LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

R. Broom, M.D., D.Sc. PAGE

On an almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus sides Ow. Plates

DUE Ole si Moc <i) ee eel 28

On the Bieactare of the Sioalder Girdle; in Mae OSOUTUS). oOo

On Evidence of a New Species of Titanosuchus (T. Bey at, = ooh eee eE Lao

On the Presence of a Pair of Distinct Prevomers in Titanosuchus.. .. 144

On Some New Primitive Theriodonts in the South African Museum.

ID Ghee! SOV, OVINE Gh Ac suas, « ceigteciaie ge*akele alstsl eee ag

On a New Reptile (Proter perenne Foros) Som the Karoo Beds of

Markastads south Africa. Plate Xue see sc) | citar LOg

On the Pareiasaurian Genus Propappus. Plate XLV. .. .. .. .. 351

On Some New Therocephalian Reptiles... .. . 50 oo mall

On the Inter-relationship of the Known Myeencepnetne Gener Ge ba. akal!)

On a New Labyrinthodont Rhinesuchus W haitsi, from the Permian Beds

Cistomiduwaaci, Jalen GDR Gg Go on oo bo o5 ca so oo SHE

Note on the Species of Mesosaurus.. .. .. 2. 0 se «8 «9 «= Oho

F, CHapman, A.L.S., F.R.M.S.

Foraminifera and Ostracoda from the Cretaceous Beds of East Pondo-

lands SouthrAtricas = late oxen ae) | rey tere scien es seers ne ee Le

P. Laks, M.A., F.G.S.

The Trilobites of the Bokkeveld Beds. Plates XXIV.-XXVII. .. .. 20

F, R. C. Reep, M.A., F.G.S.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. Plates XX.-XXIII... .. .. 165

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. Plates XXX.-XXXIII... .. .. 239

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. Plates XLVII.-—XLVIII... .. 381

B. A. SEWARD, F.R.S.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. PlatesI.-XIV. .. .. .. .. .. .. J

H. Woops M.A., F.G.S.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. Plates XXXIII-XLIV. .. .. 275

ERRATUM.

Owing to a misapprehension Fig. 4, Plate XI. (named Bothrodendron leslii)

is stated in the text (p. 92) to have come from the Ecca Beds of Vereeniging,

but the specimen was collected from the Bokkeveld Beds near Triangle Station,

Cape Colony. A. W. RoGeErs.

LIST OF NEW GENERIC NAMES

INTRODUCED IN THIS VOLUME.

PAGE

Alopecodon, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia) .. .. .. .. .. 361

Hyznesuchus, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia) .. .. .. .. 364

Ictidosaurus, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia)... .. .. .. .. 161

Pardosuchus, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia) ar ese ets | CON

Proterosuchus, n. g., Diaptosauria, Diapsida (Reptilia) .. .. .. .. .. 159

Rhinesuchus, n. g., Labyrinthodontia (Amphibia) .. .. .. .. .. .. 373

Seylacosaurus, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia) .. .. .. .. 147

Scymnosaurus, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia) .. .. .. .. 15

Trochosuchus, n. g., Therocephalia, Synapsida (Reptilia) .. .. .. .. 366

DATE OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS.

Part 1, pp. 1-122, issued October 22, 1903.

Part 2, pp. 123-164, issued November 19, 1903.

Part 3, pp. 165-200, issued December 31, 1903.

Part 4, pp. 201-220, issued March 10, 1904.

Part 5, pp. 221-237, issued March 10, 1904.

Part 6, pp. 238-274, issued March 31, 1904.

Part 7, pp. 275-350, issued December 20, 1906,

Part 8, pp. 351-406, issued May 7, 1908.

Title, Index, &c., pp. i-viii, issued May 7, 1908.

patie

LATE

I. Onychiopsis.

Il. Filicales.

III. Zamites.

IV. Cycadophyta.

V. Cycadophyta, &c.

VI. Coniferales.

VII. Filicales.

VIII. Gingkgoales, Filicales.

IX. Equisetales.

X. Neuropteridium.

XI. Lycopodiales.

XII. Psygmophyllum.

XIII. Noeggerathiopsis.

XIV. Spirophyton.

XY. Pareiasaurus serridens.

XVI. Restoration of Pareiasaurus serridens.

XVII. Scylacosaurus sclateri and Ictidosaurus angusticeps.

XVIII. Scymnosaurus ferox, Lycosuchus mackayi.

XIX. Proterosuchus fergusi.

XX-| Bokkeveld Brachiopoda

od) Laer

XXIV.

XXV. l Bokkeveld Trilobites.

XXVI.

XXVIII. Homalonotus colossus.

XXIX. Cretaceous Foraminifera and Ostracoda from Kast Pondoland.

XXX.

XXXII.

XXXII

XXXIV

XXXV

XXXVI

XXXVII

XXXVIII.

XXXIX

XLI

XLII

IGIGS IE Cue ted bye Je diss,

Bokkeveld Mollusca.

-Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland.

XLIV. ]

XLV The Pareiasaurian Genus Propappus.

z | Skulls of Hyenasuchus Whaitsi, Alopecodon priscus and Rhine-

suchus Whaitst.

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds.

XLVI.

XLVII.

XLVIII.

ANNALS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM.

I.—Fossil Floras of Cape Colony.—By A. C. Szwarp, F.B.S.,

University Lecturer in Botany and Fellow of Emmanuel College,

Cambridge.

Plates I.-XIV., Text-figures 1-8.

I—FLORA OF THE UITENHAGE SERIES.

I.—INTRODUCTION.

Tue Uitenhage plants submitted to me for examination by the

Geological Commission of Cape Colony were collected from rocks

exposed in the valleys of the Bezuidenhout, Witte, Sunday, and

Zwartkop Rivers in the Uitenhage and Port Elizabeth districts in

the south-east of Cape Colony; and from the neighbourhood of

Herbertsdale, Mossel Bay; and Heidelberg.

In their ‘ Report on parts of the Uitenhage and Port Elizabeth

Divisions,’ * Messrs. Rogers and Schwarz mention the following

localities from which fossils were obtained :—

1. Zwartkop River, between the town of Uitenhage and the mouth

of the river.

. Bezuidenhout River, from Blauw Krantz to the Sunday River.

. Witte River, from Enon to the Sunday River.

. Sunday River, between Dunbrodie and Addo Station.

H Co bo

* Rogers and Schwarz (01).

2 Annals of the South African Museum.

The Uitenhage series in the district of that name is described as

including the three following divisions in descending order :—

a. The Sunday River marine beds containing animal fossils.

b. The Wood-bed with remains of fossil wood, ferns, and cycads.

c. The Enon conglomerate beds.

In 1867 Tate read a paper before the Geological Society of London

‘On some Secondary Fossils from South Africa,’* in which he

described several species of plants collected by Drs. Rubidge and

Atherstone from rocks to which the author of the paper applied the

term Uitenhage series. The majority of Tate’s type-specimens are

now in the Museum of the Geological Society at Burlington House,

and I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to the Council

for allowing me to borrow several of Tate’s plants for purposes of

examination and redrawing. Four of Tate’s type-specimens are

represented in pl. v., figs. 1, 3, 4, 5.

The Uitenhage flora, as described in the paper of 1867, comprises

the species enumerated in the following list. My examination of the

original specimens, and a comparison of them with the more abun-

dant, and in many cases more satisfactory, material recently collected

have led me to make several alterations in Tate’s nomenclature ; the

names used by Tate are given in the left-hand column and opposite

each of his names I have added in the right-hand column the

designations adopted in the present paper.

Tare (1867). Sewarp (1903).

Paleozamia (Otozamites) recta Tate. Zamites recta (Tate).+

Tate’s pl. v., figs. 7a, 7b. Plo i. 5) pl. vi., figs. 8—1

Paleozamia (Podozamites) morristi Tate. | Zamites morrisii (Tate).

Pave.) gs. Pl. v., fig. 4. (Type-specimen of Tate,

Museum of Geological Society, No.

11,108.)

Paleozamia rubidgei Tate. Zamites rubidgei (Tate).

Pl. v., figs. 8a, 3d. Pl. v., fig. 3. (Type-specimen of Tate,

Mus. Geol. Soc., No. 11,109.)

Paleozamia (vel Pterophyllum) africana | Zamites africana (Tate).

Tate. Pl. y., fig. 5. (Type-specimen of Tate,.

LAG enailes toe Mus. Geol. Soc., No. 11,110.)

* Tate (67).

+ In cases where the generic designation has been altered I have followed the

convenient rule of enclosing the name of the author of the species in brackets.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. &

Tare (1867). Sewarp (1903).

Pecopteris atherstonei Tate. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) forma.

Pl. v., fig. 2a, 2b. atherstonei.

12s Valeg amg Gy, IT

Pecopteris rubidgei Tate. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) forma

PV Ven ese lanwlos atherstonei.

Pecopteris africana Tate. Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) forma

PISivies figsalandllbs atherstonet.

Asplenites lobata Old. Cladophlebis browniana (Dunk.)

Pl. ii., figs. 1-4, 6.

Sphenopteris antipodum Tate. Onychiopsis mantelli (Brongn.).

PIS vies ise oe Elia; plh vege de

Tate’s type-specimen refigured, pl. v.,

fig. 1. (Mus. Geol. Soc., No. 11,114.)

Cyclopteris jenkinsiana Tate. Cycadolepis jenkinsiana (Tate).

Pl. vi., fig. 4. Pl. iv., figs. 3-6. Text-figure 2.

‘* Portions of a Coniferous stem closely srachyphyllum sp.

allied to Athrotaxites indicus Old.” jeblievis, tiessel35 aS.

“ Parts of stems . . . probably Cycada- | Benstedtia sp.

ceous.”” Pl. v., fig. 2. Text-figure 5.

** Ovules of Paleozamia.” Carpolithes sp.

‘©The under surface of the base of a | Araucarites rogersi sp. nov.

cone, perhaps the same” [Pal«o- | Pl. vi., figs. 4-7.

zamia).

The Uitenhage series is described by Tate as Jurassic in age ; he

compares the Cycads with species from the Inferior Oolite plant-

beds of the Yorkshire coast, and considers two of the Pecopteris

species as closely allied to P. indica from the Upper Gondwana beds

of the Rajmahal Hills. In 1856 Sharpe * described several species

of Mollusca from the Secondary rocks of the Sunday and Zwartkop

Rivers collected by Dr. Atherstone and Mr. A. G. Bain, which he

found to resemble most nearly species from the middle and lower

part of the Oolitic series. The Jurassic age of the Uitenhage series

is accepted by Stow} in his paper of 1871, and H. F. Blanford + in

1875 referred to the flora, on the authority of Tate, as resembling

that of the Rajmahal beds of India. The evidence as to geological

* Sharpe (56), p. 202. + Stow (71). { Blanford (75), p. 534,

4 Annals of the South African Musewm.

horizon furnished by species of Trigonie is regarded by Lycett* as

pointing to a Cretaceous age.

In 1882, as the result of an examination of a collection of shells,

Holub and Neumayr } classed the Uitenhage series as Neocomian,

thus agreeing with Lycett rather than with the earlier authors.

Professor Rupert Jones,+ in an article on the Geology of South

Africa, published in Nature, adopts Tate’s opinion as to the Jurassic

age of the plantbeds. The verdict of Holub and Neumayr is

accepted by de Lapparent,§ who classes the Uitenhage series with a

portion of the Potomac formation of the Eastern United States as

Neocomian. In Oldham’s edition of the ‘Geology of India,’ || by

Medlicott and Blanford, the flora of the Uitenhage series is

described as ‘distinctly related to that of the Rajmahal Group,

though the resemblances are not sufficient to establish a contem-

poraneity of origin.’”” Messrs. Rogers and Schwarz, after discussing

the statements of previous writers, conclude that ‘‘ the only course

at present open to us is to regard the age of the Uitenhage series as

Upper Jurassic.”’ 4

The evidence afforded by the collection of plants described in the

following pages—a collection rich in specimens but comparatively

poor in species—points to a Wealden rather than to a Jurassic age :

but this question is dealt with at greater length in the sequel.

II.—DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS.

Group FILICALES.

Faminy POLYPODIACE A.

Genus ONYCHIOPSIS Yokoyama.

This genus was instituted by Yokoyama,** a J apanese author, for

a species originally described by Geyler ++ from the valley of Tetori-

gawa in the Province of Kaga, Japan, as Thyrsopteris elongata.

* Lycett (79), p. 229.

+ Holub and Neumayr (82). See also Neumayr (87), ii., p. 330.

+ Jones (84), p. 554, § de Lapparent (00), p. 1267.

|| Medlicott and Blanford (93), p. 205.

§| Rogers and Schwarz (01), p. 17.

** Yokoyama (89), p. 26. tt Geyler (77), p. 224.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 5

The use of the name Thyrsopteris as a generic designation for fossil

ferns has unfortunately been adopted by several authors solely on

the ground of a resemblance between the fragments of sterile fronds

with those of the single existing species, Thyrsopteris elegans, a type

confined to the island of Juan Fernandez. Yokoyama’s discovery of

fertile pinne of Geyler’s species exhibiting a striking resemblance to

those of the recent genera Onychiwm and Gymnogramme, led him to

suggest the name Onychiopsis as a convenient designation for ferns

possessing the Onychiwm type of fertile frond.

1824.

1828.

1833.

1836.

1839.

1846.

1852.

1867.

1869.

Ikeyiale

1871.

1875.

ONYCHIOPSIS MANTELLI Brongn.

Plate I.

Plate V., fig. 1

Hymenopteris psilotoides Stokes and Webb, Trans. Geol.

oc., [ii.] vol. i., p. 423, pl. xlvi., fig. 7.

Sphenopteris Mantelli Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 50.

Sphenopteris Mantelli Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss., p. 170,

pl. xlv., figs. 3-7.

Sphenopteris Mantelli Mantell, Geol. S.E. England, p. 241.

Cheilanthites Mantelli Géppert, Foss, Farrnkrt., p. 231;

Nova Acta Ac. Caes. Leop.-Car., vol. xvii. Supp.

Cheilanthites denticulatus Roemer, Verstein. Ool.-Geb., p. 9,

ple Xvi tyes le

Sphenopteris Mantelli Dunker, Wealdenbildung, p. 2, pl. 1.,

fig. 4a.

Sphenopteris Roemeri Dunker, loc. cit., p. 3, pl. i., figs. 3, 4, 5.

Sphenopteris tenera Dunker, loc. cit., pl. viii., fig. 5.

Confervites fissus Dunker, loc. cit., pl. i., fig. 1.

Sphenopteris Mantelli Ettingshausen, Abh. k.-k. geol. Reichs.,

p. 14, pl. iv., figs. 3, 4.

Sphenopteris antipodum Tate, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,

VOl.;xxillep. 139.

Sphenoptert is (Davallioides) Mantelli Schimper, Trait. eal

vég., vol. i., p. 893.

Sphenopteris Mantelli Schenk, Palseontographica, vol. xix.,

p. 208, pl. xxiii., figs. 1-8.

Sphenolepis Kurriana Schenk, pl. xxv., fig. 6, loc. cit., p. 243,

pla Rocxville, Sy.

Sphenopteris Mantelli Schenk, Paleeontographica, vol. xxxiii.,

p. 158, pl. xxviii, fig. 12.

6 Annals of the South African Museum.

1877. Thyrsopteris elongata Geyler, Paleontographica, pl. xxx.,

fig. 5, pl. xxx1., figs. 4, 5.

1878. Sphenopteris Roemeri Dupont, Bull. Ac. R. Belg., vol. xlvi.,

[ii.] p. 396.

1881. Sphenopteris Mantelli Heer, Secc. Trab. Geol. Portugal,

1881, p. 12, pl. xi., figs. 1-5; pl. xii., figs. 2b and 260.

1881. Sphenopteris valdensis Heer, loc. cit., p. 14, pl. xv., figs. 9,

10, and 13; pl. xvi., fig. 5b. (The other figures are

doubtful.)

1889. Sphenopteris Mantelli Fontaine, Potomac Flora, p. 91, pl. i.,

figs. 1 and 2.

1889. Onychiopsis elongata Yokoyama, Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp.

Univ. Japan, vol. iii., pl. i., p. 27; pl. ii., figs. 1-3;

pleats tie.6d5 spl: xii; figs: 9, 10:

1890. Onychiopsis elongata Nathorst, Denksch. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,

pls is Oepl v.9s.3 > plavi., ey 0.

1894. Onychiopsis elongata Yokoyama, Journ. Coll. Sci. Univ.

Japan, vols vil. pu. ti, p. Jil; pljxx: fig. 8); pl. xx.

figs. 1, 4.

1894. Sphenopteris (Davallia) Mantelli Saporta, Flor. Portugal,

pl Xil), HSs.70, 0. plyxxil., figs, 1 2); ple xxvii. nig. 2)

xxi en Canl le xxx sees. OO splxxxie tesa ea.

1895. Sphenopteris Mantelli Ward, Potomac Form. p. 392.

1896. Onychiopsis Mantelli Ward, Lower Cret. Europe and

America, p. 483.

1896. Onychiopsis elongata Ward, ibid.

The following definition of Onychiopsis mantelli is quoted from the

first part of the Catalogue of Wealden Plants in the British Museum.*

The fertile segments represented in the English specimens have not

so far been found in the South African material. ‘‘ Frond tripinnate,

ovate lanceolate, rachis winged and prominent; pinne lanceolate,

alternate, approximate, given off from the main rachis at an acute

angle. Pinnules alternate, narrow, lanceolate acuminate, uninerved,

of nervation type Cenopteridis ; the larger ones serrate and gradu-

ally passing into pinnz, with narrow ultimate segments.”

[“‘ Fructification in the form of sessile or shortly stalked linear

ovate segments with rugose surfaces, and terminating usually in a

very short awn-like apical prolongation.’’]

The name Sphenopteris mantelli was substituted by Brongniart +

* Seward (94), p. 43. + Brongniart (28), p. 50; (287) p. 170.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. i

for Hymenopteris psilotoides, formerly used by Stokes and Webb *

for fragments of a fern from the English Wealden. In 1894 the

discovery of several fertile pinne demonstrated the close relationship

of the species to the Japanese fern described by Yokoyama as

Onychiopsis elongata (Gey.). The material from South Africa is

unfortunately represented solely by sterile fronds, and we are there-

fore unable to found a complete specific diagnosis on the Uitenhage

specimens. It is as a rule inadvisable to employ a generic name

implying relationship with existing types unless the comparison is

supported by the evidence of fructification characters. It must be

admitted that so long as we have only sterile examples before us

there necessarily remains an element of doubt as to the correct-

ness of our interpretation of the specimens. In the present case

there is so close a resemblance as regards the habit of the fronds

and in the form of the ultimate segments between the Uitenhage

plant and such European species as Onychiopsis mantelli (Brongn.),+

O. capsulifera (Vel.),t and the Japanese type, O. elongata (Gey.),§ that

I have ventured to adopt Yokoyama’s generic name Onychiopsis.

The fern figured by Tate as Sphenopteris antipodum has been

referred to in a previous work as apparently identical with the

European specimens of Onychiopsis mantelli.|| The drawing of

‘Tate’s type-specimen,‘’ reproduced in pl. v., fig. 1, shows rather

more clearly than the figure published in 1867 the identity of

Sphenopteris antipodum, at least as regards sterile pinne, with

Onychiopsis mantelli. In Part I. of the Catalogue of Wealden

plants in the British Museum I figured a fragment of a frond as

Onychiopsis elongata, retaining Geyler’s specific name as charac-

terising a type of frond with pinnules of slightly greater breadth

than those of Onychiopsis mantellc ; the separation of the two

species was, however, made with some hesitation and with the

admission that both forms might eventually have to be included

under one term.*** Since the publication of the Catalogue a much

larger and more complete specimen of Onychiopsis has been obtained

from the Wealden beds of Sussex with pinnules of slightly broader

type, which confirms my suspicion that the recognition of two

distinct species was based on insufficient evidence.

The plant figured by Geyler in 1877 as Thyrsopteris elongata, and

* Stokes and Webb (24), p. 423. + Seward (94), p. 41, pl. ii.

+ Velenovsky (88), pl. i., figs. 6-12.

§ Geyler (77), pl. xxx., xxxi. || Seward (94), p. 44.

Museum of the Geological Society of London, No. 11,114.

** Seward (94), p. 55, pl. i1., fig. 2.

8 Annals of the South African Museum.

afterwards described and illustrated more fully by Yokoyama as

Onychiopsis elongata, is spoken of by the latter author as the chief

characteristic fossil of the Japanese Flora of Kaga, Hida, and

Echizen, which is referred to the Bathonian stage of the Inferior

Oolite. Fragments of the same type are figured by Yokoyama,

also from the plant-beds of Kozuke, Ki, Awa, and Tosa referred

to the Neocomian series.* The Japanese type differs from the

HKuropean Onychiopsis mantelli in its slightly broader segments,

but the difference is hardly enough to warrant a specific separation.

The fact that both forms possessed the same type of fertile pinne

demonstrates their close relationship, and such small differences

as are exhibited by the sterile fronds are not greater than analogous

variations met with in species of existing ferns.

The specimens figured by Nathorst + from the province of Tosa, in

Japan, are undoubtedly specifically identical with Geyler’s species,

and I believe also with the Uitenhage plant.

Reference is made in the synonomy to the figures of Onychiopsis

mantelli, published by Schenk and other authors from Huropean

Wealden rocks; it is unnecessary therefore to do more than draw

attention to the abundance of this well-marked type in Wealden

floras. The same species is recorded also by Fontaine | and Ward §

from the Potomac formation of North America; some of the ferns

referred by the former author to Thyrsopteris, without a fragment.

of a fertile pinna to justify the assumed relationship with the recent.

genus of Cyatheacee, are in all probability identical with Onychiopsis

mantel. We may quote Thyrsopteris rarinervis, T. imsigius, T.

nicrophylla as examples of Fontaine’s species which bear a close

resemblance to Onychiopsis mantelli.|| A fern described by Heer

as Aspleniwm dicksonmanum 4 from the Kome beds of Greenland, if

not identical with the Uitenhage species, is probably a closely allied

type. In the late Marquis of Saporta’s monograph on the Mesozoic

Floras of Portugal,** Onychiopsis mantells is recorded from several

localities as Sphenopteris (Davallia) mantelli, but the evidence on

which a relationship to Davallia is founded seems to me inadequate ;

Saporta speaks of the species as a characteristic Wealden fern, but

fragments found in somewhat older beds point to the existence of

* Yokoyama (94), p. 215, pl. xx., xxi.

+ Nathorst (90), pl. ii., fig. 6; pl. v., fig. 3; pl. vi., fig. 5.

t Fontaine (89), pl. i. § Ward (95), p. 392; (96), p. 483.

|| Fontaine (89), pl. xlii., xliii., xliv., xlv.

“| Heer (75'), pl. i., figs. 1-5.

** Saporta (94), pl. xiii., xxiii., xxviii.—xxxi.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. Si:

the same type before the close of the Jurassic period. It is note-

worthy, however, that the specimens from the Jurassic localities are

very small, and several of them can hardly be referred with con-

fidence to Onychiopsis mantelli, which is represented by many

undoubted examples from the Wealden of Portugal as demonstrated

by the figures of Heer * and Saporta.

Plate I., fig. 1 (428c).

Portion of a large frond, approximately 17 cm. in length, with long

spreading pinne. The slender rachis shows narrow lateral wings,

and in places a prominent woody axis; the pinn are decurrent on

the rachis, and the upper branches of the frond are given off at a

smaller angle than the lower. Longest pinnz 8 cm. long, tapering

gradually to a serrate acuminate apex. Veins obscure. Specimen

434a is the reverse of 428c.

Plate I., fig. 2 (391c), 14 nat. size.

A single pinna bearing in the lower part linear serrate pinnules,

and in the apical region shorter entire segments. The specimen

from which the drawing was made differs from the frond repre-

sented in fig. 1 in its slightly narrower and more delicate pinnules,

and is identical with the typical European examples of the species.

Plate I., fig. 3 (407c), x 2.

The complete specimen of which a small portion is represented in

the figure, twice natural size, is 8 em. in length, and agrees in all

respects with the English and German form of Onychiopsis mantelli.

The single pinna shows the entire and shorter segments charac-

teristic of the apical region of a frond.

Plate I., fig. 4 (401c), x 2.

A portion of the rachis and the base of two pinne illustrating the

broader type of lobed pinnules. This fragment shows very clearly

the winged character of the rachis and the prominent woody axis.

Plate V., fig. 1. (Type-specimen of Tate’s Sphenopteris antipodum ;

Museum of Geological Society of London, No. 11,114.)

This specimen from Geelhoutboom is, I believe, clearly identical

with Onychiopsis mantelli (Brongn.), at least as regards the vegeta-

tive characters of the frond. The rachis is traversed by a narrow

* Heer (81), pl. xi., xii.

10 Annals of the South African Musewm.

woody axis with lateral wings, and gives off spreading pinne bearing

slender linear segments the lamina of which is divided into acuminate

teeth.

Other Specimens : 433¢c.—This specimen shows very clearly the

narrow pinne with entire segments (cf. fig. 3) in the apical region of

the frond; also the gradual transition from the narrow oval segments

to larger segments with a serrate margin. 140c, 320c (on the reverse

side is a good impression of a Cycadolepis jenkinsiana), 389c, 390¢

(with seeds of Araucarites rogerst), 892c, 411c, 429c, 430c.

Genus CLADOPHLEBIS Brongniart.

(Of doubtful Family-position.) |

Brongniart proposed this generic name in 1849 * for certain forms

of Pecopteris, previously included in the group Neuropterides. The

genus is founded on sterile fronds only, and is applied to ferns which

cannot be referred to a particular family ; the name Cladophlebis is

usually made use of for Mesozoic species which agree in habit with

Paleozoic representatives of Pecopteris. Numerous fossil ferns have

been described by authors as species of Aspidiwm, which, in the

absence of sori or sporangia, have no claim to be designated by the

name of a recent genus.

CLADOPHLEBIS BROWNIANA (Dunk.).

Plate II., figs. 1-4, 6.

1846. Pecopteris Browniana Dunker, Wealdenbildung, p. 5, pl. viii.,

ier

1849. Pecopteris Browniana Brongniart, Tableau, p. 107.

1852. Alethopteris Reichiana Ettingshausen, Abh. k.-k. geol. Reichs.,

volsa., Abth.in.,; No: 2). 17.

1871. Pecopteris Browniana Schenk, Paleontographica, vol. xix.,

p. 2ilo, ple xxvi., figs. 2, 2a.

1877. Pecopteris exiliformis Geyler, Paleontographica, vol. xxiv.,

Da 220 spl xx, ones ll,

1889. ? Pecopteris Browniana Fontaine, Potomac Flora, pl. xxiii.,

figs. 2-7.

* Brongniart (49), p. 25.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. at

1890. Pecopteris Geyleriana Nathorst, Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. math.-

nat. Cl., vol. lvii., p. 48, pl. iv., figs. 2-6.

1890. Pecopteris cf. Browniana, ibid., pl. v., fig. 5.

Frond bipinnate, passing in the lower part of the frond to tri-

pinnate. Rachis comparatively broad and strong, from which linear

pinne, tapering to an acuminate apex, are given off at a wide angle.

Pinnules short and broad, attached by the whole broad base to the

axis of the pinna; the lower margin strongly arched, the upper face

almost straight or slightly concave. A well-marked midrib from

which spring a small number of secondary veins at a wide angle.

The pinnules are for the most part entire, passing in the lower

pinne into lobed or even pinnate segments.

The Uitenhage specimens include numerous examples of bi-

pinnate and tripinnate fronds which were referred by Tate in his

paper of 1867 * to a species previously figured by Oldham +} from the

Rajmahal Hills of Bengal as Pecopteris (?) lobata. A comparison of

the fragments represented in pl. i, figs. 1-4 and 6, with the

specimen figured by Oldham reveals a very close resemblance,

which, as Tate suggested, may amount to specific identity. On the

other hand, there is, I think, an even closer agreement between the

Uitenhage fern and that described from European Wealden strata

as Cladophlebis dunkert (Schimp),} a form originally named by

Dunker in 1846 Pecopteris polymorpha.§ The fern named by

Dunker Pecopteris browniana || differs in no essential features from

Cladophlebis duwnkeri, and a re-examination of specimens from the

Wealden beds of the Sussex coast leads me to give up my previously

expressed opinion that both specific names should be retained. The

difference between the fragment represented in pl. vu., fig. 4, of

my ‘ Wealden Flora,’ Part I., and that shown in pl. vii., fig, 3,4 is,

I think, not more than may be found on a single frond of the same

species. Seeing that the name browniana was established before

the specific name dunkeri, it should be employed in preference to

Schimper’s designation.

The accurate separation of sterile fronds of the type represented

in pl. ii, figs. 1-4, 6, is a hopeless task; among recent ferns this

form of leaf recurs in several genera, and in the absence of fertile

* Tate (67), p. 146.

+ Oldham and Morris (63), pl. xxviii.-xxx.; Feistmantel (77), pl. xxxvi., fig. 3.

+ Seward (94), p. 101, pl. vii., fig. 3. § Dunker (46), pl. vii., fig. 5.

|| Tbid., pl. viii., fig. 7. “| Seward (94).

12 Annals of the South African Musewm.

examples it might well be impossible to arrive at a generic much

less specific determination.

So far as vegetative characters are concerned, the fern described

by Yokoyama from Japan as Pecopteris browniana* appears to be

identical with the South African plant; a frond of very similar if not

identical form is figured by the same author from a somewhat lower

horizon as Pecopteris exilis Phill.,} an Inferior Oolite species since

placed in the genus AKlukia.| Nathorst has also figured portions of

fronds from Japan which he regards as probably identical with his

species Pecopteris geyleriana. It is, however, not improbable that

the specimens represented in his pl. iv., figs. 2, 6, are specifically

distinct from the type-specimen of P. geyleriana;§ be that as it

may, I am unable to distinguish the two examples shown in

Nathorst’s figs. 2 and 5 from the Uitenhage fern. In addition to

the records of ferns believed to be identical with Cladophlebis

browniana mentioned in the above synonomy, there are others

which may be referred to as presenting a close resemblance possibly

amounting in some cases to specific identity.

Reference has already been made to Oldham’s Indian species

Pecopteris lobata, as a fern with the same form of frond as that of

Cladophlebis browniana ; the specimen figured by Feistmantel as

Dicksonia (Sphenopteris) bindrabunensis || may perhaps represent

the fertile form of Pecopteris lobata. Dicksonia coriacea, a Chinese

species recorded by Schenk affords another example of the C.

Browmana form of frond.’ Some of the fragments figured by

the African plant, and a comparison may also be made with

Aspidium heterophyllum and Cladophlebis distans ++ described by

Fontaine from the Potomac beds. <Aspidiwn montanense figured by

the same author }} from the Great Falls of Montana represents

another very similar species.

Another fern of precisely similar habit to Cladophlebis browniana

and hardly distinguishable from it is a species recently placed in

the genus Coniopteris, on the evidence of fertile specimens, but

originally described as Newropteris arguta L.and H.§§ This Inferior

* Yokoyama (94), p. 218, pl. xxiv., figs. 2, 3; pl. xxvii., figs. 1-5.

+ Ibid. (89), pl. i., figs. 8-10. t Raciborski (91).

§ Nathorst (90). || Feistmantel (77), pl. xxxvii., fig. 2.

“| Schenk (83), pl. lii., figs. 5, 6.

** Saporta (94), pl. vi., fig. 1; pl. vii., fig. 5; pl. xi., xii.

tt Fontaine (89), pl. xiii., figs. 4, 5; pl. xv., figs. 1-5.

tt Ibid. (92), pl. lxxxii., lxxxiii., and lxxxiv.

§§ Seward (007), p. 115, pl. xvi., xvii. ; Lindley and Hutton (34), pl. ev.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 13

Oolite species probably belongs to the Cyatheace, but in view of

the frequent occurrence of this type of frond in different genera of

recent ferns it is unsafe to assume that the South African type

possessed sori and fertile segments like those of the Inferior Oolite

species.

Plate II., figs. 1, la (3438c).

The apical portion of a frond bearing linear and slightly falcate

pinne with short and broad pinnules and entire apices. The

venation is more accurately shown in fig. la; the enlarged draw-

ing also illustrates the incomplete separation of the pinnules as

contrasted with their more complete separation in the lower pinne.

Plate IT., figs. 2, 2a (344c).

Similar to fig. 1, but showing more clearly the comparatively stout

rachis; the pinnules represented in fig. 2a differ from those shown

in fig. la in their more complete separation and in their greater

length. The venation is clearly seen in the enlarged pinnules, also

the shorter and almost deltoid form of the basal pinnule on the

lower side of the pinna.

Plate IL, fig. 3 (364c).

The specimen, of which a small piece is represented in the figure,

consists of fairly large portions of fronds similar to that drawn in

fig. 4. Fig. 3 illustrates the attachment of a pinna to the rachis,

also the longer type of pinnule—4:5 mm.—characteristic of the

lower branches of a frond.

Plate II., figs. 4, 4a, 4b (342c).

The rachis has a length of 7 cm. and the longest pinna

45cm. This specimen shows very clearly the characteristic habit

of the frond; the stout rachis giving off opposite or alternate pinnz

of linear acuminate form with faleate segments, most of which have

entire margins (fig. 4a), while others (fig. 4b) in the lower part of

the leaf show signs of an incipient subdivision of the lamina into

rounded lobes—a condition exhibited in a more pronounced form

in fig. 6.

On the same piece of rock is an impression of a piece of

Benstedtia, and on the reverse side a portion of the rachis of

Zamites recta shown in pl. iii, fig. 1.

14 Annals of the South African Museum.

Plate IL., fig. 6 (361c).

A portion of a pinna, slightly enlarged, from a lower part of a

frond than the pinnule outlined in fig. 40,

Other Specimens: 339c, 340c, 349c, 350c, 351c, 358c, 359c, 363c,

366c, 369¢, 3738c.

CLADOPHLEBIS DENTICULATA (Brongn.), forma ATHERSTONEI.

Plate VI., figs. 16, 17.

1867. Pecopteris Atherstone: Tate, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxii,

p. 145, pl. v., figs. 2a, 2b.

1867. P. Rubidger, ibid., p. 146, pl. v., figs. la, 1b.

1867. P. africana, ibid., p. 146, pl. vi., figs. la, 10.

Frond bipinnate, rachis broad, giving off pinnz at a wide angle ;

the branches or pinnee bear crowded linear pinnules attached by the

whole of the broad base to the comparatively broad axis; the linear

pinnules reach a length of slightly over 3 cm., apices bluntly

pointed; midrib strong, giving off secondary veins at a wide angle,

which branch dichotomously as they pass obliquely upwards to the

edge of the lamina. Fertile pinnules unknown in the South African

form.

The most abundant plant in the material collected two miles east

of Herbertsdale is a fern characterised by linear pinnules of the

Cladophlebis type, which, owing in part to the friable nature of the

rock, is seldom preserved except in small broken pieces of pinne.

Fragments of Tenopteris fronds (pl. ii., fig. 5) are constantly found

in association with this form of Cladophlebis. The piece represented

in fig. 16, pl. vi., shows the venation very clearly preserved, and

with fig. 17 illustrates the form of the pinnules. There can be no

doubt that this fern is the one named by Tate Pecopteris atherstonet ;

an examination of Tate’s type-specimens leads me to regard the

smaller form named by this author Pecopteris rubidget as a frag-

ment of the same species. In all probability we may safely include

Tate’s name P. africana as another synonym under P. atherstonet.

No trace of sori or fertile pinne has been found, and we must there-

fore be content to leave the plant as a member of the Filices of

uncertain family position. As regards the question of nomenclature:

there is no more common type of fern frond among recent genera

than that of the bipinnate leaf with linear pinnules, attached by the

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 15

whole of the base to the pinna-axis, like those represented in figs. 16

and 17, pl. vi. Among existing species we find it in Onoclea

germanica W., Alsophila junghuhiana Mett., Cyathea dealbata Sw.,

Gleichenia glauca Sw., Sadleria cyatheoides Kaulf., Pteris arguta

Ait., Todea barbara Moore, also in species of Polypodiwm, Aspleniwm,

and other ferns. In previous publications dealing with Mesozoic

floras I have drawn attention to the wide geographical range of a

similar type of frond during the Rhetic, Inferior Oolite, and

Wealden periods.* The form named by Brongniart Pecopteris

denticulata and now placed in the genus Cladophlebis occurs as an

element of Jurassic floras in all parts of the world. Fertile pinne

are rarely found, and none that have come under my observation

show recognisable sporangia, but attention has elsewhere been

drawn to the close resemblance—as regards the form of the sori

and their distribution on the lamina—between some English

specimens and fertile pinne of Todea barbara.t This resemblance

is, however, insufficient to serve as a safe guide to affinity, and all

that we can say is that it is not improbable that some at least of the

fronds of the type represented by Cladophlebis denticulata may be

members of the Osmundacez. In a previous work, before the

possible relationship to the Osmundaceze occurred to me, I included

Cladophlebis denticulata as a doubtful member of the Polypodiacee.

A fertile specimen of Yodea australis (Morr.) from Australia was

found sufficiently well preserved to enable Renault | to examine the

sporangia, which he describes as agreeing closely with those of

recent Osmundacee.

It is obviously impossible to discriminate between the numerous

sterile fragments of this form of frond from various geological

horizons, ranging from Rheetic to Lower Cretaceous, and furnished

by rocks extending from Greenland to Australia and New Zealand,

at least so far as concerns the recognition of distinctive characters

that could reasonably be considered of specific rank. <A possible

method to adopt is to use the term Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.)

as a comprehensive title for ferns, for the most part of Jurassic age,

characterised by bipinnate fronds with linear ultimate segments of

the shape and with the venation characters shown in figs. 16, 17,

pl. vi. We may in particular cases employ a second name, as

denoting a possible variety or form and as an index of locality.

In the present instance we may therefore speak of the Herbertsdale.

* Seward (94), p. 95; (00), p. 18; (002), p. 134.

+ Seward and Ford (03). t Renault (83), p. 81, pl. xi.

16 Annals of the South African Museum.

fern as Cladophlebis denticulata forma atherstonei. The epithet

denticulata may in some instances prove misleading, but the presence

or absence of fine denticulations is in itself hardly a character of

primary taxonomic value. Moreover, in imperfectly preserved

specimens so small a point is not easy to determine. The figures

of English East Yorkshire specimens * of Brongniart’s type bear a

very close resemblance to the fragments of the South African plant ;

similarly Pecopteris indica O. and M.{ from the Rajmahal series of

Bengal, Asplenium argutulum Heer, from China,} Fontaine’s Clado-

phlebis oblongifolia from the Potomac formation,§ Pteris frigida and

P. longipennis Heer,|| and Cladophlebis stewartiana Hartz‘ are some

of the many examples of fern fronds that might well be grouped

under Cladophlebis denticulata.

The following list serves to illustrate the geological and geographical

range of ferns comparable with, and no doubt in part identical with,

Brongniart’s Inferior Oolite type. The references to authors are

given in full in the Bibhography.

| :

s employed by : : yao Approximate

a Gine ra riunted: ; | Geographical range. pecl SE ioal horizon. Author.

Cladophlebis denticulata.. | England (E. Yorks) | Jurassic Seward (00) (00?)

Pecopteris indica ........ India (Bengal) Jurassic Oldham & Morris (63)

Cladophlebis stewartiania | Greenland Jurassic Feistmantel (77)

| Hartz (96)

IZ ATOS irgleh GOBGdOSCOOOL | Greenland Lower Cretaceous | Heer (82)

IE, GHINERETE. Boo UcOnOODL Oo | Bohemia Lower Cretaceous | Fri¢ and Bayer (01)

Cladophlebis oblongifolia.. | Eastern N. America | Wealden—Upper | Fontaine (89)

Jurassic

Asplenium distans ....+++. | Canada (Rocky Lower Cretaceous | Dawson (85)

Mountains)

Asplenium argutulum .... | China Jurassic | Schenk (83)

Alethopteris australis .... | Australia Jurassic | Feistmantel (90)

Polypodium hochstetteri .. | New Zealand Wealden ? Unger (64)

Asplenium distans .......+ Japan Jurassic Yokoyama (89)

Cladophlebis denticulata .. | Poland Jurassic Raciborski (94)

Plate VI., figs. 16, 17 (1704).

The specimen shown in fig. 16 is one of several fragments of

pinne bearing linear pinnules approximately 3 cm. in length. The

distal portion of the pinnule represented in fig. 17 illustrates the

form of the apex which is not seen in fig. 16. The Herbertsdale

* Seward (00), pl. xiv., xv., xx. + Oldham and Morris (62), pl. xxvii.

+ Schenk (83), pl. xlvi.—xlviii., lii. § Fontaine (89), pl. vii., figs. 3-5.

|| Heer (82), pl. x.—xiii, {| Hartz (96), pl. xi.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 17

rock, in which this fern is very abundant, contains also numerous

fragments of Teniopteris fronds and pieces of stems or probably

broad rachises.

Other Specimens : 173d, several imperfect portions of pinne and

pinnules, also a piece of what is probably a broad rachis or petiole :

with fragments of Teniopteris. 178d, 179d, 185d, 357c, smaller pin-

nules slightly larger than 1 cm., 368c¢ smaller pinnules with clearly

marked venation, A.

Genus SPHENOPTERIS Brongniart.

SPHENOPTERIS FITTONI Sew.

Plate II., figs. 7, 8.

1836. Sphenopteris gracilis Fitton, Trans. Geol. Soc., vol. iv., ser. ii.,

pt. i., p. 103.

1849. Pachypteris gracilis Brongniart, Tableau, p. 107.

1852. Pachypteris gracilis Ettingshausen, Abh. k.-k. Geol. Reichs.,

vol. i., Abth. iii., No. 2, p. 24.

1864. Asplenium paleopteris Unger, Reise Fregatte Novara, vol. i.,

Aibths ii, ps3, pl. 1., tig. 4.

1893. ? Sphenopteris delgadoi Saporta, Rev. Gén. Bot., vol. v., 1893,

p. 270, pl. iv., fig. 5.

Frond ovate lanceolate, bipinnate, possibly becoming tripinnate in

the lower part; pinne linear acuminate, alternate, springing at a

wide angle from the rachis; pinnules ovate acuminate with entire

margins passing gradually into more or less deeply Jobed segments

obliquely attached to the axis of the pinna on which their lower

margin is decurrent. Venation of the Sphenopteridis type.

The specimen on which this species is founded was described in

1827 by Fitton from the English Wealden rocks as Sphenopteris

gracilis,* but before his paper was published by the Geological

Society of London the specific name gracilis had been applied to a

Carboniferous example of Sphenopteris. Fitton’s type-specimen,

now in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London,

is clearly identical with examples more recently found by the late

Mr. Rufford on the Sussex coast near Hastings, and I have little

doubt that this English fern, so far as characters based on sterile

* Fitton (36).

18 Annals of the South African Musewm.

fronds enables me to form an opinion, agrees too closely with the

Uitenhage form to justify specific separation.

The entire form of pinnule, represented in fig. 8, pl. ii., is found in

the upper pinne of a frond, and every gradation is met with connect-

ing the narrow segments in the apical portion of the fragment repre-

sented in fig. 8 with segments like those of fig. 8a and the more

deeply lobed type shown in figs. 7a, 7b. In addition to the

species mentioned in the above synonomy, there are various others

with which Sphenopteris fittont exhibits a close agreement. Of

these reference may be made to Scleropteris pomelii and S. tenwisecta,

figured by Saporta * from French rocks ; also Scleropteris tenwsecta

and S. tenelliioba, recorded by the same author from the Jurassic

plant-beds of Portugal.+ Scleropteris vernonensis, figured by Ward }

from the Potomac formation, and Fontaine’s Scleropteris virginica §

are other examples of ferns of similar habit; also Sphenopteris

plurinervia, a Portuguese species described by Heer.||

Plate II., fig. 7 (249c).

An imperfect and somewhat obscure piece of a frond 7:5 cm, in

length, a portion of which is represented in the figure. From a

broad rachis pinne are given off at almost a right angle. The

habit of the frond is more open than in Cladophlebis browniana.

The pinnules of Sphenopteris fittoni are distinguishable by their

narrower and more pointed form and more acute lobes. The en-

larged drawings (figs. 7a, 7b), show the form of the pinnules more

clearly ; the venation is obscure, but traces of a midrib can be seen

here and there. On the same piece of rock occur also fragments of

Araucarites scales and a good example of Zamutes rachis.

Plate IL, fig. 8 (376c).

A portion of a pinna with more clearly preserved pinnules differing

from those shown in fig. 7 in having entire or very slightly lobed

margins (fig. 8a). The venation is clearly seen in this specimen ;

it consists of a central midrib from which spring a few secondary

veins at an acute angle.

Other specimens : 347c.

* Saporta (73), pl. xlvii.; (91), pl. lix.—txi.

+ Ibid. (94), pl. ii., iii. + Ward (95), pl. ii., figs. 1-3.

§ Fontaine (89), pl. xxviil., figs. 3, 5. || Heer (81), pl. xi., fig. 6.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 1g)

SPHENOPTERIS sp.

Text-figure 1.

The fragment (231c) represented in text-fig. 1 (8) is part of the

terminal portion of a pinna, 2 cm. long, bearing pinnules with well-

defined acutely spreading and forked veins of the Sphenopteris

type (A). It bears a close resemblance to the type of frond illus-

trated by the widely distributed Jurassic species Coniopteris

hymenophylloides (Brongn.); but without more evidence it is ad-

visable to leave the fragment as Sphenopteris sp.

Other specimens : 234c, 238c.

Genus TAZNIOPTERIS Brongniart.

T2NIOPTERIS sp. [cf. T@NIOPTERIS ARCTICA (Heer). |

Plate II., figs. 5, 5a.

The fragments of simple Teniopterts fronds are too imperfect to

admit of a satisfactory diagnosis on which to found a species. The

fronds possess a broad midrib from which lateral veins are given off

at right angles or at an angle slightly less than 90°; these may

pass to the margin as simple veins or bifurcate either close to their

exit from the midrib or in different positions in the lamina. The

leaf is usually about 1:5 cm. in breadth and there appear to be

approximately 10 veins per 5 mm.

No specimens have been found showing either the base or apex

of the lamina, and there is no indication of any sporangia. The

abundance of Teniopteris in Jurassic and Wealden strata and the

close agreement, often amounting to identity, between forms referred

to distinct species renders it inadvisable to apply a distinctive name

to the Uitenhage fragments. A comparison may be made with the

20 Annals of the South African Museum.

form of leaf named by Heer Oleandra arctica from the Cretaceous

(Kome) beds of Greenland* and with specimens from the Great

Falls of Montana described by Newberryt as “cf. Oleandra arctica

Heer.” The type Teniopteris arctica (Heer) is perhaps the most

nearly allied, as regards form and venation, to the South African

leaves. The Rajmahal leaves, described originally by McClelland as

Teniopteris spathulatat and afterwards by Feistmantel as Angiop-

teridium spathulatwm,§ vepresent similar forms. The narrower

leaves from the Rajmahal Hills, figured by Oldham and Morris

and by Feistmantel and referred to McClelland’s species, are un-

doubtedly identical with McCoy’s Teniopteris daintreet,|| abundant in

Jurassic strata of Victoria, and distinct from the Wealden Uitenhage

leaves. Nathorst’s species Teniopteris lundgren, ‘| from Upper

Jurassic beds of Advent Bay, Spitzbergen, is another type with

which the African specimens may be compared.

The European Wealden species, T@niopteris beyrichwi Schk.,** is

most probably distinct from, although comparable with, such speci-

mens as those shown in pl. 11, figs. 5, da.

Plate IL., figs. 5, 5a (172d, 1934).

The venation is clearly shown in the figured fragments.

Similar portions of leaves occur abundantly in association with

Cladophlebis denticulata, forma atherstonei, but all are imperfect.

There appear to be about 10 secondary veins per 5 mm. of lamina ;

the average breadth of the leaf is approximately 1 cm.

Other specimens : 168d, 385c.

Group CYCADOPHYTA.

This name has recently been suggested by Nathorst++ for Cycadean

plants which are known only in the form of vegetative organs and

cannot be referred with certainty to either the Bennettitales or

Cycadales—-groups characterised by well-marked features exhibited

by their reproductive organs.

* Heer (78), pl. xii., figs. 3-11. + Newberry (91), pl. xiv., fig. 9.

t McClelland (50), pl. xvi., fig. 1. § Feistmantel (77), pl. i.

|| McCoy (74), pl. xiv., figs. 1, 2. {| Nathorst (97), pl. iii., figs. 1-5.

** Seward (94), p. 152, pl. ix., fig. 3. +} Nathorst (02).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 21

Grenus ZAMITES Brongniart.

ZAMITES RECTA (Tate).

Plate ITI.

Plate VI., figs. 8-12.

1867. Paleozamia (Otozamites) recta, Tate, Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soe., vol. xxiii, pl. v., figs. 7a, 7b.

Fronds pinnate, probably reaching a length of 50-60 cm., rachis

stout and woody.

Pinne alternate, attached obliquely in two alternating rows by a

slightly narrowed and callous base to the upper face of the frond

axis, in the lower part of a frond they are given off almost at a right

angle, but towards the apex of the pinnate leaf they are inclined at

a much smaller‘angle ; linear in form, tapered slightly at the swollen

base which was probably separated by an abciss-layer from the rachis

as in Encephalartos and certain other recent genera of Cycads; apex

acuminate and asymmetrical, the upper edge of the pinna almost

straight or slightly faleate, in some cases bending downward

towards the tip, the lower margin curved, bending somewhat

suddenly upward to the apex in the distal third of the pinna. In

shape the pinne vary from the practically straight form shown in the

upper part of fig. 1 (pl. iii.) to the faleate type, resembling a sword-

bayonet, represented in fig. 3 and in some of the pinne in fig. 1.

The larger pinnz reach a length of over 6 cm. and a breadth of

9 mm.; veins numerous and parallel, converging towards the base

of the pinne where they are frequently forked (fig. 1a).

The type of frond shown in fig. 1, pl. i., bears a very close

resemblance to Williamsonia gigas (lL. and H.)* of the Inferior

Oolite of Yorkshire—a species which may well be identical with

Zamites schnuedelw And.,+ and Zamites feneonis Brongn.,} as well

as with such forms as Z. moreaui, Z. claravallensis, and others

figured by Saporta.§ Other similar species are Zamutes bohemicus

Vel.,|| from the Lower Cretaceous rocks of Bohemia, Zanvites

iburgensis Hos. and von d. Marck.‘ Additional records might be

* Lindley and Hutton (35), pl. clxv. ; Seward (00), pl. v.-viii.

+ Andree (53), pl. ix., figs. 1-4.

+ Saporta (75), pl. lxxxvii—xci.; Heer (76), pl. lii., figs. 2-8.

§ Saporta (75), pl. Ixxxiv.—lxxxv., xciii.

|| Frié and Bayer (01), fig. 43, p. 92.

“| Hosius and von d. Marck (80), pl. xliv., fig. 202.

_ 22 Annals of the South African Museum.

quoted of fronds bearing a very close resemblance to Tate’s species.

A careful comparison of the African and British examples reveals

a slight difference in the shape of the pinne, and this possibly

trivial distinction, taken in conjunction with the fact that no

reproductive shoots of the Wailliamsonia type have so far been

found in the Uitenhage beds, renders it advisable to use the generic

name Zamites in preference to Walliamsonia and to retain Tate’s

specific name. It may be that we shall eventually obtain evidence

of the existence of the Wailliamsonia shoots in connection with

Zamites recta, but until further evidence is forthcoming it is better

to class this species simply as a member of the Cycadophyta than

as a representative of a definite family. The reasons on which the

British species has been assigned to Walliamsonia and placed in the

Bennettitales are fully discussed elsewhere.*

Plate ITI., figs. 1, la (257c, 258c).

A portion of the specimen is shown in the figure, the whole being

14°5 cm. in length. The rachis is partially hidden by the rock

and so appears less than its real size; the longest pinna is

approximately 5 cm. long. The veins are clearly shown and, as

illustrated in fig. la, they are frequently forked close to their

entrance into the lamina—a feature found also in the segments of

recent cycadean fronds.

Plate III., fig. 2 (288c).

The complete specimen, of which a part only has been drawn, is

9 cm. in length ; it illustrates the narrow form and greater obliquity

of the pinne in the apical region of a frond.

Plate IIL, fig. 3 (A).

The single pinna shown in the figure serves as a good example

of the very small angle of attachment of segments in the apical

region of the frond.

A portion of the rachis, in the form of a mould, is seen close to

the base of the segment.

Rachis of ZamMiTES RECTA (Tate).

Plate VI., figs. 8-12.

The nature of the specimens represented in figs. 8-11 was for

a long time a puzzle, and I am still in doubt as to their significance.

* Seward (00), p. 177; (97).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 23

At first sight the examples shown in figs. 8 and 9 suggested surface-

impressions of stems bearing prominent leaf-cushions, but the fact

that no specimens could be found exhibiting more than two rows

of the cushions was a difficulty in the way of regarding them as

fragments of stems. Moreover, the two alternating rows were found

in some cases (e.g., fig. 8) to be situated obliquely to one another,

the cushions of one row being almost at right angles to those of the

other series.

It occurred to me that the narrow oval area forming the flat top

of the cushions, and well shown in figs. 8 and 9, agreed in size and

form with the base of the pinne of Zanutes recta (fig. 12, pl. vi.) ;

this led me to make a further search for evidence as to a possible

connection of the rows of cushions with the fronds of the cycad.

The discovery of the specimen represented, rather larger than

natural size, in fig. 11, confirmed this view and clearly demonstrated

that these apparent stems are portions of the rachis of Zamuites

recta. The following description of the figured specimens may serve

to elucidate to some extent the nature of these curious fossils.

Plate VL, fig. 8 (289c).

A piece of rachis 4 cm. long, retaining fragments of carbonaceous

matter (not shown in the drawing) on its surface. There are two

alternating rows of prominent cushions obliquely inclined to one

another ; each cushion consists of a flat surface or base exhibiting

a few obliquely longitudinal wrinklings, and this bears a prominent

cushion-like body sloping gradually to a flat top of oval outline

bounded by a fairly prominent rim. The sloping sides of the

cushions are folded into small ribs and bear the impress of numerous

cell-outlines, as shown in the enlarged drawing, fig. 10.

In the lower part of fig. 8 the cushions are absent, and the flat

basal area is more fully exposed; the transversely elongated

depression a@ occurs in the interval between adjacent cushions.

Associated with Zamites pinne, Cycadolepis, &e.

Plate VL, fig. 9 (328¢).

A single row of cushions like those shown in fig. 8.

Plate VI., fig. 10 (a).

A small piece of the surface of a cushion enlarged to show the

fine reticulations representing the impressions of cells.

24 Annals of the South African Musewn.

Plate VI., fig. 11 (842c).

A curved piece of rachis slightly enlarged, the actual length being

4-5 cm. In the lower part a portion of a longitudinally striated

woody axis is exposed; the stout woody character of the rachis is.

shown in the outline of a transverse section to the left of the figure.

The two lowest pinnee rest obliquely on the axis. Against the base:

of the third pinna the surface of the woody axis is covered with

a thin piece of rock which represents the remains of a cushion ;

a larger and more distinct portion of cushion is seen at e, and at d

the outline of a partially preserved cushion is more distinctly seen.

The position of the pinna to the left of the axis at d shows that the

pinne abutted on to the side of the cushions. A more clearly

defined cushion is seen at c, but at 5b the surface-features are

still better preserved. From the upper end of the specimen the

cushions are absent, but the transversely elongated depression is

seen at a.

Plate VI., fig. 12 (286c).

Flattened rachis showing on one side the attachment of a row

of pinnze and on the other the oblique oval scars to which the

pinne were articulated.

Other Specimens: 255c, portions of two fronds approximately

parallel to one another, with fragments of others <A piece of a

rachis or petiole, 7 mm. broad, occurs on this slab of rock which

no doubt belongs to Zamites recta. The longest piece of frond is

18 cm. long, and shows that the whole leaf was probably at least

40-50 cm. in length; 259c, 260c, 264c, a piece of a frond about,

30 cm. long, with other fragments. The small amount of difference

in the position and size of the pinne at the two ends points to a

frond of considerable length. On the under surface of the rock

there is a cast of a stem with surface features similar to Benstedtia.

302c, 303c, 345c, 352c. 279c, similar to some examples of Zamnites

buchianus (Ett.),* but differmg from that species in the form

of the base of the pinne. Segments of Araucarites scales occur

on the reverse side. 323c, with the impression of a stem (?)

giving off several narrow roots. 334c¢, with Araucarites scales,

346c, 372c.

* Seward (95), pl. iii., iv., vill.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 25

ZAMITES MORRISIL (Tate).

Plate V., fig. 4.

1867. Paleozamia (Podozanutes) morris Tate, Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc., vol. xxiii., p. 145, pl. v., fig. 4.

Frond pinnate; rachis broad and woody, bearing two rows of

pinne. The pinne are attached either at right angles or at a very

wide angle to the rachis; in shape like the head of a spear, rounded

at the base and tapering to an acuminate apex. Veins numerous

and parallel. .

A portion of Tate’s type-specimen from Geelhoutboom (Museum

of Geological Society No. 11,108) of this species is figured on pl. v.,

fig. 4.

This solitary specimen may, as Tate believed, represent a well-

marked type, distinct from Zamites recta, but it is by no means

impossible that it may be a fragment from the basal portion of a

frond of that species. It may be compared with Otozamites

acuminatus (lu. and H.)* from the Yorkshire Inferior Oolite, with

which it agrees in the position and form of the segments, but the

resemblance is hardly close enough to be regarded as a mark of

identity. Some of the specimens from the Potomac formation of

America, figured by Fontaine as Nageiopsis ovata} are very similar

to Zanutes morris. In the true Nageiopsis the leaves are arranged

spirally as in the recent conifers Agathis and Podocarpus, whereas in

Zamites the segments are given off from the rachis in two rows.

Plate V., fig. 4.

A portion of the type-specimen is shown in the figure. The stout

woody axis bears two lateral rows of short acuminate pinne, which

in venation and apparently also in their manner of attachment to the

rachis agree with Zamutes recta.

ZAMITES AFRICANA (Tate).

[Possibly identical with Zanutes rubidger (Tate) }.

Plate V., fig. 5.

1867. Paleozamia (vel Pterophyllum) africana, Tate, Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc., vol. xxiii. p. 145, pl. v., fig. 5.

The type-specimen of Tate (No. 11,110, Geological Society’s

* Seward (00), pl. ii., fig. 1, pl. vi., fig. 1. + Fontaine (89), pl. Ixxvii., Ixxx.

26 Annals of the South African Museum.

Museum), is represented in pl. v., fig. 5; the original figure shows

only a single pinna.

If the specimen had not been named by Tate, I should have

probably not ventured to record it under a specific name. The

imperfect linear pinne shown in fig. 5 are, no doubt, segments of a

pinnate cycadean frond similar to Zamites buchianus (Ett.); it is by

no means unlikely that the specimen named by Tate Paleozamia

rubidgei, may represent the apical portion of a frond of which the

fragments referred by him to Pale@ozamia africana, are the longer

and more spreading segments of the lower or median region.

Plate V., fig. 5.

(Museum of the London Geological Society, No. 11,110.)

An imperfect specimen from the Sunday River, Geelhoutboom,

showing portions of five parallel pinne, the longest of which reaches

a length of 13°5 cm., with a breadth at the lower end of 1 cm.,

tapering gradually towards a narrow acuminate tip. The veins are

represented as prominent ribs. The dotted outline in the figure

indicates that a portion of the rock is not represented.

ZAMITES RUBIDGEI (Tate).

[Possibly identical with Zamnvites africana (Tate).]

Plate V., fig. 3.

1867. Paleozania rubidgei, Tate, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,

vol. xxili., p. 145, pl. v., figs. 3a, 30.

Frond pinnate, bearing two lateral rows of linear pinne. The

pinne are confluent and decurrent on the rachis; veins numerous

and paraliel.

The type-specimen of Tate (Museum of the Geological Society,

No. 11,109) is refigured on pl. v., fig. 3. I have not met with any

examples of this type in the collection recently received from Cape

Colony. It is possible that the discovery of more perfect material

may render it advisable to substitute for Zamites some other generic

name, but for the present I prefer to make use of that designation.

The fragment may be compared with such a fossil found as Zamites

buchianus (Ktt.) of Wealden age,* as described from England,

Germany, Japan, and elsewhere. The veins are parallel and, so far

* Seward (95), p. 79, pl. iii., iv., viii. A. Nathorst (90), pl. ii., iii., v.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 27

as One can see, not connected by transverse or oblique anastomoses,

but in other respects Tate’s species agrees closely with Ctenis falcata

L. and H. A very similar form of leaf is represented also by a

specimen in the York Museum from the Inferior Oolite beds of East

Yorkshire ; but until we obtain more material Tate’s species cannot

be more fully defined or compared with other types. The specimen

probably represents a portion from the apical region of a frond of

similar form to the Wealden species Zamutes buchianus (Ett.).

Genus NILSSONIA.

NILSSONIA TATEI sp. Nov.

Plate IV., figs. 1, 2.

The specimens (291c, 293c), on which this species is founded, are

almost too fragmentary to name, but the portions of fronds repre-

sented in figs. 1 and 2, with an imperfectly preserved larger specimen

(293c), enable us to obtain some idea as to the general form of the

complete leaf.

Frond consisting of a prominent woody axis bearing a lamina

dissected into long band-like segments of unequal breadth, separated

from one another by fairly broad sinuses reaching to the rachis.

The lamina appears to have extended on to the upper face of the

rachis, and was probably continued over it as in the typical Nilssonia

fronds ; the segments are traversed by numerous parallel veins which

were single or forked close to their origin from the axis. The species

with which the Uitenhage fragments exhibit the closest similarity

have been described under the generic name Pterophyllum, but there

appears to be enough evidence in the present case to assign the

specimens to Nilssonia.

Among Indian forms, the following may be compared with

Nilssonia tater :—

Pterophyllum princeps O. and M.,* P. rajmahalense Morr., t

P. carterianum Old.,t P. morrisianwm Old.,§ P. falconerianum

Morr., || and P. medlicotianum O. and M.‘! Other similar species

ate ste

Pterophyllum e@quale Brongn., {+ as figured by Nathorst from the

* Oldham and Morris (63), pl. x. te Lbtdey ple xa sphiger 4.

i Tbid., pl. xv., fig. 4. § Toid:, fig. 1

|| Ibid., fig, 2. {] Ibid., fig. 3.

** Heer (77), pl. xxv., fig. 5. t+ Nathorst (79), pl. xv.

28 Annals of the South African Museum.

Rhetic of Scania, another European Rhetic species, Nélssona

acununata Goepp.,* and a Queensland fossil described by Shirley as

Pterophyllum quadriflorum.+

Plate IV., figs. 1, 2 (291¢).

These fragments illustrate the characters referred to above. The

preservation is far from perfect, and it is possible that the reference

to Nilssonia is incorrect. In the lower right-hand segment of fig. 1

the lamina extends up to the middle of the rachis, and in this respect

agrees with species of Nilssonia.

Other Specimens : 298c, part of a frond 8 cm. long. The lamina

is much torn and broken, but there appear to be entire segments

broader than those represented in pl. iv., figs. 1, 2. The veins

are clearly preserved ; in the lower part of the specimen they spring

from the rachis approximately at right angles, in the apical region

being given off at a much smaller angle; they are approximately

1 mm. apart, rather less numerous than in the specimens repre-

sented in figs. 1, 2, pl. iv. The lamina, at least in the apical

region, appears to be practically continuous over the axis of

the leaf.

Also specimens of Araucarites scales.

Genus CYCADOLEPIS Saporta.

We owe this generic designation, to Saporta,} who made use of it

for fossils which he regarded as bud-scales of cycadean fronds.

In Part II. of the British Museum Catalogue of the Wealden

Flora § I extended this term to include ‘ Scale-like leaf structures

of cycadean plants, varying considerably in form and including

detached petiolar bases, bud-scales, &c., also isolated carpellary

or antheriferous scales which exhibit no trace of ovules or pollen-

sacs.”

We might add to this designation, scale-like structures which may

have served as a protective covering to young and unexpanded

vegetative leaves or fertile shoots.

* Schenk (67), pl. xxxiii. + Shirley (98), p. 16, pl. xix. and xxiv.

+ Saporta (75), p. 200. § Seward (95), p. 96.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 29

CYCADOLEPIS JENKINSIANA (Tate).

Plate IV., figs. 3-6.

Text-figure 2.

1867. Cyclopteris jenkinsiana, Tate, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,

vol, xl, plu, te. 4, p. 146.

Scale-leaves more or less orbicular in shape, reaching a length

of rather more than 12 cm. and a breadth of almost equal

dimensions; attached to the supporting organ by a_ broad

Wey

Nay

| f

TEXT-FIGURE 2. (Nat. size.)

Cycadolepis jenkinsiana (Tate).

base. The lamina is traversed by a well-defined midrib consist-

ing of several parallel veins (fig. 5), but most of the veins spread

from the base towards the sides and distal edge, forking repeatedly

as in the Cyclopteris type of venation ; between and above the veins

occur numerous fine anastomosing and irregularly disposed lines

(figs. 4, 5) which present the appearance of the remains of a felt

of hairs which originally covered the whole lamina. The scale-leaf

30 Annals of the South African Museum.

often occurs folded on itself along the median line as if functioning

as a protective or stipular organ.

The specimen figured by Tate as Cyclopteris jenkinsiana is

undoubtedly identical with that represented in pl. iv., figs. 3-6.

An examination of his type-specimen in the Museum of the

Geological Society reveals certain imperfections in the published

drawing, although on the whole the figure is by no means inac-

curate; the outline of the fossil is more ill-defined and irregular

than the drawing suggests, and under a low magnifying power the

surface resolves itself into an irregular network of fine lines, as

shown in fig. 5, pl. iv. (specimen 319c). Veins, like those seen

in fig. 6, may be detected here and there in Tate’s specimen, but

for the most part they are too obscure to recognise; the texture

of the leaf and the irregular fine lines over the surface present an

appearance as of some woolly covering over the whole lamina,

as shown also in fig. 4, pl. iv.

The specimen shown in text-figure 2 presents the appearance of

a flattened stem, but the surface features, as seen on the side

figured, are clearly those of Cycadolepis; along one edge there

are distinct traces of veins following a vertical course, and from

them numerous veins spread in an obliquely ascending direction

towards the right-hand upper edge of the cast. A short distance

below the upper end of the specimen a transversely elongated

scar, s, marks the position of an appendage, which was possibly

another Cycadolepis sheathing scale. Part of the surface is covered

by a thin mineral layer, b, which exhibits no definite texture. The

whole specimen is 8 cm. long by 4:5 cm. broad, and has a com-

pressed elliptical form in section: it represents, I believe, the cast

of a branch bearing several sheathing scale-leaves, and may well

belong to Benstedtia. While admitting the absence of decisive proof,

I am inclined to regard Cycadolepis as a bract-like organ borne on

the branches of Benstedtia and functioning as a protection to the

young and unexpanded leaves.

The specimens represented in pl. iv., figs. 3-6, present a fairly

close resemblance to some Wealden fossils described in 1895 as

examples of Saporta’s genus Cycadolepis, and included in a sub-

section Hury-Cycadolepis, which was defined as follows: ‘ Broadly

oval or orbicular scales, with the broadest portion frequently nearer

the distal than the proximal end; thick and fibrous structures.” *

Two examples of these scales are shown in text-figures 3 and 4.

* Seward (95), p. 96.

Fossil Ftoras of Cape Colony. 31

I regarded the English Wealden specimens as stout and leathery

scales which were originally attached to a cycadean stem, com-

paring them with the large persistent petiole bases of the recent

Macrozania douglasi and other cycads. This comparison still

seems to me justified by the close resemblance between the

fossils and the scales of recent cycadean stems as well as with

such fossil scale-leaves or leaf-bases as those in Carruthers’ genus

Fittonia.* The English specimens usually show no trace of vena-

tion, but in the small example shown in fig. 3 there are several

clearly marked veins springing from the basal end. In the larger

specimen (fig. 4) the surface shows in places numerous irregular

wrinklings similar to those in Cycadolepis jenkinsiana. The curved

ridge stretching across the scale close to the base of the specimen

TExt-ricuRE 3. (Nat. size.) (British Museum Collection, No. V. 2181a.)

Cycadolepis from the Wealden of England.

drawn in fig. 4 shows the area of attachment and agrees closely

with a similar feature in the Uitenhage examples. In the African

specimens the lamina is often folded along the median line, a

character not noticed in the English forms, and the latter differ

in the apparently greater robustness and less leaf-like nature. On

the whole I am disposed to consider the Uitenhage fossils as

detached leaf-like bodies borne, possibly, on a cycadean stem

and serving as protective structures to leaves during the earlier

stages of growth. They may be compared with the stipules of

the Marattiaceze among ferns, and with the much smaller scale-

leaves of modern cyeads. It is true that existing cycadean plants

do not possess structures that function as sheathing bracts and bear

a close resemblance to Cycadolepis jenkinsiana ; a nearer analogy

* Carruthers (70), p. 690.

32 Annals of the South African Musewmn.

with the fossil scale-leaves is presented by the sheathing stipules

of such recent ferns as Marattia, Angiopterts, Todea; among

Paleozoic ferns we have the so-called Aphlebie, which, in some

cases at least, acted as protective scales to unexpanded fronds, It

may be that the fossils referred to Cycadolepis should rather be

described as fern leaves, but I incline to the view that they are

cycadean for the following’ reasons: They correspond fairly closely

TrExT-FIGURE 4. (4 nat. size.) (British Museum Collection, No. V. 2799.)

Cycadolepis from the Wealden of England.

with the English specimens which I have little or no hesitation

in referring to cycads; they occur in almost constant association

with the fronds of Zamites recta in the Uitenhage beds. We know

that Mesozoic cycads possessed more fern-like characters than are

found among their modern representatives, and it would not be sur-

prising to find that some types produced scale-leaves comparable

with the Aphlebi@ of extinct species of ferns and the stipular

appendages of certain existing genera.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 33

Plate IV., fig. 3 (315c, 316c).

This specimen has a length of 7-5 cm.; it is not quite complete

at the distal margin (lower end of drawing); its greatest breadth is

7 cm., but the edges are slightly torn and imperfect. At the upper

end, as seen in the figure (the base of the specimen), there is a

straight edge to the lamina, which no doubt marks the original place

of attachment. The lamina is traversed by numerous spreading

veins, as in a true Cyclopteris, but the median portion is occupied

by more numerous parallel veins which form a fairly distinct and

broad midrib. Over part of the surface the veins are obscured

by the presence of flexuous and irregularly anastomosing fine

lines. The resemblance to Tate’s type-specimen is very close, as

regards shape, the presence of a midrib, and the surface texture.

Fragments of Zamites fronds and rachis with Araucarian scales

-and seeds occur on the back of this slab.

Plate IV., fig. 4 (280c).

A scale similar to that shown in fig. 3, but rather less and with

a more complete base (upper end of drawing). The well-marked

slightly curved line at the termination of the midrib may be

regarded as the broad attachment-area by which the scale was

articulated to its supporting organ. ‘The outline is torn and very

indistinctly defined; the surface features agree exactly with those

in Tate’s type-specimen.

Plate IV., fig. 6 (311c).

A scale 12 em. long, torn across close to the base. The lower

margin is clearly defined, but the distal end and upper edge are

torn and incomplete; the whole is traversed by veins, which are in

places hidden by the presence of the fine hair-like markings shown

between the ribs in fig. 5; the veins run parallel to the upper edge,

which is approximately in the position of the midrib, on which the

whole lamina was evidently folded as if clasping and protecting

some immature organ. The drawing, therefore, probably represents

a large scale-leaf folded along its axis.

Plate V., fig. 5 (819c).

A portion of a scale-leaf enlarged three times to show the veins

as prominent ribs and the delicate carbonaceous lines forming an

irregular network in the intercostal areas.

34 Annals of the South African Museum.

Other Specimens: A, a specimen 7 em. long by 6:5 broad,

convex in section, and evidently a portion of a broad scale-leaf

folded on itself; veins clearly defined. 265c, a good example of

the basal portion of Cycadolepis (Zamites on the reverse side).

305c, 313c, 314c, a specimen about 10 cm. long showing the

veins over part of the surface. 313c, with Zamites pinne.

320c, a good impression of part of a Cycadolepis showing the

line of attachment at the base and the spreading veins. The

broad base of the midrib is clearly preserved. A fragment of

Onychiopsis on the reverse side. 321c, with Zamites and ? Ben-

stedtia. 324c, 326c (cf. 305c), 335c, and Zamites, 336c, 371c.

Genus BENSTEDTIA.

In 1862 Mr. Mackie * described and figured a fossil stem from

Lower Greensand rocks in Kent, which Konig named Dracena ben-

stedtw. This name was adopted by Morris+ and by Mantell. In

1868 Carruthers | expressed the opinion that the fossils discovered

by Mr. Bensted presented a closer resemblance to Pandanus than to

Dracena, but Gardner § afterwards alluded to the specimens as

possibly cyeadean. An examination of Mackie’s original specimen

in the British Museum, and of other examples from Lower Green-

sand and Wealden rocks, led me to adopt the view that Konig’s

Dracena is in all probability the stem of a cycad. In most recent

cycads the surface of the stem is encased in an armour of persistent

leaf-bases, but in Zama (e.g., Z. skinnert Warsz., Z. loddigesu

Miq., &c.) and in Cycas siamensis Miq. the leaf-bases are replaced

by a corky investment bearing numerous oval protuberances and

irregular transverse wrinklings. This close resemblance between

the fossil and recent stems caused me to institute a new generic

name, Benstedtia,|| to be applied to such fossil stems as agree in

surface features with cycadean trunks of the Zana type. Ben-

stedtia is defined as follows :—

«Stems having the surface marked by irregular and interrupted

grooves and broader ridges running transversely, with occasional

small elliptical protuberances irregularly disposed on the surface of

the stem. No distinct leaf-scars; branch-scars may be present, and

in addition to smaller lateral branches, a bifurcation of the stem

* Mackie (62), pl. xxii. + Morris (54), p. 8.

t Carruthers (68), p. 154 (footnote).

§ Gardner (86), p. 201. || Seward (96).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 35

may be indicated by the converging upwards of the transverse lines

on the surface of the stem.”

Since the publication of my paper in which the genus Benstedtia

was suggested, Professor Fliche, of Nancy, has described some casts

of stems from the Lower Cretaceous of France under the name

Coniferocaulon.* The fossils are, I believe, identical with those

referred to Benstedtia. Professor Fliche draws attention to the

resemblance as regards surface features to stems of Araucaria of the

section Colymbea, but does not suggest a comparison with Zamia.

Without anatomical evidence it is impossible to say whether the

fossil stems are cycadean or coniferous, but the resemblance to

Zama is at least as striking as their similarity to Araucaria, and

in case of doubt a non-committed term such as Benstedtia is

preferable.

BENSTEDTIA sp.

(Cf. Coniferocaulon colymbeeforme Fliche.)

Plate V., fig. 2,

Text-figure 5.

The Uitenhage specimens referred to this genus are very similar

to those previously figured from Maidstone + and from the Sussex

coast.;| They include partially flattened cylindrical casts, with

occasional branch-scars, and portions of much broader stems like

that represented in fig. 2, pl. v.

The collection of Uitenhage plants in the Museum of the

Geological Society contains a few imperfect specimens like that

shown in fig. 2, pl. v., which Tate identified as probably cycadean.§

I agree with his determination, and, while admitting the absence of

proof, am disposed to consider the specimens as casts of some

cycadean plant. The frequent association of these stems with the

fronds of Zamites recta is a point in favour of the supposition that

they represent portions of the same plant; possibly the large Cyca-

dolepis scale-leaves may also have been borne on Benstedtia stems.

This is, however, merely a suggestion, in support of which I am

unable to furnish anything of the nature of proof.

The stem casts figured by Fliche || from Lower Cretaceous rocks

of France (La Haute-Marne) as Coniferocaulon colymbeeforme

* Fliche (00). + Seward (96), pl. xiv. { Seward (95), pl. xii.

§ Tate (67), p. 147. || Fliche (00), fig. 1-3.

36 Annals of the South African Museum.

appear to be identical with those from South Africa; the surface

features are the same, and in both cases branch-sears occur. It is

possible, as Fliche suggests, that the stems are those of an

Araucarian plant, but whether their determination as coniferous or

cycadean is more likely to be correct must be left undecided.

Plate V., fig. 2 (292c).

A portion of a large piece of bark, 10 cm. by 9 cm. The axis

traversing the surface obliquely—as shown in the drawing—is prob-

= er a eee ~

See

552 Boe SS

TEXT-FIGURE 5.

Benstedtia sp. 387c. (Nat. size.)

ably a foreign body, and may be the rachis of Zamites recta, The

surface characters as shown in fig. 2 appear to be exactly of the type

described in the English specimens of Benstedtia.

Text-fig. 5. A flattened cast, 8°5 cm. long and 2°7 em. broad,

showing one branch-scar, s. The cast is for the most part covered

with a layer of bark exhibiting the characteristic tuberculated and

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 37

wrinkled surface of Benstedtia. Very similar to Fliche’s specimen

represented in his fig. 2. On the face of the cast shown in the

drawing the bark is represented by a very small piece—d, exhibiting

the Benstedtia texture.

Other Specimens : 297c, an almost flat impression, 12 cm. long,

with some carbonaceous matter on the surface, bearing numerous

tubercles, reminding one of the transversely elongated lenticels on a

piece of birch bark. 338c, with fragments of Cladophlebis browniana

and a coniferous twig. 364c, with Zanutes, 379c the cast of a stem

32 cm. long, showing a single branch-scar; one side is covered with

a layer of bark similar to that shown in pl. v., fig. 2, resting on the

woody substance of the stem. 380c, a narrow branching cast,

probably referable to Benstedtia ; 381c, 382c, 383c, 384c, 386c.

CYCADOPHYTA ?

Genus CARPOLITHES Sternberg.

CARPOLITHES sp.

The collection includes a single seed (388c) of oval nut-like form,

1:3 cm. long by 9 mm. in breadth. In shape it represents that of a

recent cycad rather than the seed of a conifer, and may be included

under Gymnosperme as a doubtful representative of the Cycadophyta.

Group CONIFERALES.

Famitry ARAUCARIE A.

Genus ARAUCARITES Presl.

ARAUCARITES ROGERSI™ sp. noy.

Plate VI., figs. 4-7.

Cone-scales broad, reaching a breadth of 3 cm.; distal margin

straight, prolonged into a short median appendage (fig. 4), and

* After my friend, Mr. A. W. Rogers, of the Geological Commission of Cape

Colony.

38 Annals of the South African Museum.

bending down into a thin lateral wing, as in the scales of Araucaria

cookit and other recent members of the Hutacta division of

Araucaria ; surface of the scales characterised by the occurrence of

forked ribs (vascular bundles), which follow a more or less vertical

course ; each scale bears a single obovate seed, terminating distally

in a bluntly rounded base. No trace of a “ligule.”

The collection includes several examples of cone-scales like those

represented on pl. vi., figs. 4-7, which agree so closely with the

cone-scales of Araucaria cookw and other recent species of Araucaria

that I have no hesitation in referring them to the genus Araucarites.

They are practically identical with the recent type of ovuliferous

seeds characteristic of the Hutacta section of Araucaria. There is

one specimen in the Museum of the Geological Society (11,117)

collected by Atherstone in 1858, which is no doubt the example

referred to by Tate as ‘‘the under surface of the base of a cone,”’ *

and doubtfully determined as cycadean. This specimen represents

several broad scales adhering together in their original position.

Among fossil forms there are several Mesozoic species which pre-

sent a close resemblance to Araucarites rogersi, but the agreement

is hardly such as to justify the inclusion of the African cone-scales

in any previously recorded species. Araucarites macropteris + and

A. cutchensis,| described by Feistmantel from the Rajmahal and

Jabalpur series of India, represent closely allied types. Araucarites

wyonungensis Ward,§ from the Neocomian of Dakota, affords

evidence of the occurrence of a similar species of the genus in

North America. Among English species Avraucarites brodiei,||

Jurassic strata, afford other examples of broad Araucarian cone-

scales ; and a specimen figured by Frié and Bayer from Lower

Cretaceous rocks of Bohemia as “ cf. Araucaria bohemica Vel.,’’ ++

may also be mentioned as evidence of the existence of this type of

Araucarites in Europe.

In the absence of more perfect material it is probably better to

include the smaller scale represented in fig. 5, pl. vi., with the larger

form under one specific name.

* Tate (67), p. 147.

+ Feistmantel (772), pl. viii., figs. 9-12 ; (79), pl. xiv., xvi.

{ Feistmantel (79), pl. xiv., xvi.

§ Ward (99), pl. clxiii., figs. 1-6, 8, 9.

|| Carruthers (697), pl. ii., figs. 1-6.

“| Ibid., pl. ii., fig. 7-9 ; Seward (00), pl. x., fig. 4.

** Carruthers (66) (71). ++ Frié and Bayer (01), fig. 50.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 39

Plate VI., fig. 4 (298c).

This scale—3 cm. long—shows clearly the impressions of the

vascular bundles over the area originally occupied by the seed. The

thin lateral margins are partially preserved, but in the perfect scale

the breadth was no doubt slightly greater. In the middle of the

distal edge the scale shows part of a projection similar to the longer

outgrowth seen in Araucaria cookw, the scales and seeds of which

agree closely with those of Arawcarites rogerst.

Plate VI., fig. 5 (298c).

A much smaller and less perfect scale, similar to Araucarites

cutchensis, as figured by Feistmantel from the Upper Gondwanas of

the Madras Coast,* and to some scales of draucarites phillipst Carr. |

Plate VI., fig. 6 (295c).

Two imperfectly preserved overlapping scales, each showing the

outline of a seed. The two scales are so closely pressed together

that it is almost impossible to trace the boundary between them.

Plate VL, fig. 7 (300c).

This specimen shows more clearly the broad membranous wing.

Part of the projection from the distal margin is preserved, a depres-

sion in the middle line of the scale indicating the position of the

seed,

Other Specimens : 301¢, 304¢ (with fragments of Zamites), 306c,

307c, 308¢ (with Zanutes, &c.), 319¢ (with good impression, on the

reverse side, of Cycadolepis), 322c, 330c, 331c, 337c.

CONIFERALES OF DOUBTFUL POSITION.

Genus TAXITES Brongniart.

This artificial genus is convenient for the inclusion of fragments

of vegetative twigs, presumably of conifers, resembling those of

Taxus, Sequoia sempervirens, Torreya, and some other types of

recent Conifer, in having narrow linear leaves traversed by a single

midrib and disposed in a two-ranked arrangement. Many of the

* Feistmantel (79), pl. xiv. + Cf. Seward (00), pl. x., fig. 4.

40 Annals of the South African Museum.

fossil fragments referred by authors to the genus Palissya and to

Sequoia have the vegetative characters of the comprehensive genus

Taxites.

TAXITES sp.

Plate VI., fig. 15.

The fragment represented in fig. 15 is too small and incomplete

to refer to a distinct species; twigs of this type are exceedingly

common in Mesozoic Floras, and, in the absence of reproductive

organs, cannot be placed with any degree of certainty in a particular

family. Similar coniferous shoots are recorded by Feistmantel from

India as Tazxites planus* and Palissya (?) jabalpurensis ; + the

British type, Taxites zamioides,} of Inferior Oolite age, is another of

the numerous examples that may be compared with the Uitenhage

specimen.

Plate VI., fig. 15 (Y).

A fragment showing numerous linear leaves attached by a base

which is decurrent on the axis of the shoot. The leaves appear to

have a single median vein.

Associated with fragments of Cladophlebis denticulata forma

atherstonet.

The only other specimen in the collection is 176d.

Genus BRACHYPHYLLUM Brongniart.

BRACHYPHYLLUM sp.

Plate VI., figs. 13, 18.

The scraps of coniferous twigs preserved in the Uitenhage plant-

beds are too fragmentary and imperfect to refer with confidence to

any species.§ Tate mentions the occurrence of portions of a

coniferous stem, which are no doubt identical with that represented

in fig. 13, ‘‘ closely allied to Athrotaxites indicus Old.” || This type

of stem is exceedingly abundant in Wealden and Jurassic rocks ; it

is recorded by many authors under the genus Brachyphyllum, while

others adopt the names Hchinostrobus or Athrotaxites. Feistmantel’s

* Feistmantel (79), pl. xili.—xv. + Feistmantel (773), pl. ix., x.

t Seward (00), pl. x., fig. 5. § Tate (67), p. 147.

|| Oldham and Morris (63), pl. xxxii., fig. 8.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 41

Echinostrobus rajmahalensis may be referred to as one of the many

similar types of Coniferous shoots, also the widely spread species

Brachyphyllum mamillare Brongn., but without more material

specific identification is hopeless.

Plate VI., fig. 13 (299c).

The figure represents a portion of the specimen; the branch was

clothed with crowded and spirally disposed leaves, which were

probably of the thick and fleshy Brachyphyllum type.

Associated with Araucarites scales and with Zamites recta.

Plate VI., fig. 18 (348c).

A small piece of a branched twig showing a well-defined reticulum

marking the spaces between the crowded leaves or leaf-cushions.

Each mesh of the reticulum is occupied by a flat area divided into

an upper and a lower region, and showing in the upper third of the

median line a patch of carbonaceous material. The whole (fig. 18)

presents a superficial resemblance to the leaf-cushion and leaf-scar

of a Lepidondendron.

The portion figured has a length of 3-5 mm.

In addition to fragments like that represented in fig. 13, pl. vi., a

few smaller examples of coniferous twigs occur (354¢, 355c) of the

type shown in fig. 2. These smaller pieces show the apices of the

appressed and thick leaves projecting slightly from the axis of

the branch. A comparison may be made between these more

slender shoots and the European Wealden species Sphenolepidiunr

kurrianum (Schenk), but it would be rash to suggest specific

identity.

Genus CONITES Sternberg.

CONITES sp. a.

Plate VI., figs. 2, 2a.

The two small and somewhat obscure cones shown in fig. 2 (310c)

appear to be attached to a slender branched axis, but they are not

in organic connection with the adjacent twig. It is impossible to

determine the nature of these cones, whether male or immature

female; the small dimensions suggest a comparison with the male

flowers of recent Conifer, but, on the other hand, the comparatively

49 Annals of the South African Museum,

broad character of the cone is a point in favour of a comparison with

such small, presumably female, cones as those of the Wealden

Sphenolepidium sternbergianum (Schenk),* Ceratostrobus echinatus

Vel.,} of Lower Cretaceous age, and some small cones described by

Fontaine from the Potomac formation + as ‘“‘aments of conifers.”

The cone-scales as shown in fig. 2a are imperfectly preserved, but

there are indications of a central keel or projection on their

expanded distal ends.

CoNITES sp. [.

Plate VI., figs. 1, la, 3.

These cones may be specifically identical with the slightly broader

form represented in fig. 2, but their relatively longer and narrow

form suggests that they are male flowers.

Plate VI., figs. 1, la (253c).

The cone represented natural size in fig. 1 shows numerous

spirally disposed, distally expanded scales with traces of a small

central umbo (fig. la), which may well be sporophylls bearing

pollen-sacs.

Plate VI, fig. 3 (298c).

A cone seen in longitudinal section, showing the sporophylls

attached at right angles to the axis of the flower.

Other Specimens : 250c, 251c, 252c.

CONIFEROUS WOOD.

In addition to the stem casts referred to the genus Benstedtia, the

collection includes a few specimens of what is probably true coni-

ferous wood; but without petrified examples it is impossible to

attempt an accurate determination.

Specimen x. This specimen represents a sandstone cast, 19 cm.

long, and at least 8 cm. in diameter. The contour of the surface is

the chief point of interest; the wood of the stem or root was con-

* Schenk (71), pl. xxxviii., fig. 13. + Velenovsky (85), pl. xi., figs. 13, 15.

+ Fontaine (89), pl. cxxxvi., fig. 2.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 43

siderably swollen at intervals; the cast presents the appearance of

a transversely corrugated axis with broad, transverse swellings and

intervening grooves. There are two branch-scars. The irregularity

in the diameter suggests a comparison with the root wood of recent

conifers. Somewhat similar casts are recorded by Goeppert * from

the Quadersandstein of Silesia as Cylindrites spongioides.

Specimens 32c, 33c, 34c, 36c, probably represent portions of coni-

ferous wood, but in the absence of petrified tissues an accurate

determination is out of the question.

PLANT OF DOUBTFUL POSITION.

Plate VI., fig. 14.

The specimen represented in fig. 14 (332c) consists of two thick

bodies, consisting of a short stalk terminating expanding into a

semicircular head. In the lower part of the expanded head there

is a well-defined depressed area, bounded below by a straight line

and by a curved line above, which may be the scar of some

appendage. ‘The surface is irregularly pitted.

The collection includes a few other isolated bodies like the two

shown in the drawing (e.g., 326c).

Some detached scales figured by Fri¢ and Bayer + from Lower

Cretaceous rocks of Bohemia as Dammara borealis Heer bear a

resemblance to fig. 13, but I must leave them as portions of a plant

of uncertain position.

III.— CONCLUSION.

The following list includes all the species and genera recognised

in the Uitenhage Flora; the localities from which the specimens

were obtained are added after each name :—

FILICcALEs.

Onychiopsis mantelli (Brongn.)......... Bezuidenhout River, Witte River. (Both

localities on the farm Geelhoutboom,

now the Roman Catholic Mission Sta-

tion, Dunbrodie.)

* Goeppert (41), pl. xlvi., xlvili., p. 115.

+ Fri¢ and Bayer (01), p. 95, fig. 47.

44 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Cladophlebis browniana (Dunk.). ...... Bezuidenhout River.

Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) forma

GEWOMSLOMCUM aerators Ricieis/se1e GrereectoLewel oe teY Herbertsdale, Bezuidenhout River.

Sphenopteris fittont Sew. ......-.0...0 Bezuidenhout River.

SUCRE FUS SD, s6a00c00000000050007 Sunday River, Dunbrodie.

NAMOMAS Be Sanvooasu5acoeapasnac . Herbertsdale, Bezuidenhout River.

CYCADOPHYTA.

Aanvvtes recta, (Wate) ) eee esse Bezuidenhout River.

Zamites morrisit (Tate).

Zamites africana (Tate).

Zamites rubidget (Tate).

Nilssonia tatet sp. nov. .............- Bezuidenhout River.

Cycadolepis jenkinsiana (Tate) ........ Bezuidenhout River.

Benstedtia sp. (ef. Coniferocaulon colwm-

WA OFTHE IMGG)) Soreaobooocood70G0s Bezuidenhout River.

Campolitles*S pane scare ceric ris ciate Bezuidenhout River.

CoNIFERALES.

Araucarites rogersi sp. NOY. .........- Bezuidenhout River.

PN QUCUEE SUS) oeeve ohetevs ofetetaercvete tate foictorersietes sts Herbertsdale.

BRACHUDIVY LLU Siam erejsteneiaisre eieietcistel ste Bezuidenhout River.

Conites sp. a. F :

oe P Rs RR a reset eh a Bezuidenhout River.

Conites sp. [3. j

Comiferous WOOd). .2.ccsclecee ciate tyres sce 2s Bezuidenhout River.

LOMEG INCCNLELSEAIS pte ite eielersietereieiekerei> Bezuidenhout River.

Onychiopsis mantelli (Brongn.). This species, although probably

not absolutely confined to rocks of Wealden age, is essentially a

characteristic member of floras belonging to that epoch. It has a

wide geographical distribution in Europe, and occurs in North

America and Japan. Onychiopsis mantelli must have been one of

the most abundant plants in the vegetation of which fragments are

preserved in the Uitenhage beds.

Cladophlebis browniana (Dunk.). As already pointed out, it is

almost impossible to determine fronds of this type with accuracy,

but the specimens with which the South African specimens appear

to be identical is a Wealden fern of common occurrence in Europe

and in the Far East. The distinction between Wealden and Inferior

Oolite species is in many cases by no means well marked, and this

form of frond, taken by itself, cannot be regarded as a trustworthy

index of the Wealden age of a flora.

Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) forma atherstonet. This repre-

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 45

sents another very abundant and widely distributed type of frond

met with in rocks ranging in age from Rhetic to supra- Wealden.

Taken by itself this almost ubiquitous form of fern does not afford

conclusive testimony of age, but it is chiefly characteristic of the

Upper rather than the Lower Jurassic series, and of Lower Cre-

taceous rocks.

Sphenopteris fittont Sew. A less widely spread type and

a safer criterion of age, indicating Wealden rather than a lower

horizon.

Sphenopteris sp. Too fragmentary a specimen to serve as a safe

guide.

Teniopteris sp., cf. T. arctica (Heer.). Another common type, but

on the whole nearer to a species of Lower Cretaceous age than to

Jurassic types of Teniopteris.

Zamites recta (Tate). The fronds of this species are very similar

to those of Williamsonia gigas (L. and H.), a characteristic Jurassic

plant. The separation of pinnate cycadean fronds of the form

represented by Zamites recta into well-defined species is hardly

possible ; but whether Tate’s species be distinct, or identical with a

European type, it undoubtedly agrees more closely with Jurassic

than with Wealden cycadean fronds.

Zamites morrisit (Tate). The type-specimen of Tate is the only

example so far obtained ; it may be a distinct species, but it is by no

means unlikely that it may prove to be identical with 7. recta. It

throws no further light on the question of age.

Zamites africana (Tate). Too fragmentary to be used as evidence

of age, but resembling a Wealden species, Zanutes buchianus (EKtt.),

perhaps more closely than a Jurassic type.

Zamites rubidget (Tate). Fronds are known of both Jurassic and

Wealden age which bear a close resemblance to the single specimen

on which this species was founded by Tate.

Nilssonia tatet sp. nov. On the whole species of Jurassic age

from Indian and European localities exhibit the closest resemblance

to this form.

46 Annals of the South African Museum.

Cycadolepis jenkinsiana (Tate), and The scale-leaves and stems from English

Benstedtia sp. and Wealden beds referred to in the

account of these Uitenhage fossils show

a very close resemblance to the African

specimens,

Araucarites rogersi sp. nov. The genus Araucarites was widely

distributed as a member of Jurassic floras, but its occurrence also in

Wealden beds renders it of uncertain value as an index of age.

Such forms of Araucarian cone-scales as resemble Azaucarites

rogerst most closely are from Jurassic horizons.

It seems clear that the Uitenhage plants include types in part

characteristic of Wealden and in part indicative of Jurassic floras.

On the whole there is a balance of evidence in favour of a Wealden

horizon. The comparative paucity of species and the fact that

several forms are represented by small fragments render conclusions

as to age somewhat difficult; but I have little hesitation in stating

that the flora exhibits more well-defined points of contact with

plants of Wealden age than with older floras. The impression

given by the occurrence of Wealden species with others more nearly

allied to Jurassic types is that this flora from Cape Colony, repre-

sented by a small number of species, marks a phase of Mesozoic

vegetation on the boundary of the Jurassic and Wealden periods.

Between Wealden floras, especially such as are known from the

lower beds of the formation, and Oolitic floras, there exist but minor

differences. It was during the period immediately succeeding that

represented by the English Wealden strata that the plant-world

experienced a striking change. Before this change took place there

appears to have been a long period during which but little alteration

occurred in the composition of the Mesozoic vegetation.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 47

Il—STORMBERG FLORA.

Plates VII.-IX., XI., figs. 2, 3.

Text-figures 6 and 7.

I.—INTRODUCTION.

THE plants included in this section were obtained from the following

localities: Maclear and neighbourhood, Tina River, Kenigha River,

Matatiele, Edward’s Hope, Cyphergat, Molteno, and Stormberg.

The most important account of the flora of this uppermost division

of the Karoo formation is that by Feistmantel,* who refers to the

Stormberg beds as probably of Lias-Rheetic age. The floras of other

regions—Scania and Franconia in Kurope, Australia, and the Argen-

tine Republic in the Southern hemisphere—with which the African

plants are most nearly allied are usually described as Rheetic in age,

and there is little doubt that the Stormberg flora should be regarded

as a member of the Rhetic vegetation. Feistmantel records the

following species from Indwe River, Stormberg, Cyphergat, and

Molteno :—

FEISTMANTEL (1889). Sewarp (1903).

Equisetaceous stem fragment. Equisetaceous stem fragment.

Sphenopteris elongata Carr. Stenopteris elongata (Carr.).

Thinnfeldia odontopteroides (Morr.). ) : . ;

Thinnfeldia trilobita (2) Johnst. j Thinnfeldia odontopteroides (Morv.).

Teniopteris carruthersi T.-Woods. } : : p

ut oe : : eae. Teniopteris carruthersi T.-Woods.

Teniopteris daintreeit McCoy. )

Anthrophyopsis (?) sp. Chiropteris elongata (?) (Carr.).

Alethopteris sp. (cf. Asplenium nebbense Cladophlebis sp.

Heer).

Podozamites (Zeugophyllites) elongatus

(Morr.). |

Pheenicopsis elongata (Morr.).

Podozamites (Zeugophyllites) sp. )

Baiera schencki Feist. Baiera schencki Feist.

* Feistmantel (89).

48 Annals of the South African Museum.

II.—DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS.

Group EQUISETALES.

Genus SCHIZONEURA Schimper and Mougeot.

SCHIZONEURA KRASSERI sp. Nov.

[Probably identical with Schizonewra carrerei Zeiller.|*

Plate IX., figs. 5, 6.

1900. ? Schizonewra sp. Krasser, Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien,

Bd. LXX., p. 146, pl. ii, figs. 1-3a.

Stems broad ; internodes long, reaching a length of over 20 cm.,

the internodal ridges crowded, pursuing either a straight course

across the node or occasionally alternating. Nodes shown as slight

depressions with indications of small leaf-trace protuberances.

Although it is impossible to give a satisfactory diagnosis of the

Stormberg Equisetaceous stems, | have ventured, for the sake of

convenience, to append a specific name, and in view of the probable

identity of the African plant with that described by my friend Dr.

Fridolin Krasser from China, I have designated the Stormberg type

Schizoneura krasserv.

The fragments of broad Equisetaceous stems are too small and

imperfect to admit of a complete diagnosis: they are characterised

by the numerous internodal ridges which often pursue a straight

course across the nodal region and by their long internodes, which

reached a length of at least 7 cm. The small piece of ribbed stem

figured by Feistmantel + from the Stormberg beds shows broader

and more prominent ridges than the specimens represented in

figs. 5 and 6. The Scanian Rhetic species Schizoneura hoerensis

His.* resembles the figured specimens in the narrow and numerous

ribs, and a piece of broad stem described by Zeiller § from Tonking

as Phyllotheca indica Bunb. is also very similar to the examples shown

in figs. 5 and 6.|| Specimens which may well be identical with the

South African species are figured by Krasser from China as Equi-

setaceous stems probably referable to Schizonewra,*| and by Schenk

as Schizonewra sp.** from Rheetic rocks of Persia. Some of Feist-

Zeiller (027), pls. xxxvil., Xxxvili.

Feistmantel (89), pl. ili., fig. 9.

Nathorst (78), pl. x., figs. 6-8. See also Nathorst (78), pl. i., figs. 1-4.

Zeiller (82), pl. x., fig. 1.

See note. p. 75.

“| Krasser (00), pl. iii., figs. 1-3.

** Schenk (87), pl. viii., figs. 46, 48.

= Oa ++ —— *

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 49

mantel’s figures* of the stems of Schizonewra gondwanensis agree

very closely with figs. 5 and 6, pl. ix., and the fragmentary leaf-like

impressions with dark veins found in association with the African

stems are very similar to the Indian specimens of Schizonewra leaves.

The largest specimens of Schizonewra krassert that I have seen

is one in the British Museum Collection (VY. 2413) ; it consists of a

flattened stone-cast having a diameter of 10 em. One node is

preserved, and an internode reaches a length of 20 cm.

Plate IX., fig. 5 (308d).

Several flattened impressions of broad stems; the one figured has

a breadth of 6 cm., but is imperfect. The internode extends for a

length of 7 cm., but only one node is seen on the specimen. The

preservation of the nodal region is not sufficiently good to show the

structural details ; many of the ridges are seen to be continued in a

straight line across the node, but some show a distinct alternation.

Plate IX., fig. 6 (487d).

A portion of an imperfect broad stem showing a rather more

clearly defined nodal region with a few small and indistinct pro-

tuberances probably marking the position of leaf-traces. On the

reverse side of the specimen there are a few fragments of what may

be leaves with broad parallel veins about 2 mm. apart; possibly

these may be leaves of Schizonewra.

Other Specimens : B, good impression of stem showing a node and

indications of leaf-traces ; 104a, a piece of a narrower stem, 3 cm.

broad, showing a nodal construction; 481d, 484d (roots ?); 485d, im-

pressions of stems, and roots? ; 488d (roots?) ; 489d, 494d, a well-

preserved specimen ; the surface of the ribs shows fine longitudinal

striations, which no doubt indicate a woody structure; 496d, ribs

rather broader.

Genus STROBILITES Schimper and Mougeot.

STROBILITES sp.

(Possibly the strobilus of Schizoneura Krasseri, the plant represented

IMe Plex 181.050.)

The imperfectly preserved specimen shown in fig. 3, pl. ix. (486d,

495d) is undoubtedly a strobilus bearing crowded appendages, pro-

* Feistmantel (80), pls. i., ii. ix., &e.

50 Annals of the South African Museum.

bably of the nature of distally expanded sporangiophores; but the

preservation is unfortunately too imperfect to admit of any satis-

factory diagnosis. The cone itself is incomplete and does not show

the apical portion; it is 6 cm. long and slightly more than 2 cm.

broad ; the surface is rough and uneven, but shows here and there

distinct indications of polygonal protuberances and a few small oval

bodies, which may be the terminations of sporangiophores bearing

sporangia. The peduncle is represented by an axis 6 mm. broad

showing longitudinal striations on its surface. The form of the

cone, the appearance of the polygonal prominences and depres-

sions, and its association with stems like those shown in pl. ix.,

figs. 5 and 6, lead me to regard the specimen as a strobilus of an

Equisetaceous plant, possibly Schizonewra krassert.

Group FILICALES.

FERNS OF UNCERTAIN SYSTEMATIC POSITION.

Genus THINNFELDIA HEttingshausen.

This generic name was instituted in 1852 for some specimens

from the Lias of Steierdorf and defined as follows :—*

“Rami teretes vel subalati. Folia disticha, alterna oppositave,

rhomboidea, ovalia vel lanceolata vel linearia, flabellatim vel

pinnatim venosa.”’

Ettingshausen’s species Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis closely re-

sembles the South African forms, and represents a_ typical

example of the genus. The comparison made by the authors

of the genus with the New Zealand Conifer Phyllocladus has

not been borne out by the investigation of more recently acquired

specimens.

In 1853 Andrae substituted Brongniart’s genus Pachypteris for

Thinnfeldia and spoke of 7’. rhomboidalis as Pachypteris thinnfeldia

And.+ The genus Pachypteris is defined by Brongniart as being

characterised by entire pinnules without veins or with a single vein,

and is referred by him to the ferns. Zigno’s large and well-preserved

specimens from the Oolitic rocks of Italy placed in his genus

Dichopteris are no doubt generically identical with Pachypteris,

but in the Italian examples } the pinnules are traversed by several

* Ettingshausen (52), p. 2. + Andrae (53), p. 43.

{ Zigno (56), pls. xii., xili., xv.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 51

‘divergent veins. Species of Pachypteris or Dichopteris in which

the ultimate segments possess spreading and forking veins bear a

marked resemblance to Thinnfeldia; it is probable that the two

genera are very closely allied.

Schimper, in the second volume of the “ Traité de paléontologie

végétale,”’* extends Ettingshausen’s definition, and compares Thinn-

feldia with Pachypteris and Cycadopteris. In 1867 Schenk described

specimens of Thinnfeldia from the Rhetic beds of Franconia and

published figures of the epidermal cells and stomata; he placed the

genus among the Cyceads. }

Bornemann,} in 1856, published figures of the epidermis of

Scytophyllum bergert Born., a plant bearing a close resemblance

to Thinnfeldia, which may be compared with the drawings repro-

duced in pl. ix., figs. 7and 8. Solms-Laubach § notes the occurrence

of stomata on both sides of the lamina of Thinnfeldia as a character

which may possibly indicate that the genus may not be a fern; in

other respects the fern-like nature appears to be clearly indicated.

Another genus—Ptilozamites of Nathorst—differs from Thinn-

feldia in the greater parallelism of the veins in the pinnules, but

in other respects there is a striking agreement between the two

genera, and it is doubtful if there are sufficient grounds for regarding

the slight difference in venation characters as more than a specific

distinction. A comparison of Nathorst’s figures of species of Ptilo-

zamites from the Rheetic of Bjuf || and the Thinnfeldias of South

Africa represented in pls. vii. and viii. demonstrates the similarity

between the Northern and Southern types. Gutbier’s Permian

species, Odontopteris reichiana,*’ is another type which exhibits

a very close resemblance to Thinnfeldia. Another plant which I

venture to think should not be separated from Thinnfeldia has

been described and figured by Sellards from Permian rocks of

Kansas as Glenopteris simplex.** In speaking of the characters

of this new genus Glenopteris the author notes its resemblance

to Lomatopteris and Cycadopteris, but does not refer to Thinnfeldia.

It is not clear that the institution of Glenopteris was a necessary

addition to paleobotanical nomenclature.

Similarly some of the Italian species of Dichopteris of Zigno and

species referred by Saportatt to Lomatopteris and Cycadopteris may

well be generically identical with Ettingshausen’s genus Thinnfeldia.

* Schimper (70), p. 494. + Schenk (67), p. 105, pl. xxvii.

* Bornemann (56), pl. vi., figs. 1-6. § Solms-Laubach (91), p. 140.

|} Nathorst (78), pls. xii., &e. ‘| Weiss (69), pl. i., figs. 3-9.

** Sellards (00), pl. xxxix. tt Saporta (73), p. 340.

52 Annals of the South African Museum.

Until we find well-preserved fertile specimens of Pachypteris, Ptilo-

zamutes, Thinnfeldia, and other genera we cannot hope to define with

accuracy their systematic positions or relationships. One impression

derived from a comparison of Nathorst’s Ptilozamites, of which there

is an exceedingly good series in the Stockholm Museum, with the

Southern Hemisphere Thinnfeldias is that the differences between

the two genera have been exaggerated, and geographical separation

has been allowed too much weight in influencing the choice of distinct:

generic designations. On the other hand, it is clear that certain

authors have unduly extended the application of Ettingshausen’s

Thinnfeldia.

The most satisfactory evidence so far published as to the systematic.

position of Thinnfeldia has been furnished by Raciborski in his de-

scription and illustration of aspecimen of 7. rhomboidalis from Jurassic

rocks of Poland: this author gives drawings of a leaflet bearing the

impression of what appears to be a circular sorus showing the

boundaries of individual sporangia, but the material is too imperfect

to afford any indication as to the nature of the sporangia.* In addition

to the evidence afforded by the Polish specimen I may mention a

specimen in the British Museum (V. 5950) in which the broadly

linear segments of a Thinnfeldia pinna show two rows of contiguous

polygonal or oval prominences, one on either side of the midrib,

which agree in size and shape with the sori of certain ferns; but

until we obtain sporangia we cannot speak with certainty as to the

precise nature of the fertile frond. My friend Mr. Arber, of Cam-

bridge, hopes to publish a more detailed account of the British

Museum specimen.

THINNFELDIA ODONTOPTEROIDES (Morris).

Plate Wilh ness 7,8, 6a; Plate Vill feos, 82 Plate Ie.

igs. 7,8; Plate XL, fig. 2.

Text-figure 6.

1845. Pecopteris odontopteroides Movris, in Strzelecki’s New South

Wales, p. 249, pl. vi., figs. 2-4.

1847. Gleichenites odontopteroides McCoy, Annals Mag. Nat. Hist.,.

vol. xx., p. 147.

1872. Pecopteris odontopteroides Carruthers, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,

vol. xxviil., p. 359, pl. xxvii., figs. 2, 3.

* Raciborski (94), pl. xx., figs. 1, 2, p. 206. See also Zeiller (00), p. 97.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 53

1875. Pecopteris odontopteroides Crépin, Bull, Acad, R. Belgique,

vol. xxxix., p. 258 (plate).

1876. Thinnfeldia crassinervis Geinitz, Paleont. Suppl., ili., p. 4.,

pl. i., figs. 10-16.

1883. Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc.

N. 8. Wales, vol. viii., p. 103.

T. odontopteroides var. falcata, p. 107, pl. viii., fig. 1.

1888. Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Szajnocka, Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss.

Wien, vol. C. Abth. i., p. 10, pl. i., figs. 1-4.

1889. Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Feistmantel, Abh. K. bohm. Ges.

Wiss. Bd. III., Folg. vii., p. 62, pls. 1-3.

1890. Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Feistmantel, Mem. Geol. Surv.

N.S. Wales, p. 101, pls. xxili.—xxv., xxvill., xxix.

1892. Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Jack and Etheridge, Geol. and

Paleeont. Queensland, pl. xvii., fig. 1.

1902. Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Arber, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.,

VOle viii, ps2

In addition to the references given in the synonomy, tke following

may be added as types of Thinnfeldia which may be either specifically

identical with Thinnfeldia odontopteroides or at least very closely

allied forms :—

Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis Ettingshausen.*

T. lancifolia as figured by Morris,t Szajnocha,{ and Sclms-

Laubach. §

T. tenwinervis Geinitz. ||

T. indica Feistmantel.*

Odontopteris macrophylla Curran.***

Thinnfeldia falcata Tenison- Woods. +

Gleichenia lineata Tenison-Woods.} +

Frond bipinnate, rachis stout, occasionally bifurcating into two

linear pinne inclined to one another at a small angle (pl. vii., fig. 1).

The pinne bear crowded pinnules with apparently a thick lamina ;

the pinnules vary considerably in size, shape and venation, they may

be stout and broad and almost semicircular in form, deltoid or broadly

oval with slightly divergent forked veins passing into broad linear seg-

ments with a well-marked midrib giving off forked secondary veins

at an acute angle. The pinnules are confluent at the base. In the

* Ettingshausen (52). + Morris (45), pl. vi.

{ Szajnocha (88). § Solms-Laubach (99), pl. xiv., fig. 2.

|| Geinitz (76), pl. i., fig. 17. §| Feistmantel (77), pls. xxxix. and xlvi.

** Curran (85), pl. ix., fig. 3. tt Tenison-Woods (83).

54 Annals of the South African Museum.

shorter pinnules the lamina is traversed by several slightly diverging

veins which spring separately from the rachis, but as the pinnules

become larger the veins tend to converge in the basal portion

of the lamina, forming a midrib (pl. vii., fig. 8). In the apical portion

of the pinne the divisions between the segments become shallower

and the apex consists of a bluntly terminated entire lamina. Epider-

mis composed of polygonal cells or—above the veins—of oblong

rectangular cells with very slightly undulating walls. Stomata not

very numerous, occurring on both the upper and lower epidermis,

probably slightly sunk, bordered by two or four cells which may be

subsidiary cells above the true guard-cells ; the pore of the stoma is

bounded by two crescent-shaped cuticular ridges which may belong

to the guard-cells.

The specimens from the Stormberg beds are all sterile, and none

have been found showing the habit represented in Feistmantel’s

figures of Australian examples.

The most common form of pinna and pinnules is that represented

in fig. 1, pl. vul., in which the segments have no midrib but agree in

their venation with the genus Odontopteris. A few specimens occur

in which the pinnules are broadly linear and provided, at least in the

basal portion, with a midrib: these examples (pl. vi, figs. 7, 8) are, I

believe, specifically identical with those bearing shorter and broader

segments. Morris* referred the pinne with longer segments to

a variety—var. lancifolia, and by other authors this form has

been raised to specific rank.

Geinitz + figures an example of a pinna with longer pinnules

from the Argentine which he names Thinnfeldia tenwinervis, and

Solms | refers a Chilian specimen of Rhetic age to 7’. lancifolia

Morris.

Szajnochas also adopts a distinctive name, ZT. lanczfolia, for

Argentine Rheetic specimens with lhnear pinnules. The occurrence

of intermediate forms of pinnules connecting those having almost

parallel veins with the longer ones, in which a midrib is well defined,

leads me to include both under one specific name. A similar course

is adopted by Feistmantel || in his Australian monograph. The

Rheetic specimens described by Nathorst from Scania and placed in

the genus Ptilozamites exhibit a similar variation in the form and size

of the ultimate segments.

The Queensland specimen figured by Carruthers is in the British

* Morris (45), pl. vi., fig. 4. + Geinitz (76), pl. i., figs. 17, 18.

+ Solms-Laubach (99), pl. xiv., fig. 2. § Szajnocha (88).

|| Feistmantel (90), pl. xxix.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 55

Museum Collection (V. 4197); it is clearly identical with the South

African examples, but the details are less distinct in the specimen

than in the published figure.

Plate VIL, fig. 1 (21e).

Branched piece of frond; the unbranched portion shown in the

figure has a length of 11°5 em. and is incomplete distally. The longest

segment is 15 cm. long and 6 mm. broad. The pinnules show very

clearly the slightly divergent and forked veins and the leathery

texture of the lamina.

Plate VII., figs. 8, 8a (45e).

Preserved as a clearly defined brown impression with numerous

fragments of pinne with pinnules varying considerably in size;

the figured segments show the midrib and lateral veins very clearly.

Plate VIL., fig. 7 (4774).

An indistinct impression in oxide of iron on sandstone. The

linear pinnules are confluent at the base, forming a narrow wing to

the rachis. A midrib is seen in the lower part of some of the

segments, also oblique secondary veins. Associated with fragments

of pinnze bearing the shorter and broader type of segment.

Plate VIII., fig. 7 (22e).

A piece of a pinna with larger segments (1°5 cm. x 10 mm.) ; also

a forked pinna with smaller pinnules.

Plate VIIL., fig. 8 (d).

A specimen on a piece of shale from Cyphergat showing much

smaller pinnules; associated with other specimens of the type

represented in fig. 1, pl. vii.

Plate IX., fig. 7 (A).

A few epidermal cells of a small leaflet of Thinnfeldia odontop-

teroides, showing the slightly wavy form of the walls, and four cells

surrounding a stomatal pore. The narrower central part of the pore

is bounded by the remains of delicate cell membranes with thickened

borders which possibly represent cuticular ridges of the guard cells.

The appearance of the stomata suggests that the guard-cells are

slightly sunk.

56 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Plate IX., fig. 8 (B).

A fragment showing the thickened cuticular edge of a leaflet and

a single stoma with two crescent-shaped cuticular ridges bordering

the pore.

Plate XI, fig. 2 (44e).

A forked portion of a frond showing a variation in the form of the

pinnules, some of which are identical with those represented in

fig. 1, pl. vii., while others are longer and illustrate the convergence

of the veins to form a midrib in the basal portion of the segments.

TExt-FIGURE 6 (x 14).

Thinnfeldia odontopteroides (Morr.).

From a specimen from Cyphergat in the British Museum (V. 2490).

Text-figure 6. The British Museum specimen from Cyphergat

shows the venation of the pinnules very clearly, it is undoubtedly

specifically identical with the example represented in pl. vi., fig. 1.

Other Specimens : A. Fragments from Cyphergat; 4, 5 (associated

with a piece of Baiera). 23e, specimen with pinnules intermediate

between those shown in pl. vii., figs. 1 and 8; associated with

Stenopteris elongata (Carr.) and Callipteridium. 24e, 25e, 26e

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 57

(with Teniopteris), 28e, 29e, 30e, 32e, 33e—several fragments, one

showing the apical portion of a pinna; 35e, 36e—a good specimen

of a forked portion of a frond; 42e, 43e, 309d, including a good

impression of the apex of a pinna, 310d, 312d, 313d, 315d, 316d,

475d, 476d, 478d, 479d.

THINNFELDIA RHOMBOIDALIS Httingshausen,

Plate VIILI., fig. 1.

1852. Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis Ettingshausen, Abk. k.-k. geolog.

Reichs. Wien, Bd. I., Abt. iii., p. 2, pl. i., figs. 4-7.

1867. Thinnfeldia decurrens Schenk, Foss. Flor. der Grenzschichten,

p. 114, pl. xxvi., figs. 1-5.

LT. rhomboidalis, ibid., p. 116, pl. xxvii., figs. 4, 5.

Similar in habit to Thinnfeldia odontopterordes, but characterised

by the longer broadly linear segments decurrent by the lower margin

on the rachis, the upper edge of the base being separated from the

rachis by a distinct sinus; a well-marked midrib giving off oblique

forked veins, the lower basal portion of the segments contains a few

curved veins which enter the lamina direct from the rachis.

The single fragment from Stormberg represented in pl. viii, fig. 1

may belong to a larger pinna of Thinnfeldia odontopterotdes, or it

may be included under Ettingshausen’s species * as more clearly

resembling the Steierdorf examples than the typical forms of Morris’s

species.

Schenk’s figures of 7’. rhomboidalis + represent specimens which

cannot be distinguished from that shown in pl. viii., fig. 1. An

example of Thinnfeldia from the Burrum Coalfield, Queensland,

referred by Jack and Etheridge | to 7. media Ten.- Woods, is probably

identical with 7. rhomboidalis.

Plate VIIL., fig. 1 (C).

This fragment shows very clearly the form and venation of the

segments; the agreement between this specimen and Schenk’s

Thinnfeldia decurrens is exceedingly close. A fragment of Stenop-

teris elongata (Carr.) is seen resting on the Thinnfeldia.

* Ettingshausen (52), pl. i.

+ Schenk (67), pl. xxvii., figs. 4, 5.

{ Jack and Etheridge (92), pl. xviii., fig. 10.

58 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Genus CALLIPTERIDIUM Weiss.

CALLIPTERIDIUM STORMBERGENSE Sp. nov.

Plate VIL., figs. 4-6a; Plate VIIL., fig. 5.

Frond bipinnate, rachis stout; pinne alternate, linear, tapering to

an acuminate apex. Pinnules linear, entire or serrate, becoming

more crowded in the distal region of the pinne and near the apex of

the frond, confluent basally ; the rachis bears pinnules that extend

upward on to the lower side of the pinne. Venation of the Clado-

phlebis type, approaching the Sphenopteris type in the smaller

fronds (pl. vi., fig. 2).

The Rheetic species figured by Jeger as Aspidioides stuttgardiensis,*

by Nathorst | from Scania as Lepidopteris ottonis Goepp., and by

Schenk as Asplenites ottonis | resembles the African fern in having

pinnules on the rachis, but differs in the larger ultimate segments.

This European type is, however, characterised by the occurrence of

numerous scales on the rachis, a feature not exhibited by the

Stormberg plant. A French species figured by Saporta as Lomatop-

teris liasina Morr § affords another example of a bipinnate frond

with pinnules springing from the main rachis.

In order to avoid the institution of a new generic name, I propose

to speak of the African fern as Callipteridium stormbergense. 'The

fragment of a Cladophlebis figured by Feistmantel as Aspleniwm,

cf. nebbense,|| may possibly be a piece of a large pinna of

Callipteridium stormbergense, but the specimen is too small to

determine.

One striking feature of the bipinnate frond shown in fig. 6, pl. vii.,

is the occurrence of pinnules on the main rachis; in other respects

the characters appear to be such as might be expressed by the use of

the generic name Cladophlebis. The Paleozoic type Callipteris

conferta ‘| bears pinnules on the rachis, and a similar character is

** similarly

a fern named by Heyer to Callipteris schenkw +{ exhibits the same

features but bears lobed pinnules.

A fragment figured by Szajnocha |} from Cacheuta (Argentine) as

* Jeger (27), pl. viii. + Nathorst (78), pl. ii., fig. 1.

{ Schenk (67), pls. xi. and xiv. § Saporta (91), pl. Ixvii., fig. 6.

|| Feistmantel (89), p. 68, pl. ii., figs. 12, 12a.

“| See Schimper (74), Atlas, pl. xxxii., fig. 2. See also Fontaine and White (80),

pl. xi., figs. 1-4.

** Zeiller (00), p. 92, fig. 92.

8 fi

, ++ Heyer (84).

tt Szajnocha (88) pl., i., fi

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 59

Pecopteris schoenleiniana Brongn. bears a resemblance to the Storm-

berg plant, but it is too small to determine.

Plate VIL, fig. 6 (39e).

Rachis stout, 11:5 em. long. ‘The linear confluent pinnules are for

the most part entire, but on the lower pinnze some show a distinct

serrate margin (fig. 6a). In the apical region the pinnules are more

crowded and gradually pass into segments with a serrate margin.

The venation is obscure, but apparently of the Cladophlebis type.

The pinnules on the lower side of the pinnz pass on to the rachis,

where they occur as segments of varying size and shape.

Associated with fragments of Thinnfeldia.

Plate VIL., fig. 4 (10).

Pinnules enlarged, showing a well-defined midrib and lateral veins.

Plate VII., fig. 5 (31e).

The apex of a frond, showing the passage of pinnules into a

terminal acuminate lamina with a serrate edge.

Plate VIIL, fig. 2 (46e).

Habit similar to that of the larger frond shown in fig. 6, pl. vil.

The pinne are more crowded, and the segments little more than

well-marked serrations. Venation clearly preserved, each pinnule

recelves a vein which gives off a few branches at an acute angle.

The lowest segment on the pinne tends to be decurrent on the main

rachis.

Other Specimens : 8, small pinnze with crowded pinnules, pinnules

occur also on the main rachis; 40e, a portion of a frond rather less

than that shown in fig. 6, pl. vi., and intermediate between that

specimen and the still smaller example represented in fig. 2, pl. vil.

480d, an indistinct impression on sandstone of part of a large frond;

associated with Thinnfeldia.

Genus THINIOPTERIS.

TANIOPTERIS CARRUTHERSI Tenison- Woods.

Plate VIII., figs. 5, 6.

1872. Teniopteris Daintreet Carruthers, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,

vol. xxvill., pl. xxvil., fig. 6, p. 355.

60 Annals of the South African Musewn.

1883. Teniopteris Carrutherst Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soe.

N.S. Wales, vol. viii., p. 117.

1889. Teniopteris Carruthersi Feistmantel, Abh. k. bohm. Ges.

Wiss., Bd. IIL, Folg. vii., p. 65, pl. ii., figs. 6-10.

? I. Daintreer, zbid., p. 66, pl. ii., fig. 11.

1890. Teniopteris Carruthersi Feistmantel, Mem. Geol. Surv.

N.S. Wales, p. 115, pl. xxviii., fig. 7.

Frond simple, strong midrib from which numerous single or forked

secondary veins are given off either at right angles or at a wide

angle. The breadth of the lamina decreases gradually towards the

petiole.

In 1872 Carruthers* referred some Teniopteris leaves from

Queensland to MeCoy’s species JT. daintreci,} but as Tenison-

Woods pointed out in 1883, McCoy’s type is characterised by the

narrow linear form of the frond and differs considerably from the

broader form of leaf figured by Carruthers. The specimen described

by Carruthers [in the British Museum Collection (V. 4199)] is clearly

identical with those from South Africa figured by Feistmantel. A

leaf from the Argentine named by Geinitz Teniopteris mareyiaca, }

bears a close resemblance to 7. carruthersi, but there appears to be

a slight difference in the venation. Some specimens from India

referred by Feistmantel to T’eniopteris vittata,§ a species differing

but slightly from T. carruthersi, are very similar to the type of

frond shown in pl. vii, fig. 6. A Rhetic species from Scania,

named by Nathorst Teniopteris immersa,|| may be identical with the

South African fern; but the comparison of sterile fragments of

Temopteris fronds can lead to no certain results.

Plate VIII., fig. 6 (497d).

Portion of leaf 8°5 cm. long and 3 em. broad ; the midrib is com-

paratively broad and well defined. The secondary veins are approxi-

mately 1 mm. apart or slightly closer.

Plate VIIL, fig. 5 (14e).

This much narrower fragment is distinguished by the more open

arrangement of the forked and simple lateral veins, but it may

* Carruthers (72).

+ For figures of the true T@niopteris Daintreet McCoy, see Oldham and Morris

(63), pl. vi. ; McCoy (74), pl. xiv. ; Feistmantel (77°), pl. i., &c.

+ Geinitz (76), pl. ii., figs. 1-3. § Feistmantel (76), pls. i., ii.

|| Nathorst (78), pl. xix., fig. 6.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 61

represent the lower and gradually tapering portion of Tensopteris

carrutherst. Compare Feistmantel’s figures of narrower fronds

referred to this species.*

Plate VIIL., fig. 4 (1).

This specimen differs from that shown in fig. 6 (497d) in the

greater inclination of the secondary veins and in the texture of the

lamina, which gives the impression of being woolly. Possibly it

would be wiser to distinguish this form by another specific name,

but the apparent difference in texture may be due merely to the

manner of preservation, and in any case the material is too meagre

to be described under a new specific title.

Other Specimens : 2e and 3, half of a leaf lamina, similar to the

specimen shown in fig. 4, but the veins are more clearly preserved

and given off at a wider angle from the midrib; Qe, pieces of fronds,

a broader fragment like that shown in fig. 6, and a narrower speci-

men with crowded veins; 10e, 27e, 466d, 498d, three pieces, one

showing the gradual decrease in breadth of the lamina towards the

base of the leaf.

Genus CHIROPTERIS Kurr.

This genus, instituted by Kurr for a leaf from Keuper beds near

Stuttgart, is thus defined by Schimper :— +

‘Frons petiolata, simplex, irregulariter inciso-digitata, coriacea.

Nervi numerosissimi e basi radiantes, tenues, omnes, sequales vel

loborum nervo medio distinctiore, repetito-dichotomi, anastomosantes,

reteque anguste rhomboiderm efficientes.”’

We possess no satisfactory evidence as to the affinity of this

genus. In form and venation Chiropteris agrees with the recent genus

Ophioglossum, and on the strength of this resemblance it has been

placed by some authors in the Ophioglossacezx. '

Zeiller § has also referred to the resemblance between Chiropteris

and Ophioglossum, but a comparison based on form and venation

only is in this case of little or no botanical value. The genus may

at present be included provisionally among the ferns, with the

reservation that we lack satisfactory evidence as to its taxonomic

position. The leaves from the Kootanie group referred by Newberry

* Feistmantel (89), fig. 7. + Schimper (69), p. 643; Atlas, pl. xliii.

+ Schimper and Schenk (90), p. 152; Potonié (99), p. 91.

§ Zeiller (00), p. 55.

62 Annals of the South African Museum.

to Chiropteris should probably be included in a distinct genus, one

of them—C. spatulata—may be a species of Sagen pteris.« The

Chilian fossil referred by Solms-Laubach | to Kurr’s genus differs in

the form of the leaf and in the more crowded veins from the African

species.

CHIROPTERIS CUNEATA (Carruthers).

Plate IX., fig. 4.

1872. Cyclopteris cuneata Carruthers, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,

vol. xxviii., p, 355, pl. xxvii., fig. 5.

1889. ? Anthrophyopsis sp. Feistmantel, Abh. k. bohm, Ges. Wiss.

Folge; vie, Bde Wil, p. 67, pl... fig. 4.

Leaves cuneate in form, the lamina traversed by numerous

spreading veins, dichotomously forked and occasionally anastomosing

by oblique cross veins.

Carruthers thus defined the species Cyclopteris cuneata, which he

founded on a specimen from the Tivoli Coal-mine, Queensland :—

‘Horm of the entire frond unknown ; pinne entire, large, cuneate,

narrowed at the base, with the distal margins rounded ; veins deli-

cate, once or twice dichotomously divided ; sometimes anastomosing

once in their length near the middle of the pinna.”’ }

The type-specimen in the British Museum (V. 4197) is accurately

represented in Carruthers’ figure; the veins are very obscure. The

anastomosing veins which are described by Carruthers and shown

in the specimen represented in pl. ix., fig. 4, and still more clearly

in a better specimen from the Stormberg beds in the British Museum

Collection (V. 2498), render Cyclopterts unsuitable as a generic

designation.

It is by no means unlikely that the fragment of a leaf figured by

Feistmantel from Cyphergat as Anthrophyopsis (?) § may be identical

with the plant represented in pl. ix., fig. 4. An imperfect specimen

figured by Fontaine from North American Triassic beds || as Sagen-

opteris rhoifolia bears a distinct resemblance to the Stormberg leaf.

Plate IX., fig. 4 (C).

The distal margin of the wedge-shaped leaf is rather torn and

incomplete; the thin lamina tapers towards the base, which is

* Newberry (91), p. 198, pl. xiv., figs. 1, 2, 10, 11.

+ Solms-Laubach (99), pl. xiii., figs. 1-4.

t Carruthers (72), p. 355, pl. xxvii., fig. 5.

§ Feistmantel (89), p. 67, pl. ii, fig. 4. || Fontaine (83), pl. xlix., fig. 5.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 63

also only partially preserved. The veins are fairly distinct; they

diverge from the base, forking and occasionally anastomosing by

oblique cross-connections.

Associated with Thinnfeldia and Phenicopsis.

Other Specimens : 6, An impression similar to that figured (pl. IX.,

fig. 4); veins fairly clear. Associated with Thinnfeldia and

Phenicopsis.

CHIROPTERIS ZEILLERI sp. nov.

Text-figure 7.

Leaf petiolate ; lamina more or less orbicular, deeply lobed into

broad segments with an irregularly lobed margin ; veins spreading

from the base, forked and anastomosing, forming long and compara-

tively broad polygonal meshes.

TExtT-FIGURE 7. (Nat. size.)

Chiropteris zeilleri sp. noy. From a specimen from Cyphergat in the British

Museum (VY. 3268).

This species is founded on a single specimen from Cyphergat in

the British Museum Collection (V.»3268), shown in text-figure 7.

The type-specimen is an imperfect leaf showing the upper part of a

petiole bearing a deeply lobed lamina, 7:5 cm. in depth and 8-5 em.

broad ; the sinus on the right-hand side of the lamina is preserved

intact, while those on the left are partially torn.

64 Annals of the South African Musewn.

The veins, which are very clearly preserved, radiate from the apex

of the leaf-stalk, and by the occasional anastomosis of adjacent

forked branches, form long meshes.

In shape the leaf may be compared with small fronds of the

recent fern Dzpteris,* and with the fossil genera Protorhipis of

Andrae and Hausmannia of Dunker, but the absence of veins in the

meshes constitutes an important distinguishing feature. Some

Jurassic Bornholm ferns figured by Moller in a recent paper and

referred to Hausmannia,+ but which I should prefer to assign to

Protorhipis, illustrate the superficial resemblance of the Dupteris

type of frond to Chiropteris zeillert.

A fossil leaf with somewhat similar, but not identical, venation

has been figured by Feistmantel from India as Belemnopteris Wood-

masoniana } and compared with the recent genus Hemionitis. The

genus Hemionitis,§ atypical American member of the Polypodiacee,

is characterised by its palmate lamina and prominent ribs, thus

differing from Chiropteris. The recent genera Oplioglossum and

Antrophywm afford the nearest parallels as regards venation to the

fossil frond, but we have absolutely no evidence as to the precise

position of Chiropteris.

The specimens of Chiropteris figured by Bronn from the Letten-

kohle beds || differ from C. zeillert in the much more numerous and

crowded veins, which are not described as anastomosing, and in the

apparently whorled disposition of the sessile leaves. I have named

the Stormberg leaf after my friend Professor Zeiller of Paris, whose

work has done so much to extend our knowledge of the vegetation

of the Southern hemisphere.

GYMNOSPERM A.

Grour GINKGOALES.

Genus BAIERA, Braun.

BAIERA STORMBERGENSIS Sp. NOv.

Plate VIII., fig. 3.

Lamina deeply dissected into broad linear segments which are

again subdivided distally into narrower linear lobes; veins com-

* Seward and Dale (01). + Moller (02). + Feistmantel (80), pl. xliii. A.

§ Christ. (97), p. 57. || Bronn (58), p. 143, pl. xii.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 65

paratively few in the lower part of the lamina, but after repeated

dichotomy they become more numerous in the upper part of the

leaf, where they occur as crowded parallel veins slightly converging

towards the tips of the narrow terminal segments. The whole

lamina reached a length of 12 em. or more and probably a breadth

-of 10 cm.

I have given a new specific name to the unusually large type of

leaf represented in pl. viil., fig. 3; it might with equal propriety

be included in the genus Ginkgo, as one occasionally finds large and

deeply lobed leaves of the Maidenhair tree very similar to the example

shown in the figure.*

The species described by Feistmantel from the Stormberg beds as

Buiera schenki + may be merely a smaller form of B. stormbergensis,

but the much greater breadth of the segments and the more open

character of the venation constitute distinctive features. It is,

however, by no means improbable that the narrower and broader

forms may be found to be inseparable. Feistmantel’s B. schencki

bears a fairly close resemblance to B. longifolia Heer. {

Other large leaves comparable with B. stormbergensis have been

described by Shirley from Ipswich, Queensland as Ginkgo simmondst,

Buiera ginkgoides and B. ipsviciensis ; § Ratte || has also described

a very large leaf from the Wianamatta shales under the name

Salisburia palmata. It is possible that the large Australian leaves

referred by Shirley to Ginkgo simmondsi and by Ratte to Salisburia

palmata may be identical with the Triassic American type Baiera

multifida.®

Plate VIII., fig. 3 (x).

The lamina is incomplete, but reaches a length of 11 cm. The

spreading and repeatedly forked veins are very clearly shown

traversing the long lobes of the leaf, which is preserved in the

form of a light brown impression, which suggests a thin lamina

similar to that of Ginkgo biloba.

Other Specimen: 16c. A small specimen showing terminal por-

tions of a leaf and slightly converging veins at the tips of the

segments.

* Seward and Gowan (00), pl. x., fig. 63.

+ Feistmantel (89), p. 72, pl. iii., figs. 1, 2, 5, 6.

+ Heer (77), pls. vii.-x., xv. § Shirley (98). || Ratte (88) (887).

‘| Fontaine (83), pls. xlv.—-xlviil. See also Seward and Gowan (00), p. 139, and

Arber (02), pp. 4, 5.

66 Annals of the South African Museum.

? GINKGOALES

Genus STACHYOPITYS Schenk.

STACHYOPITYS sp.

(Cf. Sphenolepis rhetica Geinitz).

Plate IX., figs. 2, 2a.

A fragment of a fertile shoot consisting of a fairly broad axis

bearing lateral branches terminating in a cluster of obovate bodies

arranged in apparent whorls.

The nature of the fossil represented in pl. ix., figs. 2, 4a, must be

left in doubt; the single specimen is too incomplete to afford

sufficient evidence as to its structure and affinity. A somewhat

similar fragment is figured by Geinitz* from the Rhetic of San

Juan (Argentine) as Sphenolepis rhetica ; he describes the specimen

as consisting of spherical or compressed cones bearing numerous

spirally disposed woody scales of obovate form, their outer convex

surface exhibiting indistinct and irregular longitudinal striz or

grooves. In size, and in the appearance of the cones, Geinitz’s

specimen agrees with that shown in fig. 2; but in the African

example the scales occur in a single radiate series with portions of

a superposed second series seen at a, fig. 2a.

Another fossil bearing a resemblance to the Stormberg specimen

is that described by Schenk under the name Stachyopitys preslii +

as male flowers of a Conifer from the Rhetic of Franconia; the chief

difference between the German and African fossils is the smaller

number of radiate appendages in the former. A Queensland fossil

described by Shirley as Stachyopitys annularioides | also agrees

fairly closely with the Stormberg fragment, so far as it is possible

to base an opinion on the somewhat crude drawings.

From Thuringian Permian rocks Potonié has figured fertile

portions of Pecopteris pinnatifida (Gutb.) § which present an appear-

ance similar to that of Schenk’s Stachyopitys preslit and to the

specimen shown in pl. ix., fig. 2

Without expressing a definite opinion as to the botanical position

of the fossil, it may be provisionally included in Schenk’s genus

Stachyopitys, with the suggestion that it may be a fragment of a

* Geinitz (76), p. 12, pl. il., figs. 23, aan

+ Schenk (67), p an pl. xliv., figs. 9-1

+ Shirley (98), _ 13, pl. xviii.

§ Potonié (93), pl. xviii., figs. 9, 10, and pl. x.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 67

male flower of a member of the Ginkgoales. The radially disposed

oval bodies may be microsporangia differing chiefly in their greater

number from the usual type of the fossil male flowers of the Gink-

goales.

Plate IX., figs. 2, 2a (12).

A fragment of an axis 1:5 mm. broad with the remains of swollen

lateral branches bearing circular rosettes 5 mm. in diameter consisting

of fairly stout oval bodies attached by a narrow base and terminat-

ing in a bluntly rounded apex; these oval bodies are thick and

rounded, and their surface shows a few longitudinal ridges. At a

(fig. 2a) one sees the remains of other similar appendages superposed

on the lower and more perfectly preserved ones.

PLANTS OF DOUBLEUL POSITION.

Genus PHCG!NICOPSIS Heer.

In instituting this genus for Jurassic specimens of linear leaves.

from Siberia, Heer defined it as follows :—

‘“‘ Holia coriacea, numerosa, inramulo abbreviato caduco fasciculata,

squamis compluribus persistentibus cincta, sessilia vel in petiolum

brevem sensim attenuata, indivisia, multinervia, nervis simplicibus,

parallelis, densis.’’ *

We have no satisfactory evidence as to the botanical position of

Phamcopsis, but it has been referred to by Heer and other authors as

closely allied to Baiera and possibly a member of the Ginkgoales.

PH@NICOPSIS ELONGATUS (Morris).

Plate IX., figs. 1, 9, 10.

1845. Zeugophyllites elongatus Morris, in Strzelecki’s New South

Wales, p. 250, pl. vi., figs. 5, 5a.

1882. Cf. Neggerathiopsis Hislop Zeiller, Ann. des Mines,

VOl. i (Sy) ply sai.) ig. 1

1889. Podozamites (Zeugophyllites) elongatus Feistmantel, Abh.

K. bohm. Ges. Wiss., Bd. III., Folg. vii., p. 68, pl. ii.,

fig. 135" pl mi, tes. 35.4, a.

Leaves linear, reaching a length of more than 16 cm. ; the lamina

is usually gradually tapered to an acuminate termination which may

* Heer (tili)ssp1 49:

68 Annals of the South African Musewm.

represent the basal end, but occasionally the leaf ends in a bluntly

rounded apex which may be the distal termination.* Veins numerous,

parallel, usually simple and not dichotomously branched. The

numerous parallel veined linear leaves from Cyphergat, of which

portions are shown in pl. ix., figs. 1 and 9, agree closely with

Morris’s species, Zeugophyllites elongatus, from the Jerusalem Basin,

Tasmania.| The type-specimen of Morris’s Jerusalem Basin plant,

Zeugophyllites elongatus, which has recently been found by Mr. Arber

in the British Museum Collection (V. 7512), convinces me of the

identity of the Tasmanian and South African leaves.

The same name has been applied by Szajnocha} to a fragment

from Cacheuta, which may not, however, be identical with Morris’s

type. Some specimens of linear leaves from South America in the

British Museum Collection are undoubtedly identical with Morris’s

species. Feistmantel has figured several leaf fragments from the

Stormberg beds which he speaks of as Podozamutes (Zeugophyllites)

elongatus (Morris) ;§ these are no doubt identical with the specimens

represented in pl. ix., figs. 1,9and 10. It is possible that these leaves

may be correctly referred to the genus Podozamites, but Iam disposed

to regard them as more probably examples of Heer’s genus Phenicopsis,

similar to P. speciosa of Jurassic age.|| Krasser has figured several

leaves very similar to mine from China which he refers to a new

species Phenicopsis media ‘|; one of his figures shows clearly that

the leaves converge in groups to a common point of origin, but in

the scattered fragments from Cyphergat it is impossible to recognise

any such orderly arrangement. It is very difficult to determine

with any degree of accuracy isolated leaves of the type of

Phamicopsis or Neggerathiopsis ; Zeiller’s Tongking specimens may,

I believe, be identical with Morris’s species from New South Wales,

but as Prof. Zeiller points out, in a letter written in reply to my

suggestion, there is no evidence in the specimens he has seen to

warrant the conclusion that they were borne in bundles like Heer’s

examples of Phanicopsis. A similar leaf is figured also by Broun

from the Lettenkoble of Raibl ** as a monocotyledonous leaf. The

bluntly terminated leaf fragment from Molteno shown in fig. 10

+ 1CiHeer|(77)) pls. xxvill., xxix.

t+ Morris, in Strzelecki (45), p. 250, pl. vi., figs. 5, 5a.

{ Szajnocha (88), pl. ii., fig. 4.

§ Feistmantel (89), p. 68, pl. ii., fig. 13; pl. iii., figs. 8, 4, 7.

|| Heer (77), pls. xxviii., xxix.

§| Krasser (00), pl. iii., fig. 4; pl. iv., fig. 2.

** Bronn (58), p. 135, pl. vii., fig. 4.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 69

suggests a comparison with the genus Podozamutes, but this occurs

in association with gradually tapered leaves like that represented

in fig. 9, and the difference in the method of termination is in

itself hardly a sufficient reason for the separation of the two

forms.

With the exception of the forked vein shown in fig. 10, pl. ix., near

the apex of the specimen, I have not detected any certain indication

of the parallel veins in these leaf fragments from Cyphergat and

Molteno ; in Neggerathiopsis leaves of similar form to that shown in

pl. ix. figured by Feistmantel,* Zeiller,{ and other authors the veins

are dichotomously branched in their course through the lamina, and I

have no hesitation in expressing the opinion that the African specimens

should not be referred to that genus. Kurtz { has recently expressed

a similar opinion as to the difference between the true Neggerathiopsis

and Morris’s Zeugophyllites elongatus.

Mr. Arber § has also drawn attention to a confusion between Nagger-

athiopsis and Zeugophyllites.

Plate IX., fig. 1 (C).

An imperfect leaf 16 cm. long, and with an approximately uniform

breadth of 1:2 cm. The lamina between the fairly broad veins is

finely striated, the striae no doubt representing hypodermal strands

of mechanical tissue.

Plate IX., fig. 9 (d).

The figure represents the gradually tapered (basal?) end of an

incomplete leaf 10.5 cm. long.

Plate IX., fig 10 (69).

The blunt apex of a leaf from Molteno showing the converging

terminations of the veins. The venation is less clearly seen

in this specimen than in the other figured pieces. Acuminately

pointed leaves similar to the specimen from Cyphergat represented

in fig. 9 occur on the same piece of rock.

* Feistmantel (80), pl. xlv. A. + Zeiller (82), pl. xii., fig. 11.

+ Kurtz (03), p. 25. § Arber (02), p. 18.

70 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus STENOPTERIS Saporta.

STENOPTERIS ELONGATA (Carruthers).

Plate VIL., figs. 2, 3.

Plate XI., fig. 3.

1872. Sphenopteris elongata Carruthers, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.

vol. xxvill., p. 355, pl. xxvii., fig. 1.

1883. Sphenopteris elongata Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.

8. Wales, vol. viii., p. 92.

Trichomanttes spunifolium, ibid. p. 95, pl. ii., fig. 7.

1888. Sphenopteris elongata, Szajnocha, Sitzb. Kais. Akad. Wiss.

Wien, Ba. XCVIL, Abth.1., p..5:, ploa., fig..2:

1889. Sphenopieris elongata Feistmantel, Abh. k. bohm. Gess.

Wiss., Bd. III., Folg. vii., p. 61.

1890. Sphenopteris elongata Feistmantel, Mem. Geol. Surv. N. 5.

Wales, p. 90.

Trichomanites spinifolium, rbid. p. 95.

1892. Trichomanites spinifolium Jack and Etheridge, Geol. Pal.

Queensland, p. 315, pl. xviii., fig. 8.

1898. Trichomanites elongata var. spinifolia, Shirley, Bull. no. 7,

Geol. Surv. Queensland, p. 19, pl. x., fig. 3.

Fragments of a repeatedly branched narrow woody axis, the ulti-

mate branches alternate, linear or short and pointed. The linear

branches may show what appears to be a comparatively broad midrib

(pl. xi., fig. 3), but usually there is no clear indication of a median

vein. In 1872 Carruthers described a plant from the Tivoli Coal-

mine, Queensland, as Sphenopteris elongata, which he defined as

follows :—

“Frond dichotomously divided, each division irregularly pinnate ;

pinne simple, bifurcate, or irregularly pinnate; segments narrow

linear, slightly tapering upwards to the somewhat blunt apex;

the single midrib sending out simple branches, which run along

the middle of each segment.” *

Carruthers mentions the occurrence of sori as small oval markings

scattered irregularly on either side of the midrib, but no trace of such

markings are shown in the published figure. In some of the frag-

ments of this plant in the British Museum Collection the central rib,

which stands out clearly in Carruthers’ figure, is much less distinct

* Carruthers (72), p. 355, pl. xxvii., fig. 1.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 71

and the winged membranous border represented in the drawing is not

shown in the specimens that I have examined. <A few of the Tivoli

specimens in the British Museum are characterised by more

numerous lateral branches and form connecting links between

the types represented in pl. vii., figs. la and 3.

Szajnocha * refers a small specimen from Argentine Rheetic beds

to Carruthers’ species, but his material is too meagre to afford addi-

tional evidence as to the nature of the plant.

There can be no doubt as to the identity of the specimens shown

in pl. vii. figs. 2, 3, and pl. xi., fig. 8, with Carruthers’ species, but I

have no hesitation in describing the South African examples as too

stiff and woody to be referred to Sphenopteris. There is no well-

defined median rib in the majority of the specimens, but the striated

appearance of the impression and the stout form of the branches

point to a plant of more woody texture than the frond of a fern.

In all probability the specimen represented in pl. vii., fig. 3, is

specifically identical with those represented in fig. 2. The smaller

form with the pointed and shorter branchlets agrees very closely with

some Australian fossils figured by Tenison- Woods + as Trichomanites

spinifolium but afterwards referred by Shirley to Trichomanites elon-

gata. Feistmantel § records a specimen of Carruthers’ species

from the Hawkesbury beds of New South Wales, and adds that its

occurrence in the African Stormberg beds might be expected seeing

that it is a common plant in association with Thinnfeldia in Queens-

land and that it occurs with this genus also in South America.

It is difficult to decide what generic designation to apply to the

specimens represented in figs. 2 and 3, pl. vii., and fig. 3, pl. xi.

The genus Sphenopteris used by Carruthers is, I believe, inappro-

priate, as the nature of the fossils does not appear to me to favour

their identification as ferns. The lateral branches seem to be

identical in texture with the axis from which they spring, and in the

smaller specimen (pl. vil., fig. 3) the small ultimate branchlets show no

trace of a median vein but present a longitudinally striated appearance

(fig. 3a) suggesting a woody texture. I am unable to recognise any

indication of scale-leaves, nor do there appear to be any transverse

divisions or constrictions. Some specimens figured by Saporta from

the Kimeridgien of France and placed by him in his genus Stenop-

teris agree closely with the African plant in habit, but differ appa-

rently in the. presence of a more distinct median vein and in the

* Szajnocha (88), pl. 11, fig. 2. + Tenison-Woods (83), pl. iii., fig. 7.

t Shirley (98), pl..x., fig. 3, p. 19. § Feistmantel (89), p. 61.

72 Annals of the South African Museum.

membranous border of the linear segments. On the other hand,

Saporta describes the fossils as having an “evidently coriaceous.

texture,’ * and he suggests the probability of Stenopteris being more

closely allied to the cycads than to the ferns. We may provisionally

make use of Saporta’s generic name, noting the absence of a well-

defined median vein, a character included in the diagnosis of the

genus as represented by the type Stenopteris desmomera of Kimeridge

age.

Some figures published by Feistmantel under the name Palissya +

bear a resemblance to Stenopteris elongata, but the Indian and African

plants are probably not identical. A comparison may also be sug-

gested between the specimen shown in fig. 3, pl. vil., and Feistmantel’s

figure of Pachyphyllum (Cryptomerites) divaricatwm,{ but there is.

no evidence of the individuality of the ultimate branches in the

African specimens. suggesting their identity with the leaves of

Cryptomerites.

Such specimens as that shown in fig. 2, pl. vii., might be expected

to show indications of nodal fegions. The appearance of the fragments.

recalls that of a xerophytie shrubby plant with branch-like leaves or

with branches which played the part of leaves, as in the recent genus

Psilotum.

A plant of somewhat similar form, but not identical, has been

described from English Wealden strata as Becklesia anomala. §

Another genus comparable with Carruthers’ Sphenopteris elongata

is Schenk’s Frenelopsis, but the well-marked nodal regions in that:

genus afford a distinguishing feature.

Plate VII., fig. 2 (21e).

A branched axis 11 cm. long, of woody texture. I can detect no

distinct trace of a single median rib, but here and there a slight

indication of a central ridge or depression may be seen. No trace of

leaves or of nodal lines or constrictions. None of the branches.

are complete.

Plate VIL, figs. 3 and 3a (B.)

A graphitic impression on a dark slaty rock. The axis of the

lateral branches is represented by a fairly distinct median rib, but in

the ultimate segments, which are for the most part entire but in

a few instances lobed, there is no median vein. Fig. 3a shows an

* Saporta (73), p. 290, pl. xxxii. + Feistmantel (76), pls. xi. and xii.

+ Feistmantel (76), pl. x. fig. 1. § Seward (95), p. 179, pl. xiv.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 73

ultimate segment slightly enlarged with numerous irregular longi-

tudinal striations.

Other Specimens: 17e, a fragment showing the termination of a

lateral branch; 38e

Plate XI., fig. 3 (6).

A fairly well-preserved impression of an axis bearing sub-

opposite branches; both the main axis and the lateral members

show a comparatively broad dark band which probably indicates

the presence of a midrib, a feature not seen in the other

specimens.

III.—CONCLUSION.

The following species have been recorded as representatives of

the Stormberg Flora :—

EQUISETALES.

Schizoneura krasseri sp. NOV. ......-... S.W. of Matatiele, Griqualand E., Tina

River.

SUROOEMIOS SMaoponosconoc0050G00K0Co0C Tina River.

FILIcaLeEs.

Thinnfeldia odontopteroides (Morr.) .... Kenigha River, W. of Maclear, Griqua-

land E., S.W. Matatiele.

Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis Ett........... Stormberg.

Cladophlebis sp. (Feistmantel) ........ Indwe.

Callipteridium stormbergense sp. noy. .. Kenigha River.

Teniopteris carruthersi Ten.-Woods.... Kenigha River.

Chiropteris cuneata (Carr.) ..........-. Cyphergat.

Chiropteris zeillert sp. NOV. ......+.-- Cyphergat.

GINKGOALES.

Baiera stormbergensis sp. NOV. .....+.. Kenigha River.

IBN COLAO MINS Gooocayovocoecec Indwe, Stormberg.

Puants oF Dousrrut PosiTIoNn.

Phenicopsis elongatus (Morr.) ........ Indwe, Molteno, Stormberg, Cyphergat.

Stenopteris elongata (Cary.)............ Kenigha River.

The flora of the Stormberg series may be assigned to the Rheetic

period, a period of which the vegetation has left remnants in nearly

all parts of the world. In a paper on Rheetic plants from Honduras,

Prof. Newberry * drew attention to the uniformity of the Rhetic

vegetation both in the old and new worlds, and added: ‘‘ We shall

* Newberry (88).

‘74 Annals of the South African Musewm.

look now with eagerness to South America for the identification

there of this Mesozoic flora, which we have found in full development

in Virginia, New Mexico, Sonora, and now in Honduras. It has

been recognised in Australia, New Zealand, India, Tonquin, China,

Turkestan, and various parts of Europe. Hence with its discovery

in South America we shall see it reaching as a girdle around the

entire globe.’’ Before this was written Geinitz had recorded Rheetic

plants from the Argentine, and more recently Szajnocha, Solms-

Laubach, and Kurtz have made further contributions towards the

completion of this girdle of Rheetie floras.

The facts of greatest interests as regards the vegetation of this

period are—the striking departure, as regards the general facies of

the floras, from the type represented by the Paleozoic floras, and,

secondly, its uniform character in almost all parts of the world.

Schizoneura krasseri sp. nov.—This type of Equisetaceous plant

closely resembles forms recorded from Scania, Tongking, Persia, and

India, but the accurate determination of fragments of vegetative stem-

casts 1s an impossible task without the evidence of reproductive

organs and the study of anatomical characters.

Thinnfeldia.—This generic type—very closely allied to Ptilozanutes

and other genera—is one of the most characteristic and widely spread

Rheetic plants. It occurs in Europe (Scania, Germany, Italy, Poland,

and elsewhere), Australia, South America, and India. In North

America a very similar type of plant is recorded from rocks assigned

to a Permian horizon.

Callipteridiwm stormbergense.—This type does not afford much

assistance in solving the question of geological age; ferns of similar

externai form occur both in Permian. and Liassic strata.

Temopteris carrutherst.—The genus Te@niopteris is so abundantly

represented in strata ranging from Triassic to Wealden in various

parts of the world that we cannot with safety base conclusions on

fragments of sterile fronds, but so far as the evidence goes it favours

the identification of the African form with Rhetic species from other

regions.

Chiropteris.—This appears to be a comparatively rare type, but

such evidence as it affords as to geological age points to a Rhetic

horizon.

Baiera stormbergensis.—This unusual form of leaf appears to be a

distinct species, but such Ginkgoales species as resemble it most

closely are recorded from Australian strata that may probably be

regarded as Rheetic.

Stachypitys.—This fragmentary fossil cannot be determined with

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 79

confidence, but it is in this case also Rheetic types with which the

Stormberg plant exhibits the greatest resemblance.

Phenicopsis.—A widely-spread form of leaf of which the systematic

position is uncertain. Leaves from Europe, China, Australia, and

Tongking (referred by Zeiller to Neggerathiopsis) of Rhetic age and

species described by Heer from Arctic Jurassic rocks exhibit a very

close resemblance to the African specimens.

Stenopteris elongata.—A little-known type occurring in South

America, Australia, and South Africa in beds which are probably of

Rhetic age.

[NorE.—Since the above was written I have received, through

the kindness of Professor Zeiller, a copy of his atlas of the ‘“ Flore

fossile des gites de Charbon du Tonkin” (Paris, 1902). Some of

the plants shown in the unusually good photographic reproductions

bear a close resemblance to Stormberg species. Schizonewra carrerei

Zeill. is probably identical with the stem which I have named

S. krasseri ; Ctenopteris sarrent Zeill. probably represents a type

closely allied to, but not identical with, Thinnfeldia; the leaves

referred to Neggerathiopsis hislopi may, I think, be identical with

Phemcopsis elongata.|

76 Annals of the South African Museum.

III.—HCCA FLORA.

Plates X.—XII1.

Text-figure 8.

I.—INTRODUCTION.

THE base of the Lower Karoo formation has been described as con-

sisting in certain regions of a conglomerate to which Dunn’s term,

Dwyka conglomerate, has frequently been applied. The history of

our knowledge of this member of the Karoo formation has recently

been dealt with in the Annual Report of the Geological Commission

of Cape Colony for 1900.* In recent years attention has been given

to the occurrence of conglomerates in the Transvaal which are cor-

related with the Dwyka conglomerate of Cape Colony and Natal.

In 1895 Schmeisser recorded Schizonewra and Glossopteris from

Transvaal collieries in beds resting on the conglomerates, and con-

cluded that the plant-bearing strata should be correlated with Ecca

shales of Cape Colony. Dr. Corstorphine in his Report of 1900

summarises the observations bearing on the nature and age of the

conglomerates of Cape Colony and the Transvaal as follows: ‘‘ The

evidence of the glacial action in the Dwyka conglomerates has

accumulated to such an extent during recent years that doubt can

no longer remain that the rock owes its peculiarities to such action,

and that the Transvaal conglomerates, associated with the coal, are

also unmistakably of glacial origin, and, from the fossil evidence

found in the overlying rocks, can equally surely be regarded as being

at the same geological horizon as the Southern Dwyka.”’

In 1896 Professor Zeiller } published an important paper in the

Bulletin of the Geological Society of France dealing with fossil

plants obtained from the neighbourhood of Johannesburg. These

included Glossopteris (leaves and rhizome), a species of Sphenopteris,

Phyllotheca, Neggerathiopsis hislopt (Bunb.), and some seeds. In

the following year Mr. David Draper § read a paper before the

Geological Society of London, in which he referred to certain plants

obtained from a quarry 2 miles east of Vereeniging, a township

30 miles south of Johannesburg. He expressed the opinion that

* Corstorphine (00). + Corstorphine (00), p. 17.

t Zeiller (96). § Draper (97).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. Uh

the plant-bearing strata should be assigned to a Triassic horizon.

Through the courtesy of Mr. Draper, I had the opportunity of

describing the Vereeniging plants,* which were referred to the

following genera: Glossopteris, Gangamopteris, Neggerathiopsis, and

Sigillaria—types unmistakably indicating a Permo-Carboniferous age,

In 1898 Dr. Hatch + gave an account of the Geology of certain dis-

tricts in the Southern Transvaal, and in an appendix to his paper I

added a short description of a few plant remains from the Vereeniging

Sandstone. A Geological map of the Vereeniging district is pub-

lished in Dr. Hatch’s memoir, and sections are also given by Mr.

Draper in his paper of 1897.

The plants from Vereeniging described in the following pages

were obtained by Mr. Leshe from the bed of the Vaal River, about

3 miles from the locality where Mr. Draper’s specimens were

collected. An expression of thanks is due to Mr. Leslie for the

important additions to the Paleozoic Flora of South Africa which

we owe to his enthusiasm and ability.

In addition to these Lower Karoo plants from Vereeniging the

collection recently submitted to me includes a few very imperfect

fragments of leaves from Worcester and Tuin Kyraal, a few miles

south of Prince Albert Road Station, obtained from beds assigned to

the Ecca series. The Ecca beds occur mainly in the Karoo, but

there is a considerable outcrop also in the Breede River Valley,

which has recently been examined by Mr. Schwarz,§ who mentions

the occurrence of Gangamopteris impressions in a quarry near

Worcester Station. As a matter of convenience the Worcester

fossils and those from Vereeniging may he dealt with separately.

A.—ECCA PLANTS FROM WORCESTER.

Feistmantel’s list of plants from the Ecca series includes the

following species :— ||

Glossopteris browniana Brongn.

Gangamopteris cyclopteroides var. attenuata Feist.

Neggerathiopsis hislopt (Bunb.).

The material in my hands is too meagre and imperfect to lead to

any definite conclusion as to the age of the rocks; it consists of

* Seward (97). + Hatch (98). t Seward (98).

§ Schwarz (98), p. 24. || Feistmantel (89).

78 Annals of the South African Museum.

small and fragmentary impressions of Glossopteris fronds, with one

or two imperfect specimens of Gangamopteris, preserved in a mottled

purple and greyish-green argillaceous rock, from Worcester, also some

indistinct portions of an Equisetaceous plant. In addition to these,

the rock from Tuin Kraal River contains fragments of Kquisetaceous

stems, probably referable to the genus Schizoneuwra.

II.— DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS.

Genus GLOSSOPTERIS Brongniart.

GLOSSOPTERIS Sp.

(Probably Glossopteris browniana Brongn. var. imdica.)

Plate XIII, fig. 1.

The fragments from Worcester are too imperfect to determine

with certainty. While they exhibit a fairly close agreement with

Feistmantel’s figure of a Beaufort specimen, Glossopteris damudica

var. stenonwura,* they agree even more nearly with the large Glossop-

teris fronds, of which Zeiller has recently published some excellent

photographs under the name Glossopterts indica Schimp.{| This

species Zeiller considers should not be regarded as identical with

Glossopteris browiiana. The African material is too meagre to

throw any fresh light on this difficult question of specific limitation,

but I have elsewhere adopted the plan of maintaining Brongniart’s.

name, Glossopteris browniana var. indica, in preference to Schimper’s

specific designation, G. imdica.t On the whole, I consider the

Worcester specimens identical with the type of frond figured by

Zeiller as G. indica, and by myself as G. browniana var. indica.

Plate XIII., fig. 1 (Z).

A small piece of a leaf showing clearly defined secondary veins.

Other specimens: C. A piece of a frond at least 6 cm. broad,

showing a strong midrib giving off numerous oblique anastomosing

veins; X, 212a, 213a, 215a; 220a, part of a large frond showing the

midrib and anastomosing secondary veins ; 221a.

* Feistmantel (89), pl. iv., fig. 7. + Zeiller (02); Zeiller (96), pl. 367.

+ Seward (97).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 1?

Genus GANGAMOPTERIS McCoy.

GANGAMOPTERIS CYCLOPTEROIDES (?) Feist.

One small and very obscure fragment (specimen Y) from Wor-

cester is no doubt a fragment of Gangamopteris ; it agrees closely

with Feistmantel’s figure of G. cyclopteroides var. attenuata from the

Kimberley series,* but the specimen is too poor to determine.

GreNnus SCHIZONEURA Schimper and Mougeot.

SCHIZONEURA sp. (?)

A single specimen (338) from Worcester consists of small and

very obscure impressions of what are probably pieces of a Schizo-

neura stem, also a fragment of an Equisetaceous stem (351) on a

piece of sandstone from a kopje 5 miles north of Worcester.

Three other specimens (104a, 110a, 11la) from the Tuin Kraal

River agree in the crowded internodal ribs with the Stormberg

examples shown in figs. 5, 6, pl. ix., but they may also be closely

matched with specimens of Schizonewra gondwanesis Feist. from

India, and with impressions from more than one geological horizon.

The available evidence is insufficient to throw much light on the

age of the Worcester and Tuin Kraal rocks, but it is not unfavour-

able to the view that the beds in question are correctly placed on the

horizon of the Heea series.

B.—ECCA PLANTS FROM VEREENIGING. +

The specimens recently collected in the Vereeniging sandstones

by Mr. Leslie are of especial interest as including three generic

types, Psygmophyllum, Neuropteridium, and a Lepidodendroid stem

hitherto unknown from South Africa. The genus Newropteridiwm is

important as an additional link between the Lower Gondwana floras

of India and South America on the one hand, and the South African

flora on the other. The genera Psygmophyllum and Bothrodendron

suggest interesting comparisons, from the point of view of geological

distribution, between South African and European Paleozoic floras.

* Feistmantel (89), pl. iv., fig. 2.

+ These plants are described here for comparison with the plants of the same

age found within the limits of Cape Colony.

80 Annals of the South African Musewm.

FILICALES.

There can be little doubt that the genus Glossopteris should be

included in the Filicales. It is true we have not yet found fertile

specimens showing recognisable sporangia, but in addition to the

evidence furnished by the fern-like character of the sterile leaves,

the rhizome (Vertebraria) * exhibits features characteristic of ferns.

As regards Gangamopteris, which differs in no important respect

from Glossopteris, we may reasonably accept the view that it is also

a member of the Filicinee.

Genus GLOSSOPTERIS Brongniart.

GLOSSOPTERIS BROWNIANA Brongn. var. INDICA,

Plate X., figs. 3, 4.

1828. Glossopteris Browiana Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 54.

G. Browniana var. indica Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss.,

p. 223, pl. Ixii., fig. 2.

1869. Glossopteris indica Schimper, Trait. pal. vég., vol. i,

p. 646.

1896. G. indica Zeiller, Bull. Soc. Géol. France, vol. xxiv. [3],

p. 366, figs. 11, 12, 13, pl. xvii., figs. 1-3.

1898. Glossopteris Browniana var. indica Seward, Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soe., vol. liv., p. 92.

1900. G. indica Potonié, Deutsch-Ost-afrika, vol. vii., p. 2, fig. 22.

1902. G. indica Zeiller, Obs. Sur. Quelques plant. foss. Lower

Gond. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, p. 8, pl. iii.

1902. G. Browniana Arber, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Ilviii.,

Deno:

1902. G. indica, Zeiller, Flore fossile Tonkin (Atlas), pl. xvi.,

figs. 2-5.

The accurate identification or diagnosis of Glossopteris fronds, and

their separation into specific types, is, I believe, a hopeless task, and

I have purposely refrained from attempting a full synonomy of

Glossopteris browniana var. indica (or G. indica).

In a recent paper on fossil plants from New South Wales, Mr.

Arber + has given several references to literature in which records of

Brongniart’s type occur. Important contributions have in recent

* Zeiller (96), p. 351. + Arber (02), p. 5.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 81

years been made by Professor Zeiller, of Paris, to our knowledge of

the venation characters of Glossopteris fronds. In his account of

fossil plants from the neighbourhood of Johannesburg, Zeiller gives

drawings of the venation characters of the type-specimen * of Glos-

sopteris indica Schimp., and in his memoir on Indian plants + the

venation characters of this and other forms are admirably illustrated.

We still lack satisfactory information as to the taxonomic position

of the genus, although one is tempted to draw conclusions from

negative evidence.

The extraordinary abundance of Glossopteris fronds monopolising

vast areas of sedimentary beds in different regions of India, South

Africa, Australia, and elsewhere, renders the absence of well-defined

and undoubted sporangia a striking fact. It may be that the fertile

fronds differed considerably in form from the sterile, or possibly

typical filicinean sporangia were not borne by the leaves of this

genus,

The most interesting consideration in regard to Glossopteris is its

geographical distribution. The announcement by Amalitzky | in

1897 of the occurrence of this plant in Permian beds of Vologda,

which has already been discussed by Zeiller in a paper published in

1898,§ constituted an important contribution to our knowledge.

The Glossopteris leaves from Vereeniging are for the most part very

imperfectly preserved, and the venation characters are not sufficiently

distinct to describe in detail. In many cases the midrib is clearly

shown, but the secondary veins are either invisible or exceedingly

obscure.

Plate X., fig. 4 (XXII.).

A broader form of leaf, 21 em. long, agreeing in shape with speci-

mens of the type known as Glossopteris browniana var. indica. The

midrib is distinctly shown, but hardly any trace of secondary veins

can be detected.

GLOSSOPTERIS BROWNIANA Brongn. var. ANGUSTIFOLIA.

Plate X., fig. 3.

I have previously adopted this designation for the narrow type of

Glossopteris fronds which Brongniart named G. angustifolia. The

specimens from Vereeniging are too imperfect to afford any guide

as to the advisability of regarding the narrower leaves as a distinct

* Zeiller (96), p. 367, figs. 11, 12. t Ibid, (02).

t Amalitzky (97). § Zeiller (98).

82 Annals of the South African Museum.

species or including them under the comprehensive title Glossopteris

browmana.

Narrow Glossopteris leaves were found in the Vereeniging rocks in

association with Sigillaria, and described in 1897.*

Plate X., fig. 3 (XXIT.).

This specimen, 20 cm. long, represents the long and narrower type

of frond comparable with Glossopteris angustifolia Brongn., but the

venation is too obscure to be represented in detail in the drawing;

the parallel lines in the figure are merely shading, but the darker

band in the middle of the frond indicates the presence of a distinct

midrib.

Other specimens : Imperfect Glossopteris fronds are seen in speci-

mens de2iio, XX. xxl eed Vi. KKV.

Genus GANGAMOPTERIS, McCoy.

GANGAMOPTERIS CYCLOPTEROIDES, Feist.

Plate XIII., fig. 5.

1869. Neggerathia obovata, Carruthers, Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 9,

plwas

1876. Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Feistmantel, Rec. Geol. Surv.

Indiayivole1x., pt. W.;, p: ia.

1879. Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Feistmantel, Foss. Flor. Gond.

System, vol. i., p. 12, pl. vii., ix.—xill., xxvi., XXVIL.

1899. Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Feistmantel, Abh. k. bohm.

Ges Wisse sp. dl, pl. Ivey te. oo:

1890. Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Feistmantel, Mem. Geol.

Surv. New South Wales, Paleont., No. 3, p. 131.

1894. Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Kurtz, Revist. Mus. de la

Plata, p. 13, pl. ii.

1895. Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Zeiller, Bull. Soc. Géol.

France, vol. xxiii. [3], pl. x.

1896. Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Bodenbender, Zeit. deutsch.

geol. Ges., vol. xlvii., p. 772.

1897. Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Seward, Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc., vol. liii., p. 323, pl. xxii., fig. 1, text-figure 1,

C. 324.

1898. Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Seward, Quart. Journ. Geol.

NOG.) VOlWivep..o2:

* Seward (97), p. 321, pl. xxi., fig. 4a.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 83

An inspection of the type-specimen of Carruthers’ Brazilian leaf,”

which he referred to Neggerathia, convinces me that it should be

placed in Feistmantel’s species Gangamopteris cyclopteroides ; the

numerous and slightly spreading veins are undoubtedly connected

here and there by oblique anastomoses as in the typical Indian

leaves.

The association in Brazil of Newropteridiwm validum (= Odontop-

teris plantiana Carr.) and Gangamopterist (= Naggerathia obovata

Carr.) is an interesting fact in view of the same association recorded

by Kurtz in the Argentine, and now known to occur in South Africa.

The specimens of Gangamopteris included in the recently acquired

collection from Vereeniging are inferior in preservation to the leaf

that I previously figured from the same locality (British Museum

Collection, V. 3615).

Plate XIII, fig. 5 (A).

Part of a leaf showing numerous oblique and occasionally anasto-

mosing veins converging towards a central depression, where they

follow an approximately vertical course. The well-marked median

groove gives an exaggerated impression of a midrib, which in reality

is by no means as distinct as it is in a Glossopteris frond.

FILICALES OR CYCADOFILICES ?

The genus Newropteridium has been as a matter of course assigned

to the ferns, but we must recognise the fact that the Indian and

Southern Hemisphere fronds have not as yet been found in a fertile

condition. Another point of importance is the resemblance as

regards vegetative characters between this genus and Newropteris,

a fact which suggests the possibility that Newropteridiuwm, like

Neuropteris and Alethopteris, may have been a plant in which

cycadean and filicinean characters were combined.

GENus NEUROPTERIDIUM, Schimper.

Schimper suggested the name Newropleridium as a subgenus of

Neuropteris in 1869 } for a type of frond from the Bunter of the

* Carruthers (69), pl. vi., fig. 1.

+ See also Zeiller (95), pl. x.

t Schimper (69), p. 447: Schimper and Mougeot (44), pl. xxxvi.

84 Annals of the South African Museumnr.

Vosges, which he named Newropteridiwm grandifolia ; he defined

the subgenus as follows :—

“Frons simpliciter pinnata, pinnis integerrinis basi coarctatis,

infra mediam basim insertis; nervo medio plus minusve distincto.”’

The long pinnate fronds of the type-species bore segments 4-5 em.

in length and 2 cm. broad; they differ in no essential features from

the leaf represented in pl. x., fig. 1.

In 1879 Feistmantel* published several drawings of large fronds

from Lower Gondwana rocks of India, which he at first designated

Neuropteris valida, but afterwards} Newropteridiwm validum. These

Indian specimens, as Feistmantel pointed out, bear a close resem-

blance to the Triassic European species described by Schimper and

Mougeot.| The only evidence at present available, so far as I am

aware, in regard to the nature of the reproductive organs of fronds

included in Neuropteridiwm is that afforded by specimens from the

Bunter rocks of the Vosges described by Schimper and Mougeot

under the name Crematopteris. Zeiller § considers that the fossils

so named are the fertile fronds of Newropteridiwm, and suggest a

comparison with certain recent species of Lomaria. There is little

doubt that Crematopterts of Schimper and Mougeot represents the

fertile condition of a Triassic species of Newropteridiwm from the

Vosges sandstone—N. wmbricatum 8. and M.; but the fertile pin-

nules exhibit nothing more than crowded dots or pits as shown in

the drawing (Schimper and Mougeot, pl. xxxv., fig. 3) without any

indication of sporangial structure. Granting the correctness of

Zeiller’s view, and that the reproductive organs are of the nature

of sporangia, we are still without information as to the nature of the

fertile leaves of Newropteridium grandtfoliwm, the Triassic species

which so closely resembles N. validiuwm. No fertile examples have

been described from the Talchir-Karbarbari beds, where the southern

species is particularly abundant, and it may be that—like the

northern Paleozoic genera Alethopteris, Neuroptervs, and other

fern-like leaves—Neuroptertdiwm bore Gymnospermous rather than

filicinean reproductive organs.

In dealing with genera that are regarded as characteristic members

of the Glossopteris flora it is important to consider their possible

relationship or identity with northern Paleozoic types. The genus

Neuropteridiwm is usually described as a fern confined to the Lower

Gondwana rocks of India and South America and to the Bunter beds

of the Vosges in Europe. We are now able to extend the range to

* Feistmantel (79, 79°), p. 10. + Ibid. (81), p. 53.

+ schimper and Mougeot (44). § Zeiller (00), p. 109.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 85

South Africa. There are, however, a few Northern Hemisphere

forms characteristic of Lower Carboniferous strata which exhibit a

very close agreement with Newropteridiwm. The well-known Cardt-

opteris frondosa (Goepp.) from the Culm of Germany, as figured by

Stur,* Schimper,} and others is characterised by large pinnate fronds

bearing semicircular entire segments in the lower part of the leaf

and longer and slightly lobed pinnules in the upper portion of the

frond, as in the African specimen represented in pl. x., fig. 1.

A portion of a pinnate frond almost identical with that shown on

pl. x. is figured by Fritsch from Thuringian Culm rocks as Arche-

opteris dawson Stur.t A plant recently described by Grigoriew

from Upper Carboniferous rocks of Russia as Newropteris ef. cordata

Brongn. var. densinewra is also very similar to the African frond,

and should hardly be referred to a distinct genus.§ It is probably

better, at least more convenient, to retain the two names Cardiop-

teris and Neuropteridiwm ; but in some cases we must admit either

designation might be used with equal propriety as regards external

characters of the frond, irrespective of geographical distribution.

Cardiopteris as at present used denotes fronds usually of Lower

Carboniferous age characterised by pinnules that tend to be more

orbicular and less deeply lobed than those of Newropteridiwm ; the

latter genus, moreover, with the exception of the Vosges species,

forms an element of the southern Glossopteris flora, while the

former is northern in its range.

NEUROPTERIDIUM VALIDUM Feist.

Plate X., fig. 1.

1869. Odontopterts Plantiana Carruthers, Geol. Mag., vol. vi., p. 9,

pl. vi., figs. 2, 3.

1878. Newropteris valida Feistmantel, Mem. Geol. Surv. India,

Foss. Flor. Gondwana System, vol. iii., p. 10, pl. ii.—vi.

1880. Newropteridium validwm Feistmantel, zbid. (1880), p. 84.

1894, Newropteridium validum Kurtz, Revista del Mus. de la

Plata, vol. yi.; p. 1) pls @:

1896. Newropteridium validum Bodenbender, Zeit. Deutsch. Geol.

Ges., vol. xlviii., p. 772.

* Stur (75), p. 41, pl. xiil., xiv.

+ Schimper (69), p. 453, pl. xxxv.; also Schlumberger and Schimper (62)

DIP XXV. Ds. O39-

t Fritsch (97), pl. i., fig. 3, p. 90. § Grigoriew (98), pl. iv.

86 Annals of the South African Museum.

Frond long and linear, pinnate, rachis strong, bearing pinnules

which in the lower part of the frond are entire and more or less

semicircular in form, and gradually pass into longer and lobed seg-

ments as we ascend the rachis. The longer pinnules, which may

reach a length of 6 em. or more, are not attached by the whole of

the base, like the stouter and broader segments in the basal portion

of the frond, but the basal lobe of the upper edge of the segment is

free from the rachis. Apex of pinnules bluntly rounded. Veins

spreading, curving towards the edge of the pinnules with repeated

dichotomous branching, and converging in the longer segments to

form a fairly distinct midrib in the lower part of the lamina.

The discovery of Newropteridium at Vereeniging by Mr. Leslie, to

which allusion has been made in a recently published article,“

affords a very interesting confirmation of the striking similarity

between the vegetation of the Talchir-Karharberi series of India and

that of South America and South Africa. There can be no reason-

able doubt as to the identity of the Indian species and the plant

from Vereeniging. Similarly Carruthers’ Odontopteris plantiana

from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is undoubtedly the same type, and

Kurtz has already recognised the identity of Argentine specimens

with Feistmantel’s species. The type-specimens of Carruthers’

plant from Brazil are in the British Museum Collection, and an

examination of them confirms my opinion as to the identity of the

Brazilian, African, and Indian fronds.

Plate X., figs. 1, 1a, 1b (XXIL).

Fig. 1 is drawn slightly less than natural size. Frond 54 cm. long.

The basal portion is probably close to the actual termination, but the

apex has not been preserved. The lowest pinnule, which is almost

orbicular in outline, is approximately 2°5 cm. in breadth and 2 cm.

in length ; the spreading and forked veins are faintly indicated. The

fourth segment from the bottom of the rachis is 2°6 cm. long and

2-9 cm. broad, the margin appears to be entire, but the upper edge

is flatter than the more strongly arched lower margin. The next

pinnule is slightly larger, and shows the beginning of a subdivision

of the lamina into broad lobes. Pinnule number 7 reaches a

length of 5 cm., and has well-marked lobes with the Newropteris type

of venation. This segment is shown very slightly larger than

* Seward (02).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 87

natural size in fig. la. The ninth pinnule is 6 cm. long; pinnule

number 13 is shown approximately natural size in fig. 1b. Towards

the apical margin of the frond the segments gradually decrease in

size, precisely as in the Indian examples described by Feistmantel.

Plate X., fig. 2 (XXVL).

A piece of the rachis near the base of a frond showing

semicircular and orbicular segments. The veins are not seen.

Associated with Glossopteris fronds.

LYCOPODIALES.

GENus (?) BOTHRODENDRON Lindley and Hutton,

BoTHRODENDRON LESLII sp. nov.

Plate XI; figs: 1, la, 16, 4, 5, 6.

One of the most striking differences between the Upper Carbo-

niferous and Lower Permian vegetation of the Northern Hemisphere

on the one hand, and the Indian and Southern Hemisphere Glossop-

terts flora on the other, is the absence in the latter of many of the

most abundant and characteristic northern genera such as Calanvites,

Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and others. In recent years, however,

instances have been recorded of the admixture of northern Paleozoic

types with members of the Glossopteris flora: this is notably the

case in South America and South Africa. Prior to the appearance

of the Glossopteris flora in Australia there existed in that continent,”

as in South America,} certain species of plants closely resembling

European types—a fact pointing to a greater uniformity in the vege-

tation of extreme northern and southern latitudes during the Lower

Carboniferous period than prevailed at a later stage. Lower Carbo-

niferous plants have been recorded by Carruthers,;} Feistmantel,s

Etheridge, || and others from Australia, which exhibit a more or less

close agreement with certain species in the Northern Hemisphere.

Such genera as Phacopteris, Bothrodendron, and Lepidodendron atford

instances of a close correspondence between the extreme northern

flora of the Arctic regions and that which existed in the far south.

* Feistmantel (90). + Kurtz (94). See also Zeiller (7).

+ Carruthers (72). § Feistmantel (90),

|| Etheridge (90) (90°) ; Jack and Etheridge (92).

88 Annals of the South African Museum.

From South America Lower Carboniferous plants are recorded by

Szajnocha * and Kurtz,{ which, like those from Australia, point

to the almost world-wide occurrence of a vegetation of uniform

facies.

It has often been stated that such European types as Calamites,

Lepidodendron, and others, also occur in South Africa, but apart from

the recently recorded instances of the association of Sigillaria with

Glossopteris, &c., it appears to be the case that the statement quoted

by one author from another is based in part on incorrect determina-

tion, and largely on a confusion of localities, English or American

Coal-Measure fossils having been erroneously assigned to a South

African locality. In 1871 Grey} referred to the occurrence of

Lepidodendron and Sigillaria in the Stormberg district, but Professor

Rupert Jones § expressed his belief that the plants in question were

either American or English. I have no doubt, as Rupert Jones

pointed out, that Grey’s specimens were not originally obtained from

Africa ; this belief is founded on an examination of several specimens

in the British Museum (V. 235, V. 2390, V. 3267), ¢.g., Calamites,

Calamocladus, Lepidodendron, and others, said to have been obtained

from Stormberg beds.

We may next consider what authentic evidence is available bear-

ing on the occurrence of Lepidodendroid plants in South African

rocks. A few years ago Mr. David Draper, of Johannesburg, for-

warded a collection of plants to me from several localities in the

Transvaal. Among them were several specimens from Vereeniging,

which I described || as Sigillaria brardi Bronegn., a species charac-

teristic of a high horizon in the North Hemisphere Coal-Measures,

and met with also in Permian rocks. This Sigillaria was found in

association with Glossopteris, Gangamopteris, and Neggerathiopsis,

in strata assigned to a Permo-Carboniferous age. Before dealing

with the recently discovered plant represented in pl. xi., reference

may be made to a few specimens in the British Museum which

afford additional illustrations of South African Lycopodiaceous

plants. The fossil represented in text-figure 8 (V. 236) was obtained

from a locality spoken of as Atherstone Quarry, Kowie. It consists

of a piece of flattened stem, 8 cm. long and 2°5 cm. broad, bearing

spirally disposed circular protuberances and curved linear append-

ages, presumably leaves, of which some are shown in attachment to

the edge of the impression. The preservation is not sufficiently

* Szajnocha (91). t+ Kurtz (94). denGreyi (7).

§ Jones (84). || Seward (97).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 89

good to allow of specific determination, but there can be little doubt

that the fragment belonged to a Lepidodendroid plant.

TEXT-FIGURE 8.

Lepidodendroid stem. (Nat. size.)

From a specimen in the British Museum (V. 236).

A few other fragments in the Museum Collection (V. 2424) are

stated to have been obtained from a locality near Port Alfred, Kowie

mouth.

An obscure specimen (V. 2423), which may represent a fragment

of a Lepidodendroid plant (? Bothrodendron), was found in a boulder

from the Prince Albert Range, possibly from the Witteberg. The

Museum Collection also includes similar fragments from Lower

Albany (V. 240), which may be of Devonian age.* In addition to

these fragments there are two imperfectly preserved sandstone casts

obtained by Mr. Draper from Zwartkoppies, Vredefort, in the Orange

River Colony, which are no doubt partially decorticated stems of

some Lepidodendroid plant.

It is possible that the specimen represented in text-figure 8 and

that from the Prince Albert Range may be of Devonian age. In

this connection it may be mentioned that a small specimen from

Witteberg included in the collection recently sent to me (No. 53a) is

in all probability a fragment of a Lepidodendroid stem.

* An example of a Lepidodendroid plant is referred to by Mr. Draper in his paper

of 1897, p. 315.

90 Annals of the South African Museum.

The specimen represented in pl. xi., fig. 1, does not show the

surface features of the plant sufficiently clearly to enable one to

determine its affinity with certainty; it is, I believe, a Lepidoden-

droid species, but we have no satisfactory indication of the nature of

the appendages borne on the spirally disposed scars. In all prob-

ability, however, the appendages weve leaves, and the fossils present

the appearance of aerial rather than subterranean organs.

My friend Professor Zeiller has drawn my attention to some frag-

ments figured by Feistmantel * in his memoir on the Damuda and

Panchet beds of India, referred to as pieces of the stem of a coniferous

plant, probably Rhipidopsis, which bear a resemblance to the

Vereeniging fossils. We may also suggest a comparison with a

specimen figured by Schmalhausen from Petschora as a piece of the

stem of Rhipidopsis ginkgoides.| Feistmantel’s specimens are too

indistinct to determine, and there is no satisfactory evidence in

support of his determination. The Petschora fossil seems to agree

more closely with the Vereeniging stems, and may be Lepidoden-

droid. Iam indebted to Professor Zeiller for suggesting that the

fossils represented on pl. xi., figs. 1, 4, 5, 6, may be gymnospermous

stems, their scars being very similar to the leaf-scars of the branches

of recent species of Abies. It must be admitted that the surface

features of the African specimens do not conform in detail to those

of Bothrodendron, but in all probability we have to deal with par-

tially decorticated stems, which would not exhibit the parichnos

scars nor the characteristic sculpturing of the bark. The apparently

dichotomous branching shown in fig. 4 is, I think, an additional

argument in favour of assigning the specimens to the Lycopodiales.

In his recent and very important memoir on Upper Devonian

plants of Bear Island, Professor Nathorst figures numerous examples

of a Lepidodendroid plant which he identifies as Bothrodendron

kiltorkense (Haugh.).t Haughton’s species, Cyclostegma kiltor-

kense,§ from the Kiltorkan beds of Ireland, was placed in the genus

Bothrodendron by Kidston || as the result of an examination of a

series of specimens in the Dublin Museum. Some of these Arctic

specimens bear so close a resemblance to the South African plant

that one might be almost tempted to regard the two as identical

species. My friend Professor Nathorst, to whom I forwarded a

drawing of the African stems agrees with me that they may belong

* Feistmantel (81°), pl. xlvii.a, figs. 5-7.

Schmalhausen (79), pl. viii., fig. 12.

Nathorst (02), p. 31, pl. x.—xiv.

Haughton (60). || Kidston (89), p. 66.

C2 ++

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 91

to a species of Bothrodendron, but considers them specifically distinct

from B. kiltorkense. The small forked specimen shown in fig. 4 may

be matched almost exactly with Nathorst’s figs. 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, and 11

in pl. xi. of the Bear Island Memoir. The larger and more perfect

specimen from Vereeniging (pl. xi., fig. 1) also agrees closely with some

of Nathorst’s examples. In spite of the close superficial agreement, I

believe the African plant to be a distinct species—a view which my

friend Mr. Kidston also unhesitatingly adopts. In the stems from

South Africa I am unable to detect any trace of the two lateral scars,

representing the parichnos, shown in some of Nathorst’s figures of

the leaf-scars of Bothrodendron kiltorkense ; the absence of the

parichnos scars may be due to the partial decortication of the stems.

Another plant which may be compared with the African species is

Cyclostigma australe, as figured by Feistmantel* from Devonian

rocks of New South Wales. This Australian type is possibly

identical with Haughton’s species. The variation in the arrange-

ment of the scars is in accordance with a reference of the fossils to

the Lycopodiales ; striking examples of Sigillaria with leaf-scars

closely approximated in certain regions, of the stem, and farther

apart in other regions, have been figured by Kidston, Zeiller, and

other authors.

The Vereeniging plant appears to agree as regards the size, form and

arrangement of the scars with the genus Bothrodendron (including

under this term Cyclostigma) more closely than with other members

of the Lycopodiales. I purpose to designate the specimens Bothro-

dendron leslit.

Plate XI., figs. 1, la, 1b (XXI.).

A piece of a stem, 29 cm. long, and varying in breadth from 1-5 to

2cm. The small piece at the upper end—as shown in the drawing

—is at a higher level than the rest, and shows the almost circular

scars aS prominences with a central depression. Below this the

scars occur as depressions with a central umbo, and in some of them

one is able to detect a small pit in the centre of the umbo (1a), the

pit no doubt marking the position of the vascular bundle, which

supplied the spirally disposed appendages. In all probability the

uppermost piece of the specimen is the impression of the outer, but

partially decorticated, surface of the organ, while the remainder of

the specimen represents the inner face of the compressed cortex, the

internal tissues—wood and pith—having been removed. At ¢ the

* Feistmantel (90), pl. xi.

92 Annals of the South African Museum.

scars become more crowded and the surface shows signs of wrink-

ling—no doubt the result of contraction on drying. Lower down the

scars again become more scattered, and later, b, the more crowded

disposition recurs. The enlarged drawing of the region b (1b) shows

more clearly the nature of the scars and their arrangement : in many

of them the preservation is not sufficiently good to show the vascular

bundle pit in the central umbo. Below the region 0} the surface

features become more obscure.

Plate XI., fig. 4 (B).

This fragment is of interest as showing the dichotomous branch-

ing; the scars are precisely like those of the larger specimen, but

their preservation is less perfect.

Plate XI., fig. 5 (XX.).

An obscurely preserved and wrinkled specimen, similar to xxi.

Plate XL, fig. 6 (XX).

A larger branched fragment, bearing scars like those of xxi.

(fig. 1), but showing the surface features much less clearly. There

are indications here and there of impressions suggesting narrow

linear, leaf-like appendages lying on the stem, but the preservation

is too poor to enable one to recognise any certain traces of

appendages.

? GINKGOALES.

Genus PSYGMOPHYLLUM Schimper.

This genus was instituted by Schimper in 1870* for leaves of

Permian and Upper Carboniferous age previously referred to Negge-

rathia. He defined it as follows :—

‘“‘ Folia pinnatisecta, pinnis erecto patentibus, e basi valde angus-

tata flabelliformibus, longitudinaliter flabellatim plicatis, plus minus

profunde pinnatisectis, vel margine lobatis sen crenatis; nervis

plusies dichotomis, erecto-radiantibus. Vernatio foliorum verti-

caliter involuta.”’

Psygmophyllum is placed by Schimper among the Cycads, while

later authors | have preferred to regard the lobed and wedge-shaped

* Schimper (70), p. 192. + Saporta (84), p. 230; Zeiller (00), p. 251.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 93

leaves as probably those of a member of the Ginkgoales. We have,

however, no evidence beyond such as is afforded by the not very

close resemblance of the leaves to those of Ginkgo that can be

accepted as in any way deciding the position of Schimper’s genus.”

The genus Ginkgophyllum was adopted by Renault and Saporta t

for leaves which cannot be distinguished from Psygmophyllam, but I

see no reason for substituting the more committal term for Schimper’s

older designation. Feistmantel’s Huryphyllum whittianwn {| from

the Karharbari Coal-field may be compared with Psygmophyllum as

regards the tapered base of the leaves and their arrangement on

the stem, but the Ginkgo-like form of the bilobed lamina affords a

distinctive feature of the latter genus.

PSYGMOPHYLLUM KIDSTONI, Sp. nov.

Plate XITI., fig. 1.

Vegetative shoots woody, bearing spirally disposed leaves. Leaves

wedge-shaped, reaching a length of 13 em., usually divided by a deep

median sinus into two narrow wedge-shaped lobes, truncate distally

and tapering gradually to the proximal end of the lamina. Leaves

sessile, attached to the axis by a narrow base. The lamina is

traversed by numerous spreading and occasionally forked veins

following a course parallel to the edge of the leaf.

Organs of reproduction unknown.

Leaves of the Psygmophyllum type have hitherto been recorded

from the following regions and geological horizons :—

Psygmophyllwm flabellatum (li. and H.),§ Coal-Measures of New-

castle-upon-Tyne, England.

Psygmophyllum williamsoni, Nath,|| Culm beds of Spitzbergen.

Ginkgophyllum flabellatum (i. and H.), Renault, Cours. Bot. Foss.

1881, p. 65, pl. vii., fig. 5.

Psygmophyllum expansum (Brongn.),‘i Permian of Russia.

Psygmophyllum grassett (Sap.),** Permian of Lodéve.

Ginkgophyllum minus, Sandb.|+ Coal-Measures or Permain of the

Black Forest.

* Seward and Gowan (00), p. 136.

+ Renault (81), p. 65; Saporta (84), p. 230.

+ Feistmantel (79), pl. xxi. § Lindley and Hutton (32), pl. xxviii., xxix.

|| Nathorst (94), pl. ii., figs. 1, 2.

{_ Murchison (45), vol. ii., p. 9, pl. E. See also d’Hichwald (55), pl. xiii., fig. 17,

and Schmalhausen (87), p. 18, pl. iii., iv.

** Saporta (84), p. 228, pl. clii., fig. 2. tt Sandberger (90), p. 101.

94 Annals of the South African Museum.

Two specimens of Psygmophyllum flabellatum in the British

Museum from the Coal-Measures of Newcastle (England) bear so close

a resemblance to the South African plant that I am unable to detect

any well-marked differences. One of these specimens (40578) is a

large leaf tapering gradually to a narrow basal region with a lamima

15 cm. long and 11°5 em. broad, agreeing in size and shape with the

example shown in pl. xiii. The other specimen (38927) shows an

axis like that represented in pl. xiii. bearing portions of two long

wedge-shaped leaves. The collection includes a similar specimen,

but less clearly preserved, from the Province of Perm, in Russia,

referred to Psygmophyllum expanswm Brongn.,* a type which is

probably closely related to the species of Lindley and Hutton.

Nathorst’s + Psygmophyllum williamsoni from Spitzbergen bears a

resemblance to P. kidstoni, and is of interest as coming from

a lower horizon than the other examples of the genus. Several

fossils have been figured by Schmalhausen from the Permian of

Russia under the generic name Psygmophyllwm, and some of these

undoubtedly represent species bearing a close resemblance both to

P. flabellatum (i. and H.) of the English Coal-Measures and to the

Vereeniging plant; this is the case with some at least of the speci-

mens referred by Schmalhausen to Brongniart’s species Psygmo-

phyllum expansum.s On the other hand, such forms as that

represented in his fig. 11, pl. 1i.— referred to P. cwnezfoliwm (Brongn.)

can hardly be accepted as species of this genus. The specimen

named by Schmalhausen Baiera gigas || is in all probability a leaf of

Psygmophyllium, and may indeed be identical with the African plant.

The leaves from Russia described by Schmalhausen as P:hipidopsis

ginkoides | differ from those of the African plant in being compound,

but the individual leaflets are very similar to the leaves represented

in pl. xiii. Under the name Archeopteris archetypus the same author

has figured leaves from Upper Devonian age in Russia ** which may

be compared with Psygmophyllum kidstont; the habit of the branch

as shown in one of Schmalhausen’s figures (pl. ii.) appears to be

identical with that of the African plant. Neggerathia foliosa Sternb.,

a species characteristic of the Radnitz Coal-Measures, Bohemia, and

described by Feistmantel from Silesia,}}+ also bears a resemblance to

Brongniart in Murchison (45), pl. E.

Lindley and Hutton (32), pl. xxvili.—xxix.

Nathorst (94), pl. il., figs. 1, 2.

Schmalhausen (87), pl. iii., fig. 10; pl. iv., figs. 1-6.

Onacite, plays, ue lO: *| Schmalhausen (79), pl. vi.

*OTO1d | (G4) apeeos leds ++ Feistmantel (75), pl. v., fig. 1.

% = co ++ +

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 95

the Vereeniging plant as regards the form, venation, and manner of

attachment of the leaves. As an example of a plant from a higher

geological horizon not unlike the African type, reference may be

made to Neggerathia vogesiaca Bronn from the Raibl Rheetic beds,

but Bronn’s plant has a broader axis, and the longer leaves are

disposed in two rows like the pinnz of a Cycadean frond.*

Plate XIL., fig. 1 (XXIIL).

The woody and fairly stout axis reaches a length of 34 cm., the

leaves appear to be arranged spirally, and in some of them the

attachment to the axis is clearly shown. The venation is faintly

indicated, but sufficiently obvious to show that the lamina is

traversed by numerous veins following a course approximately

parallel to the edges of the leaf. The leaf a, which is incomplete,

and may indeed represent half the original lamina, shows the gradual

tapering towards the base. Leaf 0 is still attached to the axis, and

illustrates the bilobed character, the wedge-shaped lamina being

divided by a deep median sinus into two halves, one of which has

become pressed down to a slightly lower level in the matrix of the

rock than the other. In the incomplete and lobed lamina of leaf c

the veins are fairly distinct. A portion of leaf d is seen in direct

continuity with the axis. The lamina of leaf e is almost perfect, and

shows the bilobed character very clearly.

CORDAITALES.

Genus N@IGGERATHIOPSIS, Feistmantel. .

Feistmantel’s generic name instituted in 1879 | is another illustra-

tion of the influence of geographical distribution on nomenclature.

Had the leaves referred to this genus been found in Huropean

Paleozoic rocks there can be little doubt that they would have been

described under the name Cordaites. Professor Zeiller | has drawn

attention to slight differences as regards venation between the leaves

of the two genera, and in fragments of cuticle detached from a South

African specimen the disposition of the stomata appears to differ to

some extent from that in Cordaites. Kurtz § in a recent note has

incidentally referred to the more spreading arrangement of the veins

* Bronn (58), pl. vi. + Feistmantel (79), p. 23.

+ Zeiller (96), p. 23. See also Feistmantel (90). § Kurtz (03), p. 25.

96 Annals of the South African Museum.

as a distinguishing character of Naggerathiopsis, but the concensus

of opinion favours the view that these northern and southern leaves

with parallel or slightly spreading veins belong to closely allied

genera, and should both be included in the Cordaitales. In his

recent memoir on Lower Gondwana plants Zeiller * expresses himself

strongly in favour of regarding Neggerathiopsis hislopt (Bunb.) as a

species of the Cordaitez, and very closely allied to Cordaites. Solms-

Laubach,} Krasser,t Arber,§ and other authors adopt a similar

view.

The leaves of Heer’s genus Phenicopsis, which I believe to be

identical with Zeugophyllites, differ from the broader leaves of

Neggerathiopsis in the absence of the frequent dichotomous branch-

ing of the veins. As Zeiller says, we cannot resist the inference

that the Gymnospermous seeds found in association with Neggera-

thiopsis in the Karharbari beds may, like the European Cardiocarpus

seeds in association with Cordattes, have been borne by this southern

member of the Cordaitez.|| The leaf from Tonking named by

Zeiller §| Neggerathiopsis hislopt bears so close a resemblance to the

Stormberg plant Pheaicopsis elongata that I am inclined to think

the latter generic name more appropriate than Neggerathiopsis.

N@GGERATHIOPSIS HISLOPI (Bunb.).

Plate X., fig. 5; Plate. XIII., figs. 2-4.

1861. Neggerathia Hislop, Bunbury, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soce.,

vol. xvil., p. 334, pl. x., fig. 5.

1879. Neggerathiopsis Hislopi, Feistmantel, Foss. Flor. Gondwana

System, vol. iii., p. 23, pls. xIx., XX., XXVIll., KXIX., XXX.

1879. ? Rhiptozamites Goepperti, Schmalhausen, Mém. Acad. imp.,

St. Pétersburg, vol. xxvii. [7], p. 32, pl. iv., figs. 2-4 ;

pl. vii., figs. 23-27.

1887. Rhiptozamites Goepperti, Schmalhausen, Mém. Com. Géol.,

Vol No v4 pl. -v., e106:

1890. Cf. Neggerathiopsis spathulata and N. media, Feistmantel,

Mem. Geol. Surv., N.S. Wales, p. 154, pl. xxi.,

figs. 3-5.

1897. Neggerathiopsis Hislopi, Seward, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.,

vol. liti., p. 322, pl. xxi., fig. 40.

* Zeiller (02), p. 31. + Solms-Laubach (91), p. 110.

+ Krasser (00). § Arber (02).

|| Zeiller (02), p. 32. {| Ibid. (82), pl. xii., fig. 13 (022), pl. -xL.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. i

1894. Neggerathiopsis Hislopt, Kurtz, Revist. Mus. de la Plata,

p. 15, pl. iii., figs. 3, 4; pl. iv., figs. 1-3.

1896. Neggerathiopsis Hislopi, Zeiller, Bull. soc. géol. France,

vol. xxiv. [3], p. 372, figs. 16, 17, and pl xvii,

figs. 6-9.

1898. Neggerathiopsis Hislopi, Seward, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,

vol. liv., p. 93.

1900. ? Neggerathiopsis Hislopi, Potonié, Deutsch-Ostafrika,

Bde wails pt-

1902. ? Neggerathiopsis Goepperti, Arber, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soce.,

vol. lviii., p17; pli tes.ek, 2.

Leaves broadly linear, varying considerably in size and shape,

traversed by numerous parallel veins exhibiting dichotomous branch-

ing, more especially in the basal portion of the lamina, but occasion-

ally also in other parts of the leaf. In the longer leaves the veins

follow a straight course through the greater part of the lamina, but

in the shorter and obovate leaves the veins tend to diverge towards

the edges in the upper part of the lamina. The epidermal cells have

rectilinear walls.

The Russian fossils originally referred by Schmalhausen* to

Rhiptozamites from strata which are said to be of Jurassic age, but

which have been more recently demonstrated by Zeiller + to be

Paleozoic, are no doubt very closely allied to Neggerathiopsis

hislopt. Rhiptozanutes goepperti is recorded also from Russian

Permian rocks by Schmalhausen, and the leaf figured in his pl. v.,

fig. 6} can hardly be specifically distinguished from the smaller

forms of Neggerathiopsis hislopi from Vereeniging. Feistmantel §

and Zeiller || have both drawn attention to the resemblance between

Rhiptozamites and Cordaites, and there can be little doubt that

Schmalhausen’s plant should be placed in the Cordaitez and regarded

as generally identical with Naggerathiopsis or Cordaites. Arber £

has described imperfect leaves from Australia which, as he observes,

are probably identical with the Russian type; he notes the close

resemblance between Bunbury’s species N. hislopi and N. goeppertt,

but prefers to retain both specific names.

Plate XIII., fig. 4 (XXIV.).

Part of the torn lamina of a leaf, incomplete at both ends. The

leaf is traversed by slghtly spreading and crowded veins which

* Schmalhausen (79). + Zeiller (967). { Schmalhausen (87).

§ Feistmantel (90), p. 153. ‘|| Zeiller (967), p. 475. 4] Arber (02), p. 17, pl. i.

98 Annals of the South African Museum.

occasionally bifurcate. The lamina is curved so as to present a

convex surface; it extends distally into the sandstone, so that the

apparently triangular apex does not represent the actual termination

but merely the boundary of the exposed part of the specimen. This

leaf may be compared also with Huryphyllum, as figured by Feist-

mantel from India.

Plate XIIL., fig. 2 (XXI).

Part of a leaf 12°5 cm. long and 4 cm. broad. The venation is not

very clearly shown, but the specimen is of interest on account of its

striking resemblance to a leaf of Cordaites.

Other specumens: Fragments occur on specimens xXx., XXi., KR

xxiv. One clearly preserved impression (xxi.b) represents a broad

linear leaf like that shown in pl. xiii., fig. 2, but with a narrow basal

termination.

Plate XIII., fig. 3 (XXV.) (¢ nat. size).

A torn leaf 10 cm. long, showing the original form of the lamina.

The slightly spreading veins appear to be rather farther apart than

those in the specimen shown in fig. 4, but this need not necessarily

indicate a specific difference, as some at least of the finer ridges

in fig. 4 may represent hypodermal strands of mechanical tissue such

as are known to occur in the leaves of Cordaites.

Plate X., fig. 5 (XX.).

Part of a leaf showing the veins more clearly. The narrow end of

the fragment does not represent the actual apex, as the lamina

extends further into the rock, The veins are numerous and more

oblique to the margin than in the other figured specimens.

PLANT OF DOUBTFUL POSITION.

A.—RHIZOME OR Root.

Plate XII., fig. 2 (XX.).

This imperfect specimen, represented natural size in the drawing,

may be a rhizome giving off numerous branched roots, but it is

impossible to speak with confidence as to its precise nature. It is

perhaps not improbable that the fossil may be part of the rhizome,

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 99

with roots, of Glossopteris ; a comparison may be suggested with the

figure of Vertebraria (Glossopteris) published by Bunbury.”

B.—StTeEm.

On specimen xxi. occurs a flattened impression of a woody stem

55 em. long and 4 cm. broad, showing a well-defined pear-shaped

branch-scar. In the absence of petrified woody tissue I am unable

to offer any opinion worthy of expression as to the affinity of the

fossil.

III.—CONCLUSION.

The plants from Worcester are unfortunately too few in number

and too fragmentary to enable one to make a definite statement as to

the age of the beds, but so far as the evidence goes it points to a close

resemblance of the flora with that which is more abundantly repre-

sented in the plants of the Vereeniging sandstones. I shall, therefore,

confine myself to the question of the age and correlation of the

Vereeniging species. It has been pointed out in the section of this

paper dealing with Bothrodendron that the supposed occurrence of

European species of Lepidodendron, Calamites, and Pecopteris in

South African rocks is in all probability erroneous.

The European Permian and Coal-Measure species Sigillaria brardi

Brongn. is represented by satisfactory specimens obtained from the

Vereeniging rocks, and we are now able to add a second example of

the Lycopodiales to the list of South African plants, but there is

absolutely no proof that the Northern Hemisphere Permo-Carboni-

ferous flora existed in Africa south of the Zambesi in Portuguese

East Africa.| Without attempting a complete survey of the literature

dealing with South African plants, which there is good reason for

-assigning to a Palaeozoic horizon, we may briefly consider the general

facies of the vegetation of which remnants have been recorded.

Leaving out of account such ‘fragments as cannot be satisfactorily

determined, we may regard the following types as a representative

series of the older vegetation of the Transvaal, Cape Colony, and other

districts. Numerous specimens of Glossopteris have recently been

obtained from Zululand and in Natal this genus and other Paleozoic

plants are known to occur. Potonié has also recently described a few

forms from Portuguese and German East Africa, but the greater

number of the plants mentioned in the following list are from the

neighbourhood of Johannesburg, Vereeniging, and other localities in

the Transvaal.

* Bunbury (61), pl. xi. + Zeiller (83).

Annals of the South African Museum.

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Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 101

The conelusion to be drawn from the Vereeniging plants is that

they belong to a flora which flourished in South Africa, India,

South America, and Australia during some portion of the Permo-

Carboniferous epoch, On the whole, it would seem probable that

the age of the plant-beds corresponds most nearly with the Upper

Carboniferous period as represented in Europe. It is of necessity

difficult to attempt to express the geological age or homotaxy of

South African beds in terms of the geological chronology of the

Northern Hemisphere, but the close correspondence of some of the

Vereeniging types with Indian and South American species points to

their correlation with the Karharbari beds of the Lower Gondwana

system. The occurrence of such types as Sigillaria, Bothrodendron,

and Psygmophyilum shows a closer correspondence between the

South African flora and that of the Northern Hemisphere than occurs

in the Indian vegetation; we have evidence of an overlapping or

commingling of the northern and southern botanical provinces * in

South Africa and in South America that is not afforded by the Lower

Gondwana floras of India and Australia.

* Zeiller (97).

102 Annals of the South African Museum.

IV.—WITTEBERG SERIES.

I po not propose to enter into a discussion as to the stratigraphy

of the Witteberg beds : * the numerous examples of Sprrophyton which

they have afforded do not, in my opinion, supply a clue to their

geological age. A small and obscure fragment of a Lepidodendroid

plant, which is the only recognisable and undoubted fossil plant

included in the collection, would be in accordance with the reference

of the series either to the Carboniferous or Devonian period. Con-

sidering the relation to the Witteberg series to the rocks containing

the species described in Part III. of this Memoir, it would seem

probable that they belong rather to the Devonian than to the

Carboniferous epoch.

LEPIDODENDROID PLANT.

(53a) A small and obscure impression on a quartzose rock showing

crowded and spirally disposed projections. Too small and imperfect.

to determine. From Rooiberg, Breede River.

ROOTS (?)

The quartzose rocks in which the Spirophyton occurs contain also

some radially disposed and comparatively deep grooves, which differ

from the ridges and grooves of Spirophyton in being straight and few

in number; they probably represent roots which spread into the

sand from a central axis. The preservation is not sufficiently good

to enable one to hazard a suggestion as to the nature of the plant to

which they belonged, but they certainly differ from the typical Spiro-

phyton, and should not be included under that head.

(44a) A large block of quartzite with a funnel-shaped depression on

one face, the sides of which are marked by irregular deep grooves.

which may have been formed by radially disposed roots.

(45a, 47a, 50a) A smaller specimen showing at one end half of a

conical elevation bearing radially arranged grooves; on the face of

rock exposed in a longitudinal section through the apex of the conical

elevation one sees indications of a central line or axis, from which

iron-stained bands extend through the matrix. This specimen,

* See Feistmantel (89); Annual Report (99).

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 103

like 44a, 45a, and 47a, does not exhibit the typical Spirophyton

characters.

Genus SPIROPHYTON, Hall.

(Probably of mechanical and not vegetable origin.)

Among the specimens from Cape Colony there are a few large

blocks of hard quartzose rock containing well-marked impressions of

the problematical fossil Spirophyton from the Witteberg sandstone,

4+ mile N.E. of Touws River Station, from Zout Kloof, 3 miles E.S.E.

of Ladismith and from the north bank of the Touws River at Letta’s

Kraal.

The Reports of the South African Geological Commission contain

several references to the abundance of Spirophyton cauda-gallt in

the Witteberg quartzites;* it is mentioned as being particularly

abundant towards the top of this series, and is regarded as a

convenient and apparently trustworthy means of recognising the

Witteberg beds.

In 1842 Vanuxem}{ published a figure of a ‘‘ fucoid,” which he

described as occurring in great abundance in the so-called Cauda-

Galli Grit of the Ithaca group, Madison County. Vanuxem’s fossil

was afterwards figured by Hall} under the name Spirophyton cauda-

galli Van. as occurring in North American strata referred to the

Devonian period, and described as a plant consisting of a slender

axis bearing a thin and broad spirally disposed “phyllome.”’ Hall,

as well as several other authors, compared the fossil with certain

recent Alew. The authors of the Palzobotanical volume of Zittel’s

Handbuch der Paleontologie § include Spirophyton with other similar

forms in the group Alectoruridez ; this group comprises examples

ranging in age from Silurian to Tertiary strata. There can be little

doubt that the fossils referred to Schimper’s genus Alectorurus || of

Silurian age, as well as those included in such genera as Cancello-

phycus © and Taonurus ** from Mesozoic strata, without mentioning

others from Upper Paleozoic +} and Tertiary rocks, might equally

well be designated Spzrophyton. It is evident that Vanuxem’s genus,

whatever its nature may be, is met with in sedimentary rocks of

almost all geological formations. Nathorst |} speaks of the Alecto-

ruridew as occurring in such a position in sedimentary strata as must:

* Annual Reports (97), pp. 19, 56, 64; (98), pp. 16, 49, 61; (99), p. 35

+ Vanuxem (42), pp. 128, 177, figs. p. 128. t Hall (63).

§ Zittel (90), p. 54. || Ibid., fig. 43, p. 55. “| Ibid., p. 57.

** Heer (76), pl. xlviii. tt Lesquereux (79), pl. A. tt Nathorst (867), p. 45.

104 Annals of the South African Museum.

lead to the conclusion that, if they be organic, they must have lived

on the spot where they occur as fossils. But as they are found in

deposits where they could have had no convenient support on which

to grow, the opinion to which he is driven is that Spirophyton and

allied forms are of mechanical origin and do not represent Algze or

other organisms.

Potonié* reproduces a figure of Spirophyton evfeliense originally

published by Kayser + from Lower Devonian rocks; he states that

by stirring sand in water he was able to produce an appearance like

that of the typical Spirophyton. In an exhaustive memoir by Fuchs}

Spirophyton and other problematical forms are discussed in detail ;

this author describes an Eocene specimen in the Pisa Museum

having a diameter of 40 cm. ; he deals also with Tertiary examples

from the Flysch and elsewhere. Reference is also made to the well-

known screw-like fossils from America $—the Devil’s corkscrew or

Daimonelia, and Spiraxis, described by Newberry, Barbour, James,

and others; Fuchs expresses the opinion that these various fossils

are all of similar nature and do not represent impressions of plants.

He suggests that Spirophyton and similar markings may owe their

origin to some animal, probably a worm, which produced a spiral

cavity in sand or other sediment, and another comparison he makes

is with the spawn-bands (‘“ Laichbander’’) of certain nudibranchs

(e.g., Doris).

The examination of the Spirophyton specimens from South Africa

confirms my suspicion that this abundant “ fossil”’ owes its origin to

mechanical causes. Spirophyton has so extended a geological range

that this fact alone makes one pause in describing it as a fossil alga ;

persistent types are well known. to occur, but an organism with the

persistence of Spirophyton can only be recognised as such on con-

vineing evidence. The occurrence of this fossil in rocks, which are

in some instances almost destitute of undoubted organic remains, is

another fact to which some weight should be attached. But it is the

nature of the specimens themselves that furnishes the strongest

argument against the acceptance of Spirophyton as an organism.

The strong and prominent ridges curving outward from a central

point do not convey the impression of records that are likely to have

been left by the thallus of an alga in a bed of sandstone; the occur-

rence of the fossils in a vertical position traversing several inches of

a quartzose rock is a fact easier of explanation on the mechanical

theory of their origin. My view is that these Witteberg Spzro-

* Potonié (99), p. 39. + Kayser (72).

§ N

{ Fuchs (95), p. 410. Newberry (85); James (95), &e.

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 105

phytons have probably been formed by swirling water which has

left an impress in the form of obliquely striated and prominent

ridges (pl. xiv.) on the hardened sediment of an eddying stream

that flowed through the sand by a narrow vertical channel. I

ought to add that I have not made an extended examination of

Spirophytons from other localities, but as regards the South African

specimens my view is that they do not represent the remains of

plants.

Plate XIV., fig. 1 (57a).

The drawing shows the surface-view of a specimen, 13 cm. by

12 cm., in which the Spirophyton characters occur on different

levels of the rock, but with no apparent regularity. In the centre

(a) there is an approximately cylindrical and obliquely placed cast,

from which the curved ridges and grooves radiate over the surface

of the stone, sloping slightly downward from the central point.

This axis may well be the cast of a central channel in which the

swirling water passed or flowed through the sand. As shown in

the figure, the surface of the rock is very uneven; at c several

prominent ridges are seen covered by numerous oblique secondary

ridges. Similar obliquely striated and prominent ribs are shown

also at b at a higher level. There is no trace of any carbonaceous

matter. The strongly marked and prominent ridges form a striking

feature, and cannot, I believe, be explained on the assumption that

they have been formed by the impress of a leaf-like organ.

Plate XIV., fig. 2 (12a).

View of a specimen, 12 cm. broad, showing a portion of a Spvro-

phyton impression. The centre from which the curving ridges

spring was probably close to the left-hand end of the drawing,

where the surface of the rock stands at a slightly higher level. The

edge of the impression (right-hand side of the figure) is fairly well

defined, and forms a definite boundary between the Spirophyton

and the rock matrix. The surface is undulating, with occasional

broad curved folds which are traversed by numerous parallel ridges

less prominent than those shown in fig. 1. At d a few parallel ridges

are seen following a course oblique to the general trend of the

narrow ribs and grooves.

Other specimens : 1. A specimen from + mile South of Ladismith,

13 cm. by 13 cm., showing a truncated prominence in the centre,

106 Annals of the South African Museum.

from which irregular ridges and grooves extend in double curves over

the face of the rock, forming a figure reminding one of the lines of

sparks given off from a rotating Catherine Wheel; surface features

more obscure than in the figured specimens. The depth of the

grooves and the prominence of the ridges are in themselves a

weighty argument against the view that we have before us the

impression of an algal thallus.

3. From Worcester; a small specimen similar to that shown in

fig. 2; 403.

(107 )

BUSTER O Galea eat

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(

)

94) Zur fossilen Flora der Polarliinder. Th. i. Lief. 1. K. Svensk. Vet.

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Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 113

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(

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116

Annals of the South African Museum.

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(117)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Prats I.

Onychiopsis mantelli (Brongn.).

Natural size (428c). White River, Dunbrodie (Geelhoutboom)

x 13 (891c). ” ” ”

x2, (407c). ” ” ”

x 2 (401c). » » ”

Puate II.

Cladophlebis browniana (Dunk.).

Natural size (343c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout’s R.

pe 2:§ 4 ” ” 99

Natural size (344c). -

5. 2 4 ” 9 ”

x 3 (364c). 5%

Natural size (342c). 5 3

oes 3 9 ” ”

. x4 aD of ”

x 14 (861c). 6 5

Teniopteris sp.

Natural size (172d). Two miles east of Herbertsdale

. x 13 (198d). 5 np

Sphenopteris jittont Sew.

Natural size (249c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout’s R.

a Exto: ” ” ”

Be ” ” ”

x 2 (376c). 33 ”

exe ” ” ”

118 Annals of the South African Museum.

Puate III.

Zamites recta (Tate).

Fig. 1. Natural size (257c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout’s R.

a. x 2 (258ce).

9 1 “ be) ”

» 2. Natural size (288c). 0 ”

59 tc v3 (A). 35 ”

Puate LV.

Nilssonia tatei sp. noy.

. | Natural size (291c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout’s R.

Cycadolepis jenkinsiana (Tate).

Fig. 3. Natural size (315c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout’s R.

es $5 (280c). m ss

” 5% 2e8! (319¢). ” ”

», 6. Natural size (311c). 3 i

PuaTE V.

Onychiopsis mantelli (Brongn.).

Fig. 1. Natural size.

(Type-specimen of Tate ; Museum of Geological Society of London, No. 11,114.)

Benstedtia sp.

Fig. 2. Natural size (292c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout’s R.

Zamites rubidget (Tate).

Fig. 3. Natural size.

(Type-specimen of Tate ; Geol. Soc. Museum, No. 11,109.)

Zamites morrisit (Tate).

Fig. 4. Natural size.

(Type-specimen of Tate; Geol. Soc. Museum, No. 11,108.)

Zamites africana (Tate).

Fig. 5. Natural size.

(Type-specimen of Tate; Geol. Soc. Museum, No. 11,110.)

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. 119

Puate VI.

Conites sp. a.

Fig. 1. Natural size (253c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout’s R.

» la. xd ” ” ”

» 3. Natural size (298c). 39 29

Conites sp. [3.

Fig. 2. Natural size (310c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout’s R.

5 Pith Os 24 ” ” ”

Araucarites rogerst sp. noy.

Fig. 4. Natural size (298c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout’s R.

bed 5. 29 ” 39 ”

” 6. ” (295c). ” ”

” tle ” (300c). ” oe)

Zamites recta (Tate).

Fig. 8. Natural size (298c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout’s R.

sg AE Be (328ce). o Ms

,, 10. Considerably enlarged (a). ,, A

» ll. x14 (842c). % ‘

» 12. Natural size (286c). a 55

Brachyphyllum sp.

Fig. 13. Natural size (299c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout’s R.

, 18. x3 (348c). a -

Planta incert@ sedis.

Fig. 14. Natural size (332c). Near mouth of Bezuidenhout’s R.

Tawvites sp.

Fig. 15. Natural size (182d). Herbertsdale.

Cladophlebis denticulata (Brongn.) forma atherstonei.

Fig. 16. Natural size (170d). Herbertsdale.

9 a l(e x 13 > ”?

120 Annals of the South African Museum.

Prate VII.

Thinnfeldia odontopteroides (Morr.).

Fig. 1. Natural size (2le). Kenigha River.

Stenopteris elongata (Carr.).

Fig. 2. Natural size (2le). Kenigha River.

99 Be ap (B). Stormbere.

” 3d. ” (B). ”

», 3a. Ultimate segment enlarged.

Callipteridium stormbergense sp. nov.

Fig. 4. Pinnules enlarged (x 2) (10). Kenigha River.

ns Apex of frond (31e). 50

Figs. 6, 6a. Natural size (39e). »

Fig. 6a. Pinnule enlarged (x 2).

Thinnfeldia odontopteroides (Morr. ).

Fig. 7. Natural size (477d). Maclear village.

Figs. 8, 8a. Natural size (45e). Hdward’s Hope, Matatiele.

Puate VIII.

Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis Ett.

Fig. 1. and a fragment of Stenopteris elongata (Carr.) (C). Stormberg.

Callipteridium stormbergense sp. nov.

Fig. 2. Natural size (46e). Hdward’s Hope, Matatiele.

Baiera stormbergensis sp. noy.

Fig. 3. Natural size (x).

Teniopteris carruthersi (Ten.-Woods).

Fig. 4. Natural size (1). Kenigha River.

” 5. ”? (14e). ”

noe: Cele

Thinnfeldia odontopteroides (Morr.).

Fig. 7. Natural size (22e). Kenigha River.

» 8. ” (d). Cyphergat,

Fossil Floras of Cape Colony.

PuatE IX.

Phenicopsis elongata (Morr,).

Fig. 1. Natural size (C). Cyphergat.

Stachyopitys sp. (ef. Sphenolepis rhetica, Gein.).

Figs. 2, 2a.

Natural size (12). Kenigha River.

Strobilites sp.

Fig. 3. Natural size (486d and 495d). Tina Drift.

Chiropteris cuneata (Carr.).

Fie. 4, Natural size (C). Cyphergat.

Schizoneura krassert sp. nov.

Vie. 5. Natural size (308d). Matatiele village.

Seas “0 (487d). Tina Drift.

Thinnfeldia odontopteroides (Morr.).

Figs. 7, 8. Magnified frazements of cuticle showing stomata, &e.

Phenicopsis elongata (Movrr.).

Fig. 9. Natural size (d). Cyphergat.

aa nl OS 4 (69). Molteno.

Phare X.

Neuropteridium validian Feist.

Figs. 1, la, 1b. Pinnate frond (XXIL.). Vereeniging.

Fie. la. Pinnule approximately natural size (a in fig. 1).

an alts 5 i ae (b oe ils

.. 2. Basal portion of frond (XXVI.).

Vereeniging.

Glossopteris browniana Brongn, var. angustifolia

Fie. 3. Natural size (XXII.). Vereeniging.

Glossopteris browniand var. tidica,

Fie. 4. Natural size (XXIL). Vereeniging.

Nuygerathiopsis hislopi.

Fie. 5. Natural size (XX.). Vereeniging.

122 Annals of the South African Museum.

PEATE Xe

Bothrodendron leslii sp. nov.

Fig. 1. Natural size (XXI.). Vereeniging.

», la. Sear slightly enlarged.

», 1b. Portion b of tig. 1 slightly enlarged.

»5 4. Natural size (B).

Figs. 5and 6, Natural size (XX.). Vereeniging.

Thinnfeldia odotnopteroides (Morr.).

Fig. 2. Natural size (44e). Edward’s Hope, Matatiele.

Stenopteris elongata (Carr.).

Fig. 3. Natural size (6). Kenigha River.

to)

Pratt XE.

Psygmophyllum kidstoni sp. nov.

Fig. 1. Natural size (XXIII.). Vereeniging.

Glossopteris ?

», 2. ?Rhizome and roots (XX.). BA

TEAO ATO SIG ME

Glossopteris browntana var. indica,

Fig. 1. Secondary veins (x 2) (Z). Worcester Station.

Naggerathiopsis hislopi (Bunb.).

Fig. 2. Natural size.

3. Imperfect leaf, natural size (XXV.). Vereeniging.

» 4. 30 0 (XXIV.). x

Gangamopteris cyclopteroides Feist.

Fie. 5. Natural size (A). Vereenigine.

Prsrve XIV.

Spirophyton,

Fig. 1. Letta’s Kraal, Worcester division.

2. Zout Kloof, 3 miles EK. of Ladismith.

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(123 )

II.—On an almost perfect skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens Owen.

—By R. Broom, M.D., B.Sc., C.M.Z.5.

(Plates XV., XVI.)

Mr. A. W. Rogers and Mr. E. H. L. Schwarz, of the Geological

Commission of Cape Colony, have been fortunate in obtaining on

the farm of Hoogeveld, Lot A, near Knoflock’s Fontein, Van der

Byl’s Kraal, in the Gouph, an almost perfect skeleton of Pareiasaurus

serridens. The skeleton was to a large extent exposed, and had

been known for years to some of the neighbouring farmers, and one

or two of the bones are known to have been removed. All the

portions of the skeleton that could be discovered were carefully

gathered and packed; and while on a short holiday to Cape

Town recently I was requested by Mr. Rogers to examine the

remains.

When all the fragments had been arranged, cleared of matrix, and

joined together, it was found that we had an almost perfect skeleton

of a Pareiasaurus. The skull is almost complete, having only lost

the internasal process of the premaxillary, some fragments of the

palate, and a few small bits chipped off from the cranial bones.

Unfortunately it is much distorted. In the frontal, parietal, and post-

parietal regions the distortion is slight, but the snout is very badly

twisted to the left. Both mandibles are in position and closed on

the upper jaw. The right lower jaw is fairly straight, but the left

has its anterior fifth bent right back, so as to have its anterior part

almost in a line with the right jaw. The right temporal region

is much flattened out, while the left is pushed in above, and bent

out again below, and twisted well forwards. The palate is fairly

complete, but is crushed in towards the right side. The left half of

the prevomer and the greater part of the pterygoid and ectopterygoid

are well shown — the ectopterygoid showing some very well-

preserved teeth. A portion of the right hyoid arch is seen.

The vertebre are all present from the atlas to the 28th inclusive.

124 Annals of the South African Museum.

At this point a number, possibly three, are missing. We have then

a series of nine more—probably the 32nd to the 40th—and finally a

very small isolated caudal vertebra, possibly the 47th.

The whole shoulder girdle is practically complete, including the

interclavicle and clavicles. Of the right limb the humerus, radius,

and ulna are almost perfect. The left humerus is missing and the

left radius and ulna considerably weathered. A_ considerable

number of phalangeal bones have been found, but as they are

detached it is impossible to say to which digits they belong.

The pelvis is well preserved, only a few small fragments being

missing. The right hind limb has the femur, tibia, fibula, and large

tarsal bone in almost perfect preservation, while the bones of the left

limb, though in very fair condition, are somewhat weathered. Two

toes have been found side by side with the bones but little displaced.

These are believed to be the 2nd and 3rd toes of the left foot.

Owing to the crushed condition of the skull and to the fact that

only very few of the sutures can be distinctly made out, it seems

unnecessary to give any lengthy description of it, especially as it

reveals few previously unknown anatomical features.

With regard to the species of the skeleton there may be a little

doubt, as indeed is the case with almost all Karroo fossil reptilian

remains, owing to the various ways in which the specimens may be

crushed. Four species of Pareiasawrus have been described—

Pareiasaurus serridens, and P. bombidens, by Owen, and P. bani, and

P. russouwt by Seeley.* Of these P. bai is represented by an

almost complete skeleton. The type of P. serridens was a very

badly crushed skull, which unfortunately has been lost, only a cast

of it and a fragment of the lower jaw being now left for purposes of

comparison. P. bombidens is represented by an imperfect anterior

portion of a skull. Doubt has been expressed as to whether

P. bombidens is really distinct from P. serridens, and as the type

of the latter is now lost it is difficult to settle the question. Seeley t

described the skull and portions of the skeleton of a specimen which

he referred to P. bombidens provisionally. P. russowwi is only

known by a fragment of the jaws. I have compared the skull of the

present specimen with the cast of P. serridens, and its general

proportions agree so closely as to leave little doubt that the specimen

belongs to the same species. Unfortunately the surface of the

* «¢ Further observations on Pareiasaurus,” Phil. Trans. 1892. For convenience

referred to hereafter as ‘‘ II.”

+ ‘©On Pareiasaurus bombidens Owen, &c.,” Phil. Trans., 1888. For conveni-

ence referred to hereafter as ‘‘ I.”

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens 125

original type has either been badly weathered or imperfectly cleared

of matrix, and in the cast it is impossible to tell what represents

bone and what matrix, so that one can only compare the larger

features. The present specimen is certainly distinct from P. baint,

and probably distinct from P. bombidens.

In the present paper, while giving a description of the limb bones,

vertebre, and to some extent of the skull, I shall refrain from

dealing at length with the question of the affinities of the genus in

the hope that I may have an opportunity of examining a well-

preserved skull and thus be able to settle one or two points of

dispute in the anatomy before dealing with the affinities.

THE SKULL.

The skull differs from that of P. bombidens Ow., apparently in the

greater development of the ‘‘ cheeks,’ and from P. baini Seeley, in

the greater prominence of the bony bosses. As these bosses are

well shown in this skull their arrangement will be described in detail,

as it will be of use for comparison with future specimens.

Though a little difference can be detected in the relative degrees

of development of the tubercles and bosses on the two sides, the

arrangement is practically bilaterally symmetrical. Above each

orbit are three well-developed protuberances. The anterior one is

rounded and prominent; the middle one much smaller; and the

posterior very large but not greatly elevated. This third pro-

tuberance passes inwards towards the middle line almost half-way

from the margin of the orbit. Near the front of its inner end is

a small narrow tubercle. A little way behind the nostrils are a pair

of very prominent bosses about ‘065m. apart. A little tubercle lies

behind each, and another at the outer side. Between the anterior

supraorbital boss and the nostril lie a pair of moderate-sized pro-

tuberances forming part of a ridge that extends outwards from

the nasal boss. In the posterior part of the skull the large “ cheek”

has its posterior border protected by a series of four large and two

smaller bosses. The two upper le close together and are probably

both situated on the post-temporal, or as it is more usually, though

erroneously called, the ‘“‘epiotic’”’ bone. The inner is of moderate

size, but the outer very large and prominent. Below the large outer

tuberosity are two other large oval bosses. These are probably

situated on the ‘‘supratemporal,” or, as it may perhaps be better

called, the prosquamosal bone. Under the second of this pair is a

small tubercle. At the lower angle of the cheek are two large oval

126 Annals of the South African Museum.

protuberances, the posterior of which forms the angle; and the

anterior one is close in front of the other. A little in front of the

anterior one is a third, much smaller, tubercle. Between the large

post-temporal tubercle and the upper and posterior part of the orbit

is an irregular double ridge near the middle of which there are four

tubercles of not very large size—two on the upper and two on the

lower portions of the ridge. There are a number of smaller

tubercles here and there, but they do not seem to be bilaterally

symmetrical. It is probable that a tubercle occurred on the

internasal process. As in the other species of Pareiasaurus two

very well developed bony processes are developed on the lower sides.

of the mandibles.

In view of the fact that Hlginza is almost certainly closely allied

to Pareiasaurus, it is interesting to compare the situations of the

bony tubercles in the latter with the positions of the horns in the

former. Though all the horns in Hlginia do not correspond in

position with the tubercles of Pareiaswrus the most important almost.

certainly do. Thus, above each orbit in Hlginia are three horns,

apparently occupying the same situations as the three supraorbital

bosses in Pareiasaurus. In the nasal region are two small horns

almost certainly corresponding to the two nasal tubercles in the South

African form. Posteriorly there are two horns in the “supra-

occipital ”’ region in Higinia. The homologues of these are probably

absent in Parevasaurus ; but the two post-temporal bosses of this

animal are most probably the homologues of the large posterior horn

and the little accessory horn in Hlginia. The horn on the “ supra-

temporal’’ bone is probably the homologue of one of the two

tubercles met with in the southern form—it is impossible to say

which. While the three horns at the lower angle of the cheek in

Elginia are most probably homologous with the three bosses at the

angle of the cheek in Parevasaurus.

The following are some of the principal measurements of the

skull :—

From a point between the nasal tubercles to the back

part of the skull in the middle line .................. 275mm.

Distance between the points of the nasal tubercles ...... 65mm.

Length from angle of cheek to top of large post-

GSMO al OSS -tans-u gc ns seaeeenensesseeasaeseeeaccnis- ome 280mm.

Length of the lower jaw (allowing for distortion) ......... 337mm.

The teeth of upper jaw are almost all shown, and number 14 on

each side. The front teeth are much higher than long, and have all

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens 127

apparently 7 cusps. The posterior teeth—at least from the 7th tooth

—are longer than they are high, and have 9 cusps. The front teeth

have the cusps arranged as follows :—3 subequal on the top followed

on each side by another, and considerably further down by a second.

Whether there may be another very small pair making 9 altogether

is not evident. The posterior teeth have 5 subequal cusps arranged

round the top, followed on each side at a little distance by a larger

cusp and then by a second large cusp, making 9 altogether. None

of the teeth show any appearance like that figured by Seeley in the

teeth of P. russowwt.

The following are some of the principal tooth measurements :—

The 7th upper tooth measures in length ...................45 16mm.

ee Sthu- 8 a a MELO Mba gfe Sona tlotéSjuseeane 15mm.

ym 2nd. 3; <6 Ae PPLCTIOLEL Bases zines ssn cudsenic 15mm.

or Pe Pe Py GUE coi setemecsscac tsi 21mm.

THE VERTEBR.

There are 20 presacral vertebrae, 2 sacral, and probably 30 caudal

vertebre. In Seeley’s first paper on Pareiasawrus he gives the

number of presacral and sacral vertebra in P. bombidens as 18

and 2, and definitely states that ‘no bone is missing from any

part of the column.” In his second paper, in describing a second

specimen of P. bombidens he says, “19 presacral vertebre are

preserved.” In P. baini there are stated to be 18 presacral

vertebre.

The various vertebrae do not differ very greatly from those of

P. bain.

The centrum of the atlas, though distinct from the axis, is so

closely united to it that there was probably very little movement if

any between the two bones. The arch of the atlas, of which a small

portion remains, was probably very small. I find no evidence of any

ribs having arisen from the atlas. The axis is represented only by

the body. It has given articulation to a fairly strong two-headed

rib. The lower articular surface is near the middle of the body, the

other on a level withits top. Asmall intercentrum has lain between

the atlas and axis and a larger intercentrum between the axis and

the 3rd cervical vertebra.

The 3rd, 4th, and Sth cervicals resemble each other fairly closely.

The body of each has two articular surfaces for each rib, the lower,

128 Annals of the South African Museum.

low down on the centrum, the upper in the 3rd and 4th between the

lower and the pre-zygapophyses, and in the 5th considerably nearer

the zygapophysis. The zygapophyses are comparatively small, so that

these cervical vertebre are nearly twice as high as they are broad.

Intercentra have lain between each pair of vertebre.

In the 6th vertebra the two articulations for the head of the rib

become united, and in all the succeeding presacral vertebree there

is only a single, though usually very extensive, articular surface

for the head of the rib. On the articular surface becoming

single the upper part becomes very much more strongly developed

and projects well outwards from a point a little below and behind

the prezygapophysis.

On passing backwards the zygapophyses become much more

strongly developed. The width between the points of the prezyga-

pophyses of the anterior vertebrze is as follows approximately :—

2nd -070m.; 3rd :080m.; 4th -090m.; 5th -090m.; 6th -100m. ;

(th -130m.- “Sth 35m:

Seeley figures (I. plate 17) a restoration of a cervical vertebra of

P. bombidens, but he does not say which of the cervical vertebre it

is intended to represent. It does not bear much resemblance to any

of the vertebra in the present skeleton. Whereas Seeley represents

the body as considerably more than half the depth of the whole

vertebra, in all the upper vertebrze, except of course the atlas and

possibly the axis, of which the spine is lost, the arch is very con-

siderably higher than the body is deep. Thus in the 5th vertebra

the whole height is -200m., while the body only is -(075m.; and in

the 6th vertebra the height is ‘210m., while the body is ‘090m.

The vertebre from the 9th to the 18th inclusive, resemble one

another very closely, only varying a little in the relative size of the

parts.

Seeley’s restoration of a dorsal vertebra (I. plate 18) is very unlike

any of the dorsal vertebrae of Pareiasaurus serridens either in struc-

ture or proportions. In his later paper (II. p. 320) he admits his

error in making two articulations for the head of the rib instead of

only one.

The following are the measurements of the 11th vertebra which

may be taken as typical of the series. Height -193m.; height of

centrum ‘075m.; width at transverse process °215m.; width at

postzygapophysis ‘165m. The very deep lateral process which gives

articulation to the rib has an articular surface measuring ‘113m. in

length. Its lower end arises from a little below the level of the

middle of the centrum. The postzygapophyseal surfaces look down-

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens. 129

wards and outwards and slightly backwards. The prezygapophysis

is united to a large extent with the transverse process.

On passing backwards the height of the vertebre is slightly

increased, the 18th vertebra measuring -220m., and the body

‘080m., while the large articulation for the rib becomes less

developed, and at the 18th vertebra has an articular surface

measuring only ‘080m. The vertebra, however, is larger across

the postzygapophyses (‘215m.), but owing to the smaller size of

the ribs it only measures ‘190m. across the transverse processes.

In the 19th and 20th vertebre the articulations for the ribs are

even smaller than in the 18th, but the vertebree otherwise closely

resemble the 18th.

Intercentra have apparently been present between all the dorsal

vertebre.

The sacrum consists of two vertebre, the 21st and 22nd of the

series. Seeley in his first paper on Pareiasawrus says of the sacrum

in P. bombidens (p. 84): ‘Two vertebree are anchylosed together in

the sacral region, but only the first contributes to the support of the

pelvis.”” In his second paper, while he states that there are 19 pre-

sacral vertebrae in his second specimen of P. bombidens, he makes no

reference to the sacrum, but in P. baint he found no fewer than four

sacral vertebre. These four, however, he divides as follows: the

first a sacro-lumbar, the second a true sacral, and the last two sacro-

caudal. This explanation is, probably at least, in part correct. In

Parewasaurus serridens the two sacral vertebre are anchylosed

together, and each gives support to the ilium. The pleura-

pophysis of the first sacral is of enormous size and somewhat

similar to that figured in P. bombidens. From its articulation with

the body of the vertebra to its lowest point it measures -200m. It

gives a very large articulation to the ilium, measuring :225m. in

length and ‘080m. in breadth. The second sacral rib is com-

paratively small and articulates with the ilium behind the upper

part of the Ist sacral rib. It is possible that the 20th vertebra, the

last of the dorso-lumbar series, had a rib which lay inside of the

iliac crest and may even have been attached to the ilium by liga-

ment, but as the body has been freely movable on the body of the

sacral vertebra, this vertebra cannot in P. serridens be regarded as

anything but a dorso-lumbar. The 23rd vertebra has also been in

no way fixed to the sacrum, so that, even though it may have had a

rib which approached the ilium, it cannot be regarded as a sacral

vertebra. It may therefore be taken as established that Pareiasaurus

has two true sacral vertebre, but that in some species, e¢.g., P. batni,

130 Annals of the South African Musewm.

the last dorso-lumbar and the first caudal may to some extent aid

the true sacral vertebre in the support of the ilium. The first sacral

vertebra in P. serridens corresponds to the second of the four sacral

vertebrae described by Seeley in P. bain.

The upper caudal vertebree have unfortunately lost the spines, so

that the heights are uncertain. So far as preserved, they do not

differ greatly from the one figured by Seeley (I. plate 18), and agree

pretty closely with those figured and described in P. bainzi (II. 1892).

Intercentra probably occur as far as the fifth caudal, while about

here chevrons begin to be developed. Long chevrons are developed

to those caudal vertebrae which I believe to be the 32nd to the 40th,

and even the little caudal vertebra from near the point of the tail,

and which may be the 47th, has a well-developed chevron.

Tur SHOULDER GIRDLE.

The shoulder girdle is in almost perfect preservation, but it so

closely resembles that of P. baini already figured and described by

Seeley that a detailed description is unnecessary, while the shape of

the different elements will be much more readily understood from

the figures given than from any verbal description. Seeley, in his

restoration, places the scapula in an almost horizontal position with

the precoracoid above the coracoid, and the interclavicle directed

mainly downwards. By fitting the head of the humerus accurately

in the glenoid cavity it can readily be demonstrated that the position

in which Seeley places the shoulder girdle is quite erroneous. In

the restoration given in Plate XVI. the humerus is accurately so

fitted, and it will at once be seen that the scapula must have been

in an almost upright position.

The coracoid in the skeleton of P. bainz has apparently lost nearly

the whole of its lower half. In the figure I have given of the

shoulder girdle the margins of the precoracoid and coracoid are

drawn from the bones of the right side, which are well preserved,

and if the coracoid in the skeleton of P. baint be completed, as in

the present specimen, the very great resemblance between the two

will be manifest. Seeley (II. p. 355) says “‘ the coracoid appears to

have formed a wide flattened base upon which the weight of the

shoulder girdle was supported.’ Surely the weight of the shoulder

girdle rested on the humerus, and the great strength of the lower

part of the scapula and the large glenoid articulation are just such

as one would expect in such a heavy-bodied animal.

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens. 131

The structure of the glenoid cavity is remarkable. It consists of

an irregular concavity formed by the scapula and coracoid, and

whereas in most reptiles both recent and extinct the articulation is

a fairly regular hollow, here really two cavities are formed by a

vertical dividing ridge. The larger or main concavity includes the

whole of the coracoid part of the articulation, and the posterior

two-thirds of the scapular, while the anterior one-third of the

scapular articulation forms the lesser concavity. The head of the

humerus has its articular surface divided by a shallow groove, into

which the ridge of the glenoid cavity fits. As a result of the

complexity of this joint, the movements of the humerus must have

been limited to those in a vertical direction and to rotatory move-

ments. There can have been little or no antero-posterior movement.

The sutures between the precoracoid, the coracoid, and the scapula

are almost obliterated, though here and there they can be distinctly

made out. The precoracoid almost certainly forms no part of the

glenoid cavity.

The clavicles, interclavicle, and the cleithra are very similar to

those in P. baini. The clavicle fits into an irregular hollow groove

in the front of the lateral process of the interclavicle.

THE HuMERUS.

The right humerus is in almost perfect condition, only a very

small fragment of the outer edge of the lower part being lost. It

agrees pretty closely with the humerus of P. baini, though at first

sight this would not appear to be the case on comparing the specimen

with either Seeley’s figure, or with the original specimen in the

British Museum. Seeley, in a note (II. p. 360), says that the

continuity between the upper and lower ends of the humerus was

lost while the specimen was being cleared of matrix, and that the

two ends were placed together, to the best of his belief, as they were

in the rock, but that it is impossible to be certain that the original

contact was as it is drawn. When the humerus of P. baiii, as fixed

together, is compared with this perfect humerus, it at once becomes

evident that the top end has been rotated about 70° out of its true

position ; and that whereas in the P. baini skeleton, as set up and

figured, the two ends of the humerus are nearly in the same plane,

in reality they ought to be nearly at right angles. The figures in

Plate XV. show the humerus in various positions. It will be seen that

the bone has a distinct entepicondylar foramen. The lower end of

152 Annals of the South African Musewm.

the humerus, when compared with that of P. baini, is seen to differ

in having a much less pronounced ridge above the outer condyle on

the back of the bone. Otherwise they agree closely.

THe Rapius AND ULNA.

The radius and ulna in this skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens

differ so greatly from those described and figured in P. baini that,

had they been found alone, they might very readily have been referred

toa new genus. In the ulna of P. baini the most striking character-

istic is the exceedingly well-developed olecranon process which clasps

round the articular surface of the humerus behind. The ulna of this

skeleton, though it has the upper end well developed, does not form

a distinct socket for the humerus. The upper end of the bone shows

no sign of fracture, and there does not even appear to have been an

epiphysis. The contours of the bone will be better understood from

the drawing. In the drawing a small process which lies to the outer

side of the head of the radius has been restored, having been injured

while the bone was being developed.

The radius, when compared with that of P. baini, differs almost as

much as the ulna. As the ulna and radius were found together,

there is no possibility of any error either as to the radius being right

or left, or as to which is the upper end. The upper end has an

articular surface which forms a broad, irregular, oval, shallow

concavity. The ovoid surface is broader at the outer than the

inner side. The lower end of the bone forms an irregular triangular

articulation, one angle of the triangle being directed inwards. Above

the lower articulation the back of the bone is distinctly hollowed out.

A small inward process is formed just above the inner angle of the

articulation, and a little above it on the front of the bone is a

muscular depression. A distinct knob is found a little above the

lower articulation near the middle of the front of the bone.

A considerable number of isolated phalanges and metacarpals have

been found, but without any indications as to which digits they

belong to.

PELVIS.

The pelvis is almost complete and very little crushed. The

appearance it presents is therefore very different from that in the

skeleton of P. baini, described and figured by Seeley. Hach side

consists of an ilium, pubis, and ischium. As the ilium lies almost.

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens. 133

in the same plane as the pubis and ischium, the two sides when

together and in contact with the sacral ribs form a large irregular VY.

The ilium resembles fairly closely the ilium in the skeleton of

P. bain. The crest is directed considerably outwards in front.

Appreciably more than half of the acetabulum is formed by the

ilium, and there is a prominent muscular ridge above the articu-

lation, as in P. baini. The ischium forms a little more than two-

thirds of the lower part of the pelvis. In the drawing a dotted line

shows what is believed to be the division between the ischium and

the pubis. The ischium forms about 110m. of the symphysis. Its

posterior border then passes upwards, backwards, and outwards for

a distance of about -200m., where it forms a well-marked tuberosity.

With the exception of the large thickening, which forms the inferior

and posterior border of the acetabulum, the surfaces of the ischium

are moderately flat. The pubis forms about one-sixth of the

acetabulum. Immediately below the articulation with the ilium

the pubis broadens out to form an enormously thick pelvic brim.

This anterior portion passes almost directly downwards, and forms

a broad, flattened tuberosity which is about ‘050m. from the surface

of the main part of the pubis. This peculiarly thickened and bent-

down lip of the pubis resembles to some extent the corresponding

structure in P. baini. In the present skeleton it has the appearance

of being a distinct ossicle—a pre-pubis, but I am of opinion that it

is merely a portion of the pubis. Immediately behind this lip is the

pubic foramen, which passes upwards behind the acetabulum and

opens on the inside immediately below the ilio-pubic suture at a

point about ‘065m. behind its anterior end. The symphysis is

exceeding strong, measuring *230m. in length, and -085m. in

thickness at its middle. In front the pubes form near the middle

line a thin little anterior expansion.

This well-preserved specimen settles beyond dispute one or two

points which Seeley has raised in his discussion of the pelvis of

P. baini. The pubis does not in the slightest degree extend on the

inner face of the ilium, nor does it form any articulation with the

sacral ribs as Seeley thinks possible in P. baini ; while there is no

indication, as Seeley believes there is in P. baini, of a ‘“ median

ventral ossification or a backward prolongation of pubes”’ preventing

the ischia from taking part in the median symphysis, and it is

manifest that Seeley has been misled by the crushed appearance of

the specimen he studied.

The following are some of the principal measurements of the

pelvis :—

134 Annals of the South African Museum.

Greatest Jenprbnomtbe minum, 9.25. c'232200 ecco ee siete -see ees 367m

iene ton parttolUlbis o:7s.c2c..2--.¢ sas vassedsee enedoese sey esceee 215m

Ischium from posterior end of iliac suture to symphysis ... ‘290m

Ischium from the point where the ilium, pubis, and ischium

IMECH LONE HUDOKOSIby 2esece..sca2+-secse scree eceres-ceeeees Pilon.

Ischial tuberosity to the anterior part of symphysis ......... 340m.

ceightvobpbbeyacetaoullunaly, 4.02554. 0s+ ++ acsaseueon saecaer nieeedere ‘167m.

Widt hvotsthevaestabubum 0.00225 3.<2.+.s008eeseemeen A nonctesen ee 155m.

Gueacestmenoti of phespelvisin.s.6.12+.s0.200-ctecse-ete ae aeeearas 615m

THE FEMuR.

The femur is in a very fine state of preservation, the only portion

that shows any evidence of crushing is the inner condyle—a ridge

above this condyle in the drawing being due to the crushing. The

femora in the skeleton of P. baini are considerably crushed, but

the general proportions when the effects of crushing are allowed for

are very similar. The two main points of difference are in the shape

of the head and of the small trochanter, In P. baini the upper

articulation at its inner side looks almost directly inwards, but in

P. serridens no part of the articular surface looks inwards, the line

of the inner side of the bone being only slightly curved. The

small trochanter in P. baini is directed outwards over the con-

cavity which les at the back of the upper part of the bone. In

P. serridens it is directed backwards and inwards, and is a more

slender process than in the other species. In the crushed femur

which has been referred to Propappus the small trochanter is very

similar to that in P. serridens, though in Propappus the femur is

very much more slender.

A very prominent muscular impression is seen near the middle

of the front of the bone about the level of the union of the upper

and middle thirds.

The following are the principal measurements of the femur :—

Greaucstllemeth of the femurs. j.ccsc- sees seen seeroseee ees eee ‘416m.

Width from articular surface to the lower end of great

CHOC MAILS T trsatcis le. s1 ais cate cso st dcav ale tan telaea anodetewones *228m.

Width from great trochanter to small trochanter ............ ‘170m.

Greatest wadthot dae condyleg:c.se1. 4. -e- sans. 2-se- toe 200m.

Length from top of the femur to upper border of articular

surface ol outencond yer smepencnessnaseeeeeces earache 340m.

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens. 185

Tur TIBIA AND FIBULA.

The tibia and fibula are perfect. If allowance be made for a

slight degree of crushing in the tibia of the described skeleton of

P. baini, no appreciable difference can be observed between it and

the tibia of the present skeleton. The tibia measures in greatest

length -256m., and the upper end is ‘153m. in greatest breadth. The

lower end is °120m. broad.

The fibula, which is entire, measures *258m., or a shade more

than the tibia. It is a moderately straight bone, expanded at each

end, and so similar are the two ends that there is some doubt as to

which is the upper and which the lower. The one end is rather

larger than the other, and it is probably the larger end that is the

lower. If in P. baini the part of the fibula preserved is the lower

end, as believed, then it is moderately certain that it is the larger end

that is the lower. The supposed lower end measures ‘082m. in

width, and the upper end -070m.

THe LarGce TARSAL KLEMENT.

The large tarsal element is very similar to that found in P. baini.

A large foramen appears to enter near the middle of the front of the

bone just underneath the articulation for the fibula, and to come out

behind about the centre of the bone. This bone probably is the

united tibiale, intermedium, and fibulare.

CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS.

In considering the peculiarities of the imb bones of Pareiasaurus,

it is unfortunate that practically nothing is known of the limb bones

of those primitive reptiles that seem to be most nearly related to

Pareiasaurus, such as Hlguua, Pariotichus, Pantylus and Chilonyx ;

and those primitive reptiles in which the limb bones are known, such

as Procolophon, the Anomodonts, the Theriodonts, and the Pelyco-

saurians, are probably not very nearly related to it.

The vertebre of Pareiasaurus differ greatly from those of the

Anomodonts and the Theriodonts, and do not resemble very much

those of Pelycosaurians. There is, however, a distinct resemblance

seen in the vertebree of Procolophon, though the vertebre in

Procolophon differ in being notochordal.

The shoulder girdle of Parevasaurus is probably essentially similar

136 Annals of the South African Musewn.

to that of the Labyrinthodonts, in its elements. The Labyrinthodont

girdle consists of the three large dermal elements—the interclavicle

and the two clavicles—with, above the clavicles, a pair of delicate

splint-like bones. These are sometimes called the scapule, but are

doubtless the cleithra. Then there is on each side usually a single

cartilage bone. This most probably represents the scapula, but may

be the coracoid. It is probable that in the Labyrinthodonts there

was a cartilaginous precoracoid, such as is met with in the lower

Batrachians of to-day. In Hryops, where the girdle is well ossified,

we apparently have an ossified precoracoid. In most of the

primitive reptiles in which the girdle is well ossified, there is

found an ossified precoracoid, and we have a girdle essentially

similar to that found in Pareiasaurus. In Procolophon there is

apparently no cleithrum, but there is a distinct precoracoid. The

scapula, however, differs greatly from that in Farevasaurus, and

resembles somewhat that of Pale@ohatteria. The clavicle lies along

the whole of its anterior border. In Paleohatteria the precoracoid

is unossified. In the scapula of Procolophon there is no acromion,

therein differing greatly from that of Pareiasawrus. In Oudenodon

and Lystrosaurus the shoulder girdle resembles that of Pareiasaurus

very considerably, though in Oudenodon, but probably not in

Lystrosaurus, the precoracoid forms part of the glenoid cavity. In

Ictidosuchus there is no acromion. In the Pelycosaurian shoulder

cirdle the condition is essentially similar to that of Pareiasaurus,

though there is probably no cleithrum.

The humerus of Pareiasaurus belongs to a type found with

modifications in most of the early reptilian groups. The greatest

resemblance is found in the Anomodont humerus. In Procolophon

the humerus differs very greatly, though it agrees in having an

entepicondylar foramen. In the Theriodonts as the humerus is

lengthened out in all the known examples, any great resemblances

in type are obscured. In the Pelycosaurians the humerus is a

modification of the same type that is found in Pareiasawrus. In

the Labyrinthodont genera, Huchirosaurus and Stereorhachis, we

have other modification of the same type.

It will be seen that those characters of the shoulder girdle and

humerus which have placed Paretasaurus in the same order or

division as the Theriodonts and their close allies, the Anomodonts,

are characters which are possessed, more or less, in common by

almost all primitive reptiles, and by forms which, as judged by the

cranial characters, are not very nearly related.

The Pareiasaurian pelvis, though bearing some superficial resem-

An almost Perfect Skeleton of Pareiasaurus serridens. 137

blance to that of the Anomodonts, is essentially very dissimilar,

inasmuch as the Anomodonts have a small though distinct obturator

foramen, and some of the Theriodonts have a large obturator

foramen, while in Pareiasaurus there is merely a pubic foramen.

In Procolophon also there is a pubic foramen, but the type of pelvis

differs considerably, as in it the pubis and ischium are plate-like bones

held together by cartilage.

The femur of Pareiasaurus differs considerably from that in

Procolophon, and resembles, at least superficially, rather that of

the Anomodonts. The femur in the Pelycosaurians is apparently

of a type somewhat similar to that of Pareiasawrus, as are also the

tibia and fibula. In Procolophon the tibia and fibula also bear some

resemblance to those bones in Pareiasaurus.

In Procolophon the tibiale is united with the intermedium, and

there is a distinct fibulare. If the fibulare were also united there

would be produced a proximal tarsal bone such as is found in

Parevasaurus.

In conclusion, I must express my indebtedness to Mr. Rogers and

Mr. Schwarz for the care they have taken in collecting the fragments,

and to Miss M. Wilman for the great assistance she has given me in

the development of the specimen.

( 138 )

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLate XY.

ac., acromion; cl., cleithrum; co., coracoid; f.a., articulation for fibula ;

ilium; is., ischium; p.co., precoracoid; pu., pubis; t.a., articulation for tibia.

Fic.

1. Outer view of left scapula, coracoid, precoracoid, and cleithrum.

. Inner view of right humerus.

. Anterior view of right humerus.

. Posterior view of right humerus.

. Outer view of right humerus.

6. Upper view of right humerus.

7. Lower view of right humerus.

8. Front view of right radius.

9. Back view of right radius.

10. Outer view of right ulna.

11. Front view of right ulna.

12. Outer view of right pelvic bones.

13. Back view of lower pelvic bones of the right side.

14. Front view of lower pelvic bones of the right side.

15. Front view of right femur.

16. Back view of right femur.

17. Inner view of right femur.

18. Front view of right tibia.

19. Back view of right tibia.

20. Outer view of right tibia.

21. Inner view of right fibula.

22. Back view of right fibula.

23. Front view of proximal tarsal bone.

24. Upper view of proximal tarsal bone.

All figures are x *153.

Ou Be & bo

Pratt XVI,

Restoration of Pareiasaurus serridens Ow. About $ nat. size.

(The small dermal ossicles above the vertebre have been omitted in order that the

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Parelasaurus serridens. Owern.— Hind Limb Bones

Ann 5. Afr Mus. Vol IV Pl XVI

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Restoration of rarelas Diener nee

(139 )

TIIl.—On the Structure of the Shoulder Girdle in Lystrosaurus.—

By BR. Broom, M.D., B.Sc., C.M.Z.S.

IN only a very few of the Anomodonts is the structure of the shoulder

girdle at present known. Owen described and figured (Cat. S. Af.

Rept., 1876) a portion of the scapula, the coracoid, and the imperfect

precoracoid of a small Dicynodont, and also a large Dicynodont

scapula. In 1880 (Q.J.G.S.) he figured the fairly good scapula and

sternum of “ Platypodosawrus”’ (= Oudenodon). Seeley, in 1888 (Phil.

Trans.), described and figured the very imperfect remains of a small

Dicynodont reptile, which show the relations of the sternum cora-

coid and precoracoids to the interclavicle. Though Seeley makes

this specimen the type of a new genus (Keirognathus), there is

very little doubt that Lydekker (B. M. Cat. Foss. Rept., vol. 4, 1890)

is correct in regarding the remains as those of a small or young

Dicynodon. The scapula, coracoid, precoracoid, and sternum of

Oudenodon, have recently been described by myself (P. Z. 8. 1901).

Hitherto, however, nothing has been known of the shoulder girdle

of Lystrosaurus (= Ptychognathus, Owen, = Ptychosiagum, Lyd.),

except an imperfect scapula of the Indian species—if, indeed, the

Indian species belongs to the genus.

In the collection of the South African Museum is a small slab

showing a series of vertebrae with a sternum, the two clavicles, inter-

clavicle, portions of the right coracoid and precoracoid, and the

greater part of the right scapula of a species of Lystrosaurus. A

second specimen shows in good condition both scapule and portions

of the left coracoid and precoracoid of a larger animal and possibly

a different species of Lystrosaurus.

The sternum is large and flat and does not differ very greatly from

that in Oudenodon, though considerably larger proportionally. It is

moderately square, with the anterior and the two lateral angles

truncated. Its lateral and antero-lateral sides articulate with the

coracoids and precoracoids ; and the anterior end of the bone most

probably articulates with the interclavicle,

The clavicles are well developed and only slightly curved. They

140 Annals of the South African Musewm.

meet each other in the middle line, and both articulate with the small

interclavicle which, to some extent, is fitted in between them. From

their median union the clavicles pass first backwards and outwards,

and then somewhat more directly outwards. The outer ends of the

bones are missing.

The interclavicle is very much smaller than that known in any

other Anomodont. In Dicynodon it has a long median process,

somewhat resembling that in Procolophon, though considerably

smaller. In a small as yet undescribed Endothiodont allied to

Hie. a: Fic. 2.

Fig. 1.—Left scapula of Lystrosaurus sp.? x *45.

Fig. 2.—Sternum, clavicles, interclavicle, precoracoid and portion of coracoid of

Lystrosaurus sp.? x *52.

ac. acromion; cl., clavicle; co., coracoid; icl., interclavicle; pcn., notch for

precoracoid foramen ; p.co., precoracoid; st., sternum.

Pristerodon the interclavicle is a median broad plate only a little

smaller than the sternum. In Lystrosawrus we find it as a small

triangular bone which fits in front in between the inner ends of the

clavicles, and behind articulates apparently with the front of the

sternum. From the posterior border, which is rounded, the bone

passes forwards and markedly downwards, forming a prominent

median boss, and it is this anterior part that articulates with the

clavicles.

Structure of the Shoulder Girdle in Lystrosaurus. 141

The precoracoid in general resembles that bone in Oudenodon.

It articulates with the coracoid, the sternum, and the scapula. It

is a moderately thin, flat bone. Its outer side is very deeply notched

—the notch forming with the scapula a large precoracoidal foramen.

The precoracoid probably forms no part of the glenoid cavity.

The coracoid is not well preserved in either of the specimens. In

the first specimen only a small part of the inner border is preserved.

In the other specimen, however, the greater part of the bone is seen,

but it appears to be considerably distorted, so that I have thought it

unwise to figure it. The outer and anterior parts of the bone probably

agree fairly closely with those parts in the coracoid of Oudenodon,

but the inner and posterior half of the bone differs considerably owing

to its being twisted to articulate with the posterior part of the outer

side of the sternum instead of with the anterior and outer side

as in Oudenodon.

The scapula bears a close resemblance to that bone in Oudenodon

and Dicynodon. The upper part of the blade is broad and moderately

flat from side to side. A little below the middle of the bone there is

in front a well-developed acromion process. It may be described as

a triangular plate which on passing forwards is directed slightly

inwards from the plane of the general surface of the scapula. The

lower part of the scapula is considerably broader than in Oudeno-

don. The posterior part of the lower end forms probably half of

the large glenoid cavity. The anterior expansion of the lower end

passes further forward than the acromion and forms a long articula-

tion with the precoracoid. It is notched to form part of the

precoracoidal foramen.

The shoulder girdle in Lystrosaurus is interesting as a specialised

variety of the Anomodont type. Among both mammals and reptiles

we find instances of the remarkable modifications in the shoulder

girdle that may follow the adoption of a purely aquatic life. Thus in

the Pythonomorpha the clavicles and interclavicle become quite rudi-

mentary or entirely lost, and in the Whales the clavicles disappear.

In the Plesiosaurians both the clavicles and interclavicle become

greatly reduced and the interclavicle may disappear. In the Ichthyo-

saurians, though the clavicles are moderately well developed, the

interclavicle is usually small.

It would therefore seem probable that the reduction of the inter-

clavicles, the increase in size of the sternum, and the associated

shifting backwards of the coracoid and precoracoid have been

brought about by the aquatic habits of Lystrosauwrus.

(142)

IV.—On Evidence of a New Species of Titanosuchus (T. cloetei).

—By R. Broom, M.D., B.Sc., C.M.Z.S.

In the collection of the South African Museum is the front portion

of the left mandible of a large Theriodont reptile. It was presented

to the Museum many years ago, by Mr. Justice Cloete, and the

locality at which it was obtained is noted as the ‘“Gamka River.”

The specimen has been so beautifully weathered that though all

the matrix is gone the bone is still in perfect preservation. The

remains of four incisors, the canine, and four molars are preserved,

though unfortunately the crowns of all the teeth are lost. The jaw

and teeth agree in their general features so closely with those of the

type of Titanosuchus ferox that there is little doubt the two specimens

belong to the same genus, though the difference in size is such that

the specimen most probably belongs to a new species, which I

propose to call Titanosuchus cloeter. Owen, with his usual thorough-

ness, gives detailed measurements of the larger teeth in 7’. feroz,

and the difference in the two species can be best appreciated by

contrasting the dental measurements.

T. ferox. T. cloetet.

HIS GAMCISOR say <scccesetceu: Imperfect. 21mm. x 14mm.

Interval between i. 1 & i. 2 10 mm. 10 mm.

NG MNICISOEY fis secssass ts ose 21mm. x 15mm. 18mm. x 13°5 mm.

Interval between 1. 2 & i. 3 10 mm. 11 mm.

SECM EI BOAR As. 2 acer ceaes esse 20 mm. x 12 mm. 20mm. x 14mm.

Interval between 1.3 & i. 4 18 mm. 8 mm.

AL INGIINGIGOI mecdesiecsccadtacs ee; 23 mm. x 17 mm. 18mm. x 14mm.

Interval between i. 4 & c. Not given. 9 mm.

CATING? menecteascewsah erases 50 mm. x 385 mm. 30 mm. xX 26mm.

In T. cloetet the four molars occupy a space of 40 mm., and each

root is practically round and measures about 8 mm. in diameter.

From the above measurements it will be seen that the incisors in

T. cloetet are appreciably smaller, and that the canine is much

On Evidence of a New Species of Titanosuchus. 143

smaller and rounder. Another difference is in the arrangement

of the anterior molars. In TZ. ferox the line of the molars is

much on the inside of the large canine, but in 7. cloetez a line

drawn along the inner sides of the molars also forms a tangent to

the canine. The front of the jaw is also very much squarer in the

smaller species, owing to the canine being relatively further forward.

If a line be drawn across the front of the jaw at right angles to the

symphysis, the back of the canine lies ‘067 m. from the line and the

back of the 4th molar :116 m.

The symphysis has a transverse diameter of :043 m., and a vertical

diameter (somewhat imperfect) of about ‘080 m.

I have pleasure in naming the species after the donor, who has

presented some interesting fossils to the Museum.

(144 )

V.—On the Presence of a pair of Distinct Prevomers in Titanosuchus.

—By R. Broom, M.D., B.Sc., C.M.Z.S.

Mr. A. W. Rogers and Mr. E. H. L. Schwarz, of the Geological

Commission, recently obtained in the Gouph, near Van der Byl’s

Kraal, the anterior part of the skull of a species of Titanosuchus—

most probably the type species 7’. ferox Owen.* It is in a sandstone

matrix, and the bones are not in a good condition for developing.

Portions of the 10 upper incisors are shown, but in no case is the

complete crown present. The greater part of the right canine is

seen, but only the impression of the left. The premaxillary bones,

though somewhat chipped on the surface, are fairly complete. A

distinct suture exists between the two, and each forms half of the

well-developed internasal process. The anterior nares, though imper-

fectly preserved, are seen to be long and narrow. The whole snout,

so far as preserved, is much flatter than is the case of any other

known Theriodont except Tapinocephalus, if the latter should prove

to be such.

The most interesting part of the specimen is the fractured surface,

showing an oblique section across the anterior part of the palate.

There is here seen no evidence of a secondary palate, but in place of

it are two very large prevomers. The anterior palatal region is thus

seen to be essentially similar to that in Tapinocephalus. As there

are openings of considerable width between the maxillary bones and

the prevomers, it is not improbable that the internal nares are here,

and that no secondary palate was formed even further back than the

part shown.

The presence of the pair of large prevomers in Titanosuchus shows

that we have here an important link in the evolution of a most

interesting region of the mammalian skull. Until comparatively

recently it has been the universally accepted opinion among com-

parative anatomists, that the pair of bones found in the anterior

* The specimen was lying in the river that runs through Knoflock’s Fontein, but

there is a doubt as to whether it originally came from the rocks on that farm or

from Klipbanks Fontein under the Nieuweveld escarpment.

Presence of a Pair of Distinct Prevomers in Titanosuchus. 145

palatal region of most reptiles and batrachians are together homolo-

gous with the vomer of the mammals. Till 1884 I am not aware of

this opinion having ever been called in question. In that year, how-

ever, Bland-Sutton* advanced the opinion that the mammalian

vomer is homologous with the so-called ‘‘ parasphenoid”’ of batra-

chians. In 1885 W. K. Parker + in dealing with the development of

the Insectivore skull, makes use of expressions which seem to indicate

that doubt had arisen in his mind as to whether the so-called

‘‘ vomers’”’ of lizards and snakes are really true vomers.

In 1895! I endeavoured to show that the so-called ‘‘ yvomers”’ of

lizards and snakes are really homologous with the dumb-bell bone of

Ornithorhynchus, both being developed as a pair of splints to

Jacobson’s cartilages.

Since then numerous facts have been brought forward all pointing

to the conclusion that the mammalian vomer is the homologue of

the median bone which supports the base of the cranium in batra-

chians and most reptiles, and which was named by Huxley the

‘‘parasphenoid,” and that the bones which had been called ‘‘ vomers”

in the lower forms are entirely different in their morphological

situation, and that they are represented in mammals by the dumb-

bell bone of Ornithorhynchus, and by a little median bone in the nose

of Miniopterus. For these anterior elements I proposed in 1895 the

name of prevomers. The whole question has recently been fully

treated in a paper read before the Linnean Society, N.S.W. (Oct.,

1902). §

The most conclusive evidence in favour of the truth of this position

is that derived from paleontology. The mammals we know are

derived from the Theriodonts: the Theriodonts probably from a

more primitive Theriodont type, such as Titanosuchus : these latter

from a form something like Pareiasaurus : the Pareiasaurus prob-

ably from a more primitive type allied to Procolophon : which latter

is not very far removed from the Microsaurian Labyrinthodonts.

If we look at the evolution of the prevomers in each type it becomes

at once manifest that the old view is erroneous.

In the Labyrinthodonts, as in other batrachians, in the front of the

* J. Bland-Sutton, ‘‘ Observ. on the Parasphenoid, the Vomer, and the Palate

pterygoid arcade,” P.Z.S., 1884.

+ W.K. Parker, ‘‘On the Structure and Development of the Skull in the Mam-

malia,” Phil. Trans., 1885.

+ R. Broom, ‘‘ On the Homology of the Palatine Process in the Mammalian Pre-

maxillary,” P.L.S., N.S.W., June, 1895.

§ R. Broom, “On the Mammalian and Reptilian Vomerine Bones,” P.L.S8.

N.S.W., Oct., 1902.

146 Annals of the South African Museum.

palate, internal to the nasal openings, lie a pair of large prevomers.

These are undoubtedly the homologues of the very similar bones in

the front of the palate of Procolophon, and, as the palate in Pareia-

saurus is essentially similar to that in Procolophon, also of the

paired elements in Pareiasaurus. In Tapinocephalus, and in Titano-

suchus as we now know, there is also a pair of large bones in the

anterior palatal region, and there can be no doubt that these bones,

though no longer flattened out as in the earlier types, are the true

homologues of the Labyrinthodont pair. In the primitive Therio-

donts of the Lycosuchus type I have evidence to show, which will

appear later, that there is also a fairly well-developed pair of pre-

vomers. On reaching the higher Theriodonts, such as Gompho-

gnathus, we find, as I pointed out in 1897,* a distinct pair of small

prevomers, and these are precisely in the position of the two splints

which go to form the dumb-bell bone in Ornithorhynchus.

It is thus manifest that the prevomer of Ornithorhynchus is the

homologue of the prevomers of the Labyrinthodont.

The evolution of the vomer has not yet been so clearly made out.

We know, however, that there is a well-developed and very mammal-

like true vomer in Gomphognathus and some other higher Therio-

donts. We also find a true vomer in the Dicynodonts, and as these

are descendants of the earlier Theriodonts, doubtless a true vomer

will be found in the primitive Theriodonts. Nothingis known of the

posterior palatal region of Tapinocephalus or Titanosuchus, nor of

the deeper parts of the palate in Pareiasaurus, but a distinct though

small true vomer occurs in Procolophon, which is doubtless the

homologue of the so-called “ parasphenoid”’ in the Labyrinthodonts.

* R. Broom, ‘‘On the Occurrence of an Apparently Distinct Prevomer in Gom-

phognathus,” Journ. Anat. & Phys., Jan., 1897.

(147 )

VI.—On Some New Primitive’ Theriodonts in the South African

Musewm.—By R. Broom, M.D., B.Sc., C.M.Z.S.

(Plates XVII, XVIII.)

At the request of the director, Mr. W. L. Sclater, I recently made

an examination of a series of reptilian fossils that had been for many

years in the South African Museum, but which had never been

critically examined. The most interesting of the specimens are

imperfect portions of five skulls of primitive Theriodonts. These

are not only important as belonging to three new genera, but from

their throwing much new light on the structure of this interesting

group of fossil reptiles.

SCYLACOSAURUS SCLATERI, g. et sp. nov.

The best preserved of the specimens is the anterior two-thirds of

the skull of a moderate-sized reptile. The lower jaw is absent and

the skull broken across immediately behind the orbits. All the

anterior portion of the skull, however, is in fair preservation, and

though the matrix is exceedingly hard the specimen has been suffi-

ciently developed to show most of the details of structure.

In its general proportions the skull is distinctly fox-like, the snout

being long and narrow. The nostrils are practically terminal and

have been separated by the ascending processes of the premaxillaries,

The orbits are round, and are directed upwards and outwards and

slightly forwards.

The nasal bones are practically perfect. They are long and

narrow, and are rather broader in front than behind. Laterally

they articulate with the premaxillaries and the maxillaries; and

posteriorly with the frontals and prefrontals.

The premaxillaries are rather small. Each supports six incisor

teeth. The outer border of each nostril is formed by a process of

the premaxillary which passes up between the maxillary and the

148 Annals of the South African Museum.

nasal, while each premaxillary forms half of the slender inter-nasal

process.

The maxillary is a large bone which forms about three-fourths of

the lateral wall of the preorbital portion of the skull. In front, the

maxillary overlaps the premaxillary to such an extent that the suture

appears near the front of the fourth incisor. Posteriorly the maxillary

articulates with the prefrontal, lachrymal, and jugal. There is no

trace of a secondary palate, the palatine bone forming a suture with

the maxillary along a line a little to the inside of the molar teeth.

Each frontal bone is about four times as long as broad. It is

difficult to be quite certain how much of the supraorbital border is

formed by the frontal, but apparently only a comparatively small

part. Posteriorly the frontal articulates with the post-frontal and

to a very small extent with the parietal.

The prefrontal is of moderate size. It forms a long suture with

the anterior part of the frontal, and also articulates with the nasal,

the maxillary, and the lachrymal.

The lachrymal is an irregular four-sided bone about two-thirds the

size of the prefrontal. It articulates with the prefrontal, the maxil-

lary, and the jugal. The lachrymal canal does not appear outside

the orbit.

Only a small portion of the parietals is present, but it is manifest

that the parietal region is considerably wider proportionally than in

either Lycosuchus (1) or Ictidosuchus (2), and that the parietal

foramen must be somewhat further back than in Lycosuchus. ;

Distinct post-frontal and post-orbital bones are present. The

former is somewhat triangular in shape and forms a considerable

portion of the upper and posterior margin of the orbit. Posteriorly

it meets the parietal, and separates the frontal from the post-orbital.

The post-orbital is a small bone lying behind the post-frontal, forming

part of the post-orbital arch and the anterior border of the temporal

fossa.

The palate is fairly well preserved and is quite unlike that of the

higher Theriodonts, such as Galesaurus or Cynognathus. In the

typical Theriodonts the palate is essentially mammalian in structure.

A well-developed secondary palate is formed by the maxillary and

palatine bones carrying the internal nares back beyond the region of

the teeth, while a median vomer divides the nares. Between the

naso-palatine canals in front lie (Gomphognathus) a pair of bones

which I believe represent the dumbbell-shaped bone of Ornitho-

rhynchus and the paired so-called ‘‘vomers’’of reptiles generally,

and which I have named ‘“‘prevomers”’ (3). In Scylacosaurus, on the

Some New Primitive Theriodonts. 149

other hand, there is no trace of a secondary palate, the internal

nares being situated in the anterior palatal region, and the general

arrangement of the bones being essentially similar to that found in

Sphenodon.

The prevomers (‘‘ vomers ”’ of most authors) are a pair of elongated

bones which in front separate the internal nares, and posteriorly

form part of the hard palate. The anterior part of each articulates

with the short palatine process of the premaxillary. Towards the

posterior part of the internal nares each prevomer becomes flattened

into a thin vertical plate, but on reaching the posterior border of the

nasal passage each bone becomes flattened out transversely and

forms a large part of the hard palate. This posterior part of the

prevomer articulates laterally with the palatine and posteriorly with

the pterygoid bones.

The palatines lie between the posterior part of the prevomers and

the maxillaries, and form about two-thirds of the hard palate. If a

transverse section were made a short distance behind the posterior

border of the internal nares the hard palate would be seen to have

the form of an arch, forming almost a complete semicircle. The

lower margins of the maxillary bones are comparatively thin and are

supported by the palatine bones being closely articulated alongside.

From this articulation the palatines pass upwards and inwards to

meet the prevomers and backwards to meet the pterygoids and the

transpalatines.

Each pterygoid may be described as consisting of three parts: an

anterior portion lying between the palatines and the prevomers; a

transverse portion which meets the transpalatine; and a posterior

portion, not present in the specimen, which was doubtless continued

to meet the quadrate. . The anterior portion is in front about as

broad as the prevomer, but on passing backwards it gradually

becomes broader till the transverse portion is formed. A large oval

vacuity is present on each side bounded by the pterygoids and

palatines internally and by the transpalatine externally. On the

plane of the transverse processes of the pterygoids an oval vacuity

is present in the middle line between the two pterygoids. From

near the sides of this median vacuity there pass forwards and out-

wards on each side a row of very small teeth.

The transpalatine or ectopterygoid is a comparatively slender bone

which articulates in front with the palatine, the jugal, and apparently

with the maxillary. On passing backwards it meets and supports the

transverse process of the pterygoid.

The dentition of Scylacosaurus is particularly interesting. Each

150 Annals of the South African Museum.

premaxillary supports six incisors, but they are so badly preserved

that it is impossible to give any description of their characters. So

far as preserved each tooth is practically round without serrations.

The first two teeth are moderately small; the next three much

larger, and the sixth incisor very small. The maxillary bone

gives support to ten teeth (possibly eleven), but it is a little difficult

to classify them in terms of the mammalian nomenclature. Near

the front of the bone is a large tooth that might very readily be

looked upon as the canine, but this is not the most anterior tooth of

the maxillary. In front of it is a very minute pointed tooth, fairly

well preserved, on both sides of the skull. It is difficult to believe

that this minute tooth is the homologue of the mammalian canine

and the large tooth behind it the homologue of the mammalian first

premolar, though this is undoubtedly possible; and as it seems much

more probable that the large tooth is the homologue of the mam-

malian canine, the small tooth may be referred to as the first canine,

and the large one as the second canine. Only the bases of the two

canines are preserved, but it seems not improbable that the posterior

margin of the large canine at least was serrated. Behind the second

canine there is present in the bone a third tooth about equal in size

to the second canine. This is manifestly a young tooth and may be

regarded as the third canine.. Behind this third canine are seven

small simple subequal molars. The dental formula of Scylacosaurus

would thus appear to be for the upper jaw: incisors 6, canines 3,

molars 7.

The following are some of the principal measurements of the

specimen :—

Greatest length of nasals .....50.......+.0s00r0s 65 mm.

Greatest length of frontals.....................06. 50

Distance between the orbits .................0008 25

Depth of maxillary Dome... west. scs-ccsenenees 33

Width of transverse processes of pterygoids 49

Length from internal nares to transverse pro-

Gess Ol pterygoids —sxs2ac..cseesnes sen css sees 61

Henethvof (6 incisors Se. scs ascateecsosee essere 20

Diastema between sixth incisor and first

GOMUINOA o20c5 5 cscs szeesinderiscoemseenseaccenan ene 8:5

Antero-posterior and transverse measure-

MeMuSs Ol SeCONd CAMIMG weweun cece sec 8 and 6

Distance from front of second canine to back

Ofslastimolansse scseee eter e eee eee ere 42,

Some New Primitive Theriodonts. 151

The specimen was presented to the museum by Mr. D. Arnot, and

was obtained at Colesberg.

IcTIDOSAURUS ANGUSTICEPS, g. et sp. nov.

The specimen which I have made the type of this new genus and

species is the imperfect snout with lower jaw of a medium-sized

reptile. The left side of the specimen is but imperfectly cleared of

the very hard matrix, and the right side is very badly weathered.

The weathering, however, has been the means of displaying prac-

tically the entire dentition of both jaws. The snout is considerably

deeper than broad, even when the effects of crushing are allowed

for; and the nostrils are practically terminal.

The nasal bones are fairly well preserved. Posteriorly they are

comparatively narrow, but become broader near the front end. The

general relations of the nasals to the maxillaries and premaxillaries

are very similar to those seen in Scylacosaurus.

The premaxillary and maxillary bones so far as preserved differ

from those bones in Scylacosaurus only in being much deeper.

The lower jaw is badly preserved. It is rather slender, but a little

behind the canine it is considerably deepened to accommodate the

large upper canine.

The dentition resembles very considerably that of Scylacosaurus.

The incisors, however, are five in number, of which the first four are

of moderate size and the fifth small. In the maxillary there is a

large pointed canine with a serrated posterior border. In front of

this large canine and very close to it is a minute additional canine.

The small canine is the first of the maxillary teeth and is doubtless

the homologue of the first canine in Scylacosaurus, while the large

canine is no doubt the homologue of the second canine in that genus.

In the type specimen there is no evidence of a third canine, but in a

second very imperfect specimen, which undoubtedly belongs to the

same genus and most probably to the same species, there is evidence

of there having been another canine. The molars are probably 9

in number. Eight are undoubtedly present, but the last molar on the

left side, as judged by its distance from the canine, is most probably

a ninth. The molars are all comparatively small and subequal. In

the lower jaw there are three long pointed incisors, one large pointed

canine, and apparently 9 molars. The dental formula of Ictido-

saurus would thus appear to be :—

5 2(or8?2) 9 32934

Ca ES pu Caray c

152 Annals of the South African Museum.

The following are some of the principal measurements :—

Wadthrotimasall Ibelninds (220. .c2ce:-2>cessmaneeee 14 mm.

Widthvofomesaleinwhromt! <1. scacessesee cease ass 18

Depths onsmiaxall ary. oe -e <ie clot se swiewie ase 9's eae 46

emeth Ol INGISOL, SOTICS, ....-«-...--.s.--¢2-<s0eee 21

Diastema between 45 and C! ..........sessscceese 9

Hrom trombiet ¢2 to back Of 909 \-..s.cc..2<ece. sas 46

HCI MORI PETC? ..5 0068 saeoesa sesaccerecsacer: 32

The type specimen was presented to the museum in 1881 by Mr.

J. R. Joubert, and was obtained near Beaufort West.

SCYMNOSAURUS FEROX, g. et sp. nov.

The imperfect snout which has been made the type of this new

genus has evidently belonged to a reptile about the size of a Hyzena,

and which with the exception of Titanosuchus is the largest primitive

Theriodont at present known. The snout has been broken across

behind the third molar, and has been again split longitudinally through

the roots of the teeth, so that the specimen only consists of the

alveolar margins of the maxillary and premaxillary bones with the

teeth and the front portion of the lower jaw. The longitudinal

fracture reveals the structure of the anterior part of the palate.

Each premaxillary bone has 5 incisors. Posteriorly the bones

are overlapped by the maxillaries. Internally they form large sutures

with the prevomers.

Each maxillary supports 1 large canine and 3 small molars, and

shows evidence of there having been an additional canine lost.

The maxillary forms with the palatine a longitudinal suture a little

inside of the roots of the molars. There is no secondary palate.

The internal nares are long, kidney-shaped openings lying internal

to the large canines. Internally they are bounded by the prevomers

and the palatines.

The prevomers are very much broader than in Scylacosaurus, but

only form a small part of the hard palate. They articulate behind

with both the pterygoids and the palatines.

The palatines articulate with the maxillaries in a similar manner to

that found in Scylacosaurus. Near the posterior border of the

internal nares, however, the outer border of the palatine forms a

prominent ridge. I can find no evidence of teeth on the palatines.

Of the pterygoids only the anterior part is preserved. They fit in

between the two palatines and articulate in front with the prevomers.

Some New Primitive Theriodonts. Loe

The two form a median ridge which passes up from the middle of the

palate. 'The upper sides of the pterygoids are considerably overlapped

by the palatines, so that the pterygoids appear smaller when viewed

from above (fig. 9) than they really are (fig. 8).

The teeth are fairly well preserved, and owing to the manner in

which the snout is broken across one is enabled to observe the structure

and relations of the roots of the teeth.

There are on each side 5 well-developed upper incisors. The

crowns are for the most part badly preserved, but each tooth, though

on section moderately round, has a distinct posterior edge and a less

marked anterior border. In the third, fourth, and fifth teeth there ave

distinct serrations along the posterior edge. The third and fourth

incisors are very considerably larger and the second slightly larger

than the first and fifth. The fifth incisor is somewhat flatter than

the others. The fracture across the roots of the teeth reveals, at a

distance of from 18 mm. to 25 mm. above the alveolar margin, remains

of teeth of an earlier set in front of the roots of the first, second, and

third incisors. These are small portions of the roots of teeth smaller

than those of the succeeding set, which are not shed, but become

imbedded in the bone, and doubtless in course of time absorbed.

The first of the maxillary teeth is a very large canine. Directly

outside of the root the fracture displays on the left side, at a distance

of 45 mm. from the alveolar border, the remains of the root of a small

canine of the earlier set, while immediately behind the large canine

there is seen on both sides the remains of a second large canine which

is being invaded by bony tissue. On the right side there remains

only the shell of the root, the cavity being almost filled with spongy

bone. Though this large canine tooth has disappeared with the ex-

ception of the remains of its root, it must be a younger tooth than the

first molar, as the root of the first molar is partly excavated to

accommodate it.

The molars number 3 on each side, and there appear to have been

only 3. They are simple pointed teeth, considerably flattened and

with serrated posterior borders. There is no indication of any succes-

sional molars.

The following are some of the principal measurements :—

Length of 5 upper ancisorsar s,s. cesses: 63 mm.

ength of caminersccsasconstestecescese a: about 20

Iength:of 3 miolarsy ay ssceeatceewee eae aneet « 29

Total length of dental series

Width of snout in region of canines ......... 105

154 Annals o7 the South African Museunr.

Nothing, unfortunately, is known of the locality of the specimen.

LycosUCHUS MACKAYI, Sp. Nov.

This new species is represented by an imperfect maxilla and one or

two other very imperfect fragments of a skull. As displayed, the maxilla

is split longitudinally and shows 2 large canines and a small molar.

There is no evidence of any other teeth. The front one of the two

canines is of large size and is serrated both in front and behind. The

second canine, which is immature and has probably not yet cut the

cum, is also serrated both in front and behind. The little molar is

too imperfect to admit of description. In its general structure and

in the number of teeth this maxillary bone agrees fairly closely with

that of Lycosuchus vanderrieti (1), which I recently described, from

the Karroo beds lying to the east of Beaufort West. L. mackayi is

an animal at least a half larger than L. vanderrieti, as will be seen

from the table of comparative measurements given below, and con-

sidering that the type of L. mackayi is probably immature. In

L. vanderrieti no serrations are to be seen on the front of the second

canine, but as the point is lost it is impossible to say whether it may

not have been similar to that in LZ. mackayt.

L. mackayi. L. vanderrieti.

Length of maxilla......... about 165 mm. 107 mm.

Depth of maxilla ......... about 67 56

Front of first canine to back of

TAGLAR <2 Uae nee caseee comer 48 39

The specimen was sent from East London many years ago by

Mr. G. McKay, the discoverer of the little Endothiodont reptile

named by Huxley Pristerodon McKayi. As a curious instance of

the way in which bones of different animals are sometimes found

mixed together in the Karroo beds, it may be mentioned that in the

same piece of stone which exhibits the maxillary of Lycosuchus

mackay?t there is seen almost alongside of it the almost complete but

very badly crushed skull of a medium-sized Oudenodon.

On THE AFFINITIES OF THE PRIMITIVE THERIODONTS.

Though the three genera Scylacosaurus, Ictidosaurus, and

Scymnosaurus resemble the typical Theriodonts considerably in

their dentition, the structure of the palate is so strikingly different

that it became necessary to place them in a distinct Order or Sub-

Some New Primitive Theriodonts. 155

order; and ina paper recently read before the South African Associa-

tion for the Advancement of Science (4) I proposed to form a new

Order—Therocephalia—for their reception.

Besides the three new genera described above, which may be taken

as typical of the new order, there are a number of others which are

apparently more or less closely allied and which evidently belong to

the same order.

AXlurosaurus, Owen, is fairly closely allied to Scylacosaurus.

Seeley had the palate of the type specimen partly cleared of matrix,

but he does not seem to have realised that the type of palate is, as I

pointed out a few years ago (5), quite unlike that of the Theriodonts

proper. So far as can be made out, the palate is essentially similar

to that of Scylacosaurus, though there is a very much greater develop-

ment of small palatal teeth. In the restoration which Seeley gives

of Ailurosaurus (6), owing to his having mistaken an incrustation of

lime for bone, he places the articulation for the lower jaw below the

back of the orbit. Doubtless the posterior part of the skull in

Ailurosaurus is very similar to that in Ictidosuchus and Lyco-

suchus.

Ictidosuchus (2), in which the skull and a number of other bones

of the skeleton are known, is, like Alurosaurus, a near ally of

Scylacosaurus. The palate in the type is so imperfect that when

describing the specimen I did not think it safe to say more than

that ‘there is no distinct secondary palate.’’ When the crushed

fragments are viewed in the light of the fairly complete palate of

Scylacosaurus, it is at once apparent that the palate of Ictidosuchus

has been essentially similar.

Lycosuchus (1), which is known by an almost perfect skull, is

most probably also a Therocephalian. Unfortunately the palate is

unknown, but the structure of the lower jaw, arches, and dentition

render it fairly certain that Lycosuchus belongs to this new order.

Titanosuchus is doubtless closely allied to Seymnosaurus. It has,

as I have shown (7), a pair of large prevomers, and the position of

the internal nares renders it evident that this genus of Owen’s

belongs to the Therocephalia.

Gorgonops (8) differs from all the other Therocephalian genera in

having the temporal fossee roofed, but in most points the resem-

blances to the typical Therocephalians are so marked as to render it

not improbable that it should be placed in the same group. The

presence of the minute canine in front of the large one is almost

exactly similar to what we find in Ictidosaurus and Scylacosaurus.

The internal nares are situated near the front of the palate, and are

156 Annals of the South African Museum.

separated by the prevomers, which are here, however, anchylosed

The palatines practically meet in the middle line, so that the

Therocephalian type is somewhat modified.

Rhopalodon and Deuterosaurus are very imperfectly known, but

in a number of respects they show affinities with the typical Thero-

cephalians, and it is not improbable that they are aberrant modifica-

tions of the same type.

Excluding, however, for the present the genera Gorgonops,

Rhopalodon, and Deuterosaurus, whose affinities are doubtful, the

following may be given as the general characters of the Therocephalia

in contradistinction to those of the Theriodontia :—

THEROCNPHALTA. THERIODONTIA.

Canines single (rarely 2?) molars

usually cuspid.

A secondary palate formed as in

Mammals.

Canines 1, 2, or 3; molars

simple.

Palate, a modification of the

Rhynchocephalian type ; often

bearing teeth.

Quadrate well developed.

Occiput with single condyle?

Quadrate rudimentary.

Occiput with two condyles.

Pineal foramen large.

Angular and = surangular large,

forming large part of lower

jaw.

Scapula without distinct acromion.

Pineal foramen small or absent.

Angular and surangular small

—lower jaw formed almost

entirely by dentary.

Scapula with an acromion.

Precoracoid foramen between the

scapula and precoracoid

(Cynognathus).

Precoracoid foramen entirely in

precoracoid bone (Ictido-

suchus).

The position of a number of Owen’s genera must for the present

remain uncertain. Cynosuchus, Cynochampsa, and Tigrisuchus are

only known by very fragmentary remains, but they not improbably

belong to the Therocephalia. Lycosaurus, according to Seeley (6),

has a typically Theriodont palate, and thus probably belongs to the

Theriodontia, and Cynodraco may also belong to the higher order,

but until further remains are discovered it will be impossible to

decide definitely.

(157 )

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE.

(1) R. Broom. “On an Almost Perfect Skull of a New Primitive

Theriodont (Lycosuchus vanderrietz),’ Tr. S. Af. Phil.

Soce., vol. xiv., part 2, 1903.

(2) R. Broom. “On Ictidosuchus primevus,” Tr. 8. Af. Phil.

Soc., vol. xi, part 3, 1900.

(3) R. Broom. ‘On the Mammalian and Reptilian Vomerine

Bones,” Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1902, part 4.

(4) R. Broom. ‘On the Classification of the Theriodonts and

their Allies,” Rep. S. Af. Ass. Adv. Sc., 1908.

(5) R. Broom. ‘On the Structure of the Palate in Dicynodon

and its Allies,” Tr. 8. Af. Phil. Soc., vol. xi., part 3, 1900.

(6) H. G. Seetey. ‘On the Therosuchia,” Phil. Trans., 1895.

(7) R. Broom. ‘On the Presence of a Pair of Distinct Prevomers

in Titanosuchus,” Ann. 8. Af. Mus., vol. iv., page 144.

(8) R. Owen. Cat. Fossil Rept. of 5. Africa in British Museum,

1876.

10.

(158 )

REFERENCES TO PLATES.

Prate XVII.

. Skull of Scylacosawrus sclateri, from above. x°*72.

9 3 », from below. x°72.

Side view of skull of Scylacosaurus sclatert. x *72.

Side view of skull of Ictidosaurus augusticeps. x*72.

Restoration of palate of Scylacosaurus sclateri. x*45. Mx, maxilla; Pa,

palatine; Pmx, premaxilla; P.N., posterior nares; Pt, pterygoid;

P.Vo., prevomer; T.P., transpalatine or ectopterygoid.

Pratt XVIII.

. Side view of portion of snout of Seymnosaurus ferov. x°9.

. Front of lower jaw, and upper teeth of Scymnosaurus feror. x°5. U, 7, @,

i+, i5, the five incisors; c, canine ; m', m?, m3, the three molars.

Restoration of palate of Scymnosaurus feror. X<-+28. Mx, maxilla; Pa,

palatine; Pmx, premaxilla; P.N., posterior nares; Pt, pterygoid;

P.Vo., prevomer.

The relations of the bones of the front of the palate as shown in the transverse

fracture through the roots of the teeth. x°5.

Fractured maxillary bone of Lycosuchus mackayi. x °*72.

Newman lith.

West

Pigs 1,2,3,%5 Scylacosaurus,- sclateri.

Per 3 Afr. Mus. Vol. IV.

Figs 4 Ictidosaurus angusticeps.

Ann.S. Afr. Mus. Vol IV. Pay ies

R.B. del.

West,Newman lith.

Figs 6,7,8%9 Scymnosaurus ferox.

Fig. 10 Lycosuchus mackayi.

( 159 )

VII.—On a new Reptile (Proterosuchus fergusi) from the Karoo

Beds of Tarkastad, South Africa.—By R. Broom, M.D., B.Sc.,

C.M.Z.S.

(Plate XIX.)

SoME years ago there was discovered in an alluvial deposit on the

farm of Wheatlands, in the district of Tarkastad, the badly weathered

skull of a moderate-sized reptile. Though the fossil was not found

in situ, there can be no doubt it came from the rocks in the neigh-

bourhood. For some time the skull has been in the possession

of Dr. John Fergus, of Tarkastad, but at my suggestion he has pre-

sented it to the South African Museum, and I am thus enabled to

give a description of it.

The specimen has apparently originally consisted of the anterior

four-fifths of the skull embedded in a sandstone matrix, but as the

result of weathering practically all the facial bones have disappeared,

and all that remains of the external bones are portions of the maxillaries

bearing a number of teeth, portions of the premaxillaries, consider-

able portions of the lower jaws, and the impressions of a number of

the other facial bones. <A horizontal fracture along the palate

reveals almost the whole of the palatal bones in a very satisfactory

state of preservation.

Though the skull differs very greatly from that of any animal

hitherto found in the Karoo beds, it bears considerable resemblance

to that of Ornithosuchus woodwardi, found in the Triassic beds of

Elgin, Scotland. The South African animal, however, besides

having been more than twice as large, has differed from the Scots

form in a number of important characters. In the new form, as in

Ornithosuchus, the skull is very narrow in front and moderately

broad posteriorly. The lower jaws are of considerable size. In

front they are very much flattened, and on passing backwards each

is slightly rotated outwards, so that the upper border of the posterior

half is directed as much outwards as upwards. The orbits are

large, and in front of each is a moderately large oval antorbital

vacuity.

160 Annals of the South African Museum,

The maxillary, so far as can be judged from the remains and

impressions, appears to agree fairly closely with that in Ornitho-

suchus. In this new form, however, it is better developed pos-

teriorly, and passes backwards as far as the back of the orbit. It

bears a series of large teeth. From the extremely weathered condi-

tion of the bone it is difficult to be certain of the arrangement of the

teeth. There seem, however, to be 10 large, well-developed teeth in

a regular series, and between these there seems to be a series of

immature teeth. Then, at the base of the teeth of the first series,

there are indications of the tips of a series of replacing teeth. If

this interpretation be correct, each maxilla has probably had a series

of 18 or 20 teeth—mature and immature teeth alternating. The

immature teeth have distinct sockets, but in the old teeth the roots

seem to be united with the bone.

The jugal forms the lower border of the orbit. It rests on the

maxilla, and in front passes forwards between the lachrymal and the

maxilla almost to the antorbital vacuity.

Above the impression of the maxilla on the right side is the greater

part of the impression of the nasal. This has evidently been a fairly

large bone.

Only a very fragmentary portion of the premaxillary remains.

The palate, which fortunately is fairly well preserved, is of very

great interest. Though a modification of the Rhynchocephalian

type, the palate differs very considerably from that of any other form

hitherto described.

In front, articulating with the premaxillaries, are a pair of elon-

gated prevomers. (These are the bones usually referred to as

vomers, but which I have elsewhere shown are not homologous with

the mammalian vomer.) They appear to articulate with each other

in front, but for the greater part of their length they are not in con-

tact. Hach prevomer is considerably expanded posteriorly, and to a

less degree in front, but is very slender in the middle. Along the

inner side of each is a row of small teeth. Behind, each gives articu-

lation to the pterygoid and palatine bones.

The internal nares are very elongated openings lying between the

prevomers and the maxille. Hach is a little longer than the pre-

vomer, and its posterior part lies between the maxilla and the

anterior part of the palatine.

The palatines, though a little larger than the prevomers, are much

smaller than in most reptilian skulls. From where each palatine

articulates with the maxillary a short, slender process extends for-

wards, upwards, and inwards to meet the prevomer, and forms the

On a New Reptile (Proterosuchus fergusi). 161

inner border of the posterior part of the internal nasal opening. A

long, slender process is also sent backwards. This rests on the

pterygoid, and when the palate is viewed from below the pterygoid

almost completely hides the posterior process of the palatine. The

palatine thus appears in fig. 3 as much smaller than it really is.

There is no evidence of any teeth on the palatines.

The pterygoids are unusually large, and form by far the greater

part of the palate. Hach may be described as consisting of three

parts: a long, broad anterior part which meets the prevomers and

articulates laterally with the palatines, a broad, well-developed trans-

verse process which meets the transpalatine, and there has doubtless

been a posterior process which met the quadrate. The pterygoids

are remarkable for the fact that they do not meet each other in the

middle line. Along the inner border of each is a row of small teeth

followed by a number of other rows of smaller teeth. Along the line

which may be considered to divide the anterior from the lateral pro-

cess are also two or three rows of small teeth, while the posterior

border of the lateral process is armed by a number of moderate-sized

teeth. The anterior part of each pterygoid is strengthened by a

longitudinal vertical plate (see fig. 4).

The transpalatine or ectopterygoid is a moderate-sized element.

It is not very well preserved, but is probably as restored in fig. 3.

It to a considerable extent les behind the lateral process of the

pterygoid. Between it, the pterygoid, the palatine, and the maxilla,

is a large suborbital vacuity.

A transverse section near the middle of the palate is shown in

fig. 4. The most noteworthy feature is the presence of a true median

vomer (the ‘ parasphenoid”’ of most authors). In transverse section

it closely resembles the mammalian vomer, and has evidently sup-

ported a median cartilaginous septum.

The lower jaws are badly preserved, yet it is possible from the

remains to gain a fairly good idea of their structure. There are only

one or two slight fragments of the dentaries remaining—the largest

fragment being seen in fig. 1. Behind the dentary there has evi-

dently been a very large surangular, but little more than the impres-

sion remains on either side. This large surangular has apparently

formed almost the whole of the outer surface for the posterior half

of the jaw. It has articulated with the coronoid above, with the

splenial below, and with the angular a little to the inside of the

lower border. There has evidently been no large fenestra in the jaw.

The coronoid is well developed. Internally it articulates with the

angular and with the splenial. The angular is fairly well preserved

162 Annals of the South African Museum.

on the left side. It is much smaller than the surangular, and is

almost entirely confined to the inner side of the jaw. The splenial

is very well developed and fairly well preserved. It forms the inner

side of the jaw in front of the coronoid and the angular. The

articular is not preserved.

For this new type I have proposed the name Proterosuchus fergusi.

Affinities of Proterosuchus.

Proterosuchus differs so very greatly from any form hitherto dis-

covered that it is a little difficult to decide as to its affinities, and the

difficulty is made the greater by the very imperfect condition of the

remains. There are four reptilian orders with which it shows more

or less affinity, viz., the Crocodilia, the Dinosauria, the Pterosauria,

and the Rhynchocephalia. It is highly probable that the Crocodiles,

the Dinosaurs, and the Pterodactyles are all descendants of Rhyn-

chocephalian ancestors, and the early forms of each order so much

resemble each other, and also the Rhynchocephalians, that it is often

a matter of great difficulty to say to which of the four orders an early

generalised type really belongs. Were only the exterior of the skull

of Proterosuchus known, one might readily agree to place it some-

where near Ornithosuchus in the Parasuchia or other division of the

early Crocodiles, but the structure of the palate and the lower jaw

shows that the affinities are more with the early Rhynchocephalians.

In all known Crocodilians, Dinosaurs, and Pterodactyles teeth, if

present, are confined to the margins of the jaws, and never appear on

the prevomers or pterygoids. Among Rhynchocephalians, on the

other hand, teeth are usually present on the prevomers and pala-

tines, and often also on the pterygoids. In the most primitive

Rhynchocephalians—Paleohatteria and Proterosaurus—the palate

is very imperfectly known ; but in Procolophon, which is moderately

nearly allied to Paleohatteria, the palate has a number of teeth on

each prevomer, and two rows of small teeth on each pterygoid. On

the palatines in Procolophon, on the other hand, there are no teeth.

Though Procolophon is not very nearly allied to Proterosuchus, it is

interesting to observe that in general type the palates are essentially

similar in the two. In Procolophon there are no teeth along the

external pterygoid process, but in Dimetrodon a row of teeth is seen

very much as in Proterosuchus; and the Pareiasaurians, though

farther removed from the Rhynchocephalians, frequently retain this

row of teeth along the pterygoid process, e.g., Pareiasaurus and

Pariotichus. It would thus appear that the palate of Proterosuchus

On a New Reptile (Proterosuchus fergusi). 163

is very similar to that which probably occurred in the primitive

Rhynchocephalians.

The lower jaw also more closely resembles the Rhynchocephalian

type than it does that of the other orders. The structure of the

lower jaw is only fully known in Procolophon among the early types,

but so far as preserved the mandible of Proterosuchus is essentially

similar to that in Procolophon.

We may therefore conclude, on the present evidence, that Pro-

terosuchus is a primitive Rhynchocephalian which shows a consider-

able degree of specialisation along the line which gave rise to the

early Crocodiles and Dinosaurs.

REFERENCES TO PLATE XIX.

A. antorbital vacuity; An. angular: Co. coronoid; D. dentary ; Ju. jugal ; La.

lachrymal; Mx. maxilla; Na. nasal; O. orbit; Pa. palatine; Pmx. premaxilla ;

P.N. posterior nares; Pt. pterygoid; Pvo. prevomer; Sa. surangular ; Sp. splenial ;

T.P. transpalatine ; Vo. vomer.

Fig. 1. Side view of skull of Proterosuchus fergust x *45. .

Fig. 2. Upper side of the bones of the palate of Proterosuchus fergusi x °45.

Fig. 3. Restoration of the palate of Proterosuchus ferqust x *45.

Fig. 4. Trans. section of the palate at the point marked by an arrow in fig. 3

x 6.

Plo

Ann .S. Afr. Mus. Vol IV.

R.Broom del.

Proterosuchus fergusi.

s2sectisisi=

paseearnesstieseests

(165 )

VIII. —Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. By F. R. C. Resp,

MGA. HG.'S:

(Plates XX.-XXIIT.)

IntRopucTORY REMARKS.

THE specimens of Brachiopoda which are here described are mostly

in a poor state of preservation and in the condition of casts or

impressions. There is considerable variation in the nature of the

rock-matrix which contains them, but in the majority of cases it

is of an arenaceous character. Several distinct beds and lithological

horizons are represented, but as to any difference in age there is

no striking evidence from the Brachiopoda, and the general state-

ment that the whole facies is certainly Devonian is alone safe.

The following is a list of the species represented in the collection

which has been submitted to me, and described in detail below :—

Lingula aft. densa Hall.

3 sp.

*Orbiculoidea baind.(Morris and Sharpe).

Stropheodonta ef. concinna (Morris and Sharpe).

Strophonella sp.

“Orthothetes sulivant (Morris and Sharpe).

Chonetes falklandicus (Morris and Sharpe).

as ef. coronatus Conrad,

< ef. arcet Ulrich.

» aff. setiger Hall.

Orthis sp. ?

166 Annals of the South African Musewn.

Rhynchonella (Camarotechia) sp.

Rensseleria sp. a.

es sp. /.

Ae 2 sp:

Trigeria aff. gaudryt Oehlert.

*“Cryptonella baint (Sharpe).

e sp. ?

*“Spirifer orbignyi\Morris and Sharpe.

o cf. pedroanus Hartt.

53 ceres Sp. NOV.

*“Spirifer sp. a.

» (Reticularia ?) sp. B.

Ambocelia wmbonata (Conrad).

Retzia ef. adrient (De Verneuil).

Rhynchospira ? cf. silveti (Ulrich).

*Leptocelia flabellites (Conrad).

Vitulina pustulosa (Hall).

The species marked with an asterisk are represented in Bain’s.

Collection in the Museum of the Geological Society, London, and

amongst them the following were described and figured by Sharpe

in 1856,* as the accompanying list indicates :—

* Spirifer antarcticus = Sp. orbignyt.

» _ orbignia = Sp. orbignyi.

Orthis palmata = Leptocelia flabellites.

Terebratula baini = Cryptonella bainiy

Strophomena bain = Orthothetes sulivani.

or sulivant = Orthothetes sulivani.

Chonetes sp. ind. = Chonetes cf. coronatus.

eee sp: id. = ? Chonetes cf. coronatus.

» ‘ Larger species’ = Chonetes cf. arcer Ulrich.

Orbicula bani = Orbiculoidea bainig*

A careful comparison of the new specimens with these types has.

been made by the author, and in the second column the revised

nomenclature and identifications are given.

* Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii., pp. 206-210, pl. xxvi.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 167

Orver ATREMATA.

Famiry LINGULIDA.

LINGULA aff. DENSA Hall.

(Plate XX., figs. 1, 2.)

There are some specimens of the genus Lingula from the “ Top

of Hottentots’ Kloof’’ (No. 120) and also from ‘“ above 3rd Sand-

stone, up-side of tunnel-siding, Hex River Pass” (Nos. 123, 124).

The two specimens from the latter locality represent the cast and

impression of a brachial valve, while that from the former is merely

the impression of a pedicle valve. In shape the shell is somewhat

obovate, widening a little anteriorly and subtruncate in front; the

length is about one and a half times the greatest breadth; the beak

of the pedicle valve is moderately pointed, the sides meeting at an

angle of about 80°; the brachial valve has a regularly rounded

umbonal margin, the beak being quite inconspicuous. The surface

of both valves is marked by fine concentrie stria.

Dimensions.—(No. 123) Brachial valve. Length 15°5 mm.; width

(at front end) 10°56 mm. ; width (near beak) 8°5 mm.

Affinities.—This species appears to be very closely allied to

L. densa Hall,* of the Hamilton Group in North America, and to

L. manni Hall,+ of the Corniferous Limestone. Ulrich } compares

his Bolivian species L. cohent with L. densa Hall, but it appears to

be of a more oval shape than these from Cape Colony.

Localities.—(No. 120) Top of Hottentots’ Kloof. (Nos. 123, 124)

Above 3rd Sandstone, up-side of tunnel-siding, Hex River Pass.

LINGULA sp.

(Plate XX., fig. 3.)

There is one imperfect valve of a species of Lingula (No. 121)

which seems to be distinct from that allied to Z. densa Hall. The

shape is broadly oval, the greatest width being across the middle;

* Hall, Paleont. N.Y., vol. iv., 1867, p. 11, pl. ii., figs. 10, 11.

+) Hall, 2bid., p. 6, pl. il., fig. 3.

{ Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Miner., &c., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 82, t. v., fig. 11.

168 Annals of the South African Musewm.

the beak is moderately pointed, and the lateral slopes are inclined at

about 75-80° ; the surface is concentrically striated.

Dimensions.—Length 13°5 mm.; width 12 mm.

Locality.—(No. 121) Top of Hottentots’ Kloof.

Orper NEOTREMATA.

Famity DISCINIDA.

ORBICULOIDEA BAINI (Morris and Sharpe).

(Plate XX., figs. 4, 5.)

1846. Orbicula Bainiw, Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc, .vol.u., p. 277, pl. x, fig: 5.

1856. Orbicula Bainii, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. 210, pl. xxvi., figs. 20-23.

1893. Discina Baini, Von Ammon, Zeitschr. Gesell. Erdkiinde

Berlin, Bd. xxviii., p. 359, fig. 4.

1897. Orbiculoidea baini, Schuchert, Syn. Amer. Foss. Brach.

(Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 87), p. 277.

This species was first described from the Falkland Islands by

Morris and Sharpe, and subsequently from South Africa by Sharpe.

Recently Von Ammon has described it from Matto Grosso, Brazil.

The shape of the examples (Nos. 158, 159) in the present collection

is circular; the brachial valve is moderately conical, being elevated

to a height equal to about one-third the diameter; the beak is

excentric, being distant about one-third or one-fourth the diameter

from the posterior border. The pedicle valve is slightly concave ;

the pedicle opening is large, oval, and depressed, and is connected by

a narrow slit with the posterior margin, from which it is distant

about one-third or one-fourth the diameter of the shell.

Dimensions.—Diameter 20-24 mm.

Affinities—In the allied species Orb. hwmilis Hall,* from the

Marcellus-Hamilton beds of North America the beak of the brachial

valve is more subcentral. Kayser t describes a species as Orb. cf.

humilis Hall, from the Argentine Devonian.

Localities.—(No. 158) North of Whupperthal. (No. 159) Gamka

Poort.

* Hall, Paleont. N.Y., vol. iv., 1867, p. 16, pl. ii., fig. 18.

+ Kayser, Zeitschr. deut. Geol. Gesell., Bd. xlix., 1897, p. 302.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 169

Orper PROTREMATA.

Famity STROPHOMENID As.

STROPHEODONTA cf. CONCINNA (Morris and Sharpe).

(Plate XX., fig. 6.)

There is one specimen (No. 131) of the pedicle valve of a small

species of Stropheodonta from Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres, which is of a

transversely semi-elliptical shape, about one and a half times as wide

as long, with the hinge-line equal to the greatest width of the shell

and the cardinal angles slightly pointed. The convexity of the shell

is very slight, and the cardinal angles are flattened. The surface is

covered with fine radiating striz (only well seen in this cast near

the margins) numbering about 120 round the edges; the beak is

small and rises a little above the hinge-line, the teeth are stout

but small; there is a small median septum extending from the

beak for about one-third the length of the valve; there are weak

dental lamelle diverging at right angles and bordering the flabellate

diductor impressions. The hinge-area is narrow and linear. No

marginal spines are visible.

Dimensions.—Length 13 mm. ; width 18 mm.

Affinities.—In shape, ornamentation, and internal characters this

Shell resembles Orthis concinna Morris and Sharpe * from the Falk-

land Islands. It is less transverse than Chonetes falklandicus Morris

and Sharpe, which has also a different ornamentation. The American

form Stropheodonta perplana Conrad,+ from the Upper Helderberg-

Chemung Groups of North America and the Devonian of Brazil

seems to be very similar in internal and external characters.

Locality.—(No. 131) Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres.

STROPHONELLA sp.

(Plate XX., fig. 7.)

There is an imperfect internal cast of a brachial valve (No. 128)

from Gydo Pass, Ceres, with the hinge-area of the pedicle valve

attached, which appears to be referable to the genus Strophonella.

* Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ii., 1846, p. 275, pl. x.,

fig. 2a, b.

+ Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Soc. Philadelphia, viii., 1842, p. 257, pl. xiv., fig. 11.

t Clarke, Paleoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil (Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,

vol. x., 1899), English edit., 1900, p. 87.

170 Annals of the South African Museum.

The characters are the following :—

Shell transversely semi-elliptical, broader than long, slightly

convex in middle, flattened laterally. Hinge-line equal to greatest

width of shell. Hinge-area of pedicle valve narrow, triangular,

inclined. Brachial valve with large quadrilobate cardinal process

and deep dental sockets. Hinge-line finely crenulated. Low, broad,

short median septum. Surface ornamented with 100-120 straight,

much flattened weak ribs, faint near cardinal angles ; the intervening

fine striz are marked by minute pores or tubular openings communi-

cating with pustulose elevations on the interior; the pustules are

smaller and more elongated towards the margins.

Dimensions.—Length + 25 mm. (probably about 30 mm., for the

anterior margin is imperfect) ; width about 46-50 mm.

Affinities.—This shell closely resembles Hall’s species Strophonella

ampla,* from the Upper Helderberg of North America, particularly

in the manner of its pustulation. The form described by Ulrich t¢ as

Strophomena sp. 3 from the Devonian of Bolivia is possibly identical.

Locality.—(No. 128) Gydo Pass, Ceres.

ORTHOTHETES SULIVANI (Morris and Sharpe).

(Plate XX., fig. 8.)

1846. Orthis Sulivani, Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.,

ils, Ds 270, Pl. xs tg. He

1856. Strophomena Sullivani, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2,

Vol. wil.,.p:209) pl xxvi-, figs. 18; 19.

?:1856. Strophomena Bair, Sharpe, ibid., p. 208, pl. xxvi., figs. 13,

Ile

This species was first described from the Falkland Islands, but

subsequently from Cape Colony. The species Strophomena bainw is

without much doubt identical. I have carefully examined and com-

pared the South African types of both species in the Museum of the

Geological Society, and the slight differences seem only due to the

method and state of preservation of the shells. Sharpe says that

in Str. bainii the ribs increase by insertion, but the specimens show

that they also clearly increase by bifurcation exactly as in Orth.

sulivant, figured by the same author. In both species the number

* Hall and Clarke, Paleont. N.Y., vol. viii., pt. 2, 1893, p. 293, pl. xii., figs.

13-15.

+ Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd. viii., 18938, p. 70, t. iv., fig. 24.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. sya

of ribs varies from 110 to 130 on the margin, and though they

appear a little coarser in Orth. sulivani, this is apparently only

due to the state of preservation. The mode of increase is precisely

similar, and the faint sinus noticed by Sharpe in Str. baini is also

clearly developed in his figured specimens of Orth. sulivani.

Affinities.—This species is closely allied or perhaps identical with

Orth. agassizi Hartt,* from the Devonian of Brazil, and may not be

specifically distinct from Ulrich’s Orthothetes sp. a+ from the

Huamampampa Sandstone (Devonian) of Bolivia. It is also a near

relative of Orth. chemungensis Conrad,} from the Chemung Group

of North America. The widespread Orth. wnbraculum Von Buch,

also shows considerable affinity.

Localities—(No. 157) Uitkomst, Ceres (slab crowded with

examples of this species). (No. 113) ditto. (No. 210) Gydo Pass,

Ceres. (No. 212) Wolvaart’s Farm, near Ceres Village.

Famiry PRODUCTID.

CHONETES FALKLANDICUS Morris and Sharpe.

(Plate XX., figs. 9, 10.)

1846. Chonetes falklandica, Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soe., il., p. 274, pl. x., fig. 4.

1893. Chonetes falklandica, Von Ammon, Zeitschr. Gesell. f.

Erdkiinde, Berlin, Bd. xxviii., p. 360, fig. 5, a, 0.

1897. Chonetes falklandicus, Schuchert, Syn. Amer. Foss. Brach.

(Bull. U.S. Geol? Suryv:, No: 87); ps 173.

The description given by Morris and Sharpe of this species is as

follows: ‘‘ Transversely semi-oval; upper valve convex, with a

slight mesial depression; lower valve rather concave; surface

covered with fine bifurcating rays, crossed by a few concentric lines

of growth. Hinge-area linear, of the breadth of the shell; hinge-

line furnished with fine spines. Width 7 inch; length 4 inch.”

There is one slightly distorted and imperfect impression of a

pedicle valve and the internal cast of another on the same rock-

* Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., i., 1874, p. 248, pl. ix., figs. 3, 4, 10,

16, 17, 23, 25, 26, 28-30.

+ Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 76, t. iv., fig. 30.

{ Hall and Clarke, Paleont. N.Y., vol. viii., pt. 1, 1892, p. 255, pl. x., fig. 9,

pl. xi.a, fig. 14.

172 Annals of the South African Musewm.

specimen (No. 136). There are 5-6 cardinal spines on each side,.

their bases only in most cases being preserved. The surface is.

covered by fine closely set ribs, increasing by bifurcation and inter-

calation to about 130-140 round the margin. The pedicle valve has

a triangular inclined hinge-area.

Another larger specimen (No. 127), probably belonging to the

same species, consists of the internal cast of a pedicle valve with

submucronate angles, a median septum about one-third the length of

the valve, strong flabellate diductor impressions, and the surface

covered with puncte between the fine ribs, which seem to be similar

to those in No. 136. There is no median depression in the valve as.

Morris and Sharpe describe.

These specimens, however, may both be referred without much

doubt to Ch. falklandicus, and they are very closely allied if not:

identical with Ch. comstocki Hartt,* as Von Ammon (op. cit.) has

remarked of this species. The European form Ch. sarcinulatus

belongs also to the same group. It seems questionable if Kayser’s

Ch. falklandicus + from Argentina is rightly identified.

Dimensions.—(No. 127) Length 17 mm. ; width 832 mm. (No. 136)

Length 11 mm.; width 21 mm.

Localities.—(No. 136) Near Ceres Village, along the Valsch River.

(No. 127) Hartebeeste Kraal, Ceres.

CHONETES cf. CORONATUS Conrad.

(Plate XX., figs. 11,12; Plate XXI_, figs. 1, 2.)

Amongst the numerous species in this collection referable to:

the genus Chonetes there is one which seems to resemble closely

Conrad’s Ch. coronatus of the Hamilton Group. There are specimens

(Nos. 112, 118) showing internal casts of both the brachial and

pedicle valves. The shell is transverse or semi-elliptical in shape, a

little wider than long, with a straight hinge-line equal to or rather

less than the greatest width of the shell, and the cardinal angles are

rectangular or slightly rounded. The pedicle valve is moderately

convex with a shallow undefined median longitudinal depression,

and the lateral angles somewhat flattened ; the beak rises above the

hinge-line and is slightly incurved; the hinge-area is narrow, inclined

and triangular, with the foramen partly occupied by the prominent

cardinal process of the brachial valve. The brachial valve is flattened

* Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc., i., 1874, p. 250, pl. ix., figs. 5, 14, 18,.

ile), Bil

+ Kayser Zeitschr. deut. Geol. Gesell., xlix., p. 299, t. x., fig. 2.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 173:

or weakly concave. The surface of the casts shows radiating fine

ribs, 70-80 in number near the margin, increasing by bifurcation and

rarely by intercalation, The characteristic lines of puncte in the

grooves between them are most strongly marked near the margin.

The interior of the pedicle valve shows strong triangular teeth,

and a thin low longitudinal septum extending about a third the

length of the valve. The brachial valve possesses a prominent

strong grooved cardinal process and deep dental sockets, and the

impressions of the adductor muscles are well marked. The strong

puncte near the margin are conspicuous.

Dimensions.—Pedicle valve, length 14 mm., width 18 mm.,;

brachial valve, length 11 mm., width 16 mm.

Affinities.—It is probable that the specimens figured by Sharpe *

as “Chonetes sp. ind.”’ from Warm Bokkeveld are identical with this

form. The description and figures given by Hall} of Conrad’s

species Ch. coronatus agree very closely.

Localities—(No. 112) Boschluis Kloof, below Ist Sandstone.

(No. 118) ditto. ? (No. 215) Fossiliferous or Ist Sandstone, north

of homestead, Uitkomst. ? (No. 220) ditto.

CHONETES cf. ARCEI Ulrich.

(Plate XXI., fig. 3.)

There is one cast (No. 129) of a brachial valve in a nodule from an

unknown locality which is identical with the specimens from Warm

Bokkeveld (now in the Museum of the Geological Society) mentioned

by Sharpe | as “ the larger specimens of Chonetes ?”’ and occurring

in a ferruginous nodule. This specimen (No. 129) shows a flat

brachial valve of a transverse semi-elliptical shape; the hinge-line

is equal to the greatest breadth, and the cardinal angles are

rectangular. The surface of the valve is ornamented by straight

low rounded ribs of somewhat irregular size increasing by bifurcation

and intercalation to the number of 70-80 round the margin. Between

them are regular rows of pustules, best preserved on the posterior

two-thirds of the shell. The valve seems to be slightly concave near

the middle, and to have traces of cardinal spines along the hinge-line.

Ulrich’s § species Ch. arcei from the Devonian of Bolivia appears

* Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii., pl. xxvi., fig. 14 (?figs. 15, 16),

p. 209.

+ Hall, Paleont. N.Y., vol. iv., 1867, p. 133, pl. xxi., figs. 9-12.

+ Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 210.

§ Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 77, t. iv., figs. 35, 36.

174 Annals of the South African Museum.

to bear a very close resemblance to this specimen, but it is described

as having only 50-60 ribs on the surface.

On the nodule in the Geological Society’s Museum holding the

brachial valve, there is a pedicle valve almost in contact and of the

same relative size, and therefore probably belonging to the same

species and individual. It is gently convex, and has a small beak

rising a little above the hinge-line ; there is an elongated hinge-area,

a pair of large diductors, and a faint median septum. The surface

is coarsely punctate near the margin, as in Ch. ef. coronatus, and

the cardinal line is furnished with a few slender spines.

As Ulrich has remarked, the pustulate surface of the casts is

noticeable in several species of Chonetes, such as Ch. bretzv Schnur,*

and was referred to by Kayser. +

Dimensions.—Length (No. 129) 20 mm.; width (No. 129) 32 mm.

Locality.—(No. 129) ‘ Locality unknown,”

CHONETES aff. SETIGER Hall.

(Plate XXI._, figs. 4, 5.)

There is a small group of about half a dozen examples of a species

of Chonetes on a rock-specimen (No. 126) from Witzenberg Valley,

Ceres. The shell of this form is small, semi-elliptical, not quite as

long as wide; the hinge-line is straight, and equal to the widest part

of the shell; the cardinal angles are rather less than right angles.

The pedicle valve is gently convex, but flattened towards the cardinal

angles; the beak is small and pointed, scarcely rising above the hinge-

line, which bears 3-4 spines on each side. There is a weak median

depression down the centre. The teeth are small, and there is a

low median septum extending nearly half the length of the valve.

The surface is marked by straight radiating rather strong subangular

ribs increasing by bifurcation and intercalation near the margin to

about 35-40, and crossed by fine concentric striw. In the weak

median depression there are four ribs. The brachial valve is

flattened to slightly concave; the beak is very small and incon-

spicuous, and there are 2-3 concentric wrinklings near the lateral

angles.

Dimensions.—Length 8 mm. ; width 10 mm.

Affinities —The species which seem most closely allied to this form

* Schnur, Paleontographiea, iii., 1854, p. 243, t. xlv., fig. 7 d.

+ Kayser, Zeitschr. deut. Geol. Gesell., xxiii., 1871, p. 636.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 175

are Ch. setiger, Hall,* Ch. lepidus Hall,t (in which there is a median

sinus in the pedicle valve), and Ch. scitulus Hall.} It appears that

the first-mentioned bears the nearest resemblance. All occur in the

Devonian (Marcellus-Chemung) of North America.

Localities —(No. 126) Witzenberg Valley, Ceres. ?(No. 125)

Gamka Poort.

Famity ORTHIDA.

ORTHIS sp. ?

(Plate XXI., fig. 6.)

There are several imperfect valves of a small brachiopod re-

sembling Orthis on a slab of rock (No. 132) crowded with Cryptonella

baini. The shell is convex and subcircular, with a curved hinge-

line. The beak of the pedicle valve is rather prominent and in-

curved. The brachial valve (10 mm. long) is less convex than the

pedicle valve, and has a small inconspicuous beak, and there is

apparently a faint median depression near the anterior margin. The

surface is marked by 20-30 simple angular ribs curving upwards

a little near the cardinal angles, and separated by strong grooves

equal in width to the ribs.

A ffinities.—This imperfectly known brachiopod seems to resemble

Orthis (Dalmanella) lepidus Hall,§ of the Hamilton Group of North

America, and may be compared with Ulvich’s Orthis sp. /3 || from

the Devonian of Bolivia.

Locality.—(No. 132) Kloof north-west of homestead on Laken

Vley, Ceres.

OrveEr TELOTREMATA.

Famiry RHYNCHONELLIDA.

RHYNCHONELLA (CAMAROTCICHIA) sp.

(Plate XXI., fig. 7.)

There is one cast of a transversely oval pedicle valve of a small

brachiopod associated with a multitude of Leptocelia flabellites on a

* Hall, Paleont., N.Y., vol. iv., 1867, p. 129, pl. xxii., figs. 1-5.

+ Ibid., p. 132, pl. xxii., figs. 12, 13.

+ Ibid., p. 130, pl. xxii., figs. 6-11.

§ Ibid., p. 46, pl. vi., fig. 1.

|| Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 77, t. iv., fig. 21.

176 Annals of the South African Museum.

large slab (No. 221) from Gamka Poort which must be referred to

a species of Rhynchonella (Camarotechia). It is convex from back

to front with a strong incurved beak and only a very faintly indicated

median sinus. The surface is ornamented with about 18 simple low

ribs of which four lie in the sinus. The muscular impressions in

the beak are strongly developed, and the teeth are rather widely

separated.

Dimensions.—Length 8 mm.; width 11 mm.

Affinities —This form may be allied to Rh. implexa Sow.* from the

Middle Devonian of England, and there are some American species

(Rh. horsfordi Hall, and Lh. sappho Hall) + from the Upper Helder-

berg and Hamilton Groups which seem to bear some resemblance

to it.

Locality.—(No. 221) Gamka Poort.

Faminry CEHNTRONELLIDA.

RENSSELARIA sp. a.

(Plate XXL, fig. 8.)

On one block of sandstone (No. 149) there are the internal casts.

of two brachial valves of a species of a large plicated brachiopod

which must be referred to Rensseleria or some allied genus. The

valves are rather imperfect along their anterior margins, but are

apparently of suborbicular shape; they are gently convex, the

greatest convexity being just in front of the small inconspicuous

beak, the hinge-line is regularly curved, and the surface of the shell

is ornamented with 30-40 simple, straight, radiating, low, rounded

and equal ribs separated by narrower grooves. There is a thick

elevated hinge-plate, notched anteriorly and swollen and bilobed

posteriorly; a broad rounded ridge continued forwards into a thin

vertical septum lies in front of it, extending about one-fourth the

length of the valve. The bases of the crura are seen, but their

course and length cannot be determined.

Dimensions.—Length about 30 mm. ; width about 32 mm.

Affowties—As far as the structure of the hinge-apparatus and

interior can be made out it agrees with that of Rensseleria, the

bilobation of the hinge-plate being well-shown in some North

* Davidson, Brit. Foss. Brach., vol. iii., p. 67, pl. xiv., figs. 7-10.

+ Hall, Paleont. N.Y., vol. iv., 1867, pp. 339, 340, pl. liv.

Brachiopoda trom the Bokkeveld Beds. ITE

American forms. The shape is rather more subcireular than usual

in members of the genus, but the young of Ff. ovoides (Eaton) from

the Oriskany Sandstone * have such a form. The simple radial

ornamentation of the surface is met with in several allied genera of

this family (Rensseleria, Beachia); and externally the shell much

resembles Beachia suessana Hall,+ but the infolding of the margins

is not visible.

Locality—(No. 149) Assegai Bosch, Roode Berg, Ladismith.

RENSSELARIA sp. p.

(Plate XXL, fig. 9.)

A nearly perfect cast of the interior of both valves of another

species of Rensseleria (No. 156) comes from Gydo Pass, Ceres.

This shell has an elongated oval shape, is biconvex, with the

pedicle valve rather deeper than the brachial and furnished with

a prominent incurved beak, and there is a trace of a faint narrow

median depression along it. The teeth are strong and supported

by short dental plates; the diductor muscular impressions are

narrow, elongated and slightly divergent. The surface is marked

by 20-24 low weak ribs, strongest near the margins, and the two

bordering the weak sinus are continued with equal strength to the

beak and have three shorter ribs between them. The brachial valve

has no median fold or sinus, and the ribs are uniform. The dental

sockets are deep; the hinge-plate is elevated and cleft down the

middle into triangular halves, and slender crura are attached to

the inner angles. The marks of the adductors are closely placed

and lie just in front of the hinge-plate, and there is a short low

septum anterior to them.

Dimensions.—Length 16 mm.; width 12 mm.

Affinities —This brachiopod externally somewhat resembles Tere-

bratula oliviant De Vern.} from the European Devonian, but the

internal structure shows it belongs to Rensseleria, and it appears to

be similar to R. cwmberlandieé Hall,§ from the Oriskany Sandstone

of North America.

Locality.—(No. 156) Gydo Pass, Ceres.

* Hall, Paleont. N.Y., vol. iii., 1859, p. 456, pl. civ., figs. 1-4, pl. ev., figs. 1-6.

+ Ibid., p. 459, pl. evii., figs. 1-15.

t De Verneuil, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ii., 1845, p. 470, pl. xiv., fig. 10 a—d.

§ Hall, Paleont. N.Y., vol. iii., 1859, p. 464, pl. eviii., fig. 1.

178 Annals of the South African Museum.

RENSSELASRIA sp. ?

(Plate XXI, fig. 10.)

There is one imperfect impression of the exterior of a brachial

valve (No. 152) of a large plicated brachiopod, apparently referable

to Rensseleria, but differing in details of the ribbing from any of

those above described. :

In shape it is longitudinally oval and generally flattened, but

shghtly convex near the small inconspicuous beak which does not

rise above the curved hinge-line. The surface is marked by about

30 straight, simple, low and rounded ribs of subequal size, radiating

from the beak and separated by narrow furrows. Near the beak

each rib is divided by a longitudinal furrow extending about a

quarter of its length. Four or five rather strong concentric growth-

ridges are noticeable.

Dimensions.—Length about 35 mm.; width about 30 mm.

Affimties—The peculiar subdivision of the ribs near their origin

characterises this form, but it is impossible with this single example

to determine whether it should be referred to Rensseleria, Trigeria,

or Scaphocelia. |

Locality.—(No. 152) “ Unknown.”

TRIGERIA aff. GAUDRYI Oebhlert.

(Plate XXI., figs. 11, 12.)

There are two specimens in this collection from an “unknown

locality”? (Nos. 150 and 151), in a soft greenish-grey marly and

micaceous mudstone (like No. 153 from Gydo Pass, Ceres), which

represent respectively the external and internal casts of brachial

valves belonging to the same species and perhaps the same indi-

vidual. One (No. 150) shows a very weakly convex subcircular

valve with an inconspicuous beak and curved hinge-line, and the

surface ornamented with 28-30 simple, straight, radiating, low and

rounded ribs of regular size, decreasing only slightly in size near the

cardinal angles; narrow deep straight furrows separate them, and

they are crossed by a fine regular concentric lineation. There are

also two or three stronger concentric growth-lines.

In the internal cast (No. 151) the number and character of the

ribs agree with the external cast, and there is one distinctly median

groove (but not larger in size than the rest) in front of the slightly

elevated closely placed and elongated impression of the adductors.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 179:

The hinge-plate is deeply notched or cleft in front, and the long

crura begin on each side in front of the dental sockets.

Dimensions.—(No. 151) Length 16 mm.; width 18 mm.

Affinities —The shape of the shell, character of the ribbing, and

internal characters, so far as they can be made out, agree closely

with Retzia (Trigeria) gaudryi Oehlert,* which occurs in the

Devonian of the West of France and in the Oriskany Sandstone of

North America.} The number of the ribs in the latter, however, is

rather greater.

Localities.—(Nos. 150, 151) ‘‘ Unknown.”

Famiry TEREBRATULIDA.

CRYPTONELLA BAINI (Sharpe).

(Plate XXIL., figs. 1, 2.)

1856. Terebratula Bainii, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. 208, pl. xxvi., figs. 11, 12.

It is possible, by piecing together the evidence from various

imperfect specimens in this collection, to determine the generic

position of this species. The internal structure is well shown in

several of the specimens, though the loop is not preserved. We

may observe the muscular impressions, vascular sinuses, and curved

dental plates in the pedicle valve, while in the brachial valve the

hinge-plate and muscular impressions can be distinguished as agree-

ing in the main with Crypt. planirostra Hall,} to which our species

is very Closely allied. It is probable that Ulrich’s species Meristella

riskowskt Ulrich,§ from the Devonian of Bolivia, is a member

of this genus, for it apparently bears a great resemblance to the

Cape form and deserves comparison with it.

Localities.—(Nos. 132, 133, 134) Kloof north-west of homestead

on Laken Vley, Ceres.

* Oehlert, Bull. Soc. Et. Scient. Angers, 1883, p. 1, pl. i., figs. 1-11; pl. ii.,

figs. 1-6; and ibid., 1885, p. 1. figs. 1-19.

+ Hall and Clarke, Palwont. N.Y., vol. viii. (1893), pt. ii., p. 265, pl. Ixxv.,

figs. 6, 7.

{ Hall, Pal. N.Y., vol. vii., pt. ii. (1893), p. 287, pl. Ixxx., figs. 5-10.

§ Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 64, t. iv., figs. 16-18.

180 Annals of the South African Museum.

CRYPTONELLA sp. ?

(Plate XXII., fig. 3.)

With the species known as Cryptonella baini there is found

associated another smaller and somewhat different form (No. 132),

but it does not seem probable that it represents merely the young

or a variety. This smaller form is of a longitudinally oval shape,

moderately convex, with a pedicle valve somewhat ridged along the

middle. The beak is prominent and pointed, and the dental plates

are small. The surface would be smooth but for faimt concentric

strie.

In shape this species is relatively more elongated than Crypt.

bam, and the ridged pedicle valve recalls Centronella glansfagea

Hall,* from the Oriskany and Corniferous Groups of America. It

is impossible to decide whether it should be referred to Centronella

or Cryptonella, but it somewhat resembles pre-adult individuals of

Crypt. planirostra, Hall.t

Dimensions.—Length 10-11 mm.; width 7-8 mm.

Locality.—(No. 132) Kloof north-west of homestead on Laken

Vley, Ceres.

Fawmitny SPIRIFERIDA.

SPIRIFER ORBIGNYI, Morris and Sharpe.

(Plate XXII, fig. 4.)

1846. Spirifera Orbignii, Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol.

NOC. VOl.1y py 200; pL exMieeno 3 a Dic.

1856. Spirifer antarcticus, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soe., ser. 2

VOl-<vil.; po ZUG mpl. xoovi:, tose vo:

1856. Spirifer Orbignii, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soe., ser. 2., vol. vii.,

p. 207, pl. xxvi., figs. 3, 4, 6.

1893. Spirifer Chuquisaca, Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil.

Bd. viii., p. 65, t. iv., figs. 19, 20 a—c.

21897. Spirifer antarcticus, Kayser, Zeitschr. deut. Geol. Gesell.,

xlix., p. 297, t. ix., figs. 1-4.

Lt |

This species is exceedingly common in the collection, and is by

ar the most abundant form of Spirifer. After a careful examination

* Hall, Paleont. N.Y., vol. iv., p. 399, pl. Ixi.a, figs. 1-21.

+ Ibid., p. 395, pl. Ixi., figs. 9-27.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 181

of the original specimens of Sp. antarcticus and Sp. orbignyi from

Cape Colony, described and figured by Sharpe * in 1856, I am con-

vinced that they all belong to one species (with perhaps the exception

of the one figured op. cit., pl. xxvi., fig. 6), the apparent differences,

such as the height of the hinge-area, being not constant and in

most cases due to the state of preservation. The number of ribs

in those specimens figured by Sharpe as Sp. antarcticus is only 16,

and those near the cardinal angles are very faint; but in Morris

and Sharpe’s + description of the type from the Falkland Islands,

the number is stated to be 20-24; in none of the South African

specimens which resemble this species in most other respects

does the number exceed 18, and it is generally 16 and sometimes

only 12. The specimens from Cape Colony figured by Sharpe as

Sp. orbignyt resemble in all respects those ascribed by him to

Sp. antarcticus from the same region; one (op. cit., pl. xxvi., fig. 3)

has 18-20 ribs on the pedicle valve, but the last three on each side

are faint. Morris and Sharpe (op. cit.) stated that Sp. orbignyt

possessed about 20 rounded imbricated ribs. The height of the

hinge-area and all other features are identical with those specimens

referred by Sharpe to Sp. antarcticus from Cape Colony.

It seems therefore advisable to refer all these South African forms

to the same species, and as in number and character of the ribs and

sinus they agree best with Sp. orbignyi as originally described by

Morris and Sharpe, they may safely be ascribed to this species, the

typical Falkland Sp. antarcticus having too many ribs, and the ribs

also being sharp instead of rounded, and the sinus on the pedicle

valve angulated. The opinion, however, that the original Sp.

orbignyt of the Falkland Islands may prove to be only a variety of

the original Sp. antarcticus from the same locality cannot be com-

pletely abandoned ; and if this turns out to be the case the latter

name has the priority. The species from South Africa called by Von

Buch Sp. capensis,} or that from South America called by D’Orbigny

Sp. boliviensis,§ may be identical with Sharpe’s species, but we know

too little about them for certainty, and the figures of the types are

poor. Kayser || holds the view that Sp. antarcticus and Sp. orbignyt

* Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii, pl. xxvi., figs. 1, 2, 5, p. 206 (Sp.

antarcticus) ; and pl. xxvi., figs. 3, 4, 6, p.207 (Sp. Orbignyi).

+ Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ii., 1846, p. 276, pl. xi., fig. 2.

t Von Buch, Biren-Insel, p. 12, fig. 1.

§ D’Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amerique Méridionale (1842), vol. iii., Paleont.,

Dota nes. 9.

|| Kayser, Zeitschr. deut. Geol. Gesell., xlix., 1897, p. 297, t. ix., figs. 1-4,

182 Annals of the South African Museum.

are one and the same species, and that Ulrich’s Sp. chuquisaca from

the Devonian of Bolivia, and Von Ammon’s Sp. vogeli from Brazil,

are also specifically identical with it. Some of Kayser’s figured

specimens (op. cit., figs. 1, 2) show only 10 ribs, while one (fig. 3)

shows 18 ribs much closer together with narrower interspaces, the

former resembling Von Ammon’s Sp. vogeli, and one of Sharpe’s

Cape specimens (Sharpe, op. cit. pl. xxvi., fig. 6) referred to Sp.

orbignyt ; and they probably represent a distinct species or variety

for which the name Sp. vogeli may be retained.

In the figures given by Morris and Sharpe of Sp. orbignyi (op. cit.,

pl. xi., fig. 3 a bc) there are only 14-16 ribs delineated, though the

number is stated in the text to be ‘about 20.” In our present

specimens from Cape Colony there are from 12-20, but generally only

16 ribs even in the largest specimens; those with the smallest number

being mostly of small size and presumably young individuals. In

all of them the ribs are rounded, with the interspaces not so wide,

and towards the cardinal region the ribs are faint and low; the

hinge-area is always triangular, vertical, and high, being in some

cases about one-third the length of the shell; the cardinal angles are

pointed and acute; the shell is about twice as wide as long or some-

times a little less; the sinus on the pedicle valve is rounded, and the

corresponding fold on the brachial valve shows in the casts a median

slit representing a septum.

The types of Sharpe’s Cape specimens of Sp. antarcticus and

Sp. orbignyi in the Museum of the Geological Society, occur

intermixed on the same blocks of sandstone and are quite in-

separable.

A closely allied form is Sp. murchisont Castelnau,* (= Sp. arrectus

Hall +) of the Oriskany Sandstone, as a comparison with a large

series of North American Devonian specimens indicates.

Dimensions.—The largest specimens in this collection attain a

width of 60-70 mm., and a length of 40-45 mm.

Localities.—(No, 147) North of Montagu. (No. 154) Just north

of Stink Fontein, Ceres. (No. 219) Fossiliferous or 1st Sandstone,

north of homestead, Uitkomst. (No. 220) Ditto. (No. 218) Ditto.

(No. 217) Ditto. (No. 216) Ditto. (No. 215) Ditto. (No. 119)

Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres. (No. 155) Gydo Pass, Ceres. ? (No. 111)

Fossiliferous or lst Sandstone, near Klein Straat Siding.

* Castelnau, Essai Syst. Silur. Amer. Septentr. 1843, p. 41, pl. xii., figs. 1, 2.

| Hall, Paleont. N.Y., vol. iii., 1859, p. 422, pl. xcevii., figs. 1, 2.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 183

SPIRIFER cf. PEDROANUS Hartt.

(Plate XXII, fig. 5.)

There are some specimens in the present collection which may be

separated from Sp. orbignyi, and appear to be comparable to Sp.

pedroanus Hartt,* from the Devonian of Brazil. One specimen

(No. 160) collected “ three miles S.H. of Triangle”? may be taken as a

typical pedicle valve. In shape it is transversely subfusiform, being

twice as wide as long; the cardinal angles are acutely pointed; the

shell is widest along the hinge-line; the hinge-area is triangular,

vertical, and in height only about one-fifth the length of the shell;

the beak is moderate; the median sinus is rounded and deep, but

increases only slightly in width towards the front; there are 20-22

regular rounded ribs on each side separated by rounded narrower

interspaces; the rib on each side of the sinus is slightly larger and

more prominent than the rest. The teeth are short, strong, and

divergent; the diductor impressions are strong but rather small.

The casts of brachial valves which may be referred to this form

have a narrow prominent median fold increasing less rapidly in

width towards the front than in typical examples of Sp. orbignyi.

The number of ribs approaches that of the types of Sp. antarcticus

from the Falkland Islands, but in the latter the ribs are sharp

instead of rounded, the sinus is angular and the hinge-area higher.

The characters of Sp. pedroanus Hartt, from Brazil appear to

agree rather closely with this form, which is certainly separable from

Sp. orbignyt and the other species occurring at the Cape. Rathbun

(op. cit.) describes Sp. pedroanus as possessing 10-16 simple rounded

plications, those bordering the sinus on the pedicle valve being some-

times slightly larger than the others. Clarke} suggests that it is

allied to Sp. mucronatus Conrad, and a comparison of the Cape

specimens with examples of the latter species supports this view.

Dimensions.—(No. 160) Length 23 mm.; width 46 mm.

Localities—(No. 160) Three miles south-east of Triangle. (No.

215) Fossiliferous Ist Sandstone, north of homestead, Uitkomst.

(No. 220) Ditto. (No. 219) Ditto. (No. 155) Gydo Pass, Ceres.

(No. 140) Witzenberg Valley, Ceres. ? (No. 154) Just north of

Stinkfontein, Ceres.

* Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc. i., 1874, p. 237, pl. viii., figs. 1-9, 13, 14,

16, 20.

+ Clarke, Paleoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil (Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,

vol. x., 1899), English edit., 1900, p. 88.

184 Annals of the South African Museum.

SPIRIFER CERES sp. nov.

(Plate XXII., figs. 6, 7; Plate XXII, fig. 1.)

There is one type of Spirifer (Nos. 148, 144, 141, 145, 143) which

differs from any hitherto described, and appears referable to a new

species. The description of this form is as follows :—

Shape transversely elliptical, biconvex ; cardinal angles rounded.

Pedicle valve with large prominent beak; high and vertical hinge-

area; large, deep, slightly angulated median sinus, with 4-6 large

slightly angulated prominent ribs on each side, straight and strong

near sinus but slightly curved and weaker near cardinal region.

Interpleural grooves as strong, deep and wide as ribs.

Brachial valve with narrow hinge-area, median rounded prominent

fold increasing in width rather rapidly towards front, and 4-6 ribs

similar to those on pedicle valve on each side of it.

Interior of pedicle valve shows pair of stout teeth and strong

muscular impressions.

Fold of brachial valve shows trace of low median septum extend-

ing about two-thirds its length.

Dimensions.—Length 45-60. mm. ; width 80-100 mm.

A ffimities—These large specimens differ from Sp. orbigny? in their

shape and in the smaller number and the angulation of the ribs. Sp.

hawkinsi* appears to be too transverse and mucronate. The most

closely allied species seem to be Sp. (Delthyris) raricosta Conrad,+

and Sp. duodenarius Hall,! both of which occur in the Upper

Helderberg of North America. Sp. macrothyris Hall, from the

same beds, has much less prominent ribs. .

The name Sp. ceves is proposed for this new form.

Localities. —(Nos. 148, 144) South-east of Triangle, just below 2nd

Sandstone. (Nos. 141, 145) Slang Fontein, Ceres. (No. 143) North-

west of Lady Grey, near Worcester.

SPIRIFER sp. a.

(Plate XXIII., figs. 2, 3.)

There is a form of Spirifer from Gamka Poort (No. 146) which is

closely allied to that which I have compared with Sp. pedroanus

* Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. ii., 1846, p. 276, pl. xi.,

fem The

+ Hall, Paleont. N.Y., vol. iv., 1867, p. 192, pl. xxvii., figs. 30-34.

{ Ibid., p. 189, pl. xxvii., figs. 13-16; pl. xxviii. figs. 24-33.

§ Ibid., p. 202, pl. xxx., figs. 16-20.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 185

Hartt, but differs in its somewhat greater length and narrower sub-

angular ribs. It appears to be less transversely extended and the

cardinal angles less acutely pointed. As in other respects it appears

indistinguishable it may not perhaps constitute more than a variety.

It bears much resemblance in shape to Sp. medialis Hall,* as well

as to Sp. mucronatus Conrad,| and has the subangular sinus on the

pedicle valve limited by stronger plications as in the latter species.

Specimens of this form occur in the Bain Collection on the blocks

of sandstone with Sp. orbignyi, from which they are easily dis-

tinguished by the more numerous and narrower plications, the sub-

angular sinus with its stronger bordering ribs in the pedicle valve,

and the narrower more slowly expanding and more elevated fold in

the brachial valve.

Dimensions.—Pedicle valve (No. 146), Length 25 mm.; width

42 mm.

Localities —(No. 146) Gamka Poort. (No. 109) Ditto.

SPIRIFER (RETICULARIA ?) sp. £.

(Plate XXITI., fig. 4.)

There is one large cast (No. 139) of a nearly perfect pedicle valve

which is characterised by its smooth non-plicated surface. The

valve is of a transversely semielliptical shape with rounded cardinal

angles; the beak is prominent and tall; the hinge-area is high and

nearly vertical; a deep broad smooth rounded sinus with slightly

raised margins runs down the middle. The surface is devoid of ribs,

and smooth except for the strong impressions of the diductor and

adductor muscles and the so-called “ ovarian’’ pittings on each side

of the beak.

Dimensions.— Length 30 mm.; width 45 mm.

Affinities.—The shape, sinus, and height of the beak and hinge-

area recall Sp. orbignyi, but the absence of ribs easily distinguishes

it. The American form Sp. levis Hall,} from the Portage Group,

agrees in the shape, smooth surface, and median sinus, but the beak

is not so prominent nor the hinge-area so high.

Sp. nudus Day.,§ from the English Middle Devonian, has also a

general resemblance, and has as large a beak and hinge-area.

Locality.—(No. 139) Uitkomst, Ceres.

* Hall, Paleont. N.Y., vol. iv., 1867, p. 227, pl. xxxviii., figs. 1-25.

+ Ibid., p. 216, pl. xxxiv., figs. 1-23.

t Ibid., p. 239, pl. xxxix.

§ Davidson, Mon. Brit, Foss, Brach., vol. iii., p. 38, pl. iv., fig. 17,

186 Annals of the South African Museum.

AMBOCGILIA UMBONATA (Conrad).

(Plate XXIII, fig. 5.)

1842. Orthis wmbonata, Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

viii., p. 264, pl. xiv., fig. 4.

1843. Orthis Pl tis, Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth bairion

p. 180, fig. 8.

1846. Orthis wmbonata, Rouault, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., ser. 2, iv.,

p.-322, pl. ii., fig. 8.

1857. Orthis wmbonata, Hall, Tenth Rep. N.Y. State Cab. Nat.

Hist., p. 167, figs. 1-3.

1860. Ambocelia umbonata, Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N.Y. State Cab.

Nat. Hist., p. 71.

1867. Ambocelia wmbonata, Hall, Paleont. New York, vol. iv.,

p. 259, pl. xliv., figs. 7-8.

1887. Ambocelia umbonata, Oehlert, Bull. Soc. Et. Scient. Angers,

p. 16; pl. v., figs. xLI= 6.

1889. Ambocelia wmbonata, Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells,

Mem. Kentucky Geol. Surv., p. 86, pl. xvii, figs.

25, 26.

1893. Ambocelia wnbonata, Hall and Clarke, Paleont. N.Y., vol.

Vill., pt. its, pl. xxix: fie. 17 plixxxix,; fess 4—9,

1895. Martinia wmbonata, Herrick, Geol. Ohio, vii. pl. xx.,

fig. 3.

1897. Ambocelia umbonata, Schuchert, Syn. Amer. Foss. Brach.

(Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 87), p. 141.

This well-marked species is represented in the collection by two

pedicle valves, one of which (No. 130) is an internal cast showing

the beak, muscular impressions, and hinge apparatus. The charac-

teristic features of the exterior are also well preserved, and I have

compared them with typical examples of A. wmbonata from the

Hamilton Group of North America without detecting any points of

difference. Though this species has not been recorded previously

from South Africa, it has been found in Western France by Rouault

and Oehlert.

Dimensions.—Length 10 mm.

Localities —(No. 130) Slang Fontein, Ceres. (No. 137) Gydo Pass,

Ceres. ? (No. 211) Uitkomst, Ceres,

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 187

Famitry ATHYRIDA.

RETZIA cf. ADRIENI De Verneuil.

(Plate XXIIL,, figs. 6, 7.)

In Bain’s Collection in the Museum of the Geological Society there

is one specimen of a plicated terebratuliform shell labelled “ Atrypa

(fide Salter), but no mention of it appears in Sharpe’s description of

the Cape brachiopods in this collection.

There are several examples of a similar form (Nos. 153, 138) in the

present collection, but none in a very good state of preservation.

One fairly good cast of a pedicle valve (No. 153) from Gydo Pass,

Ceres, is of an elongated oval form with a strongly incurved beak on

each side of which are the narrow dental plates. The surface is

ornamented with 18-20 simple straight rounded ribs. In another

crushed and slightly distorted specimen (No. 138) of a rather

broader shape there are about 20-24 similar ribs, with fine concentric

striation visible.

These specimens closely resemble Retzia adrient* De Vern. from

the Lower Devonian, Ff. prominula Roemer,{+ from the Middle

Devonian of Europe, and Trigeria guerangert De Verneuil,} from

the Devonian of Asturias and North America.

No. 153 agrees best with f. prominula in shape, but the latter is

stated to have 20-21 ribs. FR. adrient has only 17-20, but it is

generally less elongated and more subcircular. T. guerangeri has

92-94 ribs and much the same form as Ff. adrieni.

Our material is insufficient and too imperfectly preserved to decide

without a doubt the true position of these specimens (Nos. 153, 138,

&c.), but the same uncertainty is attached to the allied form Retzia ?

wardiana Hartt,§ from the Devonian of Bolivia, and on the whole

it cannot be denied that they stand nearest to Retzia adrient.

* De Verneuil, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 2, ii. (1845), p. 471, pl. xiv.,

fig. 10 a-d. Schnur, Paleontographica, v. (1854), p. 184, pl. xxv., fig. 3 a-c.

Oehlert, Ann. Sc. Geol., xix. (1886), p, 24, pl. ii., figs. 11-19. Hall and Clarke,

Paleont. N.Y., vol. viii., pt. 2, p. 103, pl. 1., figs. 1-9.

+ Roemer, Rhein. Uebergangsgeb. (1844), p. 66, pl. v., fig. 3 a—c.

+ De Verneuil, Descr. Asie Mineure, Pal., p. 466, pl. xxi., fig. 4. Barrois, Ann.

Soe. Nord, ii. (1882), p. 264, pl. x., fig. 10 a-d. Kayser, Zeitschr. deut. Geol.

Gesell., xli. (1889), p. 294, t. xiv., figs. 3-7. Hall and Clarke, op. cit., p. 273,

fig. 189.

§ Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Se., i., 1874, p. 245, pl. x , figs. 2-5, 8, 9, 11,

12, 14, 16.

188 Annals of the South African Museum.

Dimensions.—(No. 153) Length 16 mm.; width 11 mm. (No. 138)

Length 17 mm.; width 14 mm.

Localities—(No. 153) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (No. 138) Uitkomst,

Ceres, (No. 166) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (No. 221) Gamka Poort.

(No. 98) Ceres,

RHYNCHOSPIRA ? ef. SILVETI, (Ulrich).

(Plate XXIII, figs. 8, 9.)

It is certain that there is a small plicated centronellid in the

collection closely allied to, if not identical with the species described

by Ulrich* as Centronella ? silveti Ulrich, from the Devonian of

Bolivia. The shell is oval in shape and shows from 12 to 16 simple

rounded radiating subequal plications, strong near the margin but

becoming weaker towards the beak. The pedicle valve has a small

pointed beak and a longitudinal median groove bordered by ribs rather

larger than the rest. Ulrich (op. cit.) describes Centr. silveti as

having 18 ribs, but his figures only show 12-14, and they are indi-

cated as becoming weaker and almost obsolete near the beak. The

median groove on the ventral valve is also clearly shown. Hartt’s |

Retzia ? jamesiana is apparently closely allied; it is described

as having 14-20 low rounded simple radiating plications which

die out near the beak. Centr. bergeroni Oehlert,} is also closely

related. .

The precise generic position of these small brachiopods must be a

matter of uncertainty till we become acquainted with their internal

structure, but it appears most probable that they belong to the genus

Ehynchospira.§

Dimensions.—Length averages 6 mm.; width averages 5 mm.

Localities.—(No. 130) Slang Fontein, Ceres. (No. 131) Warm

Bokkeveld, Ceres. (No. 136) Near Ceres Village, along the Valsch

River. (No. 153) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (No. 221) Gamka Poort.

(No. 181) Gydo Pass, Ceres.

* Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd. viii, 1893, p. 51, t. iv.,

fig. 15 a-d.

+ Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., i., 1874, p. 243, pl. x., figs. 23,

27-38.

* Oehlert, Bull. Soe. it. Scient. Angers, 1885, p. 1, figs. 1-9.

§ Clarke, Paleeoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil (Archiy. Mus, Rio de Jan., x., 1899),

p. 89, English edit., 1900,

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 189

LEPTOCGELIA FLABELLITES, (Conrad).

(Plate XXIIL,, fig. 10.)

. Atrypa flabellites, Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. N.Y. Geol. Surv.,

p. 99.

. Atrypa palmata, Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc, vol. i; p, 276; plex, fie. o:

. Orthis palmata, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. viil.,

p. 207, pl. xxvi., figs. 7-10.

. Leptocelia propria, Hall, Tenth Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Cab.

Nat. Hist., p. 108.

99. Leptocelia flabellites, Hall, Twelfth Ann. Rep. N.Y. State

Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 33, figs. 1, 2, 4.

. Leptocelia flabellites, Hall, Paleont. N.Y., vol. ii., p. 449,

pl en. B, fig os plsevies aie

. Leptocelia flabellites, Billings, Canad. Journ., vi., p. 351,

fig. 126.

. Orthis Aymara, Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soce., vol. xvii.,

p. 68, pl. iv., fig. 14.

3. Leptocelia flabellites, Billings, Geol. Canada, p. 369,

fig. 382.

3. Leptocelia flabellites, Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv.

Illinois, i., p. 397, pl. viii, fig. 3.

. Leptocelia flabellites, Billings, Paleeoz. Foss. Canada, ii.,

p. 42; plans, figs. 5,76:

. Leptocelia flabellites, Steinmann, American Naturalist,

vol. xxv., p. 856.

. Leptocelia flabellites, Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Miner., Beil.

Bd. -viil., Pp. 60; ply ivs figs. 9e LOSI:

. Leptocelia flabellites, Hall and Clarke, Paleont. N.Y.,

vol. viii., pt. ii., p. 187, pl. liti., figs. 40-46, 53.

. Leptocelia flabellites, Von. Ammon, Zeitschr. Gesell. f.

Erdkiinde, Berlin, xxviii., p. 368, ee Ts

. Anoplotheca flabellites, Schuchert, Syn. Amer. Foss. Brach.

(Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 87), p. 144.

. Leptocelia flabellites, Kayser, Zeitschr. deut. Geol. Gesell.,

Bd. xlix., p. 304, t. xui., figs. 5-6.

. Leptocelia flabellites, Clarke, Paleeoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil

(Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, vol. x., 1899), English

edit., p. 99,

190 Annals of the South African Museum.

The description of this species given by Hall * is as follows :—

‘“‘ Shell somewhat semielliptical, varying to suborbicular or trans-

versely oval, generally broader than long. Ventral [pedicle] valve

convex, most prominent along the middle, declining laterally ; beak

incurved, with a small round perforation in the extremity which is

completed on the lower side by two deltidial pieces; or, in the

absence of these the foramen is completed by the umbo of the

dorsal valve.

Dorsal [brachial] valve flat ; beak straight; hinge sloping from the

beaks at an angle of 110° to 160°, rounded at the extremities.

Surface marked by ten to fourteen simple angular plications; two

of which, on the middle of the ventral valve, are a little larger and

slightly more prominent than the others ; and between these there is

a third smaller depressed plication, forming an indistinct sinus. On

the dorsal valve the two middle plications are a little closer together,

and slightly more prominent near the front, than the others ; while

the depressions separating them from these, each side, are a little

wider and deeper than those between the other plications. . . . This

species presents some varieties of form, apparently due to age and

other influences ; the hinge-line of some individuals being often more

extended and nearly straight. The extension of the beak varies in

different individuals, and in those from different localities.”’

This species is well represented in the collection by numerous indi-

viduals, and in some localities (No. 221) it occurs in crowds. It varies

somewhat in its surface-ornamentation and shape, as Hall remarks,

particularly in the strength of the median plications. In the

majority of individuals the two plications bordering the median sinus

on the pedicle valve are stronger than the lateral plications, and in-

crease in height towards the anterior margin, while the correspond-

ing pair of plications on the brachial valve are likewise specially

strong and elevated anteriorly. The plications on the pedicle valve

curve slightly outwards on each side, and the median fold in the

sinus is always distinct though small. The number of plications is

usually ten. But none of the differences are of importance, and the

more coarsely plicated American individuals such as Hall illustrates

(op. cit., vol. iii., pl. cui. B, fig. 1 a—f) exactly resemble the Cape

specimens. The younger individuals are less strongly plicated, and

the folds are more uniform in size.

It was this species which Morris and Sharpe described as Atrypa

* Hall, Paleont. N.Y., vol. iii., 1859, p. 449, pl. ciii. B, fig. 1 a—f; pl. evi.,

fig. 1 a-f.

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 191

palmata from the Falkland Islands in 1846, and ten years later

Sharpe recorded it from Cape Colony as Orthis palmata. Salter

subsequently, in 1861, termed the same brachiopod from the Devonian

of Bolivia Orthis aymara, and the species is now known from the

Devonian of Argentina and Brazil. It is a characteristic Devonian

form in North America.

Localities.—(No. 98) Ceres. (No. 115) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (No.

116) Ditto. (No. 137) Ditto. (No. 153) Ditto. (No. 146) Gamka

Poort. (?No. 165) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (?No. 166) Ditto. (No. 147)

North of Montagu. (No. 210) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (No. 220) Fossili-

ferous 1st Sandstone, north of homestead, Uitkomst. (No. 221)

Gamka Poort. (No. 154) Just north of Stink Fontein, Ceres. (No.

12) Gamka Poort.

VITULINA PUSTULOSA Hall.

(Plate XXITI., fig. 11.)

1860. Vitwlina pustulosa, Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N.Y. State Cab.

Nat. Hist., p. 82.

1867. Vitulina pustulosa, Hall, Paleont. N.Y., vol. iv., p. 410,

ple tie fez ae

1874. Vitulina pustulosa, Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. i.,

p. 255, pl. ix., figs. 2, 6-8, 11-13, 15, 20, 21, 27, 32.

1876. Vitulina pustulosa, Derby, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii,

p. 282.

1879. Vitulina pustulosa, Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

KK Pees

1893. Vitulina pustulosa, Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beil. Bd.

vi., p..71, t. iv., figs. 26-29.

1893. Vitulina pustulosa, Hall and Clarke, Paleeont. N.Y., vol. viii.,

pt. i., p. 189, 317, pl. Ixxxii., figs. 18-25.

1897. Vitulina pustulosa, Schuchert, Syn. Amer. Foss. Brach.

(Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 87), p. 459.

1900. Vitulina pustulosa, Clarke, Palewoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil

(Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, vol. x., 1899),

English Edit., p. 90.

This well-marked species (first recorded from South Africa by

Ulrich, op. cit.) is represented by some pedicle valves (No. 220) from

Uitkomst, associated with Sp. orbignyt, Lepto. flabellites, &c., and by

one (No. 131) from Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres. The median fold in the

pedicle valve is very strongly divided, and the thin median septum is

192 Annals of the South African Museum.

well seen, as are also the stout teeth and open delthyrium. All the

specimens are in the state of casts, and the minute ornamentation is

not distinguishable.

This species is widely spread, occurring in the Devonian of both

North and South America, as Ulrich (op. cit.) has pointed out.

Dimensions.—Brachial valve (No. 220), Length 10 mm. ; width

18 mm.

Localities.—(No. 220) Fossiliferous Ist Sandstone, north of

homestead, Uitkomst. (No. 131) Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres.

CONCLUSION.

The Brachiopoda above described have a completely’ Devonian

stamp; and there are none which suggest the presence of Silurian

or Carboniferous beds.

The evidence from the examples of this group of invertebrates

alone is, however, insufficient to show what division or divisions

of the Devonian System may be represented in Cape Colony.

Amongst typical Devonian forms may be mentioned Leptocelia

flabellites, Vitulina pustulosa, Ambocelia wnbonata and the genera

Renseleria, Retzia, Trigeria, and Cryptonella.

The relations of this Cape Devonian fauna to that of the Falkland

Islands and of South and North America have been noticed by Ulrich

and other authors. The following table shows the common or allied

species amongst the Brachiopoda :—

SoutH AFRICA. SoutH AMERICA. NortH AMERICA.

iingulavatt. densa ........- LOG HIE CONGR b560 0c n00 Lingula densa

Orbiculoidea baini ........ OnDachaWmilts) se see eee Orb. humilis

Orb. baini (Falk. Is.)......

Stropheodonta ef. concinna Orthis[?]concinna (Falk. Is.)Stropheodonta perplana

Strophonella sp. ..........! Strophomena sp. 3 Ulrich... Str. ampla

Orthothetes sulivani ...... Orth. sulivani (Falk. Is.) .. Orth. chemungensis

Orth, agassizt

Orth. sp. a Ulrich

Chonetes falklandicus ....Ch. falklandicus (Falk. Is.)

Ch. comstocki

MOPARS Ch, CORDON ca doagoaeonopccosoososoanoWoe Ch. coronatus

Glionetesictyancet, ay... + Ch. arcei

Chonetes atte Set G CF meet eis.o axe s\= eyeieoleegeliolossielictaiss= ois «ies Ch. setiger

ORNS Sv cso c0nc00ccccuas Orthis sp.) Ulrich... =... Orthis lepidus

TRAD EQICTIG Ss @ oo nvscdpogeae aun jonaDuOR sods oDeo KR. swessana

EPSOM GO (By aoaccsmoagenckaenuaondoavopodnos R. cumberlandia

LU ATOR Ebi GCOS — aooacooaso dc b0Gb00s C60g0a Dane Tr. gaudryt

Cryptonella baini ........Meristella [?] riskowski ..Cryptonella planirostra

Spirifer orbignyt ......5. Spirifer orbignyi (Falk. Is.) Spirifer murchisoni

Sp. chuquisaca

Brachiopoda from the Bokkeveld Beds. 193

SoutH AFRICA. SourH AMERICA. Norru AMERICA.

Spirifer cf. pedroanus ....! SP. PEATOAMUS! 2.02. -.2>-) Sp. mucronatus

SPUUCTIS Dey (3) eolederstctet ets ctele) a veneer teloeseeeriewaleratsteers cle!) Sp. levis

SU ARAAIOR Keb Goeo nd odo 66 ocean 6046 Deon ebsononr Sp. macrothyris

ANUOOCHIUG UMDOTLALA taceiael tle terrtetaloieraer vee evel sl a ..-.dmb. umbonata

Retzia cf. adrient ........ Retzia wardiana

Rhynchospira ? cf. silveti ..Rhynchospira ? silveti

Leptocelia flabellites ....Lepto. flabellites.......... Lepto. flabellites

Vitulina pustulosa ........ Vale UST ULOSUMe vette) pets -ror Vit. pustulosa

It has been stated by Ulrich (op. cit.) that Tropidoleptus carinatus

(Conrad), a characteristic Devonian form in North and South

America, occurs in South Africa, but I have not seen any examples

of it in the present collection, nor amongst Bain’s specimens in

the Geological Society's Museum. However, apart from this, the

resemblance of the brachiopoda of the Bokkeveld Beds of South

Africa to those of the Devonian of the American Continent is very

striking, while those of the same formation in Europe constitute a

conspicuously different assemblage.

[ADDENDUM.—In the foregoing description of the small brachiopod,

Lthynchospira ? ef. silveti, it should have been mentioned that Derby

(Nota geol. e. paleont. Matto Grosso, Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de

Janeiro, vol. ix., 1890, p. 81) has described a new species named

Notothyris ? smithwu, from the Devonian of Matto Grosso, which

from the similarity of its external characters is compared with

Retzia jamesiana, though the latter is not known to possess the

internal structure discovered in the former. The South African

specimens compared with Rhynchospira ? silveti seem to bear a

close resemblance to Derby’s species, so far as can be judged from

the outward appearance. |

NOTE.

Since sending to press the foregoing account of the Bokkeveld

Brachiopoda, there has been published a work by Dr. Friedrich

Katzer, entitled ‘‘Grundziige der Geologie des unteren Amazonas-

gebietes ’’ (Leipzig, 1903), in which are described certain Devonian

Brachiopoda deserving comparison with some of the above-described

South African species. The form to which I have referred as Crypto-

nella sp.? (p. 180) may be identical with Oriskania navicella Hall

and Clarke, (Paleont. New York, vol. viii., Brachiopoda, ii., pp. 269,

194 Annals of the South African Museum.

370, pl. lxxix., figs. 25-27; Katzer, op. cit., p. 195, t. x., figs. 9a, 9b).

The new species of Spirifer to which I have given the specific name

ceres (p. 184) is very closely allied to, if not identical with, that termed

Sp. lauro-sodréanus by Katzer (Fauna devonica do rio Maecuru, &e.,

p. 211 in Bol. do Mus. Paraense, ii., 1898), and described by him

recently (Katzer, op. cit., pp. 197, 274, t. xi., fig. la, 6, c). The

specimens which I have described as Spirifer sp. a, (p. 184) appear

to be referable to the variety Sp. buarquianus Rathbun, figured by

Katzer (op. cit., pp. 195, 272, t. x., fig. 10).

These additions to the number of allied or identical forms in the

South American and South African Devonian faunas strengthen my

conclusions regarding their mutual correspondence.

LIST OF LOCALITIES AND BRACHIOPODA.

Nos.

Top of Hottentots’ Kloof. 120. Lingula aff. densa.

121. Lingula sp.

Uitkomst, Ceres. 157. Orthothetes sulivani.

139. Spirifer (Reticularia ?) sp. B.

138. Retzia cf. adrieni.

?211. Amboccelia umbonata.

Witzenberg Valley, Ceres. 126. Chonetes aff. setiger.

140. Spirifer cf. pedroanus.

Kloof, north-west of homestead on 132. Orthis sp. ?

Laken Vley, Ceres. 132. Cryptonella baini.

133. +6 cs

134. 5 ”

132. Cryptonella sp. ?

Gydo Pass, Ceres. 128. Strophonella sp.

113. Orthothetes sulivani.

210. ¥ <

156. Rensseleeria sp. (3.

155. Spirifer orbignyi.

155. » ef. pedroanus.

137. Amboccelia umbonata.

153. Retzia cf. adrieni.

List of Localities and Brachiopoda.

Gydo Pass, Ceres.

Wolvaarts’ Farm, near Ceres Village.

Near Ceres Village, along the Valsch

River.

Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres.

Hartebeeste Kraal, Ceres.

Just north of Stink Fontein, Ceres.

Slang Fontein, Ceres.

Ceres.

N.W. of Lady Grey, near Worcester.

Three miles south-east of Triangle.

South-east of Triangle, just below 2nd

Sandstone.

North of Montagu.

Assegai Bosch, Roode Berg, Ladismith.

Above 3rd Sandstone, up-side of tunnel-

siding, Hex River Pass.

North of Whupperthal.

Boschluis Kloof, below Ist Sandstone.

Nos.

166.

153.

181.

115.

116.

137.

Retzia cf. adrieni.

Rhynchospira ? cf. silveti.

Leptoccelia flabellites.

” be)

. Orthothetes sulivani.

. Chonetes falklandicus.

. Rhynchospira ? cf. silveti.

. Stropheodonta cf. concinna.

. Spirifer orbignyi.

. Rhynchospira ? cf. silveti.

. Vitulina pustulosa.

. Chonetes falklandicus.

. Spirifer orbignyi.

» ¢f. pedroanus.

. Leptoccelia flabellites.

. Spirifer ceres.

99 9

. Amboccelia umbonata.

. Rhynchospira ? ef. silveti.

. Retzia cf. adrieni.

. Leptoccelia flabellites.

. Spirifer ceres.

. Spirifer cf. pedroanus.

. Spirifer ceres.

99 99

. Spirifer orbignyi.

. Leptoccelia flabellites.

. Rensseleeria sp. a.

. Lingula aff. densa.

9 ”

. Orbiculoidea baini.

. Chonetes cf. coronatus.

99 9)

195

196 Annals of the South African Museum.

Nos.

Fossiliferous or Ist Sandstone, north ? B15. Chonetes cf. coronatus.

of homestead, Uitkomst. ? 220. vi

219. Spirifer orbignyi.

220. o a

218. 40 9

217. a a5

216. 55 39

215. Ae a

215. : c/. pedroanus.

220. —,, a

oie)

220. Leptoceelia flabellites.

220. Vitulina pustulosa. °

Gamka Poort. 159. Orbiculoidea baini.

2125. Chonetes aff. setiger.

221. Rhynchonella (Camaroteechia) sp.

146. Spirifer sp. a.

109. - 9

221. Retzia cf. adrieni.

146. Leptoccelia flabellites.

12. 55 AB

re 37

Fossiliferous or 1st Sandstone near ? 111. Spirifer orbignyi.

Klein Straat Siding.

Localities unknown. 129. Chonetes cf. arcei.

152. Rensseleeria sp. ?.

150. Trigeria aff. gaudryi.

151. a

FIG.

. Lingula aft. densa Hall. Pedicle valve (No. 120), x 2. Top of Hottentot’s

(197 )

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE XX.

Kloof.

. Ditto. Brachial valve (No. 123), «x 2. Above 3rd Sandstone, up-side of

tunnel-siding, Hex River Pass.

. Lingula sp. Pedicle valve (No. 121), x 14. Top of Hottentot’s Kloof.

. Orbiculoidea baini (Morris and Sharpe). Pedicle valve (No. 158), x 14.

North of Whupperthal.

. Ditto. Brachial valve, side view (No. 158), x 13. Same locality.

)}. Stropheodonta cf. concinna (Morris and Sharpe). Pedicle valve, internal cast

(the roughness of the surface is due to the coarseness of the matrix)

(No. 151), x 2. Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres.

. Strophonella sp. Brachial valve (No. 128). Nat. size. Gydo Pass, Ceres.

. Orthothetes sulivant (Morris and Sharpe). Pedicle valve, internal cast (No.

113). Nat. size. Uitkomst, Ceres.

. Chonetes falklandicus Morris and Sharpe. Pedicle valve, external cast (No.

136), x 2. Near Ceres Village, along the Valsch River.

. Ditto. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 127), x 14. Hartebeeste Kraal, Ceres.

. Chonetes cf. coronatus Conrad. Pedicle valve, external cast (No. Dy - See

Boschluis Kloof, below lst Sandstone.

2. Ditto. Brachial valve, internal cast (No. 112), x 2. Same locality.

153

FIG.

- Chonetes cf. coronatus Conrad. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 118), x 2.

S> Or

(198 )

PLATE XXI.

Boschluis Kloof, below 1st Sandstone.

. Ditto. Brachial valve, internal cast (No. 118) x 2. Same locality.

. Chonetes cf. arcei Ulrich. Brachial valve, internal cast (No. 129), x 14.

Locality unknown.

. Chonetes aff. setiger Hall. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 126), x 2.

Witzenberg Valley, Ceres.

Ditto. Brachial valve, external cast (No. 126), x 2. Same locality.

. Orthis sp. ? Brachial valve (No. 132), x 2. Kloof north-west of homestead

on Laken Vley, Ceres.

. Rhynchonella (Camarotechia) sp. Pedicle valve, anterior margin imperfect

(No. 221), x 2. Gamka Poort.

. Rensseleria sp. a. Brachial valve, internal cast (No. 149), x 14. Assegai

Bosch, Roode Berg, Ladismith.

. Rensseleria sp. (3. Pedicle valve (fig. 9a); brachial valve (fig. 9b) ; side view

(fig. 9c) (No. 156), x 2. Gydo Pass, Ceres.

. Rensseleria sp.? Brachial valve, external cast (No. 152), x 14. Locality

unknown.

. Trigeria aft. gaudryi Gshlert. Brachial valve, external cast (No. 150), x 2.

Locality unknown.

. Ditto. Brachial valve, internal cast (No. 151), x 2. Locality unknown.

FIG.

. Cryptonella baini (Sharpe). Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 133). Nat. size.

Hm ow bo a

(199 )

PLATE XXII.

Kloof north-west of homestead on Laken Vley, Ceres.

. Ditto. Brachial valve, internal cast (No. 134). Nat. size. Same locality.

. Cryptonella sp. ? Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 132), x 14. Same locality.

. Spirifer orbignyi Morris and Sharpe. Pedicle valve, internal cast (ribs im-

perfect on one side) (No. 147), x 2. North of Montagu.

. Spirifer ef, pedroanus Hartt. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 160), x 14.

Three miles south-east of Triangle.

}. Spirifer ceres sp. nov. Brachial valve (fig. 6a); pedicle valve (fig. 6b) (No.

145). Nat. size. Slang Fontein, Ceres.

. Ditto. Pedicle valve (No. 144). Nat. size. South-east of Triangle, just below

2nd Sandstone.

FIG,

H> Oo bo

. Retzia cf. adrieni De Verneuil. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 153), x 2

( 200 )

PLATE XXIII.

. Spirifer ceres sp. nov. Pedicle valve, internal cast of hinge region (No. 148).

Nat. size. South-east of Triangle, just below 2nd Sandstone.

. Spirifer sp. a. Pedicle valve (No. 146), x 13. Gamka Poort.

. Ditto. Brachial valve (No. 146), x 13. Same locality.

. Spirifer (Reticularia?) sp. 6. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 139). Nat.

size. Uitkomst, Ceres.

. Ambocelia wnbonata (Conrad). Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 130), x 14.

Slang Fontein, Ceres.

Gydo Pass, Ceres.

. Ditto. Brachial valve, external cast (crushed) (No. 138), x 14. Uitkomst,

Ceres.

. Rhynchospira ? cf. silveti Ulrich. Brachial valve, external cast (No. 153), x 3.

Gydo Pass, Ceres.

9. Ditto. Pedicle valve, cast (crushed) (No. 131), x 3. Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres.

. Leptocelia flabellites (Conrad). Brachial valve (fig. 10a); pedicle valve

(fig. 10b) (No, ?), x 1$. Locality unknown ?

. Vitulina pustulosa Hall. Pedicle valve, internal cast (No. 131), x 2. Warm

Bokkeveld, Ceres.

Ann .S. Afr.Mus.Vol IV. PLUK

Nat STZE.

= 7 : ,

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BOKKEVELD BRACHIOPODA.

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BOKKE VED BRAGHIOPODA..

Ann .S. Afr.Mus.Vol IV. Pl Soa

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At’ SIZE

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BOKKEVE UD. BRACGHIOPODA®

( 201 )

IX.—The Trilobites of the Bokkeveld Beds.—By Puiurr Laks,

M.A. E.G.

(Plates XXIV.-XXVIIT.)

INTRODUCTION.

Tux fullest account of the trilobites of the Bokkeveld Beds of South

Africa which has yet appeared is that which was published by

Salter * in 1856 as an appendix to Bain’s paper ‘‘ On the Geology

of South Africa,’ and since that time but little has been added to

our knowledge of the South African forms. Dr. Woodward } in

1873 described a remarkable species from the Cock’s-comb Moun-

tains, and Dr. Frech } in 1897 figured a Homalonotus which he

believed to be new; but with these exceptions I am not aware that

anything has been added to Salter’s original account.

The very fine collection placed at my disposal by the Director of

the Survey includes specimens of all the known species from South

Africa, and the perfect nature of much of the material has enabled

me in some cases to correct and amplify the descriptions of my

predecessors. The collection includes also a number of new forms,

of which by far the most remarkable is the gigantic Homalonotus

colossus, sp. Nov.

The account which follows is based chiefly upon this collection,

but I have also examined the specimens in the British Museum and

in the Museum of the Geological Society of London. All of Salter’s

types, with one exception, are in one or other of these Museums.

The following species may be distinguished and are here

described :—

* Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 215.

+ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxix., p. 31.

+ Lethwa geognostica, Th. i., Bd. 2, Lief. i., p. 218.

202 Annals of the South African Museum.

Phacops * pupillus, sp. nov.

% arbuteus, sp. nov.

crista-galli (H. Woodward).

2 africanus, Salter.

- ocellus, sp. nov.

UMUpTesSUS, SP. NOV.

(Crypheus) caffer, Salter.

Phacops ?, sp.

Dalmanites lunatus, sp. nov.

5 sp.

Proetus malacus, sp. nov.

Typhloniscus bani, Salter.

Homalonotus herschelt, Murch.

x quernus, sp. noy.

, colossus, Sp. NOV.

i sp.

The presence of a true Crypheus and of spiny forms of Homalo-

notus indicates that the beds may be referred with certainty to the

Devonian, and it is probable that they belong to the lower division

of that formation.

Few of the forms have any very near allies in Europe. Homalo-

notus herscheli, Murch., somewhat resembles H. armatus, Burm.

(from the lower part of the Coblenz Beds), and H. quernus, sp. nov.,

seems to approach LH. suwbarmatus, C. Koch t (from the Coblenz

Beds). The Phacopidie, on the other hand, are much more closely

allied to the forms which have been described from Brazil} and

Bolivia § from beds which are believed to be of Devonian age.

Thus, Phacops africanus, Salter, resembles dcaste devonica, Ulrich ;

P. (Crypheus) caffer is very similar to Crypheus giganteus, Ulrich ;

and Dalmanites, sp., seems to be closely allied to Dalmanites clarket,

Ulvich.

* Owing to the fact that the definitions of the recognised sub-genera of Phacops

do not fit many of the African forms, the term Phacops is used in a wide sense.

+ Cyr. Frech’s figure of the head of this form, loc. cit., p. 218.

| J. M. Clarke. As trilobitas do grez de Ereré e Mxcurt, Estado do Para, Brazil.

Nev. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, vol i., 1895 [1895.0n title-page ; 1896 on coloured

wrapper}. Clarke’s paper seems to have been separately published in 1890.

§ A. Ulrich. Palewozoische Versteinerungen aus Bolivien., Neues. Jahrb., Beil.-

Band viii., 1893, p. 5.

The Trilobites of the Bokkeveld Beds. 203

Description of the Species.

PHACOPS PUPILLUS, sp. nov.

Plate XXIV., fig. 1.

1856. Phacops (Crypheus) africanus, Salter (pars.), Trans. Geol.

Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 218, pl. xxv., fig. 8 only.

Head triangular, bluntly pointed in front, surface granulate.

Genal angies spinose. Glabella not much more than one-third the

width of the head, nearly parallel-sided but widening very slightly

in front, produced forward beyond the curve of the cheek ; frontal

lobe large, lozenge-shaped. Three pairs of glabellar furrows, all

well defined, but the third pair is the deepest; the front pair is

oblique, the others nearly at right angles to the axis. Axial furrows

very shallow. Cheeks rather steeply inclined downwards from the

glabella. Eyes lost, but seem to have been large, occupying the

greater part of the free cheeks, placed close to the glabella.

Remarks.—Of this form there is only one specimen, an incomplete

head. Salter’s fig. 8 (11,288 in the museum of the Geological

Society) seems to belong to the same species, the only difference

being that in Salter’s specimen the first and second glabellar furrows

seem to be hardly more than surface markings. This, however,

may be due to a different mode of preservation.

Locality Gamka Poort (59).*

PHACOPS ARBUTEUS, sp. nov.

Plate XXIV., figs. 2-4.

Glabella forms an elongated pentagon, widening slightly towards

the front and ending forward in a rounded obtuse angle; it is

moderately swollen, covered with tubercles, and is separated from

the cheeks by deep furrows. The glabellar furrows are all inclined

forwards and are all strongly marked, but the last is somewhat

deeper than the rest. The eyes seem to have been small and to

have been placed opposite the second glabellar lobe. The occipital

furrow is deep and the neck segment bears a strong median spine.

* The numbers in parentheses given under the head of ‘‘ Locality” refer to the

yellow labels on the specimens.

204 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Thoracic segments with a prominent axis bearing a strong median

spine.

Tail triangular, somewhat wider than lone (if we exclude the

terminal spine), produced into an upturned mucro which is about

half as long as the rest of the tail. Axis prominent, marked with

eight distinct rings, terminates obtusely. Lateral lobes arched down-

wards, bearing five ribs, exclusive of the articular ridge, separated

by deep, broad furrows; the last two ribs are short and rather weak ;

all the ribs end just before the margin, and the first four or five are

duplicated, showing clearly the original segmentation of the tail.

Ltemarks.—The head and tail on which the description is based,

were found at Gamka Poort, and they are both, together with

another fragment of a similar head, in the same kind of matrix—

a matrix which is different from that in which any of the other

trilobites from this locality occur. The tubereulation of the head

resembles that of Encrinurus crista-galli, and the tail is similar in

structure to that of the same species. These considerations lead

me to infer that both head and tail belong to a single species. The

thoracic segment clearly belongs to the same animal as the tail.

Affinities.—The species is evidently closely allied to Encrinurus

crista-galli, described by Dr. H. Woodward in 1873, and may indeed

be identical with it. It is unfortunate that Dr. Woodward's speci-

men shows nothing of the head except the cheek, and that my

specimens of the head show no part of the thorax. Most of the

specimens, however, which I have referred to Phacops arbuteus

seem to have belonged to a larger animal than Hncrinurus crista-

galli ; the tail also, besides being larger, is much broader in propor-

tion to its length than in that species. The tail, moreover, is only

slightly tuberculate ; but it is an internal cast, and the internal cast

of H. crista-galli does not show the tubercles very distinetly.

On the whole, then, Phacops arbuteus is probably a distinct

species, but it evidently belongs to the same genus; and as it is

clearly a Phacops (using the generic name in its wider sense), we

may conclude that L. crista-galli is a Phacops also. Dr. Woodward,

who has seen the specimens, agrees that this conclusion is probably

correct.

Some of the specimens of the glabella are not very strongly

tuberculate, and then they present a general resemblance to

Phacops africanus; but they may be distinguished by the more

strongly marked anterior glabellar furrows and the oblique position

of all three pairs.

Localities.—Gamka Poort (40, 61, 62, 64, 68).

The Trilobites of the Bokkeveld Beds. 20

PHACOPS GCRISTA-GALLI (H. Woodward).

Plate XXIV., fig. 5.

1873. Enerinurus crista-galli, H. Woodward, Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc., vol. xxix., p. 31, pl. i1., figs. 6; 7.

In the collection from Gamka Poort there is one specimen which

is certainly referable to this species. It is preserved partly as a

cast and partly in intaglio. Unfortunately it shows only the thorax

and the tail. It exactly resembles the specimen described by Dr.

Woodward (now in the British Museum) except that the tuberculation

is much less distinct, the axial spines are shorter, and the tail is not

produced into a long mucro but only into a short point. From these

characters we may conclude that it is a younger individual.

The differences between this species and Phacops arbuteus have

already been pointed out.

Locality.—Gamka Poort (27), with P. africanus.

PHACOPS AFRICANUS, Salter (pars).

Plate XXIV., figs. 6-8.

1856. Phacops (Crypheus) africanus, Salter (pars), Trans. Geol.

po¢., ser. 2, vole vil, py 208, pl ax, fig. 1, nob

figs. 2-4, 6-9.

Head nearly semicircular, rather less than twice as broad as it is

long, genal angles produced into short points. Glabella occupying

nearly half the width of the head, pentagonal, widening slightly in

front and ending forwards in an angle of about 120°, divided from

the cheeks by but shallow axial furrows ; the first and second pairs

of glabellar furrows are faintly marked, especially on the cast, the

first being oblique and the second nearly perpendicular to the axis;

the third pair is deeply impressed and is also at right angles to the

axis. The occipital furrow is deep at the sides of the axis but

becomes shallower and less definite centrally. The neck segment

bears a strong median spine. Eyes large and prominent, placed

near the glabella and reaching as far back as the third glabellar

furrow ; each bears about 144 lenses.

Thorax consists of ten (?) segments only. Axis prominent, form-

ing rather more than one-third of the total width, narrows rather

206 Annals of the South African Museum.

rapidly from about the sixth segment; the rings of the axis are

nodular at their extremities, and each ring probably bore a strong

median spine. The pleure are abruptly bent downwards at about

one-third of their length from the axis; they are deeply grooved, and

the last six at least are produced into sharply recurved spines.

Tail triangular, strongly arched, rather wider than long. Axis

very prominent, especially at its extremity, produced beyond the

margin, and terminating bluntly; it bears nine ribs, the last three or

four of which tend to become obsolete. Lateral lobes steeply in-

clined, with five wide shallow grooves separated by narrow rounded

ridges. Margin apparently entire.

The complete specimen represented in fig. 6 shows only ten

segments to the thorax, and thus differs from the typical members

of the genus.

Remarks.—Salter’s Phacops africanus appears to include at least

four distinct species, and unfortunately the original of his fig. 1 has

not yet been recognised with certainty. It seems, however, to be

identical with the specimens here described, and I have accordingly

adopted his name for this form. In the size and position of the eyes

and the character of the glabellar furrows my specimens do not agree

with Salter’s description, but they closely correspond with his fig. 1.

For these characters he seems to have relied upon the head shown

in his fig. 6, which is now in the British Museum of Natural

History. This, however, is certainly distinct and possesses neither

the genal nor occipital spines which he describes.*

Similarly, Salter’s account of the tail seems to have been based

chiefly upon the specimen represented in his fig. 4 (11,286 in the

Museum of the Geological Society) and upon that represented in his

fig. 9 (now in the British Museum),} but these are quite distinct

from each other and neither of them agrees with the tail of my

complete specimen. The tail which he describes—but does not

figure—under the heading Phacops, sp., No. 1 seems to resemble

very closely the tail of my specimens.

For reference I may add that the originals of Salter’s figs.

2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 are now in the Museum of the Geological Society

of London ; and the originals of figs. 6, 7, and 9 are in the British

Museum of Natural History.

Affinities.—The form with which Phacops africanus is most likely

* In the British Museum there are several other heads which present precisely

the same characters as Salter’s fig. 6.

+ The original of his fig. 2 does not now bear any traces of the marginal spines

which he describes and figures,

The Trilobites of the Bokkeveld Beds. 207

to be confounded, and which was indeed included by Salter under the

same name, is Phacops ocellus, sp. nov. In the latter, however,

the first and second glabellar furrows are much better marked, the

eye is smaller and set more forward, the genal angles are rounded,

and there is no occipital spine. The tails are also easily distinguished.

In Phacops ocellus the axis is not nearly so prominent as in P. afri-

canus, it does not reach the margin and it bears fewer ribs; the

markings on the lateral lobes are much more definite in P. ocellus

than in P. africanus, the ribs in the former being broad and flat and

separated by deep and narrow grooves, while in the latter the ribs

are narrow and but little prominent and the intervening furrows are

wide, concave, and shallow; in P. ocellus, moreover, the margin is

produced into short points, in P. africanus it seems to be entire.

P. africanus appears to be closely allied to Acaste devonica, Uly.,*

which oceurs in the Devonian of Chahuarani in Bolivia; but in the

latter the head is considerably longer in proportion to the width, the

elabella is nearly parallel-sided and its frontal margin is rounded in

outline.

Like the Bolivian form, P. africanus may probably be referred to

the sub-genus Acaste.

Localities —Hex River Pass, along railway (26); Gamka Poort

(27, 56, 57, 67, 222).

PHACOPS OCELLUS, sp. nov.

Plate XXIV., figs. 9, 10.

1856. Phacops (Crypheus) africanus, Salter (pars), Trans. Geol.

Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 218, pl. xxv., figs. 6, 7, 9 only.

Head somewhat triangular in outline, genal angles rounded. The

glabella is nearly parallel-sided, its frontal margin forming an obtuse

angle ; it is considerably wider than the cheeks and is separated

from them by very shallow furrows; the glabellar furrows are all

distinet, the first oblique, the second curved with the concavity

directed backward, and the third also curved but with the concavity

forward; the third is much deeper than the others. The occipital

furrow is strong and equally defined throughout its axial portion,

curving forwards in the middle. The neck segment is smooth and

bears no spine. Eyes small, placed near the glabella and very far

forward, opposite the first lobe of the glabella.

* Neues Jahrb, Beil.-Band viii., 1893, p. 21.

208 Annals of the South African Museum.

The thorax which seems to belong to this head, is represented in

Salter’s fig. 9, and several more or less perfect specimens occur in

the collection under description. The axis is broad, forming about

one-third of the width, and diminishing rather rapidly after the sixth

segment; it was not provided with axial spines. The pleure are

deeply grooved and bent downwards at about one-third of their

length from the axis, and the hinder ones are produced into spines.

Tail semicircular in outline, arched. Axis prominent, does not

reach the posterior margin, and terminates obtusely ; it bears seven

ribs, of which the first three are very distinct but the last three or

four tend to become obsolete. Lateral lobes arched downwards,

with five deep narrow grooves separating the wide flat ribs, and

these ribs are divided by fainter furrows upon their surface; the

erooves do not reach the margin. There is no distinct border, but

the margin is produced into short points, of which there appear to

be four, or perhaps five, on each side.

Remarks.—The type of the species is the specimen figured by

Salter in pl. xxv., fig. 6, which is now in the British Museum, along

with several other precisely similar heads from the same locality

(the Cedar Mountains). Salter’s fig. 9, also in the British Museum

and from the same locality, appears to be the thorax and tail of this

species.

In the collection under description there are several specimens of

the thorax and tail, and one imperfect head with the first seven

segments of the thorax attached.

The form was considered by Salter to be the same as P. africanus,

but this was probably due to the comparatively small number of

specimens of the latter which he had at his disposal. There can be

no doubt that the two species are quite distinct, and the differences

between them have already been pointed out in the account of

P. africanus. In his figure of the head Salter inserts, in dotted out-

line, occipital and genal spines, but of these neither the type specimen

nor any of the other heads from the same locality shows any trace

whatever.

Affinities..—As Salter * points out, the compact habit and convex

tail differentiate this African species from the typical forms of

Crypheus ; and it is probable that a new subgenus should be made

for this and the following species.

Localities. —Gamka Poort (33, 36, 39, 42, 58, 65). Also from the

Cederberg (specimens in the British Museum).

* Monog. British Trilobites, Pal. Soc., 1864, p. 15.

The Trilobites of the Bokkeveld Beds. 209

PHACOPS IMPRESSUS, sp. nov.

Plate XXV., figs. 1, 2.

1856. Phacops (Crypheus) caffer, Salter (pars)?, Trans. Geol.

Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 219, pl. xxv., fig. 13 only.

This form is represented by several nearly complete specimens,

but they are so much crushed and distorted that it is impossible to

determine accurately the characters of the head.

The outline of the head appears to have been nearly semicircular

and the genal angles were probably angular, but not produced into

spines. The glabella is narrow, forming considerably less than half

the total width, and it is nearly parallel-sided ; the glabellar furrows

are all deeply impressed, but the second is very short and does not

reach the axial furrows, so that the first and second glabellar lobes

are not completely separated exteriorly. Eyes large and prominent.

Thorax somewhat depressed. The axis forms about one-third of

the width; the rings of the axis are strongly nodular at their

extremities. Pleurz deeply grooved, and, so far as visible, obliquely

truncate, the posterior ones being probably produced into short

points.

Tail triangular, slightly arched. Axis narrow, not prominent,

conical, terminating in a point which does not quite reach the

posterior margin; it bears eight or nine rings, of which the first four

are quite distinct and the last three tend to become obsolete. Lateral

lobes but little inclined, with five deep and narrow furrows sepa-

rating the wide flat ribs—a very short sixth furrow is visible on the

best preserved specimens —each of the ribs is divided by a fainter

furrow ; the ribs and furrows do not reach the margin. The margin

is produced into a series of very short points, but the number of

these is uncertain.

Reemarks.—This appears to be the form referred to by Salter under

the heading ‘‘ Phacops, sp. No. 3,” and, chiefly from the characters

of the tail, [ am inclined to think that the specimen which he

figures in pl. xxv., fig. 13, as Phacops caffer, really belongs to this

species.

Affinities.—In spite of the points borne by the margin of the tail,

Phacops impressus is not a typical Crypheus, and it is probable that,

together with the preceding species, it should constitute a new sub-

genus; but in the absence of more perfect material it would be

difficult to specify the subgeneric characters.

210 Annals of the South African Museum.

It is easily distinguished from Phacops ocellus by its more

depressed form and the character of the glabellar furrows, and also

by the fact that the tail axis is pointed and bears a larger number of

rings.

Localities.—Gamka Poort (35, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55).

PHACOPS (CRYPHAUS) CAFFER, Salter.

Plate XXV., figs. 3, 4.

1856. Phacops (Cryphe@us) cafier, Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2,

val, vil., p. 209 pl. xxv, figs, 10,10) 12 motals:

Of the form which is here described the collection under descrip-

tion includes an imperfect head and several tails, two of which have

thoracic segments attached to them. On the same block as the

head there is a somewhat incomplete tail which resembles exactly

the tails (from the same district) to which the thoracic segments are

attached. There can, I think, be little doubt that these fragments

belong to the same species.

The specimen of the head shows only the glabella and the fixed

cheeks. The glabella widens rather rapidly in front, and is sepa-

rated from the cheeks by deep axial furrows; the frontal lobe is

large and swollen; glabellar furrows well defined, the first being

deep and inclined forwards, the second pair also fairly deep but

short and not reaching the axial furrows; the third pair stands at

right angles to the axis. Eyes small, near the glabella, reaching

from the first glabellar furrow nearly to the middle of the second

lobe. Neck furrow well defined throughout, occipital segment

smooth.

Thorax depressed. The axis occupies just one-third of the width,

and tapers rather rapidly. The pleurze form an elbow at a point

rather more than one-third of their length from the axis, and are

deeply grooved, the groove being strongest at the elbow and dying

away exteriorly ; the ends of the pleurz form strong points.

Tail depressed ; width about twice the length. The axis is but

slightly raised and barely reaches the posterior margin, diminishing

rapidly in width up to the fifth ring; ten or eleven rings are visible

in all, of which the last four are indistinct. The lateral lobes bear

five distinct ribs besides the articular ridge, and these are separated

by strong furrows; each rib, except perhaps the last, is grooved

along its whole length, so that the segments of which the tail is

The Trilobites of the Bokkeveld Beds. 211

composed are distinctly visible. Each segment is produced into a

strong spine, of which there are five on each side. The actual end

of the tail is imperfect, but seems to have been rounded.

Remarks.—The head of this species bears a close resemblance to

the small head figured by Salter as a young Phacops cafjer (loc. cit.,

pl. xxv., fig. 10) ; but the axial furrows are considerably deeper, and

the frontal lobe is much more swollen. In these respects it

resembles his fig. 11, which Salter looks upon as the adult form.

The tail which I have ascribed to this species occurs on the same

block as the head, and another similar tail with thoracic segments

attached comes from a neighbouring locality.

The specimen on which Salter based his description of the thorax

and tail of Phacops caffer (see his fig. 13) does not seem to belong to

the same species, and is probably P. impressus. The portion of the

head which is attached to this specimen differs considerably from

both his fig. 10 and his fig. 11.

Affinities.—Phacops caffer is a true Crypheus, and very closely

resembles Crypheus giganteus, Ulr.,* from the Devonian of

Chahuarani in Bolivia. The tail is almost indistinguishable, except

that in the Bolivian form it is considerably more arched and is larger

than in most of the African specimens.

The head of Crypheus paituna, Hartt & Rathb., figured by J. M.

Clarke + from the Devonian of Brazil, also presents some resem-

blance to that of P. caffer.

Localities.—Ezelfontein, Ceres (18); Laken Vley, Ceres (20) ;

Wolvaarts farm near Ceres Village (34). Specimens 19 (Ezelfon-

tein), 31, and 32 (Laken Vley) may belong to the same species, but

are considerably larger.

PHACOPS ? sp.

Plate XXV., fig. 5.

There is a large thorax and tail from Keurboom’s River which

presents very peculiar features. Similar specimens are to be seen

in the Museum of the Geological Society of London and also in the

British Museum ; but as no head is known it is impossible to deter-

mine even the genus with any certainty, and the reference to Phacops

is entirely provisional.

* Neues Jahrb. Beil.-Band viii., 1893, p. 14.

| As trilobitas do grez de Ereré e Mecurt, Estado do Para, Brazil, p. 39, pl. 1,

fig3. 13,16; Rev. Mus;. Naz. Rio d2 Janeiro, vol. i., 1895. Clarke’s paper seems to

have been separately published in 1890.

212 Annals of the South African Museum.

The thorax is very flat and wide, nine segments are shown. The

axis forms about one-third of the width ; pleure very deeply grooved,

the hinder ridge being very prominent at its extremity; ends of

pleure pointed.

The tail is imperfect, but was evidently much wider than long.

Axis very prominent, especially towards its extremity, nearly

parallel-sided ; the portion which remains shows six rings. The

lateral lobes show deep concave furrows separated by narrow ridges;

only four furrows are visible.

Locality.—Keurboom’s River, Knysna (70).

DALMANITES LUNATUS, sp. nov.

Plate XXV., fig. 6.

Head depressed, semicircular, genal angles produced into spines,

marginate. Glabella widens considerably towards the front; first

pair of glabellar furrows oblique, but very imperfectly shown on the

specimen; second and third pairs deep and at right angles to the

axis. Eyes very large, crescentic, occupying most of the free cheek,

almost touching the glabella at the first glabellar furrow and reaching

back nearly to the neck furrow.

Thorax depressed. Axis less than one-third the width, widens up

to the fourth segment and then narrows again. Pleurze curved

somewhat backwards, grooved longitudinally.

Of the tail only a portion of the axis is visible, showing ten

annulations.

Locality.—Gamka Poort (66).

DALMANITES, sp.

Plate XOCy y fies 7.

A portion of a Dalmanites tail from Gamka Poort shows numerous

ribs on the axis and also on the lateral lobe. The surface is finely

eranulate.

The rings on the axis are wide and flat, separated by narrow

grooves which are deep at the sides of the axis but become faint

and shallow medially. The ribs on the lateral lobes are also wide

and flat, and the intervening grooves deep and narrow ; the posterior

ribs curve outwards and backwards from the axis.

The Trilobites of the Bokkeveld Beds. 213

This tail presents some resemblance to that described by Ulrich *

from the Devonian of Chahuarani in Bolivia under the name of

Dalmanites clarke: ; but in Ulrich’s species the grooves on the axis

seem to be uniformly distinct throughout, and the posterior ribs of

the lateral lobes curve inwards instead of outwards.

Locality. —Gamka Poort (38).

TYPHLONISCUS BAINI, Salter.

Plate XXYV., figs. 8, 9.

1856. Typhloniscus bainit, Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2,

vol. viul., p- 2215“pl: xxv:, fig. 14.

The specimens of this species show the characters of the head

much more perfectly than those which Salter had before him, but

are mostly smaller.

Head semicircular, genal angles slightly produced, surface scro-

biculate. Glabella trapezoidal, widening rapidly in front, frontal

margin rounded ; separated from the cheeks by deep axial furrows.

The first glabellar furrow is obliquely inclined forwards and rather

shallow, the second and third are nearly at right angles to the axis,

and deeply impressed ; all are rather short. The cheeks are much

swollen, triangular in shape, with a distinct margin separated by a

well-marked marginal groove’; no trace of eyes or of facial suture is

visible. Occipital furrow well defined.

Thorax narrows rapidly posteriorly. Axis narrow and rather

prominent. Pleure straight and horizontal for a distance about

equal to the width of the axis, and then bent abruptly backward and

somewhat downward; deeply grooved, the ridge in front of the

groove being considerably less prominent than that behind.

Localities.—Gydo Pass (37); Gamka Poort (41, 46, 63, 71).

PROETUS MALACUS, sp. nov.

Plate XXYV., fig. 10.

Body ovate. Head parabolic, broadly marginate, genal angles

produced into spines. Glabella subquadrate, rounded in front,

reaching to the margin, raised above the level of the cheeks but

* Neues Jahrb. Beil.-Band viii., 1893, p. 19.

214 Annals of the South African Museum.

flattened on the top. Axial furrows almost obsolete and glabellar

furrows indistinct or absent. Facial suture seems to have cut both

anterior and posterior margins near to the glabella. Eyes lunate,

closely appressed to the glabella.

Thorax shows seven segments, but at least one appears to be

missing. Axis prominent, much wider than the pleure in the first

few segments, but narrows considerably behind while the width of

the thorax remains nearly the same. Pleure bent downwards at

about half their length from the axis, grooved by broad shallow

grooves which do not reach the extremity, ends produced into

points,

Tail large, triangular, width about one and a half times the

length. Axis conical, prominent, with some thirteen or fourteen

rings upon it, of which the first half dozen are much stronger and

more widely separated than the rest; the end of the axis just

touches the margin. Lateral lobes with seven concave furrows

separating rounded ribs, the last rib being very small; ribs and

furrows reach the margin.

Remarks.—Dr. A. Schenck * records ‘‘ Praetus’”’ (sic.) ricardi from

the Bokkeveld Beds, but does not appear to have published any

description or figure of the species.

Localities. —Gamka Poort (45, 53) ; Ceres (60).

”»

HOMALONOTUS HERSCHELI, Murch.

Plate XXVL., figs. 1-3.

1839. Homalonotus herschelit, Murchison, Silurian System, p. 652,

pl. vii. bis, fig. 2.

1856. Homalonotus herschelii, Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2,

vol. vil., p. 215, pl. xxiv., figs. 1-7.

1897. Homalonolus perarmatus, Frech., Lethea geognostica, Th. 1.,

Bad. ii., Lief. 1., p. 218.

The specimens of this species are not more perfect than those

which Salter had at his disposal, and it is not possible to add any-

thing of importance to his description.

The head is somewhat triangular in shape, produced in front into

a prominent curved beak; surface finely granulate. The glabella is

urceolate, widest at the base, contracted in the middle, and expand-

* Peterm. Mitt., bd. xxxiv., 1888, p. 227.

The Trilobites of the Bokkeveld Beds. 215

ing somewhat in front; it is distinctly separated from the cheeks

and from the frontal margin; three glabellar furrows on each side,

all of which are curved backwards. The cheeks are triangular, very

tumid, curved downwards. Neck furrow strong; the neck segment

bears some small tubercles.

The tail forms a long triangle, is extremely convex, and ends in a

sharp point; it is, in fact, half of a cone. In one specimen it is

covered by a thick, finely granulate crust which shows but very

faint traces of the ribs on the axis and lateral lobes, but on the cast

the ribs are distinct. The axis is broad and divided into some

thirteen segments, some of which bear tubercles, but the number

and arrangement of the tubercles seems to vary considerably. The

lateral lobes are bent downwards and show six rather faintly marked

ribs, and in one specimen the third rib on each side bears a small

tubercle at its commencement.

Homalonotus herscheli, Murch. (after Salter), Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii.,

pl. xxiv., fig. la (reduced).

Remarks.—Frech has figured a species from Cape Colony which

he believes to be distinct from H. herscheli, and to which he has

given the name of H. perarmatus. Unfortunately he supplies no

description, and merely remarks that it is larger and possesses

more numerous tubercles than H. herschelz, irregularly disposed.

He makes no reference to Salter’s description, and in his comparison

appears to rely solely upon the figure of the thorax and tail given by

Murchison. The head of Frech’s figure agrees exactly, so far as it

is complete, with that figured by Salter; and as the number of

tubercles seems to vary considerably in different individuals, it

hardly forms a satisfactory specific character. Salter’s fig. 4 seems

to be almost as tuberculate as Frech’s figure.

216 Annals of the South African Museunt.

For the present, therefore, I prefer to consider H. perarmatus as

not more than a variety of H. herscheli.

Affinities.—The nearest ally of this species seems to be H. armatus,

Burm., from the Lower Coblenz Beds.

Localities. —Kizelfontein, Ceres (28, 29, 30, 106); Gamka Poort

(21); unknown (24).

HOMALONOTUS QUERNUS, sp. nov.

Plate XXVIL., fig. 1.

The glabella is imperfect and perhaps does not show the frontal

portion, but so far as it is visible it is trapezoidal in shape, and

narrows forwards; it is distinctly separated both from the cheeks

and from the neck segment by deep furrows, and it bears a number

of large and coarse tubercles ; the glabellar furrows are very indis-

tinct. Cheeks very tumid.

The thoracic segments bear numerous tubercles.

Affinities—The head of this specimen is somewhat similar to that

figured by Frech * as the head of AH. subarmatus, C. Koch, from the

Upper Coblenz Beds of Lahneck; but it is considerably larger, and

as neither specimen is complete it is impossible to make a satisfac-

tory comparison.

Locality.— Unknown (22).

HOMALONOTUS COLOSSUS, sp. nov.

Plate XXVIIL., figs. 1-3.

By far the most remarkable of all the specimens sent to me are

the remains of a gigantic Homalonotus from Uitkomst. Unfortu-

nately the remains are fragmentary, but, judging from a comparison

with H. herscheli, the complete trilobite must have had a length of

about twenty inches. The fragments were all found in a very large

nodule, and are evidently portions of a single individual.

The largest of the pieces is a portion of the left cheek. The facial

suture is visible and runs as in H. herscheli. The posterior margin

is much thickened and bears a row of tubercles. On the cheek

there is an oval disk showing somewhat vague concentric and radial

* Lethea geognostica, Th. i., Bd. 2, Lief. i., p. 218.

The Trilobites of the Bokkeveld Beds. 217

markings, but this is probably, as Dr. Woodward * has suggested to

me, a parasite, perhaps of the nature of Ischadites. What I take to

be the eye is small and situated at the bend of the facial suture.

The thoracic segments, of which there are several fragments,

were large and deeply grooved, the posterior ridge being wider and

more prominent than the anterior, and bearing a raised eminence,

from which spring strong spines. The articular facets were large.

The species is evidently very closely allied to H. herscheli, and

the restoration of the head in Pl. XXVIII. is based on a comparison

with the head of that species.

Locality.—Uitkomst, in the Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres Division.

HOMALONOTUS, sp.

Plate XXVIL., fig. 2.

From Ezelfontein, Ceres, there is a fragment of a very large tail

which bears numerous large tubercles or spines. It is at once dis-

tinguished from H. herscheli by its flattened form, and seems,

indeed, to have been as depressed as in the species of Homalonotus

which occur in the Silurian.

Locality.—Ezelfontein, Ceres (23); specimen 285, locality unknown,

possibly belongs to this species.

Nore.—It may be remarked that L. de Koninck (Bull. Acad. Foy.

Belg., vol. xiii., pt. 2, pp. 419, 420, footnote) records Homalonotus

herscheli, H. knighti, and Calymene blumenbachi from the Cedar

Mountains; and d’Archiac and de Verneuil (Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2,

vol. vi., p. 381) also note H. herscheli, C. tristant, and C. blunven-

bachi from the same region. Salter, however (Trans. Geol. Soc.,

ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 219), remarks that the specimen identified by

d’Archiac and de Verneuil as C. blumenbachi is the original of his

fic. 9 (see above, p. 207), and that the reference to C. tristant is

probably based upon distorted specimens of Phacops africanus or

P. caffer. De Koninck’s identification of H. knighti must also be

considered doubtful.

* Tam greatly indebted to Dr. Woodward for examining this specimen, and also

my specimens of Phacops arbuteus.

J z

(218)

LIST OF SPECIES FROM THE VARIOUS

LOCALITIES.

CERES.

Proetus malacus, sp. nov. (60).

EZELFONTEIN, CERES.

Phacops caffer, Salter (18, 19).

Homalonotus herscheli, Murch. (28, 29, 30, 106).

se sp. (23).

LAkEN VLEY, CERES.

Phacops caffer, Salter (20, 31, 32).

Gypo Pass, CERES.

Typhloniseus baini, Salter (37).

Urrkomst, Ceres DIvIsIon.

Homalonotus colossus, sp. noy.

Wotvaarr’s Farm, near CERES VILLAGE.

Phacops caffer, Salter (34).

Hex River Pass.

Phacops africanus, Salter (26).

GamKa Poort.

Phacops pupillus, sp. nov. (59).

ie arbuteus, sp. nov. (40, 61, 62, 64, 68).

» erista-galli (H. Woodward), (27).

ys africanus, Salter (27, 56, 57, 67, 222).

50 ocellus, sp. noy. (33, 36, 39, 42, 58, 65).

as impressus, sp. nov. (35, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52,

54, 55).

Dalmanites lunatus, sp. nov. (66).

9 sp. (38).

Typhloniscus baini, Salter (41, 46, 63, 71).

Proetus malacus, sp. nov. (45, 53).

Homalonotus herscheli, Murch. (21).

Krurspoom’s Rrver, Knysna.

Phacops? sp. (70).

Locaniry UNKNOWN.

Homalonotus herscheli, Murch. (24).

PA quernus, sp. noy. (22).

Rs sp. (23, 25).

(219 )

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

All the figures are drawn of the natural size. All the specimens figured are in

the collection sent for description, except the originals of pl. xxiv., figs. 9 and 10,

which are in the British Museum (Natural History).

Puatre XXIV.

Phacops pupillus, sp. nov. ; head. Gamka Poort (59).

Phacops arbuteus, sp. nov.; a somewhat distorted glabella. Gamka Poort

(64).

Phacops arbuteus, sp. nov. ; glabella. Gamka Poort (61).

a $s ep tail and thoracic segment. Gamka Poort (40).

Phacops crista-galli, (H. Woodward); thorax and tail. Drawn from a cast

taken from a specimen preserved in intaglio. Gamka Poort (27).

Phacops africanus, Salter (pars) ; two views of an almost complete but some-

what worn specimen. Gamka Poort (67).

Phacops africanus, Salter (pars); head. The deep line crossing the glabella

and uniting the posterior pair of glabellar furrows is a fracture only.

Gamka Poort (27).

Phacops africanus, Salter (pars); tail. Gamka Poort (222). ss

Phacops ocellus, sp. nov.; head. Drawn from the original of Salter’s

P. africanus, fig. 6. Cedar Mountains (Brit. Mus., Reg. No. 14956).

Phacops ocellus, sp. noy.; thorax and tail. Drawn from the original of

Salter’s P. africanus, fig. 9. Cedar Mountains (Brit. Mus., Reg. No.

14957).

Prate XV.

Phacops impressus, sp. noy.; an almost complete but much-compressed

specimen. The specimen is partially enrolled, and the tail (fig. 10) is

doubled under the body (fig. la). Some of the thoracic segments are

missing or concealed. Gamka Poort (43).

Phacops tmpressus, sp. nov.; a smaller but less compressed tail. Gamka

Poort (50).

Phacops (Cryph@us) caffer, Salter; portion of head. There is an imperfect

tail, similar to that shown in fig. 4, on the same block. Egelfontein,

Ceres (18).

Phacops (Crypheus) caffer, Salter ; tail and part of thorax. Wolvaarts Farm,

near Ceres Village (34).

Phacops ? sp.; thorax and tail. Keurboom’s River, Knysna (70).

Dalmanites lunatus, sp. nov. Drawn from a cast of the specimen. Gamka

Poort (66).

Dalmanites, sp.; portion of tail. Gamka Poort (38).

Typhloniscus baini, Salter; a head and part of thorax, ) side view of same

specimen. Gamka Poort (41).

Typhloniscus baini, Salter; part of thorax. Gamka Poort (63).

Proetus malacus, sp. nov. ; nearly complete specimen, but probably with one

thoracic segment missing. Gamka Poort (45).

Explanation of Plates.

Prate XXVI.

1. Homalonotus herscheli, Murch. ; part of head. Ezelfontein, Ceres (29).

2 A, ss a tail. Gamka Poort (21).

a 5 55 tail, showing test. Ezelfontein, Ceres (30)-

PuatE XXVIII.

1. Homalonotus quernus, sp. noy.; portion of head and thoracic segments-

Locality unknown (22).

Homalonotus, sp. ; portion of tail. Ezelfontein, Ceres (23).

iw)

Pratt XXVIII.

Homalonotus colossus, sp. noy. The large figure shows a portion of the left side

of the head, and the head is completed in outline from a comparison with the

head of Homalonotus herscheli, Murch. The small figures, numbered X and J, are

parts of thoracic segments found with the fragments of the head. Uitkomst, in

the Warm Bokkeveld, Ceres Division.

Ann.S.Atr Mus VoL IV.

BOKKEVELD

West, Newman ad nat. lith.

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Homalonotl§ Colossy « Sp.n

X.—Foraminifera and Ostracoda from the Cretaceous of Hast

Pondoland, South Africaa—By Freprerick Cuapman, A.L.8.,

F.R.M.S.

Plate X XIX.

Tue following interesting series of microzoa was obtained from a

greenish argillaceous and sandy rock of Cretaceous age which came

from East Pondoland.

The residuum after washing is of a rich brown colour, and con-

tains numerous prisms of Inoceramus shell; a tetractinellid sponge

spicule was also noticed, exactly resembling a specimen figured by

Dr. G. J. Hinde * as Pachastrella haldonensis Carter, and occurring

at Blackdown, Warminster, and Merstham.

The Foraminifera are in most cases fairly well preserved where

the tests are naturally thick; but in others, as in the thin-shelled

Polymorphine, the infilling of marcasite tends to break up the test

on the accession of moisture. In this latter feature they resemble

certain of the Gault Foraminifera from Folkestone, and especially

those from the lower zones.

HKighteen species and varieties of Foraminifera were found, three

of which are new ; they are as follows :—

1. Haplophragmium neoconiwanum Chapman.

2. H. meridionale sp. nov.

3. Bulimina trigonula Chap., var. inornata nov.

4, Pleurostomella subnodosa Reuss.

5. Nodosaria prismatica Reuss.

6. N. zippet Reuss.

7. Vaginulina humilis Reuss sp.

8. V. legwmen Linn. sp.

9. V. itumescens Reuss.

10. Cristellaria subalata Reuss.

11. Polymorphina ? gibba @Orb.

* Phil. Trans., pt. ii., 1885, p. 442, pl. xliii., fig. 4a.

€

222 Annals of the South African Museum.

12. Globigerina canaliculata Reuss sp.

13. Truncatulina schlenbachi Reuss sp.

14. Pulvinulina elegans d’Orb. sp.

15. P. carpentert Reuss sp.

16. P. reticulata Reuss sp.

17. P. pondensis sp. nov.

18. Rotalia soldani VOrb. sp., var. nitida Reuss.

Of the fifteen species already described, two are from the Lower

Cretaceous (Neocomian) or older formations, viz., Haplophragmium

neocomianum and Vaginulina intumescens. Three appear to be

restricted to the Albian stage, viz., Vaginulina humilis, Pulvinulina

reticulata, and P. carpentert. Five range from the Gault to the

Upper Chalk, viz., Pleurostomella subnodosa, Nodosaria prismatica,

N. zippet, Truncatulina schlenbachi, and Rotalia soldanii var. nitida.

The remaining five species have a still wider range, and extend into

the Tertiary formations.

The species are all such as would be found in quite shallow water.

The valves of the Ostracoda are as a rule somewhat thin and

fragile, but are well preserved as regards their superficial ornament.

Six species and varieties were found, two of which are new.

They are as follows :—

1. Macrocypris simplex Chapman.

Bythocypris simulata Jones sp.

. Cythere ? drwpacea Jones.

Cythereis ornatissima Reuss sp., var. reticulata J. & H.

. Cytheridea longicaudata sp. nov.

Cytheropteron elongato-concentricum sp. nov.

. Cytherella williamsonana Jones.

ore © b

nor

Of the above seven species of Ostracoda one doubtful form is of

Oolitic age, viz., Cythere drupacea, two range from the Neocomian

to the Upper Chalk, viz., Cythereis ornatissuma var. reticulata, and

Cytherella williamsoniana. One species has occurred in a remanié

bed of the Albian, viz., Macrocypris simplex; and one species

appears to range throughout the Chalk formation, viz., Bythocypris

simulata,

The general facies of the present series of Microzoa would lead

one to conclude their position to be intermediate between the Lower

and Upper Cretaceous series, but having a stronger affinity towards

the latter group.

Foraminifera and Ostracoda. 223

THE FORAMINIFERA.

Famiry LITUOLIDA.

Genus HAPLOPHRAGMIUM Reuss.

HAPLOPHRAGMIUM NEOCOMIANUM Chapman.

Plate XXIX., fig. 1.

H. neocomianum Chapman, 1894, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. L.,

p. 695, pl. xxxiv., figs. 2a, b.

Idem, 1895, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. xvi., p. 315,

| OR Sle ATW fs

H. fontinense (non) Terquem, Egger., 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer.

Akad: Wiss. Cl. ii, volo xxi weabuny le op. 140, pl. i, figs. 14—

16, 19, 20, 25-29; pl. ii., figs. 40-42.

A few examples of the above species were seen in the washings,

but owing to their resembling the sand particles in colour, and the

absence of any very definite shape, they are easily overlooked. The

first recorded specimens came from the Bargate Beds of Lower

Greensand age, near Dorking, in Surrey, and the species was sub-

sequently found both in the black and brown Rhetic clays of Wed-

more, in Somerset, England. Dr. Egger’s specimens came from

the Cretaceous marl of the Upper Bavarian Alps; they are referred

to H. fontinense, but that species is evolute in the earlier spiral

chambers, whilst the Cretaceous specimens are involute.

HAPLOPHRAGMIUM MERIDIONALE sp. nov.

Plate XXIX., figs. 2, 2a.

Specific Characters.—Test very thin, diaphanous ; subcircular to

subelliptical. Sutures nearly straight, fairly well marked, but seg-

ments more clearly seen when the test is moistened; about six

segments visible. Test white, composed of fine silicious particles.

Surface fairly smooth. Largest diameter about 1 mm.; width

‘6 mm.; thickness ‘(05 mm.

This species recalls the minute Haplophragmium terquemi* found

in the French and English Gault and the Crétaceous marl of the

* Berthelin, 1880, Mém. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. i.; Mém. y., p. 22

pl. ii., fig. 1. Chapman, 1898, Journ. R. Micr. Soc., p. 12, pl. ii., fig. 5.

224 Annals of the South African Museum.

Upper Bavarian Alps.* H. meridionale, however, is very much

larger, is less elongate in the lateral aspect, and the test is somewhat

clearer or more translucent, and white. It is fairly frequent in the

washings.

Famity TEXTULARIIDA.

Genus BULIMINA dOrbigny.

BULIMINA TRIGONULA nom. noy.+ var. INORNATA Nov.

Plate XXIX., fig. 3.

The test is formed on the type of B. elegans d’Orbigny, that is,

more or less regularly trigonal. The salient edges are more pro-

nounced than in that species, and not so sharp as in B. trigonula

(trigona) Chapman. It most closely approaches the latter form in

general outline, but the aboral end is not studded with granulations,

the surface being quite smooth.

The specific form B. trigonula (trigona) has been found in the

Taplow Chalk, zone of Belemnites (Actinocamax) quadratus,} and a

smooth form more nearly resembling our present variety was

obtained from the Cretaceous marl of the Upper Bavarian Alps by

Dr. Egger. §

Only one specimen of B. trigonula has been found amongst the

present series from the Cretaceous of Hast Pondoland.

Genus PLEUROSTOMELLA Reuss.

PLEUROSTOMELLA SUBNODOSA Reuss.

Plate XXIX.; fig. 4.

Dentalina subnodosa Reuss, 1851, Haidinger’s Naturw. Abhandl.,

VOlw dV, Dis 1, Po 24; pleads m8.) 9.

Pleurostomella subnodosa Reuss, 1860, Sitzungsb. k. Ak. Wiss.

Wien, vol. xl., p. 204, pl. viii., figs. 2a, 6. Burrows, Sher-

* Eeger, 1899, Abh. k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Cl. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 138,

pl. i., figs. 18, 35, 54, 56.

+ The specific name trigona has already been used by Terquem to denominate a

foraminiferal species of the genus Bulimina (Mém. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3,

vol. ii., 1882, p. 110, pl. xi. (xix.), figs. 28, 29), and therefore the specific name of

the Taplow Chalk form is here amended to trigonula.

t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlviii., 1892, p. 515, pl. xv., fig. 8.

§ Abhandl. k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., 1899, Cl. ii., vol. xxi, Abth. 1, p. 52,

pl. xxiv, Hes lO el7.

Foraminifera and Ostracoda. 225

born and Chapman, 1890, Journ. R. Micr. Soc., p. 555,

pl. viii, fig. 27. Bagg., 1898, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 88,

p. 34.

Nodosaria subnodosa (Reuss) Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer.

Akad. Wiss., Cl. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 58, pl. vi., fig. 27.

At first sight our specimen seems to resemble a stumpy Nodosaria

consobrina, but the alternating obliquity of the sutures precludes the

possibility of its affinities in that direction.

By moistening the surface of this specimen the internal structure

of the chambers is seen to be that of a Plewrostomella. The present

specimen exactly resembles the aboral segments of Dr. Egger’s

P. (Nodosaria) subnodosa from the Cretaceous marl of the Upper

Bavarian Alps. This species is very characteristic of Upper Creta-

ceous deposits, ranging from the Red Chalk of Speeton to the marls

of the Bavarian Alps (Upper Chalk).

Famiry LAGENIDA.

Genus NODOSARIA Lamarck.

NODOSARIA PRISMATICA Reuss.

Plate XXIX., fig. 5.

N. prismatica Reuss, 1860, Sitzungsb. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. xl.,

p. 180; pl. ui, hes 25 Id’, 1862, ibid: yvol xlvi-p. 36, pl. 11.,

fig. 7.

N. prismatica Reuss, Burrows, Sherborn, and Bailey, 1890,

Journ. R. Mier. Soce., p. 557, pl. ix., figs. 25a, b. Chapman,

1893, ibid., p. 594, pl. ix., fig. 21. Id., 1894, Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc., vol. 1, p. 707. Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer.

Akad. Wiss., Cl. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 74, pl. viii., fig. 8.

This species is fairly common in the residues, but it is generally

very fragmentary, the test breaking up into separate segments

during the operations of washing and mounting. The specimens

before us are not very typical of the species, but there is no doubt

they belong to the type form so commonly associated with the Cre-

taceous faunas, both Lower and Upper, of England, France, and

Germany. The chief difference in the present examples is the

almost complete absence of sutural constrictions on the surface of

226 Annals of the South African Museum.

the test; in this respect they approach N. obscura Reuss, but the

segments are too short for that species.

NODOSARIA ZIPPEI Reuss.

Plate XXIX., fig. 6.

N. zippei Reuss, 1845, Verstein. bohm. Kreidef., pt. i., p. 25,

pl. viii., figs. 1-8. Rupert Jones, 1854, Lecture on the Geo-

logical History of Newbury, pl. ii., fig. 1. Chapman, 1893,

Journ. R. Mier. Soc., p. 593, pl. ix., fig. 12. Bagg, 1898,

Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 88, p. 45, pl. iii., fig. 1. Egger,

1899, Abhandl. k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Cl. i1., vol. xxi., Abth. 1,

Dats, pl. ville, ties. 1 2.

This is a somewhat aberrant variety of the elegant Nodosaria

described by Reuss, differing chiefly in its larger growth and irregular

coste. The typical form is generally distributed through the Upper

Cretaceous,

Genus VAGINULINA d’Orbigny.

VAGINULINA HUMILIS Reuss sp.

Plate XXUXs fic. 7,

Cristellaria humilis Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsb. d. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,

vol. xlvi., p. 65, pl. vi., figs. 16,17. Chapman, 1894, Journ.

R. Mier. Soc., p. 648, pl. ix., figs. 7a, b.

It is difficult to satisfactorily separate certain of the cristellaroid

forms found in the Lias, Cretaceous, and Tertiary formations, for

they run so insensibly into the Vaginulina type of shell, which is

flattened laterally, and has the commencement practically non-spiral.

The above species has likewise little or no spiral at the commence-

ment of the shell, and therefore it appears more properly to belong

to Vaginulina. The specific form here referred to is like a broad

V. legumen with few chambers and a superficial sutural thickening

or limbation. V. humilis seems to be restricted to the Neocomian

and Gault strata of Germany and England. Somewhat rare in the

Cretaceous of East Pondoland.

VAGINULINA LEGUMEN Linn. sp.

Plate XXIX., fig. 8.

Nautilus legumen Linn., 1758, System. Nat., 10th ed., p. 711,

No. 248; 1767, 12th ed., p. 1164, No, 288,

Foraminifera and Ostracoda. 227

Vaginulina legumen (Linn.), Brady, 1884, Chall. Rep., vol. ix.,

p. 580, pl. Ixvi., figs. 13-15. Chapman, 1894, Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc., vol. 1., p. 710. Bagg., 1898, Cret. Foram. N.

Jersey, Bull. U.S. Geol. Sury., No. 88, p. 53, pl. iv., fig. 4.

Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Cl. ii., vol. xxi.,

Abth, 1, p. 98, pl. ix., figs. 29, 30.

This is generally a well-grown and handsome species. Our

specimens have the sutural limbation often seen in this type of

shell, and by which character it closely approaches the form pre-

viously mentioned; without a longer series of specimens, however,

it would be difficult to point out the relationship of the two forms.

The specimens found by Dr. Egger in the Cretaceous of the

Bavarian Alps differ somewhat from the usual form in having a

convex back; the sutures also are plain. Vaginulina legumen is

known from yarious horizons in the Lias, from the Neocomian of

Surrey, England, and the Cretaceous of New Jersey. It is also a

well-distributed shell in the various foraminiferous strata of Tertiary

age.

Not uncommon in the East Pondoland series.

VAGINULINA INTUMESCENS Reuss,

Plate XXIX., fig. 9.

V. intumescens Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsb. d. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien,

vol. xlvi., Abth. 1, p. 49, pl. iv., fig. 2.

The group of Vaginuline characterised by a thin compressed test,

subtriangular in outline, with few oblique chambers, and having a

conspicuous ornament of curved longitudinal striations, is typically

represented by the present species. V. intwmescens was originally

described by Reuss from the Neocomian Beds of Germany. Closely

related forms also occur in the Lias, and have been figured from

time to time by Terquem and others; the Liassic species, however,

generally possess a larger number of chambers, which are also pro-

portionately shorter and narrower. Very rare in the present series.

Genus CRISTELLARIA Lamarck.

CRISTELLARIA SUBALATA Reuss.

Plate XXIX., fig. 10.

C. subalata Reuss, 1854, Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. vii.,

Abth, 1, p. 68, pl. xxv., fig. 13.

228 Annals of the South African Museum.

Robulina megalopolitana Reuss, 1855, Zeitschr. d. Deutsch, Geol.

Gesellsch., vol. vii., p. 272, pl. ix., figs. 5a, 0.

Cristellaria subalata Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsb. d. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,

vol xiviseANbth: 1, p. 76, pl vill;e..10)> plvix, fea

C. megalopolitana Reuss sp., Sherborn and Chapman, 1886, Journ.

R. Mier. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vi., p. 755, pl. xv., fig. 30a, 0.

Chapman, 1894, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1., p. 714.

C. subalata Reuss, Chapman, 1896, Journ. R. Mier. Soc., p. 3,

pl. i., figs. 3a, 0.

The specimen from Hast Pondoland, whilst more than usually

elongate, is sufficiently characterised by the limbation of the sutures

and a minute umbilical protuberance indicating the presence of a

megalosphere. The latter feature is also seen in Reuss’ specimen

from the Upper Cretaceous of Gosau, Eastern Alps. The Gault

specimens are more spherical in outline, but possess similar super-

ficial ornament. C. subalata has also been recorded from the

Neocomian of Germany, and under the name of C. megalopolitana

it has been figured from German (Neocomian and Tertiary) and

English (Neocomian, Gault, and Eocene) fossils respectively,

Genus POLYMORPHINA @Orbigny.

POLYMORPHINA ? GIBBA d’Orbigny.

Plate XXIX., fig. 11.

P. (Globulina) gibba d’Orb., 1826, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. vii., No. 20,

p. 267, and modeéles No. 63.

P. subspherica Berthelin, 1880, Mém. Soc. Geol. France, sér, 3,

vol. i., No. 5, p. 58, pl. iii., figs. 18a, b.

Polymorpha (Polymorphina) ovata Perner, 1892, Foraminifery

Geského Cenomanu, p. 64, pl. viii., figs. 14-16.

P. gibba d Orb., Chapman, 1896, Journ. R. Mier. Soe., p. 9, pl. ii.,

fig. 5. Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Cl. i1.,

vol. xxi., Abth. 2, p. 128, pl. xvii., figs. 19, 20.

One or two somewhat broken tests occur in the washings, which

show the internal septation of a Polymorphina allied to P. gibba.

The reason of these specimens being fractured is the infiltration of

the shell with pyrites, which splits the test by its decomposition and

expansion, The oral aperture in one specimen is seen to be stellate.

Foraminifera and Ostracoda. 229

FAMILY GLOBIGERINID AL.

Guxus GLOBIGERINA d Orbigny.

GLOBIGERINA CANALICULATA Reuss sp.

Plate XXIX., fig. 12.

Rosalina canaliculata Reuss, 1854, Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,

vol, vii., Abth. 1, p. 70, pl. xxvi., fig. 4.

Discorbina canaliculata Reuss sp., Karrer, 1870, Jahrb. k. k. Geol.

Reichsanst., No. 2, p. 183.

Globigerina linneana d’Orb., Brady, 1884, Rep. Chall., p. 598,

pl. Ixxxii., fig. 12. Jones, 1896, Foram. Crag. (Pal. Soc. Mon.),

__ p. 285, pl. vii., figs. 23a-c.

Globigerina canaliculata Reuss sp., Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k.

bayer. Ak. Wiss., Cl. ii., vol. xxi, Abth. 1, p. 172, pl. xxi,

figs. 15-17, 24-26.

Although closely related to G. marginata Reuss and G. linneana

d’Orbigny, this form is distinguished by the crenulate and limbate

margin. The nearest figure of this species to ours is that given in

the Monograph of the Crag Foraminifera under the name of G.

linneana.

This species is most frequent in Cretaceous strata, but it is not

restricted to beds of that age. Brady regards G. canaliculata as

synonymous with G. linneana, and closely related to G. marginata.

The latter form differs in the less striking limbation of the peripheral

edge and the distinct asperity of its surface in that region.

Faminy ROTALIID A.

Genus TRUNCATULINA d’Orbigny.

TRUNCATULINA SCHL@NBACHI Reuss sp.

Plate XXIX., figs. 16, 16a.

FRosalina schlenbachi Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsb. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,

vol. xlvi., Abth. 1, p. 87, pl. xi., figs. 5a—c.

Discorbina schlenbachi Reuss sp., Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer.

Ak. Wiss., Cl. i1., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 164, pl. xviii., figs. 19-21.

The figures of the above species given by Reuss show the seg-

ments to possess a stronger curvature than is seen in our specimen ;

230 Annals of the South African Museum.

otherwise the forms are fairly comparable. Both occurrences as

given above are from the Upper Cretaceous. The comparatively

finely perforated test points to its relationship with Truncatulina

rather than Discorbina.

Only one specimen found.

Genus PULVINULINA Parker and Jones.

PULVINULINA ELEGANS d’Orbigny sp.

Plate XXIX., figs. 13, 13a.

Rotalia (Turbinulina) elegans d’Orbigny, 1826, Ann. Sci. Nat.,

vol. vii., p. 276, No. 54.

Pulvinulina elegans VOrb. sp., Parker and Jones, 1871, Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. viii, p. 174, pl. xii, fig. 142. Chap-

man, 1894, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1., p. 273. Chapman,

1898, Journ. R. Mier. Soc., p. 6, pl. i., figs. 8a—c.

Pulvinulina partschiana @Orb. sp., Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k.

bayer. Ak. Wiss., Cl. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 154, pl. xx.,

figs. 10-12.

This species is by no means common in our material, but the

specimens seen are quite typical, and compare closely with the same

form from other Cretaceous deposits in Europe and elsewhere.

PULVINULINA CARPENTERI Reuss Sp.

Plate XXIX., figs. 14, 14a, 18.

fRotalia carpentert Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsb. d. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,

vol. xlvi., Abth. 1, p. 94, pl. xiii., figs. 6a-c.

Pulvinulina carpenteri Reuss sp., Chapman, 1898, Journ. R. Mier.

BOG3 0p. 6, pl.i., figs, dila—c:

This is a neat Pulvinulina of the P. caracolla type, the distin-

guishing features being the smooth, non-excavate, superior surface

of the shell and its thin, denticulate margin. The difference between

the South African specimens and the English consist in the slightly

smaller dimensions of the former, and the almost complete dis-

appearance of the peripheral denticule in some specimens, an

extreme case of which is figured here (pl. xxix., figs. 14, 14a).

Foraminifera and Ostracoda. 231

The occurrence of this species in the Cretaceous of South Africa

is extremely noteworthy, for up to the present it had been known

only from the Gault of Folkestone, where it was first discovered by

Reuss, and found later by Rupert Jones and the writer. At Folke-

stone P. carpenteri occurred both in the Lower and Upper Gault.

PULVINULINA RETICULATA Reuss sp.

Plate XXIX., figs. 15, 15a.

Rotalia reticulata Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsb. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,

vol. xlvi., Abth. 1, p. 83, pl. x., figs. 4a—c.

Epistomina reticulata Reuss sp., Uhlig, 1883, Jahrb. k. k. Geol.

Reichsanst., vol. xxxiii., p. 768, pl. vii, figs. 8, 9.

Pulvinulina reticulata Reuss sp., Chapman, 1898, Journ. R. Mier.

Soc., p. 8, pl. i., figs. 10a—c.

P. reticulata Reuss sp., var. carinata, Bagg, 1898, Bull. U.S.

Geol. Surv., No. 88, p. 68, pl. v., figs. 3a, 30.

Rotalina reticulata Reuss sp., Egger, 1899, Abhandl, k. bayer.

Akad. Wiss., Cl. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 157, pl. xix., figs.

1-3.

This is one of the depauperated varieties of the group of P. elegans

which seems to be restricted to the Mesozoic formations—the Jurassic

and Cretaceous. It has been found in the ‘“ Ornatus”’ clays of

Russia (Callovian), the basal beds of the Albian in North Germany,

the Cretaceous marls of the Upper Bavarian Alps, the Gault of

Folkestone, England, and the Navesink marls (Upper Cretaceous)

of New Jersey, America. P. reticulata is represented by small but

otherwise typical specimens in the Cretaceous of East Pondoland,

and in the washings is quite common.

PULVINULINA PONDENSIS sp. nov.

Plate XXIX., figs. 19, 19a.

Specific Character.—Test discoidal, gently convex on the superior

face, whorls slightly terraced; inferior surface strongly convex.

Peripheral edge and sutures limbate on the upper side; sutural

margins of chambers on the lower surface greatly thickened and

having a stellate arrangement, the rays thickest at the umbilicus.

Outer whorl with about eight chambers. Both surfaces ornamented

with fine circular or polygonal pittings. Peripheral edge fairly

232 Annals of the South African Musewmn.

sharp, and with an eyen outline. Diameter of test about ‘8 mm.

This species seems to be nearly related to Egger’s Truncatulina

Javosoides,* but differs in its generally neater appearance, with

flatter superior surface, more strongly limbate sutures, finer variole,

and an even peripheral edge. It is of peculiar interest to note that

the nearly allied form has only lately been discovered by Dr. Egger

in the Cretaceous of the Upper Bavarian Alps, and also that no

species at all approaching these in the style of ornament were met

with either in the Gault of Folkestone or of North Germany.

Very common in the Cretaceous of East Pondoland.

Genus ROTALIA Lamarck.

RorTanta soLDANI d’Orb. sp., var. NITIDA Reuss.

Plate XXIX., figs. 17, 17a.

otalina nitida Reuss, 1844, Geogr. Skizze Bohmen, vol. ii., pt. i.,

p. 214. Id., 1845-6, Verstein. bohm. Kreidef., pt.i., p. 35,

plivil., tig. O25, pl. xu, figs. 8, 20:

Placentula nitida Berthelin, 1880, Mém. Soc. Geol. France, sér. 3,

vol’ i., No. 0, p. 69, plo iv., aes. Lla—e:

Discorbina oligostegia Perner, 1892, Foraminifery Ceského ceno-

manu (Paleontographica Bohemize, No. 1), p. 65, pl. x.,

figs. 5a, b.

Notalia umbilicata var. nitida Reuss, Id., 1897, Foraminifery

Vrstev Belohorskych (Pal. Bohem., No. 4), pp. 54, 55, 72,

pl. vii., fig. 25 and woodcut p. 53.

Lt. soldanu d’Orb. var. nitida Reuss, Chapman, 1898, Journ. R.

Mier. Soc., p. 9, pl. ii., figs. 2a-c.

fi. nitida Reuss, Egger, 1899, Abhand. k. Akad., Cl. ii., vol. xxi.,

Abth. 1, p. 156, pl. xx., figs. 4-6.

The specific form, of which this is a smaller and more delicate

variety, was described from the Tertiary Beds of the Vienna Basin.

The variety nitida is a well-known form in the Upper Cretaceous, as

the Albian of France and England, and the Cenomanian, Turonian,

and Senonian of Bohemia and the Upper Bavarian Alps.

This variety is very rare in our material.

* Abhandl.-k. bayer, Akad., Cl. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, p. 150, pl. xx., figs, 22-5,

Foraminifera and Ostracoda. 233

THE OSTRACODA.

Famity BAIRDIIDA.

Genus MACROCYPRIS G. 8. Brady.

MAcCROCYPRIS SIMPLEX Chapman.

Plate XXIX., figs. 22, 22a, 220.

M. simplex Chapman, 1898, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. ii.,

p. 333, figs. la-c.

There are two specimens of the above form in the present series

which agree with the example from the Cambridge Greensand

(remancé bed, chiefly of Albian age) of England. One of our speci-

mens—that figured—is slightly more arched on the dorsal side, but

the other is exactly comparable with the English specimen.

Genus BYTHOCYPRIS G. 8. Brady.

BYTHOCYPRIS SIMULATA Jones sp.

Plate XXIX., fig. 20.

Cythere faba Jones, 1849 (non Reuss), Mon. Cret. Entom., p. 13

pl. ii, figs. 4a-c.

Cythere simulata Jones, 1870, Geol. Mag., p. 75.

Bythocypris simulata Jones sp., Jones and Hinde, 1890, Mon.

Cret. Entom., p. 11, pl. i., figs. 27-29. Egger, 1899, Abhandl.

k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Cl. ii., vol. xxi., Abth. 1, jo JAS)

pl. xxvii., figs. 58, 59, 60.

Two valves were found closely resembling the English Chalk

specimens.

The example figured by Egger from the Upper Cretaceous of the

Bavarian Alps viewed laterally has the ventral margin straight.

The South African specimens have the surfaces of the valves

minutely punctate, and the anterior border vertically striate.

The ventral margin is distinctly undulate in side view. Length

of valve 1 mm., height -53 mm.

234 Annals of the South African Museum.

Faminy CYTHERIDA.

Genus CYTHERE Miller.

CYTHERE ? DRUPACEA Jones.

C. drupacea Jones, 1884, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xl., p. 772,

pl. xxxiv., fig. 30.

A single specimen of a Cythere with united valves occurred in the

present series, which most resembles the above species. There are,

however, one or two slight differences which make the determination

doubtful, and only the discovery of a more extensive series of speci-

mens would make a proper comparison possible. These differences

are—a steeper face to the ventral border, approaching that of

Cytheropteron, and a blunt spinose ornamentation of the anterior

and posterior extremities towards the ventral angles.

The specimen described by Professor Rupert Jones came from

the Great Oolite stratum of the Richmond boring, England.

Genus CYTHEREIS Jones.

CYTHEREIS ORNATISSIMA Reuss sp., var. RETICULATA Jones and

Hinde.

C. ornatissima Reuss sp., var. reticulata Jones and Hinde, 1890,

Mon. Cret. Entom., p. 24, pl. i., figs. 67, 68, 77; pl. iv.,

figs. 9-12. Chapman, 1894, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1.,

p. 689. Id., 1898, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. i,

p. 340.

A very perfectly preserved valve of this pretty variety occurred in

the present series, having two rows of prickles along the anterior

border, a characteristic median ridge and tubercle, and a small

sharp posterior spine. This species ranges from the Neocomian to

the Senonian in England and Ireland.

Genus CYTHERIDEA Bosquet.

CYTHERIDEA LONGICAUDATA Sp. Nov.

Plate XXIX., fig. 21.

Specific Characters.—Carapace subtriangular, broad in front,

attenuated behind. Both angles of the front margin well rounded ;

Foraminifera and Ostracoda. 235

ventral margin hollowed posteriorly ; dorsal margin sinuous. Sur-

face of the valve sloping gently from behind to the anterior border

and depressed or even sulcated near the antero-dorsal angle.

Towards the ventral margin the valve is steep and sometimes

angulated and sloping away to the dorsal. Highest in the middle of

the posterior third. Hinge showing the characteristic crenulated

crests and grooves of this genus. Surface of valve marked with

numerous impressed puncta, having a quasi-linear arrangement.

Length of left valve 1:16 mm. ; height ‘66 mm.

Length of right valve of a larger specimen 1:3 mm. ; height

‘°83 mm.

The shape of the carapace in this species may be compared to an

extremely attenuated form of Cytheridea perforata (Rémer).* The

tumid form of the posterior portion makes its resemblance to

Cytheropteron sphenoides (Reuss) + very close, but the hingement is

different and the ventral margin hardly high enough. In addition

to the evidence of the hinge characters of Cytheridea, our specimens

have the impressed puncta seen also in Cytheridea perforata.

Genus CYTHEROPTERON G. O. Sars.

CYTHEROPTERON ELONGATO-CONCENTRICUM Sp. nov.

Plate XXIX., figs. 23, 23a.

Specific Characters.—Valves subrhomboidal, elongate, with a

broad posterior flange, and one less strongly marked, anteriorly.

Ventral border steep and well rounded. Surface tumid, and highest

just behind the middle of the valve. Surface ornamented with poly-

gonal excavations, not so numerous nor so distinctly concentric as

in C. concentricum (Reuss),{ with which this present specimen

seems most nearly allied.

Length 66 mm.; height °33 mm.; thickness ‘16 mm.

The elongate carapace, the conspicuous posterior flange, and the

comparatively coarse pittings serve to separate this from the well-

known and widely distributed Cytheropteron concentricum of

HKurope.

* See Jones and Hinde, 1890, Mon. Cret. Entom., p. 29, pl. i., figs. 1-4.

+ See Jones and Hinde, 1890, Mon. Cret. Entom., p. 33, pl. i., figs. 18-20.

+ See Jones and Hinde, 1890, Mon. Cret. Entom., p. 31, pl. i., figs. 5-10; pl. iv.,

fig.19.

236 Annals of the South African Museum.

Faminry CYTHERELLIDA.

Genus CYTHERELLA Jones.

CYTHERELLA WILLIAMSONIANA Jones.

C. williamsoniana Jones, 1849, Mon. Ent. Cret., p. 31, pl. vir,

figs. 26a-h.

Cypridina leioptycha Reuss, 1851, in Haidinger’s Naturw. Abhandl.,

vol. iv., pt. i., p. 49, pl. vi., fig. 11.

Cytherella williamsoniana Jones, Bosquet., 1854, Mém. Comm.

geol. Neezlande, vol. ii., p. 62, pl. v., figs. 2a-d. Reuss, 1674,

Elbthalgeb., &c., pt. ii., p. 153, pl. xxviii, figs. 9, 10a, 0.

Marsson, 1880, Mittheil. nat. Ver. Neu-Pommern und Rugen,

Jahrgang 12, p. 31, pl. ii., figs. 8a—c. Jones and Hinde, 1890,

Mon. Cret. Entom., p. 48, pl. iu., figs. 55-62. Chapman and

Sherborn, 1893, Geol. Mag., Decade III., vol. x., p. 347.

Chapman, 1898, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. ii., p. 344.

Egger, 1899, Abhandl. k. bayer. Akad. Wiss., Cl. ii., vol. xx1.,

Abth. 1, p. 188, pl. xxvii., figs. 63-65.

A single left valve of this peculiar and variable species was found

in the East Pondoland material, having a flat surface with the

bordering ridge and a sinuous median one, which ends towards the

postero-ventral angle in a thickened knob. Our specimen comes

nearest to fig. 56 of Jones’ and Hinde’s monograph. It also bears

a certain resemblance to CU. jugosa Jones,* which occurred in the

Great Oolite of the Richmond Boring.

As regards geological range, this species first appears in the Gault

in zone V at Folkestone, and it ranges upwards to Upper Chalk in

England, Ireland, the Isle of Riigen, and on the Continent of Europe.

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xl. (1884), p. 773, pl. xxxiv., fig. 44.

Ann.5. Afr Mus. VoL IV.

An at hdres nner EES OE

eae is

post.

Newman lith

West

CRETACEOUS FORAMINIFERA anp OSTRACODA.

F.C.ad nat.del.

From HAST PONDOLAND.

—

ba |

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.

ee Haplophragmium neocomianum Chapman, x 40.

2. H. meridionale sp. nov. ; 2a, edge view, x 30.

3. Bulimina trigonula var. inornata nov. Chap., x 30.

4. Pleurostomella subnodosa Reuss, x 40.

5. Nodosaria prismatica Reuss, x 30.

6. N. zippet Reuss, x 30.

7. Vaginulina humilis Reuss sp., x 30.

8. V. legumen Linné sp., x 15.

9. V. intumescens Reuss, x 30.

10. Cristellaria subalata Reuss, x 30.

11. Polymorphina ? gibba VOrb., x 30.

12. Globigerina canaliculata Reuss, x 30.

13, 13a. Pulvinulina elegans VOrb. sp.: 13, superior aspect; 13a, peripheral

view.

4, lda. Pulvinulina carpenteri Reuss sp.: 14, superior aspect; 14a, inferior

aspect, x 30.

15, 15a. Pulvinulina reticulata Reuss sp.: 15, superior aspect; 15a, inferior

aspect, x 30.

16, 16a. Truncatulina schlenbachi Reuss sp.: 16, superior aspect; 16a, inferior

aspect, x 30.

17, 17a. Rotalia soldanii @Orb. sp., var. nitida Reuss: 17, superior aspect; 17a,

inferior aspect, x 60.

18. Pulvinulina carpenteri Reuss sp.: superior aspect of another specimen

with thin peripheral margin, x 30.

19, 19a. Pulvinulina pondensis sp. noy. : 19, superior aspect ; 19a, inferior aspect

« 30.

20. DBythocypris simulata Jones sp.: right valve, x 30.

21. Cytheridea longicaudata sp. nov. : left valve, x 30.

22, 22a, 22b. Macrocypris simplex Chapman: 22, right valve; 22a, edge view;

22b, end view, x 30.

23, 23a. Cytheropteron elongato-concentricum sp. noy.: 23, right valve; 23a, edge

view, x 60.

XIL.—WMollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. — By F. R. C. Reep,

M.A., F.G.S.

CEPHALOPODA.

THE representatives of this class are all in a poor and imperfect state

of preservation. None seem to have been previously recorded

from the Bokkeveld Beds.

ORTHOCERAS GAMKAENSIS sp. nov.

(PE XXX; nese i la,)

Shell slightly elliptical or subcireular in section, very slowly

tapering (1 in 13-14); siphuncle central; septa horizontal, deeply

concave, about five in a distance equal to the diameter of the shell.

Surface of shell not preserved.

One fragment measures 65 mm. in length, and at the upper end

is 28 mm. in diameter, and at the lower 23 mm.

This species is perhaps comparable to Ulrich’s Orthoceras sp. a *

from the Devonian of Bolivia.

Locality.—(Nos. 177, 178) Gamka Poort.

ORTHOCERAS BOKKEVELDENSIS sp. nov.

(Pl. XXX,, fig. 2.)

There is another and smaller species of Orthoceras represented in

the collection with the following characters: Shell circular in

section ; siphuncle small, slightly excentric ; septa simple, horizontal,

about 24 in a space equal to the diameter. Rate of tapering 1 in

* Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Miner., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 39, t. ii., fig. 1.

240 Annals of the South African Museum.

7-8. One specimen measuring 24 mm. in length has a diameter

of 18 mm. at the upper end and 15 mm. at the lower.

Ulrich’s species, Orthoceras sp. /3,* from the Devonian of Bolivia,

has the septa more distant and the rate of tapering less. O. typwm,

Saemann,{ appears to be closely allied.

Locality. — (Nos. 172, 173, 174, ?175, 176, ?179, 180, ?170)

Gamka Poort.

GASTROPODA.

The following members of this class are represented in this

collection :—

Pleurotomaria aff. kaysert, Ulrich.

Bellerophon ef. morganianus, Hartt and Rathbun.

5 (Bucaniella) aft. trilobatus, Sow.

59 ( 5 ) ef. reisst, Clarke.

s (Plectonotus) aff. saltert, Clarke.

Loxonema sp.

Diaphorostoma ? sp.

Tentaculites crotalinus, Salter.

- bait sp. noy.

Conularia africana, Sharpe.

5 quichua, Steinmann-Déderlein.

. ef, undulata, Conrad.

“3 ef. acuta, Roemer ?

Salter and Sharpe} described the following species, but only

the two marked with an asterisk are included in the present

collection :—

Bellerophon quadrilobatus, Salter.

Inttorina ? [Holopea| baini, Sharpe.

* Tentaculites crotalinus, Salter.

Theca [Hyolithes| subequalis, Salter.

“Conularia africana, Sharpe.

3 Sp.

* Ulrich; op: cit., p- 39; t. 11., fig: 3.

+ Hall, ustr. Dev. Foss., Geol. Surv. New York, Palszont. (1876), pl. xxxviii.,.

figs. 4-10.

+ Salter and Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii., 1856, pp. 213-215,

and 222,

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 241

PLEUROTOMARIA aff. KAYSERI, Ulrich.

(Pl. XXX., fig. 3.)

One broken internal cast (No. 70 f.) of a large heliciform gastropod

is certainly referable to the genus Plewrotomaria. The shell consists

of a broad low heliciform spiral, of few volutions (two only are

shown in the specimen); the whorls are rounded, but slightly

flattened above, and show a narrow median flat revolving band; the

ornamentation appears to consist of somewhat irregular undulating

strie, transverse to the whorls. The aperture is not perfect, but

seems to be subquadrangular, pointed above, rounded below; and

the umbilicus is open, but small.

Dimensions.—Breadth of shell across basal whorl 32 mm.; height

of basal whorl 17 mm. ; apical angle about 100°-120°.

Affinities —This form seems closely allied to Ulrich’s species

P. kaysert* from the Devonian of Bolivia. The North American

species P. lucina, Hall,t from the Upper Helderberg and Hamilton

Groups is also allied.

Locality.—(No. 70 £.) Hottentot’s Kloof.

BELLEROPHON cf. MORGANIANUS, Hartt and Rathbun.

(Pl. XXX., figs. 4, 4a.)

There is one specimen of a Bellerophon (No. 110) in which the

shell is small, subglobose and broad; the outer whorl is broadly

rounded dorsally with a very faint median keel; the margins are

angular; the whorl increases very slowly in height and breadth, but

the peristome is abruptly expanded and flattened out on all sides,

rising up erect dorsally and descending steeply ventrally; and a

constriction marks it off from the angular lateral edge of the outer

whorl. The umbilicus is of moderate size and deep, with sharp

angular margins.

Dimensions.—Height 11°5 mm.; width of outer whorl behind

peristome 9:0 mm.; height of whorl behind peristome 4:5 mm. ;

diameter of umbilicus 3°5 mm.

Affinities.—The widely expanded mouth resembles B. macrostoma,

Remer,} but the shape of the shell is quite different. In general

* Ulrich, op. cit., p. 40, t. ii., figs. 6a, b, 7.

+ Hall, Paleont. New York, vol. v., pt. ii., 1879, p. 67, pl. xviii., figs. 1-11.

t Roemer, Rhein. Uebergangsgeb., p. 80, t. ii., fig. 6.

242 Annals of the South African Museum.

form the shell closely resembles B. morganianus, Hartt and Rathbun,*

and the peristome apparently corresponds to the description: the

species is found in the Devonian of Hreré.

Locality.—(No. 110) Gamka Poort.

BELLEROPHON QUADRILOBATUS, Salter.

1856. Bellerophon (Euphemus) quadrilobatus, Salter, Trans. Geol.

Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 214, woodcuts figs. 1, 2.

The species described by Salter as B. quadrilobatus from Warm

Bokkeveld is not represented in the present collection. The original

description of it is as follows: ‘Involute, with a very small

umbilicus, the edges of which are rounded. Whorls thick, broader

than deep, with a concentric sulcus on each side, and with a very

broad flattened and almost two-lobed dorsal margin. Keel probably

none. Aperture semi-lunar, indented on each side above by the

sulci, and more than twice as broad as deep. Diameter of the shell

3 of an inch.”

Salter remarked that this species was closely allied to such forms

as B. (Huph.) trilobatus, Sow., and B. bisulcatus, Rom., and we may

add that it is also allied to such species as B. (Plectonotus) derbyi,

Clarke,+ from the Devonian of Brazil. Ulrich} considered that

the species described by him as Bellerophon sp. a from the Devonian

of Bolivia was allied to B. quadrilobatus.

Locality Warm Bokkeveld.

BELLEROPHON (BUCANIELLA) aff. TRILOBATUS, Sowerby.

(Pl. XXX., fig. 5.)

There is one obliquely crushed and distorted specimen of a

Bellerophon (No. 213) which seems to have the characteristic

trilobation of B. trilobatus, Sowerby.§ The peripheral keel is strong,

prominent, and subangular; the lateral keels are much less strong,

but distinct; the mouth is very large, broadly expanded and deeply

emarginate on the dorsal side; the outer whorl rapidly expands and

* Hartt and Rathbun, Ann. N.Y. Lyceum Nat. Hist., vol. xi., 1875, p. 117.

Clarke, Paleeoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil (Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, ViOle Xs;

1899), English edit. 1900, p. 34, pl. iii., figs. 1-38. Katzer, Grundziige d. Geol. d.

unteren Amazonasgebietes (Leipzig, 1903), p. 205, t. xiii., fig. 3a, b, c.

+ Clarke, op. cit., p. 38, pl. iii., figs. 14-17.

* Ulrich, op. cit., p. 41.

§ Sowerby, in Murchison’s Silur. Syst., p. 604, pl. lie, hie LG.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 243

overlaps the inner whorls; the umbilicus appears to be small and

deep. The diameter (height) of the shell is about 20 mm., but

before distortion it must have been rather more.

Affinities —The variety of B. trilobatus described as twmidus by

Sandberger * from the Lower Devonian of Nassau seems to bear

a considerable resemblance. In Bucaniella reissi, Clarke,+ from

the Devonian of Brazil the trilobation is not so strongly marked, nor

the outer whorl so rapidly expanded.

Locality.—(No. 213) Gydo Pass.

BELLEROPHON (BUCANIELLA) cf. REISSI, Clarke.

(Pl. XXX., figs. 6, 6a.)

There is one specimen (No, 107) which closely resembles B. reissz,

Clarke,! from the Devonian of Brazil, and also shows some points

of similarity to the allied B. cowtinhoana, Hartt and Rathbun,§ from

the same horizon at Hreré. The shell is subglobose, involute,

faintly trilobate; the outer whorl increases rapidly in width and

height to the transversely expanded mouth; the dorsal lobe occupies

about the middle three-fifths of the width of the whorl and is

rounded and prominent, but not sharply defined from the narrower

lateral ones. The umbilicus is deep and small; the mouth is very

large and laterally extended.

Dimensions.—Height of shell about 18 mm.; width of mouth

about 25 mm.

Affinities.—The weak trilobation of the shell and prominent dorsal

lobe resemble B. revssi, but the broader more subglobose form and

narrower lateral lobes remind us of B. coutinhoana.

Locality.—(No. 107) Road-cutting, north of Whupperthal.

BELLEROPHON (PLECTONOTUS) aff. SALTERI, Clarke.

(Pl. XXX., figs. 7, Ta.)

There is one fairly well-preserved specimen (No. 108) of a species

of Bellerophon which may prove to be new, the description of which

* Sandberger, Verstein. rhein. Syst. Nassau, (1850-1856), p. 177, t. xxii.

figs. 1, la, 1b.

+ Clarke, op. cit., p. 37, pl. iii., figs. 7-9. Katzer, op. cit., p. 201, t. xii.,

fig. lla, b.

t Clarke, op. cit.

§ Hartt and Rathbun, op. cit., p. 117. Clarke, op. cit., p. 38, pl. iii., figs. 13-21.

244 Annals of the South African Museum.

is as follows: Shell of moderate size, closely involute, somewhat

laterally compressed, with outer whorl increasing rapidly in height

but less rapidly in breadth, with a very faint lateral revolving

furrow on each side at about half its height, giving a slightly

trilobed appearance ; dorsal side of broad median lobe flattened with

broad revolving peripheral band; mouth expanded vertically, but

not much laterally ; umbilicus deep and small, but not angular ;

traces of fine revolving lines near margins of umbilicus ornamenting

surface of shell.

Dimensions.—Height of shell 20 mm.; height of outer whorl near

mouth 12 mm.; transverse diameter at base of mouth 17 mm.

Affinities.—This form is allied to B. (Plectonotus) saltert, Clarke,*

from the Devonian of Brazil, but it is more laterally compressed

and the outer whorl apparently increases more rapidly in height.

Locality.—(No. 108) Road-cutting, north of Whupperthal.

LOXONEMA sp.

(Pl. XXX., fig. 8.)

On one slab of rock there are several hollow casts of a small

gasteropod (No. 164) which appears to be referable to Loxonema.

The shell is slender, tall, turreted, of about 11-12 whorls (only 7

are preserved in the best specimen), tapering very gradually to the

apex. Apical angle 20°-25°. Whorls very slightly swollen, very

slowly increasing in size; suture line shallow, oblique, inclined to

the axis at 60°-70°. Surface of whorls ornamented by fine transverse

lines ; a shallow depressed band runs below each suture line.

Dimensions.—Length of shell (estimated) about 18 mm. ; length of

7 whorls 12 mm. ; diameter near mouth 4°5 mm.

Affinities.—The species described briefly by Ulrich + as Loxonema

sp. a from the Devonian of Bolivia tapers too rapidly to be considered

identical. Hall’s species LZ. delphicola + from the Hamilton Group

appears to be more closely allied to our form.

Localittes.—(No. 164) Gydo Pass, Ceres. (No. 163) Gamka

Poort.

* Clarke! ope \cits, ).139. pl. Mi, figs. 12) 13.) KatzervopecitpoOl ah. 2cl.,

fig. 10a, b.

i; Uluich; op. cit., p. 39; t. li., fig. 5.

t Hall, Paleont. New York, vol. v., pt. ii., 1879, p. 47, pl. xili., figs. 19-25.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 245

HOLOPEA BAINI (Sharpe).

1856. Littorina? Bainii, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii,

p. 213, pl. xxvii., figs. 11, 12.

Sharpe’s description of this species is as follows: ‘ Shell helici-

form; whorls few, rounded, and transversely wrinkled; aperture

angular above, rounded beneath. Largest diameter 1 inch.” All

the specimens consisted of broken internal casts.

From an examination of the types it seems that this form

belongs to the genus Holopea, or perhaps to the less generally

recognised Diaphorostoma.

Locality.—Gydo Pass.

DIAPHOROSTOMA ? sp.

There are three much crushed and somewhat distorted specimens

of a small gasteropod (Nos. 161, 162, 163) which seem to belong to

the genus Straparollus or Diaphorostoma, the form described as

D. darwuu, Clarke,“ from the Devonian of Brazil, apparently

bearing much resemblance; but the state of preservation of our

specimens is very imperfect, and even the genus is doubtful.

Locality.—(Nos. 161, 162, 163) Gamka Poort.

PTEROPODA.

TENTACULITES CROTALINUS, Salter.

1856. Tentaculites crotalinus, Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2,

vol. vil., p. 222, -pl. xxv., figs. 15-18.

This species was defined by Salter as follows: ‘“‘ Rather a small

species ; three-quarters of an inch in length and about a line thick;

slowly tapering and with nearly direct prominent rings, very variable

in distance from one another, but always more than their diameter

apart in the older portions. In the younger parts the rings are

closer and less prominent, and the apex is frequently bare of them

for a variable space. At other times the young tube is closely

annulated nearly to the tip, but there is always some irregularity in

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 32, pl. iv., figs. 18, 19. Katzer, op. cit., p. 201, t. xii.,

hes 14.

246 Annals of the South African Museum.

the rings there, and there are some intermediate strive. The latter

are very rare indeed among the older rings.”’

Salter’s specimens were procured from Warm Bokkeveld and

Hottentot’s Kloof.

Affinities.—This species is allied to 7. bellulus, Hall,* which has

been recorded from the Devonian of Bolivia,+ and from . Matto

Grosso,} but the finer striae between the rings are generally absent or

faint in the Cape species, though this may be largely due to the

state of preservation. Kayser § has recorded a similar or identical

form from Argentina.

Localities.—(No. 132) Kloof north-west of homestead on Laken

Vley, Ceres; and Warm Bokkeveld (type).

TENTACULITES BAINI sp. nov.

(Pl. XXX., fig. 9.)

There is one slightly crushed specimen (No. 181) of a species of

Tentaculites which is certainly distinct from JT. crotalinus and

appears to be new. ‘The shell is straight, conical, pointed, tapering

rather rapidly to the apex at the rate of about 1 in 5. ‘It is

annulated with a very few widely-separated weak rings, which are

grooved and placed at regular intervals equal to about two-thirds the

local diameter of the shell. In the present specimen there are only

six rings visible along the whole length, but the apical portion is not

well preserved. The interspaces are broad, and apparently marked

by fine concentric and faint longitudinal striz.

Dimensions.—Length 35 mm.; diameter near mouth 8 mm.

Affinities.—The distinguishing feature is the wide distance apart

of the rings and their small number. In this respect it resembles

T. eldredgianus, Hartt and Rathbun,|| from the Devonian of the

Lower Amazon.

Locality.—(No. 181) Gydo Pass, Ceres.

* Hall, op. cit., p. 169, pl. xxxi., figs. 15-185; pl. xxxi.A, figs. 48-51.

+ Ulvich, op. cit., p. 82, t. v., figs. 13, 14.

* Von Ammon, Zeitschr. Gesell. f. Erdkiinde, Berlin, Bd. xxviii., 1893, p. 359,

fig. 3.

§ Kayser, Zeitschr. deut. Geol. Gesell., Bd. xlix., 1897, p. 289, t. xi.,

figs. 5, 6.

|| Hartt and Rathbun, op. cit., p. 126. Clarke, op. cit., p. 44, pl. iv., figs. 29-31

Katzer, op. cit., p. 205, t. xiii., fig. 25a, b, c, and p. 277.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 247

HYOLITHES SUBAZIQUALIS, Salter.

1856. Theca subequalis, Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. 215, woodcuts, figs. 3, 4, p. 214.

The description of this species given by Salter is as follows:

‘“‘Tength # inch, width 3 lines. Shell rather thick, quickly tapering,

smooth or crossed only by lines of growth; ventral side gently convex,

the dorsal more convex and subangular, but with the angles quite

rounded off.”

Affinities.—The species described by Ulrich * as H. schencki from

the Devonian of Bolivia is closely allied, as he has remarked.

H. ligea, Hall,| from the Schoharie Grit, also appears to bear a

considerable resemblance to the Bokkeveld form.

Locality.—Warm Bokkeveld.

CONULARIA AFRICANA, Sharpe.

1856. Conularia Africana, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. 214, pl. xxvii, fig. 13.

1893. Conularia africana, Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Miner., Beil.

Bd. Vill.,) p./ 29) ty ui tem As

The description of this species given by Sharpe is as follows:

“Shell pyramidal with equal sides, each of which has a depression

down its middle; transverse section nearly rectangular, with the

corners rounded off and deeply indented; sides ornamented with

numerous parallel projecting ribs, which in the internal cast are

formed of two sharp ridges enclosing a rounded furrow; the ribs

slope upwards towards the middle of the sides, and in the young

shell meet at an angle, cross the mesial depression, and slightly

overlap one another; but in the older shells they are continuous

across the side of the shell in a curve; the interstices between the

ribs appear to be smooth.”’

femarks.—To the above description it may be added that the

transverse section is a parallelogram with rectangular rounded

corners ; the longer sides in one specimen (No. 73) measuring about

26 mm., and the shorter about 20 mm. The centre of each face is

marked down the faint mesial depression by a narrow impressed line.

The ribs may be continuous across it, or may overlap or alternate in

* Ulrich, op. cit., p. 37, t. iii., fig. 9a—d.

+ Hall, op. cit., p. 195, pl. xxxii., figs. 11-16.

248 Annals of the South African Museum.

different parts of the same specimen; but at the angles of the shell

they always seem to alternate. There is no trace of ornamentation

in the spaces between the ribs. The rate of tapering is about 1 in 3.

This species has been recorded by Ulrich * from the Icla Slates of

Bolivia.

Localities—(Nos. 73, 74) Whupperthal, road-cutting north of Tra-

Tra River ; Cederberg (type).

CONULARIA QUICHODA, Steinmann and Déderlein.

(Pl. XXX., figs. 10, 10a.)

1890. Conularia Quichuwa, Steinmann-Doderlein, Elemente der

Palaont., p. 343, fig. 395, D, E.

There is one impression of a portion of the exterior of a large

Conularia (No. 72), measuring about 75 mm. in length and tapering

about 1 in 4 or 5, which seems referable to the species C. quichua,

described in detail by Ulrich.| This species probably occurs in the

Devonian of Argentina | as well as of Bolivia. Our specimen

shows two faces, just as does Ulrich’s figure 7a (op. cit.). The

surface of each face is traversed by gently arched, very fine closely-

placed ribs, 45-50 in the space of 10 mm. The ribs are furnished

with comparatively large round tubercles; the spaces between the

ribs are apparently longitudinally striated, as may be detected in

the better preserved parts of the impression. There is a weak

shallow medial impressed line down the centre of each face, as

Ulrich’s figure shows.

Locality.—(No. 72) Gydo Pass, Ceres.

CONULARIA ef. UNDULATA, Conrad.

GI OOS, Has, lyk)

There is one imperfectly preserved specimen (No. 80) of a Conu-

laria which is probably comparable to Conrad’s species C. wndulata §

from the Hamilton Group, and is like that which has been

described from the Devonian of Bolivia by Ulrich.|| The sculpture

consists of fine gently arched ribs ornamented by rather irregularly

* Ulvich, op. cit., p. 29, t. ili., fig. 4.

+ Ulvich, op. cit., p. 34, t. iii., fig. 7a, 0.

t Kayser, op. cit., p. 288, t. xi., figs. 1, 2.

§ Hall, op. cit., p. 208, pl. xxxiii., figs. 1-5; pl. xxxiv., figs. 1-4.

|| Ulrich, op. cit., p. 31, t. iil., figs. 6a, 6b.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 249

arranged round tubercles; the spaces between the ribs are broader

and show traces of longitudinal striation. There is a central weak

impressed line down each face. The rate of tapering of the shell is

about 1 in 3, and there are about 25-30 ribs in a space of 10 mm.

The length of this fragment of the shell is about 52 mm., and the

width about 26 mm. across the middle of the face which is pre-

served. The shape of the shell is like C. wndulata, but the orna-

mentation appears to be coarser and to resemble C. congregata, Hall.*

Localities. —(No. 80) Above Koudeveld Berg. ?(No. 138) Uitkomst,

Ceres.

CONULARIA cf. ACUTA, F. Roemer.

(Pls XO figs 15)

There are several fragments of a species of Conularia in which

the sides are covered by gently undulating small rounded ribs,

regularly arranged, numbering 27-30 in a distance of 10 mm., and

ornamented with transverse, closely set, narrow, laterally com-

pressed, pointed, longitudinally oval tubercles which apparently

alternate on successive ribs. The ribs are separated by narrower

grooves crossed by low faint ridges in apparent continuation of the

tubercles of the higher rib. No well-preserved face of the shell is

shown in any of the specimens, but the arching of the ribs appears

to be very slight; the centre of each face is marked by a narrow

impressed line, scarcely interrupting the continuity of the ribs. The

rate of tapering of the shell seems to be about 1 in 4. The angles of

the shell are rounded and infolded, but the shape of the transverse

section is doubtful.

Afjinities—The European Lower Devonian species described by

Sandberger + as C. swhparallela appears to be allied to this form, but

the resemblance is not close. The figure given by Steinmann and

Déderlein | of C. acuta, Ramer, from the Devonian of Bolivia,

indicates the same type of ornamentation as found in these South

African specimens, but Roemer’s § figure suggests rounder tubercles

on the ribs. Ulrich || compares a Bolivian form with Rcemer’s

species.

Locality.—(Nos. 75, 76, 77, 78, 79) Gamka Poort.

* Hall, op. cit., p. 214, pl. xxxiv., fig. 1; pl. xxxiv.A, figs. 9-11.

{+ Sandberger, Verstein. rhein. Schichtensyst. Nassau, (1850-1856), p. 248,

Dlexx., fics. 2, 2a; 205-3-

* Steinmann and Déderlein, Elem. d. Paliont., (1890), p. 343, fig. 395A and B.

§ F. Remer, Versteiner. d. Harzgeb., (1843), p. 36, t. x., figs. 12, 13.

|| Ulrich, op. cit., p. 30, t. iii., figs. 5a, 5b.

Annals of the South African Museum.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

The lamellibranchs described by Sharpe (op. c7t.) in 1856 from the

Bokkeveld Beds are in the Geological Society’s Museum, Burlington

House, and comprise the following species :—

Solenella [Pal@oneilo| antiqua, Sharpe.

[Paleoneilo] rudis, Sharpe.

Cletdophorus | Nuculites] africanus, Salter MSS.

3 [Nuculites| abbreviatus, Sharpe.

Leda inornata, Sharpe.

Leptodomus ? [ Nuculites ?] ovatus, Sharpe.

Sanguinolites 2? [Grammysia| corrugatus, Sharpe.

Modiolopsis [Modiomorpha\ baint, Sharpe.

Anodontopsis ? rudis, Sharpe.

A comparison of the specimens in the present collection with

these types has enabled me to identify with certainty the following :

Solenella rudis, Cleidophorus abbreviatus, Cl. africanus, Modiolopsis

baini ; but the others are not represented.

The complete list of the species contained in this collection is as

follows :—

Orthonota aft. undulata, Conrad.

Grammysta sp.

Sanguinolites sp.

Glossttes aff. depressus, Hall.

Cardiomorpha canpestris sp. nov.

Precardium ? sp.

Nuculites abbreviatus (Sharpe).

i africanus (Salter).

= brannert, Clarke.

i capensis Sp. Noy.

hs colonicus sp. Noy.

M martialis sp. nov.

5 sp.

Pal@oneilo rudis (Sharpe).

3 subantiqua sp. nov.

an aff. constricta (Conrad).

5 ef. fecunda, Hall.

5 sp.

Byssopterta ? sp.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 251

Actinopteria aff. boyd (Conrad).

-, sp.

Modiomorpha baini (Sharpe).

PF ef. pimentana, Hartt and Rathbun.

ai aff. sellow?, Clarke.

ORTHONOTA aff. UNDULATA, Conrad.

(Pl. XXXL, fig. 2.)

There is one specimen (No. 101) of a species of Orthonota showing

both valves in apposition, which is almost identical with O. undulata,

Conrad,* of the Hamilton Group of the United States. The shell

is extremely elongate, widening a little posteriorly, with nearly

parallel dorsal and ventral margins (the front portion of the basal

margin is broken in our specimen); the length is three times the

greatest height. The basal margin is nearly straight; the cardinal

line is quite straight; the anterior end is very short and rounded ;

the posterior end is obliquely truncated. The valves are moderately

convex; the beaks are subanterior, being about one-eighth the

length of the shell from the front end, and are small, low, directed

forwards and rising a little above the hinge-line. The umbonal

ridge is straight, prominent, and angular, extending to the posterior

basal margin. The post-cardinal slope is wide and marked by one

broad angular fold along its middle and a smaller fold along the

hinge-line with a wide angular groove between them. The surface

of the shell is marked by fine concentric strizw, and a few strong

concentric undulations are present near the anterior end and upon

the cardinal slope.

Dimensions.—Length 58 mm.; height 19 mm.

Affinities—As above remarked, this shell closely resembles

Orthonota undulata, Conr., in most characters ; the proportions are

identical; but the oblique truncation of the posterior end and

angularity of the umbonal and post-cardinal ridges are distinctive

features, and recall those of the much more elongate O. carinata,

Conr.,| also of the Hamilton Group.

Locality—(No. 101) Shales above 3rd Sandstone, Tunnel Siding,

Hex River Pass.

* Hall, Paleont. New York, vol. v., pt. i., Laméll. ii., 1885, p. 478, pl. Ixxviii.,

figs. 37-42.

+ Ibid., p. 479, pl. Ixxviii., figs. 34, 35,

252 Annals of the South African Museum.

GRAMMYSIA sp.

(Pl. XXXL, fig. 3.)

There is one left valve (No. 214) of a species of Grammysia

showing the following characters: Shell ovate, rhomboidal; length

more than one-third greater than the height; anterior end short,

rounded ; basal margin gently arcuate ; posterior end broad, obliquely

truncated, gently curved above, abruptly rounded inferiorly ; cardinal

margin short, nearly straight. Surface strongly convex, most so

about middle ; beak sub-anterior, large, prominent incurved, directed

forward, scarcely rising above hinge-line; umbonal ridge strong,

gently curved, subangular above, flattened in front and merging into

general convexity of shell; cardinal slope broad, rather flattened-

Surface of valve ornamented with 8-10 coarse oblique concentric

wrinkles with finer striz between.

Dimensions.—Length 35 mm.; height (at middle) 22 mm.

Affinities —The shape of this shell resembles that of G. alveata

(Conrad) * and G. lirata, Hall,t both from the Hamilton Group,

but in our specimen the ornamentation is continued over the whole

surface, and the beak does not rise quite so prominently. G. ovata,

Sandberger,! from the Coblenz Beds has somewhat similar propor-

tions. G. gardnert, Clarke,s from the Devonian of Brazil, appears

to be allied to our form, and there is much resemblance to G. che-

mungensis, Pitt. |

Locality.—(No. 214) Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

SANGUINOLITES sp.

(Pl. XXXL, fig. 4.)

The right valve of a lamellibranch (No. 98) which should probably

be referred to the genus Sanguinolites occurs on the same slab of

rock as a good example of Leptocelia flabellites. The anterior end is

not well seen, but the beak appears to be near this end, obtuse and

directed forwards. The shell is elliptical in shape, not quite twice

as long as high, with the basal margin gently curved, the posterior

* Hall, op. cit., p. 370, pl. lvii., figs. 1, 2; pl. lx., figs. 1-11.

+ ibid., pl. lix., figs. 6-12.

t Sandberger, Verstein. rhein. Schicht. in Nassau, p. 266, t. 28, figs. 2, 2a, 2b,

and Beushausen, Abh. Kin. preuss. Geol. Landesanst., N. F. 17, (1895), Die

Lamell. rhein. Dey., p. 240, t. xix., figs. 1-4.

§ Clarke, op. cit., p. 67, pl. vii., fig. 10.

|| Pitt, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc., vol. i., (1873), p. 199, pl. vi. (My attention

has been drawn to this species by Mr. Schwarz.)

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 253

end rather produced and obliquely truncated above but rounded

below; the cardinal line is straight. The surface of the valve is

moderately convex ; there is no distinct umbonal ridge, but a very

faint shallow depression runs down from the beak to the anterior

third of the basal margin, and there is a trace of a very weak

oblique impressed line behind it. The ornamentation consists of

concentric strize and weak wrinkles of unequal size.

Dimensions.—Length (about) 32 mm.; height (about) 17 mm.

Affinities —The state of preservation of this shell is too poor to

make a useful comparison with other species; but it certainly

belongs to a species distinct from any hitherto recorded from the

Bokkeveld Beds.

Locality.—(No. 98) Ceres.

GRAMMYSIA CORRUGATA (Sharpe).

1856. Sanguinolites ? corrugatus, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soce., ser. 2,

vol. vii., p. 212, pl. xxvii. fig. 8.

This species was described by Sharpe as follows: “ Shell trans-

versely rhomboidal with a depression down the middle of each valve,

bounded by a broad obtuse keel [umbonal ridge] which reaches

from the umbo to the posterior ventral margin; beaks prominent

and close to the rounded anterior end; valves covered with coarse

concentric wrinkles and finer lines of growth. Length [height]

4 inch; breadth [length] 1 inch; thickness 4 inch.”

The material on which this species was founded consists only of

two external casts of the valves of one individual. From an

examination of these types it may be added to the above description

that the valves are decidedly gibbous and tumid; the umbonal ridge

is broad, rounded, and slightly curved ; the depression which Sharpe

mentions is rather a flattening of the surface; and there is a sharply

impressed area below the beaks. Ulrich* mentioned a shell in the

Bolivian Devonian which he considered belonged probably to Modio-

lopsis and allied to this species ; but there does not seem to be any

reason for referring the South African form to this genus, and it

appears to be more allied to the small Brazilian species Grammysia

ulricht, Clarke.

Locality.—Leo Hoek. |

* Ulrich, op. cit., p. 49.

+ Clarke, op. cit., p. 67, pl. vii., fig. 12.

* Now known as Leeuwen Fontein, Warm Bokkeveld.

254 Annals of the South African Museum.

GLOSSITES aff. DEPRESSUS, Hall.

(Bl Ox tied.)

There is one large specimen of a left valve (No. 111) which is

referable to the genus Glossites. The description is as follows:

Shape elongated oval, rather more pointed anteriorly than posteriorly,

highest behind umbo; basal margin regularly curved; hinge-line

curved, slightly oblique. Umbo small, low, inconspicuous, not

swollen nor incurved, nor rising above hinge-line, placed at about

one-fourth the length of the shell from anterior end. Surface of

valve moderately convex, with very weak undefined umbonal ridge

running obliquely backwards towards posterior lower angle but

dying out before reaching it. Surface marked by rather strong

concentric wrinkles, fasciculate towards anterior end.

Dimensions.—Length 75 mm.; height (maximum) 33 mm.

Affinities. —The nearest ally of this form seems to be G. depressus,

Hall,* particularly as regards the hinge-line, umbonal ridge, and

position of umbo; but it has more the elongated oval shape of

G. lingualis, Hall.t| Both occur in the Chemung Group.

Locality.—(No. 111) Ist Sandstone, near Klein Straat Siding.

CARDIOMORPHA CAMPESTRIS sp. noy.

(Pl. XXXL, fig. 6.)

There is one right valve of a shell (No. 102) which must be

referred to the genus Cardiomorpha. In shape it is subquadrate,

rounded, and very convex, especially near the beak and anterior

end. The hinge-line is straight, shorter than the shell; the ante-

rior end is short, abrupt, and rounded, and descends steeply to the

basal margin; the basal margin is gently arcuate ; the posterior end

is broadly rounded, not truncate. The beak is subanterior, large,

prominent, obtuse, swollen, incurved, rising a little above the hinge-

line. There is a rounded undefined umbonal ridge, merging gra-

dually into the posterior part of the shell, somewhat flattened in

front. The surface is marked with fine regular concentric strize and

with 3-4 coarse, rather irregular corrugations.

Dimensions.—Length 19 mm.; height 14 mm.; depth (of the one

valve) 5 mm.

+ Hallope cit., pl. xl. fies. 15, 17s plo xevis, is. Ikan. 406.

+ Ibid., pl. xl., figs. 16, 19; pl. xevi., figs. 9-11, p. 497.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 255

Remarks.—There does not appear to be any -closely allied

Devonian form of Cardiomorpha. Our specimen has its surface

somewhat injured and indented, which might mislead one as to its

true characters without careful examination.

Locality.—(No. 102) Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

PRACARDIUM? sp.

(Pl. XXXL, fig. 7.)

There is one small right valve of a shell which may belong to

Precardium, Cardiola, or Opisthocelus, but its state of preservation

and the lack of further specimens do not permit me to make a

closer approximation. The shell is ovate, rhomboidal, longer than

high ; the anterior end is abruptly truncate, nearly at right angles to

the cardinal line; the basal margin is arched and passes into the

rounded posterior end; the cardinal line is straight. The beak is

small, pointed, anterior, directed forwards, with a small triangular

impressed ligamental? area below it; the surface is moderately

convex and is marked by low radiating broad ribs, of which the four

or five running obliquely back from the beak are the largest and most

distinct ; the five or six smaller ones on the posterior (cardinal) slope

ave inclined at an angle of about 20° to these, while beneath the beak

the ribs seem nearly obsolete.

Dinvensions.—Length 7 mm.; height 5 mm.

Locality.—(No. 96) Gamka Poort.

LEDA INORNATA, Sharpe.

1856. Leda inornata, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii.,

Pp. 212, pli sexy figs so.

The original description of this species given by Sharpe is as

follows: ‘Shell depressed, transversely lanceolato-ovate, very inequi-

lateral ; anterior end broad and rounded; posterior end produced :

ventral margin regularly rounded: valves covered with fine concentric

lines of growth. Length ? of an inch; breadth 14 inches.”

No other example of this species has come under my notice, and

the figure of the type specimen gives one an excellent idea of the

characters, so far as they can be made out. Leda diversa, Hall,”

* Hall, op. cit., p. 329, pl. xlvii., figs. 31-37.

256 Annals of the South African Museum.

which comes from the Hamilton Shales of New York, and is also.

found in the Devonian of Brazil,* is an allied form.

Locality.—Hottentot’s Kloof.

NUCULITES ABBREVIATUS (Sharpe).

1856. Cleidophorus abbreviatus, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2,

vol, vii., p. 212, pl. xxvii., fig. 3.

The description of this species given by Sharpe is as follows:

‘Shell transversely ovate with prominent beaks; anterior and

posterior ends regularly rounded: internal plate [clavicular ridge)

very large and nearly reaching to the margin: hinge-line arched :

teeth small. The external surface has not been seen. Length

3 of an inch; breadth 1 inch.”

The most marked characteristic of this species is its short, sub-

trigonal form with its long clavicular ridge, slightly curved forwards.

N. brannevi Clarke (q.v.), is more elliptical in shape and appears.

to be distinct.

There is one imperfect cast of this species in the present collection

on the same slab as Glossites aff. depressus.

Localities —(No. 111) 1st Sandstone, near Klein Straat Siding ;.

Gydo Pass (type).

NUCULITES AFRICANUS (Salter).

1856. Cleidophorus Africanus (Salter MSS.), Sharpe, Trans. Geol.

Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii., p. 211, pl. xxvii., figs. 2, 4 (?).

There is one poor example (No. 104) of this species in the collec-

tion. Sharpe defined it as follows: ‘ Shell transversely elongato-

oval, covered with unequal and irregular concentric lines and

wrinkles ; internal plate large ; hinge straight ; teeth small, vertical,.

and very numerous.

The length of our specimen is about 38-40 mm., and thus is nearly

the same as that described by Sharpe, who gave its dimensions as.

21 by 11 inches. Ulrich} mentions this species as comparable in

size to his Bolivian species N. benecket. It appears to me doubtful

if Sharpe was right in referring the second specimen which was

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 78, pl. viii., fig. 12; Katzer, op. cit., p. 205, t. xiii.,

fi alii.

+ Ulrich, op. cit., p. 48.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 257

figured by him in order to show the characters of the hinge (op. Ctt.,

pl. xxvii., fig. 4), to the same species as that illustrated by the first

figure (fig. 2). The latter is also from a different locality.

Nuculites smithi, Clarke,* is closely allied to the typical form of

N. africanus.

Localities —(No. 104) Ezel Fontein, Ceres; Gydo Pass (type,

op cit., fig. 2); Cederberg (type, op. ctt., fig. 4).

NUCULITES BRANNERI, Clarke.

(Pl. XXXI., figs. 8, 8a).

1899. Nuculites Branneri, Clarke, Palaoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil

(Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, vol. 10; 1899),

English edit. (1900), p. 73, pl. viil., figs. 6-8.

There are two nearly perfect casts (Nos. 92, 97) and one dis-

torted one (No. 94) of a species of Nuculites which may without

much hesitation be referred to Clarke’s species N. branneri

from the Devonian of Brazil. The description of this species is

given by its author as follows: ‘Shell of comparatively large size,

subelliptical in outline. Beaks situated at the anterior one-third

of the transverse diameter, full, rounded, incurved and projecting

above the hinge. Except for the interruption on the dorsal line,

made by the beaks, the marginal curve is regular, the anterior

extremital curve being narrower than the posterior. The surface is

quite convex, the greatest depth being attained behind the centre of

the valve in the umbonal region. From this point the slope

ventrally and posteriorly is quite gradual, more abrupt anteriorly and

in the dorso-lateral region. There is a faint umbonal ridge, not

discernible on all the examples, but when well defined, making a

slight angularity in the posterior marginal outline. A cardinal ridge

is also apparent close to the umbo.

“The clayicular ridge is long, extending fully two-thirds of the

height of the valves, and is curved forward toward its lower end.

‘‘ Surface marked by fine concentric striz.

«« Dimensions.—The best preserved example, a left valve, measures :

length 28 mm.; transverse diameter 35 mm.; anterior vertical 23 mm.;

posterior vertical 19 mm.”

The foregoing description applies to our specimens, but the

gu@larkes 0p. cit., p. Wl; pl. vill., ug. os Katzer, ops cit. p. 205, ta xiii

fig. 15.

258 Annals of the South African Musewm.

umbonal ridge is not marked. It may be added that the clavicular

ridges of the opposite valves almost meet and nearly divide the

interior of the shell into two; the hinge-line is straight, save where

it crosses the clavicular ridge just in front of the beaks, and has about

35-40 small transverse teeth behind them, and 7—10 (not well pre-

served in our specimens) arranged in a more or less fan-like manner

between and in front of them. The proportions of our best pre-

served cast agree with N. brannert, the length being about 34

mm., and the height 23 mm.

Sharpe’s species Cleidophorus abbreviatus * is considerably shorter

and higher, and of a subtriangular rather than ovate shape. Maurer’s

species Cucwllella elliptica,} from the European Coblenz Beds,

appears to be allied to N. brannert.

Locality.—(Nos. 92, 97, 94 ?, 12?) Gamka Poort.

NUCULITES CAPENSIS, sp. nov.

(BERG Or higsso.da.)

There is one well-preserved specimen (No. 93) of a shell belonging

to the genus Nuculites, and showing the internal cast of both valves

in apposition which cannot be referred to any species hitherto

described. The description of it is as follows: Shell very elongate-

ovate in shape, about two and a half times as long as high, widest

at about one-third its length from anterior end, narrowing slowly

posteriorly and more rapidly anteriorly; basal margin arcuate ;

posterior end narrow; cardinal line slightly oblique and nearly

straight behind umbones, but in front bent downwards at obtuse

angle; anterior end short, rounded. Valves gently convex, rather

compressed laterally towards posterior end but becoming more

convex towards umbones and anterior end. Umbones_ incon-

spicuous, situated at about one-fifth the length from anterior end of

shell, closely appressed, not rising above hinge-line. Hinge-line with

30-35 small transverse teeth behind umbones, and a few in front of

them. Clavicular ridge strong, obliquely directed backwards,

arising just in front of umbones, and running at angle of about 60°

to hinge-line for fully two-thirds the distance across the valves.

Pallial line strongly marked parallel to inferior margin and rather

close to it.

* Sharpe, op. cit., p. 212, pl. xxvil., fig. 3.

| Maurer, Fauna rechtsrhein. Unterdevon, (1886), p. 15; Beushausen, op. cit.,

p. 104, t. v., figs. 9-15.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 259

Dimensions.—Length 22 mm. ; height 9 mm,

A ffinities.—This species is allied to Nucwlites oblongatus, Conrad,”

but is relatively more elongate and has the clavicular ridge directed

obliquely backwards instead of being vertical. N. solenoides, Gold-

fuss, | has a somewhat similar shape, but narrows too rapidly towards

the posterior end; the clavicular fold is oblique as in our new

species.

Locality.—(No. 93) Gamka Poort.

NUCULITES ? OVATUS (Sharpe).

1856. Leptodomus ? ovatus, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2,

vol. vii., p. 212, pl. xxvin, fig. 7.

Sharpe described this species as follows: ‘Shell transversely

ovate ; anterior end thick and truncated, posterior end produced and

gradually thinning down to the rounded posterior margin: two very

slight furrows extend from the beak to the posterior end; beaks

large, rounded, and close to the anterior end: valves covered with

concentric lines of growth. Length 14 inches; breadth 1% inches ;

thickness 1 inch.”

Sharpe’s figure makes the shell look rather too triangular; the

posterior end is broader and less pointed, the cardinal margin being

less oblique than represented. The beaks are also more obtuse and

rounded. The shape of the shell is distorted owing to crushing and

imperfect preservation, but the disproportion in the height of the

anterior and posterior ends is certainly exaggerated in the figure.

The true generic position of this species is doubtful, and we have

unfortunately only the single type specimen on which to determine

it, which gives us no information about its internal structure ; but it

is not improbable that it belongs to the genus Nuculites.

Locality. —Leo Hoek (Leeuw Fontein, Warm Bokkeyveld).

NUCULITES COLONICUS sp. nov.

(Pll SK feed)

A left valve (No. 69) of a small species of Nuculites in the condi-

tion of a cast appears to belong to a different species to any of the

foregoing. The shell is elliptical, with the anterior and posterior

ends rather pointed, the basal margin arcuate, the cardinal margin

* Hall, op. cit., pl. xlvil., figs. 1-12, p. 324.

+ Goldfuss, Petref. Germanis, (1840), p. 144, pl. exxiv., fig. 9.

260 Annals of the South African Musewm.

more strongly curved. The surface is convex, rather tumid,

especially anteriorly and near the beak, which is broad, obtuse,

swollen, incurved, apparently rising a little above the hinge-line, and

situated between one-third and one-half the length of the shell from

the anterior end. The clavicular ridge is strong, curved, concave

forwards, and extending fully three-fourths across the valve, and arises

just in front of the beak; and there is the trace of a second ridge

half-way between the usual one and the posterior end. The surface

is ornamented with rather strong equidistant concentric wrinkles

and finer strie.

Dimensions.—Length 16 mm. ; height 10 mm.

Affiuties—The figures given by Beushausen * of a young indi-

vidual of Cucullella elliptica, Maur., resemble this specimen in

general shape, and have the peculiar second internal ridge behind

the usual clavicular one. But the beak in our specimen is not so

anteriorly placed, and is also more tumid.

Locality.—(No. 69) Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

NUCULITES MARTIALIS sp. nov.

(BIS XX x figs2:)

There is one cast (No. 103) of the left valve of a species of

Nuculites which certainly belongs to a new species, but it is too

imperfect for a full description. The shell is suborbicular, very

tumid, especially near the umbo, which is large, obtuse and

apparently situated about one-third the length from the anterior end.

The anterior and basal margins are strongly arcuate; the posterior

margin is broken, but seems to be obliquely truncate at the upper

angle. The hinge-line is not well preserved. There is a deep

strong clavicular ridge, nearly vertical, slightly curved forwards,

starting just in front of the umbo and reaching about three-fourths

across the shell.

Dimensions.—Length about 45 mm.; height about 35 mm.; depth

of valve near umbo 11 mm,

Affinities —The characteristic features of this shell are its suborbi-

cular shape, and its tumid strongly convex surface. There seems to

be no closely allied species with which it can be compared. WN.

triqueter, Hall,| from the Hamilton Group, is a form somewhat

resembling it, but it is too obliquely truncated behind.

Locality —(No. 103) Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

* Beushausen, op. cit., p. 104, t. v., figs. 13, 13a, 14.

+ Hall, op. cit., pl. xlvii., figs. 17-28; pl. xciii., figs. 8-10, p. 326.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 261

NUCULITES, sp.

(Pl. XXXIL, fig. 3.)

A much flattened and compressed imperfect right valve of a

species of Nuculites (No. 90) shows certain features which appear to

differentiate it from the others which have been described. In shape

it is subrhomboidal, ovate, but the margins are not well preserved.

The beak is situated at between one-third and one-half the length of

the shell, and there is a weak clavicular ridge from the beak curved

gently forwards and reaching more than half across the valve. A

regular concentric, rather coarse, lineation seems to ornament the

surface.

Dimensions.—Length 30 mm. ; height about 21 mm.

Affinities. —The great flatness of the valve may be principally due

to compression by crushing. The shape of the shell and course

of the clavicular ridge recall N. brannert, Clarke,* but the beak in

the latter is rather more anteriorly placed.

Locality.—(No. 90) Gydo Pass, near top, Ceres.

PALHONEILO ANTIQUA (Sharpe).

1856. Solenella antiqua, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vi.,

pa 210) pl. xxvily, tical:

The description of this species as given by Sharpe is as follows:

«« Shell transversely ovate; anterior end broad, short, and rounded ;

posterior end somewhat produced, broad with a small sinus near the

dorsal margin: valves covered with fine concentric wrinkles: hinge-

line slightly arched, with about ten small anterior and more than

twenty very small posterior teeth. Length 14 inches; breadth 2+

inches ; thickness 1 inch.”’

An examination of the type shows that the posterior end and sinus

near the dorsal margin are not quite so well preserved as indicated

in the figure, which is otherwise correct.

Locality.—Leo Hoek (Leeuwen Fontein, Warm Bokkeveld).

PALAMONEILO RUDIS (Sharpe).

1856. Solenella rudis, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soce., ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. 200, pls xxvii figs Oo:

The description of this species as given by Sharpe is as follows:

“Shell transversely rhomboido-ovate ; anterior end broad, short, and

* Clarke, op. cit., pl. viii., figs. 6-8, p. 73.

262 Annals of the South African Musewmn.

rounded ; posterior end broad, a little produced near the back, and

diagonally truncated with a small sinus near the ventral margin; a

slight depression extending from the umbo to the middle of the

ventral margin; valves with fine concentric lines and a few unequal

concentric wrinkles. Length 14 inches; breadth 2 inches.”

In addition we may remark that in the internal cast of one in-

dividual (No. 89) with both valves in apposition, there are about

16 small obliquely transverse teeth visible on the hinge-line behind

the beaks; between the beaks there are about 10 smaller transverse

teeth arranged in a fan-like manner, and in front of the beaks there

are 5-6 stouter transverse teeth sloping forwards. Owr specimens.

consist of internal casts of both valves and impressions of the exterior

of the shell. One (No. 89, internal cast), measures 44 mm. in

length and 31 mm. in height. Three occur in pinkish-brown

argillaceous nodules, and one in a tough, dark, fine grained, sandy

rock.

Affinities —P. orbignyi, Clarke,* from the Devonian of Brazil, is.

an allied species.

Localities.—(Nos. 84, 88, 89) Kzel Fontein, Ceres; (No. 100) Stink

Fontein, near Triangle (between Ist and 2nd Sandstones); Hot-

tentot’s Kloof (type).

PALZONEILO SUBANTIQUA, sp. nov.

(Pl. XXXIL, figs. 4, 4a.)

A nearly perfect cast of both valves in apposition (No. 85) and the

impressions of the exterior of both valves of the same shell (Nos. 86,

87), are contained in a pinkish-brown soft argillaceous nodule. The

features, though showing points of resemblance to P. antiqua

(Sharpe), and P. rudis (Sharpe), are yet sufficiently distinct to

warrant us putting it into a new species, as a close examination of

Sharpe’s type specimens confirms.

Description. — Shell elongate - elliptical, rather produced pos-

teriorly, not quite twice as long as high; basal margin very

slightly curved; anterior end broadly rounded; posterior end

rather narrower, more pointed, subtruncate below, slightly excavated

by weak sinus in inferior margin; cardinal line nearly straight.

Valves moderately convex, most so near beaks, flattened and

compressed posteriorly; beaks situated at about one-fourth the

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 74, pl. viii., figs. 14-17; Katzer, op. cit., p. 205, t. xiii.,

fir. 19.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 263:

length of the shell from anterior end, obtuse, low, rising only a little

above hinge-line. Faint undefined shallow sulcus runs obliquely

across shell from just behind umbo to the weak sinus in posterior

‘ inferior margin. Hinge-line about two-thirds the length of the

shell, with 8-9 small transverse teeth in front of beak, about 25

smaller ones behind beak, and several slender ones arranged in

a fan-like fashion between the beaks. Surface ornamented with

concentric striz, coarser near margin.

Dimensions.—Length 65 mm. ; height 38 mm.

Affinities.—In shape this shell is more elongated than P. antiqua,

(Sharpe) *; the beaks are more forward ; there is an inferior sinus

at the posterior end, but no dorsal one. P. rudis, (Sharpe),} is a

shorter, broader shell with the posterior end not produced, but it has

a similar sinus and a faint sulcus across the surface.

Locality.—(Nos. 85, 86, 87) Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

PALASONEILO aff. CONSTRICTA (Conrad).

(Pl. XXXIT_, figs. 6, oa.)

One specimen (No. 95) of a small shell belonging to Pal@oneilo

shows the two valves as casts in apposition, but only the left one is

at all well preserved. The shape is broadly ovate; the anterior end

short and abruptly rounded; the basal margin is strongly curved

(not well seen) ; the cardinal margin is gently arcuate and scarcely

oblique ; the posterior end is broken and its shape cannot be deter-

mined. The umbo is very forwardly situated, being only about one-

fourth or one-fifth of the length of the shell from the anterior end,

and is directed forwards, rising rather prominently above the hinge-

line. The valves are gently convex, most so towards the front end

and the umbo; a marked sulcus widening posteriorly runs obliquely

backwards behind an undefined rounded umbonal ridge from just

behind the umbo to the posterior basal margin. There are 6-8

transverse teeth in front of the umbo, several more slender ones.

arranged in a fan-like fashion below the umbo, and 12-15 rather

coarse transverse ones behind.

Dimensions.—Length 16 mm.; height 11 mm.

Affinities —The closest relations of this form are to be found in

Paleoneilo constricta (Conr.) | and the smaller examples of P. orbigny?,

* Sharpe, op. cit., p. 210, pl. xxvii, fig. 1.

+ Tbid., p. 211, pl. xxvii., fig. 6.

+ Hall, op. ctt., pl. xlviii., figs. 1-16, p. 333; pl. li., fig. 17.

264 Annals of the South African Musewn.

Clarke.* The general shape of the former, the oblique sulcus and

somewhat anterior beak are points of resemblance. But our speci-

men is not sufficiently well preserved to admit of a very close com-

parison. PP. constricta occurs in the Hamilton Beds of the United

States, and P. orbignyi in the Devonian of Brazil. In P. sulcata,

Hartt and Rathbun,} from the same horizon and region, there is a

similar strong oblique sulcus on the surface, but the shell tapers

rather more rapidly to the posterior end, and the beaks are less

anteriorly placed.

Locality.—(No. 95) Gamka Poort.

PALMONEILO cf. FECUNDA, Hall.

(Pl. XXXIL,, fig. 6.)

A left valve of a species of Palgoneilo in the condition of an

internal cast (No. 105) may be compared with Hall’s species P.

fecunda} from the Hamilton Group. The description of our

specimen is as follows: Shell ovate-elliptical; length nearly twice

the height; anterior end regularly rounded; basal margin gently

arcuate; posterior end doubly truncate; cardinal margin slightly

arcuate (?).Umbo moderate, rising a little above hinge-line,

obtuse, situated at about one-third from anterior end. Valve gently

convex, especially near umbo, somewhat compressed behind;

umbonal slope flattened, giving slight angularity to shell above

and below it, and extending to abruptly truncate posterior basal

margin. Several (3-4) strong marginal concentric wrinkles near

inferior border; weak concentric lineation on remainder of valve.

Dimensions.—Length 46 mm; height 26 mm.

Affinities —The peculiar angularity of the umbonal slope, the

truncation of the posterior basal margin, the position of the umbo

and general shape and ornamentation of the shell ally it to P. fecunda,

Hall. PP. rudis (Sharpe) is shorter and stouter in shape.

Locality.—(No, 105) Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

PALASONEILO sp.

(Pl. XXXII, fig. 7.)

There is the internal cast (No. 96) of one right valve of a shell

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 74, pl. viii., figs. 14-17 (especially fig. 14).

+ Hartt and Rathbun, op. cit., p. 124; Clarke, op. cit., p. 75, pl. viil., fig. 13.

+ Hall, op. cit., pl. xlix., figs. 18, 15-24, p. 336.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 265

with the shape of Nuculites triqueter, Conrad,* but without a

clavicular ridge. In shape it is subtriangular, broadly ovate, highest

anteriorly, nearly as high as long; the surface is moderately convex,

most so about the anterior middle of the valve, but the anterior

portion in front of and below the beak is suddenly flattened and

slightly excavated, producing a marked angulation on the surface

along a line descending steeply from the beak to the basal margin,

where it is slightly curved forwards. The basal margin is arcuate ;

the anterior end is well rounded and abrupt; the posterior end is

subtruneate at the inferior angle and rounded above; the cardinal

line is oblique and straight behind the beak, but in front is sharply

bent down nearly at a right angle. The beak is prominent, directed

anteriorly, broad, obtuse, rising above the hinge-line, and situated

far forward at rather less than one-fourth the length of the shell.

The angular ridge on the surface descending from the beak makes

an angle of about 75° with the oblique hinge-line behind the beak.

The hinge-line shows about 16 transverse teeth. If the internal

clavicular ridge had not been plainly absent, there would have been

every reason to compare this form with Nucwiites nyssa, Hall, var.

majora, Clarke,+ from the Devonian of the Amazon area, and with

N. triqueter, Conrad.

Dimensions.—Length 14 mm; height at beak 12 mm.

Locality.—(No. 96) Gamka Poort.

BYSSOPTERIA? sp.

(Pl. XXXIL,, fig. 8.)

There is one imperfect left valve (No. 82) of a large pectinoid or

aviculoid form which may be referable to the genus Byssopteria,

Hall, but its state of preservation does not allow one to decide this

point. The shell is triangular, higher than long, alate posteriorly,

with the anterior margin nearly vertically truncate the entire height

of the shell; the basal and posterior margins form a continuous

arc; the cardinal line is straight. The body of the shell is very

weakly convex, and is distinctly marked off by a groove from the

flattened triangular posterior wing. The surface of the body and,

perhaps, the posterior wing is covered by faint subequal rounded

low radiating ribs.

* Hall, op. cit., p. 326, pl. xlvii., figs. 17-28.

+ Clarke, op. cit., p. 72, pl. viii., fig. 9.

266 Annals of the South African Museum.

Dimensions.—Length (along cardinal line) about 35 mm. ; height

(along anterior margin) about 43 mm,

Affinities—The only species of the genus Byssopteria described

by Hall * is B. radiata, Hall, from the Chemung Group; and it has

a similar shape and ornamentation, but the posterior wing is not

distinctly marked off from the body.

Locality.—(No. 82) Fossiliferous Sandstone (near Uitkomst ?).

ACTINOPTERIA aff. BOYDI (Conrad).

(PIERO figs 98)

One left valve (No. 81) in a fairly good state of preservation but

with part of the posterior wing broken off is the sole representative

of this genus in this collection. The shell is very oblique, elongate

and subrhomboidal ; the body is strongly convex, but flattens out pos-

teriorly into the posterior wing, from which it is only sharply marked

off for a short distance behind the umbo. The umbo is acute,

pointed, rather prominent and nearly terminal. The umbonal angle

is about 30°. The hinge-line is straight, but its length cannot be

determined as it is imperfect behind. The anterior ear is narrow,

elongate, extending between one-third and one-half the length of the

shell, convex, and separated by a strong furrow from the body of

shell. The posterior wing is large, triangular ?, flattened, depressed,

and only defined anteriorly by a furrow from the body of the shell.

The surface of the shell is marked by numerous faint low radiating

ribs, apparently weakly subnodulose, and crossed by several strong

concentric growth-wrinkles. The ribs are obsolete or nearly so on

the posterior wing. The anterior ear is ornamented with concentric

strive.

Dimensions.—Length about 35 mm; height about 27 mm.

Affinities.—The nearest ally of this form seems to be 4. boydi,

Conrad,{ of the Hamilton Group, but the anterior ear in our specimen

is rather longer.

Ulrich } describes a species of Actinopteria from the Devonian of

Bolivia, which he compares with the same species.

* Hall, Paleont. New York, vol. v., pt. i., Lamell. i., 1884, p. 252, pl. xxxii.,

figs, 21ke22)- pl lexxe hie el.

+ Hall, ibid., p. 113, pl. xix., figs. 2-30.

t Ulrich, op. cit., p. 50, t. iii., figs. 1-3.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 267

Actinopteria eschwegei, Clarke,“ from the same formation in Brazil,

is an allied form.

Locality—(No. 81) Koudeveld Berg, highest part of main road

under Ist Sandstone.

ACTINOPTERIA sp.

There is an external cast of a portion of a large shell (No. 83)

referable to the genus Actinopteria but in a very imperfect state of

preservation. The body is oblique with an acute beak; the posterior

wing is large and flattened; the anterior ear is long and narrow; the

ornamentation consists of rather coarse radiating ribs crossed

towards the margins by concentric ridges of subequal strength.

There appears to be a general resemblance to Actinopteria subde-

cussata, Hall,} but our specimen is too fragmentary and imperfectly

preserved for any precise comparison or description.

The length of the valve is a little over 60 mm.

Locality.—(No. 83) Gydo Pass, Ceres.

MODIOMORPHA BAINI (Sharpe).

1856. Modiolopsis ? Bainit, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2,

vol. vi., p. 213, pl. xxvu.., fig. 9.

‘This species was described by Sharpe as follows: ‘“ Shell nearly

rhomboidal: beaks close to the anterior end: each valve divided into

two nearly equal portions by a rounded ridge which reaches from the

beak to the ventral-posterior margin: anterior end very short and

truncated ; posterior end broad and sloping away from the central

ridge. Length 1 inch; breadth 2 inches ; thickness ths of an inch.

. . . The cast shows some traces of concentric lines of growth over

the whole valve and of several lines radiating backwards from the

beak over the anterior portion.’’” In one of our specimens (No. 111)

the above-mentioned umbonal ridge is well seen and has a faint

shallow depression parallel to it in front.

Dimensions.—Length (No. 111) 35 mm., (No. 91) 45 mm.

Height 3 22 mm., ae 30 mm.

Affinities. —This species may be compared with Modiomorpha alta,

Conrad,! of the Hamilton Group.

Localities.—(No. 111) 1st Sandstone, near Klein Straat Siding.

(No. 91) Gydo Pass, near top, Ceres; Leo Hoek (Leeuwen Fontein)

(type).

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 45, pl. v., figs. 1, 2, 4-6, 8-10; Katzer, Op: Cita pan 20M

fe xive. fe. 1.

+ Hall, op. cit., p. 110, pl. xvii., figs. 23, 25-27, 29-31.

+ Hall, op. cit., p. 278, pl. xxxvii., figs. 1, 2, 7-12, 15, 16.

268 Annals of the South African Museum.

MODIOMORPHA cf. PIMENTANA, Hartt and Rathbun.

(PIX XI, feo:

There is one right valve of a shell which probably belongs to the

species of Modiomorpha named pimentana by Hartt and Rathbun,*

and found in the Devonian of Brazil. The valve is associated with

specimens of Spirifer sp. a (No. 146) from Gamka Poort, and is of

an elongate, oblong shape, about twice as long as high, slightly

increasing in width posteriorly ; the basal and cardinal margins are

nearly parallel; the hinge-line is straight and about three-fourths.

the length of the shell, the posterior end being produced behind it

and obliquely truncated above ; the anterior end is short, subtruncate

and rounded; the beak is subanterior, broad, obtuse, not prominent,

incurved and scarcely rising above the hinge-line. The surface of

the shell is rather strongly convex; a broad undefined umbonal

ridge runs obliquely across it to the posterior ventral margin; the

post-cardinal slope is somewhat flattened, and a faint depression is

traceable in front of the umbonal ridge running from the umbo to

the ventral margin. The ornamentation, so far as it is preserved,

consists of concentric striz with a few stronger wrinkles interspersed.

Dimensions.—Length 31 mm ; height 15 mm.

Affinities.—The species M. pimentana is somewhat variable in

shape, and our specimen most resembles those figured by Clarke

(op. cit.) on plate vi., figs. 8 and 9.

Locality.—(No. 146) Gamka Poort.

MODIOMORPHA aff. SELLOWI, Clarke.

(Pi xc. fis: Id)

There is one small specimen (No. 122) of a right valve of what is

probably a young example of Clarke’s species Modiomorpha sellow? t

from the Devonian of the Rio Maecuru. It differs from the large

specimens figured by that author in its rather narrower, more elon-

gated and more oblique shape. The posterior limb shows one of the

divergent longitudinal ridges mentioned by Clarke, and the muscular

scars ave well marked. Its surface is depressed, the greatest con-

vexity being in the anterior and umbonal regions; the posterior and

lateral portions are almost concave. The posterior margin and

hinge-line meet at an obtuse angle; the hinge-line is straight

* Hartt and Rathbun, op. cit., p. 123; Clarke, op. cit., p. 52, pl. vi., figs. 4-9.

+ Clarke, op. cit., p. 51, pl. vi., figs. 14-16.

Mollusca from the Bokkeveld Beds. 269:

and nearly as wide as the shell; the beak is situated at about the

anterior fourth of the transverse diameter, and the anterior end in

front of it is rounded.

Dimensions.—Length 10 mm; height 7 mm.

Locality—(No. 122) Top of Hottentot’s Kloof.

ANODONTOPSIS? RUDIS, Sharpe.

1856. Anodontopsis ? rudis, Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2,

Vol. ‘vil.; p: 213, plo xxvii, fig. 10:

The description of this species, based on one imperfect specimen,

was given by Sharpe as follows: ‘Shell nearly square: beaks

central: anterior side slightly truncated near the beak: posterior

side nearly straight: a slight depression down the middle of each

valve, reaching to the ventral margin: valves wrinkled with irregular

concentric lines of growth. Length 1? inches; breadth 12 inches ;

thickness Zths of an inch.”

The shell is rather more quadrate in shape than Sharpe’s figure

represents ; the ventral margin is nearly straight, and the median

depression is very faint, broad and shallow. The beaks are sub-

central, being rather nearer the anterior than the posterior margin.

The true generic position of this species, based on a single specimen,

must be left doubtful, but it may, perhaps, belong to the genus

Techomya, for it bears some resemblance in shape to the species

T. rathbuni, Clarke,” from the Devonian of the Rio Maecuru, Brazil.

Locality.—Leo Hoek (Leeuwen Fontein, Warm Bokkeyeld).

CONCLUSION.

The evidence of the Mollusca points the same way as that of

the Brachiopoda, and emphasises still more strongly the affinities of

the fauna with that of the American Continent. Katzer} has

remarked on the faunistic relations of the Devonian of the Lower

Amazon with the Hamilton Group of North America, and practically

the same degree of affinity is noticeable in the case of the Bokkeveld

Mollusca and Brachiopoda.

When the fauna is reviewed as a whole in conjunction with the

stratigraphical relations of the beds which yield the fossils, it may be

found possible to recognise two horizons in the Bokkeveld Beds, as

Katzer has done in South America.

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 57, pl. viii., figs. 23, 24.

+ Katzer, op. cit., pp. 188 and 242,

( 270 )

LIST OF LOCALITIES AND MOLLUSCA.

Gamka Poort.

Hottentot’s Kloot.

‘Top of Hottentot’s Kloof.

Warm Bokkeveld.*

Gydo Pass, Ceres.

Nos.

177. Orthoceras gamkaensis sp. noy.

178. Pe os

17/4, 5 bokkeveldensis sp. nov.

173. 30 99

174. hs 5

2a. 99 50

176. se 5

? 179. 56 5D

180. a9 5

2? 170. 5 a6

110. Bellerophon c/. morganianus.

163. Loxonema sp.

161. Diaphorostoma ? sp.

162. a

163. re

75. Conularia cf. acuta.

76. 3 »

Ute x a5

78. 50 50

79: a 5

96. Praecardium ? sp.

92. Nuculites branneri.

ite 3 nf

? 94, F .

? 12. 3 .

93. a capensis.

95. Paleoneilo aff. constricta.

96. :; sp.

146. Modiomorpha c/7. pimentana.

707. Pleurotomaria af. kayseri.

(Sharpe’s type) Leda inornata.

( ditto ) Paleeoneilo rudis.

122. Modiomorpha «ff. sellowi.

(Salter’s type) Bellerophon quadrilobatus.

( ditto ) Tentaculites crotalinus.

( ditto ) Hyolithes subequalis.

213. Bellerophon (Bueaniella) aj.

batus.

164. Loxonema sp.

(Sharpe’s type) Holopea baini.

trilo-

* The type-specimens of these three species, which are in the Geological Society's

Museum, Burlington House, London, have labels attached to them on which is inscribed

IT am informed, however, by Myr. Arthur Rogers of the

Geological Survey that there is no farm of this namein the Warm Bokkeveld, and that

““Kokman’s Kloof ’’ on Bain’s map is situated many miles east of that tract.

the name ‘‘ Kogman’s Kloof.’

List of Localities and Mollusca.

Nos

181

72.

Gydo Pass, Ceres.

(Sharpe’s type)

(7) sditte: 1)

(Near top of Pass) 90.

Road-cutting, north of Whupperthal. 107

108.

132.

Kloof, north-west of homestead on

Laken Vley, Ceres.

Whupperthal, road-cutting north of Tra 73

Tra River.

Cederberg. (Sharpe’s type

( ditto

Above Koudeveld Berg.

Koudeveld Berg, highest part of main

road under lst Sandstone.

Uitkomst, Ceres. 2138

Shales above 3rd Sandstone, Tunnel 101

Siding, Hex River Pass.

214

102

104

Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

69.

103.

88.

89.

85.

86.

87.

105.

98.

Ceres.

Leo Hoek (Leeuwen Fontein,

Warm Bokkeyeld).

Sharpe’s type

ditto

(

Ist Sandstone, near Klein Straat Siding. 111

Iti

111

Stink Fontein, near Triangle (between 100.

Ist and 2nd Sandstones).

Fossiliferous Sandstone (near Uit- 82

komst ?).

74.

(al

. Tentaculites baini.

Conularia quichua.

Nuculites abbreviatus.

africanus.

sp.

be)

+e)

3. Actinopteria sp.

Modiomorpha baini.

. Bellerophon (Bucaniella) cf. reissi.

3 (Plectonotus) aff. salteri.

Tentaculites crotalinus.

. Conularia africana.

” 9

) Conularia africana.

) Nuculites africanus.

. Conularia cf. undulata.

. Actinopteria af. boydi.

. Conularia cf. undulata.

. Orthonata af. undulata.

. Grammysia sp.

. Cardiomorpha campestris sp. nov.

. Nuculites africanus.

colonicus sp. noy.

a martialis sp. noy.

. Paleoneilo rudis.

be)

29 be)

subantiqua.

cf. fecunda.

Sanguinolites sp.

) Grammysia corrugata.

) Nuculites ? ovatus.

) Paleoneilo antiqua.

) Modiomorpha baini.:

) Anodontopsis ? rudis.

. Glossites aff. depressus.

. Nuculites abbreviatus.

. Modiomorpha baini.

Paleoneilo rudis.

Byssopteria ? sp.

( 272 )

EXPLANATION OF PLATES:

PLATE XXX.

. Orthoceras gamkaensis sp. noy. (No. 177). Nat. size. Gamka Poort.

t. Ditto. Transverse section.

. Orthoceras bokkeveldensis sp. noy. (No. 173). Nat. size. Gamka Poort.

. Pleurotomaria aft. kayseri Ulvich (No. 70f). Nat. size. Hottentot’s Kloof.

. Bellerophon ef. morganianus Hartt and Rathbun. Side view (No. 110), x 13.

Gamka Poort.

. Ditto. Back view (No. 110), x 14.

. Bellerophon (Bucaniella) aff. trilobatus Sowerby. Side view of distorted

specimen (No. 213). Nat. size. Gydo Pass.

}. Bellerophon (Bucaniella) cf. reissi Clarke. Side view (No.107), x 14. Road-

cutting, north of Whupperthal.

. Ditto. Back view (No. 107), x 14.

. Bellerophon (Plectonotus) aff. saltert Clarke. Side view (No. 108), x 2. Road-

cutting, north of Whupperthal.

. Ditto. Back view (No. 108), x 2.

. Loxonema sp. (No. 164), x 2. Gydo Pass, Ceres.

J. Tentaculites baini sp. nov. (No. 181), x 14. Gydo Pass, Ceres.

. Conularia quichua Steinmann-Déderlein (No. 72). Nat. size. Gydo Pass,

Ceres.

. Portion of surface of ditto (No. 72), showing ornamentation, x 10.

. Conularia ef, acuta Roemer. Portion of surface showing ornamentation

No. 75), x 10. Gamka Poort.

PIL VO2Oe

Ann. S. Afr.Mus.VoL. IV.

72at SLZE

SLZE.

Bi GH

LuLUS

iD Mo

Aon. S. Ate Mus Voll

Lay, ay set

5. nat size.

8. nat size. 84

7A StZE.

BOKKEVELD MOLLUSCA.

Pl OO

West, Newman lith.

PLATE XXXI.

Conularia cf. undulata Conrad. (No. 80). Nat. size. Above Koudeyeld Bere.

. Portion of surface of ditto showing ornamentation (No. 80), x 4.

. Orthonota aff. widulata Conrad. Left valve (No. 101), x 14. Shales above

3rd Sandstone, Tunnel Siding, Hex River Pass.

Grammysia sp. Lett valve (No. 214), x 13. Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

Sanguinolites sp. Right valve (No. 98), x 14. Ceres.

Glossites aff. depressus Hall. Left valve (No. 111). Nat. size. 1st Sand-

stone, near Klein Straat Siding.

Cardiomorpha campestris sp. noy. Right valve (No. 102), x 14. Ezel

Fontein, Ceres.

Precardium ? sp. Right valve (No. 96), x 24. Gamka Poort.

Nuculites branneri Clarke. Cast of interior, side view (No. 97). Nat. size.

Gamka Poort.

. Ditto. Dorsal view (No. 97). Nat. size.

Nuculites capensis sp. nov. Cast of interior, side view (No. 93), x 2. Gamka

Poort.

. Ditto. Dorsal view (No. 93), x 2.

FIG.

(274)

PLATE XXXII.

1. Nuculites colonicus sp. nov. Left valve, internal cast (No. 69), x 2. Ezel

10.

ile

Fontein, Ceres.

. Nuculites martialis sp. nov. Left valve, internal cast (No. 103). Nat. size.

FEzel Fontein, Ceres.

. Nuculites sp. Right valve, internal cast (No. 90), x 13. Gydo Pass, near

top, Ceres.

. Paleoneilo subantiqua sp. noy. Cast of interior (No. 85). Nat. size. Ezel

Fontein, Ceres.

. Ditto. External cast of same shell (No. 86). Nat.size. Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

. Pal@oneilo att. constricta (Conrad). Left valve, imperfect internal cast

(No. 95), x 2. Gamka Poort.

. Right valve of same specimen showing sulcus (No. 95), x 2.

. Paleoneilo ct. fecunda Hall. Left valve, imperfect (No. 105). Nat. size.

Ezel Fontein, Ceres.

. Paleoneilo sp, Right valve, internal cast (No. 96), x 23. Gamka Poort.

. Byssopteria ? sp. Left valve (No. 82). Nat. size. Fossiliferous Sandstone

(2? near Uitkomst).

9. Actinopteria aff. boydi (Conrad). Left valve (No. 81), x 135. Koudeyeld

Berg, highest part of main road under 1st Sandstone.

Modiomorpha ct. pimentana Hartt and Rathbun. Right valve (No. 146), x 14.

Gamka Poort.

Modiomorpha aft. sellowi Clary Right valve, internal cast (No. 122), x 2.

Top of Hottentot’s Kloof.

Ann .S. Afr. Mus. Vol IV. Pl Oe

72aeb SiZE.

4a. nat size.

West, Newman lith.

BOKKEVELD MOLLUSCA.

etoswesnamysestaeese

Doe | es : i

(275 )

12.—The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland.—By Henry Woops,

M.A., F.G.S., University Lecturer in Paleozoology, Cam-

bridge.

The Cretaceous fauna of Pondoland was first described by W. H.

Baily,* who regarded it as of the age of the Upper Greensand of

Blackdown, and pointed out its resemblance to the Cretaceous

fauna of Southern India, which had then been recently described by

Edward Forbes.

Sixteen years later Mr. C. L. Griesbach + gave, in his paper ‘‘ On

the Geology of Natal,’ some notes on the fossils of Pondoland, with

figures and brief descriptions of some additional species. He thought

that five faunas could be recognised in successive divisions of the

deposit, and the three uppermost of these he considered as probably

the equivalents of the Lower Greensand, the Upper Greensand, and

the White Chalk of England respectively.

The Cretaceous beds of Pondoland, of which the total thickness

exposed is only about 20 feet, have been studied recently by the

officers of the Geological Survey.| After carefully collecting from

different horizons, they are unable to agree with Griesbach’s view

that five faunas are represented, since they find that ‘“‘the greater

number of the species existed throughout the whole of the time

occupied by the deposition of the rocks.”

The account of the Pondoland fauna given below is based on the

collection made by the Geological Survey. I have also had the

great advantage of studying the collection formed by Mr. Griesbach,

now in the Hamburg Museum. For this privilege I am indebted to

the kindness of Professor Gottsche, who at one time hoped to give

a full account of the collection. The fossils described by Baily

* Description of some Cretaceous Fossils from South Africa; collected by

Captain Garden, of the 45th Regiment. Q.J.G.S., xi. (1855), pp. 454-465,

plates xi.—xiii.

+ Q.J.G.S., xxvii. (1871), pp. 60-70, plate iii.

+ A, W. Rogers and E. H. L. Schwarz, Annual Report of the Geological Com-

mission, Cape of Good Hope, 1901 (1902), pp. 38-44.

§ Zeitschr. d. deutschen geol. Gesellsch., xxxix. (1887), p. 622.

276 Annals of the South African Museum.

were collected by Captain R. J. Garden, and most of them are now

in the possession of the Geological Society of London.

The Pondoland fossils are found in shelly limestones and sandy

calcareous clays, and are in an excellent state of preservation—in

one case (Nerita) even the original colour markings are still visible.

The fauna is particularly rich in Mollusca, of which about eighty

species have been recognised. There are also five species of

Echinoids, six of Polyzoa,* seven of Ostracoda, and eighteen of

Foraminifera. The last two groups have already been described by

Mr. F. Chapman.}+ Vertebrata are represented by bones of Chelonia

and shark’s teeth (Corax). Corals, Brachiopods, the higher Crus-

tacea, and the Belemnitide appear to be absent, and the presence of

Sponges is shown by a few spicules only.

ECHINOIDEA.

Faminy CIDARIDA.

Genus CIDARIS, Lamarck.

CipARIS, sp. cf. HIRUDO, Sorignet.

The genus Cidaris is represented by two spines only. They are

ornamented with a few strong longitudinal ribs, and closely resemble

the spines of C. hirudo, Sorignet—a species which is found in the

Cenomanian, Turonian, and Senonian of Europe,} and, according to

Stoliezka,$ in the Utattir Group of Southern India.

Famity DIADEMATIDA.

Genus PSEUDODIADEMA, Desor.

PSEUDODIADEMA GRIESBACHI, sp. Nov.

Plate XXXIII., figs. 1, 2.

1871. Diadema, sp. Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 67, pl. u1., fig. 13.

Description.—Test of small or moderate size, sub-pentagonal,

depressed. Base very concave.

* These have been studied by Mr. W. D. Lang, of the British Museum (Nat.

Hist.), whose report is given below.

+ Annals S. African Mus., vol. iv., pt. 5 (1904), p. 221.

t Pal. France. Terr. Crét., vol. vii. (1862), p. 244, pl. 1054 bis, figs. 6-16.

§ Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iv. (1873), p. 48, pl. vii., figs. 3-16.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 277

Ambulacra with unigeminal pores in straight vertical rows, but

with a slight indication of alternation close to the apex. Pores larger

on the upper than on the under surface of the test. Plates com-

pound, consisting of three (or occasionally, at the ambitus, four)

fused plates. Each plate bears one large, primary, perforate and

crenulate tubercle, with small tubercles around the margin. On the

base of the test the primary tubercles become smaller, and an

additional row of rather large tubercles is seen next to each poriferous

zone ; also the smaller tubercles around the primaries are fewer,

especially in the middle of the area.

Interambulacra about twice the width of the ambulacra, with four

vertical rows of primary, perforate, and crenulate tubercles similar to

those of the ambulacra, and with smaller tubercles around the

primary tubercles, forming, in the middle of the area, a fairly

broad band. On the base of the test the primary tubercles become

smaller and another row of tubercles appears at each margin of the

area, and also one or two rows in the middle of the area. The latter

take the place of the median band of small tubercles on the upper

surface

Remarks.—This species is at present known by two imperfect

specimens only, one in the Survey Collection, the other in

the Hamburg Museum. The latter is the original of Griesbach’s

figure, which shows the base of the test, and is somewhat enlarged

(x about 14).

Famity CASSIDULIDA.

Genus CASSIDULUS, Lamarck.

CASSIDULUS UMBONATUS, Sp. NOV.

Plate XX XIII, figs. 3, 4.

Description.—Test small, sub-pentagonal, rounded, slightly longer

than broad, with the greatest breadth at the beginning of the posterior

third. Anterior third rounded; posterior part somewhat angular.

Upper surface convex, depressed or moderately elevated, sloping

rapidly to the margins; posterior end sub-truncate, and slightly

produced at the margin. Base concave, with a median longitudinal

ridge, which is more prominent behind than in front of the peristome,

and becomes angular near the posterior margin. Posterior part of

base undulating.

Apical disc a little in front of the middle, with four genital

perforations,

278 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Ambulacra petaloid, prominent, nearly closed. The petaloid part

of the anterior ambulacrum reaches to within a short distance of the

anterior margin; pores somewhat oblique, those of the inner row

rounded, and connected by a groove with the pores of the outer row

which are slightly elongate. Poriferous zones wide. Interporiferous

zone elevated, slightly broader than the poriferous zones, and bearing

small scrobiculate tubercles. .

Antero-lateral ambulacra with the petaloid parts broader and

shorter than in the anterior ambulacrum, and with the interporiferous

zone relatively wider. Anterior poriferous zone with more oblique

pores and a rather greater curvature than in the posterior zone.

Pores and tubercles similar to those of the anterior ambulacrum.

Postero-lateral ambulacra with the petaloid parts rather narrower

than in the antero-lateral ambulacra, and reaching to about two-

thirds of the distance from the apical disc to the margin.

Interambulacra slightly raised between the petaloid parts of the

ambulacra, with numerous small scrobiculate tubercles on the upper

surface of the test. On the base of the test the tubercles are larger

and more deeply sunk. The median raised band possesses rather

less coarse and more irregular ornamentation than the rest of

the base.

Peristome pentagonal, a little in front of the centre of the base,

with a distinct floscelle and prominent bourrelets. Periproct ovate,

in a short furrow, on the upper part of the sub-truncate end.

Length 161 . 16 . 141 | 135mm.

Breadth 16 : 15 : 14 : OES S= x5

Height pe see 65 750

Affinities. —Cassidulus umbonatus differs from the type species of

Cassidulus in having a concave instead of a flat base, and in the

ambulacra being more distinctly petaloid. In the form of the base

it resembles some species found in the Senonian of Algeria and

Tunis, which are ,referred by Cotteau, Peron, and Gauthier * to the

genus Hehinobrissus, e.g., H. sitifensis, Coquand; H. subsitifensis,

Peron and Gauthier ; HL. pyranudalis, Peron and Gauthier.

These species were placed by Pomel } in his genus Tvochalia, and

were also regarded as distinct from both Cassidulus and Echinobrissus

* Hehin. Foss. de l’Algerie, vol. ii., fascic. 8 (1883), pp. 161, 162, 164. Gauthier,

Hchin. Foss. de la Tunisie (1889), pp. 46, 47.

+ Genera des Echinides (1883), p. 60.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 279

by de Loriol,* who, however, found it necessary to substitute the

name Asterobrissus for Trochalia, since the latter had already been

employed for a gasteropod. The differences between Asterobrissus

and Cassidulus are very slight, and Duncan + regarded the former as

a synonym of the latter, with which opinion M. Jules Lambert is

inclined to agree.

Four or perhaps five species of Cassidulus occur in the Utatur

and Ariyalir Groups of Southern India,} but do not show any close

resemblance to C. wnbonatus. In the Cretaceous beds of the United

States,§ seven species of Cassidulus have been found, five of which

occur in the Ripley Group of Alabama and Mississippi, and one in

the Colorado Group.

Faminy HCHINOCORYTHIDA.

GENus CARDIASTER, Forbes.

CARDIASTER AFRICANUS, Sp. NOV.

Plate XXXII, figs. 5-7.

1871. Holaster indicus, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvil., p. 67 (non Forbes).

Description.—Test small, cordiform ; length and breadth equal or

nearly equal; greatest breadth just in front of the middle of the

length. Greatest height in front of the apical dise. Anterior half of

test broad and rounded ; posterior half narrowing rapidly, with the

posterior end truncated. Upper surface of test convex, sloping from

the apex posteriorly, and more rapidly to the sides. Lower surface

flattened, but concave around the peristome.

Apical dise nearly central, the individual plates indistinguishable.

Anterior ambulacrum in a deep, broad furrow, which is continued

to the peristome and causes a deep indentation in the anterior

margin of the test ; the furrow is bounded on each side by a rather

prominent and more or less angular keel. Pores rounded, close

together, placed obliquely. Interporiferous zones with granules.

Antero-lateral ambulacra with the poriferous zones reaching to

between three-quarters and five-sevenths of the distance from the

apex to the margin of the test. Anterior poriferous zone narrow ;

* Stratigr. et Paléont. d’Angola. Mém. Soc. Phys. et d’hist. nat. de Genéve,

vol. xxx. (1888), No. 2, p. 104.

+ Revision of the Echinoidea, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii. (Zool.), 1889, p. 177.

t Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iy., 3 (1873), pp. 29-33.

§ W. B. Clark, Mesoz. Hchinoderm,- U.S. (Bullet. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 97,

1893), pp. 66-73,

280 Annals of the South African Museum.

posterior zone broad, with the pores more elongated than in the

anterior zone. Interporiferous zone with granules. Postero-lateral

poriferous zones similar to the antero-lateral but shorter, extending

to about four-fifths of the distance from the apex to the margin.

Anterior interambulacra rising rapidly in front of the antero-lateral

ambulacra. Lateral interambulacra slightly convex. Posterior

interambulacrum forming a median rounded ridge. Interambulacra

with few small tubercles and many granules. The tubercles are

rather more prominent at the sides of the anterior furrow, and are

larger on the anterior part of the base, and closer together on the

plastron than elsewhere.

Peristome oval, at about a fifth of the total length from the anterior

margin. Periproct large, oval, near the summit of the truncated

posterior end. Marginal fasciole well developed, broadest below the

periproct.

Affinities.—In general form this species presents some resem-

blance to the smaller examples of C. ananchytis, Leske,* but the

anterior part of the test is more elevated, and the keels on the sides

of the anterior furrow are more prominent.

Examples of this species were referred to Holaster indicus,

Forbes,} by Griesbach, although the marginal fasciole is seen

quite clearly in the specimens which he collected.

Faminry SPATANGIDA.

Genus HEMIASTER, Desor.

HemtasteR Forsest, Baily.

Plate XXXIII., figs. 8, 9.

1855. Hemaster Forbesvi, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 463, pl. xii., fig. 1.

Description.—Test of small or moderate size, sub-cordate.

Length and breadth equal or nearly equal. Greatest breadth is

anterior to the middle of the length. Posterior end truncated.

Upper surface convex, deeply furrowed by the ambulacra; with a

rounded carina posteriorly. Lower surface flattened, but concave

near the peristome. Greatest height behind the apical disc.

Apical disc nearly central, depressed below the level of the

* See, for instance, Cotteau and Triger, Echin. de la Sarthe (1860), p. 237, pl. li.,

figs. 2-5.

+ Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 159, pl. xix., fig. 4.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 281

interambulacra, relatively large, with four perforated genitals.

Madreporic plate well developed, separating the posterior genitals.

Anterior ambulacrum in a broad, deep furrow, which is continued

to the peristome and causes a rather deep undulation at anterior

margin of the test. The petaloid part extends to between a half and

two-thirds of the distance from the apical disc to the anterior

margin; poriferous zones widely separated, with from 15 to 18

rounded pores in each row. The pores in each pair are of nearly

equal size, slightly oblique, and rather close together. Beyond

the petaloid part a few single pores may occur.

Antero-lateral ambulacra with the petaloid parts in broad, deep

furrows, extending to about four-fifths of the distance from the

apical disc to the margin. Pores elongate, about 27 in each row;

those of each pair widely separated, with granules between them.

Poriferous zones at first diverge rapidly, and at the extremities

converge slightly. Interzonary space rather narrower than the

poriferous zones.

Postero-lateral ambulacra similar to the antero-lateral, but with the

petaloid parts of about two-thirds of the length of those of the latter,

and with about 18 pairs of pores in each row. Between the rows of

pores in each zone are granules.

Interambulacra much elevated between the petaloid parts of the

ambulacra, especially the anterior interambulacra which are narrower

than the petaloid parts. The interambulacral areas are ornamented

with many small tubercles, which become larger on the base of the

test, especially on its anterior portion; on the plastron they are

closer together.

Peristome transverse, with projecting labrum, at about a third of

the total length from the anterior margin. Periproct oval, near the

summit of the truncated posterior end. Fasciole well developed,

broadest where it crosses the anterior ambulacrum, and bending in

rapidly immediately behind the antero-lateral ambulacra.

Length 29

6 : 94:5 : 22 mm.

Breadth 28 99,

‘

= ”

bo bo

or)

Affinities.—Stoliczka describes eleven species of Henviaster from

the Cretaceous deposits of Southern India, two of which, H. front-

acutus * and H, indicus,+ present some resemblance in form to

H, Forbest, but differ from it in other respects.

* Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iv. (1873), p. 18, pl. i., figs. 7, 8.

+ Ibid., p. 16, pl. ii., figs. 6, 7; pl. iii., fig. 1.

282 Annals of the South African Musewm.

H. cenomanensis, Cotteau,* which is stated by Duncan f+ to occur

commonly in the Cretaceous of the Lower Narbada region of India,

differs from H. Forbesi in being less contracted anteriorly, in

haying the anterior ambulacral furrow narrower and shallower, in

the poriferous zones of the lateral ambulacra showing more marked

convergence at their extremities, and in possessing fewer and more

widely separated tubercles.

Hemiaster is abundantly represented in the Upper Cretaceous

deposits of Algeria and Tunis, from whence 45 species have been

described. One of these, H. Rollandi, Thomas and Gauthier,}

resembles H. Forbest in general form, in its deep ambulacral

furrows, and in the inward bending of the fasciole behind the antero-

lateral ambulacra. But it differs in its more elongate outline, and

the more excentric position of the apical disc; also the antero-

lateral ambulacra are narrower and diverge at a smaller angle.

Ltemarks.—Baily’s description was based on a single internal cast

and some fragments of the test. The specimens collected by the

Survey and by Griesbach have their tests preserved in excellent

condition, and have rendered a more detailed description possible.

The type is in the Museum of the Geological Society of London.

POLY ZOA.

By W. D. Lana, M.A., F.G.S., British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

The specimens are for the most part very well preserved in a

matrix of hard, dark, greenish-yellow sand containing shell fragments.

Six species are represented.

GENuS BERENICEA, Lamouroux.

BERENICEA GRACILIS (M. Edwards).

1838. Diastopora gracilis, M. Edwards, Annal. Sci. nat., 2nd ser.,

vol. ix., Zool., pp. 237, 229-230, pl. xiv., fig. 3.

Specimen 5a consists of two discoid zoaria of this species encrusting

a large foliate zoarium of Hlea meridiana, sp. nov. The zoaria

* Cotteau and Triger, Echin. Départ. de la Sarthe (1859), p. 210, pl. xxxiv.,

figs. 7, 8.

+ Q.J.G.S., xliii. (1887), p. 152.

t Explor. Scient. Tunisie. Descript. Echin. Foss. (1889), p. 17, pl. i.

figs. 14-16.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 283

agree very closely with Milne-Edwards’ figure and with the dimen-

sions given in the British Museum Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa

(vol. i., 1899, p. 73). This species, with B. papyracea (d’Orbigny)

and B. contracta, Seeley, differs from other Cretaceous forms by the

length of the zoccia; from B. papyracea (d’Orbigny) by its shorter

and hardly sinuous zocecia; and from B. contracta, Seeley, by its

smaller and more regularly cylindrical zowcia. Berenicea gracilrs

has been identified in formations ranging from Neocomian to

Meestrichtian.

Grenus ELEA, d’Orbigny.

ELEA MERIDIANA, Sp. Nov.

Plate XX XIIL, figs. 10-12.

Specimens 3 to 9 are zoaria consisting of bilaminar foliate growths,

like those of the common genus Diastopora.

The zocecia, however, exhibit features which are characteristic of

the family Eleide. The genus of this family in which foliate forms

are placed is Hlea. Bearing in mind the artificiality of the “ genera”’

at present used, founded upon the form of the zoarium, it is advis-

able to consider this form in relation to all the other species of the

family, disregarding zoarial habit. Specimen 4 exhibits very well-

preserved zocecia, and the description, unless otherwise stated,

refers to this specimen.

The zocecia are of three kinds: (1) normal zoccia, (2) closed or

partially closed zocecia, (3) gonocysts or goncecia.

The normal zocecia (fig. 10) are tubular and generally long, four

to six times the diameter of the aperture. But the length varies

considerably and in places the apertures are crowded and the

zocecia short. The diameter of the zocecium increases rather

suddenly just beneath the aperture, as the transverse diameter of

the latter is nearly as great as that of the zocecium. The apertures

are sub-circular and generally the transverse diameter is greater

than the proximal-distal diameter. The transverse diameter is about

‘15 mm. The aperture is surrounded by a rim which is generally

slightly thicker distally—a feature very common among Eleids.

Owing to this very slight prolongation of the zocecium distal to the

aperture, the latter is not quite terminal.

The closed zocecia differ from the normal by being covered with a

calcareous film. This, however, in the species under consideration

is generally perforated by a tiny hole; a few zowcia, however, appear

completely sealed (fig. 12). The closed zocecia occur in ones and

284 Annals of the South African Museum.

twos sporadically among the normal zocecia, but in places form

groups of many individuals to the exclusion of the normal zocecia.

There are two or three varieties of closed zocecia, but one variety

passes to another through intermediate forms. The commonest

resemble normal zocecia with a dome-shaped cap generally per-

forated (figs. 10, 11). These may become very short and tumid, and

in this form often occur many together (fig. 11). Other closed

zocecia are very small, about half the diameter of the normal (fig 12).

In some of these small ones the dome-shaped covering is elongated,

so that the zocecium appears like a small normal individual with a

small aperture and a somewhat tapering snout (fig. 12). In another

form the caleareous covering is flat—flush with the rim (fig. 12).

And in one zocecium of specimen 6 the perforation in the centre

of the flat cap is surrounded by a tiny rim of its own, raising the

perforation above the general level of the cap (fig. 12).

Specimen 6 exhibits tumid areas of the zoarium apparently made

up of several zocecia and containing two or more apertures. These

are probably gonocysts. In one case a similar structure is apparently

made of a single bloated zocecium with a single aperture. This,

if reproductive in function, is a goncecium.

The zocecia are immersed, though their outlines are clearly marked

by a crack or a dark line on the zoarium. Just below the aperture

they bend upwards at almost a right angle, so that the plane of the

aperture is parallel or nearly parallel to that of the zoarium. The

surfaces of the zocecia are pitted with fine punctures.

It is after much hesitation that this species has been placed

among the Hleid, rather than in the genus Diastopora among the

Diastoporide. The Hleidze * are characterised by the presence of

avicularia; of closed zocecia; of a non-terminal aperture; of an

aperture not circular; and of tubular zowcia. The last-named

character divides them from the Cheilostomes ; the first-named from

the Cyclostomes. But many Eleidz have no avicularia; and as far

as Cretaceous forms are concerned no Diastopora has been described

with closed zocecia. A recent British species, Diastopora Sarniensis,

Norman, has been figured by Hincks + with some zocecia closed by

a flat cap perforated by a tubular pore very like that described in

specimen 6. And another generally-distributed recent British species,

Diastopora obelia (Johnston), figured by Hincks on the same plate,

has smaller zocecia, or “tubules,” scattered among the normal.

* See Gregory, Brit. Mus. Cat. Cret. Bry., 1899, pp. 287-290.

+ British Marine Polyzoa (1880), pl. 66, fig. 8, p. 463.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 285

(These two forms being unilaminar incrustations rather fall under

the genus Berenicea than Diastopora). In Elea meridiana the

apertures are almost but not quite terminal. But even this is not

a quite conclusive distinction between Eleids and Cyclostomes ; for

one genus of the latter, Haploecia * has apertures which are not

quite terminal. Finally, in most Eleide the apertures are triangular

or sub-triangular; but a few species, e.g., Multelea simplex,

d’Orbigny + and M. orphanus, Novak | have circular or elliptical

apertures.

It is significant that the Eleid characters of non-terminal flattened

apertures are more conspicuous in the distal part of the zoarium of

specimen 4 while in the proximal parts the zocecia much more resemble

those of Diastopora, being longer and less immersed, besides having

rounder and more terminal apertures. Specimen 6 approximates

more to Diastopora than does specimen 4.

Compared with other Eleids, Hlea meridiana falls among those

which have circular or sub-circular apertures as distinguished from

those in which the apertures are triangular or trifoliate. The small

size of the apertures distinguishes it from forms like Reptoceriictes

Rowei, Gregory, in which the apertures are about ‘3 mm. in diameter,

It differs from Multelea orphanus, Novak, by the large size of the

diameter of the aperture compared with that of the zowecium; in

M. orphanus the diameter of the aperture is not half that of the

zocecium. It is very like Multelea simplex, d’Orbigny, but the

apertures of M. simplex are all circular and none of them elliptical as

are so many in Hlea meridiana.

Genus MEMBRANIPORA, Blainville.

MEMBRANIPORA IRREGULARIS (d’Orbigny).

1853. Flustrellaria irreqularis, d’Orbigny, Pal. Frang. Terr. Crét.,

vol. v., p. 522, pl. 724, fig. 22.

Specimen 2 agrees very closely with d’Orbigny’s figure of

Flustrellaria wrregularis; and specimen 3a, encrusting LHlea

meridiana is probably the same species.

This species occurs in the Senonian of the Seine-Inférieure and

Manche.

* Gregory, Brit. Mus. Cat., Jurassic Bryozoa (1896), p. 157.

+ Pal. France. Terr. Crét. (1853), vol. v., Bry., p. 648, pl. 739, figs. 17-19.

+ Bry. Bohm. Kreid.: Denk. Ak. Wiss. Wien (1877), vol. xxxvii., pt. 2, p. 112,

pl. vi., figs. 15-21.

286 Annals of the South African Museum.

MEMBRANIPORA PERFORATA (Reuss).

1846. Escharina perforata, Reuss, Verstein. d. Bohm. Kreideformat.,

p-168) pl. xv., fig. 23:

Encrusting specimen 3 in several places is a little Membranipora

(specimens 30, 3c, and 3d) in which the zoccia form single lines.

Often one zocecium is attached to the next by a long stalk, though in

other places the stalks are short and the zoccia crowded like those

in Reuss’ figure. M. perforata is found in the Cenomanian Planer-

kalk of Bohemia.

Genus ESCHARA, Busk.

Escuara Royana, d’Orbigny.

1851. Hschara Royana, dOrbigny, Pal. Frang. Terr. Crét., vol. v.,

p. 108, pl. 602, figs. 12, 13, and pl. 673, figs. 2, 3.

A few zocecia (specimen 5b) encrusting Hlea meridiana differ from

d’Orbigny’s figure of Hschara Royana in having more space between

the zocwcial rims. In d’Orbigny’s figure two neighbouring zocecia

have a common rim, and no line marks a crack or furrow between

them. In specimen 5d the rims, if adjacent, always have a crack or

furrow and in some cases a small space dividing them. This species

occurs in the Senonian of Charenté-Inférieure.

EscHarA DELARUEANA, d’Orbigny.

1851. Eschara Delarueana, d’Orbigny, Pal. Frang. Terr. Crét.,

vol. v., p. 105, pl. 602, figs. 6-8, and pl. 673, fig. 8.

Specimen 7 is probably a more perfect example of this species than

was d’Orbigny’s specimen. The base of the aperture in d’Orbigny’s

figure shows a tendency to project in the middle. In many zoccia

of specimen 1 this projection is seen to take the form of a flattened

“dove-tail.” Besides the large vicarious avicularia shown in

d’Orbigny’s figure there is in specimen 1, sessile on the corner at

the proximal end of one zoccium a very small sharply-curved horn-

shaped avicularium. This specimen also shows ovicells and closed

zocecia with minute perforations. H. Delarweana is found in the

Senonian of Charenté-Inférieure.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 287

LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

Famity NUCULANIDA.

Genus NUCULANA, Link.

NUCULANA, Sp.

Plate XXXIIL., fig. 13.

THREE small specimens of Nuculana belonging to the same type as

N. lineata (Sowerby), and N. Férsterz (Miller) were obtained by

Professor Gottsche from the matrix collected by Griesbach. The

shell is oval, slightly inequilateral, with the posterior end pointed,

and the anterior margin rounded. The entire surface, except near

the postero-dorsal margin, is covered with strong, regular, concentric

ribs. The length is 5 mm.

Faminy ARCIDAL.

Genus ARCA, Linneus.

ARCA, Sp.

A single specimen of a right valve belonging to the Hamburg

Museum, is referable to Arca (restricted), but is too imperfect for

specific description.

Genus BARBATIA, Gray.

BARBATIA MERIDIANA, Sp. Nov.

Plate XX XIII, fig. 14.

Description.—Shell sub-quadrate, rounded, higher posteriorly than

anteriorly, moderately inequilateral, of small convexity. Anterior

margin rounded, forming an obtuse angle with the hinge-line.

Ventral margin slightly convex, sloping posteriorly. Posterior

margin oblique, sinuous, forming an obtuse angle with the hinge-

line. Postero-ventral extremity rounded. Umbones rather small,

incurved, situated a little in front of the middle of the hinge-area.

No carina. The region behind a line drawn from the umbo to the

postero-ventral extremity is compressed and divided into two parts

by a median radial furrow. Hinge-area narrow, rather longer than

half the greatest length of the valve.

288 Annals of the South African Museum.

Ornamentation consists of numerous narrow, slightly raised ribs

separated by linear grooves. On the postero-dorsal region the ribs

become larger and more prominent. Concentric growth-lines, or

lamelle, occur and become more distinct on the postero-dorsal

region.

Length 21 mm.; height, 14 mm.

A ffimities.—This species, of which I have seen a single left valve

only, appears to be distinct from other Cretaceous forms of Barbatia.

It presents a slight resemblance to the Aachen species figured by

Holzapfel * as Arca ef. Gallienet, d’Orbigny, but is less convex, and

has the posterior margin more oblique, and the ornamentation on

the posterior area more strongly developed.

BaRBATIA, sp.

A single imperfect left valve resembles the last species, but is

much larger and has a much more distinct ridge passing from the

umbo to the postero-ventral extremity.

Length about 100 mm.; height 50 mm.

GrENuS TRIGONOARCA, Conrad.

TRIGONOARCA CAPENSIS (Griesbach).

Plate XXXIV., figs. 1, 2.

1871. Arca capensis, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S, xxvii., p. 66, pl. iii.,

fig. 10.

Description.—Shell stout, quadrate or sub-trapezoidal, moderately

convex ; length a little greater than height, but sometimes nearly

equal. Anterior margin slightly or moderately convex, forming an

angle with the dorsal margin and curving regularly at the antero-

ventral margin. Ventral margin slightly curved or almost straight,

placed a little obliquely. Posterior margin slightly convex, oblique,

forming an acute angle with the ventral margin and an obtuse angle

with the hinge-margin. Umbones of moderate size, incurved, nearly

median, but behind the middle of the hinge-area. Carina rounded ;

the part of the valve behind it flattened but slightly convex and

sloping very rapidly to the posterior margin. MHinge-area long,

depressed, with its antero-dorsal margin raised, and with four liga-

ment grooves.

Ornamentation inconspicuous, consisting of numerous slightly

raised radial ribs which are somewhat wavy and separated by narrow,

* Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide (1889), p. 204, pl. xxii., fig. 7.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 289

shallow grooves. Numerous growth-lines cross the ribs and grooves.

On the posterior area the ornamentation is less distinct, and on its

dorsal part the ribs are narrower and the interspaces wider. Internal

margins of valves smooth.

Length 60:5): 57 : dt : 43 mm.

Height 58 51 : 41 : 88) pp

Affinities —This species, as mentioned by Griesbach, is allied to

Trigonoarca trichinopolitensis (Forbes).* It differs, however, in

having the umbones distinctly behind the middle of the hinge-area,

in the posterior part of the shell being relatively shorter, and in the

less rounded character of the anterior margin (especially its dorsal

part.) The ornamentation appears to be less developed than in

T. trichinopolitensis, but that may possibly be due to difference of

preservation.

Trigonoarca umzambaniensis (Baily)t may be identical with

T. capensis, but unfortunately the type is missing, and Baily’s figure

is not sufficient to permit a definite opinion.

Remarks.—Twelve specimens, including the type which is in the

Hamburg Museum, have been seen.

Grenus NEMODON, Conrad.}

NEMODON NATALENSIS (Baily).

Plate XXXIV., figs. 3-7.

1855. Arca natalensis, Baily, Q.J.G.5., xi., p. 461, pl. xii, fig. 2.

1904. Latiarca (?) natalensis, Etheridge, Second Rep. Geol. Surv.

Natal and Zululand, p. 77, pl. i., figs. 10-12.

Description.—Shell stout, sub-quadrate, inflated, inequilateral.

Anterior margin curving and passing gradually into the slightly

curved ventral margin, and forming with the hinge-line an angle

which is rather larger than a right angle. Posterior margin oblique,

nearly straight or slightly convex or sinuous, and forming with the

* Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 150, pl. xv., fig. 16. Stoliezka,

Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iii. (1871), p. 353, pl. xviil., figs. 12, 14, pl. xix.,

ives, Dp BL jlo s6-ep jlo Ye fly alloy

+ Q.J.G.S., xi. (1855), p. 460, pl. xiil., fig. 1. Etheridge, Second Rep. Geol.

Survey Natal and Zululand (1904), p. 76, pl. i, figs. 1-5.

{ Amer. Journ. Conch. vol. vy. (1869), p. 97; Kerr’s Rep. Geol. Survey, N. Caro-

lina, vol. i. (1875), Appendix A, p. 3. Meek, Invert. Cret. and Tert. U. Missouri

(1876), p. 81.

290 Annals of the South African Museum.

ventral margin an acute but well-rounded angle, and with the hinge-

line an obtuse angle. Umbones large, incurved, pointed, with a

well-rounded carina extending to the postero-ventral extremity and

cutting off a steeply-sloping and flattened area which has a radial

furrow near its posterior third and a radial rib near its anterior third.

Hinge-line less than the greatest length of the valve. Hinge-area

broad, usually with from four to six ligament grooves.

Ornamentation of the left valve consists of strong radial ribs

separated by flattened interspaces of greater breadth than the ribs.

Both ribs and interspaces are crossed by fine, fairly regular growth-

lines, and at distant intervals by a few growth-furrows. Near the

anterior end the ribs become rather smaller, and posteriorly they

may become rather closer together. In the interspaces there are

sometimes a few fine radial ribs. At a short distance in front of

the carina the ornamentation changes suddenly—the strong ribs

being replaced by much finer ribs separated by linear furrows. This

kind of ornamentation is continued on to the posterior area, but

becomes rather finer and may be indistinct on its posterior portion.

On the right valve the radial ribs are broader than those on the

left, and are separated by narrow furrows; the ribs may be absent

or indistinct near the anterior extremity, and continue with little or

no change to the carina. In well-preserved specimens the ribs bear

numerous transverse ridges. On the posterior area the ornamenta-

tion is much finer than on the rest of the valve.

The lateral teeth are long and parallel or nearly parallel with the

hinge-margin, and bear rather irregular transverse ridges. There

are a few small, transverse median teeth. Margins of valves coarsely

crenulate.

5 : 24 ; 14 mm.

26 , By a

Length of hinge 27

Height of valve 28

bo bo

Affinities.—This species resembles Arca japetica Forbes,* from

the Ariyaltr, the Valudayur, and Trigonoarca Beds, but in the latter

the ventral margin has a greater curvature, the posterior extremity

is more rounded, the ribs on the left valve are more widely separated,

and the shell is relatively longer.

The examples from Saghalien referred to Macrodon japeticum (?)

by Schmidt + and those of Cucull@a sachalinensis of the same

* Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 148, pl. xvi., fig. 2. Stoliczka,

Cret. Fauna §. India, vol. iii. (1871), p. 350, pl. xviii., figs. 6-11.

+ Petrefakt. Kreideformat. Insel. Sachalin. Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb.,

ser. 7, vol. xix., No. 3 (1873), p. 25, pl. v., fig. 5, pl. viil., fig. 8.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 291

author, may perhaps be related to N. natalensis, but the specimens

figured are not sufficiently perfect for comparison.

This species is referred by Etheridge to the genus Latiarca, but it

differs from that in the absence of a raised margin to the posterior

adductor impression, and in being more nearly equilateral ; also the

anterior teeth are relatively shorter and the posterior teeth longer.

It differs from Grammatodon in having the anterior teeth nearly

parallel to the hinge margin and the posterior teeth relatively

shorter; in these characters it agrees with Nemodon.

Remarks.—Twenty-one left valves, five right valves, and one

specimen with the valves united have been seen. The type is in

the British Museum.

Genus PECTUNCULUS, Lamarck.

PECTUNCULUS AFRICANUS, Griesbach.

Plate XXXIV., figs. 8-12.

1871. Pectunculus africanus, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S. xxvii., p. 66,

ple ui, 1g. 3.

Description.—Shell rather small, more or less sub-quadrate but

rounded; somewhat higher than long, the greatest length being

below the middle of the valve; only slightly inequilateral, moderately

convex, with the postero-dorsal part compressed. Anterior margin

rounded. Dorsal part of posterior margin more or less truncate and

sometimes forming an obtuse angle with the part below which curves

and passes gradually into the ventral margin. Umbones small,

inconspicuous, only slightly curved. Hinge-line long, eurving con-

siderably. In young specimens the outline of the shell is more

orbicular, the length and height are equal or nearly equal, and the

greatest length is at the middle of the valve.

Ornamentation consists of numerous narrow, only slightly raised

radial ribs, separated by linear grooves. On the posterior half of

the valve the ornamentation is rather more distinct than on the

anterior half owing to some of the ribs being rather more prominent.

Between the prominent ribs one or two smaller ribs occur. Internal

margins of valves coarsely crenulate.

Length 22. 20 . iS:oe ele 4) 12 rom;

Height 23 . 21. . 20 ef 14 18.5,

Affimties.—This species presents some resemblance to P. subaurr-

* Petrefakt. Kreideformat. Insel. Sachalin. Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersb.,

ser. 7, vol. xix., No. 3 (1873), p. 24, pl. v., fig. 6, pl. viii., figs. 6, 7.

292 Annals of the South African Museum.

culatus, Forbes,* from the Ariyaltr Group, but is relatively shorter,

less rounded in outline, with the hinge-line more strongly curved

and the lateral teeth more oblique. The ornamentation also appears

to be somewhat different.

Remarks.—Forty specimens of this species have been seen. The

type is in the Hamburg Museum.

Faminry TRIGONIIDA.

Genus TRIGONIA, Bruguiére.

TRIGONIA SHEPSTONEI, Griesbach.

Plate XXXV_., figs. 1, 2.

1871. Trigonia Shepstonet, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii, p. 66,

Pl is tig.

Description.—Shell subtrigonal, very inequilateral, produced

posteriorly ; length greater than height. Valves inflated anteriorly,

gradually compressed posteriorly. Anterior margin rounded, form-

ing a regular curve which passes gradually into the ventral margin.

The posterior part of the ventral margin slopes upwards to join

the short, oblique posterior margin. Postero-dorsal margin long,

concave. Umbones of moderate size, incurved, situated at a

distance from the anterior end equal to about a quarter of the

entire length of the shell. Area moderately large, flattened, some-

what truncated posteriorly, with a longitudinal furrow near the

middle. There is a narrow carina near the umbo, but it becomes

indistinct posteriorly. Escutcheon large, excavated.

Ornamentation consists of from 17 to 19 strong, slightly curved

cost, which are separated by rounded interspaces of much greater

breadth than themselves. The cost bear short, stout, erect spines.

Fine ridges cross both costz and interspaces. Near the umbo the

cost are concentric, but in the middle of the valve they run in

a dorso-ventral direction. They cut the anterior margin obliquely,

and are nearly perpendicular to the middle part of the ventral

margin ; towards the posterior extremity they slope posteriorly. On

the anterior part of the area there are transverse costelle ; in passing

posteriorly the costelle become more oblique and less distinct. The

* Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 150, pl. xvii., fig. 18. Stoliczka,

Cret. Fauna §. India, vol. iii. (1871), p. 349, pl. xvii., figs. 31, 32.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 293

posterior part of the area is nearly smooth except for growth-lines.

The whole of the escutcheon bears transverse costelle.

Length 53 : 43 ; 35 mm.

Height 43 : 32 : 29)

Affimties.—T. Shepstonet shows some resemblance to the Indian

forms of 7. scabra, Lamarck, figured by Stoliczka,* but is readily

distinguished by its area, by the finer costella on the escutcheon,

and by the fewer and more spiny tubercles on the coste.

The area and escutcheon in TZ’. Shepstonet resemble those of

T. crenulata, Lamarck,+ but in the former the costz are less

numerous and bear fewer tubercles, and the anterior costze cut

the front margin more obliquely.

Remarks.—Griesbach’s Fig. lla does not give a correct im-

pression of the characters of this species. The cost are much

more prominent, and the concentric arrangement of the tubercles

is much less distinct than they appear in that figure. The posterior

part of the valve is also incorrectly drawn; the area is really much

larger and the posterior costz smaller and more oblique.

The originals of Griesbach’s Figs. 11, 11), and 1lc are in the

Hamburg Museum. The original of Fig. 1la appears to be missing,

but a note with the Hamburg specimens states that ‘ probably the

figure is constructed from several specimens.” In the original of

Fig. 11 the valves are gaping, so that the shell is not quite so convex

as appears at first sight from the figure.

Fifteen specimens have been examined.

TRIGONIA ELEGANS, Baily.

Plate XXXV., figs. 3, 4.

1855. Trigonia elegans, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 461, pl. xiii., fig. 3.

Description.—Shell ovately trigonal, somewhat produced pos-

teriorly, moderately convex with flattened sides. Greatest con-

vexity is along a line drawn from the umbo yentrally. Anterior

marginal part of the valve curves rapidly and becomes vertical to

the plane between the valves, or is sometimes even bent inwards.

This curvature decreases in passing along the ventral margin in a

posterior direction. The whole of the margin of the valve anterior

to the umbo forms a regular and considerable curve and passes

gradually into the ventral margin, the curvature of which decreases

* Cret. Fauna S. India (1871), p. 314, pl. xv., figs. 24-26, pl. xvi., figs. 35-40.

+ For references see Woods, Mon. Cret. Lamell. England, vol. i. (1900), p. 82.

294 Annals of the South African Museum.

posteriorly. Posterior margin rather short, slightly oblique. Postero-

dorsal margin long, slightly concave. Umbones inconspicuous,

recurved, situated at a distance from the anterior end equal to a

third or more of the total length of the valve. Area rather broad,

flattened, with a gentle dorsal slope, and divided near its middle by

a shallow furrow. Near the umbo there is a narrow carina, but

posteriorly it is absent or indistinct. Escutcheon rather small,

sloping gradually in the neighbourhood of the umbo, but more

rapidly behind.

Sides of valves ornamented with from 17 to 20 narrow, tuberculate

coste separated by broad, shallow interspaces. Near the umbo the

costz form a large curve and are very oblique to the margin of the

area, but in passing posteriorly the curvature decreases and they

become less oblique to the area. Near the umbo the costx are

continued on to the area, but the larger part of the area is almost

smooth except for fine growth-ridges. On the escutcheon there are

narrow costelle with broad interspaces. In young specimens

numerous fine, concentric, linear ridges run obliquely across the

costz and interspaces.

Length 32 27 : 20 mm.

Height 28 23 tT 85,

Affinities.—T. elegans does not appear to be closely allied to any

other species. It shows a slight resemblance to JT’. Meyert, Lycett,*

but differs from it in several respects.

Remark.—tThe type is in the Museum of the Geological Society of

London.

Famitry MYTILIDA.

Genus MYTILUS, Linneus.

Plate XXXV., fig. 5.

A single imperfect specimen of a left valve of Mytilus or some

closely allied form is in the Griesbach collection belonging to the

Hamburg Museum.

Genus MODIOLA, Lamarck.

MoDI0oLA KAFFRARIA, Sp. nov.

Plate XXXYV., fig. 6.

Description.—Shell ovate-oblong, very convex, with rounded

extremities. Ventral margin nearly straight ; the opposite margin

* Brit. Foss. Trigonia (1875), p. 125, pl. xxiii., fig. 6, pl. xli., figs. 15, 16.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 295

moderately convex, so that the height of the valve is rather greater

at or near the posterior end of the hinge-line than elsewhere. Valves

divided into two parts by a rounded ridge extending from the umbo

to the postero-ventral extremity. The ventral part is flattened or

slightly concave and slopes rapidly to the ventral margin. The

dorsal part is rather larger than the ventral .part; it is convex and

slopes gradually to. the postero-dorsal margin. Umbones obtuse,

incurved. Surface of valves smooth except for growth-lines,

Length 25 mm.; height 10 mm.

Affimties.—This species does not seem to be closely related to any

known form. WM. araucana (d’Orbigny),* from the Quiriquina Beds,

although similar in some respects is easily distinguished by the

curvature of the ventral margin.

M. Dienert, B6hm,+ is more curved, especially on the dorsal side,

and the anterior extremity is more rounded.

Faminy PECTINIDA.

Genus PECTEN, Miller.

Sus-ceENus CHLAMYS, Bolten.

PrECTEN (CHLAMYS) AMAPONDENSIS, Griesbach.

Plate XXXV., figs. 7-9.

1871. Pecten amapondensis, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvil., p. 66,

Plo lle Seale

Description.—Shell small, ovate, pointed dorsally, slightly inequi-

lateral, a little higher than long, antero- and postero-dorsal margins

nearly straight, the remaining margin forming a regular curve.

Apical angle about 95°. Right valve moderately convex with from

11 to 15 radial ribs. On the dorsal part of the valve these ribs are

strong and separated by deep furrows; ventrally they become

broader and less prominent, and are separated by shallow inter-

spaces. Towards the anterior and posterior margins also the ribs

are less distinct than on the middle of the valve. In the furrows on

the dorsal part of the valve fine, rather irregular, radial strize occur.

Numerous fairly regular concentric lamelle are present ; but appear

to be absent near the umbo, and are closer together on the ventral

than on the more dorsal parts of the valve. Anterior ear rather

* Wilckens, Neues Jahrb. fiir Min., &c., Beil. Band xviii. (1904), p. 227,

pl. xix., fig. 4.

+ Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., vol. lii. (1900), p, 218, pl. vii., fig. 12.

296 Annals of the South African Museum.

large, with a small sinus; ornamented with a few radial ribs crossed

by concentric ridges. Posterior ear rather smaller, triangular, with

its outer angle obtuse, and with a few radial ribs crossed by growth-

ridges. On the left valve the ribs are much narrower than the

furrows.

Length 20 : 19 ; 14:5 : 13 mm.

Height 22 3 21 : 16 : 145

Affinities—P. (Chlamys) amapondensis does not appear to be

closely related to any known species. The ornamentation shows

some resemblance to that of P. carlottensis, Whiteaves,* from the

(Jueen Charlotte Islands, but the ribs are less numerous, and the

shell is more ovate in outline.

Fiemarks.—The type is in the Hamburg Museum. Twelve right

valves and two imperfect left valves have been seen.

PECTEN (CHLAMYS) CAPENSIS, sp. Nov.

Plate XXXV., fig. 10.

Description.—Left valve ovate, slightly inequilateral, rather higher

than long, moderately convex. Antero- and postero-dorsal margins

of moderate length ; the remaining margins forming a regular curve.

Apical angle about 95°.

Ornamentation consists of 24 moderately broad, flattened ribs,

which are straight or slightly undulating and ornamented with

transverse projections at intervals. On some parts of the valve the

ribs are of two sizes, alternately larger and smaller—the former

starting from the umbo, the latter at some distance from it. Near

the anterior and posterior margins the ribs become rather smaller.

The interspaces are broad and flattened, and appear to have been,

when perfectly preserved, marked with radial striw#, which curved

outwards on the anterior and posterior parts.

Ears rather large, attached to almost the whole of the antero- and

postero-dorsal margins. Posterior ear rather smaller than the

anterior, with its outer angle obtuse.

Length 20 mm. ; height 24 mm.

Affiuities.—In the general character of its ornamentation this

species presents some resemblance to some forms of P. Robinal-

dinus, d’Orbigny, but the height of the shell is relatively less.

P. (Chlamys) capensis also resembles P. granulatus, d’Orbigny,t

* Mesozoic Fossils (Geol. Survey of Canada), vol. i., part 3 (1884), p. 251,

iN, Soe-qubles tits Ve

+ Voyage au Pol Sud, &c. (1847), pl. v., figs. 29, 30,

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 297

but in the latter the height and length are equal, the apical

angle is larger, the ribs are larger and more distinctly of different

sizes.

Remark.—This species is at present known by a single left valve.

Section AAQUIPECTEN, Fischer.

PECTEN (AZQUIPECTEN) KossMATI, sp. nov.

Plate XXXV., fig. 11.

Description.—Left valve ovate, almost equilateral, slightly higher

than long, of very small convexity. Antero- and postero-dorsal

margins rather long, nearly equal, almost straight; the remaining

margins form a regular curve. Apical angle about 95°.

Ornamentation consists of 16 strong, narrow, straight radial ribs

which are sharply limited and have rounded summits with scaly or

lappet-like projections. Near the anterior and posterior margins the

ribs are rather closer together. The interspaces are flat, and much

broader than the ribs, and are ornamented with fine but somewhat

irregular striz; on the median part of the valve these strie are

parallel with the ribs, but on the anterior and posterior parts they

curve outwards and cut the ribs obliquely.

Anterior ear large, with its outer angle rectangular, ornamented

with two or three strong radial ribs and with growth-lines. Posterior

ear smaller than the anterior, with its outer angle obtuse, ornamented

with a few radial ribs having scaly projections.

Left valve not seen.

Length 18-5 mm. ; height 20 mm.

Affinities—This species resembles P. acuwte-plicatus, Alth,* from

the Senonian of Lemberg (Galicia), but differs in having broader and

flatter interspaces with radial striz, and in having a smaller apical

angle and larger ears.

Sus-GeENus CAMPTONECTES, Meek.

PrECTEN (CAMPTONECTES) sp.

Plate XXXV., figs. 12, 13.

Description.—Right valve ovate, slightly imequilateral, with the

dorsal third pointed, and the margin of the remaining part forming

* Geogn.-paleont. Beschreib. v. Lemberg (Haidinger’s Naturwiss. Abhandl.,

vol. iii., pt. 2, 1850), p. 248, pl. xii., fig. 34. Kner, Kreidverstein. v. Ost-

Galizien (Denkschr. d. k. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-nat. Cl., vol. iii., 1852),

p. 316, pl. xvii., fig. 1. E. Favre, Moll, Foss, Craie de Lemberg (1869), p. 148,

pl. xiii., figs. 3, 4.

298 Annals of the South African Musewm.

a regular curve. Antero-dorsal margin rather longer than the

postero-dorsal.

Ornamentation consists of numerous fine radial furrows. Near

the median part of the valve the furrows are nearly straight and

often discontinuous ; they are separated by broad, flat interspaces

on which fine concentric lines may occur. On the anterior and

posterior parts of the valve the furrows become more curved,

deeper, and more continuous, and the interspaces become narrower,

more raised, and rib-like. The furrows do not show puncte.

Anterior ear large, with its anterior margin nearly at right angles

to the hinge-line, ornamented with fine ridges parallel with the

anterior margin; byssal sinus of moderate size. Posterior ear smaller

than the anterior, with its outer angle obtuse, ornamented with fine

radial ribs and growth-ridges.

Left valve with ornamentation similar to, but rather coarser than,

that on the right valve. Anterior ear large with its outer angle

nearly rectangular. Posterior ear smaller than the anterior, with

its outer angle obtuse.

Length 17 mm.; height 19 mm.

Affinities.—This belongs to the same type as P. virgatus, Nilsson,*

but appears to differ from the Swedish form in its finer ornamenta-

tion. In that respect it differs also from the forms from the

Ariyaltr and Trichinopoli Groups figured by Stoliczkat as P.

curvatus, Geinitz. The Pondoland form appears to approach

most nearly the example from Texas figured by Romer}! as

P. virgatus.

Sus-cenus NEITHEA, Drouet.

PECTEN (NEITHEA) QUINQUECOSTATUS, Sowerby.§

Plate XXXV., fig. 14.

Several examples of this widely distributed species have been

found, and seem to agree in every respect with European specimens,

They are perfectly preserved and show clearly the fine, regular

concentric ridges.|| In some cases the small transverse denticles

are present in the hinge of the right valve.

* Petrific. Suecana (1827), p. 22, pl. ix., fig. 15. Hennig, Revision Lamell. i.

Nilsson’s Petrific. Suecana (1897), p. 41, pl. ii., figs. 28, 33; pl. iii., figs. 32, 33.

+ Cret. Fauna §. India (1871), p. 433, pl. xxxi., figs. 15, 16; pl. xli.,

figs. 4-6.

t Kreidebild. vy. Texas (1852), p. 66, pl. viii., fig. 5.

§ For synonymy see Woods, Mon. Cret. Lamell. England, vol. i. (1903), p. 202,

|| Woods, ibid., pl. xl., figs. 1, 2c, 4b.

artsy)

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 299

Famity OSTREID A.

Plate XXXV., fig. 15-17.

A few examples of small forms of Ostrea and Hxogyra* are

present in the Survey collection, but they are insufficient for specific

determination.

Faminy PERNIDA.

Genus INOCERAMUS, Sowerby.

INOCERAMUS EXPANSUS, Baily.

1855. Inoceramus expansus, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 462, pl. xiil.,

fig. 5.

1871. Inoceramus expansus, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna §S. India,

p. 401 (No. 180).

Non 1863. Inoceramus expansus, Schafhiutl, Sud-Bayerns Lethea

Geognostica, p. 153, pl. xxxiv., figs. 1, 2, 6.

Description.—Shell very large, very inequilateral, longer than

high; moderately convex near the umbones, flattened elsewhere,

with a steep slope near the anterior margin. Umbones moderately

prominent, curving anteriorly.

Surface with numerous narrow concentric ribs, separated by

shallow rounded interspaces. The ribs curve rather rapidly in

passing on to the postero-dorsal part of the shell, and cut the

posterior part of the dorsal margin obliquely.

fiemarks.—This species attains a very large size. An imperfect

specimen belonging to the Survey was at least 180 mm. in height.

Captain Garden estimated that some of the specimens which he saw

im situ must have been nearly 3 feet in height.

The type of J. expansus consists of the dorsal portion of a left

valve detached from the matrix. It is preserved in the Museum of

the Geological Society of London.

I. expansus appears to be allied to I. Cripsz, Mantell,t but more

numerous and more perfect specimens are needed before a satis-

factory comparison can be made. Forms either identical with or

allied to J. Cripst have been described from many Huropean

* For a discussion of the systematic value of the ‘‘ genera” Ostrea, Exogyra,

Gryphea, Alectryonia, &c., see Peron, Explor. Scient. Tunisie, Descript. Brach. etc.

Terr. Cret. de la Tunisie (1893), pp. 107-9.

+ Foss. S. Downs (1822), p. 133, pl. xxvii., fig. 11.

300 Annals of the South African Musewm.

localities,“ as well as from Northern Africa,+ Southern India,

Australia,§ America,|| &¢. Some of the examples from Gosau

figured by Zittel closely resemble J. expansus.

Famiry ASTARTIDA.

Genus ASTARTE, Sowerby.

ASTARTE GRIESBACHI, Sp. nov.

Plate XXXV., figs. 18, 19.

1871. Astarte, sp., Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 67, pl. iii., fig. 9.

Description.Shell small, moderately convex, subquadrate, slightly

longer than high, moderately inequilateral. Antero-dorsal margin

concave. Anterior and ventral margins rounded. Postero-dorsal

margin slightly convex, forming an obtuse angle with the slightly

curved posterior margin. Umbones pointed. Lunule smooth, rather

large, sharply limited. Escutcheon smooth, deep, long.

Ornamentation consists of from 7 to 10 prominent, stout, con-

centric ribs which curve rather sharply on the postero-dorsal part of

the valve. The ribs are separated by rounded furrows broader than

themselves. A few fine ribs are present on the main ribs and in the

furrows. Margin of valve crenulated.

Length 7:75 : 5 mm.

Height 7 : 4:58 G)

Affinities.—This species belongs to the same type as Astarte

similis, Goldfuss. It resembles Gouldia trigonoides, Stoliezka.**

but is less elongate and not so narrow posteriorly ; also the ribs

appear to be closer together.

A. suwbnunusmalis, Thomas and Peron,++ from the Santonian of

* Zittel, Bivalven d. Gosaugeb., pt. 2 (1866), p. 19, pl. xiv., figs. 1-5; pl. xv.,

figs. 1-5. Geinitz, Das. Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen, pt. 2 (1872), p. 49, pl. xiii.,

figs. 11-15. Schliter, Zur Gattung Inoceramus (Palewontographica, vol. xxiv.

1877), p. 277.

t Peron, Brach. etc. Terr. Crét. de la Tunisie (1893), p. 242.

t Stoliezka, Cret. Fauna S. India (1871), p. 405, pl. xxvii., figs. 1-3;

Dis XXvills,) tig. oe

§ Etheridge, Cret. Invert. Fauna N.S. Wales (1902), p. 70.

|| Romer, Kreidebild. v. Texas (1852), p. 56, pl. vii., fig. 2.

§| Holzapfel, Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide (Paleontographica, xxxv., 1889), p. 194,

pl. xix., figs. 11-15.

** Cret. Fauna 8. India (1871), p. 290, pl. x., figs. 4-8.

tt Explor. Scient. Tunisie, Descript. Brach. etc. des Terr. Crét. (1893), p. 268,

pl. xxviil., figs, 7, 8.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 301

Tunis, appears to be more nearly equilateral, and more rounded

posteriorly than A. Griesbachi.

ftemarks.—The specimen figured by Griesbach as Astarte, sp., is a

portion of a left valve, and is now in the Hamburg Museum. Hight

examples of this species have been examined.

1883.

Sus-cenus ERIPHYLA, Gabb.

ASTARTE (ERIPHYLA) LENTICULARIS (Goldfuss).

Plate XXXV., figs. 20.

. Lucina lenticularis, Goldfuss, Petref. Germ. vol. ii., p. 228,

ple exlya., fig. LG:

. Lucina Reichii, Geinitz, Char. d. Schicht. u. Petref. des

sichs. Kreidegeb., pt. 2, p. 49, pl. xvi., fig. 7.

. Lucina Reichii, Romer, Die Verstein. d. nord-deutsch. Kreide-

seb, ps (3, pl. ix., fig: Loy

. Lucina ? lens, Romer, Ibid., p. 73, pl. ix., fig. 14.

. Lucina lenticularis, Geinitz. Die Verstein. von Kieslingswalda,

pls. plo, fig. 4.

. Lucina lenticularis, Reuss, Die Verstein. der bohm. Kreide-

format., pt. 2, p. 4, pl. xxxiii, figs. 20-24; pl. xxxvii.,

noe lie plexi. ie. LO!

. Lucina lenticularis, d’Orbigny, Prodr. de Pal., ii., p. 241.

. Lucina lenticularis, Geinitz, Das Quadersandst. oder Kreide-

geb. in Deutschland, p. 158.

. Artemis lenticularis, Bosquet in Staring’s Natuur. Hist. van

Nederland. De Bodem van Nederland, i1., p. 380.

. Lucina lenticularis, Drescher, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol.

Gesellsch., vol. xv., p. 348.

. Hriphyla lenticularis, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna §. India, vol. iii.,

p. 181, pl. vi., figs. 7-13.

. Hriphyla lenticularis, Geinitz, Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen

(Paleontographica, vol. xx., pt. 2), p. 62, pl. xvii., figs. 1, 2;

pl. xviii., figs. 1, 2.

. Hriphyla lenticularis, Brauns, Zeitschr. f. d. gesammt. Natur-

wiss. vol. xlvi., p. 367.

. Eriphyla lenticularis, Fritsch, Stud. im Gebiete der bohm.

Kreideformat. ii., Weissenberg. u. Malnitz. Schicht. p. 116,

fig. 78.

Eriphyla lenticularis, Fritsch, Ibid, ii., Iserschicht.

p= 0k

302

1884,

1885.

1888.

1889.

SON

1893.

1894.

SOT:

1898.

1900.

1901.

1904.

Annals of the South African Musewn.

Eriphyla lenticularis, Holzapfel, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol.

Gesellsch., vol. xxxvi., p. 458, pl. vi., figs. 1, 2.

Dozyia lenticularis, J. Bohm, Verhandl. d. nat. Verein. d.

preussisch. Rheinl., vol. xlii., p. 126.

Astarte (Hriphyla) lenticularis, G. Miller, Jahrb. d. k. preus-

sisch. geol. Landesanst. fiir 1887, p. 424.

Eriphyla lenticularis, Fritsch, Stud. im Gebiete der béhm.

Kreideformat. iv. Teplitzer Schicht. p. 78.

Hriphyla lenticularis, Holzapfel, Die Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide

(Palzontographica, vol. xxxv.), p. 195, pl. xiv., figs. 5-7.

Lucina lenticularis, Langenhahn and Grundy, Das Kieslings-

walder Gestein und seine Versteinerungen, p. 11, pl. iii,

fig. 21.

Eriphyla lenticularis, Fritsch, Stud. im Gebiete der bohm.

Kreideformat. v. Priesener Schicht., p. 91.

Eriphyla lenticularis, Lundgren, Mollusk-faunan i Mamillatus

och Mucronata zonerna (K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl.,

N. F. xxvi., No. 6), p. 48.

Eriphyla lenticularis, Fritsch, Stud. im Gebiete der bohm.

Kriedeformat. vi., Chlomek. Schicht., p. 55.

Hriphyla lenticularis, G. Miller, Mollusk. d. Untersenon vy.

Braunschweig u. Ilsede, p. 56, pl. viii., fig. 3.

Eriphyla lenticularis, Gagel and Kaunhowan, Jahrb. d. k.

preussisch. geol. Landesanst. fiir 1899, p. 232.

Eriphyla lenticularis, Sturm, Jahrb. d. k. preussisch. geol.

Landesanst. fiir 1900, vol. xxi., p. 76, pl. vi., fig. 6.

riphyla lenticularis, Etheridge, Second Report Geol. Survey

Natal and Zululand, p. 79, pl. i., figs. 20, 21.

fiemarks.—There are three examples of Astarte (Hriphyla) lenticu-

laris—two belonging to the Survey Collection and one to the Ham-

burg Museum. The latter shows the hinge clearly. This species

has been recognised by Etheridge from Umkwelane Hill (Zululand),

and by Stoliczka from the Trichinopoli Group of Southern India.

It occurs in the Senonian and Turonian of various parts of Europe,

as may be seen from the references given above. The type came

from the Aachen Greensand,

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 303

Famiry CRASSATELLITIDA.

GENUS CRASSATELLITES, Kriiger.

CRASSATELLITES AFRICANUS, Sp. NOV.

Plate XXXV., fig. 21. Plate XXXVI, figs. 1-3.

Description.—Shell triangular, high, regularly convex, but with

a narrow, flattened area extending from the umbo to the posterior

margin ; height sometimes only a little less than the length. Antero-

dorsal margin slightly convex. Anterior margin well rounded and

passing into the curved ventral margin. Postero-dorsal margin

very long, with a steep ventral slope, slightly curving or sinuous.

Posterior margin very short, oblique. Posterior angle rounded.

Umbones pointed, only slightly curved. Lunule large, with a sharp

edge. Escutcheon large, with its edge sharply defined dorsally, but

becoming indistinct ventrally.

Ornamentation consists of strong concentric ribs separated by

broad furrows. Smaller ribs occur between the stronger ribs. The

latter become less distinct towards the ventral margin of the valve,

and usually die out at or near the margin of the small posterior area,

but on the dorsal part of the valve they are sometimes continued to

the margin of the escutcheon, bending at an angle in passing on

to the posterior area. Margin of valves crenulate.

Idength. 34, 233: 6. Vad ia. mole a A0eer 25, mm:

Height “Sil 2) 29:5 . 8 2icovas 929) 4 Zo Pods;

A ffinities.—This species is distinguished by the very small posterior

area, and the very short posterior margin which gives a triangular

outline to the valve. It is somewhat similar to C. compactus, Gabb,*

but is relatively higher, and is clearly distinguished by the strong

concentric ribs. Two species of Crassatellites occur in the Ariyalar

Group,} but they are quite distinct from C. africanus.

* Geol. Surv. California, Paleeont. ii. (1869), p. 190, pl. xxx., fig. 85.

+ Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna §S. India (1871), pp. 295, 296, pl. v., figs. 12-19.

304 Annals of the South African Museum.

Faminry VENERIDA.

Genus MERETRIX, Lamarck.

MERETRIX UMZAMBIENSIS, Sp. Nov.

Plate XXXVL., figs. 4-6.

Description.Shell stout, convex, more or less triangular, with

rounded margins, very inequilateral. Lunular margin deeply con-

cave. Postero-dorsal margin long, curving, forming an obtuse angle

with the posterior margin, which is curved and passes gradually

into the ventral margin. The latter, together with the anterior

margin, make a strong and regular curve. Anterior extremity

rounded. Umbones pointed, with a strong anterior curvature.

Lunule large, cordate. Escutcheon large, depressed, with a sharp

edge.

Surface smooth, except for growth-lines, some of which, at fairly

regular intervals, are more distinct than the others. Sometimes

small ribs are present, especially near the margin of the lunule.

The lunular tooth in the left valve is long and stout.

Length 61 ; 58 ‘ 51 . 48 mm.

Height 54 52 48 : 43° 5,

Affinities.—This species is similar to M. plana (Sowerby) * from

the Blackdown Greensand, but is distinguished (1) by its large, deep,

and sharply limited escutcheon, (2) by the greater anterior curvature

of the umbones, (3) by its more concave lunular margin, (4) by the

greater relative height of the valves, (5) by its stouter shell, and

(6) by the longer lunular tooth.

Specimens of Meretrix [Cytherea] from Southern India have been

referred to M. plana by Stoliczka t and his figures appear to agree

closely with some examples from Blackdown, but I have had no

opportunity of examining any Indian specimens. Holzapfel also

identifies specimens from the Aachen Greensand with M. plana.

In the character of the escutcheon M. wmzambiensis resembles

M. Renauxiana (d’Orbigny).{

M. wnzanbiensis is similar to M. polymorpha (Zittel),§ from

* Min. Conch. vol. i. (1813), pl. xx. (lower figures), p. 58.

+ Cret. Foss. 8. India (1870), p. 169, pl. vii., figs. 1-4.

t Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii. (1850), p. 194; Pal. Frang. Terr. Crét. vol. iii. (1845),

p. 447, pl. ecclxxxvi. figs. 1-3.

§ Bivalv. Gosaugeb., pt. i. (1865), p. 126, pl. iii. fig. 6.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 305

Gosau, but has a longer lunular margin, a longer lunular tooth in

the left valve, and the posterior margin is less truncated.

MERETRIX EUGLYPHA, Sp. Nov.

Plate XXXVI., figs. 7-10.

Description.—-Shell oval, of moderate or small convexity. Margin

near the lunule concave. Anterior margin well rounded, and forming

a continuous curve with the ventral margin. Posterior margin

rounded, but often slightly truncate. Postero-dorsal margin with

a gentle curvature. Umbones of moderate size, curving slightly.

Lunule small, elongate, bounded by a groove.

Ornamentation consists of numerous strong, sharp, regularly con-

centric ribs, separated by deep and narrow grooves. The ribs are

usually continued on to the lunule.

Interior of valves not seen.

engine “2 25 | 825s ee LO mane:

Eteighita 20) = 20). 2) LO eetGmeme plies 2.1 15. ee

Affinities. —M. Hornesi (Zittel) * from the Gosau Beds, is similar

to this species in outline and ornamentation, but the umbones have

a greater curvature anteriorly, the valves are less flattened, and the

lunule is smooth.

M. fabulina (Stoliczka) + differs from M. euglypha in the more

anterior position of its umbones; in having fewer ribs, which cut the

postero-dorsal margin less obliquely, and in the broader lunule and

distinct escutcheon. M. discoidalis, Stoliczka,} is less elongate.

M. arata, Gabb, § has larger and more prominent umbones and

its ornamentation consists of ‘‘ impressed lines.”’

M. Hornt, Gabb, || is similar to M. euglypha, but the posterior end

is narrower, so that the outline of the valve is more trigonal.

M. (2?) kaffraria (Etheridge) ‘* may, perhaps, be closely allied

to M. euglypha, but the figures do not give a clear idea of the

characters of the species.

This appears to be the species which was referred by Griesbach to

Venus arcotensis, Forbes.

* Bivalv. d. Gosaugeb., i. (1865), p. 126, pl. iii., fig. 5.

+ Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iii. (1870), p. 174, pl. xvi., figs. 31-33.

+ Ibid., p. 175, pl. vii., figs. 30, 31.

§ Geol. Surv. California, Palzont., vol. i. (1864), p. 166, pl. xxx., fig. 250.

|| Ibid., p. 164, pl. xxiii., fig. 144.

“| Second Report Geol. Survey Natal and Zululand (1904), p. 81, pl. ii

figs. 20-22.

Df;

306 Annals of the South African Museum.

Faminy CARDIIDA.

Genus CARDIUM, Linnezus.

CARDIUM DENTICULATUM, Baily.

Plate XXXVI., fig. 11. Plate XXXVII, figs. 1-2.

1855. Cardium denticulatum, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi, p. 460,

pl. xiil., fig. 4.

1870. Cardium denticulatum, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna 8. India,

p. 214 (Acanthocardium).

Non 1871. Cardiwm denticulatum, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S. xxvii, p. 67,

pl. iii., fig. 12.

Description.—Shell stout, inflated, oval, higher than long, only

slightly inequilateral. Anterior and ventral margins rounded ;

posterior margin with a smaller curvature than the anterior. Pos-

terior part of the valve sloping more abruptly than the anterior part.

Umbones median, prominent, curving strongly inward and slightly

forward.

Ornamentation consists of from 28 to 34 strong, sharp, much

elevated ribs with spinose or knotted summits, and separated by

deep furrows much broader than the ribs. On the posterior slope

of the valves the ribs are less spiny and closer together; near the

anterior margin they are smaller. Fine growth-lines cross the

furrows and ribs. Margins of valves toothed; the tooth-like pro-

jections being especially strong on the posterior margin.

Length 26 : 24°5 5 16 mm.

Height 305 . 28 : 7 ae

Affinities.—C. denticulatum is allied to C. imcomptum, Forbes,”

from the Trichinopoli Group, but the latter has fewer and broader

ribs with stronger spines on their summits.

C. acuticostatum, d’Orbigny,} from the Quiriquina Beds, shows

some resemblance to C. denticulatum, but its height and length are

equal, or almost equal, so that the outline of the valve is more

nearly circular than in C. denticulatwm ; the ribs are less distinctly

* Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vil. (1846), p. 145, pl. xv., fig. 15. Stoliezka,

Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. iii. (1870), p. 216, pl. xi., figs. 3-7.

+ Voy. Amérique Mér., vol. iii. (1842), p. 120, pl. xii., figs. 19-22. D’Orbigny,

Voy. Pol. Sud. (Atlas, 1847), pl. v., figs. 17-20. Moricke, Neues Jahrb. fiir

Min. etc., Beil. Band x. (1895), p. 103. Wilckens, Ibid., Beil. Band xviii. (1904),

p. 231, pl. xix., figs. 7-10.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 307

spinose, and the lateral teeth are further removed from the

cardinals.

Remarks.—Five specimens have been seen. The type is in the

Museum of the Geological Society of London.

CARDIUM GRIESBACHI, sp. nov.

Plate XXXVIL., figs. 3-5.

1871. Cardium denticulatum, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 67,

pl. iii., fig. 12 (non Baily).

Description.—Shell stout, inflated, oval, higher than long, only

slightly inequilateral. Anterior margin with a larger curvature than

the posterior margin. Ventral margin rounded. Posterior part of

the valve sloping rather more rapidly than the anterior part.

Umbones median, moderately prominent, curving inwards.

Ornamentation consists of from 37 to 39 strong radial ribs.

Except on the posterior slope, the ribs are broad and rounded, but

sometimes slightly ridged, and they bear numerous, regular, trans-

verse ridges; the ribs are separated by very narrow furrows. On

the posterior slope of the valve the ribs are narrower and have

angular summits, and the furrows are broader and sometimes have

a fine rib in the middle; also the ridges on the ribs are less

distinct and more curved. Margin of valves with tooth-like

projections which are especially strong on the posterior margin.

length U7 Loe ee oe ds min:

Height, 21:5) 19) Gro) (OR elo,

Affinities.—This species is similar in form to C. denticulatwm, but

has rather less prominent umbones, and is easily distinguished by

the much broader and more rounded ribs, the narrower furrows, and

by the transverse ridges on the ribs.

Remarks.—About 40 examples of this species have been examined,

all of which were of rather small size.

The specimen of this species which was figured by Griesbach as

C. denticulatum, is in the Hamburg Museum.

Genus PROTOCARDIA, Beyrich.

ProtocarDiA Hin~Ana (Sowerby) var.

Plate XXXVIL., fig. 6.

In form, and in the general character of their ornamentation, the

Pondoland specimens resemble P. Hillana (Sowerby),* of which the

* Min. Conch., vol. i. (1813), p. 41, pl. xiv.

308 Annals of the South African Museum.

type came from the Blackdown Greensand. In the former, how-

ever, the concentric ribs and furrows are broader and less numerous

than in the examples from Blackdown. The Pondoland specimens

agree closely with those from the Trichinopoli Group, which were

referred by Forbes and by Stoliezka* to P. Hillana.

The specimens from the Libyan desert, figured as P. Hillana by

Quaas,+ have the ribbing coarser than in the examples from Black-

down. P. biseriata (Conrad),}| from the Chalk of Syria, possesses

still coarser concentric ornamentation.

The Pondoland form does not appear to differ from P. Hillana var.

umkwelanensis, Htheridge,§ but I have had no opportunity of com-

paring specimens. The largest example from Pondoland which I

have seen is in the Hamburg Museum, and agrees in size and form

with Etheridge’s figure, but possesses more numerous ribs.

P. Hillana is abundant in the Blackdown Greensand, and varies

to some extent in its ornamentation, but I have seen no specimen

with the ribs so coarse as in the examples from the deposits men-

tioned above, and usually they are considerably finer.

Famity SOLENIDAL.

Genus SOLECURTUS, Blainville.

SoLEcuRTus ? (AzoR?), sp.

Plate XXXVIL., fig. 7.

There are two specimens which resemble Solen Guerangert,

d’Orbigny,|| but are less elongated. In this respect, however, they

agree with the example of that species from the Senonian of Chlomek

(Bohemia) figured by Fritsch. Unfortunately the Pondoland speci-

mens are very imperfectly preserved, so that an exact determination

is at present impossible. Both specimens are left valves ; one shows

the exterior, but is much decorticated, so that the nature of the orna-

mentation cannot be seen; the other example shows the interior,

but the characters of the hinge, the muscular impressions, and the

* Cret. Fauna 8. India (1870), p. 219, pl. xii., figs. 8-10, pl. xiii., figs. 1-3.

+ Oberst. Kreidebild. i. d. libyschen Wiiste (Paleontographica, vol. xxx., 2, 1902),

p. 218, pl. xxiv., figs. 18, 19.

{ R. B’ Newton, Geol. Mag. (1898), p. 400, pl. xv., fig. 11.

§ Second Report Geol. Survey Natal and Zululand (1904), p. 79, pl. i., fig. 16.

|| Pal. Fran¢ Terr. Crét., vol. iii. (1845), p. 321, pl. cecli., figs. 1-2. Guéranger,

Album Paléont. de la Sarthe (1867), p. 12, pl. xv., fig. 4.

*| Stud. im Geb. d. bohm. Kreidef., vi. Chlomek. Schicht. (1897), p. 58, fig. 68.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 309

pallial line cannot be determined. Stoliczka* remarks of Solen

Guerangeri that it ‘belongs apparently to Pharella, or possibly to

Azor.”’ In form the Pondoland specimens seem to approach more

nearly to Azor than to Pharella.

Faminy TEREDINIDA.

Genus TEREDO, Linneus.

_ TEREDO, sp.

Plate XXXVIL., fig. 8.

1855. Teredina, sp., Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi, p. 462.

Groups of somewhat irregularly curving tubes, some of which

have a diameter of 18 mm., are found in pieces of wood. There is

also an internal cast of the valves, showing a narrow furrow extend-

ing somewhat obliquely from the umbo to the ventral margin.

Behind the umbo there is another furrow, larger and deeper, passing

to the postero-ventral part of the valve.

This species was referred to the genus Teredina by Baily, but

since the tube does not appear to have been united to the valves,

and there is no evidence of the existence of accessory dorsal plates,

I think that it is more likely to be a Teredo. Better specimens,

however, are needed before its affinities can be satisfactorily

determined.

Associated with the specimens mentioned above are a few internal

casts of the valves of a small form, 4 or 5 mm. in height, which are

probably the young of the same species.

Famity POROMYACIDA.

Genus LIOPISTHA, Meek.

Section Pstmomya, Meek.

LIoPISTHA (PSILOMYA) CORRUGATA, Sp. NOv.

Plate XXXVILI., figs. 10-12.

Description.—Shell small, oval, moderately inequilateral, inflated,

with the postero-dorsal part compressed. Anterior and posterior

margins rounded. Ventral margin gently curved. Umbones very

prominent, curving inward and slightly forward.

Ornamentation consists of strong, rounded concentric ribs, which

disappear on the postero-dorsal part of the valve.

* Cret. Fauna §. India (1870), p. 99.

310 Annals of the South African Museun.

Length 9 mm. ; height 6°75 mm.

ftemarks.—This is distinguished from the other species of Liopistha

by the coarser ornamentation. There are three specimens in the

Museum of the Geological Society of London, all being internal casts.

Famity PHOLADOMYIDA.

Genus GONIOMYA, Agassiz.

GONIOMYA, sp.

Plate XXXVIL., fig. 9.

One specimen of a small Goniomya has been found. It is an

internal cast of a right valve, and is too imperfect for specific

description, but appears to be distinct from any of the few forms

known from the Upper Cretaceous deposits. The posterior ribs

slope towards the postero-ventral extremity, and apparently on the

median part of the valves ribs were either absent or poorly developed.

SCAPHOPODA.

Faminy DENTALIIDA.

Some fragments of Dentaliwm, or an allied form, are in the Gries-

bach Collection, but are too imperfect for identification.

GASTEROPODA.

Famitry TROCHIDA.

Genus MARGARITA, Leach.*

MARGARITA RADIATULA (Forbes).

Plate XXXVILI., fig. 13.

1846. Trochus radiatulus, Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii.,

2 L270) pl) xine, fg. 1d,

1868. Solariella radiatula, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna 8. India, vol. i1.,

Pp. alo, pl. xxiv., figs. 17-19) pl) xxvul., ngs. 6,9:

The examples of Margarita do not appear to differ from M. radia-

tula (Forbes) as figured and described by Stoliczka, except in the

* Dall and Pilsbury use Margarita in preference to Humargarita, Fischer, 1885.

See Tryon and Pilsbury, Man. Conch., vol. xi. (1889), p. 285.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 311

absence of the fine spiral striae, which may be due, as in the case of

some of the Indian specimens, to imperfect preservation.

Stoliczka, from a comparison of specimens, identified M. glaber

(Miiller)* from the Aachen Greensand, with M. radiatula, and this

identification is accepted by Holzapfel,+ but not by Bohm.}

Famity NERITIDA.

Genus NERITA, Linnezus.

NERITA UMZAMBIENSIS, Sp. Nov.

Plate XXXVIL., figs. 14, 15.

Description.Shell thick, semi-ovate. Height less than the

greatest breadth of the last whorl. Spire very small, flat. Last

whorl very large, inflated, somewhat flattened posteriorly, rounded

anteriorly. Aperture nearly semicircular ; anterior margin rounded,

posterior more or less straightened, reaching to the level of the

spire. Inner lip smooth, moderately convex, with its margin

straight and rather coarsely denticulate. Outer lip thick, with its

inner margin crenulate. Surface of shell smooth, except for a few

indistinct growth-lines, and, in some cases, faint spiral ribs.

Length 16 mm. ; breadth 21 mm.

Remarks.—This species, of which there are three specimens in the

Survey Collection, appears to be distinct from any of the Cretaceous

forms already described. §

NERITA KAFFRARIA, Sp. NOV.

Plate XXXVII., fig. 16.

Description.—Shell semi-globose. Spire indistinct, flat. Last

whorl very large, inflated, broader than long, posterior part flattened,

the median part convex and rounded, the anterior part somewhat

produced. Aperture large, rounded. Outer lip thin. Inner lip

* Petref. Aachen. Kreidef., pt. 2 (1851), p. 43, pl. v., fig. 6.

+ Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide (Paleeontographica, vol. xxxiv., 1888), p. 171, pl. xvii.,

figs. 7-9. Kaunhowen, Gastrop. Maestricht. Kreide (Paleont. Abhandl., viii.,

1897), p. 27, pl. v., fig. 4.

+ Verhandl. d. naturhist. Vereines d. preuss. Rheinl., vol. xlii. (1885), p. 38.

§ References to Cretaceous species of Nerita are given by Pethé, Die Kreide—

(Hypersenon—) Fauna d. Peterwardeiner Gebirges (Paleontogiaphica, vol. lii.,

1906), pp. 109-130.

312 Annals of the South African Museum.

smooth, nearly flat, depressed below the level of the outer lip; with

its inner margin rather coarsely denticulate.

Length 16 mm. ; breadth 23 mm.

ftemarks.—This species is known by a single specimen, in which

the colour-bands are still fairly well preserved. It differs from JN.

umzambiensis in the posterior part of the last whorl being more

flattened, whilst the anterior part is produced and less rounded ;

also the inner lip is nearly flat and the outer lip is thin at the margin.

Famiry PYRAMIDELLIDA.

Genus PSEUDOMELANIA, Pictet and Campiche.

PSEUDOMELANIA SUTHERLAND! (Baily).

Plate XXXVIL., figs. 17, 18.

1855. Chemmtzia Sutherlandu, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 459, pl. xii,

fig. 5.

1871. Chemnitzia undosa, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvil., p. 65 (non

Forbes).

1871. Cerithium (Fibula ?) detectum, Griesbach, ibid., p. 64 (non

Stoliezka).

Description.—Shell turreted, consisting of eleven rather high

whorls. Spire very long, acute. Sutures rather deep. Whorls

near the apex are slightly convex. In the remaining whorls the

greatest convexity is at the junction of the anterior third with the

posterior two-thirds, the posterior part being flattened and the an-

terior part curving gradually to the suture. Base of last whorl

rounded. Aperture ovate, angular posteriorly ; inner lip thick.

Whorls near the apex ornamented with rather strong, rounded,

concave, transverse ribs, with very fine ribs between them ; also with

small spiral ribs. The remaining whorls are ornamented with

growth-ridges or lines which are indented so as to form a rounded

angle at about the middle of the whorl.

Length 95 mm.; breadth 39 mm.

A ffinities.—Griesbach regarded this species as identical with P.

undosa (Forbes),* from the Trichinopoli Group. But it is distin-

guished from the latter by its smaller apical angle, relatively higher

whorls, and much less distinct transverse ornamentation.

Griesbach also regarded Twrritella Meadi, Baily, as a young indi-

* Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 286, pl. xvii., figs. 19-21,

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 313

vidual of P. Swtherlandi. The specimens of the former are poorly

preserved, but they differ clearly from P. Sutherlandi in having a

more acute and more elongate spire, and in the possession of dis-

tinet spiral ribs. Stoliczka “ examined Baily’s types, and he states

that “The ornamentation of this species is very like that of Twrri-

tella multistriata”’ (see p. 318).

The specimen identified by Griesbach as Cerithiwm (Fibula ?)

detectum, Stoliczka, is in the Hamburg Museum, and appears to be

only a water-worn example of P. Sutherlandi.

The imperfect specimen figured by Etheridge + as Chennitzia

Sutherland ? seems to be distinct from that species.

Remarks.—Fourteen specimens have been examined. The type is

in the Museum of the Geological Society of London. Baily’s figure

is somewhat restored, and the flattening of the posterior parts of the

whorls is not clearly indicated.

Section OONIA, Gemmellaro.

PsEUDOMELANIA (OONIA), sp.

Plate XXXVIII., fig. 1.

1855. Turritella Renauxiana, Baily, Q.J.G.8., x1, p. 408 (non

d’Orbigny).

1870. Huchrysalis gigantea, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 65.

An imperfect specimen, which was erroneously referred to Turri-

tella Renauxiana, d’Orbigny, by Baily, is in the Museum of the

Geological Society of London ; the aperture is missing and the sur-

face of the shell is worn. This specimen was seen by Stoliczka, and

was identified by him with Huchrysalis gigantea from the Trichi-

nopoli and Ariyalir Groups.{ In the Pondoland example the spire

is less elongated than in H. gigantea. More material is needed

before Stoliczka’s identification can be confirmed. Pseudomelania

Stoliczkai (Geinitz), § from the Cenomanian of Plauen, near Dresden,

also resembles the form from Pondoland. Specimens of Pseudo-

melania from the Chlomek Beds have been referred to P. gigantea

by Sturm.

* Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 226.

+ Second Rep. Geol. Survey Natal and Zululand (1904), p. 88, pl. iii., fig. 2.

t Cret. Fauna 8. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 289, pl. xxi., figs. 3-5.

§ Das Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen (Paleontographica, xx., pt. 1, 1874), p. 242, pl. liii.,

figs. 2, 3. Deninger, Die Gastrop. d. sichs. Kreidef. (Beitr. z. Palaont. u. Geol.

Osterr.-Ungarns, &c., xviii., 1905), p. 12

314 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Faminy SCALARITDAL.

Genus SCALA, Humphreys.

ScaLAa ORNATA (Baily).

Plate XXXVIIL., figs. 2, 3.

1855. Scalaria ornata, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 459, pl. xii., fig. 2.

1871. Scalaria turbinata, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvi., p. 64 (non

Forbes).

Description.Shell elongate turbinate, imperforate, consisting of

ten or eleven convex, rounded whorls, with a rounded keel at the

periphery of the base. Tbe posterior face of the keel is seen on the

whorls of the spire, but may be concealed by the overlap of the last

whorl. Spiral angle 27°.

Whorls ornamented with sixteen stout, rounded, transverse ribs,

which are nearly straight and slightly oblique to the axis of the shell.

The ribs are separated by broad, rounded interspaces, and both are

crossed by fine, rounded spiral ribs separated by linear grooves. At

intervals some of the spiral ribs are slightly larger than the others;

near the middle of the whorl three cr four smaller ribs may be seen

between the larger ribs. The spiral ribs are crossed by very fine,

sharp, linear, parallel, transverse ridges.

Affinities.—Griesbach thought that this species could be identified

with S. turbinata, Forbes,* from the Ariyalur Group, but it clearly

differs from that form by its smaller spiral angle, more elongate

spire, less convex whorls with the keel quite at the periphery ; also

the spiral ribs are placed more closely together. As was pointed out

by Stoliczka, S. ornata is allied to S. shutanwrensis, Stoliczka,| from

the Trichinopoli Group, but in the former the spiral ribs are much

finer and more uniform in size than in the latter.

The European forms to which S. ornata shows resemblance are

S. decorata (Romer) | and S. Dupiniana, d’Orbigny.§ Gardner ||

* Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 124, pl. xii., fig. 18. S. subturbi-

nata, d’Orbigny, Prodr. de Pal., vol. ii., p. 217, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna §. India,

vol. ii. (1868), p. 232, pl. xviil., figs. 2, 3.

+ Ibid., p. 233, pl. xvili., figs. 6-8.

+ Verstein. nord-deutsch. Kreidegeb. (1841), p. 82, pl. xii, fig. 11. Geinitz, Das

Elbthalgeb. in Sachsen (Paleeontographica, vol. xx., 1874), pt. 2, p. 162, pl. xxix.,

fig. 4. Holzapfel, Mollusk. Aachener Kreide (Palewontographica, vol. xxxiv., 1888),

p. 165, pl. xix., fig. 1.

§ Pal. Frang. Terr. Crét., vol. ii. (1842), p. 54, pl. cliv., figs. 10-13. Gardner,

Geol. Mag. (1876), p. 106, pl. iv., figs. 5, 6.

|, Ibid., p. 107,

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 315

thought that the last was indistinguishable from S. ornata, but a

comparison of specimens shows that S. Dupiniana possesses more

inflated whorls, fewer transverse ribs, and coarser spiral ornamenta-

tion than S. ornata.

ftemark.—The type is in the Museum of the Geological Society.

The only other specimen seen is in the Survey Collection.

Famiry SOLARIIDA.

Genus SOLARIUM, Lamarck.

Sonartum Batuyt, Gabb.

Plate XXXVIIL,, figs. 4, 5.

1855. Solarium pulchellum, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 457, pl. xii,

fig. 3.

1871. Solarvwwm Wiebeli, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 65,

le ile tig Os

1861. Solartwm (Architectonica) Bailyt, Gabb, Proc. Amer. Phil.

Soce., vol. viii., p. 95.

Non 1850. Solariwm pulchellum, @Orbigny, Prodr. de Pal., ii., p. 104.

Description.—Shell small, depressed, conical, sometimes nearly

discoidal, consisting of five or six whorls with their upper surfaces

flattened. Last whorl larger than the one preceding. External

margin of shell rounded in fully-grown specimens, but thinner and

somewhat sharper in small examples. Base rounded. Umbilicus

small, with a diameter equal to a quarter or sometimes nearly a

third of that of the base.

Upper surface of shell ornamented with numerous, narrow trans-

verse ribs extending across the whorls somewhat obliquely. These

ribs are strongest near the posterior suture, at a short distance from

which they become smaller and new ribs are intercalated, or, some-

times, the old ones bifurcate. These more numerous and smaller

ribs are continued on to the base of the shell, and become stronger

for some distance around the umbilicus, to the margin of which they

give a toothed appearance. The upper surface of the whorls is also

ornamented with spiral grooves separated by broad flat interspaces ;

the grooves are closer together near the margin of the whorls and

also on the base of the shell, but are absent where the transverse

ribs become stronger around the umbilicus.

Length 7 6 : od : 3 mm.

Breadth 12 » 10 - 10 a

316 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Affinities. —The height of the spire varies in different examples of

this species, and the margin of the shell is more rounded in old than

in young specimens. The greatest difference in appearance is due

to the state of preservation of the ornamentation. In some cases

the outer layer has been removed from a part or almost the whole of

the shell, leaving a nearly smooth surface. An example of this kind

was described and figured by Griesbach as a distinct species—

S. Wiebeli—but, although stated by that author to be “ perfectly

smooth,’ an examination of the type specimen shows that the

characteristic ornamentation is preserved near the apex and also on

the base of the shell. Griesbach also mentions as a point of dis-

tinction that ‘‘each whorl is double the width of the preceding one.”

A comparison of Griesbach’s type with specimens of S. Bailyi shows

that this distinction does not hold good.

Solarium, sp. ind., from Umkwelane Hill, is stated by Etheridge *

to ‘possess the general facies of Solariwm pulchellum, Baily.”

fiemarks.—Four species of Solariwm are described by Stoliczka

from Southern India, but they are all clearly distinct from S. Baily.

The name pulchellus had been previously used by d’Orbigny for

another species, consequently Gabb substituted the name Bailyz for

the Pondoland form. The type of S. pulchellus, Baily, is in the

Museum of the Geological Society. The type of S. Wiebeli, Gries-

bach, is in the Hamburg Museum. In Griesbach’s figure the width

of the last whorl is relatively too great. The characteristics of the

ornamentation on the upper surface of the shell are well shown

in Baily’s figure. Sixteen specimens of this species have been

examined.

Faminry NATICIDA.

Genus NATICA, Scopoli.

Sus-cenus LUNATIA, Gray.

NaticA (LUNATIA) MULTISTRIATA, Baily.

Plate XXXVIII., figs. 6-8.

1855. Natica nwultistriata, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 460, pl. xii., fig. 8.

Description.—Shell thick, of moderate size, higher than broad.

Spire somewhat elevated, formed of four moderately convex whorls.

Last whorl of moderate size, rounded. Sutures deep. A narrow

part of the whorls in front of the sutures is flattened or depressed.

* Second Rep. Geol. Survey Natal and Zululand (1904), p. 88, pl. ii., figs. 35-37,

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 317

Aperture semi-lunar, oblique. Inner lip nearly straight, oblique

to the axis of the shell, somewhat thickened. Umbilicus small.

Surface of whorls smooth except for numerous growth-lines, and,

in some cases, faint spiral ribs.

Length 15 mm. ; breadth 13 mm.

Remarks.—This species belongs to the same group as Natica lyrata

of d’Orbigny.*

The type is in the Museum of the Geological Society ; the shell is

missing from the spire and part of the last whorl, but is restored in

Baily’s figure.

Genus GYRODES, Conrad.

GYRODES, sp.

Plate XX XVIII, figs. 9, 10.

Description.Shell globose. Spire short, formed of four whorls.

Last whorl very much larger than the preceding whorl, much

broader than long, inflated, with rounded margin. Posterior part of

whorls flattened or depressed near the suture. Aperture not seen.

Unmbilicus large.

Remarks.—There are several examples of this species, but in all

the aperture is broken. It appears to resemble G. tenellus, Stoliczka. t

Famiry TURRITELLIDA.

Genus TURRITELLA, Lamarck.

Sus-cenus ZARIA, Gray.

TURRITELLA (ZARIA) Bonet, Baily.

Plate XX XVIII, figs. 11, 12.

1855. Turritella Bonet, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 458, pl. xii., fig. 7.

1871. Turritella multistriata, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 64.

1904. Zaria Boner (?), Etheridge, Second Report Geol. Survey Natal

and Zululand, p. 85, pl. ii., figs. 28-31; pl. iii, fig. 9.

Fiemarks.—In the larger number of examples there are three

prominent spiral ribs on each whorl and a rather large space

between the suture and the first rib in front of it (fig. 12), but in

several specimens the number of ribs is four or five, and in such

cages one or two of the ribs may be smaller than the others (fig. 11).

* Pal. Frane. Terr. Crét., vol. ii. (1843), p. 161, pl. elxxii., fig. 5.

+ Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 306, pl. xxii., fig. 14.

318 Annals of the South African Musewm.

The Pondoland specimens do not seem to differ at all from the

examples found in the Ariyalir Group and figured by Stoliczka * as

Turritella (Zaria) multistriata, Reuss. Holzapfel and Pethd have

given reasons for using Goldfuss’ + name, quadricincta, rather than

multistriata, Reuss.

Turritella Bonei is very closely allied to T. quadricincta,} but

whether or not it is identical with the latter can be determined only

by a comparison of specimens, which I have had no opportunity of

doing. The examples of 7’. Bonei agree more nearly with the figures

of T. quadricincta given by Goldfuss and Pethé, than with those

given by Favre, Holzapfel, and Miiller.

The type specimens of 7. Meadi, Baily, are chiefly internal casts,

but in one fragment some of the shell is preserved and appears to

possess more numerous ribs than 7. Bonev. Baily’s figure is a

restoration, the form of the shell being drawn from an internal cast

and the ornamentation from the fragment mentioned above.

The types of 7. Bonei and T. Meadi are in the Museum of the

Geological Society of London.

Famiry APORRHAIDA.

Genus APORRHAIS, da Costa.

APORRHAIS, Sp.

Plate XXXVIILI., fig. 13.

Deseription.—Shell small, of moderate length. Spire formed of

seven whorls, of which the earlier are convex and rounded, whilst the

last two or three are angular owing to the development of a carina

in front of the middle of the whorls; behind the carina these whorls

are flattened, in front of it they are more or less concave. The

whorls are ornamented with a few fine spiral ribs, and with a few,

still finer transverse ribs. Last whorl with two smaller carinz in

* Cret. Fauna 8. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 224, pl. xvii., figs. 8-14, 16.

+ Petref. Germ., vol. iii. (1844), p. 106, pl. cxevi., figs. 16, 17c.

+ For accounts of this species see Holzapfel, Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide (Palseonto-

eraphica, vol. xxxii., 1888), p. 157, pl. xv., fig. 16. G. Miiller, Mollusk. d. Unter

sen. v. Braunschweig u. Ilsede (1898), p. 99, pl. xili., fig. 6. Quaas, Kreidebild. i.

d. libyschen Wiiste (Palwontographica, vol. xxx., 2, 1902), p. 246, pl. xxv., figs. 36,

37. Douvillé, Mission scient. Perse par J. de Morgan, III., iv., Paléont. (1904),

p. 335, pl. xlvii., figs. 14, 15. Pethé, Kreide—(Hypersen.—) Fauna d. Peterward.

Gebirges (Paleontographica, vol. lii., 1906), p. 141, pl. viii., fig. 9. Compare also

T. Binkhorsti, Kaunhowen, Gastrop. Maestricht. Kreide (Paleont. Abhandl.,

vol. viii., 1897), p. 47, pl. iv., figs. 2, 3.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 319

front of the principal carina. Posterior digitation of wing attached

to a part of spire, extending over rather more than two of its whorls.

Remarks.—In the only example of this species which has been

found the outer lip is very imperfect.

Grenus DICROLOMA, Gabb.*

Sus-GENus PERISSOPTERA, Tate.

DIcROLOMA (PERISSOPTERA), Sp.

Plate XXXVITII., fig. 14.

Description.—Shell elongate. Spiral angle 36°. Spire formed of

eight slightly convex, non-carinate whorls, ornamented with strong,

oblique, slightly curved transverse ribs, separated by broad rounded

interspaces ; both ribs and interspaces are crossed by numerous

small spiral ribs, which are rather coarser and more widely separated

just in front of the sutures than elsewhere. The last whorl is

rounded, but has an indistinct ridge posterior to the middle of the

whorl, and beginning at a short distance from the aperture; the

transverse ribs are indistinct, and the spiral ribs can only be seen

near the suture.

Remarks.—There is only one example of this species; its outer

lip is not preserved.

Famity STROMBIDAL.

Genus PUGNELULUS, Conrad.

PUGNELLUS AURICULATUS, Sp. nov.

Plate XXXVIIL., fig. 15.

Description.—Shell stout, fusiform, consisting of seven convex

whorls with deep sutures. Spire forming about a quarter of the

entire length of the shell. Spiral angle about 80°. Spire and

posterior part of last whorl conical. The whorls near the apex are

rounded ; the others are sub-angular—the angle being in front of the

middle of the whorls. The posterior part of the sub-angular whorls

is flattened, and bears, just in front of the suture, a spiral ridge

which becomes more prominent on the last than on the earlier

whorls. The anterior part of the last whorl is large and slightly

convex.

The whorls, with the exception of those near the apex, are orna-

mented with very strong, rounded, nearly straight, transverse ribs ;

* Syn. Alaria, Morris and Lycett, 1850 non Schrank, 1788.

320 Annals of the South African Musewm.

on the penultimate and last whorls these ribs become more promi-

nent at the angle of the whorl and on the spiral ridge in front of the

suture. On the last whorl the ribs may be continued for a short

distance in front of the angle but are less prominent, and bend

towards the aperture. Between the ribs fine growth-lines occur.

Aperture rather long, becoming somewhat rarrower in front.

Anterior canal rather long, with thick walls, nearly straight, but

with the extremity bent inwards to form a small, pointed projection.

Outer lip thick, wing-like, with a stout lobe projecting beyond the

level of the last suture, and with a deep posterior notch separating

the lobe from the rest of the lip. Externally the lobe is channelled,

and in front of it there is a sinuosity. Inner lip forms a large,

thick, rounded mass of callus, which extends across the whorls

nearly to the apex of the spire.

Length 41 mm. ; breadth 23 mm.

Affinities.—Pugnellus auriculatus appears to be readily distin-

guishable from the other known species by the character of its

ornamentation. The genus is widely distributed and is especially

characteristic of the Chalk of the Indo-Pacific region, having been

found in the Libyan Desert, Madagascar, Baluchistan, Southern

India, Borneo, New Zealand, Colorado, California, Texas, Utah,

Wyoming, Quiriquina (Chili), and Southern Patagonia. Cossmann *

states that Strombus crassilabrum, Zittel, from the Gosau Beds,

probably belongs to this genus. In Pondicherri Pugnellus is found

in the Valudayur and Trigonoarca Beds, and in Trichinopoli in the

Trichinopoli and Ariyaliir Groups.

. PUGNELLUS, sp.

Plate XXXVIIL., fig. 16.

1871. Pugnellus uncatus, Griesbach, Q.J.G.8., xxvii, p. 62 (non

Forbes).

An imperfect specimen was identified by Griesbach with P.

uncatus (Forbes),} but it differs from that species in several

respects: the shell is more elongate, the spiral angle smaller, the

whorls of the spire more flattened, the posterior part of the last

whorl is concave, transverse ribs occur on the penultimate as well as

on the last whorl, and spiral ribs appear to be absent. The trans-

verse ribs become broader and more prominent where they cross the

angle of the last whorl.

* Paléoconch, Comparée, vi. (1904), p. 38.

+ Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna §S. India, vol. ii. 1867), p. 22, pl. ili., figs. 9-13.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 321

This species differs from P. auriculatus in having a smaller apical

angle, and in the transverse ribs crossing the whorls obliquely

and bending towards the aperture.

The aperture and outer lip are not preserved, and the callus

is not developed, but the general character of the ornamentation

of the shell is similar to that of some other species of Pugnellus.

Griesbach’s specimen is in the Hamburg Museum.

Faminy FUSIDA.

Genus CRYPTORHYTIS, Meek.

CRYPTORHYTIS RIGIDA (Baily).

Plate XXXIX., fig. 2. Plate XL., fig. 1.

1855. Voluta rigida, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 459, pl. xii., fig. 4.

Non 1867. Hasciolaria rigida, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i1.,

p. 109, pl. x., figs. 10-16.

Description.—Shell fusiform, scalariform. Spire shorter than the

last whorl, consisting of six convex whorls with deep sutures. Pos-

terior part of whorls with a concave depression or sulcus, having a

tumid margin or ridge near the suture. Spiral angle 54°.

Ornamentation consists of broad, rounded, often prominent, trans-

verse folds, which are indistinct on the posterior sulcus and dis-

appear near the middle of the last whorl. Numerous strong,

narrow, spiral ribs are present, except on the posterior sulcus, and

are separated by interspaces wider than themselves. Very much

finer spiral ribs cover the entire surface of the shell, and growth-

lines and growth-ridges also occur.

Aperture angular behind. Outer lip crenulate, angular at the

limit of the sulcus. Inner lip thin, concave. Columella without

folds. Anterior canal moderately long, slightly bent.

Length 52 mm. Breadth 24 mm.

Afjinities.—The specimens agree with the figure given by Baily

except in having fewer and broader transverse folds. Examples

from the Trichinopoli Group were identified by Stoliczka with this

species, but were placed in the genus Fasciolaria, and have since

been referred by Meek * and Cossmann + to Cryptorhytis, and by

Dall | to Rostellvtes. Whilst the Trichinopoli specimens resemble

* Invert. Cret. and Tert. Foss. U. Missouri (1876), p. 367.

+ Paléoconch. Comparée, livr. iv. (1901), p. 57.

{ Tertiary Fauna of Florida (Trans. Wagner Free Instit. Sci., vol. iii., 1890),

p. 72.

322 Annals of the South African Museum.

in general form the species described by Baily as Voluta rigida, they

differ in possessing folds on the columella, in the crenulate or

tuberculate character of the margin in front of the suture, and in the

weaker spiral ribs. M.Cossmann informs me that the columellar

folds are sometimes obsolete in Cryptorhytis. Since this species

agrees in other respects with Cryptorhytis it may still be placed in

that genus. .

Remarks.—Nine specimens have been examined. The type

appears to have been lost.

CRYPTORHYTIS, sp.

Plate XL., fig. 2.

1871. Tritonidea trichinopolitensis, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii, p. 62

(non Forbes).

A specimen, which is now in the Hamburg Museum, was identi-

fied by Griesbach as Tritonidea trichinopolitensis (Forbes).* It

appears to me to be distinct from that form, and to resemble closely

Cryptorhytis rigida, but differs in its less elongate shell, in the more

extensive depression on the posterior part of the whorls, in the fewer

and broader spiral ribs and in the less prominent transverse folds.

Famiry TURBINELLIDA.

GreNus PYROPSIS, Conrad.

PYROPSIS AFRICANA, Sp. NOV.

Plate XXXVIII., fig. 17. Plate XXXIX., fig. 1.

Description.—Shell large, thick, globose, consisting of four or five

whorls. Spire very short, with a deep suture between it and the

last whorl.

Last whorl very large, ventricose, carinate. The part of the

whorl behind the carina is concave, and rises just in front of

the suture to form a prominent, sharp ridge, which terminates in the

posterior canal, where it projects beyond the level of the apex of

the spire. Between the ridge and the spire there is a deep channel.

The part of the whorl in front of the carina is convex and gently

rounded.

The last whorl is ornamented with numerous, rounded, spiral ribs,

which are more or less nodular. On the carina the nodular character

becomes more prominent. The ribs are not of uniform size, and are

* Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 127, pl. xv., fig. 7. Stoliczka, Cret.

Fauna §. India, vol. ii. (1867), p. 126, pl. xi., fig. 4.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 323

separated by shallow interspaces. Growth-ridges cross the spiral

ribs.

Aperture very large, more or less oval, but angular anteriorly and

posteriorly and at the carina. Posterior canal well developed, but

short. Anterior canal rather short in old specimens, of moderate

length in younger examples, slightly curved outwards. Outer lip

smooth; thin, except posteriorly. Inner lip large, becoming very

thick and expanded in old individuals.

Affinities. —P. africana resembles the examples of Rapa can-

cellata (Sowerby) figured by Stoliezka* from the Trichinopoli

Group, but possesses more numerous and closer spiral ribs, a

better developed posterior canal, and, in most cases, a shorter

spire. Examples from the Upper Turonian and Lower Senonian

of Europe have been identified with Rapa cancellata by Geinitz,

Fritsch, Sturm, Deninger, &c.

In its well-developed posterior canal, and in the prominent ridge

behind it, P. africana is similar to the larger example of P. Hom-

broniana (d’Orbigny) figured by Wilckens+ from Quiriquina, but it

differs in the character of its ornamentation.

An imperfect specimen from Umkwelane Hill (Zululand), figured

by Etheridge, may perhaps be related to P. africana.

Remarks.—There are three examples of Pyropsis africana, which,

with the exception of the anterior canal, are well preserved.

When perfect the canal may have been fairly long, but was

evidently relatively longer in young than in old individuals. The

posterior canal and the prominent ridge behind it appear to develop

chiefly in old individuals, so that the resemblance to Rapa cancellata

is greater in young than in old specimens. The genus Pyropsis is

included by Zittel and by Cossmanng in Twudicula, to which it is

certainly closely related.

P. Brairdi, Meek and Hayden, is found in the Fox Hills Group of

Missouri, and P. coloradoensis, Stanton, occurs in the Pugnellus

Sandstone of the Colorado Formation of Colorado.

* Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1867), p. 154, pl. xii., figs. 12-16, pl. xiii.,

figs. 1-4.

+ Neues Jahrb. fiir Min., &c. Beil.-Band xviii. (1904), p. 213, pl. xviii., fig. 8.

Also d’?Orbigny, Voy. Pole Sud., &c. (1847), pl. iv., fig. 31.

+ Second Rep. Geol. Sury. Natal and Zululand (1904), p. 85, pl. iii.,

figs 10; 1.

§ Paléoconch. Comparée, iv. (1901), p. 68.

324 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus PIRIFUSUS, Conrad.

Pirirusus Barnyi, sp. nov.

Plate XL., figs. 3, 4.

1871. Pollia pondicherriensis, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvil., p. 62 (mo

Forbes).

Description.—Shell ovate-conical. Spire moderately short, com-

posed of four or five flattened or slightly convex whorls. Sutures

deep. Last whorl large, rounded, with a sulcus in front of the

suture ; ornamented with strong transverse ribs, and smaller spiral

ribs which give a tuberculate appearance to the transverse ribs.

The transverse ribs extend across the sulcus.

Aperture large, ovate, angular and notched posteriorly. Outer lip

crenulate, curving gradually to the end of the canal. Inner lip

callous, extensive. Columella curved. Anterior canal short, bent,

with a few small ridges on its inner border.

Remarks.—There are two imperfect specimens of this species in

the Griesbach Collection ; one consists of the last whorl and a part

of the penultimate whorl, the other shows the spire and a part of the

last whorl. These specimens were identified by Griesbach with

Pollia pondicherriensis (Forbes),* but they seem to be quite distinct

from that form. They show some resemblance to Pirifusus fenes-

tratus (Miiller),+ and to P. granulatus (Stoliczka). |

Genus SEMIFUSUS, Swainson.

SEMIFUSUS ? (MAYERIA ?), sp.

Plate XL., fig. 5.

A single specimen, in which the aperture and anterior part of the

last whorl are not preserved, presents considerable resemblance to

Lagena secans, Stoliczka,§ from the Ariyalir Group, but differs in

that the suture of the last two whorls is in front of the second carina.

L. secans is regarded by Cossmann |) as probably belonging to

* Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 127, pl. xiii., ie 20. Stoliezka,

Cret. Fauna 8. India, vol. ii. (1867), p. 127, pl. xi., figs. 10-12. ? Cantharulus,

Cossmann, Paléoconch. Comparée, iv. (1901), p. 173.

+ Holzapfel, Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide (Paleontographica, xxxiy., 1888), p. 109,

pl. x., figs. 13, 14. Cossmann, op. cit., iv., p. 84, pl. vi., fig. 22.

+ Op. cit., p. 125, pl. xi., figs. 6, 7. Compare also P. subdensatus, Whitfield,

Gasterop. and Cephalop. Raritan Clays, &e. (Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, xviii.,

1892), p. 48, pl. iv., figs 1-3.

§ Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1867), p. 138, pl. xi., figs. 19, 20.

|| Paléoconch. Comparée, livr. 4 (1901), p. 94.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 325

Semifusus (Mayeria). Since the aperture is missing in the Pondo-

land specimen the generic position of the species cannot be satisfac-

torily determined. That species also shows some resemblance to

Serrifusus dakotensis, Meek and Hayden, var. vancowverensis, Whit-

eaves,” of which the generic position is likewise uncertain.| Whether

the two forms are really related or not cannot be determined at

present.

A specimen which was recorded by Griesbach as Lagena nodulosa,

Stoliczka, resembles the example referred to above, but possesses

a shorter spire (Plate XL., fig. 6).

Famiry VOLUTIDA.

Genus VOLUTILITHES, Swainson.

VOLUTILITHES, sp.

Plate XL., fig. 7.

A single imperfect specimen of a large Volutid is provisionally

referred to the genus Volutzlithes. The spire is short and conical.

The ornamentation consists of a few strong, transverse ridges, which

are prominent at the angle of the whorl but soon decrease in size

anteriorly. There are also indications of spiral ribs. The aperture

is broad and canaliculate posteriorly ; the outer lip is toothed. On

the columella there are four oblique folds, of which the two posterior

are slightly stronger than the two anterior. A very small fold is

present between the first and second main folds, and another

between the third and fourth.

Faminy MITRIDAL.

Genus TURRIS, Montfort.

TURRIS (?) KAFFRARIA (Griesbach).

Plate XL., figs. 8, 9.

1871. Cerithium kaffrarium, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 64, pl. iii.,

fig. 5.

Description.—Spie elongate, turreted, formed of numerous mode-

rately convex whorls. Spiral angle 32°. Sutures deep, with the

* Mesozoic Fossils, vol. i. (1879), p. 119, pl. xv., fig. 5 (Geol. Survey, Canada).

Meek, Invert. Cret. and Tert. Foss. U. Missouri (1876), p. 375, pl. xxxii., fig. 7.

+ Cossmann, op. cit. (1901), p. 8.

t Syn. Turricula, Klein.

326 Annals of the South African Museum.

anterior margins somewhat tumid. Ornamentation consists of

strong, slightly curved, transverse ribs—about nineteen on a whorl

—separated by broader furrows. The ribs are more or less com-

pletely interrupted by a spiral furrow at a short distance in front of

the suture, but appear again near the suture. The transverse ribs

and furrows are crossed by small spiral ribs placed at regular inter-

vals. Columella with three oblique folds. |

Remarks.—The generic position of this species is somewhat

uncertain since the character of the aperture is unknown. Gries-

bach referred it to Cerithiwmn. The specimen which he figured does

not show the columella, but in another example in his collection two

of the whorls are broken across exposing the columella, on which

three folds, resembling those of Turris, are seen. It should be

noted that Griesbach’s figure is enlarged about 14.

Famiry CANCEKELLARIIDA.

Genus CANCELLARIA, Lamarck.

CANCELLARIA MERIDIONALIS, Sp. Nov.

Plate XL., figs. 10, 11.

Description.—Shell ovate. Spire short, forming about a quarter

of the entire length of the shell, and consisting of three or four

flattened whorls. Spiral angle 82°. Last whorl large, ventricose,

with a sulcus on its posterior part having a more or less sharp

border in front and a tumid ridge near the suture.

Last whorl ornamented with from thirteen to fifteen strong, broad

transverse ribs which extend across the posterior sulcus, but are less

prominent on that part. About twelve strong, rather narrow spiral

ribs cross the transverse ribs and their interspaces. The transverse

ribs become rather more prominent at the margin of the sulcus,

producing a tuberculate appearance. In the sulcus spiral ribs

are either absent or very small. Numerous fine ridges are present,

running parallel with the transverse ribs. On the penultimate

whorl similar ornamentation occurs, but the whorls near the apex

appear to be nearly smooth.

Aperture large, angular and canaliculate behind. Outer lip thick,

with folds corresponding to the spiral ribs; curving regularly except

at the level of the sulcus where it is slightly angular. Inner lip

with a thin callus extending on to the whorl. Columella with two

oblique folds in front of the middle. Anterior canal bent.

Length 25 mm.; breadth 17 mm.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 327

Remarks.—This species is represented by three examples in the

Survey Collection. It does not appear to resemble very closely any

forms from Upper Cretaceous deposits which have already been

described in the works of Stoliczka, Holzapfel, Gabb, Stanton,

Kaunhowen, &c.

CANCELLARIA, sp.

Plate XL., fig. 12.

This species, which is represented by a single imperfect specimen

in the Griesbach Collection, is distinguished from C. meridionalis by

its more elongate shell, the more convex and rounded whorls of the

spire, the absence of a sulcus on the posterior part of the whorls,

and the much smaller transverse ribs.

Famitry PLEUROTOMIDA.

Genus ROSTELLITES, Conrad.

ROSTELLITES CAPENSIS, Sp. Nov.

Plate XL., fig. 13.

1871. Fasciolaria assimilis, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 62 (non

Stoliezka).

Description.—Shell slender, fusiform, consisting of about seven

whorls. Spire acute, forming rather less than one-third of the

entire length of the shell. Spiral angle about 48°. Whorls convex,

subangular just in front of the middle, The part of the whorls

behind the angle is flattened.

Most of the whorls of the spire are ornamented with nearly straight

transverse ribs, which are more prominent on the anterior than on

the posterior part of each whorl. On the penultimate whorl these

ribs become less distinct, and on the last whorl the only ornamenta-

tion consists of numerous fine growth-lines, which on the posterior

flattened part slope backwards to the suture.

Aperture long, rather narrow, passing gradually into the anterior

canal. Outer lip thin, sharp. Columella with four oblique folds

near the middle or just posterior to it; the anterior fold is less pro-

minent than the other three, which are strong and narrow.

Length 63 mm.; breadth 23 mm.

Affinities—This species resembles Ff. gracilis, Stanton,“ from the

Pugnellus Sandstone of Colorado, but differs in that the whorls are

* The Colorado Formation (Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 106, 1893), p. 157,

pl. xxxiv., figs. 1-3.

328 Annals of the South African Museum.

sub-angular owing to the flattening of the posterior part of each, and

also in possessing four folds on the columella. Both species differ

from the other forms of Rostellites in the slight development of the

ornamentation.

Rostellites is placed in the family Pleurotomidie by Holzapfel and

Cossmann, and in the family Volutide by Fischer and Dall.*

Remarks.—Some examples of this species were identified by Gries-

bach with Fasciolaria assimilis, Stoliczka. Eleven specimens have

been seen.

Famity ACTMIONIDA.

Genus ACTZON, Montfort.

ACTON, sp.

Plate XL., fig. 14.

Description.—Shell moderately elongate. Spire consisting of

about five moderately convex whorls. Last whorl large, somewhat

cylindrical in form. Ornamentation consists of numerous narrow

spiral grooves, crossed by very fine transverse ridges, and separated

by rather broad, flat, smooth interspaces. The grooves are deeper

and further apart on the spire than on the last whorl. Aperture

long, narrow posteriorly, rounded anteriorly.

fiemarks.—In form this species presents some resemblance to

Acteon curculio (Forbes),+ but is less elongate, and the spiral grooves

are much more numerous.

In the only example which I have seen the surface of the shell is

poorly preserved, and the aperture is imperfect, so that the generic

position is not quite free from doubt.

Genus ACTANONELLA, d’Orbigny.

Sus-cenus TROCHACTAION, Meek.

ACT#ONELLA (TROCHACTON), sp.

Plate XLI., fig. 1.

The only example of dAct@onella (Trochacteon) consists of an

internal cast with a small part of the shell preserved at the anterior

end of the aperture. The apex and one side of the spire are

* Dall, Tert. Fauna Florida, pt. i. (Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. iii., 1890),

p. 71. Cossmann, Paléoconch. Comp., livr. 2 (1896), p. 114.

+ Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 135, pl. xii. fig. 25. Stoliczka,

Cret. Fauna §. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 417, pl. xxvil., figs. 12, 13.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 329

broken. This specimen resembles Act@onella Beyrichi, Drescher,*

from the Lower Senonian of Lowenberg, but the spire is longer than

is usually the case in A. Beyrichi, and the tubercles, which are found

on the posterior part of the whorls at the margin of the ledge,

appear to be more numerous. Without more specimens a detailed

comparison is not possible, especially since A. Beyricha shows con-

siderable variation in the height of its spire and in other characters.

Acteonella cretacea (Miiller),} from the Aachen Greensand, shows

a slight resemblance to the Pondoland species.

Famity RINGICULID A.

Genus ERIPTYCHA, Meek.

ErIPTyYCHA PERAMPLA, SP. Nov.

Plate XLI., fig. 2.

1871. Avellana ampla, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii, p. 62 (non

Stoliczka).

Description.—Shell globose, consisting of four convex, rounded

whorls, which are slightly compressed near the suture. Spire

forming about a quarter of the total height of the shell.

Ornamentation consists of linear spiral grooves separated by

broad, flat, nearly smooth interspaces. The grooves are placed at

nearly regular intervals, and are closer together and broader on the

spire than on the last whorl; they are marked by fine transverse

ridges.

Aperture large ; narrow and pointed behind, broad and rounded in

front. Outer lip with a narrow external thickening, which is

broadest near the anterior end. Columella with a single anterior

fold. Inner lip with a strong ridge.

Length 12°5 mm.; breadth 11 mm.

Affinities —This species was identified by Griesbach with Avellana

ampla, Stoliczka,' but it differs from that form in possessing con-

siderably fewer spiral grooves, and in the grooves not being in pairs ;

also the interspaces appear to be without transverse ridges.

* Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., vol. xv. (1863), p. 337, pl. ix., figs. 8-11.

Sturm, Jahrb. d. k. preussisch. geol. Landesanst. fiir 1900, vol. xxi. (1901), p. 73,

pl. v., fig. 9. Fritsch, Die Chlomeker Schichten (Stud. im Geb. d. bohm. Kreide-

format., vi., 1897), p. 48, fig. 46.

+ Holzapfel, Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide (Paleontographica, vol. xxxiv., 1888),

p. 82, pl. vii., figs. 11, 14-16.

t Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 420, pl. xxvi., fig. 8; pl. xxviii., fig. 20.

330 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Avellana sculptilis, Stoliczka,* is somewhat similar in form, but

its spire is more pointed, and the ornamentation is coarser.

Eriptycha Humboldti (Muller) + has a relatively higher shell and

more numerous spiral grooves than H. perampla.

CEPHALOPODA.;

NAUTILOIDEA.

Genus NAUTILUS, Linneus.

NAUTILUS, sp.

Plate XLI., fig. 3. Text fig. 1.

Description.—Shell sub-globose, without umbilicus. Greatest

thickness at from one-third to one-fourth of the height of the last

whorl. Height of last whorl slightly less than its thickness, except

in small specimens. Last whorl indented to about two-fifths of its

height. Periphery convex and rounded. Sides convex but slightly

flattened, sloping inwards to the umbilical region, where there is

a broad, funnel-shaped depression. Siphuncle a little above the

centre. Sutures not seen. Surface of shell nearly smooth, bearing

fine growth-ridges only, which bend gently forwards in passing from

the umbilical region to the sides of the shell, and afterwards curve

more rapidly backwards in passing on to the periphery, where they

form a broad rounded sinus.

The approximate dimensions of the largest specimen are:

height 110 mm.; thickness 120 mm. ; diameter 165 mm.

Remarks.—There are two more or less perfect specimens and two

fragments of this species.

It shows some resemblance to N. Dekayi var. montanaensis,

Meek,$ but the whorls are not so thick relatively, and the greatest

thickness is not so near the umbilical region. It is also similar to

* Cret. Fauna 8. India, vol. ii. (1868), p. 422, pl. xxvii., fig. 1; pl. xxviii., fig. 22.

+ Holzapfel, Mollusk. Aachen, Kreide (Paleontographica, vol. xxxiv., 1888),

p. 84, pl. vi., figs. 19-21. Cossmann, Palwoconch. Comp., livr. 1 (1895), p. 124,

pl. iii., figs. 10, 11.

t I gladly take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Mr. G. C. Crick

for assistance in comparing the Pondoland Cephalopods with specimens from

Southern India in the British Museum, and for advice on several difficult

points.

§ Invert. Cret. and Tert. Foss. U. Missouri (1876), p. 498, pl. xxvii., fig. 2.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland, 331

the species from the Ariyalir Group referred by Stoliczka* to

N, sublevigatus, @Orb., var., but the thickness is much less and the

sides of the aperture are less convex.

aay;

Fig. 1. Nautilus, sp. x 3. South African Museum.

AMMONOIDEA.

Genus PHYLLOCERAS, Suess.

PHYLLOCERAS, sp.

Plate XLL., fig. 4.

There is one small specimen (with a diameter of 13 mm.)

* Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i. (1866), p. 203, pl. v., figs. 1,3. Compare also

Noétling, Cret. Mari Hills (Paleont. Indica, ser. xvi., vol. i., 1897), p. 69, pl. xix.,

pliecx., figs. 1, 2:

332 Annals of the South African Museum.

which shows some resemblance to the Indian forms of P. Vellede

(Michelin). The principal difference appears to be that the ribs on

the outer third of the whorl are distinctly coarser than on the inner

two-thirds. The latter at first curve gently backwards, and then

forwards ; the coarser ribs pass directly over the external margin.

P. Velled@ is the type of de Grossouvre’s genus Schliiteria, and

occurs in the Gault of Europe, the Lower Utattir Group of Southern

India, and in the Chalk of Saghalien and Yesso; perhaps also in

California and Vancouver.

PHYLLOCERAS, sp.

Plate XLLI., fig. 5.

There are two specimens of Phylloceras which resemble P.

Forbesianum (d’Orbigny),+ but differ in having the sides of the

shell flattened, and the height of the whorl rather greater. In the

larger specimen the measurements are: Diameter 30 mm.; height

18 mm.; thickness 14°5 mm.

P. Forbesianum occurs in the Valudaytir Group of Pondicherri.

Genus HAUERICERAS, de Grossouvre.

HAUERICERAS GARDENI (Baily).

1855. Ammonites Gardent, Baily, QJ.G.S., xi, p. 456, pl. xi,

fig. 3.

1864. Ammonites Gardeni, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna §S. India, vol. i.,

p: 61, pk xxx fig. 4.

1879. Ammonites Gardeni, Whiteaves, Cret. Rocks Vancouver (Geol.

Surv. Canada, Mesozoic Foss., vol. i.), p. 102.

1884. Desmoceras Gardeni, Zittel, Handb. d. Palewont., 11., p. 466.

1890. Desmoceras Gardeni, Yokoyama, Paleeontographica, xxxvi.,

pa 184, pl. xx, fig. 10:

* D’Orbigny, Pal. Franc. Terr. Crét., vol. i. (1841), p. 280, pl. Ixxxii. Pictet

and Roux, Moll. Foss. Grés verts de Geneve (1847), p. 30, pl. ii., fig. 1. Pictet and

Campiche, Terr. Crét. de Ste. Croix, ser. 1 (1860), p. 268, pl. xxxvi., fig. 8.

Stoliezka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i. (1865), p. 116, pl. lix., figs. 1-4. Schmidt,

Kreidef. Insel Sachalin (1873), p. 10, pl. i., figs. 3, 4. Yokoyama, Paleeonto-

eraphica, xxxvi. (1890), p. 177, pl. xix., fig. 1. Kossmat, Beitr. z. Paliont. u.

Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, &c., ix. (1895), p. 108, pl. xv., fig. 3. Whiteaves, Trans.

Roy. Soc. Canada, ser. 2, vol. i. (1895), p. 128.

+ Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vi. (1846), p. 108, pl. viii., fig. 6. Compare

also P. Whiteavesi, Kossmat, Beitr. Paliont. u. Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, &e., ix.

(1895), p. 109, pl. xv., fig. 1, and vol. xi. (1898), p. 124. Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S.

India, vol. i. (1865), p. 117, pl. lix., figs. 5-7.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 333

1895. Desmoceras Gardeni, Whiteaves, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada,

Shas VOL Dealer.

1898. Hauwericeras Gardeni, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Pal. u. Geol. Osterr.-

Ungarns u. d. Orients, xi., p. 123, pl. xvii., figs. 7, 8, 10.

1903. Hauwericeras Gardeni, Whiteaves, Addit. Foss. Vancouver

Cret. (Geol. Surv. Canada, Mesozoic Foss., vol. 1.), p. 352.

1904. Hauericeras Gardeni, Yabe, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, vol. xx.,

p. 32.

This species has a wide geographical range. It is found in the

Ariyaltir Group, and perhaps also in the Upper Trichinopoli Group

of Southern India. It also occurs in Yesso and Vancouver, and is

represented by a closely allied species, H. pseudo-Gardeni (Schliiter),

in the lowest beds of the Campanian (Upper Senonian) of Europe.

Pervinquiére records Hauericeras aff. Gardeni from Central Tunis.

The type is in the Museum of the Geological Society of London.

The ribs are not so distinct as represented in Baily’s figure.

HAvERICERAS Remppa (Forbes).

1846. Ammonites Rembda, Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii.,

pe Lit pl vn ond:

1846. Ammonites Durga, Forbes, ibid., p. 104, pl. vii., fig. 11.

1864. Ammonites Rembda, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. 1.,

p. 638, pl. xxx, fig-so:

1865. Ammonites Durga, Stoliezka, ibid., p. 143, pl. lxxi., fig. 5 (r07

figs: 6,7).

1868. Ammonites Rembda, Stoliczka, Rec. Geol. Sury. India, vol. i.,

p. 33.

1871. Ammonites Rembda, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 63, pl. ii1.,

figs. 2, 3.

1897. Puzosia Rembda, Kossmat, Rec. Geol. Survey India, vol. xxx.,

pe LOO:

1898. Hauericeras Rembda, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Pal. u. Geol. Osterr.-

Ungarns u. d. Orients, xi., p. 124, pl. xviii., fig. 9.

The only specimens seen are the three examples figured by

Griesbach, which are now in the Hamburg Museum. H. Rembda

is found in the Valudaytr Group of Pondicherri, and appears to be

closely related to H. Fayoli, Grossouvre, from the Upper Campanian

of Charenté. De Grossouvre records Hauericeras sp. cf. Rembda

from Madagascar.

334 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus PSEUDOPHYLLITES, Kossmat.

PSEUDOPHYLLITES INDRA (Forbes).

1846. Ammonites Indra, Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soe., ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p05; pl. xi. fig: 7.

1846. Ammonites Garuda, Forbes, ibid., p. 102, pl. vii., fig. 1.

1865. Ammonites Indra, Stoliezka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. 1.,

p. 112) pl. ivi, fig. 2.

1865. Ammonites Garuda, Stolickza, ibid., p. 149, pl. Ixxiv., fig. 5.

1868. Ammonites Indra, Stoliczka, Rec. Geol. Survey India, vol. i.,

p. 34.

1879. Ammonites Indra, Whiteaves, Mesozoic Fossils (Geol. Survey,

Canada), vol. i., pt. 2, p. 105, pl. xiii., fig. 2.

1895. Lytoceras (Pseudophyllites) Indra, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Paliont.

u. Geol]. Osterr.-Ungarns, &e., vol. ix., peels. pleas:

figs. 6-9, pl. xvii. figs. 6, 7, pl. xviii., fig. 3.

1895. Phylloceras Indra, var., Whiteaves, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada,

ser. 2, vol.1., p. 129.

1903. Pseudophyllites Indra, Whiteaves, Mesozoic Fossils, op. cit.,

pt. 5, p. 331.

1906. Lytoceras Indra, Boule and Thevenin, Annal. de Paléont.,

vol. i., p. 44, text-fig. 2, and pl.i., fig. 1.

This species is represented in the Survey collection by portions of

two large specimens, one of which had, when perfect, a diameter of

about 20 cm.

Pseudophyllites Indra has a wide geographical range. It occurs

in the Valudayttr and Trigonoarca Beds of Pondicherri, and

in the Nanaimo Group of Vancouver. M. de Grossouvre considers

that it is identical with Gawdryceras Colloti, de Grossouvre,* from the

Upper Campanian of the south-east of France. It is also allied to

Gaudryceras postremun (Redtenbacher)} from Gosau.

The type of this species, and of Ammonites Garuda, which was

shown by Stoliczka to be only a young form of Pseudophyllites

Indra, are in the Museum of the Geological Society of London.

Both come from Pondicherri.

A small specimen of Pseudophyllites (pl. xli., fig. 6), is closely

allied to, and perhaps identical with P. Indra.

* Ammon. Craie supérieur (1893), p. 229, pl. xxxvii., fig. 8. Recherch. sur la

Craie supér. (1901), p. 723.

+ Cephalop. d. Gosauschicht. (1873), p. 115, pl. xxvi., fig. 3.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 335

Genus TETRAGONITES, Kossmat.

TETRAGONITES, sp., aff. Cata (Forbes).

Plate XLI., fig. 7.

A small specimen, having a diameter of 29 mm., appears to be

closely related to, or perhaps identical with, Tetragonites Cala

(Forbes),* which is found in the Valudaytr Group of Pondicherri.

The umbilicus in this specimen is not quite so wide as in Tetra-

gonites Cala, but the suture-line agrees very closely with the one

figured by Kossmat.}

In the form of the shell it is also similar to Gaudryceras

Sacya (Forbes),}, but the suture-line differs considerably.

Genus GAUDRYCERAS, Grossouvre.

GAUDRYCERAS Kayet (Forbes).

Plate XLI., fig. 8. Plate XLIL., fig. 1.

1846. Anumonites Kayet, Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soce., ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. 101 ply viii. fies:

1866. Ammonites Kayet, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol.i., p. 156,

plalxxyal., fel

1871. Ammonites Kayet, Griesbach, Q.J.G.8., xxvii., p. 63.

1895. Lytoceras Kayet, Steinmann, Neues Jahrb. fiir Min., Xe.

Beil.-Band x., p. 86, pl. v., fig. 5.

1895. Lytoceras (Gaudryceras) Kaye, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Pal. u. Geol.

Osterr.-Ungarns u. d. Orients, ix., pp. 124, 162, pl. xvi.,

fig. 10, pla Xvi, ie. 2:

A small specimen of this species was obtained and identified by

Griesbach. Three other small, but less perfect, specimens have

been found by the Survey. In India G. Kayei oceurs in the

Valudaytr Group of Pondicherri. Steinmann identifies a specimen

found at Quiriquina with this species. It has also been recorded by

Pervinquiére from Central Tunis.

* Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 104, pl. viii., fig. 4.

+ Beitr. z. Paliont. u. Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, &e., vol. ix. (1895), p. 136,

pl. xvii., fig. 12.

+ Forbes, op. cit., p. 113, pl. xiv., figs. 9, 10. Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India,

vol. i. (1865), p. 154, pl. Ixxv., figs. 5-7, pl. Ixxvi., figs. 2, 3. Kossmat, op. cit.,

je Lis):

336 Annals of the South African Museum.

Gaudryceras denmanense, Whiteaves,* from the Nanaimo Group

of Vancouver, is included by Kossmat in G. Kayei, but is regarded

by Yabe as a distinct species.

Genus HOLCODISCUS, Uhlig.

HOLcopIscus, sp.

Plate XLIL., fig. 2.

Description.—Shell discoidal, compressed, consisting of about

four whorls. Last whorl with flattened, convergent sides, and

rounded periphery ; its greatest thickness is near the umbilicus

and is equal to about 2 of the height; its height is about ,%; of the

diameter. Umbilicus small, with a steep margin, at the summit of

which are a few pointed tubercles.

Whorls ornamented with small flexuous ribs. Last whorl with

seven rather strong ribs bounded on each side by a furrow; the

ribs are slightly sigmoidal, being convex forwards on the inner half

of the whorl, concave on the outer half; they cut the external

margin obliquely. Between the stronger ribs are several small ribs,

some of which start from the tubercles at the umbilical margin; a

few of the ribs bifurcate and new ribs are introduced on the outer

portion of the whorl. Sutures not seen.

Diameter 26 mm.; height 12 mm.; thickness 8 mm.

Remarks.—There is only one example of this species. It appears

to be distinct from the Indian species described by Stoliczka and

Kossmat. In general form and in the occurrence of tubercles at the

umbilical margin it shows some resemblance to H. madrasinus,

Stoliczka,| from the Ariyalir Group, but the ribs are much finer.

Genus SCHLCENBACHIA, Neumayr.

SCHLENBACHIA UmBuLazi (Baily).

1855. Ammonites Umbulazi, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 456, pl. xi., fig. 4.

1871. Ammonites Umbolazi, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvil., p. 63, pl. iii.,

fig. 1.

1904. Muniericeras (?) Umbolazi, Solger, Foss. Mungokreide in

Kamerun, p. 205.

Between 20 and 30 specimens of this species have been obtained

by Griesbach and the Survey. One example has a diameter of

* Mesozoic Fossils (Geol. Survey, Canada), vol. i. (1879), p. 111, pl. xiii., fig. 3,

and (1903) p. 329. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, ser. 2, vol. i. (1895), p. 129, pl. ii.,

figs. 1, 2. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. xv. (1901), p. 32.

+ Cret. Fauna §. India (1865), p. 139, pl. lxx., figs. 1-3.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland, 337

88 mm., but most of the specimens are of smaller size than the type.

The ribs are not so prominent as they appear to be in Baily’s

figure. Kossmat* regards this species as belonging to the more

involute group of Schlenbachia (Prionocyclus).

The type cannot be found. The specimens figured by Griesbach

are in the Hamburg Museum.

S. Umbulazi appears to be confined to Pondoland.

Genus EULOPHOCERAS, Hyatt.

EULOPHOCERAS NATALENSE, Hyatt.

Plate XLILI., fig. 3.

1903. Hulophoceras natalense, Hyatt, Pseudoceratites of the Creta-

ceous (Mon. U.S. Geol. Survey, vol. xliv.) p. 86, pl. xi,

figs. 2-6.

For the identification of this species I am indebted to Mr. G. C.

Crick of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). It is the type of the

genus Hulophoceras, Hyatt. The species was founded on a single

imperfect specimen which is stated to have come from ‘ Port Natal,’

and is now in Yale Museum. Other species of Hulophoceras from

Pondoland, of which Mr. Crick hopes to give an account of shortly,

are in the British Museum.

Grenus MORTONICERAS, Meek.

Morroniceras Souront (Baily).

Plate XLIIL., fig. 1.

1855. Ammonites Soutonw, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 405, pl. xi., fig. 1.

1895. Mortoniceras Soutont, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Paliont. u. Geol.

Osterr.-Ungarns, OC 1k Peloa.

1904. Mortoniceras (?) Soutont, Solger, Foss. Mungokreide in

Kamerun, p. 208.

This species is closely allied to M. texanwm (Romer) | from the

Austin Chalk of Texas, but the ribs are more numerous than in

Roémer’s type, and there are some differences in the sutures. Accord-

ing to de Grossouvre } WM. texanwm is found in the Lower Santonian

* Jahrb. d. k.k. geol. Reichsanst., vol. xliv. (1894), p. 464.

+ Kreidebild. v. Texas (1852), p. 31, pl. iii., fig. 1. Lasswitz, Kreide-Ammoniten

y. Texas (Geol. u. Paleont. Abhandl. v. Koken, N.F., vi., 1904), p. 30, pl. vii.,

fig. 2. Gerhardt, Neues Jahrb. fiir Min., &c., Beil.-Bd. xi. (1897), p. 70, pl. i., fig. 1.

+ Les Ammonites de la Craie supér. (1903), p. 80, pl. xvi., figs. 2-4, pl. xvii.,

figs le

338 Annals of the South African Museum.

of Europe, but Lasswitz,* who has recently given a revision of the

Chalk Ammonites of Texas in Rémer’s collection, considers that the

examples figured by de Grossouvre belong to another species—

Ammonites quinquenodosus, Redtenbacher, whilst he regards Mortoni-

ceras campaniense, de Grossouvre,+ as an example of M. texanwm

(Romer). If this view is correct then the horizon of M. texanwm in

Europe isCampanian. M. de Grossouvre | considers that M. Soutoni

is related to M. Bontanti, § but it appears to me to differ consider-

ably from that species, and to resemble much more closely J.

texanum.

Examples of Mortoniceras from Algeria, Palestine, and Venezuela

have been referred to IM. texanwm. Mortoniceras appears to be

unknown in the Senonian of India. The individuals of M. Soutoni

attain a very large size. The largest at present known is the type

which is in the Museum of the Geological Society, and has a

diameter of nearly 48 cm.

MorTONICERAS STANGERI (Baily).

Plate XLIV., fig. 1.

1855. Ammonites Stangert, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 455, pl. xi., fig. 2.

1872. Ammonites Stangert, Schliiter, Cephalop. d. oberen deutsch.

Kreide, p. 45.

1895. Mortoniceras Stangeri, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Paliiont. u. Geol.

Osterr.-Ungarns, &G., 1x., p. 184.

1904. Mortoniceras (?) Stangeri, Solger, Foss. Mungokreide in

Kamerun, p. 205.

This species has been compared with Peroniceras subtricarinatum

(V’Orb.) by de Grossouvre,|| but though it is, as pointed out by

Kossmat, like Peroniceras in the young stages, it subsequently

develops the characteristics of Mortoniceras.

M. Stangeri appears to be confined to Pondoland. The individuals

do not reach so large a size as in the case of WM. Soutont. The type

has a diameter of 32 cm., and is in the Museum of the Geological

Society of London.

* Ops cit:, pol, pl. vill., figs 4.

+ This has since been identified by de Grossouvre with M. delawarense (Morton).

See Grossouvre, Recherch. sur la Craie supér. (1901), p. 379.

+ Recherch. sur la Craie supér. (1901), p. 926.

§ Ammonites de la Craie supér. (1893), p. 77, pl. xvii., figs. 2, 3.

|| Amm. de la Craie supér. (1893), p. 94, pl. x., figs. 1, 2, pl. xi., fig. 1.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 339

Genus HETEROCERAS, d’Orbigny.

HETEROCERAS, Sp.

Plate XLII, fig. 4.

A small portion of a specimen of Heteroceras is elliptical in section,

and is ornamented with strong, oblique ribs, which become obsolete

on the inner margin of the whorl. At intervals some of the ribs are

more prominent than the others; between the prominent ribs from

four to six of the smaller ribs are seen.

This species shows some resemblance to H. Reussianwn

(d’Orbigny),* but the ribs are more widely separated, and the more

prominent ribs are not produced into spines.

HETEROCERAS, Sp.

Plate XLII., fig. 5.

Some portions of the evolute part of a species of Heteroceras show

a slightly elliptical or nearly circular section, and are ornamented

with numerous, sharp, narrow ribs which cross the whorls somewhat

obliquely and do not bear tubercles. The sutures are deeply

divided.

This species shows some resemblance to H. indicwm (Stoliczka) +

but the whorls are more slender and the transverse constrictions

appear to be absent.

GreNus HAMITES, Parkinson.

Sus-GENusS ANISOCERAS, Pictet.

HamitEs (ANISOCERAS) SUBCOMPRESSUS, Forbes.

Plate XLIII., fig. 2.

1846. Hanutes subcompressus, Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2,

vol. vil., p. 116) pl xi, tee 6:

1866. Anisoceras indicum, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i.,

p. 181, pl. Ixxxv., figs. 1-5 (non H. indicus, Forbes).

1895. Hamites (Anisoceras) subcompressum, Kossmat, Beitr. z.

Palaont. u. Geol. Osterr.- Ungarns, &., ix., p. 145, pl. xix.,

figs. 10-12.

21903. Anisoceras subcompressum, Whiteaves, Mesozoic Fossils

(Geol. Survey, Canada), vol. 1., pt. 5, p. 338, pl. xlv. fig. 1.

* For references to figures and descriptions of this species see Woods, Q.J.G.S.,

lii, (1896), p. 74.

+ Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i. (1866), p. 184, pl. Ixxxvi., fig. 1.

340 Annals of the South African Museum.

There is a portion of an example of this species which seems to

agree perfectly with the Indian specimens and with the figures

given by Forbes, Stoliezka, and Kossmat. In Southern India

Hanutes (Anisoceras) compressus occurs in the Valudaytir Group

and perhaps also in the Utattr Group. A very closely allied form

is figured by Whiteaves from the Nanaimo Group of Vancouver.

Hamites (ANISOCERAS) INDICUS, Forbes.

Plate XLIV, fig. 2.

1846. Hamites indicus, Forbes, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii.,

p. 116 (non pl. xi., fig. 4).

1866. Anisoceras subcompressum, Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna S. India,

VOM aps nO. ipl: beaxyatie lie

1866. Anisoceras rugatum, Stoliezka, ibid., p. 178, pl. Ixxxv., figs.

10-13.

1866. Anisoceras tenwisulcatum, Stoliezka, ibid., pl. Ixxxv., fig. 14

(non figs. 15, 16).

1871. Anisoceras rugatum, Griesbach, Q.J.G.S., xxvii., p. 638, pl. iii.,

fig. 4.

1895. Hamuites (Anisoceras) indicus, Kossmat, Beitr. z. Paliont u.

Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, &c., ix., p. 145, pl. xix., fig. 4.

A small portion of an example of this species was figured by

Griesbach as Anisoceras rugatum, and is now in the Hamburg

Museum. A small example of Anisoceras, which was collected by

the Survey, probably belongs to this species. The Indian specimens

occur in the Valudayur Group of Pondicherri.

Hamires (ANISOCERAS), Sp.

Plate XLIV., fig. 3.

There are two imperfect specimens of a species in which the

ribs are sharp and very oblique, and the section of the shell is

elliptical or nearly circular. This species differs from H. (Anisoceras)

indicus by the obliquity of the ribs and the elliptical section; and

from H. (Anisoceras) tenwisulcatus, Forbes,* by the fewer, stronger,

and more oblique ribs.

* Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 116, pl. x., fig. 8, pl. xi., fig. 3.

Stoliezka, Cret. Fauna S. India, vol. i. (1866), p. 177, pl. Ixxxv., figs. 15, 16 (not

fig. 17). Kossmat, Beitr. z. Paliont. u. Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, &c., ix. (1895),

p. 147, plo xixty digs: 5,6:

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 341

Genus BACULITES, Lamarck.

BacvuLites suLcAtus, Baily.

Plate XLIV., fig. 4.

1855. Baculites sulcatus, Baily, Q.J.G.S., xi., p. 457 (partim), pl. xi.,

fig. 5c (non 5a, b).

B. sulcatus of Baily included two species. In the smaller example

figured by that author, for which the name sulcatus is obviously

appropriate, there are strong rounded ribs which extend obliquely

backwards from the siphonal margin ; below the middle of the shell

they become broader and bend towards the anti-siphonal margin.

Between the ribs are broad, rounded furrows. The section of the

shell is oval, and more compressed on the siphonal than on the anti-

siphonal side. The sutures are not visible. The only specimens

seen are the types in the Museum of the Geological Society of

London.

The ribs are somewhat similar to those of B. anceps, d’Orbigny,*

but the shell is much less ovate in seetion, and the siphonal margin

is more rounded. In B. vertebralis, Lamarck,} the ribs are not so

strong as in B. sulcatus.

Bacuuites Batty, sp. nov.

Plate XLIV., fig. 5.

1855. Baculites sulcatus, Baily, @.J.G.S., x1., p. 457 (partim), pl. x1.,

fig. 5a, b (non dc).

Description.—Shell increasing in diameter very slowly. Section

oval, compressed, rather narrower on the siphonal than on the anti-

siphonal side. A small carina is seen in specimens which have the

shell well-preserved. Lobes and saddles narrow and rather deep;

the superior-lateral lobe is symmetrically divided by a deep rounded

saddle, and each part is divided by a similar but rather smaller

saddle.

Ornamentation consists of small, inconspicuous ribs, which bend

rapidly backwards from the siphonal margin; below the middle of

the shell they curve round and pass forward over the anti-siphonal

margin.

* Pal. Franc. Terr. Crét., vol. i. (1842), p. 565, pl. cxxxix., figs. 1-7. Schliiter,

Cephalop. oberen deutsch. Kreide (1876), p. 145, pl. xl, fig. 2.

+ Binkhorst, Gastérop. et Cephalop. Craie supér. du Limbourg (1861), p. 40,

pl. vd., fig. 1. Schliiter, op. cit., p. 143 1. xxxix., figs. 11-13, pl. xl,, figs. 4, 5, 8.

342 Annals of the South African Museum.

Affinities. —This species appears to be related to B. teres, Forbes,*

but possesses an oval, instead of a circular or nearly circular section,

and fine ribs instead of gentle undulations across the siphonal margin.

B. teres is found in the Valudayur Group of Pondicherri.

Riemarks.—B. Bailyi is easily distinguished from B. sulcatus by

the character of the ribs. The specimen figured by Baily may be

taken as the type of the species. Several other specimens were

collected by the Survey and by Griesbach. The ribs are not so con-

spicuous as they are represented in Baily’s figure.

BACULITES CAPENSIS, sp. noy.

Plate XLIV., figs. 6, 7.

Description.—Shell large, increasing in diameter very slowly.

Section ovate ; sides flattened. Siphonal margin rounded, narrower

than the anti-siphonal margin. On each side of the shell, at a short

distance from the anti-siphonal margin, there is a row of large, blunt

tubercles which are elongated longitudinally. The surface of the

shell is ornamented with small, rounded, sometimes indistinct

transverse ribs; in passing from the siphonal margin on to the sides

they bend rapidly backwards, thus becoming very oblique, but at the

level of the row of tubercles they curve round and pass forwards

over the anti-siphonal margin where they form a broadly rounded

fold. Just above the row of tubercles, at about the middle of the

shell, there is a shallow longitudinal sulcus.

The largest specimen is 24 mm. in height and 18 mm. in width.

Affinities—This species is closely allied to B. icurvatus,

Dujardin,} which occurs in the Senonian of Hurope, but it differs in

having a longitudinal suleus on the side of the shell, and in the

tubercles being elongated instead of rounded. There are also some

small differences in the sutures.

* Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii. (1846), p. 115, pl. x., fig. 5. Stoliezka, Cret.

Fauna §8. India, vol. i. (1866), p. 197, pl. xc., fig. 12. Kossmat, Beitr, z. Paliont.

u. Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, &c., ix. (1895), p. 155. The type of B. teres is in the

Museum of the Geological Society of London.

+ Mém. Soe. géol. de France, ii. (1837), p. 232, pl. xvii., fig. 13. D’Orbigny,

Pal. Frang. Terr. Crét., i. (1842), p. 564, pl. cxxxix., figs. 8-10. Fritsch and

Schloénbach, Cephalop. d. bbhm. Kreidef. (1872), p. 51, pl. xiii., fig. 21. Schliiter,

Cephalop. oberen deutsch. Kreide (1876), p. 142, pl. xxxix., figs. 6, 7, pl. xl, fig. 3.

Fritsch, Stud. d. béhm. Kreidef. vi. Chlomeker Schichten (1897), p. 40, fig. 23.

Holzapfel, Mollusk. Aachen. Kreide (Paleontographica, vol. xxxiy., 1887), p. 64,

pl. iv., figs. 5, 6.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 343

Another allied species is B. asper, Morton,* which differs in

having larger and transversely elongated tubercles. * Baculites vagina,

Forbes,} belongs to the same group of species but is clearly distinct

from Bb. capensis,

Genus SCAPHITES, Parkinson.

SCAPHITES, sp.

Plate XLIV., fig. 8.

Description.—The whorls of the involute part are rounded but

become somewhat flattened in approaching the evolute part of the

shell. Umbilicus rather large. The evolute part increases in

height only slightly in passing from the involute part towards the

aperture ; its sides are flattened, and its external margin is mode-

rately broad and rounded.

The inyolute part is ornamented with a few strong, nearly

straight ribs which are continued over the external margin and

sometimes bifurcate; one or two more ribs are intercalated at

the external margin. On the evolute part a few tubercles form a

row near the external border of the side of the shell, and each

tubercle is continued as a strong, rather oblique rib across the whorl

to the inner margin where another tubercle may be developed. On

the external margin there are smaller and fairly numerous ribs.

Suture line: saddles broader than lobes, with rounded termina-

tions. Siphonal lobe deep, broader than the superior-lateral lobe

which is divided into two nearlysymmetrical parts each having three

digitations of which the lowest is the largest. Inferior-lateral much

smaller than the superior-lateral lobe, and divided into two parts.

Siphonal saddle very broad, divided into two parts of which the

outer is much larger than the inner. Superior-lateral and inferior-

lateral saddles much smaller than the siphonal saddle, each divided

by a small lobe into two broadly rounded parts.

Remarks.—This species is known at present by one somewhat

imperfect specimen. It shows some resemblance to S. Mes/lev, de

Grossouvre,{| from the Coniacian of France, but the height of the

* Synopsis Org. Rem. Cret. U.S. (1834), p. 43, pl. i., figs. 12, 13, pl. xiii.,

fig. 2. Romer, Kreidebild. v. Texas (1852), p. 36, pl. ii., fig. 2. Stanton, Colorado

Formation, Bull. U.S., Geol. Survey, No. 106 (1893), p. 167, pl. xxxvi., figs. 4, 5.

+ Stoliczka, Cret. Fauna §. India, vol. i. (1866), p. 198, pl. xc., figs. 14, 15,

pl. xci., figs. 1-6. Kossmat, Beitr. z. Paliont. u. Geol. Osterr.-Ungarns, &c., ix.

(1895), p. 155, pl. xix., figs. 13-17.

t Ammonites de la Craie supér. (1893), p. 239, pl. xxxii., figs. 4, 7.

344 Annals of the South African Museum.

evolute part remains more uniform and is relatively less throughout ;

also the tubercles are near the outer margin.

The ornamentation on the evolute part is somewhat similar to

that of one of the specimens of S. similaris figured by Stoliczka,*

but the ribs are fewer and stronger.

THE AFFINITIES, DISTRIBUTION AND AGE OF

THE FAUNA.

The resemblance between the Cretaceous faunas of Pondoland and

Southern India, to which attention has been called by previous

writers, consists to a larger extent in the occurrence of allied species,

and in almost the same assemblage of genera, than in the presence

of the same species in both regions. Thus, out of a total of 92

species which have now been found in Pondoland only 10 are known

to occur in Southern India. The proportion of the species common

to both is greater in the Cephalopoda than in other groups.

The species found in both regions are :—

Pecten (Neithea) quinquecostatus, Sow.

Astarte (Eriphyla) lenticularis (Goldt.).

Margarita radiatula (Forb.).

Turritella (Zaria) Bonei, Baily.

Hauericeras Gardeni (Baily).

55 Rembda (Forb.).

Pseudophyllites Indra (Forb.).

Gaudryceras Kayei (Forb.).

Hamites (Anisoceras) subcompressus, Forb.

Pr ( - ) indicus, Forb.

It will be noticed that all of these, with the exception of the last

two, are widely distributed forms. In addition to these, Griesbach

identified 10 other species of Gasteropods with forms found in

Southern India; but after examining Griesbach’s specimens I am

unable, as will be seen from the preceding account, to accept those

identifications.

In addition to the species mentioned above as common to Pondo-

land and Southern India there are 11 species of Mollusca represented

by allied forms.

If the Ammonites be taken as the sole guide in correlation, then it

is clear that the Cretaceous deposit of Pondoland is represented by

the Ariyaltir Beds of Trichinopoli, and the Valudaytir and Trzgonoarca

Beds of Pondicherri, because all the species which are common to

* Cret. Fauna 8, India, vol. i. (1866), p. 167, pl. lxxxi., fig. 6. Rec. Geol.

Survey India, vol. i. (1868), p. 36.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 345

the two regions occur in the Ariyalir Beds or in their equivalents

the Valudaytr and Trigonoarca Beds, and not one (with the possible

exception of Hauericeras Gardent) is found in the Trichinopoli Beds

below. The abundance of Hamites (Anisoceras) and the presence of

Tetragonites aff. Cala in Pondoland form a further link with the

Valudayur Beds.

If, however, we compare only the Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods

and take into account both identical and allied forms, then the

relationship of the Pondoland deposit seems to be as close to the

Trichinopoli Beds as to the beds of Ariyalir age. But it is difficult

to know what value to give in correlation to the evidence furnished

by allied forms, and likewise to determine whether the resemblance

in the gasteropod and lamellibranch faunas is not due to similarity of

conditions rather than to identity in age. In any case, for the

correlation of deposits so widely separated as those of South Africa

and Southern India, the evidence of the Cephalopods will be

admitted to be of far greater importance than that of other groups of

fossils.

Of the Lamellibranchs and Gasteropods found in Pondoland and

represented in Southern India by either identical or allied species

the following occur in, but not above, the Trichinopoli Group:

Trigonoarca capensis (Griesb.), <Astarte (Hriphyla) lenticularis

(Goldf.), Cardium denticulatum, Baily, Protocardia Hillana (Sow.),

Scala ornata (Baily), and Cryptorhytis rigida (Baily). On the other

hand, forms allied to the following species do not occur below the

Ariyaltr Beds: Nemodon natalensis (Baily), Inoceramus expansus

Baily, Semifusws (Mayeria) sp., and perhaps Meretrix wumzambiensis,

sp. nov.

The following species or forms allied to them are found in both the

Trichinopoli and the Ariyalur Groups: Pecten (Neithea) quinquecos-

tatus, Sow., Margarita radiatula (Forb.), Pseudomelania (Oonta) sp.,

and Turritella Boner, Baily.

Kossmat* has expressed the opinion that the upper part

of the Trichinopoli Group, as well as the Ariyalir Group, is

represented in the Pondoland deposit. But the Ammonites seem

to give no evidence for the existence of the former horizon, and I

believe that the whole of the Pondoland deposit is of the age of the

Ariyalur Group.

M. A. de Grossouvre + doubts the correctness of the view of the

close affinity between the Pondoland and South Indian faunas which

* Rec. Geol. Surv. India, vol. xxx. (1897), p. 71.

+ Recherch. sur la Craie Supér. (1901), pp. $26, 927.

346 Annals of the South African Museum.

was put forward by Baily and by Griesbach, and was supported by

Kossmat after a careful study of the geographical distribution of the

Ammonites of Southern India. M. de Grossouvre concludes that

the Pondoland fauna is at least as closely related to the fauna of

the Chalk of Europe as to that of Southern India.

Whilst it must be allowed that the relationship of the Pondoland

and South Indian faunas is not so close as Griesbach supposed,

there is nevertheless a considerable resemblance between them, and

it seems to me to be greater than the resemblance of the Pondoland

fauna to that of the European Chalk. Only three species appear to

be common to Pondoland and Europe, viz., Pecten (Neithea)

quinquecostatus, Sow., Astarte (Hriphyla) lenticularis (Goldf.), and

Pseudophyllites Indra (Forb.). Eleven others are represented in

Kurope by allied forms, viz., Inoceramus expansus, Baily, Protocardia

Hillana (Sow.), Margarita radiatula (Forb.), Psewdomelania (Oonia)

sp., Turritella Bonet, Baily, Acteon (Trochacteon), sp., Hauericeras

Garden (Baily), H. Rembda (Forb.), Gaudryceras Kayei (Forb.),

Mortoniceras Soutont (Baily), and Baculites capensis sp. nov. The

resemblance is naturally greater to the Huropean faunas which are

of fairly shallow water character than to those of deep water.

A point of difference between the Pondoland and South Indian

faunas is seen in the presence of the genus Mortoniceras, which

is abundant in the former, but apparently does not occur in the

Trichinopoli and Ariyalir horizons of India. This genus is also

well represented in Europe and North America. Another difference

is the absence of Pachydiscus in Pondoland, whilst it is well repre-

sented in Southern India.

De Grossouvre considers that the Pondoland deposits are of

Lower Senonian age, and belong in part at least to the Coniacian.

He places them at the limit of the Coniacian and Santonian

divisions, but admits that the existence of Campanian (Upper

Senonian) is indicated by the presence of Pseudophyllites Indra

and Gaudryceras Kayet. The opinion that the deposits are of

earlier date than the Campanian appears to be based chiefly on

the presence of Mortoniceras Soutont and M. Stangert, which

De Grossouvre regards as closely allied to species found in the

Coniacian and Santonian stages in Europe. Another allied

species of Mortonsceras does, however, occur in the Campanian

of Europe. That the two Pondoland species (M. Soutom and

M. Stangert) are really of Campanian age is, I think, established

by their association in the same bed with Hauericeras Rembda,

Gaudryceras Kayei, and Hamuites (Anisoceras) indicus, not one

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland. 347

of which occurs below the Valudaytir Beds which are admitted

to be of Campanian age. Further, the absence of any horizon in

Pondoland earlier than the Campanian is shown by the fact that

specimens of Pseudophyllites Indra were found by the Survey in

the basement bed of the deposit. The probability that one zone

only is represented is supported by the observations made by the

Survey that most of the species range throughout the deposit, as well

as by the small thickness of that deposit.

Schlenbachia Umbulazi was regarded by Kossmat as probably

a Lower Senonian form, but its horizon is similarly fixed by its

association with characteristic Campanian species.

Rocks of the same age as those of Pondoland are found along the

coast of Zululand from Port Durnford to beyond St. Lucia Bay, and

are probably continued as far north as Delagoa Bay. An account

of the fossils from one part of this region, Umkwelane Hill north

of St. Lucia Bay, has been given by Mr. R. Etheridge.*

Still further north, on the coast at Sofala, in lat. 20° S., the

presence of beds of the same age is indicated by the occurrence

of Alectryonia ungulata (Schlotheim).|

Deposits representing the Ariyalir Beds have been proved to

occur near the coast on the north, east, and south-west of

Madagascar. Thus from Diego Suarez M. de Grossouyre |} has

recorded Nautilus Bouchardi, Scaphites sp., Hauericeras sp. cf.

Rembda, Brahmdites Brahma, Puzosia sp., and Phylloceras sp.,

and he concludes that the fauna is closely related to that of the

Ariyaltir deposits of Southern India. On the east coast of Mada-

gascar Cretaceous fossils have been found at Fanivelona and

Marohita, and have been described by Prof. Boule and MM.

Thevenin and Lambert.s Nearly all of the Mollusca are found in

the Cretaceous rocks of Southern India. The following species are

recorded :—

Lytoceras Indra (Forb.). Turritella cf. difficilis, VOrb.

Volutilithes janivelonensis, Boule and 93 cf. nodosa, Rém.

They. ah Breantiana, @ Orb.

Fusus excavatus, Blanf. Ostrea (Alectryonia) ungulata, Schloth.

Pugnellus crassicostatus, Notl. » (Gryphea) vesicularis, Lam.

* Second Report Geol. Survey Natal and Zululand (1904), p. 71.

+ R. B. Newton, Journ. Conch., viii. (1896), p. 136.

+ Bull. Soc. géol. de France, ser. 3, vol. xxvii. (1899), p. 378.

§ Annal. de Paléont., vol. i. (1906), p. 43. Lambert, Bull. Soc. géol. de France,

ser. 3, vol. xxiv. (1896), p. 313, and ibid. ser. 4, vol. iii. (1908), p. 75. Alectryonia

ungulata and other species are recorded from Madagascar by R. B. Newton, Q.J.G.S.,

xly. (1889), p. 333.

348 Annals of the South African Musewm.

Ostrea, ef. Nicaisei, Coq. Cyprina cordialis, Stol.

Spondylus calcaratus, Forb. Epiaster nutrivx, Lamb.

Trigonia, ef. scabra, Lam. Hemiaster, sp.

Glyeimeris orientalis (Forb.). Netlingia Boulei, Lamb.

Anatina (Cercomya) arcuata, Forb.

At Tullear, on the west coast, Pachydiscus colligatus has been

found.

The discovery of Senonian deposits in Madagascar has obviously

an important bearing on the question of a land connection between

South Africa and Southern India which many writers believe to have

existed at this period. In connection with this subject, attention

may be called to the resemblance which Pervinquiére * has shown

to exist between the Upper Cretaceous faunas (especially the

Senonian) of Tunis and Southern India, which resemblance he

considers can be explained only by a direct marine communication

between the two regions. The absence of this land barrier would

account more readily for the resemblance between the faunas of

Southern India and those of Central Europe, than if the migration

took place by way of South Africa as supposed by Kossmat. |

Deposits of the same age as that of Pondoland, and possessing

more or less similar faunas, have been found in Assam, Borneo,

Yesso (Hokkaido), Vancouver Island (Nanaimo Group), California

{upper part of Chico Series), and Quiriquina (Chili).

* Htude géol. de la Tunisie Centrale (1903), pp. 64-152.

+ Kossmat, Jahrb. d. k. geol. Reichsanst. xliv. (1894), p. 466. Rec. Geol. Survey

India, xxvili. (1895), p. 45, and ibid. xxx. (1897), p. 75. Geol. d. Sokétra, &c.,

Denkschr. d. k. Akad. Wissen. Math.-nat. Cl., vol. lxxi. (1902), pp. 61, 62.

The Cretaceous Fauna of Pondoland.

349

DISTRIBUTION OF THE ECHINOIDEA, PoLyzoaA, AND Monuusca.

[The presence of a species is indicated by x. The occurrence of an allied species

is shown by the letter a.

In the European column the horizons are shown by the

abbreviations Cret., Cen., Tur., Sen., and Camp., for Cretaceous, Cenomanian,

Turonian, Senonian, and Campanian respectively. |

Pondoland.

ECHINOIDEA.

Cidaris, sp. cf. hirudo, Sorig.

Pseudodiadema Griesbachi, Woods ..

Cassidulus wnbonatus, Woods

Cardiaster africanus, Woods

Henuaster Forbest, Baily

Potyzoa.

Berenicea gracilis (M. Edw.}

Elea meridiana, Lang

Membranipora irregularis (d’Orb.)

Pe perforata (Reuss)

Eschara Royana, VOrb.

LAMELLIBRANCHIA.

Nuculana, sp. --

Area, sp.

Barbatia meridiana, Woods

55 SD ce ee ere tas ees

Trigonoarca capensis (Griesb.)

Nemodon natalensis (Baily)

Pectunculus africanus, Griesb. .....

Trigonia Shepstonei, Griesb........

‘ys elegans: Bailly ain. circ)

WON BN one neosuoosoodaopdat6

Modiola katiraria, Woods

Pecten(Chlamys) amapondensis,Griesb.

capensis, Woods ....

(.Eyuipecten) Kossmati, Woods

Ep AKG QNRDLOMECLES))) Sisut-naiaher= cus oie

5, (Neithea) quinguecostatus, Sow.

7 ”

Ostrea, sp.

Haogyrda, sp.

Tnoceramus expansus, Baily

Astarte Griesbachi, Woods

5 (Briphyla)lenticularis (Goldt.)

Crassatellites africanus, Woods

ie euglypha, Woods.......-.

Cardiun denticulatum, Baily

ae Griesbachi, Woods

Teredo, sp.

Liopistha (Psilomya) corrugata, Woods |

COMM NY Gs His saopancgdocanbouodc

SCAPHOPODA.

De rtCUUUN Ty Soa avs ateyol ys oetee1e:elekele =

Delarueana, VOrb. .......

Protocardia Hillana (Sow.), var... .

ISOLCCUNIISHE (AZ OM#E)s SPs. fareierheter:

Trichinopoli

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x Tur. Sen.

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1 Either very near to or actually from the Ariyaluy Group.

Page.

276

277

| 279

| 280

283

285

286

| 282

287

| 287

288

| 288

2389

| 291

| 292

| 293

294

| 295

| 296

| 297

| 298

| 299

299

| 299

300

301

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

390 Annals of the South African Museum.

Pondoland.

GASTEROPODA.

Margarita radiatula (Forbes) ......

Nerita umzambiensis, Woods ......

a (eenHanr@, WOO coane pooh es

Pseudomelania Sutherlandi (Baily) ..

a (CoO EI, Sasoaca6

Seaila, oynania (Veni) toon 5cauecod0o7

Soren Jean (ErN0l) Goageoboboee

Natica (Lunatia) multistriata, Baily

COWOUBy BDooodacoccdascoacoapaoss

Turritella (Zaria) Bonei, Baily

VOR REGUS, 0) bs on BOB BOO UORoOm oS OF

Dicroloma (Perissoptera), sp.........

Pugnellus auriculatus, Woods ......

5 Sener micasaks etc ee

cr yptor hytis rigida (Bafly) ........

of SD ciasheranns cusveleve weveiatens

Pyropsis africana, Woods ..........

Piriusus Bailyt, Woods .........-

Semifusus ? (Mayeria?), sp. ........

VORMOINEKES Bb bi0065h6 6onenohe se

Turris ? kaffraria (Guiesbs)) «3.2 eee

Cancellaria meridionalis, Woods ....

SPs, vodsiee cuisieve evens cies

Rostellites capensis, Woods’ ........

PA CULOIDAS Dey edeeieisiel ters os heteven= eve serene

Wereonclla (Lrochact@on), sp. =...

Eriptycha perampla, Woods........

CEPHALOPODA.

INCMURKESIG ae Coopinabpoccoacooed om

JARS LOCARUR, Gils Gana Gonnen ce casc oc

SP tatacrnts ol ti eesharesecneere

Hauericeras Gardeni (Baily)........

Rembda (Forbes) ......

Pseudophyllites Indra (Forbes)

Tetragonites sp. fatf. Cala, Forbes) .

Gaudryceras Kayei (Forbes) ......

HEUOUCOGISCLIS SD umetic comic siete eitie ee

Schlanbachia Umbulazi (Baily)......

EHulophoceras natalense, Hyatt ......

Mortoniceras Soutoni (Baily)........

% Stangéri (Baily) ......

JERAOROTCROU, Bids conaccga on doonso ob

A San se sew crisis sie can

Hamites (Anisoceras) subcompressus,

HOYDeSi as deus Sewers eiseiaa ais

Hamites (Anisoceras) indicus, Forbes

Sb aboseHUdar

Baculites sule atus, Baily cvs ecvensvo

"3 Bailyi, Wisodan mate he:

ts CAPENSIS, WOOUS memaeeenes

Scaphites spy os cece eee eee oe

> ae |

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District. DHS eee, |

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NBS a U.Camp.

xX al UE Camp:

x a U.Camp.

a Sen.

a L.Sen,

Page.

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

| 342

343

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The figures are of natural size unless the amount of enlargement or reduction is

stated. ‘The specimens are in the South African Museum except when another

collection is mentioned; those collected by the Survey and by Capt. Garden are

from the cliffs near the mouth of the Umzamba River; those collected by Griesbach

are labelled ‘‘ Umtamvuna.”

PuateE XXXIII.

FIGS. PAGE

1, 2. Pseudodiadema Griesbachi, sp. nov. wise : ani one lO

la, part of upper surface; 1b, side view of the same specimen ;

lc, portion of an interambulacral area from just above the

ambitus to near the peristome x 4.

2. Ambulacral area x 4. Griesbach Collection.

3, 4. Cassidulus umbonatus, sp.nov. ... : Be sane a

3a, upper surface ; 3), left side; 3c Sane ead 3d, peristome

and floscelle.

4a, upper surface x 14; 4b, right side x 14; 4c, base x 14; 4d,

antero-lateral ambulacrum x 4,

5-7. Cardiaster africanus, sp. noy., Griesbach Collection ... eae PAK)

5a, upper surface ; 5b, ventral surface ; 5c, anterior end.

6. Part of posterior end showing periproct and fasciole x 3.

7a, dorsal surface ; 7b, left postero-lateral part x 2.

8,9. Hemiaster Forbesi, Baily. Griesbach Collection aise 280

8a, upper surface; 8b, left side; 8c, part of left half of Aloreall

surface x 2.

9. Base.

10-12. Hlea meridiana, Lang one se se ode 208

10. Four nota zocecia, and one closed. zocecium. The former

show transversely elongate apertures with rims thickened dis-

tally. The latter has a dome-shaped perforate cap. x about 40.

Specimen 4.

11. Two normal and six closed zoccia. The former do not

exhibit the Eleid characters of a transversely elongate aperture

and distally thickened rim so well as those represented in Fig. 10.

The closed zocecia are short with dome-shaped, perforate caps.

x about 40. Specimen 6.

12. Six closed zonmecia. One has a flat imperforate covering. In

two zocecia the flat covering has a perforation, which in one case

is surrounded by a little rim of its own. Two others are produced

distally to a snout-like perforated termination. The remaining

zocecium resembles the two latter, but is smaller. x about 40.

Specimen 4.

13. Nuculana, sp. Griesbach Collection ae Se Sue ee oN

Right valve x 3.

14. Barbatia meridiana, sp. nov. ee ee ee “35 <a SOU

14a, left valve x 14; 14b, dorsal view.

KXXIII.

Maas. VoL IV.

Poa... Atr.}

Co, imp

r2OSCO pic

London Stez

TA Brock. del

Puate XXXIV.

FIGS, PAGE

1,2. Trigonoarca capensis (Griesb.) ae ot 555 oss “2 208

la, right valve; 1b, hinge of same.

2a, left valve ; 2b, dorsal view ; 2c, hinge.

3-7. Nemodon natalensis (Baily) .. ee : noo Psi’)

3a, left valve ; 3b, part near ihe middle of che alte x 3.

4. Left valve of a variety with smaller ribs. Griesbach Collection.

5a, right valve ; 5b, dorsal view.

6. Interior of left valve.

7. Ribs near the anterior third of right valve x 4. Griesbach

Collection.

8-12. Pectunculus africanus (Griesb.) ... tie 58 Sn cee ool

8. Left valve.

9a, the type, right valve; 9b, posterior part x 6; 9c, anterior

part x 6. Griesbach Collection.

10. Interior of right valve.

11. Right valve.

12. Griesbach Collection. Left valve.

Bn S Afr. Mus. Vol. IV Pl. XXXIV.

TA Brock. del

PuaTteE XXXYV.

FIGS.

1, 2. Trigonia Shepstoner, Griesb. .

1. Left valve. Griesbach Collection.

2. Right valve.

3,4. Trigonia elegans, Baily

3. Right valve.

4a, left valve of a small specimen x 2; 4b, part of the same x 4.

5. Mytilus, sp. 586 50H ae ee

Part of left valve. Griesbach Collection.

6. Modiola kaffraria, sp. nov. ... :

a, left valve; b, anterior view x 1.

7-9. Pecten (Chlamys) amapondensts, Griesb. ...

7, 8. Right valves. Griesbach Collection x 14.

9. Left valve. Griesbach Collection.

10. Pecten (Chlamys) capensis, sp. nov.

a, left valve; b, part x 3.

11. Pecten (Aiquipecten) Kossmatt, sp. nov.

a, left valve; b, part near the ventral margin x 1

12,13. Pecten (Camptonectes), sp.

12a, right valve x 14; 120, sane near ihe podtenioe Ronde x Re

12c, part near the mid- ventr al border x 6.

13. Part of left valve x 14. Griesbach Collection.

14. Pecten (Neithea) quinquecostatus, Sow.

Right valve.

15. Ostrea, sp. or ae =

a, exterior ; b, interior of left valve.

16. Ostrea, sp.

a, exterior ; D, SeaGe of lett ene

17. Hxogyra, sp.

Right valve.

18,19. Astarte Griesbachi, sp. noy. Griesbach Collection

18a, right valve x 14; 18), dorsal view x 13.

19a, left valve x 2; 19b, interior xe BE

20. Astarte (Hriphyla) lenticularis (Goldf.)

Right valve. Griesbach Collection.

21. Crassatellites africanus, sp. nov.

21a, left valve; 21b, interior ; 21c, anterior view; 21d, part near

the middle of the valve x 4.

PAGE

292

293

294

295

296

297

299

300

gm. Oo Ate Migs. Vol. IV. Pl) KOE

TA Brock. del

London Stereoscopic Ce. imp

Daa m AITTSa GATTNT AG DaANNAT th

pJRRITAGCHEUUS FAUNA OF FONDOLANT

Puate XXXVI.

FIGS, PAGE

1-3. C rassatellites africanus, sp. nov. ... aes age sa .. 308

la, left valve ; 1b, dorsal view.

2. Right valve.

3. Left valve.

4-6. Meretrix wmzambiensis, sp.nov. ... da afer dt .. 804

4a, left valve; 4b, interior of same.

5. Right valve.

6a, right valve ; 6), interior of same; 6c, dorsal view.

7-10. Meretrix euglypha, sp. nov. : 305

7a, right valve x 14; 7b, dorsal view; 7c, median Srtot alive x 8.

8a, right valve ; 8), anterior view.

9. Left valve.

10. Right valve.

11. Cardium denticulatum, Baily 500 : «. BOG

lla, right valve; 11, part near the mid- ventral iorder x 2.

Poa. o.Atr Mus. Vol lV. Pl OOOevar

London Stereoscopic Co imp

TA Brock del

PuaTteE XXXVII.

FIGS. : PAGE

1, 2. Cardiwm denticulatum, Baily are nee eae Ree --- 306

la, left valve ; 1b, interior of same.

2. Left valve. Griesbach Collection.

. Cardiwm Griesbachi, sp. nov. Griesbach Collection. ... we, OOM

3a, right valve; 3b, posterior view; 3c, anterior view; 3d, dorsal

view.

4a, interior of right valve ; 4b, hinge x 2.

5. Ornamentation of right valve x 4.

6. Protocardia Hillana (Sow.) var. ... oe re sat ex 30%

Left valve.

. Solecurtus ? (Azor?), sp. ... ae ad we 0 ss ... 808

Decorticated left valve.

Teredo, sp. «s- aot ee Ae ake HB eis Boo 019)

Left valve.

Gontomya, sp. ... ios ae a st ade aah ao OLO

Right valve.

10-12. Poromya (Liopistha) corrugata, sp. nov. sins ae: ... 3809

Museum of the Geological Society of London.

10. Left valve.

11. Right valve.

12a, right valve ; 12), dorsal view.

13. Margarita radiatula (Forb.). Griesbach Collection... pag BO)

13b x 14.

14,15. Nerita wnzambiensis, sp. nov. ... ae an sa ‘suo

14b, apical view of 14a.

15b, apertural view of 15a.

16. Nerita kaffraria, sp. nov. ... ee ee ne me Sop, Lil

Showing colour markings.

16), apertural view ; 16c, apical view of 16a.

17, 18. Pseudomelanta Sutherland (Baily) ae we oll2

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. Vol. IV. PEK all

TA Brock del. London Stereoscopic Co. imp

PraTteE XXXVIII.

FIGS. PAGE

1. Pseudomelania (Oonia), sp. . 313

Museum of the Geological scciem of Tondon! No. Sic 386.

2, 3. Scala ornata (Baily) ... aes oa ae AG6 ies ates UO:

2. Spire.

3. Part of last whorl of the Type in the Museum of the Geo-

logical Society x 4.

4,5. Solarium Bailyi, Gabb ah Boe cee = or soe atl lis

4. Apical view x 3.

5. Base x 3.

6-8. Natica (Lunatia) multistriata, Baily Ae ah see so. O16

8. Griesbach Collection.

9,10. Gyrodes, sp. ... Sa wai aes fo sue ae HY

10 Griesbach @oallechiont

11, 12. Turritelia (Zaria) Bonet, Baily ... ao ane fs spon yl

11. Variety with five ribs.

12. Variety with three ribs. Griesbach Collection.

15a-c. Aporrhais, sp. : : sist wie .. 9818

1dc, part of one of the enone of the spire x on

14a, b. Dicroloma (Perissoptera), sp. eae ee Las vo OLD

14b, part of one of the whorls of the spire x C6.

15a, b. Pugnellus auriculatus, sp.nov. ... Bae a ue =» old

16. Pugnellus, sp. Griesbach Collection sts ae re ... 820

17. Pyropsis africana, sp. nov. ... oe SB see ae ... 322

Mon.s. Atr. Mus. Vol. IV. Pl OO

SER re eee oe ae

London Stereoscopic Co. im

TA Brock. del

PLATE XXXIX.

FIGS. PAGE

1. Pyropsis africana, sp. Nov. ... 500 305 ose w. 3822

1b, apertural view ; 1c, apical view “of la.

2a-c. Cryptorhytis rigida (Baily)... ee Se aa = --- ool

2c, part of last whorl x 6.

Pl. KOS

Peon 3 At Mus Vol.lV.

London Stereoscopic Co. im

TA Brock del

TACEOUS

itis

PLATE XL.

FIGS.

1. Cryptorhytis rigida (Baily). Griesbach Collection

2a, b. Cryptorhytis, sp. Griesbach Collection ...

3,4. Pirifusus Bailyi, sp. nov. Griesbach Collection

3a, b, specimen with the spire and the anterior part of mee aper sare

broken.

4. Spire and part of last whorl.

. Semifusus ? (Mayeria ?), sp. ‘ iets nets wae

5a, specimen with the anterior Pert of. last whorl missing ;

5b, ornamentation of last whorl x 6.

6. Semifusus ? (Mayeria ’), sp. Griesbach Collection

le aE athes, sp. Se

7a x 23 7b folds on colufualln x 2.

8,9. Turris ’ kaffraria (Griesb.). Griesbach Collection

8a, the Type; 8b, part of the last whorl of the same x 2.

9. Specimen with whorls of spire broken to show columella.

10, 11. Caneellaria meridionalis, sp. nov.

12a, b. Cancellaria, sp. Griesbach Collection.

13a, b. Rostellites capensis, sp. nov.

14a-c. Act@on, sp. ee

14c, part of last w net near dhe stave <0:

PAGE

321

322

324

Pelee

Ann.S. Afr.Mus. Vol IV.

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FIGS.

Prate XLI.

Actaeonella (Trochacteon), sp.

2a-d. Eriptycha perampla, sp. nov.

2d, part of last whorl x 8.

. Nautilus, sp. ..

. Phylloceras, sp. Griesbach Collection

4a, x 2; 4b, apertural view; 4c, suture x 6.

. Phylloceras, sp.

. Pseudophyllites, sp. .

Tetragonites, sp. aff. Cala (Forb.) ...

7c suture X 3.

. Gaudryceras Kayet (Forbes). Griesbach Collection

8a x 14; 8b apertural view of 8a.

PAGE

328

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Puate XLII.

FIGS. PAGE

1. Gaudryceras Kayei (Forbes) ae a oe abs w. 880

Portion of external margin x 13.

2. Holcodiscus, sp. a oa ee sek as .. 336

2a x 14; 2b, evan view vat 2a.

3. Eulophoceras natalense, Hyatt... sie as = se BON

3b suture of 3a.

4. Heteroceras, sp. és ce wis oe been aes)

External margin of veition por fone

. Heteroceras, sp. es . 3839

5a external view ; 5D, ermal view rot ev alate ae 5c, suture x 3.

{We

Ann.S. Afr. Mus Vol

TA Brock del

Pruate XLITI.

FIGS.

1. Mortoniceras Soutoni (Baily)

la x 8; 1b, suture of la nat. size.

2. Hamites (Anisoceras) subcompressus, Forbes

2a, lateral view ; 2b, section.

PAGE

337

339

Ann.5S. Afr. Mus. Vol. IV.

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PuatTe XLIV.

FIGS. PAGE

1. Mortoniceras Stangeri (Baily) sas wis sles see ... 338

la x 2; 1b, suture.

2. Hamites (Anisoceras) indicus, Forbes... oe Ce son vik)

Specimen figured by Griesbach. 2a, lateral view; 2b, section of 2a.

3. Hamutes (Anisoceras), sp. ... ash ... 340

3a, lateral view; 3b, section of ihe broader: end of aoe 3c, section

of the narrower end; 3d, external margin of broader part of 3a.

4. Baculites sulcatus, Baily ... , seo | LIL

The Type, Museum of the Geclencel BoCen of eonrion

5. Baculites Bailyi, sp. nov. ... sie os OA

Suture of a specimen in the Greerack Gollections x Gh

6, 7. Baculites capensis, sp. nov. : .. 9842

6a, lateral view; 6b, eeeten passing throvekt tubercles: Ta,

lateral view; 7), anti-siphonal border ; Te, section passing

through tubercies.

8. Scaphites, sp. . : ae ae ae ane coo aS

8b, exter nal margin “of 8a; ‘Be. suture of 8a x 3.

Afr Mus. Vol lV.

ROE:

Anan.

Filta pag Bb

TA Brock. del

eae ase a) ee

Meets Ph Rape

13.—Contributions to South African Vertebrate Paleontology.

2—On the Pareiasaurian genus Propappus.-—By R. Broom, M.D.,

D.Sce., Victoria College, Stellenbosch.

(Plate XLV.)

In the Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xliv., No. 267 (1890), there appeared

an abstract of a paper by Professor Seeley, ‘‘On a Large Humerus

from the East Brak River, South Africa, indicating a New Order of

Fossil Animals which was more nearly intermediate between Reptiles

and Mammals than the Groups hitherto known.” The type speci-

men is a bone, No. 36250, in the British Museum Collection, and

the name proposed for it is Propappus omocratus. No description is

given of the specimen in the abstract, though one or two compari-

sons are made with the humeri of various reptiles and mammals.

In the Catalogue of the Fossil Reptiles in the British Museum,

which appeared in the same year, Lydekker accepts Seeley’s deter-

mination of the bone as a humerus, but gives no description by

which the form might be recognised. He figures, however, a pelvis

which probably belongs to the same animal.

At this time almost nothing was known for certain of the limb

bones of Pareiasaurus. In 1889 the Tamboer’s Fontein specimen

was obtained, and during 1890 it was being developed by Mr. Hall

in the British Museum. When the femur was displayed it must

have become at once evident that the specimen which had been

regarded as a humerus of a new type of reptiles was really the some-

what crushed thigh bone of a Pareiasaurian. Seeley’s original paper

never appeared, but when, in 1892, he published his account of the

skeleton of Pareiasaurus he figured and described the specimen

which had been referred to Propappus as a right femur referable to a

species of Pareiasaurus or an allied genus, and gave it the name

Pareiasaurus (Propappus) minor.

352 Annals of the South African Museum.

Nothing further has been known about Propappus until a year

ago, when Mr. A. J. Louw, Vice-principal of the Graaff Reinet

College, discovered on the farm Welgevonden, 12 miles north of

Graaff Reinet, the greater part of a large skeleton, which on exami-

nation proved to belong to Propappus, and which enables us to show

that it is a genus, though closely allied to, yet distinct from, Pareia-

saurus. The specimen was found lying on a bank of weathered

shale, where it must have been exposed for many years. Most of

the anterior half of the animal was gone, though many fragments

were found scattered further down the slope, but the greater part of

the hind half was still cm sitw, though some parts were badly

weathered. When the fragments were fitted together it was found

that there was some evidence of most parts of the skeleton.

The head is very imperfect, being represented only by a large

portion of the right mandible, a fragment of the maxilla, portions of

the palate, and a few other fragmentary remains. Of the vertebral

column there is a series of 6 well-preserved dorsals and a number

of other less perfect presacral vertebre and a series of 6 caudals.

The anterior limbs are represented by parts of the shoulder girdle, a

fairly well preserved humerus, and portions of the radius and ulna.

The pelvis is badly weathered, but much of it is preserved. Both

hind limbs are nearly perfect. The most remarkable feature of the

specimen is the presence of large numbers of dermal ossicles, with

which the back must have been covered. A number of ribs are

preserved, showing the large dermal bones attached to their outer

sides.

SKULL.

The fragment of maxilla is a portion about 10 cm. in length, and

containing the bases of 11 teeth, and the crowns of 3 immature

replacing teeth. In general the fragment is fairly like the corre-

sponding part of Pareiasawrus, but probably the head was less flat

in Propappus. The roots of the first 3 teeth preserved, which are

probably 2nd, 3rd, and 4th of the maxillary series, measure together

29mm. The first measures 8mm. by7°5mm. Behind the 3rd tooth

there is a short gap, followed by 4 other teeth. These 4 measure

45mm. The roots of the teeth are embedded in cancellous bony

tissue, from which it is difficult to be sure that the tooth-roots are

quite free. The crowns of the 3 immature teeth are fairly well pre-

served. The lst of these, which lies behind the 2nd preserved

mature tooth, has a flattened semicircular crown with 11 cusps

round the top and sides. The whole length of the crown is 14 mm.,

On the Pareiasaurian genus Propappus. 393

and the height above the circular root about 15 mm. The cusps are

sharp and directed upwards. Five are situated on the top and 3 on

each side.

The mandible has the greater part of both dentaries preserved, the

whole of the right splenial, and most of the right angular. The

dentaries have been broken through at the symphysis, but it is

believed that little is missing. There are 12 teeth-roots preserved in

the right dentary, and there may have been 2 others in a missing

fragment from the posterior part of the bone, but if nothing is

missing from the front of the bone it is unlikely that there were

more than 14 teeth in each jaw. The 12 teeth measure in a direct

line 132 mm. A number of badly preserved crowns of immature

teeth are seen, and in character they resemble those of the maxilla,

but the cusps are smaller. The dentary bone forms the greater part

of the outer side of the front part of the jaw. Its maximum depth

is about 65 mm., and its greatest length probably 170 mm. The

whole of the lower border of the front part of the jaw and much of

the inner side is formed by the splenial, which on the inside of the

jaw measures 130 mm. The large angular bone fits in between the

posterior part of the dentary and the splenial. In Pareiasawrus it

has a single large rounded horn-like process, which passes down-

wards. In Propappus there are two horns. The posterior one,

which is by far the larger, measures 33 mm. in diameter at its base,

and it is 40 mm. in length. Its surface is not covered over by dense

bone like the rest of the jaw, and from its rough surface and cancel-

lous tissue one may infer that it was covered by horn. In front of

it is the second small horn core, whose basal diameter is 23 mm. by

18 mm., and whose height is only 15 mm. On the inside of the

angular is a fragment of the surangular, but there is no coronoid

bone preserved. Possibly it did not occur. The greatest thick-

ness of the jaw is near the posterior end of the dentary, where

it measures 45 mm.

VERTEBRE.

The vertebre are typically Pareiasaurian, though they present

some points of difference from those of Pareiasaurus. The 7 fairly

well preserved vertebrze are probably the 7 last dorsal. If we assume

that Propappus had 20 presacral vertebree like Pareiasaurus serridens,

then the 7 vertebrae would be the 14th to the 20th, which they may

be provisionally called. Hach of the 7 resembles the others so

closely that it seems unnecessary to describe each separately.

Their chief characteristics are a rather slender elongated body,

354 Annals of the South African Museum.

broad powerful transverse processes and a short spine. The bodies

measure in length from 60 mm. in the 14th to 65 mm. in the 19th

vertebra. The greatest width in each case is about 60 mm., but

though the bodies are as broad as long they are so much narrowed in

the middle that they appear elongated. On the lower side both

ends of the body are truncated obliquely to accommodate’ well-

developed intercentra. Those preserved measure about 40 mm.

by 20 mm. The bodies are biconcave but not deeply excavated.

From the upper part of the front end of each body passes out the

large transverse process. It springs from the greater part of the

body, but while the posterior part passes almost directly outwards,

the anterior passes upwards and slightly forwards. When viewed

from the outside each transverse process is somewhat triangular in

shape, the posterior side of the triangle forming the large articula-

tion for the rib, and the anterior angle being formed by the anterior

zygapophysis. The posterior zygapophysis is of large size, and is

situated considerably behind the upper end of the articulation for

the rib. The articulation for the rib in the 14th vertebra measures

78 mm. in length, but in the succeeding vertebre the upper part of

the articulation becomes steadily reduced. The spines are short and

stout. That of the 16th vertebra measures about 28 mm. above the

general level of the arch, and the whole vertebra measures 145 mm.

in height. The 19th vertebra measures 160 mm. in height.

The best preserved caudal vertebre are a series of 5, probably the

first 5. Together they measure in length 200 mm. The tips of the

spines and of the transverse processes are gone, but so far as pre-

served they closely agree with those of Paretasaurus except in size

There seem to be no chevrons to these vertebrae. In one or two

later caudals the chevrons are well developed.

SHOULDER GIRDLE.

A considerable portion of the right shoulder girdle is preserved.

It represents the lower half of the scapula and a portion of the

coracoid, but it is too imperfect for description.

HuUMERUS.

The right humerus is fairly well preserved, and resembles in

general that of Pareiasauwrus. In greatest length it measures

318mm. It is constricted in the middle and greatly expanded at

the ends. The distal end measures 208 mm. in width. As in

Pareiasaurus, there is a large rounded prominence for the articula-

On the Pareiasaurian genus Propappus. 355

tion of the radius and ulna, but it is situated slightly more internal

in Propappus. The inner condyle is here flatter and its upper part

projects more inwards. The outer condyle is probably fairly like

that in Paresasaurus, but it is somewhat imperfect. As in the older

genus there is an entepicondylar foramen. The constricted portion

of the humerus measures 53 mm. by 42 mm. The proximal end has

lost the delto-pectoral ridge, but so far as preserved agrees fairly

with Pareiasaurus. The articular end is considerably narrower, and

its posterior end is directed a little more inwards.

ULNA.

The upper half of the right ulna is preserved. It resembles that

of Pareiasaurus except that it is smaller and rather more slender. It

has a well-developed olecranon process.

PELVIS,

A large part of the pelvic girdle is preserved, but not in good con-

dition. The greater part of both pubes and ischia are present, but

only the acetabular portions of the ilia. The various bones are

anchylosed, but the symphysis is probably not united by bone. The

remains are unfortunately too imperfect to decide with certainty

whether the pelvis, figured by Lydekker as (?) Propappus omocratus,

is rightly determined, but it seems probable that the determination

is correct. From the lower margin of the acetabulum to the lower

part of the symphysis is 130 mm.

FEMUR.

Both femora are well preserved, and though they differ a little in

appearance there can be no reasonable doubt that they belong to the

same species as the British Museum type. Each femur measures

about 335 mm., or practically the same as the British Museum

specimen. Though in general there is considerable resemblance to

the femur of Pareiasaurus, there are a number of points of difference.

The head is more distinctly differentiated from the great trochanter,

the small trochanter is more prominent, and the shaft much more

constricted in Propappus.

The head of the bone is 75 mm. wide and 117 mm. long, and

whereas in Pareiasaurus the articular surface for the head is con-

tinued on to the trochanter, here there is a distinct division between

the two. The great trochanter is here also directed much more

356 Annals of the South African Museum.

backwards than the better-known genus. The small trochanter is

very prominent, and passes backwards and upwards from the neck

of the bone. Between the two trochanters and the head there is

formed a deep depression. The front of the bone is fairly similar to

that in Pareiasaurus, but below the great trochanter the constriction

is much more marked, being only 60 mm. The lower end of the

bone is much narrower than in Pareiasauwrus, measuring only

137 mm. across.

TIBIA AND EIBULA.

Both tibize are preserved complete and portions of the fibule.

The bones resemble so closely those of Pareiasaurus that no lengthy

description is necessary. The tibia measures 200 mm. in length.

The upper end is 110 mm. by 85) mm. The lower end measures

90 mm. by 60 mm. The shaft at its narrowest part measures

52mm. by 35mm. On the outer side of the right tibia, near the

middle of the shaft, is a prominent bone tubercle about as large as a

horse bean. Posteriorly the bone is considerably excavated in its

lower 3rd. The lower surface slopes a little more downwards and

inwards than in Paretasaurus.

PEs.

The greater part of both hind feet were in position where found,

but unfortunately in removal the digits have to some extent got

mixed owing to the very friable nature of the matrix having resulted

in the contacts becoming lost.

Both large proximal tarsal bones are beautifully preserved. They

very closely resemble those of Paretasaurus, though there are minor

differences of contour. A large round foramen passes through the

middle of each bone, and on the back a very deep groove extends

down from the foramen. The greatest width of the boneis 114 mm.,

and the greatest length 87 mm. It probably represents the tibiale,

fibulare, and intermedium fused together.

The distal tarsal elements are probably small and cartilaginous

for the most part. There are, however, 2 bones which appear to

be tarsals. One of these is probably the Ist tarsal. It measures

36 mm. by 20 mm., and is attached to the element which is believed

to be the Ist metatarsal.

Though the bones of the digits are in one or two cases slightly

displaced it is possible to reconstruct the pes with some degree of

certainty. In the left foot 3 digits are preserved in position, and 2

of these are fairly complete, and the bones of the other 2 toes are

On the Pareiasaurian genus Propappus. 397

preserved though not in position. Of the right foot there are 3 toes

fairly well preserved. The well-preserved toes of the left foot are

believed to be the 3rd and 4th, because the most internal has

3 phalanges preserved, and as the last is not the ungual phalanx

this toe must have had 4 phalanges, and could therefore not be

either the Ist or 2nd. As there are 2 toes on its outer side we must

conclude that it is the 3rd toe. Assuming this to be so, the follow-

ing are the measurements of the bones : Metatarsal 45 mm. in length

and 35 mm. broad at its proximal, and 37 mm. at its distal end;

1st phalanx 22 mm. in length and 36 mm. broad ; 2nd phalanx about

12 mm. in length and 29 mm. broad; 3rd phalanx 10 mm. in length

and about 28 mm. in breadth. In the toes of the right foot the 3rd

toe is equally well preserved, and here the ungual phalanx is pre-

served. It measures 37 mm. in length and 33 mm. in breadth. The

4th toe is about as well preserved as the 3rd. The metatarsal

measures 55 mm. in length by 35 mm. broad at its distal end; the

1st phalanx is 25 mm. long and 33 mm. broad; the 2nd phalanx is

16 mm. long by 29 mm. broad; the 3rd 15 mm. by 28 mm. In the

right foot the 3 terminal phalanges are preserved in contact, as well

as the metatarsal and Ist phalanx, but these latter not in contact.

The ungual phalanx measures 32 mm. long by 24 mm. broad; the

penultimate phalanx 13 mm. by 28 mm.; and the 3rd last 15 mm.

by 28 mm. It therefore seems probable that the 4th toe had

0 phalanges. The 5th toe is badly preserved. The metatarsal is

elongated and more slender than the 4th. The ist phalanx measures

15 mm. long by 24 mm. broad. The other phalanges are not pre-

served in either foot. The 2nd toe has been reconstructed. The

3 phalanges are in contact, and the metatarsal is most probably

rightly identified. The latter measures 33 mm. long by 32 mm.

wide. The lst phalanx is 13 mm. long by 35 mm. wide; the 2nd

10 mm. by 32 mm. wide; and the ungual phalanx 35 mm. long by

34 mm. wide. The Ist toe is much stouter than the others. The

metatarsal measures 37 mm. long by 50 mm. broad. The Ist

phalanx is 35 mm. long and 37 mm. broad. It is very thick, but

whether this is due to the bone itself or toa dermal ossification above

the bone is uncertain, but the appearance suggests a dermal ossifica-

tion. The terminal phalanx is 40 mm. long by 38 mm. broad.

Though all doubt is not yet removed, some further light is thrown

on the debated point of the digital formula of Pareiasaurus. Almost

the only evidence we have had hitherto has been the British Museum

specimen described by Seeley. Unfortunately in it, though most of

the phalanges were discovered, they were considerably displaced,

398 Annals of the South African Museum.

and much doubt left as to their relative positions. In describing the

specimen Seeley considered that there were 5 toes on each foot, but

was doubtful as to the number of phalanges in each toe. He says

(p. 363): “I have no certain evidence of more than 3 phalangeal

bones in any digit, but it is possible that one may have had 4.”

From further study of the specimen he stated, in 1895, that the digital

formula of Pareiasaurus appeared to be “1.,3; IL, 4; IIl., 4; IV.,

3; V., 3”; or 17 phalangeson each foot. As the 1st and 2nd digits

are very unlikely to have had more than 2 and 3 phalanges respec-

tively—numbers never exceeded in land animals—we may infer that

the 2 extra phalanges belong to the 4th toe, and we would thus have

Pareiasaurus with the typical formula of primitive reptiles, viz., 2, 3,

4, 5, 3. When in 1903 I described the South African Museum

specimen of Pareiasaurus I was unable to give any definite digital

formula, as the phalanges were mostly displaced. Two toes, how-

ever, had the phalanges in contact—one with 3 and the other with

.4 phalanges. These I inferred to be the 2nd and 3rd toes, and I

thought it likely that the whole formula would prove to be similar to

that of Procolophon. In 1904 Boulenger definitely stated that the

formula of the British Museum specimen is 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, but he does

not say how the conclusion has been arrived at, and if Seeley was

unable to tell even to which foot the different toes belonged, and was

not very sure whether any one had 4 phalanges, it is difficult to see

how Boulenger obtained his result. The allied reptile Sclerosaurus

is rather badly preserved, but the formula appears to be 2, 3, 3, 4, 3,

and Pareiasaurus might well have had the same. The evidence

derived from Propappus, however, casts some doubts on this formula,

as it is very unlikely that these two genera, which are so closely

allied, had different phalangeal formule. Now it can be stated with

much certainty that two digits in the pes had more than 3 phalanges.

These are the 3rd and 4th. The Ist and 2nd digits there can hardly

be any doubt had 2 and 3 phalanges respectively, and the 3rd cannot

have had more than 4, while there is a fair amount of evidence in

favour of the 4th digit having had 5 phalanges. The specimen

affords no evidence of the number of phalanges in the 5th digit. It

was probably feebly developed. On the whole, the most likely

digital formula for Pareiasaurus and Propappus is 2, 3, 4,5, 3. It

certainly cannot be 2, 3, 3, 4, 3 in the latter.

DERMAL ARMOUR.

The most remarkable characteristic of Propappus, and the most

marked feature which distinguishes it from Pareiasaurus, is the great

On the Pareiasaurian genus Propappus. 359

development of dermal ossifications. Pareiasawrus is known to have

a few small bony plates round the spines of the vertebrae, but Pro-

pappus must have had the whole back and probably sides covered

with a carapace of bony plates somewhat after the manner of the

crocodile. They vary in size from plates 50 mm. in diameter to

little bony nodules about the size of peas. The larger ones have a

central boss and irregular radiating ridges. At the edges they over-

lap each other, and it seems probable that the carapace was not

quite rigid. It extended at least as far out on the sides as 300 mm.

from the middle line. There is no evidence of any plastron.

. Right tibia of P. omocratus. x

. Right proximal tarsal bone of P. omocratus.

. Series of dorsal vertebrae of P. omocratus. x

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Puate XLV.

. Right humerus of Propappus omocratus. x +

2. Left femur of P. omocratus. x

9 9 x

” bed te} ” x

. Portion of right maxilla of P. omocratus, x 4.

. Right dentary of P. omocratus. x 1.

aloe XK

ole

Ann.S. Afr Mus Vol. IV. PL XLV.

R.Broom del. West, Newman lith.

(361)

3.—On Some New Therocephalian Reptiles.—By R. Broom, M.D.,

DSc, €. MEA: Ss:

WITHIN the last 18 months a number of new Therocephalians have

been found in the Lower Karroo Beds, which, though for the

most part only represented by imperfect skulls, seem worthy of

description.

ALOPECODON PRISCUS, g. et sp. Nov.

The remains of this animal were discovered by Mr. P. H. du

Plessis about 9 miles north-west of Zeekoegat, in association with an

enormous number of shells of the genus Pale@omutela. A skeleton

of a small Pareiasaurus was found near by but at a slightly higher

level. The fossil bones had been long weathered out of the shale,

and were very much broken. As not infrequently happens, the

remains of two individuals were found close together, so that it is

impossible to say to which of the two skulls the fragmentary limbs

and vertebre belong. One skull consists of the anterior three-

quarters much crushed from side to side; the other skull is repre-

sented by the posterior two-thirds much crushed from above down-

wards. There is no conclusive proof that the two belong to the

same species, but by comparing the orbital, frontal, and other regions

preserved in both specimens it is manifest that the two are fairly

closely allied forms, and as they are animals of similar size and

found together the presumption is that they belong to the same

species. The specimen which shows the teeth will, of course, be

taken as the type.

Though allied to other previously known Therocephalians,

Alopecodon differs in having an unusually large number of incisor

teeth.

The maxillary bone is of the usual shape, and the bony fibres radiate

out from a little behind the root of the large canine. The pre-

maxilla is overlapped as far as the root of the 4th incisor. The

canine is very long and considerably curved. It measures 45 mm. in

362 Annals of the South African Museum.

height, and its greatest length is 13 mm. ‘There are no serrations

on the edges visible, but the edges are not very satisfactorily dis-

played. The tooth has a very long root, almost equal in length to

the exposed portion. At its end there is a large open pulp cavity

showing. In front of the large canine is a small tooth which I

believe to be the Ist canine, as in Scylacosarsus. It is situated

3 mm. from the large canine, and it is about 2 mm. in length, and

7 mm. in height. The posterior maxillary teeth are very badly

weathered. A considerable portion of 3 and the root of a 4th

remain on the one side and portions of 5 on the other. Unlike

the molars of the Therocephalians generally, the teeth are much

flattened and have minute serrations at least on the posterior

edge. From the length of the maxillary and the size of the teeth, I

think it probable that the full number of molars has been 8.

The premaxillaries are not well preserved, but most of the

incisors are satisfactorily displayed. The lst incisor is a rounded

tooth, but the others are somewhat flattened. It is probable that

there are serrations on both the anterior and posterior edges of all

the teeth, but in only a few are the serrations visible. From the Ist

to the 4th the teeth increase in size, while from the 5th to the 8th

they steadily decrease. It is difficult to be quite sure of the margin

of the bone, but the following measurements are at least approxi-

mately correct :—

Height of 72? 11 mm. Length 3 mm.

ip 2 14 i ate

» a3 (2) a ed

a a4 21 s 4

- we 16 i 4

i 46 12 et 3

p DSS) ie 2

; 8 8 é 2

The nasals are broad in front and narrow behind. The nostrils

are supported inferiorly by the premaxillary processes which pass

between the maxille and the nasals. The nares are large, and a

distinct septo-maxillary can be seen as in most Therocephalians.

The frontals are large and fairly flat. The interorbital measure-

ment is about 40 mm. The diameter of the orbit is 37 mm. There

is a large parietal foramen. A distinct post-frontal bone cannot be

made out, but the specimen is not in a satisfactory condition for

seeing sutures. The post-orbital passes on to the parietal in the

On Some New Therocephalian Reptiles. 363

usual way. The temporal arch is formed by the squamosal and the

jugal, the latter being of large size and forming the lower half of

the bar. There is evidence of a columella cranii.

The mandible is fairly well preserved. The dentary is of large

size and has a well-developed coronoid process. Behind it there is

a large radiating angular and above it a surangular, very like those

bones in Lycosuchus. . There are 3 fairly large incisors and a single

large canine.

The second specimen is not in very good preservation. It is

chiefly of value in showing the structure of the squamosal, which is

a large bone somewhat similar to that of the Anomodonts, having a

descending process which supports the quadrate.

ALOPECODON RUGOSUS, Nn. sp.

This species is founded on an imperfect skull from near Zeekoegat.

The fragment wants both the front of the snout and the back of the

head. There is thus some doubt as to whether it should be referred

to the genus Alopecodon. As the molars are of the same flattened

type as in A. priscus, and the maxilla, mandible, and other bones of

a similar type, I think it advisable to refer this species to the

same genus. It is undoubtedly a distinct species, and the above

name is proposed for it in allusion to the very rough condition of

the maxillary bone. ‘The animal is about two-thirds the size of

A. priscus.

The maxilla is of the same radiating type as in most Thero-

cephalians. It is chiefly remarkable for the very marked pitting on

the surface of the upper part of the bone. Whether this is due to

glands below, a soft skin, or to sense organs homologous with those

at the base of the tactile hairs in mammals, or to the close adherence

of horny plates to the bone is not manifest. Perhaps the suggestion

that the pits are due to sense organs is the most probable, but against

it is the fact that in no known Therocephalian has a large infra-

orbital foramen been detected, and that hence if the maxillary branch

of the 5th nerve passed on to the face as is probable it must have

been small.

On the one side there are evidences of 6 and possibly of 7

molars, but on the other side only 5 can be made out. Probably

the complete number is 8, as in 4. priscus. The teeth are flattened

and relatively shorter than in dA. priscus. Three of them show

serrations on the posterior margin, but none on the anterior. The

average height of the first 3 molars is 5°5 mm., and the average

364 Annals of the South African Musewm.

length 3 mm. The first 5 together measure 22 mm. The large

canine measures 11 mm. in length, and is thus relatively larger

than in A. priscus. Behind it are the remains of the root of a

deciduous canine similar to that found in a number of other

Therocephalians.

The nasals are long and narrow. Posteriorly they broaden out

considerably. In front they are imperfect. There are evidences of

pitting on the anterior part of the bone.

The frontal region is badly preserved, but the interorbital

measurement is probably about 30 mm. The parietals form a pro-

minent median ridge. The shape and relations of the postorbital

bone are as in better-known Therocephalians.

In one of the orbits is seen a scale-like bone, which is probably a

sclerotic plate.

There are a number of small rounded teeth on the pterygoid

bones.

Columelle cranii are preserved as in A. priscus.

The mandible is very similar to that of the larger species.

Hymnasucuus WHaltsl, g. et sp. nov.

This new genus and species is represented by a nearly perfect

skull, obtained at Rietfontein, 30 miles N.E. of Prince Albert, by

the Rev. Mr. J. H. Whaits, whose conspicuous enthusiasm has

been rewarded by the discovery of a number of new types, both of

reptiles in the Karroo Beds and of molluses in the Bokkeveld Beds.

In general this genus resembles Lycosuchus, but differs in having

6 incisors and 4 molars instead of 5 incisors and 1 molar, as in the

latter. The type species is rather larger than Lycosuchus vanderriett.

The length of the skull is 280 mm., and the greatest breadth is

152 mm.

The premaxilla is of the usual structure, and carries 6 large pointed

teeth. Each tooth appears to have 2 edges, a posterior and an

antero-internal, and both edges are serrated. The total length of the

incisor series is about 53 mm.

The maxillary bone is fairly well preserved. Its anterior end lies

above the front of the 4th incisor. There is less of a transverse

ridge for the support of the lip than in Lycosuchus. There are two

large canines with anterior and posterior edges, which are probably

both serrated. On the right side the anterior canine is broken off

at its base, but the posterior is nearly perfect. It measures about

55mm. in height and about 15 mm. in length. On the left side

On Some New Therocephalian Reptiles. 365

both teeth have much of their crests missing, but the anterior appears

to have been complete when the animal died. It is a very large

tooth, the root alone measuring 55 mm., and the antero-posterior

length at the base must have been at least 20mm. The posterior

canine is not yet fully grown, but is nevertheless a large functional

tooth. Behind the second canine are 4small molars. Together they

measure 26mm. They are serrated at least on the point.

The nasals appear to be very like those of better known Thero-

-cephalians. The frontals, prefrontals, and lachrymals are very

badly preserved. There is clear evidence of both postorbitals and

postfrontals, as in Scylacosawrus, but there is no preparietal.

The parietals are united, and have an interdigitating suture a

little in front of the parietal foramen with the frontals, the post-

frontals and the postorbitals. Posteriorly the parietal meets the

supraoccipital (or possibly it is the interparietal) in the middle line

and laterally the squamosals.

The jugal is fairly well preserved on both sides. It has an

ascending postorbital process which lies behind the postorbital bone,

and a posterior process which lies under the squamosal and forms

with it the temporal arch.

The squamosal is remarkable for the large size of the outer

portion, which passes forwards and downwards as a fan-shaped

expansion. It overlaps the jugal in front and supports the rather

small quadrate.

A section through the postorbital region shows that the pterygoid

has a number of moderate-sized rounded teeth.

The mandibles are fairly well preserved. The dentary, as in

other Therocephalians, has a large coronoid process. The dentition

is not shown except in a transverse fracture. There is at least 1

large canine which lies in front of the anterior canine of the upper

jaw. An immature canine, not yet through the gum, lies to the

inside of the canine of the left side. There is no evidence of a

Qnd canine, but there are 5 small molars, the anterior 2 or 3

of which lie in the region corresponding to the 2nd canine, The

angular is a large flat oval-shaped bone, which forms the greater

part of the outer side of the posterior half of the jaw. On the

right side it is almost perfectly preserved. Internal to it and forming

the upper margin of the back part of the jaw is the large surangular.

Behind the surangular is the small articular.

Portions of some cervical vertebrze are preserved. They are very

deeply biconcave, and possibly notochordal. There is a large inter-

centrum present between the axis and the 3rd cervical, and another

366 Annals of the South African Museum.

behind the 3rd cervical. The odontoid process is not anchylosed to

the axis.

The specimen is chiefly valuable, in addition to being a new genus,

from its showing clearly the distinctness of the postfrontal and post-

orbital bones, from its giving evidence that the 2 upper canines

are not merely temporary and replacing teeth but morphologically

distinct, from its revealing the structure of the auricular, and for the

evidence it gives of the structure of the cervical vertebre.

TROCHOSUCHUS ACUTUS, g. et sp. nov.

This new genus and species is represented by an imperfect skull,

also obtained by the Rey. Mr. Whaits at Rietfontein. The specimen

is the preorbital portion of the skull of a small Therocephalian

which in general appearance is not unlike Hlwrosaurus. The incisor

region of the upper jaw is shallow and the front part of the dentary

very deep. It differs from Mluwrosaurus in having 5 incisors, 2

canines, and only 3 or perhaps 4 molars.

The premaxilla carries 5 pointed incisors which are oval in section

with a feeble posterior ridge which is serrated in the only tooth in

which it is preserved. They are longer than in ‘lurosaurus.

Together they measure 24 mm. Above the premaxilla is seen the

rather large septomaxillary. *

The maxilla is of the usual radiating type. Its anterior border

lies above the 4th incisor. About 4 mm. behind the dth incisor is

situated the lst canine. In size it resembles the incisors, but is

flatter and has distinct anterior and posterior edges, both of which

are probably serrated—the anterior certainly. The second canine is

very much larger and is situated 2 mm. behind the first. In section

it is oval, with a slight posterior, but apparently no anterior edge.

It measures in antero-posterior length about 775 mm. There are

2 well-developed functional molars and in front of them the roots

of 2 others. These anterior 2 are the much-decayed roots of teeth

which had ceased to be functional during the animal’s life. The

first is very small, but the second is equal in size to the 2 functional

teeth. The 4 measure 125mm. _ Each is oval in section and has

no anterior or posterior edges.

The pterygoids have a number of rounded teeth.

The nasals are large, and about as broad in front as_ behind.

They measure 50 mm. in length, and 12 mm. in greatest width.

The length from the front of the orbit to the front of the snout

is 73 mm.

On Some New Therocephalian Reptiles. 367

PARDOSUCHUS WHAITSI, g. et sp. nov.

This interesting Therocephalian was discovered by the Rev. Mr.

Whaits near Fraserburg Road Station. The type specimen is the

front portion of the skull, broken off through the middie of the

orbit, and in very fair condition.

The animal has a rather short snout, considerably broader in the

canine region than immediately behind this. The incisor region is

broad and rounded. At the orbital region the jugals pass markedly

outwards, and the back part of the skull must have been very broad

The premaxilla is of the usual shape, making with its neighbour

almost a regular semicircle in front. The incisor teeth are un-

usually small, and are fairly round on section. Posteriorly there

is a small edge which is serrated. The first 4 teeth are subequal,

and together measure 20 mm.; then follows a smaller 5th incisor,

and behind this a very small 6th incisor. The septomaxillary is well

preserved and its outer part displayed. It forms apparently the

whole of the outer border of the nasal opening and sends a process

inwards a little below the middle of the opening.

The maxillary bone has two canines the anterior of which is very

small. The large canine measures about 11 mm. in anteroposterior

diameter and is about 38 mm. in height. Behind it are evidences

of 5 small molars, which together measure 23 mm. So far as

preserved the molars are oval in section, and there is no evidence

of serrations, though there are no crowns at all well preserved.

The large canine has serrations on its posterior edge.

The following are some additional measurements of the skull :—

Width of snout at roots of canines ............ 50 mm.

Distance from front of orbit to front of snout 95 mm.

Distance between the orbits ..............0...0- 40 mm.

Pardosuchus whaitsi is more closely allied to Glanosuchus macrops

and to Scylacosaurus sclatert than to other known Therocephalians.

It is very distinct specifically from both these forms, but the dental

formula is so near that of the large type as to suggest the advisability

of placing it in the same genus. Glanosuchus macrops has, however,

a very differently shaped skull, and the fact that it has only the

single large canine with no trace of the small anterior one makes

it more convenient to keep the two genera distinct.

( 369 )

4.—On the Inter-relationships of the Known Therocephalian

Genera.—By R. Broom, M.D.

WHEN the palate of the primitive Permian “ Theriodonts’’ was

discovered, it became manifestly impossible to retain them in the

same group as the Triassic ‘“‘ Theriodonts,”’ such as Galesaurus.

In these Triassic forms there is the typical mammalian secondary

palate, but in the former the palate is a modification of the

Rhynchocephalian type, and there are many other distinguishing

characters. I therefore proposed in 1903 the name Therocephalia

for the Permian forms, and Owen’s name, Cynodontia, proposed in

1861, should be retained for the higher types in preference to the

name Theriodontia, proposed in 1876, the retention of which latter

name can only give rise to confusion.

In 1890, when Lydekker’s Catalogue of the British Museum

Reptiles was published, only 6 Therocephalian genera were known,

and 2 others which are doubtfully referred to the Therocephalia.

Seeley, in 1895, described an additional species Pristerognathus.

Within the last four years a considerable number of new forms

have been discovered, and it seems advisable to review the present

state of our knowledge of the group.

The following are the species which have been described and

which I believe to be distinct. A “?” is placed at those which

may not be Therocephalians, and one which is too imperfectly

known to be certainly distinct is placed in brackets :—

Cynochampsa lanaria, Owen (1860).

Lycosaurus pardalis, Owen (1876).

Lycosaurus tigrinus, Owen (1876).

Lycosaurus curvimola, Owen (1876).

Tigrisuchus simus, Owen (1876).

Cynodraco serridens, Owen (1876).

Cynodraco major, Owen (1876).

370 Annals of the South African Museum.

Cynosuchus suppostus, Owen (1876).

? Scaloposaurus constrictus, Owen (1876).

? Gorgonops torvus, Owen (1876).

Aflurosaurus felinus, Owen (1881).

Theriodesmus phylarchus, Seeley (1888).

[Hyorhynchus platyceps, Seeley (1889). }

Pristerognathus polyodon, Seeley (1895).

Ictidosuchus primevus, Broom (1901).

Lycosuchus vanderrieti, Broom (1903).

Lycosuchus mackayt, Broom (1903).

Scylacosaurus sclateri, Broom (1903).

Ictidosaurus angusticeps, Broom (1903).

Scymnosaurus ferox, Broom (1903).

Glanosuchus macrops, Broom (1904).

Pristerognathus baini, Broom (1904).

Scymnosaurus warreni, Broom (1907).

Alopecodon priscus, Broom (1907).

Alopecodon rugosus, Broom (1907).

Hyenasuchus whaitsi, Broom (1907).

Trochosaurus acutus, Broom (1907).

Pardosuchus whaitst, Broom (1907).

Arnognathus parvidens, Broom (1907).

? Galechirus scholtzi, Broom (1907).

In addition to the 3 forms which are queried as doubtfully

belonging to the Therocephalia, there are 2 others, viz., Ictidosuchus

primevus and Arnognathus parvidens, which though manifestly

Therocephalians must be placed in a family by themselves. Most

of the others may conveniently be regarded as belonging to one

family. Lycosaurus, Tigrisuchus, and Cynodraco appear to belong

to a somewhat more advanced family, and they certainly occur at

a higher horizon than most of the others, but they are too

imperfectly known to admit of their position being determined to

any certainty.

Alopecodon, Glanosuchus, Lycosuchus, Hyenasuchus, Pardosuchus,

Trochosaurus, and Pristerognathus all occur in the Pareiasaurus

beds, which may be regarded as somewhere near the middle of the

Permian age. Lycosaurus, Tigrisuchus, and Cynodraco are from

beds considerably nearer the top of the Permian, but no genus has

yet been found in beds which are Triassic with the doubtful

exception of Arnognathus.

The older genera differ from the more recent in the larger number

Inter-relationships of the Known Therocephalian Genera. 371

of incisors present, and we are probably justified in assuming that

the forms with many incisors are ancestral to those with few.

Alopecodon with 8 incisors and 2 canines might readily be

assumed to be the ancestor of all the later more normal types.

From such a type a reduction of the incisors to 5 large and 1 small

would give rise to the genera Scylacosaurus and Pardosuchus, forms

which, though differing much in size and shape, agree in the

number of incisors and canines. In Glanosuchus the incisors are

still 5 large and 1 small, but the anterior canine is lost. A further

reduction of the incisors would give rise to such a type as

Scymnosaurus, where there are only 5 incisors, all large, and only

1 canine. In Ictidosaurus the little interior canine is retained, but

the incisors are reduced to 4 large and 1 small.

Cynosuchus, Cynodraco, Alurosaurus, Lycosaurus, and Tigrisuchus

are probably all further specialisations along this same line.

By a second line Pristerognathus may also have sprung from

Alopecodon. Here the incisors are 6, all large, and there is only

1 canine.

A third line of descent appears to have given rise to some

genera which are characterised by having 2 large canines. Of

these Hyenasuchus has 6 large incisors, 2 large canine, and 4

molars. Trochosuchus has 5 large incisors, 2 large canines, and

3 molars; while Lycosuchus has 5 large incisors, 2 large canines,

and only 1 molar.

Ictidosuchus and Arnognathus appear to belong to a common

family which is not very nearly related to the better-known forms,

and Theriodesmus probably also belongs to the same family ; but

nothing further is known of their affinities.

In the following diagram the relations of the better-known genera

are seen as far as the dental formule are concerned :—

Mlguseodons J.phie vvvvvvw w VVVVVVVV

ln coranticn tee vVVVWY VV

Padbenehuae Mae vvvvWY YW vvvvV

Gianeseniee vvvvwy ys vv

Te deeanaacaes VAVAYAYA “yo vv

Sarma sein VVVVV y vv

372 Annals of the South African Museum.

Pristerognathus ... vvVVVV Ty vvvvvv

Hyznasuchus ...... VVVVVV VV VVVV

Trochosuchus ...... VVVVV VV VVVV

Lycosuchus ......... VVVVV VV Vv

The phylogeny of the group may have been something like that

indicated in the following diagram :—

Alopecodon, Broom. Ictidosachus, Broom.

EIEN

Scylacosaurus, Broom. . Arnognathus, Broom.

2 lige: as \

Seeley. .

Glanosuchus, NC

Broom. Pardosuchus,

Broom.

Scymnosaurus, Hyaenasuchus, Broom.

Broom.

Ictidosaurus, Broom. |

Va \ Trochosuchus, Broom.

AE lurosaurus,

Owen.

Cynodraco, Owen.

Lycosuchus, Broom.

Lycosaurus, Owen.

Tigrisuchus, Owen.

( 373 )

5.—On a New Labyrinthodont Rhinesuchus Whaitsi, from the

Permian Beds of South Africa—By R. Broom, M.D., D.Sc.,

C.M.Z.S.

(Plate XLVI.)

In 1890 Lydekker described, under the name Hryops owen, a lower

jaw from South Africa, which he thought might possibly belong to

the American genus Hryops. In the British Museum Catalogue

which appeared in the same year the name EHvryops africanus is

given to the same specimen. The locality of the type is unknown,

and no further specimens at all similar have been found till recently,

though it has been known for some time that the form cannot belong

to the genus Hryops. About two years ago I discovered at Zeekoe-

gat, in the Prince Albert district, a portion of a palate with large

numbers of minute teeth. The fragment was too minute for deter-

mination, though nothing like it was known in any of the previously

discovered African forms. Since then the Rey. Mr. J. H. Whaits,

of Prince Albert, who has recently devoted himself most enthusias-

tically to the study of fossil reptiles, has discovered near Fraserburg

Road Station many fragments of the head of a new Labyrinthodont.

When put together as far as possible, there are found to be preserved

the greater part of the posterior end of the head, including the occi-

put, and the back parts of the parasphenoid (vomer) and pterygoids,

many fragments of the maxillary and other cranial bones and much

of both mandibles. Mr. Whaits’ specimen is not only of importance

as revealing a new type of Labyrinthodont, but also from throwing

light on some unknown points in the cranial structure of the group.

It is also interesting in belonging to the same genus as Lydekker’s

jaw, and rendering it pretty certain that the jaw came from the

Lower Karroo Beds, and that it is of Permian age.

Though it is impossible to reconstruct the skull, there can be little

doubt that it was of a flat type like Mastodonsaurus or Capitosaurus,

and probably about 300 mm. in length. The upper cranial bones

are ornamented by a rather fine reticulation of sharp ridges.

Towards the centres of the bones the ridges form little deep

depressions, but approaching the margins the depressions become

elongated grooves.

374 Annals of the South African Museum.

The occipital fragment consists of that portion of the skull which

lies between the two auditory notches and behind the parietal fora-

men. It includes both occipital condyles, the back part of the

parasphenoid (vomer), and the posterior portions of both pterygoids.

The occiput bears a very considerable resemblance to that of Capzto-

saurus stantonensis, recently figured by Smith Woodward. The

basioccipital seems to be distinct from the exoccipitals, and to be

a flat bone interposed between them and the back part of the para-

sphenoid. It probably forms the middle portion of the concave wall

between the condyles. The exoccipital, besides forming the condyle,

sends one process outwards and another upwards, a large oval space

lying between the processes. On the under and outer surface of

each condyle near its base is a small foramen for a nerve. By

comparison with the frog’s skull we might readily conclude that

the foramen was for the vagus nerve, and Smith Woodward con-

cludes that a similar foramen in Capitosaurus is for the vagus. But

while this may probably be the correct conclusion, it seems just

possible that the foramen may be for the Hypoglossal. It seems,

being only 14 mm. in diameter, to be too small for the vagus of an

animal which probably was 10 feet long, and there seems to be a

larger foramen further back which may have been for the glosso-

pharyngeal and the vagus. In Capitosawrus the supraoccipital is

cartilaginous, but here there is a well-ossified bone, and the exocci-

pitals seem to meet above the foramen magnum, and to shut out the

supraoccipital. Above the supraoccipital are the two membrane

bones usually called in error ‘“ supraoccipitals,” but to which some

other name must be given. Smith Woodward calls them supra-

temporals, but as this name is largely used for one of the bones

of the temporal roof it seems better to give it a distinctive name.

Some time ago I suggested ‘‘ postparietal.”’ To the outer side of the

postparietals lie the bones usually called ‘“ epiotic,” but which, being

pretty certainly membrane bones, should be called either supratem-

porals, as done by Smith Woodward, or post-temporals, as I have

suggested. The objection to Smith Woodward’s term lies in the

fact that “supratemporal’”’ is largely used as the name for one of

the temporal roof bones further forward, and it seems inadvisable to

use the same name for two or three different bones. Below this

lateral so-called post-temporal is a bone which appears distinct, and

which is probably, as believed by Smith Woodward, the opisthotic.

It meets the lateral process of the exoccipital and, above the oval

vacuity, what I believe to be part of the supraoccipital. Lying a

little in front of the lower part of the opisthotic is the long rounded

On a New Labyrinthodont Rhinesuchus Whaitsi. 375

columella auris. The upper end is in the auditory notch, proving

that the tympanic membrane must have been superficial as in the

frog and stretched across the notch or foramen. The columella

auris is preserved in position on both sides of the specimen.

The back part of the parasphenoid (vomer) covers part of the

basioccipital and articulates at the sides with the exoccipitals. The

anterior part of the parasphenoid must have been long and slender.

Only the base of it is preserved, but this measures only about

18 mm., whereas immediately behind this the bone broadens out

to 45 mm., and at its broadest part to 58 mm. The most remark-

able feature of the parasphenoid is that a large part of it is covered

with minute teeth. From the lateral edges where it articulates with

the pterygoids the dentigerous areas pass inwards and forwards

to the base of the narrow anterior portion. The narrowest part

of the tooth-bearing region is 13 mm. wide. There are no teeth

behind this region. In the type specimen only the posterior and

inner parts of the pterygoids are preserved, and these, like the

parasphenoid, bear innumerable small teeth, which are not all

over the bone but along a band near the middle. The widest part

of this dentigerous band is about 30 mm., the narrowest so far as

preserved about 15 mm. In the Zeekoegat specimen a considerable

part of the front of the bone is preserved, and the small teeth are

seen to be continued far forward.

Passing up from back of each pterygoid are two bones which firmly

support it. The more anterior passes upwards and inwards, and

seems to correspond to the columella cranii of reptiles. It is

attached to the parietal by the side of the pineal foramen. The

other lies behind the outer part of the supposed columella cranii,

and forms the anterior wall of the large tympanic cavity. It is

probably the prootic.

Fragments of the maxilla show that it had a large series of small

flattened labyrinthodont teeth, and inside the maxilla lay the pala-

tine with a large number of small teeth irregularly arranged, but

roughly in three or four rows. The palatine teeth are considerably

larger than those on the pterygoids and parasphenoid, but they are

only about one-third the size of those on the maxilla. One fragment

of the snout shows a large rounded labyrinthodont tooth. It is to

the inner side of the row of palatine teeth, and is evidently borne by

the prevomer.

Though in a fragmentary condition, most of the mandible is pre-

served. The jaw has along its upper and outer border a large series

of small flattened labyrinthodont teeth, very similar to the row on

376 Annals of the South African Museum.

the maxilla. To the inside of this row, and separated from it by

a deep groove, is a round bony ridge thickly studded with large

numbers of small rounded teeth, very like those on the palatine.

These teeth appear to be borne by the splenial.

There can be little doubt that the specimen here described belongs

either to the same genus as Lydekker’s specimen or to a closely

allied one, but we now know that that genus cannot be Hryops : in

fact, it is not even allied to Hryops.

In 1889 y. Ammon, in deseribing ‘‘ Die permischer Amphibien der

Rheinpfalz,”’ figured and briefly described, under the name Macro-

mervon Giimbeli, a small fragment of the upper and lower jaws of a

Labyrinthodont very closely allied to the South African forms, and

most probably belonging to the same genus. The genus Macro-

merion was described by Fritsch in 1879, the type species being

M. Schwarzenberg. In 1885 and 1889 a number of other species

were added, some very doubtfully, to the same genus. It is pretty

manifest, however, that the jaw fragment described by v. Ammon

does not belong to Fritsch’s genus, but to a new genus to which

also belong the two South African species.

This new genus may be named Rhinesuchus, and it is characterised

as follows: Skull probably like that of Capitosawrus in general

shape ; mavxiliaries and dentaries bearing each a row of uniform

teeth; inside of the maxillary teeth are large numbers of very small

teeth, probably borne by the palatines, and, covering much of the

pterygoids, and continued across the back part of the parasphenoid ;

similar small teeth are found inside of the teeth borne by the

dentary; they are probably on the splenial bone; the median

anterior part of the parasphenoid is narrow.

The genus Nyrania, described by Fritsch, has the pterygoids and

palatines similarly covered by small teeth, but there are apparently

no teeth on the parasphenoid, and there are no small teeth on the

lower jaw. The shape of the skull also differs considerably in the

two genera.

The species described by Lydekker has the teeth much larger and

fewer in number than the species here described. The German

species also appears to have much larger teeth. It is, of course,

at present impossible to very clearly differentiate the different

species, but we may regard all three as distinct. The genus

Fthinesuchus would thus have the three known species :—

Rhinesuchus Giimbeli (v. Ammon).

Lhinesuchus africanus (Lydekker).

FRhinesuchus Whaitst, Broom.

nm Oo: Ace Mie Vol VV. Pi Devas

R.Broom del. West, Newman lith.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Pratt XLVI.

Pia.

1. Restoration of skull of Hy@nasuchus Whaitsi, x 0°43.

2. Restoration of skull of Alopecodon priscus, x about $.

3. Back of base of skull of Rhinesuchus Whaitsi, slightly reduced. Pa. para-

sphenoid (= yomer), Pt. pterygoid, Col. columella auris.

6.—Note on the Species of Mesosaurus.—By R. Broom, D.Sc.

THERE has hitherto been much difficulty in differentiating the

species of Mesosaurus. The type of Mesosaurus tenuidens, and the

South African Museum specimen described by Seeley both show the

head and front half of the body, but both Seeley and I have hesitated

in referring the Cape specimen to the same species as the Paris one.

When, three years ago, I described the Nieuwondtville specimen, I

pointed out a number of features in which the two best known

specimens differed, but in view of the opinion of Gaudry, who had

examined the Paris specimen, hesitated in definitely declaring the

two to belong to different species.

There has recently been presented to the South African Museum

an imperfect specimen of Mesosawrus from near Calvinia. It con-

sists of the cervical region and left fore limb, both well preserved,

with a very bad cast of the skull and of a number of ribs. On

comparing this specimen with Gervais’ figure there can be little

doubt that the two belong to the same species, but there can also

be as little doubt that this species is quite distinct from the specimen

described by Seeley. In Mesoswurus tenwidens, as exemplified by the

Paris type and this Calvinia specimen, the head is about the same

length as the whole fore limb; in the Capetown specimen the head

is apparently not longer than the humerus and radius together. In

M. tenwidens the back of the skull is more than 1} times as broad

as the radius is long; in Seeley’s specimen the skull is scarcely

broader than the radius is long. The cervical vertebra in the type

species are well developed and mostly as broad as the distal end of

the humerus; in the Capetown specimen the neck is slender, almost

all the vertebrae being narrower than the humerus. The specimen

described by Seeley must thus be regarded as a distinct species.

The question arises, however, whether it may not be the same as

the immature animal described by Giirich under the name Dvtrocho-

saurus capensis. Unfortunately Giirich’s specimen represents only

the posterior region, with one slightly imperfect fore limb, and

380 Annals of the South African Musewm.

a comparison with the Cape specimen is thus a little difficult. The

fore limb, the ribs, and vertebrae agree so closely in the two speci-

mens as to render it highly probable that the Cape specimen is the

adult of Giirich’s type. The presence of two foramina in the

humerus of the type I am not inclined to regard as a normal

feature, and not improbably it is post-mortem. In the crushing

fossil bones are frequently altered and even have remarkable openings

made in them, ¢.g., Seeley’s type of ? Cynognathus leptorhinus.

The following are some of the principal measurements of the

bones of the best specimens :—

Giirich’s Calvinia Capetown

Paris Type. Type. Specimen. Specimen.

Length of Humerus ...... 25 mm. — 24 mm. 27 mm.

. IRS, Gotoaeos about 13 mm. 11 mm. 12-8 mm. 14:8 mm.

* Uli ai siete caters 25 5) Ziamnms 104 mm. 12 mm. 14-2 mm.

sty ond is Ay ay eabanle 5mm. 5°6 mm. 6°5 mm.

nr 3rd os » o8mm. 5mm. 5*5 mm. 6°8 mm.

55 4th Ar >» osommM. —~“o:mm: 5°5 mm. 6-4 mm.

55 5th 33 Ss) op OM 4a nn 4:3 mm. 5°2 mm.

There appear to be thus three species of Mesosawrus known—WM.

lenwidens, Gervais, represented by the Paris type, the Calvinia

specimen, and possibly also the Nieuwondtville specimen; IM.

capensis (Girich), represented by Girich’s type and the specimen

described by Seeley; and M. plewrogaster, Seeley, very imperfectly

known.

381 )

14.—New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds.—By F. R. C. Resp,

MASE G.S.

(Plates XLVII., XLVIIL)

Sivce the publication in the Annats of the author’s previous articles

on the Brachiopoda and Mollusca of the Bokkeveld Beds,* a con-

siderable amount of work has been done which bears either directly

or indirectly upon these beds and their fossils. A review of our

present knowledge of the whole fauna and of its relations to that of

other Devonian areas has recently been given elsewhere by the

author,t and in that article most of the important papers of recent

date have been mentioned, so that it is unnecessary here to do more

than incidentally refer to such of them as concern the additional

species described in the following pages. The conclusions at which

the author then arrived | with regard to the characters and relations

of the fauna of the Bokkeveld Beds do not require any modification

in consequence of the new material since examined.

The complete list of the fossils in the collection now submitted to

me for identification is as follows :—

iEolopea, baint Sharpe 0.2.2.2... ..s0-esiac--saue Zwartberg Pass.

EOMONCIMUA SPs0 iostenattens.ceteed taeee eee enenaaee | Uniondale.

| Unknown locality.

Metoptoma capense sp. NOV. ..-...+--++-++0++- Zwartberg Pass.

Bellerophon (Bucaniella) reisst Clarke ...... os 7

ce + aff. trilobatus Sow. P iS

5 (Tropidocyclus) ef. gilletianus

Hartt amd; Rathbun sa. 4:.c-ecseeeoseoe: Gamka Poort.

Bellerophon (Plectonotus) aff. salterz Clarke 45 3

- - fraternus sp. nov. Whupperthal.

Hyolithes subequalis (Salter)..............60+ Gydo Pass,

* Reed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. iii., No. 7, 1903, pp. 165-200, pls. xx.-

xxiii. ; ibid. vol. iv., pt. vi., No. 11, 1904, pp. 239-272, pls. xxx.—xxxii.

+ Reed, Geol. Mag., Dec. 5, vol. iv., 1907, pp. 165-171, and 222-232.

t Ibid. pp. 230, 231.

382 Annals of the South African Museum.

Nuculites abbreviatus (Sharpe) ..........-.+.- Zwartberg Pass.

3 africanus (Balter) ............+++++- Kourboom River.

Ceres Village.

“i benecker Ulrich, var. .......2....0.+ Zwartberg Pass.

a a ar ” ” ;

i brammert Clarke .:...200sseseaceeses (ilinicenmlecais

* - Var. nov. obtusus ...... Zwartberg Pass.

9 COPENSUSINGCG -- -)u0.sascencnaserme ons cf a

: MOTUS INCOM ..c-ccce-cecceseeenee en -

5 WIGEAUUS SIs MOV. <--2.cncle tells cer } Unknown locality.

sharper sp. Nov Hzelfontein.

9 ¢ iE a p- nsx apeve lave feverevelelelezetetats\sterate Near Ceres Village.

Paleoneilo antiqua (Sharpe) ..............066 Awartberg Pass.

e 3 \ ” ?

oA QUVCUATA OCOWAEZ fesc 5. sseaececae se 1 Gydo Pass.

rudis (Sharpe) (Umdsorrn st

” S (Ole } Sialfa\e(n/e\eicioluia's einlaleleieintela Unknown localities.

m Baia) wan Beer eet COP AREAS oh Ezelfontein.

= spa AVI co [D. «Satcnstore ence erence Uitkomst.

h suoantiqua Reedit 2s. ..4-s.+-.. 22: Zwartberg Pass.

+ ef. fecunda Hall

Nuculana tnornata (Sharpe)

i i ee ay

4p viator sp. Noy.

53 MO TESTISNS AMOVE eet aes ae sas

INMCULOMUGELLG SP. MOV. o2cis..erececnnciesleees os

Buchiola subpalmata Reed

GraMMYStA MONLANG SP. NOV.....2.+0e.seeeeeee

Leptodomus ? fontinalis sp. Nov. .......++..-

Orthonota cf. undulata Contr. ..........0..s000-

Nyassa arguta Hall

Solenopsis ? bokkeveldensis sp. nov. .....-+--

Modiomorpha bain (Sharpe)

Actinopterra att. humboldti Clarke............

ee er i ie |

Spirifer orbignyt Morr. and Sh. ............

OP CONES TINCOGS, | the ttt sap eee nty Rete matics

CLEA TOONIUS Elan tts: stems wesc.t eee

Unknown locality.

{ Uitkomst.

| Gydo Pass.

Zwartberg Pass.

9 +

“f 5

¥ ss

Ezelfontein.

Koudeveld Berg.

Zwartberg Pass.

Klein Straat Siding.

Gydo Pass.

De Doorns.

, Uitkomst.

Locality unknown.

| Slang Fontein.

) Triangle.

] Koudeveld Berg.

Locality unknown.

{ Gydo Pass.

| Boschlui’s Kloof.

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 383

Sirrifer apa Becde eee aeons 20. i irectaca

gu.

se SDs NOV? scence eens nea Slang Fontein.

: { Uitkomst.

oP gic 8 Pe LNG sui seete ra eee eee oe isElee River Mountains

Ambocelia umbonata (Conr.) ........+..6.00.++ Gydo Pass.

Uitkomst.

Leptocelia flabellites (Conr.) ............-+006- 5 eee igi

Gamka Poort.

Hex River Mountains.

Rensseleria montaguensis sp. NOV.......+.+... Montagu.

wm ef. cayuga Hall and Clarke ... Uitenhage.

5 aff. stewart? Clarke ? ............ eae - ah

Gydo Pass.

5 SP Gu LvCO! o2hc5 cans eee Boschlui’s Kloof.

| Uitkomst.

Scaphiocelia ? africana Reed.............2+++- Montagu.

” ? rs var. Nov. elizabeth | paar Port Hliza-

Ehynchospira cf. silvett Ulvich ............... Ceres.

, Gwartberg Pass.

Gamka Poort.

Boschlui’s Kloof.

Ehynchospira ? simplex Schwavrz ............ Gabbosch Lagte, Ladi-

smith.

Worcester.

*? Hex River Mountains.

\ Gydo Pass.

| Koudeveld Berg.

Ghonetes cl. arcer Ulrich.2......0-.2 sane Gydo Pass.

{ Boschlui’s Kloof.

| Ezelfontein.

Retzia cf. adrient De Vern.................0000.

Fume (Gis. COTONGLUS, COWL. 1.222 ereeeraeeees

Orbiculoidea baint (Morr. and Sh.) ......... Pwattbore Bass.

FONG ULC EAB Ds By ong cie sscls tact tena see Ceres Locality unknown.

Ophiocrinus stangert Salter .............060.. Gydo Pass.

ADDENDA.

IPOL@ONEWU OT UAUS eo sce en eteae cas esfee see eeeraa eae Hex River Mountains.

WModvomorpnd DaAnt 7.795. .s06.-c0sscceacons sees Koudeveld Berg.

Leptocelia flabellites ............c0.-eseerene oes Montagu.

Cryptonella baint (Sharpe) ......-..--+-.-.-2++ Klein Straat Siding.

( 384 )

LIST OF NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES.

Metoptoma capense sp. nov.

Bellerophon (Tropidocyclus) cf. gilletianus Hartt and Rathbun.

* (Plectonotus) fraternus sp. nov.

Nuculites benecker Ulrich, var.

a branneri Clarke, var. nov. obtusus.

ap pacatus sp. Nov.

5 sharpet sp. nov.

Nuculana viator sp. nov.

53 agrestis sp. nov.

Nucula nigella sp. nov.

Grammnysia montana sp. nov.

Leptodomus ? fontinalis sp. nov.

Solenopsis ? bokkeveldensis sp. nov.

Modiomorpha baini (Sharpe) var.

Actinopteria aff. humboldtt Clarke.

Spirifer sp. nov.

Rensseleria montaguensis sp. nov.

om cf. cayuga Hall and Clarke.

sf aff. stewarti Clarke ?

Scaphiocelia ? africana Reed, var. nov. elizabethe.

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 385

GASTEROPODA.

Genus METOPTOMA Phillips, 1836.

METOPTOMA CAPENSE sp. nov.

(Pl. XLVIL,, figs. 1, 2.)

Shell oval to elliptical in shape, about two-thirds as wide as long;

anterior and posterior ends rounded and subequal; surface more or

less convex and obtusely conical, rising gradually in convex curve

from anterior end to apex, which is situated at about one-quarter

the length of shell from posterior end; height of shell about one-

third the length ; apex simple, small, acute, slightly curved backward

and overhanging the steeply inclined and gently concave short

posterior slope of the shell. Surface marked by concentric striz,

strongest near margin; faint traces of delicate radial ornamentation.

Dimensions :— le ie TE

Ihengthy = 246... 150mm, 160mm. 12°5 mm.

Height) ....25... 6:0 5:0 4:5

WWidtiht..ccsss «cose Tele 12:0 9-0

Locality.—Zwartberg Pass.

Remarks.—There are three specimens of this shell in the collec-

tion. A species which appears to resemble it is Platyceras patelli-

forme, Holzapfel,* from the Upper Middle Devonian of the Rhenish

area.

Genus BELLEROPHON Montfort, 1808.

BELLEROPHON (TROPIDOCYCLUS) cf. GILLETIANUS

Hartt and Rathbun.

One somewhat crushed specimen from Gamka Poort, measuring

13 mm. in height, 10 mm. in width, and 4:5 mm. in thickness,

appears to resemble Tropidocyclus gilletianus, Hartt and Rathbun, |

* Holzapfel, Das obere Mitteldevon (Abh. kon. preuss. geol. Landesanst., N.F.,

xvi, 1895), p. 180, t. iv., figs. 8, 9.

+ Hartt and Rathbun, Ann. New York Lyceum Nat. Hist., vol. xi., 1875,

p. 118.

386 Annals of the South African Museum.

of Brazil, which Clarke * has also described from Ereré. Thomas +

more recently has compared with this species a specimen from

Argentina. Ours is too imperfect for a minute comparison, but the

general shape of the whorls and proportions of the shell agree well

with it. It is closely similar to the shell described by Whidborne }

as Bellerophon (Tropidodiscus) trilobatus Sow., var. bisulcatus Reem.,

from the English Upper Devonian, and seems almost indistinguish-

able from the one figured by Beushausen § from the Spirifer Sand-

stone of the Upper Harz as Bellerophon bisulcatus Roem.

BELLEROPHON (PLECTONOTUS) FRATERNUS sp. nov.

(Pl. XLVIL, figs. 3, 3a, 4.)

The almost perfect internal casts of two shells of a Bellerophon

lying in close contact on the same piece of rock from Whupperthal

enable us to define a new form which, while undoubtedly allied to

B. saltert, Clarke,|| appears to merit specific distinction, for the

shell expands more rapidly towards the mouth, the whorls are less

deep, the umbilicus is larger, and the mouth is more transversely

elliptical.

Description.—Shell large, broad-backed, subglobose, faintly trilobed,

rapidly expanding to a wide transversely elliptical mouth. Umbilicus

large, deep, open, with subangular margins, in diameter nearly one-

third the height of the shell. Whorls broad, low, increasing in height

rather rapidly, about half as high as broad, with rather sharply

rounded lateral edges ; faintly trilobed by two weak spiral furrows,

each lying about half-way between the middle line and lateral edges

of whorls, leaving a low, indistinct dorsal lobe between them which

does not rise above the general convexity of the dorsum and

occupies about the middle three-fifths of its width. Mouth suddenly

expanded laterally with reflexed lower lip, and with dorsal margin

excavated by deep but not wide V-shaped notch, forming large

rounded lobes to the aperture.

* Clarke, Paleoz. Faunas of Para, Brazil, 1899 (Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de

Janeiro, vol. x., 1899), p. 40, t. iii., figs. 10, 11.

+ Thomas, Zeitschr. deut. geol. Gesell., Bd. lvii., 1905, p. 253, pl. xii.,

figs. 13a, b.

t Whidborne, Mon. Brit. Dev. Fauna (Paleont. Soc.), vol. iii., pt. i., 1896, p. 68.

§ Beushausen, Beitr. Kennt. Oberharz. Spirifersandst. (Abhandl. geol. specialk.

Preuss., vi., No. 1, 1884) p. 45, t. ii., figs. 3a, b.

|| Clarke, op. cit., p. 39, pl. ili., figs. 12, 13.

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 387

Dimensions :— iG ae

Height of shell <.-..2-:.-.- 32mm. about 29 mm.

Diameter of umbilicus...... 12 about 12

Transverse diameter of

MOULH: desc tee Caaneere about 55 about 54

Diameter of whorl at base

Of shelli Sikes eoe. eee 8 8:5

Diameter of whorl before

apertural expansion... 25 27

In specimen IT. the dorsum near the mouth is imperfect, while the

right lateral margin of the mouth is well preserved; but in speci-

men I, the dorsum and notch are perfect and the superior apertural

margin is entire on the right side, though the lateral margins are

broken.

PTEROEOD-A

Genus HYOLITHES Eichwald, 1840.

HYOLITHES SUBAQUALIS (Salter).

There is one specimen of this pteropod in the present collection

from an unknown locality, but in much the same kind of rock as that

from Gydo Pass, and the block also contains Nuculites sharper and

Pale@oneilo rudis. Salter’s definition was previously quoted by me, *

but his figures + are poor. This example is more trigonal than he

indicates, and in every respect more resembles H. schencki Ulrich,

to which I have considered the species closely allied.

Its length is 28 mm., and its width at the aperture 9 mm. Its

rate of tapering is about 20-25”.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Genus NUCULITES Conrad, 1841.

The following nine species of Nuwculites have been previously

recorded from the Bokkeveld Beds, of which one (N. ovatus Sharpe)

is doubtfully referable to the genus :—

* Reed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. vi., 1904, p. 247.

+ Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc., ser. 2, vol. vii. (1856), p. 215, woodcuts, figs. 3, 4,

p. 214.

388 Annals of the South African Museum.

Nuculites abbreviatus (Sharpe).

5 africanus (Salter).

- branneri Clarke.

- capensis Reed.

i colonicus Reed.

. lunulata Schwarz.

- martialis Reed.

- ? ovatus (Sharpe).

re ef. smitht Clarke.

From the new material submitted to me the form described as

N. ef. smitht can be established as a distinct new species termed

N. sharpei, and two more species may be recognised, one of which

is new to science (N. pacatus), and the other of which is probably

identical with the Bolivian N. beneckei Ulrich. A description of

these is appended.

The determination and specific separation of the more or less

imperfect internal casts by which the species are usually represented

is a matter of much difficulty and frequently of considerable un-

certainty, as there are intermediate varieties which appear to connect

several of the species together.

NUCULITES ABBREVIATUS (Sharpe).

There are several small typical examples of N. abbreviatus from

Zwartberg Pass, averaging 9-10 mm. in height and 12-13 mm. in

length. Some of them show the teeth distinctly, which were not

described by Sharpe or the author.* There are 25-27 small parallel

curved transverse teeth in a row behind the beaks, increasing in size

posteriorly, while between the clavicular ridges 6-8 longer radiating

teeth are supported on the usual semicircular plate. All the speci-

mens are in the condition of internal casts.

NUCULITES BENECKEI Ulrich, var.

(Pl XVI fie: 93)

There is a rather common species of Nuculites from Zwartberg

Pass which is probably a variety of Ulrich’s N. benecker.t It is

more triangular in shape than N. branneri; the dorsal margin

slopes down more obliquely ; the posterior end is narrower and

* Reed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. vi., 1904, p. 256.

+ Ulrich, Neues Jahrb. f. Miner., Beil. Bd. viii., 1893, p. 46, pl. ii., figs. 16, 17.

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 389

more pointed, the beaks are rather lower and less swollen; and the

clavicular ridge is rather shorter and decidedly stouter and straighter

than in the typical N. brannert. The specimens which I have for

examination are all in the condition of internal casts, as are Ulrich’s

figured specimens of N. beneckei. From the latter ours seem to

differ only by the slightly shorter anterior end of the shell, and by

the clavicular ridge being vertical or even a little curved forwards as

in N. africanus, in which, however, this feature is much more pro-

nounced and the shell is more elongate. Imperfect internal casts

of the Bokkeveld form referred to N. branneri are often difficult to

distinguish from this variety of N. beneckez.

The dimensions of the best preserved example are as follows:

Length 45 mm.; height 31 mm.; thickness 20 mm.

Locality. Zwartberg Pass.

NUCULITES BRANNERI Clarke, var. nov. obtusus.

There are some specimens from the Bokkeveld Beds (Nos. 796, 797,

locality unknown) which must be considered identical with N. bran-

nevi Clarke ; but the majority of the specimens from Zwartberg Pass

and Gamka Poort (including the one figured by me as N. branneri in

Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. vi., No. 11, p. 257, pl. xxxi., figs. 8, 8a)

have rather broader, more obtuse and subtruncate posterior ends,

with a less obliquely sloping dorsal margin, and are altogether of an

oblong rather than a subelliptical shape; the clavicular ridge is also

stouter. It seems undesirable to separate these forms specifically

from N. branneri, which they otherwise closely resemble, and they

may be regarded as a variety under the name obtusus.

NUCULITES MARTIALIS Reed.

(Pl. XLVIL,, fig. 10.)

One internal cast of the species described by the author as N. mar-

tialis,* by showing both valves in apposition enables me to add a few

more particulars to the description of its characters. The beaks are

subceniral, being more than one-third the length of the shell distant

from the anterior end. The posterior margin is not “ obliquely trun-

cate at the upper angle,” but is regularly rounded, the whole shell

being subcircular or, rather, broadly elliptical in shape ; the height is

96 mm. and the length 31mm. The hinge-line is short and arcuate ;

* Reed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. 6, No. 11, p. 260, pl. xxxii., fig. 2.

390 Annals of the South African Museum.

the teeth are not well preserved. The stout clavicular ridge is de-

cidedly curved forward. The beaks are tumid, incurved, and rise

above the hinge-line. Owing to imperfect preservation the opposite

valves in this one individual have quite a different appearance, the

left-hand one having the ventral margin broken, and thus possessing

a much more oval shape than the other.

Locality.— Zwarthberg Pass.

NUCULITES PACATUS sp. nov.

(Pl. XLVIL., figs. 5, 5a, 6.)

Shell elongated oval, one and a half times as long as high; ends

regularly rounded, anterior end rather narrower and more pointed

than posterior end; ventral margin strongly convex ; dorsal margin

weakly convex, not oblique; greatest height of shell a little behind

beaks. Beaks low, obtuse, broad, directed forwards, scarcely rising

above hinge-line, situated rather forward, at about one-third (or

rather less) the length of the shell from anterior end. Valves very

convex, swollen, especially in umbonal region just behind and below

beaks. Clavicular ridge very thick and strong, nearly vertical or

faintly curved forwards, extending about two-thirds the height of

shell. Hinge-line with 8 rather long teeth of equal size radiating

downwards, situated on semicircular plate between clavicular ridges

just in front of beaks; no teeth in front of them, but behind them a

straight row of 30-36 small transverse teeth, increasing gradually in

size posteriorly and extending about two-thirds of the distance

between the beaks and posterior end of shell.

Dimensions :— 10 ee

engi ace, oaceees 46mm. 45 mm.

eleighi..22.4..s¢6- 503 29 26

Aawielidavertiy Sends sene 26 24

Locality.—Zwartberg Pass.

Remarks.—The elongated oval shape of the shell, the strong con-

vexity of the valves, the low beaks and stout clavicular ridge are

distinguishing features. The good preservation of the hinge-line in

one specimen enables us to fix the characters of the dentition with

certainty. From N. branneri it differs by the more elongated shape

and more swollen sides, by the more subequal ends of the shell,

by the lower beaks, by the non-obliquity of the dorsal margin and

the stronger and straighter clavicular ridge. From N. benecket var.

the shape of the shell at once distinguishes it.

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 391

NUCULITES SHARPEI sp. nov.

(Pl. XLVIL,, figs. 7, 8.)

Shell elongated oval, somewhat produced posteriorly and narrow-

ing behind beaks ; nearly twice as long as high; height greatest at

beaks; surface strongly convex. Beaks obtuse, rounded, incurved,

situated at about one-third the length of shell from anterior end.

Ventral margin very slightly convex or nearly straight. Dorsal

margin behind beaks sloping obliquely down, nearly straight.

Anterior end short, obtusely pointed. Posterior end narrowing

gradually, longer and usually more pointed than anterior end.

Clavicular ridge narrow, starting a little in front of beak, nearly

vertical and straight or slightly inclined backwards, long, three-

fourths to four-fifths the height of shell.

Surface of shell marked with fine strie and a few stronger

concentric growth-ridges.

Dimensions.—Length 19 mm. ; height 10 mm.

Localitves—Ezelfontein ; near Ceres Village.

Remarks.—This shell is less elongated than N. capensis but more

so than N. abbreviatus. It much resembles N. smithi Clarke, with

which it has been previously compared by me,* but the beaks are

more anteriorly situated. N. oblongata Conrad,t+ of the Hamilton

Group, is an allied form, but the clavicular ridge appears to be

shorter. Beushausen’s Cucullella elliptica Maur.,{ from the Lower

Coblenzian, is a species with very close affinities.

Genus PALAZONEILO Hall, 1869.

The following species of Palg@onetlo have been recorded from the

Bokkeveld Beds :—

Palaoneilo antiqua (Sharpe).

- ? arcuata Schwarz.

ee Boyest Schwarz.

s rudis (Sharpe).

Ps subantiqua Reed.

. aff. constricta (Conr.).

és ef. fecunda Hall.

* Reed, Geol. Mag., Dec. 45, vol. iii., 1906, p. 303.

+ Hall, Palaont. New York, vol. v., pt. i., Lamellibr., pl. xlvii., figs. 1-12.

t Beushausen, Lamell. rhein. Devon (Abh. kon. preuss. geol. Landesanst.,

N.F., xvii., 1895), p. 104, t. v., figs. 9-15.

392 Annals of the South African Museum.

Of the foregoing species nearly all are represented in the collection

now examined; P. antiqua comes from the Zwartberg Pass ;

Specimens apparently attributable to P. arcuata, but in a poor

state of preservation, come from the same locality and from

Gydo Pass.

P. rudis is represented by typical examples from Uitkomst

and an unknown locality and doubtfully from Ezelfontein, while

a variety characterised by its more elongated shape comes from

Ezelfontein. This variety is represented only by poorly preserved

specimens which do not allow of a detailed diagnosis, but in the

position of the beaks, sulcus on surface, convexity and marginal out-

line, it agrees with the type, only differing in its more elongated

shape, one specimen measuring 37 mm. long by 21 mm. high, and

another 45 mm. long by 26 mm. high. There is one specimen from

Uitkomst of a broken right valve with the dorsal margin and beak

imperfect, which may probably be regarded as a short variety

of P. rudis; it is elliptical-subquadrate in shape, as shown by

the growth-lines, which are strong and widely spaced; the posterior

margin has the outline of the type; it measures approximately

35 mm. in length and 28 mm. in height.

Two imperfect internal casts which show the hinge-line and teeth,

from the Zwartberg Pass, probably belong to P. suwbantiqua ; and

a crushed specimen from an unknown locality may be compared

with P. ef. fecunda as previously described by the author.

Genus NUCULANA Link., 1807 (= LEDA Schumacher, 1817).

NUCULANA INORNATA (Sharpe).

Two good examples of this shell occur in the collection from

Uitkomst and Gydo Pass; the specimen from the former locality

measures 29 mm. in length by 15 mm. in height; and the other

(which is rather elongated by crushing and posteriorly is broken

off) about 38 mm. in length by 19 mm. in height.

There is nothing to add to the description already published,

except that it appears closely related to N. secwriformis (Goldfuss)

as illustrated by Beushausen,* which occurs in the Upper and

Lower Coblenzian of Europe. Its resemblance to Leda diversa

Hall, of North and South America, has previously been remarked. {

* Beushausen, op. cit., p. 59, t. iv., figs. 26-28.

+ Reed, Ann. §. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. vi., p. 255.

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 393

NUCULANA VIATOR sp. nov.

(PE XVI figs. 11, 11a.)

There is one internal cast of a species of Nuwculana which is

undoubtedly distinct from N. inornata, and probably belongs to

a new species. It most resembles in shape the form termed by

Ulrich * Leda sp. a, from the Devonian of Bolivia, which (as Ulrich

has remarked) differs from N. inornata by having the beaks more

centrally situated and the posterior end less produced. In our

shell the dorsal margin behind the beaks is also rather more exca-

vated, the ventral margin more convex and the posterior extremity

more acutely pointed. The whole shell is shorter and cannot be

regarded as a variety of N. mornata. The hinge-line is fairly well

preserved, is only weakly angulated, and shows about 10 teeth

in front of the beaks extending about half-way to the anterior

end of shell. Behind the beaks the teeth are smaller and less

distinctly shown, and there is a narrow oval scar on each side of

and close to the hinge-line at about a third of its length from

the beaks. The anterior and posterior adductor scars are faintly

marked.

Dimensions.—Length 17 mm.; height 11 mm.; thickness 6 mm.

In addition to Ulvich’s Leda sp. a its nearest allies seem to be

Leda brevirostris Hall,t of the Hamilton Group, and N. Ahrendz A.

Reem.} of the Upper Coblenzian.

This new Bokkeveld form deserves a name, and may be termed

N. viator. It comes from the Zwartberg Pass.

NUCULANA AGRESTIS sp. nov.

(Pl. XLVIL,, figs. 12, 12a.)

Shell short, subtriangular, compressed, flattened, most convex

below beaks, narrowing rapidly posteriorly. Anterior end high,

obtuse, broadly rounded. Beaks small, acute, rising above hinge-

line, situated a little behind anterior third of shell, slightly directed

backwards. Dorsal margin nearly straight, sloping downwards

rapidly to subacute narrow posterior end which is not produced.

Ventral margin strongly convex. Hinge-line angulated below beaks

+ Ulrich op. 1cvt-,(p. 40, t. ll, toe LAs

{ Hall, op. cit., pl. xlvii., figs. 38, 39.

t Beushausen, op. cit., p. 64, t. iv., figs. 37-39.

394 Annals of the South African Museum.

at about 130°; numerous small teeth in front of beaks, extending

about half-way down anterior end; posterior hinge-line not preserved.

Anterior adductor scar long, pointed oval, situated at about middle

height of anterior end. Posterior adductor scar of same shape and

situated rather more than half-way between the beaks and the

posterior end close to dorsal margin. Faint posterior excavation

in pallial line.

Dimensions.—Length 12°5 mm. ; height 10 mm. ; thickness 4 mm.

Locality.—Zwartberg Pass.

Liemarks.—One internal cast is all the material available, but

luckily it is well preserved. I am inclined to refer this shell to the

genus Nuculana rather than to Nucula because of the excavation in

the pallial line which is just visible. It is unusually short and

triangular in shape and is certainly distinct from N. viator.

Genus NUCULA Lamarck, 1799.

NUCULA NIGELLA sp. nov.

(Pl. XG ies 213 dae)

There is one internal cast of a nuculiform shell from Zwartberg

Pass which must be placed in a new species of the genus Nucula.

It is slightly abraded at the anterior and posterior ends, but the

characters exhibited are quite sufficient to establish its inde-

pendence.

Description.—Shell trigonal, swollen anteriorly, compressed

posteriorly, about four-fifths as high as long. Anterior end thick,

flattened, abruptly truncated, almost vertical. Dorsal margin straight,

short, not longer than anterior end is high, with which it makes

angle of about 75°. Beaks anterior; slightly swollen and scarcely

elevated, not recurved. Lunule large, elongate, extending about

two-thirds down the anterior end, slightly impressed but not

markedly concave. Ventral margin short, convex, curving round

regularly into broadly rounded posterior end of shell. Hinge-line

straight behind beaks, with 20-30 small transverse teeth extending

about three-fourths along dorsal margin in narrow lanceolate area

(impressed in cast). Ligamental pit between beaks well marked,

deep. Anterior hinge-line not preserved. Posterior muscle-scar

below end of hinge-line, strong.

Dimensions.—Length of shell 31 mm.; height 25 mm.; thickness

(anteriorly) 17 mm.

femarks.—It is possible that this is the internal cast of the shell

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 395

named by Sharpe * Leptodomus ovatus, but if this is so the name

ovata is previously occupied for a Mesozoic species of Nucula, so

that a new specific designation is requisite, and the name nigella

accordingly may be given it.

In shape and general characters it appears to be allied to

N. varicosa Hall,+ of the Hamilton Group in North America.

GENus GRAMMYSIA De Verneuil, 1847.

GRAMMYSIA MONTANA sp. nov.

(Pl. XLVIIL., fig. 2.)

Shell broadly elliptical, highest in front, narrowing somewhat

behind beak, moderately convex. Beak broad, obtuse, incurved,

rising well above hinge-line, slightly directed forwards, situated at

about two-fifths the length of the shell from anterior end. Umbonal

ridge indistinct, but a broad shallow depression crosses the valve,

descending from the beak vertically to the ventral margin, before

reaching which it dies out. Anterior end of shell broadly rounded,

very obtuse, with small impressed lunule below beak. Dorsal

margin sloping downwards to narrower, more pointed posterior end.

Ventral margin short, nearly straight in middle. Surface of shell

marked by fairly strong concentric undulations and fine growth-strie.

Dimensions.—Length 23 mm.; height 18 mm.

Riemarks.—There is only one left valve of this species, and it

comes from the Zwartberg Pass. Amongst the Brazilian species

described by Clarke, Grammysia lundi Clarke,} bears a very close

resemblance to it, but ours has rather a narrower posterior end, and

a higher more obtuse anterior extremity, with the beak not quite so

far forward. Probably it belongs to a new species, and it may be

termed montana.

Genus LEPTODOMUS McCoy, 1844.

LEPTODOMUS ? FONTINALIS sp. nov.

(Pl. XLVIL., figs. 14, 14a.)

There are two specimens of a new species of some member of the

Grammysiide from Ezelfontein, one of which is a perfect internal

* Sharpe, Trans. Geol. Soc. Lond., ser. 2, vol. vii., 1856, p. 212, pl. xxvii., fig. 7;

Reed, op. cit., p. 259.

+ Hall, Paleont. New York, vol. v., Lamell. ii., pl. xlvii., figs. 12-23.

t Clarke, op. cit., p. 66, t. vi., figs. 11, 12, 13.

396 Annals of the South African Museum.

cast of the complete shell, and the other shows the surface of the

left valve. The description of this new form is as follows :—

Shell elongated-elliptical, nearly twice as long as high, strongly

tumid in middle, slightly compressed behind, not gaping at posterior

end. Anterior end short, narrower than posterior end, acutely

rounded. Posterior end broader, obtuse, rounded, subtruncate

above. Dorsal margin straight behind beaks. Hinge-line edentu-

lous, shorter than shell, with faint narrow lanceolate escutcheon.

Ventral margin nearly straight for three-fourths its length, with very

weak broad shallow excavation near middle. Beaks situated at

about one-third the length of shell from anterior end, large, obtuse,

broad, rounded, swollen, directed forwards and incurved, rising

above hinge-line, and overhanging a large, slightly depressed cordi-

form lunule. Umbonal ridge broad, swollen, undefined. Anterior

slope of shell steep, rising rather suddenly from margin, rounded ;

median portion of valve rather flattened, particularly near weak

excavation in ventral margin; post-umbonal slope somewhat

flattened. Surface marked with weak corrugations and strong con-

centric growth-lines. Pallial line entire. Muscular scars almost

obsolete.

Dimensions.—Length 48 mm.; height 28 mm. ;_ thickness

25 mm.

Remarks.—This species is undoubtedly allied to Grammysia lundi

Clarke,* but as to its precise generic position there would be some

doubt if we rejected the name Leptodomus, as Wheelton Hind +

seems inclined to do. Whidborne,} however, has kept it for certain

Devonian shells, one of which, L. constrictus McCoy,§ bears a con-

siderable resemblance to our shell. Beushausen’s || usage of the

generic names Leptodomus and Allerisma does not commend itself

to Wheelton Hind, and the whole of the generic group of the Gram-

mysiidz seem to require revision. G. lwndi is a much shorter shell

than ours, and has higher beaks, more anteriorly situated. The

shell figured by Kayser‘! from the Devonian of Argentina as

Leptodomus sp. bears some resemblance to this South African

species.

* Clarke, op. cit., p. 66, pl. vi., figs. 11-13.

+ Wheelton Hind, Brit. Carb. Lamellibr. (Paleont. Soc.), parts 3-5, 1898-1900,

pp. 228, 379, 419.

+ Whidborne, Mon. Brit. Dey. Fauna, vol. iii., pt. i., 1896, p. 74.

§ Whidborne, op. cit., p. 75, pl. vili., figs. 8, 9.

|| Beushausen, op. cit., pp. 250, 263.

{| Kayser, Zeitschr. deut. geol. Gesell., xlix., 1897, p. 289, t. x., fig. 6.

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 397

Genus SOLENOPSIS McCoy, 1844.

SOLENOPSIS ? BOKKEVELDENSGIS sp. nov.

(Pl. XLVIIL, fig. 1.)

Shell very elongated, narrow, about three times as long as high,

narrowing a little anteriorly, moderately convex, compressed a little

in the posterior cardinal region; dorsal and ventral margins sub-

parallel ; hinge-line straight ; ventral margin nearly straight or very

weakly convex; anterior end very short, rounded; posterior end

rounded. Beaks low, broad, obtuse, rounded, not rising above

hinge-line, situated very far forward, subanterior. Surface of shell

divided into two unequal parts by shallow straight groove running

obliquely from beak to posterior end of shell ; above this groove the

shell is rather flattened and marked by closely-set, fine thread-like

minutely nodulated concentric lines. The groove bounds posteriorly

the low broad rounded umbonal ridge which merges in front into the

general convexity of the shell; the ridge itself immediately below the

groove is marked by 12-15 fine regular equal and equidistant radiating

thread-like lines, crossed at right angles by a continuation of the

concentric lineation of the posterior slope and nodulated at the

points of intersection. In front of these radiating lines the shell

is marked by strong rounded concentric growth-ridges, and in-

distinctly by a continuation of the finer concentric lineation

obscurely nodulated.

Dimensions.—Length 50 mm.; height 17 mm.;_ thickness

11 mm.

Locality.—Zwartberg Pass.

Remarks.—This shell may belong either to the genus Pholadella

or the genus Orthonota sens. str., or to the genus Solenopsis. The

difference in ornamentation of the anterior and middle portions

agrees with Pholadella. But though it apparently lacks the charac-

teristic truncation of the posterior end, it has the elongated shape,

the depressed broad beaks, the oblique groove behind the umbonal

ridge, and long straight hinge-line of Orthonota. Some species of

Solenopsis, as defined by Beushausen (op. cit., pp. 216, 217), bear

much similarity to it, particularly as regards the shape of the shell

and low subanterior beaks ; radial lineation appears to be sometimes

present; and S. vetusta (Goldf.) and S. attenuata (Whiteaves) have

a general resemblance to it, so that it may not unreasonably be

referred to this genus rather than to any other.

398 Annals of the South African Museum.

Genus NYASSA Hall, 1869.

NYASSA ARGUTA Hall.

A specimen which the author* referred doubtfully to Hall’s

Nyassa arguta has been described on a previous occasion from the

4wartberg Pass. Three, or possibly four, more examples of the

same species from the same locality are now to hand, and there can

be no doubt as to their reference to N. arguta. The elongated post-

lateral parallel teeth or cardinal ridges and the small irregular trans-

verse pits on the plate below the beak can be detected, and if Beus-

hausen is correct in identifying N. dorsata Goldf. with N. arguta Hall,

we can have no hesitation in referring this South African form to it.

Clarke’s + Guerangeria or Nyassa ortoni from the Devonian of

Brazil is closely allied.

Genus MODIOMORPHA Hall, 1873.

MODIOMORPHA BAINI (Sharpe) var.

There are two specimens from Klein Straat Siding, both of left

valves, of a species of Modiomorpha which may be regarded as a

variety of Sharpe’s Modiolopsis baini, of which examples have been

previously described by the author | from this and other localities.

A somewhat distorted specimen of a right valve from Koudeveld Berg

may be referred to the same variety. The distinguishing feature is

the more elongate sublinguiform shape of the shell, therein resem-

bling Clarke’s M. helmreicheni § more than M. Baini. They are

also flatter and have the umbonal ridge less strongly developed than

in the latter, but this may be due to lateral compression. The beaks

are more anterior in M. Baim and this variety than in M. helm-

reichent, and differ from Cypricardella pohli Clarke (with which

some Cape specimens have been identified) by the axis of the

shell not being oblique and in other respects. There can be little

doubt that they belong to the genus Modiomorpha, the muscle-scars,

position of beaks, hinge-line, and general shape being essentially in

agreement with typical members. The length of one of our speci-

* Reed, Geol. Mag., Dec. 5, vol. iii., 1906, p. 303, pl. xvi., figs. 3, 3a.

+ Clarke, op. cit., p. 62, pl. vii., fig. 6.

t Reed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. vi., 1904, p. 267.

§ Clarke, op. cit., p. 50, pl. vi., figs. 1, 2, 17.

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 399

mens is 43 mm. and of the other 36 mm., and the height respectively

23 mm. and 22 mm.

Genus ACTINOPTERIA Hall, 1883.

ACTINOPTERIA aff, HUMBOLDTI Clarke.

(Pl. XLVIIL,, fig. 3.)

The distinction between 4. humboldtt Clarke,* and A. eschwegei

Clarke,+ consists, according to Clarke, in the former having ‘the

shell characteristically recurved at its posterior extremity, the

obliquity of the valves being notably greater, the wing much shorter,

the auricle smaller, and the surface ornamentation quite different.”

Instead of having ‘‘ numerous fine radiating striz which are coarsest

and alternate in size on the posterior slope,” dA. humboldtt has a

‘“‘few low, broad, indistinct and subequal ribs.” In both cases con-

centric ridges, undulations, or striz are present as well. There is

one left valve from Gydo Pass, measuring 34 mm. in oblique length

and 22 mm. high, which more closely resembles A. hwmboldti in the

above-mentioned characters than it does A. eschwegei; the greater

obliquity, the shorter wing, the recurved posterior end (well marked

by the ribs), and the ornamentation are the features on which

reliance is placed. But the two species are undoubtedly closely

allied. A. eschweger has closer affinities with A. boydi (Conr.); a

specimen allied to the latter has been previously described by the

author from the Bokkeveld Beds.

BRACHIOPODA.

Genus SPIRIFER Sowerby, 1815.

SPIRIFER ORBIGNYI Morris and Sharpe.

The reasons for considering Sp. antarcticus (Sharpe) to be

synonymous with Sp. orbignyt were given by the author in some

detail on a previous occasion. Schwarz || subsequently maintained

*\Clarke\op: ctts, PaA7, ple vey Heseos snl i2s

+ Ibid., p. 45, pl. v., figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8,9, 10; Thomas, Zeitschr. deut. geol.

Gesell., lvii., 1905, p. 257, t. xiii., fig. 29.

+ Reed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. vi., p. 266, pl. xxxii., fig. 9.

§ Reed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. iii., No. 7, pp. 180-183.

|| Schwarz, Records of the Albany Museum, vol. i., No. vi., 1906, pp. 367-375.

400 Annals of the South African Museum.

that they are specifically separable, but I am not convinced of the

advisability of regarding them as distinct, and as already pointed out

by me,* Messrs. I. Thomas and E. T. Newton support my view,

while Clarke + considers that both Sp. antarcticus and Sp. orbignyi

are amongst the local expressions of one widely distributed type

represented by Sp. arrectus (=Sp.° murchisont).

SPIRIFER sp.

(Pl. XLVI, figs 4.)

One cast of the brachial valve of a species of Spirifer from Slang

Fontein seems to belong to a new species, and is at any rate different

to any which I have previously seen from the Bokkeveld Beds. The

material, however, is insufficient for a complete diagnosis. The shell

is subtriangular in shape, rounded anteriorly, about 13 times as wide

as long, with somewhat pointed lateral angles. The median fold is

strongly elevated and rather narrow, and is divided down its anterior

two-thirds by a sharp central furrow. On each side of this median

fold are 5-6 weak subangular ribs, of which. the first pair bordering

the fold are well marked for tneir whole length, but the others are

consecutively weaker and only well developed near the margin. The

grooves between are wide, shallow and rounded, and the cardinal

area of the opposite valve is moderately high, steeply inclined, with

a large triangular delthyrium. Length 20 mm.; width 34 mm.

The furrowed median fold recalls Sp. bifidus Roemer, Sp. ziczac

Remer, and Sp. williamst Hall and Clarke, but the plication of the

valve more resembles Sp. duodenarius Hall, Sp. excavatus Kayser,

and Sp. raricostatus Conrad. The precise affinities cannot be deter-

mined by means of this one specimen.

RHYNCHOSPIRA ? SIMPLEX (Schwarz).

The species which Schwarz { described as Trageria simplea, but

which he compared with Rhynchospira jamesiana (Hartt and Rath-

bun), may be referred to the genus Rhynchospira with more probability

than to Trigeria, as I have elsewhere remarked.§ Some indifferently

preserved specimens from several localities are noticeable in the

* Reed, Geol. Mag., Dec. 5, vol. iv., 1907, pp. 34, 35; and ibid., pp. 170, 171.

+ Clarke, Some New Devonic Fossils (Bull. No. 107, N.Y. State Mus., 1907),

pp. 260-263.

t Schwarz, op. cit., p. 366, pl. vii., fig. 9.

§ Reed, Geol. Mag., Dec. 5, vol. iv., 1907, p. 34.

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 401

present collection; and it may be mentioned that the shells from

Argentina which Thomas * regarded as young individuals of Lzo-

rhynchus bodenbendert Kayser bear a considerable resemblance in

general shape and ribbing. In some of our examples a coarsely

punctate structure of the shell, as in Fetzia, seems to be present.

Unfortunately the critical internal features for the determination of

the true generic position of these little shells are insufficiently

preserved.

The style of ribbing and the number of ribs (about 20) in the

present specimens agree with Schwarz’s description and figure, and

the shell seems only distinguishable from my Trigeria aff. gaudryt

by having the ribs less numerous, as in the latter they number

28-30.

The true relations and generic determination of the ribbed shells

which have been described from the Bokkeveld Beds as Rhyncho-

spira ? silveti, Retzia cf. adriem, Trigerta aff. gaudryr, Trigeria

simplex and Rensseleria sp. 3 must remain unsatisfactory and

unsettled so long as the material available is so poor.

Localities.—Zwartberg Pass, Gamka Poort, Boschlui’s Kloof,

Gabbosch Lagte, Ladismith, Worcester, ? Hex River Mountains.

Genus RENSSELASRIA Hall, 1859.

RENSSELARIA MONTAGUENSIS sp. nov.

(Pl. XLVIILI., figs.. 5-7.)

There is a species of Rensseleria from Montagu which is repre-

sented by many more or less crushed fragmentary casts of shells,

from which the following somewhat incomplete description of what

is undoubtedly a new species can be drawn up.

Shell broadly oval, widest across middle, about 14 times as fede

as wide, unequally biconvex. Pedicle-valye more convex than

brachial, with strongly elevated prominent beak, arched over and

rising a little above hinge-line, with small concave area below

extending laterally into narrow cardinal area. Dental plates thin,

slightly divergent, short. Weak median ridge in beak. Brachial

valve less convex than opposite valve, with small inconspicuous

beak; short median septum thickening towards beak, dividing

adductor scars which are strongly impressed anteriorly ; stout hinge-

plate composed of a pair of rounded cushions fused together, grooved,

and perforated medianly by minute pit on anterior face, but not

* Thomas, op. cit., t. xiv., figs. 33, 34 (non 31, 32).

402 Annals of the South African Musewm

divided; crura stout, short, closely placed. Margins of valves at

cardinal shoulders slightly introverted. Surface of shell marked

with about 40 straight radiating low rounded ribs, rather closely

placed, the intermediate grooves being narrower. Concentric growth

ridges few, rarely present.

Estimated length 40-50 mm. (The precise measurements cannot

be given as the specimens are all fragmentary and crushed.)

As far as the above characters take us this shell resembles

fi. atlantica Clarke,* of the Lower Devonian of Maine, in its

external and internal features, but the American form has not

the introverted margins, and in this particular as well as in the

structure of the hinge-plate R. (Beachia) suessana Hall, and

fi. (B.) amplexa Clarke, (op. cit., p. 248) may be compared with

it. The European RP. strigiceps Roemer, also appears to be closely

allied.

It is almost certain that Rensseleria sp. a, previously described

by me,t is identical with this Montagu form. Schwarz thinks that

my fi. sp. a is probably the same as his R. relicta,} but his descrip-

tion and figure are hardly sufficient for me to pass an opinion with-

out seeing his specimen. If it should be ultimately proved that

these three forms are identical, Schwarz’s name, &. relicta, must be

adopted.

RENSSELARIA cf, CAYUGA Hall and Clarke.

(Pl. XLVIIL,, fig. 8.)

One external cast of a crushed and flattened brachial valve of a

species of Rensseleria from Uitenhage differs from the other Bokke-

veld species by its numerous ribs. The shell is of a broadly elliptical

shape, measuring 42 mm. in length and about 34 mm. in width.

The surface is ornamented with 60-70 straight radiating narrow

rounded ribs, a very few of which bifurcate at about one-third to two-

thirds their length ; the interspaces are narrow and rounded, and all

the ribs at the margin are subequal in size. No concentric ridges

or striae are present. In shape as well as ribbing this imperfectly

known shell resembles Rk. cayuga Hall and Clarke,§ from the

Oriskany Sandstone.

* Clarke, Bull. No. 107 N.Y. State Mus., 1907, p. 243.

+ Reed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. 3, 1903, p. 176, pl. xxi., fig. 8.

t Schwarz, op. cit., p. 364, pl. vii., fig. 7.

§ Hall and Clarke, Paleont. New York, viii., Brach. ii., p. 370, pl. Ixxv.,

figs

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 403

RENSSELARIA aff. STEWARTI Clarke ?

The difficulties which surround the correct determination of the

ribbed shells with the external aspect of Rensseleria are usually

increased in dealing with the Bokkeveld fossils by their poor state

of preservation. Imperfect internal casts or external impressions

of one such type of an oval shape, measuring about 14 mm. long by

11 mm. wide, and with 30-40 low rounded equal ribs, have much

the appearance of Clarke’s R. sfewarti* from the Lower Devonian

of Dalhousie, N.B. But no satisfactory determination is possible.

It has more numerous and finer ribs than my Ff. sp. 3,t which

Schwarz | wishes had a specific name, but the trouble caused by

giving new names to insufficiently defined species is too well known,

though sometimes it may be unavoidable.

Localities—Gydo Pass ; Ladismith.

Genus SCAPHIOCGILIA Whitfield, 1891.

SCAPHIOCGILIA ? AFRICANA Reed.

(Pl. XLVIIL, fig. 9.)

A full description of this interesting brachiopod was given by me

on a previous occasion,§ and the two fine examples from Montagu

now before me furnish few additional particulars. They are in the

condition of internal casts like the types. The dental plates are

found to thicken into short blunt processes (teeth) at their free

anterior ends which curve inwards slightly on each side of the

cardinal callosity of the opposite valve. This feature was not well

seen in the other specimens. One of the present specimens is

transversely extended owing to compression, and has the hinge-plate

medianly divided by a groove instead of merely centrally pitted. The

other seems to have kept its natural shape and shows the typical

characters. The carination of the pedicle valve and the deep sul-

cation of the opposite valve are strongly expressed, just as Whitfield

described in the type of the genus from Bolivia.

The undistorted one measures 65 mm. long, 40 mm. wide, and

only 20 mm. thick in the middle of the sulcus.

* Clarke, Bull. N.Y. State Mus., No. 107, 1907, pp. 239, 240.

+ Reed, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. 3, p. 177, pl. xxi., fig. 9.

t Schwarz, op. cit., p. 365.

§ Reed, Geol. Mag., Dec. 5, vol. iii., 1906, p. 306, pl. xvii., figs. 1-3.

404 Annals of the South African Museum.

SCAPHIOCGLIA ? AFRICANA var. nov. Elizabethe.

(Pl. XLVIIL., figs. 10-14.)

A dark iron-stained sandstone from Riet Kuil (div. of Uitenhage),

near Port Elizabeth, is crowded with the crushed and fragmentary

shells of a large Scaphiocwlia, not clearly separable from the species

which has been named Sc. africana. The specimens ave all more

or less imperfect, and are in the condition either of internal casts or

impressions of the external surface. The shell is of large size, and

as far as can be ascertained generally measures from 50-70 mm.

in length. By piecing together the evidence from many specimens

a fairly complete diagnosis can be drawn up.

Shell elongated-oval in shape; brachial valve flattened or slightly

concave, with small inconspicuous beak ; pedicle-valve convex, with

high incurved prominent beak, acute and perforated at its apex.

Interior of brachial valve with very large swollen hinge-plate, divided

medially by deep groove or slit into two rounded subtriangular

prominent cushions more or less fused together below and each

produced anteriorly at its inner angle into a slender crural process

(of unknown length). Dental sockets deep. A low broad rounded

indefinite median ridge runs forward from the cardinal plate for a

short distance, dying out between the slightly impressed elongated

oval adductor scars, divisible into two overlapping pairs; the pos-

terior end of the scars is more deeply impressed than the anterior,

and where they abut against the anterior face of the cardinal plate

the latter is hollowed out into a deep pit on each side of the median

ridge.

Interior of pedicle-valve shows a pair of strong triangular dental

plates, thickened and notched on their free anterior edges and

embracing on each side the cardinal plate of the opposite valve.

Between the dental plates the shell of the beak is somewhat

thickened internally (as in Sc. africana). A large concave pseudo-

area, vertical or steeply curved over, lies below the beak of the

pedicle-valve, and an internally thickened pseudo-deltidium covering

over the triangular delthyrium is probably indicated by a median

triangular groove in this pseudo-area.

About 40 low radiating rounded ribs ornament the surface of the

pedicle-valve, and a rather smaller number can be counted on the

opposite valve.

Remarks.—The narrow cleft, groove or pit in the middle of the

cardinal plate and the pits in its anterior face vary somewhat in

depth; and it is these features which seem to separate this form

New Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds. 405

from the typical Sc. africana, in which the hinge-plate has a slightly

different construction. The points of distinction do not, however,

possess the constancy or importance to warrant the creation of a

new species, particularly as the material is poor and imperfect ;

and we can only regard it as a variety of Sc. africana. This new

variety by the normal possession of a completely divided hinge-plate

more closely approaches typical members of the genus Rensseleria.

ADDENDUM.

Styce the above paper was finished and the plates drawn, numerous

specimens of a species of Loxonema have been sent to me from the

locality Nooitgedacht, in the Oudtshoorn division. They are in

the condition of internal casts of the shell, and appear to be

identical with the form previously described by me as ‘ Loxonema

sp.” (Ann. 8. Afr. Mus., vol. iv., pt. vi., No. 11, 1904, p. 244, pl. xxx.,

fig. 8) from Gydo Pass and Gamka Poort. If this gasteropod

receives a specific designation, the name capense is suggested. It

is doubtful if the specimens of Loxonema from Zwartberg Pass and

Uniondale (mentioned on p. 381 of this paper) should be referred

to the same species.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Puate XLVII.

Ditto. Side view of another specimen. x 14. Same locality.

Bellerophon (Plectonotus) fraternus sp. noy. (No. 25, Geol. Surv.) Nat. size.

Whupperthal.

3a. Ditto. Side view of same specimen. Nat. size.

4, Ditto. Dorsal view of second imperfect specimen, showing shape of notch in

dorsal margin of mouth. (No. 25, Geol. Surv.) Nat. size. Same locality.

5. Nuculites pacatus sp. nov. Internal cast of shell. (No, 794, 5. A.M.) Nat.

size. Zwartberg Pass.

5a. Ditto. Cardinal view of same specimen. Nat. size.

6. Ditto. Internal cast of another individual. (No. 12, Vict. Coll.) Nat. size.

Same locality.

Nuculites sharpei sp. noy. Internal cast of left valve. (No. 18, Geol. Surv.)

x 2. Ezelfontein.

8. Ditto. Internal cast of right valve of another specimen. (No. 19, Geol.

Surv.) x 2. Same locality.

9. Nuculites Beneckei, Ulrich, var. Internal cast of shell; right valve. Nat.

size. Zwartberg Pass.

1G.

1. Metoptoma capense sp.nov. x 14. Zwartberg Pass.

406

FIG.

lla.

12a.

13a.

14a.

14.

Annals of the South African Museum.

Nuculites martialis, Reed. Internal cast of shell; right valve. Nat. size.

Zwartberg Pass.

Nuculana viator sp. nov. Internal cast of shell; left valve. x 2. Zwartberg

Pass.

Ditto. Cardinal view of same specimen. x 2.

Nuculana agrestis sp. nov. Internal cast of shell; left valve. x 2. Zwartberg

Pass.

Ditto. Cardinal view of same specimen. x 2.

Nucula nigella sp. nov. Internal cast of shell; left valve. Nat. size.

Zwartberg Pass.

Ditto. Cardinal view of same specimen. x 13.

Leptodomus ? fontinalis sp. nov. Internal cast. (No. 21, Geol. Surv.) Nat.

size. Ezelfontein.

Ditto. Cardinal view of same specimen. Nat. size.

Prats XLVIII.

Solenopsis? bokkeveldensis sp. nov. Complete shell. x 14. Zwartberg Pass.

Grammysia montana sp. nov. Left valve. x 1$. Zwartberg Pass.

Actinopteria aft. hwmboldti Clarke. Left valve. (No. 14, Geol. Surv.) xk:

Gydo Pass.

Spivifer sp. Brachial valve. (No. 35, Geol. Surv.) Nat. size. Slangfontein.

Rensseleria montaguensis sp. noy. Lateral view of internal cast of shell.

Nat. size. Montagu.

. Ditto. Umbonal portion of same specimen from brachial side. Nat. size.

Ditto. Posterior marginal view of umbonal region of another specimen.

x 14. Same locality.

Ditto. Internal cast of shell, showing shape and ribbing. (My. Henkel’s.)

Nat. size. Same locality.

Rensseleria cf. cayuga, Clarke. External impression of crushed rachial

valve. (No. 602, Mus. Cat.) Nat. size. Uitenhage.

Scaphiocelia? africana Reed. Complete internal cast of undistorted hell.

Nat. size. Montagu.

Scaphiocelia? africana var. nov. elizabethe. Internal cast of umbona

portion of both valves. Nat. size. Riet Kuil.

Ditto. Posterior view of internal cast of umbonal portion of pedicle-valve.

Nat. size. Same locality.

Ditto. Lateral view of internal cast of umbonal portion of pedicle-valve of

another specimen. Nat. size. Same locality.

Ditto. Anterior view of internal cast of umbonal region of brachial valve.

Nat. size. Same locality.

Ditto. Ditto. Another specimen. Same locality.

Reference letters.

d., diductor muscles.

a., adductor muscles.

c., bases of crura.

d.p., dental plates.

d.s., dental sockets.

g., groove dividing hinge-plate.

p.d. internally thickened pseudo-deltidium.

m.7., median ridge.

p.a., pits in anterior face of hinge-plate, formed by adductor muscles.

m .s., median septum in brachial valve.

Ann.S. Afr Mus. Vol. IV. Pl Xvi

T.A.Brock del. West, Newman collo.

Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds.

Pl AVI:

Ann.S.Afr Mus.Vol. IV.

West, Newman collo.

T.A.Brock del.

Fossils from the Bokkeveld Beds.

( 407 )

INDEX OF

PAGE

INGLE ONS Esa csecntcdcencesascnessese-anjeee 368

INCLBOMEL Hic eescccc casas vacdsecocsnses 328

INGHIMOPLELIA csccecedacesesenaciss~ 266, 379

PBL CEUPC CUCTI SMe cjelscarsiebess-lesielosielerieie 297

MM GCOMEC Ollasnsscenctsso tives cicedacseoetss= 361

PATIMDOC OCT ecisteiisis sists ciersistieriaieininiacieloatso 186

INTIOGONCOPSIS tices tacssa-cssseeos 269

ANT YOTTA MTS, GoanqnosoeaoneanSdndadDe 6 700° 318

FATIBUCATIGES! 72 soc sieiee sioiisieiesisieissercee 37

JATROT) Gesada seasoned oodenseeaaan ocd ws00Rs 287

INS EAILO, eee jercenec ssissnre aeaseccncesete sas 300

IB BCUITLES HS eee ecciteneseiciecis'esicee secsenee 341

IBAIEL Ase oe scree). soasetasdsjeees teeasleseivee 64

IB AUDA Alecrenececiseccecsesececcmeescccecs 287

Bellerophonessscs-ceeceeesceree cies 241, 386

IBOMSTEC HEY ee cscaceescicmsceseel «seeese 34

PB ELEWICCD stances deasocemaocscseesentes 282

IBxoulabwoye VevaysbAO)a) Aonmcmadoceosondonanooee 87

Brachiypoyllums. sce s<ssceceev-scese oe 40

Bulli aes eses cece eseo. Sees oacseoe cee 224

EMV ONOCY|PLIS weir sisslececiselsionisjo-rerekaee 233

IBV SSO DUCE Aue ees ce reserceccncnaas 265

Callipteridiwmi se-.s5-- seas scence 58

Cann pionectesieers..-ceescs- esses 297

Cancellarin. Sisseesssaccosast sere soe 326

Cardiomorphaeecrasseccsatassetaes se 254

@ardium, Was. cece ceceseeevaengooese 306

War polithustes.ccsc ccna seats 37

Garditister 2: iscactcseesnatamcenaceenee 279

@assidulusiceass scseeceiosonsncosse neces 277

Chiiropterisr..cesccme-ecseeseessacoe sss 61

CHONECHES cies ase coscencwasetoleedoseees aby

GENERA.

PAGE

(CHARIS, sc5546epansqndonanbodneauobecdens 276

Cladop hile bismercteessecstescsc-ecle ses 10

Comilesieeeeccecescise sce c-iesissenoerises 41

Wornailunipmeenece sce cscceeceesccecactars 247

Crassatellitestrcsscss-tcse00--sce cee 303

Cristellamisiercmscenacossee ssa sceee sca 227

@rryptonellawere-ceesesere ose ssc cscs. ar 179

@ryptorhiyiiSteencs-s---0%se see eee cee 321

Oycladolepismeewertcsccccs-cssenssensns 28

Cytherea ssts-etenecsscnecse ences 234

(CAMMOGIENS. dcosandoccocdodoooassnednad acc 234

Cytherellaercceerasccsws sos ociesnnsiose 236

@ytiheropleron ecc.cc ccc -seceees.+s 235

WDALIMAMISUCS es seacccceicoeces cor merece ne 212

Diaphorostomar....--+<--.200200e.ee0s 245

IDI, geo onoaobG0cdO BOS CCODUODOAUBOCHUOTC 283,

IDyaljo nye coconsasedoosaqoNnoTse Tepaoncaco 301

IDR ONE) cocnecocussonoonencbosensonac: 329

IDISONEH ET, coqedoacuncoosocodcro saEbon non coc 286

Eulophoceras............e0.+ 465000000 337

Ganganopteris ........02--ssessesceee 79

Gandy Gerais) sa. sa eases es -oaee-ee OD

(Enlolowetrnuat, Aosqnogeeadaocesocon bes boc 229

GIOSSIUCSacssersccscscessacssnnnsseacteses 254

GlOSsOPteriSt oe. seceelcscesesermer sets 78

GoOmlomyaier. -s-.oocssecceeseseesem snes 310

GyaimMysiai-n-c..e-ce-ieseeonneres 252, 395

Gyrodes -cc.-c-caccasccessenes 2.00 000000 317

408 Index of Genera.

PAGE

FIAMICRA isp crsenaceecesdacucecescess 339

Haplophragomium’ <.........:-....:. 223

IH aUericeras! ce cegesesececssesec. ceeoes 332

FLOMIASLED Es me cteececeet ac scecesesoeses 280

ICTELOCELASH rewectessiccsss Sosa neesiscs 339

HlOlCodiiscus\iecsecsceceeseesees ces ceeece 336

Holopea aacnd aad nedcn neu spa pao ea)

EVomellonotusseeessesesceenetecccasees. 214

Ely sen ASUCHUSH eeseeseessc-se sconces. 364

ED YONMNES Weeca se eresssessieacoos sss 247, 387

NetidoSaunUSiesceceee cece cese ose ce<ss 151

MnO CerannUsiespecsecce. tesesceee cases 299

GC Rime tMep nest states cicssiesessieasieeess 255

MeptOCcelisiy Verre.ccscse + serstecs <eee 189

Me ptod OMMUSEMeetccaa-cceeceeseeesecrce 395

Min ull Ae eeeetee noe ceosecijwces sesociee 167

GVO PIStA a Mesen se caer: coe cceocces<.see eee 309

MO KOMEN es Gee ese soteiso oSeiotoseenes 244

Miy COBUCIUS Ieee pitesl rss eens 26 hes 155

YS IN OSATIGUSyewee cers nos secs +s/sccieesises 139

IMISIGROGYPLISmer erases. as coneesacecescere 233

Mama aritaimriaseyn. (+ ssc sess sieece cies 310

Memilbramiporiiess... c--e-sss-nse- 5. 285

IME LiKe reese a cis'svieeis oc aye: eles 30s 25 304

MCSOSAURUSH sce garoices veecedces « Ses 379

Mie tOP LOM Be cereescccstes qs nscesmeceenens 385

IMG di Ol ateeecescercee os seesaccauise secese 294

Miodiomrorphalrcreesnctesse.cnee ee 267, 398

MOnCOMIUGELASHsptese ee acsecsesssceter: 337

Mytilus Sie reecreUsnes occacesesoaeesoeae 294

IN[GINIGE Ts Saaeccnocgso coocCnsen nae caer eeee 316

Nauti Usteaseeee teen cacecsice ek hace 330.

Neithelarsrecacs-eectre te setenrec tes cc. 298

INemodomiess scene corneas cca 289

INGPIGA Avacscces secmsensemscsococeimeesoe ans 311

Neuropteridimmns-cees.cseceseeosse ees 83

INTISOMTBmse secant neceesmeeoeteeaaeee es 5 Ay

INOdOSalinlateaccnssnaccceaeeseesene cee 225

Noeggerathiopsis .................---. 95

INuculamaieeteceececesceseeoreee .287, 392

INOOWUNTE San cohcoucadosopconseaGone 256, 387

INVASSAs <.seecosemescserostaemeceeecechan 399

PAGE

Onychiopsismrests-eecs-oeee estes

Oxbiculoidearsenececneceeeeece neers 168

OTthis seco sesens: seeeestooconeneesenOee 175

Onthocersisipeescecceteec ee ceeeeeeeeees 239

Orthonotaipecssnseccrsssseeeeeeece ecco 251

Orthrotetesiccccecccscacostesecsesseeneee 170

Ralaeoneilavaenensccone seassa case 261, 391

Pardosuchisi-esceceesteseecseenenses 367

Pareiasaurusisessesusecne-ssceceesosss 123

PeGter (es Ssh ccacensee oeseaceenceees 295

Rectunculusssesseseete eee eee eee OL:

RETISSOPLGLaes serene eeeeeeesisoaeeeeee 319

Pha copsizesccevece.cessesoecesreeecoeste: 203

IPoeniCOpsisteescceecceecessseeeerceee 67

IDinitUSUS! eeseeeere Pen Gces cy ac 324

Pleuroromariaweccsteecceeceseereres 241

iPleurostomellamnsssseeeenesteetetere 224

Polymorp him ay se. sese.sacesnssessoae 228

Pree CALAIUIN Nereeoneeeeeedeeeeseeceeeete 255

IPTOCHIS eee sccemnececosoneeseeceomenesr 213

RrOpapPPUSPesesess-seesesleres ee OO

Proterosuchuss sescescesececeeseeseonces 159

IPTOCOGALCUAimemceaceee see sencceee ne scces 307

Pseudodiademayesssacssesesesseoee eee lO.

Pseudome\liamaleessancsscccesceeeeeres 312

Pseudophylllitess..ceccssssesesssesere 334

Esyomoplyllumi ere eecesseeoroe 92

Puemellus ermadeoctecsides coserescree 319

Eualivanilineieescscseece eee ee ater etree 230

Phy llocerasi tess -.ca-0--cesaeseeae OL:

IEMAROWNSIES —“cgqnoqanaooacoseEoSnAuceScecdC 332

Riensselseriaecessnecececesn cece: 177, 401

Retz Oisccmicensseaeccissesoaseeacss teers 187

nhinesuchuswessssseeeseeeseeeseeoee eee 373

Rihynchomellaiy cncc.cee-eeeeesserece ae 175

Rihynchospirasesess-seasese sass 188, 400

IRON HSIUBHGIS! nds conbondonoosapoonanesssoode 327

ROtalian sieacecsussisesiscesscosseecccees 232

SENavETNTAVO We \xccgcagop pS so0os7H9060000C 252

S call teats ncsacccas eeeee eee eee mole:

Scaphiocoelia te ecans.-c-sse cee es seceiies 403

Scaphittes” <.2..c-cccsocecsasererseoeees 343

Schizoneuraiveccececceeccsceeetonees 48, 79

Schicenbachiaiy ceases. -eseceneeenees 336

ScylacosaUnuses-c.cconasseseen sarees 147

SemifususS <..csssesaaccoceen so maeenese 324

Index of Genera.

PAGE

Dolarkumipecceseseeecesse se eemeeseenees 315

Solecurtus) Ac.-ccceccoscssserenmes econ 308

Solenopsis: sct--0.- sosseecs a eee eee 397

Sphenopteris’ .sc-ccecseseecesceecse sess 17

Spirifer: cia. -ccssccecesconsssiescees 180, 399

SNUG) NANAK Geoneoconmsccodaceseaceco0> 103

LACH OPIS ssc ee eaceercereoseeemesnes 66

SlenOplerise:.-. c-ecoseeecceceese een: 70

Stropilites!c.sec.cec:vecisesice ce selceseesees 49

SMOphodonita-c--c-peseoeteeeseeeccesess 169

Sirophonellarscs..caccessocce se ceceeeees 169

Spon OPLELIS ees esses ececsseeeeeross 19, 59

MMOGs) cagacel cues anomesede a Baascoods OL)

Mentaculites) =.c ccs scsesessenesccoseons 245

Mered Ole srace shoe ce cae ae ener etn eee 309

Metraconites ee see-o- obese cne 335

Mhintteldiamsessscer peceateence aes 50

409

PAGE

MitaAnNOSUGhUS!ssjeserosossecsiocdsncuteers 142

ALISTER GogonaosbocsodenosNougoouodescno 178

MIP OMT ace egeae see caste ve cceeveeecocnntt 292

AUER ERK) GogncansecopRotcKS cbc oDdcuC 288

INIROYERORIUA NS snoop onocoseoceonaeéaecac 366

PRMUIN CALLING neascscesceces seem ceesees 229

PIMIYGyen rec eroae comin sre ooeivvel aes neseaeece 325

Mer tel laye ce rch eiecc eco seaeoe seca te 317

By phloniscusmeccaccssecesesetese eee 213

Maiginmlin alenscsissccecsssioceseceioselse 226

Vitulina ...... RECA CORE PERE Eo oOn Cr cere 191

Wolttilitihesmmens.cenenccccsccenaece ces 325

AIMLESS Meee eee one wos ct ines ees 21

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