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2015 • Hughes M. et al.

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1—40

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Research article

Further discoveries in the ever-expanding genus Begonia

(Begoniaceae): fifteen new species from Sumatra

Mark HUGHES '•*, Deden GIRMANSYAH 2 & Wisnu Handoyo ARDI 3

1 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, EH3 5LR, UK.

2 Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology,

Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong Science Center (CSC),

Jl. Raya Jalcarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia.

3 Center For Plant Conservation-Bogor Botanic Garden,

Jl. Ir. H. JuandaNo.13, P.O.Box 309, Bogor 16003, Indonesia.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

2 Email: [email protected]

3 Email: [email protected]

Abstract. Fifteen new species of Begonia L. from Sumatra are described and illustrated, in Begonia

sect. Bracteibegonia (B. beludruvenea M.Hughes sp. nov. and B. jackiana M.Hughes sp. nov.),

B. sect. Peter mannia (B. harauensis Girm. sp. nov.), B. sect. Platycentrum (B. leuserensis M.Hughes

sp. nov.), B. sect. Reichenheimia (B. fluvialis M.Hughes sp. nov., B. halabanensis M.Hughes sp. nov.,

B. karangputihensis Girm. sp. nov., B. kemumuensis M.Hughes sp. nov., B. korthalsiana Miq. ex

M.Hughes sp. nov., B. kudoensis Girm. sp. nov., B. lilliputana M.Hughes sp. nov., B. olivacea Ardi

sp. nov., B. raoensis M.Hughes sp. nov., B. simolapensis Ardi sp. nov.) and B. sect. Sphenanthera

(B. pseudoscottii Girm. sp. nov.). Using the International Union for the Conservation of Nature criteria,

6 are considered to be Least Concern, 5 Vulnerable and 4 Data Deficient. A key to 58 of the 63 currently

accepted Begonia species in Sumatra is provided.

Key words. Begonia , new species, limestone, Sumatra, taxonomy.

Hughes M., Ginnansyah D. & Ardi W.H. 2015. Further discoveries in the ever-expanding genus Begonia

(Begoniaceae): fifteen new species from Sumatra. European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1-40, http://dx.doi.

org/10.5852/eit.2015,167

Introduction

Begonia L. (Linnaeus 1753) is a pan-tropical genus of often shade-loving herbs and shrubs, with a number

being very popular horticulturally. The number of accepted species in Begonia currently stands at 1803

(Hughes et al. 2015) with Southeast Asia proving to be particularly rich and yielding substantial numbers

of new taxa (e.g. Ardi et al. 2013; Averyanov & Nguyen 2012; Chong et al. 2015; Hughes & Takeuchi

2015; Sang et al. 2013; Sang et al. 2015). In Sumatra alone, since the first baseline count of 45 species

was published (Hughes 2008) a further 25 endemic species are now known (this study; Ardi & Hughes

2010; Girmansyah 2012; Hughes et al. 2009). This paper describes fifteen new species from Sumatra,

European Journal of Taxonomy 167 : 1-40 ( 2015 )

in Begonia sect. Bracteibegonia A.DC. (de Candolle 1859) ( B. beludruvenea M.Hughes sp. nov. and B.

jackiana M.Hughes sp. nov.), B. sect. Petermannia (Klotzsch) A.DC. (de Candolle 1859) (B. harauensis

Girm. sp. nov.), B. sect. Platycentrum (Klotzsch) A.DC. (de Candolle 1859) (B. leuserensis M.Hughes

sp. nov.), B. sect. Reichenheimia (Klotzsch) A.DC. (de Candolle 1859) ( B.fluvialis M.Hughes sp. nov.,

B. halabanensis M.Hughes sp. nov., B. karangputihensis Girm. sp. nov., B. kemumuensis M.Hughes

sp. nov., B. korthalsianaMig. ex M.Hughes sp. nov., B. kudoensis Girm. sp. nov., B. lilliputana M.Hughes

sp. nov., B. olivacea Ardi sp. nov., B. raoensis M.Hughes sp. nov., B. simolapensis Ardi sp. nov.) and

B. sect. Sphenanthera (Hassle.) Warb. (Warburg 1894) ( B. pseudoscottii Girm. sp. nov.). These are not

merely variants of previously known species complexes, but in many cases strikingly distinct growth

forms not before recorded on the island, such as the rheophytic B. fluvialis and B. lilliputana , and the

succulent-stemmed B. kudoensis. Following the synonymisation of some names (Hughes & Girmansyah

2011a) and the removal of some dubious records, we consider the total number of currently accepted

names in Begonia for Sumatra to be 63, and a key to the majority of these and the five sections they

represent is provided below.

The level of narrow endemism is very high, in particular for the limestone species, and many are known

from a single collection or population. When species distributions are so limited, extinction of some

of the species newly described here within our lifetime is a high possibility - we must strive not to

make it an inevitability. Gunung Teuser National Park is under immense pressure from illegal logging

and accelerating land use change (Kelman 2013), which has the potential to affect B. leuserensis ,

B. lilliputana , B. olivacea and B. simolapensis , and the type and only locality for B. karangputihensis

is near a massive limestone quarry near Padang and is therefore under threat from mining expansion.

In addition to the first priority of in situ habitat preservation, specialist ex situ collections such as those

held in Bali Botanic Gardens, Bogor Botanic Gardens and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh have a

high potential for playing an important role in the conservation of narrowly endemic Begonia species.

Materials and methods

The descriptions and other data in this study are derived from herbarium material (both loans and

material collected by the authors) and field observations by the authors during a series of expeditions

to Sumatra from 2007 to 2011. All Begonia material from Sumatra in AND A, B, BM, BO, E, FI, K,

L, P, SING has been consulted, along with representative loans from A and MICH, 1431 sheets in

total. Stable links (Hyam et al. 2012) to images of specimens held in E are included as hyperlinks

in this document. Images of most other specimens cited are available from Hughes et al. (2015). All

available type material and protologues of Begonia species from Sumatra and surrounding regions has

been examined in order to confirm the novelty of the species described. Measurements are derived from

dried specimens and hence will deviate slightly from those in the field. Colour and shape descriptions

were recorded from digital photographs taken during expeditions and from material in cultivation in

the Centre for Plant Conservation, Bogor, Cibodas Botanic Garden and the Royal Botanic Garden

Edinburgh, where available.

HUGHES M. et al. , New Sumatran Begonia

Results

Class Equisetopsida C. Agardh (Agardh et al. 1825)

Subclass Magnoliidae Novak ex Takht. (Takhtajan 1967)

Superorder Rosanae Takht. (Takhtajan 1967)

Order Cucurbitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl (von Berchtold & Presl 1820)

Family Begoniaceae C. Agardh (Agardh 1824)

Genus Begonia L. (Linnaeus 1753)

Key to the Begonia of Sumatra

The key covers 58 of the 63 currently accepted names in Begonia for Sumatra. Six names are excluded,

of which 5 are those described by Jack (Jack 1822) (B. caespitosa Jack, B. geniculata Jack, B. orbiculata

Jack and B. pilosa Jack) for which the type material has been lost and no other specimens are known

(Hughes & Girmansyah 20 lib), and one described by Miquel [B. hasskarliana (Miq.) A.DC. (de Candolle

1864; basionym Miquel 1856)] for which no specimens are known. In all cases the original descriptions

for those species do not provide enough detail to enable confident placement in the key. Some of the

couplets key out to more than one name, as there are several names which appear refer to the same

species, although they have not been formally synonymised to date.

1. Plant without an erect main stem, petioles and peduncles arising from a rhizome (§ Reichenheimia)

. 5

- Plant with some parts of the stem erect, with at least some internodes > 2 cm apart.2

2. Plants rhizomatous at the base, erect stem portion repent against tree trunks or rocks, styles 2, fruit

2-locular with one enlarged wing (§ Platycentrum) .27

Plants rhizomatous or not at the base, erect stem portion self-supporting, styles 3, fruit 3-locular

with equal or subequal wings or wings absent.3

3. Fruits fleshy berries without wings (ridges sometimes present); anthers with an extended

connective, dehiscing through lateral slits (§ Sphenanthera ).30

Fruits dry dehiscent, winged; anthers without an extended connective, dehiscing through slits on

one face of the anther.4

4. Plants erect, cane like, stems glabrous, inflorescences cymose, ovaries glabrous (§ Petermannia

and cane species unplaced to section).33

Plants spreading, stems hairy, inflorescences fasciculate, ovaries with short hairs (§ Bracteibegonia)

. 44

5. Leaves distinctly peltate.6

- Leaves basifixed or barely peltate.10

6. Leaves sparsely pilose above

Leaves glabrous above.

B. sudjanae C.-A.Jansson (Jansson 1963)

7. Petioles densely pilose

- Petioles glabrous

B. halabanensis M.Hughes sp. nov.

. 8

8 .

Petioles triangular in cross-section, lamina rugose. B. goegoensis N.E.Br. (Brown 1882)

Petioles terete in cross-section, lamina not rugose.9

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1—40 (2015)

9. Leaves purple in the centre, rhizome creeping, fruits recurved on a stiff pedicel.

. B. karangputihensis Girm. sp. nov.

Leaves uniform green, rhizome erect, fruits dangling on a thin pedicel.

. B. kudoensis Girm. sp. nov.

10. Petiole apex with several fleshy red bristles.11

- Petiole apex without bristles.13

11 .

Leaves with acute lobes.12

Leaves without lobes. B. korthalsiana Miq. exM.Hughes sp. nov.

12. Leaf base cuneate

Leaf base cordate

B.fluvialis M.Hughes sp. nov.

B. sublobata Jack (Jack 1822)

13. Leaf base cuneate. 14

Leaf base cordate.15

14. Leaf lamina c. 1 cm wide, subsymmetric. B. lilliputanci M.Hughes sp. nov.

- Leaf lamina 1.4-3 cm wide, asymmetric. B. inversa Irmsch. (Irmscher 1954)

15. Leaf lamina densely pilose above. B. puspitae Ardi (Hughes et al. 2009)

Leaf lamina glabrous above.16

16. Petiole densely hairy, with erect hairs c. 3-9 mm long. 17

- Petiole glabrous, sparsely hairy, or with appressed hairs.20

17. Leaf lamina broadly ovate, basal lobes not overlapping. B. trichopoda Miq. (Miquel 1856)

- Leaf lamina suborbicular, basal lobes overlapping.18

18. Leaf lamina with 3-5 short acute points

Leaf lamina entire or denticulate.

B. kemumuensis M.Hughes sp. nov.

.19

19. Petioles and peduncles 30-60 cm long, inflorescence with c. 100 flowers.

. B. sychnantha L.B.Sm. & Wassh. (Smith & Wasshausen 1984)

- Petioles and peduncles < 30 cm long, inflorescence with c. 50 flowers.

. B. raoensis M.Hughes sp. nov.

20. Leaf apex with a distinct acumen at least 1 cm long.21

- Leaf apex rounded, obtuse or with an acumen < 1 cm long.22

21. Leaf lamina with 3-5 short acute points.

. B. longipedunculata Golding & Kareg. (Smith & Wasshausen 1984)

- Leaf lamina entire or denticulate.

. B. stictopoda (Miq.) A.DC. (de Candolle 1864; basionym Miquel 1856)

22. Tepals on male flowers with bristles at the base.

. B. pasamanensis M.Hughes (Hughes et al. 2009)

- Tepals on male flowers glabrous.23

23. Stipules glabrous or with a few hairs on the keel.24

- Stipules densely hairy.25

HUGHES M. et al., New Sumatran Begonia

24. Leaf lamina suborbicular, > 6 cm in diameter. B. rajah Ridl. (Ridley 1894)

- Leaf lamina ovate, < 4.5 cm long. B. ionophylla Irmsch. (Irmscher 1913)

25. Leaf lamina ovate. B. droopiae Ardi (Ardi & Hughes 2010)

- Leaf lamina suborbicular.26

26. Leaf lamina 5-9.5 x 4-8 cm, glossy green above. B. simolapensis Ardi sp. nov.

- Leaf lamina 2 . 7-4.5 x 2.6-3.7 cm, matt olive green above. B. olivacea Ardi sp. nov.

27. Leaves hairy above.28

- Leaves glabrous above.29

28. Leaf lamina not variegated, with acute lobes, with bristly hairs.

B. areolataMiq. (Miquel 1855) IB. heccariana Ridl. (Ridley 1923) / B. bifolia Ridl. (Ridley 1917)

- Leaf lamina variegated, not lobed, with soft hairs. B. tuberculosa Girm. (Hughes et al. 2009)

29. Leaf lamina lobed, female flowers with 6 tepals. B. leuserensis M.Hughes sp. nov.

- Leaf lamina not lobed, female flowers with 5 tepals .

. B. altissima Ridl. (Ridley 1917) / B. laevis Ridl.

(Ridley 1917) / B. teysmanniana (Miq.) Tebbitt (Tebbitt & Dickson 2000; basionym Miquel 1856)

30. Leaf lamina with 5-7 broad pointed lobes. B. multangula Blume (Blume 1827)

- Leaf lamina not lobed.31

31. Leaf lamina ovate.32

- Leaf lamina lanceolate. B. longifolia Blume (Blume 1827)

32. Plant with white hairs, fruits borne apically in pairs. B. scottii Tebbitt (Tebbitt 2005)

Plant with pink hairs, fruits borne basally in a cluster of 10-20. B. pseudoscottii Girm. sp. nov.

33. Leaf lamina with acute lobes. B. laruei M.Hughes (Hughes et al. 2009)

- Leaf lamina without lobes.34

34. Petioles tuberculose-tomentose. B. padangensis Irmsch. (Irmscher 1954)

- Petioles glabrous.35

35. Leaf lamina with rows of bristles between the veins on the upper surface.

. B. vuijckii Koord. (Koorders 1912)/!?. tenericaulis Ridl. (Ridley 1925)

- Leaf lamina glabrous above.36

36. Inflorescences arising at the base of a shortened petiole, appearing to have a subtending leaf,

female flowers distal.37

- Inflorescences without a subtending leaf on a shortened petiole, female flowers basal.38

37. Leaf margin dentate-denticulate, flowers white, 1300-1800(-2300) metres altitude.

. B. divaricata Irmsch. (Irmscher 1954)

- Leaf margin denticulate, flowers pink, 30-600(-1200) metres altitude.

. B. gracilicyma Irmsch. ex M.Hughes (Hughes et al. 2009)

38. Lamina elongate-lanceolate, apex long acuminate, margin entire to shallowly undulate.

. B. harauensis Girm. sp. nov.

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1—40 (2015)

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

lamina ovate or lanceolate, apex acuminate or shortly acuminate, margin dentate to shallowly

dentate.39

Fruit pedicel dangling, > 2 cm long.40

Fruit pedicel stiff, < 2 cm long.41

Fruit bell-shaped, leaves 6-15 cm wide.

. B. atricha Miq. (A.DC.) (de Candolle 1864; basionym Miquel 1856)

Fruit suborbicular, leaves < 6 cm wide. B. repanda Blume (Blume 1827)

Fruits borne in clusters of up to 5 pairs, fruit wings < 3 mm wide.

. B. multijugata M.Hughes (Hughes et al. 2009)

Fruits borne singly or in pairs, fruit wings > 3 mm wide.42

Locule distinctly long and narrow, c. 4 x 0.5 cm. B. dolichocarpa Girm. (Girmansyah 2012)

Locule not distinctly long and narrow, less than 2 cm long.43

Male flowers with 4 tepals, female flowers with 5 tepals, leaves ovate.

. B. holttumii Irmsch. (Irmscher 1913)

Male flowers with 2 tepals, female flowers with 3 tepals, leaves oblong-lanceolate.

. B. racemosa Jack (Jack 1822)

Stipules broadly ovate, leafy, staying green near the apex of the plant.45

Stipules lanceolate, rapidly drying papery.46

Leaves sinuate. B. aberrans Irmsch. (Irmscher 1954)

Leaves sinuate-dentate. B. h orsfieldii Miq. ex A.DC. (de Candolle 1864)

Leaves dentate-denticulate, margin hairy.47

Leaves entire to sinuate-dentate, margin glabrous.48

Leaves c. 8x4 cm, with dense soft white hairs above. B. bracteata Jack (Jack 1822)

Leaves 2.5-5.5 x 1.2-2.5 cm, with evenly spaced bristles above between the veins.

. B.jackiana M.Hughes sp. nov.

Plants less than 20 cm tall, becoming repent and rooting at the lower nodes, often with less than 5

leaves.49

Plants taller than 20 cm, not repent, usually with more than 5 leaves.51

Leaves ovate, margin entire. B. triginticollium Girm. (Girmansyah 2012)

Leaves ovate-oblong, margin sinuate-dentate or dentate-crenate.50

Male flowers with 2 tepals, stem, petioles and leaf underside with bright red hairs.

. B. beludruvenea M.Hughes sp. nov.

Male flowers with 4 tepals, stem, petioles and leaf underside with white hairs.

. B. verecunda M.Hughes (Hughes et al. 2009)

Leaf lamina ovate-laceolate, base subcordate, fruit cuneate at base, male flowers with 4 tepals.

. B. lepidella Ridl. (Ridley 1917)

Leaf lamina elongate-lanceolate, base narrowly cuneate, fruit rounded at base, male flowers with 2

tepals. B.flexula Ridl. (Ridley 1923)

HUGHES M. et al., New Sumatran Begonia

Begonia beludruvenea M.Hughes sp. nov. § Bracteibegonia

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151638-1

Figs 1,2

Diagnosis

The velvety red hairs on the stem and veins are distinctive. B. beludruvenea is nearest to B. verecunda

M.Hughes (Hughes et al. 2009) from Gunung Leuser National Park in terms of its habit and leaf shape,

but the hairs are denser and fleshier, the male flowers are slightly larger (10-14 mm diameter, not

c. 9 mm ) and have 2 (not 4) tepals, and the styles are longer in the female flowers (c. 5 mm, not 3—4 mm).

B. verecunda has not been recorded from limestone, whereas B. beludruvenea is a limestone endemic.

Fig 1. Begonia beludruvenea M.Hughes sp. nov. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence with two male flower buds

and two female buds beneath. C. Female flower. D. Habit showing blue iridescence. E. Male flower.

F. Underside of leaf margin showing red hairs. C-E from Bukit Sebelah, Hughes & Taufiq MH1549A\A ,

B, F from Bukit Sebelah, Hughes & Taufiq MH1541. Scale bars on insets: B, C, E, F = 1 cm; D = 5 cm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1—40 (2015)

Etymology

The epithet is derived from the Indonesian word for “velvet”, beludru, referring to the dense red hairs

on the veins.

Type

SUMATRA: West Sumatra, Bukit Sebelah, 400 m, 22 Jul. 2009, Hughes & Taufiq MH1541 (holo-: BO;

iso-: E).

Additional material

SUMATRA: West Sumatra, Bukit Sebelah, 350 m, 20 May 1983, Pannell 1860 (BO); ibid., 450 m,

23 Jul. 2009, Hughes & Taufiq MH1549A (BO, E).

Description

Erect low-growing caulescent herb c. 15 cm tall; stem strigose with red fleshy hairs, intemodes 1-2 cm

long. Stipules persistent, hairy at the base, c. 10 mm long, elongate lanceolate, apex ending in a fine

hair. Leaves: petiole 4-15 mm long, terete, red strigose; lamina obovate-oblong to elliptic, asymmetric,

6-9 x2—4.5 cm, basifixed, base cordate, oblique, lobes overlapping slightly, larger lobe auriculate; upper

surface dark green, sometimes with a blue iridescence, glabrous or with sparse evenly spaced bristles

between the veins; underside paler green, red strigose on the veins; venation pinnate-palmate; margin

dentate-crenate, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescence terminal, total length c. 5 cm, a compressed cyme,

appearing fasciculate, protandrous, with c. 4 flowers, 2 male and 2 female; primary peduncle 1.5-2.5 cm,

with short white hairs; bracts persistent, lanceolate, 2-7 mm long, margin denticulate, apex acute. Male

flower: pedicel c. 15 mm long, white, with short white hairs; tepals 2, sub-orbicular, based cordate when

young, truncate when open, white, 10 x 12-14 mm, minutely denticulate to entire, sparsely puberulous on

the veins, apex rounded or obtuse; androecium yellow, symmetric, a loose fascicle, slightly asymmetric,

shorter stamens uppermost; stamens 25-30, filaments fused at the base into a short column, unequal,

1.5-2 mm; anthers oblong, subequal, 1.5-2 mm, hooded, apex retuse, dehiscing through slits about 2 /a

the length of the anther. Female flower: pedicel 5-9 mm long, pale green, sparsely hairy; ovary pinkish-

white, hairy on the capsule and wing edge, triangular, total size 10x8 mm including the wings; capsule

ellipsoid, 9 x 2-3 mm, 3-locular, placentae entire; wings subequal, 2-3 mm wide; tepals 5, obovate-

elliptic, pale pink in bud, white when open, 7-10 mm long, outer 3 denticulate, sparsely puberulent,

5 mm wide, inner 2 entire, glabrous, 4 mm wide, tepals closing and turning green after pollination and

during fruit maturation; stigmas 3, free, Y-shaped, stigmatic surface once spirally twisted. Fruit recurved

on a stiff pedicel c. 10 mm long, total size 13x10 mm including the wings, larger wing 13 x 3 mm and

more rounded at the base than the 2 smaller ones, 2 smaller wings 10x3 mm; apex truncate.

Distribution and habitat

Endemic to the Bukit Sebelah limestone in West Sumatra (Fig. 2), where it grows on steep, shaded clay

soil banks over the limestone base rock.

Conservation status

The bulk of the distribution lies within the Bukit Sebelah and Batang Pangean protection forest which

is likely to represent its full natural range. Although there is low level disturbance around the forest

tracks, the reserve is reasonably intact and populations of B. beludruvenea can colonise previously

disturbed bare soil banks. Although naturally rare, following IUCN (2012) we consider the species as

Least Concern as long as the reserve is well managed.

HUGHES M. et al.. New Sumatran Begonia

Begonia fluvialis M.Hughes sp. nov. § Reichenheimia

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151639-1

Figs 3, 4

Diagnosis

A rheophytically adapted sister species closely allied to B. sublobata Jack (Jack 1822), from which it

differs in its smaller size (< 20 cm high, not 20-30 cm high) and its smaller, narrower leaves (8—15 x

B. pseudoscottii

■ B. leuserensis

• B. simolapensis

O B. raoensis

O B. harauensis

B. halabanensis

0 B. beludruvenea

A B. karangputihensis

0 75 150 300 Kilometers

J I I I I I I I

Fig. 2. Map of Sumatra showing the full known species distributions based on collection localities. Each

point may represent more than one collection.

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1-40 (2015)

1.5-5.5 cm, not c. 12 x 12 cm). Other distinctive characters are the petioles being triangular in cross

section, and the cuneate lamina with up to 3 apical lobes. See also the diagnosis for B. lilliputana below

for a comparison with that species.

Etymology

The epithet is derived from the Latin fluvius (river) and means “of the river”.

Type

SUMATRA: West Sumatra, Sungai Pinang, Batang Ayer Manjuto, 350 m, 12 Aug. 2010, Girmansyah,

Hughes & Nurainas DEDEN1489 (holo-: BO; iso-: E).

Additional material

SUMATRA: West Sumatra, Sungai Pinang, Batang Ayer Manjuto, 350 m, 12 Aug. 2010, Girmansyah,

Hughes & Nurainas DEDEN1490 (BO, E).

Description

Repent acaulescent lithophytic riverine herb, 10-20 cm tall; stem rhizomatous, internodes c. 0.5 cm

long. Stipules persistent, with a few stiff hairs on the keel or glabrous, 10 mm long, lanceolate, with

Fig. 3. Begonia fluvialis M.Hughes sp. nov. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence in male phase. C. Two female

flowers. D. Petiole apex showing three red bristles. All photographs from Batang Ayer Manjuto of the

type Girmansyah et al. DEDEN1489. Scale bars on insets = 1 cm.

HUGHES M. et al.. New Sumatran Begonia

a filiform extension at the apex. Leaves: petiole 6-10 cm long, triangular in cross section, with sparse

minute glandular hairs when young rapidly becoming glabrous with age, with a semicircle of 3-6

stiff red bristles at the apex, bristles 2-4 mm long; lamina, cuneate with 1-3 apical triangular lobes,

symmetric, 8-15 x 1.5-5.5 cm, basifixed, base minutely cordate and slightly auriculate, upper surface

light green, glabrous on both sides, venation palmate-pinnate; margin sub entire to shallowly dentate,

with recurved stiff teeth at the end of the veins, apex acuminate. Inflorescences axillary, total length

15-18 cm, cymose, branching 3M times, 12-15 flowered, bisexual, protandrous; primary peduncle

13-16 cm; bracts caducous, sub-orbicular, 2-3 mm long, margin entire. Male flowers: pedicel red,

c. 8 mm long, glabrous; tepals 4; outer tepals broad ovate to sub orbicular, fleshy, 6-7 x 5-6 mm, pale

□

B. olivacea

B. lilliputana

B. kudoensis

B. korthalsiana

B. fluvial is

B. kemumuensis

B. jackiana

0 80 160 320 Kilometers

I I I I I I l L

Fig. 4. Map of Sumatra showing the lull known species distributions based on collection localities. Each

point may represent more than one collection.

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1—40 (2015)

pink, glabrous, margin with a distinct rim; inner tepals elliptic, 4x2 mm, white; androecium pale

yellow, globose; stamens c. 80; filaments, subequal, 0.5 mm long, fused at the base into a 0.5 mm long

column; anther about as long as the filament, elliptic-obtriangular, 0.5 mm long, connective slightly

retuse, dehiscing through slits about half the length of the anther, slits placed laterally. Female flowers:

pedicel c. 5 mm long; ovary green, glabrous, 5x12 mm including the wings; capsule orbicular, 4 mm in

diameter, 3 locular, placentae entire; wings triangular, c. 4 mm long; tepals 2-3; outer tepals 2, same as

male flower; inner tepal 0-1, same as male flower; stigmas 3, shallowly Y-shaped, surface tightly twice

spirally twisted, greenish yellow. Fruit recurved on a 8-12 mm long pedicel; rounded at base; capsule

orbicular, 5-6 mm in diameter; total size 8x15 mm including the wings; wings equal to subequal, 5 x

7 mm, apex obtuse.

Distribution and habitat

Only known from two collections from neighbouring streams near Sungai Pinang in West Sumatra

(Fig. 4). B. fluvialis grows on moss covered rocks at the side of and emerging from streams running

down the mountainside.

Conservation status

The forest habitat of the type locality seems to be well managed and under some community protection.

However the lack of a formally gazetted protected area and the potential for landslides to encroach the

streamside habitat means B. fluvialis should be considered Vulnerable under criterion VUD2 of IUCN

( 2012 ).

Begonia halabanensis M.Hughes sp. nov. § Reichenheimia

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151640-1

Figs 2, 5

Diagnosis

The peltate and succulent leaves are also found in B. kudoensis , however B. halabanensis has a thicldy

hairy rhizome and petioles (not glabrous), male flowers with 2 tepals (not 4), larger inflorescences (with

c. 80 flowers, not c. 40) and fruit with a truncate (not obtuse) apex. The key from couplet 6 onwards

deals with all 5 currently described peltate species from Sumatra.

Etymology

The epithet refers to the distribution of the species in Halaban in West Sumatra near Payakumbuh.

Type

SUMATRA: West Sumatra, Pajakumbuh, Halaban, 800 m, 29 Jan. 1950, Meijer 7550 (holo-: L).

Description

Erect acaulescent herb 20-30 cm tall; stem rhizomatous, stout, internodes c. 1 cm long, densely covered

in a matted indumentum of reddish brown multi-branched thick hairs c. 1 cm long. Stipules lanceolate,

stout, 2-3 x 1.5 cm, fibrous, persistent, with thick, long hairs. Teaves: petiole c. 20 cm long, cross section

unknown, with quite dense 5 mm long hairs; lamina peltate, point of petiole attachment placed to within

3 cm of the margin, suborbicular, 10-15 x 10-15 cm, thick and succulent, base rounded, margin entire in

outline, with evenly spaced 2 mm long stiff rounded teeth that are recurved underneath, margin also with

a fringe of 5 mm long hairs, apex acute, underside with many pale dots of stomatal clusters, venation

palmate, main veins 8, quite widely spaced over most of the lamina. Inflorescences axillary, c. 40 cm

long and exceeding the leaves, cymose, many-flowered, branching c. 8 times, bisexual, protandrous;

bracts elliptic, minute, glabrous, entire, c. 2 x 1.5 mm towards the terminal branches, basal pair not seen.

HUGHES M. et al.. New Sumatran Begonia

Male flowers: pedicel 5 mm long, slender, glabrous; tepals 2, orbicular, entire, glabrous, c. 8x8 mm;

androecium globose, symmetric, with c. 40 stamens, filaments unequal, fused at base, shorter to slightly

longer than the anther, anther 0.75 mm long, ellipsoid-obtriangular, dehiscing through short slits near the

apex, apex retuse, not hooded. Female flowers unknown. Fruits pendent on a 15-20 mm long hair-like

pedicel, borne in a cyme of c. 50, total size 9x21 mm; capsule globose, 6 mm in diameter, three-locular,

placentae entire; wings 3, subequal, 8-10 x 8-9 mm, tips rounded; apex obtuse.

Distribution and habitat

Found on limestone, endemic to the type locality in Halaban, West Sumatra (Fig. 2). The thick fleshy

leaves and densely hairy rhizome of this very distinctive species imply adaptation to dryer habitats.

Known only from the type.

Conservation status

The distribution of limestone habitat in the Halaban area is not very well known, and the exact location

of the type collection is not clear. Whether the species is already extinct, or in fact thriving in a naturally

small population needs further fieldwork in the Halaban region; we assess B. halabanensis to be Data

Deficient (IUCN 2012).

Fig. 5. Begonia halabanensis M.Hughes sp. nov. A. Holotype [Meijer 7550 (L)]. B. Portion of leaf

lamina underside showing margin hairs and recurved teeth. C. Anthers. D. Fruit. E. Male flower.

Drawings by M. Hughes.

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1-40 (2015)

Begonia harauensis Girm. sp. nov. § Petermannia

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151641-l

Figs 2, 6

Diagnosis

The inflorescence and habit of B. harauensis most closely resembles that of B. laruei M.Hughes (Hughes

et al. 2009) from North Sumatra and Aceh, but it is a smaller species (c. 50 cm tall, not to c. 100 cm tall)

with narrower leaves (2-5.5 cm wide, not 3.5-10 cm wide) without lobes, which are so asymmetric as

to almost displace the point of petiole attachment to the side of the leaf. The shrinkage that occurs upon

drying accentuates this, giving the leaves a tear-drop shape.

Etymology

The epithet refers to the distribution of the species, Tembah Harau in West Sumatra near Payakumbuh.

Type

SUMATRA: West Sumatra, Tembah Harau Nature Reserve, 500 m, 24 Jul. 2009, Hughes & Rubite MH

1557 (holo-: BO; iso-: E).

Fig. 6. Begonia harauensis Girm. sp. nov. A. Habit (Lembah Harau Nature Reserve, Hughes, M. &

Taufiq, A. MH 1556). B. Male inflorescence. C. Male flower. D. Pair of female flowers showing ovary.

E. Unripe fruit. Insets from plant cultivated in Bogor Botanical Garden (accession number B200608257/

JS 436, derived from material collected in Tembah Harau). Scale bars on insets = 1 cm.

HUGHES M. et al. , New Sumatran Begonia

Additional material

SUMATRA: West Sumatra, Kepala Banda, ANDA collectors 4 (ANDA); ibid., 22 Oct. 1989, ANDA

collectors 106 (ANDA); ibid., 22 Oct. 1989, ANDA collectors 142 (ANDA); ibid., 3 Apr. 1988,

Darmansyah 33 (ANDA); ibid., 10 Apr. 1988, Lani&Arnov 48 (ANDA); ibid., 10 Nov. 1984, Meriyatmi,

E. 12 (ANDA); ibid., 3 Apr. 1988, Ranti 12 (ANDA); ibid., 3 Apr. 1988, Suluh, B. 41 (ANDA); Lembah

Harau Nature Reserve, 3 Apr. 1988, Heravela 22 (ANDA); ibid., 27 Aug. 1983, Hotta, M. & et. al. 335

(ANDA); ibid., 24 Jul. 2009, Hughes, M. & Rubite, R. MH1557 (E); ibid., 23 Jul. 2009, Hughes, M. &

Taufiq, A. MH1556 (E); Lembah Harau Nature Reserve, Sarasah Bonta, 14 Nov. 1992, ANDA collectors

9 (ANDA); ibid., 27 Aug. 1983, ANDA collectors 4R (ANDA); ibid., 2 Apr. 1988, ANDA collectors

11 (ANDA); ibid., 2 Mar. 2001, ANDA collectors 29 (ANDA); ibid., 14 Nov. 1992, ANDA collectors

49 (ANDA); ibid., Dec. 1994, ANDA collectors 51 (ANDA); ibid., 15 Nov. 1992, ANDA collectors 63

(ANDA); ibid., 10 Dec. 1994, ANDA collectors 67 (ANDA); ibid., 11 Dec. 1994, ANDA collectors 92

(ANDA); ibid., 11 Dec. 1994, ANDA collectors 95 (ANDA); ibid., 11 Dec. 1994, ANDA collectors 99

(ANDA); ibid., 10 Dec. 1984, ANDA collectors 156 (ANDA); ibid., 11 Dec. 1994, Fit, Nung, Eci, Tis &

Martin 78 (ANDA); ibid., 10 Dec. 1994, Irya, Eva, Del, Titin & Yenny 48 (ANDA); ibid., 27 Aug. 1983,

Nelly, Delli, Harry & Eka 83 (ANDA); ibid., 10 Dec. 1994, On, Fera, Yat, Tin & Rina, S. 3 (ANDA);

ibid., 11 Dec. 1994, Pions, Eka, Wasti, Dewi & Len 68 (ANDA); West Sumatra, Pajakumbuh, Taram, 3

Apr. 1988 ,Johanes, R. 23 (ANDA); ibid., 23 Aug. 1956, Meijer, W. 6843 (L); River Tjampo, Aug. 1957,

Ismail 47 (L).

Description

Erect caulescent herb to c. 50cm tall; stem erect, glabrous, red, internodes 2-8 cm long. Stipules

deciduous, glabrous, lanceolate, 8x4 mm, apex acute. Leaves: petiole 1.5-4 cm, terete, minutely

puberulent; lamina lanceolate, glabrous, strongly asymmetric, basifixed, base shallowly cordate to sub

truncate, apex long acuminate, 8-16 x 2-5.5 cm, uniform pale green, midrib 7-13 cm, venation palmate-

pinnate, margin subentire to sparsely denticulate. Inflorescences terminal, up to 22 cm in total length,

a raceme of cymes, glabrous, with 2-4 female flowers at the base, up to c. 50 male flowers distally,

protogynous; primary peduncle 3-7 cm long; bracts deciduous, elliptic, glabrous, entire, c. 7x5 mm,

apex rounded. Male flowers: pedicel c. 5 mm long, glabrous; tepals 4, pale pink, outer 2 tepals orbicular,

c. 7x6 mm, glabrous or minutely puberulent adaxially, inner 2 elliptic obovate, c. 5x3 mm; androecium

pale yellow, symmetric, globose, stamens c. 35, filaments subequal, c. 0.5 mm long, arranged on a short

0.5 mm long column, anthers oblong, c. 0.5 mm, apex retuse, hooded, dehiscing through slits about half

the length of the anther, slits placed laterally. Female flowers: pedicel 2-5 mm long, glabrous; ovary

green, glabrous, total size including wings 17 x 14; capsule ellipsoid, 3-locular, placentae bifid; wings

three, equal, 15x4 mm; tepals 5, pale pink, outer 2 ovate, c. 7x5 mm, inner 3 elliptic, smaller, c. 1 x

4 mm; styles 3, yellow, c. 4 mm long, bifid, U-shaped, stigmatic band once spirally twisted. Fruit usually

in pairs, on a stiff 5 mm long pedicel, total size 17x15 mm; apex truncate.

Distribution and habitat

Endemic to Lembah Harau and immediate surroundings (Fig. 2), where it grows on stream banks and at

the base of sandstone cliffs.

Conservation status

Begonia harauensis is assessed as Least Concern due to its distribution overlapping the Lembah Harau

Protection Forest, and the large number of specimens in ANDA giving an indication of a quite common,

if locally endemic, plant.

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1-40 (2015)

Begonia jackiana M.Hughes sp. nov. § Bracteibegonia

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151642-1

Figs 4, 7

Diagnosis

Begonia jackiana is unique amongst Sumatran members of sect. Bracteibegonia in its small leaf size

(2.5-5.5 x 1.2-2.5 cm) and bristles on the upper leaf surface. Its shares a dentate-denticulate hairy leaf

margin with B. bracteata Jack, which differs in being densely softly pilose above.

Etymology

The epithet commemorates the Scottish botanist William Jack [1795-1822], as this species was found

whilst following in Jack’s footsteps in Bengkulu Province (Hughes & Girmansyah 2011a).

Type

SUMATRA: Bengkulu, Kapahiang, 680 m, 14 Aug. 2010, Girmansyah & Hughes DEDEN1494 (holo-:

BO, iso-: E).

Additional material

SUMATRA: Bengkulu, Kapahiang, 680 m, 14 Aug. 2010, Girmansyah & Hughes 1493 (BO, E).

Fig. 7. Begonia jackiana M.Hughes sp. nov. A. Habit. B. Male flowers. C. Inflorescence with female

flower recurved after pollination. D. Female flower. All photographs from Kapahiang, of the type

Girmansyah & Hughes DEDEN1494. Scale bars on insets = 1 cm.

HUGHES M. et al.. New Sumatran Begonia

Description

Small colony forming caulescent erect terrestrial herb, 15-20 cm tall; stem erect, rooting at the lower

nodes, densely hairy, internodes 1-3.5 cm long. Stipules semi-persistent, with sparse hairs on the keel

and margin, narrowly lanceolate, 4 x 1-2 mm. Leaves: petiole 0.4-1 cm long, terete, densely hairy;

lamina small, elliptic to rhomboid, membranous, asymmetric, 2.5-5.5 x 1.2-2.5 cm, basifixed, base

truncate on one side auriculate on the other, upper surface with evenly spaced bristles between the veins,

underside densely hairy on the veins, hairs shorter than the bristles above, venation pinnate to palmate-

pinnate; margin dentate, slightly hairy, teeth 3-5 mm apart and c. 2 mm long; apex acute. Inflorescences

terminal, total length 3-5 cm, a cyme of sub-umbellate cymes, branching 2 times, few (c. 5) flowered,

bisexual, protandrous; primary peduncle 1 cm long, sparsely hairy; bracts deciduous, elliptic-lanceolate,

3.5 x 1.5 mm wide, margin fimbriate. Male flowers: pedicel 10 mm long, with scattered hairs; tepals 4;

outer tepals orbicular-obcordate, 11 mm in diameter, pinkish-white with deep pink on the reverse, upper

tepal darker, not fleshy, with hairs denser towards the base, base slightly cordate becoming truncate when

open, margin entire; inner tepals elliptic, 7^3 mm wide, white; androecium yellow, loosely globose,

symmetric, stamens c. 25, on a short column; filaments subequal, 1.25-1.5 mm long, free; anthers

narrowly oblong, c. 1.75 mm long, connective slightly retuse, hooded, dehiscing through slits about

half the length of the anther, slits on the outer face of the anther. Female flowers: bracteoles present,

lanceolate, 4 x 1.5 mm, fimbriate, 1-2 mm from the base of the ovary; pedicel 8-9 mm long, sparsely

hairy; ovary pale pink, wings darker, with scattered stiff bristles on the capsule; capsule ellipsoid, 5 x

3 mm, 3-locular, placentae bifid; wings 3, equal, triangular, c. 3 mm wide; tepals 5, subequal, elliptic,

c. 8x4 mm, upper petal pink, deeper pink on reverse, lower 4 tepals paler pink to white, glabrous,

margin entire, persistent and closed during fruit ripening; stigma yellow, crescent shaped with the ends

spiralled slightly, styles 3, deciduous. Fruit 1-2 in number, recurved at maturity on a c. 10 mm pedicel,

turning red before drying brown, total size 13 x 10 mm; capsule elliptic, 8x4 mm, glabrous; wings

subequal, triangular, 4x8 mm; apex obtuse to truncate.

Distribution and habitat

Only known from the forests in Kapahiang Regency in Bengkulu (Fig. 4). Found growing in small

colonies by the roadside, near a damp ditch in the shade of other herbs.

Conservation status

The fact that this species has some ability to cope with secondary habitats may make it less likely

to become threatened. However it is only known from one locality, and hence is best considered as

Vulnerable under VUD2 (IUCN 2012) as the only known locality is not in a gazetted protected area.

Begonia karangputihensis Girm. sp. nov. § Reichenheimia

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151643-1

Figs 2, 8

Diagnosis

Begonia karangputihensis differs from the peltate B. goegoensis which is also native to West Sumatra

in being a smaller plant, with smaller (up to 7 cm wide, not c. 9-15 cm wide), less rugose leaves, terete

petioles (not triangular) and flowers with flat membranous tepals (not cup-shaped and fleshy).

Etymology

The epithet is derived from Bukit Karang Putih, an area of limestone within Lubuk Kilangan district,

West Sumatra, near the Semen Padang mine. In English the name of the area means “white coral hill”.

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1-40 (2015)

Type

SUMATRA: West Sumatra, Bukit Karang Putih, near Padang, 364 m, 17 Jun. 2011, Puglisi, Hughes,

Girmansyah & Roki CP53 (holo-: BO; iso-: E).

Additional material

SUMATRA: West Sumatra, Bukit Karang Putih, 16 Feb. 1981, Hotta et al. 345 (ANDA); ibid., 28 Mar.

1989, Masniati 01 (ANDA); ibid., 17 Jul. 2011, Puglisi et al. CP57 (BO, E).

Description

Erect lithophytic acaulescent herb, 15-20 cm tall, often found in shallow caves; stem rhizomatous,

internodes 0.5-1 cm long. Stipules persistent, glabrous, 10 mm long, broadly triangular, keeled only

towards the apex, apex acute. Leaves: petiole 8-15 cm long, terete, glabrous; lamina basifixed on juvenile

plants and peltate on mature individuals, basifixed leaves with base cordate, lobes not overlapping,

peltate leaves ovate, subsymmetric to symmetric, 8.5-11 x 5-7 cm, upper surface light green, flushed

reddish in centre on mature plants, glabrous on both sides, venation palmate-pinnate with 7(—8) main

veins; margin sub entire to shallowly dentate, with cartilaginous recurved teeth at the end of the veins.

Fig. 8. Begonia karangputihensis Girm. sp. nov. A. Habit. B. Male flower. C. Plant with young leaves

showing transition from basifixed to peltate. D. Mature fruit on a recurved pedicel. E. Ovary. F. Female

flower. A,C, D taken at the type locality of Bukit Karang Putih; the floral insets B, E, F were photographed

from plants in cultivation at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, accession 20111545. Scale bars on

insets: B, D-F = 1 cm; C = 10 cm.

HUGHES M. et al.. New Sumatran Begonia

apex acute to shortly acuminate. Inflorescences axillary, total length 15-20 cm, cymose, branching 2-5

times, with 10-20 flowers, bisexual, protandrous; primary peduncle 12.5-17 cm long; bracts caducous,

basal pair sub-orbicular, 5x4 mm, subsequent pairs obovate, c. 3 mm long, margin entire. Male flowers:

pedicel 10-18 mm long, glabrous; tepals 4; outer tepals 2, sub orbicular, membranous, 9x9 mm,

white blushing pink at the base adaxially, glabrous, inner tepals elliptic, 7x3 mm, white; androecium

yellow, globose, on a 0.5 mm long column; stamens 70-80; filaments unequal, basal ones shortest,

0.25-0.75 mm long; anthers 0.6 mm long, oblong-obtriangular, dehiscing through slits the whole length

of the anther, slits positioned laterally. Female flowers: pedicel 10-15 mm long, glabrous; ovary green,

glabrous, 10x10 mm including the wings; capsule ellipsoid, 8x4 mm, ellipsoid, 3-locular, placentae

entire; wings 3, subequal, 10x2 mm, rounded, 2 slightly smaller ones rounded at the base, the other

retuse; tepals 3-4, outer tepals 2, 8 x 8 mm, suborbicular, white, inner tepals 1-2, elliptic, 7x3 mm,

white; stigmas 3, deep yellow, forked once and once spirally twisted, semi-persistent. Fruit recurved on

a stiff 10-20 mm long pedicel, the two smaller wings held horizontally forming a splash cup; total size

6-9 x 9-14 mm, wings 2-A mm wide; apex obtuse.

Distribution and habitat

Endemic to the Bukit Karang Putih limestone near Padang in West Sumatra (Fig. 2), where it grows on

cliffs and in shallow caves.

Conservation status

We assess B. karangputihensis to be Vulnerable under criteria VUD2 (IUCN 2012), as the type locality

is only 1 kilometre away from an industrial limestone mine and just outside the edge of Kerinci Seblat

National Park.

Begonia kemumuensis M.Hughes sp. nov. § Reichenheimia

um:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151644-1

Figs 4, 9

Diagnosis

Vegetatively B. kemumuensis is most similar to B. stictopoda Miq. (A. DC) (de Candolle 1864) in habit,

although the leaves are acutely lobed (not entire) and the flowers are smaller (largest tepal c. 5 mm

across, not c. 10 mm) with fleshy, cup-shaped tepals (not membranous flat tepals). The obtriangular

anthers are also distinctive (elliptic in B. stictopoda).

Etymology

The epithet is derived from the locality where this species was discovered, near the village of Kemumu.

Type

SUMATRA: Bengkulu, Bukit Daun, Kemumu waterfall, 380 m, 18 Aug. 2010, Girmansyah & Hughes

DEDEN1506 (holo-: BO; iso-: E).

Description

Erect acaulescent herb, 15-20 cm tall; stem rhizomatous, internodes c. 5 mm long, sparsely hairy,

becoming glabrous with age. Stipules persistent, hairy on the keel, triangular, apex filiform. Feaves:

petiole 7-10 cm long, terete, with 5 mm long white erect hairs and an undercoat of shorter appressed

hairs; lamina, suborbicular, thin, asymmetric, 10-13 x 9-11 cm, basifixed, base cordate, sinus c. 1.5 cm,

lobes overlapping, upper surface glabrous, underside with 1.5 mm long hairs on the veins, otherwise

glabrous, venation palmate; margin sparsely denticulate, with 2-6 pointed short lobes c. 5-10 mm

long. Inflorescences axillary, total length up to c. 25 cm, cymose, branching c. 4 times, with c. 30

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1-40 (2015)

flowers, bisexual, protandrous, primary peduncle 17-22 cm long, puberulent; bracts deciduous, basal

pair suborbicular, c. 4x4 mm, with 1 mm long hairs, fimbriate, becoming obovate, smaller, entire and

glabrous towards the inflorescence apex. Male flowers: pedicel c. 20 mm long for the first flower in the

centre of the cyme, shorter to c. 4 mm long in the more distal parts, puberulent; tepals 4; outer 2 pink

adaxially, fleshy, ovate, 5x4 mm; inner 2 white, membranous, elliptic 4x2 mm ; androecium yellow,

globose-cylindrical, symmetric, stamens c. 100, on a 2 mm long column; filaments subequal, 0.5 mm;

anthers obtriangular, 0.5 mm long, connective retuse, dehiscing through slits the length of the anther,

slits lateral. Female flowers not seen. Fruit recurved on a 5-8 mm long stiff pedicel, total size 4-6 x

Fig. 9. Begonia kemumuensis M.Hughes sp. nov. A. Habit. B. Fruit. C. Male flower. D. Stipules. E.

Young inflorescence. A-C, E from the type locality of Kemumu waterfall; D from a plant in cultivation

at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (accession 20101656, derived from the type DEDEN1506).

Scale bars on insets = 1 cm.

HUGHES M. et al. , New Sumatran Begonia

10-12 mm, capsule orbicular, 5 mm in diameter, wings equal, rounded-triangular, c. 7 mm long; apex

abtuse to truncate.

Distribution and habitat

Known only from the type locality along a forest trail near the old concrete dam by Kemumu waterfall

in Bengkulu Province (Fig. 4).

Conservation status

Known from a single location which is currently a well-managed recreation forest. The single location

means the species is prone to the risk of extinction through chance events, so we consider the IUCN

category of Vulnerable to apply using criterion VUD2 (IUCN 2012).

Begonia korthalsiana Miq. ex M.Hughes sp. nov. § Reichenheimia

urmlsid: ipni.orgmames: 77151645-1

Figs 4, 10

Diagnosis

The red, fleshy bristles at the petiole apex are an unusual character in Asian Begonia and demonstrate

an alliance of this species with B. siiblobata Jack (Jack 1822) and B.jiuvialis sp. nov.; B. korthalsiana

sp. nov. differs considerably from both in its larger, unlobed ovate-orbicular leaves (18-24 x 15-20 cm,

c. 12 x 12 cm in B. sublobata) and much larger inflorescences (c. 60 cm long with c. 100 flowers vs. c.

15 cm long with c. 30 flowers in B. siiblobata). The male flowers were described from sketches made

by Irmscher in Berlin; the material is sparse and whether the flowers consistently have 2 tepals needs

confirmation; the smaller size of the female flowers is probably due their immaturity.

Etymology

Named after the Dutch botanist Pieter W. Korthals [1807-1892] who was the first person to collect this

species, with the specimens being later annotated by Miquel. The specimens collected by Beccari were

chosen as the type as they had better fruiting material.

Type

SUMATRA: West Sumatra, Padang, Kayu Tanam, 130 m, Sep. 1872, Beccari PS857 (holo-: F [no.

898195], iso-: F, FI [3], B [3]).

Additional material

SUMATRA: Korthals s.n. (F [4]).

Description

Farge erect acaulescent herb to 60 cm tall; stem a thick woody rhizome, internodes 0.5—1 cm long.

Stipules persistent, glabrous, 25-30 mm long, lanceolate, with a filiform extension at the apex. Feaves:

petiole 29-34 cm long, cross-section unknown, glabrous, with a semicircle of 10-15 stiff red c. 8 mm

long bristles at the apex; lamina ovate-orbicular, asymmetric, 18-24 x 15-20 cm, basifixed, base cordate

with lobes overlapping, sinus depth 20-30 mm, upper and lower surface glabrous, venation palmate;

margin broadly crenate and denticulate, with recurved stiff teeth at the end of the veins; apex shortly

acuminate. Inflorescences axillary, total length 50-60 cm, cymose, branching 4-6 times, many flowered,

bisexual; primary peduncle 40 cm long, glabrous; bracts caducous, unknown. Male flowers: pedicel

15 mm long; tepals 2, orbicular, 11 x 12 mm, slightly cordate at the base, margin entire; androecium

globose, with 80-100 stamens; filaments subequal, 1.5 mm long, fused at the base into a short column;

anthers slightly shorter than the filament, oblong elliptic, connective slightly retuse, slightly hooded.

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1—40 (2015)

1 mm

10 cm

Begonia A - v ***^.

del H. Ifflifcher 19 5^

O BECCARI . - Hiun *-

\‘ 4f/t

A'. 0

JM . \ KnfU «««#•; pri

I irrj I.W »HPln).

fr4«i.ilrt iwv*. (lit.

gftt + iiifcri ’ IW2 .

. m -p ns

W.LULl /At'uuihhfcrt.

tgf

Warn?

v J.{• !i(U(V

" ° afcu ^iT M *4 *

■ is \ l i >f.4vy . ■ \{ (5

Fig. 10. Begonia korthalsiana Miq. ex M.Hughes sp. nov. A. Infmctescence on isotype Beccari PS857

(FI). B. Male flower with pedicel (left), tepal of male flower (right). C. Androecium (left), anther (right).

D. Rhizome and leaf. E. Anther. F. Leaf lamina underside at point of petiole attachment showing fleshy

bristles. B, C drawn by E. Irmscher from isotype Beccari PS857 (B); D-F drawn by M. Hughes from

isotype Beccari PS857 (FI).

HUGHES M. et al., New Sumatran Begonia

dehiscing through slits running nearly the entire length of the anther, the slits positioned on the outer

face of the anther. Female flowers: pedicel 11 mm long; ovary glabrous, 6 x 10 mm including wings;

capsule elliptic, 5^3 mm, 3 locular, placentae entire; wings 3, subequal, rounded triangular; tepals 2,

orbicular, 6x5 mm, margin entire; styles 3, stigmatic surface once spirally twisted, caducous. Fruit

recurved on a 2-2.5 cm pedicel; wings subequal, rounded-triangular, 12 x 18 mm in total; capsule

elliptic, 9x6 mm, glabrous; apex obtuse.

Distribution and habitat

Frustratingly Korthals did not give a precise locality for his collection, which is the only other collection

of this species apart from the type. Although he did visit Kayu Tanam (“Kajoetanam”) on April 25 th

1834, where Beccari made his collection of this species, Korthals also visited many other locations in

Sumatra. The species is likely endemic to Kayu Tanam in West Sumatra near Padang (Fig. 4).

Conservation status

As 140 years have passed since the last collection of this species, it seems reasonable to assume it

is a very local and scarce endemic of low-altitude forest. As Kayu Tanam is now a mix of suburban

and agricultural areas on the main road between Padang city and Padangpanjang, it is possible that

B. korthalsiana is extinct. However there are still expanses of forest that need exploring between Kayu

Tanam and Fake Singkarak before this is declared; until then we assess B. korthalsiana to be Data

Deficient (IUCN 2012).

Begonia kudoensis Girm. sp. nov. § Reichenheimia

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151646-1

Figs 4, 11

Diagnosis

Closest to B. halabanensis described above, sharing succulent peltate leaves, but differing in being

glabrous, having fruit which are acute at the apex, and an erect succulent stem. The stem morphology

is reminiscent of that found in B. wadei Merr. & Quisumb. (Merrill & Quisumbing 1932) from coastal

limestone karst in Palawan, and B. viscosa Aver. & H.Q.Nguyen (Averyanov & Nguyen 2012) from

crystalline limestone cliffs in central Taos; however both those species differ in having basifixed leaves.

Etymology

The epithet is derived from the name of the type locality, Gunung Batu Kudo in West Sumatra.

Type

SUMATRA: West Sumatra, Gunung Batu Kudo, 500 m, 19 Jun. 2011, Pnglisi, Hughes, Girmansyah &

Roki CP67 (holo-: BO; iso-: E).

Additional material

SUMATRA: West Sumatra, Tanah Datar, Bukit Ngalau Pangian, 270-300 m, 6 Nov. 1993, Fitri,

Hendrian et al. 35 (ANDA, E).

Description

Succulent lithophytic herb growing on limestone cliffs. Stem succulent, erect, a modified rhizome,

internodes c. 1 cm long. Stipules persistent, glabrous, 12-20 x 10-15 mm, lanceolate, strongly keeled,

with a filiform extension 1.5-2.0 cm long. Feaves: petiole 10—12(—30) cm long, terete, glabrous; lamina

suborbicular, peltate, subsymmetric, succulent, glabrous, 11-17 x 9-14 cm, upper surface light green,

some darker colour forms have a brownish purple lamina, paler and green at the veins, venation radial,

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1-40 (2015)

with 10-11 main veins, margin with recurved stiff teeth at the end of the veins, slightly indented given

a pseudo-crenate appearance, teeth rounded-obtuse, c. 1.5 mm long. Inflorescences in terminal axils,

total length c. 15 cm, cymose, branching around 4 times, c. 40-flowered, bisexual, protandrous; primary

peduncle c. 10 cm long; lower bracts elliptic, c. 4x3 mm, entire, upper bracts minute, semi-persistent;

peduncles and flowers minutely and densely puberulent when very young, becoming glabrous when

mature. Male flowers: pedicel c. 2.5 cm long; tepals 4, small, white, outer tepals 2, suborbicular, 5-7 x

5 mm, inner tepals 2, elliptic, 5x3 mm; androecium globose, yellow, stamens c. 35, outer anthers

subsessile, inner anthers on filaments about the same length as the anther, anthers 0.75 mm long,

obtriangular, apex retuse, dehiscing through lateral slits about half the length of the anther. Female

flowers: pedicel 2.5 cm long; ovary green, glabrous, total size including the wings 2 x 2.1 cm heart-

shaped, apex pointed, base retuse; capsule broadly ellipsoid, 11x9 mm, three locular, placentae entire;

wings three, equal, rounded; tepals same as in the male flower; stigmas 3, yellow, Y-shaped, surface

once spirally twisted. Fruit pendent on a thin 2.5 cm long pedicel, size and shape as for the ovary; apex

obtuse.

Fig. 11. Begonia kudoensis Girm. sp. nov. A. Habit (Gunung Batu Kudo, type collection Puglisi et

al. CP67). B. Male flower, from cultivated plant in Bali Botanic Garden derived from CP67. C. Leaf

lamina edge showing recurved teeth. D. Whole plants showing different colour forms. E. Female flower

from cultivated plant in Bali Botanic Garden derived from CP67. F. Fruit on a pendulous pedicel (type

collection Puglisi et al. CP67). C & D taken at the type locality. Scale bars on insets: B, C, E, F = 1 cm;

D = 5 cm.

HUGHES M. et al. , New Sumatran Begonia

Distribution and habitat

Known only from the type locality at Batu Kudo in West Sumatra (Fig. 4), where it grows on bare

vertical limestone cliffs at an altitude of 25CM100 m.

Conservation status

The vegetation at the base of the cliffs is disturbed and is being encroached by coffee plantations. The

succulent leaves and stems mean the species is adapted to dryer conditions and seems to cope in the

current conditions, although further disturbance to tree cover near to the cliffs should be discouraged.

In combination with the very narrow distribution of B. kudoensis this means an IUCN category of

Vulnerable is appropriate, under VUD2.

Begonia leuserensis M.Hughes sp. nov. § Platycentrum

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151647-1

Figs 2, 12

Diagnosis

Differs from B. teysmanniana Miq.(Tebbit) (Tebbitt & Dickson 2000) in being a lower growing plant (c.

30 cm tall, not c. 60-80 cm) with lobed leaves (not entire) having dense red hairs on the leaf veins (not

white sparsely puberulent), and differs from B. areolata Miq. (Miquel 1855) in having leaves which are

smooth above (not densely bullate). Begonia leuserensis differs from both in having 6 (not 5) tepals in

the female flowers.

Etymology

The epithet is derived from the type locality of Gunung Feuser National Park, to where the species is

endemic.

Type

SUMATRA: Aceh, Gunung Feuser Nature Reserve, Air Panas, 517 m, 19 Mar. 2008, Wilkie, Hughes,

Sumadijaya, Rasnovi, Marian & Suhardi PW791 (holo-: BO; iso-: E).

Additional material

SUMATRA: Aceh, Gunung Feuser Nature Reserve, Air Panas, 433 m, 18 Mar. 2008, Wilkie et al. PW778

(BO, E, SING); Aceh, Gunung Feuser Nature Reserve, Bukit Ketambe, 800 m, 16 Mar. 2008, Wilkie et

al PW739 (BO, E, SING).

Description

Repent caulescent herb on earth banks, c. 30 cm tall. Stem with dense red short fleshy hairs, becoming

nearly glabrous with age, rhizomatous at base with short internodes < 1 cm long, becoming longer (to

c. 25 cm long) on flowering stems. Stipules persistent, with fine hairs, denser at the base, lanceolate,

2x1 cm, apex long acuminate. Feaves: petiole 4-25 cm long, terete, the longer petioles being borne on

the rhizomatous part of the stem, densely red hairy; lamina asymmetric, broadly ovate, lobed, divided

up to l A the way to the midrib, 8-18 x 5-14 cm, basifixed, base cordate, sinus 1-5 cm deep, upper

surface glossy, nearly glabrous except for a few short fleshy hairs, under surface with dense red short

hairs on the veins; margin denticulate, sparsely hairy. Inflorescences terminal, subtended by a pair of

leaves, cymose, with c. 10 flowers, protandrous, bisexual; primary peduncle 8-12 cm long, red hairy;

bracts: lanceolate, basal pair fused, tipped with a fringe of several points, 1-3 cm long, hairy at the base

externally, bracts in the rest of the inflorescence much smaller. Male flowers: pedicel 15 mm long, hairy;

tepals 4, outer 2 tepals ovate, 20 x 15 mm, white, red hairy externally, entire, inner 2 tepals elliptic.

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1-40 (2015)

Fig. 12. Begonia leuserensis M.Hughes sp. nov. A. Habit. B. Male flower back view. C. Male flower.

D. Female flower. E. Lobed leaf. A-D from Air Panas of the type collection Wilkie et al. PW791; E from

PW778. Scale bars on insets: B-D = 1 cm; E = 10 cm.

HUGHES M. et al.. New Sumatran Begonia

14 x 7 mm, white, glabrous; androecium with c. 100 stamens; filaments subequal, shorter on the basal

stamens, up to 1.5 mm long, anthers 1.5 mm long, ellipsoid, wider at the apex, connective extended

slightly, rounded. Female flowers: pedicel 15 mm long, hairy; ovary green, with dense short hairs, total

size including wings 15 x 22 mm; capsule ellipsoid, 2-locular, placentae unknown; wings 3, unequal,

one large and two smaller, rounded-triangular; tepals 6 , outer 3 ovate-lanceolate, white, 15x9 mm, red

or white hairy externally, inner 3 elongate-obovate, glabrous; stigmas 2, bifid, greenish yellow, surface

convolute. Fruit usually borne in pairs, recurved on a stiff pedicel c. 2.5 cm long; largest wing triangular,

2 cm long, outline slightly curved, thick and corky, smaller two wings forming a splash cup, triangular,

12 mm long; apex truncate.

Distribution and habitat

Endemic to Gunung Feuser National Park (Fig. 2), found on steep slopes on the forest floor at

400-800 m altitude, where it grows in leaf litter around rotting logs and at the base of trees.

Conservation status

Currently the montane forests in Gunung Feuser National Park are not under pressure, and the two

known locations for the species are in the centre of the reserve. It seems likely that the species may be

found on other nearby peaks at similar altitudes. We consider an IUCN category of Feast Concern to be

appropriate.

Begonia lilliputana M.Hughes sp. nov. § Reichenheimia

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151648-1

Figs 4, 13

Diagnosis

This diminutive species differs from the only other known Sumatran rheophytic begonia, Begonia

jiuvialis (see above), in its smaller stature (leaves 3 cm long, not 8-15 cm long), by lacking bristles

at the petiole apex and having barely peltate leaves (not minutely cordate). The other geographically

nearest rheophytic species from Peninsular Malaysia [B. abdullahpieei Kiew, B. aequilateralis Irmsch.,

B. klossii Ridl., B. perakensis King, B. rhoephila Ridl. and B. rhyacophila Kiew (Irmscher 1929; Kiew

2005; King 1902; Ridley 1917)] all belong to Begonia sect. Platycentrum and differ in being larger

plants with 2 -locular fruits.

Etymology

The name is derived from the adjective lilliputian (English) meaning very small, derived from the name

of the fictional island nation of Filliput.

Type

SUMATRA: Aceh, Soraya Research Station, 50 m, 3 Feb. 1999, Argent 9938 (holo-: A).

Description

Diminutive acaulescent lithophytic riverine herb growing on rocks near waterfalls, c. 8 cm in height;

stem rhizomatous, 2 mm in diameter, intemodes 2-4 mm long. Stipules persistent, glabrous, 4-5 x

2 mm, lanceolate, with a filiform extension at the apex. Feaves: petiole 3 cm long, tomentose, cross-

section unknown, rapidly becoming sub-glabrous with age; lamina minutely peltate, base rounded,

elliptic-rhomboid, subsymmetric, c. 3 x 1 cm, upper surface glabrous, lower surface with dense hairs on

veins only, venation palmate-pinnate, veins prominent above and below; margin minutely and sparsely

denticulate; apex acute. Inflorescences axillary, total length 6-8 cm, cymose, branching 2-3 times,

3-4 flowered, bisexual, protandrous; primary peduncle 5-7 cm long, with sparse long hairs; bracts

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1—40 (2015)

minute, elliptic-lanceolate with an extended tip, 1—1.5 mm long. Male flowers: pedicel 10 mm long,

with scattered glandular hairs; tepals 4; outer tepals ovate-elliptic, 3x2 mm, pink or white, fleshy,

with scattered glandular hairs on the outside, margin with a distinct rim; inner tepals elliptic, 2x1 mm;

androecium globose; stamens c. 60; filaments equal, 0.5 mm long, fused at base into a column; anthers

about as long as the filaments; ellipsoid-obtriangular, 0.5 mm long, connective slightly retuse, dehiscing

through slits about half the length of the anther, with one slit on each side of the anther. Female flowers

unknown. Fruits solitary, recurved on a 13 mm long pedicel; total size 10 x 6 mm; wings rounded-

triangular, 3x6 mm, equal; capsule spherical, 3M mm in diameter, glabrous; apex obtuse.

Distribution and habitat

Currently known only from the type locality near the Soraya Research Station (Fig. 4) in Gunung Leuser

National Park, where it grows as a rheophyte tightly attached to rocks at the base of waterfalls, in the

shade of overhanging trees.

Conservation status

Begonia lilliputana is assessed as Data Deficient (IUCN 2012) as its full range within the Gunung Leuser

National Park is unknown; the Soraya Research Station is on the southernmost edge of the core reserve.

Fig. 13. Begonia lilliputana M.Hughes sp. nov. A. Habit. B. Mature fruit. C. Male flower. D. Leaf base

upper (top) and lower (bottom) surface. All drawn from the holotype [Argent 9938 (A)] by Claire Banks.

Scale bars: A = 2 cm; B-D = 5 mm.

HUGHES M. et al. , New Sumatran Begonia

Begonia olivacea Ardi sp. nov. §. Reichenheimia

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151649-1

Figs 4, 14

Diagnosis

The nearest species morphologically to Begonia olivacea is B. nurii Irmsch. (Irmscher 1929) from

Kelantan in Peninsular Malaysia, the former differing in being a slightly smaller plant (leaves 2.7-4.5 x

2.6-3.7 cm, not c. 4 x 4-6 cm), having 3 (not 2) tepals in the female flowers, sparsely hairy petioles

(not red-woolly), and duller green leaves (Kiew 2005). Also similar is B. droopiae Ardi (Ardi & Hughes

2010) from limestone in West Sumatra, which has more asymmetric leaves with darker variegation,

and which is smoothly bullate between the veins (not mostly flat). See under B. simolapensis for a

comparison with that species.

Etymology

The epithet reflects the dull greenish brown olive colour of the leaves.

Type

SUMATRA: North Sumatra Province, Leuser National Park, Simolap, 250 m, 9 Jul. 2011, Carmen

Puglisi 230 (holo-: BO; iso-: E).

Additional material

SUMATRA: Aceh, Gajolandan, 600 m, 25 Feb. 1937, Van Steenis 9273 (BO); ibid., 600 m, 26 Feb.

1937, Van Steenis 9321 (F); Ketambe Research Station, Gunung Feaser Nature Reserve, 300-350 m, 9

Jun. 1979, de Wilde & de Wilde Duyfjes 18002 (F).

Description

Fithophytic acaulescent herb. Stem rhizomatous, internodes very short c. 1-2 mm long. Stipules persistent,

with 2 mm long hairs on the keel, 10 mm long, narrowly oblong, with a 3.5 mm long filiform extension

at the apex. Feaves: petiole 2.5-9 cm long, terete, sparsely hairy; lamina suborbicular, asymmetric,

2.7M.5 x 2.6-3.7 cm, basifixed, base cordate with lobes sometimes slightly overlapping, abaxially

mid green on the veins, dark purplish green between, occasionally all green with a faint purplish tinge

between the veins, glabrous, slightly prominent between the veins, coriaceous, adaxially with sparse

hairs on veins only, primary veins 5-7, margin crenate and fringed with sparse short hairs and recurved

stiff teeth at the end of the veins, apex rounded. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, branching 2 times, few

flowered, bisexual, protandrous; peduncle 7.5-10.5 cm long, glabrous,; bracts minute, caducous. Male

flowers: pedicel 10-15 mm long, glabrous; tepals 4; outer tepals broadly ovate, 7-8 x 6-7 mm, white,

glabrous, slightly cordate at the base becoming truncate when open, margin entire; inner tepals narrowly

obovate or elliptic, c. 1x2 mm, white; androecium pale yellow, symmetric, globose, on a 1.5 mm

long column; stamens 35M0. Female flowers: pedicel c. 14 mm long; ovary green, glabrous, total size

including wings c. 5x11 mm; capsule ellipsoid, 5x3 mm, locules 3, placentae entire; wings 3, equal,

rounded at base and sub cuneate at the apex, widest point at the middle, c. 4 mm; tepals 3; outer tepals

2, 6.5-7 x 6 mm, sub orbicular, white, glabrous; inner tepal 1, c. 5 x 2.5 mm, elliptic; stigmas 3, pale

yellow-green, forked and once spirally twisted, caducous. Fruit recurved on a 17 mm long pedicel; total

size c. 5x16 mm including the wings, wings 5 mm wide; apex obtuse.

Distribution and habitat

North Sumatra and Aceh, Gunung Feuser National Park (Fig. 4). This species grows in meagre, dusty

soil on limestone rock at 250-600 m altitude.

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1-40 (2015)

Fig. 14. Begonia olivacea Ardi sp. nov. A. Habit, showing petiole elongation in older leaves. B. Green

colour form. C. Female flower bud and ovary. D. Plant with male flower. E. Male flowers. A, B, D

photographed at the type locality of Simolap; C, E taken from a plant in cultivation at Bogor Botanic

Garden (accession B2013070037, derived from material collected at the type locality). Scale bars on

insets: B, D = 5 cm; C, E = 1 cm.

HUGHES M. et al., New Sumatran Begonia

Conservation status

The limestone habitat of the Gunung Leuser National Park in the Simolap area where this species occurs

is relatively intact. As long as this remains the case, B. olivacea can be considered as belonging to the

IUCN category of Least Concern.

Begonia pseudoscottii Girm. sp. nov. § Sphenanthera

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151650-1

Figs 2, 15

Diagnosis

Differs from Begonia scottii Tebbitt (Tebbit 2005) in bearing fruit in clusters of 10-15 (not 2 or 4), with

the fruit being fleshier and rounder, with ridges rather than small wings. The infructescence in terms

of fruit number and shape is more similar to that of B. multangula Blume (Blume 1827), which has

lobed leaves that are either subglabrous or have white hairs (not pink), and apical (not basal) more lax

infractesences. The flowers have pink centres to the tepals (uniform white in B. scottii ) and the leaves

have deep pink hairs (not white).

Etymology

The epithet refers to the previous confusion of this species with B. scottii (Hughes & Girmansyah

2011b).

Type

SUMATRA: Aceh, Boer ni Bias, 1300 m, 31 Aug. 1934, Van Steenis 6207 (holo-: BO).

Additional material

SUMATRA: North Sumatra, Gunong Batu Lopang, 10 km ESE of Lake Prapat, 1400-1500 m, 8 Jul.

1972, de Wilde & de Wilde-Duyfies 13531 (BO, K); Aceh, Gunung Kemiri, 1696 m, 11 Mar. 2008, Wilkie

et al. PW678 (E).

Description

Erect robust terrestrial herb 30^10 cm tall. Stem fleshy, repent at the base, rooting at the nodes, with

simple white hairs, becoming glabrous with age. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, reddish, c. 15x9 mm, apex

acuminate, keel with sparse short hairs. Leaves: petiole 16-26 cm long, terete, with dense white to pale

pink hairs; lamina ovate, asymmetric, 17-23 x 14-18 cm, upper surface with short dense hairs, hairs deep

pink when young becoming paler with age, basifixed, base cordate with lobes sometimes overlapping

slightly, venation palmate-pinnate, margin sometimes slightly undulate, serrulate, teeth tipped by short

glandular hairs, apex acute. Inflorescence axillary, usually borne near the base of the stem, total length

c. 5 cm, a congested cyme, bisexual, with 10-25 flowers, male and female flowers open at the same

time. Male flowers: pedicels with sparse minute hairs, 3.1-3.3 cm long; tepals 4, subequal, elliptic, outer

pair adaxially hairy, pink with a white margin, 1.3 x 1-1.2 cm; inner pair, glabrous, paler pink with a

white margin, 1.2 x 1 cm; androecium yellow, symmetric, loosely globose; stamens 60-70, filaments

unequal, shorter in the basal stamens, anthers club-shaped, dehiscing through slits c. 3 A the length of the

anther, slits lateral, connective extended. Female flowers: pedicels 8-10 mm long; ovary red, triangular-

globose, sparsely hairy to glabrous, c. 10 x 10 mm; capsule 3-locular, placentae bifid; tepals 5, obovate-

oblong, outer 3 c. 15 x 8-13 mm, pink with a white margin, sparsely adaxially hairy, inner 2 c. 15 x

5 mm, white, glabrous; styles 3, greenish yellow, twice spirally twisted. Fruit 10-15 in number, on

stiff pedicels c. 2 cm long, purple, berry-like, c. 12 x 15 mm, triangular-globose, fleshy, 3-ridged; apex

truncate to rounded.

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1-40 (2015)

Distribution and habitat

In montane rainforest in North Sumatra and Aceh at altitudes of 1300-1700 m (Fig. 2).

Conservation status

Begoniapseudoscotti does not appear to be common, but does have a fairly large distribution in northern

Sumatra. The preference for mid to high montane forests which are not under heavy threat means that

currently an IUCN category of Least Concern is appropriate.

Fig. 15. Begonia pseudoscottii Girm sp. nov. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence at the base of the plant, with

mature fruit below and male and female flowers open at the top. C. Male flower. All photographs from a

plant cultivated in Cibodas Botanic Garden (accession number C20090980/IY80, derived from material

collected in Gunung Leuser National Park). Scale bars on insets = 1 cm.

HUGHES M. et al., New Sumatran Begonia

Begonia raoensis M.Hughes sp. nov. § Reichenheimia

um:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151651-l

Figs 2, 16

Diagnosis

Begonia raoensis is similar in habit and leaf shape to mature plants of B. stictopoda Miq. (A.DC.), but

differs in having petioles with red, erect hairs (not appressed fine brown hairs), hairy stipules and styles

that are not as deeply forked and a stigmatic surface only once (not twice) spirally twisted. B. trichopoda

Miq. (Miquel 1856) has hairy petioles and a similar habit, but in B. raoensis the hairs are shorter on the

petioles ( c . 3 mm, not 6-9 mm) and not as dense, the peduncles are sparsely minutely puberulent (not

densely hairy); also the leaves of B. raoensis are suborbicular with overlapping basal lobes (not broadly

ovate with basal lobes not overlapping in B. trichopoda ).

Etymology

The epithet refers to the village Rao nearby the type locality.

Type

SUMATRA: West Sumatra, road to Padang, Rao, 600 m, 18 May 2007, Hughes & Girmansyah MH1400

(holo-: BO; iso-: E).

Description

Erect acaulescent herb to 30 cm tall, on steep rock banks; stem rhizomatous, glabrous, internodes

c. 5 mm long. Stipules persistent, triangular, c. 10 x 5 mm, hairy on the keel, apex filiform, hairy.

Leaves: petiole 4-21 cm long, terete, with dense erect red hairs, hairs becoming fleshy towards the

petiole apex, forming a ring; leaf lamina on young plants smaller and ovate, on mature plants larger

and suborbicular, 10-26 x 7-18 cm, basifixed, base cordate, basal lobes overlapping on larger leaves,

upper surface reddish green when young maturing to green, glabrous, lower surface glabrous apart from

short scattered hairs on the veins; venation palmate with 9 main veins, veins prominent on the upper

surface; margin subentire, denticulate with evenly spaced small stiff red teeth, sparsely hairy; apex

acute. Inflorescences axillary, total length c. 20 cm, cymose, protandrous, branching c. 5 times, with up

to c. 40 flowers in larger plants, primary peduncle 12-17 cm long, sparsely minutely puberulent; bracts

caducous, elliptic, 4 x 1.5 mm, margin entire. Male flowers: pedicel c. 6 mm long, glabrous, pink; tepals

4, white, glabrous, outer tepals 2, membranous, orbicular-ovate, 8x7 mm; inner 2 elliptic-obovate, 8 x

3 mm; androecium yellow, globose, on a short column; stamens c. 50; filaments 0.5 mm long, subequal;

anthers 0.5 mm long, obtriangular, apex retuse, dehiscing through lateral slits that run the whole length

of the anther. Female flower: pedicel 7-21 mm long, glabrous; ovary pale pink, glabrous, 9x15 mm in

total including wings; capsule 3-locular, ellipsoid, 7x6 mm, placentae unknown; wings 3, subequal,

rounded-triangular, largest wing 5 mm wide; tepals 3—4, white; outer 2 tepals orbicular-ovate, 7x6 mm,

glabrous; inner 1-2, elliptic, 6x2 mm; stigmas 3, free, deep yellow, shallowly forked, stigmatic surface

once spirally twisted. Fruit: pendent on a 2 cm long hair-like pedicel, shape as same as the ovary, c. 9 x

16 mm; apex obtuse.

Distribution and habitat

Only known from the type collection from a steep soil bank with some surface water and overhanging

roadside scrubby vegetation in West Sumatra near Rao village (Fig. 2).

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1—40 (2015)

Conservation status

The forest in the area is quite fragmented, and it would seem that the species is able to persist in these

fragments. The area is not well collected and we know little about the distribution of the species, which

we consider to be Data Deficient (IUCN 2012).

Fig. 16. Begonia raoensis M.Hughes sp. nov. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence in female phase (scale bar =

1 cm). Photographs from the Rao vicinity, of the type Hughes & Girmansyah MH1400.

HUGHES M. et al., New Sumatran Begonia

Begonia simolapensis Ardi sp. nov. § Reichenheimia

urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77151652-1

Figs 2, 17

Diagnosis

Begonia simolapensis grows sympatrically on limestone with B. olivacea described above and has a

similar habit (growing flat against the substrate) and leaf shape; it differs in having larger (5-9.5 x

4-8 cm, not 2.7—4.5 x 2.6-3.7 cm), glossier leaves which are a nearly uniform deep green (not olive

green with paler variegation) and longer, denser hairs on the petioles.

Etymology

The epithet refers to the type locality of Simolap.

Type

SUMATRA: North Sumatra Province, Teuser National Park, Simolap, 260 m, 9 Jul. 2011, Puglisi et al.

228 (holo-: BO; iso-: E).

Fig. 17. Begonia simolapensis Ardi sp. nov. A. Habit. B. Male flower. C. Fruit on recurved pedicels.

D. Female flowers. E. Male flower buds. All photographs from the type locality of Simolap. Scale bars

on insets = 1 cm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 167: 1-40 (2015)

Additional material

SUMATRA: North Sumatra, Gunung Leuser National Park, Simolap, 11 Jul. 2011, Puglisi 267 (BO, E).

Description

Repent acaulescent herb, growing flat against vertical rocks or soil on limestone, less than 15 cm

tall; stem rhizomatous, internodes c. 2 mm long. Stipules persistent, triangular, 4-5 x 5 mm, with an

abaxially prominent midrib that extends up to 6 mm. Leaves: petiole 3-14 cm long, shorter towards

the plant apex, terete, sparsely hairy; lamina suborbicular, asymmetric, 5-9.5 x 4-8 cm, basifixed,

base cordate with lobes slightly overlapping, adaxially green to reddish dark green, glossy, glabrous,

abaxially pale green with hairs on veins only, primary veins 6-8, actinodromous, margin fimbriate and

recurved stiff teeth at the end of the veins, apex obtuse. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, branching 1-3

times, bisexual, 6-8 male flowers, 2-A female flowers, protandrous; primary peduncle c. 1-12 cm long,

glabrous; bracts semi-persistent, elliptic or narrowly obovate, 2.5-3.5 x 1.5-2.5 mm, margin fimbriate,

apex acute. Male flowers: pedicel c. 12 mm long, glabrous; tepals 4; outer tepals suborbicular, 9-11 x

8-12.5 mm, white or white with pink stripes, glabrous, slightly cordate at the base becoming truncate

when open, margin entire; inn er tepals narrowly obovate or elliptic, 4-8 x 3M mm, white; androecium

pale yellow, symmetric, globose, stamens c. 40; filaments fused at base into a short column, c. 1—1.5 mm

long; anther 0.75 mm long, obovate-obtriangular, dehiscing through slits slightly longer than half the

length of the anther, apex retuse. Female flowers: pedicel 5-6 mm long; ovary green with red venation,

glabrous, c. 7 x 15 including the wings; capsule ellipsoid, c. 7-8.5 x 4.5-5 mm, locules 3, placentae

entire; wings 3, equal, cuneate at base and apex, widest point at the middle, c. 4 mm wide; tepals 3;

outer tepals 2, white or white with pink stripes, suborbicular, c. 6-7 x 6.5-7.5 mm; inner tepal elliptic,

5.5-6.5 x 1-2 mm; stigmas 3, yellow, forked and once spirally twisted, caducous. Fruit recurved on a

c. 6 mm long pedicel; wings the same as the ovary, capsule orbicular, 7.5 x 5.5 mm, total size 9x18 mm

including wings; apex obtuse.

Distribution and habitat

North Sumatra to Aceh, Gunung Leuser National Park at 200-300 m altitude (Fig. 2). The species grows

terrestrially on soil over limestone slopes or directly on vertical limestone rock, half shade to full shade.

Its distribution overlaps with that of B. olivacea , with which it hybridises (e.g. Puglisi et al. CP234 ,

BO, E).

Conservation status

The limestone habitat of the Gunung Leuser National Park in the Simolap area where this species occurs

is relatively intact. As long as this remains the case, B. simolapensis can be considered as being Least

Concern (IUCN 2012).

Discussion

Begonia sect. Bracteibegonia has a very conservative delimitation, with recently only three species

recognised (Doorenbos et al. 1998), one new species added in 2009 (Hughes et al. 2009) and two

transferred in 2011 (Hughes & Girmansyah 2011a). The concept of the section has been further

expanded here in the key to include 9 species from Sumatra. Where Begonia sect. Bracteibegonia ends

and the allied very large Begonia sect. Petermannia starts is not clear at present, and a review of their

delimitation across their range in the Malesian region is needed. This manuscript adds a further 2 species

to Begonia sect. Bracteibegonia , taking the total to 10, all except one ( Begonia lepida Blume (1827)

from Java) are endemic to Sumatra. The authors concept of this section includes species with hairy

stems, a low-growing spreading habit, leaves with short petioles, short peduncles and quite elongate

HUGHES M. et al ., New Sumatran Begonia

fruits which often have bristles or hairs and persistent tepals. Many species from Borneo have this suite

of characters and may need to be transferred to Begonia sect. Bracteibegonia following further research.

Sumatra is fast becoming a centre of diversity for Begonia sect. Reichenheimia , with 22 out of the total

of 77 species in the section endemic to the island. The section encompasses a lot of morphological

variation, and is distributed from Sri Lanka through India to China and into Southeast Asia (Doorenbos

et al. 1998). The assignment of many species to Begonia sect. Reichenheimia has been done on a largely

phenetic basis and relies on very few characters, usually a combination of stemless habit and fruit with

non-divided placentae. Placental characters alone are not suitable for assigning species to section in

Begonia , as they are homoplastic (Thomas et al. 2011), and stemless species can be either rhizomatous or

tuberous, characters which have been overlooked up to now in terms of taxonomic utility. The tuberous

type species of Begonia sect. Reichenheimia is B. tenera Dry and. (Dryander 1791) from Sri Lanka and

molecular data (M. Hughes, unpublished data) shows it to have no affinity with the rhizomatous species

from Southeast Asia including the new species published in this manuscript. However here we have

followed the current consensus concept of Begonia sect. Reichenheimia for taxonomic convenience and

stability, until we gather sufficient evidence for the splitting off of one or more new sections as natural

groups.

Live out of the fifteen species described here are known only from material collected within the last

7 years. This shows how much there is still to be discovered in large genera such as Begonia which

exhibit very high levels of micro-endemism, and highlights the need for further botanical exploration

in Sumatra.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the support of the Indonesian Ministry of Research and Technology

(Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi; RISTEK), the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Lembaga Ilmu

Pengetahuan Indonesia; LIPI), the Indonesian Porestry Department (Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan

Hutan dan Konservasi Alam; DITJEN PHKA), the Sibbald Trust, the M. L. MacIntyre Begonia Trust,

the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh Small Projects Fund, SYNTHESYS and the Davis Expedition

Fund. Ahmad Taufiq, Riki Nova & Nurainas are thanked for their expert assistance in the field, and

the curators of AND A, B, BM, BO, E, FI, K, L, P, SING for access to specimens. Two reviewers are

thanked for their useful input in improving the manuscript. This research was carried out at the Royal

Botanic Garden Edinburgh, supported by the Scottish Government’s Rural and Environment Science

and Analytical Services Division.

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Manuscript received: 22 January 2015

Manuscript accepted: 28 October 2015

Published on: 21 December 2015

Topic editors: Thomas Janssen & Koen Martens

Desk editor: Natacha Beau

Printed versions of all papers are also deposited in the libraries of the institutes that are members of the

EJT consortium: Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France; Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium;

Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; Natural History Museum, London, United

Kingdom; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Natural history Museum of

Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.