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BULLETIN DU MUSÉUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE

3 e série, n° 401, septembre-octobre 1976, Zoologie 278

On four Ascidian species new in the Ionian Sea

par Angelo Tursi *

Résumé. — Quatre espèces peu connues d’Ascidies littorales nouvelles pour la mer Ionienne

sont décrites ici. Ce sont : Pseudodistoma cyrnusense (Pérès, 1952), Aplidium hyalinum (Pérès,

1956), Phallusia ingeria Traustedt, 1883, et Molgula rheophila (Pérès, 1956).

Les trois premières ont été décrites de la Méditerranée mais n’avaient pas ou peu été retrouvées,

M. rheophila est ici décrite comme une espèce, Pérès la considérait comme une variété de Mol¬

gula impura Heller, 1877.

Abstract. — Four interesting species of littoral Ascidians found in the Ionian Sea are descri-

bed again. They are : Pseudodistoma cyrnusense (Pérès, 1952), Aplidium hyalinum (Pérès, 1956),

Phallusia ingeria Traustedt, 1883, and Molgula rheophila (Pérès, 1956).

While the lirst three species liad been described but rarely found in the Mediterranean Sea,

probably because they were confused, as regards Molgula rheophila it is a matter of a new des¬

cription as a species since previously this species had been described as a variety of Molgula impura

Heller, 1877.

Riassunto. — Quattro specie interessanti di Ascidie litorali rinvenute nel Mar Ionio sono

ridescritte. Esse sono : Pseudodistoma cyrnusense. (Pérès, 1952), Aplidium hyalinum (Pérès, 1956),

Phallusia ingeria Traustedt, 1883, e Molgula rheophila (Pérès, 1956).

Mentre le prime tre specie erano State descritte ma raramente rinvenute nel Mediterraneo,

probabilmente perché confuse, per la Molgula rheophila si tratta di una nuova descrizione corne

specie dato che precedentemente questa specie era stata descritta corne variété délia Molgula

impura Heller, 1877.

Introduction

During dredgings carried out systematcally in the Ionian Sea both by the Institute

of Zoology of the University of Bari, the Cerruti Marine Biology Institute of Taranto and

the Laboratory of Marine Biology of Porto Cesareo (Lecce), four interesting littoral species

of Ascidians were collected and they are examined here.

On this subject, one must keep in mind that front the systematic point of view the

fauna from the Ionian Sea and in particular that of Ascidians is largely unknown. At

the moment the little information on Ascidians from the Ionian Sea has been obtained

from Taranto and its two seas (« Mar Grande » and « Mar Piccolo ») based upon the research

of Cerruti (1948), Parenzan (1960) and Tursi, Pastore, Panetta (1974), Tursi, Ghe-

rardi, Lepore (1974), Lafargue, Tursi (1975).

Recently a collection of Ascidians from Porto Cesareo (Lecce) was examined by Tursi

(1971) and general study of Ascidians collected during two surveys in the Ionian Sea is

in press (Tursi, 1975).

* Institute of Zoology, University of Bari (Italy),

401 , 1

976

ANGELO TURSI

The Ascidians discussed here are unknown on the Ionian coasts or hâve not yet been

sulliciently described. The spécimens hâve been examined in the Biology Laboratory of

Marine Invertebrates of the National Muséum of Natural History, in Paris, with the help

of C. and F. Monniot, whose assistance is gratefully acknowledged.

Materials and methods

Ail the specimens corne from dredgings carried out by a triangular dredge, each side 50 cm,

long dragged by a boat for about 50 m. The Ascidian specimens, preserved in 10 % neutral for-

malin, were examined later following the method described by Monniot (1965). Drawings hâve

been carried out by means of caméra lucida. The specimens are deposited in the Muséum national

d’Histoire naturelle, Paris.

Loc. : Dred. 394.

Pseudodistoma cyrnusense Pérès, 1952

(Fig. 1, A-C and 2, D)

The colony (fig. 2, D) is in the shape of an oval, with rounded edges, barely peduncu-

lated. It is practically without incrustations except for the basal part of the peduncle

where some sand may be observed. The dimensions of the colony are : 4,5 cm high ; 2,7 cm

large ; 1,5 cm thick. The colour of the formolized colony is yellow-reddish. The middle

part is pink and opaque owing to the presence of zooids at this level, whereas the peri-

pherieal part is almost transparent and without zooids. The colony is soft on the top

but it becomes harder at the peduncle level. The zooids are easily taken out from the

test.

The zooids, grouped in the central part, are extended lengthwise along the colony.

There are no Systems and the zooids are almost parallel between them. The dimensions

vary greatly from individual to individual. They are adequately developed and reach

an average dimension of 11 mm on 2 mm.

The examined colony shows some larvae in the oviduct, whieh increase the width

of the zooids. The proportions between the thorax, the abdomen and post-abdomen

are 1:1:4 (fig. 1, A) on an individual which is not very contracted and having a long

post-abdomen. In an individual with a shorter post-abdomen the proportions are 1:1:2.

On the aierage 5 larvae are incubated in the oviduct but I examined some zooids

in which the number of larvae varied from 2 to 10. The larvae are situated immediately

above the male follicles up to the basal part of the branchial sac and also in the atrial cavity.

The oral, tube-shaped siphon shows 6 rounded lobes of normal dimensions. The atrial

siphon, on the contrary, is more extended, tube-shaped, with 6 small lobes very flattened

and often difïïcult to see owing to their contraction. The atrial siphon is often at the

same level as the oral siphon and sometimes a bit higher.

An interesting point to note is tliat the zooids show 3 lighter spots, one of which sur¬

rounds the top of the endostyle wliile the other two are situated on the two sides of the

dorsal ganglion. These lighter spots are very visible on the formolized animal, whereas

they tend to disappear in the zooids included in balsam.

The musculature is not remarkable at thorax level. The number of tentacles is about 16.

It is possible to count 3 rows of stigmata ; between the 3rd row and the lower part of the

ASCIDIAN SPECIES NEW IN THE IONIAN SEA

977

branchial sac, remains a space nearly equal to a row of stigmata. In the branchial sac

it is possible to count 15 to 20 stigmata on each side.

The stomach is situated ratlier low, a bit above the intestinal loop.

It is preceded by a very long oesophagus nearly equal to double the length of stomach.

Tins is smooth, nearly trapezoidal.

Some individuals show two thicker longitudinal lines in their stomach, simulating

folds. They do not show a very clear post-stomach.

The middle intestine shows a loop after which there is a stricture where the back

intestine begins with two little caeca which are barely developed.

The intestine goes straight up towards the branchial sac, with a weak torsion. The

anus is situated al the level of the second row of stigmata. The male follicles are situated

after a small ovary in the last fifth of the animal. The male follicles are scattered in the

post-abdomen but they are arranged lengthwise up to heart level.

The sperm duct is straight. The distance between the intestinal loop and the begin-

ning of the male follicles is variable ; it may be 2/5 to 1/5 of the total length of the animal.

The average number of male follicles is 30, with a minimum of 20 and maximum of 60.

It must be noticed, however, that examined zooids had already passed their male period

(there were very mature larvae). Two vascular processes, which are not very developed

lengthwise, are also visible in the post-abdomen base. The heart is visible in the terminal

part of the post-abdomen. The musculature in the post-abdomen is relatively well deve¬

loped and, in general, it is possible to count about ten muscular bundles on each side,

which are collected together below the heart.

The larvae (fig. 1, B-C) are very developed : I mm long by 0,5 mm large. A round

ocellus is visible above a typicai otolith. Three papillae separated by four pairs of extended

ampulla can be counted. In some larvae the digestive tube is rather visible.

It is interesting to note the présence of this species in the Ionian Sea, which extends the

distribution of Pseudodistoma cyrnusense eastwards in the Mediterranean Sea. It was

previously known in the western Mediterranean basin (Alboran Sea, Balearic Islands,

Corsiea) whereas it lias now spread to the eastern part.

This species is easily recognizable thanks to its smootli stomach and its pigmented

spots on the thorax. The abundance of the species of the genus Pseudodistoma in the

Mediterranean Sea, a genus which is rather rare in the rest of the world, should be given

spécial notice.

Aplidium hyalinum (Pérès, 1956)

(Fie. 1, D)

Loc. : Dred. n° 15, 114, 214, X 1.

The colony which is greyish, transparent and soft has a gelatinous appearance. It

adhères to a leaf of Posidonia. The colony shape is nearly conical.

The size is 2 X 1 cm. At the base of the colony there is a bit of sand. The Systems

are absent.

Tlie zooids hâve an average length of 6 mm (fig. 1, D). The proportions between

the thorax, the abdomen and the post-abdomen are : 1 : 2 : 3.

401 , 2

ASCIDIAN SPECIES NEW IN THE IONIAN SEA

979

The oral siphon has six lobes in a round shape whereas the atrial siphon, situated

at the level of the third row of stigmata has a simple languet with variable size, according

to the individnais.

In the branchial sac there is an average of 12 rows of stigmata.

The oesophagus is a bit longer than the stomach. The latter is more long than large

(about 1.2 times) and shows five folds on its surface. The post-stomach forms a loop.

The intestine is typical of the genus. The anus is situated at the level of the ninth

row of stigmata. A post-abdomen, rather long, includes 4 to 6 male follicles arranged

in a simple row below the ovary. In some individuals up to 11 male follicles hâve been

counted. The ovary is far from the intestinal loop. The sperm duct is very clear.

The presence of this species in the Ionian Sea extends the distribution of Aplidium

hyalinum in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It was unknown but for the description

of Pérès (1956) starting from animais Corning from Tunisia.

The species is not noticed in the western Mediterranean Sea (Banyuls-sur-mer, Mar¬

seille etc.). In 1958 Pérès already assumed tliat this species was endemic in the eastern

Mediterranean.

Phallusia ingeria Traustedt, 1883

(Fig. 2, A-C)

Ascidia marioni Roule, 1884 : 240, pl. X, fig. 91, pl. XIII, lig. 126-127.

Ascidia conchilega forme marioni Harant, 1931 : 81 ; Harant et Vernières, 1933 : 43.

part Ascidia conchilega Salfi, 1931 : 330.

Ascidia ingeria Monnict C. et Monniot F., 1971 : 1191, fig. 2, A.

Loc. : Dred. n° 19.

I hâve found only one specimen of this species. The general outer feature of this

species reminds one of those of the genus Ascidia were it not for rnany minor openings

of the neural gland which are typical of Phallusia genus.

The specimen size is 3 cm long and 1,5 cm large. The colour is translucid white.

The test is transparent, rather soft and shows some typical papillae on its surface, whereas

there are neither epibionts nor sand nor débris.

It has a basal fixation and its atrial siphon opens in the middle of its body. There

are 45 filiform tentacles grouped in three sizes.

The peripharyngial groove appears thin and straight, far from the very tiny dorsal

tubercle which is C-shaped.

The neural gland is about two and a lialf times its length away from the dorsal tubercle

and it has several minor openings along its duct (fig. 2, B-C).

The dorsal lamina edge appears as a double lamina for 1/10 of its length. Afterwards

it is normal up to the entrance of the oesophagus, beyond which it becomes rather indis¬

tinct.

The oesophagus opens at about 2/3 of its total length ; at this level the transverse

bars on the right form big papillae which are sometimes lobed. The dorsal lamina disap-

pears almost completely after its entrance into the oesophagus. The smooth endostyle

is typical.

Fig. 2. •— A-C, Phallusia ingeria Traustedt, 1883 : A, specimen without tunic opened by ventra

branchial sac partly removed X 4 ; B, neural gland, with accessory openings ( X 27) ; C, detail of

sory openings (x 100). D, Pseudodistoma cyrnusense Pérès, 1952 : colony of 5 cm high.

ASCIDIAN SPECIES NEW IN THE IONIAN SEA

981

The branchial sac is not very thick ; there are 62 longitudinal bars on the right and

45 on the left. The minute plication is unremarkable. The branchial papillae on longi¬

tudinal bars at intersections with transverse bars are rather remarkable. The interme-

diate papillae, when they exist, are much shorter (1/4 of the primary papillae). They

are linked, but not ahvays, to the interstigmatic vessels. These vessels do not always

appear. The longitudinal bars hâve the shape of a tube. There is a squaremeshed grid

with four extended stigmata. In the front part of the body, there are about ten longi¬

tudinal bars on the right and three on the left end against the dorsal lamina.

The straight oesophagus is nearly the same length as the stomach, which is ovoid.

The intestine shows two closed loops ; the primary loop is situated at the same level as

the atrial siphon, whereas, the secondary loop is at the stomach level. In both cases loops

are very tight (fig. 2, A). The anus is at the same level as the intestinal loop and the atrial

siphon. Unfortunately, the individual examined was completely immature. The rénal

vesieles are large and limited to the stomach surface and do not appear on the intestine.

Discussion

The specimen examined corresponds undoubtedly to the one described by Traustedt

(1883) in the gulf of Naples. The fact that it is a Phallusia is supported by the mimerons

openings in the neural duct. On the contrary, the species described by Roule (1884)

by the name of Ascidia marioni is probably the Phallusia ingeria ; actually the openings

of the neural duct (which make a Phallusia of it), the size, the papillae on its test, the rénal

vesieles, are also characteristic of Phallusia ingeria. Unfortunately, Roule does not give

either a drawing or a description of the shape and position of the intestinal loop, which

might hâve removed any doubts.

So, I do not agréé either with Harant (1931) nor with Salfi (1933) who consider

this species a form of Ascidia conchilega, which has some papillae on the right of the dorsal

lamina that are completely absent here.

The Ascidia ingeria described by Monniot C. and Monniot F. (1971) is in reality

also a Phallusia ingeria (personal communication of the authors).

Thus, the distribution of this species is as follows :

Gulf of Naples (Traustedt), Northern Adriatic (Monniot and Monniot), Marseille

(Roule, Harant), Sète (Harant), Atlantic coast of Morocco, Fedhala beach (personal

communication of Monniot C. who examined some specimens collected by Liouville).

Probably this species is more abundant than we think, but it has often been confused

with Ascidia conchilega Müller, 1776, which resembles it closely, because of its intestinal

loop, although it has a neural duct without any secondary openings.

ASCIDIAN SPECIES NEW IN THE IONIAN SEA

983

Molgula rheophila (Pérès, 1956)

(Fig- 3)

Molgula impura Heller var. rheophila nov. var. Pérès, 1956.

Loc. : Dr. 300, 377, 394.

The test is fully coated hy sand shell. If débris is taken off, the dark grey colour

of the test and little fibrils on it are visible. The size of the specimens examined is about

2 cm long, 1,5 cm high and 1,3 cm thick.

The muscles are visible round the siphons and I hâve counted about 12 bands on the

left and 12 on the right, both round the oral siphon and the atrial siphon. Particular

spots are often visible in the inner part of the siphons ; they are not produced by a pigment,

but, on the contrary, hy an optical phenomenon seen as blue-greenish spots of irridescence,

such as those described by Monniot (1972) for Pyura munita (Van Name, 1902) and Pyura

momus (Savigny, 1816).

It is possible to count an average of 16 oral tentacles of three sizes. The oral tentacles

of the first size are very long and reach the siphonal diameter. Three orders of ramification

are présent mostly on the large ones, and two orders on others.

The very marked peripharyngial groove has a typical feature : it cornes down to the

level of the opening of the dorsal tubercle which is often located at a distance of about 2/5

of the intersiphonal distance.

The opening of the dorsal tubercle is small, C-shaped.

The dorsal lamina of course is shorter than usual, owing to the position of the dorsal

tubercle and it is smooth and a bit shorter than the branchial folds. It enters the oeso-

phagus directly.

Six branchial folds are présent in the branchial sac which is not very thin. The

markedness of the peripharyngial groove gives a particular feature to the branchial sac,

since the first dorsal folds are very short as they are linked to the peripharyngial groove

under the dorsal tubercle.

The internai longitudinal vessels in a large adult were arranged as follows :

Left : R. 1 (10) 1 (11) 1 (11) 1 (11) 1 (11) 1 (8) E ;

Right : R. 1 (10) 1 (11) 1 (10) 1 (10) 1 (10) 1 (10) E.

The folds do not overlap and it is possible to see the longitudinal bars of the fol-

lowing folds. The longitudinal bars look like thin and short laminae. The branchial

papillae are not visible. The stigmata are rather regular and infundibula are not seen.

The oesophagus (fig. 3, A) is short and enters a stomach covered by a green liver with

big papillae. The tubular intestine has the same dimensions up to the smooth anus. It

is very interesting to note that the primary intestinal loop is not closed but forms an obtuse

angle.

The gonades (fig. 3, B) are also very typical. There are two of them and they are

located on each side of the body. There is a big différence between them ; in fact, whereas

the right gonad surrounds the rénal sac, the left one is situated in the secondary intestinal

984

ANGELO TURSI

loop. It begins near the terminal portion of the gut and runs parallelto it, towards the ven¬

tral part of the body. In the middle of its length the left gonad turns at 90° and continues

directly towards the atrial siphon. This feature is the same in ail the specimens examined.

The male follicles are numerous and are situated in both sides of the elongate ovary. There

is an inner sperm duct situated on the ovary, whereas the oviduct is found between the

ovary and the mantle. The male and female papillae are long linked to each other and

detached from the mantle. A little atrial vélum is présent.

Discussion

Up to now the specimens described by Traustedt (1883) and Monniot (1969), as

Molgula occidentalis , by Heller (1877) as Molgula impura and by Pérès (1956), as Mol-

gula impura var. rheophila, were categorised with the same spécifie nanie. Molgula occi¬

dentalis and Molgula impura are the same. On the contrary, Molgula rheophila which I

describe here is separated from Molgula occidentalis owing to some features which I thought

were enough to form a separate species. In fact, the left gonad has a very particular and

constant feature and agréés perfectly with the descriptions given by Pérès (1956). Moreo-

ver, as shown in figure by Pérès, the secondary intestinal loop is less closed than the one

of Molgula occidentalis . Finally, the peripharyngial groove, forming a very deep fold at

the level of the dorsal tubercle and the shortening of the dorsal lamina and of the dorsal

folds, are characteristics as spécifie as the other ones. For this reason, I consider the

variety of Pérès as a species with the following diagnosis :

Molgula rheophila (Pérès, 1956)

Molgula with six branchial folds on each side ; right. gonad S-shaped surrounding the end of

the rénal sac ; left gonad, L-shaped, with posterior concavitv the distal part of which is not atta-

ched to the rectum ; the branches of the intestine are not linked together during most of their

path. The secondary intestinal loop, not very closed, takes the shape of an obtuse angle.

The peripharyngial grove with the fold very deep at dorsal tubercle level is situated at about

2/5 of the iutersiphonal distance. The arrangement of the left gonad, L-shaped, with posterior

concavity, is typical and is not présent in any other species of Molgula in the world with the right

gonad surrounding the rénal sac.

Conclusions

So, the four species described are important for different reasons. Whereas for Mol¬

gula rheophila it is a matter of a description of a new species (although it is known by

Pérès (1956) as a variety) for the other three species it is a matter of pointing out a disco-

very, as they are very rare in the Mediterranean Sea.

The importance of the discovery of the four species described once more emphasizes

the necessity of a doser examination of the Ionian Sea, an examination which must be

done above ail from the strictly systematical point of view. I think, in fact, that these

four species of Ascidians are part of a greater number of rare species which should be disco-

vered by the next survey in the Ionian Sea.

ASCIDIAN SPECIES NEW IN THE IONIAN SEA

985

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986

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Tursi, A., M. Gherardi and E. Lepore, 1974. — Andamento stagionale di alcuni Ascidiacei del

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Manuscrit déposé le 9 février 1976.

Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. nat., Paris, 3 e sér., n° 401, sept.-oct. 1976,

Zoologie 278 : 975-986.

Achevé d’imprimer le 28 février 1977.

IMPRIMERIE NATIONALE

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Recommandations aux auteurs

Les articles à publier doivent être adressés directement au Secrétariat du Bulletin du

Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris. Ils seront accompa¬

gnés d’un résumé en une ou plusieurs langues. L’adresse du Laboratoire dans lequel le

travail a été effectué figurera sur la première page, en note infrapaginale.

Le texte doit être dactylographié à double interligne, avec une marge suffisante, recto

seulement. Pas de mots en majuscules, pas de soulignages (à l’exception des noms de genres

et d’espèces soulignés d’un trait).

Il convient de numéroter les tableaux et de leur donner un titre ; les tableaux compli¬

qués devront être préparés de façon à pouvoir être clichés comme une figure.

Les références bibliographiques apparaîtront selon les modèles suivants :

Bauchot, M.-L., J. Daget, J.-C. Hureau et Th. Monod, 1970. — Le problème des

« auteurs secondaires » en taxionomie. Bull. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris, 2 e sér., 42 (2) : 301-304.

Tinbergen, N., 1952. — The study of instinct. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 228 p.

Les dessins et cartes doivent être faits sur bristol blanc ou calque, à l’encre de chine.

Envoyer les originaux. Les photographies seront le plus nettes possible, sur papier brillant,

et normalement contrastées. L’emplacement des figures sera indiqué dans la marge et les

légendes seront regroupées à la fin du texte, sur un feuillet séparé.

Un auteur ne pourra publier plus de 100 pages imprimées par an dans le Bulletin,

en une ou plusieurs fois.

Une seule épreuve sera envoyée à l’auteur qui devra la retourner dans les quatre jours

au Secrétariat, avec son manuscrit. Les « corrections d’auteurs » (modifications ou addi¬

tions de texte) trop nombreuses, et non justifiées par une information de dernière heure,

pourront être facturées aux auteurs.

Ceux-ci recevront gratuitement 50 exemplaires imprimés de leur travail. Ils pourront

obtenir à leur frais des fascicules supplémentaires en s’adressant à la Bibliothèque cen¬

trale du Muséum : 38, rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, 75005 Paris.