European Journal of Taxonomy 175: 1-9

http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.175

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2016 • Griehanov I.Ya.

Research article

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CADCA890-3440-49F6-AFC8-FFBE9FB22D2D

Two new species of Dactylonotus Parent, 1934 (Diptera:

Dolichopodidae) from South Africa and a key to Afrotropical species

Igor Ya. GRICHANOV

All-Russian Institute of Plant Proteetion, Podbelskogo 3, St.Petersburg, Pushkin, 196608, Russia.

E-mail: [email protected]

um:lsid:zoobank.org: author: 5320AD3A-92D8-4820-8091-24802F8C8C06

Abstract. Two new speeies from South Afriea, Dactylonotus nigricorpus sp. nov. and Dactylonotus

tsitsikamma sp. nov., are deseribed and illustrated. D. nigricorpus sp. nov. differs from all other speeies

of the genus in the blaek body, the smaller size and the shorter antenna. D. tsitsikamma sp. nov. is peeuliar

in the genus in bearing a flag of long setae on the fifth segment of the fore tarsus. An identifleation key

to 6 Afrotropieal speeies of the genus is provided.

Key words. Diaphorinae, new speeies, identifleation key, Afrotropieal Region.

Griehanov I.Ya. 2016. Two new species of Dactylonotus Parent, 1934 (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from South

Africa and a key to Afrotropical species. European Journal of Taxonomy 175: 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/

eit.2016.175

Introduction

Based on reeent results of a eladisties analysis, Capellari (2013) demonstrated the monophyly of the

generie group ineXudmg Anepsiomyia Bezzi, 1902, Argyra Maequart, 1834, Dactylonotus Parent, 1934,

Somillus^xtihQS, 1924 and*Sym/)o//aBeeker, 1921 (eomposing the tribe ArgyriniNegrobov, 1986,plaeed

eurrently within the subfamily Diaphorinae, but deserving subfamily rank). The genus Dactylonotus is

peeuliar in its disjunetive distribution, with six speeies known from southern Afriea and one speeies,

D. formosus (Parent, 1933), inhabiting New Zealand (Griehanov 1998, 2000, this paper; Biekel 1999).

The reeent referenees dealing with this genus in the Afrotropieal region inelude Griehanov (2011) and

Griehanov et al. (2011a, 2011b). In this paper two new speeies from South Afriea are deseribed, and an

identifleation key to Afrotropieal speeies of Dactylonotus is presented.

Material and methods

The holotypes of the new speeies are housed at the National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Afriea

(BMSA). They were studied with a ZEISS Diseovery VI2 stereo mieroseope and photographed with

an AxioCam MRe5 eamera. Morphologieal terminology and abbreviations follow Gumming & Wood

(2009). Body length is measured from the base of the antenna to the tip of genital eapsule. Wing length

is measured from the base to the wing apex. Male genitalia were maeerated in 10% KOH. The figures

showing the hypopygium in lateral view (Figs 4,10-12) are oriented as it appears on the intaet speeimen.

European Journal of Taxonomy 175 : 1-9 ( 2016 )

with the morphologically ventral surface of the genitalia facing up, dorsal surface down, anterior end

facing right and posterior end facing left.

Results

Class Hexapoda Blainville, 1816

Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758

Suborder Brachycera Schiner, 1862

Superfamily Empidoidea Latreille, 1804

Epifamily Dolichopodoidae Latreille, 1809

Family Dolichopodidae Latreille, 1809

Subfamily Diaphorinae Schiner, 1864

Tribe Argyrini Negrobov, 1986

Genus Dactylonotus Parent, 1934

DactylonotusVdiXQnt, 1934: 136.

Type species

Dactylonotus grandicornis Parent, 1934 (by monotypy).

Diagnosis

The genus can be recognised by the finger-like projection or conus of the antennal pedicel, which

overlaps the postpedicel dorsally in both sexes (Figs 2, 7); the postpedicel with distinct apex, with

relatively short dorsal arista-like stylus, either median or subapical in position; the occiput convex or

fiat; male frons and face broad; legs with an anterior preapical seta on the mid and hind femora; the wing

costa extending beyond tip of ending at apex of vein M; vein M unbroken (Figs 3, 8); and male

stemite 8 with strong projecting setae (Figs 4, 10).

Remarks

Two species ofthe genus were formerly associated with the gQnQr3.Syntormon Eoew, 1857 (Sympycninae),

Neurigona Rondani, 1856 (Neurigoninae) and Tenuopus Curran, 1924 (Neurigoninae or genus incertae

sedis), showing the uncertain position of Dactylonotus within the subfamily Diaphorinae. Such characters

previously unknown for the genus as the black body {D. nigricorpus sp. nov.) and ornamented fore

tarsus {D. tsitsikamma sp. nov.) confirm the close relation of Dactylonotus WithArgyra and Somillus and

their combination in an independent taxon of the subfamily rank.

Dactylonotus nigricorpus sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6A263872-6460-45CF-8CDF-387CQD610111

Figs 1^, 11

Diagnosis

The new species is close to D. rudebecki Vanschuytbroeck, 1960 as described by Grichanov (1998)

under the name D. meuffelsi, differing from the latter and all other species of the genus in the black body,

smaller size, shorter antenna, the hypopygium morphology, the arista-like stylus apical, the mid femur

without long setae, the simple tarsi with short claws and the small pulvilli.

Etymology

The species name is composed from Fatin “niger” and “corpus” (black body). .

GRICHANOV I.Ya., Dactylonotus species from South Africa

Type material

Holotype

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA: H, Western Cape, Table Mountain N.R, Clovelly, sweeping grasses &

mature fynbos, 34°07.465 S, 18°26.094 E, 24 Oct. 2012, 64 m, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs (BMSA).

Description

Male (Figs 1^, 11)

Measurements. Body length without antennae 3.8 mm, antenna length 1.4 mm, wing length 3.2 mm,

wing width 1.2 mm.

Head. Frons small, black, grey pollinose, with medial trapezoid depression, slightly prominent around

base of antennae; face densely whitish pollinose, weakly narrowed in upper part, with parallel sides in

lower part, 2 x as high as wide at clypeus; occiput flat, black, grey pollinose; one pair of long ocellar and

short postvertical setae; no vertical setae; postocular setae black in upper part and white in middle and

lower parts of head; eyes with short white hairs; antennae (Fig. 2) inserted at upper flfth of head, black,

2 X longer than height of head; scape long, microscopically haired; pedicel with long, slightly widened

at apex, dorso-lateral (inner view) process, covered by dorsal, lateral and ventral setulae; postpedicel

Figs \-4. Dactylonotus nigricorpus sp. nov., d, 1. Habitus. 2. Antenna, inner lateral view. 3. Wing.

4. Hypopygium after maceration, left lateral view.

European Journal of Taxonomy 175 : 1-9 ( 2016 )

very long, widest at apex of pedieel, with aeute apex, 3 x as long as high in middle, entirely eovered by

mieroseopie hairs; arista apieal, with mieroseopie hairs. Length ratio of seape to pedieel to postpedieel

(dorsal to ventral sides) to arista-like stylus (L^ and 2"^ segments) in mm, 0.27/0.40/0.49/0.74/0.05/0.32.

Palpus and proboseis short, blaek, with blaek hairs.

Thorax. Mostly blaek, with blaek bristles; mesonotum weakly pollinose; pleura densely grey pollinose;

metanotum brownish below; propleuron with 2 strong blaek setae in lower part; 6 pairs of dorsoeentral

bristles deereasing in size anteriorly, with several seattered hairs on anterior slope; aerostiehals biseriate,

extending to 5^*^ pair of dorsoeentrals; seutellum with two long strong bristles and two short fine lateral

setae, 14 as long as medians, dorsally bare.

Legs. Ineluding eoxae yellow, with blaek bristles, tarsi brown-blaek from tip of basitarsus; fore eoxa

anteriorly with short blaek hairs and five or six blaek lateral and apieal setae of various length in one row;

mid eoxa anteriorly with rather long blaek hairs and setae; mid and hind eoxae with blaek bristle at base.

Femora without long setae; mid and hind femora with one strong subapieal anterior seta; fore tibia with

3 strong anterodorsal, 2 short posterodorsal, 3 short ventral setae; mid tibia with 3 strong anterodorsal,

1 small dorsal, 1 strong and 2 small posterodorsal, 1 anteroventral, 1-2 small posteroventral setae; hind

tibia with 3 anterodorsal, 3 posterodorsal, 4-5 short ventral setae; all tibiae with strong apieal setae; all

tarsi simple, with short elaws and small pulvilli. Femur, tibia and tarsomere (from first to fifth) length

ratio: fore leg: 65/75/38/22/16/11/10, mid leg: 88/102/51/27/21/12/12, hindleg: 95/120/39/39/28/17/12.

Wing (Fig. 3). Ovate, famous; veins brown; and Mj ^2 slightly eurved posteriad at apex; Mj ^2 nearly

straight; erossvein dm-eu straight; ratio of dm-eu to apieal part of CuA^ (in mm), 0.28/0.66; anal vein

foldlike; anal angle obtuse; lower ealypter yellow, with blaek eilia; halter yellow.

Abdomen. Mostly blaek, with blaek hairs and marginal setae; 6^^^ segment redueed; segment small,

bare; 8* segment with short hairs and row of strong setae; hypopygium (Figs 4, 11) blaek; epandrium

subtriangular, strongly projeeted ventrally; hypandrium simple, broad, eurved, with subapieal spine¬

like proeess; phallus expanded at apex and biapieate; two epandrial setae positioned on distal side of

epandrium, one of them (dorsal) peduneulate; epandrial lobe long, fingerlike, with rounded apex and

short apieal seta; surstylus yellow-brown, bilobate, with almost straight lobes, with several setae as

figured; ventral lobe thinner than dorsal lobe, elavate; postgonite small, slightly eurved ventrally; eereus

short, yellow, with blaek setae.

Female

Unknown.

Distribution

South Afriea (Western Cape).

Dactylonotus tsitsikamma sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobanlGorg:aet:9D497D9A-DFC2-4856-857A-86C75C373BB6

Figs 5-10, 12

Diagnosis

The new speeies is elose to D. univittatus (Loew, 1858) as deseribed by Griehanov (2000), differing in the

presenee of the posterior brush of long setae on the fifth segment of the fore tarsus, the brownish yellow

hypopygium and the morphology of the hypopygial appendages. The arista-like stylus is middorsal; the

fore eoxa are with blaek hairs; the mid femur is without long hairs and setae.

GRICHANOV I.Ya., Dactylonotus species from South Africa

Etymology

The species is named after the Tsitsikamma National Park in South Africa, where the type material was

collected.

Type material

Holotype

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA: □, [Eastern Cape,] Tsitsikamma N.P, below Sleepkloof, malaise

trap, indigenous forest, 33°56.974 S, 23°54.926 E, 20-22 Jan. 2009, 64 m, A.H. Kirk-Spriggs & S. Otto

(BMSA).

Description

Male (Figs 5-10)

Measurements. Body length without antennae 5.5 mm, antenna length 1.6 mm, wing length 5.0 mm,

wing width 1.7 mm.

Head (somewhat shrunken). Frons as wide as high, black, grey pollinose, with medial rhomboid

depression; face densely whitish pollinose, narrow; occiput flat, black, grey pollinose; one pair of long

Figs 5-10. Dactylonotus tsitsikamma sp. nov., □. 5. Habitus. 6. Antenna, outer lateral view. 7. Antenna,

inner lateral view. 8. Wing. 9. Apical segments 4-5 of fore tarsus. 10. Hypopygium after maceration,

left lateral view.

European Journal of Taxonomy 175 : 1-9 ( 2016 )

ocellar and short postvertical setae; no vertical setae; postocular setae black in upper part and white in

middle and lower parts of head; eyes with short white hairs; antennae (Figs 6-7) inserted at upper fourth

of head, dirty-yellow, brownish dorsally and apically, 1.5 x longer than height of head; scape long, bare;

pedicel long, slightly widened at apex, dorso-lateral (inner view) process, covered by dorsal, lateral and

ventral setulae; postpedicel very long, widest at apex of pedicel, with narrow rounded apex, 2.8 x as long

as high in middle, entirely covered by microscopic hairs; arista-like stylus middorsal, with short hairs.

Length ratio of scape to pedicel to postpedicel (dorsal to ventral sides) to arista-like stylus (L^ and 2"^

segments) in mm, 0.33/0.38/0.40/0.73/0.43/0.60. Palpus and proboscis short, yellow, with black hairs.

Thorax. Mostly brownish yellow, with black bristles; mesonotum with broad median metallic blue

violet stripe embracing area between 2 "^- 6 * pairs of dorsocentrals; scutellum dorsally blue-violet with

yellow margin; pleura with a black spot below calypter; thoracic pollination weak; proepistemum with

2 long brownish ventral setae and 4 yellow hairs above; 6 pairs of dorsocentral bristles decreasing in

size anteriorly, with several scattered hairs on anterior slope; acrostichals biseriate, extending to 5* pair

of dorsocentrals; scutellum with two long strong bristles and two short fine lateral setae, 14 as long as

medians, dorsally bare.

Legs. Including coxae yellow, with black bristles, apical segments of all tarsi brownish; fore coxa

anteriorly with short black hairs and row of six black lateral and apical setae of various length; mid coxa

anteriorly with rather long black hairs and setae; mid and hind coxae with black bristle at base; hind

coxa with additional small seta below middle; femora without long setae; mid and hind femora each

with one strong preapical anterior bristle; fore tibia with 3 strong anterodorsal, 2 short posterodorsal

setae; mid tibia with 3 strong anterodorsal, 1 small dorsal, 3 strong posterodorsal setae; hind tibia with

3 anterodorsal, 5 posterodorsal, 4-5 short ventral setae; all tibiae with strong apical setae; 4^*^ and 5^*^

segments of fore tarsus slightly swollen; 5* segment (Fig. 9) of same tarsus with posterior brush of

fiattened setae, as long as 5* segment, with slightly enlarged claws and pulvilli; mid and hind tarsi

simple, with short claws and small pulvilli. Femur, tibia and tarsomere (from first to fifth) length ratio

(in mm): fore leg: 1.65/1.63/1.02/0.41/0.28/0.2/0.22, mid leg: 1.82/2.05/1.14/0.55/0.43/0.28/0.19, hind

leg: 2.27/2.5/0.7/0.71/0.42/0.27/0.19.

Wing (Fig. 8 ). Ovate, almost hyaline; veins brown; R 2+3 and slightly curved posteriad at apex;

nearly straight; crossvein dm-cu straight; ratio of dm-cu to apical part of CuAj (in mm) 0.36/0.92; anal

vein foldlike; anal angle obtuse; lower calypter yellow, with black cilia; halter yellow.

Figs 11-12. Hypopygium, left lateral view. 11. Dactylonotus nigricorpus sp. nov. 12. Dactylonotus

tsitsikamma sp. nov. Abbreviations: cer = cercus; ep = epandrium; epl = epandrial lobe; hyp=hypandrium;

ph = phallus; dsur, vsur = dorsal and ventral lobes of surstylus.

GRICHANOV I.Ya., Dactylonotus species from South Africa

Abdomen. Mostly yellow, with black hairs and marginal setae; segment brownish anteriorly; 2"^

segment with brown T-shaped spot dorsally; segments each with triangular dark-brown spot

dorsally; 6* segment reduced, brown; segment small, bare; 8* segment and epandrium mostly dirty

yellow, partly brown, 8^*^ segment with short hairs and row of strong setae; hypopygium (Figs 10, 12)

yellow-brown; epandrium ovate; hypandrium broad, with 2 large ventral projections; phallus pointed

at apex; two epandrial setae positioned on distal side of epandrium, one of them (dorsal) pedunculate;

epandrial lobe long, fingerlike, with rounded apex and 2 short apical setae; surstylus yellow-brown,

bilobate, with almost straight lobes, with several apical setae as figured; ventral lobe thinner than dorsal

lobe, clavate; postgonite thick, slightly curved ventrally; cercus short, yellow, with black setae.

Female

Unknown.

Distribution

South Africa (Eastern Cape).

Key to the Afrotropical species of Dactylonotus (males)

1 Thorax and abdomen almost entirely black (Fig. 1); postpedicel 3 times longer than high; arista¬

like stylus apical (Fig. 2); body 3.8 mm. D. nigricorpus sp. nov.

- Thorax and abdomen mostly yellow; postpedicel various in length; arista-like stylus subapical or

middorsal.2

2 Arista-like stylus middorsal, located near apex of pedicel process .3

- Arista-like stylus subapical.5

3 Fore coxa with yellow-brown bristles; mid femur with two ventral rows of black setae in basal

half, half as long as femur diameter; body 5 mm. D. grandicornis Parent, 1934

- Fore coxa with black bristles; mid femur without long setae .4

4 Fifth segment of fore tarsus without posterior brush of long setae; hypopygium brown-black; body

4.6-5.3 mm. D. univittatus (Loew, 1858)

- Fifth segment of fore tarsus with posterior brush of long setae (Fig. 9); hypopygium (Fig. 10)

brownish yellow; body 5.5 mm. D. tsitsikamma sp. nov.

5 Fore tarsus with enlarged pul villi; postpedicel 3 times longer than high; arista-like stylus as long

as postpedicel; body 4 mm . D. frater Parent, 1939

- Tarsal pulvilli normal; postpedicel 4.5 times longer than high; arista-like stylus half as long as

postpedicel; body 4.7mm. D. rudebeckiYmschuythroQck, 1960

Discussion

Unfortunately, for each of the newly described species only one male was found despite intensive

collecting with malaise trap and sweeping. Because the secondary sexual characters of these species

(including the structure of their genitalia) are unique, their identification will not be problematic in the

future. Dactylonotus nigricorpus sp. nov. is the only species with a black body, whereas the other species

have mainly yellow bodies. D. tsitsikamma sp. nov. is remarkable in the genus in bearing a fiag of long

setae on the fifth segment of the fore tarsus. I think their descriptions are important due to our incomplete

knowledge of the southern African dolichopodids and our poor understanding of the diaphorine genera.

The two new species and D. frater seem to be extremely rare in nature, all known by a single male

only. Summarising my work with the genus over the last 20 years, I could find 319 specimens of

D. grandicornis, 37 specimens of D. univittatus and 9 specimens of D. rudebecki in the collections of

European Journal of Taxonomy 175 : 1-9 ( 2016 )

dozens European and Afriean museums. Thus, elassieal patterns of relative speeies abundanee (e.g.,

MeGill et al. 2007) are here eonfirmed. Expanded knowledge of the genus will probably be essential to

improve our understanding of the phylogenetie relations among diaphorine flies of the world.

Acknowledgements

The author is sineerely grateful to Dr. Ashley H. Kirk-Spriggs (Bloemfontein, South Afriea) for his

kindness in providing speeimens for study. The editorial team of the EJT and anonymous reviewers

kindly eommented on earlier drafts of the manuseript. The work was partly supported by the Russian

Foundation for Basie Researeh grant N 14-04-00264-a.

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Manuscript received: 9 October 2015

Manuscript accepted: 12 January 2016