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INDEX

eee NAUTILUS, XXXIV.

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

MMMMLEENO LG PULIINIOIAES ee eee ence kee ee 27

Achatinella lehuiensis meinickei P. & C., n. subsp..... 109, 110

Acruroteuthis, new name for Acroteuthis ..............

metmnonains pectorosa Conrad .............0...00000 5. 89

Alaska, notes on a collection of shells from ............ 67

Serenia Whiner Lge 87

Alasmidonta raveneliana Lea .............0ccccceecee 87

eetts Dione@ata Dall n.sp. 6.) 133

memes minuta Oldroyd, n: sp. ........ 2.05.0 ..00. 00. 114

Arkansia wheeleri Ortm. & Wkr. ...............00000- 141

Brachiopod genera, notes on certain .................. 69

MN res hy ee he EN) 70, 188

Mu remorse oh OM i Ca oe 70, 138

Ee Ore to 139

rm eiaeire a OAT 60

Mpemersinns Widen Hea 6, 89

Cephalopods, note on a preoccupied generic name ...... 66

rmmermbeta Grover i, Men. el occ ee. 70

Mera tow Peravinn co 2 ee Ny 93

Chione meridionalis Oldroyd, n. sp. (pl. 4, figs. 3, 4).... 93

Cmte Alagleng eT Ne 22

Chiton tuberculatus, sex-correlated coloration in ....... 30

Clathrodrillia diegensis Oldroyd, n. sp. ............... 115

Seemeona lubties (Mull) 2.0. ee. 14, 28

Seemmea edentula Drap. . 2... ie eee ee ce oe ke 28

Summmenencagiata Cour. oo. er ull 90

Conus californicus fossilis Oldroyd, n. sp. .............. 116

Coptothyris Jackson (Pereudesia Dall) ............... 69

Craspedopoma lucidum Lowe ............0.00 ceceeee 113

re ea tea oe! 88

(111)

lv THE NAUTILUS.

prtonium clark Oldrovd, 1. @ps 3). 2. ced owes be oe os 115

Hingis direetus (Conroe as nas oh ae ee te ae 60

Buconulus:tulvus: (Mah y veces 3 esa ee eee eee 14

Huryue mebulosa ( Comrady 3. 's\s..e +n oe eee eee 90

Kuryaia perp puredhueag os: sss 5a0 eee pees eee 90

Kuyrging warduxemengis (Thea) i Loa es ap eee eee ot

Ferrissia adamsi Walker, n. sp. (pl. 3, figs. 7-9) ........ 74

Ferrissia blandi Walk., n. sp. (pl. 3, figs. 10-12) ........ 75

Ferrissia jJamaicensis Walker, n. sp. (pl. 3, figs. 1-3) .... 73

Fiérida, ‘shells of ‘Orlando: ,1.\s\, 2,454 eecco eee ee 31

Florida, shelig'‘of the east coast (,.)!: 0... evn bie eee 119

Fusconaia: harmesiaua Tea oo. os. Ceo ba eee eee 83

Fusconaia ‘cuneolis Thea eel, doe sie ae eee eee 82

Fusconais edgariana ea yi. 66:54 sas es eee or eee 83

Pirseonara, Pilaris Tee i. sis cass Ce aes on oele bP eee 81

Galbavahln (Beck) oo i.04c. sos ws s 6s beep ee eee 68

Gastrocopta holangeri agna Piles). ..4 4, sect eran 29

Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella Pils. ................ 13

Gastrocopta rupicola Say. ./.). s\s dvuslests bias eee eee 108

Gonyodiscus cronkhitei Anthonyi Pils. ................ 14

Gonyodiscus shimeki cockerelli Pils. ...............06- 5

Guatemala molbusea 2's. 4 2.0 ice & eleceeee Bere eee 37

Haplotrema coneava Say... dye cert 2 ae ee 28

Helcina occulta Say 2.0 iis.c cebcecs ee Se Pee eee 64

hHewismus rugmosus Mor. 2... 02 poce snes eee ee 47

Hinkley, Anson A. (obituary and portrait) ............ 55

Lampsilis higginsii Lea, anatomy of ................2-- 80

Land mollusks of the Belgian Congo .................- 102

luand shelis trom Beaver Co,, Pac. ¢ic.c Ss a ee ee 28

Land shells of Chokoloskee Key and Cape Sable, Fla..... 108

Land shells of Southern Flomda. ...... os.% sce wee eee 93

Lasmigona holstonia Lea ........ wid lal'g) a phe: hel a: Re 87

Tuaeteria lutea Hat. 32's ios sells e's asd ane a eee a 87

Lexingtonia dolabelloides hea: ..54..2%).seaseeeio ae ee cae 83

Laguus at Marco, Wloridai\ 6 .s.c/c:ace kishactia tes aoe Mle eet 139, 140

Liguus fasciatus Simpsoni, 1. SiS) ).)sikiik oe eee eee ons 140

Luoess deposits, near’ Alton, Minoan: ..\.)c4c) sis) eileen ae 61

Tmcidella tantilla Pag. y.5. ici ee nthe bene ele ete 108

Lymnaea emarginata Say and L. ampla Mighels, type

Pocalatiies Of 55 ye uty els ois nics sae ee eat i Rao bs th as Tf

Lymnaea ‘stagnalis appressa Say ©...) vie bold Pa eed 10

Marine mollusca about New York City ............... 59

Mecionidns Conradicus MuAh 5.) cscs nghe,A eb meraieielale + prcrieen 90

Modiolus demissus Dillwyn, in San Francisco Bay ...... 91

Mussels, on the erosion and thickness of shells of the

fresh Water ........0s see eee eee e cree ee eeceeneees 15

THE NAUTILUS. ca 4

Naiad Fauna of the Mississippi River, notes on the ..... 80

NR ae Lc ks adi lhe ys in g (ay nla olin od i

North Dakota, shells from Jamestown .....-.....20206: 29

IITICATR PSOW DS 16 58560. vw ca cid i pak p pide din eles 117

Smee, DOCLICR, NEW VATICTICS .. 6.6.2... ccc cep ew es 118, 119

Ns 5: ol gaia wie on) x'bb2o 9 0059 4 lol o's 059 wp ole 6, 12

ee OUbel PF CFTISS, 1: SUDEP. . 24.6%... e es cw nvnens 5, 13

Oreohelix cummingsi Ferriss, n. subsp. ................ D, 12

ere reomexicana Pils. . . 16. kc spe vices ne ewen des

ME MIC PUB, oS aus 5 6 a kis jessie sce inten cel 108

Pachycheilus indiorum (Morelet) .................025 44

Peeesceeuus lacustris (Morelet) .........0c0cccnesees 37

Pachycheilus pottsianus Hinkley, n. sp. ............... D4

I dN ee Oe hs Live de ilk Bl gd Sy wl eran aie 88

Peewee Magitigentata (Binn.) 6... 6 keke ke er sdieeee 28

Bre TI@TIICUIS IMCL. oo se wie ce We ae eleiee ed ne oles 60

Pecten (Patinopecten) rhytidus Dall, n.sp............. vir

Pecten (Plagioctenium) hallae Dall, n. sp. ............ 76

CT SOS. TE Shia gy wie ol sie ala sled aw ne ecne 137

TS CONE 1 0 oe 137

Pennsylvania, land shells from Beaver Co. ............ 28

Physa humerosa interioris Ferriss, n. subsp. ........... 2,4

PTI TIS DAKE oo. so ea oc e Sa ba etie be sie eae 68

EMER OPUIS SAY 5 6 oie so se o'er bigs MY bo oben wo pain 10

I te eee NS Uy Le so uae Kpeh ww 133

Sernemia ovirorme Conrad. . . oo... eiccs dsc is beanies 85

Peer aedentata umbilicata CK... jas. c eee ee ce tee 14

MME ATINICTUALA AV 6, ois. d aid asco oe whe tarde ewe ce nes 31

MenernICTIAtA WETTIES 20. bocce eee See cc eenss 25

Polygyra multilineata altonensis Baker, n. var. ........ 65

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker, n. var. ........ 66

Portland catalogue, species named in the ............ 97, 124

NE A 31

-wememarwomn brasiiana Dall nisp. .......... 00000008 1382

Savenonranchus subtentum Say .......7. 0626s ceecleeee 88

eet dietid TCCCIVED 2... lk ere ee aes 31, 70, 104

Pupilla hebes mut. albescens Ferriss .................. 8, 14

TES Sa SR a ec 13

TEE AP PTINIAG A TRAY op. cic lees fae cd oe ashe sisee ee 14

Pyramidula cumberlandiana Lea (pl. 1, fig. 1)......... 24

Pyramidula cumberlandiana. alabama Clapp, n. var. (pl.

EM ahr te yy kid gie gos We et oy Sh cig 25

Pyramidula cumberlandiana columba Clapp, n. var. (pl.

RE ah) Fate A na a lag deep 40 & el'wiejn id e's

Pyramidula from Alabama, a new species of ........... 23

Pyramidula picta Clapp, n. sp. (pl. 1, fig. 4) ........... 23

al THE NAUTILUS.

Pyranidula rupestris, im Maine Poo cebibae es eee esl ak 58

Pyramidula rupestris var. nylanderi Morse, n var. (fig.1) 59

ryramiduila alsmokiy irae. 2 oro cs squats ee ele vk Geeaee oes 63

Razor shell, the leaping .............. Pgh ane Be Avene By pie 95

Schasicheila walkeri Hinkley, n. sp. ............c0000- 53

sebazoplax multivalor Dalim: Bi... 's's.' sis aem ape men 22

Siphonaria japonaca: (Deny. 2. .') actuate ole nisl seten ae ee 141

Bolen emsig Tuy A Oh hie te SUN eal he ahs ae bee oe 96

powerby,; George Brettingham .\. 5... . sak ee we eee 137

POPES SSO TC TRIIAN EY) LL" 3e hola alls io atieae ca tela a mre be eee D9

Strobilops strebeli guatemalensis Hinkley, n. subsp. ..... 52

DUCCIMeR Mee iba! N's she arcisiaratenae ele ei ete ae nee oie 10, 28, 62

Tapes philippinarum in the Hawaiian Islands ......... 107

Tertuia hempbills Oldroyd, ii sp) i's tsp vis ote wate ate ole 115

Physanonhora Korn: '.!.4's) 3 Psi k palee same wea e Viet ee 13

Tornatina' tumida, Oldroyd, n.°spr))\s. 0. be ks ee eee 116

Darriticag ve. “Purridae \. cree. ses PA raPem Mango ale Sop be les S52. 20, 57

Vailonia ‘eracilicostata Wem.) .5 ss 055s ose aetna 14

Walvata lewisii helicoidea Dall...) ..!. fw a bce ee ee 68

Menus -stutaert (Dom. Ui GR CUA 2 hate ere a ae er 141

Vermetus nodosus Oldroyd,'n. (sp. 2... ie cece sede cee eae 116

Vertico modesta insculpta Pils. uss) cme nee pie ee ee 14

Poanrianaalaskeme” Wally, °9.'.'. 215% Sis nis oo eee bese asin 14

Paniparuas waltons Pry Om | '.'. bite tpt oles erate eae 31

PV cher Waar co ota \e at alae ale aka lade rho AG Ons Means bo ceenatie 101

vion., National Park, shells Of! eco La eae ence ee 140

Aonstoides alachuana Dall gic oc ae ay epi Mamet eee eee 14

Jomtodes nummus Van. in Indiana Goose ee 70

THE NAUTILUS. vil

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

I Me ty Ale Le eo aie ig aodia'eecdiolgidie le « 61, 67

OL ME. df dae ea d's. wld wid dom ale 57, 66

Lr et wu niece cee acid ee 23, 70, 108

ee i Wits cle dad Giste edie 6 bic a ested 138

us caw ig Wea sisacenae's 102, 113, 183

IEEE i ne en disse vie a 'e'c ais oe ce daweelae 109

IN SAE SOC a ee 137

I er cl ile ie gene bedieigaraine « « aie 29

Ne osu yy a elas a eae sieca sve ¢ 22, 27, 76, 97, 124, 132

Nh er AON orale ee Weed aie: wueelele al cies ara! 30

TN IS EIR OIE Te US PLP OEY aR 1

Na ee eee ialaeie See 138

ee hg ks 'g eevee eer aldl dev lee wo ue 69

ea leas 6 ale lels 15, 80

TENCE OEE Ug ee A a 91, 142

I, ee cha fe divryiaraic cia doin glin'd «i ea. ¥ ance 37

ale use l )G 0. 4) xialiehei sa, ayaheciSonoe, a e's e 4) » 59

te) ec hc ca a a Sp) o) aie slieisici eres 36, 72, 106, 143

NTE EE 05 os arch cesa ile si gale cals cate grea eo Wiss 110

I cle nid clia'e yg habe) Muy thci'ss Satur die beshe; Maieada lode 58

EI LS AUSTEN OS Sy oo 139

ERIC ES is LE ey i en

ee ee at alia ole aig 93

et elaine e yin o/s) «alls alla « 114, 117

IMLS ay Se alr eh, oie diac el nubidtee oor 81, 141

BE ee ee ce Seals ewe 31, 36, 72, 101, 106, 109, 140

ES Ra a ng a 95

oa et lect aikbs eh i ocle Bia nly sol ied wou". < se: ol 6, 107

EERTSN D0 a ns wail a ne ain 6 din pee so a ein oll 100

I ee eta aia i Digi sal cva' c, »'xilai) a a aia is 28, 31, 93, 140

IE yt eine i Bit vis 4 wate ticle ale 6 0 ss thers 32, 55, 73

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THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXIV JULY, 1920. No. 1

THE NAVAJO NATION.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

( Concluded. )

In northeastern Arizona sandstone and shale of different

periods are the prevailing types, geologically. The Carrizo

range and a small country about sixty miles north of Hol-

brook, Arizona, and a few needles thrust through the desert

floor here and there belong to the igneous group. Less than

one-tenth is limestone, and in character of little worth to the

snail industry.

Vegetation is not so plentiful or varied in character as in the

region lying southward to the Mexican border, but much of the

material is new to collectors, and some of the species new to

science. At an elevation between 6,000 and 7,000 feet juniper

(J. monosperma) and pinyon (P. edulis), and up to 8,500 feet

yellow pine (P. ponderosa), quaking asp, spruce and oak pre-

vail, with columbines, phlox, aconitum, larkspur in the usual

mountain profusion. Ferns are rare.

W. N. Clute, editor of the American Botanist, and the pres-

ent writer, both of Joliet, Ill., were invited to join the class of

1919. They needed no urging. The good ship Ford, chafing

at its Tucson anchorage was in line at Flagstaff July 1. Leavy-

ing the Lowell Observatory with the Normal School faculty and

several pleasant people, a run was made over to Grand View, on

the Grand Canyon, about 70 miles, to organize, get acquainted

and make a fresh start. It is one of the best views of the

2 THE NAUTILUS.

canyon. The auto parties camp here, but the hotel, now owned

by W. R. Hearst, is idle. The forest rangers’ camp is nearby

but otherwise there is no settlement here at present. Sonorella

coloradoensis (Stearns) was found at the type locality. Scenery,

fine air and the yellow-blooming century-plant (Agave utahensis)

were of particular interest.

Tuba City was our next camp, and it was necessary to return

to the San Francisco Mountains, 14 miles from Flagstaff to

cross the Painted Desert. This is the fourth time we have

passed this range with a peak of 12,794 feet and everlasting

snow. Surely Oreohelix is up there in the quaking asps, but

no conchologist has made a track so much as on the foothills.

At Cameron (Tanner) crossing was made over the canyon of

the Little Colorado on a suspension bridge built by the govern-

ment. There was but a thread of water in the muddy flats

one or two hundred feet below. A little scratching here during

the luncheon hour did not turn up anything in the rocks or

drift. The road was fairly good and the autos hummed along

merrily over wide stretches of black lava, pebbled agate, iron

marbles and other geological curiosities, and at other stretches,

for a change, painted canyon walls and miles of grotesque wind-

made statues furnished entertainment. Although delayed four

hours in starting we traveled 122 miles and went into camp

early that day at Tuba. Purchased from the Mormons, this is

now a government city of schools, agency buildings, an agri-

cultural experiment station and a hospital.

Sand is the chief product of Tuba City, but springs are

numerous and the fields of grain and the orchards were thrifty.

At the boiling spring in our camp a new Pisidium and Physa

humerosa interioris, n. subsp. were gathered. Also cases of the

case-fly and a fair collection of dragon flies. A large scarlet

species was the prize.

John Lee, of Mountain Meadow memory, was one of the

founders of Tuba. Later he established Lee’s Ferry on the

Colorado, and later again at Mountain Meadow met his Water-

loo. On the rocks of Moenkoppi Wash is the village of Moen-

koppi. The homes and stores of these ancient cliff-dwellers

were closely inspected by the class, also their fields of corn,

THE NAUTILUS. 3

orchards and vineyards, hundreds of acres. School diplomas,

photographs and three-colored illustrations decorated their

walls, and clocks and sewing machines seemed home-like.

They are neat housekeepers, hospitable and surely happy.

These so-called Quaker Indians, the Hopis, and also the

more or less war-like Navajos, Utes and Piutes, with a few

goods bought from the traders—salt, sugar, baking powder and

calico—live as they have always lived. They are farmers with

fields of grain, alfalfa and vegetables in the low spots of the

desert; operators in live stock, manufacturers of blankets,

pottery and jewelry. The estimate of 1912 gave this nation

330,000 horses, 33,000 cattle, 1,500,000 sheep. They dress in

styles of their own, in dwellings cling to their ancient architec-

ture and keep their blood pure Indian. The Hopi has perma-

nent dwellings, four and five stories high, and perhaps may be

the original inventor of the Philadelphia sky-scraper apartment.

The Navajo with his solitary and temporary hogan of sticks and

mud, the Ute and Piute with tepees of skin or canvas, follow

their flock to the herding grounds, all at peace, one with an-

other, really not knowing tribal boundaries. There may bea

two-thousand-dollar auto in the front door yard of Mr. Navajo

if the ground is that level. The remainder of the family sur-

plus may be invested in government bonds, a banner with a

star in gold hanging from a door that is something like a muskrat

home, but they make their own moccasins and calico breeches,

and some of them still think they can whip the United States.

Since we broke camp one of those cockey white men, prospect-

ing for minerals against Indian instructions, was found lying

by a water hole on our trail and the signs of his taking-off were

Navajo.

The Hopi is a model Indian. He saves his money, never

had a quarrel with Uncle Sam, and without government boun-

ties has made his own living. A trader told us that when a

Navajo sold him ten dollars worth of wool he traded out the

full amount and asked for nine dollars more of credit, but the

Hopi left a quarter and took home nine seventy-five in cash.

The Navajo refused to dig for pottery, as the flu had given

them a scare; but we liked them and their splendid horses were

4 THE NAUTILUS.

kindly, well-broken and intelligent. Without a guide or guid-

ance they carried us for miles over naked sandstone where there

was not a scratch to mark the trail. Saddles of Navajo make

are in good taste and stand up well with the best of the saddler’s

art.

‘*Boy, boy,’’ came from a group of smiling Hopis at Tuba,

pointing to cavalry pantaloons as the girls climbed into cars.

The dogs barked, and with the government veterinarian in hig

own Ford to lead us, the sand flew over the dunes to Kaibito.

Here Wetherill and his horses had been waiting for three days.

The cars were stored in the trader’s wool house, and two days

later we threw down the shovels and anchored those horses and

mules in the junipers of Endische Springs at the south foot of

Navajo Mountain.

There had been little opportunity for collecting, but while

watering our stock at two branches of Navajo Creek the drift

was found rich in small shells. The streams contained excel-

lent drinking water and were twenty or thirty feet in width. A

large amount of timber had been floated down from the mesas,

but we were traveling fast. Physa humerosa interioris was found

in the stream among the horsetails and water cress.

With the best of water spouting from the rocks, a beautiful

view and a delightful climate we settled down into a permanent

camp, began to feel acquainted and call each other by front

names. These pupils and instructors were a splendid group of

uncomplaining pottery diggers. Nearly every western state was

represented. Their forebears had been pioneers from Plymouth

Rock to California, and thus good sense and the square deal

came just natural.

From the southern approach Navajo Mountain is an oblong

dome, regular in form, longer east and west, without peaks or

precipices, ‘‘rising four thousand feet above the flat floor of the

Rainbow Plateau, an island in the midst of a sea of water-worn

and wind-worn brilliantly colored sandstone,’’ says Gregory.

A nearer view and a little travel finds precipices in plenty. In

fact so rough were the crags we found but one horse trail to the

upper levels, and that ended at War God Springs about half

way to the summit. Here at the springs is a fairly level bench

THE NAUTILUS. 5

in the yellow pine about a mile in width along the southern

and eastern slopes. The talus covered with quaking asp largely

composed of heavy sandstone blocks is an ideal situation and

Oreohelix was at home. The summit of about two hundred

acres fairly level is heavily clothed in spruce, and over the top,

under the precipices are occasional springs that feed the streams

crossing the Rainbow trail below. Many fairy bowers, coves

and valleys are hidden here for botanists and snail seekers.

Here we found a new Phlox (cluter); Oreohelix yavapar cum-

mingst n. subsp. and Gonyodiscus shimeki cockerelli Pils. were

found in their most robust form.

All of the mountain is sandstone, or so near it that shells

and their hunters notice no difference. ‘‘ Cretaceous sand-

stones cover the top and Jurassic (?) sediments constitute the

flanks,’’ to speak authoritively. The sandstone for the whole

region is rather variable in character due perhaps to the several

binding materials—lime, silicon, iron, manganese, etc. Many

specimens were brought to camp, and Prof. Scott’s verdict ran

to sandstone with an occasional decree favorable to petrified

wood.

Navajo Mountain has good soil for snail life, so fertile it is

not probable that all the species were gathered. Ata spring

on the south slope known to us as the Red Rock Spring, Oreo-

helix yavapai clutet n. subsp. was discovered accidentally in the

grass and rose bushes. Succinea avara was also here in the

bogs. Among the rocks of a large canyon west of Endische

Springs we found the bones of Oleohelix yavapat neomexicana

Pils., but found no live ones. This canyon heads in a saddle

near the main peak of the mountain and for convenience may

be known as Big Pine Canyon until further orders. The north

and northeast slopes were not fully explored although three of

our party camped at War God Springs the better part of a week.

The great rock slides of those slopes probably contain the best

snaileries. Four Oreohelix tribes per mountain is a new record

for Arizona.

Before returning home Mr. Wetherill and his Indians led the

way to the War God Springs and then on foot to the top of the

mountain for the view over the San Juan country, and then

6 THE NAUTILUS.

around the base of the mountain on horseback to the Rainbow

Bridge. On the mountain top an Oreohelix depressa came to

the surface following a shower of rain, in every way almost

identical to the shells found by Henderson and Daniels at

stations 22 and 23, 1915, near Ogden, Utah. The forest rub-

bish about the springs was alive with Pupas and Zonitids and

Vallonias. A few Oreohelix yavapai neomexicana Pils. were in

the rock slides.

The outlook from the crest overlooked the Rainbow Bridge,

the canyons of the San Juan, other canyons, bridges, caverns,

domes, sunlights and shadows, white, brown, and all the reds

and all the shades of the amethyst. Also the plateaus beyond

the Grand Canyon, the Henry Mountains, 11,410 feet, the Blue,

11,445, Aquarius 10,100, LaSal 12,271. Also the white and

black mesas and the Carrizo mountains to the south and east

were in view.

The Rainbow Bridge is in the strict rainbow form and with

some of its colors. But 30 feet in thickness, with its 309 of

altitude and 208 width, in lightness of architecture it seemed

something of steel. The average camera does not give an

accurate estimate of sharp hillsides and scenery large as this

bridge.

It rained a little these evenings, but the bridge kept us dry,

and at a camp in Surprise Canyon blankets were spread in

wind holes of the cliff. To imitate the swallows, heads and

feet were made to peep out a little. At the bridge one of the

party imitated the pack rats for a little while and for the first

time in his desert experience made a complete collection of fleas.

The chute of Zane Grey is an interesting feature of this trail, so

narrow it seemed the walls in passing could be touched with

either hand, and so high the passage was gloomy. Abduction

Cliff and the balanced rock that exterminated the wicked band

were true to photographs, one on the trail the other at Navajo

Creek, thirty miles away.

In fiction, details in scenery and character should be true to

life, though a little latitude may get through of a geograph-

ical character. We know Grey’s Roaring River, and we

camped for weeks at the corral he helped to build for Silver

—

THE NAUTILUS. d

Mine; we know his Painted Desert, and have struck his trail in

so many places we know his details are accurate and well done.

Hon. David Rust, of Kanab, schooled at Leland Stanford

University, an editor and twice a member of the Utah legisla-

ture, said the only fault ‘‘here is that Gray deals in ancient

history.’’ Well, so it is with many of us. We do not ask to

have witchcraft, intolerance, superstition or any of those dis-

gusting household remedies spread on the records.

David and his son, David Jordan, gave us a pleasant surprise

at Endische Springs. They were cousins of mine and it was our

first meeting. Our mothers’ ancestors, Ezekiel Brown and wile

and two sons were kidnapped by the New York Indians and

kept in captivity nearly four years. Rust and Ferriss thus in-

herited their wild ways, and had much in common to talk

about. Ferriss all his life, too, because of this family episode,

has been tracking New York Indians, especially up and down

Wall Street.

A couple of young boys from New York City, taking in the

sights from Zion Park to Mesa Verda, were in the care of the

Rusts, Arnold W. Kohler, Jr., and Chas. P. Schulzheimer.

Though but seventeen they were live wires educationally and

went off at the end of a few days with the hearts of us all.

They saw a large yellow snail walking up the rocks at Rainbow

Bridge, a Sonorella, perhaps, but we found only Succinea avara,

Physa humerosa interioris and Pupilla hebes.

Loaded with pottery and other material historic, after a few

weeks of toil we returned to Kaibeto, assisted by Navajos and

their horses. Here we met John Lee, a grandson of the Lee

Ferry John, who brought in a report that we were at Navajo

Mountain in a starving condition and that the girls had worn

out their shoes. The Lees may bea little peculiar, but ina

sparsely settled country rumors seem to spring from the ground

and spread remarkably fast.

It is a day’s journey from Kaibeto to Marsh Pass via Red

Lake, by auto or across country by horseback. The Dean and

our Navajo friend Leslie made the journey on horseback, for

there were ruins on the way. The main party returned to Red

Lake and switchbacked to the Pass. The roads had been

damaged by late rains and both parties were a day late.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

The trader at Red Lake opened house for us and between the

stores of the trader and our camp chest it was something like a

return to civilization. The living room above the store was

well equipped and the ladies took possession, the gentlemen

making their nests in the sand-dunes.

These trading posts are constructed much on the plan of the

old frontier forts. The buildings are strong, the counters high

and sometimes screened, for in their trade discussions the

Navajos may resort to direct action. A few traders have lost

their lives in these disputes and some of their goods. One of

these was an elder brother of Wetherill. We look back with

much pleasure to the over night at Red Lake.

The road to Marsh Pass led through the Klethia valley. Lake

reservoirs, fields and corrals by the road side, luxuriant sun-

flowers and fire-weeds promising greater agricultural develop-

ment, is our recollection of the ride. Marsh Pass is a rocky cut

between the Black and Skeleton Mesas. An abundance of fire-

wood and water stored in natural cisterns make this a conveni-

ent camping place, and Leslie kept camp while the entire class

on foot explored the ruins for a couple of days in Laguna

Canyon.

It was a pleasing Journey of six miles along the floor of the

canyon with high cliffs and palisades to the noted Betatakin

ruins of 148 rooms. A rain storm overtook the lagging snail

party, and while they were crouching under overhanging cliffs

they were given an exhibition of many bridal-veil falls break-

ing over the precipices. The forest dooryard at Betatakin was

somewhat damp the remainder of the day, but the quaking

asps and spruce were swarming with Pupillide, and here was

found something new, Pupilla hebes mut. albescens. The damp

collectors by a fire and protected by the city arch slept the

sleep of the honest toiler and dried their clothing. The ladies

descended ladders from the roofs and spread their blankets on

the smooth sandstone flooring. The gentlemen slept on rocky

shelving above the houses and the Dean, Casabianca to the

core, stayed by the cooking beans and got wet.

‘* Betatakin is a homelike spot,’’ is the first thought of the

visitor. The arched cavern in the cliff is 400 feet in width,

THE NAUTILUS. g

460 in heighth, opening to the west, has an easy approach, a

spring of excellent water at the base, a heavy forest and a wall

five hundred feet or more high, and a small stream of water in

front. It seems the most delightful and romantic of situations

for village life. The ruins have been partially restored by the

government, and our class for the coming summer propose to

make it their home while exploring a number of newly-discoy-

ered ruins near by. Supplies will be assembled at Kayenta.

A return to the main branch of Laguna Canyon and a walk

of eight or ten miles further from camp the following day in

which the party was somewhat delayed and strung out by the

ripe currants along the trail, brought us to the Keet-Seel ruins.

This city has about the same number of rooms as Betatakin,

the arch was about the same, but faced east. The forest was

not as heavy, the water not as convenient, it had not been res-

tored as it should be, and access was a little difficult. The

approach is negotiated by steps cut in a deep slope of sandstone

for about forty feet with a hand-rail laid flat on the surface for

safety. Thus those who approach must come humbly on all

fours. The pottery was a rich find at these ruins and there still

remain many wagon loads of the broken material.

The probabilities are that the Hopis were compelled to leave

these delightful homes against their will; that they were too

easily penned up here by the war-like Navajos and their Apache

cousins. At least the Hopis now live on the small and high

mesas Of the desert where they can see out in every direction,

watch their flocks and fields and get a fair view of all who ap-

proach. Such is the theory. The decorations upon pottery,

the architecture of dwellings and community buildings, with

timber, corn and pumpkin rinds preserved these hundreds of

years by the overhanging arches, are substantially the same as

those now in use by the Hopis of Moenkopi and Walpi.

Upon the return journey bones of Lymneza in the bed of the

creek, in banks, washes and ant-hills above started an investi-

gation, and it was found that these shells were imbedded in a

streak of marl and peat soil sometimes a dozen feet below the

canyon floor. Wetherill told us that thirty-five years ago the

valley contained a chain of swamps fed by the stream. A sim-

10 THE NAUTILUS.

ilar condition was found at Fredonia, Arizona, by Ferriss and

Daniels in 1910. The older residents said that twenty-five

years before the Kanab Wash was clothed with grass and there

was merely a few damp spots here and there along the valley,

that the cattle had cut a trail down the valley and this trail had

been deepened year after year by the stream. In 1910 the

water of Kanab Wash was 90 feet below the floor of the valley

and a permanent stream was of such a volume as to be known

as ariver. <A recent freshet had taken out the community dams

storing water for domestic use at Kanab and Fredonia, and the

village streets were still muddy from the disaster. Perhaps

these two streams and many others had a big cut the same sea-

son and by the same freshet. We see much evidence of this

cutting and also of some filling. Perhaps after a stream here

is cut to the bed rock it again fills with brush wood and soil

washed from above.

Lymnea stagnalis appressa Say was found in the canyon peat

and it may perhaps still be found alive in some of the ponds

and lakes of the mesas. We saw the lakes but an auto party is

too fast for pond snails. Lymnzxa (Galba) palustris (Mili).

Lymnea proxima Lea, Lymnea (Pseudogalba) parva, Planorbis

wrivolvis Say, and Suceinea retusa Lea, now a stranger to the

locality, were also gathered; but the material was in poor con-

dition, the shades of night were coming fast, all alone in an

Indian country and it had been a twelve-hour walk. It was

ten before the camp fire was beckoning at Marsh Pass.

Wetherill came to escort us to his home at Kayenta the next

morning, and then led us two more days on horseback through

Monument Park where peaks, steeples and effigies more than a

thousand feet high seem to stick up through the plateau floor.

While waiting for the snake dance, nearly a week of delight in

desert literature, paintings, photographs and evening lectures

was our lot at this club-like home. It is something of a head-

quarters for the government explorers, and for all sorts of

writers, artists and students who desire to know something of

the Navajos.

The party divided here, one half returning home, the other

going on to the snake dance at Walpi. The journey of two

THE NAUTILUS. ak

days by auto was made in five, owing to weather conditions.

We enjoyed the journey through the Chinlee valley where with

government assistance thousands of acres of corn were under

cultivation, and the side-winder rattler was added to our col-

lection.

We also stumbled into Ganado, headquarters of the Hubbel

string of trading posts established some forty years ago. Hon.

Lorenzo Hubbell, its head, many years a representative of the

territories of New Mexico and Arizona in Congress, was at

home. Here was another museum of Indian baskets, blankets,

paintings, desert books and the many things Indian we were

looking for. Paintings of all the patterns in blankets used by

the Navajos were on the walls, and one hundred at least of the

original portraits in sepia of Indians by that best of artists,

Elbridge Ayer Burbank.

Lorenzo Hubbell, Jr., of Oraibi, was a delightful acquaint-

ance. In an empty Buick he overtook us the next morning

after the Ganado visit. ‘‘ Throw in a lot of those dunnage

bags and some of those girls and I will help you the next ten

miles; the road is rough that far,’’ he said; and we went to it

and built a bridge. When the flood from the cloudburst had

passed we ran ahead into another cloudburst and built another

bridge, the men folks, including Hubbell, pulled off their

shoes, rolled up their pantaloons and waded through the mud

and cactus for half a day in their bare feet, built bridges, dug

out machines with shovels and their bare hands, pushed and

slipped and tumbled until dark, and Hubbell stayed with us

through it all. He was plainly that kind. When the cowboys

and Indians saw him at a distance they grinned the width of

their face, came up, slipped off their horses and shook hands

heartily.

Humiliating to relate, an Indian boy with a burro was em-

ployed to pull out a car we could not push, and did it. On

another occasion two men of our party, stuck upon the hillside

of the San Juan, had their machine pulled over the top by a

Najavo woman and her burro, with merely a rope around the

donkey’s neck.

The snake dance of the Hopis terminates an annual nine-day

12 THE NAUTILUS.

religious ceremony, a prayer for rain. Here were seven hun-

dred spectators from coast to coast, as interested and respectful

as these deeply religious Indians themselves. About sixty or

seventy live snakes were carried around the ring in the mouths

of the priests, one snake at atime. Twenty or more of these

exhibits were the common poisonous rattler—the side-winder

or Edwards’ massasauga (Sistruris catenatus edwardsi B. & G.),

and the other the prairie rattler (Crotalus confluentus Say). No

fangs were pulled, no persons bitten, no fainting, none were

awe-stricken. There was no frenzy. Everybody cool and sat-

isfied. Even those who paid a dollar for a watermelon or fifty

cents for a loaf of bread ate calmly, politely and said nothing.

The party again divided at Holbrook, and at Galup Mr.

Clute left for home and Cummings and Ferriss made a side trip

to Montecello, Utah, via. the Ship Rock agency and Cortez,

Colorado, thus avoiding the Ute Mountain and passing over the

toes of Mesa Verde with its great ruins.

The Blue Range, known on some of the maps as the Altas

Abajo, is about eight miles from Montecello. The walking is

good and the lumber road lands one at the sawmill on the

north fork of the Montezuma Creek, the very heart of the moun-

lain range. These peaks are covered by thick groves of aspen

and spruce with large open spaces of coarse grass and slides of

sandstone fringed with wild currants and raspberries. Here

again Oreohelix y. cummingst was found abundant in the shale

and also scattered among the rock slides and the aspens, with

O. cooperi and O. depressa. At station 365 a few cummingsi

were found approaching the albino form. At station 370 in

tall grass O. cooperi was variable in size, also in the same en-

vironment in the vicinity of the copper mines, our Sta. 366.

As a rul2 these were much smaller than those found in the

aspens. The collecting conditions are ideal and this range

' should he further explored. In the few days given to the work

collections were not made farther than a couple of miles from

the sawmill in any direction. Some of the maps show that it

is about forty miles from the sawmill to the Elk ridge on the

west.

It was heart-breaking to leave without shaking hands with

THE NAUTILUS. 1

the La Sal range, so convenient to Montecello, a stage running

to the La Sal P. O. at the foot of the range. Then, too, there

was the Carrizo range a short distance from where we crossed

the San Juan at Ship Rock, but duty called us away from this

new and prosperous agricultural section. (This is thrown in

because the Dean had just harvested over 3,000 bushels of wheat

from less than seventy acres of sage-brush land.)

September 13th the party again divided, Ferriss to Joliet and

the Dean for Tucson, taking with him a couple of young

Wetherills to the University, adding with his machine that

much to our desert journey. The girls did their part like men,

there was no sickness, no accidents, no great adventures and it

’ was the most enjoyable picnic ever in the most country per acre

ever.

Concerning the little ones: Pupilla syngenes Pils. and syngenes

dextroversa P. & F. seek the well-drained hillsides where grass

roots and spawls of stone lying upon the soil furnish shelter.

So far they have not been gathered in deep forest conditions

where pupas mostly congregate. The first of these was found

alive in the grassy hummocks under the dry cliffs of the Black

Mesa at Marsh Pass and again at Kayenta.

The other was associated with Oreohelix y. clutei in the rose

bushes and grass at Red Rock Spring on the south slope of

Navajo Mountain.

Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils.), Pupoides hordaceus

(Gabb) and Gastrocopta cristata (Pils. and Van.), of the plains,

are seldom found alive. When dead shells appear in the ant-

hills a little patience and some time may obtain a few live ones

in the grass, chips of wood or surface stone in that vicinity.

The great harvest of these (dead) has been found in the drift of

streams draining the plains.

Thysanophora horni at Brownsville, Texas, is at home in leaf

mold of the mesquit thickets, and has colors and bristles. In

Arizona it is found under conditions so dry no other snail ex-

cept Succinea avara will keep it company, but it thrives and is

found in large numbers with the Chenamxis pupas in rock piles

shaded by cliffs.

The Thysanophora ingersolli group keep company with the

14 THE NAUTILUS.

Pupillidae, Zonitoides, Gonyodiscus, Vallonia, Vitrina alaskana,

Euconulus, and Cochlicopa lubrica, in deep rock slides and damp

forest rubbish.

Some of the others than those mentioned in this paper are

here located from the notes: Pupilla hebes (Anc.), fossil beds of

Laguna canyon; leaf mold Navajos and Blue Mountains and

the Black Mesa at the Rainbow Bridge, in moss and horsetails

( Equisetum ).

Pupilla hebes mut. albescens, now published for the first time,

in the aspens at the Betatakin ruins, abundant and variable,

sometimes toothed, albino.

Pupilla blandi Morse, drift of Chinlee and wash near Adamana.

Gastrocopta ashmuni (St.), drift of a wash from the north,

near Adamana, Arizona, and in the drift of a branch of the

Chinlee near the Utah boundary.

Gastrocopta procera mcclungi (Hanna and Johnson), drift near

Adamana.

Vertigo ovata Say, drift near Adamana and Navajo Creek near

the Tso ranch, and fossil beds of Laguna Canyon.

Vertigo coloradoensis arizoniensis, Pils. & Van., fossil beds of

Laguna Canyon, drift of Chinlee near Utah boundary.

Vertigo modesta insculpta Pils., War God and Two Springs,

Navajo Mountain, Blue Mountain, Snow Spring near Monte-

cello, Utah, drift of Navajo Creek near Tso ranch.

Vallonia gracilicostata Reinh., Blue Mountain and the fossil

beds of Laguna Canyon.

Others collected that seem to be common to the region wher-

ever conditions are favorable were the following: Vallonia per-

spectiva St. and cyclophorella Ckll., Gonyodiscus cronkheiter anthonyt

(Pils. ), Zonitoides alachuana (Dall), arboreus (Say), Polita in-

dentata umbilicata (Ckll.), HEuconulus fulvus (Mill), Vitrina

alaskana Dall, Cochlicopa lubrica (Miull.), Pupoides marginata

(Say), Gastrocopta pilsbryiana (St.), Succinea avara (Say).

THE NAUTILUS. 15

ON THE EROSION AND THICKNESS OF SHELLS OF THE FRESH-WATER

MUSSELS.

BY N. M. GRIER, PH. D., HOLLINS COLLEGE.

In connection with another investigation, I had opportunity

to summarize what is apparently most of the literature dealing

with these little discussed and connected phases of the ecology

of the Naiades, and now wish to present it in the light of other

points this investigation hrought out.

Hey (1), compared shells of U. pictorum and U. tumidus from

the Ouse and Foss Rivers in England. The Ouse River is a

wide and deep stream with a great deal of mud and receives a

variety of drainage material. Hey believed the erosion of the

shells in it was due either to the dissolved CO, in the water, or

the rapidity of the current, for in the Foss River, where condi-

tions were generally opposite ones, they showed little such dis-

figurement or none. Shrubsole (2) states erosion in shells may

be attributed to the low percentage of lime in the water, which

he analyzed, and found to be positively correlated with this

fact. Beauchamp (3), also, felt that erosion might be due to

dissolyed carbon dioxide, for he found that shells were con-

siderably eroded in streams flowing through limestone forma-

tions; moreover dead shells in water containing an abundance

of lime were similarly affected. March (4), however, states

that shells from districts highly charged with CO, have thin

shells, which are not eroded at the beaks, and was inclined to

attribute this to the absence of humic acid, ‘‘ which does not

occur where limestone does; or the absence or excess of chalk.’’

Cooper (5) states that badly deformed shells are found in water

of excessive saltness, while Baker (6) noted in Cardium, a

marine pelecypod, that thinness of shell seemed correlated with

the saltness of the water. Finally, Rich (7) tells of some shells

( Unio complanatus) from a soft-water lake in New York which

were almost free from lime. Further on in this paper it will

be shown that while the waters of Lake Erie contain more lime

than those of the Upper Ohio Drainage, shells are comparatively

thicker in the latter.

It is at once observed that more of the above writers ascribe

16 THE NAUTILUS.

erosion of shells to the presence of CO, in the water. This is

also confirmed in a way from the interpretation of geologic data,

which gives evidence of the solvent power of ‘‘ carbonic acid.”’

Not only is CO, being continually liberated in nature in other

ways, but there is hardly any doubt but that the interaction of

humic acid often present in streams with lime may also produce

CO,. Thus the observation of Shrubsole, whose shells were

collected from a drainage containing a diversified material, may

plausibly fitin here. Of course the fact must never be excluded

that coarser material carried along by the current also plays a

part in the erosion of shells, but the consequences of such a

factor may be intensified by the chemical reactions which already

may have taken place. Most of the eroded shells I have ex-

amined come from streams having an abundance of gravel.

Again, it is probable that in some cases an abundance of lime

in a stream may neutralize the humic acid before the latter can

produce any marked effect.

Later on, some evidence will be presented in support of

March’s contention to the effect that high CaCO, content of the

water somehow inhibits absorption of material, preventing the

shell from becoming as thick as it might. This, however, is

only a phase of the well-established principle that living cells

are able to control the absorption of substances used in their

metabolism. Sinceit is admitted that the lime of shells comes

from the water in which they live, there is reason to think there

may be some correlation—positive or negative—between the

amount of lime present and the thickness of the shells. Several

investigators have indicated their probable attack of this prob-

lem, but so far there does not seem to be any published results.

Having already secured data on the thickness of the shell and

reduced it to a convenient factor, (the thickness just superior

to the pallial line directly beneath the umbo, divided by the

height), I found a publication of the U. S. Geological Survey

(8) which fortunately gave analyses of the water at the same

or what seem to be reasonably adjacent points to where my

material had been collected. All the localities concerned—col-

lecting, and points where analysis of water was taken, are indi-

cated in the data which appear to correlate for my conclusions

in the table.

*poiepts

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THE NAUTILUS, XXXIV PLATE |}

GEO. H. CLAPP: ON PYRAMIDULA

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIV. PLATE II.

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THE NAUTILUS.

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THE NAUTILUS. 21

From the table the following conclusion may be drawn, quali-

fied of course by the conditions under which the data is pre-

sented:

1. In all or the majority of cases discussed from the Upper Ohio

Drainage, it appears that the thickness of the shell is positively corre-

lated with the percentage of lime in the water.

2. In all the cases of the species from Lake Erie, it appears that

the thickness of the shell is negatively correlated with the percentage of

CaCO, in the water.

Why the shells of Lake Erie do not follow the type of corre-

lation obtained for those from the Upper Ohio (should this ap-

pear perfectly substantiated), must be largely speculative at

present, but the following facts are offered in the light of affect-

ing the ultimate explanation. Walker, (9), has already indi-

cated the general differences between the shells of L. Erie and

their parent forms of the Upper Ohio. lL. Erie shells are com-

paratively little eroded, shorter, greater relative degree of infla-

tion, and in some species other characteristics indicating a de-

pauperate type of growth. Certain characteristics of this type

are so marked that it has been considered justifiable to assign

certain L. Erie shells the rank of varieties (10). Possibly we

may recognize the less relative thickness of L. Erie shells as a

physiological variation keeping touch with the morphological

ones. Dr. Walker in correspondence suggests that these differ-

ences as above described may be due to different physical con-

ditions present in L. Erie such as the freedom from disturbance,

lower temperature and greater alkalinity of the water. Baker

recorded Cardiwm thinnest where the water had the greater

saltiness. Comparative and representative analyses of L. Erie

and Upper Ohio water show that the former has twice as great

alkalinity, and in addition to the greater amount of CaCO, as

already pointed out, a greater proportion of sodium and potas-

sium sulfates, and a large quantity of magnesium carbonate and

sulfate which are not reported from the Upper Ohio Drainage.

These latter elements occur in sea water to a higher degree than

is usually ever reported for fresh water, and their presence may

account in the light of the observations I have given, for the

effect brackish water seems to have in malforming and depau-

ips THE NAUTILUS.

perating shells, although of course in this particular case the

excess of CaCO; itself, may inhibit extended absorption of itself,

or this be prevented by the presence of other compounds. In

conclusion, I wish to express my obligation to Dr. A. E.

Ortmann, on whose material at the Carnegie Museum these

observations were made.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Hey, W. C, ‘Freshwater Shells in the Ouse and Foss.” Journal Con-

chology, Vol. 3, no. 9, 1882.

2. Shrubsole, G. W. “ Erosion of Certain Freshwater Shells.” Journal Con-

chology, Vol. 2, no. 3, 18.

3. Beauchamp, W. ‘Eroded Shells.” Conchol. Exchange, Vol, 1, p, 50,

1886.

4. March, M.C. ‘Studies in Morphogenesis of Certain Pelcypods,” 4a,

Preliminary Note on Variation of U. pictorum, U. tumidus, Anodonta cygnea,”’

Mem, and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc,, 1910-11, p. 1-18.

5. Cooper, J. E. ‘‘ Note on Decollated Shells.” Journal Conchol. Vol 13,

no. 1, 1910.

6. Baker, F. C. ‘‘On some Variations of Cardium edule apparently corre-

lated to the conditions of Life.” Phil, Trans, 1889.

7. Rich, S. C. ‘‘ An aberrant Form of U. complanatus, Dillwyn.” Science,

N.S. Vol. XLII, no. 1086, 1915.

8, Lewis, S. G. ‘ Quality of Water in the Upper Ohio River Basin and at

Erie, Pa.” Water Supply Paper, 161, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1906.

9. Walker, Bryant, ‘‘ Unione Fauna of the Great Lakes,” Navrtinus 27,

1913,

10, Grier, N. M. ‘‘ New Varieties of Naiades from L. Erie.” NavurTiuus 32,

1918,

A NEW ALASKAN CHITON.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

SCHIZOPLAX MULTICOLOR N. sp.

Chiton depressed, broad, wider behind than in front, maroon

varied with white streaks, with a rather wide girdle, the surface

of which is covered with soft bristles like those of Mopalia mus-

cosa, among which are sparsely scattered, irregularly disposed,

longer translucent spicules; surface of the valves minutely uni-

formly reticulate under the lens, appearing smooth to the un-

aided eye; the mesial suture evident, the fifth valve widest, the

\THE NAUTILUS. 23

posterior valve very small with a subcentral inconspicuous ver-

tex at the anterior third; anterior valve with nine, middle valves

with two, posterior valves with two slits, the interior lines of

which are marked by a row of minute pores; the middle of the

valves on each side of the median suture conspicuously porous

internally. Length in alcohol 8, maximum breadth 6 mm.

U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 383018.

St. Paul Island, Bering Sea.

This differs from the type of the genus S. brandtw Midden-

dorff in color, form, characters of the girdle and depression of

the body; S. brandti has nine slits in the posterior valve which

is proportionately larger. If additional specimens confirm its

peculiarities, S. multicolor may perhaps form a special subdivis-

ion of the genus.

A NEW SPECIES OF PYRAMIDULA FROM ALABAMA AND NOTES ON

P. CUMBERLANDIANA WITH NEW VARIETIES.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

PYRAMIDULA PicTA n. sp. Pl. I, Fig. 4.

Shell thin, the color markings showing through, broadly

umbilicate, the umbilicus dome-shaped, exhibiting all of the

whorls to the apex and about one-fourth the diameter of the

shell; whorls very convex above and below with a sharp per-

fectly smooth, white carina; apex delicately granulated for nearly

a complete whorl before the ribs begin to show, first 24 whorls

rounded then a distinct ribbed carina is formed and the ribbing

continues, getting gradually weaker and finally disappearing on

the penultimate whorl. There is a distinct impressed line

above the carina on the upper whorls. Ribs weak and almost

obsolete on the body whorl. Body color a delicate cream tint

with irregular, chocolate-brown blotches which stop at the

carina; below a row of squarish blotches immediately below the

carina and a second row of narrow flame-like markings extend-

ing, faintly, into the umbilicus. Lip thin; aperture very ob-

lique, much wider than high. Whorls 6.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

Greater diameter 204, lesser 18%, altitude 9mm. Aperture

9x 7mm. Type.

Greater diameter 20, lesser 184, altitude 10 mm.

Greater diameter 18, lesser 17, altitude 10 mm. A very con-

vex shell.

These shells, over 50 in number, were collected by the late

Herbert H. Smith at a place called ‘‘ Buck Creek Cove”’ or

‘‘ No Business Cove,’’ about 3 miles north of Anderson, Frank-

lin Co,, Tenn., in 1906. Types No. 7101 of my collection,

paratypes in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences,

Philadelphia, and of Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich.

In shape, sculpture and markings, but particularly in the

perfectly smooth carina, this species stands out from all others of

the group; it is the most distinctly marked and richest in col-

oring of all of the Pyramidulas.

P. CUMBERLANDIANA (Lea). Pl. I, Figs. 1. Sewanee, Tenn.

The original description and figure of this species, Trans.

Am. Phil. Soc., VIII, 229, pl. VI, fig. 61, are very good and

agree exactly with the shells found at Sewanee, Tenn., by

Bishop Elliott and later collectors. Lea’s original locality was

‘¢Cumberland Mountains, near Jasper, Tenn.,’’ which is about

20 miles southeast of Sewanee. I have not seen the type but

if, as Dr. Binney says, the Sewanee shells are the same, both

Lea and Binney failed to note that the ribs become much stronger

on the carina giving a saw-tooth effect.

Dr. Binney, Terr. Moll., II, p. 216, gives the size as ‘‘ Di-

ameter three-fourths of an inch; axis one-fourth of an inch,’’ or

about 19x 7 mm. W. G. Binney, Manual, p. 258, says:

‘‘Greater diameter 15, lesser 13 mm.; height 5mm.’’ Of 42

shells in my collection, over half of them from Sewanee, and

two labeled ‘‘E. Tenn. (Hlliott-Bland)’’ from the Redfield

collection, the largest run from 16 to 17 mm. diameter. H. H.

Smith collected a few typical shells at Paint Rock, Jackson Co.,

Ala.

At Woodville, Jackson Co., Ala., Mr. H. E. Sargent found a

form of cumberlandiana with slightly weaker ribs above and _ be-

low and with the upper whorls less shouldered, but it is hardly

THE NAUTILUS. 25

distinct enough to be separated. The largest of the Sargent

shells that I have seen measures, gr. diam. 184, less. 164, alt.

7 mm., whorls 53, umbilicus less than one-third of the diameter

of the shell. A single shell collected by H. H. Smith in the

game locality measures 193 & 84 mm., whorls 6.

In cwmberlandiana there is a single row of small, faint, squar-

ish, brown markings just below the carina on the base; in the

Woodville shells these spots are larger and much darker. Figs.

2. Woodville, Ala.

P. CUMBERLANDIANA ALABAMA n. var. PI. I, Figs. 3. Gurley,

Ala.

Differs from the type by its larger size, much finer and flatter

ribs and more convex shape; carina white, sharp, but less

pinched than in the type and the ribs on the carina much lower

and less accentuated. Ground color lighter than in the Sewanee

shells and markings darker. There is a single row of squarish

flames just below the carina on the base. Umbilicus about one-

fourth the diameter of the shell.

Gr. diam. 213, less. 194, alt. 94 mm. Aper. 9$ X 8mm.

Whorls 6. Type.

Gr. diam. 214, less. 183, alt. 10 mm. Aper. 9X 7 mm.

Whorls 6. Huntsville.

Collected by H. H. Smith in 1905 on Vincent Mountain,

near Gurley and on Smithers Mountain, 5 miles N. W. of

Huntsville, both in Madison Co., Ala. Types No. 7132 of my

collection (Gurley) and paratypes in the collections of the

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and Dr. Bryant

Walker, Detroit, Mich.

P. CUMBERLANDIANA COLUMBA n. var. Pl. I, Fig. 5. Dove,

Tenn.

Like the type in sculpture, color and markings, but not

pinched at the carina. Heavily ribbed above and on the carina,

but below the ribs are much finer, about 2.1. There is a single

row of chocolate brown, diagonal markings immediately below

the carina.

Gr. diam. 184, less. 164, alt. 8 mm. Aper. 74 * 7 mm.

Whorls 5.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

Near Dove, Marion Co., Tenn., on ‘‘ East slope of Battle

Creek valley among rocks.’’ Collected by H. H. Smith in

1906. Types No. 7100 of my collection, paratypes in collec-

tions of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and

Dr. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich.

Had this form been found in any other region it might

equally well have been considered a variety of alternata, but

being found in the region of cwmberlandiana I think it best to

make it a variety of that species.

ACHATINELLA HUNTING IN NORTHWESTERN OAHU.

We take the liberty of printing extracts from a letter received

some time ago from Mr. Irwin Spalding of Honolulu, in expla-

nation of the interesting photograph of living Achatinellas re-

produced on plate II. Asa general rule, these snails are found

‘‘sleeping ’’ by day, on the under side of a leaf as in the pic-

ture, under loose bark, or ina knot hole. They are doubtless

active chiefly by night.

Those who have used the monograph in the Manual of Con-

chology know that many species and color-races once abundant

are now rare, some doubtless extinct. Dr. Newcomb and Mr.

Gulick collected fine tree-shells in quantity where forests are

now but a tradition, and their shells are often of color-patterns

strange to the modern collector. It is most gratifying to learn

that some of these long-lost species are being turned up at

higher levels. Mr. Spalding writes as follows:

‘*So many good things have come my way along the land-

shell line these last two months that I really don’t know how

to begin and tell you all about them. To start in with, I spent

my three weeks vacation this year collecting on Oahu, started

in at Opaeula and worked around through Waimea, Pupukea,

Waialee, Kahuku, Leie, finally landing up at Hauula. Only

2367 Achatinella and Amastra for the trip, but here is the best

of it all, found four of the supposed extinct species, A. buli-

moides ; A. emersoni ; typical old-time, banded mottled A. curta,

and last but not least, A. ?; the latter to be seen in the ac-

THE NAUTILUS. 27

companying photograph of six fine adults on a leaf [Plate IT].

I will give you six guesses, if you guess their identity I will

send you six. As I have hinted more or less where it comes

from, I suppose you have guessed correctly at least once out of

the six trials, so by bearer you have your shells [they are Acha-

tinelli elegans Nc., from Hauula, long supposed to be extinct].

What do you think of that forafind? The first trip netted me

40, second 13, and the last 134, each trip representing as many

different ridges. I consider this one of the best land-shell finds

of the last dozen years or so.

‘* A. bulimoides is as good as extinct. The first day netted

me 7, second day but one. They look very much, as Wilder

says, like a reversed rosea. The two other species we struck in

small colonies, collecting probably a hundred of each.

‘*T was greatly disappointed in the Waialee district, finding

none of the old-timers reported from that section.

‘In the fossil bed at Kahuku I found what Montague Cooke

claims is a new species of Amastra, a form between Leptachatina

and Amastra, small and cylindrical.

‘*T am glad that you have come to the conclusion that there

are too many Pterodiscus named from Oahu. It was only a

couple of weeks ago that I struck a locality west of Palikea in

the Waianae Mts. Not the so-called Palikea where Thaanum

found his heliciformis, according to the Manual. His locality is

Green Peak, marked erroneously on maps as Palikea,—the same

place where I found this species some six years ago. Palikea

is the high peak northwest of Pohakea gap. Anyway I col-

lected well up to a hundred of a species, samples of which I

also send.”’

TURRITIDAE VS. TURRIDAE.

BY WM. H. DALL.

It is perhaps hardly worth while to spend much more space

upon a question of so little real importance as that raised by

Mr. Berry, yet as a final contribution I would point out that

Prof. Foster admits that Turritidae is correctly formed and

criticizes it only from the point of its meaning in classical Latin.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Criticism of meanings in zoological nomenclature has long

been given up as hopeless, since zoological Latin is not classical

but the colloquial patois of the 18th century.

The form Turritidae was the first used and therefore, other

things being equal, is entitled to the preference. In the whole

of zoological literature, except Adams’ Appendix, until lately

the Turrii combination does not occur in a single instance,

while Scudder gives ten instances of the Turriti form. Even in

English we say a castle is turrited and not Turried. Turritus

means high, lofty or turrited. Turritidae is the family of the

same. Finis!

LAND SHELLS FROM BEAVER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

Mr. James B. Clark collected several packages of leaf mould

on the Clydesdale Brick and Stone Company’s farm in Beaver

County near Ellwood City, about 39 miles north of Pittsburgh,

Pa., from which I picked specimens of the species listed below.

The examination of the animal of Huconulus sterki Dall, which

is very abundant at this place, revealed a horn upon the tail

and tricuspid lateral teeth, proving that this species is a Guppya.

The microscopic sculpture of the shell is also like that genus.

Polygyra tridentata juxtidens Pils. Polita hammonis (Strom. ).

Polygyra profunda (Say). Polita indentata (Say).

Polygyra denotata (Fer. ). Paravitrea multidentata(Binn. ).

Polygyra pennsylvanica (Gr. ). Euconulus chersinus (Say).

Polygyra thyroidus (Say). Guppya sterku (Dall).

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Polygyra zaleta (Binn.). Zonitoides manuscula (Binn. ).

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Striatura milium (Morse).

Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Pyramidula alternata (Say).

Columella edentula (Drap. ). Gonyodiscus perspectiva (Say).

Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill). Punctum pygmxum (Drap. ).

Haplotrema concava (Say). Succinea retusa Lea.

Omphalina cuprea Rat. Carychium eaile Lea.

Mesomphia mornata (Say).

THE NAUTILUS. 29

NOTES.

Dr. Norman MacDoweELut GRIER has been appointed Pro-

fessor of Biology in Washington and Jefferson College, Wash-

ington, Pa.

Dr. Prtspry and Dr. Barrscu will represent the Academy

of Natural Sciences and the National Museum respectively at

the Pan-Pacific Scientific Congress to be held in Honolulu in

August.

Communications intended for the September Nautiuus should

be sent to Mr. Johnson in Boston.

SHELLS FROM JAMESTOWN, NortH Daxota.—On June 6th,

1912, I had an hour or two to wait for a train at Jamestown,

which I improved by taking a stroll along the banks of ‘‘ Jim ”’

River in search of mollusks. It is not a likely-looking field for

snails as there are only a very few scattering scrubby locust

trees along the river banks, but the final count shows ten species,

and as one of them is Gastrocopta holzingert agna (Pils. and Van.)

it may be well to put it on record, since the only other records

for it I am aware of are in Kansas and southeastern Colorado.

I am indebted to Mr. Bryant Walker and Dr. V. Sterki who

carefully examined the specimens.

Vallonia costata (Mill).

Vallonia perspectiva Sterki.

Gastrocopta armifera (Say).

Gastrocopta holzingert Sterki.

Gastrocopta h. agna (Pils. & Van.).

Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill).

Vitrea hammonis (Strom).

Pyramidula cronkheitei anthonyi Pils.

Succinea avara Say.

Succinea retusa Lea.—L. E. DANIELS.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

SEX-CORRELATED COLORATION IN CHITON TUBERCULATUS.'—‘‘ In

adult chitons of this species [in Bermuda] there is noticeable

what appears at first sight to be a considerable diversity in the

degree to which pigment, of a salmon-pink hue, is developed

upon the foot and other soft parts exposed in ventral view.

Somewhat less than half of the individuals have the foot,

ctenidia, and other soft parts exposed in ventral view. Some-

what less than half of the individuals have the foot, ctenidia,

and other soft parts of a pale buff color; in the remainder, the

foot, head, ctenidia and mantle are to various degrees tinged

with salmon-pink or startlingly vivid. This difference is most

pronounced during late spring, but persists to some extent

throughout the year. The pigmentation is not correlated in

any way with size; individuals of any length from 3.4 to 9.2

cm. may be either paJe buff or salmon-pink on the ventral sur-

face, nor does the intensity of reddish pigmentation, when

present, depend upon size. In dorsal view it is quite tmpos-

sible to distinguish the two groups of animals, unless the plates

be artificially separated to an extreme degree and not even then

with any certainty.

‘‘ The differential coloration proves to be correlated with sex,

in the sense that the soft parts of male chitons are never colored

pink whereas those of maturing females invariably are, the in-

tensity of the pigmentation depending to a large extent upon

the state of maturity of the ovary, to a lesser extent, it seems

probable, upon the quantity and the kind of the algal food

available in differing environments.

‘‘The color difference between the sexes of chiton is believed

to be of special significance, for the following reasons, because

the coloration of the soft parts of the female is directly traceable

to metabolic activities associated with the growth of the ovary,

and because it provides an example of secondary sexual colora-

tion which has no conceivable utility, but is, on the contrary,

so far as color is concerned, of a thoroughly accidental nature.’’

—W. J. Crozier.

Dyer IsLAND, BERMUDA.

1 Extracts from a more extended discussion under this title in The Amer-

ican Naturalist, Jan.-Feb., 1920, pp. 84-88.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

SHELLs OF ORLANDO, FLor1pa.—The following notes are from

a letter received from Mr. C. H. Baker (July 21, 1915) of

Orlando, Florida. As this is all the shells he could find in

several years collecting near Orlando and Zellwood, Florida, it

was thought advisable to put them on record.

In the original description of Praticolella bakert Van., an A.

was printed in Mr. Baker’s name in place of an H. by mistake.

Specimens taken were mostly along shores of some large con-

nected lakes or head of Ocklawaha R. ;

Praticolella bakeri Van. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philada., 1915,

p. 196.

Praticolella jeyuna Say.

Polygyra auriculata Say. Found but once and in one locality,

several specimens. Not seen at all for five years or upwards.

Polygyra uvulifera Shutt.

Euglandina rosea Fer. No perfect specimens taken, pretty

widely distributed but not common, quite elegant.

Planorbis duryi Weth. Frequent, and well distributed.

Planorbis scalaris Jay. Frequent, varying almost to the pre-

ceding.

Ampullaria depressa Say. Relatively large, handsome species,

varying a good deal in coloring, common.

Viviparus walton Try. Our most abundant species, seldom

found in original ‘‘ mint’’ condition, varying much in coloring,

somewhat handsome. Large mounds exist composed almost

entirely of this shell (sepulchral mounds along inland water-

ways).

Gillia wetherbyi Dall. Quite rare, took but 1.

Unio buckleyt Lea. Quite generally distributed.

Anodonta gibbosa Say. Also common.—E. G. VANATTA.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

ON THE RELATIONS OF THE SECTIONAL GROUPS OF BULIMULUS OF

THE SUBGENUS NagrsioTus ALBERS. By William Healey Dall

(Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. X, No. 5, March 4, 1920). By cut-

ting sections various differences in the axis were found, simple,

32 THE NAUTILUS.

twisted or having internal nodules, etc. Combined with the

external characters, a grouping into 14 sections is indicated.

Dr. Dall believes that nothing in the land-shell fauna of the

Galapagos group, which these snails inhabit, lends weight to the

hypothesis that these islands were ever connected by land with

the continent of South America. The snails ‘‘ were probably

transported originally to the Galapagos group by high winds

while attached in a state of hibernation to dead leaves or similar

light material.’’—H. A. P.

Fauna OF THE HAMPDEN BEDS AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE

OAMARU SysTEM. By P. Marshall (Trans. and Proc. N. Zea-

land Inst., 1919, Vol. 51, pp. 226-250, pls. 15-17). Twenty-

seven new fossil mollusks are described.

SOME NEW FOSSIL SPECIES OF Mouiusca. By P. Marshall and

R. Murdoch (Trans. and Proc. N. Zealand Inst., 1919, Vol. 51,

pp. 253-258, pls. 19-21). Nine new species are described.

MoLLuscA FROM CENTRAL AMERICA AND Mexico. By Henry

A. Pilsbry (Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1919, pp. 212-223). 16

new species and several subspecies, mainly collected by Mr. A.

A. Hinkley. The more interesting forms are Averellia ( Tricho-

discina) hinkley: and a form of Neritilia, a genus new to the

American mainland, found in Guatemala by Mr. Hinkley.

A MonoGRapPH OF THE NAIADES OF PENNSYLVANIA, Part III.

By A. E. Ortmann, Mem. Carnegie Museum, Vol. LI, No. 1,

1919.

This sumptious volume is a fitting envelope for its contents.

Indeed the most serious criticism to be made is that it is too

luxurious for convenient use, as the weight of the paper used

makes the book too heavy to be held in the hand for reading,

and necessitates the use of a table or reading desk when con-

sulting it.

THE NAUTILUS. a6

Beyond question this is the most philosophical and compre-

hensive study of the Naiad fauna of this country (or any other,

for that matter) that has yet appeared, The elaborate compila-

tion of all the records of the Pennsylvania fauna supplemented

by the extensive and intensive collections made by the author

leave but little to be added by later investigations, and the wealth

of anatomical and ecological details will be a revelation to those

who have not kept au courant with the trend of modern methods

of scientific research. The excellent keys of both generic and

specific characters add much to the practical value of the paper

to the student.

In addition to the details of local distribution, the author has

supplied complete summaries of the general distribution of each

of the species treated so far as given in the literature, supple-

mented by the material in the Carnegie Museum; and his com-

ments thereon at once reveal the inadequacy of our present

knowledge to furnish a proper basis for an accurate and truly

scientific study of the fundamental facts of the origin and dis-

tribution of the Naiad fauna of the country and raise many

pertinent questions, which can not well be touched upon in this

review, but which will undoubtedly excite discussion and in-

crease the interest of American students in their local faunas.

This study of the fauna of Pennsylvania will be a model for

others to imitate for many years to come.

The Naiad fauna of Pennsylvania as recognized by the author

includes 58 species and 21 varieties. Of these seven species be-

long to the Atlantic fauna and two species and one variety,

while characteristic of the Atlantic drainage, are clearly deriva-

tives from western species. The remainder belong to the Mis-

sissippian fauna of Simpson.

The systematic arrangement of the various groups represented

in the fauna is that which has been elaborated by the author in

previous papers and represents the modern tendency to multiply

genera. How far this is really advisable is a subject for serious

consideration as practically the same results, so far as syste-

matics are concerned, can be obtained the use of subgenera,

which will sufficiently indicate the differences, while retaining

not only the familiar names, but also the larger relationships,

34 THE NAUTILUS.

which are apt to be lost sight of in the excessive elaboration of

comparatively minor details into generic characters. (See

Stone, Science, LI, pp. 427-429, 1920.)

The specific nomenclature adopted is that of the ultra-Rafin-

esque school and results in the changing of about one-fourth of

the names in current use. But the last word has not yet been

said in regard to Rafinesque’s species. Indeed more than a

year ago the author and the present writer undertook to make a

careful study of the subject in accordance with the requirements

of the International Code of Nomenclature, which is now about

ready for publication and which it is hoped will go far towards

definitely settling the nomenclature of the North American

Naiades.

Barring the question of specific names there is much to praise

and but little to criticize in the synonymy adopted.

It is possible that some of the conclusions reached by the

author and based, perhaps, too much on local conditions may

be subject to revision when an equally detailed study of the

species throughout their entire range can be made.

The question of possible hybridization between closely allied

species along the line of contact, when elsewhere the specific

characters seem to be fixed is one that must necessarily be taken

into consideration.

The author lays great stress upon his theory that small streams

tend to produce a small, flat form which increases in size and

rotundity as the river grows larger. While this is apparently

true in many cases, there are exceptions, some of which are

noted by the author. Amblema elliottt Lea is another notable

one. The large, typical form from Othcalooga Creek, a small

stream, is much larger than any Amblema from the Coosa. On

the other hand, practically all of the species of the Great Lakes

are dwarfed and much smaller than the same species from the

comparatively smaller tributaries. It would seem that possibly

other factors, such as temperature, food supply, chemical con-

stituents of the water and other ecological conditions and not

simply the size of the stream should be taken into consideration.

But all these are comparatively minor matters which do not

detract from the worth of the monograph as a whole and which’

THE NAUTILUS. 35

will serve their purpose if they stimulate discussion and research.

Both the author and the Carnegie Museum are to be congrat-

ulated upon such a notable contribution to scientific literature.

—Bryant WALKER.

ONCHIDIIDAE FROM AUSTRALIA AND THE SOUTHWESTERN

Paciric Istanps. By Rex W. Bretnall (Records of the Aus-

tralian Museum, Vol. XII [Oct., 1919], pp. 303-3238, pl. 38).

An exhaustive systematic paper dealing largely with the an-

atomy of the various species.

A REVIEW OF THE AUSTRALIAN Tun SHeEtIs. By Charles

Hedley (Records Australian Museum, Vol. XII, pp. 329-336,

pls. 39-44). An interesting review of these large shells. Two

new species, Tonna cerevisina (T. variegata Hedley not Lamarck)

and 7. tetracotula are described and figured.

Notes on IceELAND Marine Moxtuusca. By Hans Schlesch

(Naturalist, Jan., 1920, pp. 19 and 20). This paper is based

on notes from Gunmunder G. Bardarson’s ‘‘ Mollusca marina

Islandiae’’ (Scientific Society of Iceland, 1919).

THE JOURNAL OF ConcHoLoey, Vol. 16, No. 3, Jan., 1920.

Inst of officers and members, pp. 69-76.

Note on Cypraea bernardinae Preston, p. 76. By J.C. Melvill

(= C. lamarcku var. redimita).

Reminiscences and practical hints on collecting. By E. Collier,

pp. 77-85.

Brachypodella nidicostata nov. sp. from Venezuela. By Geo.

C. Spence, p. 86.

Four new marine species from South Africa. By J. R. Le B.

Tomlin, pp. 87-88.

The marine Mollusca from Sussex. By R. Winckworth, pp.

89-95.

Succinea oblonga Drapanaud. By Alan Gardiner, p. 95.

Notes on the Anatomy and Reproduction of Paludestrina stagnalis,

By Capt. H. E. Quick, pp. 96-97.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

Parthenogenesis in Paludestrina jenkinsi from brackish water.

By H. E. Quick, p. 97.

JOURNAL DE CONCHYLIOLOGIE, Vol. 64, No. 3, Oct., 1919.

Monographie illustree des Mollusques Oligoceniques des environs de

Rennes, par M. Cossmann, pp. 133-199, pls. 4-7. —C. W. J.

THIRTY-FIRST YEAR OF THE NAUTILUS.

The April number completed the thirtieth year of Tue

NAvTILus under the present editors. That it has had sufficient

encouragement and support to live so long may fairly be taken

to mean that the American conchologists have found it stimu-

lating and useful. When the quarterly issue was begun the

editors had anticipated increasing the number of pages and

illustrations; but for the present THe Navurius is content to

hold its own against the rising tide of expense in printing and

paper, by the cordial help of the conchological fraternity.

It is your magazine. We trust that in this thirty-first year

every one interested in mollusks will codperate in making it

more interesting and a greater stimulus to collecting and study.

Contributions of articles, illustrations, notes and news items

both personal and scientific will be needed; and by no means

least, subscriptions.

H,. A. PILsBry,

C. W. JoHNson.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXIV OCTOBER, 1920.

GUATEMALA MOLLUSCA.

BY 4: A. BINKLEY.

This list is the result of three vacation trips. For the de-

terminations I am indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, Dr. Bryant

Walker, Dr. V. Sterki, Dr. Wm. H. Dall and others of the

National Museum and Prof. F. C. Baker of the Illinois Uni-

versity.

For accommodations and personal comfort much is due to

the kindness of Mr. Landry, Supt. of the United Fruit Com-

panies’ plantations at Quirigua. To Mrs. Lucie Potts, Pro-

prietress of the Jocolo plantation. To Mr. and Mrs. Robert

Hempstead of the Chejel and Chama coffee plantations and

to others for their various acts of kindness. The list is ar-

ranged by localities.

LAKE AMATITLAN is some 20 miles south of Guatemala

City; it is two lakes connected by a short strait across which

the railroad embankment has been built. Laguna Station is

on the south or southwest of the lake, just across the strait.

Pachycheilus lacustris (Morelet) is plentiful in the shallow

water of the lake. The largest were found among rushes

some 40 feet from a hot spring. Egg masses of this mollusk

were numerous, much like those of Physa but larger. The

fresh masses were clear, changing to yellowish as the young

were about to emerge. Some were seen breaking through.

Ammicola guatemalensis Walker. Taken near the edge of

the water or on driftwood and pumice. Another species of

Ammnicola was taken with the above.

388 THE NAUTILUS.

Potamopyrgus coronatus (Pfeiffer). Taken from a muddy

bottom in a sheltered place near a building. Many are smooth

with a dark line in place of the row of spines.

ACROSS THE LAKE FROM LAGUNA were a number of dried-up

pools on the railroad right-of-way, which contained dead

specimens of the following species:

Succinea recisa (Morelet).

Aplexa fuluginea (Morelet).

Aplexa tappanensis guatemalensis (Crosse & Fischer).

Planorbis orbiculus (Morelet).

Planorbis cultratus (D’Orbigny).

Planorbis sp.?

Planorbula obstructa (Morelet) var. anodonta (Pilsbry).

Soon after passing out of the east gate of Guatemala City,

the road descends into a deep ravine with a creek at the

bottom; here the only species was Aplexa fuliginea (More-

let.) ; it was also taken in the basins of fountains in the city.

OuT OF THE NORTH GATE the road is bordered by a row of

large cedar trees on either side for a half-mile or more, to a

cedar grove, then to the edge of a deep ravine where the

road-bed is cut out of the high, irregular, precipitous slope

until a much lower level is reached, and the road soon ends at

the tapia baths. Farther down the canyon can be seen the

reservoir. In the cedar grove were found:

Drymeus alternans (Beck).

Drymeus jonast (Pfr.).

Helicina sp.? One specimen.

Pachycheilus largillierti (Philippi). Immature specimens

were very numerous in the large pool, the individual rooms

and the stream. The only mature specimen found was dead

and bleached. From the reservoir were taken:

Pseudosuccinea champion (Von Martens). One specimen

only.

Aplexa fuliginea (Morelet).

Physa sp. Varies from smooth to costate forms.

Planorbis caribeus Orb.

Segmentina obstructa (Morelet), var. anodonta (Pilsbry).

Gundlachia hinkleyi Walker.

THE NAUTILUS. 39

Levapex excentricus (Morelet).

Amunicola cisternina (Walker).

Amunicola hinkleyt (Walker).

Potamopyrgus coronatus (Pfr.).

Pisidium sp.? ‘‘They appear to be of the same group with

a Pisidium from Chili, that is closely related to Pisidium

sterkianum from Uruguay; same shape and appearance, but

somewhat smaller.’’

Pseudohyalina maya Pils.

Thysanophora dioscoricola (C. B. Adams)? One poor

specimen taken from the washings when collecting the Am-

nieola.

Maya Farm, Quiricua, a short distance from the Farm

Overseer’s quarters, are the interesting ‘‘Quirigua Ruins’’,

a good description of which appeared in the National Geo-

graphic Magazine some years ago. On this farm were found:

Aperostoma dyson (Pfeiffer).

Helicina amoena Pfeiffer. Under and about decaying

vegetation.

Helicina flavida Mke. or trossula (Morel. The identity of

the original H. flavida seems to be in doubt.

Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shutt.). One specimen.

Oxystyla princeps (Brod.). Two live ones taken from

banana plants; dead ones scarce.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Under chips, scarce.

Opeas beckianum (Pfr.).

Opeas micra (Orb.). One specimen.

Cecilioides consobrina veracruzensis (Crosse and Fischer).

Leptinaria guatemalensis Crosse and Fischer.

Euglandina decussata (Desh.). About old logs, under

loose bark and other vegetation. A fine species.

Guppya elegantula Pilsbry.

Guppya grundlachi (Pfr.).

Zonitoides minusculus (Binney).

Zomtoides elegantula (Pfr.). Under chips.

Ammoniceras stolli (Martens). Under chips. Only one

specimen, rare.

Leptinaria livingstonensis Hinkley.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

Streptostyla turgidula (Pfr.) var. producta Pilsbry. One

specimen.

Succinea recisa Morelet.

Aplexa impluviata laeta Martens. Appeared to be feeding

on banana leaves which had been thrown into the pool.

Planorbula obstructa anodonta (Pilsbry). Conchens river.

Laevapex excentricus (Morelet). Pools by the railroad.

Gundlachia hinkleyt Walker. With the above.

Potamopyrgus coronata (Pfr.). Rio Conchens.

Ammcola conchensensis Walker. Rio Conchens..

Ampullaria flagellata lattrer C. & F. On banana leaves and

cull bunches of bananas which had been thrown away.

Mycetopoda sp. Rio Conchens. This mollusk burrows

head down until the posterior part is just above the bed of

the stream; the foot is extended nearly the width of the shell

farther down in the soil. When removing the first one found

a strong pull tore the foot from the shell.

Nephronaas ortmanmi Frierson. Plentiful in Rio Con-

chens; in one place several hundred were massed together.

Glabaris depexa (Martens). With the above; only one

found.

Pisidium guatemalensis (Sterki). Rio Conchens. Sterki

says: ‘‘Has a hinge of unique formation; width 5, height 4,

diam. 3 mm.’’; fragile.

Pisidium sp. With the above. Sterki says: ‘‘ Although of

the same size and the same appearance, they are evidently

distinct from Pisidiwm singleyi (Sterki). Of the same group,

same shape and appearance with a Pisidium from Barbados;

unnamed, so far as I know.’’

Eupera yucatanensis minima (Pilsbry). Rio Conchens,

searce.

Livineston. Beach and beach drift.

Polygyra helictomphala (Pfr.). Only one specimen.

Streptostyla ligulata (Morelet). ‘‘A very rare species’’;

the only one found was at the edge of vegetation growth.

Helicina flavida (Mke.) or H. trossula (Morelet).

Helicina coccinostoma Morelet. First determination was

H. oweniana.

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Helicina sp. More depressed than any other Helicina

found except H. amena.

Lucidella lirata (Pfr.).

Truncatella sp. Two specimens.

Cochliopa minor Pilsbry.

Spirula spirula (Linn.). Plentiful in 1914, scarce in 1917.

Thais coronata var. On rocks beyond Cavech village and

on piling and breakwater at Puerto Barrios.

Melongena melongena (Linn.). In shallow water. Donax

seemed a favorite food for this mollusk.

Strombus pugilis (Linn.). A few dead ones near Cavech

village.

Epitonium lineatum (Say). One small specimen.

Cecum sp. One specimen.

Laittorina nebulosa Lam. On rocks and drift logs; common.

Iattorina carinata Orb. Young were very numerous on a

perpendicular rock; many were beyond reach of the spray

from the ordinary waves.

Intiopa melanostoma (Rang).

Nerita fulgurata (Gmel.). Beyond Cavech village, on rocks

out of the water at low tide.

Neritina punctulata Lam. In Cavech river on rocks near

the limit of high tide. Often these shells were nearly covered

with small oval cases (of an insect?).

Neritina listert Pfr. Close to N. virginea, only larger.

Neritina virginea (Linn.). Numerous on the muddy banks

of Cavech river, covered with water at high tide, very plen-

tiful on the pebbly beach of Rio Dulce.

Neritima lineata reticulata (C. & F.). In thick swampy >

woods near the beach.

Neritiia succinea guatemalensis (Pilsbry). Just above

high tide in a clear pool of Cavech river; with them were a

few young N. virginea.

Cylichnella bidentata (Say). Two specimens.

Haminea solutaria (Say). One specimen.

Tagelus poeyt Dall.

Mulima guadelupensis (Recl.).

Strigilla pisiformis (Linn). Common on the beach, but

both valves together were scarce.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

Strigilla flexuosa (Say). Much like S. pistformis; has not

the red coloring of that species.

Macoma constricta (Brug.).

Donax striata (Linn.).

Donax striata mediamericana (Pilsbry). A small form of

striata. Dead shells were more numerous than the live ones,

or so appeared.

Tivela mactroides (Born). The most common species on

the beach; no live ones seen and both valves together were

very scarce.

Cyrena solida Phil. Plentiful in Rio Dulce, most mature

ones badly eroded.

Cyrenoidea guatemalensis Pilsbry. In 1914 one specimen

taken near the mouth of Cavech river.

Mytilus exustus (Linn.). In masses on rocks and drift

logs and under the bluff of the projecting point of land,

mostly immature.

Mytilopsis saller (Recluz). Often with M. exustus.

ACROSS THE Rio DuLCE From LiviNGsTON, on the first moun-

tain or foothill, is Rio Blanco, a small stream in which were

found :

Nephronaias calamitarum (Morelet).

Pachycheilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Mostly immature.

Pachycheilus indiorum (Morelet).

Pachycheilus corvinus (Morelet) and the color variety

lutescens C. & F.

Helicina rostrata Morelet. On top of the hill one broken,

nearly fresh specimen was found. The writer has three speci-

men received from Thomas Bland many years ago.

A short distance west of Livingston were found:

Aperostoma dysom (Pfr.).

Amphicyclotus bisinuatus (Martens). Dead specimens.

Chondropoma rubicundum (Morelet). Searce.

Subulina octona (Chem.). Very plentiful by the side of

side streets and paths among decaying vegetation and filth;

also found on the hillside in front of the hotel, with Lept-

narva livingstonensis.

Oxystyla princeps (Brod.). Bones only.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Leptinaria livingstonensis (Hinkley). In front of the hotel,

on the hillside.

Brachypodella subtilis pulchella (Martens). On _ stones

nearly buried in the soil.

Averellia hinkleyz (Pilsbry). One bone.

Pachycheilus pyramidalis (Morelet). A creek where it is

crossed by the telegraph line. A few fossils were taken at

this place.

Neritina lasteri (Pfr.). Same place as above.

Mountains oF Rio CavecH and those back of Cavech vil-

lage. These are listed together, although there is some dis-

tance between. The village is a little farther up the coast

than the mouth of the river, the stream having a course

oblique with the coast. The mountains or hills of this region

are often steeply sloped and covered with thick timber, which

keeps down the undergrowth in a great measure, so one can

climb without much interference from that source. These

limestone hills have many small crevices or openings, afford-

ing protection to different kinds of animal life besides mol-

lusks.

Celocentrum gigas Martens. More plentiful back of the

village than elsewhere. See Nautiuus, Vol. 33, page 79.

Celocentrum fistula (Morelet). One specimen.

Euglandina decussata (Desh.). None living.

Euglandina monisfera (Pfr.). Bones.

Guppya gundlacht (Pfr.). Searce.

Averellia hinkleyi (Pilsbry). Only bones.

Leptarionta trigonostoma (Pfr.). Dead specimens and

fragments.

Drymeus sulphureus (Pfr.). Dead specimens and frag-

ments.

Streptostyla delibuta (Morelet).

Streptostyla lattrei (Pfr.). Bones; a fine and well-marked

species.

Streptostyla schneideri (Strebel).

Streptostyla turgidula producta (Pilsbry).

Opeas beckianum (Pfr.).

Opeas pumilum (Pfr.).

44 THE NAUTILUS.

Subulina octona (Chem.). A mile or more back of the vil-

lage, by a well-traveled path.

Pseudosubulina martensiana Pilsbry.

Leptinaria guatemalensis Crosse and Fischer.

Leptinaria livingstonensis Hinkley.

Spiraas livingstonensis Pilsbry.

Spiraxis longior Pilsbry.

Brachypodella subtilis pulchella (Martens). Of the same

color as the limestone on which they live, they are inconspic-

uous. The shell hangs parallel with the face of the rock or

stands out at an angle.

Bothriopupa breviconus Pilsbry. One specimen.

Cecilioides consobrina veracruzensis (C. & F.).

Helicina amoena Pfr.

Helicina flavida Mke. or H. trossula Morelet.

Helicina coccinostoma Morelet.

Cistula radiosum (Morelet). Found on limestone and dead

wood, sometimes hanging by a thread. Some were in motion,

but the larger part were attached to the rock or wood of

similar color.

Chondropoma rubicundum (Morelet). Situated above fal-

len trees, base of rocks and under old banana leaves. Some

variation in size.

Pachychilus indiorum (Morelet). Cavech river. This

species prefers shallow water. The finest specimens were on

a hillside in thick timber where the water spreads out thin

over a flat rock surface marked with irregular seams and de-

pressions; many of these mollusks were barely wet, hundreds

of the shells with a mottled and polished surface showing

through a thin film of water made an attractive sight to any

one interested in the beautiful of Nature.

Pachychilus corvinus (Morelet). This mollusk prefers

more water than the above. At this locality there is more

color variation, from a dark purple to the almost white form

known as variety lutescens.

Pachychilus largilierti (Philippi). In a small stream, al-

most dry, they had collected by the thousands, in small pools,

many dead and the rest dying. Nearly all were immature.

A few of the largest were taken.

ee —

THE NAUTILUS. 45

PLANTERA, a banana plantation several miles up Rio Dulce

from Livingston. For the first few miles the river is pictur-

esque, passing between steep high hills covered with dense

vegetation of varying shades of green. Sometimes the slope

is broken by an abrupt face of rock. On one such face, larger

than the rest, were many obscure figures and markings, in

lines of lighter color, said to be drawings of an unknown race

of people. The appearance was more like the marks from

seepage water carrying lime.

Pachychilus largillertt (Philippi). Only a few specimens

found in a small river which was followed for some four miles.

Ampullaria flagellata tristramt C. & F. In a small swamp

near the Plantation buildings.

Neritina lineata reticulata (C. & F.). With the above.

Subulina octona (Chem.). A few in the yard under some

loose stone.

ESMERALDA. This plantation is on the left bank of Rio

Dulce some three miles below the old Fort San Felipe, now

in ruins.

Guppya gundlacht (Pfr.). Fragments seen along the trail

to Rio Saja.

Opeas micra (Orb.). Under trash in front of a hut.

Opeas pumilum (Pfr.). With the above.

Cecilioides consobrina veracruzensts (C. & F.). Same as

above.

Succinea recisa (Morelet) or S. guatemalensis. With above.

These are too young to decide to which species they belong

with: certainty.

Helicina amoena Pfr.

Amplhicyclotus bisinuatus (Martens). Two bones.

Ampullaria flagellata tristrama C. & F. On the border of

the river among water plants and under drift lodgments.

Pachychilus glaphyrus (Morelet). These are between

wmmanis and the obeliscus of the lake. Numerous on the

border of the river.

Pachychilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Some fine large speci-

mens were found in Rio Saja, under drift and other places

protected from the force of the current.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Nephronaias dysom (Lea). Found with the above. They

were always more or less eroded, a good species. This stream

is some five miles west of Esmeralda and the above two species

were the only ones found there.

Potamopyrgus coronatus nicaraguanus (Ancey). Plentiful

in small bays or recesses of the river.

Cochliopa dulcensis Marshall. Common with the other

small species taken with a net.

Cochhopa izabal Pilsbry. Common.

Neritina lineata reticulata C. & F.

Neritina listeri Pfr. Both these Neritina were scarce.

Planorbis caloderma Pilsbry. A small species, little larger

than Segmentina obstructa, with more tumid whorls.

Cyrenoides guatemalensis Pilsbry. One specimen.

Mytilopsis sallea (Recluz). Numerous, on sticks and stones,

often in clusters of many individuals.

JocoLo. This plantation, on the north side of Lake Isabal,

is owned and operated by Mrs. Potts, a hospitable lady. The

commodious residence among palm and citrus trees is pic-

turesque viewed from the small wharf projecting into the

lake. The lake is bordered by rushes, with here and there

small open beaches of sand. On a point some distance above

the wharf was a windrow of fine drift, thrown up by a strong

wind ; this was the only place where drift was found. It evi-

dently came down a river near by. This proved quite rich in

number of species, but specimens were scattering. The entire

windrow was worked over. The region has numerous small

streams with beds of rock, gravel and sand, with soft mud

where they enter the lake.

Nephronaias guatemalanus (von Martens). A few speci-

mens referred to this were found in the lake with N. ravis-

tellus. It is some higher and lighter colored than that species.

Nephronaias ravistellus (Morelet). Common. In 1914 they

were found mostly in water two to four feet deep, but in 1917

they were plentiful among the rushes and on the sandy beach

up to the water’s edge.

Nephronaias tabascoensis (Kitister). Mrs. Potts gave the writer

a few found by a native.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

Ampullaria flagellata tristrami C. & F. Marshy places and

along the border of the lake, among the rushes on which the

white egg-masses were quite numerous a little above the surface

of the water.

Ampullaria flagellata lattrei C. & F. On rocks near San Felipe.

Pachychilus glaphyrus immanis (Morelet). Common on the

soft mud at the mouth of the streams.

Pachychilus glaphyrus obeliscus (Morelet). The most plentiful

Pachychilus in the lake. They are more attenuate and smaller

than the closely related tmmanis.

Pachychilus lacustris (Morelet). These appear more like a

smoother form of P. odeliscus, and do not agree with P. lacustris

from Lake Amatitlan, from which they differ in fewer and flatter

whorls, and the suture not as deep.

Pachychilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Plentiful in clear streams,

often concealed in lodgments of brush and leaves. On account

of its size and clean living it is preferred for food. They are

cooked in stews or soups, croquettes, or roasted. The species

often reaches three inches in length.

Pachychilus pottsianus n. s. Found only on two hillsides back

of Jocolo.

Potamopyrgus coronatus nicaraguanus Ancey. Plentiful; varies

from a smooth shell to one with strong striations and prominent

spines.

Cochliopa dulcensis Marshall. With the following two species.

Cochliopa hinkleyi Pilsbry. This small flat species of a size

that evidently washed through the net in numbers when taking

the other small species.

Cochliopa izabal Pilsbry. Common, has some resemblance to

C. guatemalensis.

Cochliopa izabal Pilsbry, mutation peristriata Pilsbry.

Hemisinus ruginosus (Morelet). Common in places on the

lake shore. In 1914 one immature specimen was all that was

found. In 1917 the first were taken in the net with Cochliopa,

etc. Later while picking up MVephronaias they were noticed

among numerous Pachychilus and could easily have been passed

as the young of that genus. Their trail was made by burrow-

ing instead of crawling on the surface as with other forms.

48 THE NAUTILUS.

They burrowed somewhat like a mole, and often the little mole-

like ridge could be followed quite a distance, and the mollusk

found working under cover.

It is a viviparous genus. When cleaning these shells the

embryos run from one to three to the individual. None were

noticed with more than three.

Planorbis caloderma Pilsbry. Only three specimens taken in

the net with the small forms.

Planorbis caribaeus (Orb). One small specimen with the

above.

Ancylus sp. Taken in the net.

Euglandina decussata (Desh.). All dead but one.

Euglandina monilifera (Pfir.). One alive, found in the banana

field under dead leaves.

Salasiella guatemalensis Pilsbry. Under leaves and trash.

Guppya elegantula Pilsbry. Lake drift.

Guppya gundlachi Pir. Lake drift.

Zonitoides minusculus (Binney). Lake drift.

Averellia hinkleyi Pilsbry.

Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shutt.). Lake drift.

Strobilops strebeli guatemalensis n. subsp.

Bulimulus corneus (Sowb.). Found in a banana field under

dead leaves.

Drymaeus sulphureus (Pir.). Bones.

Oxystyla princeps (Brod). Dead.

Opeas beckianum (Pfr.). Lake drift.

Opeas micra (Orb.). Lake drift.

Opeas pumilum (Pir.). Lake drift.

Subulina octona (Chem. ).

Leptinaria guatemalensis C. & F. Lake drift.

Leptinaria livingstonensis Hinkley. In the fields back of

Jocolo.

Caecilioides consobrina veracruzensis (C. & F.). Lake drift.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Lake drift.

Succinea recisa Morelet. Banana fields.

Aperostoma dysoni (Pir.). Under decaying leaves in the

banana fields.

Amphicyclotus bisinwatus (Martens). Scarce.

THE NAUTILUS. 49

Helicina amoena Pfr.

Helicina tenuis var. lindoni Pfr.

Helicina flavida Mke. or H. trossula Morelet.

Helicina coccinostoma Morelet.

Lucidella lirata (Pfr.). Lake drift.

Panzos, State of Alta Verapaz. The head of navigation on

the Polochic River. No land species found here, although a

half day was spent on a stroll up the R. R. to a good-sized

creek which was followed for some distance and the return made

over the mountain, with no results whatever.

Ampullaria flagellata tristrami C. & F. Two good large speci-

mens, dead, found in a marshy place near the R. R.

Pachychilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Young specimens plenti-

ful in a creek near the town.

Pachychilus ¢ndiorum (Morelet). A few specimens taken with

the above.

Amnicola panzosensis Walker. From a pool formed by a small

stream from a spring or seepage on the mountain side.

Pisidium singleyi Sterki. With the above Amnicola.

CHEJEL, State of Alta Verapaz. At the end of the R. R. the

writer was met by a guide and horses sent by Mr. Robert Hemp-

stead, and was conducted to his residence on the Chejel coffee

plantation. A nice home on the side of the mountain, some

2000 ft. elevation, with roses, violets and other flowers in the

front yard. From the veranda on the other side of the house

the mountain side is a steep slope to the base where it meets the

base of the next mountain. An extensive mountain view in all

directions is seen from this veranda.

Pachychilus indiorum (Morelet). Mr. Hempstead kindly

showed me the spring from which we picked up a few speci-

mens of this species. These are lighter-colored and do not show

the mottled color of those from the Cavech. This was the only

species found at Chejel.

Pachychilus corvinus (Morelet). Immature specimens I took

for this species from a rill that crosses the road on the way to

Purulha.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

Trichodiscina sargi (Crosse & Fischer). One specimen found

in a damp, shaded place at the base of a rock bank near the

above rill. This appeared to be an ideal place for mollusks,

but a half-hour’s search produced nothing more.

Drymaeus castus (Pir.). On the road to Puruhla one fair

specimen a little broken and other fragments evidently dropped

by birds were all noticed.

Streptostyla nigricans (Pfr.). One immature specimen.

Nothing was found from Puruhla to Tactic.

Tactic. Half way between Pancojchl and Coban.

Pachychilus corvinus (Morelet). Plentiful in two creeks, one

north of town and the other in the south edge of the town.

Physa sp. A few quite young noticed in a pool by the road

to Coban.

On the road between Coban and Chama.

Euglandina decussata (Desh. ). A larger form than those found

nearer the coast; dead specimens only.

Pseudosubulina mitescens Martens.

Epirobia polygyrella (Martens). On rock faces exposed to the

north.

Eucalodium decollatum (Nyst.). A subspecies. Dr. Pilsbry

says ‘‘I have never seen this form before.’? One dead speci-

men. There were also specimens a little smaller and thinner

than the above covered with fine oblique striae extending from

suture to suture.

Amphicyclotus boucardi (Pir. ).

Pachychilus graphiwm (Morelet) var. transcendens C. & F.

Picked up by the road; probably dropped or thrown aside by

some one.

Cuama, State of Alta Verapaz. This plantation of coffee,

cacao and rubber is in the mountains near Rio Tsalbha and

probably half a mile or more from Rio Negro. It is about 900

feet above the sea and the river is 50 ft. lower.

Ampullaria lattre: chamana n. subsp. Four live specimens

were brought to the writer by an Indian.

Pachychilus pyramidalis (Morelet). Some distance up Tsalbha

River from Chama. |

THE NAUTILUS. 51

Pachychilus corvinus (Morelet). A few specimens.

Pachychilus hinkleyi Marshall. Many dead ones, but few

living. The water was too high to get the living in the swift

current.

Pachychilus cinereus (Morelet). Only found in a creek.

Probably a peck of these shells were in an old pot saved to burn

for lime by Indians. These shells were all more or less muti-

lated in preparing them to cook.

Physa sp. Two fine specimens taken in a drainage ditch in

the Cacao orchard. They have a colored band at different

stages of growth as in P. gyrina, the transverse striae are irreg-

ular, the fine revolving striae are not as distinct as in P. gyrina.

Psoronaias kuxensis Frierson. A small stream at Chama, in

sheltered places among the rocks on the bed of the stream,

many eroded.

Euglandina decussata (Desh. ).

Euglandina monilifera (Pfr.). Bluff on the mountain north

of Chama.

Streptostyla delibuta (Morelet). Bluff.

Streptostyla lattre: (Pfr.). Bluff.

Streptostyla sargi Crosse & Fischer. Bluff.

Streptostyla sololensis C. & F. Bluff.

Streptostyla turgidula producta Pilsbry. Bluff.

Salasiella sp. Somewhat like S. hinkleyi, but the second

whorl is much longer; one dead specimen from the bluff.

Salasiella sp. ‘‘Cannot refer to any known species’’ from

the bluff.

Ammoniceras stolli (Martens). Three immature specimens in

a clearing back of the plantation buildings.

Zonitoides minusculus (Binney). River drift.

Zonitoides elegantula (Pfr.). River drift.

Pseudohyalina puncticipitis Pilsbry. River drift.

Guppya elegantula Pilsbry. River drift.

Guppya gundlachti (Pfr.). River drift.

Lysinoe ghiesbreghti (Pfr.). From the bluff, one very young

example.

Drymaeus sulphureus (Pfr.). Bones.

Coelocentrum fistulare (Pir.). Variety from the bluff north of

Chama.

ag THE NAUTILUS.

Macroceramus concisus (Morelet). From the bluff.

Opeas beckianum (Pfr.). From the bluff.

Pseudosubulina salvini Martens? Bluff.

Pseudosubulina mitescens Martens. Bluff.

Leptinaria elisae (Tristram). Bluff.

Caecilioides consobrina veracruzensis (C. & F.). River drift.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). River drift.

Gastrocopta pellucida (Pir.). A variety with thickened lip.

River drift.

Adelopoma stolli (Martens). One specimen in river drift.

Carychium mexicanum costaricanum Martens. River drift.

Aperostoma dysoni (Pfr.). In cacao grove.

Aperostoma n. sp. On the bluff.

Amphicyclotus boucardi (Pfr. ).

Helicina amoena Pir. Cacao grove.

Helicina coccinostoma Morelet, variety anozona Martens. Bluff.

Helicina tenuis Pfr., var. lindeni (Pfr.), Bluff.

Helicina fragilis Morelet. Bluff.

Schasicheila hinkleyi Pilsbry. Bluff.

Schasicheila walkert Hinkley. Bluff.

Eutrochatella nicrodina (Morelet) var. chryseis (Tristram).

Bluff and drift.

Tomocylus simulacrum (Morelet). Bones scattered in recesses

of rocks on the side of the mountain below the bluff.

Chondropoma rubicundum (Morelet). Bluff.

Lucidella lirata (Pir.). Bluff and river drift.

At the places where the writer has collected different forms of

slugs were often noticed. Quite a number were put in alcohol,

but only two or three forms of Vaginulus came through in good

condition.

Descriptions of new species and subspecies.

STROBILOPS STREBELI GUATEMALENSIS, n. subsp.

Shell depressed, light brown, with fine costae which extend

over the base and into the small umbilicus; on the base the

costae are smaller and crossed by longitudinal microscopical

striae. Suture well marked, the first one and half whorls are

THE NAUTILUS. 53

smooth. Aperture ovate, wide above, narrow below, peristome

reflected and chocolate-colored. Height of shell 14, width

44 mm.

‘‘This new subspecies differs from the East Mexico S. strebeli

(Pir.) by having the periphery more angular; the parietal

lamella is more enlarged and prominent at the end, and it has

4% whorls, S. strebeli having a little over 5. S. salvini (Tris-

tram) is a higher shell with wider umbilicus.”’

Found in beach drift of Lake Izabal near Jocolo.

Types in the Academy coll. and in the writer’s coll.

ScHASICHEILA WALKERI N. sp.

Shell globose conic, thin, imperforate, umbilical region de-

pressed; varies from brownish-yellow to a horn color, under the

light brown cuticle. Whorls four, convex, crossed by fine

irregular lines of growth and revolving microscopical striae

which begin on the otherwise smooth nucleus. The costae and

striae are visible under a glass on removal of the cuticle. Aper-

ture subcircular, obtusely angular above with a slight, wide

sinus at the base; a callus extends from the columella across

the parietal wall to a slight notch at the suture. Operculum

missing.

Shell measures: height 6, width 6.5mm. Aperture, length 4,

width 2.5 mm.

Found at a bluff on the mountain north of Chama, Alta

Verapaz, Guatemala.

Named in honor of Dr. Bryant Walker, who is doing good

work for the advancement of malacology. Type in collection

of the Academy of Natural Science, cotypes in coll. B. Walker

and the writer.

AMPULLARIA LATTREI CHAMANA N, subsp.

A small, rather solid, short-spired race, with many bands of

ecru-olive on a ground of deep colonial buff. The interior

chocolate with some light bands above, lip with a broad chamois

or pale yellow border without bands.

The aperture is narrower than in A. lemniscata Crosse &

Fischer, which appears to be nearly related. The surface is not

54 THE NAUTILUS.

irregularly pitted as in A. lattrei, and the microscopic spiral

strie are more plainly defined.

The embryonic whorls are dark-colored, almost black.

Height 42, breadth 40; aperture, length 33, width 18 mm.

Height 40, breadth 37.5; aperture, length 32, width 20 mm.

Specimens of exactly this form were collected about twenty

years ago at ‘‘ Rio Negro, Chama,’’ by S. L. Schumo, a mem-

ber of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

Four specimens were brought to the writer by an Indian; one

(figured) is in the Academy coll., one in coll. of Mr. Bryant

Walker, one in the Museum of the Illinois University, and the

writer has the other.

PACHYCHEILUS POTTSIANUS 0. sp.

Shell pyramidal, solid, smooth, of a dingy olive color; whorls

eight, hardly convex, a light shade below the suture, the last

slightly and broadly depressed on the upper part, in front of

the aperture the periphery is obtusely angular, the angle dimin-

ishes with the growth of the whorl until the last of the body

whorlis broadly rounded. Suture shallow, distinct. Aperture

ovate, angular above, circular below, chocolate-colored within,

parietal callus well defined and much thickened above, labium

slightly thickened. Operculum ovate, nucleus depressed.

When the mollusk is in its natural position the shell as viewed

from above has the appearance of the penult whorl being

humped and the under side of the shell is nearly always eroded

as if it had been worn away in moving about. Four specimens

measure:

Length 44, width 17. Aperture, length 14, width 8 mm.

Length 41, width 17. Aperture, length 14, width 8 mm.

Length 40, width 16. Aperture, length 15, width 74 mm.

Length 42, width 17. Aperture, length 14, width 84 mm.

This species was taken from two rills on hillsides, in dense

woods. Often there was only enough moisture to keep the

shells damp, or they were under fallen leaves; with them where

there was a half inch or more of water were P. pyramidalis, from

which they differ in being smaller and without any sculpturing.

They are wider than P. indiorum of the same length, and have

THE NAUTILUS. 5D

not the color markings of that species. They differ from P.

corvinus by a more solid texture and a smaller and different

shaped aperture.

ANSON A. HINKLEY.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Mr. A. A. Hinkley was born at Farmersville, Indiana, No-

vember 26, 1857, and died in Du Bois, Illinois, July 23, 1920.

Living for a time at Rockford, Ill., he moved to Du Bois in

1881. The accompanying portrait though executed in earlier

years is still an excellent likeness.

Mr. Hinkley was an enthusiastic, energetic, enterprising and

most successful collector. I do not know when he first became

interested in conchology. His first note on the subject appeared

in “The Conchologists’ Exchange,’’ the predecessor of the

Nautitus in 1887. My own correspondence with him began in

1893. He had then already began to specialize on the Pleuro-

ceride, which continued to be his favorite study all of his life.

Prior to that time he had taken two trips to Tennessee and had

participated in the results of R. E. Call’s expeditions to Ala-

bama and Georgia. In 1894 and again in 1897 he collected in

Tennessee and Alabama. He was also one of the contributors

of ‘‘the sinews of war’’ to the remarkably successful work of

B. H. Wright in developing the Unione fauna of the southern

states in the decade prior to 1900.

In 1903 he began the series of collecting trips which have given

him a permanent place in the history of American Conchology.

In the winter of that year he explored the Coosa and Black

Warrior rivers in Alabama. Two remarkable new genera,

Amphigyra Pils. and Neoplanorbis Pils., and many new species

of Somatogyrus, Ancylus and Quadrula were discovered. Mr.

Hinkley was the first to develop the minute species of Alabama,

which had been almost entirely overlooked by the early collec-

tors in that State, whose attention had been wholly absorbed

with the wonderful fauna of Unionid# and Pleuroceride in that

region.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

A second trip in the winter of 1904 through Mississippi and

to the Mussel Shoals of the Tennessee River resulted in the dis-

covery of several additional species of Somatogyrus ; the first

living specimens of Pyrgulopsis mississippiensis C. and P. and a

fine species of Campeloma that subsequently served to differenti-

ate the C. coarctata of Binney from the original coarctata of Lea

and establish the validity of C. lewist Walker, which was typi-

cally based upon specimens collected by him in the Vallabusha

River, Miss.

In the winter of 1906-7 he made his first expedition to Mex-

ico and in 1908 a second trip. His collections on these jour-

neys developed the remarkable Melanian and Unione fauna of

the Panuco River system. Two new genera, Pterides Pils.,

Lithasiopsis Pils., a new subgenus Emmericiella Pils., and a great

number of new species of both land and fresh-water shells were

added to the Mexican fauna.

In 1912 he made his first expedition to Guatemala, a second

trip in 1913 anda third in 1917. These resulted in large series

of many of the rarer species of that region and the addition of

many new species of both land and fresh-water forms to science.

The material brought back by him from his last trip has not.

yet been completely worked up and it is probable that the num-

ber of new species will be largely increased when that work is

completed.

The sickness and death of Mr. Hinkley’s wife in 1915 and

his own subsequent ill health kept him at home in that year

and also in 1916 and 1918.

In the early part of January, 1919, he joined Messrs. Ferriss

and Camp in a long trip ‘‘ along the Mexican border’’ which

continued until May and has been written up by Ferriss in the

NaotiLus (XX XIII, p. 37). On this expedition he paid special

attention to the collection of the minute and fluviatile species.

Only a very few of the many new species collected on this trip

have, as yet, been published.

In the early summer of that year he madea short trip through

western Tennessee and Kentucky and planned a thorough ex-

ploration of the Duck River, but unfortunately the project was

cut short.

THE NAUTILUS. 57

The net result of these many years of field work, if my count

is correct, has added four new genera, one new sub-genus and

one hundred and thirteen new species to the American fauna, a

record that will perpetuate his memory for all time to come. |

Mr. Hinkley was not a voluminous writer, preferring to leave

to others the description of his material, but was an occasional

contributor to the Naurinus from 1887 to 1920. His last note

appeared in January, 1920, and an article on his third trip to

Guatemala is published in this number.

Wifteen species have been named after him, viz.:

Holospira hinkleyi Pils. Gundlachia hinkleyi Walk.

Celocentrum hinkleyi Pils. Amwnicola hinkley: Walk.

Salasiella hinkleyr Pils. Schasicheila hinkleyi Pils.

Averellia hinkleyi Pils. Pomatiopsis hinkleyr Pils.

Lithastopsis hinkleyi Pils. Pisidium hinkleyi Sterki.

Somatogyrus hinkley: Walk. Sonorella hinkleyi P. and F.

Lymnaea hinkleyi Baker. Unio hinkleyi B. H. Wr.

Ancylus hinkley: Walk.

TURRITIDAE VS. TURRIDAE.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY.

By way of completing my own argument, I desire merely a

word in reply to the points brought up by Mr. Dall in the last

Navutitus. I hope he will forgive me for failing to perceive

that his statements are in any way relevant to the real point at

issue. This is solely and wholly the application of Article 4 of

the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. As I see

it, and now on Dr. Dall’s own showing in his final paragraph,

Turritidae as a family name based on Turris is in flat violation

of this Article, let alone all admitted principles of Latin orthog-

raphy. Were the generic name actually spelled Turritus, the

situation would of course be different, and it is merely this that

Professor Foster was attempting to indicate; but such a circum-

locution is in no way necessary.

It is a novel principle that a purely derivative name, such as

58 THE NAUTILUS.

that of a family, must stand according to its first spelling, how-

ever erroneous. Should it ever come into general favor it would

lead to some strange results.

The International Code alone must write the ‘‘finis’’ toa

discussion of this sort.

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF PYRAMIDULA RUPESTRIS IN MAINE.

BY EDWARD 8. MORSE.

Forty years ago while collecting land shells alongside the

road in Riley, Maine, 17 miles north of Bethel, I found two

specimens of a small Helix, which at the time I mistook for

a variety of Planogyra astericus, being devoid of the elevated

rings following the lines of growth; it was apparently the

same size, form and color of P. astericus. Instead of being

found in an alder swamp in wet ground, a common habitat

of P. astericus, it was found in a hard-wood growth on the

side of a hill associated with S. labyrinthica, S. arborea, S.

exigua and other common species. Under the microscope I

found the proportions of the shell different, as the accompany-

ing drawings will show. Fig. 1 is the new form; fig. 2 is P.

asterrcus drawn on the same scale. Realizing that the shell

was new to this country, if not a new species, and not deem-

ing it prudent to describe a new species from two specimens,

Fig, 1

Fig, 3

I visited the region again in 1891 in company with Major

John M. Gould, who was with me the first time. We searched

the woods in vain for a specimen of the shell. In August of

this year Major Gould again visited the place but could not

find the shell. A recent study of European species leads me

to regard this nova as the old Helix rupestris of Draparnaud,

THE NAUTILUS. 59

now Pyramidula. In Taylor’s superb monograph of the land

and fresh-water shells of the British Isles the author says of

P. rupestris: ‘‘This species displays a great difference in

form, ranging from an almost planorbular spire to a greatly

elevated form with almost dislocated whorls, which has its

metropolis in the isles of the Aegean Sea.’’ Mr. Taylor fig-

ures a depressed form as var. wmbilicata and says this form

is more prevalent in the north of Europe. The spire becomes

more elevated as the southern range increases. Fig. 3 repre-

sents a specimen of Pyramidula rupestris from England.

While showing slight differences, the Maine specimens must

be regarded the same. If it turns out to be an established

variety I would like to dedicate it to Mr. Olaf O. Nylander,

who has done such excellent work in studying and collecting

the land and fresh-water shells of northern Maine. It will

thus stand Pyramidula rupestris var. nylandert.

NOTES ON MARINE MOLLUSCA ABOUT NEW YORK CITY.

BY ARTHUR JACOT.

Due to the unusually severe storms of the past winter the

beaches about New York City were of special interest to the

conchologist. On the one hand, bungalos, hotels, ete., were

swept into the ocean bodily, while on the other, great quan-

tities of shells were strewn along the shores.

At Rockaway Beach from the hospital (beyond the Park)

to Edgmeer, a distance of four miles, there was an almost

continuous rift of ‘‘skimmers’’ (Spisula solidissima) along.

the extreme high-tide line, which averaged two feet deep by

ten feet wide. At some places these clams were piled up three

to four feet deep, at other places they formed a double rift,

while at still others (besides the rift at highest tide line) they

were strewn as a thick carpet over that part of the beach

laid bare at low tide. Counting 50 individuals per square

foot, we estimated there were at least 5,000,000 per linear

mile. It will be interesting to notice the abundance of this

60 THE NAUTILUS.

species along this strip of beach after next winter’s storms.

It seems as though a large colony has been whipped out for

a distance of several miles. At Long Beach (the next beach

eastward) there were a dozen or two S. solidissima per linear

rod.

We tramped over the top of this gigantic funeral pile for a

distance of half a mile, starting near the hospital. As a re-

sult we picked up 16 specimens of Pecten magellanicus (with

the animal) besides a few odd valves. Beyond the half mile

the species was not found. The most astonishing find of the

day, however, was a large specimen of Buccinum undatum

fairly well covered with Hydractinia echinata and occupied

by a putrid hermit. This species is of accidental occurrence

west of the eastern end of the island. It is not an inhabitant

of our sandy beaches.

On the channel side of Long Beach where dredges are

widening the channel and building up land we found some

hundred-odd specimens of Hnsts directus freshly cast up.

The largest had a width of 1°/,, inches and a length of

over 7 inches. A very few were found which were perfectly

straight-looking from the outside like a true Solen, but when

they were cleaned out and the hinge examined they were

found to be Ensis. As I have never found the slightest indi-

cation of a Solen in this vicinity, nor as I do not know of a

single authentic record of one for our coast, I am forced to

the conclusion that the lots in the American Museum collec-

tion (as well as those in other museums) labeled New York

and forming parts of the collections of shell fanciers have (as

is the case with many other species) the wrong locality at-

tached to them through carelessness or ignorance. This error

seems to have been a common one for this species and it is

time it be definitely rectified. This mistake of locality in

collections of collectors of shells as a hobby (as the Jay,

Haines, Newcomb, etc., collections) is common, so that their

collections should not be considered for distributional records

of species.

THE NAUTILUS. 61

ANIMAL LIFE IN LOESS DEPOSITS NEAR ALTON, ILLINOIS, WITH

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW VARIETIES OF LAND SHELLS

FROM THE SAME DEPOSITS.*

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Many years ago Worthen (Geol. Ill., Vol. I, p. 315, 1866)

reported the remains of a mastodon from near the City of Alton,

from a deposit near the bottom of the loess, about thirty feet

beneath the surface, where it was separated from the limestone

by two to three feet of local drift. It was also stated by Worthen

that the loess above the drift contained Jand and fresh-water

shells. The only other reference to this deposit or its animal

life, as far as known to the writer, is by Wm. McAdams (Proc.

A. A. A. 8., Vol. XXXII, p. 268, 1883). Recently Dr. M. M.

Leighton, of the Department of Geology, University of Illinois,

and also connected with the State Geological Survey, visited

Alton and vicinity, and made a careful study of the Quaternary

deposits, to determine the stratographic horizon of the concre-

tions with which the mammalian remains are associated. Dur-

ing his study of the loess deposits he collected from them at

different specified levels the remains of molluscan life, and has

given me the following statement concerning the character and

age of these deposits.

‘‘The bluffs just northwest of Alton have a height of from

125 to 175 feet above the Mississippi River. Several quarries

are located along the bluffs, which offer fine sections of the Mis-

sissippian limestone, some 50 to 100 feet thick, overlain by thin

drift and thick loess deposits.

‘¢The loess is separable into two deposits, a lower pink loess

and an upper buff loess. The pink loess lies unconformably

on the glacial till below, the till showing strong evidence of a

long interval of weathering before the deposition of the pink

loess. The till may well be as old as the Kansan, in which

case the pink loess is probably Sangamon; if the till is Illinoian

the pink loess cannot be older than late Sangamon, and may be

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of [linois,

No. 14.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

Iowan or early Peorian. Although the pink color of the loess

is believed to be largely original, there is some evidence sug-

gesting that the pink loess was weathered somewhat before the

deposition of the overlying buff loess. The interval of weather-

ing, however, was doubtless brief. The buff loess is leached

and oxidized at the top similar to the early Peorian loess (form-

erly called Iowan), and this strengthens the view that the pink

loess is Sangamon. The mammalin remains at the top of the

till and the base of the pink loess seem most likely to be early

Sangamon. The calcareous concretions with which they are as-

sociated are secondary and, hence, later.’’

The mollusks collected embrace thirteen species of land shells,

including two that appear to be undescribed. No lacustrine or

fluviatile species were obtained (as would be expected), these

mollusks being very rare or absent in true loess formations.

Worthen’s statement of the presence of fresh-water shells may

have referred to the genus Succinea, some species of which occur

in the vicinity of water bodies, though the loess Succinea are of

the upland gpecies and not the lowland species that are abund-

ant near water (Succinea retusa, for example). The species of

land shells in the deposit are the same, for the most part, as

thoge found in typical loess deposits in Iowa and adjacent states.

Except where mentioned the species are normal in form.

The division of the loess into two bodies, differing in color

and probably attesting different periods of deposition, indicates

that the deposition of the loess has been periodic rather than

continuous. This is in line with the findings of Dr. Wm. C.

Alden and Dr. Leighton in regard to the loess associated with

the Iowan drift sheet in Iowa.+ The cause of these epochs of

loess deposition with breaks between is still a matter of conjec-

ture. It is the writer’s opinion that it might represent the

presence of the Iowan ice to the north of the region.

Dr. Leighton reports that shells were more or less common at

all levels of the loess. The age of these molluscan remains may

be tentatively indicated in the following table. It will be noted

+ Alden, Wm. C., and Leighton, M. M. The Iowan Drift, lowa Geolog-

ical Survey, Vol. XXVI, pp. 49 to 212, 1917.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

that the pink loess, believed to be of Sangamon age, is the rich-

est in number of syecies, and that the characteristic post-lowan

(Peorian) fossil, Pyramidula shimekii occurs only in the buff

loess. Whether this distribution is to be considered as apply-

ing to the whole body of the loesses of this area, or is simply

the result of local collecting, cannot be known until more ex-

tensive collections are made. The collections made by Dr.

Leighton are from several localities in both Madison and St.

Clair counties and also from different levels in the deposits, and

these are believed to represent fairly well the general distribu-

tion of the loess faunas of this region. It is probable that a

larger number of the minute species could be found as a result

of prolonged search carried on especially forthem. The mater-

ial has been placed in the University of Illinois Museum through

the courtesy of the Illinois Geological Survey. They are num-

bered P 738 to P 764 of the collection of Palaeontology.

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE IN LOESSES NEAR ALTON.

Concretionary horizon. Polygyra profunda pleistocenica.

(Above underlying till, be- Castoroides ohiwoensis (incisor

lieved to be Kansan. ) tooth).

Mammut americanum (Kerr).

(Reported by Worthen. )

Yarmouth interval. is

Pink loess believed to be of Polygyra profunda pleistocenica.

Sangamon age. Polygyra multilineata altonensis.

Polygyra hirsuta.

Polygyra appressa.

Pyramidula alternata.

Helicodiscus paralellus.

Gastrocopta armifera.

Zonitoides arborea.

Upper part of loess. Circinaria concava.

Succinea ovalis.

Helicina occulta.

Buff loess.

Early Peorian interval. Pyramidula shimekit.

Succinea ovalis.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

The localities at which shells were obtained, together with

the species found at each, are listed below.

From the concretionary horizon at the base of the pink loess

and at the top of the underlying till; plant number 2 of the

Mississippi Lime and Materials Co., Alton, Madison Co.

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker.

Castoroides ohioensis Foster. Given to Dr. Leighton and said

to have come from this horizon. Only a single incisor tooth

(the left) was collected.

The Polygyra was apparently very abundant at this horizon,

seven pieces of concretions containing ten specimens of shells.

The concretions are of lime which is very hard. Some of the

shells are internal casts.

From the lower ten feet of the pink loess, plant No. 2 Missis-

sippi Lime and Materials Co., Alton. Many fragments of shells

occurred, indicating an abundance of the different species at one

time.

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. A few specimens.

Polygyra multilineata altonensis Baker. A few specimens.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Rare.

Gastrocopta armifera (Say). One specimen.

From the upper part of the pink loess, plant No. 2 Missis-

sippi Lime and Materials Co., Alton.

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. A few specimens.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). A few specimens.

Circinaria concava (Say). One specimen.

Succinea ovalis (Say). Several specimens.

Helicina occulta Say. One specimen.

From cliff of loess near corner Market and East 6th Street,

Alton. From pink loess.

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. Common.

Polygyra multilineata altonensis Baker. One specimen.

Polygyra appressa (Say). Common.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Rare.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). Not common.

Helicodiscus paralellus (Say). One specimen.

Circinaria concava (Say). One specimen.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

From pink loess at Edgemont, St. Clair Co., north side of

interurban railway.

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. Rare.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). One specimen.

From lower part of buff loess at Edgemont, St. Clair Co.,

north side interurban railway.

Pyramidula shimekii (Pilsbry). A few very large specimens,

one individual measuring 7.10 mm. in greatest diameter.

Succinea ovalis Say. The Succineas are apparently this

species, although they exhibit some variation, especially in the

height of the spire. They are not grosvenori, which occurs in

the loess deposits of Iowa.

DESCRIPTION OF NEW VARIETIES.

Polygyra multilineata altonensis n. var.

Shell differing from typical multilineata in being larger, the

whorls more gibbous, the spire more depressed, and the sutures

between the later whorls more deeply impressed; the last whorl

begins to rapidly descend on the previous whorl until the upper

part of the outer lip rests against the periphery, instead of

above this point, as in multilineata ; the deflection of the upper

part of the whorl toward the aperture is also more abrupt, and

forms a distinct shoulder at this point; the reflected lip is much

heavier as is also the umbilical callus; the spiral color bands

and lines are apparently much less numerous than in typical

multilineata.

Greatest diameter, 32; height, 19.5; aperture height, 14;

breadth, 14mm. Holotype. U. I. No. P. 740 A.

Greatest diameter, 28; height, 15.5; aperture height, 11;

breadth, 12mm. Paratype. U. I. No. P. 740 B.

Horizon: Lower ten feet of pink loess, plant No. 2 Missis-

sippi Lime and Materials Co., Alton, Madison Co., Illinois.

This form of multilineata is so uniformly different from the

usual form and size of this species that it seems to require a

special designation. It probably occurs in other loess deposits.

The greater size and gibbous-shaped whorls are sufficiently

characteristic to cause its immediate recognition. This variety

is apparently not common in these loess deposits, only four

66 THE NAUTILUS.

specimens being obtained by Dr. Leighton. The type material

is from the lower part of the pink loess. The variety does not

occur (apparently) in the higher or later loess deposits of this

region.

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica n. var.

Shell uniformly smaller than typical profunda, more solid,

with slightly higher spire and proportionally smaller aperture

and umbilicus; the color bands are developed in but two speci-

mens of the 19 specimens examined, the majority of the indi-

viduals being unicolored.

Greatest diameter, 22; height, 14.7 mm. Holotype. U. IL.

Now P. Fala:

Greatest diameter, 24; height, 14 mm. Paratype. U. L.

No. F. 751 B.

Greatest diameter, 26; height, 14.7 mm. Paratype. U. I.

No. P. 751 C.

This race or variety of profunda is the most common land

shell in the loess of the vicinity of Alton. The characteristics

noted above will easily distinguish it from typical profunda.

This variety recalls Polygyra profunda strontiana Clapp (Ann.

Carnegie Mus. X, p. 537, pl. xxxii, figs. 13-15, 1916), the

sizes being about the same in the two forms. In strontiana,

however, the spire is higher and the shell of different shape.

Pleistocenica is not common in the lower deposits of the loess

near Alton nor in the higher deposits. It reaches its greatest

development near the middle of the pink loess, from which the

greater number of specimens came.

From pink loess on cliff of loess, corner Market and East 6th

Street, Alton, Madison Co., Illinois.

NOTE ON A PREOCCUPIED GENERIC NAME IN CEPHALOPODS.

BY 8. STILLMAN BERRY, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA.

In 1913 (Zool. Anz., Bd. 42, p. 590) I proposed the name

Acroteuthis as that of a genus of cephalopods having the

Sepia media Linnzus 1767 as type, the said genus being

THE NAUTILUS. 67

practically equivalent to the old J'ewthis Schneider 1784, not

of Linnezus 1766, which is a genus of fishes.

It has recently been called to my attention that Acroteuthis

in this sense is itself invalid by reason of the existence of a

prior usage of the same name in connection with a fossil

genus of the same group of mollusks, a fact which had escaped

my notice because of an almost complete lack from my library

of the literature of cephalopod paleontology.

To remedy this unfortunate situation, I would suggest that

the name Acruroteuthis be adopted as a substitute for Acro-

teuthis Berry 19138.

NOTES ON A SMALL COLLECTION UF SHELLS FROM ALASKA.*

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

A small collection of Alaska mollusks has recently been given

to the Museum of Natural History which is of considerable in-

terest. It was collected by Dr. Henry B. Ward, head of the

Department of Zoology, University of Illinois, while engaged in

survey work for the United States Bureau of Fisheries. The

shells were collected incidentally during the months of July and

August. The two bodies of water from which the material was

collected are in the Copper River drainage and their location is

thus described by Dr. Ward:

‘*The two lakes referred to as the locations from which the

mollusks came are both in the drainage of the Copper River.

Long Lake lies just off the Chitina River, which is the main

tributary of the Copper River. The lake is right alongside the

Copper River and the Northwestern Railway track, and is some-

thing like 150 miles from Cordova.

**Saint Anne Lake empties into Lake Klutina, which in turn

empties through the Klutina River into the Copper River. This

is on the west side of the drainage basin, about 250 miles from

the Long Lake locality.”’

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois,

No. 12.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

OvuTLET oF Lona LAKE.

Galba randolpht (Baker). Half-grown and typical.

Galba vahlu (‘‘ Beck’? Moller).

Planorbis similaris Baker.

Two young individuals (three whorls) of a small Planorbis

are indistinguishable from specimens of similaris of the same

size from Colorado. They are not like parvus from near Phila-

delphia, having a less number of whorls in specimens of the

same size, and the base lacks the reamed-out appearance so

characteristic of typical parvus. The two localities are widely

separated although the ecological and general climatic condi-

tions are the same, the Colorado specimens occurring in a lake

at an altitude of 8575 feet (see Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

Vol. XLI, p. 5382, 1919). This small Planorbis will doubtless

be found in many places between these extreme localities, when

it is discriminated from parvus.

Pisidium species.

Sterki says of this Pisidium, of which only four specimens

were collected, ‘‘ unknown to me; probably immature.’’

Saint ANNE LAKE.

Galba randolphi (Baker). Half-grown specimens.

Galba vahli (‘‘ Beck’’ Moller).

The lymnaeids referred to vahlii were at first thought to be

referable to palustris. The generally thinner, almost paper-like

shell and the wide columella callus without well-marked plait

seem to place them rather under valu. The spire in nearly all

of the specimens is very long and the whorls are inclined to be

flat-sided, differing in this respect from typical vahlw. This

species, like the protean palustris, of which it is a near relative,

probably exhibits a wide range of variation.

Valvata lewisit helicoidea Dall.

A single specimen of Dall’s variety of Valvata lewisii occurred

with the material from Saint Anne Lake. It corresponds in

every way with the original description and figures (Alaska

Mollusks, p. 123, pl. ii, figs. 1, 2) but is smaller than the speci-

men figured by Dall. The measurements of the Saint Anne

Lake specimen are: height 2.2; greatest diameter 4mm. The

——

THE NAUTILUS. 69

variety has also been seen from Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, col-

lected by Professor C. H. O’ Donoghue, of the University of

Manitoba. It will probably be found to be widely distributed

in Canada and Alaska.

Sphaerium tenue Prime.

Pisidium idahoense Roper.

A single specimen each of these two Sphaeriidae was con-

tained in the Saint Anne Lake material. These specimens are

typical.

I am indebted to Dr. V. Sterki for the determination of the

Sphaeriidae from this locality as well as from the outlet of Long

Lake.

NOTES.

Notes ON CERTAIN BrRAcHIOPOD GENERA. — A recently pub-

lished and valuable paper on the recent species of Brachio-

poda in the National Museum (Dall, W. H., Proc. U.S. Nat.

Mus., Vol. 57, pp. 261-377, 1920) places before students of the

Brachiopoda a carefully prepared catalogue of the species

contained in the National Museum collection and also brings

together from many scattered sources valuable data on geo-

graphic and bathymetric range and bottom temperature. The

author has also cleared the field of a number of mooted ques-

tions in synonymy and it is to be regretted that the paper is

not accompanied with illustrations of the new species named.

For the Terebratula gray: Davidson 1852, Dr. Dall proposes

the subgeneric term Pereudesia, which fact is unfortunate,

since J. W. Jackson (Geol. Mag., Decade 6, Vol. 3, pp. 21-22,

1916) used the term Thomsoma in a full generic sense for

the peculiar type of structure that obtains in TJerebratula

grayt and Terebratula grayi transversa, and at a later date

(Geol. Mag., Decade 6, Vol. 5, pp. 479-480, 1918), finding the

term Thomsonia preoccupied, he alters to Coptothyris, which

name will of necessity hold preference over Dr. Dall’s

Pereudesia.—DaruiIna K. GREGER.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

Brasilica Clark 1913. This generic term was erected by

Dr. John M. Clarke (Monog. do Serv. Geol. e Mineral. do

Brazil, Vol. 1, pp. 214-216, 1913) with the Centronella? mar-

garida Derby as the genotype. The use of the term Brasilica

is not applicative, in view of the fact that it was employed by

S. S. Buckman in 1898 for a genus of Ammonites, with the

Jurassic species A. bradfordensis as the genotype. The

generic term Chapadella is here proposed for the type of loop

structure exemplified in Centronella? margarida Derby, the

genotype. Chapada is a small village in Matto Grosso, Brazil,

near which place H. H. Smith collected the material originally

used by Dr. Derby in his paper published in the Revista do

Museu. Rio de Janeiro, 1896.—Daruine K. GREGER.

ZONITOIDES NUMMUS IN INpDIANA.—In looking over a lot of

shells collected on Feb. 28, 1904, by the late A. C. Billups.

from Great Miami River drift, Lawrenceburg, Ind., I found

specimens which I take to be Zomtoides nummus Van., so am

sending some. This is far out of the recorded range of this

species so far as I know. The balance of the shells are what

one would expect from that region. A good many of the Z.

minusculus have the thickening of the lip, or rather back of

the lip, ‘‘bourrelet’’ I believe the French eall it. This is not

a mark of maturity, as many of the half-grown shells have it.

—Gnro. H. Ciapp.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

JOURNAL DE CONCHYLIOLOGIE, 1920, Vol. 66, No. 4. Révision

des Cypricardiacea et des Isocardiacea Vivants du Muséum

D’ Histoire naturelle de Paris. Par Edouard Lamy. Pp. 259-

307. A very exhaustive treatise on this group of bivalves.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SocreTy oF LONDON,

Vol. 14, Pl. 1, Apr. 1920. A new subspecies of Papuina tay-

loriana from Dampier Island, by Hugh C. Fulton, p. 2. P.

tayloriana dampierensis.

THE NAUTILUS. 71

Mollusean Notes IV, by Hugh C. Fulton, p. 3. EHnnea pal-

laryi Preston = E. vriesiana Ancy ; Xestina grunulosa Molldft.

— H. danae Pfr.; Goniostomus subhybridus Da Costa = Buli-

mulus (Drymeus) pulcherrimus H. Adams; Pseudachatima

daillyana Pilsbry = P. perelongata Rolle; Neptunea antiqua

japonica Dautz. & Fisch. = Chrysodomus wmtersculptus Sowb.

Additions to the List of Recent Middlesex Mollusca. By J.

E. Cooper, p. 5.

The Affinities of Pyramidula, Patulastra, Acanthinula and

Vallonia. By Hugh Watson, pp. 6-30, pls. 1 and 2.

On Mitra montereyi, a new Californian species. By S.

Stillman Berry, pp. 31-33.

On Six Variations of Clausilia bidentata and Ena obscura,

with a locality. By A. E. Boycott, pp. 34-42.

On Mitra montereyi, a new Californian species. By S.

Stillman Berry, pp. 31-31.

On the Size Variation of Clausila bidentata and Ena ob-

scura, with a locality. By A. E. Boycott, pp. 34-42.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF THE CERIONIDZH. By C.

J. Maynard (Pts. 1-5, App. to Vol. 10, Records of Walks and

Talks with Nature).

On Certain Fosstu SHELLS IN THE BOULDER CLAY OF Bos-

TON Basry. By Edward S. Morse (Amer. Jour. Sci., 1920,

Vol. 49, pp. 157-165). A very interesting paper. The author

believes that the thick fragments found in the various deposits

represent the southern Venus campechtensis and not V. mer-

cenarw.

A CLASSIFICATION OF THE AMERICAN OPERCULATED LAND

MOLLUSKS OF THE Famity ANNULARIDZ. By John B. Hen-

derson and Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1920, Vol.

58, pp. 49-82). In this paper American ‘‘Cyclostomide’’ are

separated from the Old World groups and placed in the

family Annulariide, the principal character used in sep-

arating them being the radula.

qa THE NAUTILUS.

ANNOTATED List OF THE RECENT BRACHIOPODA IN THE COL-

LECTION OF THE UNITED States NaTIONAL MusEUM, WITH DE-

SCRIPTIONS OF THIRTY-THREE New Forms. By William H.

Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1920, Vol. 57, pp. 261-377). The

collection of recent Brachiopods in the National Museum is

unusually strong, containing 181 different forms, represented

by over 6,000 specimens, including many original types.

On THE ANATOMY OF PALUDESTRINA JENKINSI. By C. G.

Robson (Ann. Mag. N. H., 9 ser., V, May, 1920). This species

has long been of interest on account of its rapid spread

through the waterways of England, Wales and Ireland, and

recently from the discovery that it is apparently partheno-

genetic. It has a large crystalline style. There is a well-

developed pedal gland as in Valvata. In the ovary were seen

oocytes but no spermatozoa. There is also an organ corres-

ponding to the spermatheca. The capacious brood-pouch is

excavated in the pallial integument of the right side, and

capable of holding over 40 young. The writer has already

suggested that P. jenkinst is a Potamopyrgus; it should be

compared with some of the tropical species, none of which

have been dissected.—H. A. P.

THE RapuLA oF THE Mirrip&. By Rev. A. H. Cooke (Proc.

Zool. Soc. London, 1919 [1920], pp. 405-422, 18 figs. in text).

A valuable contribution to our knowledge of the radula of

this family. The work is based largely on the collection of

the late Prof. H. M. Gwatkin.

Costa RicAn LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS. By H. A.

Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1920, pp. 2-10, 6 figs. in text).

The paper is based on a collection made by Dr. P. P. Calvert

and Mrs. Calvert in 1909 and 1910. Five new species are de-

seribed.—C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIV

WALKER: FERRISSIA

OBSCURA ETC.

- PLATE III

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXIV

JANUARY, 1921. No. 3

ANCYLUS OBSCURUS HALDEMAN AND SPECIES REFERRED TO IT.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

( Continued. )

Through the courtesy of M. Menard of the Museum of

Geneva, Switzerland, I have received photographs and other

valuable data in regard to the types of the unfigured West-In-

dian species of Ancylus described oy Bourguignat and have con-

sequently been enabled to differentiate the following species

with more certainty that I otherwise should have been.

IV.

Ferrissia yamaicensis n. sp. Pl. III, figs. 1-3.

Shell depressed, oval, slightly wider at the anterior end;

lateral margins equally curved; anterior slope nearly straight,

being: very slightly convex towards the apex; posterior slope

concave; the left lateral slope a little convex; the right lateral

slope concave; apex obtuse, excentric, turned toward the right

side, obscurely radiately striate, situated about halfway between

the median line and the right margin and at about two-fifths

of the length from the posterior end; lines of growth fine, but

distinct and regular, with traces of subobsolete wrinkles on the

anterior slope; light horn color.

Length (type) 5.25: width 3.5, alt. 1.5 mm.

Length (paratype, Adams’ Coll.) 5.1; width 3.25, alt. 1.3 mm.

Type locality Jamaica. Also Kingston, Jamaica.

Type No. 34825 Walker Coll. Paratype in Adams’ Collec-

tion.

74 THE NAUTILUS.

There are one nearly mature specimen and three immature

ones in the Adams’ Collection received from Chitty and labeled

‘‘obscurus ?’’ from Kingston, Jamaica. My own set of four

specimens was received from Sowerby and Fulton as ‘‘obscurus’’.

As these are apparently fully developed and are quite congruous

in character, I have selected one of them as the type. The

largest specimen in the Adams Collection is narrower than the

type, the apex less eccentric and the posterior slope is longer

and nearly straight below the base of the apex. The radial

sculpture of the apex is very distinct in this specimen. When

additional material can be obtained, it may prove to be, at

least, varietally distinct.

After carefully reviewing my material I am now inclined to

think that the Guadeloupe specimens considered as conspecific

in the first part of this paper (Naut., XX XIII, p. 99), though

rather similar, are different. They will be considered else-

where.

This species is also evidently related to A. beawi Bgt. from

Guadeloupe, but as compared with the figures of Bourguignat’s

type, it is somewhat larger, proportionately not so wide, the

anterior slope is less convex, the posterior slope longer and it

lacks the distinct radial striation on the anterior slope, which,

though not mentioned by Bourguignat, shows very distinctly

in the photograph of his type.

Wi,

Ferrissia adamsin. sp. Pl. III, figs. 7-9.

Shell depressed, oval, very slightly wider anteriorly; lateral

margins equally curved; anterior slope nearly straight; posterior

slope straight below the base of the apex at which point it is

slightly incurved; left lateral slope very slightly convex; right

lateral slope a little concave; apex prominent, very obtuse,

slightly turned toward the right margin, situated nearly on the

median line and about one-third of the length from the poster-

ior end, radiately striate; surface smooth except for the distinct,

rather coarse, regular lines of growth; light horn color.

Length 4, width 2.75, alt. 1.25 mm.

Type locality Kingston, Jamaica.

ees

THE NAUTILUS. To

Type No. 50983 Walker Coll. Paratype in the Adams Col-

lection at Amherst College.

I can not approximate this species to any that have been de-

scribed from the West Indies; several specimens were in the lot

received by Adams from Chitty mixed with the preceding

species. Compared with that, adamsi is smaller, more heavily

concentrically striate with growth lines, the apex is much more

obtuse, more elevated and scarcely at all eccentric.

The third form mentioned (1. c. p. 99) as occurring in the

Adams’ ‘‘odscurus’’? from Jamaica consists of a number of

small specimens in both lots, which, at first, I thought repre-

sented a distinct species, but after carefully reviewing them

again I think it probable that they are young shells of the two

preceding species; at least, I do not feel like describing them as

distinct from the comparatively small series now available.

VEL

Ferrissia blandin. sp. Pl. III, figs. 10-12.

? Aneylus obscurus Hald., Shuttleworth, Ann. Lyc., N. H.

N. Y., VI, 1854, p. 72; Diag. Neuer Moll., No. 6, 1854, p. 99,

Shell small, stightly elevated, broad oval, a little wider an-

teriorly, both ends broadly rounded; right lateral margin nearly

straight; left lateral margin somewhat more curved, especially

anteriorly; anterior slope nearly straight; posterior slope short

and slightly incurved; right lateral slope slightly concave; left

lateral slope a little convex; apex prominent, obtuse, slightly

turned toward the right side, situated at the posterior third of

the length and to the right of the median line, distinctly radi-

ally striate; surface smooth except for the fine, regular lines of

growth and traces of irregular rippling on the anterior slope;

light horn color.

Length 2.75; width 1.8, alt. .8 mm.

Type locality St. Vincent Island, West Indies.

Type No. 50984 Coll. Walker. Paratypes in the Adams

Collection at Amherst College.

The history of these specimens has already been given. This

76 THE NAUTILUS.

little species seems to be quite distinct from any of those de-

scribed from the West Indies. It is quite different in shape

and proportions from A. bermudensis Van., which is the only

one that approximates it in size.

Named after the original collector, the late Thomas Bland.

Explanation of Plate III.

Figs. 1, 3. Ferrissia obscura (Hald.). See Naut., XX XIII,

por

Figs. 4, 6. Ferrissia jamaicensis Walker.

Figs. 7, 9. Ferrissia adamsi Walker.

Figs. 10-12. Ferrissia blandit Walker.

TWO NEW PLIOCENE PECTENS FROM NOME, ALASKA.*

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

The U. S. Geological Survey has recently received from Otto

Halla of Nome, some fossil shells from a subterranean Pliocene

beach reached by a shaft at twenty feet below the surface near

the Solomon River. Among these specimens were Astarte car-

teriana Dall, a Venericardia like alaskana Dall, but much larger

and heavier; fragments of a Chrysodomus, and two magnificent

new species of Pecten. Pecten lioicus Dall, and P. kindlet Dall,

both markedly peculiar forms of the subgenus Chlamys, had

already been obtained from these anciently uplifted and now

buried beaches, and doubtless when fully explored they will

afford many other things of interest. The characteristics of the

fauna indicate a warmer sea than at present exists at Nome,

and the species as arule are larger and heavier than their recent

or Pleistocene analogues.

PrECTEN (PLAGIOCTENIOM) HALLAE DN. sp.

Right valve convex, heavy, subcircular, with subequal ears,

hinge-line wide and straight, the ears sculptured with rather

rude incremental lines; radial sculpture of the valve consisting

* Published by permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey.

THE NAUTILUS. Tt

of 17 or 18 low, rounded ribs with rather shallow narrower in-

terspaces channeled only near the beak; the minor sculpture, if

any existed, has been removed by abrasion but there are faint

traces of fine radial striae in the interspaces; the hinge has a

very large resiliary pit with a narrow ridge on each side of it;

the adductor scar was large and the the margins of the valves

was undulated by the external sculpture. Height of right

valve, 120; width, 125; length of hinge-line, 70; (semi) diam-

eter, 28mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333042.

A fragment has a width of 147 mm. The nearest relative is —

perhaps the Pliocene P. cerrosensis Gabb, which has twenty-five

much stronger ribs with much narrower interspaces, and a less

inflated and smaller shell.

PECTEN (PATINOPECTEN) RHYTIDUS N. sp.

Right valve very thick and heavy, little inflated, subcircular,

with 13 or 14 narrow ribs, here and there subnodulous or

slightly imbricated, with much wider flattish shallow inter-

spaces; the whole surface is finely radiately striated; there is no

minor sculpture except the striation; the hinge-line long,

straight, the ears subequal with coarse incremental sculpture;

resiliary pit deep and wide, with a strong groove on each side;

adductor scar large; valve-margins undulated by the external

sculpture. Height of shell, 128; width of shell, 130; of hinge-

line, 80; (semi) diameter, 12mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No.

333044.

No species of the late Tertiary or Recent fauna resembles this

at all closely.

THE TYPE LOCALITIES OF LYMNAEA EMARGINATA SAY AND

L. AMPLA MIGHELS.

BY OLOF 0. NYLANDER, CARIBOU, ME.

In 1821 Thomas Say described Lymnzxus emarginatus (Jour.

Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., II, 170) discovered hy Aaron Stone in

lakes of Maine. The type is apparently lost and the name of

the lakes not given. Walter Wells in his book ‘‘ The Water-

78 THE NAUTILUS.

Power of Maine, Augusta, 1869,’ states: ‘‘The total count of

those [lakes] represented upon the maps as connected with our

rivers * * * not including the multitude of small ponds * * *

is not less than one thousand six hundred and twenty.’’ Of

the above lakes 1568 are located within the State. In the

‘*Fourth Annual Report of the State Water Storage Commis-

sion,’’ 1913, page 322, the number of lakes and ponds in Maine

is given as 2,222.

I have examined many of the Maine lakes, and from Moose-

head Lake in the center of the State north to Temiscouata

Lake, in Quebec, has been my collecting ground for over 30

years.

I have found specimens of Lymnzus emarginatus Say, that

seem to compare with Say’s description in only one lake; this

is located on the east branch of First River between Long Lake

and Cross Lake, Aroostook County, in Township XVII, Range

4, about lat. 47° 10’ N., and long. 68° 16’ W. It is called

Mud Lake or Second Lake. Prof. F. C. Baker has examined in

his studies of the ‘‘ Lymnezeideze of North and Middle America,’’

a large series of specimens from Mud Lake, and his opinion is

that we have the true type in this lake. If students of shells

will agree with me, let us call this the type locality of Say’s

Lymneus emarginatus. For a description of this locality see

Tue Navtitus, Vol. XV, page 127.

Prof. Edward L. Morse visited this locality (Mud Lake) in

June, 1859, hoping to rediscover Limnzxa ampla of Mighels, and

gave me a full account of his trip at the meeting of the Boston

Malacological Club, Feb. 10, 1913. Prof. Morse in going to

this lake, followed the account given by Dr. Mighels, and I

followed the published accounts given by both Mighels and

Morse. The fact is Lymnea ampla Mighels is not found in Mud

Lake (or Second Lake).

There is no name on any of the old maps of Mud Lake (or

Second Lake). Say’s original paper gave the locality: ‘‘ In-

habits Lakes of Maine,’’ and others say ‘‘ Lakes in northern

Maine (Say).’’ If northern is correct, Mud Lake is the type

locality. |

The type specimen of Lymnaea ampla was lost in the fire that

THE NAUTILUS. 79

destroyed the custom house of Portland, Maine, 1854, together

with all of Dr. Mighels’ specimens.

In the summer of 1842 Alexander Longfellow, assisting in

the Boundary Survey, collected in Second Eagle Lake, North

lat. 47°, four specimens of Lymnaea ampla together with Physa

ancillaria. This lake is also located on the east branch of Fish

River and is at this time known under the name of Square

Lake. The specimens collected by Mr. Longfellow and illus-

trated and published by Dr. Mighels in Boston Journal Natural

History, Vol. 4, page 347, pl. 16, came from Square Lake inlet.

The great trouble to all workers in natural history is the many

changes in the names of places. This might have been avoided

if the map makers had not made it their business to change

names on every new edition. Specialists and makers of new

species in every new edition of their works are changing the

names of the species described, each calling them Scientifically

Correct. What to-day (1920) is called Fish River lakes was

called in 1860 Eagle Lakes; what is now Eagle Lake was called

Lake Winthrop in 1860. Square Lake of to-day had the name

of Lake Sedgwick in 1860, and was known as Second Eagle

Lake in 1842. Cross Lake of to-day bore the name of Lake

Preble in 1860, and Long Lake was Cleveland Lake in 1860.

The French settlers that live in the vicinity of the Fish River

Lakes are still using the old names.

Iymnea emarginata Say and L. ampla Mighels have also

undergone several changes during this period of 100 years, as

the following list shows:

Iymneus emarginatus Say, 1821.

Timnea emarginata Haldeman, 1842.

Galba emarginata Baker, 1911.

LTimnea ampla Mighels, 18458.

Radix ampla Morse, 1864.

Lymnzxa mighelsi Binney, 1865.

Iymnexa (Radix) mighelsi Dall, 1905.

Limnea emarginata var. mighelsi Nylander, 1901.

Galba emarginata mighelsi Baker, 1911.

What will it be one hundred years from now? I have some

80 THE NAUTILUS.

fine specimens from the original localities that I will exchange

with museums and collectors for specimens or publications new

to my collections.

NOTES ON THE NAIAD FAUNA OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER.*

BY N. M. GRIER.

I. On the Anatomy of Lampsilis higginsii Lea.

Ortmann (1) is inclined to suspect that this species is merely

a local form of Z. orbiculata Hildreth, the form of very large

rivers with muddy bottom, rather than the northern representa-

tive of that species, which some consider to be distinctly south-

ern. Examination of the soft parts of higginsii, obtained while

in the service of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, con-

vinces me of the conformity of higgins with descriptive mater-

ial given for the genus Lampsilis by Simpson (3), and by Ort-

mann for L. orbiculata (2).

The most important point of resemblance between these two

species is the common possession of a mantle flap greatly re-

sembling that in JL. ventricosa, and which obtains its greatest

development in the female. As such a structure in higginsi

seems to have been overlooked, detailed description of it fol-

lows. The papillae on the posterior border of the mantle ob-

tain the greater development, those situated anteriorly being

quite stunted when present. At the beginning of the posterior

half of the mantle edge, the latter thickens to form a grooved

flap which shortly attains a width three times that of the ad-

jacent portions of the mantle edge, but which narrows down

above the anal opening to a width equal to that of the anterior

edge of the mantle. The greatest thickness is obtained at a

* Published by permission of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries.

1. Ortmann, A. R., ‘‘ Notes upon the Families and Genera of Najades’’.

Annals of Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII, 1912, p. 3538.

2. Ibid., ‘‘Monograph of the Najades of Pennsylvania, Part III’’. Me-

moirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII, No. 1, 1919, p. 324.

3. Simpson, C. T., ‘‘ Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades’’. B. Walker,

Detroit, pp. 77-78.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

point approximately } of the distance along the mantle edge

from the anterior end, where the edge is produced into a tri-

angular process, directed somewhat anteriorly, and which is in

the line with the anterior edge of the post-adductor muscle.

Above, this process is spotted wtth a medium brown color, and

its edge is produced into papillae which become finer towards

the coarser ones of the branchial and anal regions. Below, the

coloration appears confined to a strip widest near the vertex

of the process described, and is succeeded posteriorly by the

papillae previously mentioned.

WASHINGTON AND JEFFERSON COLLEGE, WASHINGTON, Pa.

THE ANATOMY OF CERTAIN MUSSELS FROM THE UPPER TENNESSEE.

RY A. E. ORTMANN, PH. D.

In the Proc. Americ. Philos. Soc. 57, 1918, pp. 521-526, the

present writer has published a Synopsis of the Naiades, or fresh-

water mussels of the upper Tennessee drainage, assigning each

species its proper place in the system. But in some of them

the observations on the anatomy forming the basis for the tax-

onomic arrangement have not been given. It is the purpose of

the present paper to furnish these data, together with additional

remarks on species treated previously.

I am sorry that I am compelled to introduce again nomen-

clatorial changes without fully supporting them; but this will

be done in another paper.

FUSCONAIA PILARIS (LEA), F. PILARIS LESUEURIANA (LEa), F.

PILARIS BURSA-PASTORIS (WRIGHT). (See Ortmann, l. c.,

pp. 527-529. )

Anatomy: F. bursa-pastoris (Wr.) in NautiL. 27, 1918, p. 90

(incomplete, no gravid females at hand).

Gravid females have been found subsequently on the follow-

ing dates: May 11, 13, 14, ’13; May 20, 22, 23, ’14; July 7, 8,

13, 713. They belong in part to the var. bursa-pastoris, in part

to the var. lesuweuriana, but none have been found belonging to

82 THE NAUTILUS,

typical pilaris. Glochidia have been observed from the earliest

to the latest date, so that the breeding season begins probably

very early in May, and lasts to about the middle of July

(tachytictic).

In all three forms the anatomy is the same, that is to say,

that of the genus Fusconaia, and agrees essentially with that of

F. subrotunda (Lea). Also the placentae are of the same char-

acteristic subcylindrical (not compressed or lanceolate) shape.

Glochidia of the shape and size of those of F. subrotunda: sub-

elliptical, higher than long, L. 0.13, H. 0.15 mm.

In the upper Clinch form of bursa-pastoris, the orange color of

the soft parts and red color of the placentae prevail, whitish

specimens being rare. The same is the case in Powell River,

at least in its upper parts. Farther down in the Powell (Clai-

borne Co., Tenn. ), specimens with whitish soft parts outnumber

those with orange parts. In the lower Clinch, the specimens

(lesueuriana-type) are nearly all whitish, and only a few with

orange color have been found. In French Broad and Holston

Rivers, in all three varieties, white soft parts and white pla-

centae are the rule all the way up to the forks of the Holston

and the Watauga River. Orange soft parts and red placentae

are extremely rare. I have only one specimen from Grainger

Co., Tenn. (lesweuwriana-type), and one from Sullivan Co. (bursa-

pastoris-ty pe).

FuscoNAIA CUNEOLUS (LEA), F. CUNEOLUS APPRESSA (LEA).

(See: l. c., pp. 530, 531.)

Gravid females: May 16,’15; May 22, ’14; May 25, 715; July

5, 7, 8, 18, 7138. Glochidia in specimens collected July 7 and

8. Thus tachytictic, breeding from May to July.

These two forms have the same anatomy, and belong to Fus-

conaia. They agree very well with the account given of F.

rubiginosa (Lea) (= flava Raf.). (See: Ann. Carnegie Mus. 8,

12, p. 241.) Of nine specimens preserved, seven have a short

mantle connection between anal and supraanal, while in two

this is missing, but probably torn.

All four gills are marsupial, but in young specimens, the

marsupial part of the inner gill is often restricted to the middle

THE NAUTILUS. 83

of the gill. The ova form distinct, subcylindrical placentae.

The glochidia are subelliptical, nearly semielliptical, about as

high as long, L. and H. 0.16 mm. They are much like those

of F. flava, but slightly larger.

Color of soft parts of the orange type, chiefly evident on the

foot, mantle-margin, and adductor muscles. However, this

color is not very intense, often very pale orange, and in young

specimens the soft parts are sometimes whitish. The gonads

are red, and so are the eggs and placentae, from pink to bright

crimson; in some cases they are pinkish-orange.

This group undoubtedly represents, in the upper Tennessee,

the flava-group of the interior basin.

FUSCONAIA EDGARIANA (LEA), F’. EDGARIANA ANALOGA (ORTM. ).

(See: F. cor and cor analoga, Ortmann, |. c., pp. 582-533).

Most of the specimens preserved in alcohol represent the flat

headwaters-form (analoga), but I have a sterile female (Ander-

son Co., Tenn.), which is the swollen typical form.

Gravid females: May 18, 14, ’18; July 5, 7, 8, ’13. Of those

preserved none happened to have glochidia.

Soft parts identical with those of F. cuneolus, and with those

of the flava-group in general. Color in most cases deep orange,

chiefly so foot and adductors. I never found specimens with

whitish soft parts, and only a few are marked: pale orange.

Gonads, eggs and placentae rarely pink, mostly intensely

crimson.

FuscONAIA BARNESIANA (LEA) and varieties. (See: 1 c., p.

534 ff.).

The anatomy of this group has been described previously.

(See: NautiL. 31, ’17, pp. 61, 62.)

LEXINGTONIA DOLABELLOIDES (LEA), L. DOLABELLOIDES CONRADI

(VanaTTA). (See: 1. c., pp. 545, 546.)

Gravid females: May 11, 18, ’138; July 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, ’13.

Glochidia: May 13 and July 5 (tachytictic).

All gravid specimens belong to the compressed headwaters-

form (conradi), but I have examined the soft part of males and

84 THE NAUTILUS.

sterile females of the swollen form (dolabelloides) of the lower

Clinch and the French Broad Rivers.

The structure of the soft parts is identical with that of Lez-

ingtonia subplana (Conr.). (See: Ortmann, Naurin. 28, ’14, p.

28.) It differs from that of the genus Pleurobema chiefly in the

cylindrical placentae of deep red color.

Anal and supraanal openings separated by a short mantle

connection, which is sometimes absent (torn?). Branchial

opening with papillae, anal with crenulations. Posterior mar-

gins of palpi connected at base. Gills broad, the inner some-

what broader than the outer. Inner lamina of inner gills free

from abdominal sac except at anterior end. Outer gills mar-

supial; when charged very little swollen. Placentae well de-

veloped, of subcylindrical shape.

Glochidia, in the specimens preserved, all unripe, but in one

of them, collected on July 5, they were sufficiently formed so

as to permit examination of shape and measurements. They

are subelliptical in outline, higher than long, L. 0.16, H.

0.13 mm.

Color of soft parts orange, in most cases very intensely so,

chiefly the foot, adductor muscles, and mantle-margin. Rarely

the soft parts are paler, and occasionally they are whitish in

young specimens. Among the larger gravid females in one only

the shell is marked; ‘‘ pale, marsupium cream;’’ but the speci-

men clearly belongs here, as is shown by the subcylindrical

placentae. Gonads, eggs and placentae generally deep red, but

in a few cases, the gonads have been marked as ‘‘ orange,’’ and

in a few other cases the marsupium has been marked as ‘‘ pink”’

or ‘‘cream color.’’ However, in two males of the swollen form

from French Broad River, the soft parts were pale. This isa

remarkable exception, and quite interesting in so far as also

other Naiades which the normally tinted tend to assume paler

color of the soft parts in French Broad River.

According to the soft parts this species is a Lexingtonia. I

have (1. c.) mentioned the beak-sculpture of L. subplana as a

possible additional character of this genus. In the present

species this consists of a number (six to eight) of fine, rather

crowded, irregular, and wavy bars, distinct only anteriorly,

THE NAUTILUS. 85

becoming indistinct and effaced in the middle part. Posteriorly,

upon the posterior ridge, there are a few (two to three) low,

indistinct tubercles, which show no connection with the anterior

bars. Thus, anteriorly, the beak-sculpture resembles that of

L. subplana, but posteriorly it is different in the development

of low tubercles.

The description of the shell, as given 1]. c. for the genus,

should be slightly modified so as to include this species. This

refers chiefly to general shape and color pattern of the shell

(rays breaking up into blotches).

PLEUROBEMA OVIFORME (UONRAD), P. OVIFORME ARGENTEUM

(LEA), P. OVIFORME HOLSTONENSE (LEA). (See: Ortmann,

ie 5, pp. 500 if.)

I have described the anatomy of the flat headwater-form

(argentewm) under the incorrect name of P. fassinans. (See:

Nauti. 28, 714, p. 31.) Gravid females belonging to this have

been collected on the following dates: May 11, 718; May 12,

"Ib; May 15, 14, 15, 16, 20, ’18;, May 20, ’15; July 5, 7, 8, 9,

10, 18, 14, 718. Glochidia have been secured on May 11, 15,

20, and July 8 and 9. This is a tachytictic form, breeding

from May to July.

Soft parts of the typical Pleurobema-structure, much like that

of P. clava (Ortmann, Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, 718, p. 234). Mantle-

connection between anal and supraanal openings short, some-

times absent. Anal with very fine papillae, branchial with

larger papillae. Posterior margins of palpi connected for } to $

of their length. Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdom-

inal sac, except at anterior end. In the female, the outer gills

alone are marsupial. When charged, the placentae are rather

distinct, but less so when glochidia are present. They always

are lanceolate and compressed, never subcylindrical. Glochidia

subelliptical, almost subcircular, about as high as long, L. and

H. 0.16 mm. (much like those of P. clava). Sometimes they

are slightly higher than long, L. 0.15, H. 0.17 mm. (So in

specimens from Chickamauga Creek, Ringgold, Ga. )

Color of soft parts whitish, often with the foot yellowish, pale

brown, or pale orange, rarely also mantle-margin and adductors

86 THE NAUTILUS.

pale orange or orange-brown. The eggs and placentae are

whitish, cream color, pale yellow, but in most cases of a pecul-

iar and characteristic pale orange, and also the gonads of the

female often have the same color. These colors agree with

those of P. clava, but incline more frequently to the pale orange

type. It should be remarked, however, that all specimens from

Little River, Blount Co., Tenn. (about a dozen) represent a

peculiar color variety. The structure of the soft parts is en-

tirely normal, but the color is of the orange type, and the pla-

centae are bright red (in over half a dozen gravid females).

The shells of these specimens do not at all differ from those of

the form argentewm as found in Virginia, except that the color

markings of the epidermis are absent, and that the latter is

comparatively dark (brown to black-brown). However, all of

my specimens of this form are rather large. One of my females

from Chickamauga Creek had pink placentae, the others had

them cream color, as is normal.

Of the typical P. oviforme (form of the rivers of medium size),

gravid females have been found on May 11, 138, ’138; May 20, 25,

14; July 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 718. Glochidia are at hand from

July 5.

The anatomy is exactly like that of P. oviforme argenteum, as

described above, and the glochidia have the same shape and

size (0.16 mm. ).

Color of the soft parts ee inclining on foot and mantle

often to yellowish-brown or alle orange. Ova and placentae

white, more rarely cream color or pale orange. Thus, in color,

this form more closely resembles P. clava.

Of the swollen type, P. oviforme holstonense, I have found only

few specimens. No gravid females have been secured, but

sterile females and males. The anatomy is exactly as in typi-

ical oviforme.

Note. Lexingtonia dolabelloides conradi, chiefly in young speci-

mens, often resembles the typical P. oviforme in the shell. But

in the color of the soft parts they are quite distinct, and the in-

terisely orange tints seen in the former have never been observed

in the latter. Gravid females of P. oviforme are recognized also

by the light-colored placentae, which are not quite so solid a

THE NAUTILUS. 87

in Lexingtonia, and have a lanceolate, compressed shape, so that

the charged marsupial gills, even in young specimens, are con-

siderably more swollen. The two species also differ in the

beak-sculpture, which, in P. oviforme, consists of about four

subconcentric, rather indistinct bars, which are slightly angular

and nodulous upon the region of the posterior ridge; but there

is no trace of the fine, wavy, and crowded bars seen on the an-

terior side of the beaks in Lexingtonia.

LASTENA LATA (RAFINESQUE). (Ortmann, l. c., p. 556.)

The description of the anatomy will be found in Navrt. 28,

15, p. 106.

LASMIGONA (ALASMINOTA) HOLSTONIA (LEA). (See: Lasm.

(Sulcularia) badia (Raf.) (Ortmann, |. c., p. 557.)

The anatomy has been described in Nauti. 28, ’14, p. 431.

Additional specimens have been obtained subsequently, con-

firming the previous account, and furnishing more complete

records for the breeding season. Gravid females have been col-

lected on Sept. 6, 7, 713; Sept. 8, 12, ’15; Sept. 20, ’12; and in

spring on May 12, ’714; May 18, ’15. Glochidia have been

found as early as Sept. 20; and on the two dates in May, dis-

charge of glochidia was observed. Thus this species is brady-

tictic, breeding from September to May.

ALASMIDONTA (PRESSODONTA) MINOR (LEA). (See: l.c., p. 580.)

Anatomy, see Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, ’12, p. 295, and Nauti.

28, °14, p. 46.

Also here additional material has been secured throwing more

light on the beginning of the breeding season. Dates for gravid

Jemales are as follows: Sept. 2, 4, 5, ’14; Sept. 6, 718; Sept. 9,

11, 715; Sept. 17, 20, ’12. Glochidia have been observed on

the last two dates. This places the beginning of the season in

September.

ALASMIDONTA (DECURAMBIS) RAVENELIANA (LEA). (Ortmann,

e Gi BY B6L.:)

I have collected a number of specimens of this species in

Pigeon River, at Canton, Haywood Co., N. Car., on May 14,

88 THE NAUTILUS.

"14. Of three males and four gravid females, all with glochidia,

two of them discharging, the soft parts have been preserved.

The breeding season thus ends in May.

The anatomy is the same as that of the genus Alasmidonta,

as described previously (Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, 712, p. 297), also

with regard to color (inclining to yellowish and orange tints).

It should be mentioned that the inner lamina of the inner gills

is, in two males and two females, entirely connected with the

abdominal sac (as is the case in A. marginata); but in one male

and two females, it is free in the posterior half or one-third of

the abdominal sac. The specimens with the inner lamina

partly free are the smaller ones.

Glochidia as usual, triangular, with hooks, about as high as

long, L. and H. from 0.29 to 0.32 mm. Thus they are smaller

than those of A. marginata, where the L. is 0.33, the H. 0.86 mm.

Paaias FABULA (LEA). (Ortmann, l. c., p. 562.)

Anatomy described in Nauti. 28, ’14, p. 65. Gravid females,

with glochidia, were at hand, collected on Sept. 17, 12. An

additional gravid female, with eggs, has been found on Sept. 7,

713. This indicates the beginning of the breeding season in

Septem ber.

PTYCHOBRANCHUS SUBTENTUM (Say). (See: Eillipsaria subt.,

Ortmann, 1. c., p. 564.)

The soft parts have been described in Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, ’12,

p. 808, fig. 5. Many specimens have been secured subsequently,

confirming this account. It should be added that large females

show that the folds of the marsupium are more numerous, and

occupy nearly the whole outer gill.

Gravid females have been found frequently from Sept. 5 to

Sept. 21, but with eggs only, indicating the beginning of the

season; on May 20, ’13, females discharging placentae with

glochidia have been observed, indicating the end of the season.

Dromus DRoMAS (LEA), D. DRoMAS CAPERATUS (LEA). (Il. ¢.,

p. 566. )

Anatomy: Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, 712, p. 315, figs. 18, 18a, 18b.

The soft parts of the var. caperatus are absolutely identical

THE NAUTILUS. 89

with those of the main species. The color of the marsupium is

mostly red, more rarely white.

Gravid females of the variety have been found on Sept. 7, 8,

14; Sept. 16, 17, 21, ’15, mostly with eggs, but already on the

earliest date a specimen with glochidia was seen. The latter

have the same shape as those of the main species, L. 0.18, H.

0.09 mm.

ACTINONAIAS PECTOROSA (CONRAD). (1. ¢., p. 569.)

Anatomy: Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, ’12, p. 325 (as Nephronaias

perdix).

Gravid females have been found on Sept. 11, 15, 713; Sept.

15, 715; Sept. 17, 712; Sept. 17, °13, all with eggs. Glochidia

have been found on May 12, ’13, and May 20, *14, being dis-

charged on the last date. Thus the breeding season is from

September to May.

CARUNCULINA MOESTA (LEA). (See: Toxolasma lividum ( Raf.)

Ortmann, |. c., p. 578.)

This form is the upper Tennessee representative of C. glans,

but I have a set of an absolutely identical form from the Ozark

region (James River, Galena, Stone Co., Mo., collected by

A. A. Hinkley), recorded by Hinkley (Proc. U.S. Mus. 49,

’15, p. 588) as Lampsilis glans, and I shall include these speci-

mens in the following report.

I have described (Nautin. 28, 715, p. 142) the anatomy of a

sterile female of C. glans. Among the specimens of C. moesta

from the Ozarks, there are males, sterile females, and one gravid

female with glochidia, collected July 30, ’14. From the upper

Tennessee region, I also have males and sterile females, and a

gravid female with glochidia, the latter collected on May 16, 15.

Thus the breeding season of this form is rather obscure. We

should expect it to be bradytictic, and the specimen collected

in May would agree with this. However, the presence of glo-

chidia at the end of July appears strange; this specimen was

discharging, and it might be a case of belated discharge. On

the other hand, the beginning of the preceding season can not

fall very early in autumn, for among a considerable number of

90 THE NAUTILUS.

females found by myself on Aug. 31, ’14, not a single gravid

one turned up. Wilson and Clark (Bur. Fisher. Doc. 758, ’12,

p- 48) report glochidia in July for C. glans.

All specimens examined have the same anatomical structure

agreeing with that of C. glans. The caruncle of the mantle-

margin generally is brown, lighter or darker, varying to white

or blackish. Its shape is short subcylindrical or hemispher-

ical. The edge of the marsupium has black-brown pigment.

The glochidia are subovate, higher than long, L. 0.17 to 0.18,

H. 0.19 to 0.20 mm., thus agreeing with those of C. parva, as

described previously (Nautiu. 28, 715, p. 181).

CoNRADILLA CAELATA (ConRAD). (See: Lemiox rimosus (Raf. ).

Ortmann, 1. c., p. 574.)

Anatomy: see Nautit. 30, ’16, p. 39. The nomenclature

will be discussed elsewhere. The new generic name Conradilla

takes the place of Lemiox Raf., used in the publications referred

to.

MEDIONIDUs conraADICUS (LEA). (See: Medionid. plateolus (Raf. )

Ortmann,’ 1! \¢., p. 75:9

Anatomy: see Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, 712, p. 335, fig. 22, and

NauriL: 28, 715, p. 142. <A misprint in the latter paper should

be corrected; the L. of the glochidium is 0.22 mm., not 0.28.

The breeding season is now rather well known; gravid females

are found from the beginning of September (earliest date Sept.

6), and glochidia as early as Sept. 13; discharge of glochidia

has been observed in numerous cases from May 11 to May 20.

EuryniA (MiIcrRoMYA) PERPURPUREA (LEA). (Ortmann, l. c.,

p- 576.)

Anatomy: see NautiL. 29, ’15, p. 68.

Immature glochidia have been found on Sept. 5, ’18, mature

ones on Sept. 21, 712.

Eurynta (MicroMyA) NEBULOSA (ConrAD). (Ortmann, l. c.,

D199 Va)

Anatomy: see NautiL. 29, 715, p. 64.

Investigation of additional specimens has confirmed the char-

THE NAUTILUS. 91

acters given previously. I have collected gravid females as early

as Aug. 31. Glochidia were observed first on Sept. 2, so that

the breeding probably begins toward the end of August. Dis-

charge of glochidia has been seen from May 11 to May 24, and

a single discharging female was found on July 5, probably ex-

ceptionally belated. My extreme measurements of the glochidia

are: L. 0.21 to 0.23, H. 0.27 to 0.30 mm.

EuryniA (MIcROMYA) VANUXEMENSIS (LEA). Ortmann, l. c.,

p. 530. )

Anatomy: see Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, 712, p. 342, and Navrtit.

29, °15, p. 65.

Earliest date for gravid females Sept. 2; for glochidia Sept.

17. Discharge from May 15 to May 25.

(The species of the genus Truncilla will be treated in a sep-

arate paper. )

MODIOLUS DEMISSUS DILLWIN, IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY.

BY G. DALLAS HANNA.

One of the supposedly accidental introductions of animal life

from the east to the west coast of North America with the ex-

tensive attempts to transplant the oyster was the plicated mus-

sel, Modiolus demissus. It was first recorded from the new loca-

tion by Stearns in 1899 (Naurtitus, XIII, p. 86) from specimens

collected by R. N. Drake in 1894 at a point ‘‘3 miles north of

Stanford University,’’ that is, the southern part of San Fran-

cisco Bay. The record was repeated by the same author in

April, 1900 (Science, n. s., XI, p. 658).

‘* Fine specimens’’ were again collected, apparently from the

same colony, by Doe and Gifford, and recorded by Keep in

April, 1901 (Nauvritus, XIV, p. 115). In his ‘‘West Coast

Shells,’’ Revised edition, p. 37, 1911, the same author states,

‘*Tt doubtless came to California with seed oysters which were

planted in San Francisco Bay, where it may now be found in

considerable numbers.”’

92 THE NAUTILUS.

In his checklist Dall merely states that it is found on the

oyster beds of the Bay (Checklist of Recent Bivalve Mollusks of the

NN. W. Coast, p. 18, 1916).

Packard (Univ. of Calif. Publ.. Zool., Vol. 14, No. 2, p. 257,

1918) states in his report on the mollusca obtained by the U. S.

Bureau of Fisheries Survey of San Francisco Bay that, ‘‘ Al-

though it was not taken by the Survey it is reported to occur

within the lower division of the Bay in sufficient numbers to be

marketed occasionally.’’

The above is a review of all of the published records of the

species on the west coast which are known to the writer. Mrs.

Ida S. Oldroyd tells me she received specimens some years ago

collected by Fred L. Button at Alameda. Henry Hemphill

made wonderful discoveries during his extensive collecting on

the eastern side of the Bay, among other things, the sand clam,

Mya arenaria, but his collection does not contain a specimen of

the plicated mussel from any west-coast locality. So it may be

inferred that he did not find it.

Its extensive spread in the bay region however cannot be

doubted. Through Mr. R. A. Coleman the California Academy

of Sciences recently received 18 beautiful specimens of this

mussel. They were taken at Bay Farm Island about one mile

south of Alameda on the eastern side of the Bay. They were

found living on the mud flats in very considerable numbers at-

tached to the roots of Spartina stricta maritima, determined by

Miss Alice Eastwood, locally known as wild rice. It is said to

be occasionally brought into the markets from this locality.

Mr. Coleman states that the mussels were delicious eating.

Many of the shells are over a hundred millimeters long and as

much as fifty millimeters wide. The epidermis has a very high

polish and the umbones have been only slightly eroded, in

many cases none at all.

Those persons anxious to learn how long it takes to develop

a variety, subspecies or species may well keep watch of Modiolus

demissus.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIV.

CHIONE GNIDIA B. &S.

CHIONE MERIDIONALIS OLDROYD.:

AMPULLARIA LATTREI CHAMANA HINKLEY (p. 53).

ACHATINELLA LEHUIENSIS MEINECKEI PILS. & COOKE.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

A NEW PERUVIAN CHIONE.

BY IDA 8S. OLDROYD.

CHIONE MERIDIONALIS n. sp. Plate IV, figs. 3, 4.

Shell of medium size, somewhat triangular elongate, quite

flat; concentrically laminated, the laminz crenated, erect, ten

in number, evenly spaced; interstices radiately ridged with fine

ribs bundled in threes, evenly spaced. Ligamentary area very

broadly excavated, with brown markings. Lunule narrow,

elongate, faintly marked with brown and circumscribed by an

incised line. Nymphs smooth, like young C. gnidia. Teeth

smooth. Valve margins crenulate. Ligament inset, but show-

ing externally. Color cream-white, with brown marking, in-

terior white.

It is something like a young C. gnidia in sculpture, but the

lamin are not scalloped as in that species, and it is a small

shell compared with that. It is elongate, while C. gnidia is

ovate. The accompanying plate will show the difference in the

two species. Figures 1 and 2 are C. gnidia.

Type locality, Peru. The type is in the University of Cali-

fornia Museum, locality number 3135. One specimen is in the

Stanford University collection.

LAND SHELLS OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

The following species of land shells were picked from leaf-

mould collected by Mr. Clarence B. Moore in Southern Florida

during the winter of 1919 and 1920, at stations not recorded in

THe Navritus volumes XIX (1905), page 40; XXI (1908),

page 99; XXVI (1912), pages 16, 31; X XXIII (1919), page 18.

All the records of Bifidaria contracta Say in those lists should

be changed to Gastrocopta contracta peninsularis Pils., which

differs from the typical contracta as indicated on page 17 of THE

Navtitus, Vol. XX VI (1912).

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Opeas pumilum Pfr. has not been recorded from Florida before.

Pumpkin Key, Lee County, Florida.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

Polygyra c. carpentertana (Pils. ).

(Bld. ). Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils.

Thysanophora plagvoptycha Polita indentata (Say).

(Shutt. ). Guppya gundlacht (Pfr.).

Microceramus floridanus Pils. Euconulus chersinus (Say).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Shell Key (Gomez Old Place), Lee County, Florida.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bld.). — (Pils. ).

Tnguus f. roseatus Pils. Guppya gundlachi (Pir. ).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Dismal Key, Lee County, Florida [Tae Navuritus, XXI

(1908), 100].

Opeas pumilum Pir.

Buttonwood Key, Lee County, Florida [THe Nautitus, XXI

(1908), 100].

Truncatella bilabiata Pir. Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

Watson’s Place (a Key), Chatham River, Monroe County,

Florida.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bld.). Zonitoides m. alachuana (Dall).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Zonitoides singleyana (Pils. ).

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Lopez Place (a Key), Monroe County, Florida.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bld.). Zonitoides m. alachwana (Dall).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Zonitoides singleyana (Pils. ).

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella (Pils. ).

Hamilton Place, Lossman River, Monroe County, Florida.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bld.). Huglandina rosea (Fér.).

Thysanophora plagioptycha Guppya gundlachi Pir.

(Shutt. ). Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say ). Zonitoides m. alachuana (Dall).

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella (Pils.). Zonitoides singleyana (Pils. ).

0 EE

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Lossman’s Key, Monroe County, Florida [see Nauritus, XX VI

(1920), 20].

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Chevalier Place (a Key), Chatham River, Monroe County,

Florida.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Gastrocopta ». hordeacella

Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bld.). (Pils. ).

Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt. ). Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils.

Thysanophora selenina (Gld.). Polita indentata (Say).

Thysanophora plagioptycha Luconulus chersinus (Say).

(Shutt. ). Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

Gopher Key, Monroe County, Florida.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

Polygyra c. carpenteriana (Bld.). = (Pils. ).

Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt. ). Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils. ~

Thysanophora selenina (Gld.). Polita indentata (Say).

Thysanophora plagioptycha Guppya gundlachi (Pir. ).

(Shutt. ). Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Microceramus pontificus (Gld.). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn. ).

LTiguus c. lossmanicus Pils. Zonitordes singleyana (Pils. )

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

THE LEAPING RAZOR 8HELL.

BY JAMES SHEPARD.

In making a tour throughout the length of Cape Cod in com-

pany with my daughter, C. Antoinette Shepard, we arrived at

Wellfleet, Mass., on the afternoon of August 30, 1882. We

had been on the beach but a short time when we beheld a sight

such as we had never before witnessed. The tide was well out,

and on the bare sand some rods from the water we noticed

numerous small objects leaping up into the air from place to

place and in various directions. We knew of nothing which

would be likely to be moving about in that manner. Making

our way hastily towards them, we found that those nearest to

96 THE NAUTILUS.

us disappeared from sight. Consequently we proceeded more

cautiously. Much to our surprise and delight these strange ob-

jects proved to be a colony of Razors (Solen ensis) roaming over

the beach apparently having a frolic. By a strong and quick

stroke of their foot they threw themselves up into the air and

from place to place. They ascended something like two feet or

more above the sand and leaped not less than three feet at one

jump. Almost immediately after having landed on the beach

at the end of one leap they leaped again, sometimes in one

direction and sometimes in another. When their successive

leaps were in the same general direction, as they most frequently

were, they traveled over the beach about as fast as a person

would ordinarily walk. We attempted to catch those which

were the nearest to us, running for them as they were about to

fall flat on the sand. They curved their foot downwardly,

planting the end firmly in the sand and then by a straightening

out of the foot rose from a prostrate to an upright position pre-

paratory to boring a new burrow and sinking down into the

sand with wonderful rapidity. They were so quick in their

movements, that although we were with them for about two

hours we were not able to catch hold of one before it had com-

menced boring into the sand. We succeeded in capturing a

few, only a very few, without injuring the shell. These few we

grasped when the end of the shell had penetrated the sand

something less than one inch. In case the shell had penetrated

the sand a full inch or more at the time we grasped them, it

was impossible to pull one out without crushing the shell. In

our several attempts to do so we not only crushed the shell but

also tore the animal asunder, securing only a part of it while

the rest remained in the sand.

I cannot state how many live Razors we saw that day, but

there seemed to be no end of them. We could conceive of no

reason as to why so many Razors were then out of their holes,

other than that they came out of their own free will as I am

confident that they did. But I find at least two scientific pub-

lications in which it is stated that ‘‘They never voluntarily

leave their burrows.’’ One English work is more conservative

and probably correct in its statement that ‘‘ the Solens rarely

leave their burrows voluntarily.”’

THE NAUTILUS. 97

I have never had the pleasure of seeing a live Razor except-

ing on my visit to Wellfleet.

SPECIES NAMED IN THE PORTLAND CATALOGUE: I, AMERICAN.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Daniel Solander, a pupil of Linnaeus, came to London in

search of fortune, where he died in 1783, at the age of forty-

seven years.

During his residence he was employed by Sir Joseph Banks

to classify the Banksian Collection, afterward included in the

British Museum. He also was engaged in arranging and class-

ifying the conchological part of the remarkable collection gath-

ered by Margaret Cavendish, Dowager Duchess of Portland.

This collection is chiefly remembered by its connection with the

funeral urn of Alexander Severus, then known as the Barbarini

vase, purchased at the sale by the British Museum, renamed

the Portland vase, later smashed by a precursor of the militant

suffragettes, and wonderfully put together again from its frag-

ments by patient work.

Solander named many nondescript shells in the Banksian

Collection, and his manuscript furnished Dillwyn with many

names or synonyms for his Catalogue of 1817.

After the death of the Duchess in 1785, her conchological

collection, with other zoological, artistic, and historical items,

was sold in the following year, and where Solander had named

an undescribed species with reference to a figure in one of the

earlier iconographies, this name is published in the catalogue

prepared by an anonymous compiler and printed in April,

1786. Many of these names were afterward adopted, mostly

without acknowledgment, by Bolten, Lamarck, and other later

writers. The best known among the American species is our

common Unio complanatus. The death of Solander before the

publication of any of his new names leaves them dependent

upon the Catalogue above mentioned and the citations of

Dillwyn.

A few of the names are accompanied by a descriptive phrase,

98 THE NAUTILUS.

but most of them depend for their status on the citation of

figures.

The anonymous editor of the Catalogue added a few names on

his own account and was apparently a conchologist of some

note, but from his classification evidently not E. M. Da Costa.

According to Dillwyn (1817) it was George Humphrey.

The following list comprises all the American species receiv-

ing names in the Catalogue. Those followed by an § are

Solander’s, the others are by the anonymous compiler. I have

included the references to the figures which appear in the

Catalogue.

It is curious that in the British Cyclopedia of Biography, in

which so many nonentities find a place, no reference is made to

the Duchess who was such a munificent patron of art, archae-

ology and science in her day.

The only typographical error to be noted in the work is the

confusion by the printer of the names of Martini and Martyn,

but the references make it clear in every case which is meant.

None of these names are included in Sherborn’s Index Animal-

ium, 1758-1800.

Arca fusca 8., p. 42, No. 1001, Jamaica, W. I. Gualtieri

87-G.

+ Arca fusca Bruguiére, 1789.

Buccinum monodon §., p. 17, No. 872, Tierra del Fuego.

Also p. 189, No. 83098. Martyn, Un. Conch., f. 10.

= Buccinum calcar Martyn, 1784.

Buccinum neptuni §., p. 29, No. 668; p. 35, No. 859; p. 174,

No. 8746. The West India Trumpet shell.

Murex tritonis Lin. ex parte, + Tritonium neptunt Bolten, 1798.

Buccinum testudo S., p. 98, No. 2148. Seba III, t. 70, f. 2-4.

+ Cassis inflata Shaw, 1790.

Bulla vesicaria 8., p. 186, No. 8030; p. 142, No. 3158. West

Indies. Seba III, pl. 38, f. 46, 48.

= Hydatina physis L., 1758.

Cardium robustum S., p. 58, No. 1858; p. 162, No. 3517.

Great American Cockle from Florida. Lister, Conch.

328, 165.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

+C. magnum Born (not Linné), 1780, and C. ventricoswm

Bruguiére, 1789.

Helix ovipara, p. 155, No. 33888; Surinam; p. 174, No. 3745,

St. Vincent’s.

a. Lister, 1055, I. =Bulimus ovatus Miller, 1774.

b. Lister, tab. 23. White margin to mouth.

=Bulimus oblongus Miller, 1764?

Helix picta, p. 182, No. 8900. Terrestrial shell from the West

Indies. Rumphius, Thesaurus, 22, 1, 1739.

+ Helix picta Born, 1780.

Helix undata, p. 177, No. 3802; p. 183, No. 3924. Lister,

76; Favanne, tab. 63, f. G 3.

+ Helix pellis-serpentis Shaw, 1790, and Solaropsis brasiliensis

Beck.

Mactra procera 8., p. 24, No. 559. Great American Mactra

from New York.

+ Hemimactra solidissima Dillwyn, 1817.

Murex plicatus S., p. 104, No. 2284. Falkland Islands (Not

of Gmelin, 1792). Favanne, tab. 79, f. I.

+ Trophon patagonicus Orbigny, 1841, as Murex.

Mya complanata 8., p. 100, No. 2190. Maryland. Lister,

150, 5.

= Unio complanatus 8.

Ostrea grandis S., p. 50, No. 1186; p. 99, No. 2168. Great

American compass Pecten from Halifax, North America.

+ Pecten magellanicus Gmelin, 1791-2.

Ostrea elongata 8., p. 55, No. 1803; p. 151, No. 3312. Purple

spot oyster from Virginia.

+ Ostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791-2.

Solen plebeius S., p. 42, No. 1005 (bis). Barbados. Lister,

Conch. 421, f. 265.

+ Tagelus gibbus Spengler, 1794.

Tellina cruenta S., p. 58, No. 1860. Knorr, VI. t. 12, f. 1.

+Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta Gmelin, 1791-2.

Tellina marginalis 8., p. 187, No. 3049. Lister, Conch. 387.

= Tellina laevigata Linné, 1758.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

Trochus alveolatus 8., p. 52, No. 1240. Beehive snail. Lister,

Conch. 62, 60. Jamaica.

= Helix epistylium Miller, 1774.

Venus nimbosa 8., p. 175, No. 3761. Florida. Favanne, t.

49, f. 11.

+ Macrocallista gigantea Gmelin, 1791-2.

Voluta ancilla S., p. 84, No. 1878; p. 187, No. 3061. Straits

of Magellan. D’ Avila, I, pl. 8, f. s.

Voluta angulata S., p. 76, No. 1711. Martini, Conch. Cab.

IV, f. 1825.

+ Turbinella scolymus Gmelin, 1791-2.

Voluta brasiliana, p. 186, No. 3958. Brazil. Large unde-

scribed species with only two plaits on the column.

+ V. brasiliana Lamarck, 1811.

Voluta muricata 8., p. 142, No. 3142. West Indies. Lister,

Conch. 810, 19.

+ Turbinella muricata Born, 1780.

Voluta virescens §., p. 26, No. 610; Guinea; p. 186, No. 3020;

p. 174, No. 8751. Martini, Conch. Cab. ITI, f. 942, 9383.

+ Voluta polygonalis Lamarck, 1811, fide Pfeiffer.

COLLECTING AT NAHANT BEACH, MASS.

BY LILLIAN DYER THOMPSON.

Nahant Beach, very often incorrectly called Lynn Beach, lies

just the other side of the boundary line between Lynn and

Nahant. This beach is in the shape of an extremely large

crescent, and is of the finest quality of sand. On this beach,

which fronts the ocean, I collected eleven species one afternoon,

while in the rock pools of Little Nahant which tip one end of

the beach, we found eleven other species. The rock pools we

visited are exactly, opposite Egg Rock, and are on the Atlantic

side of Little Nahant. In these rock pools I have found many

THE NAUTILUS. 101

varieties of crabs and sea anemones, besides many species of

mollusks.

The following is a list of species collected on the beach and

in the tide pools. Those with the asterisk were found dead.

On the Beach.

Neptunea decemcostata Say.* Solenya borealis Totten* (per-

Polinices heros Say. fect).

Polinices duplicata Say.* Cyprina islandica Linn.*

Alectrion trivittata Say,* Spisula solidissima Dillw.*

Colus stimpsont Morch.* Stliqua costata Say.*

Buccinum undatum Linn.* Tellina tenera Say.*

Ensis directus Conr. Petricola dactylus Sowerby.*

Modiolus modiolus Linn.* Lyonsia hyalina Conrad.*

In the Rock Pools.

Litorina littorea Linn. Acmaea alveus Conrad.

Litorina palliata Say. Acmaea testudinalis Mill.

Ittorina rudis Donovan. Crepidula fornicata Linn.

Lacuna vincta Montg. Saxicava arctica Linn.

Thais lapillus Linn (banded Mytilus edulis Linn.

and plain).

WILLIAM WILDER.

We regret to record the death of Mr. Wilder in Honolulu,

July last. For some years he had been collecting Hawaiian

land shells, especially the tree shells, Achatinellidae and Auri-

culella, and had brought together a valuable collection. Mr.

Wilder is shown collecting Achatinellas in a photograph by

Irwin Spalding, published in Navritus for July last, Plate II.

We understand that his collection will be secured for the Bishop

Museum, Honolulu.—H. A. P.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

THE LAND MOLLUSKS OF THE BELGIAN CONGO.*

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The American Museum of Natural History has issued a series

of reports on its Congo Expedition, all characterized by fullness

of treatment and abundant and beautiful illustrations. Other

similar reports are in course of preparation. The completed

series will constitute a guide to the zoology of equatorial Africa,

full of interest for the general naturalist and evolutionist, as

well as for specialists in the several departments. Among these

reports one of the most interesting is that on the Land Mol-

lusks, by Dr. Pilsbry. The presentation of the subject is so

clear and complete, and the illustrations are so good, that the

reader has no difficulty in understanding the characters of the

fauna, though he may have known very little about it before.

To one accustomed to the mollusks of America or Europe, the

tropical African series seems to belong to another world. Even

when there is a certain similarity of form, as among the Heli-

cide, the anatomy shows that we are dealing with strange generic

types. The closest affinity is of course with the fauna of the

Oriental region, yet even that is remote, although some doubt-

less very ancient genera range through tropical Asia and Africa.

There is here a rather close parallel between the distribution of

the land mollusks and the fresh-water fishes. Certain genera

of fishes, but with distinct species, occur in the fresh waters of

India and of tropical Africa, but the latter region has many re-

markable types of its own, in some cases much more allied to

neotropical genera than to anything in India. It is evident

that Africa, the land of the okapi and the tsetse fly, is a store-

house of ancient groups of animals, some of which at least, were

formerly much more widely spread. While we thus emphasize

the probable antiquity of various African groups or genera, we

find remarkable specific diversity, apparently indicating that

*Henry A. Pilsbry. A Review of the Land Mollusks of the Belgian Congo,

chiefly based on the collections of the American Museum Congo Expedition,

1909-1915. Bulletin American Mnseum of Natural History, Vol. XL, p.

370, 23 plates (8 colored), 1919. .

THE NAUTILUS. 103

the evolutionary process has been active during the latest geo-

logical periods. While the Belgian Congo has of course been

only very imperfectly explored for land mollusks, about 500

localities are represented, and about 390 species and races have

been found. Of these 390 forms, I find 214 reported from one

locality only. The case is even stronger than these figures sug-

gest, as when two or more localities are given, they are often

only short distances apart, or perhaps in some cases different

names for essentially the same place. Again, of 214 species and

subspecies in the collection reported on, 160 required new spe-

cific, racial or varietal names. When we consider the amount

of specific and racial diversity thus indicated, making full allow-

ances for our imperfect knowledge of the distribution of the re-

corded species, it becomes evident that the total existing fauna

must amount to some thousands at least.

It is well known that the high mountains of tropical Africa

are inhabited by certain organisms, especially plants, very

closely related to Palearctic species. In the case of the plants,

at least, it is possible that the seeds were brought by birds.

Among the mollusks, it is interesting to find a Vitrina high up

on Mt. Ruwenzori, near the line of perpetual snow. But after

all this is not a typical Vitrina ; it differs in the less extensive

mantle, the sculpture of the shell, and in the teeth. Dr. Pils-

bry accordingly establishes for it a subgenus Calidivitrina,—the

name rather unfortunately chosen, since it is not an inhabitant

of the hot lowlands. On comparing the Congo mollusks with

those of tropical Asia, some puzzling questions arise. Thus

among the slugs there are such similarities that Godwin-Austen

formerly placed both African and Indian species in his genus

Africarion. He now agrees that the Indian slugs constitute a

quite distinct genus ( Pseudaustonia), and it seems at least prob-

able that the Indian series has undergone an evolution similar

to, but quite independent of, the African. These conclusions

could never have been reached without a study of the soft an-

atomy, and thus we are led to treat with some caution those

cases of similarity among the smaller shells, the anatomy being

unknown. There is, for example, a striking resemblance be-

tween some of the African and Oriental species of the Gulella

104 THE NAUTILUS.

species, but they may well represent independent developments,

especially since they also superficially resemble Pupillide, to

which they are not at all related. Thus the tendency of modern

research will probably be to emphasize rather than diminish the

separateness of the Ethiopian fauna.

It is rather a shock, at first, to see the African slugs hereto-

fore called Veronicella or Vaginula referred to Levicaulis and

Pleuroprocta, names proposed several years ago by Simroth. It

can hardly be doubted, however, that the Veronicellide must

be held to include a number of genera, in spite of the great ex-

ternal similarity. Dr. Pilsbry is in error, I think, in calling

the family Vaginulide, on the stated ground that the type of

Veronicella has not been rediscovered. As a matter of fact the

actual specimen described by Blainville is still to be seen in the

British Museum, as was explained in Conchologist, 1893, pp.

43-44. It was collected by Sloane in Jamaica, and is properly

called Veronicella sloanw (Cuvier).

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE JOURNAL OF ConcHoLoay, Aug., 1920, Vol. 16, No. 4.

Census Authentications. By the late W. D. Roebuck, p.

101.

‘*Ground’’ Clausilias. By Rev. A. H. Cooke, p. 102.

Note on Conus chytreus Melvill. By A. T. Hopwood, p. 103.

Notes on Kentish Mollusca. By H. C. Huggins, p. 104.

The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Audruicq, Pas-de-

Calais. By Jno. W. Taylor, pp. 106-117.

Editorial Notes, p. 125.

The Non-marine Mollusca of Llandudno and District. By

H. Beeston, pp. 128-132.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL Society oF LONDON,

Sept., 1920, Vol. 14.

Notes on Marginella guttula Sowerby. By John Shirley,

ip. ‘On |

THE NAUTILUS. 105

Presidential Address—The Armature of Land Mollusca. By

G. K. Gude, pp. 52-73.

Note on Xylophaga praestans Smith. By J. R. LeB. Tomlin,

p. 73.

Concerning Edenttellina. By Charles Hedley, pp. 74-76.

E. corallensis n. sp., p. 76, figs. 6-8.

Nomenclatorial Notes Relating to British Non-marine Mol-

lusca. By A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward, pp. 77-90.

The Anatomy of two species of Helicarion from Tropical

Africa. By Hugh Watson, pp. 91-118, pls. 3&4. H. crypto-

phallus n. sp., p. 97, pl. 4.

Mitra burnupiana n.sp., from South Africa. By Rev. A.

H. Cooke, p. 114.

Note on the dates of publication of the earlier parts of Cap-

tain Thomas Brown’s Illustrations of the Conchology of Great

Britain and Ireland. 2nd edition. By Alexander Reynell,

p. 116.

CORRELATION OF SHAPE AND STATION IN FRESHWATER Mus-

sELS (Naiades). By A. E. Ortmann. (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.,

1920, Vol. 19, pp. 269-312.) The author has ascertained

‘that the more obese (swollen) form is found farther

down in the larger rivers, and passes gradually, in the upstream

direction, into a less obese (compressed) form in the head-

waters; with the decrease in obesity often an increase in size

(length) is correlated; a few shells which have in the large

rivers a peculiar sculpture of large tubercles, lose these tubercles

in the headwaters.’’ The observations were made in the head-

waters of the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers.

VARIATION IN Nacr&£ous CoLor OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF NAIADES

INHABITING THE UPPER OHIO DRAINAGE AND THEIR CORRESPOND-

ING Ones IN LAKE Eriz. By N. M. Grier (Amer. Midland

Nat., 1920, pp, 211-248, Vols. 2-3). In a summary the author

says ‘‘In practically all the species dealt with a change in

nacreous color is observed going down stream from the head-

waters to the mouth. . . The shells of L. Erie have a greater

106 THE NAUTILUS.

proportion of blues among them than the corresponding shells

in the Upper Ohio Drainage.

Light PropucTION IN CEPHALopops. By S. Stillman Berry

(Biol. Bull., 1920, Vol. 28, pp. 141-195). An Introductory

Survey.

NotEs on SomE UNDESCRIBED CALIFORNIAN HeEtices. By 8.

Stillman Berry (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4 ser., Vol. 10, pp. 53-

70, pls. 4-6, 1920). Five new subspecies of Epiphragmophora

are described and figured.

Fosstt MoLLusks FROM THE JOHN Day Basin IN OREGON. By

G. Dallas Hanna (Univ. Oregon Publication, Vol. 1, No. 6,

1920). Two new species are described and figured.

REPorRT OF CEPHALOPODS COLLECTED Durinc 1906 BY THE

U. S. Bureau or FIsHERIES STEAMER ‘‘ ALBATROSS’’ IN THE

NORTHWESTERN PaciFic. By Madoka Sasahi (Prac. U. S. Nat.

Mus., Vol. 57, pp. 163-208, pls. 23-26, 1920). The paper

contains descriptions of 18 new species, three new genera Wata-

sella, Chunella and Gonatopsis, and two new families Watasellidae

and Eledonellidae.—C. W. J.

A MonoGRAPH OF THE East AMERICAN SCAPHOPOD MOLLUSKS.

By John B. Henderson (U. 8. Nat. Mus., Bull. III, 1920, pp.

1-177, pls. 1-20). This excellent monograph is based upon

the material contained in the National Museum, including much

dredged by the author, together with the American Scaphopods

of the Philadelphia Academy and the Mus. Comparative Zoology.

Practically all of the East American material extant has there-

fore been studied. The classification is that of Pilsbry and

Sharp, with the addition of a new subgenus of Cadulus : PLaty-

SCHIDES, type C. grandis Verrill.

The specific distinctions of these simple shells are worked

out with admirable clarity, in the descriptions and keys for de-

termination. All of the species and subspecies are illustrated.

98 species, about one-third of them new, with numerous sub-

THE NAUTILUS. 107

species, are recognized. In the Introduction a historical sketch

is given, and an interesting account of the geographic distribu-

tion.—H. A. P.

Nores ON A COLLECTION OF SHELLS FROM TRINIDAD, CALI-

FoRNIA. By Eric Knight Jordan (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol.

58, pp. 1-5). Two new species of Odostomia, O. euglypta and

O. edmondi, are described.

A New FresHWATER MOoLLuskK FROM INpDIANA. By Bryant

Walker (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 57, p. 525). Ferrissia

bartschi, from Lake Maxinkuckee.

NOTES.

TAPES PHILIPPINARUM IN THE HawallIAN Istanps. My infor-

mation concerning Tapes philippinarum differs much from

Bryan’s in NavutiLus, XXXII, p. 124. A Japanese now living

in Honolulu has twice planted this bivalve on the mud flats at

Moanalua on Oahu. The first planting did not survive long;

the second maintained itself in fine shape up to the present day,

when they are abundazt enough to be gathered and put on sale

in the markets. They are frequently imported from Japan to

Honolulu by the barrel for sale among the Japanese. I send

you some of these imported shells. —D. THaanvm.

M. Evueene AusourG DE Boury died on April 17, in France,

at the age of sixty-three years. A correspondent writes that

M. de Boury, though a long-time invalid, had devoted himself

with ardor to the study and collection of mollusks of the genus

Scalaria. He gathered in the last ten years an extraordinary

collection of these beautiful and rare shells for the Paris Museum

of Natural History, increasing their series from 300 sets to 3000,

exclusive of photographs and illustrations of inaccessible species

to the number of 1800 more. This series far surpasses any

other extant. He published numerous papers on the genus and

indicated many new subdivisions of it, but the great monograph

which was his ideal must remain for other hands to prepare. —

(Science. )

108 THE NAUTILUS.

LAND SHELLS OF CHOKOLOSKEE K&ry AND CAPE SABLE, FLorR-

IpDA.—Have just run across a big lot of Liguus and Ozxystyla

that Simpson sent me 3 or 4 years ago and in cleaning them up

I shook a small amount of dirt out of a bunch from Chokoloskee

Key which yielded the following species. You will note that

only two of them are in Vanatta’s list, Nauritus, XXI, p. 100.

Chondropoma dentatum (Say).

Truncatella caribaeensis ‘‘Sby.’’ Rve.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Lucidella tantilla (Pils. ).

Thysanophora waguensis ( Wein]. ).

Thysanophora plagioptycha (Shutt. ).

Gastrocopta contracta (Say).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella (Pils.).

Varicella gracillima floridana Pils.

Euglandina rosea, near parallela ( Binn. ).

Polita dalliana (‘‘Simp.’’ Pils. )? juv.

Guppya gundlachi (Pfir.)? juv.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say).

Zonitoides minusculus (Binn. ).

Oxystyla floridensis Pils.

The most interesting of the lot is Lucidella tantilla; there is

one perfect adult, three fresh shells that have been bitten in

half by some rodent (?), several other fragments and three

young. As I only had enough dirt to about fill a 2 X 3 tray

you can see it was quite rich. I have noticed that Lucidella

tantilla appears to be a favorite food with some beast that bites

them fairly in half. Gastrocopta rupicola is frequently treated

in the same way, but it is so common that it does not make so

much difference.

Three miles east of Cape Sable, Simpson collected Oxystyla

floridensis and some Liguus that I take to be solidus, although

they are all very thin. They are all dead, but the yellow band-

ing of solidus shows on some of them very plainly.—GrorcE H.

CLAPP.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIV. PLATE V.

OLDROYD : PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS AND WESTERN OLIVELLAS.

mee NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXIV APRIL, 1921. No. 4

A NEW ACHATINELLA FROM OAHU.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND C. MONTAGUE COOKE,

Achatinelle of the typical section are very abundant in some

spots on the Waianae Range. It is in fact the only place in

Oahu where the collector finally has to stop picking, gorged

with shells, while the bushes still hang full of them. One feels

like Sindbad in the Valley of Diamonds. Snails of the section

Achatinellastrum, however, are the greatest rarities. All that

have been found up to 1920 could almost be counted on the

fingers. A. lehuiensis Gul., and A. lehwiensis gulickiana P. &C.,

one specimen of each. A. thaanuwmi P. & C., two specimens; of

A, spaldingi a few hundreds, but all from a very small area.

The localities of these are widely scattered along the northern

side of the range, just within the forest limit so far as known;

each species in a single place.

Mr. W. H. Meinecke had the good fortune to find another

form which we rank as a sub-species of A. lehwiensis, though its

locality is remote from Lihue, the localities of A. thaanwmi and

A. spaldingt lying between them. The new subspecies, how-

ever, was taken in some abundance.

ACHATINELLA LEHUIENSIS MEINICKEI. PI. 4, figs. 6-9.

The shell differs from A. lehuiensis by the wider, more capa-

cious form. In color it is polymorphic. The pattern selected

110 THE NAUTILUS.

as typical, pl. 4, fig. 9, fig. 8, left, has the last whorl closely

streaked with rood’s brown, cinnamon and pale pinkish buff,

the former predominating, crossed by several darker, burnt

umber, spiral bands and lines. A band below the suture white.

This pattern fades on the penult whorl, leaving the upper part

of the spire and the apex white. In some specimens the streaks

are more or less diluted, pl. 4, fig. 7, to the point of disappear-

ing, forming transitions to the following. The second main

pattern, pl. 4, fig. 6, has a cartridge-buff ground, a sutural band

and the spire white; streaks faint or wanting, but there are two

dark bands, weakly interrupted, at periphery and on the base;

sometimes a third below the subsutural white band. This is

much the coloring of A. spaldingi.

The columellar fold is rather thin and situated high. The

aperture shows the banding vividly within. Outer lip quite

thin.

Fig. 9, right. Length 15, diam. 9.6, aperture 7.8 mm.; 5?

whorls.

Fig. 9, left. Length 15.2, diam. 8.3, aperture 7.7 mm.

Fig. 8, left. Length 14.5, diam. 9.5, aperture 7.9 mm.

Waianae mountains in Haleauau valley, where the trail as-

cending Kaala leaves the stream. Cotypes in collections A. N.

S. Phila., Bishop Museum and W. H. Meinecke.

A. spaldingi is quite distinct from the light form of meineckei

by its texture, dull surface, etc. A. thaanwmi stands nearer to

lehwiensis and meineckei, the unstreaked pattern of the latter ap-

proaching it; yet at present thaanwmi appears distinct by its

coloration and rather solid, smooth shell.

Mr. Meinecke’s account of the finding of these shells follows.

HUNTING ACHATINELLA MEINECKEI AND PARTULINA DUBIA IN THE

WAIANAE MOUNTAINS, OAHU.

BY WILLIAM H. MEINECKE.!

On Dec. 27, 1918, I took a tramp to Mt. Kaala, Oahu, from

Schofield Barracks (Leilehua). .. . On the way up, at the first

1 Letter to H, A. P.

THE NAUTILUS. 111

timber, I collected a number of specimens of Achatinella muste-

lina and accidentally found one plain Partulina dubia, the first

I had ever collected on the north side of the Waianae Range.

On Dec. 29, 1918, I returned for more, and found a few plain

ones a few yards away from the trail and less than fifty yards

from Haleauau stream bed. A scant hundred yards farther up

the trail, under the bark and in knot holes of the smooth-leaved

lehua trees growing within arm’s reach of the very trail, I found

several fine specimens of dark, banded P. dubia, very similar to

those which I had found in Waimano Valley, above Pear! City,

Koolau Range, in 1913. In spite of eareful and persistent

hunting, they could be found only within a very small area,

less than a hundred feet in extent. They were all within fifteen

feet of the ground, most of them not more than five feet off the

ground.

I showed them to Mr. Irwin Spalding, who said that they

were the most distinctly banded dubia he had ever seen; but I

think that those which I collected in Waimano Valley, above

Pearl City, Koolau Range, in 1913, are more distinctly banded,

and in some specimens even darker. At the first opportunity,

Jan. 5, 1919, I took Mr. Spalding up to the locality and we

managed to find a few more specimens in a knot-hole which I

had not searched quite thoroughly. Most likely you have seen

those specimens in Mr. Spalding’s collection while you were

here last summer.

No further visits were made by me till June 13, 1920, when

I went alone again and managed to find four more excellent

specimens of banded dubia, in the same locality. A scant hun-

dred yards above this dubia locality and a little farther off the

trail—not more than two hundred feet away from the trail on

the Haleauau side—I found under the bark on the trunks of

the smooth-leaved lehua trees four young specimens of an en-

tirely new variety or species of Achatinella. They were all near

the ground. I hunted the tree trunks, but the higher I climbed,

it seemed, the less luck I had, so I finally settled down to hunt-

ing down low. I could not hunt very long then as it was get-

ting late. |

Having collected a few Achatinella spaldingi (with Mr. Spald-

112 THE NAUTILUS.

ing on Jan. 12, 1919) from Pukaloa, the next valley, I noticed

their similarity, and thought that I had found a few A. spald-

ingi. Itold Mr. Spalding later that I had found a few A. spald-

angi in Haleauau, but he only laughed and seemed to discredit

the find.

Upon my return from Kau, Hawaii, last September, I had

the good fortune of meeting my old-time hiking partner and

friend, Mr. Daniel B. Langford, whom I am sure you know

quite well. I showed him the shells two days before he left

here for Japan. On Oct. 9, 1920, I again went out, this time

to look particularly for more of the new shells. I could not

find any more banded P. dubia, but managed to get a few young

specimens of the new shell [ Achatinella lehuiensis meinickei]. As

before, these were all found under the bark of the smooth-leaved

lehua trees, from within a foot of the ground to about six feet.

Some were on the outside, crawling. The higher up the tree I

went the less I found and the smaller the specimens. At ten

or twelve feet above ground I found none, so I concluded to

hunt ‘‘off the ground.’’ Here again the shells seemed to be

confined to a very small area, not more than a hundred feet

across, or possibly 200 ft. Late in the afternoon, there being

no other place to hunt (I had hunted every plant in sight, even

the Hilo grass), I concluded to try the top of a large lehua tree

on which I had found several young specimens. Here I found

on the leaves, at the tip-top of the tree, some thirty to forty feet

above the ground, several large shells which I believe to be

adults.

Again on Oct. 31, 1920, I went up the same trail to help the

Trail and Mountain Club of Honolulu mark the trail to Kaala

with signboards. I put in a good half-hour’s hunt of the very

same lehua tree gone over two weeks before, and was rewarded

by finding over a dozen good specimens of <A. J. meineckei and

several A. mustelina on the very same branches, side by side.

Being on a tramping trip I had to move on, so I presume that

there are at least a few more specimens still to be found.

I kept the specimens alive for one week, then let them drown

in water for about twenty hours, after which they were readily

removed from their shells. I kept each animal and its shell

THE NAUTILUS. Vie

separate from the rest and put six of them (those which I could

see seemed to have embryonic shells within) in separate vials

and numbered the animals and their shells to correspond. The

rest I preserved en masse.

Unfortunately I did not keep the animals of the banded P.

dubia, so I cannot send you any of them. It might be well to

note here that the A. l. meinecket seemed to be much darker,

even to a purplish appearance in some cases, when alive and

after drowning, but appeared very much lighter immediately

after the animal was pulled, due no doubt to the color of the

animal, as the shells are very thin.

NOTES ON CRASPEDOPOMA LUCIDUM, LOWE AND OTHER MADEIRA

SNAILS.

BY T. D, A. COCKERELL.

In the Madeira Islands there is only one genus of Cyclosto-

moid shells, Craspedopoma. It is represented by four species,

all described by Lowe, living to-day only on the main island of

Madeira. One of them, C. lucidum Lowe, is common to the

fossil beds east of Canical, Madeira, and is said to occur fossil

on the Southern Desert Island and on Porto Santo. Wollas-

ton is very explicit about the Porto Santo records, citing three

localities, and remarking that the specimens are rather small.

I could not find any trace of it there, and Mr. A. C. de Noronha

and the Rev. Drummond Paterson, who have collected much

more extensively, have also failed to find it. Near Canical, in

Madeira, it occurs in the well-known beds along with Plebecula

bowditchiana (Fér.), Geomitra delphinula (Lowe) and many other

shells. These shells are cited by Wollaston as ‘‘subfossil’’,

but they are properly regarded as fossils, and by all available

criteria should be Pleistocene, perhaps Lower Pleistocene.

Several of the forms are extinct, and the representatives of some

of the living species are appreciably different from their de-

scendants. Thus the common Leptazxis wndata (Lowe), found

in quantity fossil, mixed with P. bowditchiana, is larger than

ordinary living specimens. It may be regarded as a distinct

114 THE NAUTILUS.

race (grandwr, n. var.), max. diam. 29-30.5 mm. In this

peculiarity the fossil Z. wndata falls in line with other species,

thus P. bowditchiana is a sort of large edition of the common

living P. punctulata (Sby.) of Porto Santo.

At the Mount Church, above Funchal, I found C. lucidum

alive, and made notes on the animal. The tentacles are dark

grey, with black basal collar; eyes prominent, black; head and

foot pale reddish ochreous, suffused with dusky; front of head,

below tentacles, with about six transverse dusky lines; an

elongate dark patch on each side above mouth; a large suffused

rosy area behind each eye, visible when the light shines through

the animal; sole pale ochreous, not divided, but foot emarginate

posteriorly. The Mount is about 1900 ft. above sea level. At

higher altitudes in Madeira snails seem to be very scarce. Thus

around the Pico do Serrado, at about 3000 ft., the only snail I

could find was Geomitra calva (Lowe), though I obtained three

species of slugs. These slugs were Milax gagates, the typical jet

black form, Arion hortensis (new to Madeira) and Limaxz mazi-

mus. At lower altitudes the M. gagates are plumbeous. (var.

plumbea Moquin-Tandon). Many years ago I described M&M.

gagates var. maderensis, a dark brown variety from Madeira. It

is now clear that it is only a color-variation, not in any sense a

local race. Everything indicates that all the Madeira slugs

have been introduced, though some of them have been in the

island a long while. I found Arion hortensis also at Madeira,

and on the Portella Pass another addition to the fauna, Agrio-

limasx laevis.

NEW PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY T. 8. OLDROYD.

ANACHIS MINUTA, N. Sp.

Shell small, thick, nuclear whorls smooth; preceding whorle

four in number are cancellated by strong straight longitudinal

ribs and nearly equally strong revolving ridges, three on each

whorl. Whorls slightly convex, sutures broad and sunken;

cancellations equally strong, on the whole length of the shell.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

Aperture small and curved, outer lip thick, with two dentations

within. Length, 4; breadth, 6 mm.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection Stanford University. Type

locality, upper Pleistocene at Santa Monica. Collected by Dr.

Frank Clark, Santa Monica.

EPITONIUM CLARKI, n. sp. Plate V, fig. 13.

Shell white, thin, nuclear whorls missing, with 7 well-

rounded post-nuclear whorls; varices 14 in number, not all con-

tinuous; making a half turn around the spire, and with a short

spine near the sutures. Shell encircled by fine thread-like

spiral striations not very close together; on the top. of each

whorl near the suture it is entirely smooth but on the base of

the whorl the lines are closer together, or in pairs; the lines ex-

tend over the whole base close to the umbilicus. Aperture

ovate, outer lip thickened. Length, 19; breadth, 8 mm.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection Stanford University. Type

locality, upper Pleistocene at Santa Monica. Collected by Dr.

Frank Clark, of Santa Monica in whose honor it is named.

TEGULA HEMPHILLI, n. sp. Plate V, figs. 11 & 11a.

Shell a fossil, thick, depressed, spire slightly conical; color, a

reddish brown and mottled in appearance. Whorls four in num-

ber, with slightly angulated shoulders, encircled with a row of

faint nodules. The whole shell, covered with a coarse wavy

striation. Base flattened, slightly concave. Aperture oblique;

umbilicus wide and deep. Height, 16; breadth, 20 mm.

Type, University of California. Type locality upper Pleisto-

cene at Pacific Beach, San Diego, Cal. The type and four other

specimens were collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill, in whose

honor the species is named.

CLATHRODRILLA DIEGENSIS, n. sp. Plate V, fig. 12.

Shell elongate, spire elevated, apex acute, nucleal whorl

smooth; seven postnucleal whorls. The whorls of the spire are

crossed by slanting ribs, sutures deep. On the top of each

whorl there is a wide revolving groove; on the base of the upper

whorls there is one groove, on the next to the last whorl there

are two, the body whorl shows the lines of growth and is

116 THE NAUTILUS.

grooved to the end of the canal. Outer lip thin and broken,

the notch shows small on the last line of growth. Aperture el-

liptical; columella curved, slightly encrusted. There is a slight

umbilical fissure. Length, 23; breadth, 9 mm.; length of aper-

ture including canal 9 mm.

Type, University of California, coll. Type locality, upper

pleistocene, at Pacific Beach, San Diego, Co. The type and

three other specimens were collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill.

CoNUS CALIFORNICUS FOSSILIS, var. nov. Plate V, fig. 9.

This answers the description of Conus californicus with the

exception that it is much larger, stronger, and with spire much

more elevated. Length, 40; width, 19; height of spire 14 mm.

angle of spire 70.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University.

Type locality, lower San Pedro series, Nob Hill cut, San Pedro.

This variety is found in both the upper and lower San Pedro

beds.

VERMETUS NoDosus, n. sp. Plate V, fig. 10.

Shell a fragment; length, 46; breadth, 11 mm.; smooth and

perfectly round and curved, septate within. The specimen has

three large pear-shaped nodes, two of which are opposite each

other, over the septum, one lengthwise of the shell, and the

other crosswise.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection Stanford University. Type

locality, lower San Pedro series of the Nob Hill cut, San Pedro.

TORNATINA TUMIDA, n. sp. Plate V. fig. 8.

Shell cylindrical, smooth, white, whorls five including the

nuclear, which is small and sunken; spire rather flat, sutures

deeply channeled; aperture nearly the length of the body whor;.

posterior end narrowed, anterior much dilated and rounded

toward the columella, which is strongly plicated, and covered

with a light incrustation extending nearly to the top of the

whorl. Length, 6; breadth, 34 mm.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection Stanford University. Type

locality Lower San Pedro series of the Nob Hill cut, San Pedro,

Cal.

THE NAUTILUS. LV}

SOME VARIETIES OF WESTERN OLIVELLAS.

BY T. 8. OLDROYD.

Conrad described Olivella pedroana from a fossil found at San

Pedro, in 1854, but the figure is more like what Carpenter de-

scribed as O. intorta; this is plentiful in the Upper San Pedro,

and not at all like O. boetica Cpr., described by him in the re-

port of the British Association for Advancement of Science,

published in London in 1864. The following is Carpenter’s

description, not a very full one, O. boetica, narrow, dull, thin.

This has erroneously been called anazora, tergina, petiolata and

rufifasciata. Habitat between San Diego and San Pedro, Santa

Barbara, Monterey, Oregon, the region on each side of the

Columbia River, Puget Sound and Vancouver Island. Type

locality not given. Sowerby in Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Vol.

4, gives the type locality as British Columbia. They are quite

plentiful at Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, but most of

them are a reddish brown in color; they are also found in Puget

Sound and all along the coast of British Columbia, and Alaska

up in the Bering Sea. All of the northern O. boetica are much

the same in shape but in the farther north they grow larger and

more beautifully striped, a creamy white with zigzag markings

of brown, these have also been found in Puget Sound, and it

would be more practicable to call the northern specimens all

the same. The O. boetica in the region between San Pedro and

San Diego vary from those in the north, both in color and

shape; in fact, though it is not generally known, there are two

distinct varieties in this region, different in size and shape, the

smaller of the two which I will describe is also found in lower

California, living, and is very plentiful in the upper Pleistocene

at San Pedro.

Olivella biplicata Sowerby was described in the Tankerville

Catalogue in 1825. The type locality is Monterey; it is also

found further south in San Luis Obispo County. Although

they vary somewhat in shape of spire yet they are easily dis-

tinguished, being thicker, broader, and with a much larger

callus spot than the San Pedro variety. Those found in the

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Strait of Juan de Fuca and British Columbia are different, as

are those found in Lower California. The West Coast Olivellas

are very variable, they differ on some of the Channel Islands,

and on some of the islands of the north. I have picked a type

from the most prevalent forms along the cost. As far as the

recent shells are concerned, we could get along without this

division, but they all occur as fossils at San Pedro in various

horizons and therefore I suggest these varietal names as a help

and convenience in working over the fossils. There has been a

color variety described by Mr. Vanatta, but I have used only

the form and general outline of the shells, as the fossils have all

lost their color.

OLIVELLA BOETICA DIEGENSIS, n. var. Plate V, fig. 2.

This differs from the typical shells of British Columbia, in

the color being a light drab, sometimes mottled; not as oval in

outline, spire longer and running more sharply to a point.

Length, 19; breadth, 8 mm.

Type in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. Range

San Diego to San Pedro; living. Pleistocene in upper San

Pedro.

OLIVELLA BOETICA MEXICANA, n. var. Plate I, figs. 3.

This differs from var. pedroana in being smaller, more slender,

spire not running quite as sharply to a point. Length, 10;

breadth, 4 mm.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. Type

locality, Scammon’s Lagoon, Lower California. Pleistocene,

the upper San Pedro. Living at San Pedro. Collected by Mr.

Henry Hemphill.

OLIVELLA BIPLICATA FUCANA, n. var. Plate V, fig. 4.

Shell broader across the middle and lower part of the aper-

ture than var. angelena; spire running more sharply to a point

from the middle of the shell. Color more uniform, being a

light drab. Length, 28; breadth, 14 mm.

Type in Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. Living.

Type locality, Straits of Fuca, near Cape Flattery. Pliocene

at San Pedro.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

OLIVELLA BIPLICATA PARVA, n. var. Plate V, fig. 7.

This var. is nearest angelena, but much smaller, a little

broader in proportion; outer lip more curved, shell more highly

colored and variable in color; found in the upper Pleistocene at

San Pedro. Length, 14; breadth, 8 mm.

Type in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University. Type

locality, Point Abreojos, Lower California. Collected by Mr.

Henry Hemphill.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

(All figures natural size. )

Fig. 1. Olivella boetica Carpenter, Alaska.

Fig. la. Olivella boetica Carpenter, Vancover Island, typical.

Fig. 2. Olivella boetica diegensis, n. var.

Fig. 3. Olivella boetica mexicana, n. var.

Fig. 4. Olivella biplicata fucana, n. var.

Fig. 5. Olivella biplicata typical. Monterey.

Fig. 6. Olivella biplicata angelina T. S. Oldroyd.

Fig. 7. Olivella biplicata parva, n. var.

Fig. 8. Tornatina tumida, n. sp.

Fig. - 9. Conus californicus fossilis, n. var.

Fig. 10. Vermetus nodosus, n. sp.

Fig. 11. Tegula hemphilli, n. sp.

Fig. 12. Clathrodrilla diegensis, n. sp.

Fig. 13. Epitonium clarki, n. sp.

COLLECTING SHELLS ON THE EAST COAST OF FLORIDA IN THE

WINTERS 1891 AND 1892.

BY OLOF 0. NYLANDER.

Collections made at Jacksonville, Pablo Beach, Indian River

and Lake Worth Inlet, were partly named and compared with

specimens in the museums at New York City, New Haven,

Conn., Boston and Cambridge, Mass., in the summers of 1892-

93. A number of the species however were not named until

this winter by Mr. T. Van Hyning of the Florida State Museum

120 THE NAUTILUS.

and Dr. Paul Bartsch of the U. S. National Museum, and I am

under many obligations for their kind assistance.

The specimens were picked up in a general way and no special

effort was made to secure large series or the minute species.

As my residence is in the extreme northern part of Maine

and I have only a small library on shells, I will follow Bulletin

No. 87, U. S. National Museum, by William H. Dall. Al-

though the classification is not up to date, it has a great ad-

vantage as nearly all are familiar with the names used in that

work.

In December, 1891, around Jacksonville I obtained many

dead specimens of Polygyra vannostrande Bld. and P. jejuna Say,

and in the St. John’s River Vivipava georgiana Lea and Cyrena

carolinensis Lam.

In January, 1892, I made two trips to Pablo Beach on my

first visit going towards Mayport. For a distance of four miles

the beach was covered with the large valves of Cardium magnum

Born; such a mass of shells I had never seen. On my second

visit, a week later, there was not a Cardium to be found or

hardly anything in the line of shells. The two trips to Pablo

Beach yielded the following species:

Purpura floridana Conr. Two specimens.

Labiosa (Raeta) canaliculata Say. Three single valves.

Tellina alternata Say. Five perfect specimens.

Dosinia discus Rev. Four fine specimens.

Petricola pholadiformis Lam. One single valve.

Pholas costata Linne. Single valves common.

Pinna seminuda Lam. Common.

Pinna muricata Linne. Common.

Donox variabilis Say. The sand at low water mark was filled

with these shells.

Arca incongrua Say. Few fine specimens.

Arca ponderosa Say. Two living specimens.

Cardium robustum Sol. Common.

In the month of February I started on a four weeks trip from

Jacksonville to Titusville by rail, and then by steamer the whole

length of Indian River to Jupiter and Lake Worth. While

examining the limestone outcrops at Rock Ledge on Indian

THE NAUTILUS. 121

River, I picked up two specimens of Mytilopsis leucopheata Conr.

and one Planorbis duryi Wetherby. In many places oyster

beds are common, and in the Indian River narrows the man-

grove roots between high and low water mark were completely

covered with young oysters.

Three weeks in March, 1892, was spent at Lake Worth, the

most beautiful place on the Florida coast, with the Gulf stream

close to the shore. Much of my time was spent in looking at

the living forms of everything found below low water in the

inlet, and a collection of many objects was made. I had no

special collecting outfit, so the small and minute forms were

practically left out. The inlet of Lake Worth was at that time

a lonely place, only occasionally a sail boat passed in and out,

and at low tide I could wade across. At the time of my visit

to Lake Worth two residents at Palm Beach had small collec-

tions, Mrs. Nelsson and her children collected after storms and

had some shells that I did not see and claimed they were the

only specimens found by any collector at Palm Beach proper.

Mr. J. J. White at the time a resident of Palm Beach had a

small collection of named shells collected mostly at Lake Worth.

Mr. White published two articles in THe Naovriuus, Vol. XI,

page 31 and Vol. XII, page 142, about the specimens collected

by him and his description of the locality is good.

Shells collected at Lake Worth inlet:

Ostrea virginica Gme]l. Young specimens common.

Ostrea frons Linne. Single valves.

Ostrea cristata Born. Single valves.

Anomia simplex Orb. Common on old logs.

Spondylus spathuliferus Sowb. A few single valves.

Pecten irradians var. dislocatus Say. Single valves common.

Pecten ornatus Lam. Single valves common.

Pecten nodosus Linn. Several single valves.

Pecten fuscopurpureus Conr. Single valves common.

Avicula atlantica Lam. One fine specimen.

Margaritiphora radiata Lam. One fine specimen.

Pinna muricata Linn. Common.

Pinna seminuda Lam. Common.

Modiolus demissus Dillw. Several.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

Modiolus tulipus Linn.

Arca occidentalis Phil. Several fine living specimens.

Arca transversa Say. One fine specimen.

Arca secticostata Rve. One single valve.

Arca campechensis Dillw. Six fine specimens.

Pectunculus pennaceus Gmel. Four single valves.

Divaricella dentata Wood. One fine pair.

Lucina tigrina Linn. Several fine specimens.

Chama macrophylla Lam. One specimen and single valves.

Cardium isocardia Linn. Several fine specimens.

Cardium murwcatum Linn. Single valves.

Liocardium serratum Linn. One fine valve.

Liocardium mortont Conr. Common.

Venus mortont Conr. One single valve.

Chione cancellata Linn. Common.

Chione intapurpurea Conr. One fine single valve.

Anomalocardia cuneimeris Conr. Several.

Pitaria simpsoni Dall. One single valve.

Pitaria fluminata Menke. One fine specimen.

Tagelus gibbus Spengler. One good specimen.

Tellina magna Spengler. One large single valve.

Tellina brasiliana Lam. Several fine specimens.

Macoma cerina C. B. Adams. Common.

Teredo navalis Linn. Common in timbers.

Bulla occidentalis A. Adams. In Lake Worth common.

Haminea guildingit Swainson. In Lake Worth common.

Melampus lineatus Say. In Lake Worth common.

Siphonaria naufragum Stearns. Lake Worth inlet few.

Terebra dislocata Say. Common.

Conus proteus Hwass. One partly broken specimen.

Cancellaria reticulata Linn. Few.

Oliva literata Lam, Several large specimens.

Marginella apicina Menke. Common in Lake Worth.

Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. Two young shells.

Fasciolaria distans Lam. Beach-worn shells.

Fulgur pyrum Dillw. Three specimens.

Fulgur canaliculata Say. Beach-worn shells.

Fulgur perversa Linn. One large living shell 11 inches long.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

Fulgur carica Linn. Large dead shells, common north of

inlet.

Melongena corona Gmel. Old shells in Indian camp sites in

Lake Worth.

Tritonidea tincta Conr. Few shells.

Nassa vibex Say. Common.

Columbella mercatoria Linn. Six specimens.

Murex pomum Gmel. One large dead shell.

Murex rufus Lam. One shell found at Palm Beach.

Murex? A large much worn shell.

Eupleura caudata Say. One specimen, Lake Worth.

Muricidea floridana Conr. Common on old logs in inlet.

Purpura deltoidea Lam. Three specimens.

Janthina fragilis Lam. Several living specimens on beach.

Tritonium chlorostoma Lam. Five dead specimens.

Tritonum pileare Lam. Seven good specimens.

Tritonium olearium Linne. One good specimen.

Tritonium femorale Linne. One good specimen.

Cassis cameo Stimpson. Two badly worn shells on beach.

Cassis tuberosa Linn. One good specimen at old inlet.

Cassis testiculus Linn. Two good specimens.

Cassis inflata Shaw. Fine specimen, common.

Dolium galea Lin. One large fine specimen and several small

ones.

Pyrula papyratia Say. Three specimens.

Cypraa exanthema Linn. Ten specimens, two very large.

Oyprea cervus Linn. One good specimen.

Cyprxa spurca Linn. Several good specimens.

Trivia pediculus Linn. Common.

Strombus gigas Linn. Common.

Strombus pugilis Linn. Two specimens on beach.

Strombus bituberculatus Lam. In Lake Worth, common.

Strombus costatus Gmel. One good specimen.

Cerithium caudatum Sow. Two specimens.

Cerithium semiferruginum Lam. Two specimens.

Cerithium floridanum Morch. Common in Lake Worth.

Cerithium algicola C. B. Adams. Few.

Cerithium literatum Born. Few.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Cerithium muscarum Say. Few.

Modulus floridanus Conr. Common.

Litorina lineata Phil. Common.

Ampullaria depressa Say. Shells inhabited by crabs.

Crepidula fornicata Say. Worn specimens.

Crepidula plana Say. Small specimen in dead shells.

Natica canrena Lam. Two dead shells.

Nerita duplicata Say. Several good specimens.

Sigaretus perspectivus Say. One good specimen.

Turbo crenulatus Gmel. Living on dead logs in inlet.

Astraea tuber Linn. Many fine large specimens were collected.

Livona pica Linn. One large dead shell.

Calliostoma jujubinum Gmel. One good specimen.

Nerita peloronta Linn. One large shell.

Nerita versicolor Lam. One good specimen.

Neritina virginea Linn, Common in Lake Worth.

Ceratozona rugosa Sow. On lime rock in inlet.

Argonauta argo var. americana Dall. One specimen.

Spirula peront Lam. Common on beach.

Of the land shells at Lake Worth, Euglandina rosea Fer. and

Polygyra septemvolva Say seemed common.

MOLLUSCGAN SPECIES NAMED IN THE PORTLAND CATALOGUE, 1786,

PART II, FOREIGN SPECIES.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

(Concluded from p. 100.)

ANOMIA SANGUINEA S., p. 184, No. 3928. Scarlet Anomia from

New Zealand. -+ Terebratula sanguinea Leach, 1815.

Arca LABIATA 8., p. 185, No. 3947. Davila, 1, pl. 18. +Arca

concamera Bruguiére, 1789; and +Cucullaea auriculifera

Lamarck, 1819.

Arca NopuLosa S., p. 98, No. 2158; p. 100, No. 2194. China.

Gualtieri, pl. 87, E. Not of O. F. Miller, 1776.

ARGONAUTA HIANS §., p. 44, No. 105506; p. 174, No. 3798.

China. Brown paper Nautilus. Rumphius Thes, 18, B.

+A. hians Dillwyn, 1817.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

ARGONAUTA NAVIcULUS H., p. 44, No. 1055a. Rumphius,

Thes. 18, 4. -+ A. nitida Lamarck, 1822.

ArGoNnavuTA Noposa S., p. 96, No. 2120; p. 173, No. 3734.

Tuberculated paper Nautilus. Cape of Good Hope. Rum-

phius, Thes. 18, 1. + Argonauta tuberculata Shaw, 1811.

Buccinum @ALEA §., not Lin., p. 61, No. 1899a. The great

Oriental tun shell. ?+Dolium melanostoma Jay, 1839.

Buccrnum tris §., p. 14, No. 301; p. 64, No. 1455; p. 153, No.

3356. Martyn, 1,f.26. ==Buccinwm prismaticum Martyn,

1784.

BuccINUM CALCARATUM §., p. 133, No. 2961. Gualtieri, 31, F.

=Murex hippocastaneum Born, 1780.

Buccrnum cepa §., p. 61, No. 18996. The great Mediterranean

tun shell. ==Doliwm galea (Linné), 1758.

BuccINUM CORONARIUM S., p. 160, No. 3495. New Zealand.

The great waved lip Buccinum. Martyn II, f. (45).

= Buccinum succinctum Martyn, 1784.

BuccinuM pusBiuM H., p. 188, No. 2998. Smooth terrestrial

shell of a pale brown color, with several rows of brown

spots on each volution. ?=—Ampulla priamus Bolten, 1798.

BucctinuMm mMuRicATuM H., p. 104, No. 2296. Favanne III,

x 38. +Colubraria obscura (Reeve), 1844.

BuccINUM NEREIDEUM §., p. 383, No. 776. Mediterranean

Trumpet Shell. -++ Triton nodiferus Lamarck, 1819.

BuccinuM PANpDURA §., p. 17, No. 371; p. 103, No. 2262. The

pink Harp from Guinea. -+ Harpa rosea Lamarck, 1822.

BuccinuM PustuLosuM §., p. 88, No. 1960. Rumphius, Thes.

49, B. + Ranella argus Gmelin, 1791-2.

BuccINUM TAURINUM §., p. 142, No. 3158. China. Lister,

841, 69. =Terebra subulata Linné, var. (1767).

BUCCINUM TRITONIS H., p. 29, No. 68; p. 32, No. 765. Oriental

Trumpet Shell. Murex tritonis Lin. (ex parte), 1758.

BuccinuM TRITONIs §., p. 29, No. 68; p. 33, No. 776; p. 35,

No. 839. Mediterranean Trumpet Shell. + Triton nodiferus

Lam. (=Buccinum nereideum Solander, No. 776).

BuLLA IMPERIALIS H., p. 155, No. 3391. Pink-mouthed

poached egg, from the Friendly Islands. =Ovula tortilis

Martyn, 1784.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

Buia zonaTa §., p. 164, No. 3561; p. 172, No. 3758. Born,

f. 1, tab. 9, 1780. China. Bulla amplustre Born, not

Lin. -+ 8B. velum Gmelin, 1791-2.

CARDIUM HysTRIX S., p. 116, No. 2550. Gualtieri, 72, B.

?-+ Cardium indicum Lamarck, 1819.

CARDIUM IMPRESSUM S., p. 155, No. 3389; China, p. 188, No.

3996; Tranquebar. Born, t. 2, f. 15, 16. Pink spotted

variety of the Venus heart cockle. =Cardium cardissa

Born, not Lin. +C. rosewm Gmelin, 1791-2. +C. jun-

oniae Lam., 1819.

CARDIUM PROTRUSUM §., p. 178, No. 3825. China. Lister,

319, 156. -+C. humanum Wood, Ind. Test. 1818, not of

Linné, 1758.

CaRDIUM spPiInosuM S., p. 105, No. 2297. Mediterranean.

Favenne 52, A2. =C. echinatum Linné, 1758.

Conus ARANEosuS §., p. 76, No. 1714; p. 106, No. 2328.

Spiderweb cone from China and Coromandel. Martini.

Conch. Cab., Vol. II, fig. 676. +C. araneosus Hwass,

1792.

CoNUS ARCHITALASSUs S., p. 189, No. 4017. Amboyna. Argen-

ville, Suppl. tab. 1, figs. mM, N; Martini, Conch. Cab. II,

vign. No. 26, figs. 1, 2, p. 214. -+C. ammuiralis var. gran-

ulatus Lam., 1822; not C. granulatus Gmelin, 1791-2.

Conus auaur §., p. 44, No. 1046. Knorr, VI, tab. 13, fig. 6.

+0€. magus Born, 1780, not of Linné. +C. augur Bru-

guiere.

Conus FuscatTus 8., p. 160, No. 3491. China. Martini, Conch.

Cab. II, f. 698. =C. fuscatus Born, 1780.

Conus MAPPA S., p. 116, No. 2554. ‘‘China.’’ Knorr, 1, tab.

8, f. 4. =Conas cedonulli L. var. mappa Hwass, 1792.

Conus nocrurnus §., p. 156, No. 3411. China. Martini,

Conch. Cab. II, f. 687, 688. -+C. nocturnus Hwass, 1792.

Conus puLcHER H., p. 179, No. 3844. Coast of Guinea.

Lister, 772. Not C. pulcher A. Adams, 1853. ?C. proteus

Hwass.

Conus quercinus S., p. 67, No. 1501. Martini, Conch. Cab.

II, f. 657. =C. cingulum Martyn, 1784. +C. quercinus

Hwass, 1792.

THE NAUTILUS. Lv

Conus UNDULATUS §8., p. 180, No. 3866. Gualtieri, 25, 1 (Cf.

AA). =Conus textile Linné, 1758.

CHAMA LAZARUS var. PANNOSUS S., p. 96, No. 2123. Rumphius,

Thes. 48, 3. =C. lazarus Linné, 1767, -+damaecornis

Lamarck, 1819.

Cuio S., p. 115, No. 2520; not of Linné. Davila], pl. 20, figs.

D, E, e. Represents three forms of Cavolina.

CYPRAEA AURORA §., p. 10, No. 197; Otaheiti; p. 178, No.

3831. Orange Cowry, from the Friendly Islands. =C.

aurantia Martyn, No. 59, 1784.

CYPRAEA PANTHERINA §8., p. 50, No. 1206. Lister, 681, 28.

+ Cypraea guttata Lamarck, 1810. +C. tigrina Lam., not

Gmelin.

CYPRAEA PUSTULATA S8., p. 106, No. 2330. Orange warted

cowry from China. Lister, 710, 62. +C. pustulata

Lamarck, 1810.

HELIX ALBA H., p. 186, No. 3970, not of Gmelin. A terres-

trial sinistral shell from the E. Indies. Lister, t. 33, 32

and 46. Favanne, 63 E. =Amphidromus sp. indet.

(? citrinus auct. )

HELIX ERUBESCENS H., p. 187, No. 3973. Lister, 24, 22.

=H. pudica Muller, 1774.

Heir ois §., p. 38, No. 925. Favanne, t. 63, f. 11.

+ Labyrinthus otis Beck, 1838.

Hewix puicata §., p. 18, No. 400. Favanne, pl. 61, f. D. 10;

not plicata Born, 1780. ?—Ampullaria sp., or Natica.

HELIX VITELLUs H., p. 26, No. 601. Rumphius, Thes. 22, 1.

= Natica vitellus Linné, 1758.

IsOGNOMA LIGNEA S., p. 9, No. 176. =Ostrea csognomum Linné,

1758.

IsoGNOMA RIGIDA S., p. 115, No. 2516. Pulu Condore. Lister,

227, 62. ==FPedalion Solander, 1770.

IsOGNOMA PERNA S., p. 187, Mo. 3041. China. =Ostrea perna

Lu, 1767.

LEPAS CORNUCOPIAE §., p. 101, No. 2216. Argenville, 26, D.

+ Anatifer pollicipes Bruguiére, 1789.

HELIx INnsianiTa H., p. 176, No. 3794. Lister, 67, 68. Helix

marginella Gmel.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Mactra NIVEA H., p. 29, No. 678. Great white Mactra from

the coast of Guinea. ? Le Fatan of Adanson.

MuREX ELONGATUS S., p. 65, No. 1479. Favanne, pl. 79, f. H.

+M. clavus Kiener, 1841.

MvREX FIMBRIATUS S., p. 106, No. 2327; p. 1386, No. 30388.

Martyn, 1, f. 6c, Favanne, 37, H. 1; Davila, 1, pl. 10.

=Trophon geversianus Pallas, 1769.

MuREX RETICULARIS H., p. 12, No. 240, Sicily. Born, 11, 5,

1780. Murex reticularis Linné, 1758.

Mya aiaeas §., p. 101, No. No. 2218. Mediterranean. Lister,

414, 258. =Panope glycymeris Born, 1778 (as Mya).

Mya ovatis S., p. 184, No. 2983. Lister, 146, 1; not of Pul-

teney, 1799, or Donovan, 1801. + Unio batavus Maton

and Rackett, 1807.

MytiLus casTaNEus §., p. 69, No. 1560. Lister, Conch., 154,

9, Vir[ginia]. Unio complanatus Sol.

MyTILus LInGuAS., p. 77, No. 1718. Amboyna. Humphrey’s

Conch., pl. 2, f. 2, 1770; Petiver, Gazoph. 32,9. =Patella

unguis L., 1758. =Lingula unguis Lam., 1799.

MytiLvus pictus §., p. 158, No. 3458. Painted muscle, bright

green, waved with brown, from the Mediterranean. Knorr,

IV, t. 15, £5. =M. ungulatus Linné, 1758.

Mytiuus uneuis 8., p. 172, No. 3717. Amboyna. Humphrey’s

Conch., pl. 2, f. 2, 1770; Petiver, Gazoph. 32,9. =Patella

unguis L., 1758.

NAUTILUS scROBIcULATUs S., p. 182, No. 3906. Great umbili-

cated Nautilus from New Guinea. Lister, 552, 4; Knorr,

PVG Aare:

OsTREA PURPUREA 8., p. 189, No. 3091, New Holland; p. 174,

No. 3741. China; p. 177, No. 3878. =O. cucullata Born,

1780.

PATELLA AURICULARIA H., p. 154, No. 3384; p. 187, No. 3983.

Amboyna. China. Rumphius, Thes. 40, N (as an oper-

culum). -+Dolabella rumphi Cuvier, 1817.

PATELLA FUNGOIDES H., p. 55, No. 1301. Mushroom limpet

from Cape of Good Hope. Humpnrey’s Conch., pl. IV,

f. 16,1770. + Patella fungoides Bolten, 1798.

PATELLA GorGoNIcA H., p. 105, No. 2302. Humphrey’s

Conch., III, f. 8, 1770.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

PATELLA MACROSCHISMA H., p. 71, No. 1601. Humphrey’s

Coneb., pl. 7, f. 3, 3, 1770.

PATELLA MYTILIFORMIS §., p. 42, No. 990; p. 58, No. 13859.

Falkland Islands. Humphrey’s Conch., III, f. 9, 1770.

=FPatella mytilina Helbling, 1779. + P. gondola Bolten,

1798.

PATELLA ocULUS-HIRCI H., p. 105, No. 2302. Humphrey’s

Conch., pl. 2, f. 6, 1770. =FPatella oculus Born, 1778.

PATELLA PULCHRA H., p. 105, No. 2302 6; p. 185, 2995. Cape

of Good Hope. Humphrey’s Conch., t. 2, f. 8, 1770.

PaTELLA UMBRACULUM H., p. 178, No. 3830. Umbrella limpet

from China. Humphrey’s Conch., pl. 5, f. 5, 1770.

+ Patella wmbella Gmelin, 1791-2.

PInNA RIGIDA S., p. 186, No. 3040; p. 188, No. 3078. Knorr,

II, t. 26, f. 1. + Pinna rigida Dillwyn, 1817.

PLACUNA PLACENTA §., p. 8, No. 136; p. 16, No. 353 a. China;

p. 140, No. 3119. Chinese window shell. =Anomia

placenta Linné, 1758.

PLACUNA EPHIPPIUM §., p. 16, No. 353 b. Polish saddle shell.

=Anomia ephippiwm Linné, 1758.

SERPULA ATTRAHENS §., p. 106, No. 2331, Madagascar. Hum-

phrey’s Conch., pl. VII, f. 15, 1770.

SERPULA GIGANTEA H., p. 6, No. 97; Oriental. Seba III, pl.

94, largest fig. p. 186, No. 3955, Luconia, 21 inches long.

=Serpula gigantea Pallas, 1766.

SERPULA ToRTUOSA H., p. 184, No. 3939. Humphrey’s

Conch., pl. 11, f. 4, 1770.

SoLEN PALLIDUS S., p. 42, No, 1005a. Lister, t. 412, lower

figure. Solen sp. indet.

SoLEN RosTRATUS S., p. 160, No. 3487, China; p. 167, No. 3624.

A large fine violet Solen from China. Valentyn, Biv. 13,

No. 5. -+Sanguinolaria diphos Gmelin, 1791-2.

STROMBUs AMPLUS H., p. 28, No. 658. Brander, Foss. Hant.

pl. 6, f. 76, 1766. =—Hippochrenes amplus (S.).

STROMBUS AURIS DIANAE H., p. 29, No. 679; p. 64, No. 1452.

Pulu Condore, Martyn, 1, f. 1. =Alata aratrum Martyn,

1784.

STROMBUS LUCTATOR H., p. 87, No. 1926; Brander, Foss, Hant.

pl. 5, f. 64.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

STROMBUS sINUATUS H., p. 189, No. 4022. Seba III, 62, 3;

Favanne, 22, A. 2. -+Strombus laciniatus Dillwyn, 2817.

STROMBUS TRICORNIS H., p. 5, No. 50. Martini, Conch. Cab.

III, f. 848, 845. Lister, No. 873, f. 29. -+Strombus tri-

cornis Lamarck, 1822.

STROMBUs TRUNCATUS H., p. 133, No. 2967; p. 150, No. 3507;

p. 169, No. 3655. EK. Indies. Davila 1, t. 12, f. 14.

+ Pterocera bryona Gmelin, 1791-2.

TELLINA cRUENTA:8., p. 10, No. 187. Knorr, VI, t. 7202.1.

+ Sanguinolaria sanguinolenta Gmelin, 1792.

TROcHUs GRANOSUS H., p. 87, No. 1942. New Zealand. Martyn,

f. 37, 1784. =Trochus granosus Martyn, 1784.

Trocuus onustus H., p. 4, No. 31. + Xenophora conchyliophora

Born, 1780.

TRocHUs SOLARIS S., p. 86, No. 1914, New Zealand. Martyn,

1, f. 30, g. =Trochus heliotropium Martyn, 1784.

Trocuus sutcatus H., p. 113, No. 2481. New Zealand. Der

Naturforscher IX, t. ITI, f. 5, 6. Martyn, f. 33 (=85) r.

( Trochus sulcatus): +7. cookii Gmelin, 1792. (Schreibers,

1788.)

Trocuus tEctus H., p. 187, No. 3982. All Saints Id., West

Indies. Lister, 628,14 (bad). ?-+T7. americanus Gmelin,

Jamaica.

TuRBo connutus S., p. 147, No. 3235, China. Davila 1, pl. 5,

f. I. +7. cornutus Gmelin, 1791-2.

TuRBO sMARAGDUS H., p. 11, No. 229. New Zealand. =JLimaz

smaragdus Martyn, f. 73, 1788.

TurBO uNnDULATUS H., p. 18, No. 408; p. 178, No. 3828. New

Holland. =Limaz undulatus Martyn, f. 29, 1784.

Venus arctica §., p. 188, No. 8074. Lister, 426, 267. =Saz-

icava arctica Linné, 1767.

Venus EROSA S., p. 71, No. 1603; p. 186, No. 3961. New

South Wales. Chemn. VI, 336. -+Cyrena zeylanica

Lamarck, 1818. -+ Venus coaxans Gmelin, 1791-2.

Venus PuNcTATA §., p. 98, No. 2150. Amboyna. Rumphius,

Thes. 43 G. -+ Cytherea meretriz Lamarck, 1818.

VoLuraA AmpPHORA §S., p. 380, No. 708; p. 181, No. 3874.

Martini, Conch. Cab. III, 780, Africa. -+V. (Cymbium)

diadema Lamarck, 1811.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

VoLUTA ANGURIA §., p. 64, No. 1448. Great brown African

melon. Martini, Conch. Cab. III, 767. + V. neptuni

Gmelin, 1791-2.

VoLuTa aRAusiacaA §., p. 26, No. 611; p. 186, No. 3965.

Amboyna. Rumphius, Thes. 37, 2. -+ Voluta vexillum

Gmelin, 1791-2.

VoLuTaA cITHARA §., p. 96, No. 2122; p. 182, No. 3902; p. 190,

No. 4030. Seba III, pl. 65, £.-1, 2. +V. armata

Lamarck, 1811.

VoLuTa ELoNGATA S., p. 30, No. 707; p. 148, No. 3161.

Martyn, t. 1, f. 25, New Caledonia. =Limaz fibratus

Martyn, 1784. (Placostylus f.)

VouuTa FiLosa §., p. 76, No. 1705. Martyn, f. 22,1. —=Mitra

nexilis Martyn, 1783.

VoLuta GRAVIs S., p. 103, No. 2274. Malacca Str. Martini,

Conch. Cab. III, 95, f. 916, 917. + Turbinella rapa

Lamarck, 1822.

VoLuTa HaustRuM §., p. 137, No. 3054. China. Martini,

Conch. Cab. III, 781. -+Voluta (Cymbium) tessellata

Lamarck, 1811.

VoLUTA IMPERIALIS §., p. 183, No. 3918. Luconia. Martini,

Conch. Cab. III, f. 984-5. + Voluta wmperialis Lamarck,

1811.

VoLuta 1ncomPTa §., p. 96, No. 2116. South Seas. Martyn,

f. 19,1. Mitra tessellata Martyn, 1784.

VoLuTa IncrassaTA §., p. 18, No. 264; p. 131, No. 3696; p.

105, No. 2315. Martini, Conch. Cab. III, f. 499, 500.

+ Oliva angulata Lamarck, 1811.

Vouuta MELO §., p. 41, No. 969. Martini, Conch. Cab. ITI, f.

772, 773. -+-Voluta indica Gmelin, 1791-2.

VoLurTa NoBILIs §., p. 6, No. 89; p. 172, No. 3711; p. 183, No.

3926. East Indies. China. Martini III, f. 774-6; Lister,

769, 6. + Voluta scapha Gmelin, 1791-2.

VotuTa PEPO §S., p. 87, No. 1940; p. 100, No. 2204. Martini,

Conch. Cab. III, f. 768-70. Great brown melon from

Guinea. -+ Voluta navicula Gmelin, 1791-2. +V. neptune

Gmelin, ex parte, fide Pfr.

VoLuTa PoNnDEROSA §S., p. 25, No. 566; p. 189, No. 4023. East

132 THE NAUTILUS.

Indies (reversed shell, a dextral one figured by Favanne,

pl. 35, f. 1). Martini, Conch. Cab. III, f. 916. + Turbi-

nella rapa Lamarck, 1822.

VoOLUTA SCABRIUSCULA H., p. 85, No. 1918. Martyn, f. 21.

==Mitra sphaerulata Martyn, 1784.

Votuta scaFa §., p. 41, No. 969.4; p. 186, No. 3039. Guinea.

Adanson, t. 3, f. 2. Martini, Conch. Cab. III, t. 70, f.

764. -+ Voluta porcina Lamarck, 1811.

VOLUTA VIRESCENS S., p. 26, No. 610; p. 1386, No. 3020; p. 174,

No. 8751. Guinea. Martini, Conch. Cab. III, f. 932,

933. -+ Voluta polyzonalis Lamarck, 1811.

TWO NEW SOUTH AMERICAN SHELLS.

BY W. H. DALL.

A bunch of Gorgonians was recently received from the Pau-

lista Museum, San Paulo, Brazil, which were growing on bi-

valve shells. The latter were separated valves often in good

condition. The locality is San Sebastian Island off the south-

ern coast of Brazil. |

Among them was a Macoma-like shell which appeared to be

new.

The subgenus Scisswla includes species like T. decora Say,

which have the hinge of Angulus and an external oblique sculp-

ture of incised lines. The present shell however has two deeply

bifid teeth in the right and one in the left valve with no trace

of a lateral lamina in either valve. It therefore bears the same

relation to Macoma, subgenus Psammacoma as Scissula does to

Angulus in the Tellina group. I propose therefore to institute a

new section for it.

PsAMMACOMA (TEMNOCONCHA) BRASILIANA 0. Sp.

Shell white, equivalve, subequilateral, thin, compressed,

dorsal slopes subequal; anterior end broadly rounded, posterior

end obscurely obliquely truncate but hardly angulate at the

junction with the broadly arcuate base; sculpture of incremental

lines upon which are impressed sharp regular grooves about

THE NAUTILUS. 138

three to a millimeter, at first concentric but about the anterior

third of the valve becoming oblique, and becoming obsolete

near the posterior third; beaks inconspicuous; interior chalky

white, the muscular impressions subequal, the pallial sinus

rounded, in front, mostly free from the pallial line and falling

a little short of the anterior adductor scar; the ligament is short

and the margins smooth. Length 35; height 23; diameter 8;

the vertical from the beaks behind the anterior end 17 mm:

U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333023.

AMPULLARIA (FELIPPONEA) ELONGATA 0. Sp.

Shell solid, conic, of three and a half flattish whorls separa-

ted by a distinct, almost channelled suture (the apex deeply

eroded); shell substance grayish to slate color, with irregular

broad spiral purple lines, the whole covered with an olivaceous,

thick, polished, dehiscent periostracum of a brittle character;

base rounded, umbilicus only a narrow chink behind the thin

raised inner lip; aperture pear-shaped, smooth inside, showing

the color bands; margin sharp-edged, not continuous across the

body. Height of decollate shell 29; of last whorl 25; of aper-

ture 17; of maximum diameter19 mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. No.

333024.

Habitat. Uruguay River, Dept. of Paysand&; Dr. F. Felip-

pone.

It is interesting to get another and quite distinct species of

this subgenus which seems characteristic of Uruguay River

fauna. The present species differs most obviously from the

type, F. neritiniformis, in the flat-sided spire and absence of an

umbilicus.

THE GENUS PLEBECULA LOWE.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

At the fossil-beds near Canigal, Madeira, the large globular

shells of Plebecula bowditchiana (Fér.) occur in hundreds of

thousands weathered out of the fine sand. In Porto Santo we

find similar deposits, but nearly all the species are different, in

134 THE NAUTILUS.

spite of the fact that the mountains of the smaller island are

plainly visible from the vicinity of Canigal. Between Porto

Santo and Madeira is deep sea, and it is evident that the islands

could not have been united within the life-time of existing

species of snails. Nevertheless, among the scant half-dozen

forms common to the Canigal and Porto Santo deposits is P.

bowditchiana, one which would seem among the least likely to

be accidentally transported across the sea. It is a heavy white

Shell, resembling in a general way the well-known Leucochroa

candidissima of the Mediterranean basin. The vast quantities

at Canicgal suggest at first a former climate very different from

that of today, but the snail was doubtless adapted to arid or

semiarid conditions, such as prevail now at the eastern end of

Madeira. The sandy wastes of the locality swarm with living

snails at the present time, but they are with inconspicuous ex-

ceptions Helix pisana, probably introduced long ago from Africa

by the Moors. The P. bowditchiana, however, would need more

cover than exists now, as they were nocturnal, hiding by day,

if we may judge by the habits of their living relatives. I have

carefully compared the Madeira and Porto Santo P. bowditchi-

ana, thinking that some differences might be found, but they

are unquestionably identical. There is, however, this differ-

ence; the Porto Santo specimens show a much wider range of

variation. This may be taken to indicate that the species evol-

ved on Porto Santo, and the one or more examples which

somehow reached Madeira started a colony which remained

essentially true to the type represented by the immigrants.

Twenty P. bowditchiana from Porto Santo varied as follows in

dimensions, the first figure of each pair being the length, the

second the diameter at right angles to the axis, both in mm. 15.

18 (1), 15.20 (1), 16.20 (2), 17.191¢ 2), 18.21 (2), 20.2274 oy,

21.22 (2), 21.28 (1), 22.22 (1), 22.24 (2), 238.23 (38), 24.27

(1), 25.24 (1), 25.25(1). The shell having a length less than

18 mm. (obtained in the vicinity of the Fonte d’ Areia) consti-

tute a distinct form or variety, which may be named reducta.

They are not only small, but differing from the related small

P. punctulata, they are broadened, with a strongly and evenly

arched outer lip, so that the whole shape is very like that of

THE NAUTILUS. 135

Helix hortensis. The one I take as typical of the variety meas-

ures 16 by 20 mm., and the apex, with curved rows of granules,

is delicately tinted with orange, giving the shell a more recent

appearance than usual. This may be the latest phase of bow-

ditchiana, but its resemblance in form to more ordinary snails

might be taken to indicate greater antiquity. I was not able to

make out distinct zones in the Porto Santo fossil beds, although

some species abound in one place, and are rare or absent else-

where. The sandy deposits are broken down by the weather,

and the shells loosened upon the surface. Many of these are

again covered, as the wind blows the sand, and the lime again

cements the deposit, so that it is quite possible to find shells of

entirely different ages mixed together. In fact the very modern

H. pisana is being thus incorporated, and no doubt in years to

come it will be possible to dig pisana and bowditchiana out of

the same fossil-beds, just as if they had been strictly contem-

poraneous.

In order to show the greater uniformity in the Canigal P.

bowditchiana, I give the measurements of 156 shells, citing the

two dimensions as before. 18.19 (1), 18.21 (1), 19.20 (2),

19.21 (7), 20.20 (6), 20.21 (18), 20.22 (8), 21.21 (9), 21.22

(22), 21.28 (7), 21.24 (8), 22.21 (1), 22.22 (12), 22.23 (28),

22.24 (2), 23.22 (1), 23.23 (5), 23.24 (18), 23.25 (1), 24.22

(1), 24.24 (2), 24.25 (4), 26.25 (1).

The nearest living relative of P. bowditchiana is P. punctulata

(Sowerby), exceedingly common on Porto Santo, and found

also on the outlying islets, even the isolated Ilheo de Nordeste.

It hides under rocks, more or less buried in the ground, and I

never saw it crawling abroad. A remarkable feature is the

opaque white mantle, which, when the animal is within the

shell, looks at first sight like a dense white epiphragm. The

genitalia show a very long slender flagellum. The living ani-

mal may be described as follows: Animal whitish translucent ;

tentacles and neck above dark grey, nearly black; foot very

broad, caudal end very broad and flat; a large black mark on

each side posterior to tentacles; mantle opaque white (speci-

men from Villa Baleira). The shells vary much in color, some

being very dark. Two bands, never seen in bowditchiana, are

136 THE NAUTILUS.

nearly always present, but on the Ilheo de Baixo, on Jan. 22, I

found a creamy-white bandless variety, which may be called

var. lactescens. This form was also known to Wollaston. The

distribution of H. punctulata is peculiar. It has not been re-

corded from Madeira, but a rather small and peculiar race

(avellana Lowe) occurs both living and fossil on Bugio, the

southernmost of the Desertas. At the fossil-beds near Canical,

Madeira, however, I found a specimen of undoubted P. punctu-

lata, measuring 13 by 14 mm., thinner than bowditchiana, and

still showing faint traces of the bands. It has a recent appear-

ance, and may not be truly fossil. Whether P. punctulata really

lived in Madeira, may still remain somewhat uncertain, as

Baring and Ogilvie Grant (Zoologist, Nov. 1895) report finding

seven whole H. pisana in the stomach of a kestrel, and it is

conceivable that an owl pellet might contain an unbroken snail

shell.

The P. punctulata in Porto Santo suffer severely from an

enemy, the broken shells being found very commonly under

rocks. From the position of these remains, it was impossible

that the enemy should be a bird, and thesmall lizards (Lacerta

dugesti) so common under the rocks probably could not break

the shells. Baring and Ogilvie Grant (loc. cit.) speak of the

great spider of Porto Santo (Lycosa madeirana Walck.) as feed-

ing on snails, and I have no doubt that this is the mysterious

enemy of P. punctulata. In the face of such an enemy, P. bow-

ditchiana, with its large and thick shell, would have a great ad-

vantage over its smaller relative.

The common P. vulgata (Lowe) of Madeira has the same

white mantle, and is evidently strictly congeneric. According

to Pilsbry this is the real nitidiuscula of Sowerby, though not

that of Wollaston. The soft parts of vwlgata from Funchal were

described as follows :

Animal with foot broad, white ; tentacles black ; dorsal side

of head and neck very dark, abruptly contrasting with the

white foot ; mantle opaque white. The habits of vulgata seem

to be much like those of punctulata, though it is perhaps less

retiring. There is a large Lycosa (L. blackwallit Johnson) in

Madeira, which may prey upon it but it seems to be absent from

the lowlands about Funchal, where P. vulgata abounds.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

NEW NAMES FOR WEST INDIAN TERTIARY PECTENS,

BY C. WYTHE COOKE,

Doctor T. Wayland Vaughan has kindly called my attention

to the fact that the names vaughani and waylandi applied by me

in 1919 to extinct species of Pecten from the West Indies had

already been used by Ralph Arnold for different species of the

same genus. For these preoccupied names I propose to substi-

tute the following :

PEcTEN VAUN Cooke, n. n.

Synonym: Pecten vaughant Cooke (not Arnold), Carnegie

Inst. Washington, Pub. 291, p. 133, pl. 8, figs. 2-4, 1919.

Occurrence: Anguilla formation (upper Oligocene), Crocus

Bay, Anguilla.

PECTEN VAUN var. FLABELLUM COOKE, Nn. Nn.

Synonym: Pecten vaughani var. flabellum Cooke, Carnegie

Inst. Washington, Pub. 291, p. 134, pl. 8, figs. 6-7, 1919.

Occurrence : La Cruz marl (middle Miocene), La Cruz and

Santiago, Cuba.

PEcTEN (Chlamys) LANDI Cooke, n. n.

Synonym: Pecten (Chlamys) waylandi Cooke (not Arnold),

Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub. 291, p. 131, pl. 7, figs. 4a, b,

1919.

Occurrence: La Cruz marl (middle Miocene), Santiago, Cuba.

GEORGE BRETTINGHAM SOWERBY.

George Brettingham Sowerby, F. L. S. (the third G. B. S.),

died on Jan. 31st at his residence at Richmond, Surrey, Eng-

land. Eldest son of G. B. Sowerby (II), he was born in Lon-

don, Sept., 1843. He commenced business as a conchologist

about 1860. Many important collections passed through his

hands during the 56 years he was in business, his retirement

taking place in Jan., 1916. He was a fellow of the Linnean

138 THE NAUTILUS.

Society, an original member of the Malacological Society of

London and a member of the Conchological Society of Great

Britain and Ireland.

He described in various publications about 720 new species

of recent shells. Amongst his most important works we might

mention: ‘‘Marine Shells of South Africa,’’? 1897, with Ap-

pendix, 1897. ‘‘Illustrated Index of British Shells,’’ 2nd Ed-

ition, 1887. ‘‘ Thesaurus Conchyliorum,’’ part of monograph

of Turbo and whole of part 44, supplement to Conus and Voluta.

He leaves a widow, one son and two daughters. A most

genial and generous character endeared him to all his friends

and acquaintances.—-H. C. F.

NOTES.

THE HEAVENLY Twins.—Your correspondent in the NautI-

Lus for October 20 (p. 70), Mr. Darling K. Greger, has started a

nomenclatorial smoke screen which is provoking an unwonted

excitation of my risibles. One must not deal cacophonously

with so serious a matter as the substitution of new scientific

names for old ones, especially when a felony is contemplated.

So this case must go to the jury. It is stated in the note re-

ferred to and which I beg your permission to comment upon as

I am the discordant cause behind it, that in 1913 I introduced

the name Brasilica for a genus of Devonian brachiopods pecul-

iar, as far as now known, to Brazil, but that in so doing I com-

mitted trespass as the term Brasilica (according to your corre-

spondent) had been employed in 1898 by Dr. S. S. Buckman

for a genus of Ammonites, in view of which interference an

Opening was presented for the creation of a new name into

which Mr. Greger forthwith intrudes a proposed substitute,

Chapadella. I was not aware of the magnitude of my offending

until I received from Dr. Buckman a note on the subject which

was intended for you, Mr. Editor, but which I have ventured

to withhold as it innocently perpetuates an error. I am confi-

dent Dr. Buckman will pardon me for using his authority to ex-

plain that he never made use of the name Brasilica. Being a

THE NAUTILUS. 139

good latinist he naturally would not. His genus-name was

Brazilia. And so in his judgment and on the face of Mr.

Greger’s impeachment, Brasilica had a right to live. Alas!

neither did I use the term Brasilica, but Brasilia; and here I

am, mutatis mutandis, just as bad a trespasser on Dr. Buckman’s

preserve as if Mr. Greger’s commentary had been right. Who

is to decide in this very delicate point on nomenclatorial ethics,

whether upon an indictment false and disproved, I can be con-

victed and fined. Perhaps it may be seemly for me to intimate

that it is polite, when practicable, to permit an author to him-

self correct his errors when they are shown to him. If he will

not, then he is beyond grace.

Doctor Dall, in his great wisdom, disposes of the matter thus:

(Letter of February 21, 1921.)

‘*There is no Brasilica Clarke. Ergo, Brasilica Greger = 0.

Chapadella Greger = Brasilica Greger = 0.”’

In the presence of this formula I propose to rechristen this

brachiopod genus with the name Brasilina.—JoHn M. CLARKE.

Lievus at Marco, FLtor1ipa.— Marco, as you know, is a set-

tlement at the north end of Key Marco, or Marco Island.

When we were collecting Liguus in 1904-6-7, we found none

at Marco, and the inhabitants knew of none there then, though

the tree snails were remembered as having been at Marco some

years before. Also, a man told us he had in the past found

‘blue snails’’ near Marco and had been in the habit of ship-

ping them to a curio dealer in Key West. He gave me the

dealer’s name and address.

We carefully examined the trees where the man reported the

discovery of the blue Liguus but we found no snails of any kind

there. Now (January, 1921) Albert Addison tells us that his

son Chester, some weeks ago, saw snails having blue stripes on

them in a thicket in sight of the houses of Marco, the same

place I think where the man years before spoke of having found

blue snails.

We searched carefully this thicket, which now is small, and

found some Liguus there, which I am sending you by insured

parcels post [Liguus fasciatus roseatus] but none of the blue

variety, as you will see.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

I am inclined to believe that the snails of Marco were nearly

all killed by some unusually cold spells, but that a very few

not found by us in our early visits here have been increasing in

numbers in the trees of the thicket in question since then.—

CLARENCE B. Moore.

Capt. W. D. Collier, the leading citizen of Marco for a great

number of years, informs me that there were no Liguus snails

at Key Marco in his early days, but that forty-eight years ago

he brought tree snails from Middle Cape (Cape Sable) and

‘*planted’’ them at Caximbas, Goodland Point and Marco, all

on Key Marco. He had been that winter with Prof. Velie of

Chicago collecting Liguus on the lower coast and on the Keys

along Hawk Channel to Key West. They searched all those

Keys but he never saw or heard of Liguus showing any blue

coloring. He states that Liguus, after the planting at Marco,

developed and spread until they became numerous, but he

thinks they subsequently were almost killed out by severe cold.

M. G. MILLER.

NOTE ON A VARIETY oF Liguus.—In my paper on the vari-

ations and distribution of Ziguus in Florida I figured a form

from Lignumvite Key (pl. 37, figs. 4c, 4d) which I took to be

a form of var. lignumvitae, having only three specimens. Mr.

Simpson has recently named this form Liguus solidus lineatus

(In Florida Wilds, Frontispiece, fig. 3). He states that among

more than a thousand specimens examined he always found it

distinct. It appears that the name lineatus is preoccupied by

Achatina lineata Valenc., 1833, which was based upon another

variety of the old Liguus fasciatus. To avoid having two varie-

ties with the same name in the same species or closely related

species, I would propose for the shell figured on my pl. 37,

fig. 4c the varietal name Liauus FASCIATUS SIMPSONI, the type

being no. 128063 A. N. 8. P.—H. A. PItsBry.

SHELLS oF Zion NatTionaL Park, Uran.—Fossil specimens of

Polita indentata Say, Gonyodiscus cronkhitei Nec., and Succinea

avara Say, imbedded in several pieces of limestone from Zion

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Canyon, were presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of

Philadelphia by Louis H. Bregy. He also donated specimens

of Oreohelix haydeni var. oquirrhensis Hemp. and O. strigosa var.

depressa Ckll., which he collected at The Narrows, Zion Canyon,

Zion National Park, 8. W. Utah. This would indicate that

O. h. oquirrhensis Hemp. probably inhabits the entire length of

the state. —E. G. Vanarra.

SIPHONARIA JAPONICA Donovan AN EARLIER NAME FOR S.

COCHLEARIFORMIS Reeve.—This common Japanese species was

first described and very well figured in Donovan’s Naturalist’s

Repository, III, 1825, pl. 79, as Patella japonica. It was col-

lected by a Mr. Stutzer.

On pl. 78 of the same work Venus stutzeri Don. is figured, also

from Japan. This is Circe scripta L. var. personata Desh., and

earlier than Deshayes.—H. A. PILsBry.

A New Locatity FoR ARKANSIA WHEELERI ORTMANN &

WALKER. This new genus and species was described in Naut-

ILus, 25, 1912, pp. 97-100, from Old River, at Arkadelphia,

Clark Co., Arkansas. This is, as Wheeler has informed us

(Nautiuus, 31, 1918, p. 112) an ‘‘ox-bow’’ lake of the Ouach-

ita River, a few miles above Arkadelphia, and this place, and

the Ouachita River below Arkadelphia (Wheeler, 1. c. p. 121),

have remained, so far, the only localities from which this rare

shell has been reported.

Recently a large number of Naiades from various parts of

Oklahoma has been donated to the Carnegie Museum by D. K.

Greger, of Fulton, Mo., collected by him in 1919. Among

them was a single dead shell of Arkansia wheeleri, in fair con-

dition, from Kiamichi River at Antlers, Pushmataha Co., Okla-

homa, a tributary of Red River, in the southern portion of the

state.

This considerably extends the range of this species, and we

might expect to find it more widely distributed in the streams

running southward from the Ozarks into the Ouachita and Red

Rivers in southern Arkansas, northern Louisiana, and southern

Oklahoma, and it might also exist in the Red River drainage in

northeastern Texas.—A. E. ORTMANN.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

LaKkE MAKINKUCKEE, A PHysIcAL AND BrioLocicaL SuRVEY.

By Barton Warren Evermann and Howard Walton Clark. 2

Vols. Publication No. 7, Department of Conservation, State

of Indiana, Indianapolis, 1920. The mollusks are treated on

pages 41 to 75 of Vol. 11 of this, the most exhaustive work on

the ecology of any body of water in the United States. Very

full and valuable notes are given on the food habits and general

biology of the 14 species of Unionidz which are recorded. The

remainder of the list, furnished in part by Dr. Paul Bartsch,

contains 79 species and subspecies of freshwater bivalves and

univalves and 57 land snails. This brings the total number of

species and subspecies of mollusks from this small Indiana lake

and its environs to 180. Such a large number has probably

not been previously recorded from a similar equal area in the

same latitude. —G. DaLias HANNa.

THE JOURNAL OF ConcHoLoGy. Jan., 1921, Vol. 16, No. 4.

On Obeliscus (Protobeliscus) riparius (Pir.). By Geo. C.

Spence, p. 135.

Obituary Notice: Edward Collier. By R. Standen, p. 136.

The Non-marine Mollusca of Llandudus and district. By

H. Beeston, pp. 136-144.

Evolution in the Molluscan Radula. By The Rev. A. H.

Cooke, pp. 145-150.

Note on Conus lineatus Solander and Conus lineatus Brug.

By A. T. Hopwood, p. 151.

Scheme for the division of British marine area into census

areas. By R. Winckworth, pp. 152-155.

Description of a new Galeomma from Bombay. By J. R. le

B. Tomlin, p. 156.

Description of Antimitra (?) hewitti n. sp. from South Africa.

By J. R. le B. Tomlin, p. 156.

Pisidium parvulum Clessin in the Great Ouse and the Severn.

By C. Oldham, p. 158.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

MoRPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CERTAIN MUSSEL SHELLS FOUND

IN LAKE ERIE COMPARED WITH THOSE OF THE CORRESPONDING

SPECIES FOUND IN THE DRAINAGE OF THE UPPER OHIO. By

Norman McDowell Grier. (Ann. Carnegie Museum, Vol. 13,

pp. 145-182, 1920.)

MarinE Mo.tusks oF Hawa. By Henry A. Pilsbry.

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1920, pp. 296-328, pl. 12, with

11 figs. in text.) Forty-five new species and subspecies are

described, with keys to the described species of Hawaiian

Terebra and Mitra.—C. W. J.

THe Wesr AMERICAN MOLLUSKS oF THE FamILigs RIssoEL-

LIDAE AND SYNCERATIDAE AND THE RISSOID GENUS BARLEEIA.

By Paul Bartsch. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1920, Vol. 38, pp.

159-176, pls. 12, 13.)

NEw FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM GUATEMALA. By William

B. Marshall. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1920, Vol. 58, pp. 301-

302, pl. 17.)

THREE NEW SPECIES OF PLEUROCERIDAE. By Calvin Good-

rich. (Occas. papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 91, pp.

1-5, pl. 1, 1921.)

New FLoRIDIAN SUBSPECIES OF THE GENUS LicuUs. By

Charles T. Simpson. (Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, 1920,

Vol. 33, pp. 121-126.) Eighteen new subspecies are described.

SUMMARY OF THE MARINE, SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSKS OF THE

NORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA, from San Diego, California, to

the Polar Sea, mostly contained in the collection of the United

States National Museum, with illustrations of hitherto unfigured

species. By William Healey Dall, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 112,

1921, 217 pages, 22 plates. ‘‘To the preparation of this sum-

mary the author has brought the results of more than 50 years’

study of the molluscan fauna of the northwest coast.’’ Its ap-

pearance has long been looked forward to by West Coast con-

144 THE NAUTILUS.

chologists, and indeed by all who are interested in American

marine shells. There are no descriptions, but a reference is

given to description and figure, if published. A large propor-

tion of the descriptions have appeared in the widely-distributed

Proceedings of the National Museum, and so are generally ac-

cessible to those concerned.

A great number of moderately large and striking shells are

recorded from Bering Sea. The array of Chrysodomine and

Buccinidae is astonishing, and so far as I know unparalleled

anywhere else in the world.

The Californian fauna comprises 996 of the 2122 species

enumerated. 151 species are exclusively abyssal, and 136

species are common to the Atlantic, nearly all belonging to the

Arctic seas.

In the list Dr. Dall has frequently used subgeneric names in

place of generic. It appears to the writer that since a binomial

name is defined as consisting of the generic combined with the

specific name, it would be better to conform to the ordinary

usage. The distinction between genus and subgenus is of course

largely a matter of individual opinion or of current use, but one

cannot logically consider a given group to belong to both taxo-

nomic grades. In more important matters there appears little

to criticize and much to commend and admire.

When Dr. Dall took up the study of West Coast mollusks

some 468 species had been recorded. The enormous advance

he has made in all branches of the science, with the help of

many zealous workers on the coast, is shown by this volume.

It is a splendid record of the achievements of a generation of

conchologists, and an inspiration for those to come.—H. A. P.

THE CRETACEOUS FoRMATIONS OF NORTHEASTERN COLORADO,

AND THE FoorHILits FORMATIONS OF CENTRAL CoLorapDo. Colo.

Geol. Surv. Bull. 19. By Junius Henderson. While con-

cerned mainly with Mesozoic geology and paleontology, there are

some references to recent mollusks, as on p. 45 where the shells

of Greasewood Lake, near Osgood, and of some similar eph-

emeral lukes are discussed.—H. A. P.

; : 5

wR yet

Yo .4

$2.00 per Year. ($2.0 to Foreign Countries.) 0 cts. a copy

THE barons

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

AH. A. Picssry, Special Curator of the Department of Mollusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

C. W. Jounson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Vol. XXXIV. APRIL, 1921. No. 4

a 6_—c———eSe—————.

CONTENTS:

A New Achatinella from Oahu. By H. A, Pilsbry and C. Montague Cooke, 109

Hunting Achatinella lehuiensis meineckei and Partulina dubia. By Wm.

H. Meinecke . : : : 5 ” : ‘ , . ‘ . 110

Notes on Craspedopoma lucidum and other Madeira Shells, By 7. D, A.

Cockerell ‘ F 3 ; é : , - : é ; . 113

New Pleistocene Mollusks from Calitornia. By 7. S. Oldroyd . ‘ . 114

Some varieties of Western Olivellas, By 7. 8. Oldroyd. . : SEL.

Collecting shells on the East Coast of Florida. By O. O. Nylander . L PLS

Molluscan species named in the Portland Catalogue, II. By Wm. H, Dall. 124

Two New South American Shells, By Wm, H. Dail L ! : bo IE 9

The Genus Plebecula Lowe. By T. D. A, Cockerell, - ‘ : las

New names for West Indian Tertiary Pectens, By C, Wythe Cooke . . 137

George Brettingham Sowerby, By H.C. Fulton’ , , ? : ssedand

Notes ; ‘ ° ; ° : ‘ . ° : . . 138

Publications Received , ‘ . : 7 ‘ 3 : : . 142

C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager,

Boston Society of Natural History,

Berkeley Street,

Boston, Masa,

Entered as Second-Class matter at the Boston Posat-Nftice,

li THE NAUTILUS.

A New Work on the Cerionidae

By CHARLES J. MAYNARD

This book is the result of fifty years’ study in field and laboratory, with

200,000 Cerions in hand. Many new species are described and valuable facts

given, Series of Cerions for sale. For Circulars, address the author

457 Crafts St., West Newton, Mass.

FOR SALE

Bound copies, Monographs of Cypraeidae, Reeve, Sowerby, and Weinkauf,

Cypraea and Ovula,

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS

Vineyard Haven, Mass.

SHELLS

Wanted: Fine American Land and Fresh Water Shells.

Send list of what you have to exchange, or will collect.

Offered: Fine Philippine Land Shells.

WALTER F. WEBB,

202 Westminster Road,

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Passing my Collection on to Others

Shells, Books, Stamps, Coins, etc. Hurry a stamp for bargain list or send a

dollar or two with want list and receive many fold.

E. EB. HAND, 904 £. 56th Street, Chicago, I.

Otia Conchologica

By A. A. GOULD

Shells of the Wilkes, U. S. Explor. Exped.; Shells of the N. Pacific Explor.

Exped., and descriptions of shells reprinted from various publications with

rectifications, 1839-62. 256 pages, containing descriptions of 18 new genera

and about 1290 new species. A library in itself. A few copies of this rare-

publication are available at the unusually low rate of $2.50.

Address, SECRETARY, Boston Society of Natural History

234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass.

THE NAUTILUS. ili

Wew Shell Catalogue

We have completed the preparation and publication of the fourth

edition of our complete catalogue of Mollusca. This edition contains

one hundred and twenty-four pages and two hundred and twenty-three

illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of publication, we are

unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata-

logue bound with heavy paper cover is 55c.; bound in paper and inter-

leaved with blank pages, 70c.; and interleaved and cloth bound, 90c,

We will credit the amount paid for catalogue on first order for shells

amounting to five dollars.

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment,

76-104 COLLEGE AVE, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Illustrations of a Thousand Shells.

Nos. 1, 2 and 3 of this work, containing beautiful colored figures of 300 species

has recently been published in Japanese style. Aside from its scientific value,

it also offers a work suitable as a gift to an amateur. Price per number in-

cluding postage, $2.25. Most of the shells figured and many others are for

sale at reasonable prices. Y. HIRASE, Kyoto, Japan.

FOR $9.00 BILL

Sent by regist. letter, I will send you in two boxes by regist. sample post

postpaid, the following lot of only showy and fine species.

For species not desired you choose two of another one.

Xestina citrina jine Moluccas. Anixa siquijorica Philippines.

a% nemorensis ‘‘ Helicostyla collodes Philippines.

Rhysota oweniana Philippines. Euhadra pancala Formosa.

Obba moricandi Caracolus marginella Puerto Rico.

‘* parmula i Thelidomus lima ci

** scrobiculata #5 Geotrochus gaberti N. Ireld.

Pyrochil. pyrostomus fine Moluccas. Amphidr. interruptus Moluccas.

Phoenicobius monochroa Philipps. fe palaceus <r

ats f. palavanica a Bulimus Moritzianus Venez.

Acavus phoenix Ceylon. Achatina fulica Madag.

Anixa magistra Philipps. Cylophorus stigniferus Java.

** carbonaria ‘‘ oculus-capri Java.

a4 66

cebuensis

The very rare Najad shell Muelleria lobata, Amazonas, $3.00 postpaid

EXCHANGE DESIRED

HERMANN ROLLE, Institute Kosmos

Berlin, W. 30, Speyererstr. 8. Germany