European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129

http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2015.124

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

ISSN 2118-9773

www. europeanj ournaloftaxonomy. eu

2015 • Rousse R & van Noort S.

Monograph

um:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8E33A9C0-0940-4EF8-8105-7B71D9282635

Revision of the Afrotropical species of Pristomerus (Ichneumonidae:

Cremastinae), with descriptions of 31 new species

Pascal ROUSSE 1 & Simon van NOORT 2

12 Natural History Department, Izilco South African Museum, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.

Stellenbosch University, Department of Botany and Zoology, Evolutionary Genomics Group,

Private Bag XI, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.

2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town,

Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.

1 Email: [email protected] (corresponding author)

1 um:lsid:zoobank.org:author:B06C2640-700A-429B-AA2F-lBE09251C845

2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:7CCD166F-FlFA-43DA-B582-4E84EAF59ADl

Abstract. We revised the species of the genus Pristomerus Curtis, 1836 in the Afrotropical Region. Forty-

nine species are recognized, of which 31 are newly described. The following new species are described: P.

afrikaner , P. aka , P. babinga , P bemba, P. dikidiki , P herero, P. hutu, P. kagga , P khoikhoi , P kuku , P masai,

P. mbaka, P. mbama, P. mboum, P. nzakara, P. protea , P. restio, P. san , P sara, P. sotho , P. swahili, P. teke ,

P tutsi , P. venda, P. wolof, P. xhosa, P. yakorna , P. yangere, P. yoccolo , P zande and P zulu spp. nov. New

synonyms: P. africator , P. cunctator and P. luteolus are new junior synonyms of P. pallidus. New records:

new host records are reported for the widespread P pallidus ; new country-level distribution records are

added for P bullis , P. keyka, P. kelikely and P pallidus ; and reports of Trathala concolor and P veloma in

South Africa are shown to have been erroneous. An illustrated dichotomous key to females is provided;

an online Fucid interactive matrix key is also available at www.waspweb.org . Finally, the ecological and

geographical correlates of colour patterns exhibited by Pristomerus in the Afrotropical region are discussed.

Keywords. Africa, Hymenoptera, identification key, parasitoid wasp, solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid.

Rousse P. & van Noort S. 2015. Revision of the Afrotropical species of Pristomerus (Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae),

with descriptions of 31 new species. European Journal ofTaxonomy 124:1-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/eit.2Q15.124

Introduction

Most of the biodiversity in the tree of life evolved in the tropics and diversified later into temperate

latitudes (Jansson et al. 2013). The genus Pristomerus Curtis, 1836 is no exception, with Townes (1971)

already stating that its diversity peaks in the tropics. Paradoxically only eight of the approximately 100

described Pristomerus species are recorded from the Afrotropical region (Yu et al. 2012). This gap

between expected and documented species richness pinpoints the poor knowledge we still have of the

entomofauna in this region. This general rule concerning entomology in Subsaharan Africa is even more

evident when considering the huge family of Ichneumonidae, especially when dealing with diverse

genera such as Pristomerus.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

As a result of its high species-richness and the related differentiation difficulties for most of the species,

Pristomerus is still a poorly investigated genus. This leads to major identification issues in biological control

programs. These parasitoid wasps are indeed often reared from pests of cultivated Poaceae (rice or corn),

Solenaceae (potato, tomato, tobacco), Fabaceae (peanuts), Rosaceae (apple, peach), or Malvaceae (cotton)

(Yu et al. 2012), but the collected species usually remain unidentified, because proper identification tools are

still lacking. As a consequence, their efficiency as pest population regulators is still underestimated. Only

scattered descriptions of the Afrotropical species were published during the 19 th and 20 th centuries. The first

regional revision was recently provided, using Andre Seyrig’s collections from Madagascar (Rousse et al.

2013): significantly, 12 species out of 15 were new. We now extend the revision of the genus to the whole

Afrotropical region. Simultaneously, this works aims to be an overview of present knowledge, a set of

descriptions for the expansion of this knowledge, a comprehensive identification tool for taxonomists and

agronomists, and a prospective framework to provide a basis for future research dealing with the genus.

Material and methods

Photographs

Specimens were point mounted on black, acid-free cards for examination (using a Teica M205C

stereomicroscope with LED light source), photography and long-term preservation. Images were

acquired using either the EntoVision® multiple-focus imaging system or the Leica LAS 4.4 imaging

system. The Ento Vision® system comprised a Leica® M16 microscope with a JVC® KY-75U 3-CCD

digital video camera attached that feeds image data to a notebook computer. The program Cartograph®

5.6.0 was used to manage image acquisition using an automated Z-stepper and merging of the image

series into a single in-focus image. The Leica LAS 4.4 system comprised a Leica® Z16 microscope

with a Leica DFC450 Camera with a 0.63 x video objective attached. Leica Application Suite V 4.4

software was installed on a desk top computer. Lighting was achieved using techniques summarized in

Buffington et al. (2005), Kerr et al. (2008) and Buffington & Gates (2009). All images presented in this

paper are available at http://www.waspweb.org .

Depositories

BMNH

CASC

CBGP

ISNB

MNHN

MNK

MZLS

MCSN

SAMC

SANC

Natural History Museum, London, UK (Gavin Broad)

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA (Brian Fisher)

Centre de Biologie et de Genetique des Populations, Montpellier, France (Gerard Delvare)

Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium (Patrick Grootaert)

Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (Claire Villemant)

Museum fiir Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany (Frank Koch)

Musee Zoologique, Lausanne, Switzerland (Anne Freitag)

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova, Italy (Maria Tavano)

Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa (Simon van Noort)

South African National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, South Africa (Ros Urban)

Nomenclature and abbreviations

The morphological terminology follows Wahl & Sharkey (1993), except the wing venation (Gauld

1991). Most morphological terms are also defined on the HymAToL website ( http://www.hvmatol.org )

and HAO website ( http: //portal.hvmao. org/proj ects/32/public/ontology/ ) . If not indicated otherwise, all

geographical records are extracted from the Taxapad database (Yu et al. 2012). Label data are cited

verbatim, except that commas are inserted between label components if they are absent on the original

label. The following morphometric abbreviations are used:

B = body length, from torulus to metasomal apex (mm)

A = antenna length, from base of scape to flagellar apex (mm)

ASM = (area superomedia index): maximum length of area superomedia/maximum width of area

superomedia

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

F = forewing length, from tegula to wing apex (mm)

ML = (malar line index): shortest distance between eye and mandible/basal mandibular width

CT = (clypeus transversality index): distance between outer edges of tentorial pits/median height of

clypeus

POL = (post-ocellar line index): shortest distance between posterior ocelli/posterior ocellus longest diameter

OOL = (oculo-ocellar line index): shortest distance between eye and posterior ocellus/posterior ocellus

longest diameter

Fl n j = (elongation index of penultimate flagellomere): length/width of penultimate flagellomere

OT = (ovipositor length index): length of ovipositor sheath/length of hind tibia

FFT = (female femoral tooth index): 0: totally absent, without any trace of denticles; 1: present, hardly

distinct to distinctly smaller than basally wide, sometimes with following denticles; 2: present

and strong, about as long as basally wide or longer, always with following denticles (see key

couplet 27)

Results

Forty-nine Pristomerus species are now reported in the Afrotropical Region, of which 31 are newly described

here. Based on the large proportion of singletons or isolated collection events in these descriptions, many

further Pristomerus species are expected to be found in the region. Females are keyed in the following

dichotomous (or trichotomous) key, which often relies on gender-linked characters (ocelli, femoral tooth

index and ovipositor length). It was functionally impossible to build a robust and relatively user-friendly

key for both sexes because the males of many species are still unknown. An online interactive Lucid matrix

key is also available at http://www.waspweb.org . The descriptions and diagnoses follow. If not otherwise

indicated, all new species names refer to African ethnical groups living at the type locality.

Key to females ^Pristomerus

1. Fore wing with abscissa of M between rs-m and 2m-cu short, less than 0.5x rs-m (A); female ocelli

distinctly reduced (POL > 1.5) (B); ovipositor stout and evenly up-curved with apex down-curved

(C); female femoral tooth absent (FFT = 0) (C); south-western South Africa.2

- Fore wing with abscissa of M between rs-m and 2m-cu longer, distinctly longer than 0.5x rs-m (a);

female ocelli larger (POL <1.5) (b); ovipositor straight to slightly down-curved, usually more slender

and apically unevenly sinuous (c); female femoral tooth present or absent (FFT various) (c).3

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

2 .

Face totally black, deeply and densely punctate, inter-puncture area smooth (A); area superomedia

subquadrate (ASM < 1) (B). P. protea sp. nov.

- Face mostly lighter, densely punctate-granulate (a); area superomedia longer than wide (ASM >1) (b)

. P. restio sp. nov.

3. Entire face black to dark brown, including orbits (A, B)

- At least facial orbits distinctly lighter, pale yellow to testaceous-orange; median face almost always

similarly coloured though sometimes more or less infuscate (a, b).16

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Frons with a strong mid-longitudinal flattened protuberance (A); femoral tooth nearly absent with

minute following denticles (B); ovipositor short (OT < 1.5). P. kuku sp. nov.

Protuberance

absent

Femoral

tooth

usually

large

0.25 mm

- Frons without distinct mid-longitudinal protuberance (a); femoral tooth and ovipositor various,

usually both longer (b).5

5. Female femoral tooth absent, femur without any distinct subapical protuberance ventrally (FFT = 0)

(A, B); tropical rainforest of central mainland Africa.6

— Female femoral tooth distinct, small to very strong (FFT > 0) (a, b)

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Propodeum

J/ Metasomal tergites polished with'

1 3-6 bicolored punct

6. Female with tergites 3-6 bicoloured, black and yellowish-orange (A); propodeum polished with

punctures (B)

P. tutsi sp. nov.

Metasomal

tergites 3-6

orangey

Propodeum

rugose with

punctures

2.0 mm

l-1

- Female with tergites 3-6 entirely orange (a); propodeum rugose with punctures (b).

. P. yangere sp. nov.

7. Scutellum smooth or nearly so, distinctly smoother than mesoscutum (A-C)

- Scutellum distinctly punctate, punctation denser than on mesoscutum (a-c)

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

8. Small (fore wing length <3.5 mm ); malar line very long (ML > 1.2) (A); ovipositor moderately long

(OT > 1.5) (B); South Africa. P. khoikhoi sp. nov.

- Larger (fore wing length > 3.5 mm); malar line short to very short (ML < 0.7) (a); ovipositor short

(OT < 1.5) (b); tropical rainforest of central mainland Africa.9

^ Scutellum

not flat

Mesosoma

stouter

SjM.. -.’(KK.WJO

Ovipositor shon

apically straight

9. Ovipositor very short (OT < 1) and apically straight (A); mesosoma rather stout, scutellum not

unusually flat (A). P. mbaka sp. nov.

Mesosoma

elongate

Scutellum flat

Ovipositor longer,

apically sinuate (b)

0.25 mm

(a) dpiLdiiy sinudie

Ovipositor longer (OT >1) and apically sinuous (a); mesosoma distinctly elongate with scutellum

quite flat (b). P. teke sp. nov.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

10. Mesosoma partly to totally yellowish-orange (A) to testaceous (B); Southern Africa and Indian

Ocean islands.11

11. Speculum and pronotum entirely punctate (A); ovipositor long (OT >1.5) (B); Reunion.

. P. rivier Rousse & Villemant, 2012

— Pronotum centrally and ventral half of speculum smoother (a); ovipositor short (OT < 1-5) (b).

. 12

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

12. Female femoral tooth distinctly smaller than basally wide (FFT = 1) (A); malar line short (ML < 0.6)

(B); Madagascar. P. melissa Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

- Female femoral tooth longer than basally wide (FFT

Southern Africa.

2) (a); malar line long (ML >0.6) (b);

. P. sotho sp. nov.

13. Small (fore wing length <3.5 mm) (A); mesoscutum coriaceous without punctures (B).

. P. aka sp. nov.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

14. Speculum entirely punctate (A); propodeum with area basalis strongly petiolate (B); female femoral

tooth much shorter than basally wide (FFT =1) (C); antenna with less than 32 flagellomeres.

. P. mbama sp. nov.

- Speculum distinctly smoother ventrally (a); propodeum with area basalis widely sessile (b); female femoral

tooth much longer than basally wide (FFT = 2) (c); antenna with more than 32 flagellomeres.15

15. Notauli coarsely rugose and lateral lobes of mesoscutum apically nearly smooth (A); ovipositor

stout and apically straight (B). P. nzakara sp. nov.

Ovipositor slender

and apically sinuate

Notauli finely Mesocutal lob^s less

sculptured smootl^AwBlii^al^

- Notauli more finely sculptured and lateral lobes of mesoscutum apically more uniformly punctate

(a); ovipositor slender and apically sinuous (b). P. dikidiki sp. nov.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

- Facial orbits, and most often entire face, yellow to testaceous orange (a, b)

17. Female femoral tooth present (FFT > 0) (A); metasoma mostly black with apical margins of most

tergites white (B); Madagascar and South Africa.18

- Female femoral tooth totally absent (FFT = 0) (a); metasoma differently coloured, mostly orange

with sometimes infuscate markings (b); Madagascar.19

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

18. Face entirely whitish, malar line moderately long (ML > 0.5) (A); hind femur uniformly orange,

female femoral tooth nearly as long as basally wide (FFT = 1-2) (B); Madagascar.

. P. guinness Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

- Face medially testaceous, malar line short (ML < 0.5) (a); hind femur testaceous, apically pale,

female femoral tooth distinctly longer than basally wide (FFT = 2) (b); South Africa.

. P. zulu sp. nov.

Clypeal

height

Ovipositor short

Clypeal

width

Clypeus

narrow

19. Clypeus narrow (CT < 1.7) (A); ovipositor short (OT < 1.5) (B).

. P. vahaza Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

20. Ovipositor very long (OT > 2.5) (A); pterostigma light testaceous, moderately enlarged (B).

. P. hansoni Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Pterostigma dark brown

and strongly enlarged

Ovipositor

shorter

- Ovipositor shorter (OT < 2.5) (a); pterostigma dark brown and strongly enlarged (b).21

21. Fore wing with abscissa of M between rs-m and 2m-cu very long, far longer than rs-m (A); ovipositor

very long (OT >2.0) (B). P. ranomafana Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

- Fore wing with abscissa of M between rs-m and 2m-cu shorter, about as long as rs-m (a); ovipositor

shorter, moderately long (OT < 2.0) (b). P. caris Fitton, 1994

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

22. Mesonotum usually entirely black (A, B), sometimes mesoscutum partially lighter with scutellum

totally black; female femoral tooth always distinct though sometimes reduced (FFT >0).23

- Mesonotum nearly always distinctly lighter, yellowish orange to partially testaceous (a, b); female

femoral tooth variable; if, rarely, mesoscutum almost entirely dark testaceous (some P. moramora ),

then female femoral tooth absent (FFT = 0).24

23. Mesonotum densely punctate-granulate, punctures somewhat confluent along notaulus line (A);

femoral tooth weak (B); tropical central Africa. P. hutu sp. nov.

- Mesonotum coriaceous, without punctures (a); femoral tooth strong (b); Seychelles.

. P. ruficaput (Morley, 1912)

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

24. Malar line exceptionally long, longer than mandible base (ML > 1) (A, B); South Africa.25

— Malar line shorter, usually much shorter than mandible base (Ml < 1) (a, b)

25. Femoral tooth reduced to a subapical point, followed by minute denticles (A); mesosoma mottled

black, orange and pale yellow (B). P. xhosa sp. nov.

- Femoral tooth strong, followed by 5 strong denticles (a); mesosoma reddish-orange with black

markings (b). P. kagga sp. nov.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

26. Ovipositor tip straight (A); clypeus unusually narrow and long (CT = 1.5) with eyes slightly

converging ventrally (B); small (F < 3.5); female femoral tooth present but often hardly distinct (C);

Madagascar, Eastern and Southern Africa. P. albescens (Morley, 1917)

- Ovipositor most often at least slightly sinuous apically (a, b); if, rarely, ovipositor tip barely sinuous,

then not fully agreeing with the above combination.27

27. Female femoral tooth totally absent, not even distinct as a subapical protuberance, and never with

following denticles (FFT = 0) (A, B).28

- Female femoral tooth weak to moderate, at least distinct as a subapical ventral protuberance (a) and

distinctly shorter than basally wide, sometimes followed by secondary denticles (FFT = 1) (b)... 34

- Female femoral tooth strong, about as high as wide (aa) to strongly higher than basally wide (bb), always

followed by secondary denticles (FFT = 2).42

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

28. Hind femur, and often other femora, with an obvious apical white patch (A); anterior margin of

pterostigma white (B); tropical mainland Africa.29

- Femora without distinct apical white patches, though often lighter apically (a); pterostigma uniformly

dark (b); southern Africa and Madagascar.30

29. Ovipositor short (OT < 1 4) and apically nearly straight (A) - clypeus long (CT < 2) (B).

. P. zande sp. nov.

- Ovipositor moderately long (OT > 1 4) apically sinuous (a)' clypeus shorter (CT > 2) (b).

. P. sara sp. nov.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

30. Penultimate flagellomere distinctly wider than long (Fl n | < 0.9) (A); large (F > 5 mm); ovipositor

very long (OT >2.0) (b); Namibia. P. herero sp. nov (in part)

Penultimate flagellomere

subquadrate to elongate

Ovipositor shorter

- Penultimate flagellomere subquadrate to distinctly elongate (a); distinctly smaller (F < 5 mm);

ovipositor shorter (OT< 2.0) (b).31

31. Malar line rather long (ML > 0.5) (A); pronotum almost entirely smooth with some punctures

postero-dorsally (B); ovipositor moderately short (OT < 1.6); entire body without obvious dark

markings except sometimes some infuscate markings around scutellum and on basal tergites;

Southern Africa. P. san sp. nov.

Malar line short (ML < 0.5) (a); pronotum more extensively punctate (b); ovipositor usually longer

(OT > 1.5); colour various, often with large brown to black dorsal markings.32

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Mesonotum mostly smooth

*, '*/

1.0 mm

\ -1

Metasoma uniformly

yellow to orange

32. Metasoma uniformly yellow to orange (A); mesonotum almost smooth, only scutellum

and apex of mesoscutum weakly punctate (B); antenna with more than 30 flagellomeres;

Madagascar. P. kelikely Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Metasoma with at least basal tergites distinctly black maculated (a); entire mesonotum distinctly

punctate (b); antenna with at most 30 flagellomeres.33

33. Dark markings of body strongly extended: all metasomal tergites largely black maculated (A),

mesosoma with dark testaceous markings dorsally and laterally (A, B); Madagascar.

. P. moramora Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

- Body lighter, with only basal tergites partially dark (a); mesosoma uniformly pale (a, b), but

sometimes with infuscate markings around scutellum; Southern Africa. P. venda sp. nov.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

34. Hind femur, and often other femora, with an obvious apical white patch (A, B); tropical mainland

Africa.35

- Femora without distinct apical white patches, though often lighter apically (a, b)

35. Scutellum smooth (A)

P. mboum sp. nov.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

36. Ocelli enlarged, posterior ocelli close together (POL < 0.8) (A); tergites 1-3 at least half black,

and occiput black-maculated in female (B); femoral tooth moderate (C); widespread in tropical

Africa. P. masai sp. nov.

- Ocelli not enlarged, posterior ocelli more widely separated (POL > 0.8) (a); tergites 1-3 mostly

yellow, at most basally blackened, and occiput not black-maculated (b); femoral tooth strongly

reduced (c); Western Africa. P. wolof sp. nov.

37. Area superomedia not defined postero-laterally (A, B); large wasps (F > 6 mm); ovipositor long

(Of > 1.7).38

- Area superomedia most often fully delimited (a), though sometimes weakly so in P. keyka (b) but

then specimens very small (F < 4.5 mm); otherwise small to moderately large wasps (F < 5.5 mm);

ovipositor variable.39

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

38. Female femoral tooth moderate in size (A); antenna with more than 35 flagellomeres, penultimate

flagellomere elongate (B); Madagascar. P. patator Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

- Female femoral tooth reduced to a subapical protuberance followed by small denticles (a); antenna

with fewer than 35 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere transverse (b); Namibia.

. P. herero sp. nov (in part)

39. Ovipositor long (OT > 1.7) (A); notauli concolourous with remainder of mesoscutum (B);

Madagascar.40

- Ovipositor shorter (OT <1.7) (a); notauli often distinctly lighter than remainder of mesoscutum (b)... .41

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Antenna

with

less

than

flagellomeres

Mesoscutum coriaceous with punctures

along notauli

0.25mm

40. Mesoscutum coriaceous with punctures along notauli lines (A); small species (F < 3.2) (B); antenna

with less than 28 flagellomeres (B). P. keyka Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

- Mesoscutum distinctly punctate (a) (coriaceous in male); larger species (F > 3.2) (b); antenna with

at least 28 flagellomeres (b). P. roberti Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Femur stout

Ovipositor

short

Clypeus

strongly

transverse

41. Clypeus strongly transverse (CT > 2.4) (A); female femur unusually stout (B); ovipositor short (OT

< 1.3) (C); body without dark markings (C); Eastern Africa. P. bullis Fitton, 1994

- Clypeus less transverse (CT < 2.4) (a); female femur more slender (b); ovipositor longer (OT > 1.3)

(c); body most often with dark dorsal markings (c). P. pallidus Kriechbaumer, 1884

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Clypeus strongly

transverse

Inner eye margins

/ diverge ventrally

Antenna

more the

flagellomeres

1.0 mm

ifcl

■pi

with

42. Clypeus strongly transverse (CT > 2.4) (A); inner margins of eyes distinctly diverging ventrally (A);

antenna with more than 34 flagellomeres (B); Central Africa. P. babinga sp. nov.

Antenna

various

Clypeus less

transverse

Inner eye margins -357 ,

more parallel

- Clypeus less transverse (CT < 2.4) (a); inner margins of eyes at most slightly diverging ventrally (a);

antenna various (b) .43

- Mesoscutum largely to entirely coriaceous, scutellum often quite smooth (a, b)

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

44. Malar line moderately short (ML < 0.6) (A); ante nn a with fewer than 32 flagellomeres (B); size

moderate (F < 5.0) (B); Western Africa. P. yoccolo sp. nov.

- Malar line moderately long (ML > 0.6) (a); antenna with more than 32 flagellomeres (b); large

(F > 5.0) (b); South Africa and Madagascar.45

45. Area superomedia stouter (ASM <1.8) and punctate (A); metasoma black (B); Madagascar.

. P. veloma Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

- Area superomedia elongate (ASM >2.0) and transversely rugulose (a); metasoma lighter (b); South

Africa. P. afrikaner sp. nov.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

46. Scutellum punctate (A); antenna with less than 27 flagellomeres; mesosoma rufous, ventrally and

posteriorly black (B); tropical Africa. P. bemba sp. nov.

Mesosoma

yellowish-

orange

Scutellum smooth

- Scutellum smooth (a); antenna with more than 27 flagellomeres; mesosoma usually uniformly

yellow to orange (b), postero-dorsally black in P. swahili (b, inset).47

47. Femora and trochanters without obvious apical white patches (A); antenna with more than 31

flagellomeres (B); Madagascar. P-yago Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Femur and trochanter

with distinct apical

white patch

Femora and trochanters with obvious apical white patches (a); antenna with fewer than 31

flagellomeres (b); Eastern Africa.48

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Clypeus

weakly

transverse

Flagellum

uniformly

dark brown

Propodeum

dorsally

black

1.0 mm

48. (47) Clypeus weakly transverse (CT < 1.8) (A); flagellum uniformly dark brown (B); propodeum

dorsally black (B). P. swahili sp. nov.

0.25 mm

Flagellum bicoloured W propodeum

uniformly

yellowish-

orange

Clypeus

transverse (b)

- Clypeus more transverse (CT >1.8) (a); flagellum brown, basally distinctly lighter and sometimes

with a long whitish segment in apical half (b); propodeum uniformly yellowish-orange (b).

. P. yakoma sp. nov.

Taxonomic descriptions

Class Hexapoda Blainville, 1816

Order Hymenoptera Linnaeus, 1758

Suborder Apocrita Latreille, 1810

Superfamily Ichneumonoidea Latreille, 1802

Lamily Ic hn eumonidae Latreille, 1802

Subfamily Cremastinae Forster, 1869

Genus Pristomerus Curtis, 1836

Pristomeridia Ashmead, 1900: 100.

Pristocelus Szepligeti, 1905: 48.

NeopristomerusW iereclc, 1912: 592.

Nesanomalon Morley, 1913: 56.

Type species

Ichneumon vulnerator Panzer, 1799.

Diagnosis (updated from Gauld 2000)

Female

Small to moderate sized species, fore wing length 2-8 mm; main background colour yellow to black;

head with mandible not twisted, without obvious ventral flange, teeth subequal to upper tooth slightly

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

longer than lower tooth; palpi formula 5:4; frons biconcave, sometimes with a mid-longitudinal ridge

that may be strongly raised; occipital carina mid-dorsally complete to narrowly obsolescent, ventrally

joining hypostomal carina at to distinctly above mandible base; antenna with flagellum finely setose;

inner margins of eyes from slightly converging to distinctly diverging ventrally; mesosoma punctate with

smooth or coriaceous parts to extensively punctate; notaulus weakly to strongly impressed; pronotum

unspecialized with epomia usually discernible and quite short; scutellum flat to moderately convex,

without lateral carina; epicnemial and postpectal carinae complete; propodeum with carination usually

complete, sometimes longitudinal carinae partially obsolescent; tarsal claws unspecialized, pectinate;

mid tibia with two apical spurs; hind femur often with a ventral subapical tooth, often followed by

auxiliary denticles; fore wing with areolet open (vein 3 rs-m absent); pterostigma stout, usually as broad

or broader than 1 st subdiscal cell; distal abscissa of M from virtually absent to complete to wing margin;

abscissa of M between rs-m and 2m-cu usually as long to far longer than rs-m, rarely distinctly shorter;

hind wing with distal abscissae of Rs, M, Cul and 1A usually absent, almost invariably without a trace

of the distal abscissa of Cul basally so that Cu&cu-a is not broken but smoothly curved; metasoma

with tergites 1-2 usually aciculate and following ones coriaceous or granulate; first segment moderately

stout, ventral margins of tergite 1 widely separated so that sternite 1 is exposed for its full length,

glymma distinct in front of spiracle; tergite 2 slender to moderately stout, slightly depressed, with well-

defined thyridium subcircular to elongate, close to anterior margin, at most separated from it by its own

maximum diameter; laterotergite membranous and folded up; ovipositor 0.8-3.2* as long as hind tibia,

straight to slightly down-curved but sometimes evenly bi-curved, its apex usually weakly to strongly

sinuous but sometimes straight.

Male

Ocelli usually strongly enlarged, inner margins of eyes sometimes distinctly more convergent,

mesoscutum sometimes strongly smoother, area superomedia sometimes more slender, hind femur

stouter and femoral tooth stronger, nearly always present; gonosquama apically rounded, without distal

lobe. Otherwise similar to female.

Differential diagnosis

Pristomerus is usually an easily identifiable ichneumonid genus, mostly defined by the presence of

thyridia close to the anterior margin of tergite 2 and the separation of the ventral margins of tergite 1.

Apart from a few exceptions, the apex of the ovipositor is also distinctly sinuous. This derived character

is present in other ichneumonid and braconid subfamilies (Tersilochinae, Doryctinae, Braconinae...),

and is probably an adaptation enabling the female to actively bend the ovipositor tip and thus to forage

more efficiently within the host’s hideaway (Quiclce 1991). The only other cremastine genus with

comparable features is the Neotropical Xiphosomella Szepligeti, 1905, in which the thyridia are distinctly

removed from the anterior margin of tergite 2, and the ovipositor tip is rarely sinuous. Some extra-limital

Xiphosomella cannot, however, be unambiguously separated from Pristomerus (Gauld 2000). When

present, the femoral tooth is also a reliable feature, though many Pristomerus females lack it. The only

other cremastine genus in the Afrotropical region with a ventral tooth on the femur is the Malagasy

genus Fafana: in the only known Fafana Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2011 species, the sculpture is

almost entirely smooth, the distal abscissa of Cul reaches the hind wing margin and the ovipositor tip

is straight.

Phylogeny

No comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Cremastinae has been published. The generic

identification of Pristomerus is usually easy, but not one of the diagnostic morphological features may be

unambiguously considered as a synapomorphy. The presence of thyridia (absent in most other cremastine

genera), is considered as a plesiomorphic feature within Ichneumonidae (Gauld 1985). The sinuous

ovipositor tip and the femoral tooth cannot be considered as derived characters, because they are not

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

restricted to Pristomerus and are totally absent in some Pristomerus females. It is therefore impossible

to ascertain whether the genus is monophyletic or not. Hence, Pristomerus is either a widespread and

rather variable clade or part of a paraphyletic clade including Xiphosomella and other smaller cremastine

genera.

Distribution, species richness and ecology

Including the three new synonyms and 31 descriptions in the present revision, the genus now comprises

140 species. This is a worldwide genus, most diversified in the tropics, which contain about two thirds

of the currently known species. All known hosts are small lepidopterans (including several major pests)

living in leaf rolls, tunnels, silk shelters or other concealed substrates. The biology of some widespread

Pristomerus parasitizing agricultural pests has been documented: for example see Smith & Johnson

(1986) and Cave (1995) for P. spinator (Fabricius, 1804), or Rosenberg (1934) and Athanassov et al.

(1997) forP vulnerator (Panzer).

Pristomerus afrikaner sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:95885592-2369-423D-B533-BC4CB98EFCE4

Fig. 1

Diagnosis

Large; head and mesosoma mostly yellow, metasoma mostly reddish-testaceous; face densely and

shallowly punctate; inner margins of eyes barely diverging ventrally; clypeus transverse and mostly

smooth; malar line long; remainder of head coriaceous; antenna long with 38 flagellomeres, penultimate

flagellomere quadrate; mesosoma densely punctate to punctate-granulate except most of pronotum finely

and sparsely punctate, ventral half of speculum smooth, and propodeum roughly transversely rugose

medially; female femoral tooth long and narrow; ovipositor moderately long, apically strongly sinuous.

Male with antenna shorter, with 33 flagellomeres, inn er margins of eyes more diverging ventrally, ocelli

enlarged, mesoscutum coriaceous, hind femur stouter and femoral tooth stronger.

Differential diagnosis

Large yellow to reddish-testaceous species, differentiated from all other Afrotropical species by the

combination of the strong and narrow femoral tooth in the female, the blunt transverse rugosities on the

propodeum, the long malar line, the long antenna and the extensively punctate mesonotum.

Type material

Holotype

SOUTHAFRICA: $,“SOUTHAFRICA,35-70kmWPretoriaMagaliesberg31-xii-1994A. Freidberg”

(SANC).

Paratype

SOUTHAFRICA: S, same label data (SANC).

Description

Female (holotype)

B 11.9; A 6.1; F 6.2; CT 1.8; ML 0.7; POL 0.7; OOL 1.4; Fl^ 1.0; ASM 2.3; OT 1.8; FFT 2.

Colour. Head and mesosoma mostly yellow with frons and mesoscutum barely darker, and propodeum

fading to reddish-testaceous; metasoma mostly reddish-testaceous; legs yellow; ovipositor sheath and

flagellum dark brown; wings hyaline, venation yellowish.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Head. Face very densely and shallowly punctate; inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally;

clypeus transverse, long, mostly smooth with some punctures along dorsal margin; malar line long;

vertex and temple coriaceous; ocelli relatively small; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina above

mandible base; antenna long with 38 llagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere quadrate.

IMAGED

WaspWeb

SAMC 2014

SOUTH AFRICA ;

35-70 km W Pretons.

MaraliMbera * t

31 - » - 1W

A. Freidbwg

2.0 mm

I - \

0.25 mm

Fig. 1 . Pristomerus afrikaner sp. nov. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view (inset: data labels).

B. Mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral

view. F. Hind tibia, lateral view.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Mesosoma. Mesosoma moderately elongate; pronotum sparsely and finely punctate with anterior margin

shallowly crenulate; mesopleuron and metapleuron densely punctate with a striate oblique furrow

below speculum, speculum ventrally smooth; mesoscutum densely punctate-granulate, punctures

confluent into fine transverse rugosities along notaulus; notaulus moderate; scutellum densely punctate;

propodeum roughly and densely punctate, punctures confluent into blunt transverse rugosities medially,

area superomedia long. Legs. Female femoral tooth long and narrow.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apex of tergite 1 aciculate, following tergites coriaceous; thyridium long

elliptic, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor moderately long, apically moderately sinuous.

Male (paratype)

B 11.2; A 5.8; F 6.3; POF 0.9; OOF 0.9. Inner margins of eyes more strongly diverging ventrally; antenna

with 33 flagellomeres; ocelli enlarged; mesoscutum more shallowly sculptured, mostly coriaceous with

punctures along rugose notaulus; hind femur and femoral tooth stouter; propodeum and metasoma

barely lighter; otherwise similar to female.

Distribution

South Africa.

Pristomerus aka sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:05D1309D-376B-4548-8ACE-375594C8B6B2

Fig. 2

Diagnosis

Small; mostly black with yellow markings on mouthparts, base of antenna and tergite 3; hind femur

apically pale dotted; head coriaceous with sparse punctures on face; clypeus transverse; inner margins

of eyes subparallel; malar line long; antenna short with 23 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere

distinctly elongate; mesosoma laterally punctate with most of speculum and a dorsal area on pronotum

smooth; mesoscutum coriaceous; scutellum coarsely punctate; propodeum rugose punctate; female

femoral tooth moderate; ovipositor short, apically slightly sinuous. Male with ocelli strongly enlarged,

lateral ocellus touching eye margin; inner margins of eyes moderately diverging ventrally; hind femur

stouter, femoral tooth strong and stout; otherwise similar to female.

Differential diagnosis

Small and overall black species with legs lighter, differentiated from all other Afrotropical species by the

combination of the coriaceous mesoscutum, the punctate scutellum, the short ovipositor and the antenna

with few flagellomeres.

Type material

Holotype

UGANDA: 5, “UGANDA, Kibale National Park, Kanyawara, Makerere University Biological Field

Station, 1495 m, 0°33.960’N 30°21.267 , E, 2-12.viii.2008, S. van Noort, UG08-KF1-M01, Malaise

trap, secondary mid-altitude rainforest, SAM-HYM-P047383” (SAMC).

Paratype

IVORY COAST: “Cote d’Ivoire: Divo 28.XI.1963 J. Decelle” (MRAC).

Description

Female (holotype)

B 3.5; A2.6; F 2.6; CT 1.9; ME 0.6; POF 0.7; OOF 1.0; Fl n _ x 1.5; ASM 2.2; OT 1.2; FFT 1.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Colour. Black; tergite 3 laterally yellowish-orange; scape, pedicel, mandible, palpi, fore and mid legs

yellow; hind leg yellow with coxa black, femur brown but a pale apical spot and tarsus brown; wings

hyaline, venation brown.

Head. Face coriaceous with sparse and shallow punctures; inner eye margins subparallel; clypeus

transverse, sparsely punctate, convex in profile view; malar line long; frons, vertex and temple

coriaceous; ocellar triangle moderate, equilateral; occipital carina joining ventrally hypostomal carina

Fig. 2. Pristomerus aka sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal view.

C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. hind tibia, lateral

view (inset: data labels).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

above mandible base; antenna short, thin and slender with 23 flagellomeres, first flagellomere distinctly

longer than second, penultimate flagellomere elongate.

Mesosoma. Elongate; pronotum moderately punctate with some ventral crenulations and a smoother

postero-dorsal area; mesopleuron and metapleuron densely and deeply punctate, with a large oblique

rugulose furrow below speculum, speculum mostly smooth; mesoscutum coriaceous, sculpture apically

confluent into transverse rugosities; notaulus moderate; scutellum coarsely punctate; propodeum rugose

punctate, area superomedia elongate and hardly delimited laterally beyond anterior transverse carina.

Legs. Femoral tooth stout and short.

Metasoma. Tergite 2, apical half of tergite 1 and base of tergite 3 longitudinally aciculate; thyridium

subelliptic, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor short, apically slightly sinuous.

Male (paratype)

B 3.7; A2.8; F 2.8; POL 0.3; OOL <0.1. Ocelli strongly enlarged, lateral ocellus touching eye margin;

inner margins of eyes moderately diverging ventrally; flagellum with 25 flagellomeres; hind femur

stouter, femoral tooth strong and stout; otherwise similar to female.

Distribution

Ivory Coast, Uganda.

Pristomerus albescens (Morley, 1917)

Fig. 3

Pristomeridia albescens Morley, 1917: 224.

Diagnosis (range of variation from Rousse et al. 2013)

Small; head transverse, pale yellow with frons, vertex, occiput and sometimes face orange, mesosoma pale

yellow with large testaceous to black markings, notaulus and scutellum strongly lighter than remainder

of mesonotum; metasoma orange with tergites 1-3 and a variable part of following dark brown to black;

face densely and shallowly punctate; inner margins of eyes slightly converging ventrally; clypeus narrow

and long, unusually convex, coriaceous; malar line short; antenna with 29-32 flagellomeres; upper head

coriaceous; mesosoma moderately elongate, moderately to densely punctate, but upper pronotum and

ventral half of speculum smoother; area superomedia with lateral margin sometimes evanescent beyond

anterior transverse carina; female femoral tooth small, sometimes reduced to a small point but always

distinct; ovipositor moderately short, apically straight. B 6.0-6.7; A2.8-3.5; F 3.1-3.5; CT 1.5; ML 0.4;

POL 1.0; OOL 1.1; Fl n t 1.3; ASM 1.9; OT 1.3; FFT 1. Male with ocelli, hind femur and femoral tooth

enlarged. POL 0.7; OOL 0.3.

Differential diagnosis

Small and mostly yellowish species with large black dorsal markings; differentiated from all other

Afrotropical species by the combination of the straight ovipositor tip, the narrow clypeus and the

converging inner margins of eyes.

Material examined

Lectotype

SOUTH AFRICA: $, “Mfongosi Zulu L. WE Jones April 1916 SAM-HYM-P001199” (SAMC).

Paralectotypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 (?,!?, same label data SAM-HYM-P001199 and P001223 (SAMC).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Other material

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 $, “Kwazulu-Natal, Richards Bay, site 4, 28°40'S 32°14 , E, 14.xi.1991, M. Vogt,

5-8 year old Acacia karoo thicket, SAM-HYM-P046456” (SAMC).

TANZANIA: 2 ^9, “Tanzania, Mkomazi Game Reserve, Ibaya Camp, 3.58S 37.48E 25.xii.1995-

29.i. 1996, S. van Noort, Malaise trap. Acacia / Commiphora / Combretum bushland, SAM-HYM-

P015867” (SAMC); 1 ?, same data, except: “29 Jan-11 Mar 1996, SAM-HYM-PO15624” (SAMC);

Fig. 3. Pristomerus albescens (Morley, 1917). Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma,

dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind

tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

1 §, same data, except: “14 April-3 May 1996, SAM-HYM-PO15573” (SAMC); 1 §, same data,

except: “Ibaya Hill, 03 58.40S 37 47.13E, 15-30 April 1996, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, wet montane

forest margin bordering Setaria/Panicum grass, SAM-HYM-P015173” (SAMC); 1 same locality,

“Kikolo plot, 04°08.72’S 38°01.37’E, 16 April-2 May 1996, S. van Noort, Commiphora woodland.

Malaise trap, SAM-HYM-P016193” (SAMC).

Distribution

South Africa, Madagascar, Tanzania (Rousse et al. 2013).

Pristomerus babinga sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D84F4F33-A53F-44CF-A6CB-88E4ElF87C43

Fig. 4

Diagnosis

Farge; yellow to yellowish-orange overall, with frons darker than face and notaulus and scutellum

distinctly lighter than remainder of mesonotum; anterior edge of pterostigma whitish; face densely

punctate-granulate; inner margins of eyes diverging ventrally; clypeus strongly transverse, medially

smooth; malar line moderately short; remainder of head coriaceous; antenna with 31-35 flagellomeres,

penultimate flagellomere quadrate; mesosoma densely and evenly punctate, except pronotum dorsally

and speculum ventrally; area superomedia elongate; female femoral tooth strong; ovipositor long,

slightly sinuous apically. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Farge and mostly yellow to orange species; differentiated from all other Afrotropical species by the

combination of the rather strong femoral tooth, the ventrally diverging inner margins of eyes, the strongly

transverse clypeus, the numerous flagellomeres and the long ovipositor. The only other Afrotropical

species with such a transverse clypeus is P. bull is, in which the femoral tooth and the ovipositor are

shorter.

Type material

Holotype

CENTRAF AFRICAN REPUBFIC: $, “ Central African Republic , Prefecture Sangha-Mbaere, Parc

National de Dzanga-Ndoki, 38.6 km 173°S Fidjombo, 2°21.60 , N 16°03.2CfE, 350 m, 20-2Fv.2001, S.

van Noort, Malaise trap, CAR01-M160, lowland rainforest SAM-HYM-P047384” (SAMC).

Paratype

CENTRAF AFRICAN REPUBFIC: §, same label data except: “Reserve Speciale de Foret Dense de

Dzangha-Sangha, 12.7 km 326°NW Bayanga, 3°00.27’N 16°11.55 , E, 420 m, lO-ll.v.2001, CAR01-

M78, Fowland Rainforest SAM-HYM-P047385” (SAMC).

Description

Female (2 specimens)

B 9.6-10.1; A 5.5—5.9; F: 6.2—6.4; CT 2.4—2.6; ME 0.5; POE 1.0; OOF 1.3; Fl n l 1.0; ASM 2.2; OT

1.9-2.1; FFT 2.

Colour. Head yellow with frons, vertex and occiput yellowish-orange; mesosoma, legs and metasoma

yellowish-orange with scutellum and notaulus yellow; tergites 1-2 sometimes basally blackened;

flagellum and ovipositor sheath black; wings hyaline, venation brown, anterior edge of pterostigma

whitish.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Head. Face densely punctate-granulate; inner margins of eyes diverging ventrally; clypeus strongly

transverse, short, moderately punctate-granulate laterally, medially smooth; malar line moderately

short; frons, vertex and temple coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina at mandible base;

antenna with 34 flagellomeres (both apices broken in holotype), penultimate flagellomere quadrate.

Cmilrul AJrican Republic.

Prefecture Sangha-Mbsore.

Parc N'.'iimrvil tic

Dz-iugu-Ndoki.

3X.6km 173* S Lidjnmhn

2-21 ,60'N l<P0i>.20’E. 35l>m.

¥.2001,8. viin Noon.

Malaise trap, CAROt-M 160

I.oivl.iml rainforesi

0.50 mm

SAM-HYM

P0‘47384

IMAGED

WaspWeb

SAMC 2014

0.25 mm

Fig. 4. Pristomerus babinga sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Mesosoma. Moderately elongate; entire mesosoma densely and deeply punctate, except pronotum dorsally

and ventral half of speculum smooth, mesopleuron with an oblique, shallowly striate furrow below

speculum, and propodeum medially transversely striate; notaulus moderately deep; area superomedia

sometimes not defined laterally. Legs. Femoral tooth about as high as basally wide, followed by a row

of denticles.

Metasoma. Tergite 2, apical half of tergite 1 and base of tergite 3 longitudinally aciculate, following

tergites coriaceous with sparse punctures; thyridium subcircular; ovipositor long, stout, weakly sinuous

apically.

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

Central African Republic.

Pristomerus bemba sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C0EElF41-9AEC-4873-BBlB-3775997F7966

Fig. 5

Diagnosis

Small; mostly testaceous interspersed with black, and with yellow parts on head; flagellum bicolour, dark

brown with flagellomeres 1-3 testaceous; hind femur apically pale dotted; face densely punctate; clypeus

strongly transverse, ventrally smooth; malar line moderately long; antenna with 24-26 flagellomeres,

slightly widening toward apex, penultimate flagellomere quadrate; mesosoma moderately to densely

punctate with pronotum almost entirely smooth, speculum ventrally smooth and mesoscutum coriaceous

with most punctures located along notaulus; propodeum with area superomedia elongate; femoral tooth

long and relatively narrow; ovipositor long, strongly sinuous apically. Male with inner margins of eyes

moderately diverging ventrally, ocelli greatly enlarged, hind femur stouter, femoral tooth long and acute,

followed by strong denticles.

Differential diagnosis

Small testaceous and black species with inner orbits lighter, pale yellow, and hind legs noticeably

mottled; differentiated from all other Afrotropical species by the combination of this unique colour

pattern, the largely coriaceous mesoscutum with scutellum punctate, the strong femoral tooth and the

antenna with few flagellomeres.

Type material

Holotype

ZAMBIA: §, “Zambia, South Luangwa nr. Mfuwelabout 10 km E. Mfuwe Malinba village vicinities,

12.XII.2011, Gumovsky leg. SAM-HYM-P047391 ,, (SAMC).

Paratypes

IVORY COAST: 1 $, “Lamto-RCI, 5°02 W 6° 13 N, 8.8-11.9.1985, Afrormosia laxiflorcf (BMNH).

KENYA: 1 “Kenya, Lake Nakuru Hippo Point 16.xii.1970, A.E. Stubbs B.M. 1972-211” (BMNH).

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 §, “South Africa, Kranskloof SW of Buffelspoort Dam Magaliesberg, Tvl 16.iii. 1993, S.

Neser & R. Urban, with tingids on Rothmannia capensis ” (SANC); 1 “Retief s Kloof Transvaal 5.9.1961

H. N. Empey” (SANC).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Description

Female (2 specimens)

B 5.8-6.8: A3.0—3.6; F 3.3-3.9; CT 2.1; ML 0.5; POL 0.8; OOL 0.7; FI

n-l

1.0; ASM 2.3; OT 2.0; FFT 2.

Colour. Head testaceous with irons, inter-ocellar area and occiput black, orbits, clypeus and malar space

yellow, and mandible and palpi pale yellow; antenna dark brown with scape, pedicel and flagellomeres

Fig. 5. Pristomerus bemba sp. nov. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

1-3 testaceous; mesosoma mostly testaceous with tegula yellow, and propodeum, metapleuron and most of

mesostemum black; tergites 1-3 black, following tergites black with apical half fading to orange; fore and

mid legs yellow; hind leg testaceous with trochanter, trochantellus, tibia and tarsus yellow, but apex of tibia

black and apex of femur whitish-dotted; wings hyaline, venation pale brown, pterostigma anteriorly paler.

Head. Face densely punctate, punctation sparser on median bulge; inner margins of eyes parallel; clypeus

strongly transverse, almost smooth with some punctures dorsally; malar line rather short; frons, vertex

and temple coriaceous; ocelli enlarged; occipital carina joining mandible base; antenna with 24-26

flagellomeres, slightly widening toward apex, penultimate flagellomere quadrate.

Mesosoma. Elongate; pronotum hardly sculptured, mostly smooth with some punctures ventrally;

mesopleuron and metapleuron densely and deeply punctate, with a shallow striate furrow below speculum,

speculum ventrally smooth; mesoscutum coriaceous with apical margin, notaulus, and base of median lobe

densely punctate; scutellum moderately punctate; propodeum coarsely and deeply punctate, area superomedia

elongate and centrally smoother. Legs. Femoral tooth long and narrow, without denticles behind.

Metasoma. Metasoma coriaceous with apex oftergite 1, entire tergite 2 and base oftergite 3 longitudinally

aciculate; thyridium subcircular; ovipositor long, strongly sinuous apically.

Male (paratypes)

B 6.2-6.6; A 3.1-3.5; F 3.5—4.0; POE 0.7; OOF 0.1. Inner margins of eyes moderately diverging

ventrally; antenna with 25-26 flagellomeres; ocelli enlarged, median ocellus nearly connected to eye;

hind femur stouter, femoral tooth long and acute, followed by strong denticles; antenna slightly lighter

orange with flagellomeres 1-3 yellow; otherwise similar to female.

Biological record

Unknown host on Afrormosia laxiflora (Fabaceae).

Distribution

Ivory Coast, Kenya, South Africa, Zambia.

Pristomerus bullis Fitton in Polaszek et al., 1994

Fig. 6

Pristomerus bullis Fitton in Polaszek et al., 1994: 83.

Diagnosis

Moderately sized; yellow to orange overall with base of tergite 2 infuscate, frons darker than face,

and notaulus and scutellum lighter than remainder of mesonotum; face densely punctate; inner eye

margins parallel; clypeus very strongly transverse, sparsely punctate with inter-punctures space smooth;

malar line short; frons and vertex punctate-granulate, gena and temple coriaceous; occipital carina

joining hypostomal carina shortly above mandible base; antenna with 26-32 flagellomeres, penultimate

flagellomere shorter than wide; mesosoma strongly elongate, mostly very densely punctate but dorsal

half of pronotum and ventral half of speculum smooth; propodeum with area superomedia narrow and

elongate; hind femur rather stout; femoral tooth stout, about half as high as basally wide, followed by

minute denticles; ovipositor rather short, apically moderately sinuous. B 7.3-8.3; A 3.5-4.0; F 4.0—4.7;

CT 2.2—2.5; ME 0.3; POE 1.0; OOF 1.3; Fl^ 0.7; ASM 2.8; OT 1.3; FFT 1. Male with inner margins

of eyes diverging ventrally, ocelli, hind femur and femoral tooth enlarged, and mesoscutum strongly

smoother; otherwise similar to female. POE 0.5; OOF 0.4.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Differential diagnosis

Moderately sized and yellow to orange overall; differentiated from most other Afrotropical species by

the very transverse clypeus. It is thus apparently closely related to P. babinga sp. nov. but P. bullis has

a significantly shorter ovipositor.

InlO-

. vype

I B.M.TYPE^ 1 ■

HYM

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MO Pittoa, 1993 |

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seperatella

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SAWlC 2013

Fig. 6. Pristomerus bullis Fitton, 1994. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma,

dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind

tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Material examined

Holotype

TANZANIA: §, “TANZANIA: Morogoro region, Mkindo. G. Bianchi, i. 1991 /5, 5.8, ex Maliarpha

seperatella [sic] in Rice, B.M. Type Hym 3B.2473” (BMNH).

Other material

UGANDA: 1 5, “Uganda, Kibale National Park, Kanyawara, Makerere University Biological Field

Station, 1465 m, 0 o 35.442’N 30°21.74UE, 10.viii.2008, S. van Noort, UG08-KF12-S03, Sweep,

primary mid-altitude rainforest, near stream, SAM-HYM-P047402” (SAMC).

ZAMBIA: 1 S, “Zambia, nr Mfuwe sweeping on the dried egg tree 09.XII.2011 Gumovsky; Mopane

tree [Colophospermum mopane , Fabaceae] SAM-HYM-P049439” (SAMC).

Host records

Maliarpha separate //# Ragonot, 1888 (Fepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Distribution

Tanzania. New records: Uganda, Zambia.

Pristomerus caris Fitton in Polaszek et al., 1994

Fig. 7

Pristomerus caris Fitton in Polaszek et al., 1994: 83.

Diagnosis (range of variation from Rousse et al. 2013)

Head very pale yellow with Irons, inter-ocellar and occiput black, face often with a median infuscate to dark

brown marking of variable extent; mesosoma and metasoma testaceous orange with tergites 1-2 or 1-3

blackened, mesosoma sometimes with black spots dorsally; face moderately and shallowly punctate; inner

margins of eyes barely diverging ventrally; clypeus transverse, smooth; malar line moderately long; Irons,

vertex and temple coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina at mandible base; antenna with 29-32

flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere subquadrate; mesosoma elongate, densely punctate except pronotum

and ventral half of speculum smooth, background sculpture on posterior mesoscutum somewhat transversely

rugose; area superomedia narrow and elongate, usually about twice as long as wide but sometimes distinctly

more elongate; female femoral tooth absent; ovipositor moderately long, strongly sinuous apically. B 4.1-7.2;

A 3.0-5.3; F 3.3M.7; CT 1.8; ME 0.6; POE 0.6; Fl^ 1.0; OOF 0.9; ASM 1.9-2.7; OT 1.5-F7; FFT 0. Male

with eye margins more diverging ventrally, femoral tooth enlarged, ocelli usually enlarged (see comments);

otherwise similar to female. B 3.8-7.2; A2.9-5.1; F 3.5M.2; POE 0.6; OOF 0.2-0.5.

Differential diagnosis

Rather small species from Madagascar, mostly yellowish to testaceous-orange with basal tergites

blackened and whitish head, though dorsally and often medially darkened. Differentiated from most

other Afrotropical species by the absence of the femoral tooth in females, the whitish face, the mostly

yellowish-orange metasoma and the moderately long ovipositor. It is hence morphologically related to

P. vahaza , which has a narrower clypeus, a more slender mesosoma and a rather flat scutellum, and to

P. ranomafana, which is darker with a significantly longer ovipositor.

Material examined

Holotype

MADAGASCAR: §, “MADAGASCAR: Fac Alaotra, Stn Cala, 12.02.1988, ex Maliarpha separatella

FB4-, B.M. Type Hym 3B.2472” (BMNH).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Host records

Maliarpha separatella Ragonot (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Distribution

Madagascar.

0.25 mm

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0.25 mm

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Fig. 7. Pristomerus carls Fitton, 1994. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma,

dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind

tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Comments (from Rousse et al. 2013)

The large series of specimens available in the MNHN collection shows considerable variation with

respect to the original description of P. caris. The propodeum carination is highly variable, the area

basalis being petiolate to truncate, and the area superomedia greatly varies in elongation. Colour also

varies from lighter specimens with reduced brownish markings to darker ones with larger black spots on

face, vertex, mesoscutum and propodeum. We furthermore observed two male groups with differently

sized ocelli. Such variability is, however, not correlated with any other morphological or geographical

difference. These specimens might represent a species complex whose study needs more comprehensive

molecular and morphometric investigations.

Pristomerus dikidiki sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:93406C5D-7EE2-4AlE-9F84-0F50CB9BD95B

Fig. 8

Diagnosis

Large; mostly black with legs mostly testaceous and trochanters and apex of femora pale dotted; anterior

edge of pterostigma whitish; face densely punctate, clypeus almost totally punctate, sculpture smoother

on remainder of head; clypeus transverse; malar line moderately short; inner margins of eyes parallel;

antenna with 38 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere quadrate; mesosoma densely and deeply

punctate with a smoother dorsal area on pronotum, ventral half of speculum smooth; area superomedia

rather stout, weakly carinate laterally; female femoral tooth very strong; ovipositor moderately long,

strongly sinuous. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Large and mostly black species, differentiated from most other Afrotropical species by the combination of

the colour pattern, the strong femoral tooth and the extensively punctate mesonotum. It is morphologically

closely related to P. nzakara sp. nov., whose ovipositor is distinctly stouter with a straight apex.

Type material

Holotype

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: $, “Yangambi (Stan.), XII-1958, P. Dessart” (MRAC).

Description

Female (holotype)

B 12.1; A 6.2; F 7.7; CT 1.9; ML 0.4; POL 0.8; OOL 1.6; Fl n _ x 1.0; ASM 1.7; OT 1.7; FFT 2.

Colour. Head black with frontal orbit orange, mandible and palpi yellow; mesosoma black; metasoma

black with apical and lateral margins of tergites 3 and following testaceous-orange; fore and mid legs

testaceous, hind leg mostly dark brown; trochanters and apex of femora pale dotted; wings apically

infuscate, venation pale brown, anterior edge of pterostigma whitish.

Head. Face deeply and densely punctate, mid-longitudinally weakly bulging; inner margins of eyes

parallel; clypeus transverse, entirely punctate; malar line short; frons finely and densely punctate with a

weak mid-longitudinal ridge from upper face to median ocellus; vertex and temple coriaceous; occipital

carina joining hypostomal carina distinctly above mandible base; antenna with 38 flagellomeres,

penultimate flagellomere quadrate.

Mesosoma. Moderately elongate; pronotum sparsely punctate with anterior margin crenulate and a dorsal

smoother area; mesopleuron and metapleuron deeply and very densely punctate, with a striate oblique

furrow below speculum, speculum ventrally smooth; mesoscutum densely punctate-granulate, punctures

apically confluent into transverse rugosities, notaulus moderate and rugose; scutellum densely punctate -

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

granulate, apically striate; propodeum deeply punctate-rugose, carination thick, area superomedia rather

stout, centrally smoother and hardly delimited laterally. Legs. Femoral tooth long and acute, higher than

basally wide.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 longitudinally aciculate, following tergites coriaceous;

thyridium elliptic with main axis longitudinal; ovipositor moderately long and apically strongly sinuous.

0.25 mm

IMAGED

WaspWeb

SAMC2014

' MUS. ROY. AFR. CENTR ♦

Yangarybi (Stan.)

XU-1958

0.25 mm

P. Dessart

Fig. 8. Pristomerus dikidiki sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

Male

Unknown.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Distribution

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Fig. 9. Pristomerus guinness Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view.

B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma,

lateral view. F. Hind tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Pristomerus guinness Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Fig. 9

Diagnosis (range of variation from Rousse et al. 2013)

Head whitish yellow with frons, inter-ocellar area and occiput black; mesosoma testaceous-orange;

metasoma black with apical margin of tergites 2-7 white; antenna basally black, fading to pale testaceous,

then apically darker; face densely and shallowly punctate; inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus

transverse, sparsely punctate; malar line long; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina shortly above

mandible base; antenna long with 35-36 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere quadrate; mesosoma

elongate, very densely punctate-granulate except pronotum centrally and speculum ventrally smoother,

and mesoscutum mid-posteriorly transversely rugose; area superomedia elongate; female femoral tooth

about as long as basally wide; ovipositor moderately long, weakly sinuous apically. B 6.2-9.2; A 4.7-

6.9; F 4.9-7.1; CT 1.8; ML 0.7; POL 0.7; OOL 0.4; Fl n ^1.0; ASM 2.5; OT 1.4-1.5; FFT 1-2. Male with

ocelli and femoral tooth enlarged, posterior ocellus almost touching eyes dorsally; otherwise similar to

female. OOL 0.1; POL 0.4.

Differential diagnosis

Rather large Madagascan species, differentiated from all other Afrotropical species by the atypical

colour pattern: head mostly white, mesosoma testaceous orange and metasoma mostly black with apical

margins of tergites white. The only other Afrotropical species with a somewhat similar colour pattern is

P. zulu sp. nov., whose face is medially reddish-testaceous and the malar line is distinctly shorter.

Material examined

Holotype

MADAGASCAR: $, “MADAGASCAR, Rogez, foret cote est, V. 32, EY 0000003649” (MNHN).

Distribution

Madagascar.

Pristomerus hansoni Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Fig. 10

Diagnosis (range of variation from Rousse et al. 2013)

Head whitish yellow with frons, inter-ocellar area and occiput black; remainder of body orange; face mostly

smooth with some shallow punctures laterally; inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus transverse, quite

smooth; malar line moderately long; frons, vertex and temple coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal

carina at mandible base; antenna with 33-39 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere slightly elongate;

mesosoma elongate; pronotum quite smooth; mesopleuron and metapleuron moderately and shallowly

punctate with ventral half of speculum smooth; mesoscutum moderately punctate-granulate; punctation on

scutellum sparser, inter-punctures spaces smooth; area superomedia elongate; female femoral tooth absent;

ovipositor very long, apically strongly sinuous. B 7.6-9.2; A 5.0-6.4; F 4.7-6.7; CT 1.9; ML 0.6; POL 0.6;

OOL 0.9; FI . 1.2; ASM 2.3; OT 2.8-3.2; FFT 0. Male with mesosoma smoother, ocelli and femoral tooth

5 n-1 9 5 5 9

enlarged; otherwise similar to female. POL 0.3; OOL 0.2.

Differential diagnosis

White faced species from Madagascar, chiefly characterized by the very long ovipositor, much longer

than in any other Afrotropical species of Pristomerus.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Material examined

Holotype

MADAGASCAR: $, “MADAGASCAR, Rogez, foret cote est, XII.30, EY 0000003620” (MNHN).

Distribution

Madagascar.

Pristomerus hansonl

Rousse, VillefTiant &. Seyrig,

2010

0.25 mm

Mlmum Paris

MlMGjlSCJfl

museum papis

IMAGED

WaspWeb

SAMC 2013

SEYRIG

Fig. 10. Pristomerus hansoni Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view.

B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma,

lateral view. F. Hind tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Pristomerus herero sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A7126D35-043A-429F-BlCB-9F13C3D0FAA4

Fig. 11

Diagnosis

Large; mottled yellow to reddish-orange with numerous variable black markings on entire body; face

deeply and densely punctate, punctation slightly sparser on clypeus; clypeus weakly transverse; malar

line long; remainder of head coriaceous except inter-ocellar area deeply and densely punctate; antenna

with 31-33 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere shorter than wide; mesosoma coarsely and densely

punctate but pronotum mid-dorsally and speculum ventrally smooth; area superomedia elongate and not

carinate postero-laterally; female femoral tooth strongly reduced, reduced to a subapical point followed

by denticles; ovipositor very long, its apex sinuous. Male with mesosoma more shallowly punctate,

inner margins of eyes distinctly diverging ventrally, ocelli enlarged, femur and femoral tooth strongly

stouter, and area superomedia fully carinate.

Differential diagnosis

Large and mostly yellow and reddish-orange; differentiated from all other Afrotropical species by the

combination of the coarse punctation on face and mesosoma, the near absence of the femoral tooth in the

female and the very long ovipositor. Probably related to P. roberti in Madagascar, which is, however, far

smaller with a stronger femoral tooth and a fully delimited area superomedia in both sexes.

Type material

Holotype

NAMIBIA: $, “Kaoko Otavi S. W. A. Mus. exp. Mar. 1926, SAM-HYM-P001203” (SAMC).

Paratypes

NAMIBIA: 1 ?, 2 same label data (SAMC).

Description

Female (2 specimens)

B 9.8-10.2; A6.3-6.9; F 7.9-8.2; CT 1.6; ML 0.7; POL 1.0; OOL 1.3; Fl^0.8; ASM2.3; OT2.3; FFT 1.

Colour. Background colour mottled yellow and reddish-orange with face brown and variable black

markings (sometimes strongly reduced) on: frons, ocellar area, occiput, anterior margin of mesosternum

and mesopleuron, ventral margin of metapleuron, axillar trough, metanotum and basal margin of

propodeum, and basal half of tergites 1-3; legs yellowish orange, hind tibia somewhat darker and hind

tarsus strongly infuscate; flagellum and ovipositor sheath strongly infuscate; wings hyaline, venation

brown.

Head. Face very densely and deeply punctate, punctation slightly sparser on median bulge; inner margins

of eyes weakly diverging ventrally; clypeus wealdy transverse, long, punctation sparser and shallower

than on face; malar line long; frons, vertex and temple coriaceous except inter-ocellar area deeply and

densely punctate; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina at mandible base; antenna with 32-33

flagellomeres, rather thick, penultimate flagellomere shorter than wide.

Mesosoma. Entire mesosoma unusually deeply and densely punctate, except pronotum mid-dorsally

and speculum ventrally smooth; notaulus moderate; propodeum coarsely transversely punctate-rugose

medially; area superomedia fairly elongate and not delimited postero-laterally. Legs. Femoral tooth

hardly distinct, reduced to a weak subapical point, followed by some denticles.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 coarsely aciculate, following tergites coriaceous;

thyridium subcircular; ovipositor very long and apically slightly sinuous.

Male (paratype)

B 8.8-9.9; A 6.0-6.4; F 7.3-7.9; POL 0.8; OOL 0.7. Inner margins of eyes distinctly diverging ventrally;

ocelli and hind femur enlarged; femoral tooth long and acute, followed by strong denticles; mesosoma

0.25 mm

2 mm

0.5

IMAGED

WaspWeb

SAMC 2014

0.5 mm

OUvi

W. A,

Wus, Kyppn

Alar.

SAM-HYM

PO01203

Fig. 11. Pristomerus herero sp. nov. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Mesosoma, dorsal view.

C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia, lateral

view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

more shallowly punctate, lateral lobes of mesoscutum largely coriaceous; area superomedia fully

carinate; otherwise similar to female.

Distribution

Namibia.

Pristomerus hutu sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8EE623B7-247F-4A4F-8F79-AEC68BB95B75

Fig. 12

Diagnosis

Most of body ventrally and laterally mostly pale yellow to yellowish-orange, dorsally nearly entirely

black; face except orbits dark brown; fore and mid legs yellowish-orange, hind legs mostly dark brown to

black, femora and trochanters apically white-dotted; anterior edge of pterostigma whitish; face laterally

densely punctate, clypeus and middle of face sparsely and finely punctate; clypeus weakly transverse,

convex in profile; malar line short; remainder of head coriaceous; antenna with 28-31 flagellomeres;

mesosoma moderately to densely punctate but pronotum almost entirely smooth, speculum ventrally

smooth, and area superomedia usually transversely striate; area superomedia elongate, usually hardly

delimited laterally beyond anterior transverse carina; female femoral tooth weak but distinct; ovipositor

moderately long, apically moderately sinuous. Male with ocelli and hind femur enlarged, femoral tooth

long and acute, otherwise similar to female.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately sized, ventrally yellow to orange and dorsally black. Differentiated from all other Afrotropical

Pristomerus species by the combination of the light facial orbits, the always black scutellum, the very

short malar line, and the weak though distinct female femoral tooth.

Type material

Holotype

UGANDA: 5, “UGANDA, Kibale National Park, Kanyawara, Makerere University Biological field

station, 1505 m, 0°33.859’N 30 o 2F630’E, 31.vii-3.viii.2005, S vanNoort, UG05-M07, Malaise trap,

primary mid-altitude rainforest, SAM-HYM-P047386” (SAMC).

Paratypes

UGANDA: 2 $$, same label data except: “1495 m, 0 o 33.996’N 30°21.262 , E, 5-12.viii.2005, UG05-

M15, secondary mid-altitude Rainforest, SAM-HYM-P047387” (SAMC); 1 $, same label data except:

“3-5.vii.2005, UG05-M12, SAM-HYM-P047398” (SAMC); 1 $, same label data except: “12-185.

viii.2005, UG05-M19, SAM-HYM-P047399” (SAMC); 1 $, same label data except: “0°33.87FN

30 o 21.355’E, 12-26.viii.2008, UG08-KF2-M12, secondary mid-altitude Rainforest, SAM-HYM-

P047388” (SAMC); 1 ?, same label data except: “1505 m, 0 o 33.823’N 30°21.490’E, 2-12.viii.2008,

UG08-KF3-M03, primary mid-altitude Rainforest, SAM-HYM-P047400” (SAMC); 2 ??, 1 3,

“Uganda, Rwenzori Mts, nr. Nyalcalengija village, along Mubuku river. -1640 m 12.III.2013 A.

Gumovsky; agricultural landscape with cultivated plants + some ruderal plants, SAM-HYM-P047389”

(SAMC).

CENTRAF AFRICAN REPUBFIC: 1 §, “Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaere, Parc

National de Dzanga-Ndoki, Mabea Bai, 2F4 Km 53°NE Bayanga, 3°02.0FN 16°24.57’E, 510m,

6-7.V.2001, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, CAR01-M58, Fowland Rainforest, marsh clearing, SAM-

HYM-P047390” (SAMC).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Description

Female (10 specimens)

B 6.5-7.2; A4.1M.5; F: 4.0-4.4; CT 1.6; ML 0.3; POL 0.5; OOL 0.9; Fl n l

FFT 1.

1.3; ASM 2.3; OT 1.5-1.8;

Colour. Background colour of head yellowish-orange with face often medially dark brown, mandible,

malar space, clypeus and frontal orbit sometimes pale yellow, and frons, inter-ocellar area, and occiput

Fig. 12. Pristomerus hutu sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

black; background colour of mesosoma orange, dorsally entirely black except sometimes notaulus and

lateral margin of mesoscutum, metanotum and a variable basal part of propodeum; tergites 1-2 nearly

entirely black, following tergites pale yellow to orange with a large median black spot of variable extent;

fore and mid legs yellowish-orange, hind leg mostly dark brown to black, all trochanters and femora

apically white; wings hyaline, venation brown, pterostigma more or less whitish anteriorly.

Head. Face moderately densely and deeply punctate, punctation sparser and finer on median bulge;

inner margins of eyes weakly converging ventrally; clypeus barely transverse, long, distinctly convex

in profile view, shallowly and sparsely punctate; malar line very short; frons, vertex and temple

coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina shortly above mandible base; antenna with 28-32

flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere slightly elongate.

Mesosoma. Moderately elongate; pronotum almost smooth; mesopleuron moderately punctate with

an oblique shallowly striate furrow below speculum, ventral half of speculum smooth; metapleuron

moderately and shallowly punctate-granulate; mesoscutum coarsely and densely punctate-granulate,

apical half with punctures confluent into transverse rugosities, notaulus moderate; scutellum densely

and evenly punctate, its posterior vertical face longitudinally striate; propodeum moderately punctate,

area superomedia elongate, usually hardly delimited laterally beyond anterior transverse carina and

often transversely striate. Legs. Femoral tooth weak but always distinct, followed by minute denticles.

Metasoma. Tergite 2, apical half oftergite 1 and basal half oftergite 3 longitudinally aciculate, following

tergites coriaceous; thyridium elliptic and more or less wide, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor

moderately long, its apical third moderately sinuous.

Male (paratype)

B 6.8; A 4.4; F: 4.2; POL 0.5; OOL 0.6. Ocelli and hind femur enlarged; femoral tooth long and acute,

followed by strong denticles; otherwise similar to female.

Distribution

Central African Republic, Uganda.

Pristomerus kagga sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2EF10C4A-F4E5-4F5D-8247-DA8F06876E80

Fig. 13

Diagnosis

Moderately sized; background colour rufo-testaceous with black markings of variable extent; face

densely punctate-granulate, punctation sparser on clypeus and on remainder of head; inner margins of

eyes subparallel; malar line very long; ocelli reduced; antenna with 25-28 flagellomeres, penultimate one

slightly transverse; entire mesosoma densely, deeply and evenly punctate but pronotum and speculum

mostly smooth; propodeum with area superomedia elongate, weakly delimited laterally; female femoral

tooth very strong, followed by strong denticles; ovipositor moderately short, its apex moderately sinuous.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately sized species with a characteristic colour pattern, rufo-testaceous with large black markings;

differentiated from all other Afrotropical species by the combination of the very long malar line and the

strong femoral tooth in females. The reduced ocelli and the dense punctation over the entire mesosoma

are also helpful for identification.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Etymology

Kagga is old Norse for a keg or casket and is taken from the name of the type locality.

Type material

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: §, “South Africa , Western Cape, Cederberg, Kagga Kamma Nature Reserve,

32°45.382’S 19°34.045’E, 1065m, 19 July 2014, S. vanNoort, Sweep, Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos,

KAG14-FYN1-S01, SAM-HYM-P048057” (SAMC).

0,5mm

2 mm

0.2 mm

South .Mina WstemCnpc;

CoIeilicH(.Kj»ia Ktmrru

hfllure Reserve,

imufs

I>65m IvJufc 2UM. *

I S van Mood, Sweep.

l KAGIAFTNl-Sfll

0 5 nm

0.2 mm

SAM-HYM-

P048057 *

IMAGED

WaspWeb

LAS 4.4

SAMO 2014

IMAGED

WaspWeb

LAS 4.4

SAMO 2014

Fig. 13. Pristomerus kagga sp. nov. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 2 $$, same label data except: “SAM-HYM-P048056 and SAM-HYM-P048058”

(SAMC).

Description

Female (3 specimens)

B 4.9-5.8: A2.7-3.1: F 3.6^1.2; CT 1.5: ML 1.1: POL2.1: OOL 1.5: FI , 0.9; ASM2.0; OT 1.2-1.3; FFT2.

n-1

Colour. Background colour rufo-testaceous with black markings of variable extent on: ffons, inter-ocellar

area (marking sometimes extending to frons and occiput), occiput, mesoscutal lobes (sometimes only

notaulus rufo-testaceous), sometimes scuto-scutellar groove and base of scutellum, propodeum (basally to

entirely), mesopleuron and metapleuron almost entirely rufo-testaceous to black with only speculum area

rufo-testaceous, entire mesosoma ventrally, basal half of tergite 1 only to metasoma almost entirely black,

hind coxa more or less entirely, flagellum and ovipositor sheath; wings hyaline, venation dark brown.

Head. Face densely punctate-granulate, punctation sparser on median bulge; inner margins of eyes

subparallel; clypeus barely transverse, long, shallowly and sparsely punctate; malar line very long;

frons, vertex and temple sparsely to densely punctate-granulate; antenna with 25-28 flagellomeres,

penultimate flagellomere shorter than wide.

Mesosoma. Moderately elongate; pronotum almost smooth with some sparse punctures along dorsal,

posterior and ventral margins; mesopleuron and metapleuron densely, deeply and evenly punctate,

speculum smooth except some punctures dorsally; mesoscutum and scutellum densely, deeply and evenly

punctate, apical third of mesoscutum with punctures somewhat confluent into weak transverse rugosities,

notaulus relatively strong; propodeum densely, deeply and evenly punctate with area superomedia

smoother centrally, area superomedia elongate, weakly delimited laterally beyond anterior transverse

carina. Legs. Femoral tooth very strong, obviously higher than basally wide, followed by strong denticles.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 longitudinally aciculate, following tergites coriaceous;

thyridium large and subcircular; ovipositor moderately short, straight, moderately sinuous apically.

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

South Africa (Western Cape).

Pristomerus kelikely Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Fig. 14

Diagnosis (updated from Rousse et at. 2013)

Small; yellow to yellowish-orange overall; face moderately to densely punctate; inner margins of eyes

slightly converging ventrally; clypeus strongly transverse, sparsely and shallowly punctate; malar

line short; remainder of head coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina at mandible base;

antenna with 29-32 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere longer than wide; mesosoma elongate,

moderately to densely punctate but pronotum almost entirely and ventral half of speculum smooth,

and mesonotum apically shallowly punctate; female femoral tooth absent; ovipositor moderately long,

apically weakly sinuous. B 3.2^.6; A 2.8^1.0; F 3.2—4.3; CT 2.0; MT 0.4; POT 0.8; OOL 1.2; Fl n| 1.2;

ASM 2.1; OT 1.6-1.8; FFT 0. Male with ocelli not enlarged, hind femur and femoral tooth stouter, and

area superomedia sometimes more slender. POL 0.9; OOL 1.1.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Differential diagnosis

Small and entirely yellow to yellowish orange species; differentiated from most other Afrotropical species

by the absence of the femoral tooth in females, the short malar line, the strongly transverse clypeus and

the rather long ovipositor. It is closely related to P. moramora and P. venda sp. nov., from which it may

be differentiated by the colour and antennal length characters given in the key (see comments below). It

is also structurally very similar to P. sara sp. nov.; however, this species exhibits white-marked femora

and tibiae, a colour pattern that appears to have ecological relevance (see general discussion).

MUSEUM

PriStOl^niS

Viiismani te Scyng,

[Kouwe.

PaKS

EYOCOXO?*”

IMAGED

WaspWeb

SAMG 2013

* iEYRiy

Fig. 14. Pristomerus kelikely Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view.

B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma,

lateral view. F. Hind tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124 : 1-129 ( 2015 )

Material examined

Holotype

MADAGASCAR: $, “MADAGASCAR, Anivorano XII 1929, EY 0000002477” (MNHN).

Other material

TANZANIA: 3 §?> “Tanzania, Mkomazi Game Reserve, Ibaya Camp, 3.58S 37.48E 25.xii. 1995-

294.1996, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, Acacia / Commiphora / Combretum bushland, SAM-HYM-

P048059” (SAMC); 1 ?, same locality, “Kikolo plot, 04°08.72’S 38°01.37 , E, 16 April-2 May 1996, S.

van Noort, Commiphora woodland. Malaise trap, SAM-HYM-P016192” (SAMC).

Distribution

Madagascar. New record: Tanzania.

Comments

The three species P. kelikely, P. moramora and P. venda can only be keyed by rather weak though

constant differentiating features. Pristomerus moramora is mostly separated from the other two by the

extensive dark colouration of the mesosoma and metasoma. Furthermore, the males of P. kelikely and P.

moramora have ocelli that are not enlarged, which is very unusual in Pristomerus and separate both from

P. venda. However, several specimens in the SAMC and MNHN collections could not unambiguously

be assigned to one of these three species: this species-complex needs further examination before being

fully resolved.

Pristomerus keyka Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Fig. 15

Diagnosis (updated from Rousse et al. 2013)

Small; pale yellow to testaceous orange with very variable dark markings on inter-ocellar area, around

scutellum and on metasoma; flagellum dark brown, basally yellow; face shallowly punctate; inner margins

of eyes subparallel; clypeus smooth, strongly transverse; malar line moderately long; occipital carina joining

hypostomal carina shortly above mandible base; antenna short with 23-27 flagellomeres, penultimate

flagellomere subquadrate; mesosoma moderately elongate, laterally densely and shallowly punctate-granulate

including most of speculum but pronotum dorsally smooth, mesoscutum coriaceous with some punctures

along notaulus, scutellum almost smooth; propodeum with area superomedia often weakly delimited laterally

beyond anterior transverse carina; female femoral tooth small, followed by minute denticles; ovipositor long,

its apex weakly sinuous. B 4.5M.9; A2.3-2.5; F 2.4—2.8; CT2.2; ML 0.6; POL 1.0; OOL 1.3; Fl^ 1.1; ASM

1.8; OT 1.8-2.0; FFT 1. Male with inner margins of eyes diverging ventrally, ocelli strongly enlarged, hind

femur and femoral tooth stouter, scutellum quite smooth. POL 0.6; OOL 0.3.

Differential diagnosis

Small and mostly yellowish with variable dark dorsal markings; differentiated from all other Afrotropical

species by the combination of the short antenna (basally yellow fading to dark brown), the mesoscutum

coriaceous with only few punctures along the notaulus, the strongly transverse clypeus and the short

female femoral tooth.

Material examined

Holotype

MADAGASCAR: $, “MADAGASCAR, Mahajanga Province, Parc Nat Namoraka, 16°28’S, 45 o 20’E,

November 2002 colls Fisher, Griswold et al, in tropical dry forest, California Academy of Sciences”

(CASC).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Paratype

MADAGASCAR: $, same label data, EY 0000002493 (MNHN).

Other material

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: 1 $, “Elisabethville [Lubumbashi] (A la lumiere

[attracted to light]) 1.1960 Ch. Seydel” (MRAC); 1 “South Africa c. 25 km W Pretoria along R-514

11-1-1995 K. W. R. Zwart” (SANC).

Fig. 15. Pristomerus keyka Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013. Paratype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view.

B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma,

lateral view. F. Hind tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124 : 1-129 ( 2015 )

Distribution

Madagascar. New records: Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa.

Pristomerus khoikhoi sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C10B9AAB-BA87-4421-81A6-DE6331803CF9

Fig. 16

Diagnosis

Small; mostly black with legs mostly yellowish-orange; face moderately punctate; clypeus transverse,

ventrally smooth; remainder of head coriaceous to finely granulate; inner margins of eyes subparallel;

malar line very long; antenna short and slender with 19-25 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere

strongly elongate; mesosoma laterally moderately to densely punctate with speculum ventrally smooth,

mesoscutum coriaceous with notaulus punctate, scutellum smooth; female femoral tooth small;

ovipositor moderately long, strongly sinuous apically. Male with ocelli wealdy enlarged, hind femur

swollen and femoral tooth stronger.

Differential diagnosis

Small and mostly black, apparently restricted to the south of South Africa. Differentiated from all other

species of Pristomerus by the combination of the coriaceous mesoscutum, the smooth scutellum, the

short antenna and the very long malar line.

Type material

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: $, “SOUTH AFRICA, Western Cape, Rocherpan Nature Reserve, 32°36.802 , S

18°18.150’S, 9 m, 29 September 2012, R Rousse, Sweep, West Coast Strandveld RP12-STR1-S16,

SAM-HYM-P047392” (SAMC).

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 same label data (SAMC); 1 S, same label data except: “28 September 2012 RP12-

STR1-S04 SAM-HYM-P047393” (SAMC); 1 $, “South Africa, W. Cape, Koeberg Nature Reserve,

33°37.622’S 18°24.259’S, 20 Mar-17 April 1998, S van Noort, Malaise trap, KO97-M30, West Coast

Stranveld SAM-HYM-P047394” (SAMC); 1 ?, same label data except: “3-31 October 1997, K097-M12

SAM-HYM-P047395” (SAMC); 2 “South Africa, W. Cape, Klein River lagoon, 10 m, 34°25.707’S

19°21.494’S, 16 May 1998, S. van Noort, Sweep, WB97-S68, South Coast Strandveld, Leucodendrum

species SAM-HYM-P040392” (SAMC); 4 “S. Africa. R. E. Turner. Brit. Mus. 1921-210. Mossel

Bay, Cape Province. April 1921” (BMNH); 1 S, same label data except: “1921-248, May. 1921” (BMNH);

1 S, same label data except: “1921-353, Aug. 1921” (BMNH); 2 SS, same label data except: “1930^102,

vi-vii. 1930” (BMNH); 1 $, “Hendrik Verwoerd Dam 12.3.69 F. C. Starke, ACP 5727” (SANC); 1 ?,

“South Africa, C. P. Fort Beaufort, 32.46S 26.38E. 01.xii.1983 GFPrinsloo NC Grobbelaar” (SANC).

Other material

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 $, 5 SS, “South Africa, W. Cape, De Hoop Nature Reserve, 34°28’S 20°28’E, near

Koppie Alleen, 40 m alt., 28 September 1995, S. van Noort, Sweep, Strandveld including Sideroxylon

inerma SAM-HYM-P047161” (SAMC); 1 §, “Knersvlalcte, Namaqualand, Mus. exped., Oct. 1950,

SAM-HYM-P001201 ” (SAMC).

Description

Female (5 specimens)

B 3.5—4.2; A 1.9-2.3; F 2.5-3.1; CT 1.8; ME 0.9; POE 1.6; OOF 1.3; Fl n _ x 1.5; ASM2.3; OT 1.6-1.8; FFT 1.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Colour. Mostly black with lighter yellowish-orange and pale yellow parts; yellowish-orange: clypeus,

scape, pedicel, fore and mid legs; pale yellow: mandible, tegula and metasomal sternites; metasoma

sometimes dark testaceous from tergite 3; hind leg testaceous with coxa black and tibia medially pale

yellow; wings hyaline, venation brown.

Head. Face mid-longitudinally bulging, moderately punctate; clypeus transverse, dorsally sparsely

punctate and ventrally smooth, its ventral margin strongly and evenly convex; malar line very long;

Fig. 16. Pristomerus khoikhoi sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124 : 1-129 ( 2015 )

frons finely coriaceous; vertex and temple coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina

near mandible base; ocelli reduced; antenna short and slender with 22-25 flagellomeres, penultimate

flagellomere distinctly elongate.

Mesosoma. Moderately elongate; pronotum bluntly longitudinally crenulate, postero-dorsally smoother;

mesopleuron and metapleuron moderately to densely punctate, punctation coarser on metapleuron, with

a shallow oblique and coarsely striate furrow below speculum, speculum ventrally smooth; mesoscutum

coriaceous with some punctures on median lobe and along notaulus, punctures fused into transverse rugosities

apically; notaulus moderately deep; scutellum nearly smooth; propodeum shallowly rugose punctate, area

petiolaris transversely strigose; area superomedia elongate. Wings. Pterostigma unusually enlarged, its

anterior transverse margin 1.5x longer than its ma xim al mid-longitudinal length. Legs. Femoral tooth small.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apex of tergite longitudinally aciculate, following tergites coriaceous; thyridium

subelliptic, oblique; ovipositor moderately long, strongly sinuous apically.

Male (12 specimens)

B 4.4M.6; A 2.1-2.4; L 3.3-3.5; POL 1.4; OOL 1.1. Ocelli wealdy enlarged; femur swollen, femoral

tooth stronger; otherwise similar to female.

Distribution

South Africa.

Pristomerus kuku sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:96D377D7-D0FE-45AC-A263-A8027D1983A9

Fig. 17

Diagnosis

Moderately large; mostly black with fore and mid legs and metasoma from tergite 3 yellowish-orange;

trochanters and femora apically white-dotted; pterostigma anteriorly white; face coarsely and densely

punctate, sculpture sparser and smoother on remainder of head; malar line moderately long; frons with a

strong median protuberance; antenna with 35 flagellomeres; mesosoma densely and coarsely sculptured,

punctate to rugose-punctate, including pronotum and almost entire speculum; female femoral tooth

nearly absent; ovipositor short, weakly sinuous apically. Male with ocelli slightly enlarged, femoral

tooth strong, tergites 3 and following medially black; otherwise similar to female.

Differential diagnosis

Large black species, differentiated from all other Afrotropical Pristomerus by the absence of a femoral

tooth in females, the short ovipositor and the strong protuberance on the frons. It is related to P. yangere

sp. nov., which lacks the frontal protuberance and has a distinctly longer ovipositor.

Type material

Holotype

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: §, “ Central African Republic , Prefecture Sangha-Mbaere, Parc

National de Dzanga-Ndoki, Mabea Bai, 21.4 Km 53°NE Bayanga, 3°02.0LN 16°24.57’E, 510m,

6-7.V.2001, S van Noort, Malaise trap, CARO 1-M01, Lowland Rainforest, marsh clearing, SAM-

HYM-P047401” (SAMC).

Paratype

UGANDA: “Uganda, Kibale National Park, Kanyawara, Makerere University Biological Field

Station, 1465 m, 0°35.442’N 30°21.74UE, 10.viii.2008, S. van Noort, UG08-KF12-S03, Sweep,

primary mid-altitude rainforest, near stream, SAM—HYM—P047402” (SAMC).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Description

Female (holotype)

B 9.3; A 6.1; F 6.2; CT 1.7; ML 0.6; POL 0.8; OOL 0.9; ¥\ n l 1.2; ASM 1.7; OT 1.2; FFT 0-1.

Colour. Mostly black with metasoma orange from tergite 3 and pale yellow parts on head: a thin margin

along frontal orbit, malar space, mandible and palpi; legs testaceous-brown but hind femur black and

Central .1 fnc, m Ref/Mic.

I ’re fuel ure S.inghi-.\ Ibaw rc.

I’ u\ Notional ik IJ/.iiium

NJ oki. Nlubca Bai. ;i 4km

51- NE Bi

i.yonga

31>2 l>l'N lf.*24.57B, SHJm.

7 S v,2<k> 1, M vsnNourl,

Msl»« tup. CAR0I-M7A.

Lowland Rainforest, marsh

1.5 mm

•V

0.25 mm

I-1

SAM-HYM-

P047401

IMAGED

WaspWeb

SAMC 2014

Fig. 17. Pristomerus kuku sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

all trochanters and femora apically white-dotted; wings slightly infiiscate, venation brown, pterostigma

anteriorly white.

Head. Face mid-longitudinally bulging, coarsely punctate, punctures somewhat confluent into

transverse rugosities; clypeus transverse, more sparsely punctate, distinctly convex in profile view, its

ventral margin strongly convex; malar line moderately long; frons finely and densely punctate with a

strong median protuberance: laterally compressed, about triangular, its tip rounded, about as high as

basally wide; vertex and temple coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina distinctly above

mandible base; antenna with 35 flagellomeres, penultimate one slightly elongate.

Mesosoma. Mesosoma elongate; entire pronotum, mesopleuron and metapleuron densely and deeply

punctate, with a deep oblique striate furrow below speculum, speculum almost entirely punctate;

mesonotum similarly punctate with punctures on apex of mesoscutum confluent into coarse transverse

rugosities; notaulus strongly impressed; posterior vertical face of scutellum longitudinally striate;

propodeum coarsely rugose punctate, carination thick, area superomedia not carinate laterally beyond

anterior transverse carina. Legs. Femoral tooth nearly absent, reduced to a weak subapical protuberance

followed by minute denticles.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 longitudinally aciculate, following tergites coriaceous;

thyridium subelliptic and wide with main axis longitudinal; ovipositor relatively short, slightly down-

curved, apically slightly swollen and weakly sinuous.

Male (paratype)

B 9.1; A6.0;F 5.5; POL 0.5; OOLO.6. Ocelli slightly enlarged; frontal protuberance present but distinctly

smaller than basally wide; area superomedia fully carinate and slightly more elongate; femur swollen,

femoral tooth and following denticles strong; tergite 3 and following medially black; otherwise similar

to female.

Distribution

Central African Republic, Uganda.

Pristomerus masai sp. nov.

urn: lsid: zoobank, ore: act: 83828FAA-D200-4813-B23C-BC1045C173F8

Fig. 18

Diagnosis

Moderate size; yellowish-orange overall with variable dorsal black spots; femora and trochanters

apically white-dotted; pterostigma anteriorly white; face densely and shallowly punctate-granulate;

clypeus transverse and smooth; remainder of head coriaceous; malar line short; antenna long with 30-

33 flagellomeres; mesosoma densely punctate to punctate-reticulate with pronotum and ventral half

of speculum nearly smooth; female femoral tooth moderate, followed by a row of minute denticles;

ovipositor moderately long, apically weakly sinuous. Male with ocelli enlarged, inner margins of eyes

slightly diverging ventrally, femur and femoral tooth stouter with femoral tooth long and acute, area

superomedia much more slender, and lateral black marking on occiput absent.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately sized species from tropical mainland Africa; differentiated from all other Afrotropical

species by the combination of the black dorsal markings (including most of the occiput in females), the

rather enlarged ocelli with an unusually reduced POL, the short malar line, the small female femoral

tooth, the long and narrow thyridium and the long ovipositor. It is apparently very closely related to

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

other undescribed species (see comments) and to P. wolof sp. nov., from which it is separated by the size

of the ocelli and femoral tooth as given in the key.

Type material

Holotype

KENYA: $, “KENYA, Tsavo Safari Lodge, Athi River, 518 m, 2°38.529’S 38°2L984’E, 19.vii.2008, S.

van Noort, UG08-KEN-S02, Sweep, savanna woodland, SAM-HYM-P047403” (SAMC).

RfcNYA. ’IVavnSafin LnJ,

Aiha River, 518m.

jr3K.S2.5n5 3*"2l 9X415.

I'Jvn.lrtui. Sun Nourt.

UGfiK-KEN-802. Sweep.

s:iv.inn:i woodland

0.25

nr:

0.25 mm

mar,

w W| v j

W AK4

m —ygM 1

■ s&tisSm mm

0.25 mm

'•

IMAGED y-- ■ t.

WSspWeo ^ SAM-HYM-

SAMC2013 *■ PQ47/I03

Fig. 18. Pristomerus masai sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Paratypes

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: 1 ?, “Congo Beige, P.N.G. Miss. H. De Saeger II/eb/9,

13.III. 1952 H. De Saeger. 3254” (MRAC).

GUINEA-BISSAU: 1 “reg. Bafala 5 km W Bijne 2.xi.92 M. Soderlund scr. sweep, undergrowth in

forest and glades partly grazed by sheeps, 12h30-15h00, SAM-HYM-P049447” (SAMC).

IVORY COAST: 1 “Lamto-RCI, 5°02 W 6°13 N, 20.9M.X. 1985, Parkinsonia esculaenta ” (BMNH).

KENYA: 1 $, same label data as holotype (SAMC); 3 $?, “Kenya, Olambwe, 18km SW Homa

Bay, 1257 m, 0°38.580’S 34°20.403 , E, 26.vii.2008, S. van Noort, UG08-KEN-S08, Sweep, riparian

woodland, SAM-HYM-P047404” (SAMC).

Material excluded from type series

GABON: 1 “Prov. Ogooue-Maritime, Reserve de laMoulcalaba-Dougoua, 12.2km 305°NWDoussala,

2°17.00’S 10°29.83'E, 110m, 27.ii.2000, S. vanNoort, Sweep, GA00-S15, Lowland Rainforest, elephant

path, SAM-HYM-P041661” (SAMC).

TANZANIA: 2 ¥ ?, “Mkomazi Game Reserve, Ibaya Camp, 3°57'91"S 37°48'09"E, 11 Mar-5 Aprl996,

S. van Noort, Malaise trap, Acacia-Commiphora-Combretum bushland, SAM-HYM-P015658”

(SAMC); 1 5, “Mkomazi Game Reserve, Ibaya Camp, 3°57'91"S 37°48'09"E, 14 April-3May 1996, S.

van Noort, Malaise trap, Acacia-Commiphora-Combretum bushland, SAM-HYM-P015665” (SAMC);

3 $ 5, “Mkomazi Game Reserve, Kisima Plot, 4°06'06"S 38°05'58"E, 25 Nov-8Dec 1995, S. van Noort,

Malaise trap, Acacia-Commiphora bushland, SAM-HYM-P016461” (SAMC); 2 §¥, same data,

SAM-HYM-P016463 (SAMC).

Description

Female (5 specimens)

B 6.4-7.4; A 4.8—5.4; F 4.2M.9; CT 1.7; ML 0.4; POL 0.5; OOL 1.0; Fl n l 1.2; ASM 1.8-2.1; OT

1.9-2.0; FFT 1.

Colour. Yellowish-orange overall with mandible and frontal orbit pale yellow, and black markings: a

large lateral spot on occiput, tergites 1-3 but a variable apical part, and basal half of tergite 1; following

tergites sometimes also black maculated; flagellum and ovipositor sheath black; trochanters and femora

apically white-dotted, hind tibia basally and apically infuscate, hind tarsus infuscate; wings hyaline,

venation brown, pterostigma anteriorly white.

Head. Face densely and very shallowly punctate; inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus transverse and

moderately convex, almost smooth; malar line short; frons, vertex and temple coriaceous; ocellar triangle

small, equilateral, post ocellar line noticeably short; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina distinctly

above mandible base; antenna with 31-32 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere slightly elongate.

Mesosoma. Moderately elongate; pronotum nearly smooth, weakly sculptured anteriorly; mesopleuron

and metapleuron densely punctate with a shallow oblique and transversely strigose furrow below

speculum, speculum ventrally smooth; mesoscutum finely and densely punctate-granulate, punctures

confluent along notaulus line into fine transverse rugosities, notaulus relatively deep; scutellum densely

punctate, its posterior vertical face longitudinally striate; propodeum densely punctate, mid-apically

transversely strigose, area superomedia moderately elongate but elongation variable. Legs. Femoral

tooth moderate, followed by a row of minute denticles.

Metasoma. Apical half of tergite 1, tergite 2 and base of tergite 3 longitudinally aciculate, following

tergites coriaceous; thyridium elongate, elliptic, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor moderately long,

apically weakly to moderately sinuous.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Male (3 specimens)

B 6.7-7.1; A 5.0-5.5; POL 0.6; OOL 0.5. Ocelli enlarged; antenna with 28-33 flagellomeres; inner

margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally; femur swollen, femoral tooth stronger, long and acute; area

superomedia much more slender, lateral black marking on occiput absent; otherwise similar to female.

Distribution

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya.

Comments

Nine morphologically related specimens in the SAMC collection (listed under material examined as

excluded from type series), from Tanzania and Gabon, could not be definitively associated with P. masai

sp. nov., but their morphological differences are also not strong enough to warrant description of a distinct

species. Pristomerus masai sp. nov. is probably included within a widespread tropical species-complex;

resolution of species delimitation within this complex requires thorough examination using molecular and

morphometric tools.

Pristomerus mb aka sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:943E40C0-B8F2-4ABl-BE51-10F875C98FEl

Fig. 19

Diagnosis

Rather small; mostly black with scutellum and apical half of metasoma testaceous-brown; trochanters

and apex of femora white-dotted; anterior edge of pterostigma whitish; face moderately punctate; inner

margins of eyes barely converging ventrally; clypeus moderately transverse, sparsely punctate; tentorial

pits reduced; malar line very short; remainder of head coriaceous; antenna with 28 flagellomeres,

penultimate flagellomere elongate; mesosoma moderately to densely punctate-granulate, including

entire speculum and almost entire pronotum, except scutellum coriaceous, mesoscutum transversely

rugose along notaulus, andpropodeum coarsely rugose-punctate; female femoral tooth small; ovipositor

very short, apically straight and hardly swollen. Male with inner margins of eyes strongly diverging

ventrally, ocelli greatly enlarged, hind femur stouter, femoral tooth long and acute, mesoscutum mostly

coriaceous with punctures along notaulus, and area superomedia more slender.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately small and mostly black; differentiated from all other Afrotropical species by the very short

and entirely straight ovipositor. Also characterized by the very short malar line, the coriaceous scutellum

and the entirely punctate speculum.

Type material

Holotype

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: $, “Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaere, Reserve

Speciale de Foret dense de Dzanga-Sangha, 12.7km 326°NW Bayanga, 3°00.27’N 16°11.55’E, 420m,

12.V.2001, S. vanNoort, Sweep, CARO 1-S120, Lowland Rainforest, SAM-HYM-P047405” (SAMC).

Paratype

IVORY COAST: $, “Lamto-RCI 5°02W. 6°13N, 19.5-19.6.84, Cynometra megalophylla” (BMNH).

Description

Female (holotype)

B 5.2; A 4.0; F 4.1; CT 1.7; ML 0.3; POL 0.7; OOL 0.7; Fl n _ x 1.2; ASM 2.2; OT 0.8; FFT 1.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Colour. Head black with clypeus, scape and frontal orbit testaceous-orange, and mandible, palpi, malar

space and pedicel yellow; flagellum testaceous; mesosoma black; tergite 1 black, metasoma fading to

testaceous-brown from tergite 2; legs yellow with hind coxa and hind femur testaceous-brown, and

trochanters and apex of femora with a more or less defined white spot; wings hyaline, venation brown,

anterior edge of pterostigma whitish.

1 ‘cnlrul African Republic.

Prclccture Sanghn-MWrc.

Resetvc Sped Je tie F<»ret

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Sweep. OAROI-SJ 20.

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SAMC 2013

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P047405

■ ■

Fig. 19. Pristomerus mbaka sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Head. Face moderately and finely punctate; inner margins of eyes barely converging ventrally; clypeus

moderately transverse, convex in profile view, finely and sparsely punctate; tentorial pits reduced, hardly

distinct; malar line very short; Irons, vertex and temple coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina

near mandible base; ocelli enlarged; antenna with 28 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere elongate.

Mesosoma. Elongate; pronotum moderately punctate, hardly smoother postero-dorsally; mesopleuron

and metapleuron densely and evenly punctate, with an oblique striate furrow below speculum, speculum

entirely punctate; mesoscutum densely punctate-granulate, punctures confluent into transverse rugosities

along notaulus; notaulus moderate; scutellum nearly smooth, shallowly coriaceous without punctures;

propodeum coarsely punctate rugose but area superomedia centrally smoother; area superomedia

elongate. Legs. Femoral tooth small.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 longitudinally aciculate, tergite 3 and following

coriaceous; thyridium subelliptic, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor unusually short, its apex straight

and hardly swollen.

Male (paratype)

B 5.5; A 4.3; F 4.4; POE 0.4; OOF 0.2. Inner margin of eyes strongly diverging ventrally; antennae broken;

ocelli greatly enlarged; hind femur stouter; femoral tooth long and acute, followed by strong denticles;

mesoscutum smoother, coriaceous with some punctures along notaulus; area superomedia more slender;

hind femur distinctly lighter, yellowish orange, but apical pale spot present; otherwise similar to female.

Distribution

Central African Republic, Ivory Coast.

Pristomerus mbama sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5584F15B-A339-44E9-827F-5ECF671EBD94

Fig. 20

Diagnosis

Moderately small; mostly black with metasoma mostly yellowish-orange from tergite 3; apex of femora pale

dotted; face densely punctate, sculpture smoother on remainder of head; inner margins of eyes subparallel;

clypeus transverse; malar line very short; antenna with 30 flagellomeres; mesosoma mostly coarsely punctate,

including scutellum and entire speculum, pronotum hardly smoother postero-dorsally; propodeum with

carination thick, area basalis petiolate; ovipositor moderately long, apically strongly sinuous. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately small and mostly black; differentiated from all other Pristomerus species by the combination

of the very short malar line, the entirely punctate speculum and almost entirely sculptured pronotum,

and the very weak female femoral tooth. It appears closely related to P. mbaka sp. nov. in which the

scutellum is impunctate and the ovipositor is significantly shorter, apically straight.

Type material

Holotype

GABON: §, “GABON, Prov. Ogooue-Maritime, Reserve de la Moukalaba-Dougoua, 12.2km 305°NW

Doussala, 2°17.00’S 10°29.83’E, 110m, 28.ii.2000, S. van Noort, Sweep, GA00-S18, Lowland

Rainforest, forest margin along road, SAM-HYM-P041662” (SAMC).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Description

Female (holotype)

B 6.0; A3.6; F: 4.1; CT 1.8; ML 0.3; POL 0.5; OOL 0.8; Fl nl 1.1; ASM 2.1; OT 1.6; FFT 1.

Colour. Head black with mandible, palpi, clypeus, malar space and frontal orbits yellow to yellowish-

orange; mesosoma black; tergites 1-2 black, following tergites mostly yellowish-orange and centrally

0.25 mm

CiAIJON. Prov. OgoovC-

Marilimc, Reserve de Is

MoukaUba-Dougoua^ «•

12.2km 305’ NW Dout»l*.

2‘17.00'S 10'29,83’E. 110m

B 28.il2i.K> 0. S van Noon,

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SAMC 2013

SSAM-HYM

P041662

Fig. 20. Pristomerus mbama sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

blackened; legs yellowish-orange with hind coxa black and hind femur testaceous-brown; all femora

apically white dotted; wings hyaline, slightly infuscate apically, venation brown with pterostigma

somewhat paler anteriorly.

Head. Face densely and deeply punctate, medially bulging; inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus

transverse, mostly smooth but dorsal margin punctate, convex in profile view; malar line very short;

frons and vertex finely and closely punctate-granulate; temple and occiput coriaceous; frons mid-

longitudinally wealdy bulging; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina above mandible base; antenna

with 30 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere barely elongate.

Mesosoma. Elongate; pronotum entirely sculptured, moderately punctate, anteriorly crenulate and

posteriorly coriaceous; mesopleuron and metapleuron evenly, densely and deeply punctate with an oblique

striate groove below speculum, speculum entirely punctate; mesoscutum densely and finely punctate-

granulate, punctures confluent into oblique rugosities along notaulus; notaulus moderate; scutellum

densely punctate; propodeum densely punctate-granulate with area superomedia centrally smoother and

area petiolaris transversely strigose; carination thick, area basalis petiolate, area superomedia elongate.

Legs. Femoral tooth very weak though distinct.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 longitudinally aciculate, following tergites coriaceous;

thyridium subelliptic, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor moderately long, strongly sinuous apically.

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

Gabon.

Pristomerus mboum sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F0F10028-D908-4AF6-8300-C54074B182B2

Fig. 21

Diagnosis

Small; yellow to yellowish-orange with dorsal black markings on head and metasoma; femora and

trochanters apically white-dotted; anterior edge of pterostigma whitish; face densely punctate; clypeus

smooth, moderately transverse; malar line very short; remainder of head coriaceous; mesosoma densely

punctate to punctate-granulate, with speculum ventrally, most of pronotum and scutellum quite smooth;

area superomedia long and narrow, hardly carinate laterally; femoral tooth small; ovipositor moderately

short, apically strongly sinuous. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Small, mostly yellowish-orange; differentiated from all other Afrotropical Pristomerus by the combination

of the quite smooth scutellum, the short malar line, the small female femoral tooth and the rather enlarged

ocelli. The apical white dot on the femora and the black occiput are also reliable identification cues,

making P. mboum sp. nov. morphologically close to P. masai sp. nov. and related species.

Type material

Holotype

CENTRAF AFRICAN REPUBFIC: §, “Central African Republic , Prefecture Sangha-Mbaere, Parc

National de Dzanga-Ndoku, Mabea Bai, 21.4 km 53°NE Bayanga, 3°02.0FN 16°24.57'E, 510m,

6-7.V.2001, S van Noort, sweep, CAR01-S94, lowland rainforest, marsh clearing SAM-HYM-

P047406” (SAMC).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Other material? (see comments)

UGANDA: 1 “Uganda, Kibale National Park, Kanyawara, Makerere University Biological Field

Station, 1465 m, 0°35.442’N 30°21.74UE, 10.viii.2008, S. van Noort, UG08-KF12-S03, Sweep,

primary mid-altitude rainforest, near stream, SAM-HYM-P049448” (SAMC).

Fig. 21. Pristomerus mboum sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Description

Female (holotype)

B 4.4; An/a; F 3.3; CT 1.7; ML 0.3; POL 0.5; OOL 0.8; Fl n4 n/a; ASM 2.4; OT 1.5; FFT 1.

Colour. Yellow to yellowish-orange overall, with face fading to dark brown medially and numerous

black markings: frons, inter-ocellar area, occiput, tergite 2 medially and a basal spot on following

tergites; femora and trochanters apically white-dotted; wings slightly infiiscate apically, venation pale

brown, anterior edge of pterostigma whitish.

Head. Face moderately densely and deeply punctate; inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus moderately

transverse, almost smooth; frons, vertex and temple coriaceous; malar line very short; ocelli enlarged;

occipital carina joining hypostomal carina distinctly above mandible base; both antennae broken.

Mesosoma. Moderately elongate; pronotum smooth, shallowly strigose anteriorly; mesopleuron and

metapleuron densely punctate, with an oblique striate furrow below speculum, ventral half of speculum

smooth; mesoscutum densely punctate-granulate, punctures confluent apically; notaulus moderate;

scutellum quite smooth; propodeum densely punctate-granulate, medially transversely strigose,

area superomedia long and narrow, weakly delimited laterally beyond anterior transverse carina.

Legs. Femoral tooth small, followed by minute denticles.

Metasoma. Apical half of tergite 1, tergite 2 and base of tergite 3 longitudinally aciculate; following tergites

coriaceous; thyridium elliptic, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor moderately short, its apical third sinuous.

Male

Not known with certainty (see comments).

Distribution

Central African Republic, Uganda (?).

Comments

The probable male from Uganda shares the colour pattern and the quite smooth scutellum and pronotum.

It was, however, not included as a paratype because its head is missing and it therefore could not be

unambiguously determined.

Pristomerus melissa Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Fig. 22

Diagnosis

Moderate size; head dark brown to black with clypeus, mandible, malar space and palpi pale yellow; remainder

of body mostly yellow to yellowish-orange with black markings on tergite 1 and apical half of tergite 2;

face densely and evenly punctate-granulate; inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus strongly transverse,

shallowly and sparsely punctate; malar line moderately long; remainder of head coriaceous; occipital

carina joining hypostomal carina slightly above mandible base; antenna with 35 flagellomeres, penultimate

flagellomere elongate; mesosoma distinctly elongate; entirely densely punctate to punctate-granulate, with

most of pronotum and ventral half of speculum smooth; area superomedia elongate and laterally not delimited

beyond anterior transverse carina; female femoral tooth small; ovipositor short, slightly sinuous apically.

B 6.6; A5.3; F 5.1; CT2.2; ML 0.6; POL 0.8; OOL 0.8; Fl n _ Y LI; ASM2.3; OT TO; FFT 1. Male unknown.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Differential diagnosis

Mostly yellowish orange with upper head black; differentiated from all other Pristomerus species by

the combination of the colour pattern (entire face black and entire mesosoma yellowish-orange), the

numerous flagellomeres, the area superomedia hardly delimited postero-laterally, and the short ovipositor.

0.25 mm

I-1

0.25 mm

Pristomerus mellssa

Rousse, Vlllwnant & Seyrig

2010

I E)10000002A»A

MUSEUM PARIS ■ . ^ 1 _ r _

tVOl. I imaged

■! V vyiMc k WaspWeb

SAMC2013

Fig. 22. Pristomerus melissa Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view.

B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma,

lateral view. F. Hind tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Material examined

Holotype

MADAGASCAR: $, “MADAGASCAR, Mandraka forest, IV.32, EY 0000002494” (MNHN).

Distribution

Madagascar.

Fig. 23. Pristomerus moramora Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral

view (inset: data labels). B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal

view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia, lateral view.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Pristomerus moramora Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Fig. 23

Diagnosis (ranges from Rousse et al. 2013)

Small to moderately small; background colour yellowish-orange with dark testaceous to black markings

of variable extent on mesosoma and metasoma, frons darker than face, and notaulus and scutellum most

often lighter than remainder of mesonotum; face moderately to densely punctate; inner margins of eyes

weakly converging ventrally; clypeus transverse, shallowly and sparsely punctate; malar line very short;

remainder of head sparsely punctate-granulate to coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina

distinctly above mandible base; antenna with 27-29 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere quadrate;

mesosoma elongate, densely, deeply and evenly punctate except pronotum almost entirely smooth and

speculum ventrally smooth; area superomedia relatively stout to elongate; female femoral tooth absent;

ovipositor long, wealdy sinuous apically. B 3.5—4.3; A 2.4-3.2; F 2.8-3.5; CT 2.0; ML 0.3; POL 1.0;

OOL 1.2; Fl n ] 1.0; ASM 1.7-2.5; OT 1.7-1.8; FFT 0. Male with ocelli hardly enlarged, hind femur and

femoral tooth stouter, otherwise similar to female. B 3.4M.5; A 2.2-3.2; F 2.5-3.5; POL 1.0; OOL 1.0.

Differential diagnosis

Small species from Madagascar; differentiated from most other Afrotropical species by the absence of

the femoral tooth in females, the very short malar line, the strongly transverse clypeus and the long

ovipositor. It is closely related to P. kelikely and P. venda sp. nov., from which it may differentiated by the

colour and antenna length characters given in the key (see comments on P. kelikely).

Material examined

Holotype

MADAGASCAR: §, “MADAGASCAR, Bekily [Ampandrandava], reg. sud de File, IX 1938, EY

0000002495” (MNHN).

Distribution

Madagascar.

Pristomerus nzakara sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:719C9EFB-B4A0-4848-8B83-217E77DD93B6

Fig. 24

Diagnosis

Large; black with lighter parts on head and metasoma fading to yellowish-orange from tergite 3; trochanters

and apex of femora pale dotted; pterostigma anteriorly white; face moderately punctate, sculpture smoother

on remainder of head; clypeus transverse; malar line moderately short; inner margins of eyes parallel; antenna

with 36 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere quadrate; mesosoma densely and deeply punctate with a

large smooth dorsal area on pronotum, ventral half of speculum and apical half of lateral lobe on mesoscutum

almost smooth; notaulus noticeably deep and rugose; area superomedia stout, hardly carinate laterally; female

femoral tooth very strong; ovipositor moderately long, exceptionally stout and entirely straight. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Large, black species from tropical mainland Africa; chiefly differentiated from all other Afrotropical

Pristomerus species by the very stout and apically straight ovipositor, also characterized by the long

antenna, the deep and rugose notaulus, and the posteriorly smooth lateral mesoscutal lobe.

Type material

Holotype

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: $, “CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, Prefecture Sangha-

Mbaere, Parc National de Dzanga-Ndoki, MabeaBai, 21.4km 53°NE Bayanga, 3°02.0LN 16°24.57’E,

510m, 1-2.V.2001, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, CARO 1-M01, Lowland Rainforest, marsh clearing,

SAM-HYM-P047407” (SAMC).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Description

Female (holotype)

B 9.2; A 6.0; F 6.3; CT 1.8; ML 0.5; POL 0.8; OOL 0.9; Fl^ 1.0; ASM 1.5; OT 1.7; FFT 2.

Colour. Head black with frontal orbit testaceous, mandible, palpi and malar space yellow; mesosoma

black; metasoma black with tergite 3 and following fading laterally to testaceous-orange; fore and mid

legs yellowish-orange, hind leg mostly black, with tibia and tarsus strongly inluscate; trochanters and

apex of femora white dotted; wings apically infuscate, venation pale brown, pterostigma anteriorly white.

Centro! Air. ttou Republic,

Preftxiuri’ Sanghii-MWre,

Pun. NuIkw") dw

Ntloki. ‘ lil>ca D*. 21 4km

53* yEB«yanjfii

3*0101141 e>”2-4 51 itot

1-2 v.l'Wl. vnri Mflint,

MsIwmj U«p. CARO I-Ml>l.

Lnwltiful Rniiforwl. marsh

clearing

0.25 mm

I-1

SAM-HYM

PO47407

IMAGED

SAMG 2013

0.25 mm

I—-H

Fig. 24. Pristomerus nzakara sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Head. Face deeply and moderately punctate, mid-longitudinally bulging; inner margins of eyes parallel;

clypeus transverse, smooth with some punctures dorsally, distinctly convex in profile view; malar line

moderately short; frons finely and densely punctate with a weak mid-longitudinal ridge from upper face

to median ocellus; vertex and temple coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina distinctly

above mandible base; antenna with 36 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere quadrate.

Mesosoma. Barely elongate; pronotum sparsely punctate with ventral margin strigose and largely

smooth dorsally; mesopleuron and metapleuron densely, evenly and deeply punctate, with a weakly

striate oblique furrow below speculum, speculum ventrally smooth; mesoscutum densely punctate

but apical half of lateral lobe nearly smooth, notaulus deep and rugose; scutellum densely punctate;

propodeum deeply punctate-rugose, carination thick, area superomedia stout, hardly delimited laterally.

Legs. Femoral tooth strong and acute, higher than basally wide.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 longitudinally aciculate, following tergites coriaceous;

thyridium elliptic with main axis longitudinal; ovipositor moderately long, stout, entirely straight.

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

Central African Republic.

Pristomerus pallidus (Kriechbaumer in Magretti, 1884)

Fig. 25

Cremastuspallidus Kriechbaumer in Magretti, 1884: 243.

Pristomerus africator Aubert& Shaumar, 1978: 18. Syn. nov.

Pristomerus cunctator Tosquinet, 1896: 422. Syn. nov.

Pristomerus luteolus Tosquinet, 1896: 421. Syn. nov.

Diagnosis

Moderately small to moderately sized; yellow to reddish overall with variable dark markings on first tergites

and often around scutellum, dark markings sometimes also present on propodeum and apical tergites; frons

darker than face, mesosoma varying from almost uniformly yellowish to strikingly mottled yellowish and

reddish, with notaulus and scutellum almost always lighter than remainder of mesonotum; face densely

punctate; inner margins of eyes barely diverging ventrally; clypeus strongly transverse, densely but

very shallowly punctate; malar line moderately long to long; remainder of head coriaceous to punctate-

granulate; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina shortly above mandible base; antenna long with 28-35

flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere subquadrate; mesosoma moderately elongate and very densely

punctate but pronotum dorsally and ventral half of speculum smooth; propodeum with area superomedia

moderately stout to elongate; female femoral tooth moderate to very small, sometimes reduced to a barely

distinct subapical tubercle; ovipositor moderately short, its apex strongly sinuous. B 7.4-12.1; A 4.7-6.8;

F 42-6.4; CT1.7-2.4; ML 0.6-0.7; POL 0.9; OOL l.l;Fl n ^ 1.1;ASM 1.8-2.3; OT 1.3-1.6;FFT 1. Male with

inner margins of eyes more strongly diverging ventrally, mesoscutum most often weakly sculptured, mostly

coriaceous with dense punctation on anterior edge of median mesoscutal lobe, punctation occasionally more

extended; ocelli strongly enlarged, hind femur and femoral tooth stouter. POL 0.6; OOL 0.2.

Differential diagnosis

Mostly yellow to yellowish-orange with notaulus and scutellum most often usually distinctly lighter

than remainder of mesoscutum; otherwise differentiated from all other Afrotropical species by the

combination of the rather long malar line, the strongly transverse clypeus, the somewhat reduced ocellus,

the weak female femoral tooth and the rather short ovipositor. Confusion may occur with P. moramora ,

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

P. kelikely or P. venda sp. nov., these three species having a shorter malar line and no trace of a femoral

tooth in females; P. pallidus may also be confused with P. bullis in which the clypeus is significantly

more transverse and the ovipositor shorter.

Material examined

Holotype

ETHIOPIA: $ of C. pallidus, “Coll. P. Magretti, Kor Arvian, [in Homran area (Townes & Townes

1973)], Afr. Orle, 9.3.1883” (MCSN).

0.25

urn

1.0 mm

. »

0.25

r ML±

V -

hoiotvpus

C re.m&t'tos

<*Jr ■fwrPWstm

0.25 mm

MUSEO GENOVA

. . p. p/.iTpi." rpt IMAGED

[P;no T0T3] W aSpWet»

SAMC 2013

■urn* *-

55^

. f J y : \

0.25 mm

i— i

^ ’ T J. ‘

Fig. 25. Pristomerus pallidus (Kriechbaumer, 1884). Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head,

mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view.

F. Hind tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Other material

BENIN: “1 Benin: Cotonou, ex PlutellaxyloStella sur Brassica, 13.vi.1999 E. Goudegnon” (CBGP).

CAMEROON: 1 3 , “21328 tube H-0009 Cameroun Guider, ex Helicoverpa armigera sur Gossypium

hirsutum , ix/x 2008 Patrick Prudent” (CBGP).

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: 1 ?, 1 3 , “Congo Beige, P N. G. Miss. H. De Saeger

II/gc/8, 30-iv-1952 H. De Saeger. 3402” (MRAC); 1 §, same label data except: “II/fd/17, 7-V-1952 H.

De Saeger. 3431” (MRAC); 1 §, same label data except: “II/gd/4, 23-viii-1952 H. De Saeger. 3972”

(MRAC).

GAMBIA: 1 3 , [HolotypeofP luteolus ]: “Gambie Mocquerys [date of collection not reported]” (ISNB).

IVORY COAST: 1 3 , [Paratype of P. africator]: “Cote dTvoire 28.1.1977 e. 1. d e Maliarpha separatel

[sic] Bouake-Cote dTvoire sur riz” (MZLS); 1 3 , “Bouake R.C.I. 21.11.1977 LDR rec., 490” (CBGP);

1 3 , same locality, “4.3.77 A. Pollet rec. coll. n°al, ex larva Maliarpha separatella riz, 557” (CBGP);

1 5 , “Lamto-RCI 5°02W. 6°13N, 2.5 a4.6.84, Teramnus buettneri”; 1 3 , same locality, 22.4 al7.6.85

Tephrosia bracteolata ” (BMNH); 2 §§, 2 33 , same locality “22.03 al7.4.85, Crotalaria goveensis ”;

2 33 , same locality “8.v a 22.V.85 Crotalaria glauca ” (BMNH).

MOZAMBIQUE: 1 §, [Lectotype ofP cunctator ]: “Delagoa-Bai [collection date not reported], 26283”

(MNK).

NAMIBIA: 1 $, “South West Africa Okahandja, 21.57S 16.54E, 11.1978 S. J. v. Tonder” (SANC);

2 $$, “Warmbad S.W.A. Koakoveld Mus. Expedit. 1925, SAM-HYM-P001208” (SAMC); 3 33 ,

“Zesfontein S.W.A. Mus. Expedit. 1925, SAM-HYM-P001206” (SAMC).

SENEGAL: 1 §, [Paralectotype of P. cunctator] “Senegal Buq. [date and locality of collection not

reported], 11229” (MNK); 1 §, “Darou Sourang, Senegal, 24.IX. 1976 Vercambre, 1049, sur larve de

Raghuva sp.” (CBGP); 2 § §, 1 3 , “Senegal, Diourbel, district de Bambey, Ndondol [14°46’N 16°38’W],

ex epi mil avec chenille Rhaguva albipunctella [ex millet ears with R. albipunctella caterpillars] 44-xi-

000 and 1-H23-000” (CBGP).

SOUTH AFRICA: 2 5$, 1 3 , “ACTS 68, Mopani 4.12.60 T. Naude” (SANC); 1 3 , “South Africa MPU

Loskop Res Stn Moitse West nr Marble Hall 6.iv.2004 D Mamogobo, ex larvae of bollworm on cotton”

(SANC); 1 3 , “South Africa , Tvl, Brits 211987 PJ. Guest, ACB 304 nr 3” (SANC); 1 ?, same label

data except: “6.U986ACB 302 ml” (SANC).

SUDAN: 1 5, “Khartoum, H. W. Bedford, 28.7.31, bred out from Laphygma exigua, Ent. coll. C10438”

(BMNH).

TANZANIA: 1 §, “Mkomazi Game Reserve, Ibaya Camp, 3.58S 37.48E 10-25 Dec 1995, S. van Noort,

Malaise trap. Acacia/Commiphora/Combretum bushland, SAM-HYM-P015675” (SAMC).

Host records

Maliarpha separatella Ragonot (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on Oryza sativa L. (Poacaeae); unidentified

lycaenid cocoons on Crotalaria sp. (Fabaceae). New records: Plutella xylo Stella (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera:

Plutellidae) on Brassica sp.; Helicoverpa armigera Hiibner, 1827 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on

Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae); Heliocheilus albipunctella (de Joannis, 1925) (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae); Spodoptera exigua ((Hiibner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); unknown hosts on Crotalaria

glauca Willd., C. goveensis Guill. & Perr., Teramnus buettneri (Harms) Baker f. and Tephrosia

bracteolata Guill. & Perr. (Fabaceae).

Distribution

Egypt (?, see comments), Ethiopia, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Italy, Madagascar, Mozambique, Senegal, Sierra

Leone. New records: Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan,

Tanzania.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Comments

Pristomerus pallidus is distributed throughout the whole Afrotropical region and is very common in

collections. It exhibits a noticeable intra-specific variation in the size of the femoral tooth in the female,

although the tooth is always distinct and shorter than wide. The extent of the dorsal dark markings and

the intensity of the reddish markings on the mesosoma are also variable. Finally, some males from

Western Africa also have a mostly punctate mesoscutum. The holotype of P. africator (from Ivory

Coast) is in the private collection of Jacques F. Aubert and was not available for examination. According

to Horstmann (1990), the record from Egypt is doubtful. We could not examine this specimen, but we

consider the record as probable because of the species’ wide distribution.

Fig. 26. Pristomeruspatator Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view

(inset: data labels). B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal

view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia, lateral view.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Pristomerus patator Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Fig. 26

Diagnosis (range of variation from Rousse et al. 2013)

Background colour yellowish-orange with some median dark spots on metasomal tergites; face densely

punctate; inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus transverse, very sparsely punctate, inter-puncture

spaces smooth; malar line long; remainder of head coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal

carina shortly above mandible base; antenna very long with more than 37-38 flagellomeres, penultimate

flagellomere elongate; mesosoma moderately elongate, moderately to densely punctate, but pronotum

and speculum almost entirely smooth and scutellum distinctly more sparsely punctate than mesoscutum;

area superomedia wealdy delimited laterally beyond anterior transverse carina; female femoral tooth

small, followed by some minute denticles; ovipositor long, slightly sinuous apically. B 7.8-10.1; A 5.3-

6.9; F 5.9-7.5; CT 1.8; ML 0.7; POL 0.7; OOL 1.1; Fl^ 1.2; ASM 2.0; OT 1.8-1.9; FFT 1. Male with

inner margins of eyes diverging ventrally, and ocelli, hind femur and femoral tooth enlarged. B 8.9-9.8;

A 5.8-7.1; F 63-6.1: POL 0.6; OOL 0.4.

Differential diagnosis

Large yellowish-orange species from Madagascar; differentiated from all other Pristomerus species in

the region by the combination of the large size, the antenna with numerous flagellomeres, the long malar

line, the largely smooth speculum, the punctation on the scutellum, which is often distinctly sparser than

on the mesoscutum, the area superomedia hardly delimited postero-laterally, the small female femoral

tooth and the long ovipositor.

Material examined

Holotype

$ “MADAGASCAR, Bekily [Ampandrandava], reg. sud de File, XII.33, EY 0000003501” (MNHN).

Distribution

Madagascar.

Pristomerus protea sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:lC2445B9-50D4-4C69-991D-8289D0F03DB3

Fig. 27

Diagnosis

Small; head and mesosoma black, metasoma mostly testaceous-brown with tergites 1-2 black; face

and clypeus deeply and sparsely to densely punctate without granulate background sculpture; clypeus

transverse; malar line very long; upper head punctate-granulate; ocelli exceptionally reduced; antenna

with 26 flagellomeres, penultimate one shorter than wide; mesosoma entirely deeply and densely

punctate except speculum ventrally smooth; propodeum with area superomedia shorter than wide and not

laterally defined beyond anterior transverse carina; female femoral tooth absent; ovipositor moderately

short, evenly up-curved and apically down-curved. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Small and mostly black, highly atypical among Pristomerus because of the exceptionally reduced ocelli,

the fore wing venation with the abscissa of M between rs-m and 2m-cu very short, and the ovipositor

shape, evenly curved without the usual sinuous apex of most Pristomerus. It is only close to P. restio

sp. nov., in which the face is lighter and more roughly punctate, and the area superomedia more slender.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Etymology

Refers to one of the most emblematic flowers of the Cape Floral Kingdom. Noun in apposition.

Type material

Holotype

SOUTHAFRICA: ?, “SOUTH AFRICA, W. Cape, Koeberg Nature Reserve, 33 °3 7.622’S 18°24.259’E, 31

October 1997, S. vanNoort, sweep, K097-S22, West Coast Strandveld, SAM-HYM-P039304” (SAMC).

IS?*.',' ■

.SOUTH AFRICA W Cape

K-vulvrg Mature

33°A7 fi22'S 1 X-24 259*E. *

.3) October 1W7.

5^,jv . S van N'vnl. I?weep

& KO'J7-.S22, West ( oitst

| MAGCU Strardveld

WaspWeb

SAMC 2014 vSAM-HYM

_ M P039304

v .

0.25

Fig. 27. Pristomerus protea sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view (inset: data labels). B. Head,

mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view.

F. Hind tibia, lateral view.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Description

Female (holotype)

B 5.2; A 2.9; F 3.3; CT 1.7; ML 0.9; POL 2.3; OOL 1.2; Fl^ 0.9; ASM 0.8; OT 1.3; FFT 0.

Colour. Head and mesosoma black with mandible and a thin margin along posterior orbit yellowish-

testaceous; metasoma testaceous-brown with tergites 1-2 mostly black and posterior margins of tergites

yellow; antenna blackish; fore and mid legs yellow; hind leg testaceous with coxa and trochanter black;

wings hyaline, venation pale yellowish with pterostigma basally whitish.

Head. Face deeply and densely punctate, inter-punctures spaces quite smooth; inner margins of eyes

subparallel; clypeus transverse and sparsely punctate, ventral margin rather strongly convex; malar

line very long; frons, vertex and temple sparsely punctate-granulate; ocelli strongly reduced, posterior

ocelli remote from each other; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina distinctly above mandible

base; antenna with 26 flagellomeres, flagellomere 1 distinctly longer than flagellomere 2, penultimate

flagellomere slightly shorter than wide.

Mesosoma. Mesosoma stout; entirely deeply and very densely punctate except ventral half of speculum

smooth; area superomedia short, subquadrate, laterally not delimited beyond anterior transverse

carina. Wings. Fore wing with 2m-cu subopposite 2rs-m, both separated by less than their own width.

Legs. Female femoral tooth absent.

Metasoma. Metasoma coriaceous with tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 aciculate; thyridium small

and subcircular; ovipositor moderately short, stout, basally evenly up-curved with apical third down-

curved, apex slightly swollen and not sinuous.

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

South Africa.

Comments

The affiliation of this species (and P. restio sp. nov.) to the genus Pristomerus is uncertain. Without associated

males, however, we refrain from describing a new genus and keep them as extra-limital Pristomerus.

Pristomerus ranomafana Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Fig. 28

Diagnosis

Moderate size; head whitish yellow with middle of face, frons, inter-ocellar and occiput black; mesosoma

and metasoma reddish-testaceous with black markings on mesonotum and propodeum, tergites 1-3

black, and following tergites medially dark brown; face moderately punctate-granulate; inner margins

of eyes subparallel; clypeus transverse, sparsely and shallowly punctate; malar line long; antenna with

31 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere quadrate; mesosoma densely punctate except pronotum

shallowly sculptured, speculum ventrally smooth, and notaulus somewhat rugose; area superomedia

elongate; female femoral tooth absent; ovipositor very long, apically strongly sinuous. B 7.2; A 4.4;

F 4.9; CT 1.7; ML 0.7; POL 0.6; OOL 1.2; Fl^ 1.0; ASM 2.0; OT 2.2; FFT 0. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately sized species from Madagascar, mostly reddish-testaceous with basal tergites black, and head

mostly white, posteriorly and mid-longitudinally black. Differentiated from most of other Afrotropical

species by the absence of a femoral tooth in the female, the white orbits, and the very long ovipositor.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Morphologically related to P. vahaza, whose clypeus is narrower and mesosoma more slender, and to

P. caris , whose ovipositor is significantly shorter.

Material examined

Holotype

MADAGASCAR: §, “MADAGASCAR, Province Fianarantsoa, Parc Nat. Ranomafana, 21° 15.05’S,

47°24.43’E, Mixed tropical forest (radio tower) -1130 m, 14-21 III 2002, Irwin & Harin'Hala colls,

California Acad of Sciences, Malaise trap MA-02-09B-12” (CASC).

Fig. 28. Pristomerus ranomafana Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral

view. B. Mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma,

lateral view. F. Hind tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Distribution

Madagascar.

Pristomerus restio sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:lFD99527-2A70-4236-8FCD-F8F0C031AB7F

Fig. 29

Diagnosis

Small; head yellowish, medially, dorsally and posteriorly black; mesosoma mostly black with legs

yellowish; metasoma mostly testaceous-brown; head densely and finely punctate-granulate, dorsally

coriaceous; clypeus transverse; malar line long; ocelli reduced, widely separated; antenna with 28

flagellomeres, penultimate one distinctly elongate; entire mesosoma densely and finely rugose punctate,

except pronotum centrally smoother; area superomedia stout and area petiolaris concave; fore wing

with 2m-cu weakly apical to 2rs-m; female femoral tooth absent; ovipositor moderately short, evenly

up-curved, apically swollen and down-curved but not sinuous. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

See P. protea sp. nov.

Etymology

Refers to another one of the most emblematic flowers of the Cape Floral Kingdom. Noun in apposition.

Type material

Holotype

SOUTHAFRICA: $, “SOUTH AFRICA, W. Cape, Koeberg Nature Reserve, 33°37.622’S 18°24.259 , E,

20 Mar-17 April 1998, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, K098-M29 , West Coast Strandveld, SAM-HYM-

P047408” (SAMC).

Description

Female (holotype)

B 3.9; A2.8; F: 2.8; CT F7; ML 0.8; POL 2.1; OOL 1.5; Fl^ 1.3; ASM 1.5; OT 1.4; FFT 0.

Colour. Head yellowish with frons, vertex and occiput black; mesosoma black with pronotum largely

yellowish; metasoma testaceous-brown with tergites 1-2 blackened; antenna basally yellowish, fading

to testaceous from flagellomere 3M; legs yellow with hind coxa darker brown; wings hyaline, venation

pale yellowish with pterostigma basally whitish.

Head. Face and clypeus finely and very densely punctate-granulate; inner margins of eyes wealdy

convergent ventrally; clypeus transverse; malar line long; frons, vertex and temple deeply coriaceous;

ocelli strongly reduced, subcircular, remote from each other; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina

distinctly above mandible base; antenna thin with 28 flagellomeres, penultimate one distinctly elongate.

Mesosoma. Mesosoma moderately stout; entire mesosoma finely and very densely punctate-granulate,

including entire speculum, except pronotum centrally smoother and somewhat crenulate antero-

ventrally; notaulus weak; area superomedia shortly elongate, fully delimited, area petiolaris concave

and transversely strigose. Wings. Fore wing with 2m-cu unusually close to 2rs-m, 2rs-m twice as long as

section of M between 2rs-m and 2m-cu. Legs. Female femoral tooth absent.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 aciculate, following tergites coriaceous; thyridium

small, subcircular; ovipositor moderately short, evenly up-curved, apically swollen and slightly down-

curved but not sinuous.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

South Africa.

Comments

See P. protea sp. nov.

SSVMfi

SOIJTh AI-KICA. w. dpi

Koulftrj Nniurc Reserve.

3.V^7 <a2’S IS»?a livK.

I? April IWi "

S Win K.kih, Malaise Iran

KtwAK'J. Wesi Goasi

•Slirundwld

IMAGED

0.25 mm

0.10 mm

0.25 mm

I-[

0.10 mm

■

SAMC201A SAM-HYM-

—^ P047408

Fig. 29. Pristomerus restio sp. nov. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Pristomerus rivier Rousse & Villemant, 2012

Fig. 30

Diagnosis (updated from Rousse & Villemant 2012)

Moderately small; head black with clypeus, mandible, palpi and base of antenna yellow; mesosoma varying

from mostly testaceous with base of propodeum black to mostly black with pronotum yellowish and mesonotum

partly testaceous; metasoma basally black fading to testaceous from tergite 3, except base of tergite 1 yellow;

Fig. 30. Pristomerus rivier Rousse & Villemant, 2012. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head,

mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view.

F. Hind tibia, lateral view.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

legs mostly yellowish-orange with hind coxa and hind femur testaceous-brown and hind tibia apically dark;

face densely punctate and hairy; clypeus transverse, sparsely punctate, distinctly convex in profile; malar line

long; remainder of head coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina at mandible base; antenna

with 24-30 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere subquadrate; mesosoma moderately stout, entirely densely

punctate, including whole pronotum, speculum and scutellum; area superomedia short and stout; female

femoral tooth strong; ovipositor moderately long, apically sinuous. B 5.1-6.3; A 3.4-4.5; F 3.8-4.6; CT 1.9;

ML 0.7; POL 1.0; OOL 1.1; Fl^ 1.0; ASM 1.4; OT 1.8-2.0; FFT 2. Male with inner margins of eyes distinctly

diverging ventrally, ocelli, hind femur and femoral tooth enlarged, and area superomedia more slender. POL

0.9; OOL 0.2.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately small, black and testaceous species from Reunion Island; differentiated from all other

Afrotropical species by the combination of the black orbits, the partially testaceous mesoscutum, the

entirely punctate speculum, the stout area superomedia in the female and the strong female femoral tooth.

Material examined

Holotype

FRANCE: §, “La Reunion, Petit St Pierre, sur Litchi sinensis , 19/06/1996, Cirad 14373 RQ 3220,

Quilici S. leg., EY 0000003897” (MNHN).

Other material

FRANCE: 1 1 (?, “Reunion, Quatorzieme, verger de cafe, iv.2012, ex. Prophantis smaragdina SAM-

HYM-P049438” (SAMC); 4 “Reunion, les Colimasons, alt. 800m, 22.03.2013, ex. P. smaragdina ,

coll. David Mura” (personal collection D. Mura).

Host records

Plutellaxylo Stella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on cabbage (. Brassica oleraceaL.). New record: Prophantis

smaragdina Butler, 1875 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on coffee ( Coffea arabica L.).

Distribution

Reunion island.

Pristomerus roberti Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Fig. 31

Diagnosis (range of variation from Rousse et al. 2013)

Moderately small; yellow to yellowish-orange overall with tergites 1-3 variously blackened; Irons, face

and clypeus moderately densely punctate-granulate, remainder of head coriaceous; inner margins of eyes

subparallel; clypeus strongly transverse; malar line long; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina shortly

above mandible base; antenna with 28-32 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere subquadrate; mesosoma

moderately elongate and densely punctate but pronotum dorsally and ventral half of speculum smooth;

female femoral tooth small, followed by minute denticles; ovipositor long, its apex distinctly sinuous.

B 7.0-84; A 3.8M.6; F 3.6-4.3; CT 2.1; ML 0.7; POL 0.9; OOL 1.2; Fl n| 1.1; ASM 2.0; OT 1.8-2.1;

FFT 1. Male with mesoscutum weakly sculptured, mostly coriaceous, inner margins of eyes distinctly

diverging ventrally, ocelli enlarged, femur and femoral tooth strongly stouter. POL 0.6; OOL 0.4.

Differential diagnosis

Rather small, overall yellow to yellowish orange with metasoma basally black; differentiated from all other

Afrotropical species by the combination of the rather strongly transverse clypeus, the long malar line, the

small female femoral tooth and the markedly long ovipositor. Morphologically close to other Pristomerus

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

species in Madagascar: P. kelikely and related species, which have a shorter malar line and no femoral tooth

in the female; P. patator , which is distinctly larger with longer antennae and an incompletely carinate area

superomedia; and the widespread P. pallidus , which has a shorter ovipositor and nearly always a differently

coloured mesosoma with the notaulus and the scutellum paler than the remainder of the mesonotum.

Pristomerus roberti is otherwise probably closely related to P. herero sp. nov. (see differential diagnosis of

P. herero sp. nov.).

Fig. 31. Pristomerus roberti Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view.

B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma,

lateral view. F. Hind tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Material examined

Holotype

MADAGASCAR: §, “MADAGASCAR, Bekily [Ampandrandava], reg. sud de Rile, III. 33, EY

00000035 ir(MNHN).

Distribution

Madagascar.

Fig. 32. Pristomerus ruficaput (Morley, 1912). Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma,

dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind

tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Pristomerus ruficaput (Morley, 1912)

Fig. 32

Pristomeridia ruficaput Morley, 1912: 176.

Diagnosis

Moderately small; head mostly yellowish-orange with vertex, frons and occiput dark brown to black;

mesosoma dorsally black and ventrally yellowish-orange; metasoma mostly dark brown to black;

head granulate to coriaceous with some isolated punctures; inner margins of eyes slightly convergent

ventrally; clypeus transverse, long; malar line moderately short; occipital carina joining hypostomal

carina strongly above mandible base; antenna with 31 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere slightly

elongate; mesosoma moderately elongate, entirely coriaceous but ventral half of speculum smooth; area

superomedia elongate; apical half of metasomal tergite 1 finely punctate-reticulate, tergite 2 aciculo-

punctate, following tergites coriaceous; female femoral tooth strong, slightly higher than basally wide,

followed by a row of denticles; ovipositor short and straight, apically slightly sinuous. B 5.7; A 3.5; F

3.8; CT 1.7; ML 0.5; POL 1.0; OOL 1.3; Fl n _ x 1.2; ASM 2.2; OT 1.3; FFT 2.

Differential diagnosis

Rather small, yellowish-orange and black species from the Seychelles Islands; readily differentiated

from all other Afrotropical species by the colour pattern with the mesosoma dorsally black and ventrally

yellowish-orange, the coriaceous mesoscutum, the strong femoral tooth and the short ovipositor.

Material examined

Holotype

SEYCHELLES: §, “Mahe, 08-9. SEYCHELLES Exp. Seychelles Islands. Pres, by Committee of the

Percy Sladen Trust Fund. 1911-22, HYM-3.G.1473” (BMNH).

Distribution

Seychelles.

Pristomerus san sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8ECFlD02-AFCA-4063-BEAF-6D479BlEB6F5

Fig. 33

Diagnosis

Rather small; yellowish-orange overall, with basal tergites sometimes variously infuscate; face and

clypeus densely and deeply punctate but clypeus apically smoother, remainder of head coriaceous;

clypeus transverse; malar line long; antenna short with 26-28 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere

subquadrate; mesosoma entirely densely, deeply and evenly punctate, except almost entire pronotum

and ventral half of speculum smooth; female femoral tooth absent; ovipositor moderately short, apically

sinuous. Male with ocelli, hind femur and femoral tooth enlarged, inner margins of eyes diverging

ventrally, and area superomedia more slender; otherwise similar to female.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately sized and yellowish orange with no defined dorsal dark markings; differentiated from all other

Afrotropical species by the combination of the long malar line, the almost smooth pronotum, the deep and

dense punctation, the absence of a femoral tooth in females and the rather short ovipositor. Morphologically

close to P. moramora and related species which are also present in Southern Africa, but the longer malar

line, the smooth pronotum and the deep dense punctation of P. san sp. nov. are reliable identification cues.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Type material

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: $, “South Africa, Western Cape, Gamkaberg Nature Reserve, 33°39.570’S

21°53.957’E, 328 m, 31 July-10 Sept 2009, S. vanNoort, Malaise Trap, Gamka Thicket, GB09-SUC3-

M17, SAM-HYM-P047410” (SAMC).

sHh Afn«. Wta»ecu L -|*.

S ™ Non*, M

0.25 mm

I-

rV\

0.25 mm

m, IMAGc.D

Fig. 33. Pristomerus san sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 “W. Cape, De Hoop Nature Reserve, 34°28’S 24°28’E, near Koppie Alleen,

40m alt., 28 September 1995, S. vanNoort, Sweep, Strandveld including Sideroxylon inerma, SAM-

HYM-P047156” (SAMC); 1 same label data except: “SAM-HYM-P047158” (SAMC); 2

“South Africa, Eastern Cape, Pearston, Plains of Camdeboo Game Reserve, 32°32.033’S 25°14.267’E,

969m, 22 Feb-9 April 2010, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, Camdeboo Escarpment Thicket, PCD09-

ACA1-M03 (SAM-HYM-P049440)” (SAMC); 1 $, “South Africa, W. Cape, Walker Bay Nature

Reserve, 34°27.414’S 19°21.393’E, 4 Oct-1 Nov 1997, S van Noort, Malaise trap, WB97-M12,

South Coast Strandveld, 57m altitude, SAM-HYM-P049441” (SAMC); 1 $, “South Africa Western

Cape, Gamkaberg Nature Reserve, 33°59.570’S 21°53.957’E 328m, 3-23 May 2009, S. van Noort,

Malaise trap, Gamka Thicket, GB09-SUC3-M08, SAM-HYM-P049442” (SAMC); 1 ?, “South

Africa Northern Cape, Nieuwoudtville National Botanical Gardens, 797m, 31°24.841’S 19°09.551’E,

14 Feb-17 March 2008, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, Nieuwoudtville Dolerite Koppie Renosterveld,

GL07-KOP2-M21, SAM-HYM-P049443” (SAMC); 1 $, “Durban, C. v.d. Merwe, Sept. 1920,

SAM-HYM-P001214” (SAMC); 1 $, “Mfongozi, Zululand, W.E. Jones, Apr.-May 1931, SAM-

HYM-P001215” (SAMC); 1 $, “M’fongosi zulu L. W.E. Jones Jan. 1917, Cremastus testaceous $

iii.1918 SAM-HYM-P001216” (SAMC); 1 $, Pretoria. Nov. 1942-Jan. 1943 H. K. Munro Ac. P.

4753” (SANC); 6 $$, “South Africa TVL Roodeplant dam, nr Pretoria 24.41S 28.18E 16.ix. 1986 J.

S. Donaldson” (SANC).

Other material

SOUTH AFRICA: 9 $$, “Resolution, Grahamstown Miss Walton Jan-April 1928, SAM-HYM-

P001212” (SAMC); same label data, SAM-HYM-P001213 (SAMC); 1 ?, 1 cJ, “Beaufort West: dist.

S.A-M. 2.58, SAM-HYM-P001217” (SAMC).

Description

Female (18 specimens)

B 6.2-7.5; A 3.3—3.9; F 3.9M.5; CT E7; ML 0.7; POL TO; OOL E2; ¥\ nl

FFT 0.

El; ASM T9; OT E3-E5;

Colour. Yellowish-orange to orange overall with legs, mandible and clypeus somewhat paler, with

sometimes reduced infuscate markings around scutellum and on basal tergites; flagellum and ovipositor

sheath dark brown; wings hyaline, venation pale brown.

Head. Face moderately, deeply and evenly punctate; inner margins of eyes parallel; clypeus transverse,

long, deeply punctate, apically smoother; malar line long; frons, vertex and temple coriaceous; frons

with a moderate mid-longitudinal ridge; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina at mandible base;

antenna with 26-28 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere subquadrate.

Mesosoma. Pronotum mostly smooth, shallowly crenulate anteriorly and with some punctures along

posterior and dorsal margins; mesopleuron and metapleuron densely, deeply and evenly punctate, with

a shallowly striate oblique furrow below speculum, speculum ventrally smooth; mesoscutum densely

punctate-granulate, punctures somewhat confluent along notaulus; notaulus moderate; scutellum densely

punctate; propodeum densely and deeply punctate with carination strong, punctation smoother in area

superomedia, and area petiolaris transversely striate. Legs. Female femoral tooth absent.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apex of tergite 1 aciculate, following tergites coriaceous; thyridium subelliptic

and longitudinal; ovipositor moderately short, apically sinuous.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Male (2 specimens)

B 6.8-8.0; A 3.5M.2; F 4.2^f 9; POL 0.6; OOL 0.5. Ocelli, hind femur and femoral tooth enlarged; inner

margins of eyes diverging ventrally; area superomedia more slender; antenna with 28-29 flagellomeres;

otherwise similar to female.

Distribution

South Africa.

Comments

The specimen SAM-HYM-P001216, labeled “ Cremastus testaceous” , was misidentified as Trathala

concolor (Szepligeti, 1905) in Morley (1926).

Pristomerus sara sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E44A1907-1177-4176-8613-65A640BBDD52

Fig. 34

Diagnosis

Small; yellow to yellowish-orange with dorsal dark markings; trochanters and apices of femora pale

dotted; face and frons densely and superficially punctate; clypeus strongly transverse, almost smooth;

malar line moderately short; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina shortly above mandible base;

antenna with 29 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere distinctly elongate; mesosoma moderately

and rather shallowly punctate, except most of pronotum coriaceous, and speculum ventrally smooth;

area superomedia elongate; female femoral tooth absent; ovipositor moderately long, apically strongly

sinuous. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Small and mostly yellowish-orange species, differentiated from most other Afrotropical species by the

combination of the strongly transverse clypeus, the rather short malar line, the shallow sculpture of face

and pronotum, the absence of a femoral tooth in females and the rather long ovipositor. Morphologically,

it is therefore very close to P. he likely, from which it differs only by having the apices of the femora and

the anterior half of the pterostigma strikingly white (see general discussion). Pristomerus sara sp. nov.

seems also closely related to P. wolof sp. nov. (see differential diagnosis of P. wolof sp. nov.).

Type material

Holotype

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: §, “ Central African Republic , Prefecture Sangha-Mbaere, Parc

National de Dzanga-Ndoki, Mabea Bai, 21.4 Km 53°NE Bayanga, 3°02.0EN 16°24.57’E, 510m,

6-7.V.2001, S van Noort, Malaise Trap, CAR01-M58, Lowland Rainforest, marsh clearing, SAM-

HYM-P047409” (SAMC).

Paratype

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: $, same label data.

Description

Female (2 specimens)

B 5.2-5.6; A3.5-3.7; F 3.2-3.4; CT2.1; ML 0.5; POL 0.5; OOL 1.1; FI

n-1

1.3; ASM2.5; OT 1.5-1.7; FFT0.

Colour. Yellowish-orange overall, with mandible, clypeus and frontal orbit pale yellow, notaulus

and scutellum slightly lighter than remainder of mesonotum, tergites 1-2 antero-medially black, and

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

following tergites variably centrally infiiscate; flagellum testaceous; all trochanters and femora apically

white-dotted; wings hyaline, venation brown, pterostigma anteriorly white.

Head. Face densely and superficially punctate; inner margins of eyes parallel; clypeus strongly

transverse, smooth; malar line rather short; frons and vertex sparsely superficially punctate, temple

3^)2 Ol'N lfi*24.57E. 510m.

Iv. 2001. S. van Noort,

Malkin trap, CAROI-M5K.

I Lowland Rainforest, marsh

clearing

SAM-HYM-

IP047409

Central African Republic.

Prefecture Sanghs-Mbaere,

Parc^Jational <k Dzanga-

Ndoki, Mabea Bar. 21 4km

53* NE Bayanga

IMAGED

WaspWeb

SAMC 2014

■ ft

n ■*

Fig. 34. Pristomerus sara sp. nov. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view (inset: data labels). B. Head,

mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view.

F. Hind tibia, lateral view.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

coriaceous; antenna with 28-29 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere elongate; occipital carina

joining hypostomal carina above mandible base.

Mesosoma. Mesosomamoderately elongate; pronotum weakly sculptured, mostly alutaceous and antero-

ventrally weakly crenulate; mesopleuron and metapleuron densely and rather shallowly punctate with

an oblique shallowly striate furrow below speculum, speculum ventrally smoother; mesonotum densely

and shallowly punctate-granulate, punctures somewhat confluent along notaulus line; scutellum densely

punctate; propodeum densely punctate-granulate, area petiolaris transversely strigose, area superomedia

elongate. Legs. Femoral tooth absent.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 longitudinally aciculate, following tergites coriaceous;

thyridium elliptic and wide, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor moderately long, basal half straight,

apically strongly sinuous.

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

Central African Republic.

Comments

This species is mostly differentiated from P. kelikely by the colour pattern, the femora being apically

white-dotted and the anterior half of the pterostigma being white. We consider this pattern to be a

significant ecological indicator (see general discussion).

Pristomerus sotho sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D7109E59-7B2D-4F89-9E55-347D23E52A40

Fig. 35

Diagnosis

Moderately large; mostly reddish-orange with entire head, mesosoma ventrally and tergites 1-2 black;

face and clypeus densely punctate with unusually dense silver hairs; clypeus transverse; malar line long;

mesosoma densely and evenly punctate, with pronotum centrally coriaceous and speculum ventrally

smoother; femoral tooth strong; ovipositor short, apically moderately sinuous. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately sized, black and reddish-orange species; readily differentiated from every other Afrotropical

species by the unique colour pattern, with most of the head and mesosoma ventrally black, the remainder

of the mesosoma being reddish-orange; also characteristic because of the combination of the densely

hairy face and mandibles, the short ovipositor, the strong female femoral tooth and the punctate scutellum.

Type material

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: $, “SAKZN [Kwazulu-Natal] Kamberg F57 29.3767°S 29.67108°E 1967m Forest

Malaise 2 13-Jan-2006 III-UKZN MDTP 66029, SAM-HYM-P047100” (SAMC).

Description

Female (holotype)

B 1.3; An/a; F 0.9; CT 1.7; ME 0.7; POE 0.8; OOL 1.0; Fl n4 n/a; ASM 2.2; OT 1.2; FFT 2.

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Colour. Head including antenna black with clypeus reddish-orange and mandible yellow; mesosoma

dorsally reddish-orange, ventrally black; metasoma with tergites 1-2 black, following tergites reddish-

orange, medially blackened; legs orange with base and apex of hind tibia and hind femur blackened;

wings hyaline, venation brown.

Fig. 35. Pristomerus sotho sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view (inset: data labels). B. Head,

mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view.

F. Hind tibia, lateral view.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Head. Face and clypeus densely punctate with very dense silver hairs obscuring most of sculpture;

mandible also unusually hairy; inner margins of eyes parallel; clypeus transverse, punctation ventrally

smoother; malar line long; frons and vertex sparsely punctate-granulate; temple coarsely coriaceous;

occipital carina joining hypostomal carina distinctly above mandible base; both antennae broken.

Mesosoma. Mesosoma moderately elongate; pronotum entirely sculptured, moderately densely punctate

with a median coriaceous area; mesopleuron and metapleuron densely, deeply and evenly punctate, with

an oblique striate furrow below speculum, ventral half of speculum smoother; mesoscutum densely and

evenly punctate; notaulus moderate; scutellum densely punctate; propodeum densely and roughly punctate,

punctures sometimes confluent into rugosities, area superomedia elongate, area petiolaris transversely

strigose. Legs. Femoral tooth strong and apically lamellar, followed by a row of hardly distinct denticles.

Metasoma. Tergite 2, apical half of tergite 1 and base of tergite 3 aciculate; following tergites coriaceous;

thyridium sub-circular; ovipositor short, apically moderately sinuous.

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

South Africa.

Pristomerus swahili sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B90C65C9-Q93B-4QC9-9660-A53CF0A4CCB7

Fig. 36

Diagnosis

Moderate size; yellow to yellowish-orange with numerous dorsal black markings; trochanters and

femora apically white-dotted, anterior edge of pterostigma whitish; face densely and shallowly punctate,

sculpture smoother on remainder of head; clypeus wealdy transverse, long; malar line short; antenna with

27-29 flagellomeres; mesosoma laterally moderately to densely and finely punctate with almost entire

pronotum and ventral half of speculum smooth; mesoscutum alutaceous with punctures along notaulus

line; scutellum quite smooth; propodeum mostly densely punctate; femoral tooth strong; ovipositor

moderately short, apically moderately sinuous. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately sized, mostly yellowish to orange with numerous black markings dorsally; differentiated

from all other Pristomerus species in the Afrotropical region by the combination of the quite smooth

scutellum, the almost entirely smooth pronotum, the mostly coriaceous mesoscutum and the strong

female femoral tooth.

Type material

Holotype

KENYA: $, “KENYA, Tsavo Safari Fodge, Athi River, 518 m, 2°38.529’S 38°21.984’E, 19.vii.2008, S.

vanNoort, UG08-KEN-S02, Sweep, savanna woodland, SAM-HYM-P047411” (SAMC).

Paratypes

KENYA: 2 §§, same label data; 1 §, “Kenya, RumaNational Park, 1250 m, 0°39.12FS 34°19.417’E,

26 July 2008, S. van Noort, UG08-KEN-S09, sweep, savanna woodland, SAM-HYM-P047412”

(SAMC).

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Description

Female (4 specimens)

B 6.7-7.1; A 4.4-4.8; F 4.0-4.7: CT 1.6; ML 0.4; POL 0.9; OOL 1.0; FI

n-1

1.3; ASM 1.7; OT 1.4—1.6; FFT2.

Colour. Yellowish-orange to reddish-orange, with yellow and black markings; yellow to pale yellow:

clypeus, mandible, facial orbits, lower gena, and sometimes pronotum, fore and mid legs; black: inter-

Fig. 36. Pristomerus swahili sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

ocellar area, occiput more or less extensively, mesosoma postero-dorsally, most of tergites 1-2 and a

large basal part of following tergites; base and apex of hind tibia strongly infuscate; trochanters and

femora apically white-dotted; wings hyaline, venation brownish, anterior edge of pterostigma whitish.

Head. Face densely and shallowly punctate, punctation sparser on median bulge; inner margins of eyes

barely converging ventrally; clypeus weakly transverse, long, nearly smooth with few punctures; malar

line short; frons moderately and shallowly punctate; vertex and temple finely coriaceous; occipital carina

joining hypostomal carina distinctly above mandible base; antenna with 27-29 flagellomeres.

Mesosoma. Pronotum nearly smooth with anterior margin weakly crenulate and some punctures along

posterior and dorsal margins; mesopleuron moderately punctate, with an oblique striate furrow below

speculum, ventral half of speculum smooth; punctation slightly denser and coarser on metapleuron;

mesoscutum alutaceous, somewhat longitudinally rugose posteriorly, with punctures along notaulus;

notaulus moderate; scutellum quite smooth; propodeum moderately and deeply punctate, area

superomedia centrally smoother and relatively short, area petiolaris transversely strigose. Legs. Femoral

tooth strong, higher than basally wide, followed by a row of denticles.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 aciculate; following tergites coriaceous; thyridium

subelliptic, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor moderately short, apically moderately sinuous.

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

Kenya.

Pristomerus teke sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E5956D87-2231-4D49-B9C0-8D5BD00A8EA5

Fig. 37

Diagnosis

Moderately small; mostly black with lighter yellowto orangeparts onhead, legs andmetasoma; trochanters

and apex of femora white-dotted; face deeply and densely punctate; clypeus strongly transverse with

punctation sparser ventrally; malar line moderately long; remainder of head coriaceous; ocelli unusually

enlarged; antenna with 30 flagellomeres, penultimate one obviously elongate; mesosoma distinctly

elongate, mostly deeply and densely punctate, except scutellum coriaceous, pronotum postero-dorsally

and speculum ventrally smoother; scutellum quite flat; propodeum coarsely punctate to rugose with area

superomedia strongly elongate; femoral tooth moderate; ovipositor short, slightly sinuous apically. Male

unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Rather small and mostly black; readily differentiated among Afrotropical Pristomerus by the flat and

coriaceous scutellum and the elongate penultimate flagellomere. Also characterized by the combination

of the colour pattern, the elongate mesosoma, the moderate female femoral tooth, the short ovipositor,

and the enlarged ocelli in females. It might be related to P. aka sp. nov., the latter having a mostly

coriaceous mesoscutum, a punctate scutellum, and the ocelli not enlarged. Pristomerus teke sp. nov.

is also strongly morphologically similar to P. mbaka sp. nov., the latter having a shorter and apically

straight ovipositor, and not having the elongate mesosoma nor the flat scutellum of P. teke sp. nov..

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Type material

Holotype

GABON: $, “GABON. Prov. Ogooue-Maritime, Reserve de laMoukalaba-Dougoua, 12.2 Km 305°NW

Doussala, 2°17.00’S 10°29.83’E, 110m, 26.ii.2000, S. vanNoort, Sweep, GA00-S09, lowland rainforest,

elephant path, SAM-HYM-P041663” (SAMC).

GABON. Prov. Ogccve-

Maril in k. Reserve de la

Moukuluba-Dougoua, *

12.2kin 305" NW Doussala.

2-17.00-S IO"29.83'E. 110m

26.ii.2000. S. van Nowi,

Sweep. GA00-S09. Coasta^

Lowland Rainforest, elephaml

IMAGED

WaspWeb

SAMC 2014

pAIVMHYM-

P041663 *

t ; *

-y

Fig. 37. Pristomerus teke sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

100

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Description

Female (holotype)

B 5.9; A 3.9; F 4.2; CT 2.1; ML 0.6; POL 0.4; OOL 0.6; Fl^ 1.5; ASM 2.5; OT 1.4; FFT 1.

Colour. Head mostly black with clypeus, malar space, mandible, frontal and temporal orbits yellow

to orange; mesosoma black with some lighter orange markings along anterior margin of pronotum and

reddish glints on mesopleuron; metasomal tergites black with apical and lateral margins of tergites

yellow from tergite 3; fore and mid legs yellow, hind leg darker brown, with apices of all femora and

trochanters white-marked; wings hyaline, venation brown with anterior half of pterostigma slightly

paler; flagellum and ovipositor sheath dark brown.

Head. Face deeply and densely punctate, weakly bulging mid-longitudinally; inner margins of eyes

subparallel; punctation smoother on ventral half of clypeus; clypeus strongly transverse; malar line

moderately long; Irons, vertex and temple coriaceous; ocelli distinctly enlarged, strongly elliptic;

occipital carina joining hypostomal carina ventrally shortly above mandible base; antenna with 30

flagellomeres, penultimate one distinctly elongate.

Mesosoma. Distinctly elongate; pronotum shallowly crenulate anteriorly, with a large smoother postero-

dorsal area; mesopleuron and metapleuron densely and deeply punctate with a coarsely striate oblique

furrow below speculum, speculum ventrally smoother; mesoscutum densely punctate-granulate,

punctures confluent along notaulus into fine transverse rugosities; scutellum coriaceous, quite flat;

propodeum densely and coarsely punctate, medially transversally rugose, area superomedia long and

narrow. Legs. Femoral tooth moderate.

Metasoma. Tergite 2, apical half of tergite 1 and base of tergite 3 longitudinally aciculate; thyridium

elliptic, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor short, slightly sinuous apically.

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

Gabon.

Pristomerus tutsi sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9F64294C-892B-499E-924E-840816D4939A

Fig. 38

Diagnosis

Moderately large; mostly black with lighter yellow to yellowish-orange markings on head and tergites

3-6; femora and trochanters apically white dotted; pterostigma anteriorly paler; face moderately punctate;

inner margins of eyes subparallel; malar line moderately long; clypeus strongly transverse, sparsely

and shallowly punctate; remainder of head coriaceous; antenna with 32 flagellomeres, penultimate

flagellomere barely elongate; pronotum mostly smooth; mesopleuron and metapleuron moderately

densely punctate with speculum largely smooth; mesoscutum roughly and densely punctate; punctation

distinctly sparser on scutellum; area superomedia elongate; ovipositor long, apically sinuous. Male

with inner margins of eyes diverging ventrally, ocelli and hind femur enlarged, femoral tooth long and

narrow, mesoscutum mostly coriaceous with punctures along notaulus, area superomedia more slender,

and metasoma darker with tergite 3 only partially yellowish-orange.

101

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Differential diagnosis

Moderately large and mostly black; differentiated from all other Afrotropical species by the combination

of the mostly smooth pronotum, the coarsely punctate-granulate mesoscutum, the short post-ocellar line,

the absence of a femoral tooth in females and the long ovipositor.

Fig. 38. Pristomerus tutsi sp. nov. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

102

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Type material

Holotype

UGANDA: §, “UGANDA, Kibale National Park, Kanyawara, Makerere University Biological Field

Station, 1465 m, 0°35.442 , N 30 o 21.74EE, 10.viii.2008, S. van Noort, UG08-KF12-S03, Sweep,

primary mid-altitude rainforest, near stream, SAM-HYM-P047413” (SAMC).

Paratypes

UGANDA: 3 same label data; 1 §, same label data except: “1495m 0°33.87EN 30°21.355 , E, 12-

26.viii.2008, UG08-KF2-M12, Malaise trap, secondary mid-altitude rainforest, SAM-HYM-P047444”

(SAMC); 1 5, “Uganda Rwenzori Mts m. Kyanjuki village, wet forest nr. entrance NP 06.III.2013 A.

Gumovsky SAM-HYM-P047414” (SAMC).

Description

Female (3 specimens)

B 7.0-8.1; A 4.9-5.2; F 4.8-5.4; CT 2.0; ME 0.6; POE 0.4; OOL 1.0; Fl n l 1.1; ASM 2.2; OT 1.9-2.2;

FFT 0.

Colour. Head black with clypeus, malar space and frontal orbits yellowish-orange, and mandible and

palpi pale yellow; mesosoma black; metasoma mostly black with base of tergite 1 pale yellow and

tergites 3 and following apically and laterally yellowish-orange; fore and mid legs yellow to yellowish-

orange; hind leg mostly infuscate to black with trochantellus yellow to yellowish-orange and tibia

medially lighter; all femora and coxae apically white dotted; wing hyaline, venation brown with anterior

edge of pterostigma whitish.

Head. Face moderately punctate, punctation denser on median bulge; inner margins of eyes subparallel;

clypeus strongly transverse, sparsely and shallowly punctate with punctation denser along dorsal margin;

malar line moderately long; frons, vertex and temple coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal

carina shortly above mandible base; ocelli somewhat enlarged, posterior ones close to each other;

antenna with 32 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere barely elongate.

Mesosoma. Elongate; pronotum mostly smooth with some punctures ventrally and posteriorly;

mesopleuron and metapleuron moderately densely, deeply and evenly punctate with a shallowly

sculptured oblique furrow below speculum, speculum mostly smooth with some dorsal punctures;

mesoscutum densely and roughly punctate, inter-punctures areas finely rugose; notaulus moderate;

scutellum with punctation distinctly sparser, inter-punctures areas smooth; propodeum densely punctate

with area superomedia centrally smoother and area petiolaris transversely strigose; area superomedia

elongate. Legs. Hind femur with femoral tooth absent.

Metasoma. Metasoma coriaceous with apex of tergite 1, entire tergite 2 and base of tergite 3 longitudinally

aciculate; thyridium elliptic and long, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor long, strongly sinuous

apically.

Male (paratypes)

B 7.2-8.0; A 4.5-5.2; F 4.9-5.1; POL 0.4; OOL 0.5. Ocelli and hind femur enlarged; inn er margins of eyes

distinctly diverging ventrally; femoral tooth long and narrow; antenna with 27 flagellomeres; mesoscutum

roughly coriaceous with punctures along notaulus; propodeum with area superomedia more slender;

metasoma darker, with tergite 3 only partially yellowish-orange to quite dark; otherwise similar to female.

Distribution

Uganda.

103

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Pristomerus vahaza Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Fig. 39

Diagnosis (range of variation from Rousse et al. 2013)

Moderately large to large; head distinctly transverse, whitish yellow with frons, inter-ocellar area and

occiput black; remainder of body testaceous orange with tergites 1-3 medially blackened; face and

Fig. 39. Pristomerus vahaza Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view.

B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma,

lateral view. F. Hind tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

104

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

frons moderately punctate-granulate; inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus weakly transverse,

almost smooth; malar line short; remainder of head coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal

carina weakly above mandible base; antenna with 31-33 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere

shortly elongate; mesosoma strongly elongate; pronotum almost quite smooth; mesopleuron and

metapleuron moderately punctate with ventral half of speculum smooth; mesoscutum moderately

punctate-granulate, inter-puncture spaces smoother on lateral lobes and finely transversely rugose

along notaulus, scuto-scutellar groove hardly sculptured; scutellum sparsely punctate-granulate; area

superomedia narrow and elongate; female femoral tooth absent; ovipositor moderately short, apically

moderately sinuous. B 6.9-8.2; A 5.2-5.8; F 4.7-5.5; CT 1.5; ML 0.4; POL 0.4; OOL 1.3; Fl^ 1.2;

ASM 2.4; OT 1.3-1.4; FFT 0. Male with inner margins of eyes diverging ventrally, ocelli and femoral

tooth enlarged. POL 0.3; OOL 0.2.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately large, mostly yellowish orange and white-faced; differentiated from all other species by

the combination of the white orbits, the narrow clypeus, the transverse head, the absence of a femoral

tooth and the short ovipositor. Pristomerus vahaza appears to be related to P. albescens with which it

shares the unusually transverse head and narrow clypeus, but these species cannot be confused because

P. albescens has an apically straight ovipositor, a strongly reduced but distinct femoral tooth and a

distinctly darker head.

Material examined

Holotype

MADAGASCAR: $, “MADAGASCAR, Rogez, foret cote est, 11.31, EY0000003534” (MNHN).

Distribution

Madagascar.

Pristomerus veloma Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Fig. 40

Diagnosis (range of variation from Rousse et al. 2013)

Large; head, mesosoma and legs reddish-orange; antenna, inter-ocellar area, metasoma and ovipositor

sheath black; face moderately densely punctate-granulate; inner margins of eyes slightly diverging

ventrally; clypeus transverse, dorsally moderately punctate and ventrally smooth; malar line long;

occipital carina joining hypostomal carina shortly above mandible base; antenna long with 34-37

flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere shorter than wide; mesosoma densely and deeply punctate but

pronotum mid-dorsally and speculum ventrally smooth, and mesopleuron with an oblique striate furrow

below speculum; area superomedia stout; female femoral tooth strong and acute, distinctly higher than

basally wide, followed by distinct and sometimes merged denticles; ovipositor moderately long, apically

weakly sinuous. B 7.1—9.1; A 5.0-6.3; F 5.9-7.5; CT 1.9; ML 0.7; POL 0.6; OOL 0.6; Fl n 0.7; ASM

1.5; OT 1.7-1.9; FFT 2. Male: mesosoma smoother, ocelli and femoral tooth enlarged; B 7.1-8.5; A

5.0-6.0; F 5.9-7.2; POL 0.4; OOL 0.3.

Differential diagnosis

Large, reddish-orange with metasoma black; differentiated from all other Afrotropical Pristomerus

species by the combination of that colour pattern, the distinctly diverging inner orbits in both sexes, the

long antenna and the strong female femoral tooth. Pristomerus zulu sp. nov., in South Africa, shares a

similar colour pattern, but is readily differentiated by its white and subparallel inner orbits.

105

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Material examined

Holotype

MADAGASCAR: $, “MADAGASCAR, Rogez, foret cote est, XII. 30, EY 0000003545” (MNHN).

Distribution

Madagascar.

0.25 mm

■■■ N

MOSE'Ji.i PA1CS ft GfejK

yrmomerus vetorna ] rag

jus&c, Villeniani & Seyng, 2UI

^ 'V IMAGED " jH

, ^ H WaspWeb

j&SHEt&LMUC 2015 jfcSj

1.0 mm

I- 1

- • -A ,v

0.25 mm

I- 1

■ -

0.25 mm

I-1

Fig. 40. Pristomerus veloma Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view

(inset: data labels). B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal

view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia, lateral view.

106

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Pristomerus venda sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3F426943-BF91-4A98-95Bl-7B7778F96B02

Fig. 41

Diagnosis

Moderately small; background colour yellow to testaceous with variable dark brown to black dorsal markings;

head sparsely to moderately punctate; inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus strongly transverse; malar

line short; antenna with 29-30 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere subquadrate; mesosoma moderately to

densely punctate, pronotmn hardly smoother postero-dorsally, and speculum ventrally smoother; propodeum

with area superomedia sometimes weakly carinate postero-laterally; female femoral tooth absent; ovipositor

moderately long, apically strongly sinuous. Male darker with ocelli, hind femur and femoral tooth strongly

enlarged, inner margins of eyes strongly diverging ventrally, and area superomedia slightly more slender.

Differential diagnosis

Rather small and mostly yellowish-orange; differentiated from most other Afrotropical species by the

combination of the absence of a femoral tooth in females, the short malar line, the strongly transverse

clypeus and the rather long ovipositor. It is closely related to P. moramora and P. kelikely, from which

it may be differentiated by the colour and antenna length characters given in the key (see comments).

Type material

Holotype

ZIMBABWE: § “Salisbury [Harare] S. Rhodesia Jan-March-1969 Nat. Museum S.R. coll. B.F.

Mitchell, South African Museum ex National Museum Bulawayo 1981, ex Phthorimaea operculella

SAM-HYM-P001224” (SAMC).

Paratypes

ZIMBABWE: 3 SS, 1 ?, same label data.

Description

Female (2 specimens)

B 6.6-6.8; A4.0; F 4.6-4.8; POE 0.9; OOF 1.1; CT 2.0; ME 0.4; FI

n-l

1.1; ASM 2.2; OT 1.7-1.8; FFT 0.

Colour. Head yellow with face testaceous, and frons, vertex, temples and occiput darker brown, frons

sometimes with a mid-longitudinal yellow stripe; mesosoma yellowish-orange with pronotmn paler

and axillary troughs slightly infuscate; metasoma yellowish-orange with basal tergites variously dark

marked; legs yellow to yellowish-orange; wings hyaline, venation brown; ovipositor sheath black.

Head. Face moderately and deeply punctate; inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus strongly

transverse, moderately punctate and centrally smoother; malar line short; frons and vertex sparsely

punctate, temple coriaceous; antenna with 29-30 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere subquadrate.

Mesosoma. Mesosoma moderately elongate; entire mesosoma densely punctate, except: pronotum postero-

dorsally very shallowly punctate, and speculum ventrally smoother; mesopleuron with an oblique striate

furrow below speculum; punctures somewhat confluent along notaulus line; notaulus weak; punctation of

scutellum distinctly sparser than on mesoscutum; posterior vertical side of scutellum longitudinally striate;

area superomedia somewhat elongate, sometimes hardly carinate laterally. Legs. Femoral tooth absent.

Metasoma. Apical half of tergite 1, tergite 2 and base of tergite 3 longitudinally aciculate, following

tergites coriaceous; thyridium elliptic and wide, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor moderately long,

its apical half strongly sinuous.

107

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Male (paratypes)

B 6.2-6.6; A 3.8M.0; F 4.4—4.6; POL 0.5; OOL <0.1. Darker with vertex and occiput centrally blackish,

mesosoma dorsally brownish with scutellum yellow and axillary troughs black, hind femur sometimes

dark brown, entire tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 dark brown; ocelli strongly enlarged, lateral

ocellus nearly touching eye; area superomedia slightly more slender; femoral tooth long and acute,

followed by a series of denticles; otherwise similar to female.

.25 mm

1.0 mm

I-1

0.25

min

Salisbury

S. Rhodesia

.3*.r%-Marok~\ 9 6$.

SSL

wa me Muse™ ■

■uuHAro 1981 fi IMAGED

WaspWeb

SAMC 2014

AM-HYM

001224

•- >'

0.10 mm

Fig. 41. Pristomerus venda sp. nov. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

108

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Host records

Reared from the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Distribution

Zimbabwe.

Comments

Pristomerus venda sp. nov. females are likely to be very difficult to differentiate from some P. kelikely and

P. moramora. However, we keep it as a separate species because it could be unambiguously associated

with males. These males exhibit two of the usual features of sexual dimorphism in Pristomerus spp.

which are absent in the males of P. kelikely and P. moramora (ventrally diverging eyes and enlarged

ocelli). See P. kelikely for further comments about this species-complex.

Pristomerus wolof sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:50B591FF-D0D9-429C-9644-4A3F8E5B8C12

Fig. 42

Diagnosis

Small to moderately small; pale yellow to yellowish with base of tergites 2-3 black; femora and

trochanters apically white-dotted; pterostigma anteriorly paler; face and clypeus moderately to densely

punctate, remainder of head more finely sculptured; clypeus strongly transverse; inner margins of

eyes subparallel; malar line moderately short; ocelli small; antenna long with 32-34 flagellomeres;

mesosoma moderately elongate, densely punctate-granulate but upper pronotum and ventral half of

speculum smooth; female femoral tooth barely distinct; ovipositor long, apically strongly sinuous. Male

with ocelli and femoral tooth hardly enlarged, inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally, area

superomedia more slender, and mesoscutum sculpture smoother.

Differential diagnosis

Rather to fairly small, yellow to pale yellow overall; otherwise distinguished from all other Afrotropical

species by the strongly transverse clypeus, the weak but distinct female femoral tooth and the long

ovipositor. Pristomerus wolof sp. nov. is part of the P. masai sp. nov. species-complex (see comments

for P. masai sp. nov.): the reduced femoral tooth and barely enlarged ocelli in both sexes differentiate

P. wolof sp. nov. from P. masai sp. nov. It is also somewhat morphologically similar to P. sara sp. nov.,

whose ovipositor and malar line are shorter and whose femoral tooth is totally absent in the female.

Type material

Holotype

GUINEA-BISSAU: §, “Guinea-Bissau: Regiao Cacheu, 10 1cm W of Sao Domingos 31.X.1992 (17.45-

18.45), swampy grassland with bushes, palm trees and some hardwood trees at river-shore. Screen-

sweep. leg. Michael Soderlund SAM-HYM-P047415” (SAMC).

Paratype

GUINEA-BISSAU: same label data.

Description

Female (holotype)

B 6.5; A4.2; F 3.5; CT 2.1; ME 0.5; POE 1.4; OOL 1.0; Fl n _ x 1.2; ASM 2.3; OT 2.2; FFT 1.

109

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Colour. Pale yellow to yellowish-orange, with scutellum and notaulus lighter than remainder of

mesonotum; tergites 2-3 basally black; femora and trochanters apically white-dotted; wings hyaline;

venation brown, anterior edge of pterostigma whitish.

Head. Face densely punctate-granulate, inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus strongly transverse,

moderately punctate, convex in profile; malar line moderately short; frons finely punctate; vertex and

temple coriaceous; antenna long with 34 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere slightly elongate.

D.25 mm

I J

0,25 mrVi

Gu'naa-Blssair RegkSoCsf

ID kill fi Ql S.V. » ■"

31X..I WZ (<-4-. «'■-

palnnq^s ana same

ill rtvet-sbare. S<fOC

0,10 mm

!ca micdbji socitr'u-

IMAGED

AfcspWsB gSAM-HYM

SAMC.2CU ,spo4 7 415

Fig. 42. Pristomerus wolof sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

110

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Mesosoma. Moderately elongate; pronotum finely and shallowly punctate-granulate, postero-medially

smoother, anterior margin crenulate; mesopleuron and metapleuron deeply and densely punctate-

granulate with a striate oblique furrow below speculum, speculum ventrally smooth; mesoscutum

densely punctate-granulate, punctures confluent into fine transverse rugosities, notaulus hardly

distinct; scutellum densely punctate; propodeum densely and shallowly punctate-granulate but area

petiolaris transversely striate; area superomedia elongate. Legs. Femoral tooth distinct as a small

subapical protuberance.

Metasoma. Apical half of tergite 1 and tergites 2-3 aciculate, following tergites coriaceous; thyridium

elliptic and wide, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor long, apically bent and strongly sinuous.

Male (paratype)

B 6.3; A 4.0; F 3.5; POF 0.7; OOF 1.3. Ocelli barely larger; femur barely swollen, femoral tooth slightly

larger; antenna with 32 flagellomeres; inner margins of eyes slightly diverging ventrally; mesoscutum

mostly granulate with punctures along notaulus; otherwise similar to female.

Distribution

Guinea-Bissau.

Pristomerus xhosci sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:26B9F9AD-A183-4B2B-91B0-93C93F3C96F2

Fig. 43

Diagnosis

Moderately small; mottled overall, mostly yellow to reddish-testaceous with numerous large black

areas; head densely and deeply punctate; clypeus long and rather narrow; malar line exceptionally long;

ocelli unusually reduced; antenna long with 35-36 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere subquadrate;

mesosoma deeply, densely and evenly punctate, but pronotum mid-dorsally and speculum ventrally

smooth; female femoral tooth reduced to a subapical point, sometimes barely distinct; ovipositor

moderately long, apically moderately sinuous. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately sized, mottled yellow, black and reddish-testaceous; unmistakably characterized by this

unique colour pattern, the extremely long malar line, the strongly reduced ocelli and the long clypeus,

all features making P. xhosa sp. nov. highly characteristic within Pristomerus. The only confusion might

occur with P. kaggasp. nov. , from which it may otherwise be differentiated by the very weak femoral

tooth in P. xhosa sp. nov. females.

Type material

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: §, “South Africa, Eastern Cape, Pearston, Plains of Camdeboo Game Reserve,

32°32.033’S 25°14.267’E, 969 m, 9 April-26 July 2010, S. van Noort, Malaise trap, Camdeboo

Escarpment Thicket, PCD09-ACA1-M04, SAM-HYM-P047416” (SAMC).

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 1 §, same label data; 2 $ same label data except: “30.x.2009-22.ii.2010, PCD09-

ACA1-M02, SAM-HYM-P047416” (SAMC).

Ill

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Description

Female (3 specimens)

B 7.4-8.9:A4.1-5.0;F4.1-5.1;CT 1.4;ML 1.1:POL 1.5: OOL 1.6;FI , 1.0:ASM2.2: OT 1.8-1.9;FFT0-1.

n-1

Colour. Head mostly reddish with mandible, malar space and frontal orbits pale yellow, and black

markings on mid-dorsal face, tentorial pit, frons, inter-ocellar area, occiput and antenna; mesosoma

Fig. 43. Pristomerus xhosa sp. nov. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

112

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

mottled: background colour yellow variously fading to reddish-testaceous, with numerous variable

black markings on: mesoscutal lobes, scuto-scutellar groove, scutellar trough, metanotum, propodeum

dorsally, mesopleuron dorsally, metapleuron anteriorly and most of mesosoma ventrally; metasomal

tergites black with apical half reddish to yellow but tergite 1 basally yellow, and tergite 3 and following

sometimes without black marking but one or two postero-lateral dark spots; fore and mid legs reddish

with coxae and trochanters somewhat paler, hind leg reddish with black markings of variable extent:

coxa ventrally, trochanter ventrally, femur ventrally, tibia basally and apically, and entire tarsus; wings

hyaline, venation pale brown.

Head. Vertex, frons, face and clypeus uniformly densely and deeply punctate-granulate; temple and

gena coriaceous; clypeus narrow and long, convex in profile; malar line exceptionally long; ocelli

reduced and subcircular; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina at mandible base; antenna with

35-36 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere quadrate.

Mesosoma. Moderately elongate; entire mesosoma deeply, densely and evenly punctate, but pronotum

mid-dorsally and ventral half of speculum smooth; notaulus shallow; punctures somewhat confluent in

area superomedia and area petiolaris, area superomedia elongate. Legs. Femoral tooth distinct but very

weak, reduced to a barely distinct subapical point followed by minute denticles.

Metasoma. Tergite 2, apical half of tergite 1, and basal half of tergite 3 aciculate, following tergites

coriaceous; thyridium subcircular; ovipositor moderately long, its apical third moderately sinuous.

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

South Africa.

Pristomerus yago Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013

Fig. 44

Diagnosis (range of variation from Rousse et al. 2013)

Moderately sized; yellowish-orange overall, with flagellum, ovipositor sheath and tergites 1-2 black; head

distinctly transverse; face moderately punctate; inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus transverse,

sparsely and shallowly punctate; malar line moderately short; frons finely transversely striate; remainder

of head coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina at mandible base; antenna with 32-34

flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere quadrate; pronotum, mesopleuron and metapleuron moderately

to densely punctate with pronotum mid-dorsally and speculum entirely smooth; mesoscutum coriaceous,

without puncture, posteriorly smoother; scutellum quite smooth; propodeum with carination strong, area

superomedia stout; female femoral tooth strong and acute, distinctly higher than basally wide, followed

by distinct denticles; ovipositor moderately long, apically sinuous. B 6.4-8.5; A 4.9-6.2; F 4.1-5.5; CT

1.8; ML 0.5; POF 0.8; OOF 1.2; Fl n 1.0;ASM 1.5; OT 1.5—1.7; FFT 2. Male with inner margins of eyes

diverging ventrally, ocelli enlarged with posterior ocellus very close to eye margin, metasoma entirely

blackened. POF 1.0; OOF 0.2.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately sized, mostly yellowish-orange with basal tergites mostly black; differentiated from all

other Afrotropical Pristomerus species by the combination of the transverse head, the hardly sculptured

mesonotum and the strong femoral tooth.

113

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Material examined

Holotype

MADAGASCAR: $, “MADAGASCAR, Rogez, foret cote est, 11.31, EY 0000003753” (MNHN).

Distribution

Madagascar.

ML'«LM PAHli

MVBfiLIM PARIS

«. SEYRIf,

0.25 mm

i-1

1.0 mm

I-1

m- .j. . 1

MUSEUM PARIS a

yrtstoracrus yago

Kousse, ViWwrant & Seyrig, 20lu

0.25 mm

I-l

QaGASCAH

EYO0aO003i53

IMAGED

<■ mm

MaspWct

5AMC 2013

0.25 mm

i- 1

Fig. 44. Pristomerus yago Rousse, Villemant & Seyrig, 2013. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view.

B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma,

lateral view. F. Hind tibia, lateral view (inset: data labels).

114

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Pristomerus yakoma sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5394BBA9-A538-4FFA-986E-63A348D5BlBF

Fig. 45

Diagnosis

Small; yellow overall; trochanters and femora apically white-dotted; flagellum multicolour, pale brown

to brown, sometimes with flagellomeres 11-21 pale yellow; face moderately punctate-granulate; inner

margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus strongly transverse, almost smooth; malar line very short; remainder

of head coriaceous; flagellum basally thin, slightly widening toward apex, with 29-30 flagellomeres,

penultimate flagellomere subquadrate; mesosoma laterally punctate with entire pronotum and ventral

half of speculum smooth; mesoscutum coriaceous with notaulus punctate; scutellum quite smooth;

propodeum densely punctate; area superomedia rather stout; femoral tooth strong and acute; ovipositor

moderately short, apically curved and strongly sinuous. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Small, entirely yellow with flagellum bicoloured or tricoloured; otherwise differentiated from most

Afrotropical species by the combination of the very short malar line, the strongly transverse clypeus,

the coriaceous to smooth mesonotum and the strong female femoral tooth. Pristomerus yakoma sp. nov.

seems closely related to P. swahili sp. nov., whose flagellum is uniformly dark and clypeus significantly

narrower.

Type material

Holotype

CENTRAF AFRICAN REPUBFIC: $, “Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaere, Reserve

Speciale de Foret Dense de Dzanga-Sangha, 12.7 Km 326°NW Bayanga, 3°00.27’N 16°11.55 , E, 420m,

ll.v.2001, S vanNoort, Sweep, CAR01-S161, Fowland Rainforest, SAM-HYM-P049431” (SAMC).

Paratype

MOZAMBIQUE: $, “Mozambique Nhica “Eigne 34”, 20-27.xi.2008, C. Villemant, S10°42.418’

E40°12.761 alt. 92m Malaise M2” (MNHN).

Description

Female (2 specimens)

B 5.4-6.0; A 3.4-3.8; F 3.4-3.7; CT 2.1; ME 0.3; POE 0.6; OOF 0.8; ¥\ n l 1.0; ASM 1.7; OT 1.5—1.6;

FFT 2.

Colour. Yellow to pale yellow overall with mandible, clypeus, orbits and legs paler; tergites 1-3 barely

infuscate basally; trochanters and femora apically white-dotted; flagellum dark brown, basally strongly

lighter yellowish, with flagellomeres 11-21 whitish yellow in holotype only; wings hyaline, venation

pale brown, anterior half of pterostigma whitish.

Head. Face medially bulging, moderately and shallowly punctate-granulate; inner margins of eyes

subparallel; clypeus strongly transverse, sparsely punctate; malar line very short; frons, vertex and

temple coriaceous; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina at mandible base; antenna with 29-30

flagellomeres, slightly widening toward apex, penultimate flagellomere quadrate.

Mesosoma. Pronotum almost entirely smooth; mesopleuron moderately punctate with most of speculum

smooth; punctation on metapleuron slightly denser and coarser; mesoscutum coriaceous, finely

punctate-rugose along notaulus; notaulus moderate; scutellum quite smooth, its posterior vertical face

longitudinally striate; propodeum densely and shallowly punctate, area superomedia medially smoother

115

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

and relatively short, area petiolaris transversely striate. Legs. Femoral tooth acute, longer than basally

wide, followed by a row of distinct denticles.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 longitudinally aciculate, following tergites coriaceous;

thyridium subcircular; ovipositor moderately short, apically distinctly sinuous.

r/r'frit

si*nM

Centro! African Rtpuhlw,

Prefecture Sangha-MbaenL

Reserve Specific tic Foret

Dense tie

1: 7tin 32t? NW Buymgii

27N l».-| I 55 |j. 420m.

llv.2001. S. van NnorL

Sweep. t'AROl -SI6I.

Lowland R nnloresl

0.25 mm

IMAGED

WsspWeb

SAMC 2012

SAM-HYM

P049431

Fig. 45. Pristomerusyakoma sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

116

Male

Unknown.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Distribution

Central African Republic, Mozambique.

Pristomerus yangere sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3412DBAD-lBB8-41FD-960E-E98F92CC01C8

Fig. 46

Diagnosis

Large; black with metasoma orange from tergite 3; trochanters and apex of femora white-dotted;

pterostigma anteriorly white; face densely punctate-granulate; clypeus more sparsely punctate, transverse;

malar line long; remainder of head finely and densely punctate; antenna with 32-35 flagellomeres,

penultimate flagellomere quadrate; mesosoma coarsely punctate with middle of pronotum and ventral

half of speculum smooth, and propodeum punctate-rugose; female femoral tooth absent; ovipositor

long, strongly sinuous apically. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Large and black with metasoma partially orange; differentiated from all other Afrotropical species by

the combination of the colour pattern, the large size and the absence of a female femoral tooth; it might

be closely related to P. kuku sp. nov., which is, however, characterized by a strong frontal protuberance

and a distinctly shorter ovipositor.

Type material

Holotype

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: $, “Central African Republic, Prefecture Sangha-Mbaere, Reserve

Speciale de Foret Dense de Dzanga-Sangha, 12.7 Km 326°NW Bayanga, 3°00.27’N 16°11.55 , E, 420m,

ll.v.2001, S vanNoort, Sweep, CAR01-S110, Lowland Rainforest, SAM-HYM-P049432” (SAMC).

Description

Female (holotype)

B 11.6; A 6.5; F 6.8; CT 1.8; ML 0.7; POL 0.8; OOL 1.0; Fl^ 1.0; ASM 2.0; OT 1.9; FFT 0.

Colour. Head black with lighter pale yellow to yellowish parts: clypeus, mandible, palpi, malar space

and frontal orbits; mesosoma black with tegula pale yellow; tergites 1-2 black, following tergites

orange; fore and mid legs yellowish-orange; hind leg basally black, strongly infuscate from femur; all

trochanters and femora apically white-dotted; antenna and ovipositor sheath dark brown; wings slightly

infuscate, venation brown, pterostigma anteriorly white.

Head. Face densely punctate-granulate; inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus transverse, sparsely

punctate but punctation denser along dorsal margin, distinctly convex in profile; malar line long; frons,

vertex and temple finely and densely punctate; frond with a moderate mid-longitudinal ridge from

median ocellus to upper face; occipital carina joining hypostomal carina at mandible base; antenna with

35 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere quadrate.

Mesosoma. Moderately stout; pronotum densely and finely punctate with a smooth median area;

mesopleuron and metapleuron densely punctate with an oblique striate furrow below speculum,

speculum ventrally smooth; mesoscutum densely and coarsely punctate-granulate, punctures confluent

117

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

into transverse rugosities along notaulus; notaulus deep; scutellum densely punctate, its posterior

vertical face longitudinally striate; propodeum coarsely punctate-rugose, laterally punctate; carination

thick. Legs. Femoral tooth totally absent.

Metasoma. Tergites 2-3 and apical half of tergite 1 longitudinally aciculate, following tergites coriaceous;

thyridium elliptic and wide with main axis oblique; ovipositor long, slightly down-curved, apically

strongly sinuous.

Fig. 46. Pristomerusyangere sp. nov. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

118

Male

Unknown.

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Distribution

Central African Republic.

Pristomerus yoccolo sp. nov.

urn: lsid: zoobank, org: act :F40E44AD-613F -4DFF-9A97-196123 603381

Fig. 47

Diagnosis

Moderately sized; yellowish orange overall; face moderately punctate; clypeus transverse and almost

smooth; inner margins of eyes subparallel; malar line moderately short; upper head finely coriaceous;

antenna with 30 flagellomeres, penultimate one slightly shorter than wide; mesosoma moderately to

densely punctate but pronotum quite smooth and speculum hardly sculptured; female femoral tooth long

and unusually narrow; tergite 2, apical half of tergite 1 and base of tergite 3 longitudinally aciculate;

ovipositor long and straight, barely sinuous apically. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Moderately sized and yellowish-orange overall; differentiated from most other Afrotropical species by

the long and basally noticeably narrow female femoral tooth. Such a narrowed tooth is only otherwise

found in P. afrikaner sp. nov. and P. yakoma sp. nov. The former, from South Africa, has, however, a

longer malar line and longer antennae, and the latter has a coriaceous to smooth mesonotum. Pristomerus

yoccolo sp. nov. is otherwise somewhat similar to P. babinga sp. nov., whose femoral tooth is distinctly

stouter and in which the clypeus is more transverse and the inner orbits diverge ventrally.

Type material

Holotype

IVORY COAST: $, “Cote d’Ivoire: Aman Ikro 50 km. N. W. Abengourou J. Decelle II. 1963” (MRAC).

Description

Female (holotype)

B 6.3; A4.8; F 4.3; CT 1.9; ME 0.5; POE 0.9; OOF 1.1; Fl n4 0.9; ASM 2.1; OT 1.9; FFT 2.

Colour. Yellowish-orange overall, head and mesosoma barely darker dorsally, with basal infuscate

markings on tergites 2 and 3; flagellum and ovipositor sheath dark brown; wings hyaline, venation brown.

Head. Face moderately punctate, weakly bulging mid-longitudinally; inner margins of eyes subparallel;

clypeus transverse and long, almost smooth; malar line moderately short; frons, vertex and temple finely

coriaceous; occipital carina joining ventrally hypostomal carina shortly above mandible base; antenna

with 30 flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere slightly shorter than wide.

Mesosoma. Moderately elongate; pronotum quite smooth; mesopleuron and metapleuron moderately

densely punctate with a shallowly striate oblique furrow below speculum, speculum hardly sculptured;

mesoscutum densely punctate-granulate, punctures confluent along notaulus into fine transverse

rugosities; scutellum punctate; propodeum densely punctate-granulate, area superomedia moderately

elongate. Legs. Femoral tooth long, narrow and acute.

Metasoma. Tergite 2, apical half of tergite 1 and base of tergite 3 longitudinally aciculate; thyridium

subelliptic, its main axis longitudinal; ovipositor long and straight, barely sinuous apically.

119

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

Ivory Coast.

0.25 mm

1.0 mm

I-1

KkL V\ V

MSv'. • A V

0.25

>v\]

IMAGED

WaspWeb

SAMC 2014

COLL. MUS, TERVUREN

Cote d’Ivoire: Amanlkro

50 kmt N. W. Abengourou

J. Decelle 3H962

i -s

111

■■fsjrii-/ . '* j->-‘ iff?/

0.25 mm

-1

IIF J&r S'

f ■<* - -

Fig. 47. Pristomerusyoccolo sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

120

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Pristomerus zande sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:26CF33F4-5773-44EE-983D-F83705F42225

Fig. 48

Diagnosis

Moderately small to small; yellowish-orange with mandible, clypeus and frontal orbits pale yellow, and

variable dorsal black markings; trochanters and femora apically white-dotted; fore wing with anterior

edge of pterostigma whitish; face densely punctate-granulate, clypeus almost entirely smooth, remainder

of head coriaceous; clypeus strongly transverse; malar line short; antenna with 27 flagellomeres,

penultimate one quadrate; mesosoma moderately to densely punctate, including sometimes pronotum

and almost entire speculum, with punctures confluent into rugosities on notaulus; propodeal carination

thick; female femoral tooth absent; ovipositor short, apically nearly straight. Male unknown.

Differential diagnosis

Small to moderately small and yellow to yellowish orange overall with some black markings dorsally;

differentiated from all other Afrotropical species by the combination of the short malar line, the absence

of a femoral tooth and the short ovipositor. Pristomerus zande sp. nov. is somewhat morphologically

similar to P. albescens and P. vahaza , but is easily differentiated because both have a narrower clypeus.

Type material

Holotype

CENTRAF AFRICAN REPUBFIC: §, “ Central African Republic , Prefecture Sangha-Mbaere, Parc

National de Dzanga-Ndoki, Mabea Bai, 21.4 Km 53°NE Bayanga, 3°02.0FN 16°24.57’E, 510m,

6-7.V.2001, S van Noort, Malaise trap, CAR01-M38, lowland rainforest, marsh clearing, SAM-HYM-

P049434” (SAMC).

Paratypes

CENTRAF AFRICAN REPUBFIC: 1 $, same label data except: “yellow pan, CAR01-Y02 SAM-HYM-

P049435” (SAMC); 1 ?, same label data except: “38.6 Ion 173°S Fidjombo, 2°21.60 , N 16°03.20’E, 350

m, 22-23.V.2001, Malaise trap, CAR01-M186, lowland rainforestsAM-HYM-P049436” (SAMC).

Description

Female (3 specimens)

B 4.8-6.3; A 3.0-3.7; F 2.8-3.7; CT 2.0; ME 0.4; POE 0.7; OOF 0.9; Fl^ 1.0; ASM 2.2; OT 1.2—1.3;

FFT 0.

Colour. Yellowish-orange overall with mandible, clypeus and frontal orbits pale yellow, and variable

black markings: frons, occiput laterally, vertex, flagellum, apex of tergite 1 and a variable basal

part of following tergites; ovipositor sheath, hind tarsus, and apex and base of hind tibia infuscate;

trochanters and femora apically white-dotted; wings hyaline, venation brown, pterostigma anteriorly

white.

Head. Face densely and shallowly punctate-granulate; inner margins of eyes slightly converging

ventrally; clypeus almost smooth, strongly transverse, distinctly convex in profile view; malar line

short; frons, vertex and temple coriaceous; frons with a weak mid-longitudinal carina; occipital carina

joining hypostomal carina shortly above mandible base; antenna with 27 flagellomeres, penultimate

flagellomere quadrate.

Mesosoma. Moderately elongate; entire pronotum moderately and shallowly punctate (postero-dorsally

smooth in the smallest paratype); mesopleuron and metapleuron very densely punctate-granulate, with a

121

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

strong oblique striate furrow below speculum, speculum almost entirely shallowly punctate; mesonotum

densely punctate, punctures confluent into fine transverse rugosities along notaulus; notaulus moderate;

propodeal carination complete and thick, area petiolaris transversely strigose. Legs. Femoral tooth absent.

Metasoma. Tergite 2 and apical half of tergite 1 longitudinally aciculate, following tergites sparsely

and shallowly punctate-granulate; thyridium subcircular; ovipositor moderately short, stout, apically

slightly swollen and nearly straight.

Fig. 48. Pristomerus zande sp. nov. Holotype, §. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

122

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Male

Unknown.

Distribution

Central African Republic.

Pristomerus zulu sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4C307073-AE10-4691-9E03-FC26ElB619E9

Fig. 49

Diagnosis

Moderately large to large; head mostly reddish-testaceous with inner orbits and lower head whitish

yellow; mesosoma reddish-testaceous; metasoma black; legs testaceous with white markings on anterior

margin of fore and mid tibiae, and apex of all femora and trochanters; pterostigma anteriorly white;

face and clypeus moderately to densely punctate, remainder of head more finely sculptured; clypeus

long, moderately transverse; inner margins of eyes subparallel; malar line short; antenna with 31-32

flagellomeres, penultimate one distinctly shorter than wide; mesosoma densely punctate but pronotum

centrally and ventral half of speculum smooth; female femoral tooth strong; ovipositor moderately long,

weakly sinuous apically. Male with ocelli enlarged, hind femur and femoral tooth stouter, inner margins

of eyes diverging ventrally, and mesoscutum largely coriaceous.

Differential diagnosis

Rather to quite large and with an unusual colour pattern: metasoma black, head and mesosoma reddish-

testaceous except orbits and lower head white, and legs largely white-maculated. That colour pattern

readily distinguishes this species from almost all other Pristomerus species; P. veloma is somewhat

similar in colour, but its orbits are not contrastingly pale and diverge ventrally.

Type material

Holotype

SOUTH AFRICA: $, “SOUTH AFRICA, TVL, D’Nyala Nature Res, Ellisras district, 23.45S 27.49E,

19.xii. 1987, M. W. Mansell” (SANC).

Paratypes

SOUTH AFRICA: 2 $$, 1 “Goshen, nr. Cathcart, E. Cape, Mar. 1954, SAM-HYM-P001202”

(SAMC).

Description

Female (3 specimens)

B 8.2-11.1;A4.1-5.8; F4.6-6.2;CT 1.6; ME 0.4; POE 1.0; OOF 1.1; FI , 0.8; ASM2.2; OT 1.7; FFT2.

n-l

Colour. Head mostly reddish-testaceous with face sometimes fading to black medially, and whitish

parts: inner orbits, most of clypeus, mandible but teeth, malar space and palpi; mesosoma reddish-

testaceous with scutellum weakly lighter orange and sometimes an infuscate marking on metanotum;

metasoma black; legs mostly testaceous with anterior margins of fore and mid tibiae, and apex of all

femora and trochanters whitish; ovipositor sheath dark brown; antenna dark brown, sometimes fading

to testaceous toward apex; wing hyaline, venation pale brown with anterior half of pterostigma whitish.

Head. Face moderately punctate; inner margins of eyes subparallel; clypeus sparsely and shallowly

punctate, weakly transverse, long; malar line short; frons nearly smooth; vertex and temple coriaceous;

123

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

occipital and hypostomal carina joining at mandible base; antenna short and stout with 31-32

flagellomeres, penultimate flagellomere distinctly shorter than wide.

Mesosoma. Pronotum mostly shallowly punctate, anteriorly crenulate and medially smoother; mesopleuron

and metapleuron densely and deeply punctate, with a striate oblique furrow below speculum, speculum

mostly smooth; mesoscutum densely punctate, punctation sometimes sparser on lateral lobe; notaulus

ilfei

0,25 mm

IMAGED

i/jaspWeb

SAMC 2014

NATIONAL COI.I_| S0UT,J AFRICA tvl

OF INSECTS (SaSC)ID* Nya 1 a Nature Res

I'rcluriu, South Africul El l Israa district

|23.453 ‘ 27.49E

1 1 ■ 11 l 19. xli. 1987

W. Mansell

Fig. 49. Pristomerus zulu sp. nov. Holotype, $. A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, mesosoma, dorsal

view. C. Head, anterior view. D. Propodeum, dorsal view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Hind tibia,

lateral view (inset: data labels).

124

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

moderate and rugose; scutellum densely and shallowly punctate; propodeum densely punctate, punctures

somewhat confluent medially into transverse rugosities, area superomedia sometimes smoother centrally;

area superomedia elongate. Legs. Femoral tooth strong, hardly to distinctly higher than basally wide.

Metasoma. Apical half of tergite 1 and entire tergite 2 aciculate, following tergites coriaceous; thyridium

subcircular; ovipositor moderately long, apically weakly sinuous.

Male (paratype)

B 11.5; A 6.2; F 6.5; POF 0.6; OOF 0.4. Ocelli enlarged; inner margins of eyes distinctly diverging

ventrally; mesoscutum weakly sculptured, mostly coriaceous with punctures on anterior half of median

lobe and along notaulus; hind femur and femoral tooth stouter; otherwise similar to female.

Distribution

South Africa.

Comments

The three paratypes were previously reported as non-type specimens of P. veloma in Rousse et al. 2013.

Discussion

What else, other than pure taxonomic information, does this revision contribute to our knowledge of the

genus? One of the first observations arising from this revision and the previous revision of Madagascan

Pristomerus (Rousse et al. 2013) is the definition of colour patterns associated with geography or

ecology. Five of the Pristomerus species from Madagascar are uniquely white-faced. No other species

in Africa display such a pale face colour but two species from South Africa (P. zulu sp. nov. and another

non-described male in the SAMC collections) exhibit whitish orbits on the otherwise testaceous face.

We cannot associate that colour pattern with any ecological traits, mostly because Seyrig’s labels do

not provide information on habitat association. This correlates with a similar situation in Xanthophenax

Saussure, 1892, where the white-faced species are restricted to Madagascar (Rousse, Villemant & van

Noort, in prep).

A second colour pattern is more informative. This pattern is defined by white-dotted femora and half¬

white pterostigma, usually associated with a mostly black colour overall, although sometimes combined

with a lighter overall colour, a pattern that is exhibited by 20 of the 49 species. These 20 species have

all been collected in tropical Africa with the noticeable exception of P. zulu sp. nov. and, in part, P.

bemba sp. nov.. Furthermore, 15 of these 20 species have been collected in rainforest, and two more

in dryer forest environments. We lack ecological data for P. dikidiki sp. nov., but the collection locality

strongly suggests a similar rainforest habitat. Moreover, all the 15 species from rainforest habitats have

enlarged ocelli in both sexes. By contrast, 22 species of the 29 non white-dotted group have ocelli that

are not enlarged in females, and for some of them not even in males. The 20 white-dotted species do not

appear to be closely related, since they exhibit much variation in characters which are probably of more

critical importance in terms of indicating phylogenetic relationships: the size of the femoral tooth, the

length of the malar line, the sculpture of the mesonotum. On the other hand, some clearly related (and

possibly sister-species) (e.g. P. sara sp. no \./P. kelikely) can be differentiated only by the presence or

absence of this white dot. This colour pattern is thus clearly a phenotypic convergence conditioned by

the enviromnental parameters of a closed and humid forest habitat.

Interestingly, the general black colour of most of these white-dotted species may be compared to one

of the patterns displayed by Braconinae, where the darkest species are also reported from the tropical

humid forests of Central Africa, putatively for concealment purpose (Quicke 1986). Dark patterns are

also often associated with high altitude and low temperatures (Gauld & Mitchell 1978; Quicke 1997),

125

European Journal of Taxonomy 124: 1-129 (2015)

though such a correlation could not be shown in Pristomerus. The comparison with the South American

fauna brings further informative data. The predominant colour pattern in the Neotropical region is yellow

to brown, black being an exception (Gauld 2000) even in the tropical rainforests (Saaksjaarvi pers. com.).

Interestingly, most if not all of the rainforest species exhibit similar white dots on the femora (Saaksjaarvi

pers. com.). What function can be hypothesized for the presence of these white marks on species in closed

forest environments? To our knowledge, no other sympatric insect exhibits a similar pattern, so we can

exclude the hypothesis of a mimicry complex (Quicke 1986). We suggest that the markings are involved

in intra-specific communication, as contrasting markings are known to be used for this purpose in other

Hymenoptera. For example, social Vespidae use individual markings for kin recognition (Baracchi et al.

2013) or minimization of conflict costs (Tibbets & Tindsay 2008). Even though they are taxonomically

distantly related, from a functional perspective many lepidopterans exhibit “white” surfaces reflecting

UV flashes, hence favoring mate location (Brunton & Majerus 1995). “Semaphore signaling” is also

fairly well documented in Tephritidae (Diptera) (Sivinski et al. 2000), with the noticeable example of

Eutreta diana (Osten Sacken), in which the mid femur is black and contrastingly yellow-tipped in both

sexes, and is apparently involved in the mating behavior of the male (Goeden 1990). However, none of

these examples provide definitive evidence to support any hypothesis for the precise function of white

markings in Pristomerus , even though hypotheses of inter or intra-specific communication using body

markings have been proposed and tested in Braconidae by Quicke (1984).

Finally, a third colour pattern groups the species which have a mostly yellow to orange overall colour,

with various infuscate to black markings. This pattern is exhibited by most of the remaining Afrotropical

species, with the exception of some very unusual species such as P. xhosa sp. nov., P. fynbos and P. protea

sp. nov., or even P. sotho sp. nov. Some of the species in this colour group have the femur somewhat

paler at the apex, but never as strikingly contrasting as in the white-dotted group. Species with this third

colour pattern were collected in drier, open habitats. The few species known from the arid areas of the

Mediterranean and Middle East regions are similarly coloured (Horstmann 1990). Here again, it makes

sense to hypothesize that this colour pattern is well suited for camouflage purposes in lighter habitats

with short vegetation, and/or to prevent over-heating in those often hotter environments. The perfect

example supporting this dichotomy is P. pallidus , a common species with hundreds of specimens present

in collections. Pristomerus pallidus is present from Madagascar to Western Africa and Southern Europe.

Interestingly, very few records exist (with no ecological information) from Central Africa: this otherwise

very widespread pale species appears to be largely absent from tropical rainforest.

The available data are indeed affected by a strong “agricultural bias”, i.e., they largely include wasps

reared from pests in cultivated areas, collected by agricultural services. Specimens of Cremastinae in

collections are mostly associated with dry and open areas, at least in temperate areas (Fitton & Gauld

1980; Gauld 2000), but the few expeditions led into the Afrotropical forests brought back many new

species. In the present study and the previous revision of Madagascan species (Rousse et al. 2013),

about 60% of the newly described species emanate from limited and punctuated sampling in the forests

of Madagascar and tropical Africa and are described from very few individuals if not from singletons.

This suggests that, although our taxonomic knowledge of the genus has been expanded by the present

revision, many more species will still be unveiled by further collecting.

Assuming the lack of knowledge we have on the precise biodiversity and phylogeny of the genus, we

cannot hypothesize about the geographical location of its original radiation. The pantropical distribution

of this genus is a tempting, but not definitive argument to support divergence of Pristomerus before

the complete breakup of Gondwana, c. 95 million years ago (Le Gall et al. 2010). Such a distribution

may, however, also be the result of a more recent dispersal event through temporary inter-continental

connections (Saaksjarvi et al. 2004). As a consequence, we are still in need of taxonomic and phylogenetic

data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of Pristomerus and related genera within the tropics.

126

ROUSSE R & NOORT S. van. Revision of Afrotropical Pristomerus

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the curators of the above mentioned museums and their teams for loaning specimens.

Thanks also to Bernardo Santos and Ilari Saaksjarvi for providing helpful contributions, and thank you

in advance to the courageous reviewers who will be in charge of this big baby. Simon van Noort was

funded by South African NRF (National Research Foundation) grants: GUN 2068865; GUN 61497;

GUN 79004; GUN 79211; GUN 81139. Part of the South African field work conducted by SvN was

funded by the National Science Foundation under PlatyPBI grant No. DEB-0614764 to N.F. Johnson

and A.D. Austin. Pascal Rousse was funded by SABI (South African Biodiversity Initiative) NRF post¬

doctoral fellowship GUN 81609 and a Claude Feon Foundation post-doctoral fellowship. Cape Nature,

the Eastern Cape Department of Enviro nm ental Affairs and the Northern Cape Department of Nature

and Environmental Conservation provided collecting permits for South Africa. Fieldwork in Gabon

was funded by the World Bank through WWF-US and WWF-CARPO. Collecting and export permits

were granted by Emile Mamfoumbi Kombila, Directeur de la Faune et de la Chasse, Fibreville. The

Ugandan Wildlife Authority and UNCST provided permits to conduct research in Uganda. Field work

in the Central African Republic was supported by WWF-US and WWF-CARPO. The Ministers of

Water, Forests and the Environment and the High Commissioners for tertiary Education and Research

of the Central African Republic granted permission to carry out the inventory survey and to export the

specimens as part of the WWF-US CAR field expedition conducted in 2001.

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Manuscript received: 20 October 2014

Manuscript accepted: 26 January 2015

Published on: 28 May 2015

Topic editor: Koen Martens

Desk editor: Charlotte Thionois

Printed versions of all papers are also deposited in the libraries of the institutes that are members of the

EJT consortium: Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France; Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium;

Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; Natural History Museum, London, United

Kingdom; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Natural History Museum of

Denmark, Copenhagen, De nm ark

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