European Journal of Taxonomy 112: 1-10

http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2015.112

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ISSN 2118-9773

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2015 • Grootaert P. et al.

Research article

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A92B8545-3B96-4596-AD29-B36D33E69770

Two new coastal species of Elaphropeza Macquart

(Diptera: Hybotidae) from Bali, Indonesia

Patrick GROOTAERT 1 l Isabella VAN DE VELDE 14 & Igor V. SHAMSHEV 12 5

Entomology, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.

Email: Patrick.Grootaert@naturalsciences. be and [email protected]

2 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetslcaja nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034,

Russia. Email: [email protected]

3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:B80BC556-9087-4D0D-9D69-7FA9BE5779C4

4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:CBlB2335-553C-4A40-BB10-19C62E3875C6

5 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:569F41CC-EC2B-4CF0-802A-8D7056C72C93

Abstract. Two new species of Elaphropeza Macquart, 1827 are described from the northeast coast

of Bali (Indonesia): Elaphropeza triseta sp. nov. belonging to the ephippiata- group and E. balinensis

sp. nov. belonging to the biuncinata- group. A COI Neighbour-Joining tree is given for the Southeast

Asian Elaphropeza species showing large genetic distances between the species. The morphological

characterisation of the ephippiata- group and the biuncinata- group sensu Shamshev & Grootaert 2007

is confirmed.

Key words. Elaphropeza , new species, Hybotidae, Southeast Asia.

Grootaert R, Van de Velde I. & Shamshev I. 2015. Two new coastal species of Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera:

Hybotidae) from Bali, Indonesia. European Journal of Taxonomy 112:1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/eit.2015.112

Introduction

Shamshev & Grootaert (2007) revised the genus Elaphropeza in the Oriental Realm, reporting 79

species. Apart from the redescription of the holotypes of previously known species, 51 new species

were described mainly from Singapore. These new species were the result of a one-year collecting

campaign with Malaise traps in various biotopes in Singapore, e.g., swamp forest, secondary rain forest

and mangrove. Later, three species were described from Vietnam by Grootaert & Shamshev (2009).

These species were remarkable in having brush-like clusters of long hairs in the intertergal spaces

between tergites 3 and 4 and sometimes 4 and 5 as well. These brushes might help in the evaporation of

pheromones secreted by the glands below the tergites.

Subsequently, Grootaert & Shamshev (2012) published a monograph on the Tachydromiinae of Singapore

which was partly based on a one-month site assessment study performed in 2009, when insects were

collected with Malaise traps in thirteen mangrove fragments all along the coast of Singapore. In that

monograph another eight Elaphropeza species were described, all being coastal. Finally, Wang et al.

(2012) described two new Elaphropeza species from Taiwan (Wang et al. 2012). Thus, 137 species

of Elaphropeza are now known for the Oriental realm, including the two new species described in the

European Journal of Taxonomy 112: 1-10 (2015)

present paper. This number is considered only a fraction of the number of species that might eventually

be found to occur in the Oriental realm, since most species have only been recorded from the limited

territory of Singapore with an emphasis on fauna restricted to mangroves.

At the end of 2013 the first two authors collected a small number of specimens of Elaphropeza from

shrubs in the supralittoral zone of a shingle beach with black volcanic sands on the northeast coast of

Bali. It is the first record of the genus in Bali and the specimens belong to two species that are new to

science. They are described, illustrated, COI-barcoded and compared with the other species known from

the Oriental realm in order to confirm the separation of the genus Elaphropeza in two species groups

(Shamshev & Grootaert 2007).

Material and methods

Specimens were collected by sweep netting and preserved in 70% ethanol. Holotypes are conserved in

the Museum Zoologici Bogor, Indonesia (MZB). The specimens from which DNA was extracted are

conserved in the tissue collection at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels (RBINS),

with the cuticular parts still being recognisable. For the barcoding technique we refer to Nagy et al.

(2013). The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method MEGA6 (Tamura et

al. 2013). The optimal tree with the sum of branch lengths = 1.87955927 is shown. The percentages

of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates)

are shown next to the branches. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same units as

those of the evolutionary distances used to infer the phylogenetic tree. The evolutionary distances were

computed using the Maximum Composite Tikelihood method and are in the units of the number of base

substitutions per site. The analysis involved 39 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were

1 st + 2 nd + 3 rd + Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. There was

a total of 640 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA6 (Tamura

et al. 2013).

Results

Class Insecta Tinnaeus,1758

Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758

Superfamily Empidoidea Latreille, 1804

Family Hybotidae Macquart, 1823

Subfamily Tachydromiinae Meigen, 1822

Elaphropeza Macquart, 1827

Elaphropeza Macquart, 1827: 86 (as genus). Type-species: Tachydromia ephippiata Fallen, 1815: 11,

by monotypy.

Ctenodrapetis Bezzi, 1904: 351 (as subgenus of Drapetis ). Type-species: Ctenodrapetis ciliatocosta

Bezzi, 1904 by subsequent designation of Melander (1928: 309).

Elaphropeza triseta sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: CD 141962-6947-4418-AB0B-25A25A2F41E7

Figs 1-4

Diagnosis

A species of the E. ephippiata group; recognised by almost entirely yellow thorax, only postnotum

brownish along posterior margin; antenna with scape and pedicel yellow; postpedicel short, about 1.5

times as long as wide, brown; legs yellow, with only tarsomere 5 dark brown, hind tibia with 3 brownish

black anterodorsal bristles; halter yellow.

GROOTAERT R et al ., New coastal Elaphropeza (Hybotidae) from Bali

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to the presence of three anterodorsal bristles on the hind tibia.

Type material

Holotype

INDONESIA: $, Bali, Amed, Bunutan, beach, 8°20’ 19.44” S, 115°39’53.39” E, 2 Jan. 2014, leg. P.

Grootaert & I. Van de Velde (MZB).

Paratypes

INDONESIA: 2 $$, 2 §§, Bali, Amed, same provenance as holotype (RBINS); 2 2 5?, Bali,

Arya Amed, Bunutan, 8°20’38.89” S, 115°40’21.81” E, 25 Dec. 2013, leg. P. Grootaert & I. Van de

Velde (RBINS).

Description

Male (Fig. 1)

Length. Body 2.3 mm, wing 2.1 mm.

Head. Occiput entirely black, largely shining, with yellowish setae; inner verticals long inclinate, outer

verticals hardly prominent. Anterior ocellars long proclinate, posterior ocellars minute. Frons subshining,

very narrow, above antennae about as broad as anterior ocellus. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow,

postpedicel and stylus brownish; pedicel with circlet of subequally short setulae; postpedicel short.

European Journal of Taxonomy 112: 1-10 (2015)

nearly 1.5 times as long as wide; stylus very long, nearly 4.0 times as long as postpedicel, with short

pubescence. Proboscis brownish yellow. Palpus yellow, small, rounded, silvery pubescent, bearing

scattered setulae, subapical seta short.

Thorax. Almost entirely yellow, only antepronotum with brownish spot dorsally, postnotum brownish

along posterior margin, hypopleuron brownish on extreme apex and metapleuron yellowish brown on

upper part anteriorly; shining, with yellowish setation; anterior spiracle brownish yellow, posterior

spiracle brown. Prothoracic episterna lacking long upturned seta just above fore coxa, with minute

setula on upper part. Postpronotal seta hardly prominent. Mesonotum with 2 long notopleurals, 1 shorter

postsutural supra-alar, 1 long postalar and 4 scutellars (apical pair very long, cruciate; lateral pair short);

acrostichals short, arranged in 4 irregular rows anteriorly but becoming sparser and biserial posteriorly,

distinctly separated from dorsocentrals, lacking on prescutellar depression; dorsocentrals arranged in

3-4 irregular rows, as long as acrostichals, 1 prescutellar pair very long.

Legs. Long, slender, almost entirely yellow, only tarsomere 5 of all legs dark brownish. Coxae and

trochanters with unmodified setation. Fore femur slightly thickened, with rows of minute anteroventral

and posteroventral setae, long seta near base and 1 subapical bristle anteriorly. Fore tibia lacking

prominent bristles (except subapicals). Mid femur with rows of minute anteroventral and posteroventral

spinule-like setae (more numerous near base), 1 long seta near base and 1 long subapical bristle anteriorly.

Mid tibia only with 1 black, short, subapical spine, lacking prominent setae (except subapicals). Hind

femur with short anteroventrals and 3 erect dorsal setae near base. Hind tibia with 3 brownish black

anterodorsal bristles; apical projection small, rounded, brownish. Tarsi of all legs unmodified, with

unmodified setation.

Figs 2-4. Elaphropeza triseta sp. nov. Male terminalia. 2. Right epandrial lamella. 3. Epandrium with

cerci. 4. Left surstylus. c = cerci; Is = left surstylus; rs = right surstylus. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

GROOTAERT R et al ., New coastal Elaphropeza (Hybotidae) from Bali

Wings. Normally developed, finely infuscate, covered with uniform microtrichia; veins mostly yellowish

brown; basal section of M 1+2 , crossveins bm-cu and r-m pale. Costal vein with moderately long, uniform

setulae along anterior margin. Costal bristle long, brown. Costal index: 41/31/31. Vein Rs long, slightly

longer than crossvein bm-cu. Vein R 0+3 evenly bowed. Veins R 4+ . and M |+n somewhat divergent near wing

apex, R 4+5 slightly bowed, M 1+ , straight. Vein CuAj reaching wing margin. Vein A x lacking. Crossvein

bm-cu slightly oblique. Crossvein r-m before middle of cell bm. Squama yellowish, with long, brownish

yellow setae. Halter yellow.

Abdomen. Tergite 1 pale yellow; tergites 2-3 brownish yellow, subtriangular viewed laterally, divided

medially, with scattered unmodified setae; tergite 4 brown, broadest, with squamiform setae; tergite

5 narrow, undivided, with squamiform setae; an ampoule-like structure below tergite 5; tergites 6-7

brownish yellow, tergite 6 undivided, with minute unmodified setae; tergite 7 undivided, with long

posteromarginal setae; tergite 8 unmodified. Sternites yellowish, with scattered minute setae, sternite 8

with long, posteromarginal setae. Gland-like structure present between tergites 4 and 5, ampoule-like.

Terminalia (Figs 2—4) rather small, with cerci, apical part of right epandrial lamella and left surstylus

brownish, otherwise yellow. Right epandrial lamella bifid (Fig. 2); dorsal lobe with setae on dorsal

margin. Tip with a brush of densely set, short setae. Ventral lobe with strong brown setae on apex. Right

and left cerci equally long. Right cercus with a single long subapical seta, other setae short. Feft cercus

(Fig. 3) bifid; outward lobe with 3 strong brown setae on apex. Tip of left epandrial lamella with 4 setae:

1 weak and 3 stronger. Feft surstylus also bifid, with short setae (Fig. 4).

Female

Similar to male; abdomen without ampoule-like gland-like structure; intersegmental area between

tergites 4 and 5 set with short hairs, anteriorly with 2 openings; segment 8 moderately long, tergite

and sternite 8 separated, yellowish brown; tergite 8 entire, with several short to moderately long setae

posteriorly; sternite 8 entire, covered with moderately long setae; cercus small, yellowish.

Distribution

Bali, Indonesia.

Remarks

Elaphropeza triseta sp. nov. is actually the only yellow Oriental species with three anterodorsal setae

on the hind tibiae. In the key of Grootaert & Shamshev (2012), E. triseta sp. nov. resolves closest to E.

acrodactyla (Melander, 1928), described from a female from the Philippines, but the latter has only two

anterodorsal bristles on the hind tibiae and has the postpedicel about three times as long as wide. In E.

triseta sp. nov. the postpedicel is nearly 1.5 times as long as wide.

Elaphropeza balinensis sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D744E850-5F65-4C29-A671-9F9D0872A6A9

Figs 5-10

Diagnosis

A species of the E. biuncinata group; thorax yellow, scutum with narrow, short, brownish patch above

wing; antenna with short postpedicel, about 2.0 times as long as wide; legs yellow, but all tibiae and tarsi

faintly brownish tinged, including apical tarsomere of all legs; hind tibia with 1 short, black anterodorsal

bristle at about middle and 1 similar subapical bristle anteriorly; halter brownish. Scutum entirely

covered with setae (acrostichals and dorsocentrals not differentiated), reaching base of scutellum.

European Journal of Taxonomy 112: 1-10 (2015)

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to the provenance from Bali.

Type material

Holotype

INDONESIA: Bali, Amed, Bunutan, beach, Arya Amed, 8°20’38.89” S, 115°40’21.81” E, 2 Jan.

2014, leg. P. Grootaert & I. Van de Velde (MZB).

Paratypes

INDONESIA: 3 $$ (1 $ dissected), 2 $ $, Bali, Amed, Bunutan, beach, 8°20’19.44” S, 115°39’53.39”

E, 26 Dec. 2013, leg. P. Grootaert & I. Van de Velde (RBINS).

Description

Male (Fig. 5)

Length. Body 1.8 mm, wing 1.6 mm

Head. Occiput entirely black, largely shining, with yellowish setae; inner verticals long inclinate, outer

verticals short. Anterior ocellars long proclinate, posterior ocellars minute. Frons subshining, very narrow,

above antennae about as broad as anterior ocellus. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow, postpedicel

and stylus brownish; pedicel with circlet of subequally short setulae; postpedicel short, nearly 2 times as

long as wide; stylus with short pubescence, very long, 2.5-3.0 times as long as postpedicel. Proboscis

brownish yellow. Palpus yellow, small, rounded, bearing scattered setulae, subapical seta short.

Thorax. Almost entirely yellow, scutum with narrow, short, brownish yellow patch above wing on

each side (indistinct in paler specimens), metanotum slightly shadowed on middle part (sometimes only

posteriorly or entirely yellow), mesopleuron posteriorly and sternopleuron on lower part usually with

small, brownish yellow patch; shining, with yellowish setation; spiracles brownish yellow. Prothoracic

episterna with long, upturned seta just above fore coxa. Postpronotal seta not prominent. Mesonotum

with 2 long notopleurals, 1 short postsutural supra-alar, 1 moderately long postalar and 4 scutellars

(apical pair long, cruciate; lateral pair short); scutum covered with uniform, minute setae, extending to

base of scutellum. Acrostichals and dorsocentrals not differentiated, except for 1 pair of long, prescutellar

dorsocentrals.

Legs. Robust, yellow, but all tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brownish tinged. Coxae and trochanters with

unmodified setation. Fore femur slightly thickened, with rows of minute anteroventral and postero ventral

setae, long seta near base and 1 subapical bristle anteriorly. Fore tibia lacking prominent bristles (except

subapicals). Mid femur with rows of minute anteroventral and somewhat longer posteroventral setae, 1

long seta near base and 1 moderately long subapical bristle anteriorly. Mid tibia with row of black, short,

anteroventral spines on apical 34, lacking prominent setae (except subapicals). Hind femur with minute

anteroventrals and 3 erect, dorsal setae near base. Hind tibia with 1 short, black anterodorsal bristle on

about middle and 1 similar subapical bristle anteriorly. Tarsi of all legs unmodified, with unmodified

setation.

Wings. Normally developed, finely infuscate, covered with uniform microtrichia; veins mostly yellowish

brown; basal section of M 1+2 , crossveins bm-cu and r-m pale. Costal vein with moderately long, uniform

setulae along anterior margin. Costal bristle moderately long, brown. Costal index: 29/22/26. Vein

Rs long, nearly as long as crossvein bm-cu. Vein R 0+3 evenly bowed. Veins R 4+5 and M 1+2 somewhat

divergent near wing apex, both slightly bowed. Vein CuA { reaching wing margin. Vein A l lacking.

Crossvein bm-cu oblique. Crossvein r-m near middle of cell bm. Squama yellowish brown, with long,

brownish setae. Halter brownish.

GROOTAERT R et al ., New coastal Elaphropeza (Hybotidae) from Bali

Abdomen. Tergite 1 largely pale yellow, very narrow, divided medially; tergite 2 broadly concave

medially, undivided; tergite 3 broadest, subrectangular, with squamiform setae; tergites 4-5 narrow,

both with squamiform setae; tergites 6-7 broader than tergite 5, the latter with moderately long,

posteromarginal setae; stemites 3-4 broadly divided, sternite 5 entire, concave anteriorly, stemites 6-7

entire, subrectangular, with scattered minute setae. Gland-like structure present between tergites 3—4

and 4-5, plate-like. Terminalia (Figs 6-10) rather small; epandrium brown, otherwise yellow. Right

epandrial lamella (Fig. 6) with base brown, apex (surstylus) yellowish; basal half of dorsal margin with 4

long, strong setae. Feft epandrial lamella without the usual set of setae dorsally. Feft surstylus composed

European Journal of Taxonomy 112: 1-10 (2015)

of 3 pieces (Fig. 10), hidden by the large left cercus: lsl with apex indented (Fig. 9), on inner side with

at least 6 setae; ls2 with apex saw-toothed; ls3 with short setae (Fig. 10). Phallus long, with partly coiled

tip (Fig. 8). Right cercus short, with rather long setae. Left cercus very wide, covering the left surstylus;

with only minute setae.

Female

Similar to male but mid tibia without anteroventral spines; abdominal tergites 3-7 of subequal width;

segment 8 short, tergite 8 separated from sternite 8, deeply cleft posteriorly; cercus short, yellowish.

Distribution

Bali, Indonesia.

Remarks

In the key of Grootaert & Shamshev (2012), E. balinensis sp. nov. resolves closest to E. monospina

Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007, known only from Singapore. The latter also has a somewhat maculated

scutum, but it has the hind tarsomere 1 with a spine-like ventral seta near the base. The structure of the

male genitalia is also very different.

Figs 6-10. Elaphropeza balinensis sp. nov. Male terminalia. 6. Right epandrial lamella. 7. Detail of right

surstylus. 8. Epandrium with cerci. 9. Left surstylus, lsl. 10. Left surstylus. lc = left cercus; lsl, ls2, ls3

= 3 sclerites of the left surstylus; ph = phallus; re = right cercus. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

GROOTAERT R et al ., New coastal Elaphropeza (Hybotidae) from Bali

Discussion

Shamshev & Grootaert (2007) proposed two species groups in the Oriental Elaphropeza based on

morphological characters. In species of the E. biuncinata group a long upturned bristle is present just

above the fore coxa and the abdominal tergites 3, 4 and 5 bear squamiform setae (Fig. 5). In species of

the E. ephippiata group the proepisternum is bare just above the fore coxa and the abdominal tergite

3 is covered with ordinary setulae, lacking squamiform setae, which are present on tergites 4 and/or 5

only. In addition, there are several characters in the male genitalia, such as fusion or not of the right

surstylus with the right epandrial lamella, fusion or not of both cerci, short or very long phallus and

more (Shamshev & Grootaert 2007). This preliminary and informal classification is confirmed here by

the COI gene (Fig. 11), with a bootstrap value of 86 for the biuncinata- group. However, it would not

be practical to elevate the two species groups to genus level since the morphological characters are not

always easy to see.

As can be seen further on Fig. 11, the genetic distance between all species is large and always more than

5%, showing that at least for the selected species from the Oriental realm, this separation is already of

considerable age.

991

- AB491266 57_Elaphrapeza_malayensis_Singapore_S ungei_B uloh _ma le

-- AB42570227_Elaphnopez3_malayensis_5irg apone_P ulau_Ubin_m ale

- AB49126639_Elapftropeza_fowi_Singap(we_Semakau_feinale

- A B42570217_E taph na pez a_c han ae_Singapore_S em akaii_ma]e

■ A B4 2570251_E laphropez a_fem inata_S i rcga pore_P u lau_Ubin_fema le

-AB42570229_Elaphropeza_goUae_Singap*re_Semakau_mal'e

39 i- AB42570260_ElaphJopeza_temasek_SingapQne_$ema)cau_male

AB42570214_ElaplvopezaJemase k_S i ngapore_Sungei_Buloh_male

- AB42570245_Ela phropez a_pal pala_$ingapofe_Pu lau_Ubm_fem ale

-A B4 2570220_E I apfiropez a_asi optii la_S ingapore_Pulau_U bi njnale

93 r- AB49l2662G_Elaphropeza_5prcata_SingapDre_Semakau_1iemale

A B42570255_E I aphropeza_spicata_S i ngapore_S ungei_Butoh_male

AB42570219 Elaphropeza trlseta Bali = Buniitan = female

33 AB42570213 Elaphropeza trlseta Bali_Bunutan_male

99 I AB4912fi656_Elaphropeza_kranjiersis_Singapore_Serrakau_male

' AB49126644_Ela phropez a_k ra ojieri si s_Singapore_Serrakau_female

-A B425 7G259_E laphropeza_s[ , .a solhii_S ingaporeJ3emakau_male

- AB42570224_E la phropez a_asexa_Si nga pore_Sema kau_male

, A B42570236_E laphropeza^asex ajSinga.pare_Semaka u_fern ale

781 A84257023Q_E laphrapeza_asex a_Singapofe_Semakau_fem ale

■ A B42570226_E laph no peza = ubineo si S_Smgapore_Pulau_Ubin jnale

-- AB42570249_E la phropez a_bezzii_S*ngapore_S unge i_B uloh_ma le

-AB42570221 _EI aphropez a_bezz i l_Singapone_P ul au_U bi n_m ale

- A B42570239_E laphropezajnonos pina_Singapore_P ulauJJ tsn_m al e

AB42570233_E laphropeza_mondspma_SmgapDre_P ulau_Ubin_male

AB49126616_E la phropez aJurea_Singapore_Sungei_Biiloh_noale

99 r AB42570231 Elaphropeza balmensis Bali^BuhutarJemale

AB42570225 Elaphropeza balmensis Bali_Bumjtan_male

-AB42570243_E laphropeza_biu ncmata_Sirgapore_Sungei_Bulbb_rrale

-A B42 570215_Elaphropeza_acantha_S ingapore_Pulau_IJbin_female

iAB42570244_E.laph ropeza_crassicenc us_Singapof e_P ulau JJ bi n_m ale

39 L AB42570236_E laphropeza_crass icercus_S ingaponeJ 3 ulau_Ubi rwnale

0.02

ephippiata

group

biuncinata

group

Fig. 11. Neighbour-Joining tree of the COI barcodes of a number of selected Southeast Asian Elaphro¬

peza species showing the position of E. triseta sp. nov. and E. balinensis sp. nov. (both underlined) in

the ephippiata- group and biuncinata- group, respectively. The bootstrap value is indicated at the nodes.

The scale of the genetic distance is 2%.

European Journal of Taxonomy 112: 1-10 (2015)

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mr Johan De Grayter for the barcoding of the species. Mr Jonathan Brecko helped

with the photography.

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Manuscript received: 22 October 2014

Manuscript accepted: 10 December 2014

Published on: 13 February 2015

Topic editor: Koen Martens

Desk editor: Danny Eibye-Jacobsen

Printed versions of all papers are also deposited in the libraries of the institutes that are members of

the EJT consortium: Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; National Botanic Garden

of Belgium, Meise, Belgium; Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; National History

Museum, Fondon, United Kingdom; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium;

Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, De nm ark