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ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM

Volume 72 Band

January 1977 Januarie

Pare 5 Deel

% a

“ouig you Ne

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES

FROM A BOREHOLE NEAR RICHARDS BAY,

SOUTH AFRICA

HERBERT CHRISTIAN KLINGER

WILLIAM JAMES KENNEDY

Cape Town Kaapstad

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UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM A BOREHOLE NEAR

RICHARDS BAY, SOUTH AFRICA

HERBERT CHRISTIAN KLINGER

South African Museum, Cape Town

WILLIAM JAMES KENNEDY

Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Oxford

(With 15 figures)

[MS. accepted 10 August 1976]

ABSTRACT

Upper Cretaceous ammonites from a borehole near Richards Bay, South Africa, include

Baculites vanhoepeni, Baculites capensis, Baculites bailyi, Baculites sulcatus, Didymoceras (D.)

natalense, Madagascarites andimakensis, Karapadites sp. juy., Hauericeras gardeni, Texanites

(T.) aff. T. (T.) soutoni, Protexanites (Anatexanites) aff. P. (A.) nomii, Pseudoschloenbachia

umbulazi s.\., Pseudoschloenbachia (Vendegiesiella) trituberculata and Pseudoschloenbachia (V.)

cf. P. (V.) spinosa. On the basis of comparisons with faunal successions recognized in Zululand

by Kennedy & Klinger (1975) and at Menabe, Madagascar, by Collignon (1969), a Middle or

Late Santonian to Early Campanian date is postulated for the fauna in 100 metres of core.

The core section is compared with sections of similar age in the False Bay—St Lucia area of

Zululand in the north, and Umzamba (Pondoland) to the south, and illustrates the thinning

of the Cretaceous section towards the south, and also confirms the diachronism and timing of

the Upper Cretaceous transgression in eastern South Africa.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Introduction... Teer ee a ran eraaienec tn cea 69

Systematic descriptions eae Matty Sl reesten aoa HR 71

Stratigraphy and correlation. . a Oe Baws 101

Correlation with Zululand and Natal . Seer ais 102

Correlation with Menabe, Madagascar... 102

Discussion of results and regional implications

Geological history . 1102

Regional affinities of Richards ‘Bay fauna 2 104

Comparison of sediment thicknesses . . . . 104

Summary .. Paar) is amet Aha ar cake Ske Gel Srmarege |)

Acknowledgements ee Pay eet ee ene wry a te 105

IREferenceseenpe eer era ues Bele cheery eee ce lO)S

INTRODUCTION

The presence of fossiliferous subsurface Cretaceous sediments in the

Richards Bay area (Natal) (see Fig. 1) appears to have been known as early as

1907, when William Anderson, the one-man Geological Survey of Natal and

Zululand, mentioned their occurrence in a borehole ‘on the north side of the

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 72 (5), 1977: 69-107, 15 figs.

70 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Umbhlatuzi Lagoon’ (1907: 54). On the basis of this information, Cretaceous

exposures were indicated at Richards Bay on the 1 : 1 000 000 Geological Map

of the Republic of South Africa and the Kingdoms of Lesotho and Swaziland

(compiled by Coertze and Schifano in collaboration with Van Eeden 1970).

Excavations for a bridge near the Enseleni River, west of Richards Bay in 1970

(Kennedy & Klinger 1975: 282, Locality 6) yielded Santonian and Campanian

ammonites from what the authors believed to be an interval of only 15 metres.

Unfortunately, however, the exact stratigraphic sequence of the fauna was not

established, as the material came from rubble heaps.

In view of the construction of fuel berths and other facilities associated with

the development of a new harbour at Richards Bay, an extensive drilling

programme was initiated in the area in order to test the petrophysical properties

of the subsurface materials (see Maud & Orr 1975: 101 for more data).

Excavations for a coal berth had, in the meantime, revealed the presence

of a substantial thickness of Palaeocene sediments (Orr & Chapman 1974), over-

lying the Cretaceous unconformably, and microfaunal assemblages from

above and below the Cretaceous/Tertiary contact were described by Stapleton

(1975).

In fresh specimens the Palaeocene and Cretaceous sediments have the same

colour and texture, and it seems very likely that Anderson’s 1907 report of

Cretaceous sediments may in fact have been based in part on Palaeocene deposits

as well.

The authors were able to examine the core of borehole BH9, 14 km to the

west of Richards Bay township. The locality of the borehole is indicated as

Borehole W in the map of Maud & Orr (1975: 102, fig. 1). The core has a

diameter of 50 mm, is 159 metres long, and penetrated to granite-gneiss Basement

rocks. The lithologies are of predominantly dark green-grey silts with occasional

concretionary layers of a slightly lighter colour. The top 60 metres of core were

very weathered, and no macrofossils could be extracted. The lower 100 metres

of the core were very fossiliferous, and in places the preservation was superb.

Many of the fossils have retained their original aragonitic shell mineralogy, and

fine details of ornament and structure, which are normally destroyed, are

preserved (see also Maud & Orr 1975: 103).

A very detailed faunal succession has been recognized in the fossiliferous

100 metres of section, and the authors have been able to correlate the Richards

Bay core with the Upper Cretaceous sequences of the False Bay-St Lucia area

of Zululand to the north, and the coastal outcrops at Umzamba (Pondoland)

to the south (Fig. 1). From these data the authors have been able to determine

further the extent of the diachronous Upper Cretaceous transgression in eastern

South Africa (Kennedy & Klinger 1971) and further document the southerly

attenuation of the whole of the Cretaceous System.

In drawing stratigraphic boundaries in the Richards Bay borehole, the bio-

stratigraphic divisions recognized in Natal and Zululand by Kennedy & Klinger

(1975) and those recognized at Menabe, Madagascar, by Collignon (1969) have

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 71

been applied, and tested in an unequivocal succession far better in terms of

continuity than any surface outcrops described to date.

Detailed descriptions of the regional distribution of the Cretaceous System

in Natal and Zululand and along the Pondoland coast are given by Kennedy &

Klinger (1971), Kennedy er a/. (1973), Kennedy & Klinger (1975) and Klinger &

Kennedy (in press),* and need not be repeated here, whilst full details of the

subsurface extent of the Cretaceous sediments in the Richards Bay area are

provided by Maud & Orr (1975).

The systematics of some of the species to be described are in need of full

revision; this is especially true of the baculitids, texanitids and pseudoschloen-

bachiids. A revision of these groups based on the borehole material alone is not

advisable, and taxa recognized in the systematic descriptions below conform with

current specific and generic concepts, pending the authors’ further work on

material from surface outcrops.

Unless otherwise mentioned, all material described below is housed in the

collections of the Geological Survey of South Africa, Pretoria.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS

Phylum MOLLUSCA

Class CEPHALOPODA Zittel, 1884

Order AMMONOIDEA Zittel, 1884

Suborder ANCYLOCERATINA Wiedmann, 1966

Superfamily TURRILITACEAE Meek, 1876

Family Baculitidae Meek, 1876

Genus Baculites Lamarck, 1799

Baculites capensis Woods, 1906

Figs 2A-F, 3G

Baculites capensis Woods, 1906: 342, pl. 44 (figs 6-7). Spath 1921: 257, pl. 24 (figs 6-7); 1922:

146. Venzo, 1936: 116. Matsumoto, 1959: 121, pl. 33 (figs 1-3), pl. 45 (figs 1-4), text-figs

33-34. Matsumoto & Obata, 1963: 47, pl. 14 (fig. 2), pl. 15 (figs 3-5), pl. 19 (fig. 2), text-

figs 95-96, 147-151. Collignon, 1966: 6, pl. 457 (fig. 1862).

Baculites aff. B. capensis Woods; Spath, 1921: 258. Collignon, 1931: 22, pl. 3 (fig. 6). Ander-

son, 1958: 192, pl. 48 (figs 8, 8a).

Baculites capensis Woods var. umsinensis Venzo, 1936: 116, pl. 10 (6) (figs 13a—b).

Baculites capensis Woods var. tenuetuberculata Collignon 1966: 6, 22, pl. 457 (figs 1863-1864),

pl. 463 (figs 1894-1895).

? Baculites cf. B. aspero-anceps Lasswitz; Spath, 1921: 259, pl. 24 (figs 4, 4a).

Baculites buttensis Anderson, 1958: 191, pl. 49 (fig. 6).

Baculites cf. B. brevicostata Schliiter; Spath, 1921: 260, pl. 24 (figs 5, 5a).

* Due to delays beyond control of the authors this may possibly appear in print at a later

date—after the present publication.

2 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Lectotype

The original of Woods (1906, pl. 44 (fig. 6a—b)) by subsequent designation

Matsumoto & Obata (1963: 48) and here refigured as Fig. 2B—D.

Material

BH9/148a, BH9/148,50, BH9/158, BH9/137,4. (The figures following BH9

indicate the depth in metres of the core.)

Description

Numerous baculitid fragments occur in the basal part of the core, just above

the contact with the Basement schists, in some places forming a Baculites

mélange. Better preserved material is available from a depth of 148 metres. At

a diameter of 4 mm the shell is still smooth and devoid of tuberculation, but

shows a high expansion rate. BH9/148a (Fig. 2A) is an adult and resembles the

type specimen most closely, even though the tubercles are more conical, rather

than longitudinally elongated. It also lacks the longitudinal furrow ventral to

the tubercles which is so obvious in the type specimen, whilst the spacing of

tubercles is irregular. BH9/137,4 (Fig. 3G) has a similar whorl section, but

only three small, crescentic dorso-lateral tubercles and lateral striae.

The suture line is not visible on any of the specimens.

Discussion

None of the present specimens completely fits the illustration and description

of the lectotype, here refigured as Figure 2B-D, but in view of the extreme

variation encountered in the species are most suitably placed here. The Richards

Bay material corresponds to Collignon’s B. capensis variety tenuetuberculata

which occurs in the Lower and Middle Santonian of Madagascar.

The specimens described by Spath (1921: 259, 260) as Baculites cf. B. aspero-

anceps and Baculites cf. B. brevicostata are no more than intra-specific variants

of B. capensis. Baculites cf. B. aspero-anceps is comparable with BH9/148a

(Fig. 2A) and B. cf. B. brevicostata with BH9/137,4 (Fig. 3G).

The specimens described by Kennedy & Klinger (in Kennedy et al. 1973)

under the name of Baculites sp. group of Baculites capensis are most probably

Lower Campanian descendants of B. capensis; they are referred to B. vanhoepeni

Venzo (= B. tanakae Matsumoto & Obata) below. This latter species differs

from B. capensis in having auricular tuberculation rather than showing longitu-

dinal elongation of the tubercles.

The affinities of B. capensis are discussed further by Matsumoto (1959: 121

et seq.) and Matsumoto & Obata (1963: 47 et seq.).

The relative abundance of baculitids near the base of the Richards Bay core,

close to the transgressive unconformable contact, may be the result of some

ecological controls on their distribution, for Maud & Orr (1975: 103) consider

this part of the sequence to be a relatively shallow water facies when compared

to the rest of the sequence.

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 73

Occurrence

At the type section of the Umzamba Formation, Umzamba Cliff (Kennedy

& Klinger’s 1975 Locality 1; see Figure 12), B. capensis occurs in bed Piil, of

late Middle or early Late Santonian age. In Madagascar the species and its

varieties occur in the Early and Late Santonian. In Zululand occurrences are

mainly restricted to the Late Coniacian and Santonian. The Japanese occurrences

are of Santonian age. In California the species occurs in the Early Santonian.

Baculites vanhoepeni Venzo

Figs 2G-K; 3A, H-I; 4A—C; 5C

Baculites vagina Forbes var. van hoepeni Venzo 1936: 116, pl. 10 (6) (figs 11-12).

? Baculites tanakae Matsumoto & Obata, 1963: 51, pl. 13 (fig. 4), pl. 16 (figs 1-5), pl. 17 (figs

1-5), pl. 18 (figs 1, 3, 4), pl. 19 (figs 1-4), text-figs 97-113, 115.

Baculites sp. group of Baculites capensis Kennedy & Klinger, 1973: 100, pl. 4 (figs 1-5), pl 5

(figs la—d), pl. 6 (figs 4-5).

Baculites sulcatus (non Baily); Kennedy & Klinger, 1975: 280.

Lectotype

The specimen figured by Venzo (1936: 116, pl. 10 (6), fig. 1la—b) is herein

designated lectotype of the species.

Material

BH9/81,85, BH9/83, BH9/85,93, BH9/87, BH9/88,71, BH9/88,8, BH9/88,9,

BH9/89.

Description

The expansion rate is high during the early growth stages, declining sub-

sequently, although specimens may attain a large size. The intertubercular cross-

section is sub-rounded triangular in the early stages with a broadly rounded

dorsum and little inflated flanks, which converge to a narrow venter. With

increasing diameter the venter broadens, until, in the adult stage, it equals the

dorsum in width.

Adult ornament consists of large, widely spaced auricular tubercles which

may cover half to two-thirds of the dorsal part of the flank. Apart from the

tubercles, striae are present, and these sweep forward in an apertural direction

over the flanks, and show a distinct forward curvature across the dorsum and

venter.

The size and stage of appearance of tubercles is variable. The tubercles may

be prominent and auricular (e.g. Fig. 2H-K) or merely slightly elongated nodes

on the flanks (e.g. Fig. 2G). Specimens such as BH9/88,71 (Fig. SC) are still

completely smooth at a whorl height of 11 mm, whereas other specimens, as for

example BH9/88,3 (Fig. 3H), already show auricular swellings at a whorl height

of 10 mm. Specimen BH9/87 (Fig. 31) shows the transition from the smooth to

the tuberculate stage.

The suture line is only partially exposed in one specimen.

74 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Discussion

Identical material was described from the subsurface deposits of Durban

by Kennedy & Klinger (im Kennedy et al. 1973: 100, pl. 4 (figs 1-5), pl. 5

(fig. la-d), pl. 6 (figs 4-5)) as Baculites sp. group of Baculites capensis. Because

of the extreme variation and lack of stratigraphic control no attempt at definite

identification was made, the material being referred to the group of the first-

described South African baculitid with strong lateral ornament. Examination of

the Richards Bay material, however, has shown that these specimens and the

Durban material are identical to those from Locality 110 in Zululand (Kennedy

& Klinger 1975) referred to as Baculites sulcatus (= Baculites vagina Forbes var.

van Hoepeni Venzo) (Kennedy & Klinger 1975: 280). The latter is a misidentifica-

tion; Baculites vagina var. van Hoepeni is probably a senior synonym of Baculites

tanakae Matsumoto & Obata, and is quite unrelated to the Maastrichtian

Eubaculites vagina (Forbes). An adult form of B. vanhoepeni SAS A2035 from

Zululand is figured here (Fig. 4A—C).

The South African material differs from the Japanese specimens of B. tanakae

mainly in having a more or less rounded venter in the adult stage and stronger

lateral ornament. The absence of a fastigate venter and the stronger ornament

are thought to be within the limits of intraspecific variation. Transitions occur

towards B. capensis, from which the species is probably descended (see Matsu-

moto & Obata 1963: 54); examples include BH9/100 (Fig. 2G), which has

essentially rounded tubercles. Generally, however, B. capensis has longitudinally

elongated tubercles, whereas B. vanhoepeni has auricular ornament.

Through weakening of lateral ornament in the adult stage, closer spacing

thereof, and acquisition of a more fastigate venter, there arise transitions towards

the slightly younger Baculites sulcatus, to be described below.

A closely related, but apparently somewhat younger species is Baculites

boulei Collignon (1931: 35, pl. 5 (figs 2-2a), pl. 9 (fig. 14)). (See also Matsumoto

1959: 118, pl. 32 (fig. 7a-c), pl. 33 (figs 4a—-c, 5a—b, 6a-d, 7a—b), text-figs

27a—b, 28-32; Matsumoto & Obata 1963: 43, pl. 13 (figs 3, 5), pl. 15 (fig. 6),

text-figs 93, 152-155.) Matsumoto & Obata’s illustrations of B. boulei show that

the whorl section in the Japanese material is similar to that of the Richards Bay

specimens in having a narrower venter than dorsum in the early stages. Accord-

ing to Matsumoto, B. boulei occurs in the Upper Urakawan, which is equivalent

to the Upper Santonian.

A number of Baculites species occur in the upper part of the Lower

Campanian of Madagascar which probably all fall in the range of variation of

the present species, as suggested earlier (Kennedy & Klinger in Kennedy et al.

1973: 100). These include B. menabensis Collignon (1969: 15, pl. 518 (figs

2036-2037)), B. antsiraensis Collignon (1969: 18, pl. 519 (figs 2040-2041)),

B. subtilis Collignon (1969: 20, pl. 519 (figs 2042-2044)), B. falcatus Collignon

(1969: 20, pl. 520 (figs 2045-2047)), B. ventroplanus Collignon (1969: 20, pl. 520

(figs 2048-2050), pl. 531 (figs 2056-2058)) and B. sparsinodosus Collignon (1969:

23, pl. 521 (figs 2052-2054)). To this list may be added Baculites bassei Besairie

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 75

(1930: 222, pl. 22 (figs 8, 8a)), although a thorough study of these ‘species’ is

necessary to confirm this.

Occurrence

Baculites vanhoepeni (=tanakae) occurs in the second division of the

Campanian in Zululand at localities 110 and 114 and in the Early Campanian

of Japan. Allied Madagascan ‘species’ all occur in the upper part of the Lower

Campanian Zone of Menabites boulei and Anapachydiscus arrialoorensis.

Baculites bailyi Woods, 1906

Fig. 5D

Baculites sulcatus Baily, 1855: 457, pl. 11 (fig. Sa—b) only.

Baculites bailyi Woods, 1906: 341, pl. 44 (fig. 5). Van Hoepen, 1921: 18, pl. 3 (figs 9-10). Spath,

1921: 261. Matsumoto & Obata, 1963: 35, pl. 20 (figs 1-2), pl. 21 (fig. 5), text-figs 88-89,

116-120, 140-142. Collignon, 1969: 21, pl. 520 (fig. 2050).

Holotype

BMNH 11372, the specimen figured by Baily (1855, pl. 11 (fig. 5a—b)) only.

Material

BH9/104.

Description and discussion

A single, septate fragment is referred to the species. The whorl section is

rounded, slightly higher than wide. Ornament consists of fine striae only, and,

what appears to be a shallow constriction, which parallels the striae.

At one stage the authors considered the possibility that B. bailyi might

represent the juvenile stage of B. vanhoepeni. Comparison with other specimens

of this rare species shows, however, that the rounded whorl section clearly

separates it from B. vanhoepeni in the early stages. (For a full discussion of the

species see Matsumoto & Obata, 1963: 35 et seq.)

Besairie’s (1930, pl. 21 (fig. 6)) specimen is definitely not B. bailyi; it has

quite conspicuous lateral nodes, and should most probably be referred to

B. capensis or one of the allied nodose species.

Occurrence

The species occurs in the Early Campanian of Pondoland, the Santonian

of Japan and in the Early Campanian Zone of Menabites boulei and Anapachy-

discus arrialoorensis in Madagascar.

Baculites sulcatus Baily, 1855

Fig. 3B-E, J-L

Baculites sulcatus Baily, 1855: 457, pl. 11 (fig. 5c only). Woods, 1906: 341, pl. 44 (fig. 4).

Van Hoepen, 1921: 18, pl. 3 (figs 7-8). Spath, 1922: 146. Collignon, 1931: 36, pl. 5 (figs 3,

3a, 4, 4a, 5, 5a, 13, 13a), pl. 9 (fig. 15).

Baculites cf. B. sulcatus Baily, Spath, 1921: 260.

? Baculites cf. B. tanakae Matsumoto & Obata, Collignon, 1969: 23, pl. 521 (2055).

76 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Lectotype

The specimen figured by Baily (1855, pl. 11 (fig. 5c) only), refigured by

Woods (1906, pl. 44 (fig. 4)), designated by Matsumoto & Obata (1963: 46).

Material

BH9/64a, b, c from Richards Bay Borehole BH9, SAM-PCP 5684, SAM-

PCP 5685 (South African Museum) and D1663 (National Museum, Bloemfon-

tein), from Umzamba.

Description

The whorl section is ovate, higher than wide, with a broadly rounded dorsum

and a sharply acute venter. The whorl section remains essentially similar through-

out ontogeny. At a dorsoventral diameter of as little as 7 mm the characteristic

ornament is developed; strong, crescentic ribs are present on the dorsal shoulder

and are connected across the dorsum by a characteristic broad swelling. Over

the ventral half the ribs curve acutely forward, narrowing as they do so, and

eventually pass over the venter with a marked chevron. Intercalated riblets may

arise at midflank; they also pass over the venter, or they may arise in pairs from

the ventral half of the crescentic rib. The chevron ornament over the venter and

the thick ribs connecting the lateral ribs over the dorsum are characteristic of

the juvenile stage of the species.

With increase in diameter (which is rapid) ornament becomes very much

attenuated, and the venter and dorsum are no longer ornamented by strong

sulcae. Even though ornament is weakened, the flanks are still characterized by

the crescentic ribs from which may arise a series of striae, whilst intercalatory

striae are also developed and pass forwards over the flanks. The lateral ornament

is Closely spaced.

Discussion

This is a relatively scarce and poorly understood species, being so far known

only from juvenile specimens. Baily (1855) included what Woods (1906: 341)

later called B. bailyi in his Baculites sulcatus, and only figured the characteristic

sulcate ornament of the venter of the juvenile type specimen. Woods (1906: 341,

pl. 44 (fig. 4)) figured the type specimen in lateral view, showing it to be totally

different from the lateral views of B. bailyi as illustrated in Baily (1855, pl. 11

(fig. 5a)). Van Hoepen (1921: 18, pl. 3 (figs 7-8)) figured additional typical

examples featuring the robust juvenile ornament. To the authors’ knowledge the

largest collection of specimens of B. sulcatus is in the Van Hoepen Collection in

the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, but again all specimens are juvenile. The strong

lateral ornament of the juvenile specimens led the authors to believe that Baculites

vanhoepeni Venzo was a junior synonym of B. sulcatus (Kennedy & Klinger

1975: 280). Recent detailed collecting at the type section of the Umzamba

Formation at Umzamba Cliff by one of the authors (H. C. K.) (Klinger &

Kennedy, in press), plus the recovery of the Richards Bay material, have shown

that Baculites vagina var. van Hoepeni Venzo 1936 is a related, but slightly older

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY Wi

species. Baculites sulcatus differs from B. vanhoepeni (as here interpreted) in

having closer-spaced and weaker lateral ornament in the adult stage, and a more

acute venter.

Baculites sp. nov. aff. B. sulcatus Matsumoto & Obata (1963: 46, pl. 12

(fig. 6), text-figs 94, 130) has a densely sulcate venter when young, but lacks the

strong lateral ornament of juveniles of B. sulcatus.

Baculites capensis Woods (1906: 342, pl. 44 (figs 6-7)) is an older species

(Early to Late Santonian), has a smooth early stage and generally has longi-

tudinally elongated tubercles when adult.

Baculites columna Morton (see Matsumoto 1959: 126, pl. 34 (fig. 1)

especially) also has comparable, but much stronger ornament.

Specimens of Baculites ovatus (see Cobban 1974: 3, pl. 1 (figs 1-32), pl. 2

(figs 1-14), pl. 3 (figs 1-6, 9-11), text-fig. 4) may have similar lateral ornament,

but typically the species has an ovoid whorl section.

Collignon’s (1931: 23, pl. 5 (figs 3-5)) specimens, referred to B. sulcatus, all

lack lateral ornament, and only show a densely sulcate venter, so that it is

questionable whether or not they should be referred to Baily’s species.

To summarize, therefore, Baculites sulcatus has strong lateral, ventral and

dorsal ornament in the juvenile stage, but loses this, eventually possessing only

closely spaced crescentic lateral ribs and a subtrigonal whorl section with an

acute venter when adult.

Occurrence

Baculites sulcatus occurs in the Early Campanian part of the Umzamba

Formation. At the type section (Fig. 12) it was found in beds Pil5 and Pil4,

approximately the equivalent of Kennedy & Klinger’s (1975) second division of

the Campanian in the False Bay area of Zululand.

Family Nostoceratidae Hyatt, 1894

Subfamily Nostoceratinae Hyatt, 1894

Genus Didymoceras Hyatt, 1894

(= Nostoceras Hyatt, 1894)

Didymoceras (Didymoceras) natalense (Spath, 1921)

Fig. 5E

Nostoceras ? natalense Spath, 1921: 243, pl. 22 (figs 2a, b).

Holotype

The specimen figured by Spath (1921, pl. 22 (figs. 2a—b)), housed in the

South African Museum, Cape Town.

78 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Material

BH9/117.

Description

A single specimen consisting of one and a quarter slightly crushed whorls

of the phragmocone is referred to Spath’s species.

Coiling is moderately tight with only a small impressed dorsal zone. The

apical angle is estimated at approximately 110 degrees. The dorsal part of the

whorls is ornamented by fine, prorsiradiate curving ribs which join in pairs on

the dorsal third of the flanks to pointed tubercles. Another row of tubercles is

visible at the upper whorl suture. Due to the crushed state of the specimen it is

not possible to determine whether ribs join the tubercles in pairs or not. The

central part of the whorls bears similar ribs to those on the dorsum.

Discussion

The holotype of the species, SAM-K2744, is a badly worn adult, but on the

earliest whorl preserved, traces of looped ribbing, similar to that of the present

specimen are visible.

The systematics of the Nostoceratinae are in a state of flux at present, but

D. (D.) natalense has affinities with ‘Turrilites (Bostrychoceras) schloenbachi

(Favre) (in Basse 1931: 19, pl. 2 (figs 11—15)) (see also Collignon 1969, pl. 644

(figs 2385—2386)) and in Nostoceras? obtusum Howarth (1965: 348, pl. 10 (fig. 2),

text-fig. 2) (see also Collignon 1969, pl. 643 (fig. 2375)).

Occurrence

Spath’s specimen was probably collected at Kennedy & Klinger’s (1975)

locality 10, Umkwelane Hill, near Mtubatuba; rocks of Coniacian to Campanian

age are exposed in the area. Another specimen in the Geological Survey Collec-

tions was found high in the Campanian of the St Lucia area. The Madagascan

species with which D. (D.) natalense are compared all occur in the Early

Maastrichtian.

Genus Madagascarites Collignon, 1966

Madagascarites andimakensis Collignon, 1966

Fig. 5F

Madagascarites andimakensis Collignon, 1966: 26, pl. 465 (figs 1897-1898).

? Hyphantoceras ingens Collignon, 1966: 24, pl. 464 (fig. 1896).

Material

BH9/137.

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 719

Description

One specimen, comprising part of a body chamber whorl with a circular

cross-section, ornamented by eight to nine narrow oblique ribs, separated by

interspaces two to three times wider than themselves, is referred to the species.

Two pairs of quadrituberculate, looped ribs occur separated by three inter-

mediaries. The tubercles are conical, and situated at the juncture of two ribs,

in a distinctive button and loop arrangement.

Discussion

Madagascarites is a very rare genus, thus far known only from the type

species and Madagascarites ryu Matsumoto & Muramoto (1967: 362, pl. 19

(fig. 3), pl. 22 (fig. 1), pl. 23 (figs 1-4)) from Japan. ‘Hyphantoceras’ ingens

Collignon (1966: 24, pl. 464 (fig. 1896)) has ornament similar to that of the type

species, and is probably conspecific, being merely a more densely ribbed variant.

The Richards Bay fragment does not allow for comparisons to be made with

the Madagascan material as far as coiling 1s concerned, but in terms of ornamen-

tation, the similarity is so close as to merit reference to the species.

The specimen differs from the types of M. ryvu Matsumoto & Muramoto in

that that species has much finer, denser ribbing.

Suborder AMMONITINA Hyatt, 1889

Superfamily DESMOCERATACEAE Zittel, 1895

Family Kossmaticeratidae Spath, 1922

Genus Kossmaticeras De Grossouvre, 1901

Subgenus Karapadites Collignon, 1954

Kossmaticeras (Karapadites) sp. juv. indet.

Fig. 6D

Material

A silicone rubber squeeze, BH9/102,6 taken from a small external mould.

Description and discussion

The presence of umbilical tubercles and absence of ribbing at midflank on

this kossmaticeratid fragment, together with the fine ribbing towards the venter,

suggest reference to Karapadites. A few constrictions appear to be present on

the inner whorls. The specimen is specifically indeterminate.

Occurrence

A number of species of Karapadites have been described from Madagascar

by Collignon (1954, 1966, 1969). The majority occur in the upper part of the

Early Campanian zone of Karapadites karapadensis, but other species occur as

early as Middle Santonian.

80 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Family Desmoceratidae Zittel, 1895

Subfamily Hauericeratinae Matsumoto, 1938

Genus Hauericeras De Grossouvre, 1894

Hauericeras gardeni (Baily, 1855)

Figs 7A-C, 8A

Ammonites gardeni Baily, 1855: 456, pl. 11 (figs 3a—c).-

Hauericeras (Gardeniceras) gardeni (Baily); Matsumoto & Obata, 1955: 140 text-figs 8-10.

Collignon, 1961: 76, pls 28-30, text-figs 13-14 (with synonymy); 1969: 66, pl. 819 (fig.

2114).

Hauericeras cf. H. gardeni (Baily); Kennedy & Klinger, 1973: 101, pl. 6 (figs 2a—c).

Material

BH9/120,22, BH9/124, BH9/127,80.

Description

BH9/120,22 (Fig. 7B) is the most complete specimen, consisting of parts

of two successive whorls, with the shell preserved on one side only. At the end

of the phragmocone a constriction is visible on the internal mould. The con-

striction is visible only on the flanks and is completely absent on the dorsum,

and also appears to have been absent over the venter. On the side where the

shell is preserved, the constriction is barely visible.

BH9/124 consists of two halves of a crushed specimen, and is referred to

the species on the basis of the presence of the keel, smooth flanks and the

characteristic suture line.

In BH9/127,80, part of the original aragonitic shell has been preserved,

permitting a view of the interior. The mode of attachment of the septae to the

inner shell layer is beautifully displayed (Fig. 7A). The siphuncle is not preserved,

but on either side of, and along the siphonal line, rows of shallow pits are

prominent on the inner shell-layer, corresponding to what must be the bases of

conellae on the inner part of the floor of the hollow keel (Fig. 8A).

Discussion

Hauericeras angustum (Yabe) (1904: 33, pl. 5 (figs 5-6)) and Hauericeras

madagascariense Collignon (1961: 81, text-figs 15-17, pl. 31 (figs 1, la—b), pl. 32

(figs 1, la)) are closely allied species. Both, however, differ in having a lower and

broader whorl section. For details of differences between H. gardeni and

H. angustum see Matsumoto & Obata (1955: 140).

Occurrence

In Madagascar H. gardeni ranges from the Late Santonian Zone of Pseudo-

schloenbachia umbulazi to the Middle Campanian Zone of Pachydiscus lamberti.

In Zululand the succession is not quite as clear, but H. gardeni appears to range

to the first division of the Campanian. At the type section of the Umzamba

Formation (Fig. 12) the species was found in beds Pi3 to Pi7, being most

abundant in bed Pi7, at the Santonian-Campanian boundary. H. gardeni appears

to be restricted to southern Africa and Madagascar.

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY

RICHARDS

BAY

DURBAN

TRANSKEf UMZAMBA

CAPE.

PROVINCE

Fig. 1. Locality map of the area.

82 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 2. A. Baculites capensis Woods, 1906. BH9/148,50 (x1). B, C, D. Baculites capensis

Woods, 1906. Lectotype figured by Woods, 1906, pl. 44 (fig. 6a—b) (x1). E, F. Baculites

capensis Woods, 1906. BH9/148 (x1). Specimen with lateral ornament approaching that of

B. vanhoepeni Venzo, 1936. G. Baculites vanhoepeni Venzo, 1936. BH9/100 (x 1). Specimen

with lateral ornament approaching that of B. capensis Woods, 1906. H, I, J. Baculites van-

hoepeni Venzo, 1936. BH9/88,80 ( < 1). Specimen with typical auricular lateral ornament. Note

faint crinkly structure on flank and on venter. K. Baculites vanhoepeni Venzo, 1936.

BH9/89 (x 1).

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 83

| J K L

Fig. 3. A. Baculites vanhoepeni Venzo, 1936. BH9/81,59 (x1). B. Baculites sulcatus Baily,

1855. BH9/64a (0,8). C, D, E. Baculites sulcatus Baily, 1855. SAM-PCP5684 (1,2).

Juvenile specimen with robust ornament. F. Baculites sulcatus Baily, 1855. BH9/64b ( x 0,8).

Adult specimen with weakened ornament. G. Baculites capensis Woods, 1906. BH9/137,4 ( x 1).

Specimen with weak, crescentic tubercles. H. Baculites vanhoepeni Venzo, 1936. BH9/88,39

(%1). I. Baculites vanhoepeni Venzo, 1936. BH9/87 ( x 1). Specimen featuring transition from

smooth to tuberculate stage. J, K, L. Baculites sulcatus Baily, 1855. SAM-PCP5685 ( x 1,2).

Adult specimen showing weakening of ornament.

84 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 4. A, B, C. Baculites vanhoepeni Venzo, 1936. SAS A2035 (x1). Adult specimen from

locality 109, Zululand, with strong, auricular lateral ornament.

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 85

Fig. 5. A. Texanites (T.) sp. aff. T. (T.) soutoni (Baily, 1855). BH9/128 (1). B. Texanites (T.)

sp. aff. T. (7.) soutoni (Baily, 1855). BH9/116 (<1). Silicone rubber squeeze of remains of

specimen figured in Figure 10B-C. C. Baculites vanhoepeni Venzo, 1936. BH9/86,76 (x 1).

Specimen retaining smooth, juvenile stage to large diameter. D. Baculites bailyi Woods, 1906.

BH9/104 (x1). E. Didymoceras (D.) natalense (Spath, 1921). BH9/117 (1). F. Madagas-

carites andimakensis Collignon, 1966. BH9/137 (1). G. Baculites vanhoepeni Venzo, 1936.

BH9/85 (1). H, I. Bevahites sp. indet. BH9/101,7 (x 1).

86 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 6. A. Pseudoschloenbachia (Vendegiesiella) sp. cf. P. (V.) spinosa Collignon, 1966. BH9/110

(<1,2). B. Pseudoschloenbachia (P.) umbulazi s.\. (Baily, 1855). BH9/135,40 (1,2).

C. Pseudoschloenbachia (Vendegiesiella) trituberculata Collignon, 1966. BH9/108 (x1).

D. Kossmaticeras (Karapadites) sp. juv. indet. BH9/102,6. E. Pseudoschloenbachia (P.) umbulazi

(Baily, 1855) s.l. BH9/123,50 (x1). F. Pseudoschloenbachia (Vendegiesiella) trituberculata

Collignon, 1966. BH9/108 (x 1,5).

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 87

Fig. 7. A. Hauericeras gardeni (Baily, 1855). BH9/127,80 (< ca. 8,8). Inner view of specimen

to show attachment of septum to inner wall. B. Hauericeras gardeni (Baily, 1855). BH9/120,22

(1). C. Hauericeras gardeni (Baily, 1855). BH9/127,80 (x ca. 10).

88 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Fig. 8. A. Hauericeras gardeni (Baily, 1855). BH9/127,80 (x ca. 17). Inner view of siphuncular

attachment area to illustrate small conical pits probably representing bases of conellae in the

hollow keel. B. Protexanites (Anatexanites) sp. aff. P. (A.) nomii (Yabe & Shimizu, 1925).

BH9/121,50 (x1). Silicone rubber squeeze. C, D, E. Protexanites (Anatexanites) sp. aff.

P. (A.) nomii (Yabe & Shimizu, 1925). BH9/121,50 (x 1,2). Outer and inner whorls of remains

of specimen.

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY

Fig. 9. Texanites (T.) soutoni (Baily, 1855). SAS P1334

(x1). From Umzamba Cliff, Locality 1.

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

cians

“

‘ Bd

a /

WANS

uae Sy

aa aa Sa rer

Fig. 10. A. Protexanites (Anatexanites) sp. aff. P. (A.) nomii (Yabe & Shimizu, 1925). SAM-

B, C. Texanites (T.) sp. aff. T. (T.) soutoni (Baily, 1855). BH9/116 (x1).

PCP5683 (x1).

D. Texanites (T.) sp. aff. T. (T.) soutoni (Baily, 1855). BH9/118,22 (x1). Note the faint radial

striation in the upper left part of the figure.

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 91

Fig. 11. Protexanites (Anatexanites) sp. aff. P. (A.) nomii (Yabe & Shimizu, 1925). SAM-5683

(1). Note the appearance of lateral tubercles at bottom of figure.

92 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Exposure at Locality 1, Umzamba Cliff

1) ae Abundant pectinids

Baculites sulcatus

Hauericeras madagascariense

Pi8 eee Eul. umzambiense, Sub. woodsi

H. gardeni, Texanites soutoni,

"'Heteroceras'' amapondense, P. umbulazi

Damesites compactus, Pseudoph. indra

T. stangeri, Saghalinites nuperus

H. gardeni, Ph. woodsi

Echinoids & inoceramids

Pi3

conspicuous

T. soutoni, P. umbulazi, T. hourcqi

H. gardeni

Pi2 Madrasites similis

Pil

Mean sea level

Foreshore exposures at low

tide.

B. capensis, Gaudr. 1 mM

Piil

varicosta,

Fig. 12. Exposure at Umzamba Cliff, Locality 1, the type section of the Umzamba Formation

(after Klinger & Kennedy, in press).

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 93

B. sulcatus

M boulei

ZONE OF

A arrialloorensis

B.vanhoepeni

B. vanhoepeni

Bevahites sp

Karapadites sp juv

B. bailyi

ZONE OF

K karapadensis

Vendegiesiella trituberculata

Vendegiesiella sp. cf. spinosa

T. aff. soutoni

D. natalense

T, aff. soutoni

H. gardenl

P (AJaff nomii

P umbulazi

H. gardeni

P umbulazi

tN Oe

Onve

Ww vs

ieee,

ORE

T. aft. soutoni

H gardeni

P umbulazi

M.andimakensis

B capensis

ZONE OF

P umbulazi

B. capensis

Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of faunal succession in borehole BH9, and comparison with

biostratigraphic zonation of Zululand and Menabe.

ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

y™

LAKE

ST LUCIA

FALSE Bay

® Hluhluwe

fo)

i.)

Fig. 14. Sketch map of False Bay—-St Lucia area of Zululand indicating location of section

used for comparison with BH9 and Umzamba. Section is between two dashed lines.

150

100

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY

B. sulcatus & B. vanhoepen|

Santonian,s \

2anian ‘

boundary ~~~ ¢ \

R \

SN \

aie

‘N

‘\

Bcapensis ___ _\gmJ__ ._----

FALSE BAY

ST. LUCIA BH 9

UMZAMBA

Fig. 15. Correlation of relative thicknesses of sediment at False Bay—St Lucia region. Zululand

BH9 at Richards Bay and Locality 1, Umzamba Cliff.

96 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Superfamily ACANTHOCERATACEAE Hyatt, 1900

Family Collignoniceratidae Wright & Wright, 1951

Subfamily Texanitinae Collignon, 1948

Genus Texanites Spath, 1932

Texanites sp. aff. T. (Texanites) soutoni (Baily, 1855)

Figs SA-B, 9, 1OB-D

Compare

Ammonites soutoni Baily, 1855: 455, pl. 11 (fig. la—c).

Material

BH9/116, BH9/118,22, BH9/128.

Description

BH9/118,22 (Fig. 10D) is the most complete specimen, consisting of the

inner whorls of a texanitid with an estimated diameter of 55 mm. Coiling is

moderately involute, with an estimated umbilical width of 30 per cent of the

diameter. The innermost whorls are not preserved. At a diameter of 5 mm, two

rows of tubercles, situated on prominent ribs, are visible; one at the umbilical

edge, the other in the umbilical suture, touching the umbilical wall of the

succeeding whorl. At a diameter of 17 mm, lateral tubercles appear at midflank,

and rib bifurcations become more frequent. On the outermost whorl the adult

ornamentation is visible. The umbilical tubercles are pinched, pointing inwards;

the lateral tubercles are small and very slightly clavate. The submarginal and

marginal tubercles are situated close to each other on the ventrolateral part of

the flanks, and are clavate. The ventral tubercles are the most prominently

clavate, and are situated on either side of a prominent rounded keel, which is

almost as high as the ventral row of tubercles.

On the outer whorl, there are 19 umbilical tubercles per whorl.

As a result of exceptional preservation, minute details of the surface orna-

ment are visible. The entire test is covered by very fine radial striae, parallel to

the ribs. The striation is especially noticeable on the second to fifth rows of

tubercles, and over the keel. Ribbing between the second and third rows of

tubercles is very flat and almost suggests incipient looping. Part of the suture

line is exposed.

BH9/116 (Fig. 1OB-C) is part of the phragmocone of a texanitid with the

dorsum and part of the flanks preserved and a silicone rubber squeeze of part

of the original specimen (Fig. 5B). The impression on the dorsum of the previous

whorl leaves no doubt as to the texanitine character of the fragment. The little-

inflated flanks, pinched umbilical tubercles and very effaced lateral tubercles

strongly suggest affinity with T. (T.) soutoni.

BH9/128 (Fig. 5A) is part of the flank of a large whorl. The poorly developed

lateral tubercle and close proximity of the marginal and submarginal tubercles

again suggest affinities with 7. (T.) soutoni.

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 97

Discussion

For comparative purposes, a typical representative of 7. (7.) soutoni is

included here as Figure 9. It should also be noted that the specimen described

by Van Hoepen (1921, pl. 11) as Mortoniceras soutoni, with narrow interspaces

between the ribs, and briefly commented on by Haas (1942: 17, footnote 3)

should be removed from the synonymy of 7. (7.) soutoni. As can be seen in

Van Hoepen’s figure, the inner whorls are coarsely costate, in contrast to the

fine ribbing in Baily’s type. Van Hoepen’s specimen also has a different onto-

genetic development, as will be discussed in the authors’ pending revision of the

South African texanitids.

Specimen BH9/118,22 differs from Baily’s holotype mainly in being more

involute and in having a broader whorl section. In this respect, it bears similarity

to Woods’s (1906, pl. 63 (fig. 1)) specimen of Mortoniceras soutoni which may

be a morphological variant or possibly a subspecies of 7. (7.) soutoni. The

specimen described by Spath (1921: 235) as Mortoniceras sp. aff. soutoni (SAM-

K 5492) from Umkwelane Hill near Mtubatuba has a very faint lateral tubercle

on the inner whorl, as in the typical 7. (7.) soutoni, but develops stronger tuber-

culation on the outer whorl.

Texanites (T.) hourcgi Collignon (1948: 78 (33), pl.7(1) (figs 1, la—b), pl. 10(4)

(figs 1, la)); 1966: 70, pl. 484 (fig. 1957)) is a related species, but has a different

height to breadth ratio, and denser ribbing.

T. (Plesiotexanites) stangeri and its varieties (Baily, 1855: 455, pl. 11 (fig. 2);

Kennedy & Klinger, 1973: 102, 103, pl. 5 (fig. 2a—b), pl. 6 (fig. 3a—b)) have much

stronger tuberculation at similar diameters, a broader whorl section, and the

lateral tubercle only appears at a very late stage.

Occurrence

Texanites (T.) soutoni is best known from the Umzamba Formation, and

no typical representative has as yet been found in the False Bay—St Lucia region

of Zululand. At the type locality of the Umzamba Formation (Fig. 12) T. (7.)

soutoni occurs in beds Pil to Pi7, appearing to be most abundant in Pi3. In

Madagascar T. (7.) soutoni occurs in the Middle Santonian Zone of Texanites

(T.) hourcgi. The species appears to be restricted to the Santonian of southern

Africa and Madagascar.

Genus Bevahites Collignon, 1948

Bevahites (?) sp. indet.

Fig. 5H-I

Material

BH9/101,7.

Description and discussion

Only a small fragment of what appears to be a representative of Bevahites

is available. The specimen bears small, pointed lateral tubercles, connected to

98 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

slightly larger clavate submarginal tubercles by broad, low rounded ribs. The

marginal tubercles are situated a small distance away from the latter, and are

distinctly clavate. Intercalated ribs are present and, in consequence, there are

more marginal and external tubercles than submarginal. The ventral tubercles

are small and clavate, situated on either side of a prominent keel.

Specific identification based on this small specimen is impossible.

Occurrence

At Menabe, Madagascar, Bevahites is restricted to the uppermost part of

the Late Santonian Zone of Pseudoschloenbachia umbulazi and the Early Cam-

panian Zone of Anapachydiscus wittekindi and Eulophoceras jacobi.

Genus Protexanites Matsumoto, 1955

Subgenus Anatexanites Matsumoto, 1970

Protexanites (Anatexanites) sp. aff. P. (A.) nomii (Yabe & Shimizu, 1925)

Figs 8B-E, 10A, 11

Compare

Mortoniceras nomii Yabe & Shimizu, 1925: 131, pl. 32 (figs 1-3).

Protexanites (Anatexanites) nomii (Yabe & Shimizu); Matsumoto, 1970: 242,

pl. 32 (figs 1-2), text-fig. 7.

Material

BH9/121,50 from Richards Bay and SAM-PCP5683 from the Umzamba

Estuary, Pondoland.

Description

The actual borehole material consists of parts of two successive whorls.

Fortunately, however, the original external mould of the inner whorls was

preserved, and a silicone rubber squeeze taken. A specimen from Umzamba

(South African Museum collections) with virtually identical inner whorls is

included for comparison.

Coiling is evolute, with an umbilical diameter of about 44 to 46 per cent

of the total diameter. For Protexanites the species reaches a large size; the

Umzamba specimen is still septate at a diameter of 145 mm. On the inner

whorls, whorl breadth exceeds whorl height, but the whorl height increases

gradually until it eventually exceeds whorl breadth.

Ornament on the inner whorl consists of rather weak, single, radial to

slightly prorsiradiate ribs, each bearing a small, pointed, umbilical tubercle, and

a large, spinose, ventrolateral tubercle, which is in contact with the umbilical

wall of, and in some cases virtually reaches up to the umbilical tubercle of, the

succeeding whorl. From the inner whorl of BH9/121,50 it appears as if the ventral

tubercles formed a virtual discontinuous keel on either side of the median keel.

On the outer whorls, however, the ventral tubercles are separated, although

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 99

highly elongate and clavate. On the Umzamba specimen, lateral tubercles appear

at a diameter of 70 mm, and, on the last part of the phragmocone preserved, are

as large as the umbilical tubercles.

With the appearance of the lateral tubercles the ventrolateral tubercles

become less spinose and more bullate, but are still very strong. On the inner

whorls rib density is 15 per whorl, on the outer, 20.

Only part of a badly corroded suture line is preserved.

Dimensions

Specimen D Wb Wh Wb/Wh U

BH9/121,50 49 — — = 23 (46)

BH9/121,50 — 13 11 1,18 —

SAM-PCP5683 81 28 (34,5) SING8.2) 0,90 36 (44)

Discussion

The present material closely resembles the Japanese species recently dis-

cussed extensively by Matsumoto (1970: 242-5). In particular the inner whorls

are very similar (see Matsumoto 1970, pl. 32 (figs 7a—c)). Rib density is similar

(15 per whor! on the inner whorls), and the ribs are all single and straight. The

only apparent difference is that the ventrolateral tubercles are not as strongly

developed in the Japanese material. On the basis of the available specimen it is

not known whether these differences are of specific significance or not, for the

outer whorls of the Umzamba specimen are not preserved.

For further comparison with other species of Protexanites, see Matsumoto

(1970: 244-5). .

The inner whorls of the Richards Bay specimens closely resemble Texanites

(Plesiotexanites) stangeri, especially the sparsely ribbed variety, but differs in

having single ribs throughout.

Occurrence

The Japanese specimens are of Santonian age. The Umzamba specimen is

of Middle Santonian age, occurring on the south side of the estuary at a horizon

approximately equivalent to bed Pi2 at the type section.

Family Muniericeratidae Wright, 1952

Subfamily Pseudoschloenbachinae Collignon, 1969

Genus Pseudoschloenbachia Spath, 1921

Subgenus Pseudoschloenbachia Spath, 1921

Pseudoschloenbachia (P.) umbulazi sensu lato (Baily, 1855)

Fig. 6B, E

Ammonites umbulazi Baily, 1855: 456, pl. 11 (fig. 4).

Schloenbachia umbulazi (Baily); Woods, 1906: 336. Van Hoepen, 1921: 35.

100 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

Pseudoschloenbachia umbulazi (Baily); Spath, 1921: 240, pl. 20 (figs 2-3), text-figs B7—-7; 1922:

139, pl. 6 (fig. 5).

Pseudoschloenbachia (Pseudoschloenbachia) umbulazi (Baily); Collignon, 1966: 103, pl. 659

(figs 1996-1999).

Holotype

The specimen figured by Baily (1855, pl. 11 (fig. 4)).

Material

BH9/123,50, BH9/135,40.

Description and discussion

Neither of the two specimens is sufficiently well preserved for allocation to

one of the numerous subspecies or varieties centred around P. umbulazi. For the

present, however, narrowly umbilicate compressed section and the presence of

falcoid ribbing are regarded as being sufficient for allocation to P. (P.) umbulazi.

Occurrence

P. (P.) umbulazi is the zonal index of the Late Santonian of Menabe,

Madagascar. The species and its variants occur in profusion in Pondoland in

horizon Pi7 at Umzamba (Fig. 12), and are common in Pi3. From the data

available, it appears that P. (P.) umbulazi s.s. 1s gradually replaced by the

varieties (or subspecies) griesbachi and spinifera towards the top at the Santonian—

Campanian boundary. P. (P.) umbulazi s.l. is relatively rare in the False Bay—

St Lucia area of Zululand.

Subgenus Vendegiesiella Collignon, 1969

Pseudoschloenbachia (Vendegiesiella) sp. cf. P. (V.) spinosa Collignon, 1969

Fig. 6A

Compare

Pseudoschloenbachia (Vendegiesiella) spinosa Collignon, 1969: 101, pl. 553 (figs

2156-2157).

Material

BH9/110.

Description and discussion

One side of a flat-sided pseudoschloenbachiid with dense, fine, falcoid

striation, and hardly any sign of ribbing and with umbilical and lateral tubercles

is referred to Vendegiesiella. The venter is not preserved.

At first glance the specimen resembles fragments of large specimens of

Pseudoschloenbachia (P.) umbulazi griesbachi (see Van Hoepen 1921: 35, pl. 7

(figs 3-4), pl. 8 (figs 1-5S)). The wide umbilicus and the presence of lateral

tubercles, however, point to Vendegiesiella. Affinities are to be found in the type

species, P. (V.) spinosa Collignon (1969: 101, pl. 553 (figs 2156—-2157)) and P. (V.)

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 101

densecapillata Collignon (1969: 103, pl. 554 (fig. 2159), pl. 555 (fig. 2161)).

According to M. Collignon (letter 17.4.1976) it is considered advisable to refer

to the specimen as P. (V.) sp. cf. P. (V.) spinosa.

Occurrence

The Madagascan species occurs in the Lower Campanian Zone of Anapachy-

discus wittekindi and Eulophoceras jacobi, Subzone of Besairiella besairiei.

Pseudoschloenbachia (Vendegiesiella) trituberculata Collignon, 1969

Fig. 6C, F

Pseudoschloenbachia (Vendegiesiella) trituberculata Collignon, 1969: 107 pl. 556 (figs 2156-

2165).

Description

The specimen consists of less than a quarter of a phragmocone whorl and

a silicone rubber squeeze of less than half a whorl of the original specimen. The

whorl section is keeled (Fig. 6F) and shouldered. The umbilical wall is virtually

vertical. The flanks in intercostal section are flat and converge to a narrow,

ventrolateral shoulder. The venter is ornamented by a thin, finely crenulate keel.

The umbilical tubercles are strongest, numbering about five per half whorl, and

are pointed to conical, pointing inward. From the tubercles a rib arises which

soon bi- or trifurcates in falcoid fashion on the dorsal third of the flanks. Inter-

calatory ribs appear to arise at the same point. At the point of bi- or trifurcation,

conical lateral tubercles occur. On the venter the ribs terminate in spirally

elongated tubercles, numbering about fourteen per half whorl.

Discussion

This specimen is virtually identical to Collignon’s (1969, pl. 556 (fig. 2163))

specimen and no doubt exists as to its identity.

Occurrence

In Madagascar the species occurs in the Lower Campanian Zone of

Anapachydiscus wittekindi and Eulophoceras jacobi, Subzone of Hourcquiella

bererensis. According to M. Collignon the previously described species P. (V.)

spinosa occurs at a slightly lower level than P. (V.) trituberculata. Together these

species thus seem to indicate a horizon in the middle of the Zone of Anapachy-

discus wittekindi and Eulophoceras jacobi.

STRATIGRAPHY AND CORRELATION

The faunal succession in the borehole is shown in Figure 13. For determina-

tion of the age of the faunas, and to determine biostratigraphic boundaries, the

faunal divisions recognized in Natal and Zululand by Kennedy & Klinger (1975:

102 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

273-281) and Menabe (Madagascar) by Collignon (1969: 5) have been used.

In spite of Collignon’s (1969: 4) emphasis of the local nature of his zonation,

and indeed, his view that it was only applicable to Menabe (Madagascar), it was

found previously (Klinger & Kennedy, in press) that it was also applicable to

some parts of the South African Cretaceous System, specifically the Umzamba

Formation at the type section.

CORRELATION WITH ZULULAND AND NATAL

The following species are critical for demarcating stage boundaries and

recognizing faunal divisions.

1. Texanites (T.) soutoni, abundant Pseudoschloenbachia umbulazi and

Hauericeras gardeni are indicative of the second and third divisions of the

Santonian (Santonian IT & III).

2. Baculites vanhoepeni indicates the second division of the Campanian

(Campanian II).

CORRELATION WITH MENABE, MADAGASCAR

The following species are critical for defining stage and zonal boundaries:

1. Baculites capensis marks either the Early or Middle Santonian, most

probably Middle Santonian.

2. Pseudoschloenbachia umbulazi s.|. is indicative of the Late Santonian

Zone of Pseudoschloenbachia umbulazi.

3. Pseudoschloenbachia (Vendegiesiella) spp. are indicative of the Early

Campanian Zone of Anapachydiscus wittekindi & Eulophoceras jacobi.

4. Bevahites species mark the base of the succeeding Early Campanian Zone

of Karapadites karapadensis.

5. Baculites vanhoepeni and Baculites sulcatus appear to mark the upper

part of the Zone of Karapadites karapadensis, or the lower part of the succeeding

Zone of Menabites boulei and Anapachydiscus arrialoorensis. At Umzamba Cliff,

B. sulcatus occurs together with Hauericeras madagascariense, which, according

to Collignon (1969: 66), is restricted to the Zone of Menabites boulei & Anapachy-

discus arrialoorensis, subzone of Rabeiella orthogonia.

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS

Geological history

By using both the biozonations compiled for Zululand and Natal (Kennedy

& Klinger 1975) and that for Menabe,.Madagascar (Collignon 1969) an age of

Middle or early Late Santonian is estimated for the faunas occurring at a depth

of 148 metres, only 10 metres above the unconformable contact with the Base-

ment rocks in the Richards Bay borehole, and a late Early Campanian (Cam-

panian II) age is indicated for faunas occurring at a depth of 64 metres approxi-

mately 100 metres from the base. This is at variance with Maud & Orr’s (1975:

103) age determinations, for on the basis of microfaunal assemblages, a late

Campanian to early Maastrichtian age was allocated to the sediments at a depth

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 103

of 158 metres, and ‘apparently Maastrichtian’ microfaunas were recorded at a

depth of 57 metres. Maud & Orr (1975: 103) furthermore state that the fauna

at a depth of 158 metres, consisting of Baculites and Inoceramus, is comparable

with that of Charter’s Creek, Zululand. This is the same locality as Kennedy &

Klinger’s (1975: 298) locality 133, and the exposures there are indeed of Maas-

trichtian age (Maastrichtian I), containing a characteristic Lower Maastrichtian

fauna including abundant Eubaculites latecarinatus (Brunnschweiler) and

Saghalinites cala (Forbes). None of these diagnostic faunal elements occurs in

the BH9 core and, from the ammonite faunas present, a Late Campanian or Early

Maastrichtian age for the base of the borehole sequence is not acceptable.

The age of these borehole fauna is of some importance in clarifying the

Cretaceous history of south-eastern Africa. In the northern part of Zululand, a

virtually complete sequence of sediments ranging from Late Barremian to Late

Cenomanian age with a small hiatus between the Upper Aptian and Lower

Albian was deposited. During the Late Cenomanian, the whole of the Turonian

and part of the Early Coniacian, erosion and/or non-deposition are reflected in

a major intra-Late Cretaceous unconformity (Kennedy & Klinger 1971). Trans-

gression followed this period of erosion and/or non-deposition, and the base of

the transgressive sequence is diachronous. Along the Mzinene River in the north,

the base of the sequence is of Early Coniacian date (Coniacian I). To the south,

in the environs of Mtubatuba (Umkwelane Hill), the Cretaceous overlaps on to

Stormberg Basalts and granitic Basement rocks and the base is of slightly later

date, although still Early Coniacian (Coniacian II).

In the extreme south, at Umzamba Cliff (Kennedy & Klinger 1975, Locality

1), the Cretaceous rests directly on Ordovician(?) Table Mountain Group sand-

stones and quartzites. The basal Cretaceous sediments here are of Middle

Santonian age (Klinger & Kennedy, in press). The Late Coniacian age attributed

to the base of the Umzamba Formation by Kennedy & Klinger (1975: 281) is

a result of misidentification of the type material of ‘“Muniericeras’ cricki Spath

(= ‘Barroisiceras’ umzambiense Van Hoepen). The species is in fact a Lehmani-

ceras, a Middle Santonian genus known from Madagascar (Collignon 1966)

which is a homoeomorph of the Coniacian Subprionotropis to which the authors

previously attributed it.

The dating of faunas only 10 metres from the base of the Richards Bay

sequence thus fall between the dates of the base of the Umkwelane Hill sequence

to the north and the Umzamba Cliff sequence to the south, confirming the

southerly-younging of the base of the transgressive deposits.

The date of the base of the Upper Cretaceous succession below Durban is

unknown, but fauna recently described (Kennedy et al. 1973) indicate that beds

of Late Santonian to Early Campanian age are present.

All these data seem to suggest that the initial post-Turonian transgression

was gradual and of only limited extent, probably reaching only a short distance

south of Umkwelane Hill. This was followed by a rapid transgressive pulse during

Middle or Late Santonian time, leading to the deposition of the Cretaceous

104 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM

sediments in the Richards Bay, Durban and Umzamba regions, with the com-

mencement of deposition essentially synchronous along the whole of this latter

stretch of south eastern Africa.

Regional affinities of the Richards Bay fauna

The faunal divisions recognized in Zululand by Kennedy & Klinger (1975)

can be applied to the Richards Bay sequence, but a higher degree of biostrati-

graphic resolution is possible by application of Collignon’s bio-zonation based

on Menabe, Madagascar, despite the latter’s (Collignon 1969: 4) emphasis that

the zonation was purely local.

With the exception of the baculitids of the group B. vanhoepeni and B.

sulcatus, and Hauericeras gardeni, the Richards Bay borehole fauna shows

greater similarity to those of Umzamba (Pondoland) and Durban, and, to a

lesser extent Mtubatuba (Umkwelane Hill and environs) than to the fauna

known from False Bay—St Lucia areas of Zululand. P. (P.) umbulazi and its

variants occur in profusion at Umzamba and at Richards Bay (Kennedy &

Klinger 1975, Locality 6), but are relatively scarce in the False Bay—St Lucia

area, constituting only a minor part of most faunas. The abundance of T. (T.)

soutoni and T. (P.) stangeri at the Umzamba exposure and in the Richards Bay

subsurface (BH9 and at Locality 6), but the virtual absence of these species in

the False Bay—St Lucia area, is also striking, whilst it is equally interesting to

note the presence of the subgenus Pseudoschloenbachia (Vendegiesiella) at

Richards Bay, which was previously known only from Madagascar.

It seems unlikely, however, that all these regions, in open marine connection

with each other, are faunally distinct because of real differences in fauna. More

probably, this horizon is one which is poorly exposed in Zululand. Certainly

there are many levels in the area where quite distinctive faunas, characterized

by great abundance of only a few genera, are limited to only a few metres of

section.

On the other hand, faunal differences between Pondoland and Zululand

may reflect ecological controls such as depth of water and proximity of the

shoreline.

COMPARISON OF SEDIMENT THICKNESSES

Sufficient data are available to compare the thicknesses of sections of the

False Bay-St Lucia area, Richards Bay BH9 and Umzamba, Pondoland

(although about 100 metres of Cretaceous sediments are present subsurface

below Durban, no precise stratigraphic control is available, and these sections

are not considered here).

Data for the Umzamba exposure (Fig. 12) are taken from Klinger &

Kennedy (1976, in press). The base level for correlation is taken at the appearance

of B. capensis, and the upper limit at the level of the last occurrence of B. van-

hoepeni and B. sulcatus, whilst the authors have also located the Santonian—

Campanian boundary in all sections. In the False Bay-St Lucia area an eastward

UPPER CRETACEOUS AMMONITES FROM RICHARDS BAY 105

dip of 3 degrees is assumed, giving a thickness of about 160 metres for this

interval. As shown in Figure 15, there is a marked attenuation of the sequence

in the short distance from the False Bay—St Lucia region to Richards Bay, and

this continues southwards. The attenuation is not simply a reflection of the

diachronism, but is due to sedimentary thinning, presumably as a consequence

of differential subsidence.

SUMMARY

In a vertical borehole section of 100 metres at Richards Bay, Middle

Santonian to Early Campanian faunas are recognized on the basis of comparison

with the faunal successions in Zululand (South Africa) and Menabe (Madagas-

car) respectively. In the Upper Santonian and parts of the Lower Campanian,

the faunal sequence matches closely the Malagasy succession compiled by

Collignon (1969) and the Zululand and Natal successions compiled by Kennedy

& Klinger (1975).

The Late Cretaceous transgression which flooded areas to the north in the

False Bay—St Lucia area during Coniacian time, reached Richards Bay, Durban

and Pondoland simultaneously in Middle Santonian time. The thickness of

sediment representing the Middle Santonian to Lower Campanian interval is

reduced from 160 metres in the False Bay—St Lucia area to 100 metres at

Richards Bay and Durban, and only 17 metres at Umzamba. This thinning is

not simply the result of diachronism; it reflects true sedimentary thinning, pre-

sumably as a result of differential subsidence.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The senior author wishes to express his gratitude towards Dr R. Maud of

Durban who kindly gave him permission to examine the core, and to take

samples. Thanks are due to Général M. Collignon of Moirans, Isere, France,

for his help in the identification of the specimens of Pseudoschloenbachia

(Vendegiesiella). The senior author also had the opportunity to examine bacu-

litids in Général Collignon’s collection during the tenure of a D.A.A.D. grant

in 1972 which is gratefully acknowledged.

Permission from the Director, Geological Survey of South Africa, Pretoria,

for the loan of the material is also gratefully acknowledged.

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6. SYSTEMATIC papers must conform with the International code of zoological nomenclature

(particularly Articles 22 and 51).

Names of new taxa, combinations, synonyms, etc., when used for the first time, must be

followed by the appropriate Latin (not English) abbreviation, e.g. gen. nov., sp. nov., comb.

noy., syn. nov., etc.

An author’s name when cited must follow the name of the taxon without intervening

punctuation and not be abbreviated; if the year is added, a comma must separate author’s

name and year. The author’s name (and date, if cited) must be placed in parentheses if a

species or subspecies is transferred from its original genus. The name of a subsequent user of

a scientific name must be separated from the scientific name by a colon.

Synonymy arrangement should be according to chronology of names, i.e. all published

scientific names by which the species previously has been designated are listed in chronological

order, with all references to that name following in chronological order, e.g.:

Family Nuculanidae

Nuculana (Lembulus) bicuspidata (Gould, 1845)

Figs 14-15A

Nucula (Leda) bicuspidata Gould, 1845: 37.

Leda plicifera A. Adams, 1856: 50.

Laeda bicuspidata Hanley, 1859: 118, pl. 228 (fig. 73). Sowerby, 1871: pl. 2 (figs 8a—b).

Nucula largillierti Philippi, 1861: 87.

Leda bicuspidata: Nicklés, 1950: 163, fig. 301; 1955: 110. Barnard, 1964: 234, figs 8-9.

Note punctuation in the above example:

comma separates author’s name and year

semicolon separates more than one reference by the same author

full stop separates references by different authors

figures of plates are enclosed in parentheses to distinguish them from text-figures

dash, not comma, separates consecutive numbers

Synonymy arrangement according to chronology of bibliographic references, whereby

the year is placed in front of each entry, and the synonym repeated in full for each entry, is

not acceptable.

In describing new species, one specimen must be designated as the holotype; other speci-

mens mentioned in the original description are to be designated paratypes; additional material

not regarded as paratypes should be listed separately. The complete data (registration number,

depository, description of specimen, locality, collector, date) of the holotype and paratypes

must be recorded, e.g.:

Holotype

SAM-—A13535 in the South African Museum, Cape Town. Adult female from mid-tide region, King’s Beach,

Port Elizabeth (33°51’S 25°39’E), collected by A. Smith, 15 January 1973.

Note standard form of writing South African Museum registration numbers and date.

7. SPECIAL HOUSE RULES

Capital initial letters

(a) The Figures, Maps and Tables of the paper when referred to in the text _

e.g. ‘.. . the Figure depicting C. namacolus...’; ‘. . . in C. namacolus (Fig. 10)...’

(b) The prefixes of prefixed surnames in all languages, when used in the text, if not preceded

by initials or full names

e.g. DuToit but A.L.du Toit; Von Huene but F. von Huene

e.g. Therocephalia, but therocephalian

Punctuation should be loose, omitting all not strictly necessary

Reference to the author should be expressed in the third person

Roman numerals should be converted to arabic, except when forming part of the title of a

book or article, such as

‘Revision of the Crustacea. Part VIII. The Amphipoda.’

Specific name must not stand alone, but be preceded by the generic name or its abbreviation

to initial capital letter, provided the same generic name is used consecutively.

Name of new genus or species is not to be included in the title: it should be included in the

abstract, counter to Recommendation 23 of the Code, to meet the requirements of

Biological Abstracts.