Abbreviation: S; Classification: Winter Rainfall

The C.B.C. check list summarizes all information on this district. Additional

information on the water birds will be found in Winterbottom (1960e) and

on those of the Public Gardens in Winterbottom (1966f). The author has

resided in the district from 1960.

Carnarvon

Abbreviation: Cn; Classification: Karoo

The author and R. Rau collected on the farm Jagersberg, between

Vanwyksvlei and Carnarvon, 12-16 March 1961.

The vegetation of the district is classified by Acocks (1953) as Arid Karoo

in the west and False Arid Karoo in the east.

-——— os ~

}

\_/RCOP-EN- ok

-—-—_—-.

Map 11. Ceres District. Author’s routes: ————-—

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 65

Ceres

Abbreviations: Ce 1, Ce 2, Ce 3; Classifications: Ce 1, 2—Winter Rainfall,

Ce 3—Karoo

The C.B.C. check list summarizes the information (practically non-existent)

on the narrow slip of this district west of the upper Olifants River. I myself

collected on the farm Hoop-en-Uitkoms, in the Cold Bokkeveld, 3-11 October

1953, and published the results (Winterbottom, 1956)). Other sources are a

list for the area near Ceres itself by John Martin; others for the Cold Bokkeveld

by Mrs. Taylor and Mr. A. Morris; and my own notes. These are summarized

in Winterbottom (1966g).

The district falls naturally into three divisions, the Warm Bokkeveld,

the Cold Bokkeveld and the Karoo, whose limits are indicated on Map 11.

The two Bokkevelds belong floristically to the Winter Rainfall area, the Warm

Bokkeveld being Coastal Renosterbosveld and the Cold, Macchia. Succulent

Karoo, replaced on the mountains of the eastern border by Western Mountain

Karoo, occupies the rest of the district.

Clanwilliam

Abbreviations: Cl 1, Cl 2; Classification: Cl 1—Winter Rainfall, Cl 2—Karoo

That part of the district west of the Olifants River is covered by the C.B.C.

check list and I have published a list for the whole district (Winterbottom,

1963e). The author collected at Citrusdal, 17-22 October 1955; at Leipoldt-

ville and Lambert’s Bay, 21-26 November 1956; and at Bulshoek, 30

November—2 December 1956.

The district may be divided geographically into two sections, one (Cl 1)

west of the Cedarberg Mountains and the other (Cl 2) east of them; but the

major vegetational division is between the Macchia of the south and east and

the Karoo types of the west (Strandveld) and north (Succulent Karoo and

Western Mountain Karoo). The Olifants River provides a considerable body

of fresh water, especially in the dams at Clanwilliam itself and at Bulshoek;

and there is a big vlei south of Lambert’s Bay.

De Aar

Abbreviation: D; Classification: Karoo

The author and J. G. R. MacLeod collected at Nuwejaarsfontein, 16

miles south of De Aar and on the Richmond border, 16-21 February 1960.

The vegetation of the district is classified by Acocks (1953) as False

Upper Karoo in the south and Arid Karoo in the north.

Fraserburg

Abbreviation: F; Classification: Karoo

The author collected at Perdegrasvlei, 32 miles north-east of Fraserburg,

g-14 November 1958. The East London Museum has done some collecting

66 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

in the district and there are a number of references in Burchell (1922). My

own notes made while travelling in the district have also been used.

The vegetation is Arid Karoo in the west and north-west, False Arid

Karoo in the north-east, Central Upper Karoo in the south-east, and Mountain

Karoo in the south, with Mountain Renosterbosveld along the crest of the

Nieuweveld Mountains on the Beaufort West border.

Gordonia

Abbreviation: U; Classification: Karoo

Only the small section of the district south of the Orange River falls

within our limits. The South African Museum possesses a number of skins

collected last century by Dr. Bradshaw at Upington and Olyvenhout Drift;

and the author collected at Virginia and Grassridge, Louisvale, 7-12 March

1962.

The vegetation is classified as Orange River Broken Veld; and the Orange

River and its wooded banks and the irrigated farmlands along its valley are

other important bird habitats.

Hopefield

Abbreviation: $; Classification: Winter Rainfall

All information for this district is summarized in the C.B.C. check list.

Additional information on the birds, especially the water birds, of the Saldanha

Bay area is given in Liversidge, Broekhuysen & Thesen (1958). The author

and R. W. Rankine have collected at Schrywershoek, near the south end of

the Saldanha Bay lagoon, on odd days.

Hopetown

Abbreviation: H; Classification: Karoo

The author and R. Rau collected at Kareekloof in the west of the district,

5-12 March 1961. The late S. F. Townsend’s notes have been particularly

valuable for this district. A list of birds recorded from the district has recently

been published (Winterbottom, 19652).

The vegetation of the district is False Arid Karoo, replaced by False

Orange River Broken Veld in the Orange River valley.

Kenhardt

Abbreviation: K; Classification: Karoo

The author collected at Kenhardt, where the Durban Museum has also

collected, 8-11 December 1964. The Durban Museum has also collected at

Pofadder and Bladgrond.

The vegetation of the district is classified by Acocks (1953) as Orange

River Broken Veld in the north-east, Namaqualand Broken Veld in the

north-west and Arid Karoo in the south, with a patch of False Succulent

Karoo south of Pofadder.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 67

Ladismith

Abbreviation: L; Classification: Karoo

No regular collecting has been done in this district but the author has

traversed most of it from time to time and his notes are the main source of

information.

The vegetation is Succulent Mountain Scrub, replaced on the higher

levels by False Macchia and in the south-west corner by Karroid Broken Veld.

Laingsburg

Abbreviation: Lg; Classification: Karoo

The author has spent odd days collecting round Matjesfontein, on several

occasions; and collected at Dikbome, in the north-east of the district, 16-21

August 1961.

The bulk of the district is Karroid Broken Veld, with Succulent Karoo

in the river valleys, and False Macchia on the southern mountains. In the

extreme north is a patch of Western Mountain Karoo; and there is Mountain

Renosterbosveld on the northern mountains.

Malmesbury

Abbreviation: S; Classification: Winter Rainfall

All information for this district is summarized in the C.B.C. check list.

The author spent odd days collecting at Mamre, Ysterfontein and Modder-

fontein.

Montagu

Abbreviation: M; Classification: Karoo

The South African Museum possesses a small collection made in the

neighbourhood of Montagu itself by H. J. v. d. H. Barry in 1960. Other

sources include lists by H. K. Morgan, P. Lor and J. M. Feely and my own

notes.

The vegetation is mostly Karroid Broken Veld, with Mountain Renoster-

bosveld, Macchia and False Macchia in the mountains.

Mossel Bay

Abbreviation: MB; Classification: Winter Rainfall

The author collected at Ruiterbos, at the foot of the Robinson Pass

between Mossel Bay and Oudtshoorn, 27 September—3 October 1958; and

at Great Brak River, 10-15 November 1960 (Winterbottom, 1961/). Valuable

information for the Gouritz River valley between the National Road and the

sea has been provided by Major C. H. F. Woolley; and T. N. Pocock and

T. J. R. von Etzdorf have also supplied many records for the District. A com-

plete list of the birds, by T. J. R. von Etzdorf and the author, is in the press.

The vegetation of the district is very complex and no brief summary

68 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

would be intelligible. Suffice it to say that the Ruiterbos area is Temperate

Forest; the area north-west of Cloete Pass, Little Karoo; and the rest, various

varieties of the Macchia of the Winter Rainfall area.

Namaqualand

Abbreviations: N 1, N 2, N 3, N 4. Classification: Karoo

There is a good deal of published and unpublished information on the

birds of this district. It is summarized, with a bibliography, in Winterbottom

& Courtenay-Latimer (1961), where the district is divided into four sections,

Coastal (N 1), Richtersveld (N 2), Main Plateau (N 3), and Bushmanland

(N 4). The author collected in the Richtersveld, 23-29 March 1958 (Winter-

-XVIOOLSDRIFT

pOR OODHOUSE

“\ :

PORT NOLLOTH 2 sOstinadtee=

\eKLEINSEESS 2'5RRINGBOK

is IESKLIPs

HONDEKLIP BAY#s

‘N

i 50 MILES WA LLE

Map 12. Little Namaqualand. Vertical lines: Arid Karoo; horizontal lines: Namaqualand

Broken Veld; stipple: Strandveld of the West Coast; broken lines: author’s routes.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 69

bottom, 1959d); with A. N. B. Masterson in the Kamiesberg, 24-25 July 1958;

in the vicinity of Garies, 30 June-6 July 1959; with J. G. R. MacLeod at

Pella, 22-26 August 1959; at Silverfontein, 5-g November 1962; at Banken,

g-16 November 1962 (Winterbottom, 1963d); but has done no full-scale

collecting in N 1, where, however, the East London Museum has collected

recently (Courtenay-Latimer, 1963) and C. H. B. Grant (Sclater, 1911-12)

in the first decade of this century. Additional information on the birds of

Bushmanland has also been published (Winterbottom, 1965¢).

Botanical subdivisions do not seem to fit in with the bird distribution

particularly well. Acocks (1953) divides the district into the following zones,

roughly parallel with the coast: Strandveld, Succulent Karoo, Orange River

Broken Veld and False Succulent Karoo, with Arid Karoo in the north-east

corner and Mountain Renosterbosveld on the Kamiesberg.

Oudtshoorn

Abbreviation: O; Classification: Karoo

Information for this district has been summarized by Pocock & Winter-

bottom (1958) and Pocock, Pocock & Winterbottom (1961). Unpublished

‘relative counts’ of Karoo bush, made in 1944 by Dr. G. Beven, have also been

used. The author collected at Oudtshoorn, 8-12 April 1956; and at De Rust,

13-18 May 1963 (Winterbottom, 19642).

Although the district is classified as Karoo, a considerable amount of

typical Winter Rainfall flora, with such characteristic associated fauna as

Promerops cafer, Nectarinia violacea, Sphenoeacus afer, etc., occurs on the mountains,

especially the Swartberg.

Paarl

Abbreviation: S; Classification: Winter Rainfall

All information for this district is summarized in the C.B.C. check list.

Philipstown

Abbreviation: P; Classification: Karoo

An account of the birds of this district was produced by H. L. Hare

(1915) who kindly sent me a MS. list, amplifying this and bringing it up to date.

The author collected at Washbank, 9 miles south-west of Philipstown, 1-6

May 1959. The vegetation of the whole district is False Upper Karoo; and

the Orange River in the north provides a body of permanent fresh water.

Pikethberg

Abbreviation: S; Classification: Winter Rainfall

All information for this district is summarized in the C.B.C. check list.

The author collected at Kersefontein, on the Berg River, 16-20 February

1959, and with R. Rau, 17-19 August 1960; and at Vensterklip, on the Piket-

berg itself, 19-22 September 1962.

70 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Prieska

Abbreviation: Pr; Classification: Karoo

The author collected at Koegasbrug on the Orange River some 35 miles

below Prieska, 12-16 March 1962. The Durban Museum has a collection from

Prieska itself.

The vegetation of the district is classified as Orange River Broken Veld

in the north, Arid Karoo in the south-west and False Arid Karoo in the south-

east. The Orange River, with its wooded banks, and the irrigated farm-lands

adjacent to it are other major habitats.

Prince Albert

Abbreviation: PA; Classification: Karoo

The author collected at Rondawel, near Klaarstroom, in the east of the

district, 3-8 November 1957 and has worked there and on neighbouring

farms on several visits in 1965 and 1966. The bulk of the district is covered

with Karroid Broken Veld, but the Swartberg Mountains, which form its

southern boundary, carry Succulent Mountain Scrub at lower levels and

False Macchia above; and Succulent Karoo occurs along the Dwyka and

Gamka Rivers. The eastern part of the district has more luxuriant vegetation

than the western; and a feature of the Karoo area in the Traka basin is the

extent of acacia scrub along the watercourses, which carries not only the

species usual in such vegetation all over the Karoo but others normally

characteristic of the Winter Rainfall area, such as Tchagra tchagra and Apalis

thoracica.

Richmond

Abbreviation: R; Classification: Karoo

The extensive collections made at Deelfontein by Grant & Seimund are

dealt with by Sharpe (1904).

The vegetation of the district is classified by Acocks (1953) as False

Upper Karoo, with Karroid Danthonia Mountain Veld on the Sneeuberg

Mountains in the extreme south.

Riversdale

Abbreviations: Rv 1, Rv 2; Classifications: Rv 1—Winter Rainfall; Rv 2—

Karoo

I collected at Still Bay, where Roberts had also made a collection, in

November 1959. Other sources used have been a list of Afrikaans names

published by Muir (1940), which however cannot be taken as meaning that

all the species listed occur in the district; isolated records in Roberts (19412)

and Stark & Sclater (1900-6); a list for Road’s End Farm compiled by the

late Miss Frere; and my own notes made on various journeys through the

district. These are co-ordinated in Winterbottom (1966c).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 71

The vegetation falls into four zones, running roughly parallel from east

to west. These are, from north to south: Karroid Broken Veld, north of the

Langeberg Mountains; False Macchia on the mountains; Coastal Renoster-

bosveld along the foothills; and Coastal Macchia in the south. In addition,

there is a patch of Valley Bushveld along the Gouritz River between the national

road bridge and the mountains and of Mountain Renosterbosveld north of

the range. Of these, the Karroid Broken Veld and Mountain Renosterbosveld

constitute Rv 2.

Robertson

Abbreviation: Rb; Classification: Winter Rainfall

Information on the area south of the Breede River is summarized in the

C.B.C. check list; and a complete list of the birds of the whole district has also

been published (Winterbottom, 1965) which includes the results of collecting

at Vrolijkheid, between Robertson and McGregor, 26 October-2 November

1959 (Winterbottom, 19610).

Most of the Breede River valley lies in the rain-shadow of the Rivier-

sonderend Mountains and is botanically Karroid Broken Veld. A few typical

Karoo species, not normally found in the Winter Rainfall area, such as the

Fairy Flycatcher Stenostira scita and Karoo Chat Cercomela schlegelit, and a few

Karoo subspecies, such as Certhilauda curvirostris gilli and Serinus flaviventris

quintoni, occur; but so many of the typical Karoo forms are absent or are

represented by Winter Rainfall subspecies that it is considered best to classify

the whole district in the latter zone. The mountain flora is Macchia.

Simonstown

Abbreviation: S; Classification: Winter Rainfall

All information for this district is summarized in the C.B.C. check list.

Additional information on the water birds will be found in Winterbottom

(19608).

Somerset West

Abbreviation: S; Classification: Winter Rainfall

All information for this district is summarized in the C.B.C. check list.

Supplementary information will be found in MacLeod, Murray & Murray

(1951-2).

Stellenbosch

Abbreviation: S; Classification: Winter Rainfall

All information for this district is summarized in the C.B.C. check list.

Sutherland

Abbreviations: Su 1, Su 2; Classification: Karoo

The district falls into two sections, one north (Su 1) and the other south

72 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

(Su 2) of the Roggeveld Mountains. The vegetation is Western Mountain

Karoo, with much Mountain Renosterbosveld on the mountains; a long finger

of Arid Karoo along the valley of the Riet River in the north; and Succulent

Karoo in the Tanqua River valley in the south. The author collected at

Blouheuwel, in the Tanqua valley, 19-22 March 1963.

Swellendam

Abbreviations: Sw 1, Sw 2; Classifications: Sw 1—Winter Rainfall; Sw 2—

Karoo

A list of the birds of the district has been published (Winterbottom,

1962m). I have collected from Barrydale as a base, 13-15 April 1956, and in

the Bontebok National Park, 5 miles south of Swellendam, 12-16 and 21-24

August 1961 and 15-19 January 1962 (Winterbottom, 1962/); and have

travelled a good deal over the district. There are a number of lists in the Cape

Bird Club files, those of P. Zoutendyk, C. H. F. Woolley and Mrs. Taylor for

the Cape Infanta area and of John Martin for Barrydale being particularly

useful. More recently (1965-6), I have done additional work in the Bontebok

Park.

The district is divided into two by the Langeberg Mountains, the area

north of this range (Sw 2) being part of the Little Karoo, while that to the

south belongs to the Winter Rainfall area. The vegetation north of the range

is Karroid Broken Veld, with Mountain Renosterbosveld on the Warmwater-

berg. The Langeberg is covered with False Macchia, the Breede River valley

with Coastal Renosterbosveld and there is a narrow strip of Coastal Macchia

on the Potberg, along the southern boundary.

Tulbagh

Abbreviation: T; Classification: Winter Rainfall

Information for the south-western part of this district is summarized in

the C.B.C. check list.

The vegetation of the district is classified by Acocks (1953) as Macchia,

with a narrow belt of Coastal Renosterbosveld in the west.

Vanrhynsdorp

Abbreviation: V; Classification: Karoo

I have collected at Doornbaai, Papendorp and Liebendal in November

1956; and, with A. N. B. Masterson, at the Monazite Mine, 50 miles north of

Vanrhynsdorp, and at Widouw’s River, between Vanrhynsdorp and Klaver,

in July 1958. A list of the birds of the district is given by Winterbottom (19660).

The vegetation of the district falls into three main divisions: Strandveld

along the coast; Macchia in the mountains of the south and east; and Succulent

Karoo elsewhere. There are no big bodies of fresh water, but at the mouth of

the Olifants River (Papendorp) there is a large tidal lagoon. The Olifants

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 73

itself is the only permanent river in the district and along its banks are irrigated

farms.

Victoria West

Abbreviation: VW; Classification: Karoo

I have published information on some of the birds of this district, based

on a two-month stay at Melton Wold in 1943-4 (Winterbottom, 1945, 1946,

1962n); and have collected at Wagenaarskraal, in the south of the district,

2-6 October 1957; and with J. G. R. MacLeod, 24-26 February 1960; and

at Beyersfontein, Pampoenpoort, 3-7 March 1962. Other sources, besides my

own notes made while travelling through the district, have been MS. lists of

the birds of Melton Wold made by Sir Charles Belcher in October 1952, by

Mrs. Isobel Taylor in August 1957, and by Mr. A. R. Brown in September—

October 1960; and the MS. notes of the late 8S. F. Townsend, who was in the

district 1886—7 (Winterbottom, 1962e).

The vegetation of the district is classified by Acocks as Central Upper

Karoo, with some False Upper Karoo in the east and False Arid Karoo in

the extreme north. There is no body of permanent fresh water in the district,

but the larger farm dams carry appreciable populations of aquatic birds and

waders when full.

Wellington

Abbreviation: S; Classification: Winter Rainfall

All information for this district is summarized in the C.B.C. check list.

Williston

Abbreviation: W; Classification: Karoo

The author with J. G. R. MacLeod, collected at Banksfontein, 24 miles

east of Williston, 27 August—2 September 1959; and valuable additional records

for this area have been supplied by J. Martin.

The vegetation of the district is classified by Acocks (1953) as Arid Karoo.

Worcester

Abbreviations: Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3; Classifications: Wo 1, Wo 2, Winter

Rainfall; Wo 3, Karoo

Information for the part of the district south of the Breede River is

summarized in the C.B.C. check list and for the whole District in Winterbottom

(1962p). The district falls into three sections, the Breede River valley (Wo 1),

the Hex River valley (Wo 2) and the plateau centred on Touws River (Wo 3).

The South African Museum possesses a fair number of skins from this latter

section, collected by Dr. Kirkman at the beginning of the century and by the

author on odd days more recently; and also a collection made in the first

section by Butler in the 1880’s. A list of the birds in the second section by H. L.

74 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

VERKEERDE VLEIe7

’ om ee

KLOOF™

RAWSONVILLE

eas)

20 MILES

————

we ees ee owe

Map 13. Worcester District. Horizontal hatching: Macchia; vertical hatching: Succulent

Karoo.

Hare, who resided there for three months in 1953, has also been most valuable.

Much of the Breede River valley lies in the rain-shadow of the Hottentots-

Holland Mountains, but, for the same reasons as are set out for the Robertson

District, the area is considered faunistically part of the Winter Rainfall area,

as is the Hex River valley. The southern, western and northern parts of the

district, including the mountain ranges, are covered with Macchia. In the

rain-shadows, this gives place to Mountain Renosterbosveld; but in the

Breede River valley from Worcester east, Renosterbosveld is replaced by

Karroid Broken Veld. Around Touws River, and extending a long finger

southward, is a patch of Succulent Karoo. This very varied terrain is still

further diversified by the seasonally flooded marshes along the Breede River

and by the reservoirs of Verkeerdevlei, west of Touws River (Winterbottom,

19646), and Brandvlei, near Worcester.

Wynberg

Abbreviation: S; Classification: Winter Rainfall.

All information for this district is summarized in the C.B.C. check list.

The author resided in the district, 1950-60. Additional information on the

birds of Rondevlei Bird Sanctuary will be found in the Warden’s Reports

(Middlemiss, 1952 onwards); on the water birds in Winterbottom (19608);

and on the birds of the Sasmeer Estate in Winterbottom (1962d).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 75

SysTEMATIC LIsT

The sequence and families are based on Mayr & Amadon (1951), but

the sequence of families in the order Passeriformes follows Wetmore (1934).

The original description of each form is cited in full. In addition, the

names used in the following works, cited in abbreviated forms as shown, are

also included:

ALEXANDER, W. B. 1955. Birds of the ocean. 2nd ed.

Alexander, 1955.

Cape Birp Cus. 1963. Check list of the birds of the south western Cape.

C.B.C., 1963.

DELacour, J. 1954-59. The waterfowl of the world. 1-3.

Delacour, 1954, 1956, 1959.

FRIEDMANN, H. 1955. The honeyguides. Bull. U.S. natn. Mus. 208.

Friedmann, 1955.

FRIEDMANN, H. 1960. The parasitic weaverbirds. Bull. U.S. natn. Mus. 223.

Friedmann, 1960.

Macpona.Lp, J. D. 1957. Contribution to the ornithology of western South Africa.

Macdonald, 1957.

MackworTH-Praep, C. W. & Grant, C. H. B. 1962-63. Birds of the southern

third of Africa. 1-2.

Praed & Grant, 1962, 1963.

McLacuian, G. R. & LiversipcE, R. 1957. Roberts’ Birds of South Africa.

Rev. ed.

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957.

SKEAD, C. J. 1960. The canaries, seed-eaters and buntings of southern Africa.

Skead, 1960.

Swann, H. K. 1930-45. A monograph of the birds of prey. 1-2.

Swann, 1930, 1945.

VINCENT, J. 1952. A check list of the birds of South Africa.

Vincent, 1952.

Any other citations are given in full.

Family Struthionidae

Genus STRUTHIO L.

Struthio camelus australis Gurney Ostrich

Struthio australis Gurney, Ibis, 1868: 253. S. Africa (restricted to Naarip Plain,

near Walvis Bay, Vincent, Ostrich, 20, 1949: 148).

Struthio camelus australis; Vincent, 1952: 1; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

1; Praed & Grant, 1962: 1; C.B.C., 1963: 10.

Struthio camelus; Macdonald, 1957: 43.

Probably extinct as a wild bird throughout our area. Domestic and feral

birds are widely distributed.

76 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Breeding

TEE, AID TWO Mo Vi VIL VID XX ae eT

W.R. I 2 I

Family Podicipidae

Genus popiceps Lath.

Podiceps cristatus infuscatus Salvad. Great Crested Grebe

Podiceps infuscatus Salvadori, Annali. Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Genova (2), 1, 1884:

251. Lago Kilole, S. Abyssinia.

Podiceps cristatus infuscatus; Vincent, 1952: 1; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

3; Praed & Grant, 1962: 5; C.B.C., 1963: Io.

Status uncertain. In the Winter Rainfall area, a breeding resident, in

fluctuating number, on the bigger sheets of water. Elsewhere, recorded only

from the southern Victoria West District, from Kraankuil, Hopetown District.

Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, H, MB, S, Sw1, T, VW, Wo 1.

Breeding

PAD oT, EMV oh Vi Vial VILE EX) OX aie xan

W.R. I I 4 4 3

Podiceps nigricollis gurneyi (Roberts) Black-necked or Eared Grebe

Proctopterus nigricollis gurneyi Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 6, 1919: 118. Lambert’s

Bay, Cape Province; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 4.

Podiceps caspicus gurneyi; Vincent, 1952: 2; Praed & Grant, 1962: 6.

Podiceps nigricollis gurneyi; C.B.C., 1963: 10.

Probably a summer visitor, chiefly to fresh waters in the Winter Rainfall

area, where, however, it is decidedly local. Recorded also from five Karoo

districts. Winters offshore, chiefly from Little Namaqualand north.

G1, Cea, Ceo. Ce 3° Clix, Cn, N 15.07 (R., Rib, Si Uwe

Breeding

Re DET IV oe Vie Vii VET VINE Tee) EX eciheee xen

W.R. 2 18

Podiceps ruficollis capensis Salvid. Dabchick

Podiceps capensis; Salvadori, Annali Mus. civ. Stor. nat. Genova (2), 1, 1884:

252. Rugghié and L. Cialalaka, Shoa.

Podiceps ruficollis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 2; Macdonald, 1957: 43; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 4, Praed & Grant, 1962: 7; C.B.C., 1963: 10.

The most abundant and widely distributed of the grebes, occurring even

on temporary waters on the Karoo.

B, BW 2; C1, C2, Ge 1, Ce 2, Cl.1, Cn, Ct; BE) H, L, Le, MMB Osxr

PA, Rb, Rv 1, S, Swi, Swe, T, U, V, VW, Wo1, Wo2.

Breeding

—

TED TV ppv... Vi) VE. VERE) EX.) Xe ea

W.R. oraurt I 3 7. is sO Sphere

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 77

Family Phalacrocoracidae

Genus PHALACROCORAX Briss.

Phalacrocorax carbo lucidus (Licht.) White-breasted Cormorant

Halieus lucidus Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss der Doubletten ... , 1823: 86. Cape

of Good Hope.

Phalacrocorax carbo lucidus; Vincent, 1952: 6; Alexander, 1955: 190; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 18; Praed & Grant, 1962: 44, C.B.C., 1963: 14.

Phalacrocorax carbo; Macdonald, 1957: 44.

Chiefly on the larger sheets of water, where it is generally distributed,

even on the Karoo.

Be VWi2y Cir, Cen, Cee, Clit, Gn Ct; Dele le. IME MB YING 1\OlR:

PA, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Su2, Swi, T, V, VW, W, Wo1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

eh SRE EV, OV Ve Le AVE Xe a

W.R.

Col. I I I

Ind. I 2 10 I I 18

Phalacrocorax africanus africanus (Gmel.) Reed Cormorant

Pelecanus africanus Gmelin, C. a Linne . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2),

1789: 577. Africa (restricted to R. Nile, Egypt, Grant & M. Praed, Bull.

Br. Orn. Club, 53, 1933: 210).

Phalacrocorax africanus africanus; Vincent, 1952: 6; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 19; Praed & Grant, 1962: 47; C.B.C., 1963: 15.

Hialietor africanus africanus; Alexander, 1955: 198.

Phalacrocorax africanus; Macdonald, 1957: 44; C.B.C., 1963: 15.

P.a. coronatus (Wahlb.) is purely marine and is therefore omitted from

consideration in this list. P.a. africanus is widely and generally distributed on

fresh water in the Winter Rainfall area and Little Karoo but does not penetrate

far into the Great Karoo except as an uncommon straggler.

Gem Ce 2; Clr) Cle Cn Cerl, Mey MBN 1.) © RAC MR Vibs Rey Te

S, Sw 1, Sw 2, T, V, Wo1, Wog.

Breeding

eT pet DV eV We ND NT TT TEX Ci eT PTT

W.R.

Col. I

Ind. 4. 2 2 4

Genus ANHINGA Briss.

Anhinga anhinga rufa (Lacép. & Daud.) Darter

Plotus rufus Lacépéde & Daudin, in Buffon’s Histoire naturelle . . . (Didot)

Quadrupédes, 14, 1802: 319; and Oiseaux, 17, 1802: 81. Senegal.

78 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Anhinga rufus rufus; Vincent, 1952: 6; C.B.C., 1963: 15.

Anhinga rufa; Macdonald, 1957: 44.

Anhinga rufa rufa; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 20; Praed & Grant, 1962: 49.

Common on the larger bodies of water in the Winter Rainfall area; else-

where recorded only from the Orange River and Little Karoo.

Ce 2, Cl1, L, M. MB, N1, N2, O, Rb. Rv i, S, Sw1, T, Wo1, Wo2.

Breeding

Peet TDS PVE SV OVI’ OVARY VALE eI xe xa ait

W.R. 2 7] 5 Q 2 2 4.

Family Pelecanidae

Genus PELECANUS L.

Pelecanus onocrotalus L. White Pelican

Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 132. Caspian

Sea (Grant & M.—Praed, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 53, 1933: 189); Vincent,

1952: 7; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 15; Praed & Grant, 1962: 52;

C.B.C., 1963: 15.

Pelecanus onocrotalus onocrotalus; Alexander, 1955: 174.

Recorded only from the Winter Rainfall area, where it is common in the

extreme south-west; and from the Orange River mouth.

Cl1, N1, Rv1,S, V.

Breeding

PAL IV. Vi Va VE VE EX a

W.R. 21 2

Pelecanus rufescens Gmel. Pink-backed Pelican

Pelecanus rufescens Gmelin, C.a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2),

1789: 571. West Africa; Vincent, 1952: 7; Alexander, 1955: 174;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 15; Praed & Grant, 1962: 53; C.B.C.,

1963: 15.

A rare straggler, recorded only from the extreme south-west.

Family Ardeidae

Genera and arrangement in this family follow Bock (1956), except where

otherwise noted.

Genus BOTAURUs Stephens

Botaurus stellaris capensis (Schleg.) Bittern

Ardea stellaris capensis Schlegel, Muséum d’histoire naturelle des Pays—Bas . . .,

5, 1863: 48. South Africa (restricted to Wynberg, Cape Province).

Botaurus stellaris capensis; Vincent, 1952: 9; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

31; Praed & Grant, 1962: 73; C.B.C., 1963: 16.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 79

Recorded only from the Winter Rainfall area, where its status is uncertain;

but it seems to have become rare now even in the big reedbeds which are its

chosen haunt.

M, MB, §, T.

Genus IxOoBRYCHUs Bilb.

On the limits of this genus, see also South African Ornithological Society,

List Committee Report (1958).

Ixobrychus minutus payesii (Hartl.) Little Bittern

Ardea payesti Hartlaub, J. Orn., Lpz., 1858: 42. Casamanse, Senegal.

Ixobrychus minutus payesii; Vincent, 1952: 8; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

29; Praed & Grant, 1962: 71.

Ixobrychus minutus; Macdonald, 1957: 45.

Ixobrychus minutus payessii (sic); C.B.C., 1963: 17.

A rare species, recorded only from the Winter Rainfall area, where it

appears to be a breeding summer visitor to reed-beds.

Ce 1, S, Wo 2.

Breeding

Pe re TV PAV VS NA VT XG Xe XC OTT

W.R. I

Ixobrychus sturmii (Wagl.) Dwarf Bittern

Ardea sturmii Wagler, Systema avium, Ardea, 1827: no. 37. Senegambia.

Ardeiralla sturmit; Vincent, 1952: 8.

Ardeirallus sturmi1; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 28; Praed & Grant, 1962: 72.

Ixobrychus sturmiu; C.B.C., 1963: 60.

Stark & Sclater’s record from the Orange—Vaal confluence and records

from Paarl, Malmesbury and Cape Town last century are the only records.

Hy, 5:

Genus NYCTICORAX Forst.

Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (L.) Night Heron

Ardea nycticorax Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 142. South Europe.

Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax; Vincent, 1952: 8; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 30; Praed & Grant, 1962: 69; C.B.C., 1963: 17.

Nycticorax nycticorax; Macdonald, 1957: 45.

Locally common in the south; but only one record from north of Calitzdorp

(Map 14). Juveniles, at least, move considerable distances, one ringed at

Rondevlei having been recovered at Fort Beaufort, 475 miles away, three

years later.

Cl 1, Ct, M, MB, O, PA, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sw 1, Sw 2, V, Wo1, Wo2.

80 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Map 14. Distribution in the Western Cape of Nycticorax nycticorax, Aquila rapax and Poliohierax

semitorquatus. Dots: N. nycticorax; crosses: A. rapax; open circles: P. semitorquatus.

Breeding

T_T EV, ; V.. VEY VIL VIL IX xX eae

W.R. Col. 2 I

Ind. 2 2 5

Genus BUTORIDES Blyth

[Butorides striatus atricapillus (Afz.) Green-backed Heron

Ardea atricapillus Afzelius, K. Svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. (n.s.), 25, 1804:

264. Sierra Leone.

Butorides striata atricapilla; Vincent, 1952: 8.

Butorides striatus atricapillus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 25; Praed & Grant,

1962: 67.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 81

Praed & Grant (1962) give the range of this species throughout as southern

Africa, but I know of no records from within western Cape limits. ]

Genus ARDEOLA Boie

On the limits of this genus, see also South African Ornithological Society,

List Committee Report (1958).

Ardeola ibis ibis (L.) Cattle Egret

Ardea ibis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 144. Egypt.

Bubulcus ibis ibis; Vincent, 1952: 8.

Bubulcus 1bis; Macdonald, 1957: 45; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 24;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 64.

Ardeola ibis ibis; C.B.C., 1963: 16.

Clancey (19592) has proposed to separate birds from the Ethiopian

Region as A.2. ruficrista (Bp.), on the ground that they do not show a seasonal

change of colour of the soft parts. I do not feel that this is sufficient reason

by itself for such a step, however, nor is it universally true of South African

birds. See also South African Ornithological Society, List Committee Report

(1960).

A common breeding resident in the Winter Rainfall area; much more

sporadic on the Karoo, where a casual visitor only except on the big vleis,

when these hold water. Young birds disperse widely (see McLachlan, 1966).

BW) 2) Cir, C2, Ce 1; Ce 25 Clr, Cl 25 Cn; Ct, Ley Mo MBINi 1; ©;

P, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, S, Su2, Swi, Swe, T, U, V, VW, Wor, Wo,

Wo 3.

Breeding

ee EE EVE NV NAL NLT OS I OTE

W.R. Col. 7 4

Ind.

Karoo :

[Ardeola rufiventris (Sund.) Rufous-bellied Heron

Ardea rufiventris Sundevall, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Forh. for 1850, 1851:

110. Mooi River, near Potchefstroom.

Erythrocnus rufiventris; Vincent, 1952: 8; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 28;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 68.

White (1950) places this species in the genus Butorides Blythe, a proceeding

accepted in the South African Ornithological Society, List Committee Report

(1958). I have followed Bock (1956), since I do not now agree that rufiventris

is particularly similar to other Butorides species.

Praed & Grant (1962) record it as ‘throughout [Southern Africa] ene sie

the Cape Peninsula’, but I know of no records from our area.|

82 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Ardeola ralloides (Scop.) Squacco Heron

Ardea ralloides Scopoli, Annus I historico naturalis, 1769: 88. Carniola.

Ardea ralloides; Vincent, 1952: 8, McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 24; Praed

& Grant, 1962: 65; C.B.C., 1963: 17.

A rare straggler recorded only from the south-west and from Upington.

Ss, UE.

Genus EGRETTA Forst.

On the limits of this genus, see White (1950) and the South African Ornitho-

logical Society, List Committee Report (1958). Bock (1956) places ardesiaca

in Hydranassa Baird, but his reasons for the retention of this genus do not seem

to me very convincing.

Egretta ardesiaca (Wagl.) Black Heron

Ardea ardesiaca Wagler, Systema avium, Ardea, 1827: no. 20. Senegambia.

Melanophoyx ardesiaca; Vincent, 1952: 8; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 28;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 62; C.B.C., 1955: 13.

Egretia ardesiaca; C.B.C., 1963: 16.

An uncommon summer visitor to the south coast as far as False Bay.

Elsewhere, there is only a single record for the Beaufort West District.

BW 2, MB, S.

Egretta garzetta garzetta (L.) Little Egret

Ardea garzetta Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 237. In Oriente

(restricted to Malalbergo, N. Italy, Grant & M.-Praed, Bull. Br. Orn.

Club, 53, 1933: 194).

Egretta garzetta garzetta; Vincent, 1952: 8, McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

23; Praed & Grant, 1962: 63; C.B.C., 1963: 16.

Egretta garzetta; Macdonald, 1957: 45.

Common in the Winter Rainfall area and Little Karoo; elsewhere,

recorded only from the Orange River, Steinkopf and Vanwyksvlei.

Gea, Ge2, Cl 1, Ct, L, M, MB, Ni; N3, O,PA, R, Rb, Rviy Rye:

Sw 1, T, U, V, Wo 1, Wo 2.

Breeding

1M Wt vv VI OUMNIT VIN Xx XxX xe

W.R. Col. 1 6 2 2

Ind. T

Egretta intermedia brachyrhynchos (Brehm) Yellow-billed Egret

Herodias (Egretta) brachyrhynchos Brehm, J. Orn., Lpz., 1858: 471. Blue Nile.

Mesophoyx intermedia brachyrhynchos; Vincent, 1952: 7; Praed & Grant, 1962: 61.

Mesophoyx intermedia; Macdonald, 1957: 45.

Mesophoyx intermedius brachyrhynchus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 24.

Egretta intermedia brachyrhynchos; C.B.C., 1963: 16.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 83

Common in the Winter Rainfall area and Little Karoo; elsewhere,

recorded only from Upington and, as a stray, from the Beaufort West and

Philipstown districts.

BW 2, Cl 1, Cn, Ct, MB, O, P, Rb, 8, Swi, T, U, V, Wo 1, Wo 2.

Breeding

ele Sh Ve ee ONT NA WT XS Xe XT

W.R. Col. 6 2

Egretta alba melanorhyncha (Wazgl.) Great White Egret

Ardea melanorhyncha Wagler, Systema avium, Addit., 1827: (last page). Sene-

gambia.

Casmerodius alba melanorhynchos; Vincent, 1952: 7.

Casmerodius albus; Macdonald, 1957: 44.

Casmerodius albus melanorhynchus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 23.

Casmerodius albus melanorhynchos; Praed & Grant, 1962: 61.

Egretta alba melanorhyncha; C.B.C., 1963: 16.

A rare straggler, recorded only from the extreme south-west.

Genus ARDEA L.

Ardea purpurea purpurea L. Purple Heron

Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 236. In Oriente

(restricted to France, Stresemann, Avifauna macedonica, 1920: 226);

Macdonald, 1957: 44.

Ardea purpurea purpurea; Vincent, 1952: 7; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

22: C.B.C., 1963: 16.

Pyrrherhodia purpurea purpurea; Praed & Grant, 1962: 60.

Widely distributed in reed-beds in the Winter Rainfall area; elsewhere,

recorded only from Oudtshoorn and Upington.

@e2, Cl y,.M,-O; Rb:S, Sw. 15,1, U,, Wow:

Breeding

ET i Ve VV VAL VE ee OD

W.R. I I 3

Ardea cinerea cinerea L. Grey Heron

Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 143. Europe (restricted

to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der paldarktischen Fauna, 1903-23) ;

Macdonald, 1957: 44.

Ardea cinerea cinerea; Vincent, 1952: 7; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 21,

Praed & Grant, 1962: 57; C.B.C., 1963: 15.

Widely and generally distributed where there is water. All districts

except BW 1, BW 3, H and U.

84 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Breeding

PD TE ekV. Vi eV WT eV OX eae aol

W.R. it ii a 38 15 I I 7

Karoo I

Ardea melanocephala Vig. & Childr. Black-headed Heron

Ardea melanocephala Vigors & Children, in Denham & Clapperton’s Narrative

of travels . . . in northern and central Africa, 2, App. 21, 1826: 2or.

Near Lake Chad; Vincent, 1952: 7; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 21;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 58; C.B.C., 1963: 16.

Widely and generally distributed within reach of water. Although often

foraging on dry land, some sort of water must be available in the vicinity.

B; BW 2;.C' 1, Ce, Cer, Ce 2;'Clhr, Cl 2Cn, Ct DI KG LS lees Virgiviis

N aN 2;)N'3; N 4,0, PB; PA, Pr, R, Rb, Rv 1; 5, Su 1, Su. 2; Swit,jowi2splenOe

V, VW, W, Wot, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

A VAR OEE ING WV) NEO VID VIELE EXO Cele ai

W.R. 2 2 2 5 9 II I 8

Karoo I I

Ardea goliath Cretzsch. Goliath Heron

Ardea goliath Cretzschmar, in Riippell’s Atlas zu der Reise im noérdlichen Afrika,

1826: 39, pl. 36. Bahr-el-Abiad — White Nile; Vincent, 1952: 7; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 21; Praed & Grant, 1962: 59; C.B.C., 1963: 16.

A rare straggler, recorded from the extreme north and south only.

BS. UW.

Family Scopidae

Genus scopus Briss.

Scopus umbretta umbretta Gmel. Hamerkop

Scopus umbretta Gmelin, C.a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2), 1789:

618. Senegal (Sclater, Systema avium ethiopicarum, I, 1924: 31);

Macdonald, 1957: 45.

Scopus umbretta umbretta; Vincent, 1952; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 32;

G:B.G:, 1963: 17.

Scopus umbretta bannermani; Praed & Grant, 1962: 76.

Generally distributed and common wherever there is water.

BW 1, BW 2, G2, Ce 1, Ceo, Cl 1;,n, Ct, D; F,:L, Le; MjsMBaNie

N 2; N 3, O, P; PA, BR, Rb, Rv 1,. Rv 2, 8, Su 2, Sw 1.:5w 2.0, Ue aevae

W, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

I, dE «.dV AY © VI VET VEE EX 6 XG sei

W.R. I 2 3 2 I

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 85

Family Ciconiidae

Genus ciconta Briss.

On the limits of this genus, see White (1950).

Ciconia ciconia ciconia (L.) White Stork

Ardea Ciconia Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 142. Europe, Asia,

Africa (restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna,

1903-23).

Ciconia ciconia ciconia; Vincent, 1952: 9; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 3;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 78; C.B.C., 1963: 17.

A non-breeding, summer visitor from the Palaearctic, chiefly in the east,

but reaching the Cape Peninsula in the south-west and the lower Orange in

the north-west. A pair bred in the Oudtshoorn District for eight years (Roberts,

1941a, 19415, 1942) until the tree holding the nest collapsed; and another pair

in the Bredasdorp District in 1961-2-3 (and, according to local information,

for several years before that) (Martin, Martin & Robinson, 1962). One of

the young of the 1962 brood was recovered in north-eastern Rhodesia. By

1964, three nests were known in the Bredasdorp District; and subsequently a

nest was located in the Mossel Bay District by Professor C. J. Uys (1966).

BW 2C 1, Ca 1, (Ce 2), CliriCn, Ct DL, kos MMB SNi1 Oar. RA:

R, Rb, Rv 2, 8, Swi, V, VW, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

ee SE: UVa SV Vly a Te A CT OE

W.R. I 2

Ciconia nigra (L.) Black Stork

Ardea nigra Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 142. North Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der paldarktischen, Fauna,

1903-23).

Ciconia nigra; Vincent, 1952: 9; Macdonald, 1957: 45; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 36; Praed & Grant, 1962: 79; C.B.C., 1963: 18.

Widely, but sparingly distributed, even on the Karoo. Breeds in the

Williston District (MacLeod & Martin).

BY) 2,.@i1, Geez, Ce 3, Cn Cr, Lg. M; MB; ©;),Bs, PA. UR by S5ou 2,

Sw 1, T, VW, W, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

eel IN WV NA NDOT Sh Tc

Karoo I

[Ciconia episcopus microscelis Gray Woolley-necked Stork

Ciconia microscelis Gray, The genera of birds, 3, 1848: 561, pl. 151. South Africa.

Dissoura episcopus microscelis; Vincent, 1952: 9; Roberts, 1957: 35; Praed &

Grant, 1962: 80.

86 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Praed & Grant (1962) give the range as ‘Cape Province but not Cape

Peninsula’. I know of no records from within our area, however. |

Ciconia abdimii Licht. White-bellied Stork

Ciconia abdimiu Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss der Doubletten .. . , 1823: 76. Near

Dongola.

Sphenorhynchus abdimii; Vincent, 1952: 9; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 35;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 81.

An intra-African, non-breeding migrant that occasionally reaches the

north-east part of our area.

BW ag, P, U.

Genus ANASTOMUs Bonnat.

Anastomus lamelligerus lamelligerus Temm. African Open-bill

Anastomus lamelligerus Temminck, Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées

d’oiseaux, 40, 1823: pl. 236. Senegal.

Anastomus lamelligerus lamelligerus; Vincent, 1952: 9; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 33; Praed & Grant, 1962: 82; C.B.C., 1963: 60.

There is an old record of Verreaux from the Berg River; and it probably

occurs in the north-east as a straggler.

Genus EPHIPPIORHYNCHUS Bp.

Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis (Shaw) Saddle-billed Stork

Mycteria senegalensis Shaw, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 5, 1800: 35, pl.33. Senegal.

Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis; Vincent, 1952: 9; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 34; Praed & Grant, 1962: 83.

Once recorded from the Beaufort West District (Quinton, 1956).

BW 2.

Genus LEPTOPTILOS Less.

Leptoptilos crumeniferus (Less.) Marabou

Ciconia crumeniferus Lesson, Traité d’ornithologie, 1831: 585. Senegal.

Leptoptilos crumeniferus; Vincent, 1952: 9; Macdonald, 1957: 46; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 32; Praed & Grant, 1962: 84.

Twice recorded from the Philipstown District (Hare, 1932; and G.

Battenhaussen, personal communication) and once from Oudtshoorn (Duxbury,

pers. comm.). A rare straggler from further north and east.

OFP:

Genus 1BIs Lacép.

Ibis ibis (L.) Wood Ibis

Tantalus ibis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 241. Egypt.

Ibis ibis; Vincent, 1952: 9; Macdonald, 1957: 46; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 34; Praed & Grant, 1962: 85; C.B.C., 1963: 18.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 87

Frequent on dams and vleis on the Karoo; occasionally straggling into

the Winter Rainfall area.

BW 2, Ce 2, Gt, D, F, MB, Nir, O, P; PA, Pr, Rb, Rv 1,8, VW, Wo 1,

Wo 3.

Family Threskiornithidae

Genus THRESKIORNIS Gray

Threskiornis aethiopica aethiopica (Lath.) Sacred Ibis

Tantalus aethiopicus Latham, Index ornithologicus, 2, 1790; 706. Egypt.

Threskiornis aethiopicus aethiopicus; Vincent, 1952: 10; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 37; Praed & Grant, 1962: 86; C.B.C., 1963: 18.

Widely distributed where large bodies of water are available.

B, BW 2, Cl, Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cn, F, L, M, MB, N 1, O, P, PA, R, Rb,

Rv 1, 8S, Su 2, Swe2, T, V, VW, W, Wo1, Wo 3.

Breeding

Foyt TEE TVs) OV VE VEE NT TS ee ONT Nye

W.-R:Col. 1 I 2 2 2

Ind. 1 10 2

Karoo 2

Genus GERONTICUs Wag].

Geronticus calvus (Bodd.) Bald Ibis

Tantalus calvus Boddaert, Table des planches enluminéez .. . , 1783: 52. Cape

of Good Hope.

Geronticus caluus; Vincent, 1952: 10; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 37;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 87; C.B.C., 1963: 60.

A mountain bird, probably now extinct in our area.

Cea ks. Nv PSS:

Genus BOSTRYCHIA Reichenbach

Bostrychia hagedash hagedash (Latham) Hadedah

Tantalus hagedash Latham, Index ornithologicus, 2, 1790: 709. Cape of Good

Hope.

Hagedashia hagedash hagedash; Vincent, 1952: 10; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 39; Praed & Grant, 1962: 88.

Recorded only from Oudtshoorn; but may well occur, at least occasionally,

in eastern Mossel Bay.

Genus PLEGADIs Kaup

Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus (L.) Glossy Ibis

Tantalus falcinellus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 241. Austria,

Italy (restricted to Austria).

88 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus; Vincent, 1952: 10; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 38; Praed & Grant, 1962: 89; C.B.C., 1963: 18.

A rare visitor, recorded only from the extreme south-west, where, how-

ever, it has attempted to breed.

Genus PLATALEA L.

Platalea alba Scop. African Spoonbill

Platalea alba Scopoli, Deliciae florae et faunae insubricae, 2, 1786: 92. Luzon

(corrected to Cape of Good Hope, W. L. Sclater, Systema avium ethio-

picarum, I, 1924: 38); Vincent, 1952: 10; Macdonald, 1957: 46; McLach-

lan & Liversidge, 1957: 39; Praed & Grant, 1962: 90; C.B.C., 1963: 18.

Widely distributed but apparently very local. Breeding recorded on the

Berg River, at Reinerskraal (Bredasdorp) and in the Victoria West and Suther-

land districts. Appears to be increasing in the south-west and in 1966 nested

for the first time at Rondevlei.

BeBWir2, Cex, Ceo. DEP: Si sure. Ve VW. Wor Wor:

Breeding

fi Wi IV Ve Vi VIET Vill IX | xX Xie

W.R. Col. 2 I I

Ind. Opel2 6

Karoo Col. I

Family Phoenicopteridze

Genus PHOENICOPTERUS L,

On the limits of this genus, see White (1951: 25).

Phoenicopterus roseus Pall. Greater Flamingo

Phoenicopterus roseus Pallas, Zoographia Rosso—Asiatica, 2, 1811: 207. Europe

(restricted to mouth of River Volga).

Phoenicopterus ruber roseus; Vincent, 1952: 10; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

41; Praed & Grant, 1962: 92; C.B.C., 1963: 18.

I consider it is misleading to place roseus as a subspecies of the American

ruber L.

A visitor to large vleis, salt pans and lagoons, in fluctuating numbers; a

breeding colony found near De Hoop vlei, Bredasdorp District, in 1960 is

the first definite record of large-scale breeding within the borders of South

Africa (Uys et al., 1963). Breeding again in same area in 1961, 1962 and 1963.

BaBW 2. C7, (Cl 1, CoseDeMB Ni, Py iRevit, 8: Swt. Veuve

Breeding

BP edha MT .IV, WD) VIpo VIL AVI EX 1. 2 eae

W.R. Col. 2 2 I

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 89

Phoenicopterus minor Geofir. Lesser Flamingo

Phoenicopterus minor Geoffroy, Bull. Sci. Soc. philomatique, Paris, 1 (2), 13,

1798: 98. Senegal.

Phoeniconaias minor; Vincent, 1952: 10; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 41;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 93; C.B.C., 1963: 18.

A non-breeding visitor to fresh and salt water, chiefly near the coast, but

also recorded from northern Calvinia.

BWaro.@ Clit, Cn N 1) S250 Vi VW.

Family Anatidae

Arrangement and genera within this family follow Delacour & Mayr

(1945) and Delacour (1954-9).

Genus DENDROCYGNA Swains.

Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieill.) Fulvous Tree Duck

Anas bicolor Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 5, 1816: 136,

Paraguay.

Dendrocygna bicolor; Vincent, 1952: 11; Delacour, 1954: 41; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 51; Praed & Grant, 1962: 109; C.B.C., 1963: 19.

Only recorded from the extreme south-west, where it appears to be an

irregular visitor, which, however, has bred there.

Breeding

ah ELV) VON) OV NED Xt XG ST aT

VWWAZe I

Dendrocygna viduata (L.) White-faced Duck

Anas viduata Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 205. Cartagena,

Venezuela.

Dendrocygna viduata; Vincent, 1952: 10; Delacour, 1954: 45; Macdonald, 1957:

47; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 51; Praed & Grant, 1962: 108;

C.B.C., 1963: 19.

A rare straggler, recorded only from the extreme south-west and north-

west of the area.

Nis S.

Genus TADORNA Boie

Tadorna cana (Gmel.) African Shelduck

Anas cana Gmelin, C. a Linné. . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2), 1789: 510.

Cape of Good Hope.

Tadorna cana; Vincent, 1952: 11; Delacour, 1954: 235; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 45; C.B.C., 1963: 19.

Casaca cana; Macdonald, 1957: 47; Praed & Grant, 1962: 114.

go ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Generally distributed in the Karoo; less general in the Winter Rainfall

area, where it is chiefly a summer visitor, apparently in increasing numbers.

All districts except BW 3, N 4, Pr and Sw 2. Coll.: BW a, S.

Breeding

Pom TW We Vee Vi. Vail, VIL x eee le a

W.R. I I

Karoo 4

Genus ALOPOCHEN Stejneger

Alopochen aegyptiacus (L.) Egyptian Goose

Anas aegyptiaca Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 197. Egypt.

Alopochen aegyptiaca; Vincent, 1962: 11; Delacour, 1954: 235; Macdonald,

1957: 47; Praed & Grant, 1962: 112; C.B.C., 1963: 19.

Alopochen aegyptiacus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 44.

Widely and generally distributed wherever there is water; but in the

south-west, relatively more abundant on large, comparatively barren vleis

(e.g. Brandvlei, near Worcester) than on the richer vleis (e.g. Rondevlei,

Rietvlei), and especially where there is good grazing in the vicinity.

All districts except Pr and Rv 2. Coll.: S.

Breeding

LT I Wl IV eV VI VIl VI IX ~X Xie cit

W.R. I I 7 18 IQ 43 5 6

Karoo 3 Maa

Genus Anas L.

Anas sparsa sparsa Eyton Black Duck

Anas sparsa Eyton, A monograph on the Anatidae, 1838: 142. South Africa

(restricted to the Olifants River, Cape Province); Macdonald, 1957: 46.

Anas sparsa sparsa; Vincent, 1952: 11; Delacour, 1956: 25; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 48; Praed & Grant, 1962: 103; C.B.C., 1963: 19.

A river duck rare on ordinary vleis and dams and never present anywhere

in large numbers; but not confined to tree-lined rivers, for it occurs on the

Karoo as well as in the Winter Rainfall area (e.g. in De Aar, Fraserburg and

Williston).

BW, 2; Go, Cer, Clr, D, F, H, K, Lg, M,. MB, N43) O-P) PAS Rega

S, Suir, Su 2, Sw1, T, U, VW, W, Wo1, Wo2.

Breeding

raf GE AV WV VEE AVE x)» ie

W.R. 5 3

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE g!I

[Anas platyrhynchos L. Mallard

Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 125. Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der paldarktischen Fauna,

1903-23); C.B.C., 1963: 60.

Feral birds are occasionally encountered in the south. ]

Anas undulata undulata Dub. Yellow-billed Duck

Anas undulata Dubois, Ornithologische Gallerie, 1, 1837: 119, pl. 77. Cape of

Good Hope (sometimes unnecessarily amended to Piketberg).

Anas undulata undulata; Vincent, 1952: 11; Delacour, 1956: 69; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 49; Praed & Grant, 1962: 102; C.B.C., 1963: 19.

On the general distribution and biology of this species, see Rowan (19630).

A nomadic species, often extremely abundant in pre- and post-breedino

flocks on vleis in the Winter Rainfall area. Much less common on the Karog

and no records at all from the north-west.

By BW 1. BW 2; Gir, @.2, Cem Ceo, Clin Cl on Cn wt) DEL:

Lg, M, MB, O, P, PA, Rb, Rv 1, S, Su 2, Swi, Sw 2, T, V, VW, W, Wo 1,

Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Peel Pl EV] Vee VT eV LVS Xe OC een

Wik: I TOS e298 4 Oar One Of mms I

Anas erythrorhyncha Gmel. Red-billed Teal

Anas erythrorhyncha Gmelin, GC. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, I, (2),

1789: 517. Cape of Good Hope; Vincent, 1952: 11; Delacour, 1956:

136; Macdonald, 1957: 47; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 49; Praed

& Grant, 1962: 106; C.B.C., 1963: 20.

Chiefly a breeding visitor to the Winter Rainfall area, where it may be

numerous at times, especially on permanent vleis; and a bird of passage on

the Karoo.

B, BW 2, C1, G2, Cer, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cn, D, F, H, M, MB, N1, N 3; O,

P, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, S, Su2, Swi, T, U, VW, Wo1, Wo 3.

Breeding

EVV VL VEL VAL ee IE

W.R. 2 I 4 3 5 5 8 6 3

Karoo I

Anas capensis Gmel. Cape Wigeon

Anas capensis Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2), 1789:

527. Cape of Good Hope; Vincent, 1952: 11; Delacour, 1956: 144;

Macdonald, 1957: 46; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 50; Praed &

Grant, 1962: 104; C.B.C., 1963: 19.

Q2 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Widely and generally distributed on inland waters and much more

tolerant of brak conditions than most species of Anas. A resident, or at most

nomadic, species, which seems to have greatly increased in numbers in Winter

Rainfall area over the past decade.

B; BW 2, C1, Cli, Can, DF, Hy K, MB, Nii, Nig; Py PAY Re Ris:

Su 1, Su 2, T, V, VW, W, Wo1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Tol It IV NV Vi VIL VOL TX, xo exe

W.R. I 3 I 3 4 7 Tp 14, 6 8 I

Karoo I 3 4 3

Anas hottentota (Eyton) Hottentot Teal

Queriquedula hottentota Eyton, A monograph on the Anatidae, 1838: 129.

Orange River.

Anas punctata punctata; Vincent, 1952: II.

Anas punctata; Delacour, 1956: 149; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 50.

Anas hottentota; Praed & Grant, 1962: 105; C.B.C., 1963: 61.

The name functata properly belongs to the Maccoa Duck, see Ride & Cain

(1954).

A very rare straggler to our area for which there are no recent records.

BW 2, N1, 8.

Anas smithii (Hart.) Cape Shoveller

Spatula smithii Hartert, Katalog der Vogelsammlung..., 1891: 331. No locality

(Cape District, Grant & M.-Praed, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 53, 1933: 242).

Spatula capensis; Vincent, 1952: 11; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 47;

Praed & Grant, 1962: Ior.

Anas smithii; Delacour, 1956: 179; C.B.C., 1963: 20.

On the suppression of the genus Spatula, the specific name capensis Eyton,

1838, is preoccupied by Anas capensis Gmelin, 1789.

A breeding partial migrant in the south (breeding as far north as Van-

wyksvlei); elsewhere, an off-season visitor and passage migrant (Winter-

bottom & Middlemiss, 1960).

B, @1, G2, Ce 1, Ce 2; ‘Cl1, Cn, F,; H, MB; Ni, O;, P; PASS ogee

Sw 1, T, W, Wot, Wo 3.

Breeding

T°. 0 IV ) Vo VI NI VITE) DX, | Xero

WARS I 2 14 70 89 545 385 2

Karoo :

Anas clypeata L. European Shoveller

Anas clypeata Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 124. Europe (restricted

to S. Sweden); Delacour, 1956: 187; C.B.C., 1963: 20.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 93

Spatula clypeata; Vincent, 1952: 11; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 46;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 100.

Apparently a rare straggler from the Palaearctic to the extreme south;

but some of the records may be due to escapes from captivity—see Winter-

bottom & Middlemiss (1960) for discussion.

Genus AYTHYA Boie

[Aythya ferina (L.) European Pochard

Anas ferina Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 126. Europe (restricted

to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der Paladarktischen Fauna, 1903-23).

Aythya ferina; C.B.C., 1963: 61.

Records from the Cape Peninsula vleis, even if substantiated by specimens,

would be open to question as escapes from captivity. ]

Genus NETTA Kaup

Netta erythrophthalma brunnea (Eyton) Southern Pochard

Nyroca brunnea Eyton, A monograph on the Anatidae, 1838: 161, pl. 23. Southern

Africa.

Netta erythrophthalma; Vincent, 1952: 11; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 52.

Aythya erythrophthalma; Macdonald, 1957: 46; Praed & Grant, 1962: go.

Netta erythrophthalma brunnea; Delacour, 1959: 55; C.B.C., 1963: 20.

On the status and distribution of this species in Africa generally, see

Middlemiss (1958a) ; on the subspecific distinctness of brunnea, see Scott (1957)

and Delacour (1954-9).

There appear to be two populations of this bird in the south-west, a small,

resident, breeding one and a much larger, non-breeding one of summer

visitors (Middlemiss, 1958; Winterbottom, 1964c). Status beyond the south-

west uncertain and there are comparatively few records. It prefers water of

moderate depth and is rare in shallow pans.

C 1, Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl 2, F, MB, O, P, PA, R, Rb, 8, T, Sw 2, VW, Wot.

Breeding

PTE Ea) PAN? NT VEE VT oe OO XT TT

W.R. I I 2 8 I 3

Genus NETTAPUS Brandt

Nettapus auritus (Bodd.) Pygmy Goose

Anas aurita Boddaert, Table des planches enluminéez..., 1783: 48. Madagascar.

Nettapus auritus; Vincent, 1952: 11; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 46;

Delacour, 1959: 111; Praed & Grant, 1962: 110; C.B.C., 1963: 61.

Stark & Sclater give a record for Mossel Bay, and Townsend records it

once from Kraankuil, Hopetown District. The map of its distribution given

94. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

in Delacour (1954-9) is definitely misleading. There is an old skin in the South

African Museum labelled ‘Cape Flats’, but the possibility of this being an

escape from captivity cannot be excluded.

H, MB.

Genus SARKIDIORNIS Eyton

Sarkidiornis melanotos melanotos (Penn.) Knob-nosed Duck

Anser melanotus Pennant, Indian zoology, 1769: 12, pl. 11. Ceylon.

Sarkidiornis melanotos melanotos; Vincent, 1952: 12; Delacour, 1959: 121; C.B.C.,

1963: 20.

Sarkidiornis melanotos; Macdonald, 1957: 47; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

45; Praed & Grant, 1962: IFI.

Recorded as a rare straggler in the Cape Peninsula, Mossel Bay and

Oudtshoorn and possibly one intermediate locality. No other records. The

map in Delacour (1954-9), showing it to be a regular inhabitant of the western

Cape, is incorrect.

MB, O, S.

Genus PLECTROPTERUS Steph.

For another view of the systematic position of this genus, see Woolfenden

(1961).

Plectropterus gambensis (L.) Spur-winged Goose

Anas gambensis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 195. Gambia.

Plectropterus gambensis; Vincent, 1952: 12; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

44; Praed & Grant, 1962: 113; C.B.C., 1963: 20.

Plectropterus gambensis niger; Delacour, 1959: 139.

Most African workers do not now recognize the race niger P. L. Sclater

(Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1877: 47—Zanzibar (said to be an error for Cape

Province)), though this is upheld by Scott (1957) and Delacour (1954). See,

however, the evidence presented by Haagner (1909) for a contrary view.

Widely distributed, commonest in the south but occurring also on the

larger bodies of water on the Karoo, despite Delacour’s statement (1959)

that it does not occur in the south and west. In view of this, a map (Map 15

showing recorded localities in the western Cape is given.

G@ 1,,C 2; Ce 2,Cn, F, H, Lg, MB, O, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, S; Swaeee

WIWenWio ts WVio2, Wo-3.

Breeding

Rm WIV V VI VIL VIL XxX), x2

WV AR 2

Genus OxyURA Bp.

Oxyura punctata (Burchell) Maccoa Duck

Anas punctata Burchell, Travels in the interior of southern Africa, 1, 1822: 283.

Zak R., Fraserburg District.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 95

= aren ee a a

7, 19 21 23 25 27

Map 15. Distribution in the Western Cape of Plectropterus gambensis

Oxyura jamaicensis maccoa; Vincent, 1952: 12.

Oxyura maccoa; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 53; Delacour, 1959: 237.

Oxyura punctata; Praed & Grant, 1962: 97.

Oxyura jamacensis punctata; C.B.C., 1963: 21.

The name punctata has priority over maccoa (Eyton)—see Ride & Cain

(1954). Delacour & Mayr (1945) keep australis (Gould) as a separate species

from jamaicensis (Gmel.) and place the Maccoa Duck as a subspecies of that;

Scott (1957) and Delacour (1954-9) regard it as a full species; Vincent (1952)

fuses it with jamaicensis. After seeing O. jamaicensis in life, I am unable to agree

with this last view and have followed Scott & Delacour.

An enigmatic species, whose status is difficult to assess. Sometimes present

in considerable numbers, especially on the Karoo. Very local in the Winter

Rainfall area and subject to considerable fluctuations in numbers, disappearing

without obvious reason from vleis where it had formerly been abundant.

96 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Cin Cio.(Cen, Ceo: Cli Cn, Dark. Naa PY RaSh Suto VANE

Breeding

Dah aA eV Vet WE VIR OVID CES XO xa

W.R. I I 2 6 8 I

Genus THALASSORNIS Eyton

Thalassornis leuconotus leuconotus Eyton White-backed Duck

Thalassornis leuconotus Kyton, A monograph on the Anatidae, 1838: 168. South

Africa (restricted to Verlorenvlei, Piketberg, C.P., Grant & M.-Praed,

Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 53, 1933: 242).

Thalassornis leuconotus leuconotus; Vincent, 1952: 12; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 54; Delacour, 1959: 254; Praed & Grant, 1962: 98; C.B.C.,

1963: 21.

An uncommon species, recorded only from the south-west and, long ago,

from Vanwyksvlei.

B, Cn, 8S, Sw t.

Family Accipitridae

Genus AEGYPIUS Savig.

On the limits of this genus, see White (1951).

Aegypius tracheliotus (Forst.) Lappet-faced Vulture

Vultur tracheliotus Forster, in Levaillant’s Reisen in das innere von Afrika, 3,

1796: 362, pl. 12. Great Namaqualand (Winterbottom, Ostrich, 36,

1965: 91).

Torgos tracheliotus; Vincent, 1952: 12; Macdonald, 1957: 48; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 56; C.B.C., 1963: 61.

Torgos tracheliotus tracheliotus; Swann, 1930: 46; Praed & Grant, 1962: 127.

Formerly widely distributed but now killed out in most of the settled

areas and the only recent record is from the Hopetown District.

BW 2, D, H, N 2, P, PA, S, Swit.

[Aegypius occipitalis (Burch.) White-headed Vulture

Vultur occipitalis Burchell, Travels in the interior of southern Africa, 2, 1824:

329. Makkwari River, near Kuruman.

Trigonoceps occipitalis; Swann, 1930: 53; Vincent, 1952: 12; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 56; Praed & Grant, 1962: 128.

May occur as a straggler in the north-east. ]

Genus cGyps Savig.

Gyps coprotheres (Forst.) Cape Vulture

Vultur coprotheres Forster, in Levaillant’s Naturgeschichte der afrikanischen

Vogel, 1798: 35, pl. 10. South Africa (restricted to Cape Town, Winter-

bottom, Ostrich, 36, 1965: 91).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE Q7

Gyps coprotheres; Vincent, 1952: 12; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 55;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 125; C.B.C., 1963: 21.

Gyps fulovus coprotheres; Swann, 1930: 30.

Formerly probably generally distributed but its numbers have now been

drastically reduced, though it is still the commonest vulture in the area. There

is a breeding colony on the Potberg, Bredasdorp—Swellendam border, and

another in the Philipstown District.

BW? 1, BWe2) Cl 25 DUE MBS) NityNi2 OOP Pr Rby Ryit.)S, Swat,

Me VW.

Breeding

Ee LE POV Ne VA, NEN DT SG GTS OTT

W.R. Col. I I

Genus NEOPHRON Savig.

For limits of this genus, see White (1950).

Neophron percnopterus percnopterus (L.) Egyptian Vulture

Vultur perenopterus(sic) Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 87. Egypt.

Neophron percnopterus percnopterus; Vincent, 1952: 12.

Neophron percnopterus; C.B.C., 1963: 61.

Neophron percnopterus percnopterus; Swann, 1930: 55; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 57; Praed & Grant, 1962: 129.

Formerly probably widespread but there are no recent records and the

species is now extinct, or virtually so, in the western Cape.

BW 2, S, Swit.

Neophron monachus pileatus (Burch.) Hooded Vulture

Vultur pileatus Burchell, Travels in the interior of Southern Africa, 2, 1824:

195. Hopetown District, Cape Province.

Necrosyrtes monachus pileatus; Swann, 1930: 61; Vincent, 1952: 13; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 57; Praed & Grant, 1962: 130.

Probably never extended beyond the north-east corner of our area and

there are no recent records even from there.

BW 2, H, Pr.

Genus miLvus Lacép.

Milvus migrans (Bodd.) Black Kite

a. Mulvus migrans migrans (Bodd.).

Falco migrans Boddaert, Table des planches enluminéez .. . , 1783: 28.

France.

Milvus migrans migrans; Swann, 1945: 232; Vincent, 1952: 13; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 69; Praed & Grant, 1962: 147; C.B.C., 1963: 21.

Milvus migrans; Macdonald, 1957: 49.

98 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

A migrant which occasionally penetrates our area in summer from further

north.

BW ag, S.

b. Mailvus migrans parasitus (Daud.)

Falco parasitus Daudin, Traité . . . d’ornithologie, 2, 1800: 150. South Africa

(restricted to Peddie, Cape Province, Grant & M.—Praed, Bull. Br.

Orn. Club, 54, 1934: 109, and corrected to middle Sundays River,

Grant & M.—Praed, Ostrich, 29, 1958: 47).

Milvus aegyptius parasitus; Vincent, 1952: 13; McLachlan & Liversidge,

HORS GOS Chloe Crs olen Piri.

Milvus migrans parasitus; Swann, 1945: 237; Praed & Grant, 1962: 147.

A breeding summer migrant, chiefly to the south-west (Berg River) but

also on the Karoo (Nelspoort) ; and a passage migrant, chiefly to the west and

south.

BW 2, G2, Cer, Clr, F, H, Lg; M, N1, N2; N4,,0;,P) Ro RBS:

Swi, T, U, V, Wot.

Breeding

T Ws WI. 1V Vv VI VITS VIL TX. xe xe

W.R. I GX) 1G

Genus ELANUS Savig.

Elanus caeruleus caeruleus (Desf.) Black-shouldered Kite

Falco caeruleus Desfontaines, Mém. Acad. r. Paris for 1787, 1789: 503. Near

Algiers.

Elanus caeruleus caeruleus; Swann, 1945: 261; Vincent, 1952: 13; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 70; Praed & Grant, 1962: 149; C.B.C., 1963: 21.

Widely distributed but rare in the drier areas though a common resident

in the Winter Rainfall area, where it is the most abundant raptor of the

flatter places.

BW 2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Ct, F, WH, K, L, Lg, M, MB, Ni1,,N 2Nigi Oo;

P, PA, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Su2, Swi, T, U, V, VW, Wo1, Wo2, Wo 3.

Breeding

> WY TV VO VIX VIl VIN Tx ree ie

W.R. I I I I 5] 10>, 6 3

Genus MACHEIRHAMPHUS Bp.

For the use of this name, see Deignan (1960).

[Macheirhamphus alcinus anderssoni (Gurney) Bat Hawk

Stigonyx anderssont Gurney; Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1865: 618. Otjimbingwe,

Damaraland.

Machaerhamphus anderssoni; Swann, 1945: 306.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 99

Machaerhamphus alcinus anderssoni; Vincent, 1952: 13; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 71; Praed & Grant, 1962: 150; C.B.C., 1963: 61.

A sight record from the Berg River needs confirmation. |

Genus PERNIS Cuv.

[Pernis apivorus apivorus (L.) Honey Buzzard

Falco apivorus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 91. Sweden.

Pernis apivorus apivorus; Vincent, 1952: 13; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

71; Praed & Grant, 1962: 151.

Praed & Grant (1962) record it throughout southern Africa in the non-

breeding season; but I know of no records from the western Cape. |

Genus AQUILA Briss.

For limits of this genus, see White (1951).

Aquila verreauxi Less. Black Eagle

Aquila verreauxt Lesson, Centurie zoologique, 1830: 105, pl. 38. Interior of the

Cape of Good Hope; Swann, 1945: 16; Vincent, 1952: 13; Macdonald,

1957: 49; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 71; Praed & Grant, 1962:

152; C.B.C., 1963: 22.

A mountain species, widely distributed but much persecuted and now

rarely seen except on the Cape Peninsula, where a few pairs still remain in

comparative safety.

BW 2, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl 2, Cn, Ct, K, L, Lg, M, MB, N 3, O, P, PA, Rb,

Rv 1, 8, Swi, T, V, W, Wo1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Toi 1 IV Vig Vil Vi VI XS ay ee OX

W.R. 2 4 3

Aquila rapax rapax (Temm.) Tawny Eagle

Falco rapax Temminck, Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux, 76,

1828: pl. 455. South Africa.

Aquila rapax rapax; Swann, 1945: 50; Vincent, 1952: 13; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 72; Praed & Grant, 1962: 153.

Aquila rapax; Macdonald, 1957: 50.

Largely shot out; and probably never extended beyond the eastern parts

of the Karoo (Map 14).

BW 1, BW 2, H, O, P, R, VW.

[Aquila wahlbergi Sund. Wahlberg’s Eagle

Aquila wahlbergi Sundevall, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Forh. for 1850, 1851:

109. Mohapoani, western Transvaal (Gyldensiolpe, Ibis, 1934: 264-92) ;

100 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Vincent, 1952: 14; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 73; Praed & Grant,

1962: 156.

Hieraeétus wahlbergi; Swann, 1945: 85.

Records from Oudtshoorn (Pocock & Winterbottom, 1958) are probably

referable to the last species. May possibly occur in the north-east. ]

Aquila fasciata spilogaster (Bp.) Hawk Eagle

Spizaétus spilogaster Bonaparte, Revue. Mag. Zool., 1850: 487. Abyssinia.

Mieraaétus spilogaster; Swann, 1945: 75; Praed & Grant, 1962: 156.

Hieraaétus fasciata spilogaster; Vincent, 1952: 14.

Meraétus spilogaster; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 75.

Mieraaétus fasciatus spilogaster; C.B.C., 1963: 22.

Only recorded from the south and there largely shot out.

O, S.

Aquila dubia (Smith) Ayres’ Hawk Eagle

Morphnus dubius A. Smith, 8. Afr. Q.J., 1830: 117. Western Cape Province

(Heere Logement, Vanrhynsdorp District—vide Roberts, Ann. Transv.

Mus., 18, 1936: 322).

Mieraaétus ayresii; Swann, 1945: 83.

HMieraaétus dubius; Vincent, 1952: 14; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 74;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 157; C.B.C., 1963: 61.

Only known from the west and south; and there almost extinct today.

ClitsNi35Ni45,O37930y.

Aquila pennata (Gmel.) Booted Eagle

Falco pennatus Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (1), 1788:

272. No locality. (France, Swann, A synopsis of the Accipitres, 1922: 113.)

Mieraaétus pennatus pennatus; Swann, 1945: 77.

Mieraaétus pennatus; Vincent, 1952: 14; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 74;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 158; C.B.C., 1963: 61.

A non-breeding visitor from the Palaearctic, which probably rarely

penetrates our area. It is, however, difficult to distinguish in the field from

A. fasciata.

BW 2, C 2, Cl 1, P, Rb, S, Sw.

Genus SPIZAETUS Vieill.

On the limits of this genus, see Swann (1945).

Spizaetus bellicosus (Daud.) Martial Eagle

Falco bellicosus Daudin, Traité . . . d’ornithologie, 2, 1800: 38. Great Namaqua-

land, between 28°S. and the Tropic.

Spizaétus bellicosus; Swann, 1945: 105.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE IOI

Polemaéius bellicosus; Vincent, 1952: 14; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 75;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 159.

Polomaétus bellicosus; C.B.C., 1963: 22.

Of all the larger birds of prey, this species has best held its own against

relentless persecution and may still be seen almost anywhere on the Karoo,

though virtually extinct in the Winter Rainfall area.

BBW BW) 22, Cio.) Glia. Gn. Hy ie MEeMiB. IN), Nios IN 4.5.0.) Ps

PA, Pr, 8, Swi, U, VW.

Spizaetus coronatus (L.) Crowned Eagle

Falco coronatus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1766: 124. Guinea.

Spizaétus coronatus; Swann, 1945: 107.

Stephanoaétus coronatus; Vincent, 1952: 14; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 76;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 160; C.B.C., 1963: 61.

A forest eagle of which there is a specimen from French Hoek in the South

African Museum. May occur as a straggler in the south-east but there are no

other definite records.

Genus LOPHAETUs Kaup

[Lophaetus occipitalis (Daud.) Long-crested Eagle

Falco occipitalis Daudin, Traité . . . d’ornithologie, 2, 1800: 40. George District.

Lophaetus occipitalis; Swann, 1945: 125; Vincent, 1952: 14; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 73.

Lophoaétus occipitalis; Praed & Grant, 1962: 161.

Praed & Grant (1962) record it as ‘throughout, except Cape Peninsula’

but there appear to be no records from the western Cape, though it may

occur in the Brak River area of Mossel Bay.]

Genus CIRCAETUS Vieill.

[Circaetus cinereus Vieill. Brown Snake-Eagle

Circaétus cinereus Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 23, 1818:

445. Senegal; Swann, 1945: 140; Vincent, 1952: 14; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 77; Praed & Grant, 1962: 164; C.B.C., 1963: 61.

May occur but no records. |}

Circaetus gallicus pectoralis Smith Black-breasted Snake-Eagle

Circaétus pectoralis A. Smith, S. Afr. Q.J., 1830: 109. No locality. (Twenty-four

Rivers, Porterville, Cape Province); Swann, 1945: 138; Vincent, 1952:

14; Macdonald, 1957: 50; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 77; Praed

& Grant, 1962: 165; C.B.C., 1963: 22.

For reasons for regarding fectoralis as a race of gallicus, see White (1951).

Widely distributed in both Karoo and Winter Rainfall areas but rare.

B, BW 1, BW 2, H, K, M, N 1, N 3, O, P, PA, 8, VW, W.

102 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Genus TERATHOPIUS Less.

Terathopius ecaudatus (Daud.) Bateleur

Falco ecaudatus Daudin, Traité . . . d’ornithologie, 2, 1800: 54. George District.

Terathopius ecaudatus; Swann, 1945: 170; Vincent, 1952: 15; Macdonald,

1957: 50; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 79; Praed & Grant, 1962:

168; C.B.C., 1963: 61.

Widespread in the north and east in the past but now virtually exter-

minated in our area.

BW 2, O, S, U, VW.

Genus HALIAEETUS Savig.

Haliaeetus vocifer (Daud.) African Sea Eagle

Falco vocifer Daudin, Traité . . . d’ornithologie, 2, 1800: 65. Keurboom River,

Cape Province.

Haliaeetus vocifer; Vincent, 1952: 15; C.B.C., 1963: 22.

Cuncuma vocifer vicifer; Swann, 1945: 190.

Haliaétus vocifer; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 78.

Cuncuma vocifer; Praed & Grant, 1962: 169.

Widely distributed and not uncommon on the larger bodies of water,

especially in the south and south-west.

K, MB, N 2, N 4, O, P, Rv 1, 8, Sw 1, T, U, Wot.

Breeding

PI Wl IV VY VE Vil Vili IX oe

W.R. 2 3 4 2

Genus GYPAETUSs Storr

Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis Keys. & Blas. Lammergeier

Gypaétus meridionalis Keyserling & Blasius, Die Wirbelthiere Europa’s, 1840:

28. South Africa (restricted to Sundays River, Cape Province).

Gypaétus barbatus meridionalis; Swann, 1945: 8; Vincent, 1952: 15; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 79; Praed & Grant, 1962: 171; C.B.C., 1963: 62.

Formerly widespread in mountainous country in the south and east of

our area but now probably extinct.

BW 2, Cn, S, Sw 1, VW.

Genus BUTEO Lacép.

Treatment of species in this genus follows South African Ornithological

Society, List Committee Report (1956).

Buteo buteo Buzzard

a. Buteo buteo vulpinus (Glog.)

Falco vulpinus Gloger, Das Abandern der Végel durch Einflus des Klima’s,

1833: 141.Africa (restricted to Sundays R., E. Cape, Stresemann, Annls

Mus. r. Congo belge, N. Sér. 4to, Zool., 1, 1954: 81-82).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 103

Buteo vulpinus vulpinus; Swann, 1930: 372; Vincent, 1952: 15.

Buteo buteo vulpinus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 81; C.B.C., 1963: 22.

Buteo vulpinus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 173.

Steppe Buzzards are common in the Winter Rainfall area in summer as

non-breeding visitors from the Palaearctic; and widely, but more sparingly,

distributed on the Karoo at the same season. Most of them probably belong

to this subspecies.

H, Rb, S, U.

Racially indeterminate: B, BW 1, BW 2, C2, Cei, Ce2, Ce3, Cl 1,

CnwD Shik Lele. MaMB. Ni 350; Pa PAY Pros Ry ty Su) ts SWals ow, 2)

T, V, VW, Wo 1, Wo 3.

b. Buteo buteo menetriest Bogd.

Buteo menetriest Bogdanow, Trudy Obshch. Estest. Imp. Kazan. Univ., 8,

4, 1879: 45. Caucasus.

Buteo rufinus menetriesi; Swann, 1930: 381.

Buteo buteo menetriesi; Vincent, 1952: 15; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

81; C:B.C., 1963: 22.

Buteo menetriest; Praed & Grant, 1962: 173.

See above; definite records of this form are confined to the south-west.

Ss.

c. Buteo buteo trizonatus Rudebeck.

Buteo buteo trizonatus Rudebeck, South African animal life, 4, 1956: 400.

Knysna; C.B.C., 1963: 23.

Buteo oreophilus; Swann, 1930: 376 (in part); Vincent, 1952: 15.

Buteo buteo oreophilus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 81.

Buteo trizonatus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 175.

Found breeding on the Cape Peninsula by P. Steyn and J. Brooks in

1960; and another nest investigated by G. J. Broekhuysen, F. Coly and the

author in 1961.

Buteo rufofuscus rufofuscus (Forst.) Jackal Buzzard

Falco rufofuscus Forster, in Levaillant’s Naturgeschichte der afrikanischen Vogel,

1798: 59, pl. 16. South Africa (restricted to Cape Town, Winterbottom,

Ostrich, 36, 1965: 91).

Buteo rofofuscus rufofuscus; Vincent, 1952: 15; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

80; Praed & Grant, 1962: 176; C.B.C., 1963: 23.

Buteo rufofuscus; Swann, 1930: 383; Macdonald, 1957: 50.

Widely distributed and common near hills and mountains throughout

the western Cape. In the south-west, birds strongly recalling the northern

B.r. augur (Riipp.) have been recorded but their status remains uncertain.

104 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

B, BW.1, BW.2; C1, C2, Cex, Ce2, Ces, Cli1;,:Cl2; CoD) Bk

Lg, M, MB, N1, N2, N3, N 4, O, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sur, Sw,

Sw 2, V, VW, W, Wor, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Lyall ll) IV Veo Vi VEL VILL OX oc ea

W.R. I 2 2 5 I

Karoo z

Genus ACCIPITER Briss

Accipiter nisus nisus (L.) European Sparrow-hawk

Falco nisus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 92. Europe (restricted to

Sweden, Hartert, Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna, 1903-23).

Accipiter nisus nisus; Swann, 1930: 273; Praed & Grant, 1962: 179.

A specimen from Swellendam in the South African Museum is the only

record of this species from Africa south of Ethiopia and the Sudan.

Swit.

Accipiter minullus minullus (Daud.) Little Sparrow-hawk

Falco minullus Daudin, Traité . . . d’ornithologie, 2, 1800: 88. Gamtoos River,

Cape Province.

Accipiter minullus minullus, Swann, 1930: 297; Vincent, 1952: 15.

Accipiter minullus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 84; Praed & Grant, 1962:

179.

There is a specimen from Swellendam in the South African Museum and

probably found in thickly wooded country thence eastwards, but there are no

actual records.

PA, Sw t.

Accipiter rufiventris rufiventris Smith Red-breasted Sparrow-hawk

Accipiter rufiventris A. Smith, S. Afr. Q.J. 1830: 231. South Africa (restricted

to Baviaans River, Cape Province).

Accipiter rufiventris rufiventris; Swann, 1930: 321; Vincent, 1952: 16; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 81; Praed & Grant, 1962: 182; C.B.C., 1963: 23.

Widespread in wooded country in the Winter Rainfall area but nowhere

very common. Sometimes comes out into much opener country when hunting

and I have seen it attacking a Tawny Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae on the Cape

Town foreshore, and Cape Canaries Serinus canicollis in the Olifants River

valley near Clanwilliam and near Riversdale, all in treeless places.

Cl 1, M, O, Rv 1, 8, Sw, T.

Breeding

ys) SEI. ATV OV), NIige VE, VEE EX ee en

W.R: 2 I I

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 105

Accipiter melanoleucus Smith Black Sparrow-hawk

Accipiter melanoleucus Smith, S. Afr. Q.J., 1830: 229. Baviaans River, Cape

Province.

Neornisus melanoleucus; Swann, 1930: 269.

Accipiter melanoleucus melanoleucus; Vincent, 1952: 16; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 85; Praed & Grant, 1962: 183; C.B.C., 1963: 62.

The only records are a specimen from Nelspoort in the South African

Museum and a skin obtained in the Cape Division by Andrew Smith.

BW 2, S.

Accipiter badius polyzonoides Smith Little Banded Goshawk

Accipiter polyzonoides A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa,

Aves, 1858: pl. 2. N. of 26°S. Lat. (near Mafeking, Sclater, Systema

avium ethiopicarum, I, 1924: 70).

Astur polyzonoides; Swann, 1930: 200.

Accipiter badius polyzonoides; Vincent, 1952: 16; Macdonald, 1957: 50;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 86; Praed & Grant, 1962: 184.

Recorded only frem the north (Upington, Hopetown) and east (Oudts-

hoorn), these last perhaps an error for A. minullus.

H, O, U.

Accipiter tachiro tachiro (Daud.) African Goshawk

Falco tachiro Daudin, Traité . . . d’ornithologie, 2, 1800: 90. George.

Astur tachiro tachiro; Swann, 1930: 195.

Accipiter tachiro tachiro; Vincent, 1952: 16; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

85; Praed & Grant, 1962: 185.

An uncommon forest hawk in the south, recorded from the Cape

Peninsula, Mossel Bay and Swellendam. Elsewhere, known only from Nelspoort

(Stark & Sclater).

BW 2, MB, S, Sw.

Genus MELIERAX Gray

Melierax musicus musicus (Daud.) Chanting Goshawk

Falco musicus Daudin, Traité . . . d’ornithologie, 2, 1800: 116. North of the

Olifants River, Cape Province.

Melierax musicus; Vincent, 1952: 16; Macdonald, 1957: 51; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 87.

Melierax musicus musicus; Swann, 1930: 165; Praed & Grant, 1962: 187; C.B.C.,

1963: 23.

The common hawk of the Karoo, extending south to the Karoo country

in the Breede River valley.

B, BW 1, BW 2, C1, C2, Ce 2, Ce 3; Cn, Ct, D, H, K, L, Lg, M, N 1,

106 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

N 2, N3, N4, O, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb, S, Su2, Swi, Sw2, U, V, VW, W,

Wo 1, Wo 3.

Breeding

1 I It Iv VV VI.NVIl Ville 1X Xs Sage

Karoo 2

Melierax gabar gabar (Daub.) Gabar Goshawk

Falco gabar Daudin, Traité .. . d’ornithologie, 2, 1800: 87. Interior of South

Africa (restricted to Zwart River, Graaff-Reinet, Grant & M.-Praed,

Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 54, 1934: 111).

Melierax gabar gabar; Swann, 1930: 172; Vincent, 1952: 16; C.B.C.,

1963: 62.

Melierax gabar; Macdonald, 1957: 51.

Micronisus gabar; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 86; Praed & Grant, 1962:

186.

There are scattered records from the south (Olifants River, Calitzdorp,

Oudtshoorn) and one from 20 miles east of Springbok and another from

Upington. Status unknown.

Clit Chas GLiNsiOVPAS SU:

Genus circus Lacép.

Circus maurus (Temm.) Black Harrier

Falco maurus ‘Temminck, Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux, 78,

1828: pl. 461. Cape of Good Hope.

Circus maurus; Swann, 1930: 138; Vincent, 1952: 16; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 88; Praed & Grant, 1962: 190; C.B.C., 1963: 23.

Uncommon, but stiJl widely distributed, tolerating much drier conditions

than C. ranivorus.

BW 2, C1, C2; Cli, F, Lg, MB, N1, P, R, Rv zt, S, Swi, 7, Voie

W, Wor.

Circus pygargus (L.) Montagu’s Harrier

Falco Pygargus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 91. Europe (restricted

to England).

Circus pygargus; Swann, 1930: 111; Vincent, 1952: 16; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 88; Praed & Grant, 1962: 191; C.B.C., 1963: 62.

A rare, non-breeding visitor from the Palaearctic, occasionally recorded

from the south (Cape Flats, Swellendam) and north-east (Kraankuil,

Philipstown).

H, P, 8S, Swi, U.

Circus macrourus (Gmel.) Pallid Harrier

Accipiter macrourus Gmelin, Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. imp. Petrop (St. Peters-

burg), 15, 1771: 439, pls. 8, 9. Veronezh, Russia.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 107

Circus macrourus; Swann, 1930: 109; Vincent, 1952: 16; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 88; Praed & Grant, 1962: 191; C.B.C., 1963: 62.

A rare, non-breeding visitor from the Palaearctic to the east and south of

our area; but more frequently recorded than the preceding.

BW 2, N 1, P, 8S, U, VW, Wo 3.

[Circus aeruginosus aeruginosus (L.) European Marsh Harrier

Falco aeruginosus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 91. Sweden.

Circus aeruginosus aeruginosus; Vincent, 1952: 16; Praed & Grant, 1962: 192.

May occur as a non-breeding visitor from the Palaearctic.]

Circus ranivorus ranivorus (Daud.) African Marsh Harrier

Falco ranivorus Daudin, Traité . . . d’ornithologie, 2, 1800: 170. Duiwenhok

River, Swellendam (Winterbottom, Ostrich, 36, 1965: 91).

Circus ranivorus ranivorus; Swann, 1930: 128; Vincent, 1952: 16; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 88; C.B.C., 1963: 23.

Circus aeruginosus ranivorus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 193.

I do not agree with the view which regards ranivorus as conspecific with

aeruginosus (L.).

Requires swamps for breeding. Where these are available, resident; and

much the commonest of our Harriers, especially in the south.

BWe2 Geo Clit. Cn. Di MMB Nine Ro Rb RVat. Ss, OW Lun VE

Wot.

Breeding

OPT UE RV. Ve NA NA WV TX OT eT

We. 4 iy. ako & 2

Genus POLYBOROIDES Smith

Polyboroides radiatus typus Smith Banded Harrier-Hawk

Polyboroides typus A. Smith, S. Afr. comml Advert., 13 May 1829. Eastern Cape.

Gymnogenys typicus typicus; Swann, 1930: 97.

Polyboroides typus typus; Vincent, 1952: 17; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

89; C.B.C., 1963: 23.

Polyboroides radiatus typus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 194.

In the Winter Rainfall area, probably widely distributed in wooded

valleys. Elsewhere recorded only from the Orange River near Upington.

C 2, Cl 1, Ct, L, M, O, PA, S, Sw 1, U, V.

Breeding

PEIN Ven TV Vill pe VAT EXe ead) CTT

Karoo I

108 ' ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Family Falconidae

Genus FALCO L.

Falco peregrinus minor Bp. Peregrine

Falco minor Bonaparte, Revue Mag. Zool., 1850: 484. Cape of Good Hope.

Falco peregrinus perconfusus; Swann, 1945: 390; Vincent, 1952: 17; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 61; C.B.C., 1963: 24.

Falco japonensis perconfusus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 132.

The decision of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

that Tunstall is not a binomial author has brought complete confusion to the

specific name of this species, as well as upsetting a number of other established

names. The decision is ignored in this list.

Sparingly distributed in mountainous country, though there are few

records from the Karoo.

It is possible that, as Praed & Grant (1962) state, Fp. peregrinus Tunstall

may occur as a non-breeding, summer visitor from the Palaearctic; but there

are no records of it.

BW 2, GC. 1, C2; LN 2). N 3, P, Rb, Rv 15S, Sw.1; U,V; Wo:

Falco biarmicus biarmicus Temm. Lanner Falcon

Falco biarmicus 'Temminck, Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux,

55, 1825: pl. 324. Caffraria & Cape of Good Hope (restricted to Peddie

District, Cape Province).

Falco biarmicus biarmicus; Swann, 1945: 400; Vincent, 1952: 17; Macdonald,

1957: 48; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 62; Praed & Grant, 1962:

199°C: b.G., 1903/24.

Much commoner and more generally distributed than the Peregrine

and in places (e.g. between Aughrabies and Port Nolloth and round Gamoep,

Little Namaqualand) common.

B, BW 2, C1, C2, Cn, D, H, K, Ni, N 3, N4, O, P, R, S, Su 2, Swi;

A LmV at WAV | VVONE:

Breeding

PW WT IV Vo UV. Vil VI EX (xe eee

Karoo I

Falco subbuteo L. Hobby Falcon

a. Falco subbuteo subbuteo L.

Falco Subbuteo Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 89. Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der palaarktischen Fauna,

1903: 23).

Ico subbuteo subbuteo; Swann, 1945: 339; Vincent, 1952: 17; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 62; Praed & Grant, 1962: 136; C.B.C., 1963: 62.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 109

A non-breeding visitor from the Palaearctic, recorded from Nelspoort by

Stark & Sclater.

BW 2.

b. Falco subbuteo cuviertt Smith

Falco cuviertt A. Smith, S. Afr. Q.J., 1830: 392. Kei River, Cape Province.

Swann, 1945: 357; Vincent, 1952: 17; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 62; Praed & Grant, 1962: 136; C.B.C., 1963: 62.

For reasons for regarding cuvieri as a race of subbuteo, see White (19514).

A rare species, recorded from the south-west and north-east. Status

unknown but presumably resident.

BW 2, H, S, Sw 1.

Falco amurensis Radde Red-footed Falcon

Falco vespertinus (var.) amurensis Radde, Reisen im Siiden von Ost-Sibirien, 2,

1863: 102, pl. 1, fig. 2. Blago-vestschensk, middle Amur River.

Falco amurensis; Swann, 1945: 377; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 63; Praed

& Grant, 1962: 138.

Erythropus amurensis; Vincent, 1952: 17.

A non-breeding visitor from the Palaearctic, recorded only from the

Philipstown District. Praed & Grant (1962) suggest that the western F. vesper-

tinus L. also occurs, but there are no records of it.

Falco chicquera horsbrughi Gunn. & Rbts. Red-necked Kestrel

Falco horsbrught Gunning & Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 3, 1911: 110. Pretoria.

Tinnunculus horsbrughi; Vincent, 1952: 17.

Tinnunculus ruficollis daviest; Vincent, 1952: 17.

Falco chicquera horsbrught; Swann, 1945: 365; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

63; Praed & Grant, 1962: 139.

For reasons for the use of this name, see South African Ornithological

Society, List Committee Report (1959).

A Kalahari bird, recorded only from the north-east.

BW 2, D, H, K, N 4, U.

Falco tinnunculus rupicolus Daud. Rock Kestrel

Falco rupicolus Daudin Traité . . . d’ornithologie, 2, 1800: 135. Cape of Good

Hope.

Cerchneis tinnunculus rupicola; Swann, 1945: 442.

Cerchneis rupicolus; Vincent, 1952: 18.

Falco tinnunculus rupicolus; Macdonald, 1957: 48; Praed & Grant, 1962: 140;

CB: C7 1903)024-

Falco tinnunculus rupicola; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 65.

110 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Much the commonest and most widely distributed of our falcons, found

in open country throughout the area.

All Districts: Cl 1, M, N 1, PA, S, U, V.

Breeding

Toil. Jt IV. ..vV... Vly / VIL. Vill 2X oc xia

W.R. I 4 4

Karoo 2 I

Falco rupicoloides rupicoloides Smith Greater Kestrel

Falco rupicoloides A. Smith, S. Afr. Q.J., 1830: 238. Groene River, Little

Namaqualand.

Cerchneis rupicoloides rupicoloides; Swann, 1945: 447; Vincent, 1952: 18.

Falco rupicoloides rupicoloides; Macdonald, 1957: 48; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 65; Praed & Grant, 1962: 141; C.B.C., 1963: 24.

Not uncommon, but local, on the Karoo; a straggler to the Winter

Rainfall area.

B, BW 1, BW 2, G1, G2, Ce 3, Cu, D) OH, K, Eg, Nit, N23 Nae

Pr, R, 8, U, V, VW, Wo 3.

Breeding

Im 1 IV OV Vi Vil VE xc xe exe

Karoo I I

Falco naumanni naumanni Fleisch. Lesser Kestrel

Falco naumanni Fleischer, in Laurop & Fischer’s Sylvan for 1817-18, 1818:

174. Sicily.

Cerchneis naumanni naumanni; Swann, 1945: 455; Vincent, 1952: 18.

Falco naumanni naumanni; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 68; Praed & Grant,

1962: 142; C.B.C., 1963: 24.

A non-breeding visitor from the Palaearctic to the east and south of the

area, occurring in large flocks which assemble to roost every evening in places

used year after year.

Gig, Ger, Ce 2, Cli, H, MB, O, P., Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sw, fT VWaVye

Genus POLIOHIERAX Kaup

Poliohierax semitorquatus semitorquatus (Smith) Pygmy Falcon

Falco semitorquatus A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central

Africa, 1836: 44. Old Latakoo = Kuruman.

Polihierax semitorquatus; Swann, 1945: 328.

Polihierax semitorquatus semitorquatus; Vincent, 1952: 18; Macdonald, 1957: 49;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 68.

Poliohierax semitorquatus semitorquatus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 145.

A spill-over from the Kalahari, recorded only from the neighbourhood

of the Orange River. Since it is normally dependent on the Social Weaver

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE MEAL AL

Philetarius socius for nest-sites, its distribution is limited by that of this bird

(map 14).

Pr U:

Family Pandionidae

Genus PANDION Sewig.

Pandion haliaetus haliaetus (L.) Osprey

Falco haliaétus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 91. Europe (restricted

to Sweden, Hartert, Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna, 1903: 23).

Pandton haliaetus haliaetus; Swann, 1945: 478.

Pandion haliaaetus haliaaetus; Vincent, 1952: 17; C.B.C., 1963: 24.

Pandion haliaétus haliaétus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 92: Praed & Grant,

1962: 195.

Status uncertain. Believed to breed on the Berg River, but nowhere

common; and recorded outside the extreme south-west only from Perdegrasvlei,

Fraserburg District, and from the Orange River.

F, MB, Pr, S, Su 1.

Family Sagittariidae

Genus SAGITTARIUS Herm,

Sagittarius serpentarius (Miller) Secretary-bird

Falco serpentarius J. F. Miller, Icones animalium et plantarum, 1779: pl. 28.

Cape of Good Hope.

Sagittarius serpentarius serpentarius; Swann, 1930: 63.

Sagittarius serpentarius; Vincent, 1952: 12; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 54;

Praca & Grant, 196221129; 2B: ©). s19609i.27

Widely but thinly distributed in both Karoo and Winter Rainfall areas;

and probably commoner in the latter than the former.

BWi2, Gir, Ce2;, Ce 3, Clit, Cn, Ho Le, MBVNia Ni oyN 4, OPERA.

R, Rv 1, 8, Swi, Sw2, V, VW, W.

Breeding

Poe Ve NV VAS VT VT Xe Te

W.R. I 6

Karoo I

Family Phasianidae

Genus FRANCOLINUS Stephens

I have followed Hall (1963) for the nomenclature of the francolins.

Francolinus africanus africanus Steph. Grey-winged Francolin

Francolinus africanus Stephens, in Shaw’s General zoology, 11, 1819: 323.

Hottentot country (restricted to King William’s Town District, Vincent,

Ostrich, 20, 1949: 149).

112 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Francolinus africanus africanus; Vincent, 1952: 20; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 94; C.B.C., 1963: 24.

Francolinus afer; Praed & Grant, 1962: 205.

Widely distributed in both the Winter Rainfall area and the Karoo,

though absent from the more arid parts of the latter. Not confined to moun-

tainous country, as sometimes thought.

BW 1, BW 2, C2, Ce1, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cl1, D, L, Lg, M, MB, N 3, O, P,

PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, S, Su2, Swi, Sw2, T, V, VW, W, Wo1, Wo2, Wo 3.

Breeding

TM, Wl IV VO OVEY VIL VITID TXorre lei

W.R. I 2 I 3 I I

Karoo I 2

Francolinus levaillantii levaillantii (Valenc.) Red-winged Francolin

Perdix Levaillantit Valenciennes, Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, 38, 1825:

441. Cape of Good Hope (restricted to Swellendam, Praed & Grant,

1962: 208).

Francolinus levaillantii levaillantit; Vincent, 1952: 20; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 95; Praed & Grant, 1962: 208; C.B.C., 1963: 25.

Only on the better watered mountains and there uncommon.

MONMB.@> Po Rv 15.9, Swit

Francolinus levaillantoides levaillantoides (Smith) Orange River

Francolin

Perdix levaillantoides A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central

Africa, 1836: 55. Upper Orange River.

Francolinus gariepensis gariepensis; Vincent, 1952: 20.

Francolinus levaillantoides; Macdonald, 1957: 52.

Francolinus levaillantoides levaillantoides; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 953

Praed & Grant, 1962: 210.

A northern species which penetrates our area only in the north from

Philipstown to Alexander Bay.

DSN Ni 4: P:

Francolinus capensis (Gmel.) Cape Francolin

Tetrao capensis Gmelin, C. a Linné. . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2), 1789:

759. Cape of Good Hope.

Francolinus capensis; Vincent, 1952: 20, McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 96;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 214; C.B.C., 1963: 25.

A species of the macchia vegetation, where it is common. Isolated records

from Assenkjer (Richtersveld), Upington and Karee River (Fraserburg) may

be errors.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE I1lg3

@ 2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cl 1, Cla, F, lL, M, MB, N 2, O, PA; Rb, Rv 1,

S, Su 1, Su 2, Swi, Sw 2, T, V, Wor, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

ey ee TT EW Vie VS VETTE 6 NSIT TE XK ECT SL

W.R. 3 2 I TAC ORG Sa 88

Karoo I I

Francolinus afer notatus (Roberts) Red-throated Francolin

Pternistis castaneiwventris notatus Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 10, 1924: 121.

Knysna.

Piernistis afer notatus; Vincent, 1952: 21; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 98;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 224; C.B.C., 1963: 62.

An eastern species, penetrating the Winter Rainfall area as far as Swellen-

dam and, perhaps, to Montagu and French Hoek, whence there are unconfirmed

sight records; but nowhere common.

M, MB, Rv 1, Swit.

Genus COTURNIX Bonnaterre

Coturnix coturnix africana Temm. & Schleg. Quail

Coturnix vulgaris africana Temminck & Schlegel in Siebold, Fauna japonica,

Aves, 1869: 103. South Africa (restricted to Cape Province, Grant &

M.-Praed, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 35, 1934: 68).

Coturnix coturnix africana; Vincent, 1952: 22; Macdonald, 1957: 56; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 99; Praed & Grant, 1962: 227; C.B.C., 1963: 25.

There is a possibility that the European race C.c. coturnix (L.) may occur

a migrant from the Palaearctic in the extreme north-east or east.

A breeding summer visitor, regular in the Winter Rainfall area but highly

dependent on adequate rains in the Karoo.

BWi2,.Ca, C25 Cee, Cli, Cle) Cn; Dike NEM BWINi3.) OP Rab:

Rv 1, 8, Su2, Swi, V, W, Wor, Wo 2.

Breeding

aie TT DVN a Vily 2 Vals OVATE Tae OST CDE

W.R. 2 5 3 2

Karoo I

Coturnix delegorguei delegorguei Deleg. Harlequin Quail

Coturnix delegorguei Delegorgue, Voyage dans |’Afrique australe, 2, 1847: 615.

Oury = Upper Limpopo River.

Coturnix delegorguer delegorguet; Vincent, 1952: 22; McLachlan & Piveniess

1957: 99; Praed & Grant, 1962: 228; C.B.C., 1963: 25.

A rare straggler, recorded only from Mamre, Darbaruille and Swellendam.

S, Sw.

IIi4 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Genus NUMIDA L.

Numida meleagris coronata Gurn. Crowned Guineafowl

Numida coronata Gurney, Ibis, 1868: 253. South Africa (restricted to Uitenhage,

Cape Province, M.—Praed & Grant, Ibis, 1936: 371).

Numida mitrata coronata; Vincent, 1952: 18.

Numida mitrata; Macdonald, 1957: 57.

Numida meleagris coronata; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 101.

Numida meleagris mitrata; Praed & Grant, 1962: 230.

Numida mitrata mitrata; C.B.C., 1963: 24.

Not indigenous to the western Cape except, perhaps, along the Orange

River; but feral and introduced birds are now generally distributed and com-

mon in the Winter Rainfall area and parts of the Karoo.

BW 2) Cer, Cli; HW, L, M; MB, ©; P; PA, Pr, Rb, S)Sw-1, Swear

V, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Po Tt IV OV OVE VEL VIED EX Sa xe

W.R. 2 I 5 Tal 9 8

Family Gruidae

Genus BALAEARICA Briss.

[Balaearica pavonina regulorum (Benn.) Crowned Crane

Anthropoides regulorum Bennett, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1833: 118. South Africa

(restricted to eastern Cape Province, Grant & M.-Praed, Bull. Br. Orn.

Club, 55, 1934: 68).

Balaearica regulorum regulorum; Vincent, 1952: 22; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 113; Praed & Grant, 1962: 258.

May occur as a straggler in the east. ]

Genus ANTHROPOIDES Vieill.

Anthropoides paradisea (Licht.) Stanley Crane

Ardea paradisea Lichtenstein, Catalogus rerum naturalium rarissimarum

Hamburgi, 1793: 28. Inner South Africa.

Tetrapteryx paradisea; Vincent, 1952: 22; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 114,

Praed & Grant, 1962: 259; C.B.C., 1963: 25.

An eastern species, occasionally reaching as far west as Vanwyskvlei in

the north and Worcester in the south but common only in the Philipstown—De

Aar—Richmond area of the north and from Bredasdorp to Mossel Bay in the

south.

B, BW 2, Cn, D, M, MB, O, P, R, S, Sw 1, VW, Wot.

Breeding

E Ter IV) VO Vie Vil) Vill x eae

W.R. 2 I I

Karoo ee I I

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE LO Ess

Genus crus L.

For reasons for the use of this name, see White (19526).

Grus carunculatus (Gmel.) Wattled Crane

Ardea carunculata Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2),

1789: 643. Africa (= Cape of Good Hope).

Bugeranus carunculatus; Vincent, 1952: 22; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

113; Praed & Grant, 1962: 260; C.B.C., 1963: 25.

Known only from two skins in the South African Museum from Somerset

West and Caledon and a record from Worcester. A rare straggler from further

east.

S, Wo 1.

Family Otididae

Genus otis L.

For limits of this genus, see White (19520).

Otis kori kori Burch. Kori Bustard

Otis Kori Burchell, Travels in the interior of southern Africa, 1, 1822: 393, 402.

Confluence of Vaal and Orange Rivers.

Ardeotis kori; Vincent, 1952: 22.

Ardeotis kori kort; McLachlan, 1957: 115; Praed & Grant, 1962: 262; C.B.C.,

1963: 25.

Choriotis kori; Macdonald, 1957: 58.

Very widely distributed but nowhere numerous and subject to novements

not yet understood. In Namaqualand, said to be chiefly a winter visitor.

BW 2,1, 2D) Hy K, N 1, Ni2, N 3)-N 4, O72). .PrsS3) Sw LU eiViW,

Wot.

Otis ludwigii Riipp. Ludwig’s Bustard

Otis ludwigit Riippell, Mus. senckenb., 2, 1837: 223, pl. 14. South Africa

(restricted to Graaff-Reinet).

Neotis ludwigit; Vincent, 1952: 22; Macdonald, 1957: 58; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 115; Praed & Grant, 1962: 264; C.B.C., 1963: 62.

Owing to the difficulty of distinguishing this bustard from O. denhami in

the field, reliable records are relatively few, but it occurs in parts of the eastern

Karoo; and there is one record from the Cape Flats, where, however, it must

be an occasional straggler only.

BW 2, Cn, D, PA, S, U, VW.

Otis denhami stanleyi Gray Stanley Bustard

Otis stanleyi Gray, Zool. Misc., 1831: 12. Cape of Good Hope.

Neotis denhami stanleyi; Vincent, 1952: 23; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

116; Praed & Grant, 1962: 265; C.B.C., 1963: 25.

116 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Widely, if sparingly distributed, both in the Winter Rainfall area and on

the Karoo; and subject to movements not yet understood.

By BW; 2) C1, Clo, Ce 15 (Cl 1,'Cn, DOE; oy KK, Ls) MB) IN 3) Nea Owe

PA, Pr, R, Rb, S, Swi, U, VW, W.

Breeding

to TM IV ov ME VIDS VIL XG, Soy alexa

W.R. I

Genus EUPODOTIS Less.

On the limits of this genus, see White (1952b). I have, however, kept

Afrotis separate, as it is, in my opinion, sufficiently distinct to warrant this.

Eupodotis vigorsii (Smith) Karoo Korhaan

This species has been reviewed by Hall (1954) and Macdonald (1957),

whose findings have been followed.

a. LEupodotis vigorsi vigorsit (Smith)

Otis vigorsitit A. Smith, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. for 1830, 1831: 11. South

Africa (restricted to Beaufort West, Hall, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 74,

1954: 90).

Eupodotis vigorsi vigorsii; Vincent, 1952: 23; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1O572 110; CBG» 19637260.

Eupodotis vigorsi karroensis; Vincent, 1952: 23.

Heterotetrax vigorsii vigorsit; Macdonald, 1957: 62; Praed & Grant, 1962: 266.

Virtually absent from the Winter Rainfall area west of the Hottentots-

Holland Mountains, but common in open country elsewhere except where

replaced by the next form.

B; BW 1, BW 2, C1, G2, Clr, D, F, Lg, MB.O, P, PA, RASSsum

Su 2, Swi, V, VW, Wo 3.

Breeding

Dy tl Tl IVs V 2VE Vil, VITO I XS clea

Karoo I I

b. Eupodotis vigorstt namaqua (Roberts)

Heterotetrax ruppellii namaqua Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 15, 1932: 24.

Gibeon, S.W.A.

Eupodotis vigorsit namaqua; Vincent, 1952: 23.

Eupodotis vigorsii orangensis; Vincent, 1952: 23; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 116.

Heterotetrax vigorsii namaqua; Macdonald, 1957: 62; Praed & Grant, 1962:

267.

Replaces the preceding in the north and north-west.

Cn, HoK. Nig, Pr. U,; W:

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 117

Eupodotis caerulescens (Vieill.) Blue Korhaan

Otis Caerulescens Vieillot, Encyclopédie méthodique ...Tableau..., 1, 1820:

334. Kaffraria = Eastern Cape.

Eupodotis caerulescens; Vincent, 1952: 23; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 117;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 269.

A grassveld species which, apart from a perhaps erroneous Stark & Sclater

record from Riversdale, is known only from the north-east, reaching its south-

western limit, as a straggler, near Beaufort West.

BWi2) Dry Poke Ry.

[Eupodotis ruficrista (Smith) Red-crested Korhaan

Otis ruficrista A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central Africa,

1836: 56. Near Latakoo, Botswana.

Lophotis ruficrista; Vincent, 1952: 23; Macdonald, 1957: 63.

Lophotis ruficrista ruficrista; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 118; Praed &

Grant, 1962: 270.

May occur in the north-east as a straggler from further north. ]

Eupodotis melanogaster notophila (Oberh.) Black-bellied Bustard

Lissotis melanogaster notophila Oberholser, Proc. U.S. natn Mus., 28, 1905:

836. Durban; Vincent, 1952: 23; Praed & Grant, 1962: 272; C.B.C.,

1963: 26.

Lissotis melanogaster; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 119.

Recorded from Bredasdorp as a straggler from further east.

Genus AFROTIS Gray

Afrotis afra (Gmel.) Black Korhaan

a. Afrotis afra afra (Gmel.)

Otis afra Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2), 1789:

724. Ethiopia (= Cape of Good Hope).

Afrotis afra afra; Vincent, 1952: 24; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 119;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 273; C.B.C., 1963: 26.

Common in the Winter Rainfall area and north along the west coast to

Little Namaqualand; more sparingly distributed on the Lower Karoo.

BWi2, G2, Cer, Ce 2, Clr; Cl 2,1; Lg, MB, N 1, N2) Nis) On -PA:

Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Su2, Swi, T, V, Wo 1, Wo3.

Breeding

eT ie VN OI NG Sa Nis NET N/T TX eG ET

W.R. 2 12 I

b. Afrotis afra afraoides (Smith)

Otis Afraoides A. Smith, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond, for 1830, 1831: 11. Flats

near the Orange River.

118 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Afrotis afra afraoides; Vincent, 1952: 24; Macdonald, 1957: 63; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 119; Praed & Grant, 1962: 273.

Replaces the preceding in the north; common in the north-east but not

recorded from wide areas between Sutherland and the Orange River.

B, Cn, D, H, K, N 4, P, Pr, R, U, VW.

Breeding

Polk AM) IV OV VIO VEL ONO EX Xe xe

Karoo Teal I I I I

Family Heliornithidae

Genus PODICcA Less.

Podica senegalensis petersii Hartl. Finfoot

Podica Peters Hartlaub, Abh. Geb. Naturw., Hamburg, 2, (2), 1852: 62.

Mozambique.

Podica senegalensis peters; Vincent, 1952: 26; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

112; Praed & Grant, 1962: 256; C.B.C., 1963: 62.

Recorded from near Cape Town by Andrew Smith. No subsequent records

but may well occur on wooded rivers in the east of the area.

Family Rallidae

Genus RALLUS L.

Rallus caerulescens Gmel. - Cape Rail

Rallus caerulescens Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, 2, 1789:

716. Cape of Good Hope; Vincent, 1952: 25; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 103; Praed & Grant, 1962: 239; C.B.C., 1963: 26.

Owing to its skulking habits, there are few records and those almost all

from the Winter Rainfall area; but that it does occur on the Karoo too is

proved by records from Nelspoort and Oudtshoorn. A swamp-dweller, probably

resident where it occurs.

BW 2, Cl 1, O, 8, Sw.

Genus CREX Bechst.

Crex crex (L.) Corncrake

Rallux Crex Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 153. Europe (restricted

to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der palaarktischen Fauna, 1903: 23).

Crex crex; Vincent, 1952: 25; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 103; Praed &

Grant, 1962: 240; C.B.C., 1963: 63.

A Palaearctic migrant, known only from a single specimen in the South

African Museum from the Cape Flats.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 119

Genus LIMNOCORAX Peters

Limnocorax flavirostra (Swains.) Black Crake

Gallinula flavirostra Swainson, Birds of western Africa, 2, 1837: 244, pl. 28.

Senegal.

Limnocorax flavirostra; Vincent, 1952: 25; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

105; Praed & Grant, 1962: 241; C.B.C., 1963: 27.

A skulking inhabitant of reed-beds, recorded only from the Winter Rainfall

area and Little Karoo.

Cl 1, M, MB, O, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sw 1, Wo1, Wo2.

Breeding

eld Sr IV] Vie Nine VID Vi EX Xs a

WR: I 2 2 3 2

Genus PORZANA Vieill.

Porzana pusilla obscura Neum. Baillon’s Crake

Porzana obscura Neumann, Orn. Mber., 1897: 191. Kibaya, Tanganyika.

Porzana pusilla obscura; Vincent, 1952: 25; Macdonald, 1957: 57; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 105; Praed & Grant, 1962: 244; C.B.C., 1963: 27.

Another skulking inhabitant of swamps, recorded only from the Winter

Rainfall area and the Orange River mouth but probably much more widely

and generally distributed than the records indicate.

N 1,8, Swt.

Breeding

PT CT 9 EV ONS OVS VI VLD Xe WT TT

W.R. I I

Genus SAROTHRURA Heine

Sarothrura rufa rufa (Vieill). Red-chested Flufftail

Rallus rufus Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 28, 1819: 564.

Africa (restricted to Cape Province, Grant & M.-Praed, Bull. Br. Orn.

Club, 55, 1934: 69).

Sarothrura rufa rufa; Vincent, 1952: 25; C.B.C., 1963: 27.

Sarothrura rufa; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 108; Praed & Grant, 1962: 248.

A secretive swamp-dweller, recorded only from the extreme south-west

but probably general in such terrain in the Winter Rainfall area.

Sarothrura affinis affinis (Smith) Striped Flufftail

Crex affins A. Smith, S. Afr. comml Advert., 3, 1828: 144. Cape Colony.

Sarothrura lineata lineata; Vincent, 1952: 25.

Sarothrura affinis affinis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 109; Praed & Grane

1962: 244; C.B.C., 1963: 63.

120 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

For reasons for the use of this name instead of lineata Swainson, see South

African Ornithological Society, List Committee Report (1956).

A skulking, marsh-haunting species, recorded only from Swellendam.

Sw I.

Genus PORPHYRIO Briss.

Porphyrio porphyrio madagascariensis (Lath.) Purple Gallinule

Gallinula madagascariensis Latham, Index ornithologicus, Suppl., 1801: 68.

Madagascar.

Porphyrio porphyrio madagascariensis; Vincent, 1952: 26, McLachlan & Liversidge,

LObyE LLO; CibsG.. 19 03%27,

Porphyrio alba madagascariensis; Praed & Grant, 1962: 251.

Not uncommon in reed-beds in the south-west and also recorded from

Oudtshoorn & Philipstown.

Gl, MB; O; P, S, Sw 1.

Breeding

Pen Tr IV Ve VE VAL OVI EXe x xe

W.R. 3 6 4 6 2

[Porphyrio alleni Thomson Lesser Gallinule

Porphyrio allent Thomson, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 10, 1842: 204. Folda, Niger

River; Vincent, 1952: 26; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 110; Praed

& Grant, 19627252: C-B:@> 1963: 63:

The Dassen Island specimen referred to in Check list of the birds of the south

western Cape, 1963, and another, similarly labelled, from Touws River in the

South African Museum have both proved, on re-examination, to be examples

of the next species; and there is no authentic record of the Lesser Gallinule

from the western Cape. ]

Porphyrio martinica (L.) American Gallinule

Fulica martinica Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 259. Martinique,

West Indies.

Porphyrio martinica; C.B.C., 1963: 27.

Known only from seven examples from the west (Rowan & Winterbottom,

1963; Winterbottom, 19664). As it occurs annually as a windblown straggler

on Tristan da Cunha, it is probable that one or two reach South Africa every

year.

S, Wo 3.

Genus GALLINULA Briss.

Gallinula chloropus meridionalis (Brehm) Moorhen

Stagnicola meridionalis Brehm, Die vdllstandige Vogelfang, 1855: 331. South

Africa.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE IQI

Gallinula chloropus meridionalis; Vincent, 1952: 26; McLachlan & Liversidge,

19572 11t, braed (6 Grant.1962;/259% C.B:€.,, 1963) 27.

Widely distributed, even on the Karoo, where there are reed-beds available.

Common in such places in the Winter Rainfall area, resident and breeding.

BW 2, C2; Ce 2; Cli, F; L, M; MB, Ni, N4, ©, P, PA; Rb; Rv 1, S,

Su 2, Sw 1, Sw 2, T, U, Wo1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

ee ee ETT Vs Nar VTS NDNA Ter) OS ETS OXCET

W.R. I 5 LOM eos 8 I

[Gallinula nesiotis comeri (Allen) Gough Island Coot

Porphyriorns comert Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist., 4, 1892: 57. Gough

Island.

Gallinula comeri; C.B.C., 1963: 63.

On the systematic position of this bird, see Voous (1961) and Eber (1961).

A specimen in the South African Museum from the Public Gardens,

Cape Town, May 1893, can only have been an escape (Winterbottom, 1962f/).|

Gallinula angulata angulata Sund. Lesser Moorhen

Gallinula angulata Sundevall, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Foérh. for 1850, 1851:

110. Lower Kaffraria (Umlazi River, Natal); McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 111; Praed & Grant, 1962: 254.

Gallinula angulata angulata; Vincent, 1952: 26; C.B.C., 1963: 63.

Recorded as rare in the Oudtshoorn area; and there is a specimen from

Swellendam in the South African Museum.

O, Swit.

Genus FULICA L.

Fulica cristata Gmel. Red-knobbed Coot

Fulica cristata Gmelin, C. a Linné .. . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2), 1789:

704. Madagascar; Vincent, 1952: 26; Macdonald, 1957: 58; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 111; Praed & Grant, 1962: 254; C.B.C., 1963: 28.

Abundant wherever there is open water. Evidently moves long distances,

however, for an adult ringed at Barberspan, in the western Transvaal was

recovered at Voélvlei, Gouda, in the south-west Cape nine months later—a

distance of nearly 700 miles; and another from the same place at Rondevlei

Bird Sanctuary two years after ringing (McLachlan, 1964).

BebVVi2y Css C2, (Cen, Geen Ceo Clin. Cn Ct 4 bs Eom, us IVE

MB Ni, O77 bePA OR, Rb Ry tS. Sel. Suso. Ow Tow 2), ll, UL VENI,

W, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

OE GN IN AY TNO BOTS NDOT D.C ae DS Diy > G0

W.R. 12 2 17) LOGA eT 72th S Qe OA ET

122 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Family Turnicidae

Genus TURNIX Bonnaterre

[Turnix sylvatica lepurana (Smith) Kurrichane Button-Quail

Ortygis Lepurana A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central

Africa, 1836: 55. North of Kurrichane.

Turnix sylvaticus lepurana; Vincent, 1952: 34.

Turnix sylvatica lepurana; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 102; Praed & Grant,

1962: 368.

May occur as a straggler in the extreme north-east. |

Turnix hottentotta hottentotta Temm. Hottentot Button-Quail

Turnix hottentottus Temminck, Histoire naturelle générale des pigeons et des

gallinacés, 3, 1815: 636, 757. Cape of Good Hope.

Turnix hottentotta; Vincent, 1952: 34; Praed & Grant, 1962: 370.

Turnix hottentotta hottentotta; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 102; C.B.C.,

1963: 36.

Widely distributed but rare in the Winter Rainfall area; one Karoo

record.

BW 2, O, S, Sw t.

Breeding

PT I EV Vi VENER VEX ee aie ail

W.R. I I

Family Jacanidae

Genus ACTOPHILORNIS Oberh.

Actophilornis africanus (Gmel.) African Jacana

Parra africana Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2), 1789:

709. Africa (restricted to Abyssinia, Grant, Ibis, 1915: 59).

Actophilornis africana; Vincent, 1952: 24; Macdonald, 1957: 64; C.B.C., 1963:

Piaf

Actophilornis africanus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 119; Praed & Grant,

1962: 278.

A straggler, recorded less than 20 times, chiefly from the south and

south-west. But there were four or five records in the summer of 1965-6 and

the species may be extending its range.

Cl 1, N 3, P, S, Sw.

Family Burhinidae

Genus BURHINUS Illiger

Burhinus capensis capensis (Licht.) Dikkop

Oedicnemus capensis Lichtenstein, Verzeichnis der Doubletten ... , 1823: 69.

Cape of Good Hope.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 123

Burhinus capensis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 24; Praed & Grant, 1962: 276; C.B.C.,

2QO92 21

Burhinus capensis; Macdonald, 1957: 69; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 147.

Widely distributed, usually within reach of water. In the Winter Rainfall

area, common, even in built-up areas (regular in the city of Cape Town, in

the Public Gardens and on the foreshore).

BW 2, C2, Ce 2, Cl1, Cn, Ct, D, F, H, K, Lg, M, MB, N1, N 3, O, P,

PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Swi, T, U, V, VW, W, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

i IV VV Ve ND OX TTT

W.R. re 2 3 I STi Ob Ont 434m

Karoo I I

Burhinus vermiculatus vermiculatus (Cab.) Water Dikkop

Oedicnemus vermiculatus Cabanis, J. Orn., Lpz., 16, 1868: 413. East Africa

(restricted to Lake Jipe, near Taita, Kenya, Finsch & Hartlaub, Die

Voégel von Ost-Afrika, 1870: 623).

Burhinus vermiculatus vermiculatus; Vincent, 1952: 24; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 147; Praed & Grant, 1962: 277; C.B.C., 1963: 26.

Much less common than the preceding and much more dependent upon

water; hence, north of the Winter Rainfall area, recorded only from the Orange

River, and a few places in the south of the Karoo.

Cl 1, MB, N 1, O, PA, S, Sw.

Breeding

Th he EV Veg Ve NAT AN TD | ST WONT

W.R. 5 6 I I

Family Haematopidae

Genus HAEMATOPUS L.

Haematopus ostralegus L. European Oystercatcher

Haematopus Ostralegus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 152. Europe

(restricted to Oeland, Sweden); McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 124;

C.B.C., 1963: 28.

Haematopus ostralegus longipes; Vincent, 1952: 26.

Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 302.

On reasons for use of binomial only, see South African Ornithological

Society, List Committee Report (1960).

An. occasional migrant from the Palaearctic penetrates as far south as

Saldanha Bay and the Cape Peninsula.

124 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Haematopus moquini Bp. Black Oystercatcher

Haematopus moquini Bonaparte, C.r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris, 43, 1856:

1020. Cape of Good Hope (nom. nov. for Haematopus niger Temminck

1820, not Haematopus niger Pallas, 1811); McLachlan & Liversidge, 1952:

124; Praed & Grant, 1962: 302; C.B.C., 1963: 28.

Haematopus ostralegus moquini; Vincent, 1952: 26.

I do not agree with the view that moquini is a subspecies of ostralegus (see

South African Ornithological Society, List Committee Report, 1961).

A fairly common species along the coast from the mouth of the Groene

River to that of the Little Brak.

Cl 1, MB, N 1, Rv 1, 8, Swit, V.

Breeding

Pe WR TV Vow VE ONE VE AX ea

W.R. LOM AON ean I I IO 51

Family Charadriidae

The generic classification and order within the sub-family Charadriinae

(i.e. as far as Charadrius spp.) follow Bock (1958).

Genus VANELLUs Briss.

Vanellus armatus (Burch.) Blacksmith Plover

Charadrius armatus Burchell, Travels in the interior of southern Africa, 1,

1822: 501. Klaarwater, Hey District, Cape Province.

Hoplopterus armatus; Vincent, 1952: 28; Macdonald, 1957: 65; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 133; Praed & Grant, 1962: 297; C.B.C., 1963: go.

A species which has extended its range during the last thirty years.

Roberts (1940) records it only ‘north of the Karroo districts’ and it is not

included by Hare (1915) in his list of Philipstown birds, though now common

in that district. It was present in the northern Karoo at least by 1943 (Winter-

bottom, 1945) and was first reported from the Cape Town area in 1939

(Broekhuysen, 1942), breeding there from 1947 onwards. It is now wide-

spread south-east of a line from Verlorenvlei, Brandvlei, Vanwyksvlei, and

Kareekloof, and probably further to the north-west, as a breeding resident

near water.

B, BW 1, BW 2, BW 3, C1, G2;' Cet, Ce 2>,El1, Cai G2 Dies

Lg, M, MB, N1, N3, O, P, PA, R,; Rb, Rv 1,8, Su 1; Su.2, Sw 1,3,

VW. WsvVoa. Wo's.

Breeding

PMD TIT TV eV je VL «VEL, VE EX) Xs aie

WR: 2 2 2 TA BOia) ea 7 he ef 2

Karoo I I

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 125

Vanellus coronatus coronatus (Bodd.) Crowned Plover

Charadrius Coronatus Boddaert, Table des planches enluminéez .. . , 1783: 49.

Cape of Good Hope.

Stephanibyx coronatus coronatus; Vincent, 1952: 28; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 131; Praed & Grant, 1962: 2903; C.B.C., 1963: 30.

Stephanibyx coronatus; Macdonald, 1957: 65.

Abundant in open country, especially pastures, in the Winter Rainfall

area. More sparingly distributed along the west coast, round Upington, and

in the eastern Karoo. No records from the central parts of the Karoo.

BW) 2) Crom Cem, Cea, Clit, Cn D> by LM) MBy IN 1,.N 3), OP) PA:

R, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Swi, T, U, V, Wor, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

fT TEV NV NT VT NV XO Te TT

W.R. 2 en OMES I I I I SON OS Az a2) P26

Karoo I I

Vanellus melanopterus minor (Zed1.) Black-winged Plover

Stephanibyx melanopterus minor Zedlitz, Orn. Mber., 16, 1908: 180. St. John’s

River, Pondoland; Vincent, 1952: 28; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

13; Praed & Grant, 1962: 295; C.B.C., 1963: 63.

A rare straggler from further east, known only from Mossel Bay and

Malmesbury.

MB, S.

Genus PLUVIALIS Briss.

Pluvialis dominicus fulvus (Gmel.) Golden Plover

Charadrius fuluus Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2),

1789: 687. Tahiti.

Charadrius dominicus fulvuus; Vincent, 1952: 27; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 130; C.B.G., 1963: 20.

Charadrius fuluus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 291.

A very rare migrant from Asia. There is a specimen from Zeekoevlei in

the South African Museum and it has also been recorded from Zoetendalsvlei,

Bredasdorp.

Pluvialis squatarola (L.) Grey Plover

Tringa Squatarola Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 149. Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der palaarktischen Fauna, 2,

1920: 1553).

Squatarola squatarola; Vincent, 1952: 27; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 130.

Charadrius squatarola; Praed & Grant, 1962: 292; C.B.C., 1963: 30.

126 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

A regular, non-breeding migrant from the Palaearctic to our coasts and

to vleis near the coast but no inland records.

MB, N 1, Rv 1, 8, Swt, V.

Genus CHARADRIUs L.

On the ecological relations of the first five species listed here, see Winter-

bottom (19635) and Blaker (1966).

Charadrius hiaticula tundrae (Lowe) Ringed Plover

Aegialitis hiaticola tundrae Lowe, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 36, 1915: 7. Yenesei

Valley.

Charadrius hiaticula tundrae; Vincent, 1952: 27; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

126; Praed & Grant, 1962: 283; C.B.C., 1963: 28.

C.h. hiaticula L. does not occur within South African limits—see Salomonsen

(1955) and South African Ornithological Society, List Committee Report

(1956).

A non-breeding summer visitor to our vleis, lagoons and coasts from the

Palaearctic, commonest near the coast but recorded from many inland localities

as well. Occasionally over-winters.

Cl1, F, MB, N 1, P, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Swi, T, U, V, Wot.

Charadrius pecuarius Temm. Kittlitz’s Plover

Charadrius pecuarius ‘Temminck, Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’ oiseaux,

31, 1823: pl. 183. Cape of Good Hope; Vincent, 1952: 27; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 128; C.B.C., 1963: 29.

Charadrius pecuarius pecuarius; Macdonald, 1957: 64; Praed & Grant, 1962: 286.

I consider C. sanctaehelenae (Harting) to be a good species.

Perhaps the commonest of our resident species of Charadrius, at least in

the Winter Rainfall area, and widely distributed both there and on the Karoo.

Less dependent on water than the other species of its genus.

B, BW 2, G1, C2; Ger, Ce2, Cl 1, Cn, F; Hy; MB; Nz, ©) Paka Re:

RvalaS, Sue, LV, V We WwW, Wor, Wor:

Breeding

PER GID TV? Ve ONE VE OVI EX, XO ie

W.R. 3333) 0 6 2 2 38 62-66 939

Karoo 3 I

Charadrius tricollaris tricollaris Vieill. Three-banded Plover

Charadrius tricollaris Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 27,

1818: 147. Africa (restricted to Cape Town, Grant, Ibis, 1915: 57).

Charadrius tricollaris tricollaris; Vincent, 1952: 27; Macdonald, 1957: 64;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 129; Praed & Grant, 1962: 287; C.B.C.,

1963: 29.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 7]

Widely distributed on vleis and dams, with a strong partiality for muddy

places; and, on the Karoo, the most frequently encountered of the resident

Charadrius spp.

All districts except BW 3, Cl 2, and Rv 2. Coll.: F, M, N 3, PA, Rb, S,

U, Wo 3.

Breeding

ER PTT EV Va Nile VT ANAT DX i, Gt Te TT

WER. I 6 Li 7a) yar 2al nT Ob elie ua 6

Karoo I I 2

Charadrius marginatus marginatus Vieill. White-fronted Plover

Charadrius marginatus Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 27,

1818: 138. No locality (Cape Peninsula, Grant & M.-Praed, Bull. Br.

Orn. Club, 62, 1941: 13).

Charadrius marginatus marginatus; Vincent, 1952: 27; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 127; Praed & Grant, 1962: 283.

Charadrius alexandrinus marginatus; C.B.C., 1963: 29.

Chiefly an inhabitant of coastal sand-dunes and sandy beaches, where it

is generally distributed and common. It has bred on saline inundations a few

miles inland at De Hoop, Bredasdorp; and is recorded as a casual from the

Beaufort West and Hopetown districts.

BW 2, Cl 1, H, MB, N 1, Rv 1, 8, Swit, V.

Breeding

PE ETE UV VV ON EE NT a ee OTN XCEL

W.R. Io Lone 20 12 3 4 8 2OPe a5 Ou Ale 1 SONG

Charadrius pallidus pallidus Strickl. Chestnut-banded Plover

Charadrius pallidus Strickland, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1852: 158. Damaraland

(restricted to Walfish Bay, Grant & M.-Praed, Bull Br. Orn. Club, 73,

LQ Fi 12).

Charadrius pallidus pallidus; Vincent, 1952: 27; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

128; Praed & Grant, 1962: 285; C.B.C., 1963: 209.

Normally an inhabitant of inland brackish water and salt pans, though

occurring at times both on the coast and on inland fresh-water pans. It appears

to be a nomadic species, whose appearances and disappearances defy analysis

at present.

Cir, Cue Nits RS, VW.

Breeding

eee ul Ve eV NTE NDVI Xe) EXT HOTT

W.R. I 2 I - 3 3 )

128 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Charadrius leschenaultii Less. Great Sand Plover

Charadrius leschenaultit Lesson, in Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, 43, 1926:

36. Pondicherry; Vincent, 1952: 27; Praed & Grant, 1962: 290.

Charadrius leschenaulti; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 129; C.B.C., 1963: 29.

Very rare straggler from Asia. There is a specimen from Salt River in

the South African Museum and it has also been recorded from Strandfontein,

Saldanha Bay and the Breede River mouth.

S, Sw rt.

Charadrius asiaticus Pall. Caspian Plover

Charadrius asiaticus Pallas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen

Reichs, 2, 1773: 715.9. Lartary; Vincent, 1952: 27; Melachlangec

Liversidge, 1957: 129; Praed & Grant, 1962: 291.

A rare straggler from the Palaearctic, recorded once from the Philipstown

District and once from Beaufort West.

BW ag, P.

Family Scolopacidae

Genus TRINGA L.

On the limits of this genus, see British Ornithologists’ Union Taxonomic

Subcommittee (1956) and South African Ornithological Society, List Committee

Report (1958).

Tringa terek (Lath.) Terek Sandpiper

Scolopax terek Latham, Index ornithologicus, 2, 1790: 724. Terek River.

Xenus cinerea; Vincent, 1952: 28.

Xenus cinereus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 138; Praed & Grant, 1962: 318.

Tringa terek; C.B.C., 1963: 30.

Only recorded from the extreme south and south-west, on or near the

coast. Regular in some numbers at Saldanha Bay; apparently only a straggler

further south; and not recorded from further north, though it probably occurs.

MB, S, Sw 1.

Tringa hypoleucos Common Sandpiper

Tringa Hypoleucos Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 149. Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna, 2,

1g21: 1623-5).

Actitis hypoleucos; Vincent, 1952: 28; Macdonald, 1957: 66; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 139.

Tringa hypoleucos; Praed & Grant, 1962: 318; C.B.C., 1963: 30.

Rather a solitary and unobtrusive species, a non-breeding summer

visitor from the Palaearctic to our vleis, rivers and coasts, widely distributed

but nowhere numerous. An occasion bird over-winters.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 129

BW 2, C1, Ce2, Cl1, Cn, Ct, D, F, H, MB, N1, N3, N 4, O, P, Pr,

Rb, Rv 1, 8, Su2, Swi, T, U, V, VW, Wo1, Wo2.

[Tringa ochropus L. Green. Sandpiper

Tringa Ocrophus (sic) Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 149. Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Vogel der paladarktischen Fauna, 2,

1921).

Tringa ocrophus; Vincent, 1952: 28; Praed & Grant, 1962: 319.

Tringa ochrophus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 139.

Tringa ochropus; C.B.C., 1963: 63.

A sight record of Layard’s from Zoetendalsvlei has never been substan-

tiated and there appears to be no real justification for Mackworth-Praed &

Grant’s view (1962) that this sandpiper occurs throughout southern Africa

in the non-breeding season. ]

Tringa totanus (L.) Redshank

Scolopax Totanus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 145. Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der palaarktischen Fauna, 2,

1921).

Tringa totanus totanus; Vincent, 1952: 29; Praed & Grant, 1962: 32).

Tringa totanus; Macdonald, 1957: 67; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 140;

C.B.C., 1963: 30.

In the absence of specimens, I prefer to use the binomial only.

A rare straggler from the Palaearctic, recorded only from Philipstown and

from the extreme south-west.

Paes:

Tringa stagnitilis (Bechst.) Marsh Sandpiper

Totanus stagnitilis Bechstein, Ornithologisches Taschenbuch, 2, 1803: 2092.

Germany.

Tringa stagnitilis; Vincent, 1952: 29; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 140;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 323; C.B.C., 1963: 30.

A common, non-breeding, summer visitor to our vleis and coasts from the

Palaearctic. Occasionally over-winters.

B, C1, Ce 2, Cl1, Cn, F, H, MB, N 1, O, P, 8, U, V, W, Wo 1, Wo 3.

Tringa nebularia (Gunn.) Greenshank

Scolopax nebularius Gunnerus, in Leem’s Beskrivelse over finmarkens lapper,

1767: 251. Trondhjem, Norway. ;

Tringa nebularius; Vincent, 1952: 29; C.B.C., 1963: 31.

Tringa nebularis; Macdonald, 1957: 67. |

Tringa nebularia; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 141; Praed & Grant, 1962:

323-

130 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

As for the preceding, but commoner and more often over-winters.

B, BW 2, C1, C2, Ger, Ce2, Ces, Cli, Cn, Ce Ene hs, Mi vie

N 1, N 3, O, P, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Su 1, Sw1, T, U, V, VW, W, Wo 1, Wo 3.

Tringa glareola L. Wood Sandpiper

Tringa Glareola Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 149. Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die V6dgel der palaarktischen Fauna,

1921); Vincent, 1952: 29; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 141; Praed

& Grant, 1962: 320; C.B.C., 1963: 31.

A common, non-breeding summer visitor from the Palaearctic, more

often found on small pools and mud-holes than T. nebularia or T. stagnitilis

but not so numerous generally, at least in the Winter Rainfall area.

B, BW 2, C1, Ger, Ce2, Cli, Cn, D, FE, BH, M, MB; Nt, ©) es

Rb, 8S, Sw 1, T, U, V, VW, W, Wo 1, Wo 3.

Genus CALIDRIs Merrem

Calidris ferruginea (Pontop.) Curlew-Sandpiper

Tringa Ferrugineus Pontoppidan, Danske atlas, 1, 1763: 624. Bornholm, Denmark.

Calidris testacea; Vincent, 1952: 29; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 136;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 312.

Calidris ferruginea; C.B.C., 1963: 31.

This name antedates Scolopax testacea Pallas, 1764.

An abundant, non-breeding, summer visitor from the Palaearctic, especially

near the coast, but also on inland waters. Incredibly abundant on Saldanha

Bay just before its northern migration. Ringing records show that the same

birds will return to the same off-season quarters in successive years. Two birds

ringed at Rondevlei have been recovered in Russia. Small flocks sometimes

over-winter in the Winter Rainfall area.

B, BW 2, C1, Ce 1, Cl1, Cn, F, H, MB, N 1, Rb, Rv 1, S, Sw1, T, U,

V, VW, Wo 3.

Calidris alpina schinzii (Brehm) Dunlin

Pelidua Schinzu Brehm, Beitrage zur Végelkunde, 3, 1822: 355. Rigen,

Pomerania.

Calidris alpina schinzui; C.B.C., 1963: 31.

Calidris alpina; Praed & Grant, 1962: 313.

A single specimen was trapped at Rondevlei, 12 November, 1959

(Middlemiss, 1959), the first record of the species from South Africa (though

there is a tentative sight record by M. F. M. Meiklejohn (1939) for Zeekoevlei)

and the first record of this subspecies from the Ethiopian Region.

Calidris minuta (Leisl.) Little Stint

Tringa minuta Leisler, Nachtrag zu Bechstein’s Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,

1812: 74. Near Hanau, Germany.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 131

Calidris minuta; Vincent, 1952: 29; Macdonald, 1957: 66; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 136; Praed & Grant, 1962: 314; C.B.C., 1963: 31.

As for C. ferruginea, but more numerous inland and much less so on salt

water. It also departs later than the Curlew Sandpiper. A bird ringed at

Rondevlei has been recovered in Russia, c. 50°N. Occasionally over-winters.

BW 2, G1, Ger, Ce 2, Ce3, Cl 1, Cn, F, K, MB, N 1, O, P, Rb, Rv 1,

S, Su 2, Swi, T, U, V, VW, W, Wo 1, Wo 3.

Calidris melanotos (Viceill.) Pectoral Sandpiper

Tringa melanotos Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 34, 1819:

462. Paraguay.

Calidris melanotos; Vincent, 1952: 29; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: xxxviii.

One captured at Rondevlei, 25 March 1965 (Middlemiss, 1965).

Calidris canutus canutus (L.) Knot

Tringa Canutus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 149. Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der palaarktischen Fauna, 2,

1921: 1586-9).

Calidris canutus canutus; Vincent, 1952: 29; Praed & Grant, 1962: 315; C.B.C.,

1963: 31.

Calidris canutus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 137.

An uncommon, non-breeding migrant from the Palaearctic, recorded

only from the coasts in the extreme south-west.

Calidris alba (Pall.) Sanderling

Tringa alba Pallas, in Vroeg’s Catalogus .. . vogelen . . . dieren. Adumbratiun-

cula, 1764: 7. Coast of North Sea.

Crocethia alba; Vincent, 1952: 29; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 137; Praed

& Grant, 1962: 316; C.B.C., 1963: 31.

An uncommon, non-breeding migrant from the Palaearctic, chiefly to

the coast (not uncommon at Port Nolloth) and to vleis a few miles inland;

but recorded also from Brandvlei, Calvinia. A few over-winter.

Gor N 1, Rv 125S).V;

Genus PHILOMACHUS Merrem

Philomachus pugnax (L.) Ruff

Tringa Pugnax Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 148. Europe (restricted

to Sweden, Hartert, Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna, 1920: 1594-7).

Philomachus pugnax; Vincent, 1952: 29; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 138;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 316; C.B.C., 1961: 31.

132 i ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

An abundant, non-breeding, summer visitor to our vleis from the Palae-

arctic. Sometimes occurs on dry, short-grass plains. Rarely over-winters.

B; BW.2) Gir, Cea, Cee, Cl 1,.Cn, Fy bse. MMB ING, (O;n bake

Rv 1, 8, Su 2, U, V, VW, Wo 1, Wo 3.

Genus ARENARIA Briss.

Arenaria interpres interpres (L.) Turnstone

Tringa interpres Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 148. Europe &

North America (restricted to Gothland, Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der

palaarktischen Fauna, 2, 1928: 1566-9).

Arenaria interpres interpres; Vincent, 1952: 29; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

125; Praed & Grant, 1962: 317; C.B.C., 1963: 32.

Chiefly, but not exclusively, found on the coast and especially on the

offshore islands. A non-breeding, summer visitor from the Palaearctic. Some

non-breeding birds over-winter on the coast of Little Namaqualand.

Cl 1, H, MB, N 1, Rv1, S, U, Wo 3.

Genus GALLINAGO Briss.

The South African Ornithological Society, List Committee (1963) accepted

Wetmore’s argument against the use of this name and adopted Capella Frenzel.

Mayr (1963) has pointed out the objections to such a course and they seem to

me convincing.

Gallinago media (Lath.) Double Snipe

Scolopax Media Latham, A general synopsis of birds, Suppl. 1, 1787: 292.

Lancashire, England.

Capella media; Vincent, 1952: 30; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 135; Praed

& Grant, 1962: 308.

Gallinago media; C.B.C., 1963: 63.

A rare, non-breeding, summer visitor from the Palaearctic to swampy

places, recorded only from the Cape Flats and Oudtshoorn.

Cl @ws:

Gallinago gallinago nigripennis (Bp.) Ethiopian Snipe

Gallinago nigripennis Bonaparte, Iconographia della fauna italica, Ucc., 25,

1839: 4. Cape of Good Hope.

Capella nigripennis nigripennis; Vincent, 1952: 30; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 136; Praed & Grant, 1962: 305.

Gallinago nigripennis nigripennis; C.B.C., 1963: 32.

I have followed Voous (1960) in placing this snipe as conspecific with

G. gallinago (L.) of the Palaearctic.

Sparingly distributed in swampy places in the Winter Rainfall area and

Little Karoo.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 133

Ce 2, Cl 1, O, R, Rb, 8; Sw 1, T, Wo 1.

Breeding

De TT TT VG Ne Vile VL VT EX XK OTE VOXSET

W.R. 2 9 7 3 2

Genus Limosa Briss.

Limosa limosa limosa (L.) Black-tailed Godwit

Scolopax Limosa Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 14.7. Europe (restricted

to Sweden, Hartert., Die Végel der paldarktischen Fauna, 2, 1921:

1636-41).

Limosa limosa limosa; Vincent, 1952: 30; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 142;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 324; C.B.C., 1963: 32.

A rare straggler from the Palaearctic, recorded in our area only from

Saldanha Bay and Outdshoorn.

©; 5:

Limosa lapponica lapponica (L.) Bar-tailed Godwit

Scolopax lapponica Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 147. Lapland.

Limosa lapponica lapponica; Vincent, 1952: 30; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

142; Praed & Grant, 1962: 325; C.B.C., 1963: 32.

A regular summer visitor to Saldanha Bay from the Palaearctic. Further

south, an uncommon straggler but reaches Cape L’Agulhas, the Breede River

mouth and the Mossel Bay District.

MB, O, S, Sw 1, V.

Genus NUMENIUs Briss.

Numenius arquata orientalis Brehm Curlew

Numenus orientalis Brehm, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller Végel Deutsch-

lands, 1831: 610. East Indies.

Numenius arquata orientalis; Vincent, 1952: 30; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

143; Praed & Grant, 1962: 326.

Numenius arquata; C.B.C., 1963: 32.

The typical subspecies, V.a. arquata (L.) may also occur.

Fairly common as a non-breeding summer visitor from the Palaearctic

to coastal lagoons and estuaries; much less common on inland waters. Occa-

sionally over-winters.

Cl 1, Cn, F, H, MB, N 1, P, Rv 1, 8, Sw 1, V.

Numenius phaeopus phaeopus (L.) Whimbrel

Scolopax Phaeopus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 146. Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Voégel der paldarktischen Fauna, 2,

1921: 1641-51). :

Numenius phaeopus phaeopus; Vincent, 1952: 30; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 143; Praed & Grant, 1963: 327; C.B.C., 1963: 33.

134 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

A fairly common, non-breeding, summer visitor from the Palaearctic,

almost entirely to salt water and commoner on the open coast, especially

where there are rocks, than the Curlew. Occasionally over-winters, 56 having

been seen on Saldanha Bay at the end of June.

MB, N 1, Rv 1, 8, Swi, V.

Family Himantopidae

Genus HIMANTOPUs Briss.

Himantopus himantopus himantopus (L.) Black-winged Stilt

Charadrius Himantopus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 151. Southern

Europe.

Himantopus himantopus meridionalis ; Vincent, 1952: 26; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 145.

Himantopus himantopus; Macdonald, 1957: 66; Praed & Grant, 1962: 304.

Himantopus himantopus himantopus; C.B.C., 1963: 28.

On the invalidity of meridionalis Brehm (Isis, 1843: 723—South Africa),

see Winterbottom (19627).

Evidently one of the species which has greatly expanded its range during

the last hundred years. Layard (1867) says of it: “But one specimen has been

obtained within the colony’; and Stark & Sclater (1900-6) give only three

localities for the Gape—Cape Flats, Zak River in Fraserburg, and the Berg

River, where they say Andersson found it breeding abundantly. Now widely

distributed and, in the Winter Rainfall area, common.

B, BW 2, G1, Cer, Cee, Cli, Cn, F, HW, L, MB, Nii, Nig) OVE EA

Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sw, Sw 2, T, V, VW, W, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3. ;

Breeding

Mt Tt IV VioeNE (VEL (Vil) Ex" xX ie a

W.R. 30) 7 LAy G5) 205 AG 3

Genus RECURVIROSTRA L.

Recurvirostra avosetta L. Avocet

Recurvirostra Avosetta Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 151. Europe

(restricted to Oeland, Sweden); Vincent, 1952: 27; Macdonald, 1957:

66; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 144; Praed & Grant, 1962: 303;

C.B.C., 1963: 28.

Status uncertain. Some are undoubtedly breeding residents but others

may move considerable distances; and its presence in the Karoo areas, where

also it breeds, depends upon there being suitable water available.

B, BW 2, ‘G1, Cex, Gl 1, Cn, Ct, F, BH, K, N.1,.N 3, 0; Pi PARES

Su 1, Swr, T, V, VW, W, Wor, Wo 3.

Breeding

I TL <A TV. ae... Vi, Vily VIER Eee aaa

W.R. 6 7 36 =o

Karoo I I

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 135

Family Rostratulidae

Genus ROSTRATULA Vieill.

Rostratula benghalensis benghalensis (L.) Painted Snipe

Rallus benghalensis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 153. Asia.

Rostratula benghalensis benghalensis; Vincent, 1952: 26; C.B.C., 1963: 28.

Rostratula benghalensis; Macdonald, 1957: 66; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

121; Praed & Grant, 1962: 305.

Sparingly distributed in wet places with suitable cover, chiefly in the

Winter Rainfall area but also on the Karoo where and when conditions are

right.

BW 2, C1, D, MB, O, P, Rb, S, U, Wo 3.

Breeding

Te CE Vi ONE BVA MDE VTE cee Ts ST

W.R. I 3 6

Family Glareolidae

Genus cursorius Lath.

Cursorius rufus Gould Burchell’s Courser

I see no advantage in making rufus a subspecies of cursor (Lath.) as Peters,

Macdonald (1957) and others have done.

a. Cursorius rufus rufus Gould.

Cursorius rufus Gould, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. for 1836, 1837: 81. ‘In insulis

Oceani Indici’ (error: corrected to Potchefstroom, Peters, C. L.

Birds of the world, 2, 1934: 300); McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 148

(in part); Praed & Grant, 1962: 330 (in part).

Cursorius rufus rufus; Vincent, 1952: 30; C.B.C., 1963: 33.

Cursorius cursor rufus; Macdonald, 1957: 67.

Widely distributed on the Karoo, except where replaced by the next form;

but subject to nomadic movements not yet understood.

B, BW 2, G1, G2, Cn, D, H, O, P, R, Rb, S, Swi, U, V, VW, W.

Breeding

Pn Be ViVi WA VEIN EXO Xe 7 XL OE

Karoo I I

b. Cursorius rufus theresae Meinertzh.

Cursorius cursor theresae Meinertzhagen, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 69, 1949: 102.

Springbok.

Cursorius rufus theresae; Vincent, 1952: 30.

Cursorius rufus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 148 (in part); Praed &

Grant, 1962: 330 (in part).

136 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Replaces the preceding in Little Namaqualand, east to Kenhardt and

Brandvlei.

C1,K,N1,N3,N 4.

Cursorius temminckii Swains. Temminck’s Courser

Cursorius Temminckii Swainson, Zoological illustrations, 2, 1822: pl. 106. No

locality (Senegal = Praed & Grant, 1962: 331).

Cursorius temminckii temminckii; Vincent, 1952: 31; McLachlan & Liversidge,

LOD: 49-

I see no advantage in making temminckii a subspecies of coromandelicus

(Gmel.).

Only recorded from the extreme north (Beaufort West, Namaqualand,

Philipstown), where probably an occasional or seasonal visitor.

BW 2, N1, N 3, N 4, P.

met

=i ts I i were

17 19 21 23 25 2d.

Map 16. Distribution of subspecies of Rhinoptilus africanus. Dots: R. a. africanus;

crosses: R. a. granti.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 137

Genus RHINOPTILUS Strickl.

Rhinoptilus africanus (Temm.) Double-banded Courser

Revision, Irwin (1963).

a. Rhinoptilus africanus africanus (Temm.)

Cursorius africanus Temminck, Catalogue systématique du cabinet d’ornitho-

logie, 1807: 175, 263. Pofadder.

Rhinoptilus africanus africanus; Vincent, 1952: 31; Macdonald, 1957: 68 (in

part); McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 149.

Hemerodromus africanus africanus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 332 (in part).

Fairly common, but nomadic, in the Orange River drainage of the north.

H, K, N33, N 4, P, U.

Breeding (both subspecies)

TEP sEE DS CLV OVE ON VA N/T EXC EY FST OE

Karoo 2 I I

b. Rhinoptilus africanus granti W. L. Scl.

Rhinoptilus africanus granti W. L. Sclater, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 41, 1921: 132.

Deelfontein; Vincent, 1952: 31; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 149;

GrB:@ = 19633 33:

Rhinoptilus africanus africanus; Macdonald, 1957: 68 (in part).

Hemerodromus africanus africanus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 332 (in part).

Replaces the preceding in the south, north to De Aar, Jagersberg and

Vanrhynsdorp and south-west to Oudepost, on the Hopefield-Malmesbury

border and even to Somerset West, probably as a straggler.

BW 2, Ce 3, Cl 1, Cn, Ct, D, F, H, Lg, O, PA, R, S, V, VW, Wo 3.

[Rhinoptilus cinctus seebohmi Sharpe Seebohm’s Courser

Rhinoptilus seebohmi Sharpe, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 3, 1893: 13. Ondongua,

Ovamboland.

Rhinoptilus cinctus seebohmi; Vincent, 1952: 31; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

150.

Hemerodromus cinctus seebohmi; Praed & Grant, 1962: 333.

May occur in the extreme north as a visitor. ]

[Rhinoptilus chalcopterus albofasciatus Sharpe. Bronze-winged Courser

Rhinoptilus albofasciatus Sharpe, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 3, 1893: 14. Colenso,

Natal.

Rhinoptilus chalcopterus albofasciatus; Vincent, 1952: 31.

Rhinoptilus chalcopterus obscurus; Macdonald, 1957: 68.

Rhinoptilus chalcopterus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 150; Praed & Grams

1962: 334.

138 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Doubt has been cast on the validity of albofasciatus, but it is just recognizable

in series.

May occur as a straggler in the north-east. ]

Genus GLAREOLA Briss.

Glareola nordmanni Nordm. Black-winged Pratincole

Glareola Nordmannt Nordmann, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou, 15, 1842: 314.

South Russia; Vincent, 1952: 31; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 151;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 337; C.B.C., 1963: 33.

The British Ornithologists’ Union Taxonomic Subcommittee (1956)

proposed to regard nordmanni as a colour-phase of pratincola (L.) For the reasons

set out in the South African Ornithological Society List Committee Report

(1958), with which I agree, I reject this view.

A non-breeding migrant from the Palaearctic, irregular in appearance

and not known at all from the area north and west of the main railway line,

except from Upington. Only an occasional straggler to the Winter Rainfall

area. Found in wet ground on the edges of vleis.

Cn De OS Ps, Us Wot:

Family Laridae

Genus LARUS L.

Larus dominicanus Licht. Southern Black-backed Gull

Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss der Doubletten . .. , 1823: 82.

Coast of Brazil; Vincent, 1952: 32; Alexander, 1955: 73; Macdonald,

1957: 70; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 156; Praed & Grant, 1962:

345; C.B.C., 1963: 33.

Chiefly a marine species, not recorded more than a few miles from the

coast. There, however, a common, resident, breeding species.

Cl 1, MB, N1, Rv 1, S, Swi, V.

Breeding

Idi ~IV V VI éOVIT Vill IX xX: [oa

W.R. Col. 2 2 2

Ind. 8 15. Sw

Larus cirrocephalus Vieill. Grey-headed Gull

Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 21, 1818:

502. Brazil (type from Rio de Janeiro); Vincent, 1952: 32; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 156; Praed & Grant, 1962: 346; C.B.C., 1963: 34.

Larus cirrocephalus poiocephalus; Alexander, 1955: 88.

African birds are, on average, different in some details from American

birds, but the differences do not approach the ‘75%’ convention desirable for

nomenclatorial recognition (see Winterbottom, 1961/f).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 139

Chiefly an inland species, though recorded from a few places on the west

coast. It is the common gull on the Karoo vleis, when these hold water; and

in 1960 and 1961 bred as far south as De Hoop vlei, Bredasdorp District.

B, C1, Cn, H, MB, N 1, P, S.

Breeding

ToD SL VV WV Ve VT VAS AI Xe XT OTT

W.R. II 16

Karoo |

Larus novaehollandiae hartlaubii Bruch Hartlaub’s Gull

Larus (Gavia) Hartlaubi Bruch, J. Orn., Lpz., 1853: 102. Cape of Good Hope

and Indian coasts (restricted to Cape of Good Hope).

Larus hartlaubit; Vincent, 1952: 32; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 157;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 347; C.B.C., 1963: 34.

Larus novaehollandiae hartlaubi; Alexander, 1955: 96.

Confined to the west coast, from Cape L’Agulhas (rare) north and

abundant from False Bay northwards to the Orange River mouth. Essentially

a marine species, with no reliable records from more than a few miles inland

but abundant on fresh-water vleis in the south-west and sometimes follows

the plough, as L. ridibundus does in Europe.

Clie iNet. S, SWols Vv.

Breeding

Bp oT LTV Ni VION VI XG Xe), XCD

W.R. Col. 2 I I I

Ind. I 2 15 10 10

Genus CHLIDONIAS Ruf.

I keep this genus for convenience, though Moynihan (1959) suppresses

it and considers hybrida an intermediate between the marsh terns and the

typical Sterna spp. The latter, being purely marine, are omitted from this list.

Chlidonias leucoptera (Temm.) White-winged Black Tern

Sterna leucoptera Temminck, Manuel d’ornithologie, 1st ed., 1815: 483. Shores

of the Mediterranean.

Chiidonias leucoptera; Vincent, 1952: 33; Alexander, 1955: 122; Macdonald,

1957: 70; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 162; Praed & Grant, 1962:

362; C.B.C., 1963: 35.

A non-breeding migrant from the Palaearctic whose penetration of the

area has taken place within this century. Stark & Sclater (1900-6) have only

a single record for the whole Cape Province, but it is now an abundant species

wherever there is suitable water. Not a marine form and virtually confined to

inland waters, but occurs on these even when highly saline. Must occasionally

140 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

over-winter as it has been recorded from the south-west for every month of

the year.

BACs Ceeieli, FE; L,cMB, Pp, PA) Rb} Rv a, (Sj) Swits i nave

W, Wo 1, Wo2.

Chlidonias hybrida sclateri Math. & Iredale Whiskered Tern

Chlidonias leucopareia sclaterr Mathews & Iredale, A manual of the birds of

Australia, 1, 1921; 84. South Africa (restricted to Cape Peninsula).

Chlidonias hybrida sclateri; Vincent, 1952: 34; Alexander, 1955: 117; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 162; Praed & Grant, 1962: 363; C.B.C., 1963: 35.

Status uncertain, partly owing to the difficulty of distinguishing it when

in off-season plumage from the preceding species in the field. As a breeding

bird, it appears to be irregular. Layard records that it bred at Zoetendalsvlei,

Bredasdorp, but there are no recent records of it doing so. It has, however,

bred in the Cold Bokkeveld at least since 1955; at Klavervlei, near Somerset

West, since 1960; at Paarl and Philippi in 1966; and also at Verlorenvlei,

Piketberg District. Records suggest it is a summer visitor only.

Ce 2, Cn, MB, 8, T, Wot.

Breeding

f IW Wt IW Vv Mi Vil Vil tx “Xs Xe

W.R. 2 11 (20 ee

Family Pteroclidae

Genus PTEROCLES Temm.

Pterocles namaqua (Gmel.) Namaqua Sandgrouse

a. Pterocles namaqua namaqua (Gmel.)

Tetrao Namaqua Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2),

1789: 754. Namaqua country (restricted to lower Orange River).

Pterocles namaqua namaqua; Vincent, 1952: 35 (in part).

Pterocles namaqua; Macdonald, 1957: 70; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

163 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1962: 372 (in part).

Only in the north, where probably an off-season visitor.

K, N 3, N 4.

Breeding (both subspecies)

Err “TI: IV VO ONE VITO VERE oe ie ae

Karoo 2 I I I 2 I I

b. Pterocles namaqua furva Clancey

Pterocles namaqua furva Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 5, 1959: 209. 10 m.

N.E. of Vanwyksvlei; C.B.C., 1963: 36.

Pierocles namaqua namaqua; Vincent, 1952: 35 (in part).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE I4!I

ean AS at Ta Toe i cL

17 19 21 23 25 27

Map 17. Distribution of subspecies of Pterocles namaqua. Crosses: P. n. namaqua;

dots: P. n. furva.

Pterocles namaqua; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 163 (in part); Praed &

Grant, 1962: 372 (in part).

Widely distributed but subject to nomadic movements. Avoids the denser

parts of the Winter Rainfall vegetation.

B, BW 1, BW 2, C1, C2, Cer, Ce 2, Cl1, Cl 2, Cn, D, F, H, K, L, Lg.

M, N1, N3, N4, O, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb, S, Sui, Swi, Sw 2, T, U, V, VW.

W, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Pterocles burchelli burchelli W. L. Scl. Spotted Sandgrouse

Pterocles (Eremialector) burchelli W. L. Sclater, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 42, 1922: 74.

Near Griquatown (nom. nov. for Tetrao (Pterocles) variegaius Burchell, 1824,

nec Tetrao variegatus Gmelin).

142 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Pterocles burchelli burchell1; Vincent, 1952: 35; Macdonald, 1957: 71; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 164.

Eremialector burchellt burchell1; Praed & Grant, 1962: 373.

A rare straggler from further north, recorded only from Hopetown, just

within our limits.

Pterocles bicinctus bicinctus Temm. Double-banded Sandgrouse

Pterocles bicinctus ‘Temminck, Histoire naturelle générale des pigeons et des

gallinacés, 3, 1815: 247. Leeu River, S.W.A. (M.-Praed & Grant, Bull.

Br. Orn. Club, 75, 1955: 24); Macdonald, 1957: 71.

Pterocles bicinctus bicinctus; Vincent, 1952: 35; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

165.

Eremialector bicinctus bicinctus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 375.

A rare straggler from further north, recorded only from Kuboos, in the

Richtersveld.

N 2, N 3.

Family Columbidae

Genus COLUMBA L.

Columba guinea L. Rock Pigeon

See Clancey (19610) on subspecies.

a. Columba guinea phaeonotus Gray

Columba phaeonotus G. R. Gray, List of the specimens of birds in the...

British Museum, Columbae, 1856: 32. South Africa (restricted to

Hout Bay, Cape Peninsula, Vincent, Ostrich, 20, 1949: 149).

Columba guinea phaeonotus; Vincent, 1952: 35; Macdonald, 1957: 72.

Columba guinea phaeonota; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 166; Praed &

Grant, 1962: 380; C.B.C., 1963: 36.

A common species in mountainous areas throughout the western Cape

except where replaced by the next form.

B, BW 2, C1, G2, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cli, Cla, Ct, D, F, H, L, Lg, M, MB;

N 4, O, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Suir, Su2, Swi, Swa2, T, U, VW,

W, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Lb WW Tt IV. V VI Vil ‘Vill Po) Xa ciet

W.R. Sy 2 I 5 Wh | 5

Karoo 2 I

b. Columba guinea bradfieldi (Roberts)

Dialiptila phaeonota bradfieldi Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 14, 1931: 239.

Waterberg, S.W.A.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 143

Columba guinea bradfieldi; Vincent, 1952: 35; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 166; Praed & Grant, 1962: 380.

Replaces the preceding in the north-west, south to northern Vanrhynsdorp,

Brandvlei and Vanwyksvlei.

C1, Cn, K, N1, N 2, N 3, N 4, V.

Columba arquatrix arquatrix Temm. Rameron Pigeon

Columba Arquatrix Temminck Les pigeons, 1809: 11, pl. 5. South Africa

(= George).

Columba arquatrix arquatrix; Vincent, 1952: 36; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 167; Praed & Grant, 1962: 381; C.B.C., 1963: 36.

A forest pigeon, confined to the south from the Cape Peninsula to Mossel

Bay and Oudtshoorn and most numerous in the east.

Cl 1, L, MB, O, Rv 1, 8S, Sw.

Breeding

Pee hele ei VE eV VALLE Ce XO KOT LT

W.R. I I

Genus STREPTOPELIA Bp.

Streptopelia semitorquata semitorquata (Riipp.) Red-eyed Dove

Columba semitorquata Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Végel, 1837: 66, pl. 23,

fig. 2. Taranta Mts., Ethiopia.

Streptopelia semitorquata semitorquata; Vincent, 1952: 36; C.B.C., 1963: 36.

Streptopelia semitorquata; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 167; Praed & Grant,

1962: 385.

Confined to the vicinity of water from the Olifants valley eastwards,

chiefly along tree-lined rivers. Early workers did not record it west of Swellen-

dam, and it may well be one of the species which has extended its range west-

ward during the present century; but it has been present along the Berg

River at least since 1922 and Layard reports it from Porterville last century.

Ce 1, Cl 1, Ct, L, M, MB, O, Rb, Rv 1, S, Sw 1, Sw 2, T, V, Wo1, Wo 2.

Breeding

TT i IVE Vi VILE END TVET TX XG, XSI CT

W.R. 3 3 5 2 :

Streptopelia capicola (Sund.) Cape Turtle Dove

Revision, Clancey (19608).

a. Streptopelia capicola capicola (Sund.)

Columbam vinaceam var. capicolam Sundevall, K. svenska VetenskAkad.

Hand. (n.s.), 2 (3), 1857: 54. Cape of Good Hope (Rondebosch, Cape

Peninsula, Gyldenstolpe, Ibis, 1934: 264-292).

144 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Streptopelia capicola capicola; Vincent, 1952: 36 (in part); Macdonald, 1957:

73 (in part); McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 169 (in part); Praed &

Grant, 1962: 386; C.B.C., 1963: 36.

Abundant everywhere except where replaced by one of the other sub-

species.

BW 1, BW 2, C1, C2, Cer, Ce2, Ce 3, Cli, Cle, Cn, Ct, F; Ly Lg;

M, MB, N1, N 3, O, PA, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Sur, Su2, Sw, Swe, T, V,

VW, W, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding (all subspecies)

Der oD eV Vi VE VEE VI MX (Ore xen

W.R. O48} SIG]e 1) 2 4 2 5 BLO X80) IG | Fe) SO)

Karoo I I 2

b. Streptopelia capicola damarensis (Finsch & Hartl.)

Turtur damarensis Finsch & Hartlaub, Die Végel von Ost-Afrika, 1870: 550.

Damaraland (Otjimbingwe, Macdonald, 1957: 73).

Streptopelia capicola damarensis; Vincent, 1952: 36; Macdonald, 1957: 73;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 169; Praed & Grant, 1962: 387 (in

part).

Replaces the preceding in the Orange River valley.

KON tT. N2 N3iN 4, Pru.

c. Streptopelia capicola abunda Clancey

Streptopelia capicola abunda Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 6, 1960: 21.

Mooi River, Natal.

Streptopelia capicola capicola; Vincent, 1952: 36 (in part); Macdonald, 1957:

73 (in part); McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 169 (in part).

Streptopelia capicola damarensis; Praed & Grant, 1962 (in part).

Replaces S.c. capicola from Britstown east.

BD, EP. RR:

Streptopelia senegalensis senegalensis (L.) Laughing Dove

Columba senegalensis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 283. Senegal.

Stigmatopelia senegalensis senegalensis; Vincent, 1952: 36; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 169; Praed & Grant, 1962: 389.

Stigmatopelia senegalensis aequatorialis; Macdonald, 1957: 73.

Streptopelia senegalensis senegalensis; C.B.C., 1963: 36.

An abundant and widely distributed species, especially, but not exclusively,

in the vicinity of human habitations and agriculture and in the drier areas.

All districts: D, H, N 2, N 4, Rb, S, VW.

Breeding

hy Ty AM TVR VM) ONL VII) VIED Eee eX eae

W.R. Ohi) 22 2 4 IT; )/208,4.330)(etp Rae

Karoo I I I I I

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 145

Genus OENA Swains.

Oena capensis (L.) Namaqua Dove

Revision, Clancey (1966).

a. O6ena capensis capensis (L.)

Columba capensis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 286. Cape of

Good Hope (restricted unnecessarily to Cape Peninsula, Grant &

M.-Praed, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 56, 1936: 116).

Oena capensis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 36 (in part) ; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 172 (in part); C.B.C., 1963: 36.

Oena capensis capensis; Praed & Grant, 1962: 390 (in part).

Found in the Winter Rainfall area and Little Karoo. There is some evidence

that it has been extending its range southwards, as it was first recorded from

Cape L’Agulhas in 1952 and there are still no records from the Mossel Bay

District. It is possible that it is largely a summer visitor in the extreme south

(Cape Peninsula southwards).

Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl 2, Ct, M, O, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sw 1, T, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

b. Oe¢na capensis anonyma Oberh.

Oena capensis anonyma Oberholser, Proc. U.S. natn. Mus., 28, 1905: 843.

Plains east of Mt. Kilimanjaro.

Oena capensis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 36 (in part); Macdonald, 1957: 74;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 172 (in part).

Oena capensis capensis; Praed & Grant, 1962: 390 (in part).

Replaces the preceding on the Karoo, where it is often numerous.

BY BW 2, C1, G2, Cn, D; F, WH, K, Lg, Ni, N2, Ng, Ni4, P, PA, Pr,

Re pout. Vv, VW. W.

Breeding

Tee STs TV Vi VV LTV XS i OC OT

W.R. I I I I 4

Karoo 2 3 I 2

Genus TURTUR Bodd.

Turtur chalcospilos chalcospilos (Wagl.) | Emerald-spotted Wood Dove

Columba Chalcospilos Wagler, Systema avium, Columba, 1827, sp. 83. Terra

Caffrorum (= Eastern Cape Province).

Turtur chalcospilos chalcospilos; Vincent, 1952: 37; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 173; C.B.C., 1963: 64.

Turtur chalcospilos; Praed & Grant, 1962: 393.

I keep the trinomial despite White (1949) —see Lawson (19610).

Only recorded from the Winter Rainfall area, from Worcester to Mossel

Bay, and rare.

Ct, MB, O, Rb, Rv 1, Sw1, Wot.

146 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Turtur tympanistria tympanistria (Temm. & Knip) Tambourine Dove

Columba tympanistria ‘Temminck & Knip, Les pigeons, Columba, 1810: 80,

pl. 36. South Africa (restricted to Gamtoos River, C.P.; M.-Praed &

Grant, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 56, 1936: 105).

Tympanistria tympanistria tympanistria; Vincent, 1952: 36; Praed & Grant,

1962: 3901.

Turtur tympanistria; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 172.

Only known from dense cover in the Oudtshoorn District but should be

looked for in Mossel Bay and Calitzdorp. There is an unconfirmed sight record

from Swellendam.

Genus APLOPELIA Bp.

Aplopelia larvata larvata (Temm. & Knip) Cinnamon Dove

Columba larvata Temminck & Knip, Les pigeons, 1810: 71, pl. 31. Antinoquoi

(= George).

Aplopelia larvata larvata; Vincent, 1952: 37; C.B.C., 1955: 30; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 174; Praed & Grant, 1962: 394.

An uncommon forest species, recorded from the Cape Peninsula east.

M, MB, S, Sw tr.

Breeding

T TW TE IVs Vi VE Vi Via XG xe ail

W.R. I I

Family Cuculidae

Genus cucu.us L.

Cuculus canorus canorus L. Cuckoo

Cuculus canorus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 110. Europe (restricted

to Sweden, Hartert., Die V6égel der palaarktischen Fauna, 2, 1913:

942-955).

Cuculus canorus canorus; Vincent, 1952: 37; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 180;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 402; C.B.C., 1963: 64.

A non-breeding Palaearctic migrant that occasionally penetrates as far

south-west as the north-east corner of the area. Records from Gordon’s Bay

and Bredasdorp are accepted too.

LER RER SH VATE

Cuculus solitarius solitarius Steph. Red-chested Cuckoo

Cuculus solitarius Stephens, in Shaw’s General zoology, 9, 1815: 84, pl. 18.

Caffraria = Eastern Cape Province; Vincent, 1952: 37; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 181; Praed & Grant, 1962: 404.

Cuculus solitarius solitarius; C.B.C., 1963: 37.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 147

Essentially a breeding summer visitor to the Winter Rainfall area. One

record from the main Karoo.

BW 2, Ce 1, Ce2, Cl 1, Ct, MB, O, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sw1, Wo1, Woz.

Breeding

Pai Rela EVE MeN eV TD, os EXO) ey Xe? SGT TT

W.R. I 2 I I

Cuculus cafer cafer Licht. Black Cuckoo

Cuculus cafer Lichtenstein, Catalogus rerum naturalium rarissimarum Hamburgi,

1793: 14. Eastern Cape Province (restricted to Cradock, Grant &

M.-Praed, Bull Br. Orn. Club, 56, 1936: 116).

Cuculus cafer cafer; Vincent, 1952: 37; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 182;

C:BiG-; 19632 37:

Cuculus cafer; Praed & Grant, 1962: 405.

An occasional bird overshoots its normal summer haunts and reaches the

Cape Peninsula.

Genus CLAMATOR Kaup

Clamator glandarius choragium Clancey Great Spotted Cuckoo

Clamator glandarius choragium Clancey, Ann. Natal Mus., 12, 1951: 141. Hlobane,

Natal; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 183; C.B.C., 1963: 37.

Clamator glandarius; Vincent, 1952: 38 (in part); Macdonald, 1957: 74; Praed

& Grant, 1962: 409 (in part).

A rare straggler from further east, recorded only from Philipstown and

Saldanha Bay.

Pao:

Clamator jacobinus serratus (Sparrm.) Jacobin Cuckoo

Cuculus serratus Sparrmann, Museum Carlsonianum, 1, 1786: pl. 3. Cape of

Good Hope.

Clamator jacobinus serratus; Vincent, 1952: 38; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

184; Praed & Grant, 1962: 410; C.B.C., 1963: 37.

A not uncommon summer visitor to the eastern part of the Winter Rainfall

area, becoming progressively rarer as one goes west. A few records from the

eastern Karoo.

BW 2, Ct, Lg, MB, O, P, PA, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Swi, Wort.

Breeding

DoS UI Vs oa Via V Lae ETON, TEX oS TET

W.R. 3

Clamator levaillanti (Swains.) Black Crested Cuckoo

Cuculus levaillanti Swainson, Zoological illustrations, 2nd ser., 1, 1829: pl. 13.

Senegal.

148 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Clamator levaillanti; Vincent, 1952: 38; C.B.C., 1963: 64.

Clamator cafer; Macdonald, 1957: 74.

Clamator levaillantit; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 183; Praed & Grant,

1962: 411.

A rare straggler to the south-east from further east.

O, Sw 1.

Genus CHRysococcyx Boie

Chrysococcyx cupreus sharpei v. Som. Emerald Cuckoo

Chrysococcyx cupreus sharpei van. Someren, Novit. zool., 29, 1922: 53. Ifafa River,

Natal; Vincent, 1952: 38; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 185: C.B.C.,

1963: 64.

Chrysococcyx cupreus intermedius; Praed & Grant, 1962: 412.

Known only by a specimen from Durbanville in the South African Museum.

Chrysococcyx caprius (Bodd.) Didric Cuckoo

Cuculus caprius Boddaert, Table des planches enluminéez .. . , 1783: 40, no.

657. Cape of Good Hope.

Chrysococcyx caprius; Vincent, 1952: 38; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 185;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 414; C.B.C., 1963: 37.

Lampromorpha caprius; Macdonald, 1957: 75.

Rare in the extreme south-west, becoming commoner further north and

east; and a common bird on the Karoo as a breeding summer visitor.

BW 2, BW 3, Cn, Ct, H, K, L, Lg, M, MB, N1, N 3, N 4, O, P, PA,

Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Sur, Sw 1, U, V, VW, Wo 1, Wo 3.

Breeding

TW AW ITV WV VT VT VT EX Xe ie ala

W.R. I

Karoo I

Chrysococcyx klaas klaas (Steph.) Klaas’s Cuckoo

Cuculus Klaas Stephens, in Shaw’s General zoology, 9, 1815: 128. Senegal

(corrected to Platte River, Cape Province).

Chrysococcyx klaas klaas; Vincent, 1952: 38; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

185; Praed & Grant, 1962: 415; C.B.C., 1963: 38.

Confined to the Winter Rainfall area and the similar vegetation of the

Little Karoo, chiefly in the forest patches. Apparently resident and quite

common.

Ce 1, Cl 1, Ct, M, MB, O, PA, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sw 1, Wo 1, Wo 2.

Breeding

il TW IV) Vo Mi. Vil Vill tk x eee

W.R. 3 I

Karoo I

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 149

Genus cENTROPUS Illig.

Centropus superciliosus burchellii Swains. White-browed Coucal

Centropus Burchellit Swainson, Animals in menageries, 1838: 321. South Africa

(restricted to Cape Province).

Centropus superciliosus burchellii; Vincent, 1952: 39; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 190; Praed & Grant, 1962: 421; C.B.C., 1963: 38.

Confined to reed-beds and thick cover near water, where it is widely

distributed in the Winter Rainfall area. No records from the Karoo.

M, MB, O, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Swi, Wot.

Breeding

TEL TLE LVS V2 WAND SN EX Ele CI CET

eR: I 5

Family Musophagidae

Genus TAURACO Kluk

Tauraco corythaix corythaix (Wagl.) Knysna Lourie

Spelectos Corythaix Wagler, Systema avium, sheet 8, Spelectos sp. 1, 1827. No

locality (= Knysna).

Tauraco corythaix corythaix; Vincent, 1952: 39; Praed & Grant, 1962: 4209.

Turacus corythaix corythaix; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 178.

A forest species which just enters our area in the valleys of the Great and

Little Brak rivers, Mossel Bay.

MB.

Family Psittacidae

Genus AGAPORNIS Selby

Agapornis roseicollis roseicollis (Vieill.) Rosy-faced Lovebird

Psittacus roseicollis Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 25, 1817:

377. Interior of Cape of Good Hope (restricted to Goodhouse, Cape

Province, Macdonald, 1957: 77).

Agapornis roseicollis; Vincent, 1952: 40; Macdonald, 1957: 76.

Agapornis roseicollis roseicollis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 177; Praed &

Grant, 1962: 444.

A Damaraland species that just enters our area along the Orange River.

rE EDN, U.

Genus MELOPSITTACUsS Gould

[Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw) Budgerigar

Psittacus undulatus Shaw, The naturalist’s miscellany, 16, 1805: pl. 673. New

Holland (= New South Wales).

Melopsittacus undulatus; C.B.C., 1963: 64.

150 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Escapes from captivity are not uncommon, but the species has not estab-

lished itself, apparently largely on account of its susceptibility to predation by

sparrowhawks. |

Family Strigidae

Genus asio Briss.

Asio capensis capensis (Smith) Marsh Owl

Otus Capensis A. Smith, S. Afr. Q.J., 1834: 316. South Africa (restricted to

Waaiplaats, Martindale, Cape Province, Vincent, Ostrich, 20, 1949: 149).

Asio capensis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 45; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 192;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 507; C.B.C., 1963: 39.

A rare and local species of wet grassland.

IN| yee WANE

Genus ciccaBA Wagl.

Ciccaba woodfordii woodfordii (Smith) Wood Owl

Noctua Woodfordu A. Smith, 8S. Afr. Q.J., 1834: 312. South Africa (restricted

to Knysna; Grant & M.-Praed, Bull Br. Orn. Club, 57, 1937: 138).

Ciccaba woodfordit woodfordii; Vincent, 1952: 45; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 192; Praed & Grant, 1962: 508; C.B.C., 1963: 30.

A forest-haunting owl about which little is known and which is probably

more generally distributed than the meagre records indicate.

S, Swi, Wot.

Breeding

Preow Tt WV Vo ovr Vio Vill Ex xo xia

W.R. I

Genus oTus Penn.

Otus scops senegalensis (Swains.) Scops Owl

Scops Senegalensis Swainson, Birds of western Africa, 8, 1837: 127. Gambia.

Otus scops latipennis; Vincent, 1952: 45; C.B.C., 1963: 64.

Otus scops senegalensis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 193; Praed & Gran,

1962: 509.

Has occurred at Cape Town and Swellendam in the past but no recent

records and status unknown.

S, Sw r.

Otus leucotis granti (Kollibay) White-faced Owlet

Pisorhina leucotis grantt Kollibay, Orn. Mber., 18, 1910: 148. South West

Africa (restricted to Windhoek, Macdonald, 1957: 84) (nom. nov. for Scops

erlangert O.-Grant 1906, not Pisorhina scops erlangert Tschusi 1904).

Otus leucotis granti; Vincent, 1952: 46; Macdonald, 1957: 84; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 193; Praed & Grant, 1962: 510.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE I51

Only known from the north-east.

HO PrR:

Genus GLAUCIDIUM Boie

Glaucidium perlatum licua (Licht.) Pearl-spotted Owlet

Strix licua Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss einer Sammlung von Sdugethieren und

Vogeln ... Kaffernlande, 1842: 12. Vaal—Orange confluence.

Glaucidium perlata; Vincent, 1952: 46.

Glaucidium perlatum licua; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 194; Praed & Grant,

1962: 511.

Only known from the north-east.

Heer.

Genus BuBO Duméril

Bubo capensis capensis Smith Cape Eagle-Owl

Bubo capensis A. Smith, S. Afr. Q.J., 1834: 317. South Africa (restricted to

Cape Town, A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa, Aves,

1849: pl. 70).

Bubo capensis; Vincent, 1952: 46; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 195; Praed

& Grant, 1962: 513; C.B.C., 1963: 309.

A rare mountain species, though perhaps commoner than usually believed

(no less than five specimens from the Cape Town-—Somerset West area in the

South African Museum) owing to confusion with the next species.

O, R, 8S, Sw 1.

Bubo africanus africanus (Temm.) Spotted Eagle-Owl

Strix africana Temminck, Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux, 9,

1823: pl. 50. Cape of Good Hope.

Bubo africana africana; Vincent, 1952: 46; Macdonald, 1957: 84; C.B.C.,

1963: 39.

Bubo africanus africanus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 195; Praed & Grant,

1962: 513.

Widely distributed and common in both the Winter Rainfall area and the

Karoo.

BW 1, BW 2, C2, Cex, Cl 1, Cn, Ct, D, H, K, L, Lg, M, MB, N 1, N 2,

N 3, N 4, O, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb, S, Su 2, Sw 1, T, U, V, VW, W, Wo 1, Wo 2.

Breeding

Ve Vie NEE NOE NDT OE OS

W.R. 2 I I T3 LOU 5

Karoo 3 I I

Bubo lacteus (Temm.) Milky Eagle-Owl

Strix lactea Temminck, Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux, 1,

1824: 4. Senegal.

152 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Bubo lactea; Vincent, 1952: 46; C.B.C., 1963: 64.

Bubo lacteus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 195; Praed & Grant, 1962: 514.

As for B. capensis, but there are no records for the Winter Rainfall area

except a single old specimen from Somerset West in the South African Museum.

BW 2, D, O, P, PA, S.

Genus SCOTOPELIA Bp.

[Scotopelia peli (Bp.) Fishing Owl

Strix peli Bonaparte, Conspectus generum avium, 1, 1850: 44. Ashanti.

Scotopelia peli; Vincent, 1952: 46; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 196; Praed

& Grant, 1962: 515; C.B.C., 1963: 65.

A sight record by the late Dr. E. L. Gill from the Cape of Good Hope

Nature Reserve, 1953, needs corroboration. ]

Family Tytonidae

Genus TyTOo Bilbb.

Tyto alba affinis (Blyth) Barn Owl

Strix affinis Blyth, Ibis, 1862: 388. Cape of Good Hope (unnecessarily changed

to Cape Town, Grant & M.-Praed, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 57, 1937: 157).

Tyto alba affinis; Vincent, 1952: 45; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 191;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 505; C.B.C., 1963: 39.

Widely distributed in Winter Rainfall and Karoo areas, but not particu-

larly common and there are big gaps, though most of these are probably due

to imperfect knowledge.

B, BW 2, Cl 1, Gn, M, MB, N x, N 3, O, P, Pr, R, S, Sw 1, U, VW, W,

Wo 2.

Breeding

Lt Tk TV ev VI OVIE VEIL EX) «= Xtee xa

W.R. I I 5 2 I I

Tyto capensis capensis (Smith) Grass Owl

Strix Capensis A. Smith, S. Afr. Q.J., 1834: 317. South Africa (restricted to

Cape Town, Grant & M.-Praed, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 57, 1937: 158).

Tyto capensis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 45; Praed & Grant, 1962: 506; C.B.C.,

1963: 30.

Tyto capensis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 191.

Roberts (1936) maintained that the name capensis could not be used for

the Grass Owl because Strix capensis Smith 1834 is antedated by Strix capensis

Daudin 1800. Daudin’s use of the name is as a variety of his Strix bubo and

appears as Bubo capensis. Daudin did not use trinomials in the modern sense

and until a ruling is obtained from the International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature, I consider it inadvisable to alter long-established names.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 153

An inhabitant of wet grassland, recorded only, and rarely, from the

Winter Rainfall area.

Family Caprimulgidae

Genus CAPRIMULGUS L.

Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus L. European Nightjar

Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 193. Europe

& America (restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Vogel der palaarktischen

Fauna, 2, 1912: 846-856).

Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus; Vincent, 1952: 46; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 197; Praed & Grant, 1962: 518; O.B.C., 1963: 65.

Records of this species based on calling are open to suspicion, most of

them being due to confusion with C. rufigena. The present bird is, however,

represented by specimens in the South African Museum from the Cape Penin-

sula (3) and Kareekloof and is recorded from Swellendam (a most unlikely

place for C. rufigena) by Layard.

H, 8, Swit.

Caprimulgus rufigena Smith Rufous-cheeked Nightjar

a. Caprimulgus rufigena rufigena Smith.

Caprimulgus rufigena A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa,

Aves, 1845: pl. 100. Eastern Cape Province, McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 197.

Caprimulgus rufigena rufigena; Vincent, 1952: 47; Macdonald, 1957: 85;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 522; C.B.C., 1963: 65.

The common nightjar of the Karoo, where it is a breeding summer

visitor which reaches as far south as De Hoop, Bredasdorp.

5, BW.2, Co; D, FO, Ks. N 3) PPA. Ro Rb) Royi2.75;, 02,0. Vi,

VW, W, Wot.

b. Caprimulgus rufigena damarensis Strickl.

Caprimulgus damarensis Strickland, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1852: 123.

Damaraland.

Replaces the preceding in parts of Bushmanland and along the lower Orange

River.

K,N1,N2,N4, M.

Caprimulgus pectoralis pectoralis Cuv. Fiery-necked Nightjar

Caprimulgus pectoralis Cuvier, Le régne animal, 1, 1817: 376. Africa (=George).

Caprimulgus pectoralis pectoralis; Vincent, 1952: 47; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 198; Praed & Grant, 1962: 519; C.B.C., 1963: 4o.

154 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

The common nightjar of the Winter Rainfall area where it is resident.

Karoo records are few and mostly suspect, but it certainly occurs in Namaqua-

land and the records from Klaarstroom, Carnarvon and Melton Wold are

accepted.

BW 2, Cl 1, Gn, Lg, MB, N 1, N 3, O, PA, Rb, S, Sw 1, Sw 2, VW, Wo t.

Breeding

Bo) cD DV ON, VI VII VII I xX XI XII

W.R. I 7 4

Caprimulgus tristigma lentiginosus Smith Freckled Nightjar

Caprimulgus lentiginosus A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa,

Aves, 1845: pl. 1o1. Great Namaqualand.

Caprimulgus tristigma lentiginosus; Vincent, 1952: 47; Macdonald, 1957: 85;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 198; Praed & Grant, 1962: 523; C.B.C.,

1963: 65.

Confined to rocky hills and only recorded from the west, from Grootderm

on the Orange River to the Cold Bokkeveld and Swellendam.

C2, Ce2, M, Ni, N2, N3, N4, S, Sw 1, V.

[Caprimulgus fossii Hartl. Mozambique Nightjar

Caprimulgus fossi Hartlaub, System der Ornithologie Westafrica’s, 1857: 23.

Gabon; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 199; Praed & Grant, 1962: 525.

Caprimulgus fossii mossambicus; Vincent, 1952: 47.

I can find no evidence to support the view of Praed & Grant (1962) that

this species occurs in the Cape Province. |]

Genus MACRODIPTERYX Swains.

[Macrodipteryx vexillarius (Gould) Pennant-winged Nightjar

Semeiophorus vexillarius Gould, Icones avium, 2, 1838: pl. 3. Islands between

Bourbon & Madagascar (corrected to Sierra Leone, Sclater & Praed,

Ibis, 1919: 659, footnote); Praed & Grant, 1962: 326.

Macrodipteryx vexillarius; Vincent, 1952: 47; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

200.

No records; but may occur occasionally in the north-east. ]

Family Coraciidae

Genus cCORACIAS L.

Coracias garrulus garrulus L. European Roller

Coracias garrulus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 107. Europe

(restricted to Sweden; Hartert, Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna,

1903-23).

Coracias garrulus garrulus; Vincent, 1952: 41; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

220; Praed & Grant, 1962: 447; C.B.C., 1963: 38.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 155

An irregular, non-breeding, summer visitor from the Palaearctic, which

sometimes penetrates as far south as Cape Town and is more regular in the

extreme north.

Ce 1, Cn, N 3, O, P, S.

Coracias caudata caudata L. Mozelikatse’s Roller

Coracias caudata Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 160. Angola.

Coracias caudata caudata; Vincent, 1952: 41; Macdonald, 1957: 77; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 221; Praed & Grant, 1962: 449.

A straggler from further north, recorded from Springbok.

N 3.

Family Alcedinidae

Genus CERYLE Boie

Ceryle rudis rudis (L.) Pied Kingfisher

Alcedo rudis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 116. Egypt (Hartert,

Novit. zool., 17, 1910: 216).

Ceryle rudis rudis; Vincent, 1952: 41; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 210;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 455; C.B.C., 1963: 38.

Ceryle rudis; Macdonald, 1957: 77.

The commonest kingfisher, occurring even on the Karoo where conditions

are suitable, but more frequent in the Winter Rainfall area. Found on all

types of water, including the sea-coast, except those heavily charged with silt.

Ce 2, Cl 1, Cn, Ct, D, L, M, MB, N 1, N 2, N 3, O, P, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2,

S, Sw 1, T, U, V, Wo 1, Wo 2.

Breeding

Ty ER TV) ON ONE VE Vi ES eX aT XO

WVaRRE (Pe I I I

Ceryle maxima maxima (Pall.) Giant Kingfisher

Alcedo maxima Pallas, Spicilegia zoologica, 6, 1769: 14. Cape of Good Hope.

Megaceryle maxima maxima; Vincent, 1952: 41; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 211; Praed & Grant, 1962: 456; C.B.C., 1963.

Not uncommon in the Winter Rainfall area, especially along tree-lined

rivers; but hardly penetrates into the Karoo, though there are records from

Klaarstroom and Philipstown. Occasional on the sea-coast and one record

from the Orange River.

C 2, Ce 2, Cl1, Ct, M, MB, O, P, PA, Rb, Rv 1, 8S, Swi, T, U, Wor,

Woz.

Breeding

fee Ni EVA Ws a) WAS NTT NDT EX sXe ELT

W.R. I I

156 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Genus ALCEDO L.

Alcedo atthis semitorquata Swains. Half-collared Kingfisher

Alcedo semitorquata Swainson, Zoological illustrations, 3, 1823: pl. 151. Great

Fish River, Cape Province; Vincent, 1952: 41; Praed & Grant, 1962:

457-

Alcedo semitorquata semitorquata; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 211; C.B.C.,

1963: 38. |

I follow Meinertzhagen (1951) and others on regarding semitorquata as a

race of atthis.

Rare; and chiefly in the Winter Rainfall area.

Cl 1, M, MB, O, P, 8, Sw 1, Wot.

Alcedo cristata cristata Pall. Malachite Kingfisher

Alcedo cristata Pallas, in Vroeg’s Catalogus . . . vogelen . . . dieren. Adumbra-

tiuncula, 1764: no. 55, pl. 1. Cape of Good Hope.

Corythornis cristata cristata; Vincent, 1952: 42; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

211; Praed & Grant, 1962: 458; C.B.C., 1963: 38.

Corythornis cristata; Macdonald, 1957: 78.

On the invalidity of A.c. galerita P. L. S. Miller and A.c. longirostris

(Roberts), see Winterbottom (1961c).

Next to Ceryle rudis, the commonest kingfisher in the Winter Rainfall area

and, like it, with a wide habitat tolerance, though rare on the sea-shore. Much

more often recorded from the Karoo than any of the other kingfishers.

BW 2, C2, Cl1, Cn, Ct, K, M, MB, N 1, N 3, O, P, Rb, S, Su 2, Swi,

Sw 2, T, U, V, Wo1, Woa2.

Breeding

LU SL AN) Ni NI VEL NTT DX 8 XG een

W.R. I I I 2 4. I

Karoo I

Genus HALCYON Swains.

Halcyon albiventris albiventris (Scop.) Brown-hooded Kingfisher

Alcedo albiventris Scopoli, Deliciae florae et faunae insubricae, 2, 1786: go.

New Guinea (corrected to Cape of Good Hope).

Halcyon albiventris albiventris; Vincent, 1952: 42; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 214; Praed & Grant, 1962: 464; C.B.C., 1963: 38.

A breeding summer visitor to the eastern part of the Winter Rainfall

area, reaching its western limit about Robertson, though stragglers reach the

Cape Peninsula.

Ct, L, M, MB, O, P, PA, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Swit.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 157

Halcyon chelicuti chelicuti (Stanl.) Striped Kingfisher

Alaudo chelicuti Stanley, in Salt’s A voyage to Abyssinia, App., 1814: 56.

Chelicut, Ethiopia.

Halcyon chelicuti chelicuti; Vincent, 1952: 42; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

214; Praed & Grant, 1962: 467.

Halcyon chelicuti; Macdonald, 1957: 78.

A tropical species recorded from our area only at Upington.

Family Meropidae

Genus MEROPS L.

On the limits of this genus, see Winterbottom (1959d).

Merops apiaster L. European Bee-eater

Merops Apiaster Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 117. South Europe;

Vincent, 1952: 42; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 214; Praed & Grant,

1962: 469; C.B.C., 1963: 39.

A common, breeding, summer visitor to the Karoo and the northern part

of the Winter Rainfall area, reaching its southern limit, except for occasional

stragglers, about Darling and Robertson. In the east of the area, not known

south of the Little Karoo. It is not known where our breeding birds, which

disappear in January, spend the rest of the year; nor whether birds of the

Palaearctic breeding population reach our limits.

BW. 2, BW 3, C1, C2, Cé2, Ce 3, Gls; Cl 2, Cn, Ct, Dy Fy Hy KL;

Lg, M, MB, N 1, N 3, O, P, PA, R, Rb, 8S, Su 1, Su 2, Sw2, U, V, VW, W,

Wo 1, Wo 3.

Breeding

ee IVE NL OV ET NET a Xo DG IE

W.R. tan 2 3 5 I

Karoo 13

Merops superciliosus persicus Pall. Blue-cheeked Bee-eater

Merops persica Pallas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs,

2, 1773: 708. Shores of Caspian Sea; C.B.C., 1963: 64.

Merops persica persica; Vincent, 1952: 42.

Merops superciliosus persicus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 215; Praed &

Grant, 1962: 472.

An occasional straggler from the Palaearctic migrants which normally

spend their off-season further north and east. Recorded only from Oudtshoorn

and the Cape Flats (specimen in the South African Museum).

O, S.

I 58 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Merops nubicus nubicoides Des Murs & Puch. Carmine Bee-eater

Merops nubicoides Des Murs & Pucheran, Revue Zool., 1846: 243. Port Natal

(corrected to River Ouri, between 24° and 25°S., S.W. Transvaal,

Sclater, Systema avium ethiopicarum, I, 1924: 220); Vincent, 1952: 43;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 215; Praed & Grant, 1962: 472; C.B.C.,

1963: 64.

Recorded by Layard from Genadendal—a straggler from the north-east.

Merops pusillus meridionalis (Sharpe) Little Bee-eater

Melittophagus meridionalis Sharpe, Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum,

17, 1892: 45, pl. 1, fig. 4. South-eastern Africa (type from Pinetown, Natal).

Melitiophagus pusillus meridionalis; Vincent, 1952: 43; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 217; Praed & Grant, 1962: 475.

A tropical species recorded within our limits only from Aughrabies Falls

on the Orange River.

Merops hirundineus hirundineus Licht. Swallow-tailed Bee-eater

Merops hirundineus Lichtenstein, Catalogus rerum naturalium rarissimarum

Hamburgi, 1793: 21. No locality (Orange River, Cape Province, ex

Levaillant).

Melittophagus hirundineus hirundineus; Vincent, 1952: 43.

Dicrocercus hirundineus hirundineus; Macdonald, 1957: 79; McLachlan & Liver-

sidge, 1957: 217; Praed & Grant, 1962: 479.

The Orange River marks the limit of the normal range of this species,

but it occasionally wanders further south and two were seen at Vosburg, in

the north of the Victoria West District, in 1959. Common along the Orange

River. A record from Oudtshoorn needs confirmation.

Hoke Na, N. 2) Nis, N.4, Po Pr, UU; VW:

Family Bucerotidae

Genus TOCKUS Less.

[Tockus nasutus epirhinus (Sund.) Grey Hornbill

Buceros epirhinus Sundevall, Ofvers, K. VetenskAkad. Forh. for 1850, 1851:

108. Caffraria superior (Upper Crocodile River, S.W. of Pretoria,

Gyldenstolpe, Ibis, 1934: 290).

Lophoceros nasutus epirhinus; Vincent, 1952: 43; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 226.

Tockus nasutus epirhinus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 487.

May occur as a straggler in the extreme north-east. |

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 159

[Tockus flavirostris leucomelas (Licht.) Yellow-billed Hornbill

Buceros leucomelas Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss einer Sammlung von Saugethiere

und Végeln .. . Kaffernlande, 1842: 17. Kaffirland (Vaal R., between

Bloemhof and Commando Drift).

Lophoceros flavirostris leucomelas; Vincent, 1952: 43; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 227.

Tockus flavirostris leucomelas; Macdonald, 1957: 81; Praed & Grant, 1962: 490.

May occur as a straggler in the extreme north-east. ]

Family Upupidae

Genus uPuPaA L.

Upupa epops minor Shaw Hoopoe

Upupa minor Shaw, General zoology, 8, 1812: 139. Cape of Good Hope.

Upupa africana; Vincent, 1952: 44; Macdonald, 1957: 83: McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 222; Praed & Grant, 1962: 498; C.B.C., 1963: 39.

For use of the name minor, see Lawson (19626).

Some birds are certainly resident in the south; elsewhere it may be only

a breeding summer visitor.

BW 2, G2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cn, Ct, H, K, L, Lg, N, MB, N 1, N 3, N 4,

O, P, PA, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, S, Su2, Swi, Swe, T, U, V, VW, Wot, Wo 2.

Breeding

DT SE SIV Ve NT VD i VDE Xe XO OT ODT

W.R. I 10 SMTi, oe

Genus RHINOPOMASTUS Smith

Rhinopomastus cyanomelas cyanomelas (Viceill.) Scimitarbill

Falcinellus cyanomelas Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 28,

1819: 165. Namaqualand (restricted to Goodhouse, Cape Province,

Macdonald, 1957: 84).

Rhinopomastus cyanomelas cyanomelas; Vincent, 1952: 45; Macdonald, 1957: 83;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 224; Praed & Grant, 1962: 503; C.B.C.,

1963: 64.

Recorded only along the Orange River, where it inhabits the fringing

bush from Philipstown to the mouth; from a rocky, thorn-filled gorge near

Pofadder (Clancey, 1963a); and from the Hartebeest River at Kenhardt.

ie Nar. N.2.5NUA PU:

Family Coliidae

Genus CoLius Briss.

Colius striatus striatus Gmel. Speckled Coly

Colius striatus Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2), 1789:

843. Cape of Good Hope.

160 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Colius striatus striatus; Vincent, 1952: 47; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 208;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 528; C.B.C., 1963: 4o.

Revision, Clancey (19572).

Occurs, in places abundantly, in the Winter Rainfall area and Little

Karoo. There are a few records, some of them suspect, from as far north as

Papendorp, near the mouth of the Olifants River, and Beaufort West; and

the species appears again on the Orange River above the Vaal confluence.

BW 2, Ce1, Ce 3, Cl1, Ct, L, M, MB, O, P, PA, Rb, Rv1, S, Sw,

Sw 2, T, V, W, Wor, Wo2.

Breeding

T° Ube TIT » TV... Ve, V1. Val VEO. Ex xX Ne ait

W.R. I I 5 6 5 4.

Map 18. Distribution of subspecies of Colius colius. Dots: C. c. colius;

crosses: C. c. damarensis.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 161

Colius colius (L.) Cape Coly

a. Colius colius colius (L.)

Loxia colius Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 301. Cape of

Good Hope.

Colius colius colius; Vincent, 1952: 48; C.B.C., 1963: 40.

Colius colius; Macdonald, 1957: 87 (in part); McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 208 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1962: 531 (in part).

Abundant in the Winter Rainfall area, except the mountains, and on the

southern Karoo.

BW 1, BW2, BW3, G2, Cer, Ce2, Ce3, Cl x, Ct, L, Lg, M, MB,

O, P, PA, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, S, Sui, Su2, Swi, Sw2, V, VW, Wor, Wo2,

Wo 3.

Breeding

ehh Sense DV Aa NA Vag TEXe os Gree Xen

W.R. I I I I eer ce) I

Karoo I 3

b. Colius colius damarensis Rchw.

Colius colius damarensis Reichenow, J. Orn., Lpz., 47, 1899: 418. Damaraland;

Vincent, 1952: 48.

Colius colius; Macdonald, 1957: 87 (in part); McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 208 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1962: 531 (in part).

Replaces the preceding in the north.

B, C1, Cn, D, H, K, N 1, N2,N 3, N4, P, Pr, R, U, VW, W.

Colius indicus indicus Lath. Red-faced Coly

Colius indicus Latham, Index ornithologicus, 1, 1790: 370. India (corrected to

Gamtoos River, Cape Province, W. L. Sclater, Systema avium ethiopi-

carum, I, 1924: 267); Macdonald, 1957: 87.

Colius indicus indicus; Vincent, 1952: 48; Praed & Grant, 1962: 532; C.B.C.,

1963: 40.

Urocolius indicus indicus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 208.

Generally distributed in the Winter Rainfall area, the eastern Karoo and

the Orange River valley, but there are no records from a considerable area of

the north-west from Sutherland and Fraserburg to Port Nolloth and Steinkopf.

Northern birds are intergrades with C2. transvaalensis (Roberts).

B, BW 1, BW 2, C2, Ce 3,'Cl 1, Cn, Ct, H, K, L, Lg, M, MB, N11, N 2,

N 3, N 4, O, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb, Rv 1, S, Su 2, Sw 1, Sw 2, U, V, VW, Wo 3.

Breeding

ee Vie NV NW ES, ee

W.R. 2 3 2 I

Karoo I

162 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Family Trogonidae

Genus APALODERMA Swains.

[Apaloderma narina narina (Steph.) Narina Trogon

Trogon narina Stephens, in Shaw’s General zoology, 9, 1815: 14. Anteniquoi =

George District.

Apaloderma narina narina; Vincent, 1952: 48; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

209; Praed & Grant, 1962: 534.

A circumstantial sight-record from Orchard, Worcester District, was

reported to me by Mr. H. L. Hare. Trogons do wander at times, but the record

needs confirmation. |

Family Apodidae

Arrangement and nomenclature in this family follow Lack (1956).

Genus APus Scop.

Apus apus apus (L.) European Swift

Hirundo Apus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 192. Europe (restricted

to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der palaarktischen Fauna, 3, 1921).

Apus apus apus; Vincent 1952: 52; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 201; Praed

& Grant, 1962: 590.

Micropus apus; Macdonald, 1957: 85.

I do not understand Macdonald’s (1957) use of Micropus for this species

and Apus for the others.

A Palaearctic migrant, recorded only from the extreme north-east and

north-west. Owing to the difficulty of distinguishing it in the field from A.

barbatus, however, this may be misleading and the species may range further

south than records at present suggest.

EN 1, U:

Apus barbatus barbatus (P. L. Sclater) Black Swift

Cypselus barbatus P. L. Sclater, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1865: 599. South Africa

(restricted to Cape Province, Grant & M.-Praed, Bull. Br. Orn. Club,

58, 1937: 49).

Apus barbatus barbatus; Vincent, 1952: 52; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

201; C.B.C., 1963: 41.

Apus barbatus; Macdonald, 1957: 86.

Apus apus barbatus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 591.

Widely distributed, especially in the Winter Rainfall area, as a breeding

summer visitor; occasional individuals and flocks in winter.

B, BW 2, Ce 1, Cl 1, Cn, D, H, L, M, MB, N 1, O, P, PA, Pr, Rb, Rv 1,

Rv 2, S, Sw 1, T, U, V, VW, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 163

Breeding

ley ER TV Ni VL NA NDT) TEX) OX TeX

W.R. I

Apus melba africanus (Temm.) Alpine Swift

Cypselus alpinus africanus Temminck, Manuel d’ornithologie, 1815: 270. South

Africa.

Apus melba africanus; Vincent, 1952: 52; Macdonald, 1957: 86; Praed & Grant,

1962: 594; C.B.C., 1963: 41.

Apus melba; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 205.

As for the preceding but even more widely distributed.

BW 2, G2, Cer, Ce2, Ce 3, Cl1, Cn, Ct, H, K, L, Lg, M, MB, N 1,

N 2, N 3, O, P, PA, Pr, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Sur, Swi, Sw 2, T; U, V, VW,

Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Apus caffer (Licht.) White-rumped Swift

Cypselus Caffer Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss der Doubletten ... , 1823: 58. Kaffir-

land (restricted to Uitenhage, Stresemann, Annls Mus. r. Congo belge,

N. Sér. 4to, Zool., 1, 1954: 81-82).

Apus caffer caffer; Vincent, 1952: 53; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 204;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 597; B.C.C., 1963: 41.

On the reason for use of binomial only, see Brooke (1964).

Abundant in summer as a breeding visitor symbiotic with man and often

robbing Hirundo cucullata of its nests. Occasional in winter.

All districts except BW 3, C1, Ce 3, H, K and N 2. Coll.: F, Rb, S.

Breeding

ET TES LV a Vie iV Vi VT EX xX TE

W.R. Beal 5 IQ 5 19

Apus affinis theresae Meinertzh. Little Swift

Apus affinis theresae Meinertzhagen, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 69, 1949: 105. Brand-

vlei; Vincent, 1952: 53; C.B.C., 1963: 42.

Apus affinis abessynicus; Vincent, 1952: 52 (in part).

Apus affinis; Macdonald, 1957: 86.

Apus affinis affinis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 205 (in part); Praed &

Grant, 1962: 596 (in part).

On the status and range of A.a. theresae, see Clancey (19636).

A common, breeding, summer visitor to the Karoo; and an increasing

number of records from the Winter Rainfall area suggest that it is one of those

species which is expanding its range. Stays later on the Karoo than the other

swifts.

B, BW 2, BW 3, C1, C2, Cl1, Cn, Ct, D, F, H, K, L, Lg, M, MB, N 3,

164 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

IN 4, ©; P, PA, Pr, R; Rb, Rv 1,5, Sur, Sule, Sw 1, Sw 2, 0, OU; Weave

W, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Pare iV VO VEO VEL VI eX aan

Karoo 21 2

Apus horus (Heugl.) Horus Swift

Cypselus affinis var. horus Heuglin, Otnithologie Nordost-Afrika’s, 1, 1869: 147.

N.E. Africa.

Apus horus; Vincent, 1952: 53; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 204 (in part) ;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 598; C.B.C., 1963: 42.

Rare and local; exact status uncertain.

BW 2, Ct, MB, S.

Genus CYPSIURUS Less.

[Cypsiurus parvus parvus (Licht.) Palm Swift

Cypselus parva Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss der Doubletten ... , 1823: 58. Nubia.

Cypsiurus parva myochrous; Vincent, 1952: 53.

Cypsiurus parvus parvus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 206.

Cypsturus parvus myochrous; Praed & Grant, 1962: 599.

A sight record from Kenhardt (Winterbottom, 1965e) needs confirmation. |

Family Capitonidae

Genus LyBrus Herm.

On the limits of this genus, see Ripley (1945) and South African Ornitho-

logical Society, List Committee Report (1959).

Lybius leucomelas (Bodd.) Pied Barbet

Revision, Winterbottom (1958), 1962g).

a. Lybius leucomelas leucomelas (Bodd.)

Buceo leucomelas Boddaert, Table des planches enluminéez ... , 1783: 43.

Cape of Good Hope (amended to Beaufort West, Cape Province,

Winterbottom, 1958).

Tricholaema leucomelas leucomelas; Vincent, 1952: 48; Macdonald, 1957:

89; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 230.

Tricholaema leucomelas centralis; Vincent, 1952: 49.

Tricholaema leucomelas centrale; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 230.

Tricholaema leucomelan leucomelan; Praed & Grant, 1962: 546.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 165

Map 1g. Distribution of subspecies of Lybius leucomelas. Dots: L. 1. leucomelas;

crosses: L. 1. namaqua.

Common inland on the Karoo, intergrading in a wide belt with Ll.

namaqua.

B, BW 2, C2, Cn, Ct, D, F, H, K, Lg, P, PA, Pr, R, Su2, U, VW.

Breeding

aT eee Ni AON NON ET Nie | SCT eT

Karoo if I

b. Lybius leucomelas namaqua (W. L. Scl.)

Tricholaema leucomelas namaqua W. L. Sclater, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 43, 1922:

63. Klipfontein; Vincent, 1952: 48; Macdonald, 1957: 89; McLachlan

Liversidge, 1957: 230.

Tricholaema leucomelan namaqua; Praed & Grant, 1962: 546.

Lybius leucomelas namaqua; C.B.C., 1963: 40.

Replaces the preceding along the coastal strip, including the whole Winter

Rainfall area.

166 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

C1, Ce 3, Cl 1, L, Lg, M, MB, Nx, N 2, N 3, N 4, O, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Swi,

T, V, Wo 1, Wo 3.

Breeding

ta AW IV Vy VE Vil Vil OrxX {oe

W.R. 2 2 4

Family Picidae

Genus GEOCOLAPTES Swains.

Geocolaptes olivaceus olivaceus (Gmel.) Ground Woodpecker

Picus olivaceus Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, 1, 1788:

431. Cape of Good Hope.

Geocolaptes olivaceus olivaceus; Vincent, 1952: 50 (in part); McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 239 (in part); C.B.C., 1963: 41.

Geocolaptes olivaceus theresae; Vincent, 1952: 50.

Geocolaptes olivaceus; Macdonald, 1957: 89; Praed & Grant, 1962: 57 (in part).

On the invalidity of G. o. theresae Meinertzhagen, see South African

Ornithological Society, List Committee Report (1961).

Widely distributed, especially, but not exclusively, in mountainous country.

B, BW 1, BW 2, G2,Ce 2, ‘Cl 1, Cle; Cn, Ct, D, FF, L, Lg) Veen

N 3, O, P, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, S, Su 1, Su 2, Swi, Sw 2, T, V, VW, W, Wo,

Wo 2, Wo 3.

Genus CAMPETHERA Gray

Campethera notata notata (Licht.) Knysna Woodpecker

Picus notatus Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss der Doubletten .. . , 1823: 11. Kaffraria

(restricted to Galgenbosch near Thornhill, E. Cape; Stresemann, Annls

Mus. r. Congo belge, N. Sér. 4to, Zool., 1, 1954: 81-82).

Campethera notatus; Vincent, 1952: 50; C.B.C., 1963: 41.

Campethera notata; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 240; Praed & Grant, 1962:

578.

Only in well-wooded localities in the east of the Winter Rainfall area.

Rts. OWT.

Breeding

r WT IV Vv Vi Vil Vill i x. sae

W.R. I

Campethera abingoni anderssoni (Roberts) | Golden-tailed Woodpecker

Chrysoptilopicus abingoni anderssoni Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 18, 1936: 255.

Windhoek.

Campethera abingoni annectans; Vincent, 1952: 51 (in part).

Campethera abingoni anderssoni; Macdonald, 1957: 91; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 240; Praed & Grant, 1962: 577.

Revision, Clancey (1959¢).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 167

Recorded only from the Orange River valley.

H, U.

Genus DENDROPICUS Malh.

Dendropicos fuscescens (Vieill.) Cardinal Woodpecker

a. Dendropicos fuscescens fuscescens (Vieill.)

Picus fuscescens Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’historie naturelle, 26, 1818:

86. Forests of Cape Colony (restricted to Grootvadersbosch, Swellen-

dam, Cape Province, Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 10, 1929: 83).

Dendropicos fuscescens fuscescens; Vincent, 1952: 51; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 241 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1962: 579 (in part); C.B.C.,

1963: 41.

Except where replaced by the next form, widely, but mostly sparingly,

distributed where there are indigenous trees, though fairly common along

thickly wooded rivers.

BW 2, Cli, Ct, H, K, Lg, N1, N3, O, P, PA, Pr, Rv 1, 8, Swi, T.

b. Dendropicos fuscescens haret Roberts.

Dendropicos hartlaubi harei Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 10, (2), 1924: 84.

Barkly West, N. Cape.

Dendropicos fuscescens orangensis; Vincent, 1952: 51.

Dendropicos fuscescens fuscescens; Macdonald, 1957: 92; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 241 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1962: 579 (in part).

Replaces the preceding in the north-west.

KONG, No; N 4. U:

Genus MESOPICOs Malh.

Mesopicos griseocephalus griseocephalus (Bodd.) Olive Woodpecker

Picus griseocephalus Boddaert, Table des planches enluminéez .. . , 1783: 49.

Cape of Good Hope.

Mesopicos griseocephalus griseocephalus; Vincent, 1952: 51; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 242; Praed & Grant, 1962: 584; C.B.C., 1963: 41.

A forest species of the Winter Rainfall area and uncommon.

S, Sw 1, T.

Breeding

Py Leth AN Ve VI VI VE EX OX Xe XT

W.R. 2

Genus THRIPIAS Cab. & Heine

[Thripias namaquus namaquus (Licht.) Bearded Woodpecker

Picus namaquus Lichtenstein, Catalogus rerum naturalium rarissimarum Ham-

burgi, 1793: 17. Cape of Good Hope (amended to Great Namaqualand,

Clancey, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 78, 1958: 41).

168 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Thripias namaquus namaquus; Vincent, 1952: 51; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 242; Praed & Grant, 1962: 582.

May occur along the Orange River. ]

Genus Jynx L.

[Jynx ruficollis ruficollis Wag]. Red-breasted Wryneck

Jynx ruficollis Wagler, Natiirliches System der Amphibien, 1830: 118. Kaffir-

land = Eastern Cape Province (Korrumus Mts., E. Cape, Stresemann,

Annls Mus. r. Congo belge, N. Sér. 4to, Zool., 1, 1954: 81-82).

Jynx ruficollis ruficollis; Vincent, 1952: 52; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

243; Praed & Grant, 1962: 588.

May occur as a straggler in the extreme south-east. ]

Family Indicatoridae

Genus INDICATOR Steph.

Indicator indicator (Sparrm.) Greater Honeyguide

Cuculus indicator Sparrman, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 67, 1777: 43, pl. 1. Great

Fish River, near Somerset East, Cape Province.

Indicator indicator; Vincent, 1952: 49; Friedmann, 1955: 115; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 236; Praed & Grant, 1962: 563.

Indicator indicator indicator; C.B.C., 1963: 40.

Widely but thinly distributed in wooded parts of the Winter Rainfall

area; and sporadic on the Karoo.

BW 2, C2, Cli, Ct, M, MB, N3, P, PA, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sw 1, Sw 2s

U, V, Wo 1, Wo 2.

Indicator variegatus variegatus Less. Scaly-throated Honeyguide

Indicator variegatus Lesson, Traité d’ornithologie, 1831: 155. Africa (restricted

to Knysna, Grant & M.-Praed, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 58, 1938: 118);

Friedmann, 1955: 89; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 236; Praed &

Grant, 1962: 561.

Indicator variegatus variegatus; Vincent, 1952: 50.

A rare straggler, recorded only from Beaufort West long ago.

BW 2.

Indicator minor minor Stephens Lesser Honeyguide

Indicator minor Stephens, in Shaw’s General zoology, 9, 1815: 140. Cape of

Good Hope (restricted to Zwartkops River, Uitenhage, Cape Province,

Grant & M.-Praed, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 58, 1938: 118).

Indicator minor minor; Vincent, 1952: 50; Friedmann, 1955: 179; Macdonald,

1957: 89; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 237; Praed & Grant, 1962:

565; C.B.C., 1963: 41.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 169

Recorded only from the extreme south-east (uncommon) and north-east.

Ct, M, O, Pr, S, Sw 1, Sw 2.

Family Alaudidae

Genera and arrangement in this family follow Verheyen (1958).

Genus MIRAFRA Horsf.

[Mirafra cheniana Smith Singing Bush Lark

Mirafra cheniana A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa, Aves,

1843: pl. 89, fig. 2. Latakoo, Botswana; Vincent, 1952: 53; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 245; Praed & Grant, 1962: 610.

May occur in the north-east. ]

Mirafra africana africana Smith Rufous-naped Lark

Mirafra africana A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring Central

Africa, 1836: 47. Eastern Cape Province and the country as far north as

Latakoo (restricted to Eastern Cape); Macdonald, 1957: 93.

Murafra africana africana; Vincent, 1952: 54; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

246.

Muirafra africana transvaalensis; Grant & Praed, 1962: 611.

A grassveld species which only enters our area along the Orange River

in the Hopetown District. A sight record from Oudtshoorn cannot be accepted

without confirmation.

Mirafra apiata (Viceill.) Clapper Lark

For a revision of the south-western races, see Winterbottom (1956a) ;

for other races, see Macdonald (1952c).

a. Murafra apiata apiata (Vieill.)

Alauda apiata Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 1, 1816:

342. Swartland (= Malmesbury District, Cape Province).

Murafra apiata apiata; Vincent, 1952: 54 (in part); Macdonald, 1957: 93

(in part); McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 253; Praed & Grant, 1962:

615; C.B.G., 1963; 42.

From Malmesbury to the Olifants River, chiefly in indigenous bush.

Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl2, S, Su 1, T.

Breeding

i Ws PV eV, NV OV EE VEEL EX a OT TT,

W.R. 2

b. Murafra apiata marjoriae Winterbottom.

Mirafra apiata marjoriae Winterbottom, Ostrich, 27, 1956: 156. Zoetendals-

vlei, Bredasdorp; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 253; Praed &

Grant, 1962: 616; C.B.C., 1963: 42.

170 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Map 20. Distribution of subspecies of Mirafra apiata. Dots: M. a. apiata; diagonal crosses:

M. a. marjoriae; open circles: M. a. algoensis; upright crosses: M. a. adendorffi; squares: M. a. hewitti.

Mirafra apiata apiata; Vincent, 1952: 54 (in part).

From Cape Town to Bredasdorp.

Breeding

Poor IVs OV UVES’ MIL Vill Sea xe eee

W.R. I 2

c. Mirafra apiata algoensis (Roberts)

Megalophoneus apiatus algoensis Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 11, 1926: 222.

Port Elizabeth.

Mirafra apiata algoensis; Vincent, 1952: 54; McLachlan & Liversidge.

1957: 253; Praed & Grant, 1962: 616; C.B.C., 1963: 42.

From the Breede River valley east.

MB, O, PA, Rv 1, 8, Sw 1, Wo 1, Wo 3.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 171

d. Mirafra apiata adendorffi Roberts.

Muirafra apiata adendorffi Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 6, 1919: 117. Klaver,

Cape Province; Vincent, 1952: 543; Macdonald, 1957: 94; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 253; Praed & Grant, 1962: 615; C.B.C., 1963: 42.

From the Olifants River north to the Orange River.

Ca, Cl1, Cle, N1,N3, N 4, V.

e. Muirafra apiata hewitti (Roberts)

Megalophoneus hewitti Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 11, 1926: 223. Rooiberg,

Transvaal.

Mirafra apiata hewitti; Vincent, 1952: 54; Macdonald, 1957: 93: McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 253.

Muirafra damarensis hewitti; Praed & Grant, 1962: 617.

The north-eastern Karoo.

BW 2, D, H, P, R, VW.

Mirafra africanoides Smith Fawn-coloured Lark

Revision, Winterbottom (19662).

a. Murafra africanoides africanoides Smith

Murafra africanoides A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central

Africa, 1836: 47. Eastern Province of the Colony and Latakoo

(restricted to Colesberg, Macdonald, 1957).

Murafra africanoides africanoides; Vincent, 1952: 55; Macdonald, 1957: 943

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 247; Praed & Grant, 1962: 621.

The open Acacia country near the Orange River in the north-east.

H, Pr.

b. Murafra africanoides gobabisensis (Roberts).

Anacorys africanoides gobabisensis Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus. 18, 1936:

263. Gobabis, S.W.A.

Murafra africanoides gobabisensis; Vincent, 1952: 55; Macdonald, 1957: 97;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 247; Praed & Grant, 1962: 622.

Replaces the preceding further west.

Mirafra sabota bradfieldi (Roberts) Sabota Lark

Sabota sabota bradfieldi Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 12, 1928: 316. De Aar.

Murafra sabota bradfieldi; Vincent, 1952: 56; Macdonald, 1957: 98; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 248.

172 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Map at. Distribution in the Western Cape of Mirafra sabota and subspecies of Euplectes capensis.

Squares: M. sabota; dots: E. c. capensis; crosses: E. c. macrorhyncha.

Mirafra naevia bradfieldi; Praed & Grant, 1962: 626.

For revision of races, see White (1947, 1956).

A northern species, confined to the north-east of our area, as far south-

west as Vanwyksvlei and Vosburg.

B, Cn, D, H, K, P, Pr, R, U, W, VW.

[Mirafra chuana (Smith) Short-clawed Lark

Alauda chuana A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central Africa,

1836: 46. Country beyond Latakoo.

Heterocorys chuana; Vincent, 1952: 57; Praed & Grant, 1962: 638.

Murafra chuana; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 252.

May occur in the north-east. ]

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 173

[Mirafra nigricans nigricans (Sund.) Dusky Bush Lark

Alauda nigricans Sundevall, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Férh., 7, 1850: 99.

Aprevier (= Aapies River, Pretoria District).

Pinarocorys nigricans; Vincent, 1952: 56; Macdonald, 1957: 100; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 249; Praed & Grant, 1962: 627.

I have kept this species in Mirafra, as Peters (in Mayr & Greenway,

1960) does, despite Verheyen’s view.

May occur in the north-east.]

Genus ALAEMON Keys. & Blas.

For use of this generic name, see Verheyen (1958) and Winterbottom

(19605).

Alaemon burra (Bangs) Red Lark

Ammomanes burra Bangs, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 70, 1930: 368. Bushman

Flats (new name for Alauda ferruginea Smith 1839, not Alauda ferruginea

Voight, 1831); Macdonald; 1957: 105; Praed & Grant, 1962: 639.

Pseudammomanes burra burra; Vincent, 1952: 58.

Pseudammomanes burra aridula; Vincent, 1952: 58.

Pseudammomanes harei; Vincent, 1952: 59.

Certhilauda burra; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 226.

*KARASBURG

UPINGTON

,WARMBAD

eKAKAMAS

@* SE

¢POFADDER

PORT NOLLOTH ga as

SPRINGEK® % ePRIESKA

A ©

go 9e@ sd ©

eGARIES .° Hise

* VANRHYNSDORP @ CANARVON

eWILLISTON

°CALVINIA

Map 22. Distribution of Alaemon burra. Large dots: specimens; dots in circles: sight records.

174 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

For reasons for rejecting the forms aridula Roberts and harei Roberts, see

Macdonald (1957) and South African Ornithological Society List Committee

Report (1959). I am unable to accept Lawson’s view (1961) that this is merely

a subspecies of Certhilauda albescens, from which it differs in bill-shape, pro-

portions, size and voice.

Confined to the north-central area of the Karoo, on red sand; and there

not uncommon.

C1, Cn, K, N 4, Pr, W.

Genus EREMOPTERIX Kaup

Eremopterix leucotis smithii (Bp.) Chestnut-backed Sparrow-Lark

Pyrrhulauda smith Bonaparte, Conspectus generum avium, 1, 1850: 512. South

Africa (restricted to Palla, Botswana, Macdonald & Hall, Ann. Transv.

Mus. 23, 1957: 20).

Eremopterix leucotis smithii; Vincent, 1952: 59; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

258; Praed & Grant, 1962: 644.

A northern species recorded from Kraankuil by Townsend and from

Upington (perhaps E£.l. hoeschi White); and whose presence was also reported

to me by Mr. Marais from the De Aar District as a rare straggler. Praed &

Grant (1962) think it more widely distributed than this.

DE, U:

Eremopterix verticalis (Smith) Grey-backed Sparrow-Lark

a. LEremopterix verticalis verticalis (Smith)

Megalotis verticalis A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central

Africa, 1836: 48. Country both sides of the Orange River (restricted

to Colesberg, Cape Province, Macdonald, 1957: 107).

Eremopterix verticalis verticalis; Vincent, 1952: 59; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 258; Praed & Grant, 1962: 646; C.B.C., 1963: 43.

Generally distributed on the Karoo, except where replaced by the following

race; but subject to nomadic movements, not yet analysed. In the Winter

Rainfall area, primarily a bird of grain-fields and ploughed land and much

more frequently noted in summer than in winter.

B, BW 2, G2, Ce1, Ce2, Cl1, Cl 2, D, F, H, Lg, N 1, N 3, N4, P, PA,

Pr, R, S, Su 1, Su 2, Sw, T, V, VW, W, Wo 3.

Breeding

I WW WW. V VI Vil Vil ix XY 22a

Waits :

b. Eremopterix verticalis damarensis Roberts

Eremopterix verticalis damarensis Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 14, 1931:

243. Gobabis, S.W.A.; Vincent, 1952: 59; Macdonald, 1957: 106;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 258; Praed & Grant, 1962: 646.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 175

Replaces the preceding in the north-west.

C1, Cn, K, N 3, N4, U.

Eremopterix australis (Smith) Black-eared Sparrow-Lark

Megelotis australis A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central

Africa, 1836: 49. Country along Orange River (restricted to Colesberg,

Cape Province, Macdonald, 1957: 107).

Eremopterix australis; Vincent, 1952: 59; Macdonald, 1957: 107; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 258; Praed & Grant, 1962: 648; C.B.C., 1963: 65.

Widespread on the Karoo, though subject to nomadic movements not

yet understood. It is recorded as far south as the Monazite Mine, Vanrhynsdorp,

in the west and Klaarstroom in the east but there are no records from a wide

stretch of the central Karoo west from Beaufort West and Prince Albert, nor

from the Little Karoo.

B, BW 2, C1, C2, Cn, D, F, H, K, N 3, N4, P, PA, Pr, R, V, VW, W.

Genus CALENDULA Swains.

Calendula magnirostris magnirostris (Steph.) Thick-billed Lark

Alauda magnirostris Stephens, General zoology, 14, 1826: 26. Near Cape Town.

Calendula magnirostris magnirostris; Vincent, 1952: 56; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 249: Praed & Grant, 1962: 643; C.B.C., 1963: 42.

Calendula magnirostris harei; Vincent, 1952: 56; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 249; Praed & Grant, 1962: 644.

For revision of races, see Winterbottom (19572).

Abundant in the Winter Rainfall area wherever the vegetation is not too

luxuriant; and widely, though more sparsely, distributed on the Karoo, except

in the extreme north-east (Kenhardt, Upington, Prieska).

All districts except BW 3, Pr, Sw2 and U. Coll.: B, BW2, G1, Ca,

Ce 2, Cl1, Cn, D, F, Lg, N 2, N 3, N 4, O, P, PA, R, Rb, S, Swi, V, W,

Wot, Wo 3.

Breeding

Me UY UE EVE Ve IVE VT NDB DX OK OT OE

W.R. aN aia to) aes

Karoo I

Genus CERTHILAUDA Swains.

Certhilauda curvirostris (Herm.) Long-billed Lark

For revision of races, see Macdonald (1952a), Clancey (1957d) and Winter-

bottom (1959)).

a. Certhilauda curvirostris curvirostris (Herm.)

Alauda curvirostris Hermann, Tabulae affinitatum animalium, 1783: 216.

Cape of Good Hope.

176 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Map 23. Distribution of subspecies of Certhilauda curvirostris. Open circles: C. c. curvirostris;

diagonal crosses: C. c. brevirostris; dots: C. c. falcirostris; open squares: C. c. subcoronata; solid

squares: C.c. gilli; upright crosses: C. c. bradshawi.

Certhilauda curvirostris curvirostris; Vincent, 1952: 57; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 256; Praed & Grant, 1962: 63 (in part); C.B.C.,

1963: 42.

The Winter Rainfall area from western Bredasdorp to the Olifants River,

chiefly on flat ground.

Saye

Breeding

ro WW IV V VI VIL Vill iX 2s

W.R. I 2 I

b. Certhilauda curvirostris brevirostris Roberts

Certhilauda curvirostris brevirostris Roberts, Ostrich, 11, 1941: 129. Zoetendals-

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE iif

vlei, Bredasdorp; Vincent, 1952: 57; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

256; C.B.C., 1963: 42.

Certhilauda curvirostris curvirostris; Praed & Grant, 1962: 631 (in part).

From Bredasdorp east along the coastal strip to Mossel Bay.

MB, Rv 1, S, Sw 1.

Breeding

Dee ELT TVG VG h VL PALE NED Te TOG 1 OX) GT XIE

WOR: 2 I

c. Certhilauda curvirostris falcirostris Reich.

Certhilauda falcirostris Reichenow, J. Orn., Lpz., 1916: 161. Port Nolloth.

Certhilauda curvirostris falcirostris; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 256;

Praed & Grant, 1962: 632; C.B.C., 1963: 42.

From the Olifants River north along the west coast nearly to the Orange

River.

Cl1,N1,N 3, V.

d. Certhilauda curvirostris subcoronata Smith

Certhilauda subcoronata A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa,

Aves, 1843: pl. go, fig. 2. Karoo plains of middle and eastern districts

of Cape Colony (restricted to Deelfontein, Sclater, Systema avium

aethiopicarum, 2, 1930: 319).

Certhilauda curvirostris subcoronata; Vincent, 1952: 57; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 256; Praed & Grant, 1962: 632 (in part).

Only in the north-east of the Karoo area.

B, D, H, P, R.

e. Certhilauda curvirostris gilli Roberts

Certhilauda subcoronata gilli Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 18, 1936: 260.

Beaufort West.

Certhilauda curvirostris gilli; Vincent, 1952: 57; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 256; C.B.C., 1963: 42.

Certhilauda curvirostris subcoronata; Praed & Grant, 1962: 632 (in part).

The southern Karoo, including the Worcester—-Robertson enclave, north

to the Nieuwveld.

BW 1, BW 2, BW 3, C1, C2, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cn, F, Lg, O, PA, Rb, Su 1,

Su 2, VW, W, Wo1, Wo3.

f. Certhilauda curvirostris bradshawi (Sharpe)

Alaemon bradshawi Sharpe, Ibis, 1904: 361. Orange River near Upington.

Certhilauda curvirostris bradshawi; Vincent, 1952: 57; Macdonald, 1957: 102;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 256; Praed & Grant, 1962: 632.

The north-west, except the coastal strip inhabited by Cc. falcirostris, from

Brandvlei and Carnarvon to the Orange River.

K, N1, N 2, N 3, N 4, Pr, U.

178 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Certhilauda albescens (Lafres.) Karoo Lark

Revisions, Macdonald (1953), Lawson (19614); see also Winterbottom

(19592, 19602).

a. Certhilauda albescens albescens (Lafres.)

Alauda albescens Lafresnaye, Revue Zool., 1839: 259. Blouberg, Table Bay.

Mirafra albescens albescens; Vincent, 1952: 56.

Certhilauda albescens albescens; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 249; Praed

& Grant, 1962: 628; C.B.C., 1963: 42.

Indigenous bush on the Cape Flats, but now decidedly rare.

b. Certhilauda albescens codea (Smith)

Alauda codea A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa, Aves,

1843: pl. 87. Between the Olifants and Orange Rivers (restricted to

Lambert’s Bay, Winterbottom, 19592).

Map 24. Distribution of subspecies of Certhilauda albescens. Dots: C. a. albescens; diagonal crosses:

C. a. codea; open circles: C. a. guttata; squares: C. a. cavei; upright crosses: C. a. karruensis.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 179

Mnrafra albescens saldanhae; Vincent, 1952: 56; C.B.C., 1955: 37.

Certhilauda albescens saldanhae; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 249; Praed

& Grant, 1962: 629.

Certhilauda albescens codea; C.B.C., 1963: 42.

Inhabits country along the west coast from Saldanha Bay to Port Nolloth;

and common.

Cl 1, Cl 2, N1, S, V.

Breeding

he TE el LV VV Pei EVAL VAT i EX EXC OT

W.R. I 4 4

c. Certhilauda albescens guttata (Lafres.)

Alauda guttata Lafresnaye, Revue Zool., 1839: 259. Olifants River.

Mirafra guttata guttata; Vincent, 1952: 56 (in part).

Certhilauda albescens guttata; Macdonald, 1957: 104.3; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 249; Praed & Grant, 1962: 629 (in part); C.B.C., 1963: 42.

Mirafra guttata calviniensis; Vincent, 1952: 56.

I regard calviniensis as an intergrade between this form and the next.

Inland from the coast in the west, on the red soils.

Cl 1, N 1, N 3, V.

Breeding

ohh? Th Woe ev ONT VV IS) XS RD OT

Karoo I

d. Certhilauda albescens karruensis (Roberts)

Calendulanda albescens karruensis Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 18, 1936:

258. De Aar.

Muirafra albescens karruensis; Vincent, 1952: 56.

Certhilauda albescens guttata; Praed & Grant, 1962: 629 (in part).

Replaces the preceding form on the main Karoo.

B, BW 1, BWa2, C1, G2, Ce1, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cn, Ct, D, F, H, L, Lg, M,

O, P, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, Sur, Su2, Sw2, T, U, VW, W, Wo1, Wo 3.

Breeding

TOL ove ON Ve ND Vi eee cs OUT EXT

Karoo 2 I I

e. Certhilauda albescens cavei Macd.

Certhilauda albescens cavei Macdonald, Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist., Zool., 1,

1953: 344. Witputs, Great Namaqualand.

Mirafra guttata guitata; Vincent, 1952: 56 (in part).

Certhilauda albescens patae; Macdonald, 1957: 104; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 249; Praed & Grant, 1962: 630.

180 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Only between the Holgat and Orange rivers; and most specimens are

intermediates between cavet, codea and guttata.

N1, N 2.

Certhilauda albofasciata Lafres. Spike-heeled Lark

For revision of races, see Winterbottom (19584, 1961d).

The Spike-heel is one of the commonest and most abundant of the Karoo

larks but is absent from the Winter Rainfall area.

a. Certhilauda albofasciata albofasciata Lafres.

Certhilauda albofasciata Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., 1836: 3, pl. 58. Cape of

Good Hope (restricted to Deelfontein, Cape Province, Macdonald,

Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 122, 1953: 985-1006).

Map 25. Distribution of subspecies of Certhilauda albofasciata. Dots: C. a. albofasciata; diagonal

crosses: C. a. garrula; circles: C. a. macdonaldi; upright crosses: C. a. bushmanensis; solid squares:

C. a. arenaria; open squares: C. a. baddeleyi.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 181

Certhilauda albofasciata calviniensis; Vincent, 1952: 58 (in part).

Certhilauda albofasciata albofasciata; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 255

(in part); Praed & Grant, 1962: 633.

The north-east corner of our area.

B, D, H, P, R, VW.

b. Certhilauda albofasciata macdonald: Winterbottom

Certhilauda albofasciata macdonald: Winterbottom, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 44,

1958: 59. 23 miles north-east of Karoopoort, Ceres District; Praed &

Grant, 1962: 637.

Certhilauda albofasciata calviniensis; Vincent, 1952: 58 (in part).

Certhilauda albofasciata albofasciata; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 255 (in

part).

The southern part of the Karoo.

BW 1, BW 2, Ce 3, Ct, F, L, Lg, M, O, PA, Su 1, Su 2, Sw 2, VW, Wo 3.

Breeding

EA SET EVs, ONY VA VN EXO ON UT

Karoo I

c. Certhilauda albofasciata garrula Smith

Certhilauda garrula A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa,

Aves, 1846: pl. 106. Northern districts of the Colony (restricted to

Vanrhynsdorp, Macdonald, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 122, 1953:

985-1006).

Certhilauda albofasciata albofasciata; Vincent, 1952: 57.

Certhilauda albofasciata garrula; Macdonald, 1957: 102; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 255; Praed & Grant, 1962: 634; C.B.C., 1963: 43.

The western Karoo, including the coastal strip. A sight record from

Langebaan needs confirmation.

C2, Cli1,C2,N1,N2,N3,N 4, V.

d. Certhilauda albofasciata bushmanensis (Roberts)

Chersomanes albofasciata bushmanensis Roberts, Ostrich, 8, 1937: 99. Border

of Bushman Flats and Little Namaqualand.

Certhilauda albofasciata bushmanensis; Vincent, 1952: 58; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 255.

Certhilauda albofasciata calviniensis; Vincent, 1952: 58 (in part).

Certhilauda albofasciata meinertzhageni; Praed & Grant, 1962: 636.

The northern Karoo, north of macdonaldi, east of garrula and south of

arenaria.

C1, Cn, F, K, N 4, Pr, Su 1, U, W.

e. Certhilauda albofasciata arenaria Rchw.

Certhilauda albofasciata arenaria Reichenow, Die Vogel Afrikas, 3, 1904:

354. Rehoboth, S.W.A.; Vincent, 1952: 58; Macdonald, 1957: 102;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 255; Grant & Praed, 1962: 634.

182 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Replaces C.a. bushmanensis in the lower Orange River drainage.

K, N 4.

Genus CALANDRELLA Kaup

Calandrella cinerea (Gmel.) Red-capped Lark

For races, see South African Ornithological Society List Committee

Report (1956: 178-179).

a. Calandrella cinerea cinerea (Gmel.)

Alauda cinerea Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2),

1789: 798. Cape of Good Hope.

Calandrella cinerea cinerea; Vincent, 1952: 59; Praed & Grant, 1962: 649;

C.B.C., 1963: 43.

Tephrocorys cinerea cinerea; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 260.

17 19 21 23 25

Map 26. Distribution of subspecies of Calandrella cinerea. Dots: C. c. cinerea; crosses: C. c. anderssoni;

open circles: G. c. witputzi.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 183

In cultivated land, pastures and open indigenous bush in the west and

south, where a common breeding species.

Cl 1, M, MB, Nx, O, Pn, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Swi, Swe, T, V, Wo 1,

Wo 3.

Breeding

Te rE Wa ONE i VO, Eee VT ae DX) Xe IT

WORS TOW WHA O lin Sil 2a

b. Calandrella cinerea witputzi (Macd.)

Tephrocorys cinerea witputzt Macdonald, Ann. Transv. Mus., 22, 1952: 31.

Witputs, Great Namaqualand; Macdonald, 1957: 109; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 260.

Calandrella cinerea spleniata; Vincent, 1952: 59 (in part).

Calandrella cinerea witputzi; Praed & Grant, 1962: 650; C.B.C., 1963: 43.

Replaces the preceding over most of the Karoo.

B, BW 2, C1, G2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cn, D, F, H, K, Lg, N1, N2, N 3,

N 4, PA, Pr, R, S, Su 1, Su2, U, V, VW, W.

c. Calandrella cinerea anderssoni (Tristr.)

Megalophoneus anderssoni Tristram, Ibis, 1869: 434. Otjimbinque, S.W.A.

Calandrella cinerea spleniata; Vincent, 1952: 59 (in part).

Tephrocorys cinerea anderssoni; Macdonald, 1957: 109; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 260; Praed & Grant, 1962: 650.

Recorded only from the extreme north-east.

[Calandrella conirostris barlowi (Roberts) Pink-billed Lark

Spizocorys conirostris barlowi Roberts, Ostrich, 13, 1942: 52. 20 miles west of

Upington; Macdonald, 1957: 109; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 260.

Calendrella conirostris barlowit; Vincent, 1952: 60.

Spizocorys conirostris conirostris; Praed & Grant, 1962: 640.

A sight record from Melton Wold needs confirmation; but the species

may well occur further to the north-east near the Orange River.|]

Calandrella sclateri Shell. Sclater’s Lark

For races, see Winterbottom (1956c).

a. Calandrella sclateri sclateri Shell.

Calandrella sclatert Shelley, Birds of Africa, 3, 1902: 136. Hauntop River,

Great Namaqualand.

Calandrella sclateri sclateri; Vincent, 1952: 60.

Spizocorys sclatert; Macdonald, 1957: 110; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

260 (in part).

Spizocorys sclatert sclateri; Praed & Grant, 1962: 642.

The extreme north, near the Orange River.

N 4, U.

184 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

b. Calandrella sclatert capensis O.-Grant.

Calandrella sclateri capensis Ogilvie-Grant, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 13, 1913: 41.

Philipstown, Cape Province; Vincent, 1952: 60.

Spizocorys sclatert; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 260 (in part).

Spizocorys sclatert capensis; Praed & Grant, 1962: 642.

A nomadic form, widely distributed in the central Karoo.

BW 2, Cn, H, P, W.

c. Calandrella sclateri theresae Meinertzh.

Calandrella sclateri theresae Meinertzhagen, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 69, 1949:

106. 25 miles east of Pofadder, Cape Province; Vincent, 1952: 60.

Spizocorys sclatert; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 260 (in part).

Spizocorys sclatert theresae; Praed & Grant, 1962: 643.

Only in the north-west. A doubtful race.

Cn, K, N 4.

Calandrelila starki Shell. Stark’s Lark

a. Calandrella starki starki Shell.

Calandrella starki Shelley, Birds of Africa, 3, 1902: 135. Wilson’s Fountain,

Great Namaqualand; Vincent, 1952: 60 (in part).

Spizocorys starki; Macdonald, 1957: 109; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

261 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1962: 641 (in part).

An off-season visitor from further north, which has been taken at Banken

(Bushmanland), Pofadder and Prieska.

K, N 4, Pr.

b. Calandrella starki gregaria Clancey

Calandrella starki gregaria Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 5, 1959: 212.

Bladgrond, Bushmanland.

Calandrella starki; Vincent, 1952 (in part).

Spizocorys starki; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 261 (in part); Praed &

Grant, 1962 (in part).

The breeding race of this species, ranging along the Orange River valley

to Prieska and southwards, at least occasionally, to Nieuwoudtville, western

Calvinia.

C2, K,N1,N2,N3, N4.

Family Hirundinidae

Arrangement and genera in this family follow Mayr & Bond (1943).

Genus HIRUNDO L.

Hirundo rustica rustica L. European Swallow

Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 191. Europe (restricted

to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der palaarktischen Fauna, 1903-23);

Macdonald, 1957: 140.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 185

Hirundo rustica rustica; Vincent, 1952: 87; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

262; Praed & Grant, 1963: 334; C.B.C., 1963: 51.

An abundant and widespread, non-breeding, summer visitor from the

Palaearctic, especially to the Winter Rainfall area. Birds ringed near Cape

Town have been recovered in Britain and Russia. An occasional bird over-

winters.

All districts except BW 1, C1, Cl 1, N 2 and Su 2. Coll.: N, Rv 1, 8, Wo 3.

Hirundo albigularis albigularis Strickl. White-throated Swallow

Hirundo albigularis Strickland, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1849: 17. South Africa

(restricted to Cape Peninsula).

Hirundo albigularis albigularis; Vincent, 1952: 87; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 262; Praed & Grant, 1963: 336; C.B.C., 1963: 51.

A common, breeding summer visitor to the whole area wherever there is

water available.

B, BWi2, Ci2; Ce 1, .Ce2, Clr El 2. Cn.) Ct; Di) E. Be Ke Lov Ni

MBs Nex. Ni2 Os Ps PA. Pro Ro Rb; Rv 1, Rv 2; S; Sui 1.) Sw i, 7G, Ua Ve

VW, W, Wo1, Wo3.

Breeding

ee, DDT ay TV Vit Vil VAL WALT TE a XG Ts STE

W.R. oi I I Dei ATs OM 27 eT

Karoo I I I

Hirundo dimidiata dimidiata Sund. Pearl-breasted Swallow

Hirundo dimidiata Sundevall, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Foérh., 7, 1850: 107.

Leroma, Tvl.; Macdonald, 1957: 140; Praed & Grant, 1963: 337.

Hirundo dimidiata dimidiata; Vincent, 1952: 87; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1O57 2 204: | @.B.€:, 1963s 51.

Rather an elusive species, recorded chiefly, but not exclusively, from the

Winter Rainfall area, as a breeding summer visitor.

BW 1, BW 2, C2, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl 2, Ct, H, L, Lg, M, MB, O, PA, Pr, R,

Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, S, Su 2, Sw1, Sw 2, T, U, V, VW, Wo1, Wo2.

Breeding

EEE Ve AV eV VE VED TEX, Xn TS OTE

W.R. 5 8 8 4

Karoo i

[Hirundo semirufa semirufa Sund. Red-breasted Swallow

Hirundo semirufa Sundevall, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Foérh., 7, 1850: 107.

Magaliesberg, Tvl. (Gyldenstolpe, Ibis, 1934: 264-292).

Hirundo semirufa semirufa; Vincent, 1952: 88; Praed & Grant, 1963: 342;

C.B.C., 1963: 51. | |

Cecropis semirufa semirufa; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 265.

A sight record from Cape L’Agulhas needs confirmation.]

186 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Hirundo cucullata Bodd. Greater Striped Swallow

Hirundo cucullata Boddaert, Table des planches enluminéez ... , 1873: 45.

Cape of Good Hope; Vincent, 1952: 88; Macdonald, 1957: 141; Praed

& Grant, 1963: 343; C.B.C., 1963: 51.

Cecropis cucullata; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 265.

A common, breeding summer visitor wherever there is water available.

In the south-west at least, the last of the swallows to leave for the north.

All districts except GC 1, Ce 3, K, N 1, N 2, N 4 and Sua. Coll.: MB, P,

Rb, S, U.

Breeding

Pool) TWD 1V. VoaVr Vito VIL UX exe xa a

W.R. AaamLATE tO) I Dy 20m omen

Karoo I I

Hirundo abyssinica unitatis Scl. & Praed Lesser Striped Swallow

Hirundo puella unitatis W. L. Sclater & M.-Praed, Ibis, 1918: 718. Pinetown,

Natal.

Hirundo abyssinica unitatis; Vincent, 1952: 88; Praed & Grant, 1963: 344;

CiBiG.; 19632751.

Cecropis abyssinica unitatis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 268.

A rare, storm-driven straggler from further east to the Winter Rainfall

area.

Hirundo spilodera Sund. Cliff Swallow

Hirundo spilodera Sundevall, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Foérh., 7, 1850: 108.

Caffraria (restricted to Valsh R., E. of Kroonstad, O.F.S., Gyldenstolpe,

Ibis, 1934: 264-292).

Petrochelidon spilodera; Vincent, 1952: 88; Macdonald, 1957: 141; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 268; Praed & Grant, 1963: 346.

A breeding summer visitor to the north-east, reaching its south-western

limits in the Nieuwveld Mts. above Beaufort West and Zak River station in

north-eastern Calvinia (Rowan, 19632).

B: BW 1,:G.2, Cn; D, F,\H, P, R; VW.

Hirundo rupestris (Scop.) Rock Martin

I accept Voous’s contention (1960) that there is no good reason for splitting

the Rock Martins into four species.

a. Huirundo rupestris fuligula Licht.

Hirundo fuligula Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss einer Sammlung von Saugethieren

und Voégeln . . . Kaffernlande, 1842: 18. Kaffirland (restricted to

Baviaans R., E. Cape, Stresemann, Annls Mus. r. Congo belge, N.

Sér. 4to, Zool., 1, 1954: 81-82).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 187

Piyonoprogne fuligula fuligula; Vincent, 1952: 89; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 269; Praed & Grant, 1963: 351; C.B.C., 1963: 52.

An occasional, storm-driven vagrant from further east, recorded only

from Somerset West.

b. Hirundo rupestris andersson (Sharpe & Wyatt)

Cotile anderssoni Sharpe & Wyatt, A monograph of the Hirundinidae, 1,

1887: 119. Daviep, Damaraland.

Ptyonoprogne fuligula anderssoni; Vincent, 1952: 89; Macdonald, 1957: 141;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 269; Praed & Grant, 1963: 351;

C.B:@55, 19633) 52.

An abundant, resident, breeding species near rocks throughout our area.

All districts: Cl 1, N 2, P, S, V, VW, Wor.

Breeding

PL EE Ve NINE RN NTT TEX OX LY TT

W.R. I 4 3 II 6 I

Karoo I 2 5 I

Genus RIPARIA Forst.

Riparia cincta cincta (Bodd.) Banded Martin

Hirundo cincta Boddaert, Table des planches enluminéez ... , 1783: 45. Cape

of Good Hope.

Riparia cincta cincta; Vincent, 1952: 88; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 271:

Praed & Grant, 1963: 349; C.B.C., 1963: 51.

Recorded only from the Winter Rainfall area, where it is a rather uncom-

mon, breeding, summer visitor to the opener parts. A single Karoo record.

BW 2, Cl 1, MB, S, Sw.

Breeding

Thar EV) NENA NT NV EX) Xe eT ET

W.R. Gh iin

Riparia paludicola paludicola (Viceill.) African Sand Martin

Hirundo paludicola Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 14, 1817:

511. South Africa.

Riparia paludicola paludicola; Vincent, 1952: 88; Macdonald, 1957: 141;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 271; Praed & Grant, 1963: 349; C.B.C.,

1963: 52.

An. abundant, breeding resident near streams, rivers and vleis throughout

the area.

All districts except BW 1, BW 3, C1, Rv 2 and Sw2: Ca, Cex, F, H,

Pr, S, VW, Wo 3.

188 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Breeding

TE fly TV). Vip WE OVE VALLI xX xX aie

W.R. 6 5

Genus DELICHON Moore

Delichon urbica urbica (L.) House Martin

Hirundo urbica Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 192. Europe (restricted

to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der paldarktischen Fauna, 1903-23).

Delichon urbica urbica; Vincent, 1952: 89; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 270;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 352; C.B.C., 1963: 52.

Delichon urbica; Macdonald, 1957: 142.

An uncommon, non-breeding, summer visitor from the Palaearctic,

recorded only from the Winter Rainfall area.

@iow Gem Cee. Ct. Rb;IS:

Genus PSALIDOPROCNE Cab.

Psalidoprocne pristoptera holomelas (Sund.) Black Roughwing

Hirundo holomelas Sundevall, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Férh., 7, 1850: 108.

Durban.

Psalidoprocne holomelas holomelas; Vincent, 1952: 89; C.B.C., 1963: 52.

Psalidoprocne holomelaena holomelaena; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 272;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 353.

For reasons for the use of pristoptera as the specific name, see White (1961).

A forest-edge species, often common enough in its limited: habitat and

occasionally wandering further afield.

MB, Rv 1, 8, Sw, Sw 2, Wot.

Breeding

BEL Sn NV, Vi VG VDE NU Xe Gee

W.R. I

Family Campephagidae

Genus CAMPEPHAGA Vieill.

Campephaga phoenicia flava (Vieill.) Black Cuckoo-Shrike

Campephaga flava Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 10, 1817:

49. South Africa (restricted to Gamtoos River, Clancey, Durban Mus.

Novit., 7, 1966: 422).

Campephaga sulphurata; Vincent, 1952: 89; Praed & Grant, 1963: 357; C.B.C.,

1963: 52.

Campephaga phoenicea sulphata; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 273.

An uncommon, forest species, recorded only from Swellendam and the

Cape Peninsula.

S, Swi.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 189

Genus CORACINA Vieill.

Coracina caesia caesia (Licht.) Grey Cuckoo-Shrike

Ceblepyris caesia Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss der Doubletten . . . , 1823: 51.

Kaffraria (restricted to Galgenbosch, near Thornhill, E. Cape, Stresemann,

Annls Mus. r. Congo belge, N. Sér. 4to, Zool., 1, 1954: 81-82).

Coracina caesia caesia; Vincent, 1952: 90; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 274;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 361.

A forest species, within our limits recorded only from the Swellendam

District, Great Brak River, Mossel Bay; and De Rust, Oudtshoorn.

MB, O, Sw t.

Family Dicruridae

Genus DicRuRUs Vieill.

Dicrurus adsimilis adsimilis (Bechst.) Fork-tailed Drongo

Corvus adsimilis Bechstein, J. Lathams allgemeine Uebersicht der Vogel, 2,

1794: 362. South Africa (restricted to Duiwenhok River, Swellendam,

Grant & M.-Praed, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 62, 1942: 61).

Dicrurus adsimilis adsimilis; Vincent, 1952: 90; Macdonald, 1957: 142;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 274; Praed & Grant, 1963: 364; C.B.C.,

1963: 52.

Only resident in the south-east, from about De Hoop and De Wet

(Worcester) east; and along the Orange River in the north (rare). Straggles

west to the Cape Peninsula in the south and south to Beaufort West in the

north.

BW 2, Ct, H, K, L, MB, N1, N 2, N 3, O, PA, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2,5, Swi

U, Wot.

Breeding

AV Ve A NV EVE VU DRO) XS CL TET

W.R. I I

Family Oriolidae

Genus orIoLus L.

Oriolus oriolus oriolus (L.) Golden Oriole

Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 107. Europe (restricted

to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der palaarktischen Fauna, 1903-23).

Oriolus oriolus oriolus; Vincent, 1952: 95; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 276;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 429; C.B.C., 1963: 53.

Oriolus oriolus; Macdonald, 1957: 149.

A non-breeding summer visitor from the Palaearctic, irregular in the

south but may be more regular further north. Normally an inhabitant of

woodland but recorded from the open Karoo on migration.

BW 2, H, N 4, P, PA, S.

190 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Oriolus larvatus larvatus Licht. Black-headed Oriole

Oriolus larvatus Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss der Doubletten .. . , 1823: 20. Terr.

Caffrar. (restricted to Van Staden’s R., E. Cape, Stresemann, Annls

Mus. r. Congo belge, N. Sér 4to, Zool., 1, 1954: 81-82).

Oriolus larvatus larvatus; Vincent, 1952: 96; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

277; Praed & Grant, 1963: 430.

A forest-dweller that just enters our area in the extreme south-east.

MB, O.

Family Corvidae

Genus corvus L.

Corvus albus Miill. Pied Crow

Corvus albus P. L. S. Miller, C. von Linné ... Natursystem, Suppl., 1776: 85.

Senegal; Vincent, 1952: 96; Macdonald, 1957: 149; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 277; Praed & Grant, 1963: 434; C.B.C., 1963: 53.

Widely distributed and often abundant; but its relationships with C.

capensis have still to be fully unravelled. Over much of the Karoo, confined to

the neighbourhood of tarred roads, where copious road casualties are available.

All districts except BW 1, Ce 1, Ct, K, L, N 2, Rv 2, Sw 2 and U: S, Wo 3.

Breeding

mm fl IV. V Vi Vil. Vith IX, Xs oie

W.R. I 13 Te Bis

Karoo E

Corvus capensis Licht. Black Crow

Corvus capensis Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss der Doubletten ... , 1823: 20. Cape

of Good Hope (restricted to Sundays R., E. Cape, Stresemann, Annls

Mus. r. Congo belge, N. Sér. 4to, Zool., 1, 1954: 81-82); McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 277.

Corvus capensis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 96; Macdonald, 1957: 149; Praed &

Grant, 1963: 434; C.B.C., 1963: 54.

Widely distributed and, in places, common; but seldom occurs alongside

C. albus, and the interrelations of the two species have not yet been fully

worked out. They appear to be completely sympatric on the plateau of Little

Namaqualand but this is very unusual.

BW 2, C2, Cer, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cl 1, Ct, D, L, Lg, M, MB, N1, N 3, N4,

O, P, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, S, Su 2, Sw1, Sw2, V, Wor, Wo 3.

Breeding

PoE TT, TV. aV, Vi i MIL MEL) BEG X pe eareet

Wa. 2, 8 5 2 I

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE IOI

Corvus albicollis Lath. White-necked Raven

Corvus albicollis Latham, Index ornithologicus, 1, 1790: 151. Africa (restricted

to Cape Town, Meinertzhagen, Novit. Zool., 33, 1926: 96).

Corvuliur albicollis; Vincent, 1952: 96; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 278;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 435; C.B.C., 1963: 54.

Common in and near mountainous country throughout the area.

BWorebieo. Ce 1. Ge 2. Ce oC) Chat D bls bei MBs NET,

N 2, O, P, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Su 1, Sw 1, Sw 2, T, V, VW, W, Wo 1,

Wo 2, Wo 38.

Breeding

Pe LV ViVi Vi Vy IX GT

Wik: I I

Family Paridae

Genus PARUus L.

Parus afer Gmel. Grey Tit

On subspecies, see Hall & Traylor (1959) and Clancey (19632).

a. Parus afer afer Gmel.

Parus afer Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2), 1789:

1010. Cape of Good Hope.

Parus afer afer; Vincent, 1952: 94; Macdonald, 1957: 147; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 279; Praed & Grant, 1963: 418; C.B.C., 1963: 53.

The western part of our area, from Cape Town to the Orange River, east

to Fraserburg, Williston and Vanwyksvlei.

C1, G2, Ce 3, Cl1, Cl2, Cn, F, Nir, N2, N 3, N4, Pr, S, Sut, Su 2,

T, V, W, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Dg Ui TLE EVE Ve VAP VEE VEE TX eT CUT

W.R. I 6 9 3

b. Parus afer cinerascens Vieill.

Parus cinerascens Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 20,

1818: 316. Cambedoo (corrected to Pella Drift, Orange River,

Clancey, Ibis, 1958: 453).

Parus afer cinerascens; Vincent, 1952: 94 (in part); Macdonald, 1957: 147;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 279 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963:

418 (in part).

East of the range of the preceding, from Robertson and Swellendam north

to the Orange River, meeting the type race at Williston.

B, BW 2, Ct, D, H, K, Lg, M, MB, O, P, PA, R, Rb, Sw1, U, VW, W.

Parus niger niger Vieill. Black Tit

Parus niger Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 20, 1818: 325.

Africa (restricted to Sundays R., Cape Province); Vincent, 1952: 95;

Macdonald, 1957: 147.

192 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Parus niger niger; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 280; Praed & Grant, 1963:

420. I consider niger and leucomelas to be conspecific.

Within our limits, recorded only by Layard from Beaufort West; but may

well be found in Acacia country along the Orange River too.

BW 2.

Genus ANTHOscoPuUs Cab.

Anthoscopus minutus (Shaw & Nodder) Penduline Tit

On races, see South African Ornithological Society, List Committee

Report (1956: 182).

a. Anthoscopus minutus minutus (Shaw & Nodder)

Sylvia minuta Shaw & Nodder, The naturalist’s miscellany, 23, 1812: 997.

Olifants River, Cape Province.

Anthoscopus minuta minuta; Vincent, 1952: 95 (in part); Macdonald, 1957:

149 €:B: Gs, 1963253°

Anthoscopus minuta smithii; Vincent, 1952: 95.

Anthoscopus minutus minutus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 281 (in part);

Praed & Grant, 1963: 424 (in part).

A resident species throughout our area, except where replaced by the

next form.

BW 1, BW 2, C1, C2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cl 1, Cl 2, Cn, D, F, H, L, Lg,

M, N11, N2, N3, N4, P, PA, R, Rb, S, Sur, Su 2, V, VW, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

EOI TW TV NV NL VT EE IS eel

WR: > 7h 3 2 2

Karoo :

b. Anthoscopus minutus gigi Winterbottom

Anthoscopus minutus gigi Winterbottom, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 79, 1959: 152.

Oudtshoorn.

Anthoscopus minuta minuta; Vincent, 1952: 95 (in part).

Anthoscopus minutus minutus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 281 (in part) ;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 424 (in part).

Replaces the type race on the Little Karoo.

Ct, O.

Family Pycnonotidae

Genus PYCNONOTUS Boie

The South African forms of this genus fall into three closely related and

allopatric groups, the exact relationships of which are still not clear. Lawson

(1962a) unites all three under one species, capensis. I have not followed him

here since, although evidence is accumulating that there is considerable inter-

breeding along the zones of contact between the nigricans group and the

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 193

barbatus—xanthopygos group, this does not appear to be the case to the same extent

with capensis. I have therefore kept it as a distinct species, and would probably

do the same with the other two groups if both occurred in the area.

Pycnonotus capensis (L.) Cape Bulbul

Turdus capensis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 295. Cape of

Good Hope.

Pycnonotus capensis; Vincent, 1952: 64; Macdonald, 1957: 115; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 288; Praed & Grant, 1963: 37; C.B.C., 1963: 44.

The common bulbul of the Winter Rainfall area, the Little Karoo and

parts of Namaqualand, where it occurs wherever there are fruit-bearing bushes,

including country covered with alien acacias. Penetrates some way into the

Lower Karoo too.

Ce, Cer, Cl1, Cla, Ct, L, Lg, M, MB, Ni, N3, O, PA, Rb, Rv 1,

Rv 2, 8, Sw, Sw 2, T, V, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

EN, OM NA VE NET) SS OS TT

W.R. Te £<9 I 9 AGH OF uty hele?

Karoo I

Pycnonotus nigricans (Vieill.) Red-eyed Bulbul

a. Pycnonotus nigricans superior Clancey

Pycnonotus nigricans superior Clancey, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 79, 1959: 170.

Mamathes, near Teyateyaneng, Lesotho.

Pycnonotus nigricans nigricans; Vincent, 1952: 64 (in part).

Pycnonotus nigricans; Macdonald, 1957: 116 (in part); McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 289 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963: 37 (in part).

Replaces the preceding on the Karoo, except in the extreme south and

west and along the Orange River, in which latter area the form is inter-

mediate between superior and typical nigricans. A common species where fruits

and berries are available.

B, BW 1, BW 2, BW 3, Cn, D, F, H, K, L, Lg, N1, N2, N3, N 4, P,

PA, Pr, R, Rb, Su 2, U, VW.

[b. Pycnonotus nigricans tenebrior Clancey

Pycnonotus barbatus tenebrior Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 4, 1955: 204.

Mt. Currie, near Kokstad, Cape Province.

Pycnonotus xanthopygos layardi; Vincent, 1952: 64 (in part); Praed & Grant,

1963: 38 (in part).

Pycnonotus barbatus layardi; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 290 (in re

C.B.C., 1963: 65.

194 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

On the relations between barbatus and xanthopygos, see White (1956b) and

South African Ornithological Society, List Committee Report (1960).

A sight record from the Potberg needs confirmation. ]

Genus PHYLLASTREPHUS Swains.

Phyllastrephus terrestris terrestris Swains. Terrestrial Bulbul

Phyllastrephus terrestris Swainson, Birds of western Africa, 1, 1837: 270. George.

Phyllastrephus terrestris terrestris; Vincent, 1952: 65; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 290; Praed & Grant, 1963: 43.

A forest species which extends as far west as Montagu.

M, MB, Sw tr.

Genus ANDROPADUS Swains.

I cannot agree with Delacour (1943) in synonymizing this genus with

Pycnonotus, from which its habits differentiate it markedly.

Andropadus importunus importunus (Vieill.) Sombre Bulbul

Turdus importunus Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 20, 1818:

266. George.

Andropadus importunus importunus; Vincent, 1952: 65; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 293; Praed & Grant, 1963: 57; C.B.C., 1963: 44.

A forest species, found in forest patches throughout the Winter Rainfall

area except in the Hottentots-Holland area, where it is inexplicably absent;

and only a single record from north of Worcester.

Cl 1, Ct, L, M, MB, O, Rb, Rv 1, S, Sw1, Sw 2, Wot.

Breeding

I O/T IV) ON, SVE, VET VA EX XX peel

W.R. 5 3

Family Muscicapidae

Order and arrangement in this family follow Mayr & Amadon (1951).

Genus MUSCICAPA L.

Muscicapa striata (Pall.) Spotted Flycatcher

a. Muscicapa striata striata (Pall.)

Motacilla striata Pallas, in Vroeg’s Catalogus ... vogelen . . . dieren, Adum-

bratiuncula, 1764: 3. Holland.

Muscicapa striata striata; Vincent, 1952: 66; Macdonald, 1957: 116;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 351; Praed & Grant, 1963: 71;

C.B.C., 1963: 45.

A non-breeding, summer visitor from the Palaearctic, rather uncommon

in the south but quite common further north where trees are available.

DUK Nii, Neo, PRA, Pri; SS) UP V..VW, Wor

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE IQ5

b. Muscicapa striata neumanni Poche

Muscicapa griseola neumanni Poche, Orn. Mber., 12, 1904: 26 (nom. nov. for

Muscicapa griseola siberica Neumann 1900, not Muscicapa siberica Gmelin

1789). Massailand, N. Tanganyika.

Muscicapa striata neumanni; Praed & Grant, 1963: 71.

This more eastern-breeding, paler race has been taken at Upington and

Touws River.

U, Wo 3.

Muscicapa adusta adusta (Boie) Dusky Flycatcher

Butalis adusta Boie, Isis, 1828: col. 318. George.

Muscicapa adusta adusta; Vincent, 1952: 66; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

351; C.B.C., 1963: 45.

Aleonax adustus adustus; Praed & Grant, 1963: 72.

A forest species, general in all the forest patches of the Winter Rainfall

area in summer but largely migratory, moving north along the coastal strip

in winter.

M, MB, O, Rv 1, 8S, Sw, T.

Breeding

Pi Te IV We VL VV EX XD

W.R. I BHC ES

Genus PARISOMA Swains.

Praed & Grant (1963) regard these birds as true warblers.

Parisoma subcaeruleum subcaeruleum (Viceill.) Tit-babbler

Sylvia subcaeruleum Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 11, 1817:

188. Gouritz River, Cape Province.

Parisoma subcaeruleum subcaeruleum; Vincent, 1952: 66; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 353; Praed & Grant, 1963: 206; C.B.C., 1963: 45.

Subspecific revision, Clancey (19546, 1959¢).

Common in indigenous vegetation throughout. Occasional birds from

the Karoo are indistinguishable from P.s. cinerascens Reichenow (Orn. Mber.,

10, 1902: 77. Windhoek).

All districts except Ce 1, Ce 3, N 4, Rv 2, and Su 1. BW 2, Ct, D, F, H,

K, L, Lg, M, N 3, P, PA, Pr, Rb, Su 2, U, V, VW.

Breeding

OTE TV Ne Nia VL NT XG OX) TT

W.R. 6 9 3 I I

Karoo I I

Parisoma layardi Hartl. Fairy Tit-babbler

a. Parisoma layardi layardi Harti.

Parisoma layardi Hartlaub, Ibis, 1862: 147. Swartland, Malmesbury District,

196 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Cape Province; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 353 (in part).

Parisoma layardi layardi; Vincent, 1952: 67 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963:

208; C.B.C., 1963: 45.

Confined, so far as is known, to the Strandveld of the west coast, from

Blouberg to Saldanha Bay. An uncommon, breeding species, which appears

to move north out of the breeding season, having been taken at Port Nolloth

in May (Clancey, 1963).

N1,S.

Breeding

Te Ue TDD DV Vols VD ALT, NV To TX XO TST

W.R. I

b. Parisoma layardi aridicola Winterbottom

Parisoma layardi aridicola Winterbottom, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 78, 1958: 148.

eee See A

17 19 2k 23 25

Map 27. Distribution of subspecies of Parisoma layardi. Diagonal crosses: P. 1. layardi; dots:

P. 1. aridicola; upright crosses: P. 1. subsolana.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 197

Noisabis, Richtersveld, Little Namaqualand; Praed & Grant, 1963:

208 (in part); C.B.C., 1963: 45.

Parisoma layardi layardi; Vincent, 1952: 67 (in part); Macdonald, 1957: 117.

Parisoma layardi; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 353 (in part).

Replaces the preceding subspecies from about the Olifants River north

to the Orange River, where it is chiefly an inhabitant of bushy kloofs.

C2, Cl1, Cle,N1,N2,N 3, N4, V.

c. Parisoma layardi subsolana Clancey

Parisoma layardi subsolana Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 6, 1963: 251.

Aprilskraal Siding, near Molteno, Cape Province.

Parisoma layardi layardi; Vincent, 1962: 67 (in part).

Parisoma layardi; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 353 (in part).

Parisoma layardi aridicola; Praed & Grant, 1963: 208 (in part).

The Karoo race, with the same habitat preference as aridicola.

B, BW 2, Cn, Ct, F, L, Lg, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb, Su 2, U, VW, W, Wo 2.

Breeding

Do Tk aD iV Ne VE) VET VTE) EX xe Xai XT

Karoo =

Genus BRADORNIS Smith

Bradornis mariquensis mariquensis Smith Marico Flycatcher

Bradornis mariquensis A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa,

Aves, 1847: pl. 113. Marico River, Transvaal; Vincent, 1952: 67; Mac-

donald, 1957: 118; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 354; Praed & Grant,

1963: 79.

A northern species, recorded within our limits only from the Aughrabies

Falls on the Orange River.

Bradornis infuscatus (Smith) Chat Flycatcher

On subspecies, see Macdonald (1957), Clancey (19585) and Winterbottom

(19586).

a. Bradornis infuscatus infuscatus (Smith)

Saxicola infuscata A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa,

Aves, 1839: pl. 28. Between Olifants and Orange Rivers (restricted

to Nieuwerust, Vanrhynsdorp District, Winterbottom, Ostrich 29,

1958: 157-159).

Bradornis infuscata infuscata; Vincent, 1952: 67; Macdonald, 1957: 120;

€_B.G:,),19063;745-

Bradornis infuscatus infuscatus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 356; Praed

& Grant, 1963: 81.

198 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

EES Seas

Map 28. Distribution of subspecies of Bradornis infuscatus. Dots: B. 1. infuscatus; crosses:

B. i. seimundi; open circles: B. 2. namaquensis.

A west coast form, occurring below the coastal escarpment from Mamre

to the Orange River mouth in bushy country.

Cli, N 1, S, V.

Breeding

rE WM IV V VI VIDeVIT IX ox (Xba

W.R. I 3

b. Bradornis infuscatus seimundi O.-Grant

Bradornis infuscatus seimundi Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1913: 636. Deelfontein;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 356; Praed & Grant, 1963: 82.

Bradornis infuscata seimundi; Vincent, 1952: 67.

Replaces the preceding form on the Karoo east of the coastal escarpments

of the west.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 199

B, BW 1, BW 2, C1, C2, Cn, D, F, H, K, N2, N 3, N4, O, P, PA,

Pr, R, VW, W.

Breeding

eT) I SV VG NA VAT GAIT EXO XS DT

Karoo I I

c. Bradornis infuscatus namaquensis Macdonald

Bradornis infuscata namaquensis Macdonald, 1957: 119. Aarmhoup, Great

Namaqualand.

Bradornis infuscata benguellensis; Vincent, 1952: 67 (in part).

Bradornis infuscatus benguellensis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 356 (in

part).

Bradornis infuscatus namaquensis; Praed & Grant, 1963: 82.

Birds from Upington and Aughrabies belong to this northern form, there

at the extreme south end of its range.

K, U.

Genus sIGELUS Cab.

Sigelus silens silens (Shaw) Fiscal Flycatcher

Lanius silens Shaw, General zoology, 7, 1809: 330. George.

Sigelus silens; Vincent, 1952: 68; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 356; Praed

& Grant, 1963: 85.

Sigelus silens silens; C.B.C., 1963: 45.

Widely distributed and common wherever there is sufficient growth of

trees and bushes.

BW 1, BW 2, Cl 1, Ct, H, L, Lg, M, MB, N 3, O, P, PA, Pr, Rb, Rv 1,

Rv 2, 8S, Sw1, Sw 2, T, V, VW, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

NOS UT EVE Vie VOLT a VET Xe Oe ET OTT

Wik: I 3 20a 12 I

Karoo 2 2 I

Genus BATIS Boie

Batis capensis capensis (L.) Cape Batis

Muscicapa capensis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 327. Cape of

Good Hope.

Batis capensis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 68; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

360; Praed & Grant, 1963: 96; C.B.C., 1963: 45.

A forest bird confined to the Winter Rainfall area, except for two records

from Beaufort West (perhaps in error for B. pririt) and one from dense poplar

growth in western Calvinia. Common in its chosen habitat, sometimes panams

out into the surrounding Macchia to feed.

(BW 2), G2, Ce1, Cl1, Ct, L, Lg, M, MB, O, PA, Rb, Rv 1, S, Swit,

T, V, Wot, Wo 2.

200 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Breeding

Eom Ml IV 'V. Vin Vil VII TX ee Pat

W.R. I I CE BK)

Batis molitor molitor (Hahn & Kiister) Chin-spot Batis

Muscicapa molitor Hahn & Kister, Vogel aus Asien, Afrika... , 20, 1850: pl. 2.

South Africa (restricted to Baviaans R., eastern Cape).

Batis molitor molitor; Vincent, 1952: 681; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 361;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 99.

A skin from the Orange River in the South African Museum is the only

record of this species from our area, where it must be an occasional straggler

from further north and east.

Batis pririt (Viceill.) Pririt Batis

a. Batis print prirtt (Vieill.)

Muscicapa pririt Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 21,

1818: 486. Lower Orange River (corrected to Somerset East, Mac-

donald, 1957: 120). |

Batis pririt; Vincent, 1952: 69 (in part); McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

361 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963: ror (in part); C.B.C., 1963: 65.

Widely distributed in the neighbourhood of Acacia belts on the Karoo,

overlapping with B. capensis in the Little Karoo.

BW 1, BW2, C1, Ce 3, Cn, Ct, H, K, L, Lg, M, N1, N2,N3, N4,

O, P, PA, Pr, Su 2, Sw 2, U, V, VW.

b. Batis pririt affinis (Wahlb.)

Platysteira affinis Wahlberg, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Forh., 1885: 214. In

Mimosaterrae Damararum (restricted to Okahandja, Lawson, Bull.

Br. Orn. Club, 83, 1963: 31).

Replaces the preceding in the Orange River drainage to the north-west.

KING Nes NGA.

Genus STENOSTIRA Cab. & Bp.

Stenostira scita (Vieill.) Fairy Flycatcher

a. Stenostira scita scita (Vieill.)

Muscicapa scita Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 21,

1818: 417. Lower Orange River (Clancey).

Stenostira scita; Vincent, 1952: 69 (in part); Macdonald, 1957: 212;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 364 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963:

108 (in part).

Stenostira scita scita; C.B.C., 1963: 46.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 201

es Ta

17 19 21 23 25

Map 29. Distribution of subspecies of Stenostira scita. Crosses: S. s. scita;

open circles: S. s. saturatior.

Widely distributed on the Karoo, except where replaced by the next form;

occasional in the Winter Rainfall area.

B, BW 1, BW 2, BW 3, C2, Ce 3, Cl1, Cl2, D, F, H, Lg, M, N1, Na,

N 3, N 4, P, R, Rb, Rv 2, S, Sui, Su2, Swi, U, V, VW, W, Wo1, Woe,

Wo 3.

Breeding

fy IVs) Vi VE Vibe Vy x xe TT

W.R. I I 6 5 I

b. Stenostira scita saturatior Lawson

Stenostira scita saturatior Lawson, Durban Mus. Novit., 6, 1962: 218. Lelyk-

poortjie, Tarkastad.

Stenostira scita; Vincent, 1952: 69 (in part); McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

364 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963: 108 (in part).

202 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Replaces the preceding in the south-eastern and Little Karoo.

Ct, L, O, PA.

Genus TROCHOCERCUS Cab.

Trochocercus cyanomelas cyanomelas (Vieill.) Crested Flycatcher

Muscicapa cyanomelas Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 21,

1818: 473. George.

Trochocercus cyanomelas cyanomelas; Vincent, 1952: 69; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 366; Praed & Grant, 1963: 112.

A forest species, extending east as far as the Langeberg.

Rb, Rv 1, Swit.

Genus TERPSIPHONE Gloger

Terpsiphone viridis granti (Roberts) Paradise Flycatcher

Tchitrea granti Roberts, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 68, 1948: 129. Duivenhok River,

Swellendam (new name for Muscipeta perspicillata Swainson, 1837, not

Muscipeta perspicillata Stephens, 1826).

Terpsiphone viridis perspicillata; Vincent, 1952: 70; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 367.

Tchitrea suahelica granti; Praed & Grant, 1963: 115.

Terpsiphone viridis granti; C.B.C., 1963: 46.

For reasons for the use of this name, see South African Ornithological

Society, List Committee Report (1960).

A forest bird, reaching west to the Cape Peninsula and north-west to

Tulbagh. A breeding, summer visitor which has adapted itself to oak woods

as well as indigenous forest.

Ce 1, Ct, L, M, MB, O, PA, Rb, Rv 1, S, Sw1, T, Wor.

Breeding

Det lly DV eV ot VEAL WV hI Xe ea xe

W.R. 5). LQu ey

Genus TURDOIDEs Cretzsch.

|Turdoides bicolor (Jardine) Pied Babbler

Crateropus bicolor Jardine, Edinb. J. nat. geogr. Sci., 3, 1831; 97 and pl. 3.

South Africa (restricted to Kuruman District, Cape Province).

Turdoides bicolor; Vincent, 1952: 63; Macdonald, 1957: 113; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 286; Praed & Grant, 1963: 26.

May occur in the north-east. |

Genus CHAETOPS Swains.

Chaetops frenatus frenatus (Temm.) Rufous Rockjumper

Malurus frenatus Temminck, Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux,

65, 1826: pl. 385. South Africa (restricted to Riviersonderend Mts.,

Cape Province, Vincent, Ostrich, 20, 1949: 150).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 203

Chaétops frenaius frenatus; Vincent, 1952: 64; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

288; Praed & Grant, 1963: 152; C.B.C., 1963: 44.

Confined to the mountains of the south, from the Hottentots-Holland and

the Cedarberg to the Swartberg; but absent from the Cape Peninsula.

Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, O, Rb, 8S, Sw 1, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Mey Mle se WV, vie Vit eV Dy iE NATTY TEX XS OT EXETE

W.R. 9 7 2 I

Genus HIPPOLAIS Baldenst.

Hippolais icterina (Vieill.) Icterine Warbler

Sylvia icterina Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 11, 1817: 194.

France.

Hippolais icterina; Vincent, 1952: 77; Macdonald, 1957: 133; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 316; Praed & Grant, 1963: 210.

An occasional straggler from the Palaearctic, recorded only from Carnarvon

within our limits.

Cn.

Genus ACROCEPHALuUs Neum.

On the limits of this genus, see White (1952a).

Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus (L.) Great Reed Warbler

Turdus arundinaceus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 170. North

Europe (restricted to Danzig).

Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus; Vincent, 1952: 77; Praed & Grant, 1963:

212.

Acrocephalus arundinaceus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 319.

A non-breeding, summer visitor from the Palaearctic, recorded within

our limits only from Philipstown.

Acrocephalus baeticatus (Viceill.) African Marsh Warbler

a. Acrocephalus baeticatus baeticatus (Vieill.)

Sylvia baeticata Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 11, 1817:

195. South Africa (restricted to Knysna, Grant & M.-Praed, Bull.

Br. Orn. Club, 61, 1941: 29).

Acrocephalus baeticata baeticata; Vincent, 1952 (in part); C.B.C., 1963: 48.

Acrocephalus baeticatus baeticatus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 321 (in part) ;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 214.

Primarily an inhabitant of reed-beds, but in the Winter Rainfall area

also recorded from wattles in dry places; and by no means general in reeds

there. Common in reed-beds on the Karoo.

204. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

B, BW 2, C2, Ce 2, C11, Cn, Ct, D, F, L, Lg, M, O, P, PA, R, Rb, S,

Swi, T, V, VW, W, Wo1, Woe.

Breeding

Leth VEE SDV i Vig VL VDT, OV TD Xe, XG eae

W.R. 2 9 LOM Le 2

b. Acrocephalus baeticatus hallae White

Acrocephalus baeticatus hallae White, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 80, 1960: a1.

Brandberg, S.W.A.; Praed & Grant, 1963: 215.

Acrocephalus baeticata baeticata; Vincent, 1952 (in part); Macdonald, 1957:

133.

Acrocephalus baeticatus baeticatus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 321 (in

part).

Replaces the preceding subspecies along the Orange River, at least as

far east as Upington.

Nias N2@N 32 Nigke: UO:

Acrocephalus gracilirostris gracilirostris (Hartl.) African Reed

Warbler

Calamoherpe gracilirostris Hartlaub, Ibis, 1864: 348. Liesbeek River, Cape Town.

Calamoecetor gracilirostris gracilirostris; Vincent, 1952: 79.

Galamoecetor gracilirostris; Macdonald, 1957: 134.

Calamocichla gracilirostris gracilirostris; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 320;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 225.

Acrocephalus gracilirostris gracilirostris; C.B.C., 1963: 48.

Common in reed-beds in the south-west, as far east as Swellendam; and

also recorded from the north-east.

Gli DS IMO) BA, Rb Sasw 1.0L. Wot:

Breeding

Ded, ADE (2 BVi ohV ioe Ms, VE WE, TX Xo Sa

Wee ey 6 TOy 25s 5

Genus PHYLLOscopus Boie

Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus (L.) Willow Warbler

Motacilla trochilus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 188. England,

south of the Thames (Clancey, Br. Birds, 43, 1950: 189).

Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus; Vincent, 1952: 78; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 318; Praed & Grant, 1963: 228.

Phylloscopus trochilus; C.B.C., 1963: 48.

An uncommon and rather irregular, non-breeding, summer visitor from

the Palaearctic to wooded places. P.t. acredula (L.) probably also occurs, but

there are no definite records.

K, O, PA, Pr, 8S, Sw 1, VW, Wo 3.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 205

Phylloscopus ruficapilla voelckeri (Roberts) | Yellow-throated Seicercus

Seicercus ruficapilla voelckert Roberts, Ostrich, 11, 1941: 117. Knysna; Vincent,

1952: 78; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 359.

Seicercus ruficapillus ruficapillus; Praed & Grant, 1963: 229 (in part).

A forest species, recorded only from Swellendam within our limits, but

no doubt occurring further east too.

Sw.

Genus BRADYPTERUS Swains.

Bradypterus babaecalus babaecalus (Vieill.) Swamp Warbler

Sylvia babaecala Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 11, 1817:

127. South Africa (restricted to Knysna).

Bradypterus baboecala baboecala; Vincent, 1952: 78; Praed & Grant, 1963: 217;

C.B.C., 1963: 48.

Bradypterus babaecalus babaecalus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 322.

A common inhabitant of reed-beds and swamps in the Winter Rainfall

area and extending north of it to Touws River and Oudtshoorn.

Cl 1, M, O, Rb, 8, Sw 1, Wo 1, Wo 3.

Breeding

AE ETD EV Vin Ny Gag NDT TEC ey NI Ty eT

W.R. 3 SO a a

Bradypterus sylvaticus sylvaticus Sund. Scrub Warbler

Bradypterus sylvaticus Sundevall, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Forh., 2, 10, 1852:

30. Knysna; Vincent, 1952: 79; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 323;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 219.

Bradypterus sylvaticus sylvaticus; C.B.C., 1963: 48.

On the races of this species, see Clancey (19550).

An inhabitant of bramble thickets on the edges of forest, recorded only

from Swellendam and the Cape Peninsula.

S, Sw 1.

Breeding

Pe Te PELE ey ee Nire NI CNET Nee XE OE TT

W.R. I

Bradypterus victorini Sund. Victorin’s Warbler

Bradypterus victorini Sundevall, K. svenska Vetensk Akad. Handl., 2, 10, 1858:

29. Knysna; Vincent, 1952: 79; Roberts, 1957: 323; Praed & Grant,

1963: 218; C.B.C., 1963: 49.

Inhabits lush growth, usually near water, in the Winter Rainfall area,

and in places common.

Ce 1, Cl 1, Cl 2, MB, O, L, Rv 1, 8S, Sw1, Wor.

206 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Breeding

TTT SU TV ON VIL VEL AV TX, XG In

W.R. 2 2

Genus EURYPTILA Sharpe

Euryptila subcinnamomea (Smith) Cinnamon-breasted Warbler

Drymoica subcinnamomea A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa,

Aves, 1847: pl. 111, fig. 1. Kamiesberg, Little Namaqualand.

Euryptila subcinnamomea; Vincent, 1952: 79; Macdonald, 1957: 133; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 324; Praed & Grant, 1963: 769.

A rare inhabitant of Karoo mountain in the east, north and west; but not

recorded from the central area at all. Recently found breeding on Gray’s

Pass (Clanwilliam—Piketberg border) by R. & J. Martin.

DAC E KIN tN 2 Nig, PARES: Ve

Genus SPHENOEACUS Strickl.

Sphenoeacus afer afer (Gmel.) Grassbird

Muscicapa afra Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1, (2), 1789:

940. Cape of Good Hope.

Sphenoeacus afer afer; Vincent, 1952: 80; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 327;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 233; C.B.C., 1963: 49.

An inhabitant of well-grown Macchia in the Winter Rainfall area and

there a common, breeding resident.

Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl 2, M, MB, O, PA, Rb, Rv 1, S, Sw1, V, Wat, Wo 3.

Breeding

Er Il Tl LV VY NI VIL VII. EX, xX Sexes

W.R. 8 BP) SHO) 6116) 4 I

Genus APALIS Swains

Apalis thoracica (Shaw & Nodder) Bar-throated Apalis

Revision, Lawson (1965).

a. Apalis thoracica griseopyga Lawson

Apalis thoracica griseopyga Lawson, Ostrich, 36, 1965: 4. Kersefontein, Berg

River.

Dense bush along the west coast from Cape Town to Lambert’s Bay.

S, V.

b. Apalis thoracica capensis Roberts

Apalis thoracica capensis Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 18, 1936: 306. Paarl;

Vincent, 1952: 80; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 329; Praed &

Grant, 1963: 237; C.B.C., 1963: 49.

The rest of the Winter Rainfall area, where common; and parts of the

Karoo, where confined to thick riverine growth.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 207

Ce 2, Cl 1, L, Lg, M, MB, O, PA, Rv 1, 8S, Sw1, Sw2, T, Wo1, Woa,

Wo 3.

c. Apalis thoracica claude: W. L. Scl.

Apalis claude: W. L. Sclater, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 27, 1910: 15. Plettenberg

Bay.

Overlaps with the preceding in the south-east and extends north across

the Karoo to Beaufort West.

BW 2, Cn, Ct, H, PA, Rb, Rv 1.

Breeding (all races)

A TT PVN oe VL VE: VA XO

WER 3 13 Bait | ag) 4 2

Karoo I

Genus sYLVIETTA Lafres.

Sylvietta rufescens (Viceill.) Long-billed Crombec

On the races of this species, see Clancey (19542).

Map 30. Distribution of subspecies of Sylvietta rufescens. Dots: S. r. rufescens; crosses: S. r. diverga.

208 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

a. Sylvietta rufescens rufescens (Vieill.)

Diceum rufescens Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 9,

1817: 407. Olifants River, Cape Province.

Sylvietta rufescens rufescens; Vincent, 1952: 81 (in part); Macdonald, 1957:

135; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 328; Praed & Grant, 1963: 247

(in part); C.B.C., 1963: 49.

Common in scrub along the western coastal belt from the Olifants River

to the Orange.

C2, Cl1, Cle, N1,N2,N3,S, V.

Breeding (both subspecies)

Pei TT ehV VOI Vil VET DX 9 a ea

W.R. 3 LOM tO 3

Karoo 2 I 2 2

b. Sylvietta rufescens diverga Clancey

Sylvietta rufescens diverga Clancey, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 74, 1954: 8. Cradock;

McLachlan & Liversidge; 1957: 328; C.B.C., 1963: 49.

Syluietta rufescens rufescens; Vincent, 1952: 81 (in part); Praed & Grant,

1963: 247 (in part).

Replaces the preceding in the south and east of the area.

B, Bw 2, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cn, Ct, D, F, H, K, L, Lg, M, N 4, O, P, PA, R,

Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, S, Su 1, Su 2, Sw 1, Sw 2, T, U, VW, W, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Genus EREMOMELA Sund.

Eremomela icteropygialis (Lafr.) Yellow-bellied Eremomela

On the races of this species in the south-west, see Winterbottom (19620).

a. Eremomela icteropygialis icteropygialis (Lafres.)

Sylvietta icteropygialis Lafresnaye, Revue Zool., 1839: 258. Orange River.

Eremomela icteropygialis icteropygialis; Vincent, 1952: 81 (in part); Macdonald,

1957: 135; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 318 (in part); Praed &

Grant, 1963: 252.

Eremomela icteropygialis perimacha; Vincent, 1952: 82; McLachlan &

Liversidge 1957: 318.

On the type locality of this species, see Clancey (1959f). Common on the

Karoo in the north and north-west.

C1, Cn, H, K, N 2, N 3, P, Pr, U, V.

b. Eremomela icteropygialis saturatior O.-Grant.

Eremomela saturatior Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 25, Ig10: 120.

Deelfontein.

Eremomela icteropygialis saturatior; Vincent, 1952: 82; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 318; Praed & Grant, 1963: 253; C.B.C., 1963: 49.

Replaces the preceding in the southern parts of the Karoo.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 209

B, BW 1, BW g2, C 2, Ce 3, Cn, Ct, D, F, Lg, M, O, PA, R, Su 2, V, VW,

Eremomela gregalis (Smith) Karoo Green Warbler

On the races of this species, see Clancey (19632).

a. Eremomela gregalis gregalis (Smith)

Malcorus gregalis Smith, S. Afr. comml Advert., 4, 1829: 213. Northern

Little Namaqualand.

Eremomela gregalis gregalis; Vincent, 1952: 82 (in part); Macdonald, 1957:

136; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 334 (in part); Praed & Grant,

1963: 255; C.B.C., 1963: 49.

Only in the Richtersveld and northern Strandveld, as far south as Port

Nolloth. Intergrades with the next race at Pofadder.

N1,N2,N3,N4.

b. Eremomela gregalis albigularis Finsch & Hartl.

Eremomela albigularis Finsch & Hartlaub, Die Végel von Ost-Afrika, 1870:

240. Natal (corrected to Beaufort West, Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit.,

6, 1963: 255).

Widely distributed on the Karoo except where replaced by the preceding

race.

B, BW 2, C1, C2, Ce2, Ce 3, Cl 1, Cn, Ct, F, L, Lg, M, O, P, PA, Rs»

Rv 2, Su 2, Sw 2, U, V, VW, W, Wo1, Wo 3.

Breeding

TENE iT’ TV Ne NTE) ONT NE TX DY SOL

Karoo 2 I

Genus CAMAROPTERA Sund.

[Camaroptera brachyura brachyura (Vieill.) Green-backed Camaroptera

Sylvia brachyura Vieillot, Encyclopédie, méthodique, 2, 1820: 459. Pampoen-

kraal, near Knysna.

Camaroptera brachyura brachyura; Vincent, 1952: 82; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 324; Praed & Grant, 1963: 264.

May occur in the extreme south-east. |

Genus CISTICOLA Kaup

Cisticola juncidis terrestris (Smith) Fan-tailed Warbler

Drymoica terrestris A. Smith, Ilustrations of the zoology of South Africa, Aves,

1842: pl. 74, fig. 2. Between Latakoo and Kurrichane, Botswana.

Cisticola juncidis terrestris; Vincent, 1952: 83; McLachlan & me ee 1957:

335; Praed & Grant, 1963: 276; C.B.C., 1963: 49.

An inhabitant of damp grassland, found chiefly along vlei margins in the

Winter Rainfall area and in irrigated lucerne on the Karoo. It appears to be

210 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

a recent immigrant into the western Cape, first recorded about 1950 (MacLeod,

1952).

Wot.

Breeding

Peo TV oo Mi OVI OVET OVATE OE xX) Xen

W.R. Ry I 9 8 7 7 4

Cisticola aridula kalahari O.-Grant Desert Cisticola

Cisticola kalahari Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 25, 1910: 121. Molopo

River.

Cisticola aridula kalahari; Vincent, 1952: 83; Macdonald, 1957: 137; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 336; Praed & Grant, 1963: 278.

Known only from irrigated lucerne lands at Beaufort West and Klaar-

stroom. I can find no evidence for its distribution all over the western Cape,

as shown in the map in Praed & Grant (1963).

BW 2, PA.

Cisticola textrix textrix (Vicill.) Cloud-scraper

Sylvia textrix Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 11, 1817: 208.

Cape of Good Hope.

Cisticola textrix textrix; Vincent, 1952: 83; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

337; Praed & Grant, 1963: 279; C.B.C., 1963: 50.

Confined to short-grass places in the Winter Rainfall area and there

common. .

Cl 1, MB, O, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sw1, T, Wot.

Breeding

Et TE VV V0 VAT AVIS Xe Tait

WERE 3 9 7

Cisticola subruficapilla (Smith) Grey-backed Cisticola

a. Cisticola subruficapilla subruficapilla (Smith)

Drymoica subruficapilla A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa,

Aves, 1843: pl. 76, fig. 2. Gape Province (restricted to Cape Town,

Lynes, Ibis, Suppl., 1930: 216).

Cisticola subruficapilla subruficapilla; Vincent, 1952: 83; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 340; Praed & Grant, 1963: 284; C.B.C., 1963: 50.

Abundant in the flat country of the south and west of the Winter Rainfall

area.

Ce 1, Ct, L, M, MB, O, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Sw1, Sw 2, T, Wo 1, Wo 2.

Breeding

Peik: Tih IV OV VEwViIlL VEL SE eee

W.R. I 2 4I 780 gg ulera aes

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE

2II

Sa ene SP el STI LU

1 yh ie} io} o

19 21 23 25

Map 31. Distribution of subspecies of Cisticola subruficapilla. Dots: C. s. subruficapilla; diagonal

crosses: C. s. namaqua; open circles C. s. jamesi; upright crosses: C. s. karasensis.

b. Cisticola subruficapilla namaqua Lynes

Cisticola subruficapilla namaqua Lynes, Ibis, Suppl., 1930: 216. Klipfontein;

Vincent, 1952: 83; Macdonald, 1957: 138; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 340; Praed & Grant, 1963: 285; C.B.C., 1963: 50.

Replaces the preceding from about the Cold Bokkeveld north and east

across the Karoo to the Nieuwveld Mountains.

B, BW 1, BW 2, G2, Ce2, Ce3, Cl 1, Cl 2, Cn, F, Lg, N1, N2, N3,

N 4, PA, Su 1, Su 2, V, W, Wo 3.

c. Ctsticola subruficapilla jamesi Lynes

Cisticola subruficapilla jamesi Lynes, Ibis, Suppl., 1930: 217. Cradock;

Vincent, 1952: 84; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 340; Praed &

Grant, 1963: 285.

212 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

North-east of the Nieuwveld Mountains, this subspecies takes the place

of namaqua.

D, P, R, VW.

Breeding

Karoo :

d. Cisticola subruficapilla karasensis (Roberts) ~ see |

Drymodyta subruficapilla karasensis Roberts, Ostrich, 8, 1937: 103. Great Karas

Mountains, S.W.A.

Cisticola subruficapilla karasensis; Vincent, 1952: 84; Macdonald, 1957: 138;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 340; Praed & Grant, 1963: 285.

Just penetrates our area from South West Africa along the Orange River

at Pella and Koegasbrug.

K, Pr, N 4.

Cisticola lais maculata Lynes Wailing Cisticola

Cisticola lais maculata Lynes, Ibis, Suppl. 1930: 224-225. Berg River, Cape

Province; Vincent, 1952: 84; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 340;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 287; C.B.C., 1963: 65.

Although the type locality is supposed to be the Berg River, there are no

recent records from west of Oudtshoorn.

O, S.

Cisticola fulvicapilla silberbaueri (Roberts) Neddicky

Dryodromas fulvicapilla silberbaueri Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 6, 1919: Life

Paarl, Cape Province.

Cisticola fulvicapilla silberbaueri; Vincent, 1952: 85; McLachlan & Liversidge

1957: 339; Praed & Grant, 1963: 306; C.B.C., 1963: 50.

Replaces C. subruficapilla as the common Cisticola of the mountains of the

Winter Rainfall area, extending north along the west coast ranges to Namaqua-

land, according to Stark & Sclater (1900-6), and reappearing again in the

Philipstown District in the north-east. In the east of the area, also occurs in

flat country, replacing C. subruficapilla where the vegetation is taller and more

luxuriant.

Ce 2, Cl 1, Cle, Ct, L, Lg, M, MB, N 3, O, P, PA, Rb, Rv1i, Rv 238;

Sw 1, T, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

TE LTT eT V6 eV VE, VLD OVS TE ae

WR: 7 5 2 :

Cisticola tinniens tinniens (Licht.) Levaillant’s Cisticola

Malurus tinniens Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss einer Sammlung von Saugethieren

und Végeln . . . Kaffernlande, 1842: 13. Kaffirland (restricted to Vaal

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 213

River, Transvaal, Stresemann, Annls Mus. r. Congo belge, N. Sér., 4to,

Zool., 1, 1954: 81-82).

Cisticola tinniens tinniens; Vincent, 1952: 86; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

344; Praed & Grant, 1963: 313; C.B.C., 1963: 50.

Inhabits wet places, not necessarily reed-beds; common and widespread

in the Winter Rainfall area, more sparsely distributed on the Karoo, whence

it has not been recorded from many districts.

C 2, Ce 2, Cl 1, D, F, L, M, MB, O, P, Rb, 8, Sw 1, Sw 2, T, V, W, Wo 1.

Breeding

(eet TP eV « Vi NES VEY VE EX TT

W.R. I LZ OG OQ A TET ONL Wad!

Karoo I I

Genus PRINIA Horsfield

On the limits of this genus, see South African Ornithological Society, List

Committee Report (1956).

Prinia pectoralis (Smith) Rufous-eared Warbler

On the races of the species, see Winterbottom (19570).

a. Prinia pectoralis pectoralis (Smith)

Malcorus pectoralis A. Smith, 8. Afr. comm] Advert., 4, 213, 1829. North

of the Olifants River (restricted to the Bitterfontein, Vanrhynsdorp

District, Winterbottom, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 77, 1957: 155-156).

Priniops pectoralis pectoralis; Vincent, 1952: 86.

Malcorus ocularis ocularis; Macdonald, 1957: 139.

Malcorus pectoralis pectoralis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 327.

Priniops pectoralis hewitti; Vincent, 1952: 86.

Malcorus ocularis hewitti; Macdonald, 1957: 139.

Malcorus pectoralis hewittt; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 327.

Prinia pectoralis pectoralis; Praed & Grant, 1963: 325; C.B.C., 1963: 50.

A common Karoo species, penetrating the Winter Rainfall area on the

Cold Bokkeveld and at Mamre and Tulbagh, where, however, it is rare.

Obtained by Andrew Smith on Table Mountain, but not known there now.

B, BW 1, BW 2, C1, C2, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cl 1, Cl 2, Cn, Ct, D, F, H, Lg, M,

N 1, N 2, N 3, N 4, O, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb, S, Su 2, Sw2, T, V, VW, W, Wo 1,

Wo 3.

Breeding

ee DE, ely eV ¢asVe SV Vel a VE EX ee Se OE | TD

Karoo I I I

b. Prinia pectoralis ocularia (Smith)

Drymoica ocularis A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa,

Aves, 1843: pl. 75, fig. 1. Northern Cape (restricted to Kuruman,

Clancey, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 80, 1960: 16).

214 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Priniops pectoralis malopensis; Vincent, 1952: 86.

Malcorus ocularis malopensis; Macdonald, 1957: 139.

Malcorus pectoralis malopensis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 327.

Prinia pectoralis ocularia; Praed & Grant, 1963: 325.

On the reason for the use of ocularia for this form, see Clancey (19602).

Replaces the preceding along the Orange River at Aughrabies and

Upington.

K, U.

Prinia flavicans flavicans (Vieill.) Black-chested Prinia

Sylvia flavicans Vieillot, Encyclopédie méthodique, 2, 1820: 438. Great Nama-

qualand.

Prinia flavicans flavicans; Vincent, 1952: 87; Praed & Grant, 1963: 319.

Prinia flavicans; Macdonald, 1957: 139; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 349.

On the races of this species, see Clancey (19570).

A northern species, reaching its southern limits at Port Nolloth, Vanwyks-

vlei and Britstown. De Aar birds are intergrades with P.f. ortleppi Tristram.

B, Cn, D, H, K, N 1, N 4, P, Pr, U.

Prinia maculosa (Bodd.) Karoo Prinia

a. Prinia maculosa maculosa (Bodd.)

Motacilla maculosa Boddaert, Table des planches enluminéez ... , 1783: 47.

Cape of Good Hope.

Prinia maculosa maculosa; Vincent, 1952: 87 (in part); Macdonald, 1957:

140 (in part); McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 350 (in part); Praed

& Grant, 1963: 321 (in part); C.B.C., 1963: 50 (in part).

Clancey (19632) fixes the type locality as Swellendam. Since, however,

P.m. maculosa occurs on the Cape of Good Hope itself, this is unnecessary and

illegal.

Abundant in the Winter Rainfall and Karoo areas alike, except in the

white coastal dunes of the west coast, where the next race replaces it; and in

the north (Britstown, Hopetown, Prieska, Kenhardt), where P. flavicans occurs.

The two species meet at Vanwyskvlei.

B, BW 1, BWa2, BW 3, C1, G2, Cer, Ce2, Ce 3, Cl 1, Cl 2, Cn, Ct,

D, F, L, Lg, M, MB, N 2, N 3, N 4, O, P, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, S, Sui,

Su 2, Sw, Sw 2, T, V, VW, W, Wo1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Ler IT yiV VO VI VEL VII ie ex eee

W.R. 2 2 110” 2050 TIO es 8

Karoo 2 I

b. Prinia maculosa psammophila Clancey

Prinia maculosa psammophila Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 6, 1963: 257.

McDougall Bay, Port Nolloth.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 215

Prinia maculosa maculosa; Vincent, 1952: 87 (in part); Macdonald, 1957:

140 (in part); McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 350 (in part); Praed

& Grant, 1963: 32 (in part); C.B.C., 1963: 50 (in part).

Confined to the coastal dunes from Saldanha Bay to the Orange River.

Gli, Nia) S; Vi.

Breeding

Tobe TE Vie VG Vi NE ONE EX XO XSi xen

W.R. I 12 14 2 I

Prinia substriata (Smith) White-breasted Prinia

Drymoica substriata A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa, Aves,

1842: pl. 72, fig. 1. Olifants River, Cape Province.

Prinia substriata; Vincent, 1952: 87; Praed & Grant, 1963: 322; C.B.C.,

1963: 50.

Burnesia substriata; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 350.

An inhabitant of Acacia belts along watercourses in the Karoo, extending

south to the lower Olifants River, Gogman’s Kloof, Calitzdorp and Oudtshoorn.

BW 1, BW 2, C2, Ce 3, Cn, Ct, D, F, H, K, L, Lg, M, Ni, N2, N 3,

N 4, O, PA, Pr, Rb, 8, Sur, Su 2, Sw 2, U, V, VW.

Breeding

eh DV VN VON ET TO XG TE CED

Karoo I

Genus TurRDus L.

[Turdus philomelos clarkei Hart. Song Thrush

Turdus philomelos clarkei Hartert, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 23, 1909: 54. Tring,

Hertfordshire.

Turdus ericetorum; Praed & Grant, 1963: 133.

Turdus philomelos ericetorum; C.B.C., 1963: 65.

Introduced into the Cape Peninsula at the beginning of the century and

established itself for a while, but no records since 1937 and now extinct. ]

Turdus olivaceus L. Olive Thrush

a. Turdus olwaceus olivaceus L.

Turdus olivaceus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 292. Cape of

Good Hope.

Turdus olivaceus olivaceus; Vincent, 1952: 70; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 294; Praed & Grant, 1963: 130 (in part); C.B.C., 1963: 46.

Common in forests, gardens and wattles in the south.

Ce 1, Cl 1, Ct, L, M, MB, O, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sw1, T, Wo 1, Wo 2.

Breeding

PW UL play ey Vil) VEL VX XS ST OTT

W.R. CC ty 6 2 2 I LOM 25) (Sry ena mn 7

216

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Map 32. Distribution of subspecies of Turdus olivaceus. Dots: T. 0. olivaceus; crosses: T. 0. smithi;

open circles: J. 0. pondoensis.

Turdus olivaceus smithii Bp.

Turdus smithii Bonaparte, Conspectus generum avium, 1, 1850: 274. South

Africa (restricted to Philippolis, Macdonald, 1957: 122).

Turdus olivaceus smithii; Vincent, 1952: 71; Macdonald, 1957: 121;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1952: 294; Praed & Grant, 1963: 131;

@.B.G. 19632146:

Widely distributed in Acacia belts and gardens on the Karoo and on the

west coast, from about Verlorenvlei north.

BW 2, G2, Cl 1, D, H, K, Lg, N 1, N 2, N 3, N 4, P, PA, Pr, R, S, Su 2,

U, V, VW, W, Wo 1, Wo 3.

[Turdus litsitsirupa litsitsirupa (Smith) Ground-scraper Thrush

Merula litsitsirupa A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central

Africa, 1836: 45. Between Orange River and the Tropic.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 217

Turdus litsitsirupa litsitsirupa; Vincent, 1952: 70; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 295:

Psophocichla litsitsirupa litsitsirupa; Praed & Grant, 1963: 135.

May occur in the north-east, as known from Colesberg.]

Genus MONTICOLA Boie

Monticola rupestris (Vieill.) Cape Rock Thrush

Turdus rupestris Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 20, 1818:

281. Table Mountain, Cape Town.

Monticola rupestris; Vincent, 1952: 71; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 296;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 138; C.B.C., 1963: 46.

A mountain species of the south and east.

BW 2, C2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl 2, Ct, D, L, Lg, M, MB, O, PA, Rb, S,

Sw 1, T, V, VW, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

ETS UD DV) ON Wo VEE NTS WIEXC RN Oe XT CDT

W.R. Daal I I I 2

Monticola explorator (Vieill.) Sentinel Rock Thrush

Turdus explorator Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 20, 1818:

260. Mountains of the Cape of Good Hope.

Monticola explorator; Vincent, 1952: 71; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 297;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 138; C.B.C., 1963: 46.

Common on mountains in the Winter Rainfall area; less numerous on

the Karoo.

BW 2, Ce 2, Cl 1, H, O, P, PA, R, 8, Sw 1, T, U, Wo1.

Breeding

Te I UT a Vie Nae DI ND TS AT, ONT

W.R. I 2

Monticola brevipes (Waterh.) Short-toed Rock Thrush

Petrocincla brevipes Waterhouse, in Alexander’s An expedition . . . into the

interior of Africa, 2, 1838: 263. Tans Mountains, near Walvis Bay.

Monticola brevipes brevipes; Vincent, 1962: 71; Macdonald, 1957: 122.

Monticola brevipes; Roberts, 1957: 297; Praed & Grant, 1963: 139.

Replaces the preceding in the extreme north-west.

INGISOINES IN Asc: Prk:

Genus OENANTHE Vieill.

Oenanthe monticola monticola Viceill. Mountain. Chat

Oenanthe monticola Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 21, 1818:

434. Namaqualand.

218 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Oenanthe monticola monticola; Vincent, 1952: 71; Macdonald, 1957: 123;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 301; Praed & Grant, 1963: 142; C.B.C.,

1963: 46.

Common on rocky ground throughout the western Cape except in the

extreme south-west and south.

All districts except BW 3, C1, Ct, Rv 1, and Rv 2: Ce 2, Cl 1, Cn, D,

H, N 2, N 3, N 4, PA, Pr, S, T, U, V, VW, Wo 3.

Breeding

PT I Iv VON VIL VIE OX xa

W.R. 9 3 I

Oenanthe pileata (Gmel.) Capped Wheatear

a. Oenanthe pileata pileata (Gmel.)

Motacilla pileata Gmelin, C. a. Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (2),

1789: 965. Cape of Good Hope.

Oenanthe pileata pileata; Vincent, 1952: 72; Macdonald, 1957: 128;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 302; Praed & Grant, 1963: 144;

€:B:@;,) 1963/47;

Widely distributed on open ground in the Karoo and Winter Rainfall

areas and in places (especially the Swartland of the Malmesbury area) common.

B, BW 2, G2, Cer, Cl 1, Cl2, Cn, D, F, H, K, Lg, M, MB, N 1, N 3,

N 4, O, P, R, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sur, Swi, T, U, V, VW, W, Worx, Wo 3.

Breeding

Yr W Wi IV Ve VEX Vit “Vill Exe xs aie

W.R. I 130 Oa

b. Oecnanthe pileata neseri Macd.

Oenanthe pileata neseri Macdonald, Ostrich, 23, 1952: 161. Erongo Mountain,

S.W.A.; Praed & Grant, 1963: 145.

Oenanthe pileata livingston; Vincent, 1952: 72 (in part); McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 302 (in part).

A poorly defined race of doubtful validity, recorded within our limits

only from Grobelaarshoop, between Upington and Prieska, probably as an

off-season vagrant.

Ke3Pr:

Genus CERCOMELA Bp.

Cercomela familiaris (Steph.) Familiar Chat

For races of this species, see South African Ornithological Society, List

Committee Report (1956) and Clancey (1962).

a. Cercomela familiaris familiaris (Steph.)

Saxicola familiaris Stephens, General zoology, 13 (2), 1826: 241. South

Africa (restricted to Table Mountain, Cape Town, Macdonald,

1957: 129).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 219

7. 19 21 22 25

Map 33. Distribution of subspecies of Cercomela familiaris. Dots: C. f. familiaris; open circles:

C. f. richardi; upright crosses: C. f. hellmayri; diagonal crosses: C. f. galtoni.

Cercomela familiaris familiaris; Vincent, 1952: 721; Macdonald, 1957:

129; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 303 Praed & Grant, 1963:

EA A@r BG. 903047

Cercomela familiaris richardt Macdonald, 1957: 129; Praed & Grant, 1963: 149.

The southern Cape from Cape Town and the Richtersveld east across

the Karoo. An abundant resident where there are hills and rocks.

BW 1, BWa2, C2, Ce1, Ce2, Ce 3, Cli, Cl2, Ct, F, L, Lg, M, MB,

N 1, N 3, O, PA, Rb, Rv 1, Rv2, S, Sui, Su2, Sw1, Sw2, T, V, VW, W,

Wo 1, Wo2, Wo 3.

Breeding

TV Ve NL NT VEE EXE EXT OE

W.R. 2 HOME SH M7, 2

Karoo I I I I

220 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

b. Cercomela familiaris hellmayri (Reichw.)

Saxicola familiaris hellmayri Reichenow, Orn. Mber., 10, 1902: 78. South

bank of Limpopo River, north of Pietersburg (restricted to Beit

Bridge, Macdonald, Ibis, 95, 1953: 73).

Cercomela familiaris hellmayri; Vincent, 1952: 72; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 303; Praed & Grant, 1963: 148.

Replaces familiaris in the north-east, west to Prieska and Vanwyksvlei.

Partially migratory, as an off-season example has been taken at Barrydale.

B, Cn, D, H, K, N 4, P, Pr, R, Sw 2.

c. Cercomela familiaris galtoni (Strickl.)

Erythropygia galtoni Strickland, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1852: 147. Damara-

land (restricted to Otjimbingwe, Swakop River, Macdonald, Ibis, 95,

1953: 73)-

Cercomela familiaris galtoni; Vincent, 1952: 72; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 303; Macdonald, 1957: 130; Praed & Grant, 1963: 147.

Northern Little Namaqualand, east along the Orange River to Upington.

Never, U:

Cercomela tractrac (Wilkes) Tractrac Chat

a. Cercomela tractrac tractrac (Wilkes)

Motacilla tractrac (Wilkes), Encyclopaedia Londinensis, 16, 1817: 89.

Antiniquois country (restricted to Uniondale, Cape Province, Mac-

donald, 1957: 123-125).

Cercomela tractrac tractrac; Vincent, 1952: 72 (in part); McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 304 (in part); C.B.C., 1963: 47.

Oenanthe tractrac tractrac; Macdonald, 1957: 125 (in part); Praed & Grant,

1963: 145 (in part).

Common on the Karoo, penetrating the Winter Rainfall area only to

Piketberg, in the north-west, and there uncommon.

B, BW 1, BW 2, C1, C2, Ce 3, Cn, D, F, H, K, Lg, N1, N2,N3, N4,

OWES PA, Pry ReS;ou 1, sue, U; V; VWs WwW.

Breeding

T-0l Wt TV .V VI Vil Vill ix. exis

W.R. I

b. Cercomela tractrac nebulosa Clancey

Cercomela tractrac nebulosa Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 6, 1962: 186.

McDougall Bay, south of Port Nolloth.

Cercomela tractrac tractrac; Vincent, 1952: 72 (in part); McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 304 (in part).

Oenanthe tractrac tractrac; Macdonald, 1957: 125 (in part); Praed & Grant,

1963: 145 (in part).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 221

Replaces the preceding on the white sand dunes between McDougall

Bay and the mouth of the Orange River.

Nt.

Breeding

Ohi TV Ve OVEN VIE BVT DX Ox” OXI SIT

Karoo i

Cercomela sinuata (Sund.) Sickle-winged Chat

a. Cercomela sinuata sinuata (Sund.)

Luscinia sinuata Sundevall, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Handl., 2, 3, 1857: 44.

Saldanha Bay, Cape Province (Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 1914: 35).

Cercomela sinuata; Vincent, 1952: 72 (in part); McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 304 (in part); C.B.C., 1963: 47.

Emarginata sinuata sinuata; Praed & Grant, 1963: 150 (in part).

Common in open places in the Winter Rainfall area, less general in the

southern Karoo.

Ce 1, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cl 1, Cl 2, Lg, M, MB, O, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, S, Sur,

Su 2, Sw, Sw 2, T, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

PTE TET EV) VANES VD VAD XG i XG OT

W.R. 8 5 5 6

Karoo I I

b. Cercomela sinuata ensifera Clancey

Cercomela sinuata ensifera Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 5, 1958: 102.

Asbestos Mountains, Griqualand West.

Cercomela sinuata; Vincent, 1952: 72 (in part); McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 304 (in part).

Emarginata sinuata sinuata; Praed & Grant, 1963: 150 (in part).

Replaces the preceding on the northern Karoo.

BW 2, C2, Cn, D, H, K, N 1, N 3, P, Pr, V, VW.

Cercomela schlegelii pollux (Hartl.) Karoo Chat

Saxicola pollux Hartlaub, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. for 1865, 1866: 747. Karoo

(Traka, Willowmore District, Cape Province, Sharpe, in Layard’s The

birds of South Africa, 2nd ed., 1877: 244).

Cercomela pollux pollux; Vincent, 1952: 73.

Oenanthe schlegelit pollux; Macdonald, 1957: 128.

Cercomela schlegelu pollux; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 301; C.B.C., 1963: 47.

Cercomela schlegeli namaquensis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 301 (in part).

Emarginata schlegelu pollux; Praed & Grant, 1963: 151.

C.s. namaquensis Sclater is extra-limital, see Macdonald (1957) and

Winterbottom (1959d), but Pofadder birds are intermediate.

222 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Common on the Karoo, including the Worcester—Robertson enclave in

the south-west.

All districts except Ce 1, MB, Rv 1, and T: BW 2, C2, Ce 2, D, H, Lg,

N 3, O, P, PA, Rb, Sw 1, Sw 2, U, V, VW, Wo 3.

Breeding

ToT Io IV eV. VE Vil Vill IX xX Xx

W.R. I

Karoo I 2 2

Genus THAMNOLAEA Cab.

[Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris cinnamomeiventris (Lafres.)

Mocking Chat

Turdus cinnamomewentris Lafresnaye, Revue Zool. 1836: pls. 55, 56. Cape of

Good Hope (restricted to Great Fish River, Clancey).

Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris cinnamomeiventris; Vincent, 1952: 73; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 305; Praed & Grant, 1963: 154.

A sight record from Beaufort West needs confirmation. |

Genus MYRMECOCICHLA Cab.

Myrmecocichla formicivora formicivora (Vieill.) Ant-eating Chat

Oenanthe formicivora Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 21,

1818: 421. Sundays River, Eastern Cape Province.

Myrmecocichla formicivora formicivora; Vincent, 1952: 73; Macdonald, 1957:

130; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 306; Praed & Grant; 1963: 159;

@:B: C2) 1963-747:

Locally common on the Karoo north of the Swartberg Mountains and

penetrates the Winter Rainfall area on the west as far south as the Malmesbury,

Somerset West, and Wellington districts. This last appears to be a recent

extension of range.

B, BW 1, BW2, C1, G2, Cl 1, Cl2, Cn, D, F, H, K, Lg, N1, N3, N4,

P, Pr, R, 8, Su 1, Su 2, U, V, VW, W.

Breeding

PW Mr IV, Vv. Vi , Vil Vill xe xe ieee

W.R. I I

Genus SAxICOLA Bechst.

Saxicola torquata (L.) Stonechat

Revision, Clancey (1961a) and Courtenay-Latimer (1961).

a. Saxicola torquata torqauta (L.)

Muscicapa torquata Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 328. Cape

of Good Hope.

Saxicola torquata torquata; Vincent, 1952: 73 (in part); McLachlan &

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 223

Liversidge, 1957: 307 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963: 160 (in part) ;

C.B.C., 1963: 47.

Saxicola torquata caffra; Vincent, 1952: 73; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

307-

Common on the flatter parts of the Winter Rainfall area, penetrating the

Karoo as far north as Laingsburg and the Little Karoo and reappearing again

in the north-east, west as far as Carnarvon and Melton Wold.

BW 2, G2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl 2, Cn, D, H, Lg, M, MB, N g, O, P, PA,

R, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Sw, Sw 2, T, VW, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

DOA SL DV ENO VE VAT NE ER Xe eT

W.R. I 6 Au 30m nhs 3

b. Saxicola torquata clanceyi Latimer

Saxicola torquata clanceyi Courtenay-Latimer, Durban Mus. Novit., 6,

1961: go. Wallekraal, Little Namaqualand.

Saxicola torquata torquata; Vincent, 1952: 73 (in part); McLachlan & Liver-

sidge, 1957: 307 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963: 160 (in part).

Replaces the preceding in the western coastal belt from the Olifants River

mouth north.

N 1, V.

Genus cossyPHA Vig.

Cossypha dichroa dichroa (Gmel.) Chorister Robin

Muscicapa dichroa Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1 (2)?

1789: 949. South Africa (restricted to Knysna, Clancey).

Cossypha dichroa; Vincent, 1952: 74; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 307;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 163.

A forest species which just enters our area at Ruiterbos, Mossel Bay

District.

MB.

Cossypha caffra (L.) Cape Robin

a. Cossypha caffra caffra (L.)

Motacilla caffra Linnaeus, Mantissa plantarum generum, 1771: 527. Cape

of Good Hope.

Cossypha caffra caffra; Vincent, 1952: 74; Macdonald, 1957: 131; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 310; Praed & Grant, 1963: 169; C.B.C., 1963: 48.

Common in forest, thick Protea bush, wattles and gardens in the Winter

Rainfall area.

Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl 2, Ct, L, M, MB, O, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, S, Sw 1, Sw 2,

T, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

224 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Breeding

Ee To Th IV OV VE VIL VIL Tx x aa

W.R. I SO I5O es I4OmNOom a4

b. Cossypha caffra namaquensis W. L. Scl.

Cossypha caffra namaquensis W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1911: 415. Klipfontein;

Vincent, 1952: 74; Macdonald, 1957: 131; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 310; Praed & Grant, 1963: 170.

Replaces the preceding on the Karoo, where confined to dense bush

along watercourses and to gardens.

BW 2, C2, D, F, H, K, Lg, N1, N2, N 3, N 4, P, PA, Pr, R, Sua, U,

V, VW.

Breeding

IW WE IV VV VIP VT Exo xe xe

Karoo I I

Genus ERYTHROPYGIA Smith

On the limits and position of this genus, see South African Ornithological

Society, List Committee Report (1958: 40).

[Erythropygia leucophrys leucophrys (Vieill.) White-browed

Scrub Robin

Sylvia leucophrys Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 11, 1817:

191. Gamtoos River, eastern Cape Province.

Erythropygia leucophrys leucophrys; Vincent, 1952: 76; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 313; Praed & Grant, 1963: 181.

May occur in the extreme south-east. |

Erythropygia paena paena Smith Kalahari Scrub Robin

Erythropygia paena A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central

Africa, 1836: 46. Between Latakoo and the Tropic = North of Kuruman,

northern Cape Province (South African Ornithological Society, List

Committee Report, 1960).

Erythropygia paena paena; Vincent, 1952: 76; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

312; Praed & Grant, 1963: 186.

Erythropygia poena; Macdonald, 1957: 132.

On the races of this species, see Clancey (1957c).

A Kalahari species, entering our area only along the Orange River from

Upington to Hopetown.

Hos Pr, U:

Erythropygia coryphaeus (Less.) Karoo Robin

On the races of this species, see Macdonald (19526) and Clancey (19596).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 225

sn ajan angnbeed

Fs oie LIE Rg

17 19 21 23 25

Map 34. Distribution of subspecies of Erythropygia coryphaea. Dots: E. c. coryphaea; open circles:

E. c. abbotti; crosses: E. c. cinerea.

a. Erythropygia coryphaeus coryphaeus (Less.)

Sylvia coryphaeus Lesson, Traité d’ornithologie, 1831: 419. Sundays River,

eastern Cape Province.

Erythropygia coryphaeus coryphaeus; Vincent, 1952: 77 (in part); Macdonald,

1957: 132; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 311 (in part).

Erythropygia coryphaea coryphaea; Praed & Grant, 1963: 188 (in part).

Only in the extreme north-east.

b. Erythropygia coryphaeus cinerea Macd.

Erythropygia coryphaeus cinereus Macdonald, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 72, 1952:

g1. Near Port Nolloth; Macdonald, 1957: 132; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 311.

226 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Erythropygia coryphaeus coryphaeus; Vincent, 1952: 77 (in part).

Erythropygia coryphaea cinerea; Praed & Grant, 1963: 189; C.B.C., 1963: 48.

Common in bushy places throughout the west of the area.

C 2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl2, N1, N 2,N3, N 4, Rb, S, Swi, T, V, Wo1,

Wo 2.

Breeding (all subspecies)

[If WIE, IV...V VI VII VI IX §6xX- Nee

W.R. 17) Olea AT 0 I

Karoo 2 3 I I

c. Erythropygia coryphaeus abbot: Friedm.

Erythropygia coryphaeus abbott Friedmann, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 54, 1932:

65. Near Berseba, Great Namaqualand; Vincent, 1952: 77.

Erythropygia coryphaeus coryphaeus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 311 (in

part).

Erythropygia coryphaea coryphaea; Praed & Grant, 1963: 188 (in part).

Replaces the preceding in the east.

B, BW 1, BWa2, C1, Ce3, Cn, Ct, D, F, H, K, L, Lg, M, MB, O, P,

PA, Pr, R, Rv 1, Rv 2, Sui, Su2, Sw2, U, VW, W, Wo 3.

[Erythropygia signata (Sund.) Brown Robin

Cossypha signata Sundevall, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Férh., 7, 1850: 101.

Umhlanga, Natal.

Tychaédon signata signata; Vincent, 1952: 74; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

311; Praed & Grant, 1963: 174.

Erythropygia signata signata; C.B.C., 1963: 65.

Said to have been obtained on the Cape Peninsula, but the record is

inherently unlikely and no further records have been made.]

Genus POGONOCICHLA Cab.

Pogonocichla stellata stellata (Vieill.) Starred Robin

Muscicapa stellata Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 21, 1818:

468. Plettenberg Bay.

Pogonocichla stellata stellata; Vincent, 1952: 75; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

314; Praed & Grant, 1963: 189.

A forest species recorded only from Swellendam but no doubt occurring

also in the larger forest patches farther east.

Sw I.

Family Motacillidae

Genus MOTACILLA L.

Motacilla aguimp Dum. African Pied Wagtail

I see no advantage in placing these forms as subspecies of the Palaearctic

alba as Vaurie (1959) does.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 227

a. Motacilla aguimp aguimp Dum.

Motacilla aguimp Dumont, in Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, 21,

1821: 266. Lower Orange River.

Motacilla aguimp aguimp; Vincent, 1952: 60; Macdonald, 1957: 111;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 368; Praed & Grant, 1962: 654.

A breeding resident along the Orange River, whence it occasionally

straggles south as far as Nelspoort in the east and the Olifants River and

Saldanha Bay in the west.

BW 2, H, K, N1, N2, N 3, N 4, P, Pr, R, S, U.

[b. Motacilla aguimp vidua Sund.

Motacilla vidua Sundevall, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Forh., 7, 1850: 128.

Syene, Egypt (Aswan, Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19A, 1927: 27).

Motacilla aguimp vidua; Vincent, 1952: 60; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

368: Praed & Grant, 1962: 654.

Motacilla aguimp; C.B.C., 1963: 43.

Records of Pied Wagtails from Oudtshoorn and the Cape Town area

(and Saldanha Bay?) are probably of this form but there are no specimens to

confirm the identification of these stragglers. The photograph published by

Broekhuysen (1939) of the Cape Town bird appears to be of an example of

vidua. |

Motacilla capensis capensis L. Cape Wagtail

Motacilla capensis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 333. Cape of

Good Hope.

Motacilla capensis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 60; Macdonald, 1957: 111; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 369; Praed & Grant, 1962: 656; C.B.C., 1963: 43.

Motacilla capensis beirensis; Vincent, 1952: 60; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

369.

Motacilla capensis bradfieldi; Vincent, 1952: 61; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 369.

Revision, Winterbottom (1959h).

Generally distributed, resident and breeding wherever there is water,

including the sea-shore if fresh water is available near by. A symbiote of man

throughout the area.

Clancey (19632) considers coastal birds from Little Namaqualand dis-

tinguishable as M.c. bradfieldi (Roberts).

All districts: B, BW 2, C2, Cn, Ct, F, H, MB, N 1, N 3, N 4, O, PA,

Rb, S, U, V, W.

Breeding

oe nt EVV IN INL Va Xe ee TE

W.R. LOs tA: 5 I Bi AAT a TO AMELOO Hh GON. 4 SON sto

Karoo 2 2

228 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Motacilla flava L. Yellow Wagtail

Motacilla flava Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 185. Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der paldarktischen Fauna,

1903-23); Vincent, 1952: 61; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 369; C.B.C.,

1963: 43.

Budytes flavus; Praed & Grant, 1962: 658.

The only example of this species from within our area which has been

subspecifically determined is one of MM. f. feldegg Michahelles (Motacilla feldegg

Michahelles, Isis, 1830: 812. Split, Dalmatia) from Worcester; but a bird

recorded at Muizenberg in January 1966 was believed to be an example of

M.f. thunbergi Billberg (Motacilla thunbergi Billberg, Synopsis faunae Scandina-

viae, 2, Aves, 1828: 50. Lapland). See Winterbottom (19667). A rare, non-

breeding straggler from the Palaearctic, probably reaching the west coast

along the coastal belt, since there are no Karoo records.

MB, O, S, Wot.

Genus ANTHUS Bechst.

Anthus novaeseelandiae rufuloides Roberts Tawny Pipit

Anthus richard: rufuloides Roberts, Ostrich, 7, 1936: 111. Grahamstown;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 371.

Anthus richardi transkeiensis; Vincent, 1952: 61.

Anthus novaeseelandiae rufuloides; Macdonald, 1957: 112; Praed & Grant, 1963:

10; C.B.C., 1963: 44.

For reasons for using this name, see South African Ornithological Society,

List Committee Report (1956); on races in the Cape Province, see Winter-

bottom (1960/).

Widely distributed in open country within reach of water and the com-

monest pipit of our area.

B, BW 2, G2, Ce1, Cl 1, Cl2, Cn, Ct, D, F, H, K, L, Lg, M, MB,

N1, N3, N4, O, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, S, Swi, T, U, V, VW,

Wor, Wo 3.

Breeding

De TE PEE IMG IN yy VE ie VAT MITE GE eX recigeeeit

W.R. 13 14.4420) $20)

Karoo I

Anthus similis Jordon Long-billed Pipit

On the ranges of the subspecies in the western Cape, see Winterbottom

(19598).

a. Anthus similis petricolus Clancey

Anthus similis petricolus Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 4, 1956: 280.

Mamathe’s, Teyateyaneng, Lesotho.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 229

N On| nays,

aad e ae

° ° ° ° °

¥/ 19 21 23 25

Map 35. Distribution of subspecies of Anthus similis. Dots: A. s. petricolus; crosses: A. s. nicholsoni;

open circles: A. s. leucocraspedon.

Anthus similis nicholsoni; Vincent, 1952: 61 (in part); McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 371 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963: 3 (in part).

Anthus similis petrobates; C.B.C., 1963: 44.

On the whole, prefers more hilly ground than A. novaeseelandiae. ‘The

present race is that found in the south.

Cl 1, Ct, Lg, Rb, O, S, V.

Breeding

UU EV aN 2 Vie NE NTT) TEX XC OX eX

W.R. I 2

b. Anthus similis leucocraspedon Rchw.

Anthus leucocraspedon Reichenow, Orn. Mber., 23, 1915: 155. Windhoek.

Anthus similis leucocraspedon; Vincent, 1952: 62; Macdonald, 1957: 111;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 371; Praed & Grant, 1963: 4.

230 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Replaces the preceding subspecies in Little Namaqualand.

K, N1, N2, N 3, N 4.

c. Anthus similis nicholsoni Sharpe

Anthus nicholsont Sharpe, in Layard’s The birds of South Africa, 2nd ed.,

1884: 536. Sigonall, Vaal River.

Anthus similis nicholson; Vincent, 1952: 61 (in part); McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 371 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963: 3 (in part).

This race is found in the north-east of our area.

Anthus leucophrys leucophrys Vieill. Plain-backed Pipit

Anthus leucophrys Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 26, 1818:

502. Cape of Good Hope.

Anthus leucophrys leucophrys; Vincent, 1952: 62; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

372; C.B.C., 1963: 44.

Sparingly distributed in the Winter Rainfall area, resident and breeding.

Cl 2, MB, O, Rb, 8, Sw1, T, Wor.

Breeding

IT if I Iv Vv. VE VI Vill “IXY xX> xia

W.R. &

Anthus vaalensis Shell. Buffy Pipit

Revision, see Winterbottom (1962a).

a. Anthus vaalensis vaalensis Shell.

Anthus vaalensis Shelley, Birds of Africa, 2, 1900: 311. Newcastle, Natal;

Macdonald, 1957: 113.

Anthus vaalensis vaalensis; Vincent, 1952: 62; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 372; Praed & Grant, 1963: 6.

Known only from a specimen from Klaarstroom in the South African

Museum, and from the Little Karoo.

O, PA.

b. Anthus vaalensis daviest Roberts

Anthus daviest Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 4, 1914: 172. Matatiele.

Anthus vaalensis daviesi; Vincent, 1952: 62; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

372; Praed & Grant, 1963: 7.

Sparingly distributed in the Karoo, where it is chiefly an inhabitant of

cultivated land.

C 2, Ce 2, P.

Anthus crenatus Finsch & Hartl. African Rock Pipit

Anthus crenatus Finsch & Hartlaub, Die Végel von Ost-Afrika, 1870: 275. Near

Cape Town; Vincent, 1952: 62; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 373;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 14; C.B.C., 1963: 44.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 231

A rare mountain species, about whose status little is known.

DOVES) Wort:

[Anthus chloris Licht. Yellow-breasted Pipit

Anthus chloris Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss einer Sammlung von Sdugethieren

und Végelen ... Kaffernlande, 1842: 13. Kaffirland (restricted to Vaal

and Modder rivers, western O.F.S., Stresemann, Annls Mus. r. Congo

belge, N. Sér. 4to, Zool., 1, 1954: 81-82); Vincent, 1952: 62; Roberts,

1957: 375; Praed & Grant, 1963: 15.

Recorded from Swellendam by Shelley. No other records and, if correctly

identified, must be a rare straggler only.]

Genus MACRONYX Swains.

Macronyx capensis capensis (L.) Orange-throated Longclaw

Alauda capensis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 288. Cape of

Good Hope.

Macronyx capensis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 63; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957.

376; Praed & Grant, 1963: 17; C.B.C., 1963: 44.

Generally distributed near water in the Winter Rainfall area, where it

is resident and breeding. Elsewhere, recorded only from Oudtshoorn and

Philipstown (the latter perhaps /atimerae Clancey).

Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, MB, O, P, Rb, Rv, S, Sw 1, T, Wo 1, Wo 3.

Breeding

PO At IV VO ONE VV Ee

W.-R. I 20.) 7 241) 78 7

Family Laniidae

Genus LANtus L.

Lanius minor minor Gmel. Lesser Grey-Shrike

Lanius minor Gmelin, C. a Linné. . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (1), 1788: 308.

Italy, Spain, Russia (restricted to Italy, Hartert, Die Végel der palaark-

tischen Fauna, 1910: 416), Vincent, 1952: 90; Macdonald, 1957: 143;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 377; Praed & Grant, 1963: 379; C.B.C.,

1963: 66.

A non-breeding migrant from the Palaearctic to the north-east of our

area. A sight record from Vissershok, near Cape Town (Brooke, 1959), is not

accepted.

Jol Jee Jere (Oe

Lanius collaris L. Fiscal

a. Lanius collaris collaris L.

Lanius collaris Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 135. Cape of

Good Hope.

232 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Lanius collaris collaris; Vincent, 1952: 91; Macdonald, 1957: 143; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 380; Praed & Grant, 1963: 380; C.B.C., 1963: 52.

An abundant and widespread resident except in forest and completely

treeless places. ‘

All districts except those listed under next form: BW 2, C2, Ce 2, Cl 1,

Cn, Ct, F, H, O, PA, S, Sw 1, T, VW, W, Wot.

Breeding

Porat IV Vo MI VIL) VIL, Exo Xs) Soleexa

W.R. I 5 83° 95, 566.1) 10 ae:

Karoo I 2 3

b. Lanius collaris subcoronatus Smith

Lanius subcoronatus A. Smith, Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa,

Aves, 1841: pl. 68. Latakoo = Kuruman.

Lanius collaris subcoronatus; Vincent, 1952: 91; Macdonald, 1957: 143;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 380; Praed & Grant, 1963: 381.

Replaces the preceding in the Upington—Kenhardt area.

K, P, U.

Lanius collurio L. Red-backed Shrike

The British Ornithologists’ Union Taxonomic Sub-committee (Report,

1956) regard collurio as conspecific with cristatus L. I have followed Wynne

(1956) and Vaurie (1959) in keeping it separate.

a. Lanius collurio collurio L.

Lanius collurio Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: .94. Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der palaarktischen Fauna,

1910: 39); Praed & Grant, 1963: 384; C.B.C., 1963: 53.

Lanius collurio collurio; Vincent, 1952: 91; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

381.

A non-breeding migrant from the Palaearctic to the north of our area,

with a few records also from the extreme south-west.

HK N'3; P, Pris:

b. Lanius collurio pallidifrons Johansen

Lanius collurio pallidifrons Johansen, J. Orn., Lpz., 92, 1952: 199. Tomsk,

western Siberia.

A skin from Olyvenhout Drift in the South African Museum has been

identified as of this race by Professor Johansen.

Genus CORVINELLA Less.

[Corvinella melanoleuca melanoleuca (Jard.) Long-tailed Shrike

Lanius melanoleucus Jardine, Edinb. J. nat. geogr. Sci., 3, 1831: 209. Orange

River.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 233

Urolestes melanoleucus melanoleucus; Vincent, 1952: 91; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 389; Praed & Grant, 1963: 386.

May occur in the extreme north-east. ]

Genus LANIARIUS Vieill.

Laniarius atrococcineus (Burch.) Crimson-breasted Shrike

Lanius atro-coccineus Burchell, Travels in the interior of southern Africa, 1, 1822:

387. Junction of Vaal and Orange rivers.

Laniarius atro-coccineus; Vincent, 1952: 91; Macdonald, 1957: 143; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 382; C.B.C., 1963: 66.

Laniarius atrococcineus; Praed & Grant, 1963: 388.

Laniarius atrocroceus Trimen (Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1880: 623) is now

generally accepted as a mutant of L. atrococcineus (and not a simple synonym

as Rand in Mayr & Greenway, 1960, implies).

Known only from the Vaal—Orange confluence, with a doubtful sight

record from Eerstewater, Beaufort West.

(BW 2), H.

Map 36. Distribution of subspecies of Laniarius ferrugineus. Dots: L. f. ferrugineus; crosses:

L. f. pondoensis.

234 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Laniarius ferrugineus (Gmel.) Boubou

a. Laniarius ferrugineus ferrugineus (Gmel.)

Lanius ferrugineus Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1, (1),

1788: 306. Cape of Good Hope.

Laniarius ferrugineus ferrugineus ; Vincent, 1952: 91; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 382; Praed & Grant, 1963: 389; C.B.C., 1963: 53.

Common in forest and thick waterside cover in the west of the Winter

Rainfall area, resident and breeding.

BW 2, Ce 1, Cl 1, L, M, PA, Rb, 8S, Sw1, T, V, Wo 1, Wo.

Breeding

10) Ws ofV NV aeVE VIL VIL EX Xe ea ain

W.R. 8 5 2

b. Laniarius ferrugineus pondoensis Roberts

Laniarius ferrugineus pondoensis Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 8, 1922: 246.

Port St. Johns; Vincent, 1952: 91; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

382; Praed & Grant, 1963: 389.

Replaces the preceding in the east of the Winter Rainfall area and Little

Karoo, but the limits of the two forms have not been determined.

Ct, MB, O, Rv 1.

Genus DRyoscoPus Boie

Dryoscopus cubla cubla (Shaw) Puff-backed Shrike

Lanius cubla Shaw, General zoology, 7, 1809: 325. George.

Dryoscopus cubla cubla; Vincent, 1952: 92; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

383; Praed & Grant, 1963: 394.

A forest species which just penetrates our area in the east of the Mossel

Bay District. It is not known to extend to the Cape Peninsula, as shown in the

map in Praed & Grant (1963).

MB.

Genus NILAUS Swains.

I agree with the view that JVilaus is a shrike and not, as it is sometimes

considered (e.g. Vincent, 1952), a flycatcher.

Nilaus afer brubru (Lath.) Brubru

Lanius brubru Latham, Index ornithologicus, Suppl., 1801: 20. Interior of

Cape of Good Hope (restricted to Goodhouse, Macdonald, 1957: 145).

Nilaus brubru brubru; Vincent, 1952: 68.

Nilaus afer brubru; Macdonald, 1957: 144; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

392; Praed & Grant, 1963: 377.

Occurs all along the Orange River in the fringing Acacia belt, but not

known from further south except at Pofadder and Kenhardt.

mK Ni, N2, N4, Pr, U.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 235

Genus TCHAGRA Less.

Tchagra tchagra tchagra (Vieill.) Tchagra

Thamnophilus tchagra Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 3,

1816: 317. Senegal to Cafferland = Gamtoos River, Cape Province.

Tchagra tchagra tchagra; Vincent, 1952: 92; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

384; Praed & Grant, 1963: 397; C.B.C. 1963: 53.

Inhabits well-grown Macchia from about Cape L’Agulhas east; and

extends into the dense Acacia belts in the south and east of the Karoo

(Winterbottom, 19622). Occasionally straggles as far west as Faure, Somerset

West District, and even Lambert’s Bay, Clanwilliam.

BW 2, Cl 1, Ct, L, Lg, M, MB, O, PA, Rb, Rv 1, S, Swi, Wo 1.

Breeding

Pee TT eV Ve VE VE Vi EX, SX ea

WR: 3 "

[Tchagra australis damarensis (Rchw.) Brown-headed Tchagra

Pomutorhynchus australis damarensis Reichenow, Orn. Mber., 23, 1915: 120.

Windhoek.

Tchagra australis damarensis; Vincent, 1952: 93; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 384; Praed & Grant, 1963: 401.

May occur in the extreme north-east. ]

[Tchagra senegala confusa (v. Som.) Black-headed Tchagra

Harpolestes senegalus confusus van Someren, Novit. zool., 29, 1922: 113. Umfolosi,

Zululand.

Tchagra senegalus confusus; Vincent, 1952: 93.

Tchagra senegala confusa; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 385.

Tchagra senegala mozambica; Praed & Grant, 1963: 398 (in part).

A sight record from Seven Weeks Poort needs confirmation. ]

Genus MALACONOTUS Swains.

On the limits of this genus, see Mayr & Amadon (1951).

Malaconotus olivaceus olivaceus (Shaw) Olive Bush Shrike

Lanius olivaceus Shaw, General zoology, 7, 1809: 330. Algoa Bay.

Chlorophonus olivaceus olivaceus; Vincent, 1952: 94; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 386; Praed & Grant, 1963: 404.

A forest species recorded only from Grootvadersbos, Swellendam.

Sw I.

Malaconotus zeylonus (L.) Bokmakierie

Revision, see Clancey (1960d).

236 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

a. Malaconotus zeylonus zeylonus (L.)

Turdus zeylonus Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 297. Ceylon

and Cape of Good Hope (restricted to Cape Town, Clancey, Bull.

Br. Orn. Club, 80, 1960: 122).

Telephorus zeylonus zeylonus; Vincent, 1952: 94 (in part); McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 388 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963: 409 (in part);

C.B.C., 1963: 53.

Abundant in bushy areas throughout except where replaced by the next

form.

All districts except those inhabited by M.z. thermophilus: G2, Cl1, Cn,

H, MB, R, Rb, S, V, Wo 1, Wo 3.

Breeding

Pot) (oT, IV. ON VE VIE VEIT EX 2 exalt

W.R. i O08) NOG. RAS) el une,

b. Malaconotus zeylonus thermophilus (Clancey)

Telophorus zeylonus thermophilus Clancey, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 80, 1960: 123.

Windhoek.

Telophorus zeylonus zeylonus; Vincent, 1952: 94 (in part); Macdonald, 1957:

144; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 388 (in part); Praed & Grant,

1963: 409 (in part).

Replaces the preceding in the west from about Clanwilliam north.

K, N1, N2,N 3, N4, U.

Family Sturnidae

Genus sTuRNUus L.

Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris L. European Starling

Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 167. Europe, Asia

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der palaarktischen Fauna,

1903-23).

Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris; Vincent, 1952: 96; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

393; Praed & Grant, 1963: 440; C.B.C., 1963: 54.

On the distribution of this species in general, see Winterbottom & Liver-

sidge (1954). Introduced in the Cape Peninsula about 1898, it has now spread

over the whole Winter Rainfall area and Little Karoo. Its penetration of the

main Karoo had reached Sutherland and Leeuw-Gamka (Fraserburg Road)

by 1958, but is believed to have contracted as a result of the severe drought

of the late 50’s. Resident and breeding where it occurs, with a strong partiality

for country altered by man and uncommon in the indigenous bush, even in

the Winter Rainfall area, except where this has been invaded by alien Acacia

species.

C 2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl 2, Ct, L, Lg, M, MB, O, PA, Rb, Rv 1, S, Su,

Sw I, Sw 2, T, V, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 237

Breeding

OR SE TVA Vay AVL PVT VETTE xe exe DDT

W.R. I 5) aa son 8

Genus CREATOPHORA Less.

Creatophora cinerea (Meuschen) Wattled Starling

Rallus cinerea Meuschen, Museum Geversianum, sive index rerum naturalium,

17, 1787: 40-41. Cape of Good Hope.

Creatophorus cinereus; Vincent, 1952: 96; C.B.C., 1963: 54.

Creatophora carunculata; Macdonald, 1957: 150.

Creatophora cinerea; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 396; Praed & Grant, 1963:

441.

A nomadic species, widely distributed but unpredictable in its occurrence.

In 1961, breeding colonies were found in the Winter Rainfall area in the

Malmesbury, Robertson and Bredasdorp districts; and breeding was suspected

in the Dwyka basin in the same year; again bred at the Winter Rainfall sites

in 1962, 1963 and 1965.

BW 2, C2, Cl1, Cn, Ct, H, Lg, MB, O, P, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, S, Sw,

U, V, Wot, Wo 3.

Breeding

Peps TH Voi. Vee 4 Vy Vian Xx xcs XC

W.R. Col. I 2

Ind. 2

Genus LAMPROTORNIsS Temm.

On the limits of this genus, see Amadon (1956).

Lamprotornis nitens phoenicopterus Swains. Red-shouldered Glossy

Starling

Lamprotornis phoenicopterus Swainson, Animals in menageries, 1838: 360. South

Africa (Orange River, near Prieska, Cape Province, Burchell, Travels

in the interior of southern Africa, 1, 1822: 318).

Lamprocolius nitens phoenicopterus; Vincent, 1952: 97; Macdonald, 1957: 151;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 397; Praed & Grant, 1963: 446.

On the nomenclature of this species, see Clancey & Holliday (1951).

Widely distributed in the north, extending south to Garies in Namaqualand

but not beyond 50 miles south of the Orange River further east, except for a

single record from Seven Weeks Poort.

Ei MBN 2, Nig, Eo PA, Pr; U:

[Lamprotornis australis australis (Smith) Burchell’s Glossy Starling

Megalopterus australis A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central

Africa, 1836: 52. Kurrichane, Transvaal.

238 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Lamprotornis australis; Vincent, 1952: 97; Macdonald, 1957: 151; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 400; Praed & Grant, 1963: 453.

May occur in the extreme north-east. |

Genus ONYCHOGNATHUS Hartl.

Onychognathus nabouroup (Daud.) Pale-winged Starling

Sturnus nabouroup Daudin, Traité . . . d’ornithologie, 2, 1800: 308. Kamiesberg,

Little Namaqualand.

Onychognathus nabouroup nabouroup; Vincent, 1952: 98; Macdonald, 1957: 151;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 400; Praed & Grant, 1963: 456; C.B.C.,

1963: 54.

For reason for use of binomial only, see Winterbottom (1961e).

A Karoo species, replacing O. morio in drier environments, where it is

widely distributed in the vicinity of rocky hills and mountains.

B, BW 1, BW 2, BW 3, C2, Ce 3, Cl 1, Cl 2, Gn, D, F, H, K, L, Lg, M,

N 2, N 3, N 4, O, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb, Rv 2, Sui, Su2, U, V, VW, W, Wo 3.

Onychognathus morio morio (L.) Red-winged Starling

Turdus morio Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 297. Cape of Good

Hope.

Onychognathus morio morio; Vincent, 1952: 98; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

401; Praed & Grant, 1963: 457; C.B.C., 1963: 54.

A common, breeding resident of the mountainous parts of the Winter

Rainfall area, whence it penetrates the near-by Karoo, overlapping with O.

nabouroup in such places. Also recorded from Kenhardt and Aughrabies in

the north.

BW 1, BW 2, C2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cl 1, Cl 2, Ct, D, K, L, Lg, M, MB,

O, P, PA, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Swi, Sw2, T, V, Wo1, Wo2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Dein Tr IV Vo VT OVID OVI TX Sx ie a

W.R. Tae 6 13 14) ee

Genus SPREO Less.

Spreo bicolor (Gmel.) Pied Starling

Turdus bicolor Gmelin, C. a Linné . . . Systema naturae, ed. 13, 1 (2), 1789:

835. Cape of Good Hope.

Spreo bicolor; Vincent, 1952: 98; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 401; Praed

& Grant, 1963: 460; C.B.C., 1963: 55.

Absent only from the most arid areas. A breeding resident of the flatter

parts of the Winter Rainfall and Karoo country alike, but replaced in the

mountains by species of the preceding genus. More of a ground and insect

feeder than Onychognathus spp.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 239

All districts, except BW 3, C1, K, N2, N3, N4 and U: Ga, Cl 1, Ct,

F, M, O, PA, Rb, S, Sw 1, Sw 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Tees De ENG NV) Me Vale VEEL? ESS ON SS TT

IW-R: 3 12 8 7

Karoo 2 2 I

Family Nectariniidae

Genus NECTARINIA Illig.

The limits of, and arrangement of species in, this genus follow Delacour

(1944).

Nectarinia amethystina amethystina (Shaw) Black Sunbird

Certhia amethystina Shaw, General zoology, 8, 1811: 195. Cape of Good Hope.

Chalcomitra amethystina amethystina; Vincent, 1952: 101; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 416; Praed & Grant, 1963: 500; C.B.C., 1963: 66.

Penetrates the Winter Rainfall area as far west as Swellendam, usually

in the vicinity of forest. It is not known to extend to the Cape Peninsula, as

shown in the map in Praed & Grant (1963).

MB, O, Rv 1, Swit.

Nectarinia fusca (Vieill.) Dusky Sunbird

Cinnyris fuscus Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 31, 1819: 506.

Great Namaqualand; Vincent, 1952: 101; Macdonald, 1957: 154;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 413; Praed & Grant, 1963: 497; C.B.C.,

1963: 66.

Inhabits the whole Karoo area except the Little Karoo, but probably at

least partly nomadic and certainly less common in most of the Karroid Broken

Veld than it is further north.

B, BW 2, Cli, Cn, H, K, Lg, N1, N2, N3, N4, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb,

Su 2, U, V, VW, W.

Nectarinia chalybea (L.) Lesser Double-collared Sunbird

On races, see Winterbottom (1963¢).

a. WNectarinia chalybea chalybea (L.)

Certhia chalybea Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 186. Cape of

Good Hope.

Cinnyris chalybea chalybea; Vincent, 1952: 100; C.B.C., 1963: 55.

Cinnyris chalybeus chalybeus; Macdonald, 1957: 153; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 409; Praed & Grant, 1963: 494.

A common breeding resident in the Winter Rainfall area as far north as

the Berg River; becoming progressively rarer as one goes north and east in the

Karoo. In the south-west, essentially a bird of the flatter country, replaced

240 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

on the mountains by WV. violacea, though the distinction is not absolute and

may be due to its avoiding the true Macchia, which is predominantly a

mountain flora.

BW 1, BW 2, G2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Ce 3, D, Lg, M, MB, P, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1,

S, Su 2, Sw 1, Sw 2, T, V, VW, Wo1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Pe TD TE TV Nie ME Va MET TX), OG XSI OTT

W.R. I I 3 Beast AON) Qe |

Karoo I I

b. Nectarinia chalybea subalaris (Rchw.)

Cinnyris subalaris Reichenow, Orn. Mber., 7, 1899: 170. Pondoland.

Cinnyris chalybea subalaris; Vincent, 1952: 100.

Cinnyris chalybeus subalaris; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 409; Praed &

Grant, 1963: 495.

Replaces the preceding in the Little Karoo.

Ct, L, M, O.

c. Nectarinia chalybea albilateralis Winterbottom

Nectarinia chalybea albilateralis Winterbottom, Ostrich, 34, 1963: 155. Port

Nolloth.

Replaces the type race along the west coast belt from Piketberg north.

Does not usually extend east into the Arid Karoo and not normally found

along the Orange River beyond the western Richtersveld but has been taken

at Pofadder.

Cl 1, Cle, K,N1,N2,N3,8, V.

Breeding

T 10) Te Ve VY NI VLE VAD EXE Xe Ae STG

W.R. I 5 I 2

Nectarinia afra afra (L.) Greater Double-collared Sunbird

Certhia afra Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 186. Cape of Good

Hope.

Cinnyris afra afra; Vincent, 1952: 100.

Cinnyris afer afer; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 408; Praed & Grant, 1963:

492; C.B.C., 1963: 66.

A breeding resident in the south-east, reaching its western limit about

Hermanus and Wolseley and its northern at Oudtshoorn, where it is rare.

Partial to forest edges.

Ct, MB, O, S, Sw1, T, Wot.

Nectarinia violacea (L.) Orange-breasted Sunbird

Certhia violacea Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 188. Cape of

Good Hope.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 241

Anthobaphes violacea; Vincent, 1952: 100; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

405; Praed & Grant, 1963: 481; C.B.C., 1963: 55.

Confined to the Macchia vegetation, especially on the mountains, but

there a common resident.

Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl1, L, Lg, M, MB, O, PA, Rb, Rv 1, Rva2, S, Swi, V,

Wo 1, Wo 2, Wos3.

Breeding

Tees SET VE or Vile OT ee VAT a XS a on ST TT

W.R. B50) Dic BBs 137 HAS OSitan4 Oh yay LO. NRO at

Nectarinia famosa famosa (L.) Malachite Sunbird

Certhia famosa Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 187. Cape of Good

Hope.

Nectarinia famosa famosa; Vincent, 1952: 99; Macdonald, 1957: 153; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 405; Praed & Grant, 1963: 477; C.B.C., 1963: 55.

Not known from the north-east, except Philipstown, and an uncommon

bird on the Karoo generally. A common, breeding resident in the Winter

Rainfall area.

BW 2, C2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cl 1, Cl 2, Ct, D, F, L, Lg, M, MB, N 1,

N 2, N3, O, P, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, Rv2, S, Sui, Su2, Sw1, Swea, T, V,

VW, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

i Die ET DM ee Vee Malis VALE VEE DEG (OST CTT

W.R. SSO en G2 NSH MESA ann 2

Karoo oe

Family Promeropidae

I do not agree with the view that includes the sugarbirds in the Meli-

phagidae.

Genus PROMEROPS Briss.

Promerops cafer (L.) Cape Sugarbird

Merops cafer Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 117. Aethiopia (corrected

to Cape of Good Hope, Brisson).

Promerops cafer; Vincent, 1952: 102; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 403;

C.B.C., 1963: 55.

Promerops cafer cafer; Macdonald, 1957: 154; Praed & Grant, 1963: 521.

P. gurneyi Verr. is regarded as a distinct species (see Skead, 1964).

Confined to the Protea bush of the Winter Rainfall area, where it is a

common breeding species, with local movements as yet very imperfectly

understood.

Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl 2, L, Lg, M, MB, O, PA, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Swi,

T, V, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

242 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Breeding

EW WpsslVie VV) OVE VED eV Le ex 9 Xxx

W.R. Tae 2ly BIOSMAGT, se5Onae42 6 I

Family Zosteropidae

Genus zosTEROPs Vig. & Horsf.

Arrangement of species in this genus follows Moreau (1957).

Zosterops pallidus pallidus Swains. Pale White-eye

Kosterops pallida Swainson, Animals in menageries, 1838: 294. Southern Africa

(type from 10 miles east of Prieska, Grant & M.-Praed, Ostrich, 28,

1957: 174).

Kosterops pallida pallida; Vincent, 1952: 99; Macdonald, 1957: 152.

Kosterops pallidus pallidus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 418; Praed & Grant,

1963: 467.

Map 37. Distribution of Zosterops pallida and Z. virens. Open circles: pallida; crosses: virens.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 243

On the reasons for the use of this name, see Clancey & Winterbottom

(1961).

Essentially a bird of the Orange River basin, where it replaces <. virens

in streamside cover, gardens, etc. The ranges of the two species interdigitate

in a curious manner across the northern Karoo.

C2, H, K, N1,N2,N 3, N4, P, Pr, R, U.

Zosterops virens, Sund. Green White-eye

a. osterops virens capensis Sund.

Zosterops capensis Sundevall, Ofvers. K. VetenskAkad. Forh., 7, 1850:

102. Rondebosch, Cape Province.

Kosterops pallida capensis; Vincent, 1952: 99; Macdonald, 1957: 152.

Kosterops pallidus capensis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 418.

Losterops virens capensis; Praed & Grant, 1963: 466; C.B.C., 1963: 55.

An abundant species in the Winter Rainfall area wherever the vegetation

is luxuriant enough and including indigenous forest, alien tree plantations

and gardens. In the Karoo areas, naturally much more sparingly distributed

and its range interdigitates with that of <. pallida in a curious and inexplicable

way.

Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl 2, Ct, L, M, MB, N3, O, PA, Rb, Rv1, Rv 2a, S,

Sw 1, Sw 2, T, V, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

POL PIN VP VI Vi VA XX I

W.R. I I I 8 TOMS 7M GO 17

b. osterops virens atmorit Sharpe

Kosterops atmori Sharpe, in Layard’s The birds of South Africa, 2nd ed.,

1877: 326. Grahamstown.

Kosterops pallida atmorit; Vincent, 1952: 99.

Kosterops pallidus atmorer; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 418.

Replaces the preceding over most of the lower Karoo, west as far as

Calvinia, intergrading with it at Klaarstroom.

BW 2, C2, F, Lg, PA, Suir, VW, W.

Family Ploceidae

Genus PASSER Briss.

Passer domesticus indicus Jard. & Selby House Sparrow

Passer indicus Jardine & Selby, Illustrations of ornithology, 3, 1831: pl. 118.

India (restricted to Bangalore, Kinnear, Ibis, 1925: 751).

Passer domestica indicus; Vincent, 1952: 113.

Passer domesticus indicus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 422; Praed & Grant,

1963: 554; C.B.C., 1963: 57. |

For discussion of the range up to 1960, see Winterbottom (19614).

Originally introduced at Durban, it has only been recognized in our area

244 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

since 1958, but has spread rapidly, reaching Loeriesfontein, Vanrhynsdorp

and Laingsburg in 1961, Port Nolloth, Piquetberg and Touws River in 1962,

the Cape Town suburb of Plumstead at the end of 1963, and the Bredasdorp

District in 1964. Always in the vicinity of human habitations, especially towns

and villages but also on farms.

B, BW 2, C'1, C2, Ce 1, Cla,, Cn, Ct, D, Fy KX Leake Ma Nereis

N 4, O, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb, 8, Su 1, Sw 1, T, U, V, VW, W, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

LT TD DV Vig VE OVID) VIED DS) Gy eal ala

Karoo I

Passer motitensis motitensis (Smith) Great Sparrow

Pyrgita Motitensis A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central

Africa, 1836: 50. Old Latakoo (restricted to Motito, 27° 04’ S., 23° 50’ E.,

Winterbottom, Ostrich, 37, 1966: 138-139).

Passer motitensis motitensis; Vincent, 1952: 113; Praed & Grant, 1963: 555.

Passer motitensis; Macdonald, 1957: 156.

Passer tagoensis motitensis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 422.

On the original description of this form, see Clancey (19648).

A Kalahari species which only penetrates our area in the extreme north

along the Orange River.

H, K, Nt.

Passer melanurus (Miill.) Mossie

For revision of the races of this species, see Clancey (1958a):

a. Passer melanurus melanurus (Mill.)

Loxia melanura P. L. S. Miller, CG. von Linné . . . Natursystem, Suppl.,

1776: 153. Cape of Good Hope.

Passer melanura melanura; Vincent, 1952: 113; C.B.C., 1963: 57.

Passer melanurus melanurus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 423; Praed &

Grant, 1963: 556.

An abundant breeding resident, especially, but not exclusively, in areas

altered by man, in the southern part of the area.

All districts except those occupied by P.m. damarensis: Ct, Lg, PA, Rb, S,

Sw 1, V, Wo 1, Wo 3.

Breeding

EAD. WT, IV. NV. Vi VATS VET Xn oxe excl arn

WeR: 4 2 I 2 3 6 42 0s FS ag On Tae eng

Karoo 2 2 I I I I 3 4 4 5

b. Passer melanurus damarensis Rchw.

Passer arcuata damarensis Reichenow, Orn. Mber., 10, 1902: 77. Windhoek.

Passer melanura damarensis; Vincent, 1952: 113; Macdonald, 1957: 157.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 245

17 19 oii 23 25

Map 38. Distribution of subspecies of Passer melanurus. Dots: P. m. melanurus;

crosses: P. m. damarensis.

Passer melanurus damarensis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 423; Praed &

Grant, 1963: 556.

Replaces the preceding in the north and equally abundant.

B, BW 1, C1, Cn, D, F, H, K, Ni, N2, N3, N4q, P, Pr, U, VW, W.

Passer griseus diffusus (Smith) Grey-headed Sparrow

Pyrgita diffusa A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central Africa,

1836: 50. North of the Orange River (restricted to Kuruman, Cape

Province, Macdonald & Hall, Ann. Transv. Mus., 23, 1957: 35).

Passer grisea diffusa; Vincent, 1952: 113.

Passer diffusus diffusus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 423; Praed & Grant,

1963: 558.

For the specific relationships of diffusus and griseus (Vieill.), see Benson

(1956) and White & Moreau (1958), the latter of whom are followed here

246 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

provisionally; but see also Clancey (1959g) on the undesirability of a closed

mind in this matter.

Only recorded near the Orange River in the extreme north.

H; K, N2; N 4, P, Pr, U:

Breeding

rou WE IV. -V. ° VI -Vil. Vill Ix xX 9) Xia

Karoo

Genus PETRONIA Kaup

[Petronia superciliaris (Blyth) Yellow-throated Sparrow

Gymnorhis superciliaris Blyth, J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 14, 1845: 553. South Africa

(restricted to Cape Town, Grant & Clancey, Ostrich: 1953: 128 and

amended to Port Elizabeth, Winterbottom, Ostrich, 30, 1959: 139-140).

Petronia superciliaris; Vincent, 1952: 114; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

423; Praed & Grant, 1963: 560; C.B.C., 1963: 67.

There are no authentic records of this species from our area, though Cape

Town has been proposed as the type locality.]

Genus PLOCEPASSER Smith

Plocepasser mahali stentor Clancey White-browed Sparrow-Weaver

Plocepasser mahali stentor Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 5, 1957: 47. Kenhardt;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 550.

Plocepasser mahali mahali; Vincent, 1952: 103 (in part); Macdonald, 1957:

155; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 420 (in part).

Only in the Acacia belts in the Orange River basin, where a common

breeding resident.

B, Bok BY er, U:

Genus PHILETAIRUS Smith

Philetairus socius (Lath.) Social Weaver

On the distribution of this species in general, see Rudebeck (1956).

a. Philetairus socius socius (Lath.)

Loxia socia Latham, Index ornithologicus, 1, 1790: 381. Warmbad, Great

Namaqualand.

Philetairus socius; Vincent, 1952: 103 (in part); McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 421 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963: 552 (in part).

Philetatrus socia; Macdonald, 1957: 156.

Along the Orange River from Assenkjer to Kenhardt and, as a straggler,

from the mouth of the river.

K, N11, N 4.

b. Philetatrus socius eremnus Clancey

Philetairus socius eremnus Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 5, 1957: 84. Prieska.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 247

Philetatrus socius; Vincent, 1952: 103 (in part); McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 421 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963: 552 (in part).

Replaces the preceding in the east, extending south to 60 miles north-west

of Carnarvon. Its natural range is limited by the necessity for large Acacias

to hold its nest; but it has been able to extend it by using telegraph poles instead.

Cn, H, Pr, U.

Genus SPOROPIPES Cab.

Sporopipes squamifrons squamifrons (Smith) Scaly Weaver

Estrelda squamifrons A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central

Africa, 1836: 49. South Africa (restricted to Kuruman, Cape Province,

Macdonald, 1957: 158, and Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 5, 1957: 50).

Sporopipes squamifrons squamifrons; Vincent, 1952: 103.

Sporopipes squamifrons; Macdonald, 1957: 158; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

424; Praed & Grant, 1963: 561.

For a review of the races of this species, see Clancey (1957e); also Moreau

& White (1958).

Range chiefly in the north, extending south at times as far as Klaarstroom.

BW 2, H, K, N 3, N4, P, PA, Pr, U, VW.

Breeding

PD Oe TE eI VE ON MTS Vi VT EO SO RT Ce TED

Karoo zy

Genus PLOCEUS Cuv.

Ploceus velatus Vieill. Masked Weaver

Revision, Clancey (19594).

a. Ploceus velatus velatus Vieill.

Ploceus velatus Vieillot, Nouvelle dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, 34,

1819: 132. Namaqualand (probably Goodhouse or Pella).

Ploceus velatus velatus; Vincent, 1952: 104; Macdonald, 1957: 160;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 433, Praed & Grant, 1963: 569 (in

part).

Ploceus velatus nigrifrons; Vincent, 1952: 104; Praed & Grant, 1963: 569.

Ploceus velatus arundinarius; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 433.

Only in the north.

B, Cn, H, K, N 1, N 2, N 3, N 4, P, Pr, R, U.

b. Ploceus velatus inustus Clancey

Ploceus velatus inustus Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 5, 1959: 173. Loken-

burg, Calvinia District.

Ploceus velatus nigrifrons; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 433.

Ploceus velatus velatus; Praed & Grant, 1963: 569 (in part).

Ploceus velatus insustus (sic); C.B.C., 1963: 55.

248 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

ES 2, : \ Lf a

4 te ces : x. 5 ion : a) “his

ei : © o¢

17 19 21 23 25

Map gg. Distribution of subspecies of Ploceus velatus. Dots: P. v. velatus; crosses: P. v. inustus.

The common weaver of the Karoo, extending into the Winter Rainfall

area extensively but there much less numerous than P. capensis.

BW 2, C1, C2, Cli, Cn, Ct, D, F, L, Lg, M, O, PA, Rb, S, Sur,

Su 2, Swi, Sw2, T, V, VW, W, Wo1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

TIT’ Tr” IV VOC VV s—6 VIEL EKO ea

W.R. 2 I I

Karoo 7 5 5 2

[Ploceus cucullatus spilonotus Vigors Spot-backed Weaver

Ploceus spilonotus Vigors, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1831: g2. Algoa Bay; Vincent,

1952: 104.

Ploceus cucullatus spilonotus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 430; Praed &

Grant, 1963: 565.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 249

For reasons for regarding spilonotus as a race of cucullatus, see South African

Ornithological Society, List Committee Report (1960).

May occur in the extreme south-east. There are sight-records from Oudts-

hoorn. |

Ploceus capensis capensis (L.) Cape Weaver

Oriolus capensis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 163. Cape of

Good Hope.

Xanthophilus capensis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 105; C.B.C., 1963: 56.

Ploceus capensis capensis; Macdonald, 1957: 160; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 430; Praed & Grant, 1963: 563.

Inhabits a broad belt parallel with the coast from Klipfontein in Namaqua-

land to Klaarstroom, Oudtshoorn and Mossel Bay; and is also recorded from

Beaufort West, where, however, it is probably only a straggler. A common,

breeding resident where it occurs.

BW 2, G2, Ce1, Ce 2, Cl1, Cl2, Ct, L, Lg, M, MB, N1, Ng, O, PA,

Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Swi, Sw 2, T, V, Wor, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

PE PE IW NV SEV OM Va Ee | ONSET

W.R. Col. 7 6 I

Ind. 2 6 QI AGW 21 8 2

Karoo Ind. I

Genus QUELEA Reichenb.

Quelea quelea lathamii (Smith) Red-billed Quelea

Loxia lathami A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central Africa,

1836: 51. Near Kurrichane, Transvaal.

Quelea quelea lathami; Vincent, 1952: 166; Macdonald, 1957: 161; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 434; Praed & Grant, 1963: 594; C.B.C., 1963: 56.

Lourens (1963) has produced evidence suggesting that the three recog-

nizable forms of Quelea quelea are reproductively isolated and should be regarded

as a species group forming a super-species. While appreciating the importance

of Lourens’s findings, I have not adopted this procedure here, since the change

of emphasis does not seem to me vital enough to warrant change in the accepted

nomenclature.

A nomadic species, whose wanderings occasionally take it into the north-

east of our area.

Ke, PSUs Ww.

Genus EUPLECTES Swains.

The limits of, and arrangement of species within, this genus follow

Delacour & Edmond-Blanc (1933-4).

250 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Euplectes orix turgidus Clancey Red Bishopbird

Euplectes orix turgidus Clancey, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 78, 1958: 96. Citrusdal,

Cape Province; C.B.C. 1963: 56.

Euplectes orix orix; Vincent, 1952: 107 (in part); McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 436 (in part); Praed & Grant, 1963: 598 (in part).

An abundant breeding resident wherever suitable reed-beds exist for

nesting and therefore naturally more generally distributed in the Winter

Rainfall area than on the Karoo.

B, BW 2, C2, Ce1, Ce2, Clix, Cl2, Gn, Ct, D, F, H, K, L, M, MB,

N 3, N 4, O, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sw 1, T, U, V, VW, W, Wo 1, Wo 2.

Breeding

IIb fl IV..V Mi, Vit. VI TX, oe ei

W.R. Col. 2 5 9 4

Ind. I 18 Os ONL WT I

Karoo Col. 2

Euplectes afra taha Smith Golden Bishopbird

Euplectes taha A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central Africa,

1836: 50. Near Kurrichane.

Euplectes afra taha; Vincent, 1952: 107; Praed & Grant, 1963: 605.

Euplectes afer taha; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 438.

One record from the Philipstown District; but probably occurs more

frequently in the north-east as a visitor from the Free State.

Euplectes capensis (L.) Yellow Bishopbird

For races in Cape Province, see Winterbottom (1959¢).

a. LEuplectes capensis capensis (L.)

Loxia capensis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 306. Cape of

Good Hope.

Euplectes capensis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 107 (in part); Praed & Grant,

1963: 602; C.B.C., 1963: 50.

Coliuspasser capensis capensis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 437.

A common, breeding resident in streamside vegetation and fields of grain

and lupins in the Winter Rainfall area from Malmesbury east.

Ct, L, Lg, M, MB, O, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Sw 1, Sw 2, T, V, Wo1, Wo 2,

Wo 3.

Breeding

I WY VV Vi Vil Vill ix > xe

W.R. I 22 a Sy) 7

Karoo I

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 251

b. Euplectes capensis macrorhynchus Roberts

Euplectes capensis macrorhynchus Roberts, Ann. Transv. Mus., 6, 1919: 117.

Piketberg; Praed & Grant, 1963: 603; C.B.C., 1963: 56.

Euplectes capensis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 107 (in part); Macdonald, 1957:

161.

Coliuspasser capensis macrorhynchus; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 437.

Replaces the preceding from about the Berg River north along the western

mountains to Springbok.

C2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl 2, Ct, N 3, V.

Breeding

ee ORV WEEN OV TI Vi OE NS ETD

W.R. I 9 12 I

Euplectes progne progne (Bodd.) Sakabula

Emberiza progne Boddaert, Table des planches enluminéez .. . , 1783: 39.

Cape of Good Hope.

Diatropura procne procne; Vincent, 1952: 108.

Diatropura progne progne; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 441.

Coliuspasser progne progne; Praed & Grant, 1963: 614.

Euplectes progne progne; C.B.C., 1963: 66.

An occasional straggler from the Highveld grasslands, recorded from

Beaufort West and Kareekloof. A specimen from Blouberg in the South

African Museum was, however, almost certainly an escape from captivity.

BW 2, H, S.

Genus PADDA Reichb.

[Padda oryzivora (L.) Java Sparrow

Loxia oryzivora Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 173. Asia.

Padda oryzivora; C.B.C., 1963: 66.

A record from Bredasdorp by Broekhuysen (see Robinson, Robinson &

Winterbottom, 1960) is considered to be of an escape from captivity. ]

Genus AMADINA Swains.

Amadina erythrocephala erythrocephala (L.) Red-headed Finch

Loxia erythrocephala Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 172. Africa

(restricted to Angola).

Amadina erythrocephala; Vincent, 1952: 109; Macdonald, 1957: 161; Roberts,

1957: 441; Praed & Grant, 1963: 631.

Amadina erythrocephala erythrocephala; C.B.C., 1963: 66.

252 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

A breeding resident in the north-east, extending south-west as far as the

Carnarvon and Prince Albert districts and westward to Kenhardt; but recent

records from the Saldanha Bay area suggest that it may be extending its range.

BBW) 25 Cn, D>) HK, PP) PA, Pe R55, Uz

Genus ORTYGOSPIzZA Sund.

Ortygospiza fuscocrissa digressa Clancey Quail Finch

Ortygospiza atricollis digressa Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 5, 10, 1958: 141.

Umbhlonga Nek, Richmond, Natal; Praed & Grant, 1963: 632; C.B.C.,

1963: 56.

Ortygospiza atricollis polyzona; Vincent, 1952: 109; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 450.

For reasons for the use of this name, see Clancey (19580); Traylor (1963)

fuses South African birds with those from further north under the name O.a.

muellert Zedlitz (J. Orn., Lpz., 59, 1911: 604. Sanbiti, Wembere Steppe). I

have not seen topotypical examples of mwuelleri and retain digressa pending

personal investigation.

Known from a number of localities in the north-east (Vanwyksvlei,

Kareekloof, Philipstown) and also in the extreme south-west, where it appears

to be a recent arrival. Although McLachlan & Liversidge (1947) in their map

have joined up these localities, I have no evidence that the bird occurs in the

intervening area. It inhabits short grass country, usually in the vicinity of

water.

Cn Pass owes ls

Genus LAGONOSTICTA Cab.

[Lagonosticta rubricata rubricata (Licht.) Blue-billed Firefinch

Fringilla rubricata Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss der Doubletten . . . , 1823: 27.

Kaffirland (restricted to Uitenhage, Stresemann, Annls Mus. r. Congo

belge, N. Sér. 4to, Zool., 1, 1954: 81-82).

Lagonosticta rubricata rubricata; Vincent, 1952: 110; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 449; Praed & Grant, 1963: 643.

A record from Swellendam needs confirmation. |

Lagonosticta senegala pallidicrissa Zed]. Red-billed Firefinch

Lagonsticta senegala pallidicrissa Zedlitz, Orn. Mber., 18, 1910: 173. Humpata,

Angola; Vincent, 1952: 110; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 452; Praed

& Grant, 1963: 648.

Inhabits Acacia thickets along the Orange River and similar country

further south. One record for Beaufort West District and said to be regular

there and in the Britstown District. Also recorded from De Rust, Oudtshoorn

District (Winterbottom, 19642).

DW. 2, HK, Ni, N 2, Neen 4)10)/ 2) Re:

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 253

Genus ESTRILDA Swains.

Estrilda melanotis melanotis (Temm.) Swee Waxbill

Fringilla melanotis Temminck, Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux,

36, 1823: pl. 221, fig. 1. Eastern Cape Province.

Estrilda melanotis melanotis; Vincent, 1952: 110; C.B.C., 1963: 56.

Coccopygia melanotis melanotis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 445; Praed &

Grant, 1963: 649.

A forest bird of the Winter Rainfall area, formerly thought to reach its

western limit at Swellendam but now known to occur on the Cape Peninsula

and in several intervening localities.

Ct, L, M, MB, O, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sw, T, Wot.

Breeding

Po EV.) Vine NAY VE VD oe TT

W.R. I

Estrilda astrild astrild (L.) Common Waxbill

Loxia astrild Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 173. Canaries, America,

Africa (restricted to Cape Town, Sclater & M.-Praed, Ibis, 1918: 442).

Estrilda astrild astrild; Vincent, 1952: 111; Macdonald, 1957: 163; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 455; Praed & Grant, 1963: 651; C.B.C., 1963: 56.

Common in reed-beds especially in the Winter Rainfall area, extending

out into the surrounding vegetation, especially Coastal Macchia and Coastal

Renosterbosveld.

B, BW 2, G2, Cer, Cl1, Cl2, Cn, Ct, D, F, H, K, L, Lg, M, MB,

N1, N2, N3, N4, O, P, PA, Pr, R, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, S, Sui, Su2, Sw,

Sw 2, T, U, V, VW, W, Wot, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

I IN NOV VE ei x Tn

W.R. Ot 2 ZO 2O GAs 4

Karoo I

Genus URAEGINTHUS Cab.

Uraeginthus granatina granatina (L.) Grenadine Waxbill

Fringilla granatina Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 319. Brazil

(corrected to Angola, W. L. Sclater, Systema avium aethiopicarum, 2,

1930: 806 and restricted to Huila, Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 5, 1959:

256).

Granatina granatina; Vincent, 1952: 112; Macdonald, 1959: 163; McLachlan

& Liversidge, 1957: 453; Praed & Grant, 1963: 662.

A Kalahari species recorded within our limits only from Hopetown.

254 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Genus viDUA Cav.

The limits of this genus follow Delacour & Edmond-Blanc (1933-34).

Vidua funerea funerea (de Tarrag.) Dusky Indigobird

Fringilla funerea de Tarragon, Revue Zool., 1847: 180. Natal.

Hypochen funerea funerea; Vincent, 1952: 112; Praed & Grant, 1963: 665.

Hypochen funerea; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 457.

Vidua funerea funerea; Friedmann, 1960: 75.

A northern form, recorded within our limits only from the Aughrabies

Falls on the Orange River.

Vidua macroura (Pall.) Pin-tailed Whydah

Fringilla macroura Pallas, in Vroeg’s Catalogus ... vogelen . . . dieren. Adum-

bratiuncula, No. 144, 1764: 3. East Indies (corrected to Angola, W. L.

Sclater, Systema avium aethiopicarum, 2, 1930: 809).

Vidua macroura; Vincent, 1952: 112; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 456;

Friedmann, 1960: 93; Praed & Grant, 1963: 667; C.B.C., 1963: 57.

Widely distributed wherever Estrilda astrild, on which it foists its family

cares, occurs.

B, BW 2, G2; Ce 2, Clix, Ct, D, L, Lg; M, MB, N1,N2, N3, 0) PB:

PA, Pr, R, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Sw, Sw 2, T, U, V, VW, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

T IE Gl IV (V Vi Vil Vilb EX 2eexageai

W.R. I 6 5ew a

[Vidua regia regia (L.) Shaft-tailed Whydah

Emberiza regia Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 313. Africa

(restricted to southern Angola, W. L. Sclater, Systema avium aethio-

picarum, 2, 1930: 810).

Vidua regia; Vincent, 1952: 112; Macdonald, 1957: 163; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 457; Friedmann, 1960: 127; Praed & Grant, 1963: 669.

May occur near the Orange River in the north-east. |

Family Thraupidae

Genus PAROARIA Bp.

[Paroaria coronata (Shaw) Red-crested Cardinal

Loxia coronata Shaw, in Miller & Shaw’s Cimelia physica, 1796: 4, pl. 2a.

South America and particularly Brazil.

Paroaria coronata; C.B.C., 1963: 67.

Escapes bred in a wild state at Hermanus in 1958 but did not succeed in

establishing themselves. ]

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 255

Family Fringillidae

Genus FRINGILLA L.

Fringilla coelebs coelebs L. Chaffinch

Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1758: 179. Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die Végel der palaarktischen Fauna,

1903-23).

Fringilla coelebs genglert; Vincent, 1952: 114; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

467; Praed & Grant, 1963: 677.

Fringilla coelebs coelebs; Skead, 1960: 20; C.B.C., 1963: 57.

F.c. genglert Kleinsch. is regarded as a synonym; but Vaurie (1959), who

recognizes genglert as differing ‘only slightly from nominate coelebs’, assigns

South African birds to the latter, though on what grounds he does not say.

The only South African-taken birds known to me are in the South African

Museum, Cape Town, and no overseas ornithologist has ever asked to see them.

Introduced into the Cape Peninsula about 1898 and confined to the

neighbourhood of Table Mountain from Hout Bay to Rondebosch, extending

a little way on to the Flats in Rondebosch and Plumstead.

Breeding

Tee ST TT ENN ONT NT NTT TO) SOE GTS NTT

W.R. I I 2

Genus CARDUELIs Briss.

[Carduelis carduelis (L.) Goldfinch

Fringilla carduelis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, 1, 1758: 180. Europe

(restricted to Sweden, Hartert, Die V6gel der palaarktischen Fauna,

IQ10: 39).

Carduelis carduelis; C.B.C., 1963: 66.

A specimen from Cape Town in the South African Museum is considered

to have been an escape from captivity. ]

Genus sERINUS Koch

Arrangement of species in this genus follows Winterbottom (1958c).

Serinus tottus tottus (Sparrm.) Mountain Siskin

Loxia totta Sparrman, Museum Carlsonianum, 1, 1786: pl. 18. Hottentot

country (= Cape Province).

Serinus totta totta; Vincent, 1952: 115; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 460.

Serinus tottus tottus; Skead, 1960: 28.

Carduelis tottus; Praed & Grant, 1963: 700.

Serinus t. tottua (sic); C.B.C., 1963: 57.

256 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Confined to the mountains of the Winter Rainfall area, where it is a

fairly common, breeding resident.

Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl1, L, M, MB, O, PA, Rb, Rv 2, S, Sw1, T, V, Wo1,

Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Pe SED TV eV eV Ve Vi DoE): Goat ent

W.R. 3 4s 2

Serinus canicollis canicollis (Swains.) Cape Canary

Crithagra canicollis Swainson, Animals in menageries, 1838: 317. Africa

(restricted to Cape of Good Hope).

Serius canicollis canicollis; Vincent, 1952: 115; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 460; Skead, 1960: 32; C.B.C., 1963: 57.

Serinus canicollis; Praed & Grant, 1963: 685.

Essentially a bird of the Winter Rainfall area, but wanders on to the

adjoining parts of the Karoo and even occasionally reaches as far as the

Philipstown and Victoria West districts. A common, breeding resident,

especially, but by no means exclusively, in the mountains.

BW 2, C2, Cer, Ce2, Cl1, C12, L, Lg, M, MB, N3, O, P, PA; Rb;

Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, Swi, Sw 2, T, V, VW, Wor, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Pr’ Wr I VO Vi. Vit} Vili Ex xX Vexcieex

W.R. 3 4. (36° 97 Aes

Serinus scotops umbrosus Clancey Forest Canary

Serinus scotops umbrosus Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 7, 1964: 184. Nature’s

Valley, Knysna.

Serinus scotops scotops; Vincent, 1952: 115; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957:

461; Skead, 1960: 40; C.B.C., 1963: 67.

Serinus scotops; Praed & Grant, 1963: 684.

A forest species, recorded as a straggler from Kwartelfontein, Caledon

District and as a breeding resident from Swellendam east.

MB, S, Sw 1.

Serinus atrogularis (Smith) Yellow-rumped Canary

a. Serinus atrogularis impiger Clancey

Serinus atrogularis impiger Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 5, 1959: 258. Aliwal

North; Skead, 1960: 55.

Poliospiza atrogularis deserti; Vincent, 1952: 116 (in part).

Serinus atrogularis deserti; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 462 (in part).

Serinus atrogularis atrogularis; Praed & Grant, 1963: 691 (in part).

Serinus atrogularis; C.B.C., 1963: 67.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 257

Known only from the Orange River valley in the extreme east of our

area, intergrading with the next form in the Prieska and Kenhardt districts.

Sight records of this species from the Cango Caves and Cape L’Agulhas, if

correctly identified, must have been escapes from captivity.

K, P, Pr.

b. Serinus atrogularts deserti (Rchw.)

Poliospiza angolensis deserti Reichenow, J. Orn., Lpz., 1918: 438. Windhoek.

Poliospiza atrogularis deserti; Vincent, 1952: 116 (in part); Macdonald,

1957: 165.

Serinus atrogularis deserti; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 462 (in part);

Skead, 1960: 54; Praed & Grant, 1963: 601.

Replaces the preceding in the Orange River valley in Namaqualand and

from Upington eastwards, extending south-east to Kareekloof, Hopetown

District.

H, N1, N 2, N 3, N4, U.

Serinus alario (L.) Black-headed Canary

a. Serinus alario alario (L.)

Fringilla alario Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 319. Cape of

Good Hope.

Alario alario alario; Vincent, 1952: 115; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 462.

Serinus alario alario; Skead, 1960: 59; C.B.C., 1963: 58.

Alario alario; Praed & Grant, 1963: 697.

Widely distributed and in places common both on the Karoo and in the

Winter Rainfall area.

All districts except H, K, Pr, Rv 1, and U: BW2, C2, Ce 2, Cl1, Cn,

D, F, Lg, N 3, P, PA, R, S, V, VW, W, Wo 3.

Breeding

Pon TE IV VO ONS VE EE Xe OR OD OTD

W.R. 3 4 3

Karoo I I I 2 I

b. Serinus alario leucolaema (Sharpe)

Alario leucolaema Sharpe, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 13, 1903: 80. Hountop

River, S.W.A.; Praed & Grant, 1963: 698.

Alario alario leucolaema; Vincent, 1952: 115; Macdonald, 1957: 165;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 462.

Serinus alario leucolaema; Skead, 1960: 60; C.B.C., 1963: 58.

Probably only an off-season visitor from South West Africa, which extends

as far south as St. Helena Bay and as far east as Philipstown and Richmond.

But see Rowan (19612).

Cl1,N1,N2,N 3, N4, P,R, S, V.

2 58 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Serinus flaviventris (Swains.) Yellow Canary

On the subspecies of this bird, see Winterbottom (1959¢).

a. Serinus flaviventris flaviventris (Swains.)

Loxia flaviventris Swainson, Zool. J., 3, 1828: 348. South Africa (restricted

to Berg River, Cape Province, Roberts, Ann. Trans. Mus., 18, 1936:

316).

Serinus flaviventris flaviventris; Vincent, 1952: 114 (in part); Skead, 1960: 64

(in part); Praed & Grant, 1963: 680 (in part); C.B.C., 1963: 58 (in

part).

Serinus flaviventris marshall1; Macdonald, 1957: 164.

Crithagra flaviventris flaviventris; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 464 (in part).

The south-west corner, where it is an abundant species in flatter places.

Ce 1, 8, Sw 1, T.

17 19 21 23 25

Map 4o. Distribution of subspecies of Serinus flaviventris. Dots: S. f. flaviventris; crosses: S. f.

uinton?; open circles: S. f. aurescens; solid squares: S. f. marshalli; open squares: S. f. hesperus.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 259

Breeding

COE Ea ReaD BA NEA) ae 0 on 6 Ga A OM, G Ba, GL

W.R. B88 SB WN2T IG Ma

b. Serinus flaviventris quintont Winterbottom

Serinus flaviventris quintont Winterbottom, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 44, 1959: 318,

Hillmore, Beaufort West; Skead, 1960: 66; Praed & one 1963:

681; C.B.C., 1963: 58.

Serinus as tentris flaviventris; Vincent, 1952: 114 (in part).

Crithagra flaviventris flaviventris; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 464 (in part),

Replaces the preceding over most of the Karoo.

B, BW 1, BW 2, BW 3, C1, C2, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cl 2, Cn, Ct, D, F, L, Lg.

M, MB, O, P, PA, R, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, Su 1, Su2, Sw2, V, VW, W, Wot,

Wo 2, Wo 3.

c. Serinus flaviventris marshall Shell.

Serinus marshalli Shelley, Birds of Africa, 3, 1902: 200. Potchefstroom.

Serinus flaviventris marshalli; Vincent, 1952: 114 (in part); Skead, 1960: 65;

Praed & Grant, 1963: 680.

Crithagra flaviventris marshalli; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 464 (in part).

The north-east corner.

d. Serinus flaviventris aurescens Clancey

Serinus flaviventris aurescens Clancey, Durban Mus. Novit., 5, 1958: 104.

Between Brandvlei and Kenhardt; Skead, 1960: 66.

Serinus flaviventris marshalli; Vincent, 1952: 114 (in part).

Crithagra flaviventris flaviventris; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 464 (in

part).

Kenhardt and Gordonia, intergrading with quintoni southwards.

Kor, U.

e. Serinus flaviventris hesperus Winterbottom

Serinus flaviventris hesperus Winterbottom, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, 83, 1963: 138.

Port Nolloth.

Serinus flaviventris flaviventris; Vincent, 1952: 114 (in part); Skead, 1960: 64

(in part).

Crithagra flaviventris flaviventris; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 464 (in

part).

The west coast, from Lambert’s Bay north, inland to western Bushman-

land, where it intergrades with quintoni.

Cl1,N1,N2,N3,N4,5S, V.

Serinus sulphuratus sulphuratus (L.) Bully Canary

Loxia sulphurata Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 305. Cape of

Good Hope.

260 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Serinus sulphurata sulphurata; Vincent, 1952: 114; C.B.C., 1963: 58.

Crithagra sulphurata sulphurata; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 463.

Serinus sulphuratus sulphuratus; Skead, 1960: 71; Praed & Grant, 1963: 681.

Much commoner in the Winter Rainfall area than on the Karoo, whence

it is recorded only from the Beaufort West and Oudtshoorn districts; but

rather sparingly distr:buted even in the south.

BW 2, Cl 1, M, MB, O, Rb, Rv 1, 8, Sw1, T, (V), Wo1, Wo3.

Breeding

W.R. I 2 4 3 I

Serinus albogularis (Smith) White-throated Seed-eater

a. Serinus albogularis albogularis (Smith)

Crithagra albogularis A. Smith, 8. Afr. Q.J., 1833: 48. South Africa (restricted

to Widow Smit’s Farm, near northern edge of the Piketberg, Roberts,

Ann. Transv. Mus., 18, 1936: 316).

Poliospiza albogularis albogularis; Vincent, 1952: 116; Macdonald, 1957: 167.

Crithagra albigularis albigularis; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 463.

Serinus albogularis albogularis; Skead, 1960: 79; Praed & Grant, 1963: 694;

C.B.C., 1963: 58.

A common breeding resident in the flatter parts of the Winter Rainfall

area and over most of the Karoo.

BW 1, BW 2, BW 3, C1, Ce2, Ce 3, Cli, Cl2, Cn, Ct, F, L, Lg, M,

MB, N 1, N 2, N 3, O, PA, Pr, R, Rb, Rv 1, Rv 2, 8, SW, Su 2, Sw 1, Swe,

T, V, VW, W, Wo 1, Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

Toth Ml Vi Vie Mabe Vie Va EX XE

W.R. 14 BA Ko 2

Karoo 9 4

b. Serinus albogularis sordahlae (Friedm.)

Poliospiza albogularis sordahlae Friedmann, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 45, 1932:

65. Mt. Brukkaros, $.W.A.; Vincent, 1952: 116; Macdonald, 1957:

167.

Crithagra albigularis sordahlae; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 463.

Serinus albogularis sordahlae; Skead, 1960: 80; Praed & Grant, 1963: 695.

Bushmanland and the north-east.

B, D, H, K, N 4, P, Pr, U.

Serinus leucopterus (Sharpe) White-winged Seed-eater

Crithagra leucoptera Sharpe, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4), 8, 1871: 235. South

Africa (restricted to Paarl, Cape Province, Vincent, Ostrich, 20, 1949:

150).

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 261

Map 41. Distribution of subspecies of Serinus albogularis. Crosses: S. a. albogularis; circles:

S. a. sordahlae.

Poliospiza leucoptera; Vincent, 1952: 116; McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 465.

Serinus leucopterus; Skead, 1960: 83; Praed & Grant, 1963: 690; C.B.C., 1963:

58.

Confined to dense protea bush in the Winter Rainfall area from Cedar-

berg Mountains to Seven Weeks Poort (map 42). Resident and breeding

within its limited habitat.

Ce 1, Ce 2, Cl 1, Cl 2, Lg, M, S, T, Wo1, Wo2.

Breeding

Te IN eV Le NDE VDT, SIEXA OE) TE EXEDT

W.R. 3

262 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

@HEUNINGVLEI

@PAKHUIS PASS

@CLANWILLIAM

e ®

CITRUSDAL

@ PIQUETBERG

@ AGTER WITZENBERG

@ecR

pits ..°DE DOORNS SEVEN WEEKS POORT

® ® xioor ® a e

palanite eWORCESTER LADISMITH

£0 TO

OMONTAGUE

CAPE TOWN ITS KLOOF

Map 42. Distribution of Serinus leucopterus.

Serinus gularis gularis (Smith) Streaky-headed Seed-eater

Linaria gularis A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central Africa,

1836: 49. Grahamstown (Clancey).

Poliospiza gularis humilis; Vincent, 1952: 115; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 464.

Serinus gularis humilis; Skead, 1960: 93; Praed & Grant, 1963: 687; C.B.C.,

1963: 58.

Inhabits the eastern part of the Winter Rainfall area, from Cape

L’Agulhas, where it is rare, east, becoming a common, breeding resident from

about Swe'lendam. One record from Klaver, Vanrhynsdorp District, and

another from Citrusdal, Clanwilliam, suggest that at times, at least, it is more

widely distributed, when probably confused with the commoner S. albogularis.

Cl 1, Ct, L, Lg, MB, O, PA, Rv 1, S, Swi, V.

Genus EMBERIZA L.

Emberiza flaviventris flaviventris Steph. Golden-breasted Bunting

Emberiza flaviventris Stephens, General zoology, 9, 2, 1815: 374. Cape of Good

Hope.

Emberiza flaviventris flaviventris; Vincent, 1952: 117; Macdonald, 1957: 168;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 469; Skead, 1960: 104; Praed & Grant,

1963: 705.

Recorded from Oudtshoorn and Swellendam. An eastern species and the

Swellendam record, at least, probably represents a straggler.

O, Swt.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 263

ea eg ce aT

17 19 pa 23 25

Map 43. Distribution of subspecies of Emberiza capensis. Dots: E. c. capensis;

crosses: E. ¢. cinnamomea.

Emberiza capensis L. Cape Bunting

a. Emberiza capensis capensis L.

Emberiza capensis Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 12, 1, 1766: 310. Cape of

Good Hope.

Fringillaria capensis capensis; Vincent, 1952: 117; Macdonald, 1957: 169;

McLachlan & Liversidge, 1957: 468; Praed & Grant, 1963: 706;

C.B.C., 1963: 58.

Fringillaria capensis klaverensis; Vincent, 1952: 117; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 468.

Emberiza capensis capensis; Skead, 1960: 110.

E.c. klaverensis (Roberts, Ostrich, 8, 1937: 107. Klaver, Cape Province)

is a synonym, see Macdonald (1957).

An abundant, resident, breeding species in the Winter Rainfall area and

264 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

those parts of the Karoo not occupied by the next race.

B, BW 1, BW 3, C1, G2, Cer, Ce2, Ce 3, Cl1, Cl2, F, K, Lg, MB,

N11, N2, N3, N4, Rv1i, Rv2, S, Sui, Su2, Swi, T, V, VW, W, Wot,

Wo 2, Wo 3.

Breeding

I I] Wl IV -N Vi oVILE Vill) IX xX yx eat

W.R. 2 6 SA 2S ee: I

b. Emberiza capensis cinnamomea (Licht.)

Fringilla cinnamomea Lichtenstein, Verzeichniss einer Sammlung von

Sdugethieren und Vogeln . . . Kaffernlande, 1842: 16. Vaal River.

Fringillaria capensis media; Vincent, 1952: 117; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 468; Praed & Grant, 1963: 707; C.B.C., 1963: 59.

Emberiza capensis media; Skead, 1960: 111.

For use of this name instead of media (Sharpe), see Clancey (19642).

Replaces the previous subspecies in the east.

B, BW 2, Cn, Ct, D, H, L, M, O, P, PA, R, Rb, Sw 2.

Emberiza tahapisi tahapisi Smith Rock Bunting

Emberiza tahapisi A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central

Africa, 1836: 48. Sources of Vaal River, south-east Transvaal; Skead,

1960: 117.

Fringillaria tahapisi; Vincent, 1952: 118; Macdonald, 1957: 169; McLachlan &

Liversidge, 1957: 468.

Fringillaria tahapisi; Praed & Grant, 1963: 709.

A straggler from further north, recorded only from Philipstown.

Emberiza impetuani Smith Lark-like Bunting

a. Emberiza impetuani impetuant Smith

Emberiza impetuani A. Smith, Report of the expedition for exploring central

Africa, 1836: 48. Between Nu-Gariep and the Tropic = eastern

Botswana.

Fringillaria impetuani; Vincent, 1952: 118 (in part) ; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 467 (in part).

Fringillaria impetuani impetuani; Macdonald, 1957: 169; Praed & Grant,

1963: 710.

Emberiza impetuani impetuani; Skead, 1960: 123.

Common, and at times extremely abundant, all over the northern part

of the Karoo.

Cn, H, K, N 1, N 2, N 3, N 4, P, Pr, U, VW.

b. Emberiza impetuani sloggetti (Macdonald)

Fringillaria impetuani sloggetti Macdonald, 1957: 170. Deelfontein, Cape

Province; Praed & Grant, 1963: 711; C.B.C., 1963: 59.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 265

Map 44. Distribution of subspecies of Emberiza impetuani. Dots: E. i. impetuani; open circles:

E. 1. sloggetti.

Fringillaria impetuani; Vincent, 1952: 181 (in part) ; McLachlan & Liversidge,

1957: 467 (in part).

Emberiza impetuani sloggetti; Skead, 1960: 123.

Replaces the preceding race in the southern part of the Karoo and in

the Winter Rainfall area.

B, BW 1, BW 2, BW 3, C1, C2, Ce 1, Ce 2, Ce 3, Cl 1, Cl 2, D, F, Lg,

M, MB, PA, R, Rv 2, S, Sur, Su2, Swi, T, V, VW, W, Wo1, Wo 3.

Breeding

ie Te Ve Ve ON VN SG OY) DTT

W.R. 5

266

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM ~

GAZETTEER OF TYPE LOCALITIES AND OTHER PLACES MENTIONED IN THE TEXT,

(Note.— District capitals are only included when they are also type localities.)

Agulhas Bank

Bain’s Kloof

Banken

Banksfontein

Barrydale

Beaufort West

Berg River

Bitterfontein

Bloubergstrand

Blouheuvel

Bontebok Park

Brandvlei, Calvinia

Brandvlei, Worcester

Breede River

Bulshoek

Bushman Flats

Cape District

Cape Infanta

Cape L’Agulhas

Cape of Good Hope

Cape Peninsula

Cape Town

Cedarberg Mts.

Citrusdal

Claremont

Cloete’s Pass

Cogman’s Kloof

De Aar

De Hoop

De Rust

Deelfontein

Dikbome

Doornbaai

Duiwenhok R.

Dwyka R.

Garies

Goodhouse

Gouritz R.

Gouda

Great Brak R.

Groene R.

Grootderm

Grootvadersbosch

Heere Logement

Hermanus

Rex:

35°S., 20°E.

33°38'S., 19°01’E.

29°30’S., 18°50’E.

31°15’S., 21°20’E.

33°54’S., 20°43’E.

32°20'S., 26°36’E.

33°S., 18°30’E.

31°o1’S., 18°18’E.

33°45/S., 18°30’E.

32°30’S., 20°30’E.

see Swellendam

30°30'S., 20°30’E.

33°40’S., 19°26’E.

33°45'S., 19°30’E.

32°00’S., 18°40’E.

29°S., 18°30’E.

see Cape Town

34.°20’S., 20°50’E.

34°50’S., 20°R.

RAPT. 10230 bs.

From Cape of Good

Hope to Cape

Town

33°56’S., 18°20’E.

32°29’S., 19°10’E.

32°40’S., 19°F.

Suburb of Cape

Town

30°S., 21°45B.

33°49’'S., 20°06’E.

30°20'S., 24°01’E.

34°26’S., 20°25’E.

33°30'S., 22°30’E.

31°02’S., 23°47’E.

32°45'S., 21°20’E.

31°45'S., 18°10’E.

34°20'S., 21°E.

33°S., 21°30’E.

30°33’S., 18°E.

28°55’S., 18°10’E.

34°12’S., 21°44’.

33°15/S., 19°02’E.

34°05'S., 22°10’E.

30°50’S., 17°40’E.

28°39'S., 16°37’E.

33°55'S., 20°40’E.

32°S., 18°35’E.

34°25'S., 19°15E.

33°30’S., 19°40’E.

Hillmore

Hopetown

Hoop-en-Uitkoms

Hottentots-Holland

Mts.

Hout Bay

Jagersberg

Kamiesberg

Kareekloof

Karoopoort

Kenhardt

Kersefontein

Klaarstroom

Klaver

Klipfontein

Koegasbrug

Koekemoers R.

Lambert’s Bay

Langebaan Lagoon

Langeberg Mts.

Leipoldtville

Lokenburg

Louisvale

McDougall Bay

McGregor

Malmesbury

Mamre

Matjesvlei

Matjiesfontein

Melton Wold

Merweville

Monazite Mine

Muiskraal

Newlands

Nieuwerust

Nieuweveld Mts.

Noisabis

Nuwejaarsfontein

Olifants R.

Orange R.

Paarl

Pampoenpoort

Papendorp

32°25’S., 26°40’E.

29°36’S., 24°05’E.

33°10’S., 19°25/E.

34°10'S., 18°50’E.

34°03’S., 18°20’E.

30°30’S., 21°55'E.

30°11'S., 18°E.

29°45'S., 23°25'E.

33°15'S., 19°40’E.

29°18’S., 21°09’E.

33°34’S., 18°42’E.

33°20'S., 22°32’E.

31°47'S., 18°37E.

31°35’S., 20°05’E.

29°03’S., 22°10’E.

32°25/S., 21°50'E.

32°05'S., 18°19’E.

See Saldanha Bay

30°40’S., 18°40’E.

32°15/S., 18°30’E.

31°30’S., 19°15'E.

28°30’S., 21°10’E.

29°15’S., 16°52’E.

34°S., 20°R.

33°28’S., 18°44’E.

33°30'S., 18°28’E.

33°26'S., 21°43’E.

33°14'S., 20°33’E.

31°30/S., 22°45 ER.

32°40'S., 21°30’E.

31°S., 18°40’E.

33°54'S., 21°13E.

Suburb of Cape

Town

31°15/S., 18°21’E.

32°05/S., 22°.

28°S., 17°12’E.

30°50’S., 24°E.

From near Tulbagh

to Papendorp

Forms northern

boundary of the

area

33°44’S., 18°58’E.

31°05'S., 22°35’E.

31°40’S., 18°10’E.

A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 267

Pella 29°02’S., 19°06’E. Still Bay 34°23'S., 21°20’E.

Perdegrasvlei 31°30’S., 21°57’E. Swartberg Mts. 33°30'S., 22°R.

Philipstown 30°27'S., 24°38’E. Swellendam 34°01’S., 20°27’E.

Piketberg 32°54'S., 18°45’E. Table Mt. See Cape Town

Pofadder 29°09’S., 18°54’E. Tokai On eastern slopes of

Port Nolloth 29°16’S., 16°52’E. Table Mt.

Potberg Mts. 34°30'S., 24.°30’E. Touws R. 33°20’S., 20°04’E.

Prieska 29°39'S., 22°44’E. Twenty-four Rivers 33°95 19°E:

Richtersveld 28°30’S., 16°55’E. Upington 28°25/S., 21°15/E.

Riet R. 31°45'S., 21°E.

Rietvlei 33°50'S., 18°30’E. Vaal—Orange 29°S., 23°35’E.

Riviersonderend Mts. 34°04’S., 19°35’E. Confluence

Robinson Pass 33°50'S., 22°03’E. Vanrhynsdorp 31°36’S., 18°44’E.

Roggeveld Mts. 32°S., 20°R. Vanwyksvlei 30°22°S., 21°50’E.

Rondawel 33°15/S., 22°40’E. Vensterklip Piketberg Mt.

Rondebosch Suburb of Cape Verkeerdevlei 33°20'S., 19°55’E.

Town Verlorenvlei 32°18’S., 18°21’E.

Rondevlei 34°04’S., 18°30’E. Vrolijkheid 33°58’S., 19°55E.

Ruiterbos 33°55/S., 22°05’E.

Wagenaarskraal 31°4.7'S., 22°40'E.

Saldanha Bay 33°S., 18°E. Wallekraal 30°25/S., 17°30’E.

Schrywershoek See Saldanha Bay Washbank 32°30’S., 24°30’E.

Silverfontein 29°55'S., 18°03’E. Widow’s R. 31°50’S., 18°40’E.

Smartt SyndicateDam 30°20’S., 23°17’E.

Sneeuwberg Mts. 31°45'S., 24°30’E. Ysterfontein 33°25'S., 18°15’E.

Southfield Suburb of Cape

Town Zak R. 29°40’S., 21°05’E.

Springbok 29°40'S., 17°52’E. Zoetendalsvlei 34.°44'S., 20°R.

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Moyninan, M. 1959. Review of the family Laridae (Aves). Am. Mus. Novit. (1928): 1-42.

Muir, J. (1940), Afrikaans bird-names in Riversdale, C.P. Ostrich 11: 1-19.

PATERSON, J. M. ed. 1958. A check list of the birds of the eastern Cape. Port Elizabeth: Eastern Cape

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Pocock, F. S., Pocock, T. N. & WinTERBoTTOM, J. M. 1961. Additions to the list of the birds

of Oudtshoorn. Ostrich 32: 137.

Pocock, F. S. & WinTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1958. A list of the birds of Oudtshoorn. Ostrich 29: 19-22.

Po.e-Evans, I. B. 1936. A vegetation map of South Africa. Mem. bot. Surv. S. Afr. (45): 1-23.

Poynton, J. C. 1960. Preliminary note on the zoogeography of the Amphibia in southern

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Poynton, J. C. 1961. Contribution to the zoogeography of southern Africa. S. Afr. 7. Sci-

572 75-80.

Quinton, W. F. 1956. The Saddlebill Stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis) seen at Beaufort

West. Ostrich 27: 91.

Rive, W. D. L. & Cam, A. J. 1954. Proposed conservation of the name Anas punctata Burchell,

1822. [bis 95: 318.

Riprey, S. D. 1945. The barbets. Auk 62: 542-563.

Roserts, A. 1936. Ornithological notes. Ann. Transv. Mus. 18: 255-269.

Roserts, A. 1940. Birds of South Africa. London: Witherby; Johannesburg: Central News Agency.

Roserts, A. 1941a. Notes on some birds of the Cape Province. Ostrich 11: 112-135.

Roserts, A. 19415. The White Stork in South Africa. Ostrich 12: 31-41.

Roserts, A. 1942. More about the breeding of the White Stork in South Africa. Ostrich 13: 17-24.

ROBERTSON, J. 1931. Birds and euclayptus trees. Condor 33: 137-139.

Roginson, J., Roprnson, C. St. C. & WinTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1957. The birds of Cape L’Agulhas.

Ostrich 28: 147-163. :

Rogzinson, J., Ropinson, C. St. C. & WintERBoTTOM, J. M. 1960. Additions to the birds of

Cape L’Agulhas. Ostrich 31: 80-81.

272 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Rowan, M. K. 1961. Distribution of the races of the Blackhead Canary Serinus alario. Ostrich

322 134.

Rowan, M. K. 1963a. Range of the Cliff Swallow. Ostrich 34: 181-182.

Rowan, M. K. 19636. The Yellowbill Duck Anas undulata Dubois in southern Africa. Ostrich

Suppl. 5: i-iv, 1-56.

Rowan, M. K. 1964. House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) reaches the south-western Cape.

Ostrich 35: 240.

Rowan, M. K. & WiInTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1963. A new bird for the South African list. Ostrich

34? 249-251.

RubDEBECK, G. 1956. Aves II. III. Studies on the Sociable Weaver (Philetairus socius), its distribu-

tion and nesting habits. Jn Hanstr6m, B. et al., eds. South African animal life. 4: 437-459.

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SALOMONSEN, F. 1955. The evolutionary significance of migration. Biol. Meddr. 22: 45-49.

SCHELPE, E. 1959. Classification of marginal vegetation. Bokmakierie 11: 10.

Scumipt, R. K. 1965. House Sparrow Passer domesticus and Little Swift Apus affinis in the Cape

Peninsula. Ostrich 36: 135-136.

Scuutze, P. R. 1947. The climates of South Africa according to the classifications of K6ppen

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ScLaTer, W. L. 1gt1—12. On the birds collected by Mr. Claude H. B. Grant at various localities

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Scott, K. M. F. 1954. Notes on the birds of the Diep River and Riet Vlei. Ostrich 25: 25-31.

Scott, K. M. F., Harrison, A. C. & MacNag, W. 1952. The ecology of South African estuaries.

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Scott, P. 1957. A coloured key to the wildfowl of the world. Slimbridge.

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SHELLEY, G. E. 1900-12. The birds of Africa. 1-4. London: Porter.

SKEAD, C. J. 1946. Census and study of birds in Albany open sour grassveld. Ostrich 17: 222-231.

SKEAD, C. J. 1952. The Cattle Egret in the eastern Cape. Ostrich 23: 186-218.

SKEAD, C. J. 1960. The canaries, seed-eaters & buntings of southern Africa. Johannesburg: Central

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SxEap, C. J. 1962. The European Starling Sturnus vulgaris at Kingwilliamstown. Ostrich 33:

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SKEAD, C. J. 1964. Sugarbirds in the Amatole Mountains, Kingwilliamstown, Cape Province.

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SouTH AFRICAN ORNITHOLOGICAL SocreTy List CoMMITTEE. 1956. First report. Ostrich 27:

Sasi Nee ORNITHOLOGICAL Society List CoMMITTEE. 1958. Second report. Ostrich 29

cee ORNITHOLOGICAL Society List ComMITTEE. 1959. Third report. Ostrich 30:

alsa et oe ORNITHOLOGICAL Society List CommitTTEE. 1960. Fourth report. Ostrich 31:

eae ORNITHOLOGICAL SocrETY List CommitTTEE. 1961. Fifth report. Ostrich 32:

ee cs ORNITHOLOGICAL Society List CoMMITTEE. 1962. Sixth report. Ostrich 33 (1):

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SouTH AFRICAN ORNITHOLOGICAL SocteTy List CoMMITTEE. 1963. Seventh report. Ostrich 34:

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TraAytor, M. A. 1963. Revision of the Quail Finch Ortygospiza atricollis. Bull. Br. Orn. Club

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Upvarpy, M. D. F. 1963. Bird faunas of North America. Proc. int. orn. Congr. 13 (2): 1147-1167.

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A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 273

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VAN DER PiaaT, A. 1962. Lys van wilde voéls vir die Oranje-Vrystaat. S. Afr. Avifauna Ser.

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Waite, C. M. N. 1951. Systematic notes on African birds. Ostrich 22: 25-26.

Waite, C. M. N. 1952a. The status of the genus Calamocichla. Ibis 94: 685.

Warts, C. M. N. 1952b. Systematic notes on African birds. Ostrich 23: 43.

Wut, C. M. N. 1956a. Notes on African larks. I. Bull. Br. Orn. Club 76: 4

Waite, C. M. N. 19565. Notes on the systematics of African bulbuls, Bull Br. Orn. Club 76:

155-157-

Wuire, C. M. N. 1959. Nomadism, breeding & subspeciation in some African larks, Bull.

Br. Orn. Club 79: 53-57.

Wutrte, C. M. N. 1961. The African Rough-winged Swallows. Bull. Br. Orn. Club. 81: 29-33.

Waite, C. M. N. & Moreau, R. E. 1958. Notes on the Ploceidae. Bull. Br. Orn. Club 78:

141-145, 157-163.

Wicut, C. L. 1945. Report of the Committee on the preservation of the vegetation of the south western

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175-178.

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buka, Northern Rhodesia, 1948-49. Ostrich 24: 174-181.

WinTERzBOTTOM, J. M. 1955. Some bird censuses on the Kafue Flats, Northern Rhodesia.

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WinTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1956a. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. I. Ostrich 27:

156-157.

WrnTERBOTTOM, J. M. 19566. Notes on some birds of the Cold Bokkeveld, Ceres District.

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WinTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1956c. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. II. Ostrich 27: 158.

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772 155-156.

Winterzottom, J. M. 1957c. Further records of the European Starling Sturnus vulgaris in the

south-west Cape. Ostrich 28: 237-238.

WintergoTTI0M, J. M. 1958a. A review of the races of the Spike-heeled Lark Certhilauda albofas-

ciata Lafresnaye. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 44: 53-67.

WinteERzorttom, J. M. 19585. On the races of Lybius leucomelas (Bodd.) in South Africa. Ann. S.

Afr. Mus. 44: 69-72.

Wintergortom, J. M. 1958c. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. VI. Ostrich 29:

IIO-I1I.

Winterzortom, J. M. 1958d. The birds of De Hoop. Rep. Dep. Nat. Conserv. C.G.H. (14): 55-57:

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274 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

WInTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1958/. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. VI. Ostrich 29:

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WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1958g. European Starling at Fraserburg Road. Ostrich 29: 48.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 19594. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. VII. Ostrich

30: 45-46.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 19596. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. VIII. Ostrich

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WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1959¢. A review of the subspecies of the Yellow Canary Serinus flaviventris

(Swainson). Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 44: 315-321.

WinTeRzotTtTom, J. M. 1959d. An ornithological reconnaissance of the Richtersveld. Ostrich.

30: 53-64.

WInTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1959¢. European Starling at Sutherland. Ostrich 30: 88.

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WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1959h. Review of the races of the Cape Wagtail Motacilla capensis L.

Bull. Br. Orn. Club 79: 96-98.

WinTERzBOTTOM, J. M. 19597. The races of Euplectes capensis (L.) in the Cape Province. Bull.

Br. Orn. Club 79: 98-100.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 19604. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. Ostrich 31: 25-26.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 19604. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. XI. Ostrich 31:

78-80.

WinTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1960c. The zoogeographical affinities of the avifauna of the western Cape

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WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1g60d. Weather movements of swifts. Bokmakierie 12: 3.

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31: 135-169.

WInTERBOTTIOM, J. M. 1960/. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. XIII. Ostrich

31: 178-179.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1960g. The ecological relationships of birds in African townships. Revue

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WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 19614. Expansion of the range of the House Sparrow. Rep. Dep. Nat.

Conserv. C.G.H. (16) : 92-94.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 19616. The birds of Vrolijkheid. Rep. Dep. Nat. Conserv. C.G.H. (16):

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WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1961c. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. XIV. Ostrich

32: 97-98.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1961d. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. XV. Ostrich

32: 98.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1g961e. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. XVI. Ostrich

322 137-139.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1961/. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. XVII. Ostrich

32: 139-140.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1961g. Remarks on the suggested tropical origin of dominant birds.

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WInTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1g61h. Notes from Mossel Bay and Calitzdorp districts. Ostrich 32: 185-186.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1962a. The east coast element in the South African avifauna. Proc.

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WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 19625. Comments on the zoogeography of southern Africa. S. Afr. 7.

Sci. 58: 80.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1962c. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. XVIII. Ostrich

33 (2): 41-42.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1962d. The birds of Sasmeer Township, Retreat. Ostrich 33 (2): 43-50.

WINTEREOTTOM, J. M. 1962e. Some manuscript notes of S. F. Townsend for the period 1878-1925.

Ostrich 33 (2): 66-71.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1962 / Gough Island Coot in South Africa. Ostrich 33: (2) 72.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1962g. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. XIX. Ostrich

33 (2): 73-74.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1962h. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. XX. Ostrich

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A CHECK LIST OF LAND AND FRESH WATER BIRDS OF WESTERN CAPE 275

WinTERBOTTOM, J. M. 19627. Range of Tchagra tchagra. Ostrich 33: (2) 74.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 19627. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. XXI. Ostrich

33 (2): 74-75-

WintERsoTTom, J. M. 19624. Breeding season of Long-tailed Sugarbird Promerops cafer (L.).

Ostrich 33 (2): 77-

WinTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1962/. A preliminary list of the birds of the Bontebok National Park,

Swellendam. Koedoe 5: 183-188.

WintERBoTTOM, J. M. 1962m. List of the birds of Swellendam District. S. Afr. Avifauna Ser.

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Wintersorttom, J. M. 19627. Fluctuations on Karoo dam. Bokmakierie 14: 5-6.

WinTERBOTTOM, J. M. 19620. The south-western races of Evemomela icteropygialis (Lafresnaye).

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WintTersortrTom, J. M. 1962p. List of the birds of Worcester District. $. Afr. Avifauna Ser (7): 1-19.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1963a. The South African subspecies of the Buffy Pipit, Anthus vaalensis

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WINTEREOTTOM, J. M. 1963). Comments on the ecology and breeding of Sandplovers Charadrius

in southern Africa. Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 67: 11-15.

WInTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1963c. Systematic notes on birds of the Cape Province. X XIII. Nectarinia

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WinTERsOTTOM, J. M. 1963d. Notes from Namaqualand and Bushmanland. Ostrich 34: 156-159.

WinTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1963e. List of the birds of Clanwilliam District. §. Afr. Avifauna Ser.

(42): I-24.

WinTERBOTTOM, J. M. 19637. Avian breeding seasons in southern Africa. Proc. Int. orn. Congr.

13 (2): 640-648.

WinTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1964a. Notes from De Rust, Oudtshoorn District. Ostrich 35: 237.

Wintersorttom, J. M. 19645. List of the birds of Verkeerdevlei. S$. Afr. Avifauna Ser. (19): 1-11.

Winterzortom, J. M. 1964c. The migrations and local movements of some South African birds.

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WintEerzottom, J. M. 1964d. Note on the relative abundance of passerine and non-passerine

birds in Africa south of the equator. Am. Nat. 98: 45-47.

WinTerzortom, J. M. 1965a. Faunal groups in the avifauna of southern Africa. Revue Zool.

Bot. afr. 742 157-170.

WinTERBOTTOM, J. M. 19655. American Purple Gallinule in South Africa. Ostrich 36: go.

Winterzottom, J. M. 1965c. A preliminary list of the birds of Hopetown District. S. Afr.

Avifauna Ser. (27): 1-15.

Wintersortom, J. M. 1965d. List of the birds of Robertson District. S. Afr. Avifauna Ser. (29):

I-19.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1965e. Notes from Bushmanland. Ostrich 36: 133-134.

Wintersottom, J. M. 1966a. A review of the southern subspecies of the Fawn-coloured Lark

Muirafra africanoides Smith. Oiseau 35 (No. spec.) : 163-174.

WintergoTTom, J. M. 1966b. List of the birds of Vanrhynsdorp District. $. Afr. Avifauna Ser.

(35): 1-18.

WintTERBOTTOM, J. M. 1966c. A list of the birds of the Riversdale District. S$. Afr. Avifauna Ser.

(37): 1-16.

Wintersottom, J. M. 1966d. Ecological distribution of birds in the indigenous vegetation of

the south-west Cape. Ostrich 37: 76-91.

Winterzorttom, J. M. 1966e. The comparative ecology of the birds of some Karoo habitats

in the Cape Province. Ostrich 37: 109-127.

WINTEREOTTOM, J. M. 1966f. The birds of the Cape Town Public Gardens. Ostrich 37: 130-134.

Winterzorttom, J. M. 1966g. A list of the birds of the Ceres District. S. Afr. Avifauna Ser. (41):

I-15.

Wiyterzottom, J. M. 1966h. Notes on bird distribution in South West Africa. Revue Zool.

Bot. afr. 73: 309-316.

WINTEREOTTOM, J. M. 19667. Yellow Wagtail at Muizenberg. Ostrich 37: 137.

WinTERBOTTOM, J. M. & CourTENAY-Latimer, M. 1961. A list of the birds of Little Namaqua-

land. S. Afr. Avifauna Ser. (1): 1-46.

Wintergottom, J. M. & Liversipcr, R. 1954. The European Starling in the south west Cape.

Ostrich 25: 89-96.

276 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. & Mipp.temiss, E. H. J. 1960. Notes on the Cape Shoveller. Bull. Br.

Orn. Club 80: 154-162.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. & Rowan, M. K. 1962. Effect of rainfall on breeding of birds in arid

areas. Ostrich 33 (2): 77-78.

WINTERBOTTOM, J. M. & SKEAD, C. J. 1962. A preliminary classification of bird habitats in

the Cape Province south of the Orange River. S. Afr. Avifauna Ser. (3): 1-8.

WooLFENDEN, G. E. 1961. Postcranial osteology of the waterfowl. Bull. Fla St. Mus. biol. Sci.

6 (1): 1-129.

Wynne, O. E. 1956. Key-list of the Palaearctic and Oriental passerine birds. Arbroath: Privately

printed.

ZEUNER, F. E. 1959. The Pleistocene period. London: Hutchinson.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. 53 Plate I

1. Rondevle1.

[ Photograph: M. G. Winterbottom]

2, Rietvlei, Milnerton.

[ Photograph: M. G. Winterbottom]

Ann. 8S. Afr. Mus. Vol. 53 Plate II

1. Macchia. near Somerset West. [ Photograph: W. P. Stanford |

2. Arid Karoo, Brandvlei, Calvinia. [ Photograph: C. F. Skead |

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. 53 Plate III

1. Riverine bush on Karoo, Traka River.

| Photograph: M. G. Winterbottom|

2. Strandveld of the West Coast. Melkbcs.

[Photograph: M. G. Winterbottom]

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. 53 Plate IV

1. Karroid Broken Veld, near Klaarstroom.

[ Photograph: M. G. Winterbottom]

2. Western Mountain Karoo, near Sutherland.

[Photograph: Botanical Research Institute]

Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. 53 Plate V

1. Orange River Broken Veld, between Prieska and Upington.

[ Photograph: Botanical Research Institute |

2. Namaqua Broken Veld, Richtersveld.

(Photograph: Dr. C. Kk. Brain}

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Based on

CONFERENCE OF BIOLOGICAL EDITORS, COMMITTEE ON FORM AND STYLE. 1960.

Style manual for biological journals. Washington: American Institute of Biological Sciences.

MANUSCRIPT

To be typewritten, double spaced, with good margins, arranged in the following order:

(1) Heading, consisting of informative but brief title, name(s) of author(s), address(es) of

author(s), number of illustrations (plates, figures, enumerated maps and tables) in the article.

(2) Contents. (3) The main text, divided into principal divisions with major headings; sub-

headings to be used sparingly and enumeration of headings to be avoided. (4) Summary.

(5) Acknowledgements. (6) References, as below. (7) Key to lettering of figures. (8) Explana-

tion to plates. 5

ILLUSTRATIONS

To be reducible to 42 in. X 7 in. (74 in. including caption). A metric scale to appear with

all photographs.

REFERENCES

Harvard system (name and year) to be used: author’s name and year of publication given

in text; full references at the end of the article, arranged alphabetically by names, chronologi-

cally within each name, with suffixes a, 5, etc. to the year for more than one paper by the

same author in that year.

For books give title in italics, edition, volume number, place of publication, publisher.

For journal articles give title of article, title of journal in italics (abbreviated according to

the World list of scientific periodicals. 4th ed. London: Butterworths, 1963), series in

parentheses, volume number, part number (only if independently paged) in parentheses,

pagination.

Examples (note capitalization and punctuation)

Buttoucn, W. S. 1960. Practical invertebrate anatomy. 2nd ed. London: MacMillan.

FiscHeR, P.-H. 1948. Données sur la résistance et de le vitalité des mollusques. 7. Conch., Paris

88: 100-140.

FiscHER, P.-H., Duvau, M. & Rarry, A. 1933. Etudes sur les échanges respiratoires des littorines.

Archs Zool. exp. gén. 74: 627-634.

Koun, A. J. 1960a. Ecological notes on Conus (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the Trincomalee

region of Ceylon. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (13) 2: 309-320.

Koun, A. J. 19605. Spawning behaviour, egg masses and larval development in Conus from

the Indian Ocean. Bull. Bingham oceanogr. Coll. 17 (4): 1-51.

THIELE, J. 1910. Mollusca: B. Polyphacophora, Gastropoda marina, Bivalvia. In Schultze, L.

KLoologische und anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Siid-

Afrika. 4: 269-270. Jena: Fischer. Denkschr. med.-naturw. Ges. Jena 16: 269-270.

ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

To be governed by the rulings of the latest International code of zoological nomen: 'ature issued

by the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature (particularly articles ¢2 and 51).

The Harvard system of reference to be used in the synonymy lists, with the ful’ references

incorporated in the list at the end of the article, and not given in contracted form in the

synonymy list.

Example

Scalaria coronata Lamarck, 1816: pl. 451, figs. 5 a, 6; Liste: 11. Turton, 1932: 80