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NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXXII

JULY, 1918, to APRIL, 1912

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ot Natural Sciences

PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History

BOSTON

INDEX

Pawn AU TILUS, xX XI.

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Peemmunea enecica Oldroyd, n: sp. ..............0000 26

Achatine, types of generic names proposed for ......... 98

Amnicola oneida or bakeriana Pils. (pl. 2, figs. 9,10).... 21

Beene peraiela White .. 0.2... See te ees 60

,e/Archachatina TRE repels yeh ho dolla tse w a4 ate dace 99

“ Avicula candeana of d’Orb., from Bermuda........... ais 1

Pemmoerry., MN: MEN. 2. i ee tes 12

Boston Malacological Club hg) WES SOOT Ge aga a 33

Bryan, Mrs. Elizabeth Letson (obituary ) PRS RCN Oe ane. 142

Bulimulus (Protoglyptus) brunoi von Ihering (pl. 4, fig.7) 54

Blue and White Mountains, Arizona, journey to the ..... 81

Cecum in New England, new forms of ................ 73

Ceeum annulatum Brown (pl. 5, fig. 1)............6... 1

Cecum auriculatum de Folin (pl. 5, fig. 4)............. 76

Peer welarman Garp. (pl.5, fie. 0)... oo. ee es 76

Pecumeooperm omith (pl. 5, fig. 2)......2.0. 0.0.20 08- io

Cxeeum johnsonii Winkley (pl. 5, fig. 3) ............... 15

Peeeemuim timp. (pl. 5, fie. 6)).......0..0. 000008. 76

Camping im the Sierras and desert .............0..... 3

MM TCICCHION i ol ok ee iva woe wees 35

Beemmrmmrenetm Hale oo. a ak cee ee 62

INEM Roe ke le Peden dale ov ae edocs 99

Poentoseviamecatormis Mer. 2... ce ee 59

Cochlostyla polychroa buriasensis Bartsch, n. subsp. .... 16

Mietrost via wutoctadura, LeSS. 2. ee ees 59

DMM AMOUMMIGAMOTCS ofa oe hk chee ae ee aes 71

Cuspidaria (Tropidomya) nana Oldroyd, n. sp. ........ 28

Seeeeciicnt, psuells'at Monroe .............6- 00000 134

Cuban mollusk colonized in Florida................... 104

iil

1V THE NAUTILUS.

Daniels, Lorenzo E. (obituary), portrait .............. 99

Eluptio dilatatus var. Sterkii Grier, n. var. ............ 9

Epiphragmophora tudiculata colusaensis Bartsch, n. subsp. 126

Kurynia: (Micromya) venusta (Lea) oc 0 ee 13

Frandetla candeana (d’Orb.)) (pl. 3) 00 a ee 38

Huseonaia flava var. Grier, n, vat. .).4400 i ee 11

Gillia altilis (luea) (pl. 2, fies: 1-8) 0200 oe 19, 22

Gillia and Amnicola, notes on nidification of ......... RBG) bs

Glochidia of Strophitus edentulus pavonius (Lea) ...... 17

Gonave Island shells... oo. oi ee a 72

Helerion pellucidum in America i 4. ere 77

Plelax vareolata ss, 0). Oe an a ee 55

Helix levis Pferfier 3) 005 Oe ee 56

Felix occidentalis M. & Hose er 63

Frelix pandora eo a a6

Hemiplecta sagittifera batanensis Bartsch, n. suber (i ai

Lampsilis’ brevicula/Calh. id iol tale ee

Lampsilis ventricosa cohongoronta in the Potomae Valley. 51

Land shells of Monroe, Connecticut ................06- 134

Lasmigona costata var. eriganensis Grier, 0. var......... 10

Liguus fasciatus, varieties from Cuba in Florida ....... 104

imax maxnnus'm. Colorado o.ee. ae rai

himneea tenuicosta Nowe ee ea, Se ae 64

Liopistha (Cymella) montanensis Hend., n. n. for Phola-

Gomiya: umicla ta} (2) on gels a cae a 0

Loboa brunoi von Ihering, the status of ............... aya)

Lymniea auricularia To: in Colorado..: (4)... ae 71

ibymnwa hendersoni Baker’) wa 020.28 a ee ak

Macrocallista orcutti/Dalk. mosp. ee ae 24

Malleus rufipunctatus Reeves... i.e de ule eee 38

Maliens ‘vesiculatus’ Reeve (oui eias peek ee 38

Marine mollusea about New York City, some ........... 90

Martyn’s universal conchologist .7.).2 2.0 is ee te ee ee 28

Meioceras, 1. sp! (pl. ib, eT) xe eee oe ee 76

Melania convexa var. impressa M. & H................. 61

Melania (Goniobasis?) sculptilis Meek ................ 61

Melania: multistriata: Mo HiGt is ee Te. eee 62

Naiades from Lake Erie, new varieties of .............. 9

Nenia cooki Pils. n. sp. (pl. 7%, tes. 11-13) oe 80

Nomenclature and systematic positions of some North

American fossil and recent mollusks .............. 60

INOS 5 rd iG ial Re Lieut A Man ee Be Varma a et 34, 71, 103, 143

Obba listeri batanensis Bartsch, n. subsp. .............- 16

Olivella biplicata angelena Oldroyd, n. var. ............ 384

Orie: (Ste i ee a ORS Ie Tagen eaten ee ae 99

THE NAUTILUS. v

Opisthosiphon berryi Clapp, nu. sp. (pl. 7, fig. 14)....... 86

etnompnon trom Cuba, a new .............seseeeee 86

Serene cooper: minor Ckll. 2. sk ec we eee 4]

Oreohelix cooperi obscura Hend., n. form .............. 46

BIG UPTOUGNIGNA LICR... ck et ee ee ees 120

EE OES) 109, 110

MTOUMIUIOIIAUVG, ci cidg wesc vijtdiescebeseveees 113

PMPMERTE IGOR TINGTA EIAIG. | ok kk te ee ee ees 120

Semreimemaitirineata Wa Eb ik ee 62

EES RD PO 106

Panope (generosa Gould var.?) taeniata Dall, n.sp.?... 25

TIENT EE ee ira cae wale Hodis o ciepe ass 99

BIEIEITCH GMGUG, SOME (2 cee ee wee alee 58

Philippines, new land shells from the ................. 15

BEIDIER VIVIDATICR® Of |. bin. i eee cee eh eee 109

me ricata WM TT ee we ce whee 60

PPE re ot ak ved awe ees 2,

Planorbis altissimus Baker, n. sp. (pl. 7, figs. 7-10)...... 95

Planorbis campanulatus, from Blue Sea Lake, Quebec,

RMR MT DPA GON 35). eo b.22 oN sec Wale 4 oe ce dee ea be 127

Planorbis from post-glacial deposits, description of new

RE AVCHIMCUION fo 6 ve aidiee soca we cad eee nnd 94

Planorbis parvus urbanensis Baker, n. var. (pl. 7, figs. 4-6) 94

eemrriawermds MOG oe ee ees 64

Pleistocene fossils of ,Magdalena Bay; Lower California,

collected by Charles Russell Orcutt ............... 23

Piearouonte mardinella in Florida ...............20.. 104

Pmromeauricomea in Mlorida ... 0.06.66. oe ee 104

Peeme mascorum in Mlorida . 005.6... ove we ee 104

Praticolella campi Clapp & Ferriss, n. sp. (pl. 6, figs. 1-4) 78

Praticolella griseola Pfr. (pl. 6, figs. 5-7).............. 19

MO OOIVIU eke eke a ee hee es es bee 30

Pre wrecnatella constellata Mor. ../..........0.0...0.00- 48

Sememraceiia stellata Vel... co. ke ee ee 48

Priotrochatella torrei Clapp, n. sp. (pl. 4, figs. 1-6)...... 47

Pmmeations Pecelved 22... eee eee 35, 69, 106, 144

Rare shells collected in Puget Sound, Washington ...... 105

RE MMIII 1 ae ia aalasesi skids ee ccsidieee salle, « 58

EMER Pl he i ea i ie egy a Wid: oy Wialayas so lacecd ane 99

Shells from Angel and Tiburon Islands, Gulf of California 26

Strophitus edentulus pavonius, notes on the Glochidia of 17

(EG SEN OME E1213) ON ga ng a en 19

Stylobates aeneus Dall (pl. 6, figs. 8-10)............... 79

RE CNET (ODMMARY ee iy celui) ca we se ee eases 72

Systematic position of two species of mussels from the

Mma TA en en ere ial tas WWE are 4 ei aia ila ace 13

v1 THE NAUTILUS.

Tapes philippinarum okupi Bryan ... 2.60... J. eee 124

Thraciacurta Com... 6. esti. eee ee 105

Uhracia trapezoides Con.) ¢ 2... 0.4 .06).). Wide cl Woe ee 105

Thyasira bisecta Con., note om... ..), 4.0. cln se eee 108, 105

Trachydermon Carpenter, notes on the genus .......... 1

Trachydermon Carpenter, a further note on the genus... 12

Wamio fasclata Rak. 3. oo... ciel a ee ee 139

Unio luteolus Lamarck |...) eo) ic cae oe 139

Unio rectoides White’ 000) a aie Gea 60

Unio whitei Hend., n. n., for U. rectoides White ........ 60

Weens: SOUS. ee Oks AOE ie en 95

Viviparus contectoides limi, n. n., for V. c. compactus Pils. 71

Vivipara ancularis Bartsch)! ) 0. eel eee 114, 120

Vavyipara carinata Bartseh (60530005 6S ae 1138

Viviparus angularis (Mull) oe 3 ee ee 114

Viviparus burroughianus trinominis Wkr., n. subsp. .... 120

Waviparus costatus (Qik Goya oe 117

Viviparus cumingianus ‘Wkr., n. Bm. .. 2.2... onl aeee 118, 114

Viyiparus javanicus luzonicus Kob. 2... 22). ).!).6% 4h ee 122

Viniparus tricarmatus) (Anton) <2... 52.)4. .. :0eeeee 121

Viviparus zamboangensis Bartsch ...........0-.....8 123

Willeox; Joseph (obituary). 0 0)..02 20000.) 101

THE NAUTILUS. vu

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

PME rua Pedicle cs Rlwcje nescence 19, 94, 97

IMAGE Tal, bea elec cca e's 15, 538, 126

rai.) a)iiie ae. sca Aajcie's weinle cacslaeeaeeues 12

Se UE iy Ae es a 124

ML Tr i Oe ia ky ak doe ated ee del ba es 78, 104

ME iy ec e's eis ih ale cee sa wes 47, 86

re ok cle vad so Lc bale ales casein vues 58

Dall, OE 1, 23,79, 103

Ellis, MM re ee ie ee i oe seu ee de 17

ST NS lee vd dels erence 6 ase Gito, Ob, oe

i Ue wg ale we bse wlele eles we 139

A ceils ly fe ea Wh a Ue wae ae 9

I i alg ces cities eee Uetee 12

See Wel UNIUG se ek wa 40, 60, 71, 187

GSS EERE DIRS ea 34

es foe eel a ce Clclnia dw cle cles sles es 90, 134

i eee ee cele waa s 36, 37, 69, 101, 107

EM Oe Ue Sic ea alae eal oleae ei didie's LY

MMM el a alg crete s @eieisia due wees seas 51]

Ny eh Nee alee dae. ou sale 0 ofae's as ht

NT SSE OSS ae eae 26, 28, 105

ee Sai ae we ao aeala 34

MEET U e eS I SIS DD

CG DG Ee ae en 13

Pilsbry, OS ae rao 70, 71, 80, 98, 106

i ee ee wee 72

Walker, ‘Bryant 2 EA ATES 2 ROSS igh i Ge a on 28, 35, 109

Whittaker, IE i IRS GSI ved URSA a 127

NERRMNNCIREEME bhi Uhh ieee i le ue, 65

; Ce

pss oe eee \

_ la ,

ria Aas a cee es

aa ie .

“nar ak : ’

VT ~ a. 2 ¥

“a y

; ae La . *

Soon y ae ad nae Pe wg

af = “ — ee

f iT) a

=e = a

« - s id

¥ ‘

> a a e ;

: P 4 4

‘ied -

) ‘ ; a4

4 ‘

pe .

i F

2 F J

’

“ , tee

j ty

_ wee

‘

’ * '

cere

ie)

ga I Dy ies

i sl A f

4 6

Gy 4

-~ ee

* ’ t a

“ey! lt

nit Sia

’ Ps

Sats eee

n 4 = ,

“| 4

’ ‘

. i .

ae rs

ea os

A 4 pee

« Z :

; ny -

\ as a” ve q

us et » + : 7

WHNLVERSITY. OF (Line

Roms. > 2 PUR THE ee

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE I.

SNOWBANKS IN AUGUST—GODDARD PASS, SIERRA NEVADA.

NINETY ABOVE IN JANUARY—TWIN CACTI CAMP, ARIZONA.

BONB.

43 \12Q)

/ \/ A IY FTL.

Y, 35%. - ~

THE NAUTILUS.

ACe

“Sip,

Vol. XXXII. JULY, 1918. No. 1

NOTES ON THE GENUS TRACHYDERMON CARPENTER.

' BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Iredale has already called attention to the two names for

Chitons by Gray in 1821. A little fuller discussion of the

consequences of the adoption of Gray’s name Lepidochitona

Seems desirable to make the situation perfectly clear. The

synonymy which is pertinent is as follows:

Lepidochitona Gray, London Medical Rep., XV, p. 234, 1821.

Chiton marginatus (Pennant, = cinereus L., not of Mon-

tagu).

Stenosemus Middendorff, Malac. Ross. 1, pp. 108, 109, 117, 122,

1848; (1st sp. C. marmoreus Fabr.).

Ischnochaton sect.tt, Gray, Guide Moll., p. 182, 1857 (Chaton

marginatus) .

Trachydermon Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Br. Assoc., 1864, p.

612 (Chiton dentiens Gould) ; ibid., p. 649: Bull. Essex

Inst., p. 158, 1873 (Chiton ruber (L.) Lowe, not of

Spengler).

Craspedochiton G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 114,

1878 (Chiton marginatus Pennant, = cimereus L., not of

Montagu).

Leptochitona Pilsbry, Man. XIV, p. 150, 1892 (err. typ.).

Section Tonicella’ Carpenter.

Platysemus Middendorff, (part) Mal. Ross. 1, p. 98, 1848 (C.

submarmoreus Midd.).

438916

2 THE NAUTILUS.

Toncella Carpenter, Bull. Essex Inst. V, p. 154, 1873 (Chiton

marmoreus Fabricius).

Boreochiton G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 116, 1878

(Chiton ruber L., and C. marmoreus Fabricius).

Tomcrella Thiele, Gebiss d. Schnecken, II, p. 389, 1891 (T.

marmorea Fabr.).

Section Cyanoplax Pilsbry.

Cyanoplax Pilsbry, Man. XIV, pp. 40, 44, 1892 (Chiton hart-

wegu Carpenter).

Subgenus Spongioradsia Pilsbry.

Spongioradsia Pilsbry, Man. XV, p. 65, 1894 (Trachyradsia

aleutica Dall).

In view of the similarity of names the following synonymy

may be useful:

Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS Risso.

Lepidopleurus (Leach Ms.) Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid. IV,

p. 267, 1826 (1st sp. L. cayetanus (Poli) Risso); G. O.

Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 110, 1878.

Section Leptochiton Gray.

Leptochiton Gray, P. Z. 8., 1847, p. 127 (Chiton cinereus Mon-

tagu (not Linné) =— C. asellus Spengler) ; Carpenter,

Suppl. Rep. Brit. Assoc., pp. 530, 612, 650, 1864 (1st sp.

mentioned as a real member of the genus is Leptochiton

nexus Carpenter).

? Lepidochiton Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc., pp. 317, 349,

1857 (1st sp. C. lividus Midd.). Includes also C. merten-

su Midd., C. scrobiculatus Midd., and C. proprius Reeve;

the latter = C. dispar Cpr., not Sowerby.

I confess to an inability to get anything like systematic

order out of Middendorff’s extraordinary tangle of names,

except where some subsequent author has fixed a species as

type, as in the case of Symmetrogephyrus (Midd., Feb. 1848),

which Chenu (Man., p. 388) has declared to be typified by

THE NAUTILUS. 3

Chiton pallasit Middendorff, thus displacing the more familiar

Amicula (auct. not Gray, 1847) for that group.

Lepidochitona Gray, supersedes J'rachydermon as indicated

by Iredale (Proc. Mal. Soc. London, XI, p. 127, 1914). With

the first mention of the latter genus Carpenter associates only

two species, C. pseudodentiens Cpr. (= dentiens Gould) and

an undescribed C. gothicus. The former must therefore be

taken as type, instead of flectens, though they are really con-

generic. As type of Lepidochiton Carpenter, I select his first

species, C. lividus Midd., which is an Ischnochiton, but Car-

penter apparently regarded it as synonymous with Lepto-

chiton, to which he refers the species in his index of 1872.

Pilsbry refers the species, in the order above cited, respec-

tively to Ischnochiton, Lepidozona, Ischnochiton, and Ischno-

radsia. The genus would best be considered a synonym of

Ischnochaton, especially as no one seems to have quoted it after

Carpenter, and he did not clear it up in his MS.

In regard to Leptochiton, I am inclined to agree with Berry

that the west coast and Arctic forms are so different from the

typical Lepidopleurus cayetanus that a sectional separation is

appropriate.

CAMPING IN THE SIERRAS AND THE DESERT. PLATEI.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

_ Late in June of last year, facing westward I departed from

the home snailery in search of adventure, and returned about

the first of May this year.

At the Grand Canyon of the Colorado a couple of very warm

days was devoted to the Bright Angel trail, digging vainly

for Sonorella bethela.

The Vernal Falls, Yosemite Valley, California, offered an-

other opportunity, with a yield of three Epiphragmophoras,

one of these the EF. hillebrandi yosemitensis, discovered there

by Mr. Herbert N. Lowe. This was the opening of another

season of delight in the California mountains. For nearly a

4 THE NAUTILUS.

month we camped with the Sierra Club at the Tuolumne

Meadows, making side trips from there in search of snails and

other kinds of trout. Then eastward with our own pack train

for more than another month over the high passes, with a side

trip to Silver Lake, down into the branches of the San Joa-

quin, and over the John Muir Pass to the Middle Fork of the

Kings River. At Tehipite valley we left the Middle Fork,

westward crossed the North Fork, and hit the main river at

Trimmer, where we left our mules and took the auto stage

for Sanger and Fresno.

Out for health, and in no hurry, the opportunities for col-

lecting were the best. The high altitudes, glaciers and snow

banks were another world. In the valleys, with a wealth of

flowers, birds, and trout, and the grandest scenery upon the

continent, we rested several days at every camping place, as a

rule. At Palisade creek we halted nearly a week and had

gcolden trout for every meal.

But the snails were small, and few in number of specimens

and species. Riding up the zigzag out of the Tehipite valley

the silvery track of a snail was found on the trail, and in half

a day I dug up a dozen Epiphragmophoras, looking like £.

traskt, the only large shell found since leaving the Yosemite.

Like a Sonorella, they were living in a pile of rocks well cov-

ered with leaves and rotten wood.

Between trips we hunted up old friends and collections.

Some of these were mail-order friends of long standing, and we

were greatly pleased to see what they looked hike. At Berke-

ley it was the Alaska bear skins, H. S. Swarth and Robert

Grinnell. At Oakland, Fred L. Button, who gave us a two-

night exhibition of his shells. At the Academy of Sciences,

Golden Gate Park, Barton W. Evermann and the Henry

Hemphill collection of western land shells. At the Leland

Stanford University, Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd and the Hemphill

duplicates. At Los Angeles, the fossil bones from the asphalt

beds. The collections and the collectors demonstrate the Cali-

fornia spirit, and were far beyond our expectations.

Tucson likewise, Thornber, Cummins, Voorhies and Taylor

at the University of Arizona, McDougal and Shreve at the

THE NAUTILUS. 5

Carnegie Desert Laboratory are ‘‘live wires’’ in the natural

sciences. Also explorers. Exploring begets good health, and

good health begets enthusiasm. Also, Arizona is apparently

the head center of natural history, so many species in botany

and zoology have their beginning here. By the way, a news-

paper reporter at Tucson gave us a reputation for the dis-

covery of 650 new species of snails in Arizona! In figures it

is well to give out type-written copy to the press. Then no

embarrassing apologies to university clubs will be needful.

To eliminate a limp which interfered with snail-catching

more and more, I went into a hospital at Tucson, and a month

or two was taken out of this great vacation; but on the whole

a large collection was made. With mules for the high desert

ranges and a Ford for the smaller ones, one in the conva-

lescent stage may make a good showing. Some of the hills are

only 150 feet in height, and with a level desert floor we could

almost collect from the machine. At one point it was not

more than ten feet from snails to Ford. We seldom walked

ten miles in one day, for with the larger mountains and their

long and rough mesas we could ride within a half-mile of the

snails.

Within the recent geologic period apparently there was a

heavy rainfall (Noah’s perhaps), so heavy that the large

boulders were thrown out upon both sides of the channel, and

thus these gulches are often heavily diked on the lower slopes

of the mountain. These dikes are often the best collecting

grounds, especially in dry weather; the fortifications of five

or six feet in depth and twenty wide are easily explored. To

eatch a live snail at home in some of the larger slides higher

up, a steam shovel and a full equipment of quarrymen is

needed.

On horseback, with Frank Cole as guide, a trapper, hunter,

prospector, forester, now a good snail-hunter and a wonderful

cook, I made another trip through the Catalinas and Rincons,

finding more of the rough-barked Sonorellas. Then into the

Galuras, where we captured a smooth-bark Sonorella with a

diameter of 32 millimeters. At Tucson my partner on the

California trips and many others joined the party for a winter

6 THE NAUTILUS.

in the desert. To her it seemed a dreary prospect, but a short

trip into the Tucson range with its mesas forested with

orchard-like trees and giant cactus, the ever-changing botan-

ical societies, wild pigs, deer, mountain sheep, quail and very

toothsome cottontails, told another story. The desert was as

interesting as the mountains, and the weather in winter was

summer-like without excessive heat or annoying insects. With

extra tanks of gasoline upon our running-board, any place was

home, the tent a parlor, and auto cushions a mattress. There

was no lack of firewood or water.

The Tucson range, only an hour or so from the city, was

particularly home-like. The first day in camp, Cole brought

in a wild pig and baked it. With hot biscuit and steaming

coffee, and the fruit and goodies brought from town, we had

such a Christmas dinner, with surely as good an appetite, as

in ye good old days, and it was on Christmas day. And, too,

in a dining hall with columns and arches of living green, with

prickers so long an unruly guest would not scratch the var-

nish. Our mistletoe decorations were generous, for there are

eleven species and varieties in Arizona, Here we found our

largest catch in Sonorellas, the rare fern Cheilianthes pring-

leyt and the most beautiful member of the fish-hook group of

eactus, Hchinocactus leconter. From our camps westward

towards the Silver Bell range, twenty miles away, it was @

thick forest of the giant cactus, paloverde, mesquite and iron

wood as far as the eye could see. Cole brought in a good pair

of mountain sheep horns laid out by some lion or wolf about a

year ago, and I dug up a nice diamond rattler the second day

out. There are eleven species and varieties of rattlers in this

state also.

We made seven camps on the west side of the range—Pic-

tured Rocks, Rattler, Sheephorn, Wild Pig, Twin Cacti (Plate

I), Cat Mountain and Limekiln. Sonorellas were found at

37 stations in five weeks. I worked about half time.

We also gave about the same amount of time to the ranges

west, going as far as Ajo, and then I was in trim to work full

time. These mountains west of the city of Tucson rise from

a lower level than the Catalinas, Santa Ritas and the ranges

THE NAUTILUS. 7

eastward. The higher peaks are supposed to run up to 8,000

feet above the sea. Very few are named, and so far as we

could learn none have been surveyed. The Baboquivari sys-

tem starts at the Mexican line and runs a little west of north.

As the Baboquivaris, they are 40 miles in length, then known

as Coyotes for 7 miles, as the Roskruge 20, as the Abbie

Waterman 10, and as the Silver Bell 10 miles. We hit only a

few high spots in the first three, and I collected at one small

slide in the latter.

On the road to Ajo we had good success in Sonorellas in the

small hills along the Comovo route, and here we first saw the

organ cactus and the crucifix tree. Around the Ajo moun-

tains—Wall’s Wells and Montezuma Head—and the several

nearby ranges, we were unable to find any traces of Sono-

rellas. The last Sonorella station west was at a small group

of hills where the sign board of the Interior Department read

““Tucson 101 miles’’. Beyond that the basalt rocks were cov-

ered with white dust that may have been alkali, or the granite

had a face so sharp and dry the snails on a hike would require

tennis shoes and a canteen. A mining prospector afterwards

told us shells were to be found near the south end of the Big

Ajo range where there was a small spring and walnut trees,

and that they were also in the Mesquites, a range near the

Mexican border. We anticipated a change in conditions, and

perhaps Mexican or new groups of snails, and: we still feel

that something may be found in this field—perhaps in the

Mesquite and border ranges, or in the Growlers, a forty-mile

range west of Ajo—when the Mexican bandits are a little less

active among the southern cattle ranges.

On the back track we returned by way of the Covered Wells

and White Wells crossing the Quijota range, but found only

a few Pupas, Succineas, and other small ones until we camped

near some abandoned silver prospects in the southern end.

We hunted the placer holes for rattlers without success but

found a tiger rattler and Sonorellas in the rocks. We also

had further luck in the foot-hills at the southern end of the

Cababi range, where Mr. Cole had found Sonorellas in 1914.

Nearly all of this western half of Pima County is occupied

8 THE NAUTILUS.

by the Papago Indians. Their horses, cattle, corn and wheat.

fields, and villages are numerous, and we were under many

obligations to them for their good wells. Converted by the

Catholic Fathers some three hundred years ago, and with the

assistance of the Presbyterians since, they have become an in-

dustrious people, fat and very rich. Their housing is not

pretentious, as with wealthy white men, but evidently sani-

tary, for the male in weight averages about 260 and his help-

meet about 180. The white men covet the Papago’s grass

and browsing, and would like a mix-up; but Uncle Sam at

present is plainly giving the Indian a square deal.

Between the Tucson Range and the Ajo we collected at 55

stations, sampling the hills here and there. Other expeditions

were made to the Serritas, to the Rosemont and Greaterville

mining districts on the east side of the Santa Ritas, and to the

Empire and Mustang Ranges on our way to visit old friends

in the Huachucas. A. F. Berner, an old friend of the botan-

ists and snail hunters, was found in hard luck. He is now

blind and has been confined to his bed with rheumatism for

two years. The entomologist, Biedermann, is more fortunate.

He has been remarkably successful with beetles and moths,

and he is now an acknowledged leader in grafting. With 99

per cent success he has made the Carr Canyon walnuts pro-

duce the best of European walnuts, and the Black Hamburgs.

are now picked from the wild vines of his homestead. He

hopes to exhibit home-grown chestnuts in another year, from

the mountain oaks. They doit in France. Happy Jack is a

prosperous merchant on the Ocean-to-Ocean auto way.

In the Empire Range, draining into the Santa Cruz River,

and the Mustangs, draining into the San Pedro, we found both

Holospira and Oreoheliz as well as Sonorella. Here was fur-

ther evidence of ancient ‘‘Noah fiood’’ mischief. Deep in the

clay of the gulches of the Mustang slopes were Sonorellas and

Oreohelix, not to be found alive, or mixed in with the species

now living. I worked hard a day and a half to find them

alive or freshly dead, but other peaks and gulches had only

subfossils of their kind. A like condition existed along the

Bright Angel trail in the Grand Canyon. Since my former

THE NAUTILUS. 4)

visit floods had cut the clay banks and turned up a subfossil

species of Oreohelix not now found alive on the south rim.

Thus ends my longest adventure, and perhaps the most.

fruitful. Collections were made at 187 stations, and with

something over 140 sets of duplicates thrown into the basket

by generous California friends, we will have about 500 sep-

arate lots to check up and discuss later.

Joliet, Ill., June, 1918.

NEW VARIETIES OF NAIADES FROM LAKE ERIE.

BY N. M. GRIER.

While the general distinction between the Naiades of Lake

Erie and their parent forms of the Ohio drainage have already

been commented upon by Walker, (1) representatives in Lake .

Erie of at least three of the parental forms have never been

given the varietal distinction they deserve. The parent species

following the nomenclatorial changes proposed by Frierson

(2) and Vanatta (3) are Fusconaia flava (Raf.), Elliptio dila-

tatus (Raf.), and Symphynota (Lasmigona) costata (Raf.).

The comparisons between them and their Lake Erie represen-

tatives were made with the aid of Simpson’s Descriptive

Catalogue.

ELLIPTIO DILATATUS Var. STERKII, new variety.

Differs from typical dilatatus by its smaller size, less elon-

gated and proportionately higher shell. Always inflated, not

so pointed posteriorly. Ventral line rather straight, beaks

more anterior in position. Epidermis in dilatatus dark brown

and horn or yellowish, surface usually with uneven growth

lines. In sterku, epidermis always smooth or polished, light

olive green to yellowish brown to reddish brown. Nacre in

dilatatus mostly dark purple, salmon and white; that of sterku

is lavender, light reddish purple, pearl-blue.

The following table gives maximum, minimum and mean

dimensions of 52 shells each of parent and variety:

10 THE NAUTILUS.

E. duatatus Var. sterku

Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter

130mm. 60mm. 35mm. 87mm. 46mm. 28mm.

86mm. 41mm. 24mm. 59mm. 31mm. 18mm.

30mm. 16mm. 7 mm. 26mm. 13mm. 7mm.

Factors obtained from above by comparison of length with

height and diameter show that greater height and inflation

rest with sterku—51% and 30% as against 48% and 25%.

In variety sterku, the average distance of the beaks from the

anterior extremity of the shell is 18% of the total length; in

dilatatus this is 25%. There appears to be no substantial

difference between values obtained with Simpson’s measure-

ments and my own.

This new variety is respectfully dedicated to Dr. V. C.

Sterki, who first commented upon the distinction between it

and the stream forms. (4) Type no. 61. 4268, card catalogue

Carnegie Museum.

LASMIGONA COSTATA var. EREGANENSIS, new variety.

Variety eriganensis is smaller, less elongated and propor-

tionately lower than costata. Ventral line straight. Epider-

mis in costata light horn-color to dark chestnut in old speci-

mens, surface usually with uneven growth lines. In eriga-

nensis always smooth or polished, greenish olive to reddish

brown to chocolate-brown, even growth lines. Nacre in costata

eream-color to lavender or blue. In variety eriganensis, pink-

ish, buff or salmon-color.

Average for 20 shells:

costata var. eruganensis

Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter

137mm. 78mm. 42mm. 90mm. 46mm. 31mm.

96mm. 55mm. 27mm. 72mm. 40mm. 23mm.

55mm. 31mm. 14mm. 65mm. 36mm. 19mm.

Factors secured as previously show that costata is propor-

tionately higher than var. eriganensis, 56% against 53%, but

THE NAUTILUS. 1]

is not so inflated 27% against 32%. My measurements of

costata check readily with those of Simpson.

Type no. 61.4720, card catalogue, Carnegie Museum.

FUSCONAIA FLAVA var. PARVULA, new variety.

Variety parvula differs chiefly in size from flava, being

smaller although proportionately higher and more inflated.

Epidermis of flava yellowish to dark horn-color; in var. par-

vula, yellowish green, greenish olive. Surface with even

growth lines. Nacre of typical flava mostly white, tinged

with salmon in the beak; of parvula, pinkish-color or to pale

blue.

Dimensions:

flava var. parvula

Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter

91mm. 60mm. 37mm. 59mm. 45mm. 30mm.

36mm. 48mm. 25mm. 36mm. 28mm. 18mm.

27mm. 24mm. 25mm. 13mm. 11mm. 8 mm.

Ratio of length to height and diameter in flava—77% and

42%.

Ratio of length to height and diameter in var. parvula—

79% and 51%.

Similar results are obtained from Simpson’s measurements

of flava. |

Type no. 61.4513 card catalogue, Carnegie Museum.

The type specimens of the above three new varieties were

collected by Dr. A. E. Ortmann at Big Bend, Presque Isle

Bay, Lake Erie, July 8-12, 1910, and kindly entrusted to me

for description. They appear to be generally distributed

throughout Lake Erie.

1. Walker, Bryant. ‘‘Unione Fauna of the Great Lakes.’’

Nautilus, 27, 1913.

2. Frierson, L. S. ‘‘Remarks on Classification of Unionide.”’

Nautilus, 28, 1914.

12 THE NAUTILUS.

3. Vanatta, E.S. ‘‘Rafinesque Type of Unio.’’ Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, 1916.

4, Sterki, V. ‘‘A Preliminary Catalogue of the Land and

Freshwater Mollusca of Ohio.’’ Proc. Ohio Acad. Sci-

ence, IV, pt. 8.

A FURTHER NOTE ON THE GENUS TRACHYDERMON.

_ BY §. STILLMAN BERRY, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA.

Since the publication of my note on the chiton genus Tra-

chydermon in the Proceedings of the California Academy of

Sciences, (4), vol. 7, p. 245, September, 1917, Mr. Tom Ire-

dale has supplied me with the interesting information that

Trachydermon Carpenter 1864 is preoccupied, and hence can-

not be used in Polyplacophora in any sense. This consider-

ably clarifies the whole situation by rendering needless any

further investigation as to which species is properly to be re-

garded as the type of the genus. At the same time the pecu-

liar group of West American chitons comprising the old Tra-

chydermon. flectens Carpenter and the remarkable Mopala

heathu of Pilsbry is automatically left without a name. Hav-

ing ascertained from -Mr. Iredale that he is chiefly concerned

with certain other consequences of the nomenclatural tangle

we have discussed and has, himself, no intention of taking up

the present question, I feel at liberty to propose the new

generic name, Basiliochiton, based upon Mopalia heathu Pils-

bry 1898 as its typical representative. A cogent argument for

the selection of this rather than the older species as the type

of the genus is that the whereabouts, if not the very existence,

of the type specimen of Carpenter’s flectens appears to be

unknown. I had supposed it to be in the British Museum,

but Mr. Iredale writes me that it is not there. It is possible

that it was destroyed along with so many other Carpenterian

specimens in the San Francisco conflagration of 1906.

A further and fuller discussion of this group of chitons will

appear in a forthcoming publication.

THE NAUTILUS. 13

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF TWO SPECIES OF MUSSELS FROM THE

OZARKS.

BY DR. A. E, ORTMANN.

Eurynia (MicroMYA) VENuUSTA (Lea).

Lampsilis venusta Simpson, Synopsis, 1900, p. 548. — Deser.

Catal., 1914, p. 89.

A large number of specimens has been received from L. 8.

Frierson, collected by A. A. Hinkley on July 30, 1914, in

James River, at Galena, Stone Co., Mo.

Specimens of this lot have been sent to B. Walker, who also

believes them to belong to U. venustus Lea, a species closely

allied, on the one hand, to L. ellipstformis (Conr.) (Simpson,

1914, p. 128), and, on the other hand, to L. pleasi (Marsh)

(Simpson, p. 129). In fact, the latter is hardly anything else

but a smaller and thinner venusta. I have no doubt that all

three group together, and very likely the anatomy will be the

same. Utterback (Amer. Midl. Natural, 4, 1916, p. 141) places

ellipstformis in the genus Nephronazas, but I do not think that

this is correct, since he describes the papille on the mantle

edge.

Call (Tr. Acad. St. Louis, 7, 1895, p. 57) believes that pleasi

is identical with venustus, and, according to Frierson (in

litt.), venustus is the same as ellapsiformis. Meek & Clark

(Bur. Fisher, Doc. no. 759, 1912, p. 19) mention, from Big

Buffalo Fork, Lampsilis venusta, which, according to their

remarks, is this form.

Anatomy: Soft parts (36 6 and 3 sterile 2° are-at hand)

of the usual Hurynia-structure. Anal and supraanal openings

separated by a moderate mantle connection. Anal with dis-

tinct crenulations, branchial with papille. Posterior margins

of palpi connected at base only. Inner lamina of inner gill

entirely connected with abdominal sac.

Marsupium in posterior half of outer gill, with a rather

larger non-marsupial section at posterior end. Ovisacs about

15 to 20. Mantle margin, in front of branchial, slightly

lamellar, with small, irregular papille, which are not crowded.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

and extend forward nearly to the middle of the lower margin,

becoming quite distant and small in front.

Color of soft parts whitish, with black pigment around anal

and branchial openings, and a brown or blackish streak run-

ning forward on mantle margin on the inside of the papille.

Edge of marsupium with brown pigment.

This species undoubtedly belongs near the group, of which

E. vanuxemensis may be regarded as the type. The anatomy

is practically the same, and the papille on the mantle margin

are very much alike. Also in the shell are certain common

peculiarities, since E. venusta has, in the female, an indication

of that peculiar ‘‘constriction’’ seen in the vanuxemensis

group. Our species, however, differs in the more elongate

shell, weak development of postbasal expansion of the female,

which is located rather more anteriorly, thus suggesting, to a

degree, the shape seen in Mediomdus plateolus (= conradt),

with which species U. pleasi has been compared by Marsh.

My specimens have a strong tendency to become more or less

intensely of a salmon-color in the nacre.

This seems to be a species characteristic for the Ozark region.

LAMPSILIS BREVICULA (Call).

L. brevicula and L. brevicula brittst Simpson, 1900, p. 533.—

1914, pp. 57, 58.

L. brittst Simps. is an absolute synonym of brevicula Call:

the differences mentioned by Simpson do not hold good at all.

The emargination of the posterior basal margin of the female

shell is not always present, probably only in old specimens [as

in L. satura (Lea)]. Among my material there are no speci-

mens which show it.

A number of individuals is at hand from James River, Ga-

lena, Stone Co., Mo., and from White River, at Cotter and

Norfolk, Baxter Co., Ark. (L. S. Frierson donor). From

Galena and Cotter I have specimens with soft parts, collected

July 31 and August 2, 1914 (by A. A. Hinkley). Among

them is a gravid female, caught in the act of discharging

glochidia (July 31), so that this date indicates the end of the

breeding season.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

Anatomy of the Lampsilis type, and agreeing almost com-

pletely with that of L. luteola (see: Ann. Carn. Mus., 8, 1912,

p. 348). The mantle flap is of the same shape as in this

species, with the edge irregularly toothed, the largest teeth

standing on the free, anteriorly projecting lobe, giving it a

lacerated appearance. Also the color markings are the same

(streak of black or brown pigment, and I think I ean distin-

guish in some of my specimens an indistinct eye-spot).

Glochidia suboval, agreeing in shape and size with those of

L. luteola; their L. is 0.23, their H. 0.28 mm. Surber has fig-

ured them [Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. for 1914, App. 1915 (Fish.

Doe. no. 318), pl. 1, f. 14]. His measurements are: 0.230

0.290, while Utterback (for var. brittsi, Am. Midl. Nat., 4,

1916, p. 173 gives: 0.250 x: 0.305.

According to its anatomy, this species falls in the luteola

group of Lampsilis, and represents a peculiar type of it, which

seems to be restricted to the Ozark region, and may be re-

garded as having the same relation to L. luteola as has LD.

fasciola (= multiradiata) to L. ventricosa. (Smaller, thin-

shelled form, with numerous fine, broken rays; the shell is, in

the average, less elongated than that of luteola).

I do not understand why Utterback (1. c.) places this species

in the genus Hurynia, since he describes very well the flap of

the mantle margin.

NEW LANDSHELLS FROM THE PHILIPPINES.!

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

HEMIPLECTA SAGITTIFERA BATANENSIS, new subspecies.

Mr. Walter F. Webb, of Rochester, N. Y., has sent to the

U. S. National Museum two Hemiplectas from the island of

Batan, off northern Luzon, which belong to the sagittifera

complex. This is a dark-colored race, which agrees fairly well

in size with typical sagittifera from the Sinait region of Luzon,

the type locality of Hemiplecta sagittiffera, but is considerably

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian

Institution.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

more depressed and of much darker coloration. The basal

portion of the last whorl is also less inflated. The aperture is

proportionately longer and more compressed. The type, Cat.

No. 218765, U. S. N. M., has 4.4 whorls and measures: alti-

tude, 23 mm.; greater diameter, 50.2 mm.; lesser diameter,

38.5 mm. ;

OBBA LISTERI BATANENSIS, new subspecies.

The Obba from the island of Batan, is also distinet from

any of the other forms known from the Philippines, as shown

by specimens received from Mr. Webb. It belongs to the Obba

listert complex. It is nearest related to Obba listeri costata

Semper, from the island of Camigin, of the Babuyan Group,

north of Luzon. It differs from this markedly by its more

regularly conic outline, somewhat greater elevation, paler

ground color, and rougher incremental sculpture. The type,

Cat. No. 218764, U. S. N. M., has 4.4 whorls and measures:

altitude, 10 mm.; greater diameter, 26.7 mm.; lesser diam-

eter, 22.1 mm.

COCHLOSTYLA POLYCHROA BURIASENSIS, new subspecies.

Specimens of the Cochlostyla polychroa complex sent to the

U.S. National Museum for determination have made it neces-

sary to critically examine that group. This examination has

revealed the fact that most of the specimens in collections

passing under this name are from the island of Burias. The

type locality for Cochlostyla polychroa is Temple Island, an

island adjacent to Burias. A series of specimens from this

island in the collection of the National Museum show that the

shells of the typical form, that is Cochlostyla polychroa poly-

chroa, are larger, decidedly more elevated and conic than the

specimens from the island of Burias. The coloration, too, is

much more vivid in the Burias shells than those from Temple

Island. I shall therefore bestow the name Cochlostyla poly-

chroa buriasensis upon the shells from Burias Island. |

The type of this shell, Cat. No. 218788, U.S. N. M., has 4.7

whorls and measures: altitude, 35 mm.; greater diameter,

30.7 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

NOTES ON THE GLOCHIDIA OF STROPHITUS EDZNTULUS PAVONIUS

(LEA) FROM COLORADO.

BY M. M. ELLIS AND MARIE KEIM.

While collecting material for class use from St. Vrain Creek,

near Longmont, Colorado, December 6, 1817, 25 specimens of

Strophitus edentulus pavonius (Lea) (det. J. Henderson)

were obtained. Of these, 15 contained large numbers of well-

developed glochidia. These glochidia soon freed themselves

from the cords when the cords were placed in water after

being removed from the gills of the parent mussels, and each

individual glochidium began active snapping movements.

Many individuals lived for two or three days after leaving

the cords and continued active all the while.

This record of gravid specimens of Strophitus edentulus

pavonius is later in the year than any record given by Surber

(Bur. Fish. Doe. 771, 1912) for Strophitus edentulus from the

Mississippi River, November being the last month in which he

found glochidia-bearing individuals of that species.

When compared with the figures and description given by

Surber (1. ce.) for Strophitus edentulus, the glochidia of these

Colorado mussels of the variety pavonius were found to differ

in both size and proportion from the Strophitus edentulus

type. As these differences may have some taxonomic signifi-

cance, occurring as they do in the glochidia of a variety of

Strophitus edentulus taken near the western edge of the range

of that variety, the following description of the glochidium of

Strophitus edentulus pavonium is given.

General shape that of the Anodonta type as given by Surber

(1. e.) but of a form intermediate between that of Strophitus

edentulus (fig. 3, 1. ec.) and that of Anodonta grandis (fig. 45,

]. ec.) ; hinge line straight; depth slightly greater than the

length; marginal spines three, well developed, the median

spine being slightly longer than the two lateral spines; from

seven to ten rows of spines, counting the marginal row, on

each valve; end of the adductor muscle showing from 35 to

50 distinct bundles of fibers. The exact measurements of 20

specimens are given below.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

Length in micra Depth in micra , Length in micra Depth in micra

254 280 260 264

256 260 260 264

258 264 260 280

260 266 264 274

260 280 266 272

260 272 266 272

260 270 268 272

260 212 270 280

260 270 272 280

The modal average of the specimens examined gives an aver-

age length of about 260 and an average depth of about 270,

the range of variation being 254 to 272 for the length and 260

to 280 for the depth. Surber (p. 8, 1. ec.) states that the

length is greater than the depth in Strophitus edentulus and

gives 350 for the length and 285 for the depth as average

measurements.

The behavior of the living glochidia was interesting in the

light of the work of Lefevre and Curtis (Bur. Fish. Doc. 756,

1912) on the metamorphosis of Strophitus edentulus without

parasitism. These writers state (p. 178) that they were un-

able to bring about the attachment of the glochidia to fish.

Our glochidia of Strophitus edentulus pavomus were offered

gills from the Topminnow, Fundulus zebrinis Jordan & Gil-

bert and of the Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque (these

two species of fishes are found in St. Vrain Creek) imme-

diately after the gills were removed from the body of the fish.

Fish blood caused an evident increase in the activity of the

glochidia and several glochidia seized gill filaments. Once

attached the glochidia remained on the gill filament until the

experiment was discontinued, 1. e. for several hours. No

attempt to infect living fish with the glochidia of Strophatus

edentulus pavonius was made, but the behavior of the living

glochidia suggests physiological differences between the glo-

chidia of Strophitus edentulus and these western specimens

of Strophitus edentulus pavonus.

University of Colorado, May, 1918.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

NOTES ON NIDIFICATION IN GILLIA AND AMNICOLA.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Observations on the nidification and embryology of our

American fresh-water mollusks are rare; and contributions to

our knowledge of this subject, though they may not be exten-

Sive, are of value. With this need for additional knowledge

in mind, the writer ventures to present the following frag-

mentary notes on the nidification of two common genera of

American Amnicolide, two species of which have but recently

been described. |

The observations were made while conducting quantitative

studies of the animal life of Oneida Lake, New York State’s

largest inland body of water. The eggs of four genera of

mollusks were observed at this time (the latter part of July

and the first part of August), Gillea, Ammnicola, Galba, and

Physa. Only the first two genera are considered in this paper.

It was hoped that time would permit a more extensive study

of these embryos, but the quantitative studies extended to

such a late date that there was no opportunity to carry on

the very interesting studies on the development of these

snails, which would have been of great interest and some

value. The information gathered, however, may be consid-

ered a contribution to our knowledge of the embryology of

these mollusks and may stimulate other students to a study

of our fresh-water gastropods.

Gillia altilis (Lea). Pl. 2, figs. 1-8.

Gulia altilis is a very common species in Oneida Lake in

the quiet bays, among vegetation. Egg-laying apparently

takes place late in June or early in July. In eggs examined

July 31st, the embryos were nearly ready to be hatched, the

embryonic shell being fully formed. Eggs were observed on

six species of plants; Vallisneria spiralis (abundant near

base), Pomatogeton robbinsi (on lower three or four leaves),

Potamogeton perfoliatus, Scirpus smithu, Scirpus americanus,

and Sagittaria latifolia.

The eggs are laid singly (never in a capsule as in the

20 THE NAUTILUS.

fresh-water pulmonates), either alone or in groups of one,

two, or more, but never exceeding six in any one group (as

far as observed). As a rule, many eggs were crowded in a

small space on the plant surface (see figures 1-3). On some

plants but one side of a leaf contained eggs while other leaves

contained eggs on both sides of the leaf. Several areas of the

leaves of different plants were measured and the number of

egos in this area were counted, with the result shown in table

No. 1. These figures indicate the great abundance of the eggs

of this mollusk. The leaf used for attachment was generally of

a living plant, but in many cases the dead and partly decayed

leaves and pieces of plants were utilized for this purpose.

In the table all leaves were about 6 mm. wide.

Taste No. 1. Number of Eggs of Gillia altilis on Plants.

Plant. Length of Leaf. No. of Eggs.

Vallisneria spiralis ........... 50 mm. 70

ty Td aiken canes Metra 60 mm. 160

np TE Rho ianiaenbetcioe 50 mm. 22

i. EY ee atane re wee 100 mm. 69

ir UN aR tee 75 mm. 182

ie ok VAN SE Et 75 mm. 73

Me es Sera em. Be 90 mm. 68

on Pid hua hedveciay abot seitanne 45 mm. 33

The eggs are somewhat hemispherical in form, 1.25 mm. in

diameter, the thickness being about a third of the diameter.

Upwards of 80 per cent of the eggs contained living embryos,

the balance being dead; a number of these were filled with

protozoa. The envelope of the egg is very transparent and

the embryo is transparent enough to permit some of the

organs of the body to be seen through the mantle and trans-

parent shell. The heart, placed near the aperture of the shell,

was observed to pulsate very rapidly in all the embryos, in

one individual 87 pulsations per minute.

Nearly all of the embryos were in an advanced stage of de-

velopment, the embryonic shell as well as the external organs

of the body—rostrum, tentacles, eyes, operculum, etc.—being

fully formed (fig. 4). The embryos moved about in the egg

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE Il.

EMBRYONIC SHECL

EGG

TENTACLE e e

EYE e

ROSTRUM

LIVER

OPERCULUM B

FOOT 6

BAKER: GILLIA AND AMNICOLA.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

in the same manner that adult Gillia and other Amnicolide

browse over vegetation, the proboscis moving slowly about and

the radula being protruded as in the adult animal. There

appeared to be a regular circular movement of the embryo

around the area of the egg capsule. <A favorite position of

the young animal when at rest is shown in figure 5. The

rostrum appears to be cleft at the extremity in some individ-

uals and the anterior part of the foot varies greatly in form

when the young animal is active (fig. 6).

The embryonic shell is transparent, spermaceti-white in

eolor and about 1.25 mm. in diameter. It consists of rather

more than one whorl which enlarges rapidly (fig. 7). The

nucleus and a large part of the shell is covered with very fine

spiral lines, the lines of growth beginning abruptly near the

aperture. The umbilicus is of medium size and rather deep

(fig. 8).

Amnicola oneida or bakervana Pilsbry. Pl. 2, figs. 9, 10.

The lenticular eggs of Amnicola (figs. 9, 10) were notably

abundant in many localities covering all objects on the bot-

tom, including living and dead vegetation, dead and living

shells, and bottom debris. Two species, recently described,’

are represented. It is impossible to differentiate the eggs of

the two species, as both occurred with the eggs, but it is sus-

pected that the narrower form of egg (fig. 9) is from oneida

and the wider form from bakeriana (fig. 10). It will be

noted that the form of these eggs differs from the figure given

by Stimpson ? for Amnicola limosa in which the egg is much

attenuated at both ends. The eggs of the new Amnicola were

especially abundant in filamentous alge (Cladophora fracta

and @idogonium species), the long filaments often being cov-

ered with the lens-shaped eggs. Scirpus, Vallisneria, and

other plants were also used for attachment. An effort was

made to ascertain the number of eggs on certain species of

plants in a measured area, with the result shown in table

No. 2. In Vallasneria, eggs occurred on both sides of the leaf.

1 Pilsbry, NAUTILUS, XXX, pp. 44-46, 1917.

2 Researches upon the Hydrobiinae, etc., Smith, Miss. Coll., fig. 7, 1865.

22 THE NAUTILUS,

TABLE No. 2. Number of Eggs of Amnicola on Plants.

Plant. Size. No. of Eggs.

Vallisnerta spiralis ........... 70x 5 mm. 44

a RUNG Ud te tee eee ee te 70x 5 mm. 27

f Free A yi abet Na nea an 158x 5 mm. 257

‘i Tyee MPU on Bik ey 140x 5 mm. 58

vi a OS aes een 140x 5 mm. 222

i. WARCRTIRTORTE DURE NUS tah 89x 5 mm. 23

se GNC RGERUT UALR Ne CRON d3X 5 mm. 93

Potamogeton perfoliatus, leaf .. 64x10 mm. 16

ie RN Se aR 165 x 28 mm. 150

Fa TRAM Busta st 25x 5 mm. 21

Potamogeton perfoliatus, stem.. 72x 2 mm. 42

Potamogeton robbinsu, leaf .... 19x10 mm. 5D

if aT OAMARU aD 38x10 mm 42

Scirpus occwdentalis ........... 95x12 mm. 33

Ek REMUS Na, SRE CU Came be 111%12 mm 54

i Aaa UN eRnot 4 RHA (7x6 mm 76

i TEVA LO eR ee ieighs eee Tix. 8 mm 141

Scirpus americanus ........... lilx 3 mm 200

i) ST RN cet ea DR Hix 3mm 36

TRUM Ain hase saa pe Nye 165x 3 mm 150

Quantitative studies show that Amnicola is the dominant

genus of mollusks in the part of Oneida Lake examined, and

the vast number of the eggs of this snail indicates that the

group is fully maintaining itself. This fact is of importance

economically, as several fish of food value—perch, pumpkin-

seed, bluegill, sunfish, catfish, sucker—as well as a few smaller

fish preyed upon by larger and valuable food fish, use these

snails as food. The eggs of Amnicola were observed in mid-

summer (July 25 to Aug. 4), and the condition of the em-

bryos (in the trochosphere stage) indicate that they would be

hatched from the middle to the latter part of August.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PLATE 2.

1. Eggs of Gillia altilis on leaf of Scirpus smithia.

2. Eggs of Gillia altilis on leaf of Vallisneria spiralis.

3. A single egg of Gillia on leaf of Vallisneria.

4. Embryo of Gillia about ready to hatch.

5. Embryo of Gillia in resting position.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

6. Embryo of Gillia; forms assumed by fore part of foot.

7. Shell of Gillia altilis, top view showing rapid enlarge-

ment of whorl.

8. Shell of Gallia viewed from the front.

9. Egg of Amnicola (? onetda) on leaf of Vallusneria.

10. Egg of Amnicola (? bakertana).

PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS OF MAGDALENA BAY, LOWER CALIFORNIA,

COLLECTED BY CHARLES RUSSELL ORCUTT.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

In a recent visit to Magdalena Bay, Mr. Orcutt obtained a

series of Pleistocene fossils from a deposit on Magdalena

Island which prove very interesting. A number of the species

average larger than the recent forms of the same name, others,

like Strombus granulatus, are uniformly smaller.

Many of

the species have not been reported from so far north in the

recent state, and on the whole the assembly has a more topical

aspect than that of the recent fauna.

One or two of the

largest forms appear to be new. The list follows:

Bullaria aspersa A. Adams.

Terebra armillata Hinds.

Conus fergusoni Sowerby.

Conus vittatus Hwass.

Conus, cf. ximenes Gray.

Conus purpurascens Broderip.

Conus lucidus Mawe.

Conus tornatus Broderip.

Surcula maculosa Sowerby. —

Crassispira nigerrima Sow-

erby.

Caneellaria obesa Sowerby.

Cancellaria candida Sowerby.

Cancellaria cassidiformis

Sowerby.

Lyria (Enaeta) cumingi

Broderip.

Vasum caestus Broderip.

Oliva incrassata Solander.

Olivella dama Mawe.

Phyllonotus stearnsii Dall, n.

sp.

Phyllonotus bicolor Valenci-

ennes.

Phyllonotus princeps Brod-

erip.

Solenosteira anomala Reeve.

Patellipurpura patula La-

marck.

Thais biserialis Blainville.

Thais kiosquiformis Duclos.

Macron aethiops Reeve.

Arcularia tegula Reeve.

Strombina dorsata Sowerby.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

Strombina solidula Reeve.

Strombus gracilior Sowerby.

Strombus granulatus Wood.

Cypraea annettae Dall.

Trivia radians Lamarck.

Cerithium gemmatum Hinds.

Turritella nodulosa King.

Neverita recluziana Deshayes,

small variety.

Polinices uber Valenciennes.

Crepidula excavata Broderip.

Crucibulum imbricatum Sow-

erby.

Crucibulum spinosum Sow-

erby.

Fissurella volcano Reeve.

Fissuridea murina Carpenter.

Astraea undosa Wood.

Ostrea veatchi Gabb.

Pecten circularis Sowerby.

Cardium biangulatum Sow-

erby.

Cardium procerum Sowerby.

Metis alta Conrad.

Tagelus violaceus Carpenter.

Parvilucina approximata Dall.

_Phacoides lamprus Dall.

Phacoides lingualis Carpenter.

Diplodonta (Felaniella) seri-

cata Reeve.

Diplodonta orbella Gould.

Divaricella eburnea Reeve.

Aligena cerittensis Arnold.

Dosinia ponderosa Gray.

Macrocallista squalida Sow-

erby.

Macrocallista orcutti n. sp.

Chione succincta Valenci-

ennes.

Chione undatella Sowerby.

Anomalocardia rugosa Sow-

erby.

Cyathodonta undulata Con-

rad. |

Cryptomya californica Con-

rad.

Schizothaerus nuttallii Con-

rad, var. capax Gould. |

Panope generosa var. taeniata

n. var.

Macrocallista orcutti n. sp.

Shell ovate-triangular, convex, inequilateral, solid and very

heavy, six inches long, the beaks two and one-half inches be-

hind the anterior end, incurved, prosocoelous, having neither

lunule nor escutcheon; the surface smooth except for slight

incremental undulations, irregular, but stronger toward the

ends and near the base, where they are sometimes supple-

mented by fine striations; anterior slope more abrupt than

the posterior, both ends rounded, the posterior moderately

attenuated, the base roundly arcuate; hinge of the type of

that of M. squalida but more concentrated, the posterior car-

THE NAUTILUS. 25

dinal more than half as long as the nymphal callosity ; mus-

cular scars large, the anterior deeply impressed; there is no

subumbonal cavity; pallial sinus short, extending forward

less than half the length of the shell, acute, subtriangular;

margin of the valves smooth. Length of shell 158; height

135-++ ; diameter of right valve 40 mm.

A single slightly imperfect right valve was obtained on

Magdalena Island. Than its nearest recent relative, M. squa-

lida, it is larger, more rounded, much heavier, with a less

uniformly smooth surface, and more concentrated hinge. In

M. squalida the right posterior cardinal is less than one-third

the length of the nymph, and the pallial sinus somewhat more

than half as long as the shell. The type specimen is in the

National Museum collection. It seems to be the heaviest

Venerid of the coast except Tiwela stultorum.

Panope (generosa Gould var.?) taensata n. sp.?

_ Shell in a general way resembling P. generosa, from which

it is best distinguished by a differential diagnosis. The shell

of taemata is more arcuate, more attenuated behind, less

squarely truncate, the valve more inflated, with more of a

cavity under the beak, with a shorter ligament, and with the

posterior adductor scar nearly circular, while in generosa it

forms an elongate oval; the anterior scar is also larger and

wider than in generosa. Length of shell six and three-quarter

inches, height three and seven-eighths, diameter of left valve

an inch and a quarter. Compared with generosa the dimen-

sions are as follows in millimeters.

M. taemata, lon. 170, alt. 103, diam. 60, truncation 65.

M. generosa, lon. 172, alt. 97, diam. 48, truncation 78.

The left valve of taenata, from which this description is

drawn up, has a narrow rounded low rib extending from near

the beak to the lower margin near the base of the truncation,

but none of the specimens of generosa show anything of the

kind. This, however, may be an individual mutation and re-

quires confirmation by other specimens. The valve described

was found on the beach, probably washed out of the deposit

from which the fossils were obtained.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

Murex (Phyllonotus) stearnsu new species.

Shell small, white, tinted with reddish brown on the varices

of which there are eight, thick and wide, on the early whorls

and seven on the last whorl; nucleus small, smooth, of two

whorls, followed by about five subsequent whorls; shoulder

high, rounded, the space between it and the suture pit-like

between the varices; spiral sculpture of nine or ten low,

strong ridges, incurved and guttered on the summit of the

varices, with an intercalary series of smaller cords, the whole

sharply spirally threaded and crossed by fine, rather sharp

axial threads between the cords; aperture oval, hardly lirate,

canal short, broad, almost closed, the base of the whorl some-

what constricted. Height 50, diameter of shell 35, length of

aperture and canal 33 mm.

Fossil on Magdalena Island. Recent from Acapulco to

Manta, Ecuador.

This is nearest to P. humilis Broderip, of Panama, which

has recurved spines, is generally more compact, and when

adult much smaller.

LIST OF SHELLS FROM ANGEL AND TIBURON ISLANDS, GULF OF CALI-

FORNIA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES.

Collected by L. C. Decius and A. D. Fyfe, November, 1917.

BY I. S. OLDROYD.

ACANTHINA ANGELICA, Nn. Sp.

Shell elongate with sloping shoulders, surface with heavy

revolving stris crossed by fine longitudinal ribs, which over-

lap forming a net-work; eolor grayish with markings of

chocolate-brown here and there. Whorls five; aperture pur-

plish within; columella straight, same color as aperture;

outer lip thickened, dentate and with a strong tooth at its

base. Alt. 26, diameter 13 mm. Canal short, open. It is

nearest. to Acanthina engonata Conr., but differs from it in

slope of shoulders, sculpture, and color of aperture.

Type is in the Stanford Colleetion.

THE NAUTILUS. 27

Type locality, Redondo Bay, Angel Island, Gulf of Cali-

fornia.

ANGEL ISLAND SPECIES.

Polinices recluziana Desh.

Columbella fuscata Sowb.

Trivia solandri Gray.

Pecten subnodosa Sowb.

Fusinus dupetithouarsi Kien.

Bullaria gouldiana Pils.

Pecten dentatus Sowb.

Pododesma adamsi Gray.

Arca multicostata Sowb.

Chione undatella Sowb.

Crucibulum imbricatum Brod.

Turbo flexuosa Wood.

Murex elenensis Dall.

Cassis abreviata Lam.

Conus dalla Stearns.

Pinna rugosa Sby.

Trwia solandri Gray.

Cypraea annetta Dall.

Phacoides sp.

Cardita affinis Sby.

Hippons barbatus Sby.

Nerita sp.

Diplodonta orbella Gld.

Opalia crenatoides Cpr.

Terebra variegata Gray.

Natica bifaciata Gray.

Acanthina sp. worn.

Cassis coarctata Gray.

Pecten circularis Sowb.

Phyllonotus bicolor Val.

Olwella dama Mawe.

Paphia grata Say.

Modiolus modiolus Linn.

Glycimeris giganteus Rve.

Crepidula onyx Sby.

Cerithium interruptum C. B.

Ad.

Conus regularis Sowb.

Thais haemastoma Linn.

Acanthina muricata Brod.

Surcula olivaceus fumiculata

Val.

Chaton 2 sp.

Chione fluctifraga Sowb.

Turritella gonostoma Val.

Alectrion versicolor C. B. Ad.

Arca solida Sby.

Tegula virridula reticulata

Wood.

Alectrion affims Sby.

Arca reeviana Orb.

TrBURON ISLAND SPECIES.

Diplodonta sericata Rve.

Paphwa grata Say.

Pecten dentata Sby.

Hipponiz antiquata Linn.

Heterodonax bimaculatus Orb.

Arca reeviana Orb.

Diplodonta orbella Gld.

Olivella dama Mawe.

Conus xwmenes Gray.

Cardita affinis Brod.

Hipponiz barbata Sby.

Pododesma adamsi Gray.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW SPECIES OF CUSPIDARIA FROM MONTEREY.

BY I. S. OLDROYD, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA.

CUSPIDARIA (TROPIDOMYA) NANA, 0. sp.

Shell small and slender; subventricose, the surface sculp-

ture with numerous fine concentric lines of growth; the umbo

anterior to the middle of the shell. Anterior portion obese,

posterior slender, prolonged and slightly twisted, not gaping;

with a suleus reaching from the umbones to the rear of the

shell. Hinge with no lateral teeth, a small anterior cardinal

in the right valve, ligament obsolete, internal resilium strong,

set in a prominent, posteriorly inclined resilifer with a strong

quadrate lithodesma immediately in front of it. Pallial sinus

short rounded, margins entire. Length 25, height 13 mm.

Type in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University, Cal.

Type locality, Monterey Bay, California. Living in clay.

Two specimens were found.

There is one specimen in the Hemphill collection, collected

by Mr. Hemphill at Bolenas, California.

ANOTHER ‘‘ MARTYN”’.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The arrival in this country of a third: four-volume copy

of Martyn’s ‘‘Universal Conchologist’’ seems worthy of

record, especially as this differs in several details from those

that have been described by Dall, Johnson and Dautzenberg.

It was obtained from Messrs. William Wesley and Son of

London, England, and is now in my library. There is nothing

to show who had previously owned it.

The four volumes are bound as two in Becky gain calf,

1 This is probably a fourth copy, as a four volume set was acquired

a few years ago by the Academy of Natural Sciences, No. 406 Conch.,

of the library.—Ebs.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

which was rather the worse for wear when received. The

plates measure 12 **/,, by 101% inches.

None of the circulars mentioned in connection with certain

other copies are found with this.

Bound in with the original indices is a MSS. index written

in a large engrossing hand. The plates are numbered con-

secutively in the upper right-hand corner in ink and evidently

by the same hand that wrote the index, with the following

exceptions: Plate 5 has no number at all; twenty-four plates

have the original engraved numbers in the upper right-hand

corner and eleven others, in addition to the written numbers

in the upper corner, have the original engraved number, run-

ning longitudinally with the page, in the lower right-hand

eorner. Of these thirty-five engraved numbers, three are

simply numerals. The others have in addition to the number

a letter appended. Thus plate 8 is engraved ‘‘Fig*’ 8—d’’

and plate 153 is engraved ‘‘Fig’ 153 —ppp’’. All of the

plates with written numbers in volumes I and II are written

*“No I’’, &., while those in volumes III and IV, down to and

including plate 155, are written ‘‘Fig. 81’’, &¢. The remain-

ing plates have simply the numerals.

In all of the four volumes there are considerable differences

in the neat-lines surrounding the figures. Some have an inner

border of three lines, of which the center one is much the

heavier and an outer narrow one, while others have only a

single heavy line for the inner border. Eighteen of the plates

in volumes III and IV have no neat-lines at all. The neat-

lines, when present, were evidently added by hand and not

engraved.

Plate 73 and eighteen others in volumes III and IV are

initialed ‘‘H’’, evidently in the same handwriting as the

written index, and plate 82 has endorsed on it: ‘‘ (26 plates)

Two of the additional plates in volume IV are signed ‘‘E.

Sewell’’, one in plain Roman letters and the other entirely in

capital letters.

Volumes I and II, with the possible deviations noted above,

are in all other respects the same as the copy in the National

Museum described by Dr. Dall in 1905, excepting:

30 THE NAUTILUS.

(1) That the French title-page reads ‘‘Les Figures’’, &c.,

instead of ‘‘Des Figures’’, as in that copy.

(2) There are two plates numbered ‘‘30—1’’ and ‘‘30—2’’

giving an upper and under view of the shell figured, and two

numbered ‘‘72—1’’ and ‘‘72—2’’. The written index states

that ‘‘72—2’’ is a variety of ‘‘72—1’’.

(3) Plates 43 and 59 have two views of the shell as in

the Henderson copy, but plate 57 has only one figure as in the

National Museum copy. The figures on plates 61 and 63 are

also arranged as in the Henderson copy.

Volumes III and IV have no separate title-pages, simply the

engraved explanatory tables. These tables agree with those

quoted by Dr. Dall from. the Sydney copy except that the

generic name is frequently omitted in the second column,

usually from lack of room when a varietal name was given.

The first species on plate 109 is given as ‘‘Pellis Armeni-

ana’’ and not Arminiana.

Plate 129 is indexed as (Voluta) ‘‘ Aplustre Ducis Navalis’’.

The second species on plate 135 is given as ‘‘ Denrachates’’.

The first species on plate 137 is indexed as ‘‘Celata’’.

Plate 148 is given as (Cochlea) ‘‘ Albida’’.

Plate 154 is given as ‘‘Ostrea Echinata’’.

The first species on plate 156 is indexed as ‘‘Tellina cin- —

namea’’,

There are forty-three plates in volume III.

Plate 88 is a costate shell and would seem to agree with the

name given in the engraved index. Plate 88* is a smooth

shell. No specific names are given for either species in the

written index.

Plate 115 is duplicated. The first plate contains two fig-

ures of the typical form of Amphidromus aureus (Martyn)

corresponding to those given in the Manual of Conchology,

XIII, pl. 54, figs. 70 and 71. The front view is of a sinistral

specimen, the back view is from a dextral one.’ The second

plate gives two views of a dextral specimen of the unstriped

form corresponding to fig. 72 of the plate in the Manual of

‘Conchology.

Plate 116 is also duplicated and represents two color forms

THE NAUTILUS. 81

of a beautiful sinistral Amphidromus, which I cannot assign

to any of the species figured in the Manual of Conchology.

The habitat is given as ‘‘Barbadoes’’, an impossibility, and

the shells figured are stated to be in the cabinet of Mr. For-

ster. In the introduction (p. 18) Martyn states that ‘‘For

exquisite taste and judgment in the various subjects of Con-

chology, Mineralogy and every other species of fossil bodies,

perhaps no collector has more distinguished himself than Mr.

Jacob Forster, to whose constant application in the pursuit

of everything rare and beautiful in these branches it is chiefly

owing that such matchless specimens now adorn his own, as

well as other principal cabinets of Natural History in this

kingdom”’.

A very large proportion of the shells figured in volumes III

and IV are stated to be in Mr. Forster’s collection. His ad-

dress is given as ‘‘Piazza, Covent Garden’’.

There are fifty-two plates in volume IV.

In addition to the forty plates enumerated in the engraved

index, there are twelve additional plates numbered 161 to 172

inclusive. It is probable that these plates are part, at least,

of those prepared for the fifth volume before the project was

abandoned as stated by Chenu (Dall, 1905, p. 420).

No names are given on any of the plates except No. 169,

which has the following legend in ink:

‘*Strombus Fusus.’’

‘‘This curious shell was taken up by the anchor of the

Albion, East Indianman, in the Straits of Macassar (quere

Sunda) in 1794 by Wm. Wells Esq’r and given to Mrs. Rob-

son, who sold it and it was afterwards in the possession of

Mr. Troward.”’

Only a portion of the species represented by these plates

are identified in the written index. The following are named:

Plate 161. Murex neritoideus (Ricinula Lam.).

162. M. hippocastaneum “ih

165. Cook’s Turbo.

169. Strombus fusus.

ou THE NAUTILUS.

170. ‘‘Same as 89.’’

172. Murex babylonius.

Plate 156 was represented only by a blank, but numbered,

page in this copy when received. Through the courtesy of

Mr. C. W. Johnson, I have been able to supply the omission

by an admirable water-color copy of the plate in the copy

owned by the Boston Society of Natural History. |

The written index, while of course of no scientific value, is

of interest both as showing the changes that had been adopted

in current nomenclature between the date of the engraved

index and that of the written one and as affording an, at least,

approximate date when the present copy was put together

and bound.

In the nomenclature of the species represented on the 160

plates covered by the engraved index, there are no less than 89

changes in generic and 87 in specific names in the written

index. The accepted nomenclature of the written index is

apparently that Gmelin, whose Systema Natura was published

in 1788-1792. Thus the two species illustrated on plate 67 are

given in the engraved index as Limax nucleus and L. faba.

The former is now known as Cassidula nucleus (Martyn) and

the latter as Partula faba (Martyn). In the written index

both are referred to ‘‘Helix’’. According to Pilsbry (Man.

Con., XX, p. 236) Gmelin was the first to designate the latter

as ‘‘ Helix faba’’ in 1791, and according to Kuster (Con. Cab.,

Auriculacea, 1841, p. 29) he also referred nucleus to the same

genus. |

Everything in the make-up of this copy seems to indicate

that it must have been one of the latest copies issued and was

made up of such plates as were then on hand. The entire

omission of plate 156 would seem to show that there were no

copies left of that plate. The numeration, part written, part

engraved, and some both written and engraved; the lack of

uniformity in the matter of the neat-lines and the addition

of twelve plates not included in the original work, all point

in the same direction.

In the written index under plate 67 (Cyprea aurantium)

is appended the following note: ‘‘N. B. See Ency. Brit., v. 9,

THE NAUTILUS. 33

p. 508. A fine young shell of this species was brought from

Guam, one of the Ladrona Islands in the Pacific Ocean near

Japan, in 1822 and was sold for £25’’.

This clearly fixes the date of the written index as later

than 1822.

Plate 67 has written on it in the lower corner in pencil and

in a handwriting entirely different from that of the written

index (presumably by some subsequent owner), ‘‘This is not

plate 69’’. The same note and in the same handwriting also

appears on plates 94, 111, 185 and 152. Possibly a comparison

with a perfect copy would show that the missing plates are

included in the additional plates in volume IV and were mis-

placed by careless handling in arranging the plates for the

binder.

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB.

The Boston Malacological Club has held its regular meet-

ings during the past season—its eighth year. These meetings

have been well attended; many interesting papers have been

given and specimens exhibited. The general enthusiasm and

good-fellowship prevailing shows that the Club has a perma-

nent place among the scientific activities of Boston.

At the October meeting Mr. William F. Wells, Scientific

Assistant in Shell-fish, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, gave an

interesting communication on the ‘‘Possibilities of Scientific

Oyster Culture.’’ The Club also had the pleasure of a visit

from Dr. William H. Dall, of the U. S. National Museum.

In November the Rev. Oliver P. Emerson gave a talk on

**Collecting Achatinellide.’’ A residence in Hawaii for

thirty-five years gave him every opportunity for studying

these interesting shells and to make a large and beautiful

collection.

In December Mr. J. Henry Blake spoke on ‘‘Collecting at

Provincetown, Mass.,’’ noting the many changes that have

occurred affecting the molluscan fauna. Mr. C. J. Maynard

spoke on collecting Cerion in the Bahamas. The Club at this

34 THE NAUTILUS.

meeting also had the pleasure of a visit from Professor Wil-

liam A. Bryan, of the College of Hawaii, Honolulu. He gave

a very interesting account on the variation of species of

Melaniide in different parts of the same stream.

The January meeting was devoted to paleontology, Dr.

Hervey W. Shimer, speaking on the Cephalopoda and Pelecy-

poda, and Dr. Percy E. Raymond on the Gastropoda.

In February Mr. Charles W. Johnson spoke on the varia-

tion of Litorina rudis, L. obtusata palliata and Thais lapillus,

illustrated by a large series of specimens from various local-

ities on the New England coast and Europe.

At the March meeting Dr. Edward C. Van Dyke, of San

Francisco, spoke on collecting on the Pacific slope, and gave

some interesting points bearing on the zoogeography of the

region. It being the annual meeting, Mr. J. Henry Blake

was elected president to succeed Mr. John Ritchie, Jr.

In April Mr. John Ritchie, Jr.’s subject was ‘‘ Miscellany,’’

and Mr. Arthur F. Gray exhibited photographs and letters

of noted conchologists.

At the May meeting an interesting discussion was pre-

sented by Professor Edward 8S. Morse on ‘‘Protective Colora-

tion,’’ and by Mr. Francis N. Balch on ‘‘Problems of Colora-

tion in Mollusca.’’

The field meeting of the year was to Fresh Pond, Cam-

bridge, classic collecting ground for fresh-water mollusks.

E. G. Humpurey, Secretary.

NOTES,

OLIVELLA BIPLICATA AN GELENA, var. Nov.

This variety differs from Sowerby’s type in being more

delicate and slender, with callous not so heavy, spire more

elevated, sloping more gradually from the middle of the shell

to the apex. Sowerby’s type came from Monterey and does

not occur near San Pedro living, but is found fossil there in

the Pliocene and lower Pleistocene. Variety angelena is

found fossil in both the upper and lower San Pedro beds of

the Pleistocene.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

Length of type 27, width 13 mm.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University.

T. S. Ouproyp.

PRESSODONTA rediviva.—In some notes on the Unionide re-

cently published (Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., 49,

1918, p. 2) I proposed to replace Pressodonta Simp. (1900) by

Calceola Sw. (1840) on the ground of priority, both groups

having the same type. Dr. Dall has since called my attention

to the fact that ‘‘Calceola was used by Lamarck in 1799 for

a coral (long supposed to be a Brachiopod).’’ This restores

Pressodonta to its place as the proper name for the subgenus.

The error is one of the unfortunate results of not having

access to a general scientific ibrary—Bryant WALKER.

Mr. Horace F. Carpenter has presented to the City of

Providence and has installed in the museum at Roger Wil-

liams Park his entire collection of minerals and shells. It

consists of about 4,000 species of shells, 75,000 specimens,

1,200 species and varieties of minerals, over 200 rare chem-

ical salts, and 50 wooden models of mineral crystals. A

microscope with accessories for conchological and mineralog-

ical work, and a library of about 200 volumes on natural his-

tory and chemistry, worth about $1,500. This collection

represents a life labor of 60 years. Mr. Carpenter has spent

nearly a year in installing, arranging and labeling these

specimens at the museum.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Notes oN West American Cuitons, I. By S. Stillman

Berry. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4 ser., vol. vii, pp. 229-248.,

Sept. 1917 (received May 17, 1918). These interesting notes

are based on a large and valuable collection made by Mr.

George Willett in southern Alaska, comprising 25 species and

622 specimens. Two new species, Ischnochiton (Lepidozona)

willetts and Placiphorella rufa, are described and figured,

followed by a note on the genus Trachydermon.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF NEw SPECIES OF PULMONATA

OF THE GaLAPagos Isuanps. By W. H. Dall. Proc. Calif.

Acad. Sci., 4 ser., vol. ii, pt. 1, pp. 375-382, Dee. 1917 (re-

ceived May 17, 1918). Thirteen new species of Bulimulus

subgenus Naesiotus, a new Helicina and Williamia galapa-

gana are described.

Note ON CHRYSODOMUS ‘AND OTHER MOLLUSKS FROM THE

NortH Paciric Ockan. By W. H. Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 54, pp. 207-234, 1918. An exhaustive account of

the genus and the allied forms now grouped under the family

Chrysodomide. The nuclei or larval shells of the various

genera present several distinct types and numerous mutations,

‘‘In many cases, as In Buccinum and Busycon, it was shown

many years ago by Loven and others that a single ovicapsule

contains a number of ova fertile and unfertile. The unfer-

tile eggs serve as food for the larve developed from the fertile

ones and there is a certain amount of competition between

the larve in the capsule which results in the most vigorous

larve getting more food and making a larger growth than the

more weakly coinhabitants of the capsule. Thus at the time

of leaving the capsule and coming into the outer world, it

sometimes happens that there will be perceptible differences

between the individuals issuing from a single capsule, not

only in actual size but in the length of the coil of whorls and

the size and compactness of the larval apex.’’ The rules of

nomenclature necessitates the use of Chrysodomus instead of

Neptunea. Under the genus Searlesia is placed the C. dirus

of the west coast. The other genera comprising the family

are: Ecphora, Colus, Siphonorbis, Kryptos, Plicifusus, Exslia,

Volutopsius, Pyrulofusus, Beringius, I1omesus and Ancistro-

lepis. Fifteen new species are described. C. W. J.

NoTEes ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE MOLLUSKS OF THE

Faminty Turritipa. By W.H. Dall. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,

vol. 54, pp. 313-333, 1918. A very useful and timely paper.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXII. OCTOBER, 1918. No. 2

THE AVICULA CANDEANA OF D’ORBIGNY, FROM BERMUDA.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

Among the mollusca collected by Mr. Owen Bryant at Ber-

muda in the summer of 1903, was a specimen referable to the

genus Malleus of authors. At the time I urged Mr. Bryant to

describe it and he started to do so. Ido not wonder that the

monographs in the Conchologia Iconica (Vol. XI) and in the

Conchylien Cabinet (VIII, 1) baffled him, and when I showed

him d’Orbigny’s description of Avicula candeana in La Sagra’s

Cuba, he ‘‘ threw up the sponge,’’ and on leaving Boston turned

the specimen over to me.

The specimen was put aside, and the press of museum work

has prevented me from recording this interesting shell before.

At this time the pleasure of doing so is greatly marred by the

possibility that the appropriate and familiar name of Malleus

Lamarck 1799, might have to fall before the older name of

Pinctado Bolten, 1798.

My friend Mr. Charles Hedley in his list of the mollusca of

New South Wales, ingeniously places Malleus vulgaris under the

genus Pinctado and M. albus under Malleus. This is a very

nice way of arranging them so as to retain the old genus Malleus;

but do they really represent two genera? What shall we do

with all of the smaller, auriculate forms? Although the species

seem difficult to separate in the early stages of their growth,

the adult shells of the auriculate species are quite readily sepa-

rated from the true ‘‘ hammer oysters,’’ and the simplest plan

would be to adopt provisionally a third name to cover these.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

In 1884 De Gregorio proposed the name Fundel/a for a shell,

with the hinge as in Malleus; structure of the shell and inequality

of the valves as in Ostrea; cardinal line straight, and a wing as

in Avicula, shell gaping on one side; external aspect of the ©

summits as in Anomia; interior as in Ostrea. Type F. lioyi,

n. sp., 25 mm., in a sponge from the abyssal zone of the medi-

terranean, off Tunis. E. von Martens, who compiled the mol-

lusca in the Zool. Record for 1884, in commenting on the

species says: ‘‘photograph, not very clear figure, much re-

sembles the young state of Malleus regula (Forsk.) from the

Red Sea.’’? Fischer in his Manuel makes Fundella a section of

Malleus, with the following diagnosis: anterior ear obsolete, and

with a longitudinal, median ridge on the interior of the valves;

giving as the type, WZ. candeanus d’Orbigny. Did Fischer con-

sider De Gregorio’s species to be the same as d’Orbigny’s? I

am inclined to think he did. From the description and figures

I see no characters to separate them. Orbigny looked upon it

as a deformed Avicula (Pteria), with the characteristics of that

genus when young and of Malleus when in the adult stage. Dr.

Dall under Electroma Stoliczka, (type Avicula smaragdina Reeve)

says: ‘‘ The latter ( Electroma) may be represented in the recent

fauna of the Antilles by Avicula candeana Orb., which seems to

owe its characters to commensalism with sponges.’’

FUNDELLA CANDEANA (d’ Orbigny).

Avicula candeana d’Orb. Hist. de Cuba, La Sagra, Moll. II,

343, pl. 28, figs. 25-27, 1858.

Malleus vesiculatus Reeve, Conch. Icon. (alleus) XI, pl. 3,

fig. 12, 1858.

Malleus rufipwnctatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., XI, pl. 3, fig. 8,

1858.

Fundella lioyi De Gregorio, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., X, 73, pl.

4, fig. 6, 1884.

Malleus candeanus Fischer, Manuel de Conch., p. 954, 1887.

Electroma (?) candeana Dall., Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci.,

III, pt. 4, p. 668, 1898.

The shell in question was removed from a coralline growth

and is greatly deformed as so many of the species of this group

THE NAUTILUS. 39

usually are. It measures 45 mm. in length and is of a dark

purplish color, with a dull yellowish margin; the structure of

the shell is vesiculate, making it thin and brittle; umbones

smooth followed by a radial sculpture, which soon changes to

irregular, concentric laminae. At this point the growth of the

shell was arrested and commenced to grow at right angles to the

hinge; byssal opening large, affecting both valves. The pallial

line is conspicuously raised, forming a deep, nacre-lined body

cavity; from about the middle of the pallial line and extending

to the margin of the shell is a median, longitudinal ridge. The

object of this ridge seems to be that of strengthening the thin

vesiculate portion of the shell, for it is much more prominent

in the smaller than in the larger and thicker species, including

the two ‘‘hammer oysters.’’ This ridge is not present in

Pieria.

From the descriptions and figures given by Reeve, this species

cannot be satisfactorily separated from several species from the

Pacific, especially Malleus vesiculatus from Isle of Plata, West

Columbia. It also resembles except in color M. rufipunctatus and

M. aquatilis from the same locality.

The metropolis of the Malleaceae being the Central Pacific,

their presence in the Antillean waters might possibly be due to

water connection by the Isthmus of Panama during the late

Kocene or early Oligocene, a period when so many of the ana-

logous species now living on the west coast of Central America

and in the West Indies, probably had a common origin, but its

occurrence in the Mediterranean makes this theory less plausi-

able.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE ITI.

Fies. 1 and 2. Fundella candeana (d’Orb.). Bermuda. Speci-

men in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Fries. 3 and 4. Fundella candeana (d’Orb.). From a photo-

| graph of d’Orbigny’s figures.

Fig. 5. Malleus rufipunctatus Reeve. From a_photo-

graph of Reeve’s figure.

Fie. 6. Malleus vesiculatus Reeve. From a photograph

of Reeve’s figure.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

A MOLLUSK HUNT IN WYOMING.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

The recent molluscan fauna of Wyoming is probably less

known than that of any other state in the Union. A number

of mountain chains, more or less isolated by broad expanses of

plains unfavorable to land snails, promise interesting results

from a conchological exploration of the region, especially with

reference to the genus Oreoheliz. I have long looked in that

direction with covetous eyes. In 1917 it was my privilege to

spend the two weeks from August 23 to September 7 in that

region, in company with Edward L. Schwabe. We traveled

hastily by auto, with camp outfit, passing almost entirely across

the state from south to north. The great distance traveled,

together with long stretches of barren territory between collect-

ing places, and the lack of opportunity for side trips into more

favorable territory, prevented great results, but we obtained an

acquaintance with the region that will be invaluable in planning

another and longer season’s work in the future. Unfortunately

the war conditions have prevented a continuance of the work

during the present year. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry has rendered val-

ued assistance in the determination of some of the land shells,

and Dr. Bryant Walker has identified or confirmed the identity

of most of the fresh-water snails. The Pisidia, of which we

found very few, were submitted to Dr. V. Sterki some time ago,

but as yet I have no report from him. In the card index of

the University of Colorado Museum, I find noted the published

records of the following species and subspecies for Wyoming:

Columella alticola (Ing.)

Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pils.

Lymnea apicina Lea

Lymnea binneyt Tryon

Lymnea elodes var.?

Lymnea jacksonensis Baker

Lymnea proxima Lea

Lymnea traski Tryon

Oreohelix cooperr (W. G. B.) .

Oreoheliz coopert minor (CkIl.)

THE NAUTILUS, 41

Oreohelix coopert maxima Pils.

Oreohelix pygmea Pils.

Oreohelix strigosa Gld. (depressa Ckll.?)

Oreohelix strigosa extremitatis Pils. & Ferr.

Physa sayt Tappan

Planorbis bicarinatus (antrosus Conr. )

Pomatiopsis robusta Walker

Pupilla muscorum (L.)

Pyramidula cronkhiter anthonyi Pils.

Pyramidula striatella Anth.

Succinea avara Say

Valloma cyclophorella Ancey

Vitrina pferfferr Newe. (alaskana Dall)

Oreohelix coopert minor should be eliminated from the list,

because, in the first place, a re-examination of the material so

recorded shows that it is true coopert, and in the second place,

investigations recently carried on by me at the type locality

of minor convince me that the small form so named was

based upon examples merely dwarfed by adverse conditions

in one portion of a normal cooper: colony. Baker has placed

the Ft. Bridger record of Lymnea elodes var. in the synonymy

of L. palustris. The Pyramidula striatella record is probably

P. c. anthony, which would still further reduce the list, but

it may possibly be P. shimeki cockerelli Pils. Pupilla mus-

corum is probably P. m. xerobia Pils., but one cannot be cer-

tain of it. Physa sayi is doubtful, but if not that, it refers to

some other Physa, so its elimination would not reduce the

number of species. This leaves a list of about 22 species, 12

of which are confined to two genera, with no recorded pele-

eypods at all. Possibly some recorded species have been over-

looked by me. The only large land snails are in the genus

Oreoheliz ; Polygyra, which occurs to the northward in Mon-

tana, not having been found in Wyoming. Oreohelix is an

ancient genus in the state, O. granger: Ckll. & Hend. and O.

megarche Ckll. & Hend. occurring in rocks of Eocene age.

Our two weeks’ work, besides furnishing new localities for

some of the species already recorded from the state, adds the

following species, including four additional genera, two of

which are pelecypods:

THE NAUTILUS.

Agriwlimax campestris (Binn.)

Ferrissia rwularis Say

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes)

Lymnea bulamoides cockerella Pils. & Ferr

Lymnea caperata Say

Lymnea humilis modicella Say ?

Lymnea obrussa Say

Physa anatina Lea

Physa gyrina Say

Physa integra Hald.?

Physa say warreniana Lea?

Physa walkert Crand.

Planorbis parvus Say

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

Zomtoides arborea (Say)

In a recent paper Daniels and I asserted the probable oc-

eurrence of L. 6. cockerelli in Wyoming, which is now con-

firmed.

Following is an account of the stations visited and the mol-

lusks obtained at each:

Sta. 232, reservoir where the road from Cheyenne to Cas-

per crosses Lodgepole Creek, about thirteen miles north of

Cheyenne. -

Sta.

Pisidium sp.

Agriolimax campestris (Binn.)

Lymnea obrussa Say

Physa sayti warrenina Lea?

Planorbis parvus Say

Succinea avara Say

Vallonia gracilcosta Reinh.

233, a branch of Bear Creek, north of Horse Creek.

Pisidium sp.

Lymnea obrussa Say

Physa walker. Crand.

234, small reservoir six miles northeast of Wheatland.

Lymnea caperata Say

Physa gyrina Say

Planorbis parvus Say

235, bridge over Laramie river, below Uva.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes)

Lymnea obrussa Say

Lymnea humilas modicella Say? (two specimens)

Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. B.)

Pyramidula cronkhitet anthony? Pils.

Succinea avara Say

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

Zonitorides arborea (Say)

Physa gyrina Say

Physa integra Hald.?

Planorbis parvus Say

Only a single broken example of the Oreohelix was found,

in the river bottom, and it may have been brought by the

stream from far away in the spring flood.

Sta. 236, creek bottom about ten or twelve miles north of

Uva, under willows and cottonwoods.

Valloma gracilicosta Reinh.

Vitrina alaskana Dall.

Zomtordes arborea (Say)

Sta. 237, five miles northwest of Douglas, in a small spring

brook.

Lymnea obrussa Say

Physa gyrina Say

Planorbis parvus Say

Sta. 238, Boxelder Creek, about 18 or 20 miles northwest

of Douglas.

Ferrissia rivularis Say

Lymnea., obrussa Say

Physa gyrina Say

Planorbis parvus Say

Pyramidula cronkhiter anthony. Pils.

Succinea avara Say

Valloma gracilicosta Reinh.

Vitrina alaskana Dall

Zomtoides arborea (Say)

Sta. 239, a very small reservoir formed by throwing an

earth dam across a dry draw to catch the storm waters for

stock, four miles west of Arminta. A few very rotten shells

of Lymnea bulimoides cockerella Pils. & Fer. were found.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

Many dead salamanders were along the bank and a few live

ones were seen in the water. This shallow water-hole did not

look as though it could have existed very long, and it was a

long distance from any other water. We were much surprised

to see several great blue herons fly from the water at our ap-

proach, and wondered what they were feeding upon, or we

should not have looked for any mollusks there. It would be

interesting to know by what agency they got there. Hand

(Nautinus, XX VII, 1914, p. 144) noted Planorbis vermicu-

laris in a small artificial pond in California, and raised the

same question, ‘‘ How did they get there?’’

Sta. 240, at base of a rocky sandstone ledge about twelve

miles north of Lost Cabin on the road to Ten Sleep.

Pupilla muscorum sxerobia Pils.

Vallonu..cyclophorella Ancey

Sta. 241, creek bottom about three miles above Ten Sleep.

Agriolimax campestris (Binney).

Oreohelix coopert (W. G. B.) ?

Physa gyrina Say (‘‘peculiar long form’’)

Pyramidula cronkhatet anthonyz Pils.

Succinea avara Say

Valloma gracilicosta Reinh.

Vitrina alaskana Dall

Zomtoides arborea (Say)

Only one fragment of Oreohelix was found, apparently O.

coopert, and it may have been brought down from up-stream

in the spring flood. Agriolamax is represented by two very

small examples.

Sta. 242, creek bottom at Hyattville, among willows, narrow-

leafed cottonwoods, ete. Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

- Sta. 243, bottom lands on Shell Creek, at mouth of White

Water Creek, about five miles east of Shell.

Lymnea obrussa Say

Physa anatina Lea

Planorbts parvus Say

Pyramidula cronkhitet anthony Pils.

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

Physa anatina is so identified by Dr. Bryant Walker. We

have another lot of the same species, also identified by Dr.

Walker, collected by Mr. Don W. Walker two and a half miles

east of Shell.

Sta. 244, just within the mouth of Shell Creek Canyon, on

south side of creek, about two miles above Sta. 248, on lime-

stone ledge devoid of shrubbery and other vegetation except

elose-clinging lichens on the rock. Oreohelix yavapai extre-

mitatis Pils. & Ferr. was plentiful, clinging to the open face

of the rocks in plain sight, though the weather was hot and

dry. This form has been recorded from the same canyon by

Dr. Pilsbry. There were no rock slides or other cover, such

as Oreohelix usually requires, anywhere near. We obtained

145 live examples and over 200 dead shells in a short search,

one of the latter being reversed. I have never before seen

any member of this genus in such an exposed position.

Sta. 245, about a mile or so from Sta. 244, same side of

ereek, under shrubbery. We obtained 31 Oreohelix yavapai

extremitatis Pils. & Ferr. and 46 O. pygmea Pils. alive, to-

gether with many dead shells. This is the type locality of the

latter. Two of them were albinos. We also found Pupuilla

muscorum sxerobia Pils., Vallona gracilicosta Reinh., and

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Sta. 246, just within the mouth of White Creek Canyon, on

south side, a couple of miles south of Sta. 245, in a small brush

patch a few feet in diameter at the base of a low cliff near an

old log building.

Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pils.

Oreohelix coopert form obscura Hend.

Oreohelix pygmea Pils.

Oreohelix yavapai extremitatis Pils. & Ferr.

Pupilla muscorum (.)

Valloma gracilicosta Reinh.

Vitrina alaskana Dall.

Sta. 247, bluff 50 yards east of Sta. 246. O. y. extremitatis

Pils. & Ferr. abundant, clinging to rocks and under scant

mountain mahogany, clematis, etc., a few out on open ground,

all active after the rain of the night before. Two dead shells

46 THE NAUTILUS.

of O. pygmea Pils. and seven dead shells of O. s. abscuwra were

also found here. The extremitatis from this canyon are much

less prominently carinated than those from Shell Creek

Canyon.

Sta. 248, at base of bluff from 100 to 150 yards east of Sta.

247, under fairly good cover of shrubbery. O. c. obscura nu-

merous, with quite a number O. y. extremitatis (two albinos)

and a few O. pygmea.

Sta. 249, a short distance up the canyon from Sta. 248,

where the vegetation about small rock slides at the foot of a

high cliff forms good cover for snails, which were very abun-

dant. In a short time we observed 600 live O. pygmea, the

same number of O. c. obscura, and 58 live O. y. extremitatis.

Four of the pygme@a and six of the obscura are albinos.

OREOHELIX COOPERI OBSCURA new form.

Ordinarily forms of Oreohelix based upon color alone are

of doubtful value, but in this case the color is so striking and

so uniform that I feel justified in giving to the form from

this canyon a name. Of the hundreds of live examples and

more hundreds of dead shells examined from stations 246,

247, 248 and 249, not one resembles typical cooper: in color,

though I detect no other difference. With the exception of

the eight albinos, they are all very dark, mostly quite black,

not dark red or brown usually, with a rather broad light

peripheral band, though this is wanting in many examples.

In color they resemble O. peripherica albofasciata (Hemph.),

but would not be mistaken for that form by anyone familiar

with Oreohelices. In numbering thousands of O. coopert in

the last few weeks I have noticed that there is a scratch be-

neath the pen, as though it were being dragged across a fine.

sharp file, quite different from the sensation experienced in

using the pen on other species, of which I have numbered

thousands recently. This scratch I noticed in the color form

now described.

Most of the shells of the yavapa group in White Creek

Canyon have the spire much more elevated, scarcely any

being as flat as those from Shell Creek Canyon, and, as would

be expected, the keel is much less pronounced. In fact, many

THE NAUTILUS. 47

of them have the keel as rounded as in O. s. depressa (CkIL.)

and some have the color bands well developed. <A striking fea-

ture of this district is the number of albinos occurring in both

pygmea and obscura. Another unusual feature is the occur-

rence of three forms of Oreohelix intermingled. It is seldom

that I have found even two together until the season of 1917,

and never before have I found three together, yet at all of the

stations in White Creek Canyon this occurs. These stations

are really different portions of one great colony, as scattered

dead shells were found all along the canyon as far as we

traversed it, but we divided it into stations because of dif-

ferences in cover and other conditions, and variance in the

proportionate numbers of the several forms.

A NEW PRIOTROCHATELLA FROM THE ISLE OF PINES, CUBA.

BY WM. F. CLAPP.

PRIOTROCHATELLA TORREI, n. sp.

Shell depressed, trochiform, thin, fragile, above with numer-

ous oblique plications, crossed by raised spiral lines; below

smooth ; whorls, nine, the first smooth, white, the spiral lines

beginning on the fourth. Suture of early whorls simple, of

later whorls denticulate, and of the last two or three whorls

covered with a white moderately denticulate flange. Last

whorl descending slightly, aperture very oblique. Color yellow,

with irregular white patches and white denticulate sutural

flange above, uniform yellow below.

Greatest diam. 18 mm., 1. d. 114 mm., alt. 8mm. Type in

Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

No. 36888.

This species was discovered by Mr. W.S. Brooks near the

southern end on the eastern face of the Sierra de Casas, Isle of

Pines, Cuba, and later a large series was collected by Mr.

Brooks and Dr. Thomas Barbour.

No genus of the great host of West Indian land mollusks is

so famed for its beauty and delicacy of structure as Priotrocha-

tella. Hitherto but two well-defined species have been known,

48 THE NAUTILUS.

and it is indeed rare good fortune to be able now to associate

with a third the name of Dr. Carlos de la Torre of the Uni-

versity of Havana. No one has shown a keener or more sym-

pathetic appreciation for, or knowledge of, the shells of his

native land than has he.

P. torre: differs from the two species of Priotrochatella previ-

ously described, P. constellata Morelet and P. stellata Velasquez,

in having the base of the shell smooth, instead of granulose as

in P. constellata, or with transverse plications as in P. stellata.

The sutural flange is less coarsely denticulate than in constellata,

more strongly than in stellata. In P. constellata the average

number of teeth on the periphery of the last whorl is less than

40, in P. torret between 40 and 50, and in P. stellata more than

50. FP. constellata Morelet,’ was described as from ‘‘ Sierra de

Cristalles.’’ In the southern part of the Isle of Pines there is a

hill called the Sierra de Cristales, but the entire local formation

is igneous and therefore this certainly was not the type locality

of the species. It is possible that some one told Morelet that

the Sierra de Casas was called the Sierra de Cristales, which he

misspelled. Poey’ gives the habitat of constellata as ‘‘ Sierra de

Caballa, esta sierra esta al Sud de la poblacion llamada Nueva-

Gerona.’’ This locality is now definitely known as the Sierra

de Casas.*

Poey transposed the names of the two mountain ranges in the

northern part of the Isle of Pines, referring to the Sierra de

Casas by the name of Sierra de Caballa, and to the Sierra de

Caballas by the name of Sierra de Casas. Pfeiffer‘ repeats

Morelet’s locality of Sierra de Cristales. Arango‘ in 1878 gives

the habitat of constellata correctly as ‘‘ En los paredones de las

faldas E. y. O. de la Sierra de Casas situada al O. de Nueva

Gerona en Isla de Pinos,’’ probably as a direct result of Gund-

lach’s own collecting. Crosse® repeats the last named habitat.

1 Morelet: Rev. Zool., p. 144, 1847.

2 Poey: Mem. Cuba, I, p. 116, t. 5, fig. 15-17, 1851.

3 Todd: Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. X, pli XXVIT.

4 Pfeiffer: Mon. Pneum., I, p. 334, 1852.

5 Arango: Contribucion a la Fauna Malacologica Cubana, p. 45, 1878.

6 Crosse: J. de Conch., vol. 38, p. 310, 1890.

THE NAUTILUS. 49

The true habitat of Priotrochatella constellata is the northern por-

tion of the Sierra de Casas, that of P. stellata the Sierra de

Caballos and possibly in its northern extension now called the

Sierra de Columbus. I do not know of any records of either

species being found on the opposite side of the river from its

true habitat. Due to the fact that P. torre: does not possess a

rapidly descending ultimate whorl, as in P. constellata, therefore

lacking that species’ pagoda-form appearance, one would be in-

clined to suppose that it is most closely related to P. stellata, in

spite of its habitat in that region theoretically occupied only by

P. constellata. Admitting as a possible premise that P. constel-

lata and P. stellata are derivatives of a common ancestor; that

due to separation on opposite sides of the river Sierra de Casas,

the two species have assumed characters rendering them specifi-

cally distinct, there are then several possible explanations of

the origin of P. torre. 1. A direct descent from the original

Priotrochatella stock isolated by geographical change in its own

particular habitat at approximately the same period as P. con-

stellata and P. stellata. 2. A more recent geographical separa-

tion from either P. stellata or P. constellata. In an attempt to

throw some light on this question I have examined the radulae

of three specimens of each of the three species of Priotrochatella.

That too much stress must not be placed on the value of the

radula as an important character in deciding specific values has

been repeatedly demonstrated. I nevertheless believe that suffi-

cient differences appear in the radulae of the species mentioned

to furnish some foundation for my belief that P. torrei, in spite

of its outward similarity to stellata, is probably more closely re-

lated to constellata.

The name Priotrochatella was given as a subgenus by Crosse’

to those species of Eutrochatella possessing an operculum similar

to that of constellata. Wagner* raises Priotrochatella to a genus

and includes the species constellata Mor. and stellata Vel. As

far as I know no figures of the radulae of Priotrochatella have

been published.

7 Crosse: J. de Conch., vol. 41, p. 88, 1893.

8 Wagner: Denkschriften Akad. Wissenschaften. Band LXXVII, p.

369, 1905.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

The radula of P. torre: is approximately 14.5 mm. long, and

1 mm. wide, and contains in the vicinity of 25) rows of teeth.

The central tooth and the four laterals on each side are perpen-

dicular to the long axis of the radula, the rest of the row com-

prised of approximately 100 uncini, curves back toward the

posterior end of the radula. The central tooth (pl. 4, fig. 1, ¢.)

has a very slight cusp at its summit. The laterals (i, ii, iii)

possess very strong cusps which are not denticulate. The

major lateral (iv) cannot be described as denticulate, the cutting

edge being merely slightly sinuous. In this respect the radula

of Priotrochatella differs from that of any of the other Heli-

cinidae. If this major lateral is composed of two teeth, they

are so firmly interlocked that I have been unable to separate

them. The uncini (Fig. 1, u) (Fig. 2) are numerous and

densely packed. The innermost (1, 2) are simple, possessing

but one cutting edge, later (38, 39) becoming bidentate. In

the 45th (45) tooth of the radula figured, the inner denticle is

again divided, and the increase in the number of denticles con-

tinues to about the 98th row where the cusp is twelve-denticled.

The curve of the outer edge of the radula causes the cutting

edge of the outermost uncini to be turned inward toward the

center of the radula and parallel to its long axis. The three or

four outermost uncini are very broad flat plates and the denti-

cles entirely disappear.

The radulae of P. constellata and P. stellata are very similar to

that of torre: excepting in the central teeth. In P. stellata

(Fig. 4) the central tooth is large, with a very strong broad

cusp. In P. constellata (Fig. 3) and in P. torrei the central

teeth are very similar in size, differing only in the shape of a

very small cusp. There do not seem to be any constant differ-

ences in the radulae of the Priotrochatella excepting in the cen-

tral teeth.

Summary (1). The radulae of the three species of Priotro-

chatella exhibit sufficient differences in structure from other

groups of Helicinidae to sustain the raising of Priotrochatella to

generic rank.

Summary (2). The similarity of the radula of P. torre: to

that of P. constellata is of sufficient importance to lend consider-

THE NAUTILUS. 51

able weight to a theory that /. lorret is more closely related to

P. constellata than to P. stellata.

EXPLANATION OF Fiacures, PLATE 4.

All figures were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida.

Fig. 1. P. torrei: c. central; i, iv laterals; u. uncini.

Fig. 2. Uncini 1 and 2, 38 and 39, 45, 55, 70, 90, 102 (the

outermost).

Fig. 3. Central tooth of P. constellata.

Fig. 4. Central tooth of P. stellata.

Figs. 5, 6, shell of P. torrei.

LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSA COHONGORONTA IN THE POTOMAC VALLEY.

BY WM. B. MARSHALL.

In the Navutius for October, 1917, I recorded the finding of

two valves (belonging to the same individual) of this shell by

Manly D. Barber in the Potomac River, at Great Falls, Mary-

land, about eighteen miles above Washington, D. C. Dr. Ort-

mann had already recorded the finding of a single specimen.as

far south as the Shenandoah River, at Harper’s Ferry, W. Va.,

some fifty miles above Great Falls, and the finding of others, at

places farther up the river.

On July 7, 1918, Dr. C. Wythe Cooke of the U. S. Geologi-

cal Survey, found a superb specimen living in a sandy pass at

Midriver Island, which is only about a mile and a half above

the Falls. © big

On July 28, 1918, he and [ donned bathing suits and made

a careful examination of the spot in the hope of finding more

specimens, and especially the very young. For two or three

hours we explored the sand and the mud beneath with our

fingers and toes and passed quantities of sand and mud through

our hands and through a fine mesh sieve. The spot thus in-

vestigated was about 20 feet wide and 75 feet long. Our efforts

were rewarded by the finding of four specimens of cohongoronta,

the smallest having a length of 40 mm., the largest a length of

52 | THE NAUTILUS.

72mm. The specimen found by Dr. Cooke on July 7th had a

length of 90 mm. Their occurrence thus in a colony and of

different ages establishes cohongoronta as a member of the naiad

fauna of that vicinity. That the locality is well fitted for them

is shown by the great beauty of the specimens, which are highly

polished, much rayed with dark green on a ground color vary-

ing from yellowish-olive to light green and to very dark

brownish-olive. The shells are perfect except for a slight

erosion of the beaks. The posterior ridge is high and fairly

sharp. The angle at the junction of the posterior and ventral

margins is prominent.

Other naiads found at the same station were Lampsilis cari-

osa (9), Strophitus edentulus undulatus (1), Symphynota viridis

(1 dead), Alasmidonta undulata (2), Margaritana marginata (6),

Unio complanatus (many), Unio productus (many).

Until the present time Unio productus and Unio fisherianus

have been the only naiads in this vicinity which have offered

any great difficulty in identification. They are not yet well

understood. Further study may show that they belong to the

same species or, on the other hand, it may bring to light char-

acters which will more surely differentiate them. Lampsilis

cariosa and L. ochracea have been confusing to some students.

Simpson' has pointed out the differences between them. To

me very rarely have they offered any difficulty. The coming

of cohongoronta into this neighborhood may probably lead to

problems in future times. With passing time this shell, in ac-

commodating itself to new surroundings, may be modified in

form and color, and these modifications may trend in the direc-

tion of cariosa, making it difficult to distinguish between the

two species. Whence cariosa came and how and why it came

we have no positive knowledge, but it has been here since pre-

historic times and its make-up must be well established and

best suited to its environment. We hardly may expect any

great change in this species. Cohongoronta is a new arrival.

It may find conditions here approximately like those in its an-

1 Nautilus, VIII, pp. 121-123, 1895. Both species are figured, but the

legends beneath the figures should be transposed.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

cestral home, but it is more probable that it will find some con-

ditions different. Environment will not make a change to suit

the mollusk and hence if its residence is not to its liking the

naiad will have to adapt itself to the residence or else retire

from the field.

Then, too, there is a possibility that the two species will

hybridize and produce one or more other forms or races. Hy-

bridizing might wipe out either cariosa or cohongoronta, or it

might wipe out both of them, replacing them by a race of mixed

blood. Bearing a resemblance to each other close enough to

suggest a common ancestry or a converging development and

living now side by side in the same spot, it seems to the writer

that a crossing of the two species will be not only possible but

highly probable. Indeed, one of the specimens of cohongoronta

collected in that spot may bea hybrid. Its anterior portion

has the glossy, peculiar straw-colored periostracum of carvosa,

while the other features of the shell are distinctly those of

cohongoronta. It will be interesting and profitable to note the

future history of the two species in this vicinity, especially as

the specimens of cohongoronta in the U.S. National Museum

(Cat. Nos. 219057 and 219058) will show the characters of the

shell at the time of its first arrival and form a basis of compari-

son with the shells of future generations. The specimens of

cartosa collected at the same time and place form catalogue

number 219059.

THE STATUS OF LOBOA BRUNOI VON IHERING.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

In the ‘‘Nautilus’’ for February, 1917, vol. 30, on pl. 4, fig.

7, and in the number for March, 1917, pp. 121-122, Dr. H.

von Ihering describes a new genus and species of landshell

from the Island of Trinidad, as Loboa brunoi.

During a recent visit to Washington, Dr. Carlos Moreira, of

Brazil, submitted a shell to me for determination. This speci-

men, which is in a subfossil state, also came from the Island

54 THE NAUTILUS.

of Trinidad, off the coast of Brazil, in approximately latitude

21° 8., longitude 29° W. Comparing it with the description

published by Dr. von Ihering, I feel certain that it is the

species described by him. In fact, I:am not altogether sure

but what this may be the same specimen described by Dr.

von Ihering. |

Unfortunately, the figure cited above is a mere outline

figure, and rather poor at that, so much so in fact that one

would not recognize the present shell were its status depend-

ent upon the figure alone, but the description is positive. The

rareness and isolated distribution of this species justifies redi-

agnosis and a good photographie figure, which are here pre-

sented. The shell will have to be known as Bulimulus (Proto-

_glyptus) bruno von Thering (Plate IV, fig. 7).

Shell very elongate-ovate, dingy white. The nepionic por-

tion consists of not quite one turn, which is well rounded, and

marked by slender, slightly protractively slanting axial rib-

lets. The succeeding turns are well rounded, appressed at the

summit, and separated by a somewhat constricted suture.

They are marked by almost rib-like, decidedly retractively

curved incremental elements and slender spiral lirations, the

junctions of which form feeble tubercles. Base somewhat

prolonged, moderately rounded, very narrowly perforated,

marked by the continuation of the rib-like elements and spiral

lirations, both of which agree in strength with those on the

spire, but becoming more crowded on the anterior portion of

the base. Aperture oval; posterior angle acute (outer lip

fractured at the edge); inner lip slightly sinuous and nar-

rowly reflected; parietal wall covered by a moderately thick

eallus.

The specimen, which may be the type, belongs to the Na-

tional Museum of Brazil. It has 7.3 whorls, and measures:

altitude, 19.5 mm.; greater diameter, 8.3 mm.

Ma,

ae LUBRARY

OF THE

iSITY OF ILLInOls

‘

cael

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE III.

JOHNSON: FUNDELLA CANDEANA D’ORBIGNY

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE IV.

SAAS

Dla es

S © e Ga WAT, “eras

= 5 SAS Vw

Keer ‘A ACESS N

SASS SOS SSN OD SSS RRA

79 102

oily wv »\

1-6. W. F. CLAPP: A NEW PRIOTROCHATELLA.

7, PAUL BARTSCH: BULIMULUS (PROTOGLYPTUS) BRUNOI & 5.

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THE NAUTILUS,

HELIX AREOLATA.

BY C, R, ORCUTT.

Phe |

The month of March, 1917, was spent Het the writer almost

entirely on Magdalena Island, Baja California, Mexico. One

day was spent on Santa Margarita Island, separated from

Magdalena Island by a channel about ten miles wide, which

serves as the main entrance to Magdalena bay to-day, which

can be entered, though by small boats, by the two other chan-

nels north and south which separate these islands from the

peninsula. By dropping the ‘‘Santa,’’ as is often done in

conversation, we have ‘‘Margarita Island,’’ so often men-

tioned in shell literature, which in turn lent its name to the

bay which it helps to protect—hence ‘‘ Margarita bay,’’ where

W. Harper Pease had collected for him seventy-four species

of mollusks, as reported by Carpenter.

The industry in orchilla (Roccella tinctoria), for dye-stuff,

that was developed about forty years ago, when, I am told,

as much as a million dollars worth of this lichen was ex-

ported to Germany around the Horn in a single year, led to

the present settlement on Magdalena Island. Mining for

magnesite has now led to another settlement on Santa Marga-

rita Island in recent years, though it seems probable that this

settlement really antedated that on Magdalena Island.

Helix areolata was the only land shell reported by Car-

penter from Margarita bay in the Pease collection. In vain

I searched for the Pupas, found so abundantly further north

at San Quintin bay in 1886, on Roccella tinctori, but I doubt

not these may yet be found in the vicinity of the bay, on the

peninsula if not on the islands, by some more persistent ob-

server upon more thorough exploration of the bay shores.

One specimen, not at hand, that may have been Asszminea

californica, two dead specimens of Pedipes (probably P. lira-

tus), and numerous living Melampus olwvaceus were found.

Pilsbry is no doubt right in taking Magdalena bay as the

type locality for Helix areolata (see Proc. Phil. Acad. 1913,

391), but I would select Santa Margarita Island as erOnaty

the exact location.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

I would select the sanie island as the type locality of Helix

pandorae, credited by Dall to ‘‘Margarita Island,’’ I believe,

though Pilsbry selects the San Benito Islands, to the north-

west of Cedros Island, instead.

Pilsbry selects San Bartolome bay, on the peninsula, as the

type locality of Helix levis, but it seems to me that Santa

Margarita Island could be selected with equal propriety, and

this would give us these three ‘‘species’’ as from one ‘‘type

locality.’’ It can never be exactly known where these types

were actually collected, so that any designation of a type

locality must be more or less arbitrary.

My series of Helix areolata was all collected on Magdalena

Island, in a space perhaps a mile square, extending from the

ocean to the bay. The species was not confined to this area by

any means, and probably occurs in equal abundance over the

entire region around Magdalena bay. In places the ground

is white with the dead shells, and millions may be found

drifting in the adjacent sand hills on Magdalena Island.

The seant desert vegetation, such as agave, fouquiera, and

other plants, often harbored considerable colonies of ving

snails. The shells on the bushes would often be found in the

morning covered with sand, indicating that they burrow in

the soil, probably climbing the plants for feeding purposes

and some staying over time. All my specimens were obtained

from the plants, however, and not by digging. I doubt not

that every figure on Pilsbry’s two plates (Proc. Phil. Acad.

1913, plants 15 and 16, figs. 1 to 52) could be matched by

specimens living in the area of the square mile referred to.

Many specimens were a solid chalky white, with no trace of

bands or color. Some have a strongly developed tooth; most

of the individuals show no trace of one. Some specimens, old

and mature, but usually rather small, were of a uniform pale

olivaceous-brown color, without signs of bands or other color,

that would answer well for Binney’s figure of Helix pandorae.

Some individuals were as elevated as Helix veatchu is figured

as being, and other shells are nearly as depressed as Helix

Trask. Young individuals would answer for Pfeiffer’s fig-

ures of Helix decorata or H. levis.

THE NAUTILUS. 57

A eolony of these snails, on leafy shrubs growing on sand

hills near the ocean, supplied the smallest individuals. Snails

on salicornia and other plants providing abundant shade fur-

nished perhaps the largest number of solid white shells.

Midway between the ocean and the bay, on an exposed

plateau, I found the largest number of highly-colored shells,

many immature or just come to maturity, on leafless plants

like fouquiera, where the variegated color was an excellent

protection. It was very difficult to see these snails on the

bushes, even near at hand, except as projecting knobs on the

stems against a background of sky.

The usually chalky-white shell seems to have a chocolate-

brown epidermis, which varies in intensity at different stages

of its growth, often nearly or quite absent, thus producing the

irregularly interrupted and very variable bands. This colored

stratum is thin and can be worn away with a knife-blade with-

out injury to the shell, and in age seems to naturally but

irregularly wear away, producing as many designs as there

are individuals.

I have collected thousands of specimens called Helix levis

at San Quintin bay, at the Rosario mission some eighty miles

southward, and on the peninsula east of Cedros Island, which

seem to me to only differ from the Magdalena Island shells in

size. All these localities are arid; rains occur at irregular

periods, sometimes three years or more apart, but copious fogs

from the sea nightly refresh the vegetation.

Pilsbry speaks of the known areas of levis and areolata as

separated by a ‘‘longe reach of coast whence no land snails

are known.’’ From Turtle bay (a portion of, and not synon-

ymous with San Bartolome bay, as I am told) to Magdalena

bay is an arid coast unexplored by naturalists, from the lack

of water and landing places, mainly unknown because over-

land trails traverse this portion of the peninsula away from

the sea. But there is no reason to doubt the presence of this

snail in some form through the entire region from San Quintin

bay to Cape San Lucas.

I presume that the older naturalists, hike many modern

naturalists, collected sparingly, but selected specimens show-

55 THE NAUTILUS.

ing the extreme variations. These were usually described by

other naturalists, not the collectors, who based upon them as

many species as they had individuals, through ignorance

rather than intent. In conclusion, therefore, I would express

agreement with the opinion of the late Dr. R. E. C. Stearns,

who said (in N. Y. Acad. Ann., 2: 136) that he regarded ‘‘H.

areolata, pandorae, veatchwu and levis as varieties of a single

species.’’ Pfeiffer’s H. decorata may evidently be added to

the long list of synonymy. Doubtless more than a hundred

varietal names may consistently be given to the various in-

sular and peninsular forms occurring between San Quintin

bay and Cape San Lucas when the whole region is fully ex-

plored.

SOME PHILIPPINE SNAILS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

My friend and former student, Dr. Cipriana Subejano, re-

turning from the Philippine Islands, kindly brought a number

of living snails collected by Mr. Maximo Oro at Los Bafios,

Luzon. We have now had them alive for many weeks in glass

bowls, feeding them on cabbage, lettuce and sliced apples.

Some have died, but three of the immense Rhysota ovum, four

Cochlostyla metaformis and one C. rufogastra still remain in good

health. The following notes may be of interest; but I have not

access to the large works of Semper, Hidalgo, etc., and do not

know how far the observations are new.

Rhysota ovum Val.

When giving us the snails Miss Subejano stated that these

emitted a cry at times, resembling that of a young child or

small animal. For some time we wondered what she could

have heard, but at length the snails favored us‘with several

separate performances. The cry, a plaintive, high-pitched note,

is produced as the snail contracts into the shell, and is due to

the emission of air. It is very distinctive, but is only occasion-

ally noticed. The habits of R. ovum are very different from

THE NAUTILUS. 5Y

those of the species of Cochlostyla. It appears to be nocturnal,

and is very inactive. Never once has it been seen stretched at

full length. The animal isa remarkable creature. The mantle

is whitish, and the lung is extremely capacious, with a wide

orifice. The foot above is white, with a large caudal mucus

gland. Anterior three-fifths of sole pale brownish-grey, the

posterior two-fifths dull white, contrasting. Head blackish;

oculiferous tentacles blackish, stout basally, eye-bulb pale

ochreous; lower tentacles white at end, with the bulb pale

ochreous. ‘The shell has a diameter of about 75 mm.

Cochlostyla rufogastra Less.

Kindly determined by Dr. Bartsch, who states that it belongs

to the typical subspecies. In both the species of Cochlostyla the

foot is emarginate anteriorly, but in other respects the animals

of the two present marked differences. C. rufogastra has the

mantle black; and the very broad sole plumbeous in the middle,

with the lateral areas (not so wide as the middle one) black;

the extreme edge of the sole is narrowly reddish. The body

above and on the sides is reddish-brown, with the conspicuous

ruge darker; the dorsum is strongly blackened. The eye-

bearing tentacles are very long. A couple of these snails mated,

and later one laid a great quantity of eggs, which, however, did

not develop. The eggs are spherical, soft, opaque white, with

a diameter of 7 mm.

Cochlostyla metaformis Fer.

A much smaller species than the last, with a pale-colored

shell. There are two varieties, one banded, the other bandless;

the soft parts are the same in both. The species was identified

by comparison with a specimen determined by Dr. Bartsch.

The oculiferous tentacles are very long, 24 mm.; head rather

elongated, lower tentacles about 5 mm. from base of eye-bearing

ones. Body anteriorly pale greyish-brown, tentacles reddish;

posteriorly the body is pale grey dorsally, the sides of the foot

washed with ochreous; mantle light reddish ochreous. The

sole is light ochreous, without longitudinal zones differentiated

by color, but the margin is suffusedly a little darker. Both

species of Cochlostyla are quite active by daylight.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

THE NOMENCLATURE AND SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS OF SOME NORTH

AMERICAN FOSSIL AND RECENT MOLLUSKS.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

Pholadomya undata Meek and Hayden (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Phila., VIII, 1856, p. 81), now generally known as Liopistha

(Cymella) undata, Cretaceous, Rocky Monntain region, is pre-

occupied by P. undata Dana (Wilkes U. S. Expl. Exped., X,

1849, p. 687, Atlas, Pl. 2, figs. 11, 11a, 11b), Carboniferous,

Australia. It is unfortunate to have to abandon Meek and

Hayden’s name for the well-known American species, but the

rules of nomenclature require it, so I propose the name Liopistha

( Cymella) montanensis, in reference to both the type locality and

the geological group from which it was described.

Anodonta parallela White, was described from the Cretaceous

of Colorado in 1878 (Hayden Survey, IV, p. 709). Binney

used the same name in his Bibliography of North American

Conchology, Pt. I, 1863, p. 46, citing Ferussac, ‘‘ Hyde, in

litt.’? As neither Ferussac nor Binney, so far as I know, ever

published any description to accompany that name, White’s

name will stand.

Unio rectoides White, Tertiary, Utah (U.S. Geol. Surv., Bull.

34, 1886, pp. 11, 15, 21), is preoccupied by U. rectoides Whit-

field; ‘‘ Cretaceous,’’ New Jersey (U. S. Geol. Surv., Monog.,

Vol. 9, 1885, pp. 250, 258). As Pilsbry and others have

shown, Whitfield’s rectoides is itself a synonym of Lampsilis recta

(Lam.), and is from Quaternary deposits, instead of Cretaceous.

Under the circumstances it seems too bad to abandon White's

name, but the rules adopted in the interest of ultimate stability

of nomenclature require it. JI propose for it the name Unio

whitei. It should likely be removed to some other genus.

Unio browni Whitfield, Cretaceous, Montana (Bull. Am. Mus.

Nat. Hist., XIX, 1908, p. 485), is preoccupied by U. browni

Lea, recent, Asia (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., VIII, 1856, p. 95),

so Pilsbry renamed it Parreysia barnumi (Nautitus, XVIII,

1904, p. 12), a fact that seems to have been overlooked by sub-

sequent writers, which is likely to be the case where new names

THE NAUTILUS. 61

are proposed in brief notices of publications in reviews. [ven

if Conrad’s Africo-Asiatic genus Parreysia is to be considered

valid, the reference to it of Whitfield’s species seems to me in-

correct. In the present unsettled condition of the classification

and nomenclature of recent Unionids, it is doubtful whether

any good purpose is served by removing the fossil forms from

the genus Unio, though perhaps few, if any, would be placed

there if we had sufficient knowledge of the family, and had the

anatomy and perfect shells with which to work.

Melania (Goniobasis?) sculptilis Meek, Tertiary, Hot Springs

Mts., ‘‘Idaho’’ [Nevada] (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., XXII,

1870, p. 58), is preoccupied by Melania sculptilis Lea, recent,

Tennessee (Transac. Philos. Soc., X, 1853, p. 297; Tryon, L. &

F.-W. Shells, Pt. 1, 1873, p. 297), so Meek’s name must be

abandoned, but I refrain from renaming it until further investi-

gation, for the following reasons: Meek himself later expressed

a doubt as to whether sculptilis and subsculptilis, from the same

locality and position, are distinct, and also suggested that it is

not distinct from M. taylori Gabb. Furthermore, Dr. T. W.

Stanton informs me that on Meek’s separate copy of his paper

in which sculptiks and subsculptilis are described is the following

penciled note in Meek’ s handwriting: “ Prob. the same named

M. decurata Con. Am. Jour. Conch. 6, p. 200, Ap. 1871, and

both are prob. synonyms of a species descr. by Gabb in Cal.

Report.’’ The reference to Conrad’s decurata probably means

decursa, which is said to have come from Colorado. The figure

does not look like any of the species mentioned. Gabb’s species

to which he refers is M. taylori (Paleont. Cali., II, 1869, p. 13,

Pl. 2, fig. 21), the figure of which is much more slender than

Meek’s figures, but perhaps because drawn from a more mature

specimen, as Meek suggests. If Meek’s M. sculptilis is the same

as any or all of the other three, then no new name is needed.

I believe it is identical with subsculptilis.

Melania convexa var. impressa Meek and Hayden, ‘‘ Tertiary ”’

[Cretaceous], Montana (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., IX,

1857, p. 138), is preoccupied by Melania impressa Lea (Proc.

Philos. Soc., II, 1841, p. 88; Transac., IX, p. 19; Obs., IV,

p. 19). Hence Meek and Hayden’s name must be abandoned,

62 THE NAUTILUS.

but as their impressa is probably not sufficiently distinct irom

their convexa to deserve a name, I propose the use of that name

convexa, and do not rename it. Probably all should be referred

to Goniobasis, as is usually done.

Cerithium tenerwm Hall was described from the western Terti-

ary in 1845 (Fremont’s Expl. Exped., Ore. & Cali., p. 308,

Pl. 3, fig. 6), and was transferred to Goniobasis by Meek in

1870. Meantime, Melania tenera Anthony, was published by

Reeve in 1861 (Monog. Melania, sp. 407), and was transferred

to Goniobasis by Tryon in 1872 (L. & F.-W. Shells, Pt. 1, p.

264). This gives Hall’s species priority, and Anthony’s should

be renamed unless it has already been renamed or is considered

a synonym of something else. A revision of the group includ-

ing G. tenera Anth., based upon adequate material, is desirable.

Melania multistriata Meek and Hayden, now known as Campe-

loma multistriata, was described in 1856 from the Fort Union

Tertiary (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., VIII, 1856, p. 124).

Wheatley used the same name in 1845, attributing it to Lea

(Cat. of Shells of U. S., p. 147). His catalogue was a list,

without descriptions, and I do not find that Lea or anyone else

ever used that specific name in either Melania or Campeloma.

Hence Meek and Hayden’s name should stand. Dr. Pilsbry

writes that he finds no specimens bearing such a name in

Wheatley’s collection in the Academy of Natural Sciences at

Philadelphia. Dr. Bryant Walker, in a letter just received,

says: ‘‘ Neither Wheatley nor Lea ever described a species as

Melania multistriata. The use of that name by both of them

seems to be owing to a lapsus calami of Lea, who in his remarks

on his M. buddii compared it with ‘the striate variety of Mr.

Say’s virginica, which he called multistriata.’ Say’s species

was M. multilineata, and Tryon makes the correction on p. 295

of his monograph.”’

Paludina multilineata Meek and Hayden, Fort Union Tertiary,

Fort Clarke, North Dakota, was described in 1856 (Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci., Phila., VIII, p. 120), and renamed by the same

authors Viviparus nebrascensis (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,

XII, 1860, p. 430), because they said multilineata was preoccu-

pied in Paludina by Say, 1829. Later, after the Meek and

THE NAUTILUS. 63

Hayden species had been removed to Campeloma, Meck restored

the first name, calling it Campeloma multilineata, in accordance

with his custom, a practice forbidden by modern rules of no-

menclature. Since then, everyone has followed Meek. A

difficult question as to what constitutes a description is involved,

but I believe the second specific name should be used and that

the name should be written Campeloma nebrascensis (Meek and

Hayden). Say’s Paludina multilineata, now placed in Viva-

parus, was described after a fashion by indicating the species to

which he referred. He says: ‘‘I described it nearly four years

since under the name multilineata [evidently. in unpublished

manuscript]; but recently, being about to publish it, on a more

attentive examination and comparison with a specimen of the

elongata from Calcutta, I have concluded that it varies from

that specimen only in having the umbilicus a little smaller.’’

Tryon, after quoting this, says: ‘‘I have compared the original

specimen with shells from Calcutta, and find that it differs as

little from them, as they do from each other. It is smaller

than the foreign specimens, but I think a larger native shell

was mislaid, or placed accidentally among the foreign ones, in

the same collection; so that, rather than commit an error, I

have chosen the reputed American example for my illustration.

If this is not the bengelensis of Lamarck, it must have the name

given to it by Say; that of Swainson [elongata] having been pre-

viously given to a fossil species.’’ It is plain then, that the

name multilineata was definitely applied to the Florida species

by both Say and Tryon, provided it proved distinct from the

Asiatic species, which it probably is, and the designation was

accompanied by a figure of the Florida species and a brief de-

scription by comparison with the Asiatic species. All this ap-

pears to me to preclude the use of the name multilineata for

Meek and Hayden’s species.

Helix occidentalis Meek and Hayden, Judith River, Cretaceous,

Montana, is another instance of the same kind. The name was

changed by Meek to nebrascensis, because occidentalis was pre-

occupied in Helix by Recluz. Then Meek, in removing the

Cretaceous species to Hyalina, restored the original name, in ac-

cordance with his custom, but contrary to present usage. From

64 THE NAUTILUS.

the figures it is impossible to definitely ascertain to what genus

either this species or H. evansi M. & H., from the same locality

and formation, belong, but whatever the genus, the name occi-

dentalis should not be used. As to H. evansi, which is based

upon poor and probably immature material, we agree with Dr.

Pilsbry, who writes: ‘‘It is better to leave uncertain shells of

this kind in ‘ Helix,’ as uncertain generic reference may lead

some one to baseless deductions. Paleontology is full of the

most reckless generic references.’’ He also calls attention to

the fact that H. occidentalis Recluz, is now considered a Hygromia,

ranking as a variety, but that does not restore Meek and Hay-

den’s first name for their species.

Planorbis vetulus Meek and Hayden, was described from the

Tertiary of South Dakota in 1860 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,

XII, pp. 175, 481). In 1864 (Smithsonian Check-list of In-

vertebrate Fossils of North America—Miocene, p. 13) Meek

called it P. vetustus, since which time the latter name has been

almost universally used, though no reason was given for the

change. The change was likely inadvertent, though possibly

deliberate, as authors in those days did not always hesitate

about changing names to suit their own notions. Unless vetu-

jus is preoccupied, of which I have found no evidence, it must

stand as the name for this species.

A somewhat similar case is that of Campeloma vetula Meek

and Hayden, which was first described as Paludina vetula, and

afterwards cited by the same authors as P. vetusta and changed

to Vivipara vetusta, but fortunately in that case the original name

has been used by most subsequent authors, though White

(U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 128, p. 77) made the curious mistake

of supposing that V. vetusta and C. vetula are distinct species.

Limnea tenuicosta Meek and Hayden, Eocene, near Fort Union,

N. D., was described in 1856 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,

VIII, p. 119). In 1860 the same authors (Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci., Phila., XII, p. 431) cited the original description but

spelled the name tenwicostata, without offering any reason, and

the majority of subsequent writers have used the latter name,

instead of the former.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF FORRESTER ISLAND, ALASKA.

BY GEORGE WILLETT.

During the past four months (1914 to 1917 inclusive), which

were spent by the writer on Forrester Island, Alaska, some at-

tention was given to the study of the mollusca of the locality.

The shore line was rather thoroughly traversed and some dredg-

ing was done in various depths down to seventy-five fathoms.

Forrester Island lies well out to sea, a few miles north of the

Canadian boundary line. It is about fifteen miles west of Dall

Island, and seventy-five miles out from the mainland shore.

The island is small, being approximately five miles in length

and from a half mile to a mile and a half in width. It is very

rocky along shore but is well timbered from the high-water line

to the summits of the hills. There are a number of small islets

and groups of rocks lying off the main island and practically all

of these were visited one or more times.

As Forrester Island is well within the sweep of the Japan

current, the water is much warmer than in the inside channels

around Dall and Prince of Wales islands. The effect of this

difference in temperature is shown in the fact that several species

of shells that occur in 10-15 fathoms in inside waters were not

found in less than 40-50 fathoms at Forrester Island. Also a

number of species that were rather common on Dall and Prince

of Wales islands were not noted on Forrester Island at all. As

there are neither sand beaches nor mud flats on the island,

many forms requiring such situations were conspicuously ab-

sent. The tidal currents in the vicinity are very strong at

times, and it is quite possible that some species of which frag-

ments or dead shells were found do not properly belong to the

island fauna but were carried to the locality by the strong cur-

rents. One of the most interesting features of this region from

a conchological standpoint is the fact that in many instances it

seems to be a meeting point between boreal species and those

from the southern fauna.

A number of species taken have since been described as new.

In such cases I have mentioned the paper in which the descrip-

66 THE NAUTILUS.

tion was given. The chitons obtained were made the subject

of a paper by Dr. 8. S. Berry in the Proceedings of the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences (Fourth Series, Vol. VII, No. 10,

September 1, 1917, pp. 229-248). All species of which I was

doubtful as to identity were submitted to Dr. Wm. H. Dall

and named by him. For this kind assistance I wish to express

here my very great appreciation.

The following is a list of species of bivalves taken with brief

notes on same:

Terebratulina caput-serpentis Linn. Several young specimens

dredged in 50-60 fathoms.

Terebratalia transversa Sby. Common 5-30 fathoms.

Laqueus jeffreysti Dall. Abundant in 65-75 fathoms.

Nucula tenuis Mont. Rare. One or two dead valves and one

living young specimen dredged.

Nucula (Acila) castrensis Hds. Common 40-50 fathoms. At

Waterfall, Prince of Wales Island, plentiful in 10 fathoms.

Leda minuta Fabr. Fairly common 20-40 fathoms.

Leda penderi Dall. One dead valve dredged. Rather com-

mon at Waterfall in 10 fathoms.

Leda fossa Baird. A few dead valves dredged in 75 fathoms.

Glycymeris septentrionalis Midd. Rather uncommon.

Glycymeris corteziana Dall. Abundant 20-40 fathoms.

Glycymeris migueliana Dall. Fairly common 20-40 fathoms.

Philobrya setosa Cpr. Fairly common.

Pecten (Chlamys) hericeus Gld. Found occasionally.

Pecten (Chlamys) hindsi Cpr. Abundant from low-tide line

to 60 fathoms.

Pecten (Chlamys) islandicus Mull. A few specimens taken in

dredge with last species.

Pecten (Chlamys) caurinus Gld. Single dead valve dredged.

Pecten (Pseudamusium) randolphi Dall. Two young speci-

mens dredged in 50 fathoms.

Pecten (Propeamusium) alaskense Dall. Fairly common in

50-60 fathoms. |

Hinnites giganteus Gray. Rather common. More abundant

in inside channels.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

Lima (Limatula) subauriculata Mont. Dead valves commo

25-50 fathoms. Living specimens rarely taken.

Monia macroschisma Desh. Rather common.

Mytilus californianus Conr. Abundant. Some specimens at-

taining a length of nine or ten inches.

Modiolus modiolus Linn. Occasional. Abundant in inside

waters.

Musculus niger Gray. Musculus seminudus Dall. A few speci-

mens of each of these species were taken in about 30 fathoms.

Musculus laevigatus Gray. One or two dead valves dredged.

Musculus vernicosus Midd. Common at times ‘in sea weed at

extreme low tide mark.

Thracia curta. One dead valve dredged. Rather common at

Waterfall in 12 fathoms.

Thracia challisiana Dall. <A few dead specimens taken in 30-

40 fathoms. Living specimens were probably all too deep in

gravel to be secured by the dredge.

Pandora (Kennerlyia) forresterensis Willett. (NAUTILUS, xxxi.

1918, p. 1384.) Abundant in 60-70 fathoms; less plentiful in

more shallow water.

Pandora (Kennerlyia) bilirata Conr. Common 25-50 fathoms.

Lyonsia ( Entodesma) saxicola Baird. Dredged rarely. Rather

plentiful in inside waters.

Lyonsia (Entodesma) inflata Conr. One living specimen

dredged in 50 fathoms.

Iyonsia striata Mont. Occasiona! 30-60 fathoms.

Mytilimeria nuttall Conr. Fairly common. ~

Cuspidaria planetica Dall. Not rare 50-60 fathoms.

Astarte compacta Cpr. Abundant 25-60 fathoms.

Astarte willetti Dall. (NautiLus, xxxi, July, 1917, p. 10.)

Abundant with the last species. Adults mostly found in the

deeper water.

Astarte alaskensis Dall. Abundant in company with the last

two. <A. esquimaulti Baird, was found to occur plentifully in

10 fathoms at Waterfall, but was not noted at Forrester Island.

Venericardia crebricostata Krause. Rather common 20-50

fathoms.

Venericardia (Miodontiscus) prolongata Cpr. Rather common

with the last.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

Thyasira trisinuata polygona Jeff. A few valves dredged in

50-60 fathoms Also taken at north end of Dall Island.

Diplodonta orbella Gld. Rather common. Much less globose

than California specimens.

Phacoides (Lucinoma) annulatus Rve. A few specimens

dredged in 40-60 fathoms.

Phacoides (Parvilucina) tenusculptus Cpr. Fairly common

25-50 fathoms.

Kellia laperousiti Desh. Abundant in dead shells of d/arcia

kennerlyt.

Rochefortia tunida Cpr. A few valves dredged.

Cardium (Cerastoderma) californiense Desh. Abundant 10-40

fathoms.

Protocardia centifilosa, richardsoni Whiteaves. Common 50-60

fathoms.

Saxidomus giganteus Desh. Dead valves found occasionally.

Abundant in inside waters.

Marcia kennerlyi (Cpr.) Rve. Abundant 20-40 fathoms.

Marcia subdiaphana Cpr. Rather common 50-60 fathoms.

Paphia (Protothaca) staminea Conr. Occasional in gravel be-

tween boulders. Very abundant in inside waters.

Psephidea ovalis Dall. Common 15-40 fathoms.

Tellina (Oudardia) buttont Dall. Rather common in 450

fathoms.

Tellina (Angulus) carpenteri Dall. Fairly common with last.

Tellina (Moerella) salmonea Cpr. One pair of dead valves

dredged in 40 fathoms.

Macoma calcarea Gmel. A few immature specimens dredged

in 50-60 fathoms.

Semele rubropicta Dall. Occasional 25-40 fathoms.

Psammobia ( Gobraeus) californica Conr. Rather common.

Siliqua patula Dixon. One dead young specimen dredged.

Common in inside waters.

Spisula (Hemimactra) polynyma alaskana Dall. Dead valves

found occasionally. Common in mud flats on inside waters.

Mya truncata Linn. Fairly common.

Panope generosa Gld. Single valves dredged occasionally.

Panomya arctica Lam. A few specimens taken in 50-60

fathoms.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

Panomya ampla Dall. Several dredged in 25-50 fathoms.

Saxicava arctica Linn. Common. Many living specimens

found in dead shells of Marcia kennerlyt.

Sazicava pholadis Linn. Less plentiful than the last.

PUPLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A CHECK-LIST OF THE MARINE Fauna oF NEw SoutH WALES,

Part I, Moriusca. By Charles Hedley. (Suppl. Jour. Royal

Soc, N. 8. W., Vol. 51, 120 pp., 1917. Issued June, 1918.)

A very useful and interesting paper. The list by T. Whitelegge,

of Port Jackson invertebrata, published in 1889, contained &02

marine mollusca. The present catalogue contains over 1200

species. The list has been purified notably by eliminating a

block of Atlantic species included by mistake in the Challenger

series of 410 fathoms off Sydney. The author estimates that

future research will recognize 2000 species from the waters of

this State. The nomenclature is up to date and one notes many

changes, and in the position of certain families some surprises.

The following new genera are proposed: Attenuata, Austrodrilla,

Epidewra, Etrema, Exomilus, Guraleus, Inquisitor, Hemidaphne,

Macteola, Nepotilla, Provexillum and Scabrella.—C. W. J.

Motuusca. By Charles Hedley. (Reprint from the Proc.

Royal Geog. Soc. Australasia. S. Australian Branch, Session

1916-17, 21 pp., 1 pl., 1918.) A report on some mollusca

collected in Western Australia by Dr. H. Basedow, adding

about sixty species to the fauna of that State. The new species

described and figured are: Tellina piratica, Eucithara basedowi,

and an interesting fresh-water shell Bulimus sisurnius.

REPORT ON THE CEPHALOPODA OBTAINED BY THE F, I. S.

‘‘ HNDEAVOUR’’ IN THE GREAT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT AND OTHER

SOUTHERN AUSTRALIAN Loca.ities. By S. Stillman Berry.

(Biol. Results of the Fishing Experiments carried on by the

F. 1.8. ‘‘ Endeavour,’’ 1909-14. Commonwealth of Australia,

Dept. of Trade and Customs, Fisheries, Vol. IV, pt. 5, pp.

70: THE NAUTILUS.

203-298, pls. 59-88, 1918.) A valuable contribution to our

knowledge of the Cephalopods of that region. The material

studied consisted of 104 specimens, representing 9 genera and

13 species. On the whole the material was in good condition,

but the author can find little to commend the use of formalin

in preserving Cephalopods, unless it be for some of the more

delicate and transparent pelagic forms. Nine new species are

described and figured and two new subgeneric names are pro-

posed—Austrossia, a subgenus of Rossia, type R. australis, and

Teuthidiscus, a subgenus of Opisthoteuthis, type O. pluto. The

illustrations based on the preserved specimens themselves,

which are apparently much contracted and distorted, often fail

to convey as clear an idea of the animal in life as a good draw-

ing.—C. W. J.

FRESH-WATER Biotocy. By Henry Baldwin Ward, Ph. D.,

and George Chandler Whipple, with the collaboration of a staff

of specialists. Pp. viii + 1111. New York: John Wiley and

Sons Inc., 1918. This work treats of all groups of fresh-water

plants and animals. In each group (except the Bacteria and

fishes) there is a comprehensive outline of the system arranged

in the form of a key, so that any form in hand may be run

down to its genus or subgenus with the least labor. Typical

species in each genus are described and in most cases figured.

The figures, of which there are 1547, appear to be admirably

selected, and as a rule are well engraved. The chapter on

mollusks, by Dr. Bryant Walker (pp. 957-1020, 144 figs.)

forms an excellent introduction to this group, as the clear defi-

nitions and abundant figures carry the classification to subgenera.

As most of the figures represent the more common forms, a

large number of the species most likely to be encountered can

be determined. The well-illustrated synopsis of Unionid groups

will be especially useful. There is no other publication giving

an up-to-date and complete classification of our fresh-water

mollusks, the data being scattered in many books and peri-

odicals.

The chapter on Conditions of Existence, by Prof. Victor EK.

Shelford, will be of value to collectors of fresh-water shells for

THE NAUTILUS. t

its clear though condensed exposition of modern methods of

observation and study.

The typography of the volume is particularly agreeable.

The work deserves and will doubtless have a wide circulation.

—H. A. P.

NOTES.

Cotorapo Mo.uusk Norrs.—The latest find in Colorado is a

fine specimen of Limax maximus L., found out-of-doors by D.

M. Andrews, the well-known botanist, in one of his nurseries

at Boulder, under a board. As he has imported some plants

from France, it is possible that it came from there.

Several years ago a few Lymneza auricularia (L.) were re-

ported from Colorado Springs. Lately G. B. Warner sent me

about 200 dead shells of that species found by him on the shore

of Dotson Reservoir near Fowler, which is in the same drainage

basin as Colorado Springs.

Lymneza hendersoni Baker, therefore known only from the

type locality west of Fort Collins, has been found by Dr. M. M.

Ellis in a small pool west of Louisville. Like the one at the

type locality, the pool contains water during only a few months

each year.—JUNIUS HENDERSON.

VIVIPARUS CONTECTOIDES LIMI, new name for V. c. compactus

Pils., Nautitus, Vol. 30, p. 42. Dr. Walker has kindly called

my attention to the prior use of compactus in Viviparus (Kobelt.

Syst. Conch. Cab., Vivipara, p. 1138, 1906), and the name is

accordingly changed.—H. A. PILsBRy.

CoMMANDANT Pau. Dupuis, of the Belgian Army, and well

known to malacologists for his useful papers upon the shells of

the Belgian Congo, having been severely wounded, has been

transferred to the garrison of Paris, where he is employing

leisure time in zoological studies, particularly upon the chitons.

72 THE NAUTILUS.

GONAVE IsLAND SHELLS.—The following species of land shells.

were collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott at La Mahotiere on the

S. W. coast of Gonave Island, off the west coast of Hayti:

Pleurodonte semiaperta v. Mart. (this is the same as Helix gas-

kowni gonavensis Crosse), Cepolis loxodon Pfr., Urocoptis guigouana

Petit, Gastrocopta pellucida Pfr., Chondropoma browniana Weinld.,

Alcadia gonavensis Weinld., and Trochatella brownia Weinld.—

BE. G. VANaTra.

HENRY SUTER.

The well-known conchologist, Mr. Henry Suter, died at

Christchurch, New Zealand, on July 30, 1918, at the advanced

age of 77 years. He will be remembered best for his important

work, the ‘‘ Manual of New Zealand Mollusca,’’ published in

1913.

Mr. Suter was a native of Zurich, Switzerland, and from his

boyhood was an enthusiastic naturalist. He was educated as

an analytical chemist and was engaged for several years in var-

ious commercial pursuits without much success. At last, to

improve his prospects he emigrated with his family to New

Zealand in 1887.

He commenced his colonial career by taking a farm in a

rough bush district. When a middle-aged foreigner, accustomed

to a town life, turns back-woodsman it is only in a novel that

he ever succeeds. But when this last venture came to the in-

evitable end, Mr. Suter had fortunately attracted the attention

of Capt. Hutton, who obtained scientific employment for him.

Thereafter the remainder of his life was spent in the congenial

work of zoology. He held no regular post, but was engaged in

turn by various institutions to arrange collections, to make re-

ports or as relieving officer.

So long did he continue in harness that he used finally to

claim to be the oldest man in New Zealand earning, not draw-

ing, government pay. His last occupation was the preparation

of palaeontological bulletins for the geological survey. —CHARLESs

HEDLEY.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE V.

MORSE: NEW ENGLAND CAECUM.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXII. JANUARY, 1919. No. 3

NEW FORMS OF CAECUM IN NEW ENGLAND.

BY EDWARD S. MORSE.

A few years ago I collected from several scoops of sand from

Easton’s Beach, Newport, R. I., over two hundred specimens

of Caecum. From the variety of forms discovered, not includ-

ing the three New England species’ which were more or less

abundant, one might imagine that the Marquis de Folin had

been wrecked off the coast of New England at this place and his

collection of Caecidae had been washed ashore. In de Folin’s

monograph of the group he says that the species vary greatly

among themselves. The same species may vary from a smooth

to a ribbed surface, not only that but the three sub-genera

established by Carpenter’ under the names of Elephantulum,

Anellum and Fartulum are not based on permanent characters.

A reference to Carpenter’s monograph of Caecidae shows that

he gave little value to his groupings, for he says ‘‘ The groups

described under Caecum can scarcely be regarded even as sub-

genera, so very gradually do they pass one into the other; but

they are found convenient, to avoid the frequent repetition of

characters, and to aid in the identification of species.’? He

does not give a single illustration, which greatly diminishes the

value of the monograph.

Bearing in mind this dictum of de Folin, one might believe

that here is a distinct group of mollusks in which permanent

1C. pulchellum, Stimpson. C. cooperti, Smith. C. johnsoni Winkley.

2 Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, 1858.

74 THE NAUTILUS.

specific characters had not been established—nascent species,

in fact. Marquis de Folin published a monograph of the family

but I have never been able to refer to his memoir. So far as I

can learn it is not to be found in any scientific library in the

United States. Tryon in preparing his Manual of Conchology

has been equally unfortunate. He was unable to obtain the

memoir. Agents of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences in

Europe were specially instructed to obtain the work but without

success. *

Tryon in his Manual presents two plates of figures of Caecum

depicting thirty-nine species. JI have compared my forms with

these figures and under the names given have presented a few

drawings of these forms which more or less resemble the figures

as given by Tryon.

The family Caecidae consists for the most part of minute

tubular shells from one to two millimeters in length. These

shells are slightly curved backward. The earliest stage shows

a closely coiled shell discoid in form ; after a few symmetrical

whorls it abruptly straightens out into a tubular shape and as

the shell grows the coiled nucleus is discarded, leaving a tubular

shell which in many species is also discarded after the perma-

nent shell begins to form. The end exposed after this separa-

tion is closed by a plug, or septum having a form which may

be ungulate, mucronate or mammillate. The tubular shell may

be smooth, longitudinally ribbed or transversely marked by

encircling ribs, these annulations being more or less prominent

and crowded. They vary in color from a light brown to a

chalky white resembling a dead shell, though often preserving

the operculum. When smooth the shell is often hyaline.

If one desires specimens of this interesting group he may

usually find them in the sand which drops out of sponges kept

in a druggists’ box or drawer.

It must be understood that the following designations do not

imply that I regard the forms as representing the species as-

signed to them. Doubtless some of them are different; but re-

1 De Folin’s work, ‘‘ Les Fonds de la Mer,’’ is now contained in the library

of the Academy.

THE NAUTILUS. 75

calling what de Folin and Carpenter say in regard to the extreme

variability of what are supposed to be species, I judge it better

not to encumber the synonymy by creating new names.

Caecum annulatum Brown. Pl. V, Fig. 1.

A single specimen in the collection resembles the figure given

by Tryon. At first sight it suggests pulchellum but enlarges

more rapid!y towards the aperture. It differs also in having

three or four large costae next to the margin or lip.

Caecum cooperit Smith. Pl. V, Fig. 2.

This species was discovered by Sanderson Smith in Gardiner’s

Bay at the end of Long Island in five fathoms. ‘This is a very

distinct form. From one specimen which was white and chalky

and resembled a dead shell I obtained the operculum which

was orbicular, thick, brown in color, concave with six sharp

revolving ribs, sinistral in direction, indicating that the shell

was dextral. In various references to the operculum of Caecidae

no mention is made of the direction of the revolving striae.

Stimpson in his ‘‘Shells of New England ”’ figures accurately

the operculum of Caecum pulchellum, showing the sinistral spiral

of the lines of growth, yet makes no reference to its significance.

Even Carpenter in his monograph while describing a number of

opercula of different species makes no mention of the direction

of the striae. He describes the shape of the operculum,

whether flat, convex or concave, whether thick or thin, the

color, etc., but not a word is given as to whether the spiral

lines are dextral or sinistral. In his examination he used a

fin. obj. and the direction of the lines must have been very

plain. With the lowest power of Zeiss the direction of the

spiral was easily detected.

Caecum johnsont Winkley. Pl. V, Fig. 3.

This was first discovered at Woods Hole. The drawing is

made from a co-type in the collection of the Boston Society of

Natural History. I am indebted to Mr. C. W. Johnson for

the loan of it and for other kindnesses. The septum is sub-

ungulate and has transverse lines of growth. It resembles the

figure in Tryon of C. achirona of de Folin.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

Caecum auriculatum de Folin. Pl. V, Fig. 4.

A number of specimens in the collection resemble the figure

of this species as given by Tryon. The shell is thin, white,

hyaline, very narrow for its length, faintly enlarging toward the

aperture. Near the aperture faint lines of growth are seen.

The septum is distinctly hemispherical or mammillate.

Caecum clarku Carpenter. Pl. V, Fig. 5.

A number of these glassy tubes were found identical in shape

to C. auriculatum but only half the size. It cannot be an early

deciduous stage because the diameter of the tube is much

smaller. C. clarkw as figured by Tryon bears some resemblance

to this form. It has the same hemispherical septum. The

operculum is light corneous in color, flat with a central smooth

area with a distinct knob in the centre; this area surrounded by

minute lines of growth. The form approaches C. cornubovis of

Carpenter.

Caecum nitidum Stimpson. Pl. V, Fig. 6.

This form of which a number of specimens were found is

without question Stimpson’s species described as a Florida

shell.

Meioceras sp., Carpenter. Pl. V, Fig. 7.

Two specimens in the collection are identical with the figure

given by Tryon. Its distribution is given from Florida to Rio

de la Plata.

Stimpson described under the name of pulchellum the first

Caecum discovered on the New England coast and gives an ex-

cellent figure of it in his ‘‘ Shells of New England.’’ The species

was dredged in ten fathoms of water in New Bedford harbor.

The other two species of New England Caecum were also found

south of Cape Cod. By far the larger number of Caecum col-

lected at Easton’s Beach consisted of C. pulchellum. Miss M.

W. Brooks also collected a number of Caecum at Narragansett

Pier and most of these were ©. pulchellum. The shell is light

horn color and easily distinguished. The second deciduous

stage of pulchellum was very common in the collection. The

shell enlarges quite rapidly towards the aperture and is more

THE NAUTILUS. 77

sharply curved than in the adult. A few of the forms figured

by Tryon suggest the second deciduous stage of other species.

In the foregoing attributions I am indebted to the two plates

of Caecidae given in Tryon’s Manual of Conchology, Vol. 8. I

may remark that all the species referred to are Atlantic coast

forms, the west coast of Europe, the east coast of the United

States south of Cape Cod, Teneriffe, Florida, West Indies and

Brazil.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Caecum annulatum, Brown. 5. Caecum clarkii, Carpenter.

Caecum cooperit, Smith. 6. Caecum nitidum, Stimpson.

Caecum johnsoni, Winkley. 7. Meioceras sp., Carpenter.

Caecum auriculatum, de Folin.

A EUROPEAN MOLLUSK, HELCION PELLUCIDUM, NEVER BEFORE

RECORDED IN AMERICA.

BY EDWARD S. MORSE.

In looking over the sand from Easton’s Beach, Newport, con-

‘taining Caecum, I discovered a minute specimen of the beauti-

ful limpet Helcion pellucidum of Great Britain. It was not over

a millimeter in length. I first detected it by the opalescent

markings like iridescent glass. These markings appeared as

four irregular-shaped areas near the anterior margin. In my

paper on An Karly Stage of Acmaea (Proc. B.S. N. H., Vol.

-84, pp. 3138-323), I became familiar with the protoconchs of

Acmaea testudinalis and A. alveus and they do not even remotely

resemble the young pellucidum. The shell is corneous, narrow-

ing slightly behind. Without the metallic markings it would

have suggested Helcion pellucidum, but with these iridescent

‘spots it was unmistakable. So far as I know this species has

never been found on this side of the Atlantic. Miss M. W.

Brooks discovered another European species, Homalogyra atomus

at Newport and Narragansett Pier.

In the American Journal of Science, Vol. 20, 1880, Verrill in

a brief note records finding in the docks at Newport a European

species never before recorded as American, Truncatella truncatula.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

With the tremendous traffic going on for nearly two years in.

the conveyance of troops and provisions we may confidently

look for other introductions of European species.

PRATICOLELLA CAMPI, 8P. NOV. (PLATE VI, FIGS. 1 TO 4.)

BY GEO. H. CLAPP AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, globose, shining, opaque white

with translucent corneous bands, usually one just above the:

perirhery, one just below and numerous bands down to the

umbilicus, or the shell may be all opaque or all translucent be-

low the periphery. Whorls 4 with well impressed suture, body

whorl rounded, periphery high some shells showing a slight

angularity at the periphery. Aperture lunate-rounded, slightly

oblique, somewhat dilated above, lip thickened within and

widely dilated at the columellar insertion; there is a distinct,.

though thin, callous deposit connecting the ends of the lip.

Diameter 6, altitude 4mm. There is a slight variation in

size but above is about the average. Animal not observed.

Type locality, Fort Brown, Brownsville, Texas. ‘‘ In sandy

soil from 1 to 6 inches below the surface, at the foot of the brick

piers’? (J. H. F.). It was also found in the ‘‘ axils of banana

plants’’ and in the soil on the eastern side of the parade ground,

in both instances with a number of other snails. Collected by

Jas. H. Ferriss and R. D. Camp in midwinter, 1913-1914.

Camp reports, Nov., 1918, that ‘‘the old building where we

found it has been removed and the parade ground torn up by

changes for the war.’’

We take pleasure in naming this species after Mr. R. D. Camp

who, for several years, has been collecting in the Brownsville

region.

Mr. Ferriss noticed this form when first collected and insisted

that it was not the young of either P. berlandieriana or griseola

which were found with it; there was too much evidence of

maturity and its subsequent detection in drift from the Rio

Grande confirms this opinion.

It differs from the young of the other species in being more-

THE NAUTILUS. 79

solid and less translucent, and by the constantly thickened and

dilated lip and the presence of the callous deposit. ‘The umbilicus

is also wider, being nearly double the diameter of that of the

young shells, The aperture is wider and more rounded, that

of the young of the above-named specics being distinctly sub-

angular at the base. Asa rule the spire of the young shells is

more prominent and the suture deeper, the young shells are

also distinctly angular at the periphery.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, Praticolella campi Clapp and Ferriss.

Figs. 5, 6, 7, Praticolella griseola ( Pir.) juv.

STYLOBATES, A WARNING.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Some fifteen years ago a colleague interested in crustacea and

whose habit it was to bring me the empty shells from which he

had extracted hermit crabs, left on my desk a jar of alcohol

containing half a dozen horny objects having the aspect of a

large gastropod shell, flexible, yet keeping shape fairly well

while moist. The specimens were of a brownish color with

beautiful coppery or bronze reflections. Some were torn, but

several retained their shape in a nearly perfect manner. Of the

most perfect one, the drawings were made which illustrate this

note (Plate VI, figs. 8, 9, 10). The specimens recall the large

horny Velutina so common in Bering Sea, but of course being

nearly three inches in greatest diameter are immensely larger.

They were obtained in water between 220 and 436 fathoms deep

between Oahu and Molokai islands of the Hawaiian group, by

the U. 8S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, in 1903.

The ‘‘shells’’ when collected contained each a hermit crab

of large size and served as a pedestal for from one to three large

Actinias.

Aiter due consideration, and the exhibition to my colleagues

in the Museum of these singular specimens, I described them as

a new genus in the Nautitus.' Had there been any marked

1 Stylobates aeneus, NautTiuus. Vol. XVII, No. 6, pp. 61-2, October, 1903.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

irregularity in the different specimens I should have been more

cautious, but this was not the case in this instance. However,

a year or two later another batch was received, and this time

the ‘‘shells’’ were no two alike, and most of them with com-

paratively little resemblance to a normal shell.

The blunder was clear. These specimens were secretions

from the bases of the Actinias, but how the first lot attained the

regularity shown by the figures is still a mystery. The readers

of this article must assess my culpability.

NENIA COOKI N. SP. (PLATE VII, FIGS. 11, 12, 13.)

BY H. A. \PILSBRY.

The shell is thin, obesely fusiform, the diameter contained

about 24 times in the length, composed of six whorls, the first

14 strongly convex. The first four whorls form a rapidly en-

larging cone; the next whorl is much inflated ; and the last

whorl is large, somewhat flattened peripherally in its first half,

then rapidly contracting, concave a short distance below the

suture; the neck rounded and shortly descending, free in front.

Surface mat, of a chamois tint, but darker on the antepenult,

paler on the last whorl; covered with a very thin cuticle. The

apex is entire, obtuse. First whorl smooth, the next having

delicate striae; on the third whorl low, coarse wrinkles appear,

and the following whorls have coarse sculpture of irregular, re-

tractive wrinkles. On the neck they become sharper, more

crowded, and less oblique to the growth lines. The aperture is

but slightly longer than wide, rounded, ivory-yellow within.

Peristome broadly expanded, faintly flesh-tinted within, with a

narrowly reflexed white edge. The superior lamella is high,

sinuous, continuous with the spiral lamella. The inferior

lamella is strongly developed. Subcolumellar lamella is deeply

immersed. The principal plica is lateral, running in to the

middle of the dorsal side, where its inner end is closely con-

tiguous to the upper end of the lunella. The lunella is cres-

centic, deeply curved, and wholly visible in the aperture (seen

foreshortened in fig. 11).

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Length 27.8 mm., diam. 11.5 mm.; aperture, length 9.7 mm.,

width 8.6 mm.

The clausilium is widest in the middle, tapering towards both

ends. It isa little thickened at the distal end, and the main

curvature is near the filament.

Type, Cat. No. 215084 U. S. Nat. Mus., from the Peruvian

Andes, in the vicinity of San Miguel (6,000 ft.), Urubamba

Valley, Province of Caxamarca, Peru, collected by Dr. O. F.

Cook, and referred to the writer by Dr. Wm. H. Dall.

This species is strongly differentiated from all known Neniz

by its very obese figure and small number of whorls, none be-

ing deciduous. The sculpture allies it to such forms as WN.

taczanowskii (Lub. ), which also agrees in the armature of the

throat. The inflation of the penult and contraction of the last

whorl give the shell an appearance of deformity. Dr. Paul

Ehrmann has remarked of the genus Nenia’ that Ecuador and

northern Peru are its distribution center; the group here reaches

its acme of differentiation, and is most numerous in species.

The present species, of a shape hardly to be matched in the

whole family Clausiliide, is a further illustration of the diversity

of forms found in this focal region for Nenia.

MY JOURNEY TO THE BLUE AND WHITE MOUNTAINS, ARIZONA.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

At the close of a summer in the Catalina mountains, Frank

Cole, the guide for tourists and bug hunters to the wilds, led

me into the seventh heaven. Something over 200 miles north-

east of Tucson, Mt. Thomas, also known as Sierra Blanca and

Old Baldy, in this region of perfect delight, stands 13,496 feet

above sea level, the highest in Arizona, and at that time un-

known to conchology. Here was the chance at that mythical

Oreohelix ‘‘ big as a tea saucer.’’

1The late Dr. C. Boettger (1909) and most other recent authors on this

group consider Nenia generically distinct from Clausilia. Its nearest affinity

in the old world appears to be the Indo-Chinese genus Garnieria.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

We left Tucson early in September, 1913, and the second

night out camped at the Shaw goat ranch in the southern foot-

hills of the Rincon group. Those hills seemed too naked and

dry for our purpose and were left undisturbed. However, with

more knowledge of the ways of the snail, passing that way

again late in the winter of 1918, we dug into the Shaw ranch

and filled two cans with Sonorellas (S. hesterna).

On the eastern side of the San Pedro river, John Lyon’s

mountain and the southern end of the Bonito range gave up

only a couple of Thysanophora hornii. Snails have been re-

ported in the Little Dragoons, only four miles from our trail,

but were passed by. The White mountains were ahead and

high. Physas and Succineas were abundant at the watering

places for cattle, and box tortoises and rattlers plentiful in the

desert.

The Graham mountains on the south bank of the Gila river,

so high that there is yellow pine and quaking asp, plentiful

enough for saw-mills, has Sonorella and Oreohelix. Camp was

made in Stockton pass for a day, and a collection gathered at

Mud Springs on the summit. However, between climbing and

the descent made by moonlight, only a couple of hours could

be given to the real work, and the collection was small. The

Sonorella reminds one of the odorous species of the Santa Cata-

linas, and has been described as a new species, S. grahamensis.

The deep forest on the north side of this range is promising.

Safford, on the railway not over ten miles from the peak, with

an easy ascent, would be a convenient base for an explorer.

From Solomonville to Coronado (on other branches of both

river and railway) a toll road is graded more or less, between

low hills of the Peloncillo range. Rock slides were plentiful,

but at that time also seemed to be too naked and dry. Cnly

one slide, six miles from Coronado, was disturbed, and this one

had Sonorella (S. delicata) and one of the rare Price’s rattlers.

The snake was hustled into a Velvet Joe tobacco can with the

snails, and all drowned in the Gila. Here I had another walk

by moonlight in a strange country, but Cole had a hot supper

ready. This Peloncillo range needs further investigation. It

is about 130 miles in length, from Clifton to a point on the

THE NAUTILUS. 83

Mexican border, and has been worked less than half a day.

Daniels and I discovered Sonorella hachitana peloncillensis

near Rodeo, New Mexico, in 1907, and F. H. Fowler found the

same species in Doubtful Canyon, S.-W. New Mexico. Other-

wise the shells of the range are unknown.

The wagon was stored at Clifton, a $30 saddle horse pur-

chased, of course including saddle and bridle, and two pack

mules hired. Here is a beautiful and prosperous city of about

ten thousand people, out on the side of the world. The dwell-

ings seem to hang on brackets from the cliffs. The smelters

and business houses are huddled together in pockets along the

San Franciso river wherever the castellated cliffs will permit.

There were some attractions for weary travelers and it was

late in the day when our train got under headway. Before the

packs were lashed the new mules had sung out symptoms of

homesickness, and to hold them true to the trail the pack

animals were tied together in a string, Cole leading, and leading

fast. Atasharp turn in the trail the swing mule was swung

upside down into a creek. A few groceries were dampened this

time and a mule repacked. Then the mules were turned loose.

Going up a steep hill a packhorse heavily loaded, carrying two

guns on top of its pack, tipped over backwards, unhorsed Cole

and came down the hill like a wheel on its spokes. A fat,

shiny, blue-black stage driver, so joyful he was not attending

to his business, ran his four-in-hand into our belongings, add-

ing considerably to both annoyance and oratory.

A new and wide trail from Clifton to Metcalf, high up on the

cliffs, ended in the blacksmith shop of the trail builders, forc-

ing us down the hill upon the old trail along a railroad track

with many tunnels. By that time it was dark in the open

country, and not a time-table or a lantern in the outfit.

At Metcalf one of the new mules dashed through a group of

celebrating miners and hid under an outside stairway. That

intellectual animal would have missed a glorious trip had it not

been for the assistance of those helpful miners.

With the mule tied in line again we ate a cold snack in the

saddle and pushed on and on in search of a country level

enough to tie up mules and spread blankets. Ata late hour we

84 THE NAUTILUS.

compromised and camped anyhow. Beds were made in the

trail. Before saying good-night a couple of heavily armed men

came riding rapidly up the trail in search of a horse thief. We

were questioned closely and our steeds inspected by flashlight.

They did not find a chestnut horse, and we escaped.

Next a ranchman, we had heard helping the Metcalf Mexi-

cans celebrate their independence day, came riding, roaring,

questioning and horse inspecting. Easily satisfied or some-

thing, and without declaring intentions, he dropped his bridle

reins on the ground and plumped into bed with Cole, hat, boots

and pistol.

These adventures of an afternoon were all we had. In the

morning light Cole recognized in the roaring midnight rider an

old and generous acquaintance, and gave a monster breakfast in

his honor. Every day after is a delightful memory—in snails,

venison, bear meat, mountain trout, interesting people, mag-

nificent forests, beautiful parks and newness botanically. Here

was a paradise in gentian time, fringed and unfringed, with

mountain asters and pentstemons.

From Clifton to the Double Circle ranch on Eagle creek it is

a rough country, mostly forested and with sufficient rock slides

for cover; but the snails do not like it. The trail here ran

northwesterly for about 35 miles. Then directly north on

Eagle creek to the south rim of the Blue mountains, 16 miles,

except a short diversion eastward to get an easier climb.

Pupas and Vallonias were found near the Honeymoon U. 8.

ranger station, and a mile or two farther came in the Oreohelix,

fifty miles from Clifton and fourteen days from Tucson. Here

Cole found the bear. A party of Tucson friends in camp had

been looking for it, so we split fifty-fifty, the rug going with the

snail collection.

The rim of the Blue has a wall of broken granite. We found

Ashmunella mogollonensis and a greyish form of O7eohelix cooper.

The latter is also found in the quaking asp and cork-bark fir

groves of the vicinity, and upon the slopes of the White moun-

tains. Our route lay northwesterly again across the K. P.

ciénaga, down Corduroy and Fish creeks and across Black river

to Reservation creek, the eastern boundary of the Apache

nation, perhaps 20 miles. This is in Apache county.

THE NAUTILUS. 85

Here were the mountain trout, the Colorado river Cut Throat

(Salmo mykiss pleuriticus, Cope), a pound each; wild turkeys

in flocks of one and two hundred, blue grouse, beaver, Abert’s

squirrel with its tufted ears, and a deep forest untouched by axe,

fire or wind; and please do not complain if the shell collection

is not as Jarge as it ought to be. Upon this high plateau it was

a continuous forest of the largest yellow pine, blue spruce,

Douglas spruce, thickets of quaking asp 150 feet high, alder

and cork-bark fir—( Abies arizonica, Merriam). There are wild

peas and black gama grass, and cattle fatter than the average

corn-fed herds.

The Black river, known as the Salt river farther down, is one

of the beautiful streams of America. No dirty water or naked

banks here, but a robust forest and a sodded turf. It takes a

good part of an hour to climb to the plateau above. Well

swept lawns with enough of the large pines for landscape beauty,

and wide enough for the snail-hunter’s camp and his horse

feed, either on one or both sides of the stream, and Oreohelix

from white to black, from high to low, in every rock pile.

Physas and Pisidiums were plentiful in Reservation creek and

a few Oreohelix were in the rocks, The next twelve or fifteen

miles north the country was higher, with prairie parks and a

few lakes. Besides the few Oreohelix cooperi on the south slope

of Mt. Thomas there was an abundance of the Vertigos, Pupillas

and other small species. The trees were so close together here

that the horses were left at the camp and we climbed the easy

slope on foot. The dome-like summit of Thomas, with its

stunted spruces, bogs and moss, had a few shells, and none

were found alive.

The scenic effect was concealed by flurries of snow. At camp

in the morning the snow was ankle-deep and still falling. It

was cold. Our packing ropes were like rods of iron, and we

moved. In an hour we rode into pleasant weather and the

days after were perfect. On the return trip the Raspberry trail

from the rim of the Blue mountain to the Blue river was taken,

landing us at Cosper’s ranch.

Down the Blue and San Francisco rivers Ashmunellas (A.

pilsbryana), two new Sonorellas and Oreohelix were found in

86 THE NAUTILUS.

the slides investigated, but it was again a hurried journey. The

next year with the assistance of L. E. Daniels the work was

thorough.

Oct. 17th, a month and a half from Tucson, the collector,

snails, snakes and ferns were on the train homeward bound,

and Cole wending his way over the toll road Tucson-ward.

Theodore, that splendid thirty-dollar horse, and also one of

Cole’s, ate too much of a dry, short, delicate, TB CHTG OMe

grass, and died at the end of the trip.

A NEW OPISTHOSIPHON FROM CUBA.

BY WILLIAM F. CLAPP.

Opisthostphon berryt sp. nov. Plate VII, fig. 14.

Shell longitudinally, finely plicate, ochraceous buff, encircled

with a broad chocolate-brown band on the periphery of the last

whorl and on the lower half of the earlier whorls; slightly shin-

ing; decollated; suture deep, crenate; four or five spiral ridges

appearing in the umbilical region; whorls (remaining) four, very

convex; aperture vertical, circularly oval, peristome white,

double; the inner, a brief continuation of the whorl; the outer,

on the right side, smooth, slightly expanded, at the suture

broadly expanded and excavated over the breathing tube, ad-

nate to the penultimate whorl; columellar margin expanded

horizontally above in a broad flange adnate to the penultimate

whorl, a large lobe curving over and nearly covering the umbil-

ical region, interrupted below by a broad sinus where the lip is

abruptly reflexed and attached to the whorl, a smaller lobe ex-

panded horizontally below. A minute breathing hole within

the aperture near the posterior angle, connects with a tube,

somewhat concealed in the expanded and excavated lip, which

curving back to the suture, descends and ends in the narrow

space between the ultimate and penultimate whorls. Numerous

strong raised lamellae mostly originating on the inner lip but

occasionally extending along the parietal lip, cover that portion

of the tube visible within the lip. Operculum as in Coe

siphon pupoides.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

Length (type) 13.5 mm. g.d. 9 mm. /.d. 7.38 mm. g.d. aper-

ture 4.7 mm. l.d. 4 mm.

Length (paratype) 14.5 mm. g.d. 9.7 mm. l.d 7.5 mm. g.d.

aperture 5.5 mm, l.d. 4.3 mm.

Collected by Dr. 8. S. Berry, March 1, 1814, at Cariji, Cerro

de Tuabaquey, Prov. Camaguey, Cuba.

Type M. C. Z. No. 42005; Paratype, collection of Dr. S. 8.

Berry.

The chocolate-colored band is the most striking character of

Opisthosiphon berryi. Compared with O. pupoides Mor. it has

more convex whorls, more numerous and finer plicae, the outer

lip is smooth, much less broadly expanded below and over the

breathing tube is bent forward rather than being reflected back,

as in O. pupoides. The columellar lip does not completely

cover the umbilicus, as in pupoides, and its two lobes are much

more widely separated. ‘The operculum is very similar to O.

pupoides, differing only in being slightly more oval. In the

larger specimen very faint traces of fine chestnut-colored widely

interrupted spiral bands may be seen on the upper half of each

whorl, very similar in arrangement and color to those seen in

O. pupoides. A young specimen shows the embryonic shell to

consist of about 14 smooth whorls, the brown band and longi-

tudinal plicae beginning at about the second whorl, the plicae

becoming gradually more numerous and the intervening spaces

less wide.

I am indebted to Mr. Berry for the opportunity to examine

this species. It is closely related to Opisthosiphon pupoides

Morelet from the Isle of Pines. The similarity of the shell

fauna of Camaguey, Santa Clara, and the Isle of Pines, has been

noted by Mr. John B. Henderson (Navt., Vol. 27, p. 187;

Navt., Vol. 29, p. 18). Mr. Henderson also calls attention to

the confusion in the genera of the Cyclostomatidae.

The species described above belong to Opisthosiphon, Dall

(Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 209). Shells which possess

the operculum of a Rhytidopoma and in addition are provided

with a tubular projection behind the outer lip belong here..

Undoubtedly when all of the characters of the species placed in

this group are known, it will be found to be a natural one, and:

88 THE NAUTILUS.

yet it is true that the value for showing relationships, of acces-

sory breathing apparatus among the land operculates, is to be

questioned. The necessity for obtaining air when the aperture

is tightly sealed with the operculum has apparently caused

many genera not at all closely related to develop ingenious and

occasionally somewhat similar breathing contrivances. Species

of Pterocyclos, Spiraculum, Rhiostoma and Tomocyclos, while

not closely related to our American land operculates have de-

veloped breathing apparatus similar to that of some of the

American species. The American shells belonging to the

Ericiidae, the genera of which are founded to a great extent on

the characters of the operculum, show great variation in the

apparatus through which air is introduced into the lumen of

the whorl when the aperture is closed by the operculum. At

least three types of accessory breathing apparatus may be seen.

First. With perforation connecting with visible external tube.

a. Operculum of Rhytidopoma.

1. Tube greatly prolonged, entering umbilicus.

Opisthosiphon rugulosum Pfr. Matanzas.

Opisthosiphon denegatum Poey. Isle of Pines.

2. Tube short, external opening towards and close to

preceding whorl.

Opisthostphon bahamense Sh. Bahamas.

8. Tube short, disappearing in the suture between

the ultimate and penultimate whorl.

Opisthosiphon pupoides Mor. Isle of Pines.

4. Tube short, straight, not recurved.

Opisthosiphon sculptum Gundl. Cabo Cruz.

b. Operculum of Choanopoma.

1. Tube as in Opisthosiphon pupoides Mor.

Choanopoma uncinatum Arango. Sta. Clara,

Cuba.

Second. With perforation opening directly into umbilical

region or exterior of shell.

a. Operculum of Choanopoma.

Choanopoma blaini Gundl. Galalon, Cuba.

b. With operculum of Cistula.

Cistula limbifera Mke. Matanzas.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

c. With operculum of Chondropoma.

Chondropoma egregium Gundl. Pinar del Rio, Cuba.

d. With operculum unknown.

Licina percrassa Wright. Pinar del Rio.

Third. With perforation not penetrating to exterior of whorl

but connecting with an internal air space

which is situated in the upper angle of the

whorl and extends back from the aperture for

a considerable distance. In some specimens

it may be traced for over two whorls.

Rhytidopoma bilabiatum Orb. Pinar del Rio.

The first group has a restricted geographical distribution ex-

tending from the Bahamas through central Cuba to the Isle of

Pines. Choanopoma uncinatun Arango while possessing the

typical Opisthosiphon breathing tube has the very different

operculum of a Choanopoma. It therefore cannot be included

in Opisthosiphon, and until a careful study of the animal shows

its true relationships may be retained as an aberrant Choano-

poma.

The second group is confined to western Cuba and while con-

taining species with very different opercula, and therefore a

group of apparently no systematic value, is nevertheless inter-

esting, in that it is confined almost entirely to Pinar del Rio,

and entirely to western Cuba.

The third group, of which I have seen but one species, is of

interest because of the fact that in this case the perforation and

internal tube appear to be of no practical value; for, though one

might be led to expect that at certain stages of growth, com-

munication to the exterior might exist through the external

sutural flanges, I have been unable to find any structural evi-

dence of such connection.

It would appear from the above that if the breathing tube is

to be considered of value as a generic character together with

the operculum, as in the case of Opisthosiphon, Choanopoma

uncinatum Arango would have to be placed in a new genus, the

operculum being very different from that of Opisthosiphon;

while the breathing tube, having been considered of sufficient

90 THE NAUTILUS.

importance to separate Opisthosiphon from Rhytidopoma,

would also have the same consideration in separating C. un-

cinatum from Choanopoma.

It would also seem that if the breathing tube restricted for

Opisthosiphon is of generic importance that the modified per-

foration seen in so many of the Ericiidae from western Cuba

should also be considered of value generically. This would

mean, providing that the operculum was still considered of

generic value, the removal of species of Choanopoma, of Cistula

and of a large number of Chondropoma to new genera.

This would merely be substituting chaos for confusion and,

until the anatomy of many of the species has been carefully ex-

amined, it would seem better to merely call attention to the

peculiarly restricted distribution of those species of the Ericiidae,

which have made structural changes in the shell, probably, as

Dr. Dall suggests (Proc. Mal. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 309) to en-

able them to obtain air when the aperture is closed by the

operculum.

SOME MARINE MOLLUSCA ABOUT NEW YORK CITY.

BY ARTHUR JACOT.

To aid any New-Yorkers interested in the shells of their

vicinity, I am taking this opportunity of giving them the re-

sults of a few studies which were made during the past year

in that region.

The coast of Staten Island from Fort Wadsworth to Great

Kills was carefully gone over at low tide several times. Along

this strip are three definite stations. The first (1) is an ex-

panse of red sand flats (exposed only at low tide) at the

mouth of the stream which drains the marshland between

South and Midland Beaches. This is the only place where

I found Periploma leanum, Pandora gouldiana and Lyonsia

hyalina. Another station (2) opposite the Oakwood Heights

station on the steam railroad to Tottenville, is a ‘‘sod-bank’’

formation, beautifully showing the encroachment of the sea on

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE VI.

1-4. PRATICOLELLA CAMPI CLAPP & FERRISS, X65.

1 i GRISEOLA PFR., YOUNG. X65.

8-10. STYLOBATES /ENEUS DALL, SLIGHTLY OVER % NAT. SIZE.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII. PLATE VII.

12 13 14

1-10. BAKER: ON PLANORBIS.

11-13. NENIA COOKI PILSBRY.

14. OPISTHOSIPHON BERRYI W. F. CLAPP.

i -

‘

qth

‘i t

‘

i &

one

x i

4 NM 4

= ie

rey =) eA

Os tte ie Cee =.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

the land. The ‘‘banks’’ wherever submerged, are covered

with Modiolus plicatulus among which and over which crawl

Littorina littorea and L. rudis. The third station (8) is inside

the isthmus which encloses the bay near the second station.

Here there is an eel-grass bed which is exposed at low water.

The only species of note at Rockaway Beach (4) is Astarte

castamea which ean be picked up in front of or a little beyond

the hospital to the west of the pleasure beach. Far Rockaway

Beach (5) yielded the greatest number of species. This is

especially due to the rift of fine shell material left by the

receding tide at the angles of the bar which begins to the

west of the ‘‘bathing beach.”’

The numbers in the following list correspond to the stations

as designated above.

Pelecypoda.

Nucula proxima truncula Dall. A valve at 5.

Yoldia sp? Fragment at 5.

Arca campechiensis pexata Say. Generally distributed.

Arca transversa Say. Less common than preceding.

Ostrea virginca Gmelin. Generally distributed.

Pecten gibbus borealis Say. Most common at 4 and 5.

Anonia simplex d’Orbigny. Generally distributed.

Mytilus edulis Linnaeus. Generally distributed.

Mytilus edulis pellucidus Pennant. Not as common as on

Conn. coast.

Modiolus demissus plicatulus (lam.). Local. Abundant

where found.

Periploma leanum (Conrad). Rare and only at 1.

Pandora gouldiana Dall. One valve at 1.

Lyonsia hyalina (Conrad). Only at 1.

Astarte castanea (Say). At 4, very small specimens at 5.

Venericardia borealis (Conrad). Only at 5.

Dwaricella quadrisulcata (d’Orbigny). Occasional at 4

and 5.

Rochefortia planulata (Stimpson). Occasional at 5.

Aligena elevata (Stimpson). Not as common as preceding.

Cardiwm pimnnulatum Conrad. One valve at 5.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Callocardia morrhuana (Linsley). At 1 and 5.

Venus mercenaria Linnaeus. Becoming less common.

Venus mercenaria notata Say. True form very rare.

Gemma gemma (Totten). Generally distributed.

Gemma gemma purpurea (H. C. Lea). Different habitat

than preceding.

Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck. Generally distributed.

Tellina tenera Say. Fine specimens at 1.

Tellina tenella (Verrill). One valve at 1.

Tellina versicolor De Kay. Fine specimens at 5.

Macoma balthica (Linnaeus). Commonest at 2.

Tagelus gibbus (Spengler). At 5.

Ensis directus (Conrad). Generally distributed.

Sirqua costata (Say). Found only at 5.

Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn). Very abundant at 4.

Spisula solidissima similis (Say). Occasional.

Mulinia lateralis (Say). Generally distributed.

Mya arenaria Linnaeus. Generally distributed.

Corbula contracta Say. Found only at 5.

Barnea truncata (Say). At1,3 & 5, but especially common

at 3.

Zirfaea cripata (Linnaeus). One valve at 5.

Teredo navalis Linnaeus. At 5.

Gasteropoda.

Dentalium sp? Fragment at 5.

Pyramidella fusca (C. B. Adams). Several specimens at 5.

Pyramidella winkleyi Bartsch? Two or three specimens

which seem to be this species.

Turbonilla nivea (Stimpson). Only at 5, where it is the

commonest Turbonilla.

Turbonilla aequalis (Say). I have referred 7 of my speci-

mens to this species.

Turbonilla vinea Bartsch. Two specimens from 5.

Turbonila areolata Verrill. One specimen, but with six

rather than five spiral rows of pits, from 5.

Turbonilla interrupta (Totten). This is the typical form,

not as described by Bartsch, but as described by Bush. The

THE NAUTILUS. 93

color band is well marked in all my specimens (six). Found

only at 5.

Odostomia (Chrysallida) sp? Two specimens at 5.

Odostomia impressa (Say). Several specimens at 5.

Odostomia trifida (Totten). Abundant at 5, found also at 3.

Odostomia bisuturalis Say. At 3 and 5.

Epitoneum multistriatum (Say). Three specimens at 5.

Polinices duplicata (Say). Generally distributed, fine

specimens at 4.

Polinces heros (Say). Generally distributed, fine speci-

mens at 4.

Polimces triservata (Say). Occasional.

Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus). Generally distributed.

Crepidula glauca Say. Found only at 2.

Crepidula glauca convexa Say. Generally but thinly dis-

tributed.

Crepidula plana Say. Generally distributed.

Paludestrina minuta (Totten). Occasional at 5.

Paludestrina laevis (De Kay). Common at 5, a few at 3.

Adeorbis supramtidus lirata (Verrill). Several specimens

at 5, all being of this subspecies.

Intorima littorea (Linnaeus). At 2, 3 and 4.

Intorma obtusata palliata (Say). Only found at 5.

Intorina rudis (Donovan). Abundant at 2.

Lacuna vincta (fusca) Gould. Found at 2, 3 & 5.

Triphoris perversa mgrocincta (C. B. Adams). Several

specimens at 5.

Certhiopsis greenu (C. B. Adams). Several specimens at 5.

Bittium alternatum (Say). Fine specimens at 5.

Eupleura caudata (Say). Generally distributed.

Urosalpine cinerea (Say). Generally distributed.

Columbella avara similis Ravenel. A specimen at 2.

Columbella lunata (Say). Generally distributed.

Alectrion obsoleta (Say). Generally distributed.

Alectrion trivittata (Say). Generally distributed.

Busycon canaliculata (Linnaeus). Generally distributed.

Actaeon punctostriatus (C. B. Adams). Several speci-

mens at 5.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Tornatina canaliculata (Say). Fairly common at 5.

Cylichna oryza (Totten). Several specimens at 5.

Melampus lineatus Say. Most common at 2.

Alexia myosotis (Drap.) Fairly common at 3.

On a tramp up and down the western end of Long Beach

point, Long Island, I picked up the following interesting

forms, besides forty-eight of the commoner species:

Yoldia limatula (Say). 1 valve.

Arca ponderosa Say. 3 valves.

Astarte castanea (Say). Common.

Tellina tenella (Verrill). 1 valve.

Tellina versicolor De Kay. 2 valves.

Barnea costata (Linné). 1 valve (fragment).

Cavolina telemus (Linné). 1 specimen.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES AND VARIETY OF PLANORBIS

FROM POST-GLACIAL DEPOSITS.*

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Planorbis parvus urbanensis n. var. Pl. VII, figs. 4-6.

Shell differing from parvus by having a round aperture,

the last third of the body whorl being depressed below the

general level of the spire, deeper sutures, channelled in most

individuals, and a deeper umbilical region. The body whorl

has not quite as great transverse diameter as in typical parvus.

In parvus (pl. 1, figs. 1-3), the whorls are typically in the same

plane, the aperture is oblong or long ovate and the sutures are

impressed but not channelled. The umbilical region is also

less impressed and has a ‘‘reamed out’’ appearance.

Height at aperture, 1.00; greatest diameter, 3.00 mm.

Holotype. :

Height at aperture, 1.00; greatest diameter, 3.00 mm.

* Contribution from the Museum of Natura] History, University of Illinois,

No. 1.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Height at aperture, .80; greatest diameter, 2.75 mm. Cotype.

Height at aperture, .80; greatest diameter, 2.50 mm. Cotype.

Holotype, number Z 10772 and paratypes number Z 10773,

Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois. Cotypes

of urbanensis and altissimus have been placed in A. N.S. Phila.

About 40 specimens of this form of parvus occur in the

mar! collections taken from the University of Illinois campus.

The characteristics mentioned above appear to be very con-

stant and the race or variety of parvus seems distinguishable

enough for a distinct name. There were none of the parvus

form in the material. This may be a Pleistocene species that

has become extinct. Nothing similar has been seen in other

marl collections available for study, but it would seem that it

should be looked for in marl deposits, especially the older marl

beds overlying the earlier drift sheets, or in deposits between

these sheets—interglacial.

Planorbis altissimus n. sp. Pl. VII, figs. 7-10.

Shell depressed, with flatly rounded periphery which is

placed below the center of the whorl; lines of growth fine,

erowded, but surface without spiral ornamentation; whorls

4, regularly increasing in diameter, sloping flatly to the

rounded periphery; spire whorls sunken below the general

level of the surface, the whorls forming a rather sharp v-

shaped suture, causing the shell to resemble a miniature

Planorbis antrosus and producing a subacute carina on the

upper surface of the whorls; base of shell deeply concave,

forming a wide, saucer-shaped depression and umbilicus; the

earlier whorls are carinate on the under side but the last

whorl is rounded; the last half of the last whorl is markedly

deflected, forming a contact with but half of the preceding

whorl; aperture roundly ovate, shouldered above, the dorsal

margin much produced over the ventral margin, the parietal

callus joining the margins and causing the aperture to be

continuous.

Height at aperture, 2.00; greatest diameter, 4.50 mm.

Holotype.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

Height at aperture, 1.75; greatest diameter, 4.25 mm.

Cotype.

Height at aperture, 2.00; greatest diameter, 4.00 mm.

Cotype.

Height at aperture, .90; greatest diameter, 2.00 mm.

(young, 3 whorls).

Holotype; number Z 10775 and cotypes number Z 10776,

Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois.

This small Planorbis is related to deflectus, but differs mark-

edly in the form of the upper whorls which are more sharply

carinated, and in the spire which is more sunken below the

general level of the whorls. The umbilical region is deeper

and the aperture is higher than wide. The lower part of the

body whorl is more exposed below the first half of this whorl

than in deflectus. Young specimens very strongly resemble

Planorbis campanulatus in form.

Specimens of deflectus from marl deposits in Milwaukee

(30th Street) Wisconsin, have occasional individuals that

somewhat resemble altissumus in the greatly deflected last

whorl but these are otherwise quite different. The new

species may be looked for in marl deposits associated with

Galba obrussa decampi and the Pisidia peculiar to the north-

ern marl beds. Only 5 adult and 9 immature specimens oc-

curred in the Urbana marl deposit and the new species was

not, seemingly, a common inhabitant of the pond or lake.

The new forms described above occurred in a lot of post-

elacial fossils found in a deposit on the campus of the Uni-

versity of Illinois, in a ditch and in excavations for the base-

ment of the new greenhouses. The shells were about four

feet below the surface, in a deposit of marl underlying two

feet of black, clayey soil. The fauna contains several species

which now have a more northern range, as Pisidiwm costatum,

P. tenissimum calcareum, Valvata sincera, and Galba obrussa

decamvpt, and there is reason to believe that the pond in which

these fossils lived occupied a kettle hole on the inner face

of the Champaign moraine when the ice of the late Wisconsin

elaciation was at or near Chicago. If this is so, then the

THE NAUTILUS. 97

deposit is interglacial between the early and late Wisconsin

invasions. A paper covering this point is in preparation.

EXPLANATION OF FiqurEes, PLATE VII.

1-3. Planorbis parvus Say. Owasco Lake, N. Y. X9

4-6. Planorbis parvus urbanensts Baker, new variety. X9

7. Planorbis altissimus Baker, young. X9.

8-10. Planorbis altissimus Baker, new species. X7.

MOLLUSKS INFESTED WITH PARASITIC WORMS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

While carrying on biological work for the New York State

College of Forestry at Oneida Lake in the fall of 1917, many

animals were examined to ascertain the degree of parasitation

by worms. The hosts studied included fish, birds, batrachians,

reptiles, and mollusks. Among the latter many interesting

eases occurred, both of infestation and absence of infestation,

the degree of infestation varied from none to fifty per cent.

Of the twelve species examined, five were without trace of

parasites and seven were infested in varying degrees. It is

noteworthy that none of the Amnicolidae or Valvatidae were

parasitized, and that no worms were found in the small

Planorbes (parvus and lirsutus). Of those infested, five are

fresh water pulmonates. The examinations were carried on

under the direction of Dr. H. 8. Pratt, of Haverford College.

The table below indicates the species infested and the degree

of infestation. All are trematode worms the species of which

have not yet been determined.

Bythinia tentaculata 17 examined ; no worms.

Amnicola limosa 20 examined; no worms.

Valvata tricarinata 20 examined ; no worms.

Planorbts parvus 3 examined ; no worms.

Planorbis hirsutus 7 examined ; no worms.

Planorbis antrosus 2 examined; 1 with cereariae, 1 without.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Planorbis campanulatus 15 examined; 3 with cereariae, 12

without.

Galba catascopium 10 examined; 6 with sporocysts and eer-

cariae, 4 without.

Galba emarginata 5 examined; 3 with cercariae, 2 without.

Campeloma iwmtegrum 3 examined; 2 with cereariae, 1

without.

Physa warremana 9 examined; 3 with cercariae, 6 without.

Small leech in mantle cavity of 3 specimens.

Gonrobasis livescens 2 examined ; 1 with cercariae, 1 without.

Umversity of Illinois,

Museum of Natural History.

TYPES OF GENERIC NAMES PROPOSED FOR ACHATINAE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

When working on Congo Valley mollusks I noticed that

while the generic names applied to the Achatinae were discussed

in Manual of Conchology, vol. xvi, genotypes were not selected

for some names there considered absolute synonyms. This lack

is supplied in the following list. Where a type had already

been selected the authority and date of selection are added in

parentheses.

Achatina Lam., 1799, type Bulla achatina L. (Lam., 1799).

Ampulla Bolten, 1798, type A. priamus Bolt. (Pilsbry, 1908).

Chersina [Humphrey], 1797, type Bulla achatina.*

Achatium Link, 1807, type A. elegans Link = A. achatina (L.).

Achatinus Montfort, 1810, type A. zebra (Montfort, 1810).’

'The Museum Calonnianum has been rejected as a source of nomenclature

by the International Commission.

2 De Montfort appears to have confused A. zebra and A. panthera under the

former name, but as he stated that Achatinus zebra is the type, the name be-

longs rather to Cochlitoma than to Achatina. Since he says that Lamarck

founded the genus, it is evident that he intended Achatinus merely as an

emendation of Achatina Lam., and not as a new name. It cannot therefore

displace Cochlitoma, but will be regarded merely as a variation in orthography.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

Cochlitoma Fér.. 1817, type Bulimus zebra Brug. (Pilsbry,

1904).

Archachatina Albers, 1850, type A. bicarinata Brug. (Pilsbry,

1904).°

Geodes Gistel, 1848, type Bulla achatina.'

Oncaea Gistel, 1848, type Oncaea perdix” = A. perdix Lam.,

= A. achatina (L.). ,

Parachatina Bourguignat, 1889, type A. dohrniana Pir.

(Pilsbry, 1904).

Serpexa Bourguignat, 1889, type A. hortensiae Morel. (Pilsbry,

1904).

Pintoa Bourguignat, 1889, A. pfeiffer Dkr. (Pilsbry, 1904).

Urceus (Klein) Jousseaume, 1884, type Achatina achatina

(L.).§

LORENZO E. DANIELS.

L. E. Daniels was born at Mazon, Grundy Co., L[llinois,

March 4th, 185%. The son of a farmer, his early life was spent

on the farm, and so far as known his education was in the local

schools.

While a farmer in Illinois, though a Democrat in politics, he

was called from the plow in that strong Republican community

to take the office of sheriff. Though modest toa fault and with

none of the politician or office-holder in thought or manner,

the administration was nevertheless a success. The term of

office was enlivened by puzzling criminal cases, including

murder, and there were also serious strikes in the coal fields;

3 A. bicarinata, the type of Archachatina, is a decidedly aberrant species.

For the dextral continental species, which have the surface smoothish and

even, I propose the subgenus Calachatina, A. marginata (Swains.), Man.

Conch., XVI, 109, being the type.

* Gistel, Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs fiir hOhere Schulen, 1848, p. viii.

Geodes is a substitute for Achatina Lam., no species mentioned.

5 Gistel, tom. cit., p. 168. Oncaea is asubstitute for Achatina Auct.; several

species are briefly described.

6 Jousseaume merely mentioned ‘‘ le genre Urceus Klein ( Achatina Lam.) ”’

without any species. It therefore takes the same type as Lamarck’s genus.

100 THE NAUTILUS,

but this quiet farmer had courage, a known reputation for fair

play, and was trusted by both workmen and employer. There

were no complaints of violence in labor disputes during the

Daniels regime.

The sheriff’s rooms in the Grundy county court house at that

time contained one of the best collections of Mazon creek fossils;

for back in boyhood days the sheriff had become interested in

those famous Upper Carboniferous beds near his home. In

types, especially of insects, the collection contained many of the

rarest species. They were worked up in a memoir by Dr.

Handlirsch of Vienna, published by the National Museum. Mr.

Daniels still owned this collection, together with the accumula-

tions of many years of research in conchology, and the old

Illinois homestead at the time of his death.

Mr. Daniels became interested in mollusks while a young

man, and for many years collected assiduously, particularly in

Indiana. For some years he was Assistant State Geologist of

Indiana. Some of the results of his investigations during this

period were published, in collaboration with Dr. W. 8S. Blatch-

ley, the State Geologist, under the title ‘‘On some Mollusca

known to occur in Indiana,’’ and by Daniels alone, ‘‘ A Check-

list of Indiana Mollusca.’’ Both appeared in 1903. At this

time herpetology was added to his other interests, and in later

trips the collection of snakes, horned toads and especially turtles

claimed part of his attention.

Subsequently with Dr. Pilsbry, Junius Henderson and the

writer, he was associated in field work many seasons in the

wild places of North Carolina, Tennessee, Arizona, New Mexico,

Utah and Idaho. In 1910 he joined Dr. Pilsbry and the writer

in a collecting trip of several months in southern New Mexico

and Arizona, and in 1914, in company with the writer, explored

the Blue River region in Arizona and the Mogollon Mts., New

Mexico. Many new species of Sonorella, Ashmunella, Oreohelix

and Holospira were found on these excursions. In 1915 and

1916 Mr. Daniels joined forces with Prof. Junius Henderson in

hunting Oreohelices in Utah and Idaho. Their results were set’

forth in two admirable papers, published jointly, the first exact

and critical records for this fauna.

THE NAUTILUS. 101

As a collector Daniels was untiring. His bag was always

among the largest. He seemed to have the knack of finding

unusual or abnormal shells. Some of these were illustrated by

him in a special article.

Species of the molluscan genera Sonorella, Ashmunella, Holo-

spira, Hemphillia, Pisidium, Lymnexa, of Gerarus and Asemoblatta

(Upper Carboniferous insects), and probably other groups, have

been named in his honor. His collections of land and fresh

water shells, and of Mazon creek fossils are among the best.

Mr. Daniels was unmarried. Of late years he made his home

with a sister, Mrs. James Foster, at La Porte and later at Roll-

ing Prairie, Indiana. While on the farm be became interested

in Masonry, often driving across the unbroken prairie a dozen

miles on winter nights to attend lodge sessions at the county

seat. He continued up to the thirty-third degree and the final

services at La Porte were conducted by the Masonic fraternity.

In person Daniels was of the tall, strongly but loosely built

Illinois type, of which Lincoln was anexample. He was rather

serious, but by no means lacking in humor, a good camp-fire

companion. In character enterprising, interested, upright.

Seemingly in good health, nevertheless for some years he had

need of a surgeon, and in October submitted to an operation at

a Chicago hospital. Unforseen complications developed and he

died October 23, 1918. By his death conchology has lost one

of its best explorers, and his associates a loyal and loving

friend.—J. H. FERRIss.

ge SE ae SS)

JOSEPH WILLCOX.

Mr. Joseph Willcox, a member of the Board of Trustees of

the Wagner Free Institute of Science for forty years, died in

Philadelphia, October 1, 1918. Mr. Willcox was born at Ivy

Mills, Delaware Co., Pa., August 11, 1829. After graduating

from St. Mary’s College, Baltimore, he became engaged in

paper making with his father. This business was founded in

1729 by Thomas Willcox, who made paper for the continental

102 THE NAUTILUS.

currency, the firm continuing to make paper for the government

up to 1875. Mr. Willcox was in the Pennsylvania militia dur-

ing the Civil War, and attained the rank of colonel.

On retiring from business Mr. Willcox took up the study of

mineralogy and geology, and during his frequent visits to

Florida became greatly interested in the geology of that State.

In the spring of 1886, under the auspices of the Wagner Free

Institute of Science, he organized with Prof. Angelo Heilprin of

the Academy of Natural Sciences, an expedition to explore the

gulf coast of Florida. Leaving Cedar Keys and proceeding

south, they examined the silex beds of Tampa Bay, and in as-

cending the Caloosahatchie to enter Lake Okeechobee, dis-

covered the Caloosahatchie Pliocene. An account of this ex-

pedition appeared in Transactions Wagner Free Institute,

Vol. I. In company with Dr. Wm. H. Dall, he again visited

these beds in the spring of 1887, and with the writer in 1888

made another trip to this and adjacent streams, making large

collections to aid Dr. Dall in his great work on the Tertiary

Fauna of Florida, also published in the Transactions of the

Wagener Free Institute (Vol. III, six parts, 1654 pages, 60

plates, 1890-1903). In the work of obtaining additional

material in other southern states and in many ways assisting

Dr. Dall and others, he took great pleasure. On the various

collecting trips he always obtained many undescribed species,

of which some sixteen have been named in his honor. He

made a large collection of Miocene and Pliocene shells and

specialized on the genus Busycon (Fulgur) both recent and

fossil. This collection he presented to the Academy of Natural

Sciences.

For many years Mr. Willcox was Honorary Curator of the

Isaac Lea collection of Eocene fossils at the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia. He was Chairman of the Committee

on Museum of the Wagner Free Institute, and always took the

greatest interest in the development of both institutions. A

warm friend of Dr. Isaac Lea and Dr. Joseph Leidy, he lived

to see the scientific work and progress of practically two gener-

ations. He is survived by a son, Mr. C. Percy Willcox, of

Philadelphia.—C. W. JoHNson.

THE NAUTILUS. 1038

NOTES,

Nore oN THYASIRA BISECTA Conrap.—In 1889 I gave an ac-

count of the microscopic anatomy of a species of Thyasira (under

the name of Cryptodon) in my report on the Blake dredgings,

p. 438. This was I believe the first general account of the

unique features of this genus, the data on Cryptodon furnished

by Pelseneer in the Challenger report relating to Lyonsvella or a

similar genus rather than to Thyasira. Pelseneer himself re-

ferred them to ‘‘ Cryptodon’’ with doubt. The specimen de-

scribed in the Blake report was 17 mm. high, and regarded as

exceptionally large. The species referred to Thyasira, under

the name of bisecta Conrad, was so placed by me because of its

agreement conchologically with that genus, although it had been

referred to several different genera.and a new genus had been

proposed for it by Gabb.

I had long been anxious to examine the anatomy of this

mollusk, which reaches a height of 75 mm., to see whether it

conformed to the primitive features of the small typical forms

of the genus, and by the kindness of Mrs. Oldroyd and Dr.

Frye of the Friday Harbor Biological Station, Puget Sound,

this wish has been granted. The specimen was found in about

four fathoms, muddy bottom among the San Juan Islands.

Rather to my surprise I find that the description written of

the small species nearly thirty years ago applies almost word

for word to this giant of the genus. The only difference seems

to be the greater proportional length of attachment of the W-

shaped gills, and the only addition is the presence of a glandular

area within the basal edges of the mantle extending nearly the

whole length of the free edges. Something of this sort might

have occurred in the earlier specimen but have been overlooked

on account of its minuteness. The arborescent hepaticogenital

organs occupy the greater part of the mantle cavity, while the

absence of papillae on the mantle edge and around the efferent

aperture in the mantle, and of oral palpi, the worm-like foot,

etc., are essentially the same as in the smaller forms.

Geologically, T. bisecta recedes to the Miocene.—W. H. DALt.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Cusan MoLiusks CoLonizED IN FLtor1rpa.—Last April Mr. C.

T. Simpson sent me 10 fine Pleurodonte auricoma (Fér.) and 2 P.

marginella (Gmel.), one adult and one immature, which he had

collected in his ‘‘ hammock ’’ at Lemon City, Fla. The largest

auricoma measures 40 x 29 and the smallest 30x 20mm. The

adult marginella is 27x 16 mm., while the young shell would

probably have grown larger.

As these species appear to be permanently established I

wrote for further information, and below give his response. —

** Little River, Fla., April 20, 1918. I have Pleurodonte auri-

coma living on the place but cannot give locality from whence

taken. It has become completely established and every year I

find hundreds of living and dead examples scattered throughout

my cultivated pine land, but never in the hammock. I find

most of the living specimens when hoeing, buried just under

the surface of the sandy soil, sometimes in dry weather with a

sort of epiphragm. The other day I found a perfect var. pro-

visoria in fine condition. I do not remember whence it came.

‘‘Two varieties of Liguus fasciatus, which were derived from

the general Camaguay to Holguin (Cuba) region, seem to be

established here. The ground color of one is a warm slate and

the other has some yellowish on it. I have found two speci-

mens lately in fairly fresh condition and as it has been about

four years since any were brought in I am sure they have grown

here, especially as one was not fully grown.

‘¢ Polymita muscarum, white var. with dark dots, is occasion-

ally seen and the dead shells are rarely found. J. B. Hender-

son sent the parents of these and they are from some part of

Eastern Cuba. Our specimens are large, solid and fine.

‘¢ Pleurodonte marginella seems to be pretty well established in

my hammock, probably from Cayo del Rey, and there are

several variations. Most are bluntly keeled and rather dark

colored. They keep strictly in the hammockand tho not yet

numerous they seem to be spreading and slowly increasing.

They remain under trash and the fallen leaves of palms during

most of the dry season, but have just begun to appear since we

had a heavy shower yesterday. They climb palms and live

THE NAUTILUS. 105

oaks, sometimes to a height of seven feet and seem to be given

greatly to breeding.

‘*T have introduced a number of other snails from Cuba and

Bimini including some of the land operculates, but have never

found living or dead specimens since. ‘That does not prove

that they may not be living, as it seems to take a long time for

a species to become established. Until a short time ago I sup-

posed that no Cuban Liguus were living in my hammock. I

have none of the original] stock of these that I can be sure of; I

simply introduced the things for ‘company’ and not for any

‘scientific results.’ ’’

I think the above is well worth putting on record.—Gro. H.

Capp.

—_—$—$—$——————

Some RARE SHELLS CoLLECTED IN PuGET SounD, WASHINGTON,

Durinea Juty, 1918.—Thinking it would be of interest to the

readers of the Naurtitus, I send you a short list of some of the

very rare species we collected this summer at the Biological

Station of the University of Washington at Friday Harbor, San

Juan Island.

Thyastra bisecta Conrad.

This rare shell we dredged in mud in between 3 and 4 fms.

Three live specimens and a few dead ones were obtained.

Macoma nasuta kelseyi Dall.

This species we found with the above; the specimens were

larger than those from California.

Thracia curta Conrad.

One specimen of this species was obtained in 25 fms. between

San Juan Is. and O’ Neal Island.

Thracia trapezoides Conrad.

This species is the pride of the collection. So far as we have

been able to find out, this has never been reported living. One

living and two dead specimens were obtained in about 20 fms.

off O’Neal Island. This with the first two are found in the

Pliocene at San Pedro, Cal.

106 . THE NAUTILUS.

A fine species in the Naticidae may prove to be a new genus.

Velutina laevigata Linn.

The specimens we obtained were the largest and finest I have

ever seen. The largest one is 8.2 mm. in length.

Panomya ampla Dall.

Of this odd and rare species we were fortunate to obtain sev-

eral specimens.

A report will be published about April, 1919, and will have

a full description of each species; and we hope to have figures

of most of them.—Ipa S. OL_pRoyD, Stanford University, Cali-

fornia.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

ForreIa@N LanpD Snaits 1N Micuigan. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.

Univ. of Mich., no. 58. By Bryant Walker. The following

are recorded:

Arion ater (L.), garden in Detroit, one specimen.

Arion circumscriptus Johns. ‘‘ Cat Hole,’’ near Ann Arbor.

Subulina octona (Brug.) and Opeas clavulinum kyotense Pils.,

conservatory in Lansing.

Vitrea lucida (Dr.), conservatory, Bell Isle Park.

PLEUROBEMA CLAVA (Lam.) AND PLANORBIS DILATATUS BUCH-

ANENSIS LEA IN Micuican. Occ. Pap., etc., no. 51. By Mina

L. Winslow. FP. clava was taken by the author in Hillsdale

Co., the Planorbis near Harbert, Berrien Co. Excellent figures

of P. dilatatus and P. d. buchanensis are given, with a biblio-

graphy of the species and notes on distribution.—H. A. P.

Mo.tuuscaN FAUNA FROM SAN Francisco Bay. By. E. L.

Packard (Univ. of Cal. Publications, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 199-

452, pls. 14-60, 1918). This valuable publication is the re-

sults of the work of U. S. Steamer ‘‘ Albatross,’’ commissioned

in Oct., 1911, by the Bureau of Fisheries to make a biological

THE NAUTILUS. 107

survey of San Francisco Bay. A thorough study of the fauna

of a given area presents many interesting facts pertaining to dis-

tribution, and a basis for making further observations. The

number described are 173 species and 13 varieties collected by

the survey or previously recorded from the San Francisco Bay,

San Francisco Co., or the Farallon Islands. The number ob-

tained by the survey within the limits of San Francisco Bay

comprises 81 species and varieties. The illustrations are ex-

cellent, and charts show the local distribution of 18 of the more

common species. A map of San Francisco Bay showing the

dredging stations is also given.—C. W. J.

THE PropucTiviry oF INVERTEBRATE FisH Foop oN THE

Bottom OF ONEIDA LAKE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MOL-

Lusks. By Frank C. Baker (N. Y. State College of Forestry,

Tech. Pub., no. 9, vol. 18, no. 2, 1918, pp. 1-264. A most

interesting publication that brings to our attention a great factor

little considered by most conchologists, 7. e., the importance of

the smaller fresh-water mollusks as fish food. Animal life was

found to be most abundant at the 6-foot contour and a sandy

bottom the richest in animal life.—C. W. J.

A New Marine MOo.Luusk oF THE GENUS CERITHIOPSIS FROM

Froripa. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., vol. 31,

p. 135, 1918). Cerithiopsis vanhyningi, Tampa Bay.

Four New Mo.iusks FROM THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDS. By

Paul Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., vol. 31, p. 158, 1918).

CHANGES AND ADDITIONS TO MoLLuscaN NOMENCLATURE. By

W. H. Dall (Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., vol. 31, p. 187, 1918).

The following new generic and section names are proposed:

Tromina, Algaroda, Littorivaga, Algamorda, Boetica, Iselica,

Elachisina, Kurtziella, Progabbia, Crawfordia, Boreomelon, Phena-

coptygma and Atrimitra.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

THE Homina HaBITs OF THE PULMONATE MoLLuskK ONCHIDIUM.

By L. B. Arey and W. J. Crozier (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 4,

pp. 319-321, 1918).

GROWTH AND DURATION OF LIFE OF CHITON TUBERCULATUS

AND GROWTH OF CHITON TUBERCULATUS IN DIFFERENT ENVIR-

ONMENTs [2 papers]. By W. J. Crozier (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.,

vol. 4, pp. 322-328, 1918).

THE NayaprEs (FrREsH WATER MUSSELS) OF THE UPPER TENN-

ESSEE DRAINAGE, WITH NOTES ON SYNONYMY AND DISTRIBUTION.

By A. E. Ortmann (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 57, pp. 521-

626, 1918). Exhaustive studies of this character of the mol-

luscan fauna of our rivers constitutes one of the most important

works in biology. The constantly increasing pollution of our

streams will locally exterminate many species. The author

says: ‘‘The region in question is known as one of the chief

centers of nayad development, and may be called the most pro-

lific section of the world in this particular group.’’ The species

often assume different shapes in the larger rivers than in the

smaller streams and headwaters. Some 88 species and varieties

are recorded from this drainage.—C. W. J.

Los Mo.uscos DE LA REPUBLICA DE PANAMA por James Zetek

(Revista Nueva, Jul.-Aug., 1918). This catalogue of the mol-

lusks is prefaced by a discussion of the distribution, peculiari-

ties of the fauna, etc., and followed by a list of synonyms and

a bibliography. Besides having many species additional to

those of C. B. Adams’s well-known catalogue, it has the advan-

tage of modern nomenclature.

CEPHALOPODA, AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC Expepition. By S.

S. Berry. A new species of Stauroteuthis and four of Moschites

are described and well figured in this interesting report.

L, E. DANIELS

THE NAUTILUS, XXX IP. PLATE VIII.

BRYANT WALKER: PHILIPPINE VIVIPARIDZ.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII, PLATE IX.

BRYANT WALKER: PHILIPPINE VIVIPARIDZ.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXII. APRIL, 1919. No. 4

NOTES ON CERTAIN PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF VIVIPARUS.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Several months ago Mr. Walter F. Webb, of Rochester,

N. Y., placed in my hands for identification a small collection

of Philippine Vivipart. The very considerable search of the

literature that was found necessary to determine the proper

names to be used for certain species has brought about some

interesting results in the matter of nomenclature.

iT.

PALUDINA (VIVIPARA) CARINATA Auct.

No less than four distinct species have been described by as

many different authors as Paludina carinata or Vivipara carinata,

viz:

1820-3. Paludina carinata Swainson. Ganges.

1827. Paludina carinata Valenciennes. Mexico.

1863. Paludina carinata Reeve. Philippine Is.

1867. Vivipara carinata Bartsch. Philippine Is.

It will be more convenient to treat these species separately.

ET.

PALUDINA CARINATA Sw. PI. VIII, fig. 1.

Paludina carinata Swainson. Zool. Ills., Series I, 1820-3,

pl. 93, center figure.

Swainson’s original figure is reproduced as above and his

brief description is as follows:

110 THE NAUTILUS.

‘* P. testa parva, olivacea; spira apertura longiore, apice obtuso,

rufo; anfractu basili medio leviter carinato; umbilico obsoleto.

‘‘Shell small, olive; spire longer than the aperture; the tip

obtuse, rufous; basal whorl slightly carinated in the middle;

umbilicus obsolete.

‘*A distinct species which is never found larger than the figure.

I once saw near 100 which had been picked up on the banks of

the Ganges; the spire is rather lengthened, always obtuse, and

the umbilicus even less than the last ’’ (P. wnicolor).

No measurements are given, but the figure (there is only one)

measures: alt. 21, diam. 16 mm. |

This species seems to have entirely dropped out of sight in

recent years. It has been referred to V. dissimilis (Miull.) by

Morch (Cat. Yoldi, 1852, p, 52), Troschel (ubi?) and von

Martens (Mal. Blatt., 1865, p. 148). Frauenfeld (Verzeich-

niss, Paludina, 1864, p. 584) referred it to V. remossii (Phil. ).

Hanley and Theobald (Con. Ind., 1876; p. xvii, n. 7) simply

give the above opinions. The species is not referred to by

Kuester (Con. Cab., Paludina, 1852) nor by Reeve in the Con-

chologia Iconica (1863) except as hereinafter stated, nor by

Kobelt in his recent (1906-9) monograph in the Conchylien

Cabinet, nor by Bartsch (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907,

pp. 185-150), nor by Preston in ‘‘ The Fauna of British India ”’

(1915).

But it is clear that Swainson’s species was an Indian one and,

whatever may be its standing at the present time in the Indian

fauna, it is entirely different from any Philippine species and

by its priority prevents the use of the name by any subsequent

author either in Paludina, Vivipara or Viviparus.

III.

PALUDINA CARINATA Valenciennes.

See No. X. .

EVE

PALUDINA CARINATA Reeve. :

Paludina carinata Reeve. Con. Icon., Paludina, 1863, Sp.

53, pl. IX, fig. 53.

Reeve in his text gives no authority for the specific name and

THE NAUTILUS. 11]

the species is usually credited to him, but in the index the

species is credited to Swainson. It is possible that he thought

that the shell that he described and figured was the same as

Swainson’s species. Frauenfeld (Verzeichniss, Paludina, 1864,

p. 584) expresses the opinion that Reeve’s species is really the

same, but the figure, description, such as it is, and the locality,

if correct, renders it quite improbable.

I do not think either that the shell figured by Bartsch as this

species is really the same.

Reeve as usual gives no dimensions, but his figure measures:

alt. 25, diam. 20; aperture, alt. 13.5, diam. 12 mm.

The type, said by Reeve to be in the Cuming Collection,

seems to have been lost or mislaid as Mr. H. C. Fulton, who

made a search for it at my request, was unable to find it at the

British Museum.

I have before me four shells that I believe represent this

species and which are figured on pl. IX, figs. 1-4. Two (figs.

1 and 2) are from the Andrews collection and were sent to Mrs.

Andrews by Dr. Wesley Newcomb as V. amplior Rve., and as

from the Philippine Islands. They are clearly not Reeve’s

amplior, which Frauenfeld (Verzeichniss, p. 569) considers the

same as Mousson’s V. lineolatus amplus and Kobelt (Con. Cab.,

Viviparidae, 1908, p. 260) calls a variety of V. javanicus.

The third specimen (fig. 3) is No. 3252 of the collection of

the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, and formed a

part of the collection of Joseph Monds, of Salem, Mass., pur-

chased by the University in 1855. It was originally unnamed

and is labeled ‘‘ Manilla.’’

The fourth (fig. 4), (Coll. Walker, No. 31774) was part of

the Quadras collection and has his original label ‘‘ Pal. carinata

Rve., Rio Pasig, Manila.’’ With it was a larger shell of appar-

ently a different species.

As Reeve’s type has disappeared, I propose to call the species

represented by these specimens Viviparus pseudocarinatus, fig. 1

being the type and the others paratypes. If Reeve’s type

should be found and prove to be identical, his specific name

will be superseded by psewdocarinatus.

Viviparus pseudocarinatus may be described as follows: Shell

112 THE NAUTILUS.

globose-conic, apex obtuse, narrowly but deeply, umbilicate;

whorls five; apical whorls dark purple, which after the third

whorl becomes lighter and gradually fades into a yellowish-

green on the body-whorl; the dark color of the upper whorls

is lighter towards the sutures; on the last half of the body-

whorl of Nos. 1 and 3 are several darker, longitudinal striga-

tions representing, probably, rest periods. The lips of Nos. 1

and 2 are sharp and uncolored, having been taken apparently

between rest periods; No. 3 has the remains of a dark brown or ,

blackish margin on the lip, and on No. 4 the lip is thickened

and deep black. All four shells are quite acutely carinated on

the periphery of the upper whorls and in the three larger ones

the body-whorl! drops slightly below the carina of the preceding

whorl and exposes it above the suture, but the carina rapidly

diminishes in prominence and is practically obsolete before

reaching the lip, which is regularly rounded. The lines of

growth are regular but very light, and the entire surface is

covered with exceedingly fine, spiral strize, scarcely discernible

on the upper whorls, but becoming stronger on the base of the

body-whorl; these lines especially on the upper whorls are more

or less interrupted by the growth lines giving the appearance of

very minute punctations.

The four shells measure as follows:

No. 1, alt. 22.5, diam, 17.5; aperture, alt. 12.8, width,

11.4 mm.

No. 2, alt. 20.00, diam. 14.5; aperture, alt. 11.2, width,

8.9 mm.

No. 3, alt. 22.1, diam. 17.1; aperture, alt. 13.0, width,

10.0 mm.

No. 4, alt. 16.9, diam. 12.8; aperture, alt. 9.6, width,

8.4 mm.

Unfortunately No. 4 is the only one with its operculum.

This (Pl. 8, fig. 7) is like that of V. costatus (Q. and G.) in

having the inner surface divided into three distinct areas with

the central and outer portions smooth and polished, but it

differs from that species in having the intermediate area with-

out granulation, it being finely and concentrically striate.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

vi.

VIVIPARA CARINATA Bartsch. Pl. IX, fig. 5.

Vivipara carinata Bartsch. Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXXII,

1907, p. 141, pl. XI, fig. 14.

As already stated I do not think that the shell figured by

Bartsch as carinata Rve. is really that species. Bartsch’s speci-

men apparently belongs to a larger, more elongated species and,

if mature, lacks the black peritreme that seems characteristic of

carinata Rve. The color is also different.

The specimen that I have figured for comparison with what

I believe to be the genuine carinatu Rve. and which seems to

agree very exactly with that figured by Bartsch, was sent by

Dr. Wesley Newcomb to the late Mrs. George Andrews with

another, which was correctly named as V. cumingu Rve. It is

No. 47035 Coll. Walker and measures: alt. 28.5, diam. 21.7;

aperture, alt. 16.2, width 13.1 mm.

As ‘‘ carinata’’ can not be used for either Reeve’s or Bartsch’s

species and the two are evidently different, the better course

would seem to be to rename the form figured and described by

Bartsch and to leave Reeve’s carinata to stand for further con-

sideration. I would propose that the species figured and de-

scribed by Bartsch be called V. bartschi, the type being No.

103666, U. S. Nat. Museum.

PALUDINA CUMINGII Reeve. Pl. IX, fig. 7.

Paludina cumingii Reeve. Con. Icon., Paludina, 1862, Sp.

Pow Tit) fie. 11.

This species will also have to be renamed, as ‘‘ Paludina

cumingi’’ was used by d’Orbigny in 1835 for the South Amer-

ican species now known as Littoridina cwmingii (d’Orb.). Reeve

himself says that the name had been used by d’Orbigny, but

attempts to avoid the duplication by stating that d’Orbigny’s

species is a Paludestrina. This, of course, is impossible under

the international code.

To make the change as inconspicuous as possible, | would

propose that the species hereafter be known as Viviparus cum-

ingianus.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

Cumingianus is a large, well-marked species and was excel-

lently figured by Reeve. It was the first of the more-widely

umbilicated Philippine species to be described and is not likely

to be confounded with any of its contemporaneous species.

The characteristic specimen figured is from the MacAndrew

collection (Coll. Walker, No. 46916) and measures: alt. 39.7,

diam. 30.5mm. Another with it measures: alt. 36.5, diam.

29 mm. This specimen has its operculum, which is of the

characteristic javanicus type.

The specimen figured by Bartsch (Pr. U. 8. N. M., XXXII,

1907, pl. X, fig. 7) is apparently immature as it measures only

alt. 17.1, diam. 14.8 mm.

Autoptically unknown to Frauenfeld, von Martens and Ko-

belt, the first two express no opinion in regard to it, but the

latter (Con. Cab., Viviparidae, 1908, p. 273) thinks that it is

probably a thick-shelled variety of V. costatus (Q. and G.); but

that view is not tenable.

VI.

VIVIPARUS ANGULARIS (Miiller). Pl. VIII, figs. 4-5.

Nerita angularis Miller. Hist. Verm., IJ, 1774, p. 187.

Helix angularis Chemnitz. Con. Cab., TX, 1786, p. 160, pl.

134, figs. 1222-1223.

Miiller’s description of his Nerita angularis is as follows:

‘* Nerita testa imperforata, virescente, anfractibus spiraliter angu-

latis, fauce alba.

‘* Cochlea virginiana e flavo viridescens non fasciata.’’

pico BTS ARR ey V2 mbar tals 2A A if

‘‘Dan. Kant-neriten

long. 12 lin. lat. 6 lin.

‘¢ Testa opaca, conica, glabra virescens striis transversis subtillemis,

spiralibus tribus in singulo anfractu elevatis, acutis. Anfractus

quinque prope perpendiculares.

‘Apertura retundata, ad anfractum vicinum in angulum producta.

Foramen vel umbilicus nullus. Faux calcarea. Strie sprrales in

quibusdam evanescunt.

‘¢ Figura Listeri nostris major, caeterum refert. In flumine

Chinensi emporium Canton alluente.’’

THE NAUTILUS. 115

His reference to Lister was an unfortunate one as the two

species have nothing in common. Chemnitz in 1786 expressed

his surprise at the approximation. Lister’s species was un-

doubtedly that subsequently described by Say (1817) as Limnzxa

decisa and now known as Campeloma decisum. As the facsimile

of Lister’s figure given by Binney (L. and F.-W. Shells, II],

1865, p. 43, fig. 86) is not a satisfactory reproduction of the

original figure, I give a photographic copy on pl. VIII, fig. 6.

As to whether Miiller’s species was the Chinese species com-

monly known as V. quadratus (Bens. ) or the Philippine species

often referred to V. costatus (Q. and G.), there has been a very

radical and long-continued difference of opinion among con-

chologists.

Mousson in 1849 (Moll. Jav., p. 62) according to von Martens

(Moll. Weber, 1897, p. 21) recognized that the shell figured by

Chemnitz as Helix angularis was different from that figured by

Philippi as Paludina angularis, but overlooked the fact that it

was the P. quadrata of Benson.

Philippi (Abbildungen, I, 1845, pl. I, fig. 10) identified it

with the species described by Quoy and Gaimard in 1832 as P.

costata.

Kuester (Con. Cab., Paludina, 1862, p. 26) followed Philippi.

Reeve (Con. Icon., Paludina, 1862) referred the Philippine

species to angularis, which he considered distinct from costata,

though he remarks that the two species are very closely allied.

Frauenfeld in 1864 (Verzeichniss, Paludina, p. 571) also re-

ferred the Philippine species to angularis.

Von Martens in 1869 (Mal. Blatt., p. 145) seems to have

been the first to refer Miiller’s species to the well-known Chinese

form commonly called quadrata Bens.

Morelet in 1869 (J. de Con., XVII, p. 403) argued the ques-

tion at considerable length and refused to follow von Martens.

But he makes no reference to Chemnitz either in his synonymy

or in his discussion.

Issel in 1874 (Moll. Born., p. 90) followed von Martens.

The Sarasins (Suessw. Moll. Celebes, 1898, p. 59), while they

make no reference either to angularis Mull. or to quadrata Bens..,

refer the Celebes species to costata Q. and G. and therefore im-

pliedly endorse von Martens’ position.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

In 1897 von Martens (Moll. Weber, p. 20) reaffirmed hi

position of 1865. !

Bartsch in his monographic paper on ‘‘ The Philippine Pond

Snails of the Genus Vivipara’’ (Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXXII,

1907, pp. 185-150) followed Philippi and referred the Philip-

pine species to angularis Mull.

Kobelt in his recent monograph of the Viviparide (Con.

Cab., 1908, p. 230) adopts von Martens’ position and calls the

Philippine species costata Q. and G. But while he states (1. c.

p. 122) that in his opinion the smaller, spirally-sculptured

Chinese species should be divided into groups represented by

angularis Mull. and quadrata Bens., he retains Benson’s name

for practically the whole Chinese series and neither figures nor

describes, except in a very general way, the particular Chinese

form that he would consider to be the real angularis.

None of the above-mentioned authors with the excer tion of

Philippi, Kuster and von Martens, refer in any way to the fig-

ures and remarks of Chemnitz in the original Conchylien Cab-

inet. If they were acquainted with that work they omitted to

make any referenceto it, and if they were not it is difficult to

understand how they came to refer costata Q. and G. to Muller’s

species.

I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for the reference to Chemnitz,

the photographs of his figures reproduced on pl. VIII, the trans-

lation of his remarks and for permission to use the illuminating

‘note that follows.

The translation is as follows:

“Tab, 134. Fig. 1222. 1228.

‘* Hx Museo Spongleriano.

‘The greenish river-snail with three-fold keels on each

whorl.

‘¢ Helix angularis, testa conica, viridescente, in quovis anfractu

tricarinata, apertura rotunda subangulart.”’

Miller, Histor. Verm. no. 3738, p. 187.

Then follows Muller’s diagnosis.

‘¢This river snail is covered with a dark green coat. It has

a quite conic formation, and a mainly circular, but stil) some-

what angular, aperture. It will be most conspicuously and

THE NAUTILUS. 117

recognizably distinguished from other snails by the three white

angles or perceptibly raised, parallel, transverse stria, which

are seen upon the whorls. Because it is seen to be thus some-

what angular in its formation and aperture, our renowned

Miiller has called it Cochleam angularem. It lives in the Chinese

rivers, has a length of only sixteen lines and is certainly un-

known at present to most lovers of shells; hence it is rare and

uncommon. I donot comprehend how Miiller could find it

like the figure of Lister, tab. 127, no. 27, which he refers to in

his Hist. Verm.’’

Dr. Pilsbry adds: ‘‘ Miiller’s angularis does not.depend upon

Lister, he notes a discrepancy in size. I have therefore had

Chemnitz’s figures copied. Nearly all of Muller’s exotic shells

were from the Spengler collection, and there is every reason to

believe that Chemnitz figured one of the type lot from the same

collection.”’

It is only necessary, in addition, to compare Chemnitz’s fig-

ures with a typical specimen of quadrata Bens. from China

(Coll. Walker, No. 46135) figured on pl. IX, fig. 10, and Quoy

and Gaimard’s figures of the Celebes type of their costata (pl.

VIII, figs. 9-10) to come to the conclusion reached by von

Martens.

Morelet’s remark (1. c. p. 407) that Paludina quadrata is dis-

tinguished by its more elongated form, less shouldered spire

and a proportionately smaller aperture is a very apt statement

of the difference between Chemnitz’s and Quoy and Gaimard’s

figures and practically convicts bim out of his own mouth.

To which of the many described forms of the protean Chinese

species, angularis should be referred is ‘‘ another story’ and

outside the purview of this paper. But there cen be no doubt

but that Muller’s specific name should be associated with the

Chinese rather than with the Philippine species.

VIIL.

VIVIPARUS cosTaTUS (Quoy and Gaimard . Pl. VIII, figs, 9-18.

Pl. LX, fig. 6.

Paludina costata Quoy and Gaimard. Voy. Astrolabe, III,

1832, p. 170, pl. 58, figs. 1-5.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Type locality: Lac de Tondano, N. Celebes.

It is not entirely certain that Quoy and Gaimard’s name can

be retained for this species.

Frauenfeld (Verzeichniss, Paludina, 1864, p. 571) has con-

sidered it to be the same as Lesson’s P. tricostata from New

Guinea described in 18380 (Voy. Coquille, Zool., II, p. 349).

Von Martens (Moll. Weber, 1897, p. 21) has also made the

same suggestion. Ifso, Lesson’s name would have priority.

Lesson did not figure his species, but his description may be

translated as follows:

‘Shell conic, inflated, of a uniform yellowish-green color,

ornamented with vertical striz, very fine and very close to-

gether. Spire moderate, conic, acute, with convex whorls sep-

arated by a linear and excavated suture. The fifth whorl is

the largest, inflated and dilated, three prominent keels mark its

contour, beginning on the preceding whorl. These three light

lineations form a ribbon-like, flat carina. The aperture is as

high, as wide, rounded, with a thin, sharp lip and smooth on

the columellar border, thickened a little at its base by a small

lamella, which covers in part the narrow umbilicus.

‘¢Several individuals in all respects alike were 7 lines in height

and 6 in diameter. This Paludina inhabits the sweet, fresh

waters of the brooks of New Guinea.”’

While in some respects this description would apply to V.

costatus, the dimensions given, alt. 17, diam. 15 mm., if from

mature specimens, would indicate a much smaller and more

globose species and his statement that the three lirations form

a flat, ribbon-like (rubanée et aplatic) carina would seem to in-

dicate that they were close together and, probably, at the peri-

phery of the shell.

Moreover, Tapparone-Canefri (Fauna Moll. N. Guinea, Pt. I,

1883, p. 23) states that Beccari and d’Albertis found nothing

like it in their collections. On the other hand, Pilsbry in com-

menting on another of Lesson’s lost species, Partula lineata

(Man. Con., XX, 1909, p. 312), remarks on ‘‘ the general re-

liability of the locality records in the Zoology of the Coquille.’’

Thinking that possibly Lesson’s type had been preserved in

the Paris Museum, I requested Dr. Louis Germain to ascertain

THE NAUTILUS. 119

whether they were in the Museum. But he replied that much

of their collection and nearly all of their types had been stored

in the cellars for safety and that consequently the desired in-

formation could not be obtained at present. Now that the war

is over, the Museum collections will, no doubt, be returned in

due time to their normal condition and then, if the original

types have been preserved, a critical examination can be made.

In view of the uncertainty as to just what Lesson’s species is,

it does not seem to be desirable to change the well-known and

unquestioned name for the species until more definite informa-

tion can be had in regard to the earlier one.

Viviparus costatus (Q. and G.) came from Lake Tondano,

North Celebes and is described as being ‘‘ very ventricose,

fragile and thin, spire obtuse, whorls rounded, carinated by a

considerable number of acute lirations, of which two or three

are more prominent, and very finely longitudinally striate.

Aperture almost circular, slightly angled above, umbilicus

narrow and deep. Length 27.66, diam. 22.56 mm.’’

As shown by the original figures copied on pl. IX, figs. 9-10

and fig. 6 on pl. X from a specimen from Sukur, Celebes,

labeled ‘‘angularis Mill.’’ by Brot, the shell has two principal

carinas, one at the periphery and the other forming the edge of

the prominent, wide shoulder; between these are a number of

lesser lirations, of which two are usually somewhat stronger

than the others. The penultimate whorl is much smaller than

the body-whorl owing to the width of the shoulder, and the spire

is short and obtusely conical.

I have not seen any typical V. costata from the Philippine

Islands.

Kobelt (Con. Cab., Viviparide, 1908, p. 230) has called at-

tention to the fact that the shell figured by Bartsch (Pr. U. S.

Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, pl. X, fig. I) from Luzon as typical

‘*angularis’’ (costatus) does not represent the type from North

Celebes. It was very properly united with V. burroughianus by

Bartsch and will probably, when large series are obtained, be

found to intergrade with it quite completely, but at present, at

least, it seems entitled to varietal rank.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

TX.

VIVIPARUS BURROUGHIANUS (Lea),

Paludina burroughiana Lea. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., V, 1834,

p. 113, pl. XIX, fig. 80; Obs.. 1, 1834). p.0225° pre

fig. 80.

Paludina angularis Reeve. Con. Icon., Paludina, 1862, Sp.

14, pl. ITI, fig. 14.

Vivipara angularis burroughiana Bartsch. Pr. U. S. Nat.

Mus., 1907, p. 186, pl. X, fig. 1.

Vivipara costata burroughiana Kobelt. Con. Cab., Viviparide,

1908, p. 232, pl. 46, figs. 7-8.

This is a characteristic species of the Philippine Islands. It

differs from the V. costatus from Celebes by its larger size, more

sloping shoulder, more elevated spire and stronger carination.

As the oldest available name Lea’s becomes the specific desig-

nation.

VIVIPARUS BURROUGHIANUS TRINOMINIS N. 0.

Paludina carinata Valenciennes. Rec. d’Observ. de Zool.,

18338, p. 252, pl. LVI, figs. 2a-b; Haldeman, Mon., 1841, p.

27, pl. VIII; Kuster, Con. Cab. Paludina, 1852, p. 28, pl. VI,

figs. 6-7; non Swainson, 1820-3.

Paludina multicarinata Haldeman. Mon., 1842, Pt. 4, p. 4

of cover; W. G. Binney, L. and F.-W. Shells, Pt. III, 1865,

p. 22, fig. 40; non Cailliaud, 1826.

Vivipara angularis Bartsch. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXXII,

1907, p. 185, pl. X, fig. 1; non Muller, 1774.

Valenciennes states that his species came from Mexico, but

W.G. Binney (J. de Con., XV, 1867, p. 480) and Morelet

(1bid., XVII, 1869, p. 405) from an examination of the types

have confirmed the opinions of Frauenfeld ( Verzeichniss, Palu-

dina, 1864, p. 583) and von Martens (Mal. Blatt., 1865, p.

149) that it is undoubtedly the Philippine species commonly

known as V. costatus (Q. and G.). The author himself states

that his specimens were given to Humboldt by a member of the

Royal Council of Manilla. Valenciennes’ figure copied by

THE NAUTILUS. 121

Haldeman is almost exactly the same as that given by Bartsch

(1. ¢.) as the typical form of V. angularis (Mull. ).

Haldeman’s name was proposed on account of the priority of

Paludina carinata Sw., but multicarinata has already been used

by Cailliaud (Voy. Meroe, 1826, pl. IX, fig. 6) for another

species, so that it is not available at the present time even in a

varietal sense.

None of the earlier names proposed for this form being avail-

able and, as in the light of our present knowledge, the race

seems worthy of varietal recognition, a new one is given as

above. |

Frauenfeld ( Verzeichniss, Paludina, 1864, p. 571) considers

this form as the same as tricarinata Ant., but if the figures given

of that species by Philippi and Kuester correctly represent it, it

is quite different.

Dai th

VIVIPARUS TRICARINATUS (Anton).

Paludina tricarinata Anton. Verzeichniss, 1839, p. 52.

Anton did not figure his species and I have not been able to

consult his original description. Kuester (Con. Cab., Paludina,

1852, p. 27) considered it to be a variety of angularis Mill.

(costatus Q. and G.) ‘‘ differing only in the sharper carine, two

on the upper whorls and three on the last,’’ and remarks that

every gradation between the two forms is to be found.

Tricarinata is not mentioned by Reeve in the Conchologia

Iconica nor by Kobelt in his recent monograph in the Conchy-

lien Cabinet.

I have not seen any Philippine specimens that are referable

to this species, but Bartsch’s zamboangensis evidently groups

with it, if we are justified in assuming that Kuester’s figure (pl.

6, fig. 5), which he gives as a ‘‘mitteliorm’’ in the series be-

tween the typical form and the variety, fairly represents the

species.

I have two specimens in the James Lewis collection (Coll.

Walker, No. 12553) from Celebes (pl. [X, fig. 11), which agree

fairly well with Kuster’s figure above mentioned. They differ

from typical costatus by their more elevated form, the sloping

122 THE NAUTILUS.

shoulder of the whorls and in the accentuation of the three

principal carinas.

Philippi’s figures of tricarinatus copied on pl. VIII, figs. 2-3,

are not quite so much elevated and look not unlike V. javanicus

luzonicus as figured by Kobelt (pl. 46, fig. 9) and herein.

Philippi notes several minor differences between his specimens

and Anton’s description, but ‘‘has no doubt’’ but that his

shells are correctly identified.

In the absence of specimens with their opercula, the standing

of Anton’s species and its relations to both costatus and javanicus

must remain uncertain.

DG tr

VIVIPARUS JAVANICUS LUZONICUS Kobelt. Pl. IX, fig. 8.

Viwipara javanica luzonica Kobelt. Con. Cab., Viviparide,

1909, p. 378, pl. 46, figs. 5, 9 and 10.

The Sarasins (Suessw. Moll. Celebes, 1898, p. 59) were the

first to call attention to the radical difference in the opercula of

the two species, V. costatus Q. and G. and V. javanicus v. d.

Busch, which in their shell characters are often quite indis-

tinguishable.

In javanicus and its allies the central part of the inner side of

the operculum is occupied by a granulated area, which is sur-

rounded by a smooth, polished border.

In costatus, on the other hand, the central portion is smooth

and polished, but is surrounded by a narrow, distinctly granu-

lated area and outside of this the remainder of the surface is

smooth and polished like the centre.

Kobelt (1. c.) has described a race from Daraga, Luzon,

which has the typical javanicus operculum, but in other re-

spects closely resembles costatus. I have similar specimens with

their opercula, figured above, which were collected in the Phil-

ippines by Steere, but no exact locality is given.

Among the shells received from Mr. Webb was a single speci-

men from Panique, Tarlac Prov., Luzon, which agrees in its

shell characters with the Steere specimens, but unfortunately

has no operculum.

If Anton’s tricarinata should prove to be identical with this

form, his name would have priority. |

THE NAUTILUS. 123

XITT.

VIVIPARA ZAMBOANGENSIS Bartsch. Pl. VIII, fig. 8.

Vivipara zamboangensis Bartsch. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

AXXIT, 1907, p. 137, pl. XI, fig. 19.

This species was also collected by Steere many years ago at

Zamboanga. The operculum (fig. 8) shows that it belongs to

the javanicus group. I have also received it from the Geneva

(Switzerland) Museum, but without exact locality, labeled

‘““angularis Mill.’’ by Brot.

A single specimen (pl. IX, fig. 9) from Bugasong, Antique,

Panay, was received from Mr. Webb, which resembles the

typical form in shape, but differs in the details of the carina-

tion. The peripheral and shoulder keels are as in the type,

but the central one has disappeared and the space between the

two that remain is divided by four lesser keels, of which the

two in the middle are a little more prominent; the whole surface

is very finely, spirally lirate as in the type but rather stronger.

‘Bhe lip is black-edged and bluish-white within. The apical

whorls are dark purple, which passes into a yellowish-green on

the intermediate whorls and become a darker green on the body-

whorl. The umbilicus is as in the typical form.

This form may be called V. zamboangensis duplocinctus.

The type (No. 45204 Coll. Walker) has 54 whorls and meas-

ures: alt. 25.2, diam. 17.2 mm.

I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for photographic copies of

Lister’s description and figure and also of P. carinata Sw. and

N. angularis Mull. And to Miss Mina L. Winslow of the

Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, for the reproduc-

tion of Philippi’s figures of P. tricarinata Ant.

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE.

Since the foregoing paper was written I find that Bavay

found the original and unique type of Paludina tricostata Les-

son in the Museum of Paris and figured it in his paper on the

‘¢ Land and Fresh-Water Shells of New Guinea’’ (Nova Guinea,

1908, p. 270, pl. XIV, fig. 1). Unfortunately he added noth-

ing to the meagre description of Lesson, but contented himself

with giving an apparently excellent, life-size figure. Although

124 THE NAUTILUS.

he followed von Martens in considering it identical with P. cos-

tata Q. and G., I do not think that the figure in any way sup-

ports his conclusion. As shown by his figure, tricostata is a

small, globose form with two visible carinas, the upper one

scarcely more than a strong angle, the peripheral one is well

developed, the third (and intermediate?) one, if it exists, is not

shown in the figure.

Bavay associates with this as varieties two forms, one much

larger and the other about of the same size, both of which are

much more strongly carinated and have a funicular umbilicus

surrounded with a strong carina. Tricostata has no indication

of an umbilicus of this form and no umbilical carina. Bavay’s

varieties are certainly clearly distinct from costata and appar-

ently so from tricostata.

Lesson’s type came from Lac Sentani at Ase.

So far as can be determined from Bavay’s figure tricostata is

apparently specifically distinct from costata and Quoy and

Gaimard’s name should be used for the species described, by

them.

A HAWAIIAN FORM OF TAPES PHILIPPINARUM.

BY WM. ALANSON BRYAN.

From a reliable native fisherman I learn that this species of

clam was plentiful at a certain locality in the mud-flats at Ewa,

on Oahu, more than thirty years ago, but that it apparently

completely disappeared from that locality. The native name

‘‘Okupi’’ was commonly used for the species then though

more recently the name ‘‘ Mahamoi’’ is sometimes used to dis-

tinguish it from the more common edible ‘‘Olepi’’ (Tellina

rugosa Born).

The story given in accounting for the unusual nature name

‘‘okupi,’’ which means leg-weary, tired or exhausted, is that ‘‘a

long time ago a native chief with his family and attendants,

while spending a day at the seashore, accidentally discovered

this clam as they were wading in the soft oozie black mud, de-

posited in the estuary of the stream. None of them knew a

name for the clam; no one had ever seen it before; it was a new

THE NAUTILUS. 125

comer and a stranger to the oldest inhabitants. After wading

about in the sticky mud for a time and having gathered a quan-

tity of the shells, the company, exhausted from their labor, sat

down on the shore to rest. It was decided that the chief must

name the malihini (stranger). Being a stout man and not ac-

customed to such strenuous labor as he had just been engaged

in, he declared that the name of the new clam should be

‘* okupi.”’

A few hours spent collecting specimens was sufficient to con-

vince me that the name was most appropriately bestowed.

The species seems to be entirely restricted to brackish water

mud-flats and ig easily killed by either fresh or sea water. My

native informant states that after the okupi had heen abundant

for several years during his youth, there came a period of very

heavy rain which flooded the lowlands about his home in Ewa.

After the flood went down there was not one of this species of

clam alive in that locality. Although he is a professional fisher-

man he had not seen the clam either in Ewa or at Kalihi (where

he had resided since 1886) until a few months ago, when the

natives began to secure them in quantity from the Kalihi and

Moanalua mud-flats, not a mile distant from his home.

In a large series of 456 specimens 68 have deep purple in-

teriors; 374 bluish-white and 14 are from yellow to salmon

colored, the proportions remaining the same in full grown and

immature shells. When this clam is cooked the varied dark

greenish-brown or purple-brown markings’ change to a rich

chestnut (or between russet and cinnamon-brown of Ridgeway)

but the interior of the shell is not affected. The majority of the

colored figures of this genus that we have examined are appar-

ently made from sun-bleached shells or those that have been

opened in hot water and accordingly do not show the color as

in life.

While these shells agree in the main with the figure and de-

scription of Tapes philippinarum, and with Japanese specimens

they differ by the somewhat larger size and bolder markings.

It may be as well to have a varietal name, Tapes philippinarum

okupt, for the Hawaiian form.

' Bone-brown to clove-brown in the dry shells.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FROM THE COAST RANGE OF

CALIFORNIA.!

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

Epiphragmophora tudiculata colusaensis, new subspecies.

Shell depressed helicoid, pale brown with an olive tinge above

and olive with a brownish tinge below, provided with a narrow

chestnut-brown supraperipheral spiral band which is fringed on

each side by a narrow zone a little lighter than the ground color;

inside of the aperture and the slightly reflected lip, pale

purplish, the spiral brown band and its bordering lighter zones

well marked. Nuclear whorls one and three-fourths, well

rounded, minutely granulated; the succeeding turns marked by

more or less regular obliquely retractively curved riblets, which

are about half as wide as the spaces that separate them. The

last turn shows a few irregularly distributed malleations on the

upper surface. Base narrowly umbilicated, the umbilicus

about half covered by the reflected columella. The under sur-

face of the whorls are well rounded and marked by the contin-

uations of the axial riblets which extend feebly into the umbil-

ical area, becoming crowded in this region. The peripheral

half of the base shows numerous malleations while the umbil-

ical half is almost devoid of them. Immediately behind the

reflected peristome there is a concentration of fine pustules

which are densely scattered over about one-twentyfifth of the

last whorl; within the umbilicus they extend back a little farther

covering probably a tenth of a turn. Aperture large, very

broadly oval; peristome slightly reflected, inner lip decidedly

reflected, parietal wall covered by a thin callus.

The type, Cat. No. 334721, U. S. N. M., and two additional

specimens were collected by Mr. G. Willett ‘‘in an old rock

slide on the north slope near the summit of a hill about a mile

southeast of Sites, Colusa County, California, January 29,

1919,’’ that is, on the east slope of the coast range north of San

Francisco Bay. The type has 5} turns and measures: altitude

15 mm., greater diameter 24.4 mm., lesser diameter 19.6 mm.

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

> , 2

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PLATE X.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII.

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WHITTAKER: VARIATION IN PLANORBIS CAMPANULATUS

THE NAUTILUS. 127

The largest of the three specimens, a dead individual, measures:

altitude, 16 mm.; greater diameter 27,1 mm.; lesser diameter

21.2 mm.

No race of Kpiphraygmophora tudiculata appears to have been

described from that general region. The general form and the

weak malleations of the surface distinguish this race from the

other members of the tudiculata group and strongly suggest

Epiphragmophora traski, but the nuclear characters as well as the

other sculptural features all ally it with the tudiculata complex.

NOTES ON VARIATION IN PLANORBIS CAMPANULATUS SAY, FROM

BLUE SEA LAKE, QUEBEC.!

BY E. J. WHITTAKER.

Variability in Planorbis campanulatus is much less common

than it is in a related species, P. trivolvis, in which variation

with reference to size and aperture of the shell has resulted in

many varieties being established by conchologists. The shell

in P. campanulatus may vary in size in certain localities, due to

differences in bottom environment and food supply, but in the

same area the form is apt to be constant. While at Blue Sea

Lake, Wright County, Quebec, about eighty miles north of

Ottawa, in the summer of 1918, the writer secured a large series

of P. campanulatus, in which several well-marked deviations

from the normal type were observed.

PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS.

Various observations have been made on variation in this

species among which are the following:

Tryon’ remarks: ‘‘ The plan of the spiral in this genus (1. e.

Planorbis) is such as to yield readily to pressure, hence mon-

strosities are rather frequent. This consists of a tilting-up of

the whorls on one side, or even a conical elevation of the spire.

The smaller forms appear to be most liable to this distortion.’’

'Published by permission of the Director of the Geological Survey of

Canada.

?Tryon, Geo., Jr., Manual of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 106.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Dall* remarks of P. campanulatus rudentis: ‘‘ Very similar

specimens were obtained from Anticosti, and from Marl Lake,

Michigan, in which the coil is even more irregularly wound, a

condition I take to be pathological.’’

Bryant Walker’ remarks of P. multivolvis: ‘‘ When it (i. e.

the abnormality ) occurs, it bears the appearance of an abnormal

extension of the last whorl being more or less irregular in form

and usually deflected from the plane of the rest of the whorls; ”’

and adds that occasionally P. campanulatus has a similar ab-

normality. This would appear to be the closest approach to

No. 8 in the plate accompanying this paper. |

Dr. Frank C. Baker* describes P. campanulatus smith. This

species would seem to be very similar, with regard to the de-

flection of the last whorl, to the ones discussed here, but the

whorls of that variety are ‘‘ strongly carinated above and below,

the last whorl being particularly so marked.’’ This serves to

distinguish the forms. Mr. Baker observes, however, as in the

specimens from Blue Sea Lake, the presence of the typical form

of P. campanulatus which shows marked variation toward the

smith type.

Robertson ‘ states: ‘‘ Often distorted so that the tops of the

whorls are inclined at various angles. Varies considerably in

the length of campanulate expansion and thickness of shell.’’

This is of interest because the area, which his report covers, lies

within the Archaean region of Georgian Bay, where similar

conditions to those at Blue Sea prevail.

Tryon® describes and illustrates an abnormal specimen of

Planorbis bicarinatus, which has developed in exactly the same

1Dall, W. H., Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca, Harriman Alaska Ex-

pedition, vol, XVIII, p. 90.

2 Walker, B., Mollusca of Michigan, NAavuTILUs, vol. 6, p. 136.

3 Baker, F. C., A New Planorbis from Michigan, Navuriius, vol. 25,

p. 119.

4 Robertson, A. D., Mollusca of Georgian Bay, Contributions to Canadian

Biology, Supp. 47th Annual Report, Dept. of Marine and Fisheries, Fish-

eries Branch, Pt. 2, p. 101.

’Tryon, Geo., Jr., 4n Abnormal Specimen of Planorbis bicarinatus.

Journ. of Conchology, vol. 2, p. 3.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

manner as has the specimen No. 8 of this plate. From the

illustration it would be taken for an ordinary dextral shell.

DESCRIPTION.

In the following description only the characters of interest in

this discussion are noted: ‘‘Shell sinistral, discoidal, more or

less rounded; surface shiny, lines of growth oblique; whorls

four, rounded above and below, rather subcarinated; gently and

regularly expanding; spire flat or on a level with the general

plane of the whorls; periphery rounded, aperture lunate, mouth

of the aperture dilated to a great extent forming a bell-shaped

expansion; last whorl contracts slightly just before the dilation

commences; heavy ridge inside aperture beneath constriction

forms narrow throat.’’

The last whorl in many cases shows a tendency to turn

slightly upwards, the effect of which is accentuated by the

rapidly flaring aperture. In the normal type this is so incon-

siderable as to be omitted in most descriptions of the species.

Gould’ and Haldeman,’ however, mention this feature. The

former says: ‘‘ The whorls enclose each other in a very regular

spiral to the last fifth of the outer one, where there is a sudden

enlargement and distortion toward the left’’ (7. e. upward).

The latter says: ‘‘ Remarkable for the deflection and dilatation

of the last whorl.’? The figures accompanying the above show

the deflection of the lower edge of the aperture to be not more

in any case than one-quarter the height of the body whorl.

Binney’s figure 184, reprinted by Call* and others, shows a

similar slight deflection. Dr. Baker’s* plates show no such

deflection, and the writer has many specimens in the collections

here in which that feature is very inconsiderable. It appears

from the fact that so many descriptions are silent on this point,

'Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, ed. Binney, p. 493.

Haldeman, Monograph of the Fresh-water Univalve Mollusca of the

United States, part 7, p. 9.

$Call, R. E., A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue of the Mollusca of In-

diana, p. 410, pl. 8, fig. 12.

*Baker, F. C., Mollusca of the Chicago Area, Bull. 3, pt. 2, Natural His-

tory Survey, Chicago Academy of Sciences.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

that this distortion upwards is not readily observed on normal

specimens, and any large degree of upturn of the aperture would

seem to be a variation worthy of note.

VARIATION (PLATE X).

In the form from Blue Sea Lake this tendency of the extrem-

ity of the last whorl has been greatly accentuated, as a study of

Series c in the accompanying plate will show. Fig. cl, a form

from Mackay Lake, near Ottawa, shows no deflection at all.

The others are all from Blue Sea. In this series there is a

gradual elevation of the extremity throughout. In c7 the lower

edge of the aperture is more than half-way up the preceding

whorl. In c8 the last whorl has been removed completely from

the plane of the others, and the aperture is directed upwards at

a high angle. The gradation throughout is such that all must

be considered as variations within the species, though the end

members are quite different. Such variation, however, if fol-

lowed by the disappearance of intermediate forms would result

in new species.

The last shell of the series, No. 8, represents the extreme de-

velopment of the tendency to deflection from the plane of the

shell of the outer whorl. Viewed by itself, it would appear to

be merely a rather odd dextral form. On closer inspection it

proves to have four and a-half whorls to the point, where there

is a small campanulate expansion and where the distortion

commences. Therefore, so far, it is normal. The contraction

forming the throat of the shell is much less than usual. The

last whorl turns upward rapidly and, in a horizontal plane,

almost at a right angle to the one preceding as shown in Figs.

c8 and b8 respectively. In contrast to the latter, which is sub-

carinated above and below, the last whorl is broadly rounded

above, and irregularly sub-carinated below. The lines of growth

on the body whorl, though inconspicuous, are spaced normally,

and those on the small campanulate portion are much finer.

However on passing this enlargement, the striae become coarse

again, though more oblique and irregular than on the preceding

whorl. <A short distance from the aperture the shell thickens

slightly but there is no pronounced expansion at the extremity

of this additional whorl. |

THE NAUTILUS. 13]

In addition to the variation noted above, which is observable

throughout the series, certain individuals show others. Nor-

mally the spire is on a level with, or slightly below, the plane

of the whorls. Shells 1 and 4 conform to this feature fairly

well. But in 2 and 3 the second to the last whorl is higher

than either those preceding or the body whorl, and in 3 its

plane is quite oblique. Shell g shows this in a less degree.

Series c and d show this variation well.

Normally the whorls increase slowly and gradually to the be-

ginning of the campanulate expansion. From this nearly all

the specimens show various diversions, as shown in series «a.

Shells 4 and 5 approach the type most closely. In 3 and 6 the

second to the last whorl is proportionately much the largest.

In 8, 4 and 5, the whorls are rounded above except for the last

volution, which is sub-carinate. In 2 and 7 the tops of the

whorls are quite carinate. From the umbilical aspect as shown

in series b, these differences are not apparent, the whorls being

rounded to sub-carinate below.

The lines of growth are coarser, though not to a large degree,

in some specimens than others. Shell 5 is unique in having a

series of revolving lines as well. These fade away as they ap-

proach the aperture, and are most numerous about the middle

of the whorl. Several individuals have also rib-like striae on

the campanulate portion of the body whorl, but not elsewhere.

Revolving lines on the shell were seen only on this one speci-

men of those from Blue Sea Lake.

The aperture itself is subject to considerable variation. There

is a considerable difference in the degree of flare, and as one

would expect from the varying amounts of upturn of the last

whorl in the obliquity of the aperture also. Shell 6 and of

course 8 are extreme in this regard. In 1 the degree of obliqu-

ity from the vertical of the plane of the aperture is 15°; in 6 it

is 40°.

One feature, seldom seen in Planorbis campanulatus, but which

is comparatively common in these specimens, is a rudimentary

color banding. Unfortunately, this feature has not shown well

in the plate. These colored areas are generally confined to the

lower half of the whorl and consist usually of two brown re-

132 THE NAUTILUS.

volving lines whose upper and lower boundaries are well defined.

Occasionally the two are merged into one broad band. The

majority of the specimens in this collection show traces of this

ornamentation and in many the lines are quite clearly marked.

Factors AFFECTING VARIATION. -

As seen from the above paragraph, considerable variation

occurs in Planorbis campanulatus in the area under discussion.

Although, in the literature, references to deviations from type

are not common, this form would seem to be a somewhat plastic

species reacting to some unusual external condition. In this

case the writer attributes these modifications mainly to bottom

environment. The habitat of P. campanulatus is usually given

as ponds or streams with a muddy bottom, or weedy areas with a

muddy or sandy bottom, presumably in well-protected places. At

Blue Sea we have an entirely different set of conditions. This

lake is wholly within the Archaean granite and limestone area;

its shores, especially toward the north, are precipitous and

rocky; and its floor, with the exception of some sma]l muddy

bays is composed of bed rock. No streams of any size enter

the lake and consequently little sediment is being deposited.

The larger of these bays are at the south end, and none of the

specimens here discussed were collected there. The shells are

often found in from one to three feet of water attached to the

rock. Upon these rocks, absolutely devoid of sediment, the

waves during a storm beat with great force. Yet, while waves

of considerable strength were beating upon the shore, causing

small pebbles, which were placed as markers, to be tossed vio-

lently to and fro, this gastropod would remain firmly attached

by its foot to the rock. This habitat differs vastly from the

muddy bottom of rivers or ponds. The animal holds its shell

erect. Any increase in obliquity of the aperture causes the shell

to be carried more horizontally, and consequently better adapted

to resist wave action. In all probability this environment has

developed the high degree of obliquity of the specimens from

Blue Sea. Planorbis deflectus is an example of a form which has

a somewhat oblique aperture so that it can lie almost flat, and

is found occasionally on exposed rocky shores.

THE NAUTILUS. 135

The problem of food may have some influence in the produc-

tion of these forms. The discrepancies in size of the whorls

may be connected with periods of scarcity and abundance of

food. With the exception of the small muddy bays above men-

tioned, the bottom is very free from weeds and algae, the usual

food of this gastropod. It is indeed remarkable that the lake

can support so large a molluscan fauna as it does. Of plankton

there is none. The gastropods are not abundant, but certain of

the Unionidae in the bays occur in thousands.

The temperature of the water and range in depth of the gas-

tropods are not sufficiently distinctive to be an important factor

in this connection. The average water temperature is not much

colder than it would be in the Ottawa valley.

SUMMARY.

To summarize the results of this study it would appear that

the specimens of P. campanulatus from Blue Sea Lake show con-

siderable variation as follows:

a. Progressively in an increasing deflection upwards of the

extremity of the last whorl and aperture from the general plane

of the whorls.

b. In degree of elevation and obliquity of the spire.

c. In size and shape of the whorls, which vary from rounded

to sharply carinate.

d. In presence in one specimen of well-marked revolving

lines.

e. In the flare and obliquity of the aperture.

f. In presence or absence of color-banding.

Of these the first only is regularly progressive, and the latter

deviations bear no relation either to it or to each other. To the

writer, bottom environment, wave action, and food conditions

appear to be the main factors in producing such a series of

forms as have been above described. Such conditions are favor-

able for the development of new varieties and species.

Note.—The writer wishes to gratefully acknowledge the as-

sistance and helpful criticism received from Dr. E. M. Kindle

of the Geological Survey of Canada, and from Mr. Frank C.

Baker.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Variation in Planorbis campanulatus Say.

Series a. Apical aspect.

1. From fossil marl beds Mackay Lake, Ottawa.

2-8. From Blue Sea Lake, Quebec.

Series 6. Umbilical aspect of the above.

Series c. Profile view, showing aperture of the above.

Series d. Profile view, from side opposite aperture, of the

above.

The four views of each specimen are shown in vertical rows,

eé. g., the four figures at left of plate represent a single shell.

All figures natural size.

ON THE LAND SHELLS OF MONROE, CONNECTICUT.

BY ARTHUR JACOT.

Twelve miles north of Bridgeport, Conn. is situated Monroe

Center. That part of the town of Monroe lying between the

Center and the Housatonic River was searched at several locali-

ties for terrestrial mollusca by my wife and me. This region pre-

sents five well-marked biological associations in which land

shells arecommon. Of these, the upland swamp (1) was found

to be richest in number of species and individuals. <A tract

which has not been burned over for a great number of years

lying west of my father’s house and barns (1) we considered to

be the best example of the upland swamp association. Water

can here be found throughout the year, though much less in

summer than at other times. The trees are mainly elm and

soft maple with clumps of black ash rising here and there from

the water. On each side of the wet area, among the maples and

elms are yellow birches, white ashes, and various swamp or

wet-land oaks. Lichens and mosses are very numerous, among

the latter being sphagnum. Thecinnamon fern grows waist-high.

The dry wooded hill slopes to the south and southwest of this

tract represents the second (2) association, characterized by

Polygyra fraterna and Succinea retusa. The lowland swamp as-

THE NAUTILUS. 135

sociation (3) was chiefly studied as typified by the swamp at

the head of Cargyles Pond to the east of the above-mentioned

localities and at the foot of the hill. This association seems to

be characterized by Succinea ovalis (totteniana). A limestone cave

association (4) was merely outlined by the fauna found in a

limestone fissure known as Devil’s Den, situated on the north

side of the Boy’s Half-way River (the brook flowing from the

above-mentioned artificial pond) a mile below the pond. The

limestone is partly leached out, with three entrances, and parti-

ally blasted out, making a fissure cavern. Here the larger shells

were quite common while the small ones were not noticed. The

fifth or fluvio-terrestrial association (5) borders the Housatonic

River and is characterized by Succinea avara. Although many

other localities were examined, all the species found are repre-

sented in at least one of the above associations as outlined in

the following list.

The method of collecting the smaller species was to gather

leaf mould, moss and rubbish (always keeping each collection

separate), dry the material in the oven, pass it through a graded

series of sieves and carefully sort over each sifting. The method

used for finding the larger shells, as well as the smaller, was to

carefully scrutinize old wood and stones, especially the under

or moist side, bases of stumps and trees, especially the ‘‘ saw-

dust’’ in their cavities, the underside of bark, etc. My wife

rendered me the greatest assistance in all of this tedious work.

Notice is called to the absence of Cochlicopa lubrica which I

have found near Bridgewater, fifteen miles further north. The

Omphalinas also were not found. No distinctly Canadian fauna

species were noticed.

Carychium exiguum (Say). Common at 1, less so at 3.

Polygyra tridentata (Say). Found at 4.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Occasionally at 1, 3 and 5, com-

mon at 2 and 4.

Polygyra thyroides (Say). Found at 4.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Found at 2 and 4.

Polygyra fraterna (Say). Found at 2 and 4.

Circinaria concava (Say). Found only at 4.

Vitrea binneyana (Morse). Rare, and only found at 1.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Occasionally at 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Vitrea rhoadsi (Pilsbry). Uncommon, found at 1.

Striatura ferrea (Morse). Rare, and only found at 1.

Striatura milium (Morse). Common at 1, occasionally at 2,

o and 5.

Kuconulus fulvus (Muller). Not satisfactorily distinguished

from the next species.

Euconulus chersinus (Say). Common at 1, fairly common at

3 and 5.

Zonitoides hammonis (Strom). Common at 1, 2, 3 and 5.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). Abundant everywhere.

Zonitoides minuscula (Binney). Rarest of the Zonitidae, found

only at 1.

Zonitoides exigua (Stimpson). Common at 1, fairly common

at 3.

Philomycus carolinianus (Bose). Occasional at 2 and 3.

Pallifera dorsalis (Binney). Occasional at 2 and 38.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). Occasional at 2, common at 4.

Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyi (Pilsbry). Occasional and

generally distributed. 7

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Common and generally dis-

tributed.

Punctum pygmaeum minutissimum (Lea). Occasional at 1.

Succinea retusa (Lea). Fairly common at 2.

Succinea ovalis (Say). Uncommon at 2 and 3.

Succinea ovalis totteniana (Lea). Common at 3.

Succinea avara (Say). Common at 5.

Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). Common in one spot (about a

decaying tree-top) at 1.

Bifidaria contracta (Say). Found at 1.

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Common at 1 and 3, the com-

monest Pupillid.

Bifidaria tappaniana (C. B. Adams). Found at 1 and 3. |

Vertigo gouldii (Binney). A few specimens from 1 were con-

sidered to be this species. ,

Vertigo bollesiana (Morse). Occasional at 1.

Vertigo ventricosa (Morse). Fairly common at 1.

Vertigo ovata (Say). Fairly common at 1.

Vallonia pulchella (Muller). Rare, at 1 only.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

SOME FURTHER COMMENTS UPON THE WORK OF LORENZO EUGENE

DANIELS,

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

My good friend Ferriss, in the interesting account of the life,

character and scientific work of Mr. Daniels, has briefly men-

tioned the principal items of his work, but there is opportunity

for enlargement upon some of the items, Daniels’ work is a

good text for a sermonette upon the great value of the non-

professional and semi-professional in science. His vocation was

agriculture, which furnished the means for carrying on his avo-

cation, the collection and study of natural history material.

Perhaps there is no branch of natural science that has profited

more from the labors of such men than has conchology. There

are few strictly professional conchologists or malacologists—that

is, men whose living is derived from such work. Therefore,

the progress of the science is dependent upon those to whom

the work is an avocation, done for the pure love of it, with no

thought of financial remuneration. After all, is not that the

best reward ?

Many of us may not realize the extent and value of Daniels’

work so fully as we would had his modesty not kept him so

much in the background. His mind was a fountain of infor-

mation concerning the habits and habitats of snails and methods

of caring for material, which information was freely at the dis-

posal of his friends. He was usually content to allow others to

do the publishing, or to appear only as joint author. I only

recall seven papers bearing his name as the sole author. Prob-

ably there are others. In the former account his Minnesota and

Montana work was not mentioned. His Minnesota paper

covered a field where work was much needed, for the literature

of that state was scant compared with that of many states. His

Montana work, published by Vanatta, was in a vast territory

that has only been scratched in a few places by students of

Mollusca. His two seasons in Indiana, prior to 1903, forming

the basis for nis Catalogue, added 91 to the 184 species and

varieties listed for that state by Call, and he has since added

138 THE NAUTILUS.

others. It is impossible to estimate, without a great deal of

time spent in searching the literature, the forms new to science

discovered by him individually or jointly with others, or the

extent to which his discoveries have added to the known range

of species. Only asmall proportion of the species he discovered

bear his name. In view of the large amount of work he did in

collecting snails of the genus Oreohelix in six states, sometimes

by himself, sometimes with others, and the number of new

forms of Oreohelix discovered on those expeditions, it is a shock

to realize that no member of that genus is dedicated to him by

name.

Another thought has been in my mind for some time. In

estimating the work of such an enthusiastic and indefatigable

collector, do we place a high enough value upon the benefit to

science of the wide distribution of the material, accompanied by

reliable data, to other collections and particularly to museums?

Material obtained by Mr. Daniels in out-of-the-way places has

reached many institutions where it will be studied by hundreds

of students for perhaps a century to come, and doubtless will

result or assist in adding many facts to our knowledge of natural

history, especially of the distribution and variation of species,

and straightening out problems of nomenclature and classifica-

tion, in the years to come.

Mr. Daniels’ collections in eleven states have resulted in pub-

lished reports. I believe he also made one or two trips to

Florida, but do not know whether those trips resulted in any

publications. Wright, in his description of Unio danielsi, from

Georgia, stated that Mr. Daniels partly financed some work in

that state too.

In addition to the loss to science, those of us who have en-

dured hardships with him in a difficult country, and enjoyed

his quiet companionship, looking forward to other trips, feel a

deep personal loss in his removal from our midst.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

REMARKS UPON THE IDENTITY OF ‘‘UNIO FASCIATA,’’ RAFINESQUE,

BY L. 8. FRIERSON.

Lampsilis fasciata, Rafinesque.

Unio fasciata, Rafinesque, 1820.

Unio siliquoideus, Barnes, 1823.

Unio inflatus, Barnes, 1823.

Unio distans, Anthony, 1865.

Unio luteolus, Auct. as of Lamarck.

The above wide-spread, common, and well-known Naiad, is

seldom given the name which we adopt (‘‘fasciata, Rafinesque’’ )

but is all but universally known as “‘ luteolus’’ as of Lamarck.

The use of the latter as the specific name of the shell is merely

the unquestioning acceptation of the dictum of Dr. Lea, who on

returning from Kurope in 1833, wrote that the ‘‘ specimen cited

by Lamarck’’ seen by him in the ‘‘ Garden of Plants’’ was a

‘‘true siliquoideus’’ of Barnes. Against this application of

Lamarck’s name for the species, the following reasons seem just.

(1) Lamarck’s description does not describe the species in

question, but does fairly well describe the Unio cariosus,

Say, as evidenced by the unanimous opinion of all writers

previous to Lea’s pronouncement of 1833 (as well as by some

of the more courageous spirits since that event).

(2) Lamarck gives as habitats (he must have seen more than

one?) the ‘‘Susquehanna and Mohawk Rivers.”’

The cariosus abounds in these streams, but from neither

of them did Lamarck obtain specimens of the species luteolus,

Auct. (The shell does not live in the Susquehanna; but accord-

ing to Marshall the species is now an immigrant in the Mohawk

through the Erie canal, and this is confirmed as to the Genesee

by Ortmann. )

(3) Lea claimed that the specimen seen by him, ‘‘ cited by

Lamarck,’’ was a ‘‘true siliquoideus, Barnes;’’ but his ident-

ification was disputed by Férussac, who stated that according

to Lamarck’s ‘‘example’’ the shell was ‘‘ cariosus, Say.’’

140 THE NAUTILUS.

The use of ‘‘ luteolus’’ as the specific name of the species in

question is therefore unwarranted by the description; is abso-

lutely contradicted by the habitats assigned, and rests solely

upon the identification of a specimen made by one student,

which was at once contradicted by another of equal ability, for

it must not be overlooked that in 1832 Lea was by no means

the ‘‘authority’’ that he afterwards became.

(In 1829 Lea considered the ‘‘ Unio cornutus”’ to be a ‘‘ pro-

tean species’’ whose ‘‘ varieties run into the aesopus,’’ and e1a-

braced those species which Lea afterwards knew as ‘‘ Unio per-

plexus’’ and ‘‘foliatus.’’ It was still later before he appreciated

the specific differences existing between ‘‘ Unio verrucosus ”’

and ‘‘ pustulosus;’’ or between the ‘‘ Unio plicatus and multi-

plicatus.’’)

Notwithstanding that Lea in 1832 conversed with Férussac

over the cabinet of the latter, concerning their ‘‘ favorites, the

Unios,’’ the latter student (who had specimens of the present

species in his cabinet) stuck to his opinion that the ‘‘ luteolus

of Lamarck’’ was the ‘‘ cariosus, Say.”’

In view of the above the continued use of Lamarck’s name

for the present species is clearly unwarranted, except by the

rather flimsy claim of usage.

Turning now to the name we adopt (fasciata, Rafinesque)

we find from its description that Rafinesque had before him an

extremely wide-spread species, found practically all over the

Ohio drainage, occurring, he writes, ‘‘in the rivers Ohio, Alle-

ghany, Muskingum, Kentucky, Green, Salt, etc.’’

Aside from other characters he states that his species (which

though ordinarily small, attains a length of three inches) is in-

equilateral, elliptical, ventricose and rather thick.

Its epidermis is olive, with brownish rays; a variety has dark

rays; another is greenish with blackish rays, alternately wider

and narrower; others are copper-colored, with olive rays.

The nacre is bluish, except that in the last variety it is

coppery-white. The cardinal tooth is ‘‘ divaricate.’’

A handsome species approaching the ‘‘ ochraceus, Say.”

The above characters can be ascribed to no known Naiad from

the Ohio drainage except to the species in question.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

(A conclusion made doubly certain when we know that even

Dr. Lea thought that the ‘‘Lampsilis fasciola, Rafinesque’”’

might be the species which he (Lea) had afterwards named

‘¢ Unio multiradiatus.’’)

It is true that the name ‘‘ Unio fasciata, Rafinesque,’’ was

given by Conrad to a rayed specimen of ‘‘ligamentinus,

Lamarck ’”’ (Monography, Plate I, 1836), an error which may

yet quite often be found duplicated in cabinets.

But this patent error of Conrad’s scarcely militates against

the conclusions drawn, since we find in the same work (Mon-

ography) figured as one species, specimens of the very diverse

shells, Unio fisherianus, Lea, and Unio nasutus, Say (Plate 18).

We find, too, that Conrad figured under the name of ‘‘ Unio

glans, Lea,’’ a specimen of the very different Unio perpur-

pureus, Lea (Monography, Plate 9), etc.

As bearing upon Conrad’s figure referred to, Dr. Lea cogently

remarks: ‘‘ Mr. Conrad thinks the ‘crassus, Say,’ is the ‘ fasci-

ata’ of Rafinesque. An examination of his description ought

to satisfy any one that the ‘crassus, Say’ could not have been

under the eye of the author when he made his description of

‘ fasciata.’ ’’

As bearing upon the identification of ‘‘fasciata’’ with the

‘* pseudo-luteolus ’’—the ‘‘ Unio siliquoideus, Barnes,’’ it is a

matter of history that Rafinesque often sent to Ferussac speci-

mens of shells from the West, bearing names given by the

donor. |

Dr. Lea records the fact that specimens of the ‘‘ siliquoideus,

Barnes’”’ were seen by him in the cabinet of Ferussac in 1832,

labeled ‘‘ Unio fasciata, Rafinesque.”’

All of the available evidence therefore goes to show that the

name ‘“‘fasciata, Rafinesque’’ must supplant as the specific

name of the species, the ‘‘ luteolus, Lamarck,’’ the latter being

a synonym of the early ‘‘ Unio cariosus, Say.’’

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Ps EER ORS i)

ELIZABETH LETSON BRYAN, sC. D.

Elizabeth Letson Bryan died on February 28th at her home

in Honolulu, of an organic heart affection after an illness of

nearly eight months.

Mrs. Bryan was born April 9, 1874, at Griffin’s Mills, Erie

Co., New York, the only child of Augustus F. and Nellie Webb

Letson. She was a direct descendant from Governor Bradford,

first governor of Massachusetts, and was a member of the May-

flower Society of New York. She early became interested in

natural history, especially conchology. In 1892 she entered

upon her long service in the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences,

of which she became Director in 1899, finally retiring, after a

connection of seventeen years, upon her marriage to Professor

William Alanson Bryan in 1909. This long period was inter-

rupted by several years given to study in the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the United States National

Museum. ;

In 1899 the Conchological Society of Buffalo was organized

by her, and a new period of local enthusiasm for the study of

mollusks began. In 1906 Alfred University conferred the hon-

orary degree of Doctor of Science. She was a member of the

American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Con-

chological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, and various

other scientific bodies.

Dr. Letson’s publications relate chiefly to the mollusks of

New York, the more extensive being a Check List of the Mol-

lusca of New York, Bull. 341, N. Y. State Education Depart-

ment, 1905; Post-Pliocene Fossils of the Niagara River Gravels,

published in a Bulletin of the State Museum, 1901; a partial

list of the shells found in Erie and Niagara counties and the

Niagara frontier, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., IX, 1909. At

the time of her marriage to Professor Bryan, of the College of ,

Hawaii, and her removal to Honolulu, she was working on a

monograph of the New York Mollusca.

In Honolulu Mrs. Bryan engaged ardently in the collection

THE NAUTILUS. 143

of marine shells. Professor Bryan, who had before been chiefly

known for his work on birds, added the mollusks to his other

interests, and together, on many an island collecting trip, they

amassed the largest collection of Hawaiian marine shells yet

brought together.

For several years she had served as librarian of the College

of Hawaii, a congenial task bringing many young people under

her influence.

In 1917-18 Professor and Mrs. Bryan traveled in California

and the Hast, spending several months at the Academy of

Natural Sciences in studying Hawaiian shells. For the same

purpose the museums of Cambridge and Washington were also

visited.

Mrs. Bryan’s gracious personality and sunny outlook, no

less than the genuine love of nature which determined the

course of her life, made her many warm friends who mourn her

untimely death. BAG B,

Dr. Herbert Huntington Smith, Curator at the Museum of

the University of Alabama, was killed by a train on March 22.

A notice of his life and work will appear later. _

NOTES.

THE INTRODUCTION OF ACANTHINULA HARPA (SAY) AND CIRCI-

NARIA VANCOUVERENSIS (LEA) INTO St. Paut IsLAND, ALASKA.

—In order that there may be a definite record of the introduc-

tion of these two species by man into St. Paul Island, I wish to

state that I placed about ten specimens of each of these species

behind the laboratories on St. Paul Island, of the Pribiloff

Group, in June, 1916. It may also be well to note that I was

unable to find any trace of these in 1918. This, of course,

does not mean that they may not still be in existence there. -—

G. Datias Hanna.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

HENDERSON COLLECTION OF ANTILLEAN Lanp MoLuusks.—

The National Museum has recently received as a gift from Mr.

John B. Henderson, one of the Regents of the Smithsonian In-

stitution and a prominent malacologist, his entire collection of

Antillean land mollusks, comprising approximately 400,000

specimens. The bulk of the collection is the result of expedi-

tions to the Antilles made by Mr. Henderson and his assistants

for the sole purpose of visiting unexplored or little known

regions, or for collecting specimens in the identical localities

from which the original types were obtained.

Dr. H. A. Pinspry has recently been elected a Corresponding

Member of the Zoological Society of London.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE PurocenE Mouiusca oF GREAT Britain. By F. W.

Harmer (Palaeontographical Society, Vol. I, parts 3 and 4, pp.

303-4838, plates 33-44, 1918 and 1919). This completes Vol. I.

Part 1 was published in 1914 and part 2 in 1915, the whole

being supplementary to S. V. Wood’s Monograph of the Crag

Mollusca. It brings the subject up to date and adds much to

our knowledge of the distribution of some of the American

species in Pliocene times. Aside from some of the species

which are circumpolar in distribution, Sipho pygmaea, Bela bi-

carinata, a var. of Eupleura caudata, Turritella erosa and Nassa

trivittata are also recorded from the pliocene and pleistocene of

Great Britain. Part IV contains the title page and index to

the volume.—C. W. J.

Post-GLACIAL MoLLuscA FROM THE MARLS OF CENTRAL ILLI-

nos. By Frank C. Baker (Jour. of Geol., Vol. 26, pp. 659-

671, 1918).

On Some Tertiary Fosstts FrRoM Pripitor IsLAnps. By

W. H. Dall (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, 1919).

The collection of some 47 species made by Mr. G. Dallas

Hanna, is of interest as linking up the age of the strata with

the beach deposits at Nome which are referred to the late

Pliocene.

1S St, WH. &.

ago

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXATIT

JULY, 1919, to APRIL, 1920

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY) A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences

PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History

BoOsToN

INDEX

fee NA ET LUS, XX X11.

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

RIITCINAIIN, VV NITE BN. aie ce ce eles sence es 118

EB) ad as AA aulilar-oi\Ql ough ai/ealay a) wie: b re wlsei ee 91

ETRE hd ile rd) 5.2 aerdiaie ela levepers & 4 vince we cls 89

PI TET AUIO oo iwi sade s diese sa cae meas. 91

DMI TOACOZONS, . . . k's ee tee ele ewes 47, 92

ER Ca kako ole ee bi eye salina dec gvisls aoe ee D6

GE RS Pe a 65

Alaska, Mollusca of Forrester Island .................. 21

Amnicola winkleyi leightoni Baker, n. subsp. .......... 125

Ampullaria (Felipponea) neritiniformis Dall, n. sp. .... 10

Ancylus obscurus Haldeman and species referred to it... 99

Anodontoides ferussacianus Lea in Colorado ........... 142

Arconauta compressa Blainv. (Pl. 11) ................ 79

MMII VON ia we aie ew wo algih eceile a nd ole 76

Argonauta, some large specimens of .................. 74

Arizona, shells from the Chiricahua Mts. .............. 70

Auriculide and Planorbide from Panama ............. 76

ee oe ele lo elaine din op wiaiaiiaylieed « 144

Pees pieromontanus, Dall)... 4)... oe ie ee ie eee 20

TTA i es a cea alle alae ble oie we sseeiale 63

Serermrarvemeligi Of La Jolla 2... cae vs lame ce ele eye 62

Pamacna gorves: W. H. Clapp, n. sp. (Ph 1). ..0........ 28

Pepe Per PU APIPOTINIS GAY ooo oils cheie isi ie eeisin soe ee ee 6

Serion, brorame experiments ..... 2... cies es ec eecleees 142

IMME AOIITGSC oss ict ky clin nde) c od «re din epee oie dae D3

Clausilia (Euphaedusa) steetzneri Pils. ............... 53

Climatic conditions as indicated by land shells on the

MUIR ST CREA rMMMER NIG 202). 18. 5 ol aa) ccs ap ALS all aSlench ch oy one 89

Seecentrum gigas v. Martens .... 0.06. ccc eee ae ee 79

ill

1V THE NAUTILUS.

Compsopleura trinodosa Conr,) .5.00..0 0 2 119

Corbicula gabbiana Henderson, n,m. 2... 6... ee 120

Corbicula obliqua Whiteaves 060000 3000.5 4h ee ee 121

Cyphoma:cibbosa (0 en 6

Cyprea pacifica, Ostergaard,.n. sp. (PL ID) ..030 20 ae 92

Cyprea ‘spadicea 2. Ne Oa eee 65

Cyrena calitornica Gabbe 0. ee 120

Cyrena obliqua Deshayes ?.)5 i. 08. ee 120

Oyrena carolinensis Bose. 2.00).00.. 002 7

Detracia zeteka Pils., no sp. 3). 400. 4 76

Diplomeriza, Dall, ni nls. Sc P LO, 2 32

Donax obeésa Ore. oi Pete en) ee +

Donax vanabilis Say oi. eae ee 4

Drupa walkere Pils. & Bryan = fuscoimbricatus Sowb... 71

Duplicaria, ‘note: on ‘the name oi). 08015954 a7 a 32

Fasciolaria ‘distans Diam 0 eo Rie a ek ee AT

Faseiolaria, ‘cigvantea, Kien: : 2.6.24... 0024 0 44

Fasciolaria gigantea var. reevel Jonas .............00. 46

Fasciolaria of the southeastern United States .......... 44

Pasciolaria papillosa Sowerby <. 2... 06.0007 PS a 142

Fasciolaria talipa: Danis (00)... 0c a 46

Mehppenea Dall. m.subg@en.)... 622.592. 5. 0 ee 10

Permasia (laevapex) dabli,)m: sp. 6 ....5 55 6 sie 102

Perrissia .(Laevapex) obscura (Hald.): i... 2.72. 101

Passurella volcano Mmeéve 2) 2.2 1k LUO ae 66

Florida, an old collecting ground revisited ............. 1

Florida, land. shells ‘of ‘southern (3.)/00'.))..05 (ae eae 18

Miukeiim Philomycusis 301." 0) 20k MOD ee 105

Ganiobases of Ohio. io ue Da ae 73

Guatemalan notes: 22sec liek ee ee lee, ane) ee ee 79

Hahotis: fuleens Reeves y0. So Pee a, ne eae 62

Bawait, a new ‘Cyprea from (07 .e8t 268.0. ae 92

Hawaiian Islands, collecting trip on Oahu ............. 54.

Mehx aspera: Li. so. oe ba eee eee cee st ee 64

Helix hortensis in shell-heap, Mahone Bay, N.S. ....... 71

BHehx pisana'm California 2... iste cy est... {0 ee 63

Hodeson collection. .... 4000.56 eee Mee oe 105

Ttimois, ‘Mollusca of ‘Dubois! 1. /.0212e ro. Ol. o. ee 14

Lampsilis in Lodgepole Creek, Colorado .............. 103

Isard shells of Mame oi. 6.0 60. Me. ee 96

Lasmigona viridis Rafinesque .............. MP 127

Leptinaria livingstonensis Hinkley, n. sp. ............. 80

Limniea (Polyrhytis) ‘kingen ‘Meek 0000.50... 119

itoring irrorata: Say i). 2s45 64644 608 05. hae eee 119

Tucine philippiana Reeve: ..0... 2052055 «4 22 5

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

I TEST 1

PE POPVIOM GION TNO 6. ie eee wee ce wanes dh rn

DNCMMIETOOGL PUIG. D. SP aes e ee eee ee tte 53

Mitra amandi: a correction SEEM iO TIS Ly diated «'dieig obah d50 3

EUS ES OO) 103

Mitra sigma Bartsch, MIMR DES Merc Becbars. Deki Wes aidtai gid 4 abel eo 31

Mitridae, MIME TUNS Yui uie ek did 0G Giese ier ei sb ralew ec’ Oe

Mytilus adamsianus ENEMY RAG Mute dl cea («ies «whe 65

Paice Gakotensis Henderson, n,n.) ...............005. 122

SCE Ene OT Fk a rr 122

I ee ee Eble hi pledie von #4 os 109

PUNE OORT A LIDIN, 6 hdc Ok bales ceils bales deans H

mm A TUCITIG PANT. oh. ule. 6 odie kisi e ce ald oiwyelate wee eee 7

New Jersey, collecting in the vicinity of Newark ....... 59

New Jersey, land shells of Laurel Springs ............. 67

ea aig gee dade ee dialed ds 31, 70, 105

Pemrmmmatiressa COUrAd .. eo. ie dele se nec ee ae 122

Oliva sericea miniacea var. johnsoni Higgins, n. var. ... 58

eee pumilum Pir.in Philadelphia ........4.......... 31

SS SS 1 80, 86

Pasmemne supeiobosa Hmmons 2... 62.6.0. 075 ce ees 119

Peeenorrunicdta CONT. .. 2... ae he eee des ens )

Pecten islandicus pugetensis Oldroyd, n. subsp. ........ 135

Peeeaetreatds Oldroyd, 1. SP.) oie ec ele ee ee 135

Philomycus carolinianus EOS GRIMES IASS AER) Rc ae 83

Pemtomveus pennsylvanicus Pils. ......55.5..6.363..- 80, 88

Poaemvens rusni W. Ff. Clapp, n. sp......05.0...5.4- 84, 87

Meee OT os 81. 0.4/0) 4 6 aininldd ob ern ev tins e's 80

EEN RS ok es a aati BY bhvla loa cle baie elated es 126

net NG} aie ne dleald Ya hiafetelaun sielee es 118

RI er WIDE ie ic he slew ee ceeds aimee ee bee’ 118

ES a ee a

Physa smithiana Baker, n. n. for P. smithi Baker ...... 142

Papevecsroyea by insect larv®. .. 6.6.0.0. ee at

Diemer teromicus Pils. n. sp. .... 60. ee ee 78

Planorbis pseudotrivolvis Baker, n. sp. ................ 123

Pots comberlandiana G. H. Clapp, n. sp. ....6....... 8

Pe vevra Clana bahamensis Van.,'n. var. .......6...60.. 72

Deeienmone received 2... ......3.0 000000010. 32, 68, 106, 142

een man aimeomemnig Call oe ote 119

Reeia TMIDIIGALA OWD. 2... eee ce an ke ae 6

Pesnonaria nauiragum Stearns ..............60..008 0 6

ee PLerNery TMMNeTON, 2. ee lee es 136

Sonorella cayetanensis Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. ........... 19, 38

feemeetta cots Pils: & Werr., n. sp..... 00000000 o0e00.. 20

al THE NAUTILUS.

Sonorella elizabeth Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. ............ 20, 41

Sonorella hinkleyi Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. .............. 19, 38

Sonorella insignis Pils. & Ferr., n. sp... 0... ... 21

ponorella montana Pils. & Perr.) oe eee ee 19, 38

Sonorella montezuma Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. ............ 20, 41

Sonorella mustang Pils. & Eerr., n. sp)... 02 Gee 20

Sonorella patagonica Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. ............ 20, 40

Sonorella tumacacori Pils. & Ferr., n. sp. ............ 19, 38

ppherium henderson: Sterki | 2/000 S00 eee 105

ptaten Island, Marine Mollusca of... 0.0.0). ee 111

Subemaroinula: yates: Dall 34.405... ). Ae) a 27

Tebennophorus carolinensis |.) ....... 6.0). See 80, 86

Thysanophora cecoides (Tate), fig. 4 .................

Thysanophora fuseula (C. B. Adams), fig. 1 ........... 94

Thysanophora plagioptycha group, review of the ....... 93

Torticella haldemani ‘White \.....6./0)00s 0 118

Trtonalia fraser: Oldroyd,.n/ sp. \.;..'0... ..). Se eee 135

Turritidae ‘versus Turridae 0000 200 02 0 a 130

Unio pressus; Gear soic6 SU 127

Vehitina eryptospira : Maiddi i... a 25

Velutma rubra: Willett, n..sp. 2.20) 001. Oa 25

Vertizo allyniana Berry, n..sp....... 00.) 2) ee D1

Vertigo allyniana xenos Berry, n. subsp. .............. 52

Vertigo californica ‘dieroensis St.) .))... 20/0 eee 64

Vertigo hebardi Van. oe ceg ys bo. ee 141

Vertigo: ovata im. Wlorida ii.)o us. es Ee 141

Vertigo modesta microphasma Berry, n. subsp. ......... 48

Vitrea ((Paravitrea) lamellidens: Pils... 0!) 0.9 115

Vitrea (Paravitrea) multidentata Binn. .......5....21; 115

Vitrea (Paravitrea) pilsbryana Clapp, n. sp. .......... 9

Vivipara(?) emmonsi Henderson, n.n. ............... 119

West Coast Dhelis sic: i veces a be esac cele Gee eee 135

Yoldia (Portlandia) astoriana Henderson, n.n. ........ 122

THE NAUTILUS. vil

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

cL e ass a viwtine Veta uclconeecevee 11, 123

Bartsch, EE ES 31

Berry, SE a 48, 130

i Vice w widleWia tees ccensceccte 105

ENO ald id wiv sin disies ec vieleiee es 8, 115, 186, 141

I hate iis) see aisielee ve cee cennes 28, 83

EC ee 10, 32, 103

Me aac Gare dele ec dicesuweaaea 19, 37, 109

I UN) a)s os als valaslereiea Oodle Che seb eee 127

EE Re 602 Gk iw ai caine sa av celeb le vee 73

EE D4, 89

Ete isk Vidlalahe cela vse #isivla ee aie Vaey's 71

RETR PRTDOVIS oy is we luigi se bla alec ae aes vee a ei 108, 118

kaa le es Sia slaw dale a's weaee es 58

ET a Me ada, FOL. LOS

RTPI 3 ye) aio ogi’ al gue a oie e dia ea olde caso iT}

J ohnson, ike a elke eles aes 1, 36, 44, 74, 142

Oldroyd, MUMMERS Cas). cf iss cals ale oe eo a oe 26, 28, 105, 135

ete E TUE e Sie gayle ca/csgisield ele u'e cio ee hab eees 62

Ostergaard, MR eR Ie a eWeek a g's war dela ale ate 71:92

I TR aa a 19, 35, 53, 68, 70, 76, 93

ee elds cle eae c Gdie Scsiewicsine dees 80

Tableman, Ne ce ONS en ater ky lL UW eoun ders di a ele 59

Tomlin, ae 133

ME ek ak ele cdl a ccecd es 18, 31, 67, 72, 96

RENN! i ai ce aid eta se\eharels 6 /e a lereieuiue a gle ove lave 71

RG is lelveld cf leh ew lablie lesa eee o's 99

aaa. cial hace ei asd dade leie sles @ 6/4 ee oie 21

i chs ole eo eels lee blag co seems (as

‘te

Se ee

ve ~s

(e # eee we

‘

HERBERT HUNTINGTON SMITH

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXII JULY, 1919 No. 1.

AN OLD COLLECTING GROUND REVISITED.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

While a resident of St. Augustine, Florida, from 1880-88, I

made a careful study of the mollusca of the harbor and vicinity.

The habits of the various species and the factors governing their

distribution, which in many cases was much restricted, especi-

ally appealed to me. With these facts in mind it was with

great interest that I visited the old city after an absence of

thirty-one years. Time and the ever-shifting sands have played

sad havoc with many of my old collecting grounds, and I

looked in vain for some of the rarer species.

The accompanying maps can give only a general idea of the

changes that have taken place.’ The ‘‘ Lagoon’’ of the eighties

is gone and there are now two inlets with about the same depth

of water on each bar according to the government chart, survey

of 1910, although I was told that the southern channel has now

much less water on the bar than the other. Marsh Island at

the mouth of Hospital Creek is also gone, and the sand bar that

was formerly only east of the island now extends to the fort.

There is no trace of the site of the old Spanish lighthouse,

1Figure 1 shows the harbor and vicinity about 1883, before the St. Sebas-

tian marsh was filled, also the approximate positions of the ‘*‘ Lagoon’’ and

Marsh Island. The figures refer to the species mentioned in the text that

were found at those particular places.

Figure 2 is based on the U. S. coast survey chart, No. 159, survey of

1910, and represents in a general way present conditions.

2 THE NAUTILUS.

which was probably at the extreme end of the now exposed

ledge of coquina and about 200 feet below the present high-

94°55

\: ek 2 4

cr oe

4 SP

g, z,

a ¥

: 4

o° 8

g ?

yt $°

Fig. 1. St. Augustine, about 1883.

THE NAUTILUS, 3

water mark. The government has endeavored to prevent the

wearing away of this portion of Anastasia Island by construct-

ae Aa id id i 4

i: % > Fi

mS e D

‘. ae Rie

; ‘ cad =i Bu

QV amere. , ,

Fig. 2. St. Augustine at present.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

ing four jetties, one below and three above the ledge referred

to, but the erosion apparently still continues. The following

notes are based chiefly on those species that were very limited

in their distribution and which therefore may have become

locally extirpated by the many changes affecting their environ-

ments. A list of about 200 species published by the writer in

1890+ forms the basis of some of the following remarks.

Macrocallista nimbosa Sol. (1) This is the Callista gigantea

Gmel. of my list. It was found only in the shoal water at the

head of the ‘‘ Lagoon,’’ seeming to prefer the quiet water, as I

never found a trace of it on the ocean beach. At most only six

or eight specimens were found, and many of these were broken,

probably by the large ray or ‘‘clam cracker’’ as the butterfly

ray (Pteroplatea maclura) is called by the fishermen.

Donax obesa d’Orb. (2) This little chunky species was

formerly common on the sand bars at the mouth of the

‘¢ Lagoon,’’ where there was a slight shifting of the sand at

every tide. The larger species, Donaz variabilis Say, was (and

probably is) exceedingly abundant on the ocean beaches,

especially the ‘‘South beach.’’ I was quite amused at Day-

tona to hear the popular name of ‘‘ coquina’’ applied to this

shell, and one young man talking about ‘‘coquina bouillon.’’

While this is entirely proper, as the Spanish word coquina

means, broadly speaking, shell-fish, the name has become so

generally used for the shell-rock (often made up largely of this

species) that at first it sounded like pretty hard diet. J am

sorry that opportunity did not permit my getting a large series

of this species including the young, as I should have liked to

have made some comparisons of the young of D. variabilis with

that of the typical or more northern D. fossor Say. As I re-

member I could never satisfactorily separate the two forms at

St. Augustine and omitted the latter from my list, although it

is recorded from the entire coast of Florida and westward to

Texas. Mazyck in his ‘‘Catalog of Mollusca of South Caro-

lina,’’ says of D. fossor, ‘‘ very rare, Sullivan Island.”’

1 An Annotated List of the Shells of St. Augustine, Florida, Taz Navtt-

Lvs, vol. iii, pp. 108, 114 and 137, vol. iv, pp. 4-6.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

On one visit to the South beach I found it literally strewn

with perfect specimens of Divaricella quadrisulcata d’Orb.

(Lucina dentata of my list), but never again did I find them in

such numbers. At another time quantities of an Arca referred

to in my list as Arca americana Gray, were found. It is more

elongated than those found in the harbor, with a thinner and

lighter brown periostracum, and probably represents only a

variety or ocean form of A. campechiensis Dillw. (Arca pexata

Say).

Lucia philippiana Reeve (Loripes edentula of my list). Large

single valves were frequently found and occasionally at the

mouth of Hospital creek shells were found in the mud with

both valves intact, but like the Phacoides filosa Conr. in Portland

harbor, Maine, always dead. It may also be of interest to note

that two specimens of Solemya velum Say, and a few single

valves of Mya arenaria were found on the north beach, the

most southern records for the species.

Panopea bitruncata Conr. (3) This large and variable shell

which was referred to in my list under both Glycimeris reflexa

Say, and G. americana Conr., was later the subject of a paper

by the writer’ in which the synonymy was straightened out,

and a fine specimen found on the bar east of Marsh island was

figured. Common in the pliocene of the Caloosahatchie, but

recent examples are exceedingly rare. Living deep in the mud

they are difficult to obtain, unless on rare occasions extensive

harbor dredgings might bring some to the surface. They are

also very apt to be destroyed by changes such as encroaching

sand bars, sedimentary deposits, and harbor pollution.

The rocks that represented the ruins of the old Spanish

lighthouse (the tower of which fell in June, 1880, while the

keeper’s house had fallen several years before) were a favorite

place for Thais floridana Conr. (Purpura haemostoma var. floridana

of my list). During my recent visit I failed to find a living

specimen of this species either on the ledge or jetties, but the

tides were not very low and it may be that they could have

been found at a lower tide. On all of the rocks including the

1THE NavriLus, vol. 18, pp. 73-75, pl. 4, 1904.

6 THE NAUTILUS.

jetties were great numbers of Siphonaria naufragum Stearns (S.

lineolata d’Orb.). One thing that seemed to impress me more

than when I lived there, was the great abundance of oysters on

all the rocks, even around the water battery of the fort and also

on the piling. In speaking to an old friend regarding the

matter, he said he thought that around the fort it was due to

cleaning off the rocks a few years ago, thus presenting a clean

surface for the young to cling to. This array of bristling

oysters around the water battery of the fort deterred me from a

hunt for Nerita peloronta and N. versicolor (5), three living speci-

mens of which I found there together with Litorina angulifera,

being the most northern record for the three species.

Cerithidea scalariformis Say (6). The only place that I ever

found this species at St. Augustine was in the more sandy por-

tion of the marsh west of the city between King street and

Orange street, not far from where the Y. M. C. A. building now

stands. The filling-in of the marsh has probably locally ex-

tirpated this species. Another related species Cerithium flori-

danum Morch (7), C. atratum of my list, was also restricted

to a small area, an old oyster bed at the west end of Marsh

island. This is now a sand bar and the species may now be

entirely absent in the harbor. At the latter place I also found

my only living example of Murex fulvescens Sowb. (M. spim-

costata Val.).

At the mouth of Hospital creek was a large patch of the

grass-like Gorgonia—Leptogorgia virgulata. On this lived the

little Simnia uniplicata Sowb. 8 (Ovula uniplicata), as the Gor-

gonia varied in color so did the shells of the Simnia, agreeing in

color with the bunch of Gorgonia on which they were found—

either white, light-yellow, orange or pink. On one occasion

while hunting for Simnia a conspicuous object attracted my at-

tention, its flesh-colored mantle with irregular blackish mark-

ings was very striking, and as it contracted I found I hada

Cyphoma gibbosa Linn. (Ovula gibbosa), common to the West

Indies. For some time I wondered why the animal of this

shell should be so very conspicuous; then the thought occurred

to me that in more southern waters probably most of them live

on the ‘‘sea-fans’’ (Rhipidogorgia flabellum) and with their

THE NAUTILUS. 7

reticulated structure as a background the animals would be

scarcely distinguishable, like the Sargassum fish (/terophryne

histrio) in the gulf-weed (Sargassum).

Oyrena carolinensis Bosc. (9). In making a bridge across a

small branch of the St. Sebastian River I first discovered this

species. It was a large and interesting variety in which the

umbones were unusually high, many of the specimens closely

resembling in size and form the figure of C. olivacea Carp. from

Mexico, as given by Prime (Monograph American Corbiculidae,

p. 17, fig. 12, 1865). Although the tide flowed freely up the

little creek, there was at low tide a small stream of fresh water

even at the driest time. At the junction of this little stream

and the high ground there was a small colony of Neritina lin-

eolata Lam. (UN. reclivata Say). I looked in vain for this species

during my recent visit, nor did I find Cyrena near the little

bridge, but it may still exist in other parts of the stream which

time did not permit me to examine thoroughly. At the mouth

of Pellican creek near the Matanzas Inlet was a colony of

Neritina virginea Linn. They were the olive-green or more

brackish water type and probably represent the most northern

limit of this species on the Atlantic coast. About seven miles

south of Matanzas Inlet was a large cypress swamp in what was

known as ‘‘ Bike’s Hammock,’’ here was found Ampullaria

depressa var. hopetonensis Lea, which seems quite distinct

from those of the St. Johns River drainage. There were

also fine specimens of Ancylus peninsulae Pils. & Johns.—erro-

neously referred to A. filosuws in my list. The east coast canal

has drained much of this section now called Bikes Prairie

on the coast survey chart. In many places I saw truck

arms as I passed through the canal on my way north from

Daytona.

These notes suffice to show some of the changes that can take

place in a limited area in a comparatively short time, and the

probable effect of such changes on certain species. It is not at

all peculiar to St. Augustine, for similar changes are going on

at many other places along the coast and in the vicinity of our

cities. The importance of a careful study of a local fauna can-

not be too strongly urged. The destruction of the forests, the

8 THE NAUTILUS.

draining and filling of swamps and marshes, the construction of

dams, etc., all tend toward lessening the fauna and flora of a

given area.

NEW LAND 8HELLS FROM ALABAMA AND TENNESS&EE.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

POLITA CUMBERLANDIANA, DN. sp.

Shell widely umbilicated, flattened, very slightly convex

above and below, glossy, thin and translucent, light horn color,

regularly but lightly sculptured across the whorls by curved,

closely set radiating impressed lines parallel with the lines of

growth which are very faint; spire flattened; stature shallow;

whorls about 4, rapidly increasing, the last decending at the

aperture which is elongate-oval flattened above, lip very slight-

ly reflected at the columellar insertion; umbilicus wide, display-

ing all the whorls and contained about 4 times in the diameter

of the shell.

Greater diameter 3, lesser 2.5, altitude 1.25 mm.

Collected by Herbert H. Smith on the Cumberland Plateau

near Stevenson, Jackson Co., Alabama, also near Anderson,

and near Sherwood, Franklin Co., Tennessee.

Types No. 9157 of my collection. Paratypes in the collec-

tions of the Academy of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia and Bryant

Walker, Detroit, Mich.

At first glance this species may be taken for immature V.

radiatula as the general shape and the sculpture of impressed

radiating lines are the same, but it is uniformly small with the

same number of whorls, the sculpture is weaker and the shell

more flattened. Under high magnification there is merely the

faintest trace of impressed spiral sculpture. Itis much smaller

than Polita rhoadsi.

THE NAUTILUS. 9

Polita cumberlandiana: upper three figures.

Vitrea pilsbryana: lower five figures, two at the right being

immature shells, to show teeth of the neanic stage.

VITREA (PARAVITREA) PILSBRYANA, 0D. sp.

Shell widely umbilicate, elevated, convex above, flattened be-

low, thin, translucent, highly polished when immature but be-

coming more opaque and yellowish in adults, light horn color,

sculptured with unequally spaced radial grooves stopping at the

periphery which is rather high; suture well impressed; whorls

about 8 very closely coiled and slowly increasing, the last flat-

tened above and below; lip simple very slightly reflected where

it joins the columella, ends united by a thin callus; umbilicus

wide, contained a little more than 3 times in the diameter of

the shell, and showing all of the apex.

There are 3 or 4 pairs of large, tubercular, sometimes slightly

oval teeth, visible thru the base of the shell at all stages of

growth and in immature shells the upper teeth are visible from

above. ‘The upper teeth, which are slightly below the periphery,

are the larger, more elevated and round at thetop. The lower

teeth are about centrally located on the base and are flattened

10 THE NAUTILUS.

on top. When four pairs of teeth are present they are equally

spaced at intervals of 90° and this appears to be the normal

arrangement as only a few shells show three pairs which are

spaced from 100° to 120°. The single fully adult shell (figured)

appears to have but 2 pairs of teeth, but the shell is a dead one

and quite opaque. Two young shells, 1.5 mm diameter with

3.5 whorls and 2.5 mm. diameter, with 4.5 whorls, each have

3 pairs of teeth.

Greater diameter 5, lesser 4.5, altitude 2 mm.

Collected by Herbert H. Smith in a ‘‘Cove’’ on the Cumber-

land Plateau, 8 miles north of Anderson, Franklin Co., Tenn.

Types No. 9159 of my collection. Paratypesin the collections

of the Academy of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, and Bryant Walker,

Detroit, Mich.

This species belongs to the same group as V. capsella lacteodens

and V. andrewse. It differs from both by the smaller size and

wider umbilicus and from andrewse by the tubercular teeth

arranged in pairs.

I name this species after Dr. H. A. Pilsbry whose ‘‘Revision

of Paravitrea’’, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1903, pp. 204-212, Pls.

X, XI, has done much to clear up this most interesting group.

A NEW FORM OF AMPULLABIA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

AMPULLARIA (FELIPPONEA) NERITINIFORMIS 0. sp.

Shell solid, whitish or lurid purple under an olivaceous rather

strong periostracum, frequently banded with four or five purple-

black broad spiral bands which are most conspicuous on the

white inside of the outer lip, the white interspaces being subequal;

these bands however show but little on the exterior except at

resting stages, in the specimens examined; the form of the shell

viewed from behind, strongly recalls that of Neritina reclivata or

meleagris though with a rounded base; from in front it looks like

a. short spired heavy Campeloma. The nucleus is small and

THE NAUTILUS. 11

blunt, always more or less eroded; there are about four whorls

in the adult with indications of about five resting stages; the

surface is smooth except for inconspicuous lines of growth; the

young are somewhat naticoid, with a small umbilicus, but this

shape rapidly changes; the whorls enlarge rapidly, being as it

were appressed toward the suture which is distinct but not

channeled, while the umbilicus becomes relatively larger and

more or less funicular; the aperture is egg-ovate, entire, the

posterior commissure solidly filled with callus, the outer lip

internally thickened, patulous not reflected; the inner thickened,

continuous over the body; height of shell 33; of last whorl 31;

of aperture 23; maximum diameter (in front of the middle of

the whorl) 26mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 332780.

Habitat. Rio Uruguay, Department of Paysandu.

The operculum is horny, concentric, with the nucleus at the

inner third; the radula is typically Ampullarioid and might be

quite accurately represented by Troschel’s figure of the radula

of A. urceus, in the ‘‘Gebiss der Schnecken.”’

The literature has been carefully searched, both on the lines

of Ampullaria and Campeloma, but nothing of the sort has been

discovered.

The subgenus is named in honor of Doctor Florentino Felip-

pone, whose energy and interest in exploring the fauna of

Uruguay are deserving of great praise.

The peculiar form of this species, and its funicular umbilicus,

so different from that of any other in the genus, seem to authorize

its separation.

A NEW SPECIES OF PHYSA FROM NEW YORK STATE.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

PHYSA ONEIDA n. sp. Shell of medium size, ovate, slightly

inflated; whorls about five, slowly increasing in diameter; spire

short, broad, the whorls flattened; color yellowish-horn; surface

smooth and shining, with rarely a trace of spiral striae, but the

12 THE NAUTILUS.

lines of growth may form more or less marked raised lines in

some specimens; sutures slightly impressed, bordered below by

a wide white band; protoconch smooth, rounded, rich wine

color; aperture long-ovate, twice the length of the spire; peri-

stome bordered within by a thickened rib edged with dark

brown; columella thickened, slightly twisted; parietal wall

covered by a thin callus which is folded over into and com-

pletely closing the umbilical region.

Length, 11.0; width, 7.5; aperture length, 8.0: width,

3.5 mm. Type.

Length, 138; width, 8.5; aperture length, 10.5 mm. Para-

type.

Length, 10.5; width, 7.2; aperture length, 7.5; width,

3.7mm. Paratype.

Length, 15.0; width, 9.0; aperture length, 11.0; width,

5.0 mm. Paratype.

This Physa has been included under warreniana Lea by the

writer for a number of years. It is a small edition of that

species agreeing in outline with Lea’s figure and description in

all essential details except size (see Lea’s Observations, xi, p.

120, pl. 24, fig. 81). Lea’s species, however, differs not only ~

in size but has strong spiral lines on the surface which are ab-

sent in oneida. The shell in the smaller species is also more

swollen and less cylindrical, and the spire is more depressed

than in warreniana. It resembles ancillaria and has been con-

stantly associated by the writer with that species as a variety.

The shell is not as broad as ancillaria and the whorls are not

shouldered. It perhaps more nearly resembles Walker’s an-

cillaria crassa, but differs constantly in being less solid, lacking

the variceal bands, the body whorl is less swollen, the columella

is not as heavy, the spire is higher, the outer lip is not as much

arched, and the aperture is more elongate. The color of crassa

is purplish-white with an opaque texture ‘while oneda is

yellowish-horn, polished, with a translucent texture. Hetero-

stropha has a longer, more acute spire, a rounder aperture,

somewhat shouldered whorls, and a more twisted columella.

There is some variation in oneida in the height of the spire, im-

mature specimens having a somewhat longer spire than mature

THE NAUTILUS. 13

shells. The surface is usually destitute of spiral sculpture,

only a few faint impressions being observable in rare specimens,

One individual, however, had been injured when the body

whorl was about half completed and the part of the shell suc-

ceeding the injured portion is very heavily impressed with spiral

lines, while the rest of the shell is perfectly smooth.

This shell was first recorded from Tomahawk Lake, Wis-

consin, as Physa ancillaria warreniana. The same form occurs

in Lake Maxinkuckee, Indiana, on the shore of Lake Michigan

at Chicago, and a somewhat similar form has been received

from Georgian Bay, Canada. It is the most abundant mollusk

in Oneida Lake where it occurs on a wave-beaten shore. It is

probably widely distributed, and will be found in collections

labeled ancillaria and heterostropha. Specimens that have sur-

vived a second year and are of large size compare favorably with

warreniana but may at once be separated by the absence of spiral

sculpture which is especially strong in shells of Lea’s species

from South Dakota and other western states.

The bibliography of the new species is as follows:

1902. Physa heterostropha Baker (non Say). Moll. Chicago

Area, Part II, p. 308, pl. 34, fig. 2 (part). Lake

Michigan.

1911. Physa ancillaria warreniana Baker (non Lea). Trans.

Wis. Acad. Arts, Sci. and Letters, XVII, p. 234. Tom-

ahawk Lake, Wis.

1916. Physa ancillaria warreniana. Navtitus, XXX, p. 8

Oneida Lake, N. Y.

1916. Physa ancillaria warreniana. Tech. Pub., N. Y. State

Coll. For., Syracuse Univ., No. 4, p. 2738, et seq., Fig.

45, nos. 34, 35. Oneida Lake.

1918. Physa warreniana. Nautitus, XXXI, p. 89. Oneida

Lake.

1918. Physa warreniana. Tech. Pub., N. Y. State Coll. For-

estry, No. 9, p. 178, et seg. Oneida Lake.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

MOLLUSCA FOUND IN THE VICINITY OF DUBOIS, ILLINOIS.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.,

For the identification of many of the species the author

is indebted to Dr. Bryant Walker, Dr. V. Sterki, Dr. H. A.

Pilsbry, Mr. F. C. Baker and Dr. Geo. H. Clapp.

Polygyra appressa (Say). Lowland timber, a small form.

Polygyra pennsylvanica (Green). Upland timber, a small

rough form.

Polygyra thyroides (Say). General distribution, variable in

size, some small and thin.

Polygyra clausa (Say). Upland timber, depauperate, few

found.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Lowland, a few found but once.

Polygyra monodon (Rack.) Upland timber, once found in

numbers about old logs in a pasture from which the timber had

been removed. This form has been known as P. leati (Ward).

Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). On decaying logs and under

leaves.

Strobilops affinis Pilsbry. Found with the last.

Pupoides marginatus (Say). R. R. embankment, scarce.

Gastrocopta armifera (Say). Common.

Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Common, also a variety for

which Dr. Sterki has proposed the name abrupta.

Gastrocopta corticaria (Say). Found in numbers on stand-

ing trees.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Scarce, found in small num-

bers in an outside entrance to the cellar of a deserted house.

Gastrocopta tappaniana (Adams). A common species.

Vertigo milium Gould. Scarce, under pieces of board and

sticks.

Vertigo ovata Say. But one specimen found.

Circinaria concava (Say). Only one specimen.

Vitrea hammonis (Strom.). Scarce.

Vitrea wheatleyi (Bland). Rarely found.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Common, generally found in open

situations. |

THE NAUTILUS. 15

Vitrea cryptomphala Clapp. With the above but not as

plentiful.

Euconulus fulvus (Mill). Not found often.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). All situations, numerous.

Zonitoides limatula (Ward). Lowland timber, scarce.

Zonitoides minuscula (Binney). Not common.

Zonitoides milium (Morse). With the above, scarce.

Taxodonta significans (Bland). One dead specimen.

Agriolimax campestris (Say). During wet seasons they do

more or less damage to the fruit in the strawberry fields. In

the fall of 1916 they were innumerable in the orchard.

Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc.). Common.

Pyramidula solitaria (Say). Under leaves in timber; like

many of the species found here these are of small size.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). A few found in one place.

Pyramidula perspectiva (Say). Common in the bottom

lands.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Rather scarce, a few have

been found in cellars.

Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.). Generally distributed.

Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.) One specimen only,

although careful search was made in the same place three

times.

Succinea concordialis Gould. North of the R. R. bridge on

the west side of the embankment, where they were found for

three or four years; of late they have disappeared.

Succinea avara Say. Individuals are scattering but found in

various situations; some difference in size.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea. Wet place below the reservoir,

numerous under fallen leaves.

Pseudosuccinea columella (Say). Generally distributed in

the creeks.

Galba caperata (Say). In pools of a small branch near

Sheller lake.

Galba modicella (Say). Pools and mud of a dry branch,

Hinkley farm.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Beaucoup creek and Sheller lake.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks and Sheller lake.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Planorbis parvus Say. Pond north of the R. R. bridge.

Planorbis dilatatus Gould. Generally distributed.

Gundlachia stimpsoniana (Smith). Doubtfully determined.

Associated with Ancylus fuscus, in the reservoir; generally on

the under side of fallen leaves from the surrounding timber,

never on the leaves of the elm and hickory. Both species were

plentiful in 1908 and 1909, but have since disappeared.

Ancylus rivularis Say. Little Muddy creek.

Ancylus tardus Say. Beaucoup creek.

Ancylus fuscus Adams. Reservoir and Little Muddy creek.

Ancylus kirklandi Walker. Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks.

Physa heterostropha Say. Sheller lake. (This is a R. R.

reservoir. )

Physa gyrina Say. All streams and other bodies of water.

Physa sayi Tappan. Reservoir, one specimen; it may be a

freak of gyrina.

Physa hildrethiana Lea. Pond north of the R. R. bridge.

Physa elliptica Lea. Above the R. R. bridge.

| Physa integra Haldeman. Pond on the Hinkley farm.

Physa oleacea Tryon. Pool near the R. R. bridge.

Physa crandalli Baker. Pond on the Hinkley farm.

Pleurocera neglectum (Anthony). Little Muddy between

Du Bois and Sheller lake; quite different from C. subulare.

Amnicola cincinnatiensis Lea. Puncheon, Locust and Little

Muddy creeks.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Low land of Little Muddy creek,

scarce.

Viviparus contectoides Binney. Beaucoup creek, a small

variety. .

Campeloma subsolidum (Anthony). Little Muddy, Locust

and Beaucoup creeks.

Quadrula latecostata (Lea). Little Muddy creek.

Lampsilis distans (Anthony). Little Muddy and Locust

creeks.

Lampsilis subrostratus (Say). Little Muddy creek and

Sheller lake.

Lampsilis texasensis (Lea). Little Muddy creek.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

Lampsilis parvus (Barnes). Little Muddy, Beaucoup and

Locust creeks.

Anodonta imbecilis Say. Creeks and ponds.

Anodonta grandis ovata Lea. Creeks and ponds, plentiful.

Anodonta grandis salmonia Lea. Beaucoup creek.

Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say). Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks.

Sphaerium sulcatum (Prime). Little Muddy and Puncheon

creeks,

Sphaerium striatinum (Lam.). Little Muddy and Locust

creeks.

Sphaerium stamineum (Conrad). Little Muddy and Locust

creeks.

Sphaerium solidulum (Prime). Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks.

Sphaerium occidentale (Prime). Little Muddy creek.

Musculium transversum (Say). Little Muddy, Beaucoup

and Locust creeks.

Musculium contractum (Prime). Little Muddy creek.

Musculium truncatum (Linsley). Little Muddy creek.

Musculium elevatum (Hald.). Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks and pond on the Hinkley farm. Closed to Musculiwm

hodgsonit.

Pisidium compressum Prime. Little Muddy creek, Sheller

lake and pond north of the R. R. bridge.

Pisidium fallax Sterki. Little Muddy creek.

Pisidium fraudulentum Sterki. R. R. reservoir.

Pisidium illinoisensis Sterki. Reservoir and pond on the

Hinkley farm.

Pisidium politum decorum Sterki. Pond north of the R. R.

bridge.

Pisidium punctatum Sterki. Little Muddy and Puncheon

creeks.

Pisidium punctatum inerme Sterki. Beaucoup creek.

Pisidium sargenti Sterki. Puncheon creek.

18 ) THE NAUTILUS.

LAND SHELLS OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

BY E. G. VANATTA,

The following species of land shells were picked from leaf

mould collected in Lee County, Florida, by Mr. Clarence B.

Moore on Keys not mentioned in Tur NautiLvus, volume XXVI,

page 16.

Weeks Place, Crawford’s Key near Marco.

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Bld. Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Addison’s Key near Marco.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld. Polita dalliana ‘Simps.’ Pils.

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils. Zonitordes minuscula Binn.

Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Demorey Key.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld. Strobilops hubbard: Br.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Guppya gundlachi Pir.

Shutt. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Pupoides modicus Gld. Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils.

Josselyn Key, Pine Island Sound.

Truncatella c. succinea Ad. Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Strobilops hubbardi Br.

_ Thysanophora _plagioptycha Euglandina rosea parallela

Shutt. Binn.

Thysanophora ceca Guppy. Polita indentata Say.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bld. Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Gastrocopta contracta Say. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils. Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

NEW LAND SNAILS COLLECTED BY THE FERRISS AND HINKLEY

EXPEDITIUN OF 1919.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

Sonorella montana. Resembling S. walkeri in form. Umbili-

cus one-eighth to one-tenth the diameter. Embryonic whorls

densely granulose with rather sparse protractive threads, the

next whorl indistinctly granose, later whorls very smooth.

Aperture large, the outer margin expanded, basal somewhat re-

flected. Anatomically it is distinguished by the extremely

short and slender penis, smaller than in any other species ex-

amined. Montana Peak, near the Montana mine, not far from

Oro Blanco, and Bear canyon, further southeast, Pajarito range.

Alt. 14, diam. 23.7, umbilicus 8 mm.; 4% whorls.

Alt. 16.3, diam. 25.5, umbilicus 2.6 mm.; 5 whorls.

Sonorella hinkleyi, n. sp. The shell is small, depressed, solid,

umbilicus about one-sixth the diameter. Embryonic shell

radially rugose with sparse, irregular divaricating threads, later

whorls slightly striate. Peristome very little expanded. A

dark band is normally present, but at Station 244 albinos were

found in abundance. Alt. 8.5, diam. 16 mm.; 4} whorls.

Cayetano Mountains. Anatomically characterized by the long

penis and vagina, the latter with a weakly marked muscular

dilation. Papilla spirally plicate.

Sonorella cayetanensis, n. sp. Shell thin, light, the band pale-

bordered above and below, umbilicus contained about 8 times

in the diameter. Embryonic sculpture about as in S. hinkleyr,

the later whorls polished, faintly striate. Peristome thin, little

expanded. Alt. 11.7, diam. 21 mm.; 4$¢ whorls. A thinner,

larger, more capacious shell than S. hinkleyi, resembling it con-

siderably in soft anatomy. Highest peaks of the Cayetano

Mountains.

Sonorella tumacacori, n. sp. Except by its larger size, the

shell is similar to S. hinkle,i. The genitalia differ by the larger

node on the vagina, the more tapering penis-papilla and the

very short penial retractor muscle. Alt. 10.4, diam. 17.8 mm. ;

44 whorls. Stations 209, 210, in a large gulch draining the

northeastern side of Tumacacori Peak.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

Sonorella patagonica,n. sp. The shell is rather capacious with

umbilicus about one-seventh the diameter, polished, rather

solid, the band rather wide, pale-bordered on both sides, sculp-

ture and form about as in S. papagorum P. & F. The vagina is

swollen at base; penis-papilla large, tapering, conspicuously

wrinkled transversely; flagellum distinct. Alt. 18, diam.

22 mm.; nearly 5 whorls. Itis often larger. Mt. Washington,

Patagonia Mts.

Bulimulus nigromontanus, n. subsp. Differs from B. nigro-

montanus by the narrower umbilicus, and is therefore tempor-

arily separated as a subspecies. Pina Blanca in the Pajarito

Mountains.

Sonorella mustang, n. sp. The shell is rather openly umbili-

cate, dilute cinnamon-buff with a pale-bordered dark band,

glossy, nearly smooth, the embryonic shell coarsely, irregularly

wrinkled with some irregular protractive threads. Last whorl

descending rather deeply. Peristome expanded, the edge of

parietal callus usually distinct. Alt. 15.8, diam. 26.5 mm.;

5 whorls. Mustang Range. Albinos were taken at Station 284.

Sonorella montezwma, n. sp. The shell is small, narrowly

umbilicate, cinnamon, fading to nearly white on the base and

on both sides of the chestnut-brown band. Embryonic whorls

without protractive threads. Peristome slightly expanded.

Alt. 9.4, diam. 15 mm.; 44 whorls. Montezuma Canyon,

Huachuca Mts. It is smaller than any known Huachucan

species except S. g. parva, which inhabits the opposite end of

the range.

Sonorella elizabethae, n. sp. Shell dilute cinnamon-buff fading

on the base and on both sides of the narrow chestnut-brown

band. Embryonic whorl having numerous, irregular portrac-

tive threads; later whorls microscopically lineolate-granulose.

Aperture small, the peristome slightly expanded. Alt. 10.7,

diam. 19.2, umbilicus 3.2 mm. Canillo Hills. :

Sonorella cotis, n. sp. Shell dilute cinnamon-buff fading on

base and on both sides of the chestnut-brown band. Embry-

onic whorls with weak protractive threads. Last whorl rather

deeply descending in front. Peristome somewhat expanded,

edge of the parietal callus distinct. Alt. 12.3, diam. 20, um-

THE NAUTILUS. 21

bilicus 3.8 mm.; 44 whorls. Whetstone Range. Most speci-

mens taken this year are larger than the type lot, collected by

Ferriss and Daniels in 1914.

Sonorella insignis, n. sp. The shell is much depressed, rather

solid, openly umbilicate. Band is broad with pale borders.

Surface roughened by low wave-like ribs in the direction of

growth-lines, and microscopic incised lines. Aperture small.

Peristome very little expanded, blunt. Alt. 9.8, diam. 20.5

mm.; 44 whorls. Whetstone Range. One of the finest Sono-

rellas collected in 1919, recalling S. dalli by its depressed form.

MOLLUSCA OF FORRESTER ISLAND, ALASKA.

UNIVALVES (Continued from page 69).

BY GEORGE WILLETT.

Tornatina carinata Gld. Tornatina culcitella Gld. Cylichna

alba Brown. These three species were taken occasionally in the

dredge, the latter being the most uncommon.

Dentalium pretiosum Nutt. Very plentiful in 10-40 fathoms.

Dentalium dali Pils. A few young specimens secured in 50

fathoms.

Tnimacina pacifica Dall. Appeared swimming in the water in

great numbers at times during calm weather. Extensively

eaten by several species of fish.

_ Siphonaria thersites Cpr. Abundant in some localities, mostly

in short moss growing on the rocks considerably above low tide

line.

Crassispira perversa Garb. Dredged occasionally in 40-50

fathoms.

Crassispira rotula Dall. More plentiful than the last in about

same depth.

Crassispira (Suavodrillia) sp.? A specimen dredged is now in

National Museum. Stated by Dr. Dall to be undescribed.

Mangilia oldroydi Arnold. Mangilia eriopis Dall. Mangilia

crebricostata Cpr. A very few specimens of each of these three

species were taken in the dredge.

pa THE NAUTILUS.

Bela tabulata Cpr. Bela fidicula Gld. Bela impressa Beck.

Bela pyramidalis Strom. The two former fairly common, the

two latter rare, all being taken in dredge.

Taranis strongi Arnold. Fairly common in 45-70 fathoms.

Dr. Dall informs me that my Forrester Island specimens are

the first living ones known to science, the species having been

described from fossils taken in California.

Cancellaria modesta Cpr. A few dredged in 40-50 fathoms.

Taken in inside channels, between Dall ae Prince of Wales

islands, in less than 15 fathoms.

Cancellaria couthouyi Jay. Three dead specimens dredged in

about 50 fathoms.

Olivella pedroana Conr. Very abundant 15-40 fathoms. Ap-

parently much larger than along the California coast; many

specimens being well over 20 mm. in length and correspond-

ingly broad.

Volutella pyriformis Cpr. Dredged occasionally; taken at

Waterfall, Prince of Wales Island, under rocks near low tide

line.

Mitromorpha gracilior Hemp. A few taken in aa

Alectrion mendicus Gld. Common 15-25 fathoms.

Buccinum cyaneum Brug. Common under rocks in many

localities well above low tide mark. Occasional on rock walls.

Buccinum plectrum Stimp. Dead shells dredged occasionally

in 40-60 fathoms. Not taken alive.

Buccinum erronis Dall. Very few dead specimens taken in 50

fathoms. |

Chrysodomus phoeniceus Dall. One dead shell taken in 40

fathoms.

Chrysodomus liratus Mart. One dead young shell dredged.

Rather plentiful in some localities in inside waters.

Chrysodomus rectirostris Cpr. Fairly common 40-70 fathoms.

Beringius crebricostatus undatus Dall. A dead young speci-

men taken in 50 fathoms. Possibly brought to the locality by

currents.

Columbella tuberosa Cpr. Columbella gouldt Cpr. Former

rather common 10-80 fathoms, and latter common in about 50

fathoms.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

Columbella californiana Gask. One living specimen taken

from root of kelp washed ashore in storm. Common under

rocks at Waterfall.

Amphissa corrugata Rve. Common on rocks near low tide

line.

Amphissa versicolor reticulata Dall. Abundant 15-20 fathoms.

Purpura foliata Mart. Rather common on rocks near low

tide line. Most specimens on Forrester Island are much worn

by heavy seas.

Boreotrophon stuartti Smith. Boreotrophon tenuisculptus. Cpr.

Both of these forms dredged occasionally in various depths, the

latter the most plentiful.

Boreotrophon pacificus Dall. Occasional on rocks near low tide

line, much more abundant at waterfall.

Ocinebra interfossa Cpr. Ocinebra lurida aspera Baird. Fairly

common on rocks near low tide line.

Thats emarginata projecta Dall. Locally on rocks well up to-

ward high tide mark. Extremely variable in color, running

from gray through brown, purple and green into yellow and

red. Practically all seem to have drawn-out spire typical of

this form.

Thais ima Mart. Thais canaliculata Ducl. Both these species

are common on the rocks near low tide line. The former is the

more gregarious and appears to favor the smoother rocks, while

the latter is more scattered and is found mostly among short

moss or in mussel beds. JT. lamellosa Gmel., abundant in in-

side waters, apparently does not occur on Forrester Island.

Epitonium wroblemskt Morch. Epitoniwm pluricostatum Dall.

Both dredged at various depths, the former common, the latter

rare.

Epitoniwm gronlandicum Perry. Only noted from fragment

dredged.

Epitonium indianorum Cpr. LEpitonium columbianum Dall.

Epitonium catalinae Dall. The first dredged quite commonly in

25-60 fathoms. The latter two taken in about same depths but

much less frequently.

Melanella micans borealis Bartsch. Melanella macra Bartsch.

Melanella tacomaensis Bartsch. Four specimens of the first,

24 THE NAUTILUS.

three of the second and one of the last species, represent all the

Melanellas taken during the four seasons spent on the island.

They were all dredged.

Zurbonilla lordi EK. A. Smith. . Dredged occasionally in 25-50

fathoms.

Turbonilla canadensis Bartsch (Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 52,

p. 640). The type and eight more specimens dredged in 25-50

fathoms.

Odostomia satura Cpr. Odostomia cookeana Bartsch. Odos-

tomia amtchitkana Dall. Odostomia vancouverensis D. .& B,

Odostomia stephensi D. & B. Odostomia columbiana D. & B.

Specimens of all of these forms were dredged, though in small

numbers. Satura and Amtchitkana were seemingly the most

common. At Waterfall I also secured specimens of O. talpa

D. & B., grippiana Bartsch, and willetti Bartsch (Proc. U. 8.

No M: Vol.52." p. (666).

Priene oregonense Redf. Common from the low tide line to

about 15 fathoms. Specimens in former Jocality are shorter

and heavier than those found in deeper water.

Cerithiopsis stephensae Bartsch. A few dredged. Specimens

of two other, apparently unnamed, species were also taken.

Bittium filosum Gld. Bittium attenuatum Cpr. Common, the

former a little above low tide line and the latter in 10-20

fathoms.

Alvania dinora Bartsch (Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 52, p. 678).

The type and four additional specimens dredged.

Alvania carpenteri Wein. Dredged occasionally.

Rissoina newcombei Dall. Dredged with last.

Trichotropis cancellata Conr. Rather common from low tide

line to about 20 fathoms.

Trichotropis conica Moll. Two specimens dredged in 50

fathoms. Dr. Dall informs me that this is the first record for

the Pacific coast.

Caecum crebricinctum Cpr. Dredged abundantly in 20-30

fathoms.

Veremetus squamigerus Cpr. Abundant on recks near low

tide line.

Tachyrhynchus lacteolus Cpr. Rather common 50-60 fathoms.

THE NAUTILUS. 25

Tittorina scutulata Gld. Jattorina stitchana Phil. The former

not very common, the latter abundant and varying greatly in

color.

Lacuna divaricata Fabr. Fairly common on rocks.

Calyptraea mamillaris Brod. Common in 15-25 fathoms.

Orepidula nivea Gld. Crepidula dorsata Brod. Neither very

common, but found occasionally from low tide line to 30

fathoms. The young of the former species is frequently found

on the operculum of Priene.

Natica clausa B. & 8S. Rather common 15-40 fathoms.

Lunatia pallida B. & 8. Not rare in 50-60 fathoms.

Velutina laevigata Linn. Fairly common in spongy growth

on rocks near low tide line.

Velutina cryptospira Midd. Found common only in one local-

ity. A short distance off shore was a large rock with a crevice

ten to fifteen ft. wide worn right through the center from one side

to the other. The water in this crevice was deep and the walls

nearly perpendicular. On these walls at about the extreme low

tide mark were great numbers of Ascidians and in these crypto-

spira was found in abundance. Though it was seldom smooth

enough to allow me to enter this crevice with a boat at extreme

low tide, I was able to do so on two or three occasions and

obtained a fine series of living specimens. Some of these were

very large, one measuring 31 by 28 millimeters. I am very

much averse to referring this and the next species to the genus

Velutina, as in life they are so entirely dissimilar to laevigata,

the type of that genus. In laevigata the shell is mossy and is,

so far as I have seen, entirely bare, while in these two species

the shell is smooth and completely covered by the animal. On

the other hand, both the animal and shell differ markedly from

the genus Lamellaria.

Velutina rubra, new species. Description. In life similar to

V. cryptospira but animal bright vermilion in color (this color

soon disappears in alcohol). Shell smaller than that of crypto-

spira, rounder and with only a trace of spire. The type meas-

ures 134 mm. in length by 9 mm. in breadth. This type to-

gether with four additional specimens were taken on Forrester

Island by the writer. Three of these specimens were found at

26 THE NAUTILUS,

extreme low tide mark and the other two were dredged in 40

fathoms.

Lamellaria stearnsi Dall. Two living specimens taken from

among Velutina eryptospira.

Acmaea persona Esch. Acmaea pelta Esch. Acmaea patina

Esch. Abundant on rocks, the first being found in somewhat

more exposed positions than the other two.

Acmaea instabilis Gld. Three living specimens were taken on

stems of holdfast kelp at extreme low water line. One dead

specimen also found, as well as a few fragments. :

Lepeta concentrica Midd. Dredged rarely.

Molleria quadrae Dall. Two specimens dredged.

Leptothyra carpentert Pils. Rather common on rocks.

Calliostoma costatum Mart. Calliostoma annulatum Mart.

Calliostoma variegatum Cpr. The first was common on rocks

near low water line, the second rather common from low water

mark down to 20 fathoms, and the third was much less plentiful

and taken only with the dredge in from 15-40 fathoms.

Margarites pupillus Gld. Margarites helicinus Fabr. Marga-

rites succinctus Cpr. Margarites laevior Jeff. All rather common

about low water mark. Over 900 of the latter species were

taken from the craw of a surf duck (Oidemia perspicillata).

Tegula pulligo Mart. Fairly common along extreme low tide

line.

Solariella peramabilis Cpr. Abundant in from 15-50 fathoms.

Some specimens taken were very large, measuring over twenty

millimeters in height.

Solariella cidaris A. Ad. Fairly common in from 30-50

fathoms. .

Solariella obscura Couth. Seven specimens dredged in about

50 fathoms.

Halistylus pupoides Dall. Three specimens dredged.

Haliotis kamtchatkana Dall. Common at low water mark.

Puncturella multistriata Dall. Puncturella cucullata Gld.

Puncturella galeata Gld. Puncturella coopert Cpr. All four of

these species were dredged in from 15-50 fathoms. Culcullata

was also taken rarely at extreme low tide mark. Multistriata

and galeata were rather rare. ;

THE NAUTILUS. 27

Subemarginula yatesi Dall. It was a very pleasant surprise to

find this species—previously known, I believe, only from near

Monterey, California—occurring at Forrester Island. It was,

however, quite rare and, though particularly sought for, only

nine specimens were taken. Five of these were living when

found and the other four dead. One small live one was taken

at extreme low water mark and all the others were dredged in

from 15-30 fathoms. The largest, a dead one, measures 77 x 57

millimeters.

Fissuridea aspera Esch. Common along low water line.

Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall. Fairly common on rock walls

near low water mark. Largest measuring 18x13 millimeters.

Leptochiton cancellatus Sby. Dredged in 20 fathoms.

Tonicella lineata Wood. Adults common along low tide line.

Young rather common in 15-20 fathoms.

Tonicella ruber Linn. JTonicella submarmorea Midd. Dredged

in from 15-30 fathoms; the latter the most plentiful.

Cyanoplax raymondi Pils. Schizoplax brandti Midd. Common

locally along low tide line, generally in crevices in rocks.

Ischnochiton interstinctus Gld. Ischnochiton mertensi Midd.

Abundant at from 10-20 fathoms.

Ischnochston willettt Berry. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p.

236). Ischnochiton trifidus Cpr. Taken at about the same depth

as the last but in much smaller numbers, willetti being fairly

common and frifidus rare. J. radians was taken at Waterfall

but not on Forrester.

Ischnochiton retiporosus Cpr. Occasional in from 15-50 fathoms,

occuring in deeper water than any other chiton found in the

locality.

Trachydermon flectens Cpr. A few dredged in from 15-30

fathoms.

Mopalia ciliata Gld. Mopalia ciliata wosnessenskui Midd. Fair-

ly common from a little above low water line to about 15

fathoms. I find considerable difficulty in differentiating these

two forms but Dr. S. S. Berry tells me that, while most of my

specimens are referable to wosnessenskii, there are a few that are

nearer true ciliata.

Mopalia hindsi Rve. Mopalia lignosa Gld. Rather rare on

28 THE NAUTILUS.

rocks between tides. Seven specimens of the former and two

of the latter were taken. All the former were exceptional in

size, one measuring 90 x 45 millimeters.

Mopalia wmporcata Cpr. Mopalia sinuata Cpr. Dredged in

from 15-25 fathoms, the former fairly common, the latter rare.

Placiphorella velata Cpr. Only two specimens, both taken at

extreme low tide line.

Placiphorella rufa Berry (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p.

241). The type and about fifteen additional specimens of this

new form were dredged in from 15-25 fathoms.

Katherina tunicata Sby. Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. The

former abundant, the latter common between tides. The

Katherina is eaten to a considerable extent by the natives.

LanpD Mo..uscs.

Circinaria vancouverensis Lea. Common.

Ariolimax columbianus Gld. Abundant in following colors:

white, black, gray, yellow and mottled. (

Polygyra columbiana Lea. Abundant.

Pupa (sp. ?). A single Pupa was seen in a dead spruce

cone. It was lost before being identified.

A NEW CAMAENA FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

BY WM. F. CLAPP.

CAMAENA FORBESI n. sp. Puate I.

Shell solid, globose, depressed, opaque, with numerous faint

oblique growth-wrinkles throughout, faintly spirally striate

only on the post-nepionic whorls; the ultimate whorl naples

yellow with a narrow russet line at the suture, a russet band

between the suture and the periphery and a broader russet

‘band just below the periphery, the bands becoming fainter on

the earlier whorls; whorls five, consisting of two nepionic and

three post-nepionic, slightly convex, the last slightly deflexed,

suture very slightly impressed, last whorl rounded; peristome

expanded, light purple drab, excepting where the light sutural

zone terminates; the slightly thickened and reflexed edge wal-

nut brown, margins connected by a very thin transparent

THE NAUTILUS. 29

callus; columellar lip reflexed over one-third of the umbilicus;

aperture oblique showing the bands within.

Four specimens give the following measurements:

Altitude. Greater diam. Lesser diam.

1 type No. 35601 29.5 mm. 37.5 mm. 33. mm.

2 25.3 36.5 32.

3 24.0 35. 29.5

4 29.3 37. 31.5

Specimens of this new species were included in a large col-

lection of Philippine shells given to the Museum of Comparative

Zoology by W. Cameron Forbes, former governor of the Philip-

pine Islands. They were collected by Mr. C. W. Weber at

Bacuit, northern Palawan. I have named this shell for Gov-

ernor Forbes as a slight acknowledgment of the great interest

that he has taken, and the work that he has accomplished, in

adding to our knowledge of the fauna of the Philippine Islands.

The specimen selected as the type, and described, is the most

typical of the species. The specimen designated as number

two in the table of measurements, is exactly similar to number

one in color, and in the arrangements of the bands, differing

only in being more depressed. Number three is very similar to

number two in size and shape, but differs from numbers one

and two in color, the lower band in this form having spread

over the entire base, the upper band extending to the suture,

leaving only at the periphery a narrow band of the typical

naples yellow. Number four is similar to the type in size and

form, and to number three in color. The variation is therefore

expressed along two independent lines; first, a tendency for the

shell to become more or less depressed; and secondly, for the

bands to become broader and darker. Intermediates between

all forms are in the series before me. The tendency in each in-

dividual specimen for the color to become darker as the shell

increases in size, is constant in both the light and the dark

forms.

The differences between this species and the description of

what appears to be the most closely related species, Camaena

30 THE NAUTILUS.

avus, as described by Pfeiffer (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852,

p. 83) are constant and may be tabulated as follows;

Camaena avus Camaena forbest

whorls 4 whorls 5

last whorl carinated last whorl rounded

aperture scarcely oblique aperture oblique as usual in

Camaena

peristome thick peristome slightly thickened

peristome white peristome dark

margins joined by thick callus margins joined by very thin

transparent callus

altitude 18 mm. altitude 29.5 mm.

The figures of Camaena avus in the Manual of Conchology

(ser. 2, vol. 6, 1890, pl. 27, f. 15, 16, 17) were copied from

Pfeiffer’s original figures in the Conchylien Cabinet, t. 157,

f. 12-14, and, besides showing a much more widely expanded

and thickened peristome than occurs in C. forbesi, also show that

C. avus is far more widely umbilicate.

Hidalgo (Obras Malacologicas, Estudios preliminares sobre

la fauna malacologica de las Islas Filipinas, 1901, p. 196) states

that the C. avus in the Quadras collection is similar to the C.

avus of Mollendorff (Verz. Philipp. Landmollusk., 1898, p. 64)

but differs from C. avus of Pfeiffer in size, in the bands, and in

the umbilicus. It is possible that the C. avus of Quadray and

Mollendorff is equal to C. forbesi. The figures of C. avus given

by Hidalgo (loc. cit. pl. 138, fig. 4y5), however, do not repre-

sent C. forbest.

Note.—In the figures (pl. I) reproduced from photographs

by Mr. George Nelson, the reflected light on the glazed surface

of the parietal wall greatly exaggerates the parietal callus, mak-

ing it appear somewhat heavy and opaque, whereas in the spec-

imen photographed it is very thin and transparent. The photo-

graphs have also failed to show sufficiently well the dark color

of the lip.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

NOTES,

Mirra AMANDA: A CorreEctTIon.’—In my little preliminary

paper ‘‘ New Marine Mollusks from the Philippine Islands,”’

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume

31, pp. 181-188, December 30, 1918, I published Mitra amanda

new species from the Philippines, type Cat. No. 221815, U. S.

N. M., collected by the author at Dumurug Point, Cataingan

Bay, Masbate.

In monographing this group I note that the same combina-

tion was used by Lowell Reeve, Proceedings of the Zoological

Society London, 1842, p. 59, and Conchologica Iconica, 1845,

species number 318, type ‘‘from the islands of Burias and

Negros, Philippines,’? now known as Turricula amanda Reeve.

It is therefore necessary to bestow a new designation on my

shell, which may now be known as Mitra signa.—PavL BartscuH.

OPEAS PUMILUM PFrR. IN PHILADELPHIA.—This snail has been

living in the decayed boards of fences at the rear of the houses

in the 1800 blocks of North 17th and N. Willington Streets for

some time. I found the first specimen in 1917 and collected

eight others April 30 and May 22, 1919. It may be of interest

to record this West Indian species as it is new to Philadelphia.

The colony is in the built-up part of the city, at the sides of a

cemented alley and not near any hothouse. The animal ex-

cretes a white froth like soapsuds when it retracts into the shell.

The eyes are very small and black. The body of the living

specimens is pale yellow in color, with lighter tentacles. They

are quite active in daylight after a rain.—E. G. Vanarta.

Dr. HERMANN von IHERING, formerly Director of the State

Museum of Sao Paulo, Brazil, has accepted the position of

Director of the State Museum of Sta. Catharina, to be organized

by him. During the last few months he has been sent by the

government on a scientific expedition to Argentina and Chile,

charged with the study of the fishes and fisheries of these Re-

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

publics. He hopes to be back and take up his new work in

May. His address is: Director do Museu do Estate,

Flerianopolis (Estado de Sta. Catharina, Brazil).

NorE on THE NamE Dvupticaria.—In 1908, in THe Navurtiuvs,

volume XXI, p. 124, I used the name Duplicaria for a subdi-

vision of the old genus Terebra. I had omitted to notice that

Rafinesque had used the same name for a species of Chilina in

1833, in his Atlantic Journal, p. 165. I propose, therefore, to

substitute for the preoccupied name the new appellation Diplo-

meriza, with the same type, Terebra duplicata Lamarck.—W. H.

DALL.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Two New Lanp SHELLS OF THE EPIPHRAGMOPHORA TRASKII

Group. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp.

523-524, pl. 838, 1918). The new subspecies are EH. cwyama-

censis lowei and EF. traskit isidroensis.

New Marine SHELIS FROM PanaMA. By Paul Bartsch

(Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 571-573, pl. 88, 1918).

The new species are Cylichnella zeteki, Odostomia zeteki, Heliacus

panamensis, Discopsis panamensis and D. argentea.

New Marine MoLuvusks FROM THE PHILIPPINE IsLANDs. By

Paul Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 31, pp. 181-188,

1918). Hight new species and two new subspecies are described.

THREE New PuHI.ippine IstanpD Lanp SuHeEtis. By Paul

Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 31, pp. 189-202, 1918).

A REVIEW OF THE AUSTRALIAN REPRESENTATIVES OF THE

Genus IscHNoRADSIA. MoNOGRAPH ON THE GENUS STENOCHITON

witH Descriptions oF Two New Species. Notes oN SouTH

AUSTRALIAN PoLYPLACOPHORA, WITH ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA,

TOGETHER WITH A List oF AUSTRALIAN POLYPLACOPHORA, SHOW-

ING THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE AUSTRALIAN STATES. By Ed-

win Ashby (Trans. Royal Soc. South Australia, vol. 42, pp.

62-87, pls. 13 and 14, 1918).

THE NAUTILUS. 33

THe DoLABELLINAE. By F. M. MacFarland (Mem. Museum

Comp. Zool., vol. 25, pp. 301-348, pls. 1-10, 1918). The

systematic characters of the Opisthobranchiata, the bibliography

of the described species of Dolabella and description of a new

species Dolabella agassizi, is followed by a most extensive ac-

count of its internal anatomy, beautifully and clearly illustrated.

A New West Inpran Fosstn Lanp SHELL. By Paul Bartsch

(Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 605-6, pl. 93). Pleuro-

donte debooyi, from kitchen-midden deposits on Salt River, St.

Croix. This is the flat-whorled form long known from St.

’ Croix as P. caracolla. The same form occurs living in Vieques

and some places in Porto Rico, such as Arecibo and Utuado.

At Guayama and in the Sierra de Luquillo the whorls are not

quite so flat, and it is rather difficult to say where the line is to

be drawn between this race and typical P. caracolla.—H. A. P.

ON THE GENERIC PosITION OF SONORELLA WOLCOTTIANA

BartscH. By H. A. Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila.,

p- 189, 1918). The soft part shows that it belong to genus

Micrarionta.—C. W. J.

THE JOURNAL OF ConcHoLoey, SEptT., 1918, Vor. 15, No. 10.

The Pisidium Fauna of the Grand Junction Canal in Herts, and

Buck. By A. W. Stelfox, pp. 298-304, pls. 7-9. One new

species P. tenwilineatum.

Descriptions of a new Zebina and a new Inotina. By J. R. le

B. Tomlin, p. 305, pl. 10. (Z. lis and LZ. cycloma, Japan. )

Description of three new species of Marginella from South Africa,

with a note on M. sutoris Dunker. By J. R. le B. Tomlin, pp.

306, 307, pl. 10. (M. aphanacme, M. ithychila, and M. atractus. )

Neritina fluviatilis at Chester. By W. H. Davies, p. 307,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MAtacoLocicaL Society or Lonpon,

Aua., 1918, Vout. 18, Parts 1 aNnp 2.

On the Radula of the genus Acanthina, G. Fischer. By the

Rev. A. H. Cooke, pp. 6-11. A paper of special interest to the

West Coast Conchologists. A new subgenus Acanthicella is

proposed for A. punctulata Sowb. ,(=Tlapilloides Conr. ); A. unicar-

34 THE NAUTILUS.

anata Sowb. (=engonata Conr. ) and A. puncilirata Stearns. The

subgenus Neorapana is proposed for Monoceros muricata Brod.

and M. grandis Sowb.

On the Taxonomic Position of Zemira H. and A. Adams. By

the Rev, A. Cooke, pp. 12-14. The character of the radula

would place it in the family Muricidae.

On the Occurrence in England of Hygromia odeca ( Locard) [ Helix

limbata Drap., 1804, non Da Costa, 1778]. By A. S. Kennard

and B. B. Woodward, pp. 14, 15.

On Siliquaria wilmana n. sp., from South Africa. By J. R.

le B. Tomlin, p. 16.

Note on a white specimen of Ena montana (Drap.) By H. Over-

ton, p. 17.

Description of two new species of land Mollusca. By G. K. Gude,

pp. 17, 18 (Khasiella fultoni, Assam; Plectotropis chondroderma

var. subinflata) Tonkin.

On Everettia klemmantanica n. sp. from Borneo. By G. K.

Gude, p. 19.

Note on the Malacophagous Propensities of Helix nemoralis Linn.

By Dr. W. T. Elliott, p. 20.

On the North American genus Oreoheliz. By Junius Hender-

son, pp. 21-24.

On the dates oy issue of the parts of Forbes and Hanley’s History

of British Mollusca. By Alexander Reynell, pp. 25-26. |

The Index Testaceologicus of W. Wood and S. P. Hanley. By A.

Reynell, pp. 26-27.

Molluscan Nomenclatural Problems No. 1. By Tom Iredale, pp.

28-40. The author starts this interesting article with the fol-

lowing summary:

Tritonia, Cuvier discussed.

Euphurus, Rafinesque, 1815, should replace Triopa, Johns-

ton, 1838.

Sphaerostoma, Macgillivray, 1843, must be used instead of

Tritonias Cuvier, 1803, and of recent authorities not of Cuvier-

Lamarck, 1798-1801.

Dotona, gen. nov. for Melibea fragilis Forbes—Doto, Oken,

1815, not 1807.

Eubranchus, Forbes 1838, should be used for Galvina Alder

and Hancock.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

Laskeya, nom. nov. for Eumeta, Mérch, 1868, not Walker,

1855.

Collonista, gen. nov. for Collonia picta, Pease.

Talopena, gen. nov. for Monilea incerta, Iredale.

Korovina, gen. nov. for Vanikoro wallacei, Iredale.

Forskalena, gen. nov. for Trochus fanulum, Gmelin.

Enigmonia, gen. nov. for Anomia rosea, Gray—=Aenigma aenig-

matica, Ancti.

Amyclina, gen. nov. for Buccinwm corniculum, Olivi.

Pyreneola, gen nov. for Columbella abyssicola, Brazier.

Caporbis, Bartsch, is a Vermetid nucleus.

Propebela, gen. nov. for Murex turricula, Mont.

Calceolata, nom. nov. for Calceolina A. Adams.

Mirothyca, not Microtheca.

Turrid names discussed:

Colicryptus, gen. nov. for Buccinum fusiforme, Broderip.

Siphonorbis marshalli, nom. nov. for Fusus attenuatus, Jeffreys.

Cominella and Euthria subdivided:

Afrocominella, gen. nov. for elongata, Dunker.

Burnupena, gen. nov. for porcatum Gmel. = cincta, Bolten.

Ewvarna, H. & A. Adams, must be used for linea, Martyn.

Euthrena, gen. nov. for vittata, Quoy & Gaimard.

Japeuthria, gen. nov. for ferrea, Reeve.

Syntagma, nom. nov. for Donovania, Bucquoy, D., & Dollfuss.

Acostza, Orbigny, will replace Mulleria, Ferussac, 1828.

Gistel’s Molluscan Generic Names, 1848, enumerated.

Damoniella, gen. nov. for Bulla cranchii, Fleming.

Muricodrupa, gen. nov. for Purpura fenestrata, Blainville.

Teretianax, gen. nov. for Scalenostoma suteri, Oliver.

Presidential Address. By J. R. LeB. Tomlin. A Systematic

Tist of the Fossil Marginellidae, pp. 41-56.

A SYNOPSIs OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE FRESH WATER

Moxuvusca oF NortH America north of Mexico, and a CatTa-

LOGUE OF THE MORE RECENTLY DESCRIBED SPECIES, with notes.

By Bryant Walker. Univ. of Michigan Mus. of Zoology, Misc.

Pub. No. 6. Students of North American fresh-water mollusks

of this generation have had as a basis the invaluable manuals

36 THE NAUTILUS.

by W. G. Binney, Prime and Tryon, issued by the Smithsonian

Institution, 1865-73, and the works of Lea on Unionidae, of

about the same date. Some single groups have been elaborately

treated since, the Uniones by Simpson, the Lymnaeidae by

Baker; but most of the progress in the last fifty years has been

recorded in a host of papers, by many authors and in many

journals. To systematize this material and make it readily ac-

cessible, Dr. Walker has prepared this synopsis of the classifica-

tion as understood today, giving definitions of the families,

genera and minor groups, with figures of types or typical species

of each, frequently also of anatomical structures important in

classification.

The second paper is devoted to species published since the

appearance of the monographic works alluded to above, together

with those omitted, formerly misunderstood, or concerning

which there has been diversity of opinion. The great utility of

such a catalogue will be apparent.

Together, these papers give a most interesting epitome of the

progress made by the present generation in the study of our

fresh-water mollusks, so far as classification and description are

concerned. Dr. Walker’s long familiarity with the subject

enables him to present it lucidly and completely.—H. A. P.

New LAND SHELLS FROM THE PHILIPPINE IsLanps. By Paul

Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, pp. 291-307, pl. 18-

20, 1919). Six new species and subspecies of Cochlostyla, one

new Chlorea and a new Leptopoma are described and figured.

Descriptions OF NEw SPEcIES OF CHITONS FROM THE PACIFIC

Coast oF AMERICA. By William H. Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat.

Museum, vol. 55, pp. 499-516, 1919). Five new species of the

genus Lepidopleurus ; two new Nuttallina, fourteen new Ischno-

chiton, one new Chaetopleura, seven new Callistochiton, four new

Mopatia, M. grisea being the type of a new subgenus Semimopalia,

one new Acanthochiton and two Tonicia. None are figured.

THE UNIONE Fauna OF ALABAMA. By Bryant Walker (20th

Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1918). An interestingsummary. The

State has the largest Unione fauna of any area of similar size in

the world. Three faunas are represented known as the Tennes-

see, Alabama and Atlantic faunas. Of the 533 species of

Unionidae belonging to North America, more than 300 are

found in Alabama.—C. W. J.

PLATE |

THE NAUTILUS, XXNIII

CAMAENA FORBESI W. F. CLAPP

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4 é

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ate

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXII OCTOBER, 1919 No. 2.

ALONG THE MEXICAN BORDER, 1919.

BY JAMES H. FERRISS.

New Year’s day a turkey dinner in Tuscon with Frank Cole.

The next day Sonorellas in the Santa Catalina foothills; but it

was not until the 13th, at the Tumacacori Mission, on the Santa

Cruz river that the whole party answered roll call. A. A.

Hinkley, our Mexican and Central American explorer, of Du-

Bois, [lJ.; Robert Camp, collecting everything, alive or dead,

for the American Museum, of Brownsville, Texas; Miss Eliza-

beth Pilsbry, of Philadelphia, daughter of our Nautitus Editor,

and Mrs. Ferriss answered. Icalled the roll. Miss Rell Gelder,

of Detroit, Michigan, joined the party later.

This camp was in easy walking distance of the Tumacacori

and San Cayetano ranges, and in an hour by auto we attacked

the slides of the foothills south of the Santa Ritas. It was a

rich location, also agriculturally and historically. Here came

the Spanish priests from Mexico as early as 1601. The founda-

tion of the Mission was laid in 1700 and the building still occu-

pied in1911. Here too was a mining city, Tubac, in the midst

of rich fields of gold and silver. The-priests were also miners,

and later came a company equipped at Los Angeles, Texas, that

_ prior to the civil war took out silver by the million dollars.

In fact the Aztecs were energetic miners way back, and the

ruins of a large city in the Tumac4cori mountains is supposed.

to mark the town site of one of those seven cities of Cibola.

Says J. Donald Mitchell, an Arizonian historian: ‘‘ On the sides

38 - THE NAUTILUS.

of the mountain lie the ruins of many dwellings and on top,

carved from the solid rock, is the Aztec god standing guard over

the silent city. Near by on a large flat rock are the basins, or

cups, carved in the rock, that held the bleeding hearts of the

unfortunate victims that were sacrificed to appease the wrath of

this stone god. History tells us that often the victims were

pretty little girls chosen from among the thousands who visited

these Aztec cities every year during the great fiesta.”’

Aztec legends tell us 2050 burro loads of white silver and 905

of gold and silver were buried by those Indians a certain num-

ber of paces from a certain point, but the rare and noble Sonorella

walkert aguacalientensis P. & F’. was again discovered by us in a

small group of hills on Josephine Canyon between the Santa

Ritas and the Cayetanos. Three new Sonorellas were dug up

in the Tumacacoris, S. tumacacori, S. hinkleyt fraterna and S.

walkeri montana ; in the Cayetanos S. hinkleyi and S. cayetanensis.

Miss Pilsbry put the Mission on canvas and sketching pad.

Camp gathered many kinds of bats and lizards. Others have

given a lifetime here at Tubac, digging and exploring, tormen-

ted by cat-claw, cacti and rough traveling, but have not found

the Aztec gold or silver.

These many generations of miners have left but little timber

on the hills. A few oaks on the mesas and peaks, and only in

the heads of deep gulches is there anything like reforestation.

In earlier days, with Arizona snail hunters it was at least a

climb of 8,000 ft. for Sonorellas, and rock covering of three feet

or no work. In the Cayetanos without regard to elevation they

were found in the soil next to boulders and under spawls lying

about the gravelly cliffs. Often a cliff or rock slide ten feet

square would yield a cocoa-can full. Once we obtained two

cans full, 452 by count, and all albinos except 24. Near the

peak of the highest mountain at the southern end of the range,

on the north-east side, is a gentle sloping cove of about forty

acres of Sonorella rocks. But the sun was just going down as

it was discovered and only a few Sonor¢llas were gathered.

The Pajarita Range is a wide expanse of rolling hills, a

continuation of the Tumacdcori, on both sides of the interna-

tional line, timbered, well watered and sodded. The Governor

THE NAUTILUS. 39

of the state of Sonora has built a barbed-wire fence along the

line to keep the cattle thieves on theirown side. Although not

in the cattle business we did not cross over. It was a different

country in character from anything seen in Arizona, and so

pleasing we camped in these hills for three weeks.

We spread our blankets under the wide branches of the live

oaks and visited the Phil Clark ranch. A couple of caged eagles

were at the door and young Clark was found reading by lamp

light with a fool quail perched on his shoulder. This is one of

the rarest of the quail family, a good introduction. We talked

birds and things till a late hour. Clark junior-led us to the

snail slides and the bat caves the following day, and ever after

was a very helpful companion in our excursions. The first day

out he heard something in an old mining tunnel he was explor-

ing for bats, and a shot in the dark brought a wild pig. We

ate about all but its head and feet. We camped again in Pina

Blanca Canyon at the Moon U.S. Forest Station, and I went

with Clark to the Bear Canyon, a scenic picnic resort, and

found Aspleniwm jfirmum, a fern rare even in Florida, and again

rediscovered Agave parvifolia, the smallest of the century

plants. We picked up a new pin-cushion cactus large as a table

bowl. Also a pair of whip snakes for Camp. We found Sono-

rella walkert montana here and at the Tumacacori pass and it was

also found by Hinkley at the Montana Mine, near Oro Blanco.

Among the smaller Sonorellas in the Pina Blanca Canyon and

again across the mesa in the Tumacacori, the first Bulimulus for

Arizona was noted living in a strange situation, for it is a snail

of the grass and brush.

At old Calabasas at the mouth of Sanoita creek, emptying

into the Santa Cruz, junction also of the two branches of the

Southern Pacific Railway entering Mexico, we camped a few

days to work that end and the best of the Cayetanos. Again

we were in claw and thorn desert surroundings. At the Mission

robins by the thousand, bluebirds, thrashers, cardinals and jays

and Gamble’s quail came after the hackberries, but the Calaba-

sas camp was a little tame. However Camp secured rats, mice

and gophers on the kangaroo plan, and our luck in snails was

pleasing.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

In the Eighties Calabasas was one of the wonders of that dec-

ade, according to the promoters’ literature in New York. The

Metropolis of the Far West was its name. Side-wheel steamers

plied the Santa Cruz, whereas we had a hard time crossing that

stream in the dry sand. The docks were piled high with cotton

and tobacco bales in the pictures, hogsheads of sugar and pigs

of metal. Picturesque Mexicans hustled cattle into the stock

yards. The Indians just across the river were chasing buffalo,

deer and elk. Lithographs also revealed hotels, boards of trade

and banks, their corridors filled with excited investors in silk

hats and sombreros. The hotel and another large building re-

main, but the land for miles around after being in the courts for

many years is now in the possession of the heirs of a Spanish

grant—the Bacca Float.

On the west side of Mount Washington, of the Patagonia

range, Sonorella patagonica can be found in the boulder dikes and

islands of the canyons and the dead were plentiful in the foot

hills west of the Nogales-Duquesne highway. A hard half-day

in the brush and briars of the Red Mountain, property of the

Red Mountain Mining Co., north side, netted two Sonorellas.

Mt. Washington seemed to be above 8,000 feet high, and our

camps about 5,000. There was much snow on both sides, east

and west, and the pass was long and steep. Army-truck drivers.

camped with us for the night as the pass was too difficult for

anything except the best of daylight. It took three trips to

get our party over and then Hinkley with the empty auto and

empty trailer on the fourth trip was hung up on the brow of the

mountain in a snow storm all night. Merely for company I

was in the party. With a good fire we were fairly warm and

dry, and slept some.

At Duquesne Sonorella parietalis was found in the same colony

with patagonica, sixty of them alive. A large collection of

Pupas and other small ones were gathered and Mr. Hinkley is

now sorting them out of the dirt. He also has the fresh-water

collection. This mining property owned by the George West-

inghouse heirs was the liveliest camp in our journey. Copper

was being rolled out at war-time speed and the ore shipped

to El Paso via a Mexican R. R. station, at the foot of the San

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Jose peak, where Sonorella mearnsi dwelt at the time of the

Boundary Survey.

Bound for the Huachucas to pick up better sets of former

collections, we dropped down the Patagonia mesa through a

thick grove of young oaks with cultivated ranches in the can-

yons. Then out upon a Kansas prairie landscape where the

highway crosses the head of the Santa Cruz running south and

the Barbacomari running north. Here are a number of prairies,

without brush or thorns as beautiful to the eye as any state can

produce. The Canillo Hills for thirty miles or more are covered

with a thick growth of oak and juniper. At the high peak east

of our road we found Sonorella elizabethae in abundance, and in

the limestone hills west were small colonies of Holospira for

three miles under spawls close to the stratified terraces, but a

foot or so in height. Also in the rocky hillsides.

Across another beautiful prairie we were again in the Huachu-

cas at the Manilla mine, at the northwestern end. Here we

were comfortably housed at the property owned by some of my

Joliet friends, and at the home of the typical Holospira ferrissi

Pils. It seemed convenient to have lamps and a cook stove.

Again we camped in Carr Canyon, near the home of our friend

Biederman the entomologist and father of walnut grafting. Side

trips were made to Garden, Brown, Miller and Ash Canyons.

Around the southeast point of the range we went into new

territory, Montezuma and Copper Canyons, and again gathered

Ashmunella heterodonta at Ida Canyon. These are rich canyons

and so extensive they have not been thoroughly explored. One

of the smallest of Sonorellas turned up in Montezuma Canyon,

Sonorella montezuma. It was found abundant in lime, granite

and porphyry. Again we had splendid quarters, a stove and

lamp, on the State of Texas mining property. These mountain

ridges run into Mexico, and ranchmen obtain permits from the

Mexicans, when they desire to journey into Tombstone, Naco

and Douglas with a vehicle.

From the Huachuca camps several raids were made on the

Mustang and Whetstone ranges about twenty miles away. The

first range, about 6,000 feet, has shells in every stone-pile, and

the climbing is easy and clean. It is a model for collectors to

42 THE NAUTILUS.

follow. In one colony of large Sonorellas about one in ten was

an albino, beautifully modeled and with yellow lips. We

worked here into a bank of clay and broken stone until we had

a face to our mine high as our heads. The Sonorellas dwelt in

the spaces between the clay and stone and at twenty feet in live

Sonorellas were found. It was then dark and I had undermined

a large Ocotillo that rolled me over and left a bump on my head

for this summer. Again we had trouble in finding Sonorella

dalli Bartsch, at Garden Canyon (Tanner’s) in the Huachucas.

Here we followed a wide crevice in the limestone filled with

soil. Ata depth of about two feet we followed crevices a couple

of times and found over seventy alive. The sixty Sonorellas at

Duquesne and as many red Sonorellas in Miller Canyon were

found in like manner. In Brown Canyon at the foot of a high

cliff of limestone dead shells were abundant. Accidentally a

scale of the cliff was torn off, and here was the live Sonorella

granulatissima latior, we were looking for, with Oreohelix and

Ashmunellas.

About this time we admired our skill. After these many

years, one of us said, we have become 100 per cent. shell

collectors. On my first journey to Arizona I had raked over the

leaves and turned logs and stones lying on the soil. I walked

through the grand Tanner Canyon disdainfully past these rich |

Sonorella mines.

But to follow this mutual admiration convention, we did not

find live Oreohelix in the Mustangs though dead shells covered

the ground and crowded the rock slides. Here however the

limestone cliffs did not scale. They were cracked apparently

from one side to the middle, or the other side.

Ve made two trips to the Whetstones before finding a shell

of any kind. We thought we knew whether a mountain had

shells or not by merely looking at it. On the third trip a long

slide facing east was discovered. This had a great abundance

of the most delicate and artistically constructed Sonorella so far

identified. All were dead except a few less than half grown.

The colony had been destroyed by some insect that had evi-

dently dissolved the lime with some of its juices, making a

hole in the shell large enough to crawl in and eat’em up. The

THE NAUTILUS. 43

opening was usually oblong and about one or two millimeters

long. Here the trail was so thorny and the gulches so deep we

could walk only about a mile per hour in the mountain. ‘T'wo

days were given to the slide.

We had good success in the Tumacacori, Cayetano, Patagonia

and other mountains on all sides of the peaks and had forgotten

that in some ranges shells lived only on the north side. On the

fourth trip to the Whetstone, while passing the north side of a

small peak to get to the largest in the range, another Sonorella

was found alive and plentiful. Also Oreohelix huachucana and

a Holospira.

We feel certain there are a considerable number of undis-

covered snails in the limestone, well watered and timbered (8,000

feet) peaks of the Whetstones, on the north side. Some of these

we examined, on the south side.

The rains arrive in Arizona in July, which is the best grow-

ing month; but this year in the first week of May the Mariposa

group of lilies covered the slopes. The west mesa of the Santa

Ritas was a golden yellow, for the poppies were in bloom. Also

the large white thistle poppy. The Ocotillo (Crown of Thorns)

with a deep crimson spike, and cactus bloom, white, crimson

and orange, warmed up the desert hills. The last night out

blankets were spread in the dry bed of a stream in a pass of the

Mustangs. It was really a beautiful place. Gravel makes a

good bed, as desert beds run, and the banks were decorated with

spreading walnuts and oaks. The junipers and cottonwoods

were artistically rounded and al] in full leafage. Three kinds

of doves were talking, a cardinal, a thrasher and the vermillion

fly-catcher were singing just at sundown, and the black and

white scolding hummingbird in our tree, nervous in the face of

distinguished company, had settled down in his thimble nest

for the night.

The Mustangs are not large mountain, but they have pleasing

profiles, domes and table tops, for background purposes, when

the moon is up a little way and the evening star is in close con-

junction. Arizona nights are a cut-glass, crystal affair. Not

smoky and beclouded.

When the after-glow was just about right I led the partner

44 THE NAUTILUS.

who has made life so pleasant these many years in housekeeping

and business, over the shallow bank where only a few nicely

terraced oaks were to be seen, and striking an attitude, front of

stage, exclaimed ‘‘ Look at that. That is perhaps the one best

view, celestial, we will ever get.’’

In the morning Henry was halted at the windmill to be filled

up. The owner of the pasture, we had learned to like; ‘‘he is

white’’ we said, with his helper was doing his chores. He

carried a double row of cartridges in his belt; a forty-five and a

telescope lay upon a barrel-head, and a rifle rested against the

derrick. The equipment was the best.

‘¢Going a hunting?’’ I asked, innocent-like.

‘Not this morning,’ he answered. ‘‘The fact is,’’ he

added, ‘‘it takes two of us to watch that fellow over in the other

house. We have been shot at in this corral several times. Our

fences have been cut and three horses and a cow shot this week.

He wants me e buy him out and I don’t want his ranch at the

price he asks.’

It is but a short distance from one thing to another all round

the world. On the fifth of May we were again in Tuscon hav-

ing collected at 134 stations.

NOTES ON THE SPECIES OF FASCIOLARIA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN

UNITED STATES.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

The following notes of long standing are brought together for

the purpose of pointing out some discrepancies that seem to

have passed unnoticed. Another object is to supply a demand

from some of our readers for something more pertaining to the

marine mollusks.

Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener.

F. papillosa Sowerby, Tankerville Cat. App. p. 15, 1825; Reeve,

Conch. Icon., (Fasciolaria) vol. 4, pl. 1, f. la, 1b, pl. 7,

fi dew td 1347:

F. gigantea Kiener Icon. Coq. Viv., (Fasciolaria) p. 5, pl. 10

and 11.

Tryon’s Manual Conch., vol. III, p. 75, fig. 14-16, 1881.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

F. crocata Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. p. 25, 1848: Abbild.

Besch. Conch. III, (Fasciolaria) Tab. I, f. 3, 1849.

F. reevei Jonas, in Philippi, Abbild. Besch. Conch. III, (Fasci-

olaria) Tab. III, f. 2, 1850.

Even this large shell is not free from a nomenclatorial tangle.

F. papillosa Sowb., as pointed out by Tyron, seems to be the

oldest name. I have not access to the Tankerville Catalogue,

but if the young specimen as figured by Reeve (fig. la, b) and

copied by Tryon (fig. 15) is tne type, then this name seems

somewhat doubtful. The spire and canal are both too long for

a specimen of that size, in fact I cannot see any difference in

figs. la and 1b, and the figure of F/. coronata Lam. as figured

by Reeve (pl. VI, f. 14a, b.) Figure lc and d of Reeve and

copied by Tryon (fig. 16) is F. gigantea. The F. crocata Phil.

from Yucatan is undoubtedly the young of this species and not

related to F. filamentosa as suggested by Tryon.

In regard to its size, Tryon says: ‘* Length 1 to 2 feet. This

is the largest known species of univalve shell.’’ Charles

T. Simpson (Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., v, 51, 1886), says:

‘¢On the Keys I have seen dead shells two feet in length, the

largest Gastropod in the world.’’ In THe Naurizus, XIX, 108,

I had occasion to review Mr. Charles Hedley’s paper, ‘‘ On a

large example of Megalatractus aruanus (L.), and incidentally

mentioned that this Australian giant had a rival on our Florida

coast, F. gigantea, quoting one of the above references. Mr.

Hedley replied in a letter saying: ‘‘ Give it in inches, I do not

like the sound of the word feet.’’? I remember a specimen 23

inches (about 575 mm.) in length, and there was a very large

specimen in the collection of the late Joseph Wilcox which I

cannot now locate. In writing to Dr. Dall, he says: ‘‘The

largest specimen we have of F. gigantea measures 20 inches in

length, with probably half an inch lost from the tip of the spire

and as much more from the end of the canal; I have seen a

bigger one but I do not remember the exact length of it. Call

ours 530 mm. and it would, I think, be fair.’”’ The largest in

the American Museum of Natural History is 20.25 inches and

that in the Academy of Natural Sciences about the same.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Var. reevei Jonas.

This is not a form of F. princeps as suggested by Tryon. Al-

though the type is comparatively small (185 mm. in length)

the form is easily recognized and not uncommon on the Gulf

coast of Florida. It was found by the writer at Marco. The

prominent nodes become obsolete or wanting, especially on the

body whorl; the shell is also thinner and does not reach the size

of the typical form. While F. gigantea and F. princeps (from the

west coast of Central America resemble each other superficially,

there is a most remarkable difference in their opercula. The

former has only the prominent concentric lines of growth on the

exterior, while the latter has five deep longitudinal furrows on

the middle and inner edge and irregular diagonal ribs on the

outer edge.

The large bunches of egg-capsules of F. gigantea are conspicu-

ous objects on the Florida beaches. These are poorly figured

by Tryon (Manual, Vol. 2, pl. 7, figs. 78 and 79) as ‘‘ Capsules

of an unknown Muricoid mollusk.’’ A bunch of capsules

from Key West, Fla., nine inches in length and containing

approximately 400 capsules was attached to a broad band

which has no doubt contracted considerably in drying.

Three of the capsules contained respectively 66, 70 and 76

embryonic shells. If these should average 70 per capsule, the

entire bunch would produce upwards of 30,000 shells, but the

death rate is enormous and very few ever reach maturity. Each

capsule is wedge-shaped, the angles slightly winged and the

sides with five or six irregular ridges. It is about 40 mm. in

length, attached to the band by a pedicel about 12 mm. long.

The capsules of F. tulspa are in small clusters attached to

shells and stones. It is also wedge-shaped and pedunculate,

the sides are smooth, but the upper edge is ornamented by

numerous undulations around its entire margin. In F. distans

there is only a single indentation on the upper edge, forming a

lobe that extends over the opening through which the young

shells escape. The latter is figured by Tryon (Manual II, pl. 7,

fig. 77) as F. tulipa ?

Fasciolaria tulipa (Linné).

Colus achatinus Bolten, Mus. Bolt., 117, 1798. A variable

THE NAUTILUS. 47

shell both in sculpture and color. <A_ perfect shell of the

smooth or more typical form shows interesting phases in sculp-

ture in the early growth of the shell, the protoconch and about

half a whorl of the young shell being smooth, followed by

about half a whorl with only longitudinal ridges; this is fol-

lowed by two whorls with prominent spiral ridges which gradu-

ally become obsolete or wanting except near the suture, these

subsutural ridges increasing in prominence and often becoming

crenulated or beaded on the last two whorls. On the anterior

portion of the shell are also prominent spiral ridges. Some of

the specimens from the Bahamas have a decided shoulder on

the body whorl. Color whitish, mottled with brown or reddish

blotches and with from 26-33 dark-brown spiral lines on the

body whorl. Two specimens from the West Indies are uni-

formly light brown with the usual dark-brown spiral lines.

Simpson says: ‘‘A mahogany-colored form is occasionally

found on the Keys.” It varies in length from 5 to 8 inches

(125 to 200 mm.) and is found from North Carolina to the

West Indies and Venezuela.

The varietal name of obsoletu was applied to a smooth form

from St. Thomas, but this cannot really be separated. There

is, however, a form in which the spiral grooves and ridges cover

the entire shell. Tryon (Manual III, 74) says: ‘‘I figure a

rugose form which Dunker intended at one time to describe as

F. scheepmakert but finally illustrated in his ‘ Novitates’ as a

variety of F. tulipa.’’ This name might therefore be used in a

varietal sense for this form which is quite common on the Gulf

coast of Florida.

Fasciolaria distans Lamarck.

As pointed out by Dr. Dall and others, this is a good species

and not a variety of F. tulipa Linn., as stated by Tryon and

later by Miss Rogers in the ‘‘Shell Book.’’ It is smaller and

smoother, having only faint spiral sulcations on two of the

early whorls near the nucleus, and spiral ridges on the narrow

anterior portion. There is also present an internal ridge on the

body whorl in front of the suture. Color whitish, with bluish-

gray or brown blotches and usually with five or six equidistant,

48 THE NAUTILUS.

revolving, dark-brown lines. One specimen shows ten, but five

of these are somewhat obsolete and close together near the

narrow anterior portion of the shell. I have found living speci-

mens at St. Augustine, Fla., in which the blotches were a light

rose-pink, with the six revolving lines of a similar color. Dr.

Dall records, from Belize, a pale salmon-colored specimen with

the lines obsolete. The species varies in length from 65-85 mm:

It ranges from North Carolina to Florida and westward to

Mexico,

THREE NEW ALPINE VERTIGOS FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY 8S. STILLMAN BERRY.

Among numerous Pupillidae collected from the higher moun-

tain regions of California during the past few years appear

several apparently undescribed forms, diagnoses of three of

which are given below.

VERTIGO MODESTA MICROPHASMA, new subspecies. Figs. 1-6.

The shell is cylindro-conic, rimate-umbilicate, thin, very

pale horn color, by transmitted light transparent and colorless. —

The surface is glossy and distinctly irregularly, obliquely

striate, especially on the upper whorls. The spire tapers from

the last whorl, at first gradually, then more rapidly, to the

obtuse apex. The whorls are strongly convex, the last with an

indentation just back of the aperture over the lower palatal

tooth, subsequently with a narrow, abrupt, axial constriction,

then swollen to form a low, wave-like crest just back of and

parallel to the lip. The aperture is rounded triangular, scarcely

constricted on the outer margin, the peristome thickened and

porcelain white in color, showing through the back of the shell

as a white line, but the sharp lip scarcely reflected except over

the columella. The posterior angle of the outer lip curves in

rather sharply to the body whorl. The number of teeth varies

from 2 to 5. The palatal and columellar lamellae are always

well developed. In addition there is almost always a well

developed lower palatal. A smaller, but variable upper palatal

THE NAUTILUS. 49

is frequently present, as also a minute angular lamella. All the

teeth are porcelain-white in color.

1-6, VERTIGO MODESTA MICROPHASMA. 7, VERTIGO ALLYNIANA.

8, V. A. XENOS.

Length of type 2.6; diameter to lip edge 1.5; length of aper-

ture 0.9 mm.; whorls 5.

Type: Cat. No. 2740 of the writer’s collection. Paratypes in

the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, California

Academy of Sciences, Southwest Museum, United States

National Museum, and the private collections i. Mr. peor? H.

Clapp and others.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

Type Locality: 7,550 feet altitude, cienaga near Bluff Lake,

San Bernardino Mountains, California; under sticks and logs at

edge of forest; Nina G. Spaulding, G. E. Dole and S. S. Berry,

August, 1910; 59 specimens in this and neighboring cienagas.

Also taken at 7,200 feet altitude, west slope of Falls Creek

Canyon, near the narrows about one mile above Dobbs Cabin,

Dollar Pass Trail, San Bernardino Mountains, California; under

small sticks and pine cones on springy slope; G. E. Dole and

S. S. Berry, Sept. 29, 1918; 82 specimens.

Remarks: This very puzzling little mollusk is one of the most

beautiful of American Vertigos. It is very close to V. modesta

parietalis and may also be described as an albinistic race of that

subspecies, but it is a protean form and some shells are equally

close to V. modesta modesta or even to V. m. castanea. That it

is more than amere ‘‘albino’’ of the recognized type is strongly

evidenced by its occurrence in such abundance and at scattered

localities, as also by the fact that its distribution is by no means

coincident with that of any of the other forms mentioned.

Nor, although usually associated, do the white or brown shells

occur in any apparent regular ratio. At the second locality

above cited diligent outlook yielded but three specimens of the

brown parietalis. Itis evidently a comparatively recent offshoot

from the parent stock, but the field evidence is that it already

is a race with its peculiar characters heritable to a marked

degree.

It seems rather remarkable that such features as the color,

shell texture, and similar characters in this form should exhibit

such constancy as compared with the variability shown in the

development of the lamellae. In 39 specimens of the type lot

now before me, 1 has only 2 teeth (columellar and parietal),

15 have 8 teeth (columellar, parietal, and lower palatal), 9

have 4 teeth (an upper palatal usually the one added), and 14

have a full set of 5 teeth. No mature specimens with fewer

than 2 nor more than 5 teeth have been noted. This variation

in a single well-defined colony (its members having, as shown

by the other characters noted, an undoubtedly close phylo-

genetic relationship with one another) throws a valuable bit of

light on the difficulty of attempting the separation of the var-

THE NAUTILUS. 51

ious races of the modesta-series by means of variations in the

number of teeth alone. It chances that the specimen chosen as

type is one of the 3-toothed forms.

The animal is bluish-gray or slate in color, the body quite

dark, the foot and peripheral portions much lighter and semi-

transparent. A rough sketch of the cephalic region of one of

the Falls Creek specimens is offered in fig. 6.

Whether the hereditary value of this race is that of a ‘‘ form ’”’

or a subspecies can only be shown by the more detailed study

which must be left for the future. Until then the personal

equation must necessarily largely govern. In any case it will

prove useful to have a name for it.

VERTIGO ALLYNIANA new species. Fig. 7.

The shell is minute, short, robust, ovate-conic in outline,

thin, dark reddish-brown in color, with only a dull gloss;

weakly, irregularly striate. The spire tapers with increasing

rapidity from the last whorl to the obtuse apex. The whorls

are convex, the last having a shallow but distinct excavation in

the palatal region and a weaker one over the upper palatal tooth,

the latter extending to the lip, which thus becomes flattened or

very slightly indented on its outer segment. The aperture is

pyriform in outline, and would be rather small except for the

quite flaring lip, which is little thickened and very fragile at

the edge. There are 5 teeth constantly developed in all the

material examined. The parietal, columellar, and upper and

lower palatal lamellae are well developed, and there is a distinct,

though small angular lamella. The columellar is situated well

back in the aperture and quite high up on the pillar. The

lower palatal is also rather deeply immersed.

Length of type 2.1; diameter to lip edge 1.3; length of aper-

ture 0.81 mm.; whorls 4#.

Type: Cat. No. 3764 of the writer’s collection. Paratypes in

the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and the

private collection of Allyn G. Smith.

Type Locality: Donner Lake, California; A. G. Smith, May

30, 1916; 22 specimens.

Remarks: I am not quite certain of the relationships of this

52 | THE NAUTILUS.

small Vertigo. The texture of the shell, as well as the shape,

are strongly reminiscent of V. occidentalis Sterki, a more weakly

toothed species from the San Bernardino Mountains. None of

the other species with which I am familiar require any special

comparison. V. corpulenta (Morse) has a somewhat similar

outline, but otherwise does not seem especially close.

VERTIGO ALLYNIANA XENOS, new subspecies. Fig. 8.

With the preceding occurred a single specimen of a very

similar form having the same number of teeth, but differing

abruptly in its shorter, much more robust and swollen outline,

its more transparent, glossier texture, and lighter brown color.

The columellar tooth is placed distinctly further down on the

pillar, and the remaining lamellae differ slightly from those of

the shells described above both in size and position.

Length of type 2.0; diameter to lip edge 1.5; length of aper-

ture 0.85 mm.; whorls 43. 3

Type: Cat. No. 4128 of the writer’s collection.

Type Locality: Donner Lake, California; A. G. Smith, May

30, 1916; 1 specimen.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Figs. 1-5. Vertigo modesta microphasma Berry. Camera

drawings of type (Fig. 2) and four other specimens of the

original lot, showing variation in number of lamellae and shape

of shell.

Fig. 6. Vertigo modesta microphasma Berry. Camera draw-

ing of cephalic region of living animal as extended in crawling.

Fig. 7. Vertigo allyniana Berry. Camera drawing of type.

Fig. 8. Vertigo (allyniana var?) zenos Berry. Camera draw-

ing of type.

All figures drawn to same scale.

Redlands, California.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

A NEW CALIFORNIAN MICRARIONTA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

MICRARIONTA RIXFORDI N. Sp.

The shell is strongly depressed, umbilicate, the diameter of

umbilicus contained about 5 times in that of the shell. Em-

bryonic shell of 14 whorls at first densely pitted, the pitting

rather irregular, passing into granulation, and on the last half

whorl transformed into short strong wrinkles, roughly parallel

to the suture and often anastomosing. Subsequent whorls are

delicately marked with growth lines only, moderately convex,

the last slowly and rather deeply descending to the aperture,

rounded peripherally, and encircled with a brown band above

the periphery. The aperture is strongly oblique, irregularly

oval. The peristome is thin, basal margin narrowly expanded,

columellar margin somewhat dilated, but covering only a very

small part of the umbilicus. The parietal callus is very thin.

Alt. 9.5; diam. 16.6 mm.; umbilicus 3.1 mm.; 4% whorls.

This snail was received too late for illustration in the present

number. It was collected by Dr. Emmet Rixford among rocks

at the foot of the mountains on the southern edge of the Mojave

Desert about 10 miles west of Twentynine Palms, Riverside

Co., California. Type and two other specimens, No. 129781

Bee B.\P.

Compared with M. indioensis (Yates), which is its nearest

neighbor, this species is far more depressed and more openly

umbilicate. M. desertorum Pils. & Ferr. and M. hutsona vari

are much smaller related forms from Arizona.

The specimens were picked up dead and except for the

shoulder band, show no color.

A NEW CHINESE CLAUSILIA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

CLAUSILIA (HUPHAEDUSA) STEETZNERI D. 8.

The shell is very slender, slowly tapering, the outlines of the

spire straight, very slightly concave near the summit; opaque,

54 THE NAUTILUS.

not glossy, vinaceous-russet fading to cinnamon-brown at the

early whorls. First 3 whorls nearly smooth, the rest ribbed,

the ribs straight, narrower than the slightly striate intervals,

about 25 on the last whorl. The upper whorls are rather con-

vex, the penult somewhat and the last strongly compressed

laterally. The aperture is small, about one-sixth as long as the

shell, piriform, the light brown peristome expanded and slightly

reflected. Superior lamella rather small, marginal, oblique, not

continuous with the spiral lamella, which is about a half-whorl

long. The inferior lamella is situate high, converging to the

superior; it ascends in a broad spiral a little past the dorsal line.

The subcolumellar lamella is very deeply immersed, not visible

in the mouth, but rather strong within the back. The principal

plica is rather short, dorso-lateral, its lower end visible with

difficulty in an oblique view in the mouth. There are quite

short, subparallel upper and lower palatal plicae.

The clausilium is quite broad, curved almost in a semicircle,

passing without notch or excision into the filament.

Length 13.6; diam. above aperture 2.4 mm.; length of aper-

ture with peristome 2.8 mm.; 13 whorls.

Wenchuan (Wentschuan), Szechuan, China. Type 44660

A. N.S. P., coll. by Mr. Steetzner, received through Dr. Bryant

Walker.

The dull, strongly sculptured surface, small aperture and

large number of whorls are the more salient external features of

the species, and distinguish it from other Euphaedusae having

similar palatal structure, such as C. planostriata Hde. It is

named for the collector.

A COLLECTING TRIP ON THE ISLAND OF OAHU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS,

BY THE GULICK NATURAL HISTORY CLUB.

BY JOSEPH J. GOUVEIA.

Karly Sunday morning on May the 25th, 1919, we started on

the first trip planned by the Gulick Natural History Club. The

purpose of this trip was to give the members of the club an

opportunity to work on different lines.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

Mr. F. Grinnell, with his necessary paraphernalia, started

out prepared to collect plants and insects, while Messrs. Bryan,

Emerson, Antone Gouveia and the writer for goats and shells.

The writer and Antone Gouveia took the first car towards

Waialae, which leaves Kalihi Street at 5:45 a. m., and, after

riding fifty minutes, we joined the rest of the members at the

end of the car line.

At 6:45 we started out for Keawaawa. We had about eight

miles to go before we could reach the foot of the valley and

about three miles to go before we reached our hunting grounds.

The day was clear, and while on our way up the valley the

talk was upon different subjects pertaining to the Hawaiian

Islands and their history, among them the decrease of the

Hawaiian population. When the white people first came to

these islands they found them thickly populated with pure

Hawaiians. To-day, about two-thirds of the Hawaiian popu-

lation are half-breeds. Discussing the cause of their disappear-

ance, we agreed that it was due to the following: wars, human

sacrifice, pestilence, oppression by kings, chiefs and priests,

liquor, wearing of clothing, and amalgamation with white

people.

After an eight-mile walk along a hard coral road we reached

Keawaawa at 8 o’clock. We were now ready to face a trail

well overgrown on both sides with the Glue Bush and Lantana.

It is not very pleasant to hike through these on account of

their thorns. After about an hour’s walk we arrived at the

forest, our shelling grounds. On our way up we followed

cattle trails which led along the bottom of the valley, and up

near the drops we followed a zig-zag trail which wound to the

top of the west Keawaawa ridge.

When we reached the outskirts of the forest, Grinnell and

Gouveia followed a ravine on the right-hand side going up.

This is where our day’s collecting began. The following shells

were collected in the above ravine:

Philonesia baldwin var. 6 specimens.

Iyropupa magdalenz 6 spec.

Lyropupa microthauma var. 4 spec.

Lyropupa microthauma var. 6 spec.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

Nesopupa plicifera 3 spec.

Nesopupa wesleyana var. tryphera 1 spec.

Tornatellides procerulus var. acicula 2 spec.

Tornatellides macromphala var. 68 spec.

Tornatellaria newcombi 6 spec.

Leptachatina gummea 23 spec,

Leptachatina fusca 3 spec.

Amastra tristis 2 spec.

Edwin Bryan, Oliver Emerson and the writer followed the

ridge trail. We collected shells on our way up to the backbone.

Shelling is not what it used to be, for shells are very scarce in

this section of the Koolau Range. We managed to get seven

specimens of Achatinella viridans: we considered this a lucky

find. While on our way to the backbone, we heard some goats

in the valley west of Keawaawa (Kuliouou Ike valley). Mr.

Emerson carried a 45-70 caliber rifle, an efficient weapon for

reducing the mountain pest.

Mr. F. Grinnell and Antone Gouveia joined the other mem-

bers at the backbone. After a few minutes the party separated

again, and this time we all started off in earnest for our differ-

ent aims. Emerson and Bryan started across the backbone to-

wards Kuliouou over a narrow goat trail about a foot wide in

places; barely enough for one to crawl over, while Grinnell,

Antone Gouveia and the writer started east looking for insects

and shells. We were not able to find any Achatinella. We

traveled a little further on until we came to a grove of banana

and here we found the following shells:

Nesopupa plicifera 6 spec.

Tornatellides sp.? 4 spec.

Jornatellides macromphala var. 9 spec.

Tornatellaria newcombi 3 spec.

Helicina rotelloidea 18 spec.

Leptachatina gummea 7 spec.

Amastra tristis 1 spec.

Succinea rotundata 1 spec.

We spent about forty minutes collecting and then returned to

the main ridge. On our way back we stopped about three

hundred feet east of the Kuliouou-Keawaawa ridge and hunted

THE NAUTILUS. 57

on bunch grass about 18 inches high. Here we collected the

following:

Nesopupa boettgert 5 spec.

Pronesopupa acanthinula 5 spec.

Tornatellides leptospira 16 spec.

Tornatellides brunneus 9 spec.

Tornatellides brunneus var. 3 spec.

Philonesia baldwini var. 6 spec.

Auriculella diaphana 20 spec.

Leptachatina gummea 2 spec.

At 11:30 we ate lunch and after half.an hour’s rest we started

out again; this time we worked down the first ravine east of the

main West Keawaawa ridge. While on the backbone ridge we

noticed some kukui trees (Aleurites moluccana) which looked

very promising. On our way down the valley to these kukui

trees we collected the following shells:

Nesopupa plicifera 2 spec.

Tornatellaria macromphala 3 spec.

Tornatellaria newcombi 2 spec.

Helicina rotelloidea 1 spec.

Amastra eos 48 spec.

Amastra tristis 31 spec.

Leptachatina gummea 27 spec.

Leptachatina fusca 12 spec.

After spending about an hour collecting these we headed for

the kukui trees. We found a few dead specimens of Achatinella

pheozona under these trees, and, after a careful search we found

twelve live specimens. Two were found on Lantana and the

rest were found near the tops of the kukui trees. It was a sur-

prise to us, for we were told that these shells were extinct in

Keawaawa. On Lantana and oee weed we found thirty-two

specimens of Achatinella viridans. Some of them were dark-

brown in color and many of them had broad white and light-

brown bands around the last whorl.

This was a good find. The forest is dying away fast and in

the course of time these shells will be extinct. About three

years ago the writer and Antone Gouveia collected a few dead

58 THE NAUTILUS.

specimens of Achatinella viridans in the valley east of Keawaawa.

These shells once thrived there, but the trees that they lived on

have died away and consequently the shells have died off with

them.

We all met at the foot of one of the small ridges at about

4 o’clock, ready for our homeward journey. Messrs. Emerson

and Bryan had returned from their hunting trip. They were

successful in wounding a goat and collecting a few specimens of

Achatinella viridans on the windward side of the backbone ridge.

Mr. Grinnell collected some interesting insects and native plants.

After two long hours’ walking at a good gait, we reached the car

line, and about 6 p. m. we boarded the car for home.

Thus the Gulick Natural History Club finished its first trip

with quite a success in the collecting line.

The shells listed were identified by Dr. C. Montague Cooke,

Jr.

A NEW VARIETY OF OLIVA SERICEA MINIACEA.

BY H. C. HIGGINS.

Having become greatly interested in the Olividae, their

beauty and the great variation of the species are to me a never-

ending source of pleasure, marred only by the many perplexi-

ties in nomenclature. To what extent names should be given

to the various forms, authors differ in opinion, but it seems

more convenient to refer to certain well-marked forms by name

when they are well figured in standard publications, than to say

a variation of O. sericea subspecies miniacea figured in the Thes.

Conch: Vol lV pl iis a0,

Having brought together a remarkable series of 250 specimens

of Oliva sericea (tremulina-miniacea group) showing all the named

varieties as well as many intermediate specimens, I was im-

pressed with the fact that a shell in the minzacea group corre-

sponding to variety pica in the tremulina group, has no varietal

name, therefore I propose the name Oliva sericea muniacea var.

johnsoni for this shell, in honor of Mr. C. W. Johnson, curator

of the Boston Society of Natural History, as a slight acknowl-

THE NAUTILUS. 59

edgment of his untiring work with, and published articles on,

the Olividae, as well as for the kindly interest he has taken in

my own collection of Oliva, and the assistance given me in

identifying specimens.

This variety is figured by Marrat in Sowerby’s Thesaurus

Conchyliorum, Vol. IV, pl. 7, f. 110. It is represented in my

collection by six specimens of which one, no. 1652, has to be

selected as the type.

COLLECTING IN THE VICINITY OF NEWARK, NEW JERSEY.

BY FRED TABLEMAN.

During 1917-1918 I decided to study the molluscan fauna in

the vicinity of Newark, N. J. Limiting myself to twenty cents

car fare for each trip I started to see what I could find within

this area.

Most of the work was done in Essex County, in one instance

within walking distance from my home. Visiting the Newark

Meadows I found a station for Polygyra thyroides by seeing some

dead shells. I looked for live specimens but could not find any

owing to the density of the underbrush and flies. Going later

when they were hibernating I collected about 150 and could

have gotten more. They live under debris that is overgrown

with the balloon-vine on which I believe they feed. This

station has been destroyed by the opening of the Port Newark

- Terminal.

The next place visited was Great Notch Brook, Upper Mont-

clair. On this brook is a small pond formed by a dam at the

head of which in a marshy place I found Lymnaea palustris in

great quantities, and also one specimen of Pseudosuccinea colum-

ella. I was fishing at the time and ran short of bait, so turn-

ing over a rotten log I got not only bait but a nice lot of Pyra-

midula alternata, which are now in my collection. Going to the

same place later in the season and exploring one of the moun-

tains as far as possible, I obtained a few small Pyramidula

alternata and two Polygyra albolabris, one dead and one living.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

Going to Cable Lake, West Orange, I collected Planorbis

antrosus. The lake is a small one situated on the top of a

mountain, the shore of which is partly sand and stones. Here

is the home of the Planorbes, which are covered with algae.

The Rahway River, in Union Co., was next visited in search

of Unios. Two specimens of Anodonta cataracta in perfect con-

dition were secured, but further search failed to produce more

of that species; but about fifty Unio complanatus were obtained.

I also collected Physa heterostropha along the bank in company

with Lymnea palustris, and in the shallows Campeloma rufum

was found in company with a small variety of Planorbis trivolvis

and Sphaerium sp.

The last three trips to Bloomfield proved the best. The col-

lecting was done in Great Notch Brook which flows through

part of the town where it comes from Brookdale. Starting at

the end of the trolley line and working up stream I found small

dead Planorbis trivolvis that had been washed in hollows and

crevices among the stones. Live ones were gathered farther up

stream and also Unio complanatus, which I will compare with

the Rahway River shells later.

Going still further up stream, I found the first specimens of

Goniobasis virginica in the shallow water near the bank; also

broken Campeloma deciswm, later two perfect specimens were

found. The Goniobasis were large specimens ranging up to an

inch in length, many of them so eroded as to be hardly recog-

nizable except by the animal itself. Still further up the Gonto-

basis became more plentiful and also Lymnaea palustris, both

alive and dead in the drift, which was composed of the dead of

both and a few valves of Unios.

The Lymnaeas were found on the stems of water plants and

also floating on the surface, foot up; the Goniobasis were cling-

ing to the stones and crawling on the bottom. Both the smooth

and ribbed variety (multilineata) were found, both banded and

plain. More Unios were found, so I returned home satisfied

with the afternoon work.

On the last trip I found but few specimens of Goniobasis. A —

heavy rain a few days before had made the stream moderately

high, and the few specimens that I obtained were buried ver-

THE NAUTILUS. 61

tically in the sandy bottom with the body whorl only exposed.

I do not know whether they buried themselves or the shifting

sands did.

The Unio complanatus collected varies greatly with the locality.

Those from the Rahway River are cleaner than those from

Notch Brook and are not so ventricose. The anterior end is

more elongate than the brook form, and the sexes are hardly

distinguishable. The Notch Brook females are much shorter

than the males and more truncated, as the following measure-

ments of the largest specimens show:

Locality. Sex. | Length. | Breadth.| Thickness.

Male. TO uM. |) oo mam. |. LS mm,

Rahway River...

Female.} 75 mm. | 38 mm.| 20 mm.

Male. 72 mm.|38 mm.| 19 mm.

Great Notch Brook.

Female.| 63 mm. | 40 mm.|} 19 mm.

Having collected only in two localities this year I obtained

the following species. From Branch Brook Park, Newark,

Planorbis parvus and Planorbis antrosus. These species were

found in shallow water near the shore.

At Halcyon Park (Bloomfield) in a small pond, if it can be

called such, I found large Planorbis trivolvis, the largest of which

measures 29 mm.; also Pseudosuccinea columella and a species of

Ancylus which I have not identified. I believe the shells in this

pond came with the water-lilies that are growing there.

62 THE NAUTILUS,

SHELLS OF LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA.

BY C. R. ORCUTT.

My acquaintance with La Jolla dates back to 1879, when

there was not a human habitation on the coast from San

Dieguito on the north to the old lighthouse, 500 feet above the

beach, at the extremity of Point Loma at the entrance to San

Diego Bay. Now there are several flourishing towns along the

way, the delight of summer and winter tourists, among whom

not a few have been conchologists.

Taking charge of Hotel Strand at La Jolla in July, 1918, I

have since busied myself quite as much with the molluscan

fauna of La Jolla as with the hotel business, with some inter-

esting results.

Mr. Maxwell Smith has contributed a list of La Jolla shells

to THE Navtitus (volume 21, pages 55 and 65), and Mr.

Joshua L. Bailey, Jr., has contributed a supplementary list

(on page 92). <A few additional notes may be of interest.

Halotis fulgens.—In the spring of 1916 San Diego was visited

with great floods, and a great amount of silt was washed into

the ocean via San Diego and False Bay with the fresh water.

This proved to be fatal to many mollusks, and I am told that

many thousands of this shell were washed up along the shore

from False Bay to La Jolla. One gentleman told me that

a train of cars could have been filled with these shells which

were piled a foot deep on the beach in many places. Another

filled two sacks with the shells and nearly broke his back tug-

ging them to the top of the cliff at what in early days we called

Seal Rock, now named Bird Rock Beach. These he has finally

placed at my disposal, and I found the two sacks full chiefly of

this species. Haliotis cracherodu and H. rufescens were missing,

as well as H. assimilis. Out of the lot I found six specimens of

the following species and nine specimens of its variety.

Haliotis corrugata.—These were not very strongly corrugated,

but properly referable to the species.

Haliotis corrugata diegoensis.—This form differs in the entire

lack of the corrugations typical of the species, but otherwise

THE NAUTILUS. 63

with nearly the same characters. All of the corrugated speci-

mens possessed three holes, while of the nine specimens of this

variety one had one hole, two had two holes, and the rest had

three.

Haliotis californiensis.—The Japanese gardeners at La Jolla

are good fishermen also, and frequently gather abalones for the

meat. One of them gave me a specimen which for lack of a

better name I have given the above name. It is 54 inches long,

4% across, 2 high, and has 11 small nearly circular holes out-

side, showing traces of two closed holes. The inside contains a

large ‘‘ pearl’’ or muscular impression, triangular in shape, and

instead of the clear pearly white of H. cracherodi, there are

large blotches of brown, green, blue and pink iridescence. I

have had many similar specimens from the west coast of Baja

California, which have never been determined to my satisfac-

tion. Dr. Stearns I believe tentatively referred them to the

above species of Swainson.

Caecum orcuttt Dall.—This seems to be absent from the lists

given in Tue Navutiuus. The type locality was at a point about

two miles south of La Jolla’s caves, where under a flat rock I

must have found more than 100,000 examples of this minute

species. I have sent the U. S. National Museum what I esti-

mated as near 50,000 specimens, which 1 believe breaks the

record for any single collection in this genus. It has been

found at San Pedro, Cal., I believe, and at Todos Santos Bay,

Baja California.

Helix pisana.—This snail has been recorded in THe NavrtiLus

as from La Jolla (though not in the lists referred to above).

The first of September, 1918, I found it for the first time, and

reported its occurrence as a menace to California horticulture.

A representative of the County Horticultural Commission

counted nearly 800 living on one bush about a foot high with a

spread of three feet. A dozen would frequently be found on

one stem of the wild oak. Itseemed to have no preference, but

was abundant on native and cultivated plants alike, and thou-

sands were observed on the sides of the cement curbing and on

the sides of houses near by. But the tens of thousands ob-

served were apparently confined to a district less than half a

64 THE NAUTILUS.

mile in extent in any direction. The authorities attempted

their destruction, but I have noticed hundreds yet remaining

alive. It was first reported to our local society of natural his-

tory in 1914, when three specimens donated were ‘‘all that

could be found.”’

Bifidaria hemphalla.

Bifidaria calanutosa.

Vertigo californica diegoensis.

Some years ago Mr. Henry Hemphill told me that there were

no Pupas in this region, stating as his belief that they could

not exist in our arid climate. Then I found a few under the

stem of a decaying yucca on the mesas back of San Diego, and

later more than 500 under some decaying cacti in the same

vicinity. Still later individuals were found not at all rare on

decaying plants on the seashore not far south of La Jolla, chiefly

on the Hottentot Fig or Beach Strawberry (Mesembryanthemum

zquilaterale). These were found at Pacific Beach and no doubt

exist within the limits of La Jolla, if one will search with care.

Helix trasku Newe.

Helix tudiculata Binn.

These are apparently not rare in the environs of La Jolla.

The first was not previously reported.

Helix aspersa Mill.—Mr. Smith reports that he turned a few

dozen of these loose at La Jolla. They now exist by the tens

of thousands and are very destructive to the vegetables in the

gardens. Some way should be found to make Mr. Smith take

them away. It seems to be a different form from the one now

naturalized in San Diego gardens, where it is also a much hated

pest.

Mytilus californianus.—Modiolus californiensis of Smith’s list

was doubtless an error for the above, which occurs plentifully

on our coasts. Just south of the international boundary this

species has yielded many pretty pearls. The larger shells

measure about seven inches long.

Schizothaerus nuttallii.—This favorite clam was formerly

abundant in a bed of rocks just inside the entrance to False

Bay, which was formerly the home of many choice shells. This

was the type locality of Chlamydoconcha orcutti, since reported

from Monterey Bay by Dr. Berry.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

Semele decisa, Saxidomus nuttalli and other bivalves were

equally abundant, but now nearly exterminated. A list of the

mollusca from this bed would be extremely interesting, but now

hopeless of ever being written, as it is no longer the ideal home

for mollusks that it once was. Over 100 Cypraea spadicea were

found there in one day, and an equal number of Ranella cali-

fornica were yielded by the adjacent sandy beaches. While the

shells from this lagoon do not properly belong with the La Jolla

list, yet fragments or dead specimens of all noted by Mr. Smith

may occasionally be found at La Jolla.

Tagelus californianus.—This is extremely abundant in False

Bay and is gathered in quantities for bait by fishermen, and

thus the shells are scattered freely all along the La Jolla shores,

Pedipes unisulcata.—Smith reports many of the dead shells

attached to sea anemones, but I found it years ago in company

with Truncatella stimpsont on round water-washed boulders in

caves near La Jolla.

Pedipes liratus.—This was also found at La Jolla in early

days and later by Prof. Kelsey.

Milnerea minuma.—Abundant. Attached to the under side

of stones. Usually reported as living on the shells of Haliotis.

Mytilus adamsianus.—This was long called M. bifurcatus,; later

known as WM. stearnsi. Smith and Bailey, ike many other col-

lectors, seem to have overlooked it, probably mistaking it for

the young of Septifer bifurcatus which it nearly resembles, except

for the absence of the septum. It is equally abundant.

Mytilus denticulatus.—This is similar to the last but much

smaller. It is Modiolaria denticulata of former lists, and might

easily be overlooked, but is apparently not rare on our rocks.

Adula diegensis.—North of the Scripps Biological Station

about a mile north of La Jolla is a rocky beach at the base of

high cliffs. Much of the rock is a soft clay stone, and perfor-

ated by millions of pholads. In places this species has entire

possession, and often they have made their cells so close to-

gether that no partitions of rock are left to separate the shells.

Pholas pacifica.—This is one of the pholads found at the

above station with others already noted.

Petricola denticulata.—This is extremely abundant in the

66 THE NAUTILUS.

above locality also, square yards of surface of some of the flat

rocks being filled with its shells. This species seems to abound

from San Pedro, Cal., to Magdalena Bay, Baja Cal., where I

found millions of the young shells in the drift (determined by

Dry Dall).

Acmaea patina cumingii.—This is the commonest species at

Bird Rock and all along our coast, but seems to have been over-

looked by Smith and Bailey.

Tegula ligulatum.—One of the commoner shells on all our

beaches.

Pecten hastatus.—In kelp holdfasts washed ashore at Pacific

Beach.

Pecten hericeus.—Valves frequent in the drift.

Phacoides californicus.—Frequent in the drift on all our

beaches.

Phacoides richthofeni..—Valves occasionally washed ashore.

Mr. Emery found it living in False Bay.

Fissurella volcano.—This is probably one of the most abundant

and widely distributed species on our coast. I have generally

looked with contempt on the gathering of dead shells; but for

lack of better material I have gathered several thousand of this

from the drift, from very minute to specimens of maximum

size. It occurs from Monterey, Cal., south at least as far as

Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, where I have collected it in abundance.

The beach-worn shells show a beautiful diversity of color not

observable in the living shells. About fifteen per cent. of the

shells picked up at La Jolla are of the var. crucifera Dall, some-

times the arms of the cross extending only halfway down the

sides of the shell, sometimes wholly worn away at the apex,

often one or more arms missing; in young specimens, say 2 mm.

long, frequently only the lateral white arms appear halfway to

the lower margin of the shell. The ground work is usually

reddish, the gray or black forms being much rarer. From the

four white arms of var. crucifera there occurs every variation in

number up to 20 or 30 or more, the red rays on a white ground

—like red-hot lava flowing down the sides of a mountain, hay-

ing given it its name. This is probably the typical form.

Acmaea triangularis.—One specimen detected in the drift on

the beach. ,

THE NAUTILUS. 67

Calliostoma supragranosum Cpr.—Detected in kelp holdfasts.

Cyanoplax hartwegiii—Perhaps our commonest chiton, on

rocks near high-water mark, strangely omitted from Smith’s list.

Columbella fuscata.—One specimen was found living years ago,

but no doubt estray from southern waters as well as a single

well-developed living specimen.

Thais biserialis, not rare.

Corbula luteola, not rare.

Crepidula rugosa norrisianum.

Crepidula unguiformis.

Crepidula dorsata.

Hipponyx antiquatus.

Hipponyx cranioides.

Mipponyx tumens.

Kellia laperousi.

Kellia suborbicularis.

Modiola capax.

Mytiimeria nuttalli.

Pecten latiauritus.

Psammobia californica.

Saxicava arctica.

Saxidomus nuttallir.

Terebratella transversa.

Thracia curta.

Thracia squamosa.

Transennella tantilla.

Turbonilla castanella.

Odostomia aequisculpta.

Venerupis lamellifera.

Mactra californica.

Mactra falcata.

Mactra nasuta.

Mactra planulata.

Phacoides nuttallir.

The above are some of the shells omitted from the lists re-

ferred to that I have noted on the beach, quite a number of

them in kelp holdfasts washed ashore.

A considerable number of minute shells yet undetermined

will add considerably to the list, besides several chitons and

larger shells that are being studied.

La JouLuA, CAt., 21 Dec., 1918.

LAND SHELLS OF LAUREL SPRINGS, NEW JERSEY.

BY E. G. VANATTA,

The following species of land shells were picked from forest

debris collected by Mr. Bayard Long on the north branch of

Timber Creek, at Laurel Springs, Camden County, New Jersey,

during 1918 and 1919.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

Polygyra fallax (Say). Striatura milium (Morse).

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Euconulus fulvus (Mull.).

Polygyra thyroidus (Say). Zontoides arborea (Say).

Strobilops floridana Pils, Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

Pupoides marginatus (Say). Zonitoides minuscula alachuana

Gastrocopta corticaria (Say). Dall.

Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Agriolimax campestris (Binn. ).

Gastrocopta armifera (Say). Pyramidula alternata fergusont

Gastrocopta pentodon Say. (Bld.).

Vertigo tridentata Wolf. Pyramidula cronkhitet anthonyt

+ Vertigo milium Gld. Pils,

Vallonia pulchella (Mill. ). Helicodiscus parallelus (Say).

Columella edentula (Drap. ). Punctum pygmeum (Drap. ).

Polita hammonis (Strom. ). Succinea ovalis Say.

Polita indentata (Say). Carychium exiguum Say.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

OBSERVATIONS ON Livine LAMELLIBRANCHS OF NEw ENGLAND.

By Edward 8S. Morse (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 35,

no. 5, July, 1919). In this valuable memoir Professor Morse

describes and figures the expanded animals of 48 species of New _

England lamellibranchs. Hitherto most of the work on these

mollusks has been done with alcoholic examples, which in their

contracted condition give little idea of the beautiful and elab-

orate structures guarding the siphon openings and mantle edges

of the living animal. Only those who have attempted to draw

living mollusks can appreciate the application and patience re-

quired,—they are often stubborn, and refuse to show off; but

all will admire the beautiful line drawings of these graceful

structures. The figures of Solemya, Nucula and Yoldia are

especially interesting. Some of the genera have the foot re-

markably specialized.

Professor Morse takes the occasion to land a few resounding

whacks on the nomenclature shifters. It is obvious that many

of the changes (such as the adoption of Bolten’s very German

catalogue) were unnecessary and detrimental to science; yet

THE NAUTILUS. 69

other changes mentioned were surely essential to progress. We

might even recall that Morse himself threw a grenade into the

nomenclature of land and fresh-water shells in his Maine Cata-

logue of 1864.—H. A. P.

Descriptions oF New Srrcres oF MoLiusks oF THE FAMILY

TURRITIDAE FROM THE WEsT Coast OF AMERICA AND ADJACENT

Reaions. By Wm. H. Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 56,

pp. 1-86, pls. 1-24, 1919). A very exhaustive faunal work on

this family. Over 200 species are considered, of which 181 are

new. The illustrations are excellent, many of Carpenter’s

species being figured for the first time. In regard to the family

name Dr. Dall says: ‘‘Some question having been raised as to

the spelling of the family name which I have retained as first

proposed by Henry and Arthur Adams in 1853, I submitted

the question of Turridae versus Turritidae to two expert Latin-

ists, who after due consideration of all the data, concluded that,

while either was correct, the latter term under the circumstances

was to be preferred.’’

PELECYPODA OF THE St. MauricE AND CLAIBORNE STAGES.

By G. D. Harris (Bull. Amer. Paleontology, Vol. 6,1919). A

valuable contribution to American Paleontology. The work

contains 268 pages and illustrated by 59 plates, every species

and variety being figured. About 250 species and varieties are

described, of which more than 50 are new. Two new sub-

genera—Mauricia and Pachecoa are proposed. The work is

dedicated by the author to the Hon. Truman A. Aldrich.

SEXUAL ACTIVITIES OF THE SQuip, Loligo pealii (Lea). By

Gilman A. Drew (Journal of Morphology, Vol. 22, No. 2, and

Vol. 32, No. 2). An extremely interesting and well illustrated

account of phenomena rarely observed. The second paper deals

with the structure and activities of the spermatophore. The

observations were made upon specimens kept in aquaria at

Woods Hole, Mass.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

Notes on West AMERICAN CuHiTons, II. By S. Stillman

Berry. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4), IX, 1919. In\¢histwelt

considered and fully illustrated paper the following new forms

are described.

Leptochiton (Xtphiozona) heathi, off Monterey.

Hanleya spicata, Monterey Bay.

Mopalia phorminx, Monterey Bay.

Mopalia egretta, Forrester Island, Alaska.

Ischnochiton (Lepidozona) asthenes, White’s Point, Los Angeles

Co., Cal.

Various points of classification are considered, and Rhombo-

chiton, a ‘‘new group to rank near or under Lepidozona, with

L. regularis (Carpenter) as type’’ is proposed.—H. A. P.

NOTES.

SHELLS FROM THE CHIRICAHUA Mountains, Arizona.—Dr.

Witmer Stone camped in Pinery canyon, on the western slope

of the Chiricahua Range, from June to August of this year,

studying the distribution of the fauna and flora. Near the top,

in the forks of the head of the north branch of Pinery canyon,

at approximately 6500 to 7000 it., he obtained the following

snails. The locality is near the high ridge separating Pinery

from White Tail canyon, where Ferriss and the writer collected

in 1906 (Proc. A. N. §:, Phila, 1910, p..75, fic. GS):

rock is limestone.

Sonorella virilis leucura P. & F.

Oreohelia chiricahuana obsoleta P. & F.

Ashmunella duplicidens Pils.

Holospira cionella intermedia P. & F.

Polita indentata wmbilicata (CkIl.).

Gastrocopta ashmunt (St. ).

Gastrocopta dalliana (St. ).

Gastrocopta pilsbryana (St. ).

The last three were found in debris, but some living speci-

mens of all the others were taken.—H. A. PILsBRy.

THE NAUTILUS. 71

Heiix HoRTENSIS: I am sending under separate cover a spec-

imen of Helix hortensis Miller. It was found in a prehistoric

shell-heap on Mahone Bay, about 75 miles west of Halifax,

N. S.—W. J. WuRTEMBERG.

A Synonymicat Nore: The shell described and named by

Pilsbry and Bryan in THe Naovrtitus, XXXI, 3, 1918, p. 99,

pl. LX, as Drupa walkere from Honolulu Harbor, is the same

species which was described by G. B. Sowerby in the Annals

and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 8, Vol. XVI, p. 166,

pl. X, 1915, as Pentadactylus fusco-imbricatus. A recent letter

from Sowerby and Fulton suggested this after an examination

of a specimen sent to them. A careful comparison of the de-

scriptions and figures convince us of the same conclusion. All

the specimens known are from the Honolulu Harbor dredgings

from May to August, 1915. The teeth vary from 5 to 7 in the

specimens before us. We hope to make a study of the varia-

tions of this and other shells later.

F’. GRINNELL, JR.,

J. M. OsTERGAARD.

INSECT LARV# DESTROYING Puysa.—There is a small artificial

pond in Waveland Park which joined my former home grounds

in Des Moines, Iowa, that I had never considered of much im-

portance conchologically, owing to its small size and rather

recent construction. A visit to it one day in the summer of

1907, however, only added greater strength to Mr. Simpson’s

motto, ‘‘ Look everywhere.”’

I found here a form of Physa integra Haldeman quite plenty,

but nearly all dead. They were enveloped in what at first ap-

peared to me to be a growth of moss, but which Dr. C. M.

Child of the Department of Zoology, University of Chicago,

pronounces as insect cases, ‘‘ probably some dipterous insect,

but none of the men in the Department are able to identify

more exactly the insect that is responsible for them.’’ As I

have heard nothing further, it is fair to presume that the insect

is new or little known.

The deposition and multiplication of these microscopical in-

of bys THE NAUTILUS.

sect larvee and their cases had in many instances formed a thick

mass over the entire surface of the shell, completely closing the

aperture, thus causing the animal within to die. Scarcely a

living individual could be found that was not more or less in-

fested in this manner.

Burr-oak trees stand near the margin of the water, and the

acorns which had fallen from them in the water were often

brought out with my little hand-dredge together with cockle-

burrs, in company with the infested shells. The cockle-burrs

were often difficult to distinguish from some of the shells,

covered as they were with the larve cases.

When closely observed, I noticed that the majority of the

dead shells were lying on the bottom of the pond with aperture

up; some could be seen lying in this manner with but a slight

opening remaining in the aperture, in which I could see the yet

living animal struggling for freedom.

A few living ones were to be found on the vegetation grow-

ing in the water which were in all stages of infection.

I revisited the pond in the fall, after the warm weather, and

found a few living shells and plenty of recently dead ones; but

scarcely a vestige of the insect cases was to be seen anywhere,

thus showing that they flourish during the hot weather and

after maturing the cases soon decayed, leaving no trace of the

perpetrator that so rapidly devastated the colony.—T. Van

HyYniInaG.

PoLyGyYRA PLANA BAHAMENSIS Van. n. var.—This variety is

distinguished from the typical P. plana (Dkr.) of Bermuda by

frequently having a spiral internal lamina as in P. cereolus car-

penteriana (Bld.) of Florida. The surface of the spire has finer

sculpture than P. carpenteriana (Bld.’s) and a trifle coarser than

the typical P. plana (Dkr.). |

The types are in the collection of the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia, being tray number 44463, from Cur-

rent Settlement, Eleutha, Bahama Islands, collected by Mr. C.

J. Maynard in 1897.

The Academy’s collection contains other specimens of this

variety from New Providence and Inagua Islands.—EK. G.

Vanatta.

Los

vari

UNIVERSITY GF ILLINOIS

a he

> +h

bea

12é

PLATE II.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIll.

THE LARGE ARGONAUTA COMPRESSA

CYPRAEA PACIFICA OSTERGAARD

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXII JANUARY, 1920. No. 3.

GONIOBASES OF OHIO.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

Some months ago I had occasion to map the known distribu-

tion of Goniobasis livescens Menke and G. semicarinata Say within

the borders of Ohio. This distribution is somewhat peculiar.

Beginning on the western side of the state above the central

line we find that livescens is the Goniobasis of the Maumee river

system and of the shallows of Lake Erie as far as Sandusky

Bay, where G. haldemanni occurs in company with livescens in

the drift of the beaches. So far as exploration thence east

shows, livescens appears alone to the northeastern corner of

Ohio. It is the species of Sandusky River, flowing into San-

dusky Bay, of Rocky and Cuyahoga Rivers which enter the

lake at Cleveland, and of Conneaut Creek near the eastern

border. Below the divide between the lakes and the Ohio River

drainages, I found livescens in Beaver Creek, a tributary of the

Wabash. There is then a great gap in its occurrence until the

Hocking River is reached, east of a north and south central line

drawn through the state. Just east of this, again, livescens has

been collected in the Tuscarawas River of the Muskingum sys-

tem by Dr. Sterki, and in at least one of the Tuscarawas

branches. The G. gracilor Anth. of the Summit county lakes

is plainly an offshoot of livescens, as indicated by connecting

forms taken in this same region.

Goniobasis senicarinata, less variable and more easily recog-

nizable even in the field than livescens, is the species of the

Great Miami, Little Miami and the Scioto Rivers, all in the

74 THE NAUTILUS.

Ohio River drainage. Between the Scioto and the Hocking

Rivers is a fairly large stream known as Raccoon Creek. It is

now polluted with mine waste and at the time of my visit to it

three or four years ago I found no living mollusks in the creek,

and only one or two dead Unios.

Kast of the Muskingum system is the Mahoning River and

Beaver Creek, crossing the Ohio border into Pennsylvania. I

know nothing of the Goniobases of these streams, but suspect

that if any occur in them it is G, pennsylvanica Pilsbry, the

Gonrobasis of the upper Ohio rivers.

The chart of this distribution shows that livescens crosses the

northern section of Ohio in the drainage of the Great Lakes and

down two streams of the Ohio River drainage. Semicarinata

occupies the three largest streams of the Ohio River drainage

from the Scioto at about the center to the Great Miami, dis-

charging at the southwest corner of the state.

If we grant that the same laws which have governed the re-

peopling of Lake Erie with Naiades have controlled in the case

of livescens, this species entered the Maumee River through the

Wabash, spread eastward to the Niagara and beyond. It man-

aged—by means which the geologists might explain—to cross

the divide between the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas River, possi--

bly thence into the Hocking.

Other species of Goniobasis than those mentioned have been

recognized as occurring in Ohio, and other local races may yet

be described, but I feel certain they can all only prove to be

descendants of the two parent stocks, livescens and semicarinata.

SOME LARGE SPECIMENS OF ARGONAUTA.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

The largest species, or the largest example of a species, is

always a subject of special interest, both to the biologist and

the collector. Individual variation is not fully understood and

cannot always be attributed to favorable or unfavorable environ-

ment, or the abundance or lack of nutrition. Individual varia-

tion has often led to arguments among conchologists as to

THE NAUTILUS. 7D

whether certain species dissolve their shells and construct new

ones as their bodies increase in size.

A large example of an Argonauta in the collection of the

Boston Society of Natural History has been frequently referred

to in literature. At a meeting of the Society, held March 15th,

1854 (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 35), it was re-

corded that ‘‘Dr. A. A. Gould made some remarks upon the

collection of shells presented to the Society by the family of the

late Col. Perkins. * * * Two one shell in particular he called

attention, the large Argonauta, commonly called Paper Nauti-

lus, and which is the largest specimen known to exist. lis

measurements are 113 by 74 inches; the next largest specimen

in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, London, measures

? of an inch less than this. This large specimen was brought

from the Indian Ocean.”’

In the same vol., p. 370, this shell was again referred to

under the title ‘‘On the Animal of the Argonauta Shell,’’ by

John C. Warren. He says: ‘‘The beautiful specimen of the

A. compressa Blain. presented to the Society by Col. Thomas H.

Perkins was also exhibited; this shell, which cost him $500, is,

according to Dr. Cabot who has made the comparison, the

largest Argonauta shell in any cabinet in Kurope or America.

D’Orbigny in his great work gives as the measurements of the

‘largest he has examined: greatest length of the shell 94 inches,

while our specimen is 10 inches; greatest diameter of the open-

ing 64 inches, in our specimen it is 64 inches; greatest width of

the opening, including the auricular appendages, 3 inches,

while in ours it is four inches.”’

In the Structural and Systematic Conchology, vol. I, p. 151,

Tryon says: ‘‘ The Boston Society of Natural History possesses

an Argonauta argo or Paper Nautilus shell, which is said to

have been purchased for $500 by the gentleman who presented

it to that Society. It is a common species, and the only reason

for the great valuation of this specimen is that its diameter is

about two or three inches greater than any other individual

known to naturalists.’’

Tryon again refers to this specimen in the Manual of Con-

chology, vol. 1, p. 186. This specimen was later figured and

76 THE NAUTILUS.

mentioned in the Bull. No. 9 of the Boston Society of Natural

History, April, 1917, where the exact size, 10% in greatest

diameter was given, as there was a discrepancy of 1$ inches in

the two accounts in the Proceedings. The writer is indebted to

the Society for the use of the figure illustrating this article.

In regard to the nomenclature, it seems hardly necessary to

enter into any discussion when we consider that we are not

dealing with a true shell, but a shell-like structure confined to

the female, and only in part a secretion of the mantle, for a por-

tion of it is formed by the two expanded tentacles. Internal

partitions are lacking and the structure serves as a nest for the

eges. Tryon, in the Manual of Conchology, places the Indo-

Pacific A. compressa Blainville (A. maxima Gualt.) in the syn-

onymy under A. argo Linn., of the Mediterranean. In the

absence of a thorough knowledge of the animals it seems best

to keep the various forms described from distant regions sepa-

rate until such time as future investigations prove them to be

either the same or distinct.

In this connection I would like to call the attention of readers

to a rival of the above specimen. It is a very large example of

Argonauta nodosa Solander, in the American Museum of Natural

History, New York, and measures 82 by 11 inches. I am in-

debted to Mr. Arthur Jacot for these measurements.

SOME AURICULIDAE AND PLANORBIDAE FROM PANAMA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The Panamic fauna has a particularly rich and interesting

group of Auriculidae. The following new forms were found

among the species collected by Mr. James Zetek.

DETRACIA ZETEKI, n. sp. Figs. a, b, c.

The shell is oval with short, almost straightly conic spire and

minute, mucronate apex; dusky buff, the spire, a band near

the suture and another near the base, carob brown. Surface

glossy, rather closely marked with ripples of growth. Whorls

of the spire narrow and flat, the greatest convexity of the last

whorl above the middle. Aperture extremely narrow, having a

THE NAUTILUS. 77

white, lirate callus a short distance within the outer lip. The

very short columella bears a thin, wide, entering and descend-

ing lamella. Above it, on the lower part of the parietal wall,

there is a low, subtriangular callus. It is much more promi-

nent in young than in adult shells.

Length 8.6, diam. 5, length of aperture 6.7 mm.; 11 to 12

whorls.

Panama City and Paitilla, near by.

This species is very peculiar by its many narrow whorls, very

narrow aperture, and the large, inwardly descending columellar

lamella. It seems remarkable that it was not found by Pro-

‘fessor Adams, but nothing described in his catalogue agrees

with it. Perhaps it is his unidentified No. 316.

SEER : BSS

LOSER SEER

fajsivesi RES re a

PRBS eee See =

JANE SEN A

VALI

{

Fig. a represents the type; fig. b is the basal part of the same

specimen rolled more towards the left. Fig. c is the lower part

of a young specimen, to show the larger lamellae of that stage.

PHYTIA BREVISPIRA. Fig. d.

The shell is oblong-conic, not very solid, cinnamon-brown,

glossy marked with weak growth-lines only. The spire is

straightly conic, shorter than the aperture; whorls very slightly

convex, the last somewhat concave below the suture, with one

or two spiral lines in the concavity defining a wide sutural

margin. The aperture is pinched in above, becoming moder-

ately wide and rounded below, the outer lip thin, without in-

78 THE NAUTILUS.

ternal folds or callus. There is a strong, deeply entering diag-

onal parietal lamella, a smaller one below it; columella termin-

ating in a spirally entering lamella.

Length 8, diam. 4.1, length of aperture 5.1 mm. (fig. d,

apex lost).

Panama City and Paitilla, near the city, collected by James

Zetek, 1917. Also Taboga Island.

This species stands near P. triplicata (Anton) and P. acuta

(Orb.) both of which have similar teeth. It is, however, de-

cidedly narrower than the first, wider than the second, so that

while I hesitate to add another species to this genus, it appears

that none of those described will receive lt. Phytia rhoadsi

(Pils.), described as a Marinula, and P. setifer (Caop.) are more

northern species, the former somewhat related to P. brevispira.

In this species the aperture is longer than the spire, as in Mari-

nula, but the other characters are decidedly those of -Phytia

(Alexia).

PLANORBIS ISTHMICUS, N. Sp.

The shell is compressed, the thickness

about one-third of the diameter, thin, very

pale brown, somewhat transparent, glossy.

Concavity of the right side showing three ~

whorls and a central pit, that of left side

shallow, showing 44 whorls, the last

whorl more convex near the sutures,

rounded peripherally, not deflected to-

LN ee. wards the left near the aperture. Sculp-

COW. ture of fine growth-lines, very distinctly

decussated by fine spiral lines on the inner

whorls, the spirals weak, in part obsolete,

‘on the last whorl. The aperture is ob-

a lique, heart-shaped, the lip thin.

Diam. 10.5, alt. 3.7 mm.

Panama City, in Chinese wells. Col-

lected by James Zetek, Sept., 1918.

Planorbis liebmanni Phil., maya and

orbiculus Morel., are flatter shells, with

the spire wider. P. boucardianus Prest. has a more oblique

THE NAUTILUS. 79

aperture, no spiral striation, and is smaller. P. jfieldii Tryon

is a much smaller shell without spiral lines, and higher relative

to its diameter.

Probably all of this group should be regarded as toothless

forms of Planorbula.

GUATEMALAN NOTES.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

Coelocentrum gigas Von Martens, identified by Dr. H. A.

Pilsbry as a dark variety,’ is the largest land shell the writer

ever had the pleasure of hunting. On Feb. 20, 1918, the first

dead specimen was found by a large log in a banana field.

Probably an hour was spent searching for a live one but with-

out success. Leaving the banana field, I followed up a branch

of the Cavech River to where it issued from the mountain side.

The labor of working through jungle and over rocks was re-

warded by finding the finest specimens of Pachycheilus indiorum

which I secured. From here the return was around the side of

another mountain, heavily wooded; on this mountain 6 living

C. gigas were found. This was considered a great find.

The next day another place was visited beyond the mouth of

the Cavech River to where the mountain came out to the shore

of the gulf. After working through the thick undergrowth at

the foot of a mountain, the vegetation was more open, making

it easier to climb up or down. The first shell found was a fine

C. gigas in the act of depositing eggs in a round pit about ? of

an inch across, and probably a half-inch deep, scooped out of

the mellow earth and containing 35 to 40 eggs.

The best part of the day was spent on this mountain, looking

for these shells, of which 19 were secured. They were nearly

always partly covered with leaves. No more nests of eggs were

found, but others were seen which had been destroyed by some

enemy.

1 The specimens are not ‘‘ yellowish gray,’

but between walnut brown and burnt umber.

as von Martens described it,

80 THE NAUTILUS.

LEPTINARIA LIVINGSTONENSIS, nN. Sp.

The shell is imperforate, oblong-conic, the length twice the

diameter, pale yellow, composed of 6 moderately convex whorls.

Apex rather obtuse, surface glossy, coarsely but weakly striate.

The sharp outer lip is strongly arched forward at its upper

third. Columellar plait strong, dividing the columellar margin

into two arcs, the lower one slightly shorter and deeper. Par-

ietal lamella present in the embryos of 14 whorls. It is quite

strongly developed in some shells of 6 mm. long, wanting in

others. In older shells it becomes very low, and not quite one-

fourth of a whorl long; or in others it disappears entirely.

Length 9.5, diam. 4.7, aperture 4.5 mm. (lamella low).

Length 11, diam. 5, aperture 5 mm. (lamella minute).

Found in rubbish about the city of Livingston, Guatemala,

with Subulina octona, taken February 19, 1913. This shell is

about the same size as L. tamaulipensis, but differs from that

species by having a parietal lamella and an imperforate umbil-

ical region. The last whorl is less enlarged than in L. lamellata,

L. else or LL. convoluta, which resemble this species in being

imperforate with a lamellate parietal wall.

The small lot taken in 1913 seemed divisible into two species,

according to whether a parietal lamella was present or not, but

in the abundant series collected on the second trip, it appears

that the lamella is variable, being present in many but not all

immature shells, but always very low or wanting in the large

ones.

SOME NOTES ON PHILOMYCUS.

BY V. STERKI.

In Ohio we had known only P. (Tebennophorus) caroliniensis

Bose. Then a few dorsalis Binney were found here and there.

Some years ago, near Chippewa Lake, Medina Co., I found two

specimens of an entirely distinct species, as listed in the Ohio

catalogue; the genitals, etc., remain to be examined. The slug

may be the same as P. pennsylvanicus Pils., but closer compari-

son is necessary.

THE NAUTILUS. $I

Fifteen and twenty years ago, in this vicinity, 1 found re-

peatedly a form which then was taken for one of the color vari-

ations of P. caroliniensis, although averaging larger, and unfoy-

tunately and stupidly I did not examine it exactly. Some

time ago one specimen of exactly the same was found, with

about a dozen caroliniensis, as described by Binney and W. G.

Binney. It was evident at first sight that the animal is of a

distinct species, and it may be one of those named by Rafin-

esque, as mentioned in W. G. Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells,

p. 247, but I have not the literature for comparing. In order

to have a designation, it may be named biseriates, provisionally

the specimen was 70 mm. long when fully extended. The

color, over most of the back, is brownish, not grayish, some-

what irregularly mottled, and not sharply defined towards the

margins. On the back there are two parallel series of 10-12

irregular black spots, streak-like when the animal is fully ex-

tended, the largest in the middle, evanescent towards the an-

terior and posterior ends. Irregularly distributed, mainly

along the outer side of each series are irregular ‘‘ white’’ spots;

that is, they appear whitish, but the ground color is a pale tan,

and there are small dots, rather granules, of a glistening bluish

white, and such dots are also distributed over the balance of the

mantle surface. On each side, between the series of black apots

and the lateral margin, there is another series of slightly marked,

cloudy, dark spots, some of them barely visible. The sole is

whitish without any color tinge, while in caroliniensis it has a

rusty tinge from minute dots of that color, especially along the

margins. Along the middle, mostly in the posterior part, there

is an obscure line of dark, as it is also in caroliniensis and some

other snails. The head and the posterior end of the foot are

somewhat slate-colored, the eye peduncles darker. The whole

body is different in appearance from that of caroliniensis, and

somewhat more translucent.

This description may be imperfect, but I believe that any

specimens of the same kind will be readily recognized from it.

While the genital organs of two P. caroliniensis, of the same size,

were fullv developed, those of ‘‘ biserzatus’’ will still quite rudi-

mentary, and nothing could be made out of them. The jaw

§2 THE NAUTILUS.

was of nearly the same shape in both species, but that of

*‘ biseriatus’’ was dark-colored, from horn in the upper part to

black at the cutting edge, while the jaw of caroliniensis is of a

yellowish or reddish horn. The details of the surface must be

compared with more material. The radula, with its anterior

(older) end torn off, had 141 (++ . . .) rows of 45 + C + 45

teeth of rather the same shape as those of caroliniensis ; only the

mesodonts of the outer laterals (about 18th-25th) seemed

larger and longer; one of the caroliniensis had 210 rows of

54 + C + 54 teeth.

As Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell suggested, some of the so-called

color variations of P. caroliniensis may prove to be distinct

species. This, and their interrelations, and those of variation,

or varieties, should be carefully ascertained and also their dis-

tribution. It may be mentioned, in this connection, that P.

wetherbyi W. G. Binney, originally known from Kentucky, has

also been found in northern Michigan, as stated by B. Walker.

Scientifically it may not be justified to publish these rudi-

mentary notes. But there is another reason for doing so. The

season is already well advanced. ‘These interesting slugs have

been badly neglected, and our knowledge of them is still far

from satisfactory. Besides, they are getting more and more

scarce in consequence of deforestation of the land, and will dis-

appear in many sections before long, and faster than most other

snails. Therefore, every conchologist should pay special atten-

tion to anything in this line that can be found. And, to men-

tion it again, by the way, the term ‘‘shells’’ is not the proper

one to be used in books and catalogues; we should say mol-

lusks!

With respect to the generic name, I agree with W. G. Binney

that the forms and species known should be ranged under one

genus, whether their jaws be ribbed or not, if there are no other

more significant differences. The jaw of the Chippewa slug

seems to be really intermediate between the ‘‘smooth’’ and

ribbed forms. W. G. Binney rejects the name Philomycus, be-

cause Rafinesque did not correctly describe this genus under

that name. There is hardly a conchologist who doubts now

but that Rafinesque really understood the slugs under consider-

THE NAUTILUS. 83

ation. In comparing them with Limaxz and Arion, he did not

find the mantle shield much shorter than the body, and plainly

evident, like the one of those slugs, and came to the conclusion

that there was none at all; conceded that it was one of the care-

less things he was in the habit of doing. Also, if Philomycus

was not the same thing as Tebennophorus, etc., the family name

Philomycide, in the sense as used, has no claim for recognition.

THE SHELL OF PHILOMYCUS CAROLINIANUS (BOSC),

BY WILLIAM F. CLAPP.

Through the kindness of Mr. J. Henry Blake I recently re-

ceived a specimen of Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc.), from

Munsonville, N. H., to examine for internal pzxrasites. On

laying open the mantle preparatory to removing the stomach

and intestine, I discovered a rudimentary shell. When first

noticed, it was not attached, either to the mantie or to the

inner membrane which covers the viscera, but was floating free

in the liquid in which the dissection was made. From its posi-

tion I believed it to have been dislodged from some portion of

the posterior fourth of the animal, between the mantle and the

inner membrane. Losing immediately all interest in possible

internal parasites, I gave my attention entirely to the problem

of the shell, in an endeavour to ascertain its exact position, and

also to discover whether it is to be considered a constant, or

merely an occasional character in this species.

From Dr. R. C. Rush, of Hudson, Ohio, I received fifty

specimens (M. C. Z. 48211) of living Philomycus in excellent

condition. The specimens in this lot show slight variation in

color, the majority being of the typical pattern, of a yellowish-

white ground color, variegated with brownish and _ blackish

clouds and spots, forming three ill-defined longitudinal bands,

one on the center of the back, and one on each flank. There

are, however, three specimens easily separated from the rest be-

cause of the reddish tinge in the brownish clouds and spots.

In these specimens (M. C. Z. 48211 H) the lateral bands are

84 THE NAUTILUS.

lacking entirely, there being one broad dorsal band of darker

reddish brown, bounded on each side by a narrow row of more

or less connected black spots.

in the eighteen specimens of this lot examined, all possessed

a rudimentary shell. In many cases, in spite of the greatest

care in making the incisien in the mantle, the shell had become

dislodged from its normal position. In eight specimens it re-

mained attached to the animal when found. In all of these

specimens it was adherent to the outer surface of the inner

membrane or peritoneum, and not connected in any way to the —

inner surface of the mantle. It also, in the specimens in which

it remained fastened, was always in the posterior quarter of the

animal, and over some portion of the liver. In two of the

eight specimens it occurred on the left side, in two directly on

top, and in four on the right side of the liver. The diagram

(fig. 1) was made from a specimen (M. C. Z. 48211 H) meas-

uring 40 mm. in length in a considerably contracted condition.

On opening the mantle, the position of the shell was found to

be 5 mm. from the posterior extremity of the animal and on

Mauls

Figs. 1, 2, 3, Philomycus carolinianus (Bose), Hudson, Ohio.

Fig. 4, P. rusht, n. sp.

the right side. It is of a light horn color, transparent, very

iridescent, thin, delicate, wrinkled. It measures .5 mm, in

length and .25 mm. in width. In appearance it greatly re-

THE NAUTILUS. 85

sembles the periostracum of the shell of a Limaw maximus which

remains when the shell has been decalcified in weak acid.

In some of the shells extracted from specimens from Hudson,

Ohio, a portion of the delicate membrane contains a few gran-

ules of what appear to be calcareous crystals. In outline the

rudimentary shell is irregular, the membrane becoming very

thin, delicate and transparent at the edge. In some specimens

it was folded on itself, but the general tendency is for it to be

oblong rather than oval, and in outline, not unlike the shell of

limax maximus. Specimens from the following localities were

examined, in all but one of which the rudimentary shell was

found.

Spec’s. M.C. Z. No. Locality. Received from.

1 18540 Isle au Haute, Me. M. C. Z.

1 48207 Munsonville, N. H. J. Henry Blake.

1 48217 Mt. Monadnock, N.H. Dr. W. H. Dall.

2 42145 Duxbury, Mass. M. C. Z. (shell not

found in one).

1 48212 Tannersville, N. Y. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.

18 48211 Hudson, Ohio. Dr, C.: Rush,

2 48214 York Furnace, Pa. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.

2 482138 York Co., Pa. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.

4 48215 Wyoming Co., Pa. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.

This species was originally described as Limax carolinianus

(Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, suites 4 Buffon, ed Deterville, 1,

p. 80, pl. 3, f. 1, 1802. Rafinesque (Annals of Nature, p. 10,

1820) gave the name of Philomycus to species which differed

from Limaz, principally, in being entirely destitute of a mantle.

Rafinesque, however, made no mention of Limaz carolinianus in

this paper and it remained for Ferussac (Tab. Syst., p. 15,

1821) to place the species, which he spells caroliniensis, in Rafin-

esque’s genus Philomycus. Binney (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 4,

p. 163, 1842), recognizing the fact that carolinianus Bosc. pos-

sessed a mantle covering the entire upper surface of the animal,

removed the species from Rafinesque’s genus Philomycus, where

Ferussac had placed it, and made it the type of a new genus,

86 THE NAUTILUS.

Tebennophorus, signifying ‘‘ wearing a cloak’’. In diagnosing

the genus, Binney states that it is ‘‘ without testaceous rudi-

ment’’. Wyman (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.,.4, p. 411, 1844)

and Leidy (Terr. Moll. U. S., 1, p. 250, pl. 8, 1851) mm de-

scribing the anatomy of Tebennophorus, did not mention finding

a rudimentary shell. W. G. Binney (Terr. Moll. U. S., 5, p.

179, 1878) specifies that Tebennophorus has no external or in-

ternal shell, and adds (p. 180) that ‘‘ the internal, rudimentary,

nail like shell, described by Dr. Gray, has not been noticed by

any American author’’. Dr. Gray’s description (Cat. Pulmon.

Brit. Mus., part 1, p. 158, 1855) of the genus Philomycus, in-

cludes the statement, ‘‘ Shell minute, nail like, concealed in the

front part of the mantle’’. Yet (p. 155) in describing the

tribe Philomycina, in which he places the genus Philomycus, he

states, ‘‘Shell none’’. From Dr. Gray’s description of the

shell as being ‘‘ nail-like’’, and ‘‘ concealed in the front part of

the mantle’’, I doubt that he had the shell of Philomycus caro-

hnianus.

An examination of the jaw and radula of each of the speci-

mens in which a shell was found, disclosed the fact that the

jaw varies considerably in specimens apparently otherwise

identical. In the fifteen specimens from Hudson, Ohio (M. C.

Z. 48211), which I consider typical carolinianus (Bosc), as de-

scribed by Binney, thirteen possessed a smooth Jaw, with very

faint longitudinal and transverse striae showing only when

highly magnified. The remaining two were strongly plaited

(figs. 2, 3). Of the three specimens (M. C. Z. 48211 H) sepa-

rated from the others because of the reddish tinge of the mantle,

the jaw of one was similar to fig. 2, the others were smooth.

This plaiting of the jaw, although it may be felt with a fine

needle, is not to be confused with the ribbing of the jaw as seen

in Pallifera dorsalis Binney (Morse, Journ. Port. Soc. Nat.

Hist., 1, p. 8, f. 5, 1864). That portion of the mouth which

carries the jaw in Philomycus carolinianus, is always deeply fur-

rowed, and it appears that these furrows may, or may not leave

their impression upon the jaw. It is possible that the presence

or absence of plaiting in the jaw may be entirely a question of

age. In all of the specimens examined none of the other char-

THE NAUTILUS. 87

acters showed noteworthy variation, and I have considered them

all P. carolinianus.

It is worthy of record that the specimens which were sent to

me in such excellent condition by Dr. R. C. Rush, were shipped

in a small wooden box filled with damp, absolutely clean moss.

Every specimen was alive. The slightest amount of dirt or

dust in the material in which the specimens are packed is fatal.

From one of Dr. Rush’s letters I take the liberty of quoting

some interesting notes regarding the habits of the species.

‘Tt is very easy to collect specimens of this species, but very

difficult to send them any considerable distance and have them

live. If kept too moist they suffocate, and if allowed too much

air they dry up. I have had five-inch specimens die in twenty

minutes in strong sunlight. To keep specimens alive, place

them on the under side of an old piece of bark on the basement

floor, making certain that they are absolutely in the dark.

Feed them with any fungi and they will live for months. Cur-

iously the large specimens of this species are not found in damp

places in northern Ohio. They are found here in high, dry,

hard-maple and beech forests, on stumps and logs which have

not decayed much, in pockets under the bark. They feed at

night and go back to th? same nest every morning. Very

rarely one will find them feeding on the under side of fungi in

daylignt. It will interest you to know that nine of the speci-

mens I am sending came from a crack in a log, seven inches

long by two inches wide, and I left seven behind. They were

packed in like sardines.’’

Philomycus rushi, sp. nov.

In alcohol, mantle smooth, drab gray above (Ridgway,

Color Standards and Nomenclature, pl. 46, 1912), lighter on

the sides, eye peduncles dark gray, eye spots black, tentacles,

situated beneath and very slightly outside the eye peduncles,

short, gray. Body terminating posteriorly in a sharp point.

Foot narrow, half the width of the body, cream-white below,

excepting at the anterior end, where it is dark red, fading at

the posterior end. The separation of the foot from the body

well defined. The body, showing at the sides between the foot

88 THE NAUTILUS.

and the mantle, only as a narrow ridge at the posterior end,

but broadening at the anterior, is also stained with red, darker

at the anterior end. Respiratory orifice, small, on the right

side, 2.5 mm. behind the anterior edge of the mantle, in the

center of the narrow mantle furrow which curves upward and

backward from the mantle edge. Total length 15 mm., width

3 mm.

Internal rudimentary shell large, similar to that of P. caro-

lintanus (Bosc), 6 mm. from the posterior extremity, and fast-

ened to that portion of the peritoneum directly above the

ovotestis. Approximately 2 mm. in diameter.

The jaw is similar to that of P. carolinianus in shape, and in

being but very slightly plicate.

The radula, fig. 4, consists of about 150 rows of teeth hav-

ing a formula of 38-1-38.

The one specimen received in sufficiently good condition to

examine the internal organs, was infested with two stages of

parasitic Trematoda. Twenty of these were found in the vicin-

ity of the lung, one beneath the shell, and one in the penis near

the retractor muscle. Therefore the reproductive organs in this

specimen may be in an abnormal condition, and on this ac-

count I refrain from figuring them. One of the most noticeable

differences is the complete absence of any glandular portion to

the cloaca, a‘large and constant character in P. carolinianus.

The ovotestis is nearly black, in sharp contrast to the light-col-

ored liver and other organs in the posterior portion of the

animal.

Type M. C. Z. 48220. Hudson, Ohio, collected by Dr. R.

C. Rush.

I have connected Dr. Rush’s name with this species as a

slight recognition of the care and perseverance he has exercised

for many years in studying the life history of the land shells of

Ohio.

Dr. Sterki (Proc. Ohio State Acad. Sci., 4, p. 377) describes

a closely related species as ‘‘ Philomycus sp. pennsylvanicus

Pils.?’’ Dr. Sterki’s species is similar to P. rushi in that it

possesses a ‘‘sole tinged with blood red’’ but differs in being

twice as large (30 mm. long), and in the jaw having ‘‘a num-

THE NAUTILUS. 89

ber of rib-like irregular ridges’’. P. pennsylvanicus Pils. (Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 22, 1894) is described as being

‘‘having the jaw strongly ribbed’’, a description which could

not be applied to P. rusht.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AS INDICATED BY LAND SHELLS OF THE

ISLAND OF OAHU.

BY J. J. GOUVEIA.'

Since the early part of 1913 the writer and his brother A,

Gouveia have been engaged in making a collection of Hawaiian

land shells, both ground and tree. We have accumulated spec-

imens of shells from nearly all valleys and ridges on the island

of Oahu. We have complete data as to the exact locality and

habits, so it can be seen that the writer has a good proof, from

his series, of Gulick’s theories of segregation or isolation. This

idea has been written and followed out by many other collectors

and students until it is well known in the scientific world. One

of the best examples of this is seen in Dr. Cooke’s paper on

Achatinella multizona.

DisTRIBUTION OF Achatinella cestus FROM Manos-PaLoLo RipGE

To WaILuPE-Niv Ripes.—Achatinella cestus (Newcomb) is found

mostly on lehua or one of its related plants having a rather

large dark green and glossy leaf, on Ieie, Opiko and Lantana,

and nearly always under leaves, with the exception of the

Wailupe-Niu locality where they are found mostly on Lantana

stems. They are nearly always found sealed. The only time

they are found extended is when they are disturbed by wind or

rain or accidentally brushed off, so they must be nocturnal as

Dr. Cooke surmises (1). |

They are very variable in color from white to very dark

brown. They are lighter on the western part of the range and

become darker towards the eastern part. The greater part of

these shells have a white border band (2). |

1 Contribution from the Gulick Natural History Club.

10) THE NAUTILUS.

The writer has specimens from five different localities. Four

of these localities are on ridges and the other in a valley. First

locality, Manoa-Palolo Ridge: Fossil specimens in collection as

catalogued, Cat. No. 487, four sinistral and No. 492 three sin-

istral, making a total of seven sinistral specimens.

Second locality, Palolo-Waialae Nui ridge: Fossil and living

specimens, Catalogue No. 61 nine dextral, No. 382 two dextral

and two dextral fossil specimens not catalogued. Total, eleven

dextral live specimens and two dextral fossil specimens.

Third locality, Waialae-Nui valley: Catalogue No. 38 seven

dextral specimens, No. 383 one dextral specimen, No. 89 seven

dextral specimens. Total, fifteen dextral specimens.

Fourth locality, Waialae Iki-Wailupe ridge: Catalogue No.

28, fifty-two sinistral specimens.

Fifth locality, Wailupe-Niu ridge: Catalogue No. 14, two

hundred and twenty-two sinistral specimens.

Summary.

Fossil. Live.

Dextral. Sinistral. Dextral. Sinistral.

ist locality . . -~ 7 —

2nd.“ : 2 — if —

ore preety — — 1 —

Athi ete — — 52 ae

Sf a a aati — — — 27.2

Totala,2.. < % 2 a 78 222

Thus it can be seen from the above given data the specimens

increase in number from west to east, the first ridge having no

live specimens and the last having the most. What does this

signify? Does not this signify that since Diamond Head and

Punchbowl came into eruption, climatic conditions have

changed which resulted in the elimination of cestus from the

neighborhood of the two now extinct volcanoes ?

Now, in relation to the fossils found on location one, this is

the nearest locality to Diamond Head; the second locality a

little further away; the third still further; and the fourth and

THE NAUTILUS. 91

fifth, the furthest of all, say about seven miles comparing with

about two and one-half miles, locality one.

The foasils were found lower than the live specimens on the

ridges, and as we go east the live specimens are found higher

up on the ridges or further away from the lower limits as indi-

cated by the fossils.

Me) | PAST ENR OOF THE |

/SLA BRQF OKH UV

oH) Ay)

ei arn PE .

Tak WGA ys, y aT

4 faa \ PIT Ee “Arya ] ‘

SS ZS \ IN® PANG? . ; Liar

ULES S A Ge a eS 8 ie

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‘\ isi 5 = > A\ N Sd a4 y

Seah WS GRE PER GR SS AE fo

Ne AAS AMES AS FB ie

Me ee Ne INA Lf

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. J \

S RSS De 100

Sia a fo Joy il >

Fo, ne

In 1916 while the Honolulu Water Works were digging a

ditch for a pipe line, fossils of Achatinella montaguei and buddi

were found by A. Gouveia buried about four feet deep in Manoa

valley near Manoa tennis court. The montaguet is now extinct

and the duddi nearly so in other localities. They are however

extinct in the above given locality. These shells thrived very

low once, and owing to the climatic changes the forest has dis-

appeared, thus explaining the present distribution.

The strongest evidence yet is indicated by fossil ground shells,

catalogue numbers 932 to 942 inclusive, Leptachatina oryza and

a few other unnamed varieties which were collected on the

western slope of Diamond Head, also catalogue Nos. 859 to

869 inclusive. Amastra transversalis also Endodonta and Lepta-

chatina, Nos. 972 to 975 inclusive, collected on the town side of

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Punchbowl. These shells are frequent in occurrence and now

extinct. Dr. C. H. Hitchcock gives a very good account of the

geological occurrence or position of these shells on Diamond

Head and Punchbowl (8).

We have also collected Amastra fossils from Kahuku, Moku-

leia and Kwaihapai.

The cause of recent disappearance is the destruction of the

forest, collecting by people, and ravages of cattle and goats.

An example of this is found on Olomana where Dr. Gulick col-

lected in or about 1850. In the fifties this peak was covered

with forest which has disappeared. Achatinella phxozona was

found on Olomana where it is not now found owing to the dis-

appearance of the forest.

Papers referred to.

1. Cooke, C. Montague.—Distribution and Variation of Acha-

tinella multizonata from Nuuanu Valley. Occasional Papers,

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Vol. II, No. 1-5, pp. 65-76.

2. Thwing, E. W.—Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi

Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History,

Vol. III, No. 1, 1907, pp. 18. Original Descriptions of Acha-

tvnella.

3. Hitchcock, C. H., and Dall, W. H.—Geology of Oahu,

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Vol. II, pp. 15

to 60, February, 1900. Notes of Fossil Land Shells on pp.

54-55.

A NEW CYPRAEA FROM HAWAII.

BY J. M. OSTERGAARD.!

CYPRAEA PACIFICA, n. sp. Plate 2, lower five figs.

Whitish to cream color, richly ornamented with chestnut-

brown spots, evenly sprinkled over the dorsal surface; base,

aperture and teeth, white; resembles C. cernica Sowb. in form,

having in common with that species elevated and pitted mar-

1 Contribution from the Gulick Nat, Hist. Club.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

gins, though less pronounced; teeth small and delicately cut,

not confined to aperture, all extending evenly over a narrow

zone of the base.

The largest and the smallest of five specimens, dredged from

Honolulu harbor channel in 1915, measure in length 20 and

14 mm. respectively. The shells were all dead, but in a good

state of preservation.

Type, one specimen in the author’s collection.

REVIEW OF THE THYSANOPHORA PLAGIOPTYCHA GROUP.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In the course of identifying specimens of this group from

Mexico and Panama it became necessary to examine all of the

material in the collection of the Academy, some 46 lots of from

one to several hundred specimens each. As some synonymy is

involved, it may be well to put the results on record.

Fig. 1. Thysanophora fuscula (C. B. Ad.), Jamaica. Fig. 2,

T. plagioptycha (Shuttl.), Humacao, Porto Rico. Fig. 3, T.

plagioptycha, Fikahatchee Key, Florida. Fig. 4, T. cecoides

(Tate), Panama City.

These forms were'considered to belong to the genus Acanth-

inula by Strebel and some other authors. The sculpture, how-

ever, is only superficially like that genus, but exactly like such

94 THE NAUTILUS.

typical Thysanophoras as T. conspurcatella and horniit. There

are also species intermediate in shape, such as T. fuscula and

T. intonsa, leading from the depressed to the conic forms. It

would be easy to tell absolutely where these snails belong if

specimens containing the animal were available.

Though not strictly germane to the subject of this paper, it

may be mentioned that Trichodiscina crinita Fulton, Proc.

Malac. Soc., London, XII, 240, from Colombia, is a species of

Thysanophora. Some allied forms are known from Venezuela

as well as from Mexico. It has about the shape of T. conspurea-

tella or hornut. The latter, when perfectly preserved, also has

hairs.

THYSANOPHORA FuscuLA (C. B. Adams). Fig. 1.

Helix fuscula C. B. Ad., Contrib. to Conch. no. 2, 1849, p. 35.

Thysanophora fischeri Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. 8. Phila. 1903, p.

768, pl. 49, fig. 6, 6a.

This Jamaican species has a wider umbilicus than others of

the group, contained about 6.4 times in the diameter of shell.

The figures are from a specimen from Adams, measuring: Alt. |

2.15, diam. 2.55 mm., umbilicus 0.4 mm.

The sculpture of rather coarse growth wrinkles and minute,

oblique, retractive cuticular threads, does not differ materially —

from that of 7. plagioptycha.

I can see no material difference between the Jamaican shells

and those taken near Victoria, Tamaulipas by S. N. Rhoads,

and in the region of Tampico by A. A. Hinkley, and which I

described as T. fischeri. In these the umbilicus is contained

about 7 times in the diameter. When describing this form I

did not think to compare with the Jamaican snail. Like some

other minute species of the region, it will probably be found to

be more widely spread than now known.

THYSANOPHORA PLAGIOPTYCHA (Shuttleworth). Fig. 2.

Helix plagioptycha Shuttl., Mittheil. der Naturforschenden

Gesellschaft in Bern, 1854, p. 37 (Porto Rico and Viéque).

Helix ierensis Guppy, Proc. Scient. Asso. Trinidad, 1869, p.

242; Amer. Journ. of Conch. VI, 1871, p. 307, pl. 17, fig. 4.

Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. VII, p. 549.

THE NAUTILUS, 95

A specimen from Humacao, Porto Rico, which may be taken

as type locality, is figured. It scarcely shows growth striae, but

the oblique cuticular threads are very well developed, extend-

ing upon the base. The umbilicus is contained between 10 and

11 times in the diameter. Alt. 2.25, diam. 2.5 mm., umbil-

icus 0.23 mm.; 44 whorls.

The specimens from Florida (fig. 3, Fikahatchee Key) are

often larger, diam. 3 to 3.2 mm., with the umbilicus slightly

larger, 74 to 8 times in the diameter. The sculpture is rarely

so perfectly developed (or preserved) as in the Porto Rico

shells. It is a common species on the keys and in some places

on the mainland, as at Miami and Osprey.

A single small example from Brownsville, Texas, has the

umbilicus remarkably small, contained about 14 times in the

diameter. It is more depressed than T. cexcoides. It may rep-

resent a distinct race, but further material is needed.

Guppy has recorded the species (as Helix ierensis) from Trin-

idad. Specimens are at hand from St. Lucia (Tate), Cariaco,

Venezuela (F. R. Cocking) and the U.S. of Colombia (R. Swift

coll.). Atl of these are rather openly umbilicate, like the most

widely umbilicate Florida shells, but not as open as JT.

fuscula.

The late Mr. E. A. Smith, in his excellent paper on Trinidad

shells (Journ. of Conch. VIII, p. 239), considered plagioptycha

and ierensis synonyms of fuscula Ad., but while the difference

is not great, I have been unable to trace a real transition in the

size of the umbilicus, and for the present it seems best to recog-

nize the distinction. I have seen but three Jamaican speci-

mens, however.

THYSANOPHORA CHCOIDES (Tate). Fig. 4.

mad cxcoides Tate, Amer. Journ. of Conch. V, p. 153, Feb.,

1870

Helix guatemalensis Crosse et Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl. XX,

Pee tors: XX) p.. 274, pl. 9, fig. = 1873; Miss. Sci. Mex.,

Moll., TL, p- "664, pl. i, figs. 9-95 (Guatemala, Sarg. ).

Acanthinula granum Strebel, Beitrag Mex. IV, 1880, p. 31,

pl. 4, f. 18 (Plantage Mirador).

Yucatan: Progreso (Heilprin Exped. 1890). Guatemala:

96 THE NAUTILUS.

Quirigua (W. P. Cockerell, 1912). Nicaragua: Chontales

forest, in moss on trees (Tate, type of H. cecoides). Rep. de

Panama: Boco del Toro (Tate, in A. N.S. P.); City of Panama

(James Zetek ).

This species differs very little from 7. plagioptycha or fuscula

in size, general shape and sculpture, but is readily distinguished

by the very small, partly covered umbilical perforation. The

umbilicus, while small, is much larger in the other species. _

Part of the type lot of 7. cecoides is in the collection of the

Academy, No. 12159, received from Prof. Tate. The original

figures of H. guatemalensis are hardly recognizable, but those in

the Mexican monograph are fairly good. I am not quite sure

that the Kast Mexican Acanthinula granum Strebel (1880) be-

longs to this species, but the photographic figure shows only a

very small umbilicus as in cecoides. This may be taken up

when topotypes are available.

The locality records are all for specimens in the collection of

the Academy. Specimens from Costa Rica are still wanting.

LAND SHELLS OF MAINE.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

While botanizing in Maine in 1916 Mr. Bayard Long col-

lected leaf mould containing land shells at numerous localities.

A list of these stations with brief statement of the conditions

and the dates is given below, the locality being condensed to a

single word in the following list of species.

While most of the species have been known from Maine, it is

hoped that the list will have interest to those who may study

the details of distribution in the State.

York Co.—In moist woods bordering the salt marsh at

Kittery, viii, 11; in moist woods at York, viii, 9; at the edge of

a spring rill on the border of the salt marsh at Wells, viii, 8; in

moist thickets along a small stream at Limington, viii, 29.

Cumberland Co.—In a moist wooded gulley near Steep Falls

in Baldwin, viii, 28; around Sand Pond, Baldwin, viii, 30;

Douglas Hill ; in Sebago, viii, 30.

THE NAUTILUS. 97

Sagadahoc Co.—Back River Creek, Woolwich, ix, 15; near a

marsh at Bowdoinham, ix, 9 and ix, 14.

Hancock Co.—In a deciduous woods near Green Pond, viii,

18.

Kennebec Co.—On wooded terraces along Kennebec River at

Sidney, viii, 18.

Somerset Co.—On wooded terraces along Kennebec River at

Fairfield, vii, 24.

Piscataquis Co.—Under logs and boards along the Piscataquis

River at Abbott, viii, 15.

Penobscot Co.—On the wooded gravel terrace along Souadab-

scook Stream at Hampden, ix, 8 and ix, 11; from the wocded

rocky ledge along the Penobscot River near Hampden Corner

in Hampden, ix, 8; near the Penobscot River at Veazie, viii, 4;

Orono, vill, 38 and viii, 24; in alluvial woods along the Penob-

scot River at Old Town, vii, 27; Otter Chain Pond at Milford,

vill, 25; in moist river shore thickets at Winn, viii, 10.

Aroostook Co.—In rich woods near Maduxnekeag River at

Monticello, vii, 12; in rich woods at Houlton, viii, 13, 1916.

Polygyra fraterna cava P. & V. Sebago, Sidney, Fairfield,

Hampden, and Hampden Corner.

Strobilops labyrinthica Say. Kittery, Green Pond, Sidney,

Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden, Winn, and Monticello.

Strobilops affinis Pils. Sebago.

Gastrocopta pentodon Say. Sidney, Abbott, Hampden Corner,

and Winn.

Gastrocopta pentodon tappaniana Ad. Old Town.

Vertigo ventricosa Morse. Kittery, Green Pond, Fairfield,

Orono, and Winn.

Vallonia excentrica St. Kittery and Orono.

Acanthinula harpa Say. Fairfield.

Columella edentula Drap. Sidney and Monticello.

Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. Bowdoinham, Sidney, Abbott, Fair-

field, Hampden, Hampden Corner, and Orono.

Circinaria concava Say. Bowdoinham, Sidney, and Fairfield.

Vitrina impida Gld. Kittery, Old Town, and Winn.

Polktta hammonis Strom. York, Limington, Bowdoinham,

Green Pond, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden, Orono, Old

Town, Winn, and Monticello.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Polita binneyana Morse. Sebago, Sidney, Abbott, and

Hampden.

Polita indentata Say. York, Green Pond, and Fairfield.

Paravitrea lamellidens Pils. Green Pond, Sidney, and

Abbott.

Euconulus chersinus Say. Abbott.

Euconulus fuluus Mull. Sebago, Bowdoinham, Hampden

Corner, and Winn.

Zonitordes arborea Say. Kittery, Sebago, Bowdoinham, Green

Pond, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden Corner, Orono, and

Monticello.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn. Sidney.

Striatura ferrea Mrse. York, Steep Falls, Green Pond, Sid-

ney, and Houlton.

Striatura exigua Stm. Steep Falls, Sebago, Green Pond,

Fairfield, Abbott, Old Town, Winn, Milford, and Monticello.

Striatura milium Mrse. York, Baldwin, Green Pond, Sidney,

Abbott, Hampden, Old Town, and Winn.

Agriolimax campestris Binn. Orono.

Agriolimax agrestis L. Orono.

Arion circumscriptus Jhn. Orono.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Sidney, Fairfield, Hampden, and

Hampden Corners.

Pyramidula c. anthonyt Pils. Kittery, Sidney, Fairfield,

Abbott, Hampden, Orono, and Winn.

Pyramidula c. catskillensis Pils. York, Limington, Sebago,

Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden Corner, Winn, and Monticello.

Pyramidula (Planogyra) asteriscus Mrse. Winn.

Helicodiscus parallelus Say. York, Steep Falls, Green Pond,

Sidney, Abbott, Fairfield, Hampden Corner, Orono, Oid Town,

Milford, and Monticello.

Punctum pygmaeum Drap. York, Green Pond, Sidney, Fair-

field, Abbott, Hampden Corner, and Winn.

Succinea retusa Lea. Bowdoinham and Fairfield.

Succinea ovalis Say. Kittery, Limington, Woolwich, Bow-

doinham, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden, Hampden

Corner, Veazie, Orono, Old Town, Milford, Winn, and Monti-

cello. |

THE NAUTILUS. 99

Succinea avara Say. Limington, Bowdoinham, and Veazie.

Succinea aurea Lea. Wells.

Carychium exile canadense Cl. Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, and

Monticello.

Carychium exiguum Say. Bowdoinham, Old Town, and Winn.

ANCYLUS OBSCURUS HALDEMAN AND SPECIES REFERRED TO IT.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The available information down to 1903 in regard to Halde-

man’s species was summarized in my paper in the NAUvrTILUs,

XVII, p. 25. The re-discovery of A. obscurus by Goodrich in

1913 (Naut., XXVII, p. 92) in the South Fork of the Powell

River at Big Stone Gap, Wise Co., Va., has enabled the specific

standing of that species to be definitely determined and given

a basis for comparison with other forms that have been referred

to it.

Through the courtesy of Miss Crystal Thompson, the Curator

of the Amherst College Museum, I have been able to examine

all of the Ancylide in the C. B. Adams collection. This

material with some other in my own collection obtained from

different sources has enabled me to come to conclusions, more

or less definite, in regard to the recorded citations of Halde-

man’s species in Florida and the West Indias.

The doubt expressed by Bourguignat, Tryon and Clessin as

to the correctness of the West-Indian citations proves to be

fully justified.

In the Adams collection are two lots labeled ‘‘ A. obscurus ?

Hald.’’ These contain three very distinct species, none of

which is obscurus. They will be considered separately.

One of these, however, is identical with a set in my own col-

lection received as ‘‘ A. obscurus’’ trom Sowerby and Fulton

and these again are the same as a set in the MacAndrew collec-

tion labeled ‘* A. chittyi Ads.’’ from Guadeloupe. The original

100 : THE NAUTILUS.

label is with these specimens, but I have not been able to

identify the handwriting. It is quite possible that they came

from Marie as MacAndrew had considerable material from the

Marie collection. These shells do not at all agree with Adams’

description of chittyi nor with the figure of that species given by

Bourguignat in the J. de Con., IV, 1853, p. 172, pl. VI, fig.

10. Unfortunately Bourguignat does not state whether his

figure was drawn from the unique type in the Chitty collection

or not. It seems possible that the citation of obscurus from

Guadeloupe by Fischer in 1853, which Mazé in 1883 states had

not been verified to his knowledge, may have been based on

similar specimens. Curiously enough, however, I hayea speci-

men of this same species received from Geret of Paris as from

the Crosse collection, which has no specific name attached

whatever.

The citation of A. obscurus from St. Thomas rests entirely

upon Shuttleworth’s citation in his ‘‘ Catalogue of the Terres-

trial and Fluviatile Shells of St. Thomas’’ (Ann. Lye. Nat.

Hist., N. Y., VI, 1854, p. 72) and repeated in his paper on

‘‘The Land and Fresh-water Shells of Porto Rico’? (Diag.

Neuer Moll., No. 6, 1854, p. 99). Shuttleworth expressly states

that he relied on Adams’ identification for the name. In the

Adams collection is an unidentified set of a small Ancylus from

St. Thomas received from Bland and, no doubt, collected by

him on his visit to that island in 1852, which is entirely differ-

ent from Haldeman’s species. Bland in his notes to Shuttle-

worth’s paper (1. c. p. 68) states that he had sent to Shuttle-

worth specimens of all the species that he had collected on St.

Thomas and, though it is possible that Shuttleworth’s speci-

mens were received from his own collector, Blauner, it is prob-

able, especially as he relied on Adams’ identification, that were

received from Bland and, if so, were, no doubt, part of the same

lot in the Adams collection.

As suspected at the time and intimated in my paper (1. c. 26)

the Floridan species referred to obscurus by Dall is quite differ-

ent also.

I have not been able to obtain any additional information in

regard to the species from Porto Rico referred to obscurus by

THE NAUTILUS. 101

Shuttleworth (1. c. p. 98). But it is very improbable that it

is really Haldeman’s species.

All this leads to the very definite conclusion that A. obsewrus

Hald. is restricted to the head-waters of the Tennessee system

in Virginia and Tennessee and does not occur in Florida or the

West Indies.

Clessin (Con. Cab., Ancylus, p. 14) designated A. obscurus as

the type of his group, Haldemania. As both the genuine ob-

scurus and the species that he took for it are Lavapices it is

immaterial which should be considered to be his type. Halde-

mania having been preoceupied by Tryon (1862), Clessin’s

name can not be used and must fall into the synonymy of

Levapex.

aya iis

FERRIssIA (LA#VAPEX) oBscURA (Hald.).*

Ancylus obscurus Haldeman, Mon., 1844, p. 9, pl. I, fig. 5;

W. G. Binney, L. and F.-W. Shells, Pt. II, 1865, p. 139, fig.

232.

Haideman’s unique type came from the Nolachucky River,

below Greeneville, Tenn. It measured: Length 5, width 3.5,

alt. 1.5mm. I have before me three specimens (Coll. Walker,

No. 36292) collected by Goodrich in the South Fork of the

Powell River at Big Stone Gap, Wise Co., Va. They measure

respectively: Length 6.5, width 5, alt. 2.5 mm.; length 6.3,

width 4.5, alt. 2 mm.; length 5.3, width 4, alt. 1.5 mm.

It will be noticed that the dimensions of the smallest speci-

men agree quite exactly with those of Haldeman’s type. It

also agrees in other particulars with his description and I have

no doubt but that it is the same species. If so, the type was

not fully matured and the largest specimen given above and to

be figured hereafter represents the fully matured form. As

shown by the figures it is an obovate shell, broadly rounded

anteriorly and regularly, though more narrowly, rounded pos-

teriorly, the lateral margins being about equally curved; the

* The species will be figured in connection with the concluding part of this

paper.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

anterior slope is nearly straight; the posterior slope slightly

concave; the left lateral slope nearly straight or only slightly

convex and the right lateral slope concave; the apex is obtuse,

smooth except for concentric wrinkles, situated nearly on the

nedian line, slightly turned toward the right and at about one-

third of the length; the lines of growth are tine, but distinct

and regular, the surface is somewhat obsoletely wrinkled to-

wards the margins, but there are no indications of radial strie;

the color is a yellowish horn-color, slightly tinged with green.

rompared with Ff. diaphana (Hald.) and F. kirklandi (Walk. )

to which it is most nearly related, it is less circular in outline,

the apex is more prominent, the lateral and posterior slopes are

unlike and the color is different from the former, and it is less

elongated and has the apex more obtuse and less excentric than

the latter.

So far as appears from the small series examined, it would

seem to be clearly entitled to specific distinction.

IIT.

FEeRRIssiA (LAVAPEX) DALLI, Nn. sp.

? Ancylus obscurus Clessin, Con. Cab., Ancylus, 1882, p. 19,

pl. VI, fig. 4.

Ancycus obscurus ? Walker, Naur., XIII, 1903, p. 26, pl. I,

figs. 16-18.

Type locality, Lake Helena, Volusia Co., Fla.

Type No. 25521 Coll. Walker. Cotypes in the collection of

A. A. Hinkley.

Tne doubt expressed in my paper of 1903 (1. c.) as to the

identity of the Floridan species referred to obscurus Hald. by

Dall proves to have been well taken. As shown by a compari-

son of the description and figures given in 1903 as cited above

and those of the genuine obscurus herein, the Floridan species

is entirely different and is more closely related to F. peninsulz

(P. and J.) than it is to obscurus.

I have already (1. c.) called attention to the resemblance of

the shell described and figured by Clessin as A. obscurus to this

form. He gives no information as to the history of the speci-

THE NAUTILUS. 108

men figured, but it is so different from the genuine obscurus,

that I have but little hesitancy in referring it to this species.

As the Floridan form is a well-marked and distinct species,

it must be recognized and I take pleasure in associating with it

the name of Dr. Dall, who first called attention to its occur-

rence in Florida.

( To be continued. )

A NEW SPECIES OF MITRA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WM. HEALEY DALL.

MITRA ORCUTTI, new species.

Shell small, white, mottled with yellow brown, with five

whorls of which the white smooth blunt nucleus comprises one;

suture distinct, whorls moderately convex; spiral sculpture of

(between the sutures four, on the last whorl about a dozen)

strong rounded close-set cords closely undulated behind the

periphery by numerous low narrow axial riblets with about

equal interspaces; the cords in front of the periphery are not

undulated, but extend to the end of the canal; there are also

very fine axial striae in the interspaces; aperture narrow, simple,

the pillar with two plaits, the canal hardly differentiated.

Height of shell 5.6; of last whorl 2.6; diameter 2.7 mm. U.S.

N. Mus. Cat. No. 334567. La Jolla, near San Diego, Cal.;

C. R. Orcutt.

CHANGES IN WESTERN MOLLUSCAN FAUNAS.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

In 1889 Professor T. D. A. Cockerell (Jour. Conch., VI, 61)

reported the following species as obtained by Mr. Charles T.

Simpson in Lodgepole Creek, Northeastern Colorado:

Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea).

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes).

Lampsilis luteola (Lam. ).

Anodonta grandis gigantea Lea.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Except the Anodonta these species have not yet been recorded

anywhere else in Colorado, though we have in the University of

Colorado Museum unreported specimens of the Anodontoides

from Julesburg, Denver and Boulder. Possibly Lampsilis no

longer lives in the State. In 1912, in company with Dr. Max

M. Ellis, I visited Lodgepole Creek and searched the stream

from the northern state boundary to its junction with South

Platte River. We found no Unionidae except some dead shells

of Anodontoides. Perhaps that species was still living in a deep

pool a few rods south of the state boundary, though in seining

it for fishes we found none. A rancher near by told us there

were ‘‘clams’’ in the pool. The rest of the stream was shallow

and so narrow one could step or jump over it in most places.

Probably later in the summer of dry, hot seasons, when the

natural flow was diminished and the demand {for irrigation

water is great, it may entirely dry up in its lower course. I

wrote to Mr. Simpson, calling his attention to present condi-

tions and the evident disappearance of the Lampsilis, and ask-

ing what the conditions were when he was there. He replied

that as he recalled it the creek was then from 6 to 10 feet wide,

but that the taking of water from the South Platte for irrigation

had caused the river to go dry at Julesburg during his three |

years residence, and suggesting that the same thing had likely

since happened in the creek. This seems exceedingly probable.

Mr. Simpson also added: ‘‘The Unio anodontoides is probably

Lampsilis fallaciosus, not then recognized.’’ My intention in

1912 was to publish an account of our experience, but it was

side-tracked and finally passed out of mind. It has recently

been brought forward by finding in the report of the Fremont

Expedition, 1845, p. 25, the statement that on July 6, 1842,

Lodgepole Creek was a ‘‘clear, handsome stream’’ (hence at

low water stage), with a ‘‘uniform breadth of twenty-two feet

and six inches in depth.’’ This confirms the supposed dimin-

ution of water in the stream in recent times.

In 1906 the bed of the lower portion of Crow Creek, east and

northeast of Greeley, Colorado, was dry, except just after storms,

the water percolating through the deep sand in the channel, a

characteristic of many western streams. Up stream, just above

THE NAUTILUS. 105

where the water disappeared, was a series of clear, rather deep

pools, called *‘ water holes,’’ connected by a tiny, clear rivulet.

In one of these pools was collected that year the type lot of

Sphaeriwm hendersoni Sterki. Then came the ‘‘boom’’ in dry

lands in Eastern Colorado. Scores of small tracts of prairie

sod, many of them on steep slopes, were broken by the settler’s

plow. The dry soil, no longer held together by the sod, was

carried into the valley by summer storms, filling many of the

pools and depositing a thick coat of mud over the whole stream

bed. In June, 1912, I revisited the locality, and found no

clear water at all, and not a single mollusk of any species. The

sluggish stream carried a heavy load of silt so fine it would not

settle. Probably the Sphaerium is extinct at the type locality.

It is likely that innumerable changes in the faunas of the

West are occurring as a result of the settlement of the country

and consequent changes in environment. This is known to be

true of birds and mammals. For this reason it is desirable that

biological work in this vast region be pushed as rapidly as pos-

sible, to provide data for future estimates of biological changes.

NOTES.

Hopeson Cotiection. I have just secured the collection of

the late Chas. S. Hodgson, containing some 2500 to 3000

species, a few fossils and books. Besides his work in Illinois

he did considerable collecting in other places and added to the

collection by exchange and purchase.— A. A. HINKLEY.

Dr. G. Dattas Hanna, who for eight years has been an

assistant in the United States Bureau of Fisheries, has been ap-

pointed curator of invertebrate paleontology in the California

Academy of Sciences. Dr. Hanna has for seven seasons been

engaged in scientific work on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, hav-

ing taken the census of the fur seal herd for five consecutive

years. He brings to the museum of the Academy his collection

of mollusks which numbers about 100,000 specimens.

FLUKE In Puitomycus. It may be of interest to the readers

106. THE NAUTILUS.

of the Naurixus to record the fluke found in Philomycus caro-

linianus collected at Munsonville, N. H., July 7, 1919. So

little is known regarding this interesting and important micro-

scopic animal and its destructive nature to sheep, cows and even

man, I think it is well worth recording. As far as I know this

is the first instance of the fluke being found in Philomycus.

The life history of the fluke is so meagre it is impossible for me

to determine the species, but the accompanying enlarged figures

will give an idea of their appearance. They were transparent

and without pigment spots.—J. H. Buakg.

Figs. 1, 2 fom life; fig. 3 camera drawing, under cover glass.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

DescrIPTIONS oF New Species oF MoLiusca FROM THE NoRTH

PaciFIc OCEAN IN THE, COLLECTION OF THE UNITED STATES

NationaL Museum. By William H. Dall (Proc. U.S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 56, pp. 293-371, 1919). In this paper 222 new

forms are described. The standing of the genus Neptunea Bol-.

ten, is discussed, the name restricted to the boreal Trophons and

Sars’ Borcotrophon relegated to the synonymy.

New SPEcIEs OF AMNICOLA FROM GUATEMALA. By Bryant

Walker (Univ. Mich., Occasional Papers, Mus. Zool., No. 73,

Sept. 30, 1919). Four new species are described and figured.

They were collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley.

Notes oN NortH AMERICAN NatapEs II. By Bryant Walker

(Univ. Mich., Occasional Papers, Mus. Zool., No. 74, Sept.

30, 1919). The Unio tenerus Ravenel, and the Lampsilis modio-

liformis Lea, are both thoroughly reviewed and figured.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

ONCHIDIUM AND THE QUESTION OF ADAPTIVE COLORATION. By

W. J. Crozier and L. B. Arey (Amer. Nat., vol. 58, pp. 415-

430, Sept.-Oct., 1919).

FAUNA OF THE CHILKA LAKE, MoLLusca, GASTEROPODA AND

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA by N. Annandale and 8. Kemp. An-

ATOMY OF SoLEN? FonEsr by E. Ghosh. NupiBrancHrata by

Sir Charles Eliot (Mem. India Mus., vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 3827-

3879, pls. 14-16). The occurrence of Ostrea virginica in the

warm waters of India seem very remarkable or problematic.

THE INDIAN VARIETIES AND RAcEs OF THE GENUS TURBINELLA.

By J. Hornell, with NoTE on THE GEOLOGICAL History oF TuR-

BINELLA IN InpIA. By H. Vredenburg (Memoirs Indian

Museum, vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 109-125, pls. 10-12). An exhaus-

tive study of the variation of the Chank shell ( Turbinella pyrum

Linn.). Four new varieties are recognized, obtusa, acuta, glo-

bosa and comoriensis. The author’s ideas of the rule of priority

seem somewhat vague as he makes rapa Gmelin » form of his

new var. obtusa.

FRESH-WATER MussELS AND MusseL INDUSTRIES OF THE

Unitep States. By Robert EK. Coker (Bull. Bureau of Fish-

eries, Oct., 1919, vol. 36, pp. 13-89, pls. 1-46 and map). A

most interesting account of a great industry. Part I, describes

and figures the species of economic value, about 41 in number.

Part 2, the value and extent of the fishery, apparatus, methods,

etc. Part 3, the manufacture of pearl buttons, with numerous

illustrations. —C. W. J.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MaALacoLoGicAL Socrery oF LOoNpoNn,

Vom tae 15.5 AND 6, Oct., 1919.

Description of two new species and a new sub-genus of land shells

from China. By G. K. Gude, pp. 118, 119. A new Trocho-

morpha (T. lancasteri) and a new sub-genus and species of Cath-

aica, C. ( Trichocathaica) lyonsae, are described and figured.

Notes on Hygromia limbata (Drap.). By Hugh Watson, pp.

120-132, pls. 2 and 8. A full description of its anatomy, etc.

On Helix revelata Britt. Anctt. (non Férussac, nec Michaud),

and the Validity of Bellamy’s name of Helix subvirescens in liew of

at for the British Mollusc. By A. S. Kennard and B. B. Wood-

ward, pp. 133-136.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

On the generic names for two British Ellobiidae [olim Auricu-

lidae]. Myosotis, Draparnaud, (= denticulatus Montagu) and

bidentatus, Montagu. By A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward,

pp. 186-139.

. Forbes’s notes in his copy of S. Lovén’s Index Molluscorum

Scandinaviae occidentalia habitantiwm. By A. Reynell, pp. 140-

141.

On Opeas strigile (M. & P.) and its allies. By M. Connolly,

pp. 142-144, 4 figs.

Addendum to remarks on the recent species of Morwm, Bolten.

By J. C. Melvill, p. 145.

Notes on the non-marine Mollusca observed in East Ross and the

Orkney and Shetland Islands. By K. H. Jones and A. 8S. Ken-

nard, pp. 146-152.

Description of Ampullaria mermodi, n. sp. By G. B. Sowerby,

pp. 152-153, with fig.

On Ammonites navicularis Mantell. By the late G. C. Crick,

pp. 154-160, pl. 4.

On a Sandstone cast of Aturia aturi (Basterot), from the mrocene

of Western Australia. By R. B. Newton, pp. 160-167, pls. 5, 6.

The Mollusca of Marsascirocco Harbor, Malta. By G. Despott,

pp. 168-183, with map.

THE JOURNAL oF ConcHoLoey, VoL. 16, No. 2, Auaust, 1919.

Brachypodella oropouchensts, nov. sp. from Trinidad, Wok, By

Geo. C. Spence, pp. 42-43, pl. 1.

Tropidophora standeni, nov. sp. from Madagascar. By Geo. C.

Spence, p. 45, pl. 1.

Field Notes on Helicodonta obvoluta Mull. By H. Beeston, pp.

44-50.

Spirula peront Lamarck in North Devon. By Alan Gardiner,

50.

; Occurrence of Hartmannia septemspiralis and H. patula in Eng-

land. By H. C. Huggins, pp. 51-52.

Genitalia of Azeca tridens and Cochlicopa lubrica. By A. E.

Boycott, pp. 58, 54, figs.

Parthenogenesis in Paludestrina jenkinsi. By A. E. Boycott,

p. 54.

Sinistral Limnaea pereger Miill. ane its progeny. By J. H.

Hargreaves, pp. 55-57.

Notes an Limnaea pereger m. sinistrorsun. By W. H. Hutton,

pp. 58, 59.

On a colony of Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. By S. 8. Pearce, p. 59.

Note on the reproduction of Obeliscus obeliscus. By Geo. C.

Spence, p. 67.

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THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXII

APRIL, 1920. No. 4.

THE NAVAJO NATION.

BY JAS, H. FERRISS.

Sixty miles west of the corner post of Arizona, New Mexico,

Colorado and Utah, the 1919 summer class in archeology,

Arizona University, encamped at the foot of Navajo Mountain.

Here is the greatest number of ancient cliff cities and villages

and the greatest of known natural bridges. In scenery, colors,

heroic size and architecture, it is Grand Canyon in character.

Navajo Mountain astraddle the Arizona-Utah line stands on the

south rim of the Grand Canyon, a short distance above Marble

Canyon and Lee’s Ferry.

In reality the region from the Mesa Verde National Park,

Colorado, on the east, to the Zion National Park, Virgin River,

Arizona, on the west, it is something of a wonder-spot of the

world, and all of it astonishing. The greater cliff ruins, Mesa

Verde, Keet Seel, Betatakin and many others as interesting; the

Monument Park, a plateau of natural pinnacles and steeples,

and the Chinle and Canyon de Chelly valleys are along the

eastern border. Then westward lie the painted deserts, petrified

forests, the Grand Canyon, the Kaibab forest, underground

lakes of Kanab, lava cones of Mount Trumbull, Hurricane

Fault, Grand Wash, canyons of Virgin River, plains of wild

horses and the largest Indian population in the United States

still living in the Indian way. Except to the explorers, arche-

ologists, geologists and mineralogists it is the great unknown of

_ America, and the farthest from a railway.

Dr. Byron Cummings, dean of archeology, Arizona Univer-

110 THE NAUTILUS.

sity, and his explorer-companion, John Wetherill, post-trader

and postmaster at Kayenta, Ariz., have explored and studied

conditions here at this eastern border for more than twenty

years, and by right of discovery (as in conchology) should

have their names attached to the greater number of ruins and

bridges, for they have been the first discoverers, scientifically.

Herbert E. Gregory* for the government has made a thorough

geologic survey of this eastern section covering the Navajo

nation, some 22,725 miles. Others before Gregory have written

and surveyed, but he is the latest and best authority. Col.

Roosevelt and his boys, Zane Grey, the Kolb Brothers and other

strenuous persons have visited the Rainbow Bridge but not over

150 white people all told have made the journey. ‘Thus to the

students in botany, archeology, conchology, entomology and

the reptile hunters, it is a field of great promise. The health

seeker and tourist will soon follow, and with profit.

The Indian population of the Navajo country as estimated in

1912 was 32,000, of which 30,016 were Navajo, 2,272 Hopis

(‘‘Moquoi’”’ is a Navajo nickname for the Hopis), and 200

Piutes and 521 white Indian agents, teachersand traders. North

of the San Juan River in Utah and Colorado adjoining is another

large reservation of Utes.

From a high elevation this country appears to be and it isa

plateau formation. The average elevation is about 5,500 feet

above the sea. The mountains rise above and the canyons fall

below this level. To the traveler negotiating the sand dunes,

diving into water-worn gulches, and sliding over the wind-swept

bed rocks, the plateau definition may seem a gross exaggeration.

However it isa plateau, 32 per cent. from 6,000 to 7,000 feet,

and 10 per cent. from 7,000 to 9,000 feet above sea level. The

water of the Colorado River is but 3,400 feet at this point, and

in a distance of eight miles to the peak of Navajo Mountain,

10,416 feet, a horizontal difference of 4,016 feet.

The mean annual rainfall at eight stations in and around the

1 Geology of the Navajo Country, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. By

Herbert E. Gregory, 1917, U. S. Professional Paper, 93. Also by the same

author, The San Juan Oil Field, Bul. 481.

THE NAUTILUS. 111

Nation runs from 5 to 13 inches, but the variation by months or

years shows a wide range, varying from one-half to twice the

average. Over one-third of the rainfall may be credited to July,

August and September ; about 12 per cent. to April, May and

June.

( To be continued)

ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF STATEN ISLAND, N. Y.

BY ARTHUR JACOT.

During the past summer I was enabled to continue a study

of the shells to be found along the southeast shore of Staten

Island working beyond the region reported upon in the January

(1919) number of ‘‘ THe Navriuvs.’’

A week was spent at Great Kills Bay and vicinity. This bay

was formed by asand-spit dropped by the lower New York Bay

waters as they struck the current of. the Kills which flow out at

this point. Though half a mile narrower than its width (one

mile), the bay is very shallow; the upper section, enclosed by

high grasses except at the base of the sand-spit, is but two feet

deep at low tide and covered with eel-grass, while the lower

section is lined on the land side with cottages, hotels, piers, etc.,

is free from eel-grass, averages six to seven feet deep at low tide

and is choked with launches and oyster boats. Throughout its

extent, the bottom is formed of a soft, sticky clay, which mixes

readily with the water. Due to this clay, the number of gaso-

line boats, and possibly the sewers near the entrance, the mol-

luscan fauna consists of the hardiest species only.

Although we diluted and strained clay for hours at a time at

the stations indicated, we found very few species. At one

locality, dug-up clay mixed with a little sand yielded shells

which from their leached-out appearance might be considered

fossil. These fossil shells were much more numerous than those

found above them on the surface. Barnea truncata, whose

valves I have found in abundance lying on the bottom of the

upper part of the bay a year and a half before, was not noticed.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Alectrion obsoleta was everywhere very abundant, the shell reach-

ing a length of an inch, and occasionally having the surface

largely eaten away. One was found with a prominent, biangu-

late carina just above the center of the body whorl so that it

appears immediately above the suture on the penultimate whorl,

becoming obsolete half way around that whorl. The other

shells found, not including the countless fragments, were:

Macoma balthica (Linné) few, mostly young.

Mya arenaria Linné few, mostly young,

Odostomia impressa (Say) few.

Odostomia trifida (Totten) fairly common.

Odostomia bisturalis (Say) few.

Crepidula fornicata Linné occasional.

Paludestrina minuta (Totten) rare.

Lacuna vincta fusca Gould one.

The fossil shells include:

Mya arenaria (Linné) few.

Crepidula fornicata Linné few.

Crepidula glauca convexa Say few.

Crepidula plana Say rare.

Bittium alternatum (Say) The only specimen found meas-

ures 7.25 mm. in length by 2.5mm. in width and has

eight closely crowded spiral bands on each of the last two

whorls.

Alectrion obsoleta (Say) abundant.

Alectrion trivittata (Say) few.

Urosalpinx cinerea (Say) occasional.

At the base of the sand-spit there is a small influx of sand

where the waters of the bay have been cutting across during

the last two or three years, and a new fauna is being introduced

consisting of:

Venus mercenaria Linné young.

Gemma gemma purpurea (H. C. Lea) abundant.

Mya arenaria (Linné) few.

Ensis directus (Conrad) few.

Crepidula fornicata Linné few.

Alectrion obsoleta (Say) occasional.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

Alectrion trivittata (Say) common.

Kupleura caudata (Say) few.

Urosalpinx cinerea (Say) occasional.

The sod-bank or Modiolus demissus association was to be

found on any clay or hard-mud bank exposed between tides.

This association consists principally of Modiolus demissus pli-

catulus packed tight one against the other or separated by

Mytilus edulis packed just as closely, over both of which crawl

Tatorina littorea and L. rudis. Modiolus demissus demiseus is found

very thinly scattered among the individuals of the northern

form. That the southern variety was once the predominant

form over this area is evident from the fact that the sod banks

on which plicatulus is now living contain the dead valves of the

southern form exclusively, in large numbers and buried toa

depth of 8 or 10 inches below the surface in company with Mya

arenarta. Ido not think the two forms interbreed.

Half a mile southeast of the bay where there is a stone jetty

running out into water four to five feet deep at low tide, the

rocks and bottom were searched but with very discouraging re-

sults. The water all along this section of the island is heavily

laden with fine mud from the red dirt characteristic of that part

of the island. This we believe to be the reason for the scarcity

of mollusca along the beaches southeastward. A shattered but

uneroded and still united pair of valves of Modiolus modiolus

(Linné) were found at Seaside Beach.

Our survey of the island showed the north and northeast

shore of the island to be rocky and built over by commercial

interests. From Fort Wadsworth to Prince’s Bay (the south-

east cost) there are sandy beaches interrupted by sod-banks.

As one progresses southeastward these beaches become more

and more rocky to Prince’s Bay, from which point and around

the southern end of the island the shore is characteristically

rocky. The remaining (western) coast line is lost in a maze of

salt marsh. Thus there are but two places along the southeast

coast of Staten Island where Mollusca are of special interest,

namely, the sand flats between South and Midland Beaches and

the complex about the base of the Great Kills Bay spit. The

southern end of the island was not studied.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

In connection with this work I have endeavored to learn what

work has already been done on the Mollusca of Staten Island,

The literature is as follows:

Wheatley, Charles M., Catalogue of the Shells of the United

States and their Localities, 12 pp., 1842 & 1845.

Kleven species are here listed as coming from 8. I., of which

Pertploma leanum, Pandora gouldiana, Lyonsia hyalina and Astarte

castanea are mentioned as fairly common or abundant. The

last one I have not as yet found on the island although it is

found on the Long Island ocean beaches in increasing abund-

ance with distance from the city.

DeKay, James E., Nat. Hist. of N. Y., Zodlogy of N. Y.,

Mollusca, 271 pp., 40 pls., 1848.

Pandora gouldiana, Pholas truncata, Odostomia trifida, Colum-

bella avara and C. lunata are recorded from the island on the

authority of Wheatley.

Hubbard, Eber’ Ward & Smith, Sanderson, Catalogue of the

Mollusca of Staten Island, Annals of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist.

of N. Y., vol. 7, pp. 151-154, 1865.

This paper is revised in:

Smith, 8., Catalogue of the Mollusca of S. I., Nat. Sci. Ass.

of S. L., Proc., vol. 1, p. 35, 1886 and p. 50, 1887.

Of the 78 species listed, Solemya velum, Yoldia limatula, Nucula

proxima, Venericardia borealis, Rochefortia planulata, Cardiwm

morton, Cumingia tellinoides, Siliqua costata, Zirfaea crispata,

Epitonium lineata, E. humphreysu, Triphoris perversa nigrocincta,

Cerithiopsis greenti, Bittiwm alternatwm, Columbella avara, Man-

gilia cerina (M. plicata not mentioned), and Acteon punctostriata

are the rarer species listed. Anomia aculeata, Pholas costata,

Martesia smith, Litorina irrorata, Natica pusilla, Alectrion vibes:

and Haminea solitaria are of special rarity. Ido not know of

their having been again reported from the vicinity of the city.

Astarte castanea is included on authority of Wheatley. The list

is largely based on dredgings made about the southern end of

the island by Hubbard whose collection was later sold to Crooke,

whose collection now forms part of the American Museum col-

1The ‘* J’? in the literature is an error.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

lection. Of these rarest species Martesia smithii [Martesia car-

ibaea] is the only one now in the Am. Mus. (local) collection.

Davis, W. T., Variations of Mya arenaria on the shores of

S. I., Nat. Sci. Ass. of S. I., Proc., vol. 1, p. 20, 1885.

On rocky ground the valves are of moderate size, the ends

often broken and the exterior corrugated; in sandy ground the

valves are very thin, of even growth, the markings complete,

they are beautiful in form and color and of largest size; in peat

the valves are very much deformed and much rounded.

On the distribution of Litorina littoralis, idem., vol. 1, p. 61,

1888 and vol. 3, p. 50, 1893.

It was first noticed by Mr. Hollick at the Narrows in 1888.

Smith, 8., & Prime, Temple, Report on the Mollusca of L. I,

and its Dependencies, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. 9, pp.

377-417, 1870.

Herein Odostomia trifida, O. bisuturalis, Polinices’ triseriata,

Paludestrina minuta, Intorina rudis, L. littoralis and Lacuna

vincta are recorded as having their southern limit at S, I. This

is certainly not the case with the first four species.

From these records one is struck by the decrease in the fauna

accompanying the expansion of the city. One of the important

factors in the extermination of the less hardy species is the

crowding of the beaches for miles beyond the city limits with

cottages and bungalos and the accompanying gasoline boats.

This evil is obviated by the purchase of the land for alc

private estates and clubs.

VITREA (PARAVITREA) MULTIDENTATA AND LAMELLIDENS.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

Having recently received a specimen of V. lamellidens from

Norway, Me., I have gone over my collection with the idea of

trying to find if lamellidens as it occurs in the north is really the

same as the typical form from the Great Smoky Mountains or,

as Dr. Pilsbry suggests in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1903, p. 209,

merely ‘‘accelerated individuals (of multidentata), sporadically

occurring.’’

116 THE NAUTILUS.

The figures on Pl. III are from camera-lucida drawings all

magnified 10 diameters. The shells were selected for size only,

that is as near the same size as possible from material at hand,

and from localities as near together as I had them in my collec-

tion. Figs. 13 to 16 are large shells of each species.

1—-lamellidens Thunderhead, Gt,

Smoky Mts... ...\. « ». « Diam. 2,70 mm,, Unbilicua 2a pare

2—multidentata Oakdale, Morgan Co., t

Manian 0k aes IS ie Wie CO Ve a amt Na cS Ba ee

3—lamellidens Anderson, Franti )

Go, ,, POna eis a tutte Mardin leans el ae) te i ae

A anetenicee Sherwood, Pewniclin j

Wo x TOMM cin, Miottsene PRCA AY SUR A) Winch TRIS 2 as ag S50

5—lamellidens Banners Elk, Wautauga 7}

COLO th Ml OS EL ths eines i Tc Fe me! jer : 20)" eee

FL abaeedeiedas Cranberry, Mitchell r

rT MG ees ea ie han Bahai 8 8 A ara eR a ‘ae is) 0

7—lamellidens Litchfield, N.Y... ‘4 2.40 ¢ tf AQ \

8—multideniata Litchfield, N.Y... ‘ 2,53 “ LB, et

10—multidentata Hoosic, N. Y.. .. “ 2,53 “* 8 NE

11—lamellidens Norway, Me. . .. . ary eG ie. ns we ms \

12—multidentata Quebec, Can. . .. ‘“ 2,70 “* os £0" FF

13—Jlamellidens No. 1, large shell . . ‘4 3.90 ¢ ‘ 6 08

14—multidentata Stevenson, Ala.,large ‘‘ 3.11 ‘¢ re (69. 1%

15—Jlamellidens No. 1 same size as No, }

PRN caiites Ae cea ten Reni el hs aaah ea *y = " alee

eLLiulédontase eget Onebeer ns ese ire e.OF OOS ee

17—lamellidens No. 1 same size as 7, 9

and lt sae, bie pce lMaie ey4) & Mh oy es

18—lamellidens No. 1 same size as 7, 9

PIG Mi oahu vo esac Bhakti ata Ra CaN i a

From the measurements given above it will be seen that in

shells of approximately the same diameter the umbilicus in

lamellidens is about three-fifths of the diameter of that of multi-

dentata, the single marked exception being Nos. 3 and 4.

In figures 13, 14, 15 and 16, mature shells, it will be noticed

that in multidentata the umbilicus widens rapidly in the last

whorl while in lamellidens it does not. This can also be seen

in the other figures, but it is not so pronounced.

THE NAUTILUS. 117

A series of 76 multidentata from 13 localities and 45 lamellidens

from 8 localities were measured. Where I had only a few from

a given locality all were measured, but in the case of large series

a few were picked out at random. These shells ran from 1.85

to 3.28 mm. diameter in multidentata, 9 of them being 3.00 mm.

diam. and over, and from 1.55 to 4.03 mm. diameter in lamelli-

dens, 23 of them being 3.00 mm. and over.

42 multidentata and 28 lamellidens, 2.50 mm. diameter and

over, gave the following averages:

V. multidentata av. diam. 2.79 mm., diam. umbilicus 0.51 mm.

V. lamellidens av. diam. 3.39 mm., diam. umbilicus 0.39 mm.

These averages show that the umbilicus is contained 5.5 times

in the diameter of the shell in multidentata and 8.7 times in

lamellidens.

Another difference which is well shown in the figures is the

angle made by the teeth and lamelle to lines drawn parallel to

the lip and at right angles to it.

The rows of teeth and the lamelle were counted in all of the

121 shells measured and were found to vary from 1 to 4 in

multidentata and from 0 to 3 in lamellidens. In both species

there is a tendency to complete absorption in the fully adult

shell and in my largest lamellidens, 4.03 mm. diam. from

Thunderhead, Gt. Smoky Mts., I cannot distinguish a trace of

the lamelle. A lamellidens from Thunderhead has 4 lamelle,.

one of the apparently 3 being double.

The largest multidentata have from 6 to 6.25 whorls while the

largest lamellidens have 6.5 to 7.

V. multidentata when adult has a well-defined callus connect-

ing the end of the lip which is entirely absent in lamellidens.

In both species the lip is slightly thickened when adult while

in immature shells it is very thin and generally broken in cab-

inet specimens which accounts for the apparent difference in

the shape of the aperture of the shells figured, as it was very.

hard to trace.

I believe that the figures and data given above prove that the:

two species are distinct and that the northern shells, though

smaller, are the same as typical lamellidens from the southern

mountains. Compare Figs. 17 and 18, from the type locality,

118 THE NAUTILUS.

with Figs. 7, 9 and 11 northern shells. An examination of the

youngest shells that I have seen would seem to indicate that

lamellidens may be the ancestral form as in very young multi-

dentata the teeth are generally fused, so much so in fact that in

one of two cases I had separated them as lamellidens; but care-

ful focusing of the microscope brought out the fused teeth, and

measurements showed the relatively larger umbilicus.

THE NOMENCLATURE AND SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS OF SOME NORTH

AMERICAN FOSSILS AND RECENT MOLLUSKS. II.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

Planorbis cirrus White, 1879, from the Tertiary of Wyoming,

was the next year cited by the same author as though it were

spelled cirratus. Since then the latter name has been univers-

ally, but improperly, used instead of cirrus.

Physa bullata White, 1886 (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 86),

from the Eocene of Utah, is preoccupied by P. bullata P. and

M., 1838, and P. bullata Gould, 1855. However, on page 12

of his bulletin, and in the legend of plate 3, White used the

name bullatula for the same species, the use of bullata on page

22, where it was described, perhaps being unintentional.

Hence White’s species should be known as Physa bullatula.

Whether Gould’s species should be renamed depends upon

whether it is a valid form or a synonym of some other form,

which I am now unable to determine.

Physa carletoni Meek, 1872, from the Cretaceous of Utah, is

incorrectly referred to as P. carltont by Grabau and Shimer,

1900. Such a mistake is easily made, but unfortunately there

is a prior use of carltont in this genus by Lea, 1869. Though

confusing, I suppose the names are sufficienty distinct so that

Meek’s name may stand. His species has been so frequently

mentioned in various reports that it would be a shame to dis-

turb the name unless required by the rules.

Acella haldemani White (=Tortacella haldemani, in Auricu-

lidae), from the Cretaceous of Wyoming, is preoccupied by

Lymnaea haldemant Deshayes, 1867 (=Acella haldemant, accord -

THE NAUTILUS. 119

ing to Baker). White’s species may hereafter be known as

Tortacella wyomingensis. 'To disturb a name so well known is

regrettable.

Paludina subglobosa Emmons, 1858, from the Tertiary of

North Carolina, is preoccupied by P. subglobosa Say, 1825.

The type of Emmons’ species is lost and the figure too poor for

definite generic reference. Indeed, it may even be marine.

However, it may sometime be recovered, and as there is no way

of eliminating it from the published literature and it must be

included in any complete list of described species, it should

perhaps haveaname. It may be known as Vivipara ? emmonsi.

Conrad identified it with V. glabra, which is very doubtful.

Dall, (Contrib. Tert. Fauna Fla., 1892, p. 277) says Compso-

pleura trinodosa Conrad=Scalaria trigemmata Conrad, ‘‘ which is

a Gonwobasis.’? Harris (Bull. Amer. Paleont., III, No. 11, p.

71) places trigemmata in Melania, says probably related to

“* Terebra’’ plicifera (the quotation marks are Harris’s), and

omits trinodosa from the synonymy. JI have not at hand the

means for determining whether trigemmata is a Melania or a

Goniobasis, if, indeed, it can be determined. If Dall is correct

in referring it to Goniobasis, and if Harris is correct in suppos-

ing that it is related to T. plicifera Heilp., a Tertiary fossil, then

it would follow that the latter is also a Goniobasis, in which

case its specific name would be preoccupied by Melania=Gonio-

basis plicifera Lea, a recent species, unless the latter should be

removed to some other genus, as Hannibal has done. The

easiest way out of the dilemma is to leave trigemmata in Melania,

where Harris placed it. I pass the puzzle on to the next fellow,

with these clues as a starter.

Tamnaea (Polyrhytis) kingia Meek, 1877, was described from

beds designated as ‘‘ probably Miocene,’’ in Cache Valley,

Utah. I had supposed these beds to be Pleistocene, and Han-

nibal has suggested the same thing, but Dr. T. W. Stanton

writes me that they are now generally considered Pliocene, or

at least older than the Lake Bonneville beds, because they are

more disturbed, though I believe Lake Bonneville extended

into Cache Valley during its greatest expansion. I believe that

Radix ampla var. utahensis Call, 1884, is a synonym of Lymnaea

120 THE NAUTILUS.

kingt Meek. It occurs in Utah Lake and Bear Lake, both

draining into Great Salt Lake, one from the south and one from

the north. Obviously it could not pass from one river system

to the other through Great Salt Lake as that body of water now

is. Its distribution suggests that it may have passed through

during the Pleistocene expansion, when its waters were fresh-

ened by overflow to the north. It probably has had a long

history in the region, and there is no reason to doubt that it

occurred during Pliocene time and so was contemporaneous

with kingi, if not identical with it. As the lake at its maximum

overflowed to the north, it may occur now in Port Neuf River

drainage also, though Daniels and I did not find it there during

a brief visit. Dr. Dall writes:

‘‘Y think your identification of the Lymnaea is correct.

However it is to be borne in mind that the plications which led

Meek to propose a genus for his species are pathological and

not specific characters. They are directly due to the increase

in alkaline salts in the water inhabited by the mollusks and

have been imposed upon various gastropods in the same situa-

tion?!

Cyrena californica Gabb, 1869, described from the Pliocene of

California, is preoccupied by C. californica Prime, 1865, which

is itself a synonym of C. californiensis Prime. Prime’s species

was described by Deshayes in 1854 as Cyrena subquadrata.

That name being preoccupied, Prime changed it to californiensis

in 1860, without description, but citing Deshayes’ publication.

In 1865 Prime described it as Cyrena californica, citing subqua-

drata Deshayes and californensis Prime as synonyms. The

name of Prime’s species must therefore stand as californiensis.

Dall in 1903 transferred Gabb’s species to the genus Corbicula,

subgenus Cyanocyclas. Under the circumstances it is unfor-

tunate that Gabb’s name should have to be displaced. I pro-

pose that it be called Corbicula gabbiana.

Cyrena obliqua Deshayes, 1824, from the Tertiary of Europe,

has been placed in Corbicula by Vincent (Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac.

Belgique, X XI, 1886, p. 186) and Taylor (Monog. L. and F.-

W. Moll. Brit. Isles, No. 7, 1900, p. 418). Newton (Brit.

Olig. and Eoc. Moll. in Brit. Mus., 1891, p. 57) left it in the

THE NAUTILUS. 121

genus Oyrena. If correctly referred to Corbicula, it would have

priority over Corbicula obliqua Whiteaves, 1885, from the Cre-

taceous of Canada. Not having access to the literature neces-

sary for the determination of this question, [ wrote to Dr. T.

W. Stanton about it. He referred it to Dr. W. H. Dall, who

replied as follows:

‘*Deshayes in his revision left obliqua in Cyrena. Cossmann

puts it in Corbicula. The lateral teeth are smooth as in Cyrena

but long as in Corbicula. It belongs to a small group of ovoid

species which is neither typical Cyrena nor true Corbicula, Of

the two attributions I regard Deshayes’ as the most nearly cor-

rect, but I should include these small oval species in a distinct

group from either. However, as the species has been referred

at various times to Corbicula it would probably be best to regard

the combination as preoccupying Whiteaves’ name if it was

made before 1885, but not otherwise.”’

I have no citation indicating that the combination referred to

was made before 1885. Under the circumstances I feel that

Deshayes’ species should be left in Cyrena or placed in a dis-

tinct genus, and Whiteaves’ name retained for the Cretaceous

species. If anyone thinks the latter should be renamed, then

it would be quite fitting to name it in honor of Whiteaves, a

name that has not been used for any species of Corbicula as far

as I can ascertain.

Some of the fossil Mollusca described by Hall in the report of

the Fremont Expedition, 1845, are exceedingly troublesome.

Though all assigned by Hall to marine genera, he stated that

he would have considered several of them fluviatile shells ex-

cept for the occurrence of Nucula impressa and Cerithium fremonti

‘‘in the same association.’’ White, in his Review of North

American Fossil Non-marine Mollusca, says they probably be-

long to a fresh-water fauna, and several have been definitely

transferred to fresh-water genera, being now well known. Fol-

lowing is the list of Hall’s species under discussion:

Nucula impressa— Yoldia impressa.

Mya tellinoidea=Unio tellinoides.

Cytherea parvula.

Cerithium fremonti.

5 a THE NAUTILUS.

Cerithium tenerus=Goniobasis tenera.

Turbo paludinaeformis=Vivipara paludinaeformis.

Turritella bilineata.

Natica? occidentalis.

Pleurotoma uniangulata.

I have been unable to locate the types of any of these species.

They do not appear to be at Albany, New York, Washington

or Philadelphia. The last hope seems to be the Hall material

at the University of Chicago, which has not been unpacked.

The latitude given for the Mya, Nucula, Pleurotomaria, Cerithiwm

tenerum, and C. fremonti (Lat. 40), is incorrect, as they are

definitely reported to have come from where Fremont crossed

the mountains from Muddy River, which flows eastward to

Muddy Creek, which flows westward into Bear River. This

would be in na itnbresterll Wyoming, above Lat. 41, probably

not far from the locality of the Turbo and Cerithium paludinae-

jormis, which is given as Lat. 414, instead of being 115 miles

to the southward, as stated by Hall. It is not certain that

these were all from the same formation or the same past locality.

The Cytherea, Natica and Turritella are said to be from Lat. 43

N., Long. 115 W., which would place them in the Snake River

Valley of southwestern Idaho, in a region occupied by fresh-

water Tertiary Rocks, according to Dr. Stanton.

Nucula impressa Hall is a Yoldia, and has priority over Nucula

empressa Conrad, 1848, from the Tertiary of Oregon, which, as

Dr. Dall informs me, is a Portlandia, and both are preoccupied

by Nucula impressa Sowerby (Min. Conch., V, 1825), a Cre-

taceous shell of Europe. MHall’s species may be known at

Yoldia fremonti, and Conrad’s species may be known as Yoldia

(Portlandia) astoriana.

Natica ? occidentalis Hall, a ‘‘ delicate shell,’’ is said to be

based upon one ‘‘ perfect specimen,’’ the mouth of which is not

entire but shows that the lip was somewhat expanded, and

several casts. Hall was in doubt as to its systematic position,

and if the locality given is correct, it is probably not a naticoid

shell. However, the name has priority over Natica occidentalis

Meek and Hayden, 1856, from the Cretaceous of South Bower

for which I propose the cern name dakotensis.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

A NEW PLANORBIS FROM ILLINOIS.*

BY FRANK C, BAKER.

While making a study of the larger Planorbis of the Big Ver-

milion River, Illinois, for a paper on the distribution of the

mollusks of that stream, it became apparent that two forms

were included under trivolvis which were quite separable. One

of these is the large, wide form to which Say gave the name

trivolvis. The other is a narrower form which the writer and

others have been calling glabratus (see Baker, Cat. [1]. Moll.,

p. 106) but which is not the true glabratus of Say, which, ac-

cording to Walker (Synopsis, p. 99), does not range outside of

the State of Florida. Say credited his origina] specimens to

Charleston, 8. C. The new Illinois form may be characterized

as follows:

Planorbis pseudotrivolvis n. sp.

Shell sinistral, whorls 5; body whor! rounded above and _ be-

low, the inner whorls carinated on both spire and umbilical

region; the spire whorls are very flat and slightly concave; the

earlier whorls are coiled so that they form a union with the

carina of the preceding whor! but the last whorl gradually

divides from this line, leaving a V-shaped depression between

the dorsal carina and the body whorl; this condition is uniform

for the dozen or so specimens examined; the base or umbilical

region exhibits three full whorls to the umbilicus; aperture

somewhat lenticular, rounded above and below, sometimes a

trifle expanded, and bordered with red; color of shell yellowish

or corneous inclining to brown; surface notably shining.

Height, 9; greatest diameter, 20.5; aperture height, 8; breadth,

9mm. Holotype.

Height, 9; greatest diameter, 19; aperture height, 8; breadth,

9mm. Paratype, 5 whorls.

Height, 6; greatest diameter, 11.5; aperture height, 5; breadth,

5mm. Immature, 4 whorls.

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of [linois,

No. 8.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Height, 5; greatest diameter, 5; aperture height, 5; breadth,

2.5mm. Young, 3 whorls.

(Collection Mus. Nat. Hist., U. of I., No. Z11398A.)

This Planorbis differs from typical trivolvis in being less high

in comparison with its diameter, in the separation of the last

whorl, above, from the carina of the preceding whorl leaving a

V-shaped trough, which is not present in trivolvis, and in show-

ing three full whorls on the umbilical side while in trivolvis

there are but two full whorls. The sculpture is also more

regular than in ¢rivolvis, the rib-strie being more clear cut with

wider interstices. The carina on the upper whorls in pseudo-

trivolvis is also sharper and forms a raised keel bordering the

spire whorls.

This Planorbis has perplexed Illinois conchologists for many

years, being uncertainly referred to Say’s glabratus as figured by

Haldeman in the Monograph, plate 2. Whether all of the

shells listed under this name in the Illinois Catalogue (p. 106)

are referable to the new form is not known, specimens from

these localities not being available for examination. The same

Planorbis occurs in Pleistocene deposits in and about Chicago

and has been referred to trivolvis in papers and references (cf.

Trans. Ill. State Acad. Sci., iv, p. 112). The fossil specimens

referred to this species occur at the following places (see the

writer’s Life of the Pleistocene, now in press by the University

of Illinois, for the data concerning these and other sedimentary

strata in the Chicago region):

200 feet north Dempster Street, station 47, stratum ix, silt.

200 feet south Dempster Street, station 45, stratum iv, silt.

200 feet north Oakton Avenue, station 42, stratum vii, silt.

Lemont, Lincoln Park extension office, Santa Fe R. R.,

stratum ij, silt.

Two fossil specimens measure as follows:

Height, 8; greatest diameter, 23; aperture height, 8; breadth,

8mm. No. P3896 (Chicago).

Height, 9; greatest diameter, 21; aperture height, 9; breadth,

9mm. No. P401 (Lemont).

Pseudotrivolvis is not found in the earlier deposits in Wilmette

Bay, Chicago, the Planorbis there being true trivolvis, while in

THE NAUTILUS. 125

the later deposits the new form is the only large Planorbis found,

an interesting case of distribution in point of time in the same

locality.

Whether the new Planorbis is to be considered a variety of

trivolvis or a distinct species the writer is not prepared to decide

at the present time. In the material examined, both fossil and

recent, there are no intermediate specimens. Until more is

known it had better be considered a separate species.

A NEW FORM OF AMNICOLA FROM THE OHIO PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS

WITH NOTES ON A PHYSA FROM THE SAME FORMATION.*

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Recently, Dr. M. M. Leighton, of the Department of Geology

of the University of Illinois, placed in my hands for study a

large collection of Pleistocene fossil mollusks from a marl de-

posit near Rush Lake, Logan County, Ohio. One of the species

represented appears to be a new race of a recent species. The

deposit is in the older Wisconsin drift. A paper is in prepara-

tion describing the fauna of this deposit as well as that of a

possibly older deposit in Bartholomew County, Indiana, in both

of which a number of interesting cases of distribution occur. I

am indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and Dr. Bryant Walker for

assistance in determining the affinities of the species discussed

in this paper.

AMNICOLA WINKLEYI LEIGHTONI n. var.

Shell differing from A. winkleyi in being larger, heavier, wider

in proportion to its height, the body whorl being more globose

than in the typical form; there are 44 whorls, the upper part of

which is somewhat flat-sided just below the suture; this is

especially marked on the last whorl of some individuals; the

spire whorls are rounded and the sutures deeply impressed; the

first whorl is flatter than in winkleyi ; the umbilicus is wider and

deeper and the aperture is wider in proportion to its height than

in winkleyt.

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois,

No. 10.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

Length, 5.0; diameter, 3.7; length of aperture, 2.5; width,

2.0mm. Topotype. |

Length, 4.5; diameter, 3.9; length of aperture, 2.4; width,

2.0mm. Paratype.

Length, 4.0; diameter, 3.0; length of aperture, 2.0; width,

1.5mm. Paratype.

Specimens of A. winkleyr measure:

Length, 4.8; diameter, 3.1; length of aperture, 2.2, Nau-

tilus, Type.

Length, 4.8; diameter, 3.0; length of aperture, 1.8; width,

1.5mm. Topotype.

Winkleyi is a species of the New England States, its original

locality being Saco, Maine, and that a form of this Amnicola

should be found in Ohio, and in a Pleistocene deposit, is sur-

prising. It is not unlikely, however, that winkleyi may occur

in recent collections in the central States. The Ohio specimens.

seem to depart varietally from the typical form as described by

Pilsbry (Nautizus, XXVI, p. 1, pl. 1, figs. 9-10). Some

thousands of specimens from this Pleistocene deposit show little

departure from the race as described above. Occasional globose

forms occurring with winkley: show the relationship of the form,

although none have as wide a body whorl as the fossil race. It

is possible that this race may occur in other Pleistocene mar!

deposits.

PHYSA ANATINA Lea.

A large Physa occurring in the Rush Lake deposits differs

slightly from anatina in being larger with shallower sutures and

more flat-sided spire whorls; the body whorl is wider as is also

the aperture; the spire is very sharply pointed and the colu-

mella has a distinct plait. Characteristic specimens measure

as follows:

Length, 16.5; width, 9.0; aperture length, 11.5; width, 5.0

mm. Fossil.

Length, 17.5; width, 10.0; aperture length, 13.0; width, 5.5

mm. Fossil.

Length, 12.0; width, 7.0; aperture length, 8.5; width, 3.7

mm. Fossil.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIII. PLATE III.

Yi) ase

CLAPP: VITREA MULTIDENTATA AND V. LAMELLIDENS

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIII. PLATE IV.

OLDROYD: WEST COAST SHELLS

THE NAUTILUS, 127

Length, 12.0; width, 6.0. Lea’s specimen.

This Physa is related to Physa anatina which is so common

in the States west of the Mississippi River. ‘The occurrence of

this species so far east of its usually recorded range (it is said

by Walker to extend clear across southern Michigan, however)

is as surprising as is the presence of the race of the New Eng-

land Amnicola winkleyi. It was at first thought to be a recog-

nizable race of anatina but the presence of narrow individuals

indicates its relation to Lea’s species. It differs from Physa

walkeri in having flat-sided whorls, walkeri having rounded

whorls and deeply impressed sutures. Many of the Pleistocene

mollusea differ somewhat from their living representatives but

in most cases this difference is not enough to cause their sep-

aration as new species or varieties. Among the Physas, also,

the range of variation in the different species is known for but

a few species; when this important characteristic is more gener-

ally known it will be safer to describe new species in this poly-

morphic genus.

LASMIGONA VIRIDIS, RAFINESQUE, 1820.

BY L. G. FRIERSON.

The adoption of the above as the correct specific name of the

old Unio pressus Lea having been urged by the writer (Nav-

TILUS, X XIX, Sept., 1915), Mr. Bryant Walker filed an ‘‘in-

terference’’ (Nautitus, XXIX, Nov., 1915) for the purpose

he stated ‘‘ of suspending the general adoption of the proposed change

until such time as certain important and probably conclusive facts can

be obtained.’’

As the current year will round out a century since Rafinesque

published his wiridis the acquisition of any new facts concern-

ing the case would seem rather remote; and as silence might be

construed as consent, and the proposed ‘‘suspension’’ become

permanent, the writer, with the consent of Naurrius, makes

bold to again appear in court.

Rafinesque ascribed to his species the following characters:

Shell inequilateral, elliptical, obliquely truncate posteriorly.

A little convex; hardly thick.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Smooth, olive green; sometimes radiate with pale yellow;

others are olive-brown. The beaks are seldom eroded, being

thickened there by flexuous wrinkles—remarkable because the

rest of the shell is smooth.

Nacre bluish. The cardinal tooth is compressed, and de-

current in shape.

Being thin, it is crenulate instead of being furrowed (other

members of the subgenus have them furrowed); truncature ob-

lique, convex.

Lateral tooth thin. Muscle scars lightly impressed, confluent

behind.

A smali species, at most one and a half inches in altitude.

(The members of the sub-genus described just previously by

Rafinesque are among the largest of the Ohio Naiades. )

Altitude 3 of length; diameter ;7,.

Rare in the Ohio, but common in the Kentucky and ad-

jacent ‘‘ petites rivieres.”’

While to the writer the above description can be mistaken for nothing

else than the Symphynota compressa Lea, further evidence seems neces-

sary, as Lea quotes one of his friends to the effect that ‘‘ rt equally

applies to wis.”’

Luckily there remains further evidence which we may ad-

duce. Rafinesque, as is well known, divided the Naiades into

numerous Genera. These divisions being founded upon the

more evident features of the shell, it follows therefore that the

contained species of any Genus would naturally sustain a general

outward resemblance to each other.

Rafinesque described this species under the name of Unio

(Elliptio) viridis. The Elliptio contained the Unio nigra; Unio

purpureus, Say; Unio crassa, Say, and a few other shells, all

having a general outward similitude, and in such an assemblage the

Symphynota compressa finds congenial associates.

Rafinesque moreover mentions the fact that the ‘‘ Unio

( Elliptio) leptodon and Unio ( Elliptio) fragilis’’ also ‘‘ resemble’?

the viridis (with some others). The reader can easily select speci-

mens of the two species mentioned, which resemble the Sym- —

phynota compressa to a remarkable extent—differing, however (as

Rafinesque observes), in their teeth.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

Finally, we observe that Rafinesque in his description of a

variety of ‘‘alasmidonta’’ wrote that the latter is so much like

Unio viridis, as to be easily mistaken for it—for which cause he

named the shell Alasmidonta viridis.

This statement may be compared with an observation made by Mr.

C. T. Simpson, who wrote that the ‘‘Unio pressus Lea, and the

Margaritana rugosa Barnes sometimes resemble each other so much

that one is labeled with the name of the other by competent students.’’

An Ohio shell, of subsolid texture, elliptical in shape, with

an oblique posterior truncature; green, sometimes brownish,

sometimes rayed with yellow; having its beaks crowned with

flexuous wrinkles; a cardinal tooth thin, compressed and decur-

rent, bearing an outward similitude to the old Unio gracilis

Barnes, and a still more striking likeness to an ‘‘ alasmidonta’’ can

but be, the writer thinks, the Symphynota compressa Lea.

The main objections offered by Mr. Walker for his ‘‘inter-

ference’’ arose from the failure of his records to show that the

compressa Lea ever occurs in the Ohio River—the shell, Mr.

Walker informs us, being ‘‘most emphatically a creek or small

river species.”’

Mr. Walker’ s records however nught be profitably amended by the

inclusion of the interesting circumstanee that the type locality of Lea’ s

Symphynota compressa is the Ohio River at Cincinnati (Index

Obs. Genus Unio).

Mr. Walker's ‘‘ reason No. 4’’ is a slight variant of a state-

ment made by Dr. Lea (Rectification, P. 35).

If Conrad and Say radically differed as to what an identical

valve was (which it is said was seen by both) the writer fails to

see how their disagreement should be chargeable to Rafinesque’s

diagnosis of the Unio viridis.

Walker’s ‘‘ reason No. 5’’ need be discussed no longer, as it

was categorically rejected by Dr. Lea long ago (Rectification,

P. 34) with whom the writer is heartily in accord.

The writer has seen it stated that the ratio which the altitude

bears to the length, given by Rafinesque for viridis (5 to 9)

does not agree with specimens of Symphynota compressa.

Mr. C. T. Simpson (Catalogue, 1914) gives dimensions of

three examples of the compressa. The writer takes it, that the

130 THE NAUTILUS.

average of these three, given by such an authority, should satisfy the

most exacting.

The average of the examples given by Simpson, gives a per-

centage of .556. The percentage which Rafinesque gives for

viridis (5 to 9) is .555.

A closer agreement is not to be found in the history of the Naiades !

Note—The translation of Poulson contains many errors. »

1, The dimensions, one and a half inch is that of the altitude,

not as in Poulson.

2. The lateral tooth is thin, not slender.

3. The cardinal tooth is not divergent, but is decurrent—quite

a different thing !

TURRITIDAE VS. TURRIDAE.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY.

‘The unfortunate rehabilitation of the nondescript names of

the Museum Boltenianum has brought about as one direct con-

sequence the overturning of the time-honored generic name

Plewrotoma Lamarck in favor of Bolten’s Turris. Accepting the

change as most seem to have been impelled to do, it thereupon

follows that since Plewrotoma was the typical genus of its family,

a change in the generic name necessitates a similar alteration in

the family name to conform. The reigning regulation in

Article 4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

is ostensibly so explicit regarding such matters as the formation

of family names that at first thought one would not anticipate

much disagreement among students in its specific application.

In the instance under consideration, however, two opposing

views have found tzeir way into print.’ Both cannot be equally

correct, and since the family is an abundant one and frequently

referred to, while a general principle of orthography is likewise

involved, it becomes a matter of some importance to determine

which of the two, as we may adopt the spelling Turritidae or

Turridae, is strictly the proper form to use. Curiously enough

1 Navtivus, v, 23, pp. 131, 144.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

each variant appears to date back to the brothers Henry and

Arthur Adams, who, although using the genus Twrris as of

Humphrey rather than Bolten, wrote the family name Turritidae

in the first volume of their great review of molluscan genera,’

and then later corrected it to Turridae.* Their more mature

judgment is therefore plainly in favor of the simpler spelling.

It is mainly very recently that the insertion of the extra syllable

has been revived.

The essential facts of the case are believed to be fairly stated

thus:

1. ‘‘The name of a family is formed by adding the ending

idae, the name of a subfamily by adding znae to the stem of the

name of its type genus.’’ *

2. The name of the type genus of the particular family in

question is Turris, presumably an exact transcription of the

Latin noun turris, meaning in English, ‘‘ tower.”’

3. The name of the family in question is variously spelled

Turridae and Turritidae in the literature. The spelling Turriidae

has also been suggested for consideration.

4. In Latin grammars (e. g., Allen and Greenough), turvis is

often given as the example par excellence of an i-stem noun, the

stem therefore ostensibly turv-.

5. A recent proponent of the spelling Turritidae writes that

he ‘‘submitted the question of ‘Turridae versus Turritidae’ to

two expert Latinists, who, after due consideration of all the

data, concluded that, while either was correct, the latter term

under the circumstances was to be preferred. Here the matter

now appears to rest.

Now the writer has been one of those adhering to the spelling

Turridae, and being still unconvinced of his error, yet eager to

arrive once for all at a correct and therefore permanent usage,

he submitted the case essentially as outlined above to a friend,

a well-known student of Latin, Professor B. O. Foster of Stan-

ford University, adding thereto the following specific queries:

1 Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, p. 87.

? Op. cit., v. 2, p. 614.

* International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 4 (Smallwood

edition, p. 4).

132 THE NAUTILUS.

(1) What is the stem of Turris? (2) Is it possible to insert

atin the second syllable of this stem without changing the

nature of the word itself? (3) In view of the facts as stated,

and in strict adherence to Article 4 of the International Rules,

what do you consider to be the preferred orthography for the

family name hased on this genus? (4) Do you consider any

alternative spellings permissible?

Professor Foster’s reply is so detailed and withal so interest-

ing that with his kind permission I am reproducing the major

portion of it here, especially since it seems conclusive regarding

the points at issue.

‘“The stem of turris is turri; and the ending ides would give

us turrudes. But it is a rule of word-formation that ‘the final

vowel of a stem is lost before the initial vowel of a suffix, e. g.,

aur-eus (‘golden’) from auro- (aurum).’ (Hale and Buck,

Latin Grammar, 205.2.) Therefore we may at once rule out

Turrudae as a possible derivative, in favor of Turridae (I give

the plural, as this seems to be what you want; the singular

would be turrides).

‘“The ending in question is really a Greek suffix, used to

denote that the name in question means the son (or descend-

ant) of the person designated by the simple noun. Thus

Turrides would mean ‘son of a Tower,’ and Turridae, ‘the sons

of a Tower,’ or ‘the Tower family.’ When I say that it is

Greek, I do not mean that it is not found in Latin; it is found

frequently, but always, I think, in Greak patronymics (or Latin

patronymics consciouslv formed in imitation of the Greek ones),

which the Latin writer (usually a poet) has occasion to intro-

duce into his text. Examples would be: Pelides ‘ son of Peleus,’

Philyrides ‘son of Philyra.’

‘CAs to the form Turritidae, it is obviously meant as a deriva-

tive from the adjective turritus. The stem of this adjective is

turrito, but, as above, the final short vowel would be dropped

before the initial vowel of the ending -idae, and Turritidae is

therefore correctly formed. But it is to be observed that the

suffix, or ending in question isemployed in Latin authors only

in composition with the names of persons, nouns substantive,

and that Turritidae would therefore be decidedly anomalous.

THE NAUTILUS. 133

We might translate it ‘family of a the-turreted,’ but the fact

remains that the Latin authors would not have said anything

like that. . . . Unless there exists some zoological reason for

preferring a word that would mean ‘members of the family of

the thing that is provided with towers’ to one meaning ‘mem-

bers of the Tower family,’ I should much prefer the shorter

and more Latin (or may I say less wn-Latin?) Turridae.’’

The facts therefore seem decisive that Twrritidae is an impos-

sible construction as a direct derivative of Turris, and that

Turridae is correct and should be used. The spelling Turrinae

for the typical subfamily logically follows by the same rea-

soning. |

REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA, December 29, 1919.

ON CERTAIN OF LINK’S NAMES IN THE MITRIDAE.

BY J. R. LE B. TOMLIN.

The rarity of Link’s work entitled Beschreib. Nat. Sammi.

Univ. Rostock (1807) is doubtless the reason why his specific

names are but little known. Coming as it does before Lamarck

or Dillwyn began to make their extensive contributions to no-

menclature, it will, I believe, eventually be found to have an-

ticipated these two authors in many cases. Link in the above

work lists 20 Mitras, of which the following are noteworthy:

Pt. iii, p. 127. Voluta stictica Link; V. papalis B. Gmel.,

3459; Mart. iv, 147, 1356.

It is curious that this shell was not differentiated by any

18th century author. Most of them considered it a var. of

papalis ; Bolten confused it with cardinalis. The synonymy is:

1807. V. stictica Link.

1811 (early in). Mitra abbotis Perry.

July, 1811. Mitra pontificalis Lamarck.

p. 127. Voluta digitalis Link; V. pertusa J. Gmel. 3458;

Chem, x, 151, 1432, 1433.

This specific is generally ascribed to Dillwyn. Synonymy as

follows:

134 THE NAUTILUS.

1807. V. digitalis Link.

July, 1811. Mitra millepora Lamarck.

1817. Voluta digitalis Dillwyn.

p. 127. Voluta papilio Link. No fig. quoted, but the ex

cellent description enables one to recognize this as a synonym:

of spherulata Mart.

p. 127. Voluta clathrata Link. No fig. quoted, and the de-

scription is not determinable. It is said to be like pertusa

Gmel. but not coronate, cancellate, deeply punctured in the

furrows. The name clathrata Gmel. is already in use in Mitra

and therefore clathrata Link may conveniently be dropped.

p. 127. Voluta elegans Link; V. plicaria B. Gmel. 3452;

Chem. x, 151 (by error 157), 1444, 1445.

This is a much earlier name for the Mitra universally known

as regina Sow., which dates from 1828; but Link’s name

cannot be used as it is preoccupied by Gmelin.

Mitra elegans Reeve, Conch. Ic. pl]. 29, f. 233, may be called

buriasensis, and M. elegans H. C. Lea, Am. Journ. Sci. & Arts,

40.102, alabamensis.

p. 128. Voluta ornata Link. No fig. quoted, but I do not

think that there can be any doubt that the description is a clear

and accurate one of taeniata Lamarck as now understood.

Mitra ornata will therefore supersede M. taeniata.

M. ornata A. Ad., P. Z. S. 1851, 135, may be renamed MM.

adornata.

M. ornata Kien.—=M. rossiae Rve.

M. ornata Schubert and Wagner never seems to have been:

subsequently recognized.

p. 128. Voluta variabilis Link. Mart. iv, 148, 1364.

This is a synonym of Mitra rugosa (Gmel. )=corrugata Lam..

M. variabilis Rve., Conch. Ic., pl. 18, f. 95, 1s thus preoccu--

pied and I rename it polymorpha.

p. 128. Voluta schroterti Link; Schroter’s Einl. I, 221, pl. 1,

f. 18. Dillwyn quite independently founded a Voluta schroetert

on the same figure, which has been considered by Martens and.

KE. A. Smith to =Mitra picta Rve. (cf. Ann. Natal Govt. Mus..

I, pt. i, 832). It seems impossible to identify with certainty.

THE NAUTILUS. 135

NEW SPECIES OF WEST COAST SHELLS.

BY MRS. IDA S. OLDROYD, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL.

Tritonalia fraseri n. sp. Plate IV, figs. 1 and 2.

Shell of medium size, very elongate, narrow; whorls includ-

ing the nucleus, which is present on nearly all the specimens

collected, suture distinct and deep, whorls strongly shouldered,

with six strong ribs spinose at the shoulder; body whorl with

nine strong spiral cords and with incremental ones between.

The shoulder is very strongly rugose, and has from one to two

spiral cords, the second whorl has four strong spiral cords and

three incremental ones; the third has three strong spiral cords

and no incremental ones; aperture elongate-oval, interior yel-

lowish to purple-brown, columella thickened and nearly straight,

canal long, straight and closed in the adult. It differs from

the typical form in the very elongate form, and the absence of

the basket-like sculpture in some specimens on the fifth and

sixth whorl the basket sculpture shows faintly.

Type locality is Brandon Island, Departure Bay, Vancouver

Island.

It is named in honor of Dr. C. Mclan Fraser, of the Domin-

ion Station, through whose help we were given every facility pos-

sible for collecting while at the Station in May, 1919. The

type is in the Oldroyd Collection, Stanford University. Cotypes

are at Dominion Station and U. 8S. N. M.

Pecten kincaidi n. sp. Plate IV, figs. 3, 4.

Shell subcircular, the height and length being nearly equal;

equivalve, both valves slightly convex; ears as in P. islandicus;

base evenly rounded; color yellowish-white with reddish-brown

markings. Left valve with 28 narrow round-topped imbricated

ribs, and very faint intercalaries, the interspaces wider. Right

valve with 25 broader flat-topped ribs, some of which are

divided toward the margin. Anterior ear (the larger) with 7

ribs, the posterior ear with 5 ribs. This species resembles P.

jordam Arnold, but the valves do not tend to contract suddenly

at the basal margin as in P. jordani, and the right ear is larger.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

The ribs on the right valve of jordani are all divided from near

the umbones.

One fine specimen (the type) living was obtained in July,

1919, and one was taken in July, 1918, but is much thicker

shell, a little larger than the type. Named in honor of Prof.

Trevor Kincaid, of the Univ. of Washington, to whom we owe

so much good material. Type is in Oldroyd Coll., Stanford

University, No. 89.

Pecten islandicus pugetensis n. var. Plate IV, figs, 5, 6.

Shell much smaller than the typical, sculpture coarser in pro-

portion to the size. Shell more elongate and the ribs spinose.

Ribs 17 with a very fine one in the interspaces.

The type is in the Oldroyd Collection, Stanford University.

Type locality off San Juan Island, Puget Sound. 12 specimens

were obtained, two from the dredge, and ten from rocks on

shore.

HERBERT HUNTINGTON SMITH.!

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.

The sudden death of Herbert Huntington Smith on March

22nd last, at University, Alabama, meant more, perhaps, to the

conchologists of the United States than we now realize, although

the collecting and serious study of shells was the work of the

later years of his life.

Born at Manlius, New York, on January 21, 1851, and grad-

uated at Cornell University in 1872, he early in life became in-

terested in natural history, and made some collections in differ-

ent branches. Mr. Smith told me that his first real work was

on fossils; and he later became interested in insects. When he

began to collect the mollusca, I do not know; but when he

joined the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh, he had quite an ex-

tensive general collection. Between the years 1870 and 1886

he made several trips to Brazil and altogether spent about eight

1A portrait of Mr. Smith was published in the number for July, 1919.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

years in exploring and collecting. He collected such shells as

he saw, but did not specialize on them.

In answer to my inquiry Mrs. Smith wrote:

‘‘In Brazil I only remember a few odd lots of land shells

until we got to Corumbé on our way home; it was rich in land

shells, but Mr. Smith said that the mosquitoes were ‘ frightful.’

In order to do a morning’s work of collecting, he had to tie his

sleeves tight at the wrist, do the same thing with his ankles; tie

a bandana around his neck; fill his pockets with cigarettes and

matches; put a cigar in his mouth, ‘grit his teeth,’ and start.

All the collecting there was almost a torture, so I imagine shell

collecting was quite a cursory affair.’’

The number of shells collected on that trip was very large,

although the species were not numerous; but a number of them

were new to science. These shells were widely distributed,

probably by Dr. Newcomb, and when we see the locality

‘*Corumba, Brazil,’’ we may feel pretty sure that we are look-

ing at Smith’s shells.

During the time he was in the West Indies, for the Royal

Society, and in Mexico, for Mr. F. D. Godman, he collected

‘*everything,’’ and naturally shells proved to be no small part

of his ‘‘ catch.”’

When he went to Colombia, in 1898, I arranged to take all

of his land shells, but he got so interested in collecting mam-

mals, birds and plants that the return in shells was not very

large, except in some of the larger and more conspicuous species.

There he again ran into the ‘‘insect pests,’’ and at one place,

near the coast at Santa Marta, he said the ‘‘ sand flies’’ poisoned

him so that the skin even peeled off the palms of his hands.

His final breakdown in 1902, he always attributed to the poison

of sand flies, gnats, mosquitoes, and the thousand-and-one

other curses of the tropics.

In 1903 his health still being poor, he gave up the fight, and

resolved to go to the South to live. He settled at Wetumpka,

Ala., and at once started after shells. His first collecting there,

so different from work in the tropics, was rather disheartening,

and he wrote that there were no shells in that region. A little

later he began to get results, and then he wrote, ‘‘ I didn’t know

how to collect,’’ and when the first lot came in, it was seen that

1388 THE. NAUTILUS.

he had struck a remarkably rich region. Then a ‘‘ Syndicate’’

was formed of T. H. Aldrich, of Washington, D. C., Mr.

Bryant Walker, of Detroit, Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, of the Academy

of Natural Sciences, Phlladelphia, Pa., and the writer, and the

work was carried on steadily for over six years. Dr. Pilsbry

dropped out in 1906, and he was replaced by Mr. John B.

Henderson, of Washington, D. C.

The naming and distribution of the thousands of land shells

collected in all parts of Alabama, fell to the part of the writer,

and the new species have all been described by him; 13 species

and 4 varieties up-to-date, with probably several more to follow,

as the material is more carefully studied. After the regular

work for the ‘‘Syndicate’’ was stopped, Mr. Smith continued

collecting fresh-water shells for Mr. Walker, and land shells for

the writer, while collecting Tertiary fossils for the Geological

Survey of Alabama, by which he was employed as Curator of

the Museum at the University of Alabama. The sorting,

naming and distributing of the fresh-water shells, was done by

Mr. Walker, and I cannot do better than quote from a letter

from him, on this subject:

‘¢T enclose the meager list of n. sp. and vars. that have been

described from Mr. Smith’s material. But that does not begin

to show the enormous amount of work that he did in develop-

ing the fauna of Alabama. Besides going the whole length of

the Coosa from Gadsden to Wetumpka by boat, he did the

Black Warrior thoroughly before it was spoiled by the Govern-

ment improvements (?) and spent a season on the Mussel Shoals

of the Tennessee. Two or three summers were spent on the

Connasauga and other head-waters of the Coosa, and in numer-

ous side trips he had covered practically the whole state.

Then, too, through local collectors, many of them trained by

him, he had reached into many localities that he did not per-

sonally visit. By these means he collected an enormous

amount of material, practically none of which has been worked

up.

ve While he worked for the ‘Syndicate’ he collected every-

thing; but when that arrangement ceased, he specialized in the

Unionide and Pleuroceride. I have not any very accurate fig-

ures on the number of specimens of Unionide that he collected,

but I think that from 40,000 to 50,000 would not be an over-

estimate. His Black Warrior collection alone he reported as

10,000. No report on this material has ever been made, and a

THE NAUTILUS. 139

very large proportion of it still remains to be worked over.

This I shal] do as rapidly as I have time. I also have on hand

many thousands of specimens of Amnicolidx that haye not been

sorted out. And the same is true of a very large amount of

Ancylide from the Coosa and its tributaries.

‘* But it was especially in the Plewroceride that he put in his

best work. He became exceedingly interested in that family

and the many perplexing problems that its protean species pre-

sented, and it was his expectation to work it up himself. The

enormous collection, thousands upon thousands of specimens,

and the familiarity that he had acquired in his many years of

field work, especially fitted him for the work. But unfor-

tunately the multitude of duties that pressed upon him, as

Curator of the State Museum, prevented him from carrying his

plan into execution. He had planned to publish a paper on

the Anculose of the Coosa for some time, and expected to write

it up this last spring. He had gone so far as to arrange a series

of the species in the order that he intended to present them,

but his untimely death prevented the completion of the work.

Beyond this, and a somewhat similar arrangement of the

Gyrotomas, nothing has been done and, except the manuscript

names attached to many species that he believed to be new, and

which he intended to describe, there is absolutely nothing left

to show the vast knowledge that he had acquired of that mar-

velous fauna. He had it all in his brain, and it all perished

with him. I do not suppose that any other man ever had such

an intimate knowledge of the variation of that family, and to

think that it is all gone, is truly pitiful.

‘*T do not believe that the fauna of any other State in the

Union has ever been so thoroughly worked as was that of Ala-

bama, by him.”’

I do not know how many new species were collected by Mr.

Smith in Brazil, the West Indies and Mexico, but the follow-

ing is the list from Colombia and Alabama:

COLOMBIA.

Glandina callista Pilsbry and Aperostoma smithi Pilsbry

Clapp. and Clapp.

Circinaria ponsonbyi Pilsbry MHelicina sanctemarthe Pils-

and Clapp. bry and Clapp.

Circinaria ponsonbyi var. Helicina cacaguelita Pilsbry

clara Pilsbry and Clapp. and Clapp.

Aperostoma sanctzemarthie

Pilsbry and Clapp.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

ALABAMA.

Musculium transversum de- Neoplanorbis umbilicatus

cisum Sterki. Walker.

Pisidium compressum coosa- Clappia clappi Walker.

ense Sterki. Polygyra smithi Clapp.

Pisidium compressum con- Polygyra inflecta approxi-

trarium Sterki. mans Clapp.

Pisidium limatulum Sterki. Polygyra decepta Clapp.

Pisidium noveboracense ala- Polygyra barbata Clapp.

bamense Sterki. Polygyra brevipila Clapp.

Pisidium atlanticum dispar Polygyra brevipila chero-

Sterki. keensis Clapp.

Pisidium atlanticum albidum Polygyra cohuttensis Clapp.

Sterki. Vertigo alabamensis Clapp.

Rhodacmea cahawbensis Vertigo alabamensis conecu-

Walker. hensis Clapp.

Rhodacmea gwatkiniana Vertigo oscariana ‘‘ Var.’’

Walker. (not named. )

Somatogyrus decipiens Omphalina pilsbryi Clapp.

Walker. Vitrea lewisiana Clapp.

Somatogyrus hendersoni Vitrea aldrichiana Clapp.

Walker. Vitrea cumberlandiana Clapp.

Somatogyrus pygmaeus Vitrea (Paravitrea) conecu-

Walker. nensis Clapp.

Neoplanorbis carinatus Vitrea (Paravitrea) pilsbry-

Walker. ana Clapp.

Neoplanorbis smithii Walker. Carychium nannodes Clapp.

Dr. W. J. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum, Pitts-

burgh, has written a very appreciative article on the life and

work of Mr. Smith, in Science, N. 8. Vol. XLIV, No. 1278,

pages 481-483, May 23, 1919, where other fields of activity are

touched upon; but to cover the whole subject would demand a

volume. It is to be regretted that Mr. Smith was not able to

carry out a plan he long had in mind, of working up his ex-

tensive series of notebooks into a story of his life as a collector,

as it would have been an inspiration to future collectors, and

would, I feel sure, have been worthy to place alongside of the

THE NAUTILUS. 141

classic works of Bates and Wallace. He was a remarkably keen

observer, as shown by his letters, so his notebooks undoubtedly

contained a vast amount of most valuable observations. Hven

when feeling ‘‘down in his luck,’’ he always saw the funny

side of life, and had a large stock of humorous stories, which

he would frequently insert in his letters, for no other reason,

apparently, than that he just happened to think of them.

NOTES.

VERTIGO OVATA AND V. HEBARDI IN FiLorrpa.—Both Vertigo

ovata and V. hebardi appear to be rare in Florida, as you will

see by the list below giving records from my collection. The

number found is added for each locality.

Vertigo ovata Say.

Snapper Creek Hammock, south of Miami (2).

Madeira Hammock, southern Florida (1).

Lower Matecumbe Key (5).

Vertigo hebardi Van.

Pumpkin Key (3-+fragments).

Big Pine Key (1).

Elliotts Key (2).

Porgy Key (9-+fragments).

Little Palo Alto Key (3).

No Name Key (1).

Lignum Vitae Key (1).—Gro. H. Crapp.

In a most interesting article by W. J. Wintemberg, ‘‘ Arch-

aeology as an Aid to Zoology’’ (Canadian Field-Naturalist,

Vol. 88, Oct., 1919, pp. 68-72), an error in the distribution of

TaAtorina irrorata Say has crept into print, in quoting from G. G.

MacCurdy, ‘‘The Passing of a Connecticut Rockshelter”’

(Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. 38, p. 517, 1914). ZL. irrorata is not

confined to Florida, but is found more or less common along

the entire coast from New England southward. Vineyard

Sound, ‘‘sparingly’’ (Verrill). New Haven, ‘‘ not at all com-

mon’’ (Perkins). Stratford, Conn., ‘‘on high sedges’’ (Jinsley).

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Huntington, L. Isl. (S. Smith). It is locally common in the

marshes along the New Jersey coast.—C. W. JoHNson.

FAScIOLARIA PAPILLOSA SOWERBY. In regard to my reference

to this species in the October Nauritus, p. 45, Mr. J. R. LeB.

Tomlin says: ‘‘I have the Tankerville catalogue before me and

on p. xvi of its Appendix I find: 1552, Fasciolaria papillosa.

F. testa fusiformi, apice papillosa, anfractibus transverse stri-

atis, mediane nodosis; apertura intus laevis; cauda longa, long.

ozs, lat. 13, une.

‘‘It is not figured nor is any locality given.’’ It may possi-

bly be a young F. gigantea but from the above description it

seems unrecognizable.—C. W. JOHNSON.

PHYSA SMITHIANA new name for Puysa smiTHir.—Dr. Bryant

Walker has kindly called my attention to the fact that the

name Physa smithii used in my paper ‘‘ Fresh-water Mollusca

from Colorado and Alberta’? (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

XLI, p. 585) is preoccupied by Clessin (Conch. Cab., Plan-

orbis, p. 294) for a Physa smithit from Australia. I therefore

change the name to Physa smithiana.—FRANK C. BAKER, Uni-

versity of Illinois.

AN AMENDMENT.—In the January number of the NauriLus,

on page 103, I inadvertently omitted from the list of Simpson’s

catch of Unionide at Lodgepole Creek, Anodontoides ferussacianus

Lea. The omission makes the next sentence unintelligible or

misleading, according to the interpretation placed upon it by

the reader.—Juntus HENDERSON.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

EXXPERIMENTS IN THE BREEDING OF Certons. By Paul Bartsch

(Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1920). It is well known

that in this genus each colony ‘‘ presents certain slight char-

acters by which we can distinguish its members from those of

other colonies. The question arises, are the forms in the var-

THE NAUTILUS. 143

ious colonies fixed forms; that is, will generation after genera-

tion yield the same mode in measurements, or will changes in

the local environment from season to season affect the develop-

ing organisms to such an extent as to produce an unending

series of slight variations? These were the problems that called

for a solution. The hope of throwing some light upon these

questions prompted the breeding experiments which were started

in 1912.’’

Colonies of 200 each of two species from Andros, Cerion casa-

blance and C. viaregis Bartsch were originally introduced on

certain of the Florida Keys. In 1915, 800 C, crassilabris from

Porto Rico, and in 1916, 8,317 C. uva from Curagao were

planted on Loggerhead Key. The shells were marked by filing.

Some of these colonies have now produced a second generation

of Florida-grown offspring. The present paper contains records

of the results. In the case of C. viaregis Dr. Bartsch finds that

the variations in the first and second generations are entirely

within the range of the species in its original locality; the

changed environment ‘‘ has not affected them in such a way as

to produce such differences as one observes between the various

colonies in the Bahamas.’’ C. casablancae gives practically the

same result. The same holds with the first Florida generation

of C. crassilabris.

On Newfound Harbor Khy C. viaregis has hybridized with

the native C. incanum. The offspring show a remarkable range

of variation; forms near typical C. incanwm and typical viaregis,

all intermediates between these, but also forms closely resem-

bling the mottled C. martensi group of the Bahamas. A state

of flux has been produced by cross-breeding. The experiments

indicate also an unusual fertility, and the suggestion is made

that ‘‘ crossing has an energizing effect which seems to enable

the new product to surpass its associated congeneric forms in

the production of offspring.’’

Dr. Bartsch suggests that during the glacial period, when the

low state of water united the numerous Bahaman Keys, ex-

tensive crossing took place, this resulting in the efflorescence of

new forms which we find to-day.

A valuable section treats of the soft anatomy, which shows

144 THE NAUTILUS.

considerable divergence among the species. Other biologic

notes and information on the ecologic relations of Cerions are

given. 59 plates fully illustrate the material.

Dr. Bartsch’s experiments clearly have important bearings.

upon systematic zoology as well as upon the doctrine of evolu-

tion generally.—H. A. P.

MOoLLUscA OF THE CROCKER LanD EXPEDITION TO NORTHWEST

GREENLAND AND GRINNELL LAND. By Frank C. Baker (Bull.

Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 41, pp. 479-517, pls. 25-27, Dec.,

1919). An interesting review of some of the arctic mollusks,

especially of the Buccinidae of which Buccinum tanquaryt and

B. ekblawi are described as new.

FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA FROM COLORADO AND ALBERTA. By

Frank C. Baker (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. History, Vol. 41, pp.

527-539, Dec., 1919). Planorbis similaris, Physa smithi and

Galba alberta are described and figured as new.

NEW SHELLS FROM THE NORTHWEST Coast. By William H.

Dall (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 32, pp. 239-252, Dec.,

1919). Ten new species and varieties and a new genus Pantel-

laria (type Megerlia monstruosa Scacchi) are described.

LOCOMOTION IN TWO SPECIES OF THE GASTROPOD GENUS ALEC=

TRION WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF PEDAL CILIA.

By Manton Copeland (Biol. Bull., Vol. 37, pp. 126-138, 1919).

THE CENTRAL NERVouS SysTEM OF NucuLA AND MALLETIA..

By W. A. Hilton (Jour. Ent. and Zool., Vol. 11, pp. 75-78,

1919).

New Species OF MOLLUSCA FROM VARIOUS DREDGINGS TAKEN

OF THE Coast oF NEw ZEALAND, THE SNARES ISLANDS AND THE

Bounty Istanps. By Miss M. K. Mestayer (Trans. and Proc.

N. Zealand Inst., 1919, Vol. 51, pp. 180-135, pl. 8). Liotia

suturi, Orbestella hinemoa, Crossea cuviertana, Leucosyrina thomson,

L. cuvierensis and Vepecula cooperi are described as new.

mn ser.

“a

: . $2.00 per Year. ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts, a copy

| ENSITY u F Abe he sheds id

ert is

A QUARTERLY

: DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

: OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

: H. A. Pitssry, Special! Curator of the Department of Mollusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

C. W. Jounson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Vol. XXXII. APRIL, 1920. No. 4

CONTENTS:

The Navajo Nation. By Jas. H. Ferriss . : ; é . 109

The Marine Mollusca of Staten Island. By Arthur “Jacot. ; es |

Vitrea (Paravitrea) multidentata and lamellidens. By Geo. H., Clapp Se a

The Nomenclature and systematic positions of some North American

fossils and recent Mollusca. By Junius Henderson . : ‘ 2 eS

A new Planorbis from Illinois. By Frank C. Baker, : . 123

A new form of Amnicola from the Ohio Pleistocene with notes on a

Physa. By Frank C. Baker . , : . : ; : , « Loe

Lasmigona viridis Rafinesque. By L. G. Frierson , ; : . ne i

Turritidae versus Turridae. By S. S. Berry. . F : : | tee

On certain of Link’s names in the Mitridae. By J. R. Le B. Tomlin. 2 Dans

New Species of West Coast Shells. By lda S. Oldroyd . ‘ , . 135

Herbert Huntington Smith. By Geo. H. Clapp. , ; , : . 186

Notes . : : - : ; > , : . 141

Publications Receiv ed ; : ; : : : . , : . 42

C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager,

Boston Society of Natural History,

Berkeley Street,

Boston, Mass.

Entered as Second-Class matter atthe Boston Post-O fice,

li THE NAUTILUS.

Natural History Material from the Pacific!

Am planning an extended field-trip through the South Seas, etc., touching at

several seldom-visited islands. Can undertake a few commissions to collect nat-

ura] history material in any line for institutions or individuals at reasonable rates,

Land and Marine Shells a Specialty

Write at once stating what you require,

WILLIAM A. BRYAN

Professor of Zoology and Geology

College of Hawaii Honolulu, H. I.

(Permanent and forwarding address)

SHELLS

Wanted: Fine American Land and Fresh Water Shells.

Send list of what you have to exchange, or will collect.

Offered: Fine Philippine Land Shells.

WALTER F. WEBB,

2O2 Westminster Road,

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

FOR EXCHANGE OR SALE

THE Navurizus, Vols. V-XXII inclusive. Structural and Systematic Con-

chology, 3 Vols. Call’s Mollusca of Indiana and a few others. Duplicate

shells for exchange.

A. A. HINKLEY, DuBois, II.

Otia Conchologica

By A. A. GOULD

Shells of the Wilkes, U. S. Explor. Exped.; Shells of the N. Pacific Explor.

Exped., and descriptions of shells reprinted from various publications with

rectifications, 1839-62. 256 pages, containing descriptions of 18 new genera

and about 1290 new species. A library in itself. A few copies of this rare

publication are available at the unusually low rate of $2.50.

Address, SECRETARY, Boston Society of Natural History

234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass.

THE NAUTILUS. iii

ne ed

Wew Shell Catalogue

We have completed the preparation and publication of the fourth

edition of our complete catalogue of Mollusca. This edition contains

one hundred and twenty-four pages and two hundred and twenty-three

illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of publication, we are

unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata-

logue bound with heavy paper cover is 55c.; bound in paper and inter-

leaved with blank pages, 70c.; and interleaved and cloth bound, 90c,

We will credit the amount paid for catalogue on first order for shells

amounting to five dollars.

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment,

76-104 COLLEGE AVE, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Illustrations of a Thousand Shella. |

Nos. 1, 2 and 3 of this work, containing beautiful colored figures of 300 species

has recently been published in Japanese style. Aside from its scientific value,

it also offers a work suitable as a gift to an amateur. Price per number in-

cluding postage, $1.50. Most of the shells figured and many others are for

sale at reasonable prices. Y. HIRASE, Kyoto, Japan.

FOR $5.00 BILL

Sent by regist. letter, I will send you in two boxes by regist. sample post

postpaid, the following lot of only showy and fine species.

For species not desired you choose two of another one.

Xestina citrina jine Moluccas. Anixa siquijorica Philippines.

ee nemorensis “* Helicostyla collodes Philippines.

Rhysota oweniana Philippines. Euhadra pancala Formosa.

Obba moricandi Caracolus marginella Puerto Rico.

** parmula 3 Thelidomus lima she

‘* serobiculata sy Geotrochus gaberti N. Ireld.

Pyrochil. pyrostomus jine Moluccas. Amphidr. interruptus Moluccas.

Phoenicobius monochroa Philipps. iy palaceus oy

f. palavanica r Bulimus Moritzianus Venez.

Acavus phoenix Ceylon. Achatina fulica Madag.

Anixa magistra Philipps. Cylophorus stigniferus Java.

‘¢ carbonaria ‘‘ oculus-capri Java.

‘¢ cebuensis ‘°

The very rare Najad shell Muelleria lobata, Amazonas, $3.00 postpaid

EXCHANGE DESIRED

HERMANN ROLLE, Institute Kosmos

Berlin, W. 30, Speyererstr. 8. Germany

iv THE NAUTILUS.

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

The volume now in progress contains a monograph of the

Pupillidae, Chondrina, Vertigo, ete.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition. $5.00.

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

P. O. Address, GLEN RIDGE, NEW JERSEY, U.S. A.

SOWERBY & FULTON

(Proprietor, HUGH C. FULTON)

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World

SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE

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Clearwater, Fla.

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