European Journal of Taxonomy 197: 1-15

http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.197

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2016 • Negrobov et al.

Research article

um:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:28A67A43-CFF6-412A-B2D8-596113B09D01

Species of the genus Chrysotus Meigen, 1824 (Diptera: Doiichopodidae)

from Japan, with descriptions of two new species

Oleg P. NEGROBOV 1 *, Tatsunori KUMAZAWA 2 , Toshihiro TAGO 3 & Viktor N. FURSOV 4

1 Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya sq., 1, Voronezh 394006, Russia.

2 Osaka Museum of Natural History, 1-23, Nagai Park, Higashi-sumiyoshi, Osaka 546-0034, Japan.

3 29-13-101, Motogou, 1-chome, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0011, Japan.

4 1.1. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kyiv, Ukraine.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

2 Email: [email protected]

3 Email: [email protected]

4 Email: ufensia@gm all com

1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:18FC9848-2BE3-4809-8A91-070E6C6EB8FE

2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:579148A7-D61D-4D7C-BlBB-8B7573B7FAF6

3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:EC82645A-5E91-4977-B0DD-6437FA3976D7

4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:FFF72665-7496-4A78-A577-7C10AA998B69

Abstract. Two new species of the genus Chrysotus Meigen, 1824 are described: Ch. masunagai

Negrobov, Kumazawa, Tago sp. nov and Ch. saigusai Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago sp. nov. Chrysotus

parilis Parent, 1926 is recorded from Japan for the first time. An identification key to all known species

of the genus Chrysotus of Japan is presented together with a tree diagram showing relationships among

them.

Keywords. Japan, Chrysotus, Doiichopodidae, new species.

Negrobov O.P., Kumazawa T., Tago T. & Fursov V.N. 2016. Species of the genus Chrysotus Meigen, 1824 (Diptera:

Doiichopodidae) from Japan, with descriptions of two new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 197: 1-15.

http://dx.doi.Org/l 0.5852/eit.2016,197

Introduction

The cosmopolitan genus Chrysotus is the largest of the subfamily Diaphorinae, including more than

440 species (Grichanov 2014; Wei et al. 2015), of which 91 occur in the Palaearctic Region (Negrobov

unpublished data). The Palaearctic species of Chrysotus were revised Negrobov and co-authors in

a series of publications (Negrobov 1980; Negrobov & Maslova 1995; Negrobov et al. 2000, 2003;

Maslova et al. 2011). In the Oriental region of China more than one hundred species of the genus

Chrysotus are known (Wei 2012; Wei et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2013, 2015).

There are few morphological differences between the species of the genus, but most species can be well

distinguished by the structure of the apex of the phallus. Negrobov et al. (2000) published the most

European Journal of Taxonomy 197 : 1-15 ( 2016 )

recent keys of the Palaearctic species of the genus. A key, with 28 species from China, to the males of

the genus was also published by Yang et al. (2011).

Meanwhile, only a few studies on the species of the genus in Japan are available (Saigusa 2008).

Masunaga (2014) listed only 3 species: Chrysotus cilipes Meigen, 1824, Ch. nudisetus Negrobov &

Maslova, 1995 and Ch. pulchellus Kowarz, 1874. The record of Chrysotuspulchellus for Japan probably

belongs to the new species Ch. masunagai sp. nov. described herein. Recently, two species of the genus

have been recorded, Ch. tagoi Negrobov, Maslova & Fursov, 2015 and Ch. kumazawai Negrobov,

Maslova & Fursov, 2015 (Negrobov et al. 2015), but it is assumed that there are more species present in

Japan. Here, we present additional records of the genus from Japan, including two new species.

Material and methods

Specimens were collected by Dr. V.N. Fursov (Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National

Academy of Sciences Ukraine) and Mr. T. Tago from Japan.

Holotypes of the new species are deposited in the Osaka Museum of Natural History (OMNH, Japan) and

the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ZIN, Saint Petersburg, Russia), and some

of the paratypes are housed in the collections of the Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National

Academy of Sciences Ukraine (IZU), the Osaka Museum of Natural History (OMNH, Japan) and the

Voronezh State University (VSU, Russia). We follow Cumming & Wood (2009) for the terminology.

Male terminalia were treated in 10% KOH and glycerol for observing genital structures.

Relationships among species were investigated using a tree-diagram constructed in the TNT program

(Goloboff et al. 2003). Characters were selected on the basis of their diagnostic value in the key of the

genus Chrysotus. All 20 characters were equally weighted. Character polarity was based on outgroup

comparison, with the most plesiomorphic state indicated by “0” and the apomorphic state indicated by

“1” or “2” according to Capellari (2013). The following characters were investigated:

1. Face narrower than the length between ocellar bristles or equal (0). Face wider than the length

between ocellar bristles (1).

2. Postpedicel higher than long (0). Postpedicel longer than height (1).

3. Arista subapical (0). Arista apical (1).

4. Palpus brown (0). Palpus pale (1).

5. Tower postocular setae pale (0). Tower postocular setae black (1).

6. Fore coxae dark (0). Fore coxae yellow at distal part (1).

7. Fore coxae with dark hairs (0). Fore coxae with white or yellow hairs (1).

8. Fore femur mostly dark (0). Fore femur yellow (1).

9. Mid femur dark (0). Mid femur yellow (1).

10. Basal part of hind femur dark (0). Basal part of hind femur yellow (1).

11. Hind trochanter dark (0). Hind trochanter yellow (1).

12. Hind tibia brown (0). Hind tibia yellow (1).

13. Hind femora with anteroventral hairs on entire length of femur (0). Hind femora without anteroventral

hairs on entire length of femur (1).

14. Hind tibia with short erect antero ventral hairs at lateral side, their length approximately equal to the

diameter of tibia (0). Hind tibia without short erect anteroventral hairs at lateral side (1).

15. First segment of hind tarsus with short erect hairs (0). First segment of hind tarsus without short erect

hairs (1).

16. Apical part of CuAj approximately in 2.5 times longer than dm-cu (0). Apical part of CuAj less than

in 2.5 times longer than dm-cu (1).

17. Abdomen metallic green (0). Abdomen purple or blue (1).

NEGROBOV O.R et al., Species of Chrysotus (Dolichopodidae) from Japan

Table 1 . Morphological characters matrix of the Chrysotus species from Japan.

Morphological characters

Species

Ch. cilipes Meigen, 1824

Ch. laesus ( Wiedemann, 1817)

Ch. masimagai sp. nov.

Ch. midisetus Negrobov & Maslova, 1995

Ch. parilis Parent, 1926

Ch. saigusai sp. nov.

Ch. tagoi Negrobov et al. , 2015

Ch. kumazawai Negrobov et al., 2015

18. Epandrium in the basal part without small projection (0). Epandrium in the basal part with small

projection (1).

19. Apical half of surstylus with two thickened triangular bristles (0). Apical half of surstylus with one

thickened triangular bristle (1). Apical half of surstylus without thickened triangular bristles (2).

20. Phallus with two lateral processes at apex (0). Phallus with one lateral process at apex (1). Phallus

without lateral processes at apex (2).

Results

Taxonomic descriptions

Class Hexapoda Blanville, 1816

Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758

Family Dolichopodidae Latreille, 1809

Genus Chrysotus Meigen, 1824

We found the following six species in the collection of Mr. T. Tago and of the Schmalhausen Institute of

Zoology of National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, including a species new to Japan and two species

new to science.

Chrysotus cilipes Meigen, 1824

Material examined

JAPAN: 9 Saitama Prefecture, Misato City, Edogawa river bank, 9 Aug. 2008, 15 May 2010, leg.

T. Tago.

Distribution

Western Europe, Abchazia, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea,

Mongolia, Turkey, Ukraine and Russia (Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Moscow, Voronezh, Adygea,

Kabardino-Balkaria, Krasnodar, Rostov, Tomsk, Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Baikal, Transbaikalia, Yakutia,

Amur, Maritime Territory). There are a few records of the species in Japan (Negrobov et al. 2008;

Masunaga 2014).

European Journal of Taxonomy 197 : 1-15 ( 2016 )

Chrysotus laesus (Wiedemann, 1817)

Material examined

JAPAN: 29 SS, Honshu, Aichi Prefecture, Nagoya, Nagakute-cho Park, 23-30 May 1999, leg. V. Fursov.

Distribution

Western Europe, Armenia, Georgia, Japan and Russia (Karelia, Saint Petersburg, Pskov, Yaroslavl,

Moscow, Ryasan, Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Kursk, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Krasnodar, Adygea, North Caucasus,

Orenburg, Omsk, Tomsk, Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Buryatia, Yakutia, Amur).

Chrysotus nudisetus Negrobov & Maslova, 1995

Chrysotus sp. 3t - Tago 2010: 44.

Material examined

JAPAN: 1 S, Saitama Prefecture, Misato City, Edogawa river bank, 9 Aug. 2008, leg. T. Tago; 1 S,

Chiba Prefecture, Nagareyama City, Ichinoya, 30 Sep. 2008, leg. T. Tago; 1 Saitama Prefecture,

Hidalca City, Yokote, 12 Jul. 2009, leg. T. Tago; 1 S, Saitama Prefecture, Ootaki, Chichibu City,

Mameyakibashi, 7 Aug. 2010, leg. T. Tago.

Distribution

Japan and Russia: Sakhalin, Primorye, Khabarovsk, Magadan, Chukotka. The species was described

from Japan and the Far East of Russia by Negrobov & Maslova (1995).

Chrysotus parilis Parent, 1926

Material examined

JAPAN: Saitama Prefecture, Misato City, Edogawa river bank, 9 Aug. 2008 (3 SS, 2 $ $), 13 Oct. 2008

(1 S), 15 May 2010 (2 <SS), leg. T. Tago; 1 Honshu, Ibaraki Prefecture, Tsukuba, Yawara, rice fields,

16 Jul. 1997, leg.V. Fursov; 1 S, Honshu Aichi Prefecture, Nagoya, Nagakute-cho Park, 23-30 May

1999, leg. V. Fursov.

Distribution

China, Japan. The species originally described from China is here recorded for the first time from Japan.

Chrysotus masunagai Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago, sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CA904F5D-F488-4B95-B043-0D598C014071

Figs 1, 5A

Chrysotus sp. 2t - Tago 2010: 43.

Diagnosis

Face narrow; postpedicel small; lower postocular setae white; fore coxa with black hairs; femora mostly

yellow; mid tibia with 2 anterodorsal and 2 posterodorsal setae; hind femur and with long setae, hind

tibia with short hairs; phallus with two lateral processes on tip.

Etymology

The species is named after the famous dipterologist Dr. Kazuhiro Masunaga from Japan.

NEGROBOV O.R et al., Species of Chrysotus (Dolichopodidae) from Japan

Material examined

Holotype

JAPAN: 1 3, Ibaraki Prefecture, Tsukuba, Yawara, 16 Jun. 1997, leg. V. Fursov (ZIN, Russia).

Paratypes

JAPAN: 1 3, labeled, Saitama Prefecture, Misato City, Edogawa river bank, 13 Oct. 2008, leg. T. Tago;

4 S3, same data, 28 Apr. 2012, leg. T. Tago; 1 3, same data, 15 May 2010, leg. T. Tago (OMNH, 2

paratypes VSU).

Description

Male

Measurements. Body length: 1.3-1.4 mm, wing length: 1.4-1.5 mm

Head. Frons green with purple tinge, without pollen. Face narrow, its width narrower than the width

between ocellar bristles in lower part. Frons green at the top, with pollinosity at the bottom. Antenna

black, postpedicel small, triangular, length 1.3 times greater than height. Arista subapical, with short

hairs. Fength of arista more than two times longer than length of postpedicel. Proboscis and palpus

brown with black hairs without pollen. Power postocular setae pale.

Fig. 1 . Chrysotus masunagai Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago sp. nov., 3, paratype, coll. 28 Apr. 2012.

A. Hypopygium, lateral view. B. Apex of surstylus, lateral view. C. Antenna. D. Apex of phallus, lateral

view. E. Cerci, lateral view.

European Journal of Taxonomy 197 : 1-15 ( 2016 )

Thorax. Metallic green, scutum with bronze tinge and without pollen. Pleura with pollen, propleuron

with 1-2 setae. 5 pairs of strong dorsocentral setae. Acrostichal setae long, irregular 6-7 pairs, arranged

in two rows. Scutellum with 2 long and 2 short lateral setae.

Leg. Fore coxa yellowish brown, mid and hind coxa dark; femora mostly yellow, except dorsal surfaces

of fore femur, middle part of the mid femur and apical third part of the hind femur dark; fore and mid

tibiae yellow, hind tibia dark; tarsi yellow except hind tarsus and apical parts of fore and mid tarsus dark.

All coxae with dark hairs and setae. Fore femur with long white anteroventral hairs, length approximately

equal to the width of femur. Fore tibia with 1 anterodorsal seta and short posteroventral hairs. Ratio of

fore tibia and tarsus (from 1 to 5) 2.6: 1.5: 0.6: 0.5: 0.3: 0.4. Mid femur with a short preapical seta. Mid

tibia with 2 anterodorsal and 2 short posterodorsal setae. Ratio of mid tibia and tarsus (from 1 to 5) 3.4:

1.6: 0.8: 0.6: 0.4: 0.3. Hind femur with several long preapical setae and short anteroventral hairs on

entire length femur. Hind tibia with 3-4 short anterodorsal setae and short erect anteroventral hairs, its

length approximately equal to the diameter of tibia. First segment of hind tarsus with short erect hairs.

Ratio of hind tibia and tarsus (from 1 to 5) 3.7: 1.2: 1.0: 0.6: 0.4: 0.3.

Wing. Hyaline with dark veins; R 4+5 and M 1+0 parallel at apex. Length of costal section between R 4+5 and

M 1+0 more than 2 times longer than that between R 0+3 and R 4+5 ; m-cu distinctly shorter than apical part

of CuA ] . Halter and cilia on lower calypter yellow.

Abdomen. Metallic green, grey pollinose laterally, covered with black hairs. Epandrium oval in the

basal part of the oval; apical part of surstylus bent. Apex of phallus with two short lateral processes, left

process is rounded. Cercus with brown hairs, top of the left side with long processes.

Female

Unknown.

Addition to the key

In the key to the Palearctic species of Chrysotus (Negrobov et al. 2000), the new species Chrysotus

masunagai sp. nov. runs to Chrysotus verralli Parent, 1923 and can be distinguished from the latter by

following characters:

45. Femora almost yellow; dorsal side of fore femur, middle part of the mid femur and apical part

of the hind femur dark. Hind trochanter yellow .

. Ch. masunagai Negrobov, Kumazawa, Tago sp. nov.

- Femora dark. Hind trochanter black. England. Ch. verralli Parent, 1923

Chrysotus saigusai Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago sp. nov.

urn: lsid: zoobank, org: act: D4B29EE A-1EF 5 -4210-A3 83-94EFE3ED3 5E A

Figs 2, 5B

Chrysotus sp. It - Tago 2010: 43.

Diagnosis

Face narrow, width in lower part less than distance between ocellar bristles; antenna black; postpedicel

transverse-oval, with a triangular tip; lower postocular setae white; fore coxa with black hairs; femora

mainly green-brown; mid tibia with 2 anterodorsal and 2 posterodorsal setae; hind femur with long

setae, hind tibia with short hairs; phallus with two lateral processes on tip.

NEGROBOV O.R et al., Species of Chrysotus (Dolichopodidae) from Japan

Etymology

The species is named after the famous dipterologist Dr. Toyohei Saigusa from Japan.

Material examined

Holotype

JAPAN: 3, Honshu, Aichi Prefecture, Kasugai, Univ. Experim. Farm, on grass near ponds, 19 Jun.

2004, leg. V. Fursov (ZIN).

Paratypes

JAPAN: 4 33, same data as holotype, leg. V. Fursov; 5 33, Honshu, Nagoya, Higashiyama Park,

oak forest, 2 May 1999, leg. V. Fursov; 14 33, Honshu, Nagoya, Higashiyama Park, oak forest,

11 Aug. 1999, leg. V. Fursov; 1 3, Ibaraki Prefecture, Tsukuba, Sakuragaoka, swept grass near forest,

26 Apr. 1997, leg. V. Fursov; 2 33, Ibaraki Prefecture, Tsukuba, Sakuragaoka, 3 May 1997, leg.

V. Fursov; 2 33, Ibaraki Prefecture, Tsukuba, Sakuragaoka, 5 May 1997, leg. V. Fursov; 2 33, Ibaraki

Prefecture, Tsukuba, Yaware, near rice fields, 17 Jun. 1997, leg. V. Fursov; 4 33, Ibaraki Prefecture,

Tsukuba, Yaware, 25 Jun. 1997, leg. V. Fursov; 2 33, Ibaraki Prefecture, Tsukuba, Hanare, near rice

fields, 14 Jun. 1997, leg. V. Fursov; 2 33, Honshu, Nagoya, Midori-ku, Odalca Green Park, 5 May

1999, leg. V. Fursov; 1 3, Honshu, Nagoya, Nissin-shi, 5 Apr. 1999, leg. V. Fursov (IZU, VSU, ZIN);

Fig. 2. Chrysotus saigusai Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago sp. nov., 3, paratype, coll. 8 Jul. 2012.

A. Hypopygium, lateral view. B. Hypopygium, ventral view. C. Antenna. D. Apex of phallus, lateral

view. E. Cerci, ventral view.

European Journal of Taxonomy 197 : 1-15 ( 2016 )

1 Tochigi Prefecture, Kanuma City, Shimokasuo, 8 Jul. 2012, leg. T. Tago; 1 3, Saitama Prefecture,

Saitama City, Akigase Park, Sakura wood, 1 Oct. 2011, leg. T. Tago (OMNH, Japan); 1 S, Kuril Islands,

island Kunashir, Alekhine, 8-12 Aug. 1984, leg. Kirejtshulc (ZIN).

Description

Male

Measurements. Body length: 1.2-1.3 mm, wing length: 1.2—1.3 in in

Head. Frons green with purple tinge, without pollen. Face narrow, its width narrower than the width

between ocellar bristles in lower part. Frons green at the top, with pollinosity on the bottom. Antenna

black, postpedicel small, a right-angled triangular, its length about equal to its height. Arista subapical,

with short hairs. Length of arista approximately five times longer than length of postpedicel. Proboscis

and palpus brown with black hairs without pollen. Lower postocular setae pale.

Thorax. Metallic green, scutum with bronze tinge and without pollen. Pleura with pollen, propleuron

with 1-2 setae. 5 pairs of strong dorsocentral setae. Acrostichal setae long, irregular 6-7 pairs, arranged

in two rows. Scutellum with 2 long and 2 short lateral setae.

Leg. All coxae dark; femora mostly dark, except apical part of fore femur, apical and basal part of

mid femur and basal part of hind femur yellow; trochanters yellow or yellowish-brown; fore and mid

tibiae yellow, hind tibia yellowish-brown; most part of mid and hind tarsi yellow, basal parts hind

tarsus yellowish-brown. Coxae with dark hairs and setae. Fore femur with 3 long preapical setae. Fore

tibia with 1 anterodorsal seta and short posteroventral hairs. Fore tarsus with short hairs. Ratio of fore

tibia and tarsus (from 1 to 5) 2.8: 1.7: 0.7: 0.5: 0.4: 0.5. Mid femora with 3 short preapical setae and

short anteroventral hairs. Mid tibia with 2 anterodorsal and 2 short posterodorsal setae. Ratio of mid

tibia and tarsus (from 1 to 5) 3.8: 2.1: 1.0: 0.7: 0.5: 0.4. Hind femora with 4 long preapical setae and

short anteroventral hairs on entire length of femur. Hind tibia with 4 short anterodorsal, 3 posterdorsal

setae and short erect anteroventral hairs, their length approximately equal to the diameter of tibia. First

segment of hind tarsus with short erect hairs. Ratio of hind tibia and tarsus (from 1 to 5) 4.4: 1.5: 1.2:

0.7: 0.5: 0.4.

Wing. Hyaline with dark veins; R 4+5 and M 1+0 slightly divergent at apex. Length of costal section between

R 4+5 and M 1+0 about twice longer than that between R 0+3 and R 4+5 ; m-cu distinctly shorter than apical part

of CuA r Halter and cilia on lower calypter yellow.

Abdomen. Metallic green, pollinose laterally, covered with black hairs. Epandrium oval in the basal part

with the small projection; apical tip of surstylus bent. Phallus with two lateral processes at apex. Cercus

oval with black hairs.

Female

Unknown.

Addition to the key

In the key to the Palearctic species of Chrysotus (Negrobov et al. 2000), the new species Chrysotus

saigusai Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago sp. nov. runs to Chrysotus defensus Negrobov & Maslova, 2000

and can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters:

58. Basal part of hind femur and hind trochanter black. The phallus before the apex with two long

dorsal processes. Caucasus. Ch. defensus Negrobov & Maslova, 2000

- Basal part of hind femur and hind trochanter yellow. The phallus before the apex with short lateral

processes. Ch. saigusai Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago sp. nov.

NEGROBOV O.R et al.. Species of Chrysotus (Dolichopodidae) from Japan

Key to the males of Japanese Chrysotus

1. Femora mostly dark-green or brown.2

- Femora mostly yellow.5

2. Postocular setae black (Fig. 3A-C) . Ch. nudisetus Negrobov & Maslova, 1995

- Postocular setae pale .3

Fig. 3. A-C. Chrysotus nudisetus Negrobov & Maslova, 1995, S, paratype, Russia (Sakhalin).

A. Hypopygium, lateral view. B. Surstylus, ventral view. C. Apex of phallus, lateral view. —

D-E. Chrysotus laesus (Wiedemann, 1817), Russia (European part). D. Hypopygium, lateral view.

E. Phallus, lateral view. — F-G. Chrysotus kumazawai Negrobov, Maslova & Fursov, 2015, S, paratype,

coll. 20 Jul. 1997 by V. Fursov. F. Hypopygium, lateral view. G. Apex of phallus, lateral view.

European Journal of Taxonomy 197 : 1-15 ( 2016 )

3. Face wide, more than 2 times wider than the length between ocellar bristles. Thorax and abdomen

with purple tingle. Postpedicel large, approximately 2 times wider than long (Fig. 3D-E).

. Ch. laesus (Wiedemann, 1817)

- Face narrow, narrower than the length between ocellar bristles. Thorax and abdomen green.

Postpedicel small, approximately as long as wide.4

4. Postpedicel triangular apically. Surstylus approximately 1.5 times longer than cercus.

Apicoventral epandrial lobe well developed, broad oval, without excavation .

. Ch. saigusai Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago sp. nov.

- Postpedicel oval apically. Surstylus approximately equal to cercus. Apicoventral epandrial lobe not

developed, with excavation at apex (Fig. 3F-G).

. Ch. kumazawai Negrobov, Maslova & Fursov, 2015

5. Fore coxae with black hairs.6

- Fore coxae with white hairs.7

Fig. 4. A-B. Chrysotus tagoi Negrobov, Maslova & Fursov, 2015, paratype, Japan (Honshu, Ibaraki

Pref., Tsulcuba), coll. 16. Jul. 1997 by V. Fursov. A. Hypopygium, lateral view. B. Apex of phallus, lateral

view. — C-D. Chrysotusparilis Parent, 1926, Russia (Primorje). C. Hypopygium, lateral view. D. Apex

of phallus, lateral view. — E-F. Chrysotus cilipes Meigen, 1824, Russia (Primorje). E. Hypopygium,

lateral view. F. Apex of phallus, lateral view.

NEGROBOV O.R et al.. Species of Chrysotus (Dolichopodidae) from Japan

6. Postpedicel longer than wide. Dorsal part of fore femora, middle femora in the middle part

and apical third of hind femora dark. Phallus with oval process at apex on the left side .

. Ch. masunagai Negrobov, Kumazawa, Tago sp. nov.

- Postpedicel small, approximately as long as wide. Hind femora with dark spot at apex, the rest of

femora yellow. Phallus with claw-shaped process at apex on the left side (Fig. 4A-B) .

. Ch. tagoi Negrobov, Maslova & Fursov, 2015

7. Hind tibia without long erect hairs. Hind tibia at apex without group of ventral hairs. Postpedicel

large, triangular at apex (Fig. 4C-D). Ch. parilis Parent, 1926

- Hind tibiae and hind tarsi with long erect hairs, longer than tibia width. Hind tibia at apex with

group of ventral hairs. Postpedicel small, oval apically (Fig. 4E-F). Ch. cilipes Meigen, 1824

Cladistic analyses

According to Capellari (2013), the absence of a small projection in the basal part of the epandrium

represents the plesiomorphic character state. The combination of this character state with such character

states as pale palpus, dark fore coxae, yellow hind tibia with short erect anteroventral hairs and short

erect hairs on the first segment of hind tarsus separate the group of Ch. saigusai and Ch. tagoi from all

other Japanese Chrysotus (Fig. 6). The species Ch. saigusai can be separated from Ch. tagoi by having

anteroventral hairs on the entire length of find femora and mostly dark fore femora.

The presence of the epandrial projection is the typical character states of the species Ch. cilipes ,

Ch. parilis and Ch. masunagai sp. nov., they are, however, included in the group with Ch. saigusai

A B

Fig. 5. Male habitus, lateral view. A. Chrysotus masunagai Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago sp. nov.,

paratype, coll. 15 May 2010. B. Chrysotus saigusai Negrobov, Kumazawa & Tago sp. nov., S, paratype,

coll. 8 Jul. 2012.

European Journal of Taxonomy 197 : 1-15 ( 2016 )

sp. nov. and Ch. tagoi on the basis of the characters of face width, position of arista, cooler of postocular

bristles, fore coxa, hind trochanter and morphology of CuAj. Concerning the distinctive characters of the

group including Ch. cilipes , Ch. parilis and Ch. masunagai sp. nov., in addition to the above mentioned,

the following character states can be ascribed: yellow middle femora and dark basal part of hind femur.

The morphological similarity between Ch. cilipes and Ch. parilis is sufficiently significant, while the

relationship with Ch. masunagai sp. nov. is unstable.

The species Ch. laesus , Ch. nudisetus and Ch. kumazawai compose the group with the least stable

internal connections. Their association is based on the similarity of color of fore, middle and hind

femora and the absence of the anteroventral hairs on entire length of hind femur.

Discussion

The genus Chrysotus is paraphyletic or possibly polyphyletic within the subfamily Diaphorinae

(Capellari & Amorim 2012). Bickel (2010) considers species of Chrysotus as various small-size

Diaphorinae species, mostly with inadequate description. Knowledge on the phylogenetic relationships

of the genus is poor. Therefore, it is important to investigate phylogenetic relationships of Chrysotus

species using both morphological and biogeographical data.

Similarity

0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2

_i_i_i_i_i_i_i_i_i_

- Ch. cilipes

- Ch. parilis

- Ch. masunaga

- Ch.saigusai

- Ch. tagoi

- Ch. iaesus

- Ch. nudisetus

- Ch. kumazawai

Fig. 6. Consensus cladistic tree of 6 equally parsimonious trees obtained from 20 morphological

characters for the Chrysotus Meigen, 1824 species from Japan.

NEGROBOV O.R et al. , Species of Chrysotus (Dolichopodidae) from Japan

Eight species of the genus Chrysotus have been reported from the studied country and four of them are

endemic, while the others have trans-Palearctic ( Ch. cilipes , Ch. laesus, Ch. parilis) and East-Palearctic

(Ch. nudisetus) distributions.

The present cladistic analysis was made in two ways. When we consider the characteristics used in the

Palearctic keys of the genus, we were considering the possible relationship between the endemic and

trans-Palearctic species, thus inserting the endemic species in the general scheme.

The morphology of the genus Chrysotus is relatively variable, and the most important diagnostic

characters are the morphology of the apical part of the phallus, the color of the legs and the form of the

postpedicel. It should be noted that the use of the full list of characteristics does not allow for allocating

the endemic species in a separate cluster on any of the cladistic trees.

The cladistic analysis was carried out on the basis of a different combination of characters. It allowed

for the identification of groups of characters that separate the Japanese endemic species from the trans-

Palearctic species. This group of characters includes color of coxae and trochanter, ratio of apical

part of CuAj and dm-cu, the presence of erect hairs at hind tibia and the first segment of hind tarsus

and morphology of hypopygium. Most of the cladistic trees that were based on this combination of

characters demonstrated the allocation of two clusters comprising pairwise Ch. masunagai sp. nov. -

Ch. kumazawai and Ch. saigusai sp. nov. - Ch. tagoi. However, other stable regularities should also be

noted, which is shown in a number of cladistic trees. The clusters of endemic species often have been

associated with Palearctic species. So Ch. masunagai sp. nov. - Ch. kumazawai have been associated

with Ch. parilis and Ch. saigusai sp. nov- Ch. tagoi have been associated with Ch. cilipes. None of the

combinations of characters showed a clear allocation of these endemic species.

Most of the characteristics, including head morphology and color of legs, which are used for the diagnosis

of the Palearctic species, cannot be used for the Japanese species. Thus, further study of the phylogenic

relationships of Chrysotus species should be carried out, using a wider range of species, including both

trans-Palearctic and endemic species.

Acknowledgements

We express our gratitude to Dr. L. Wei for information about the species of the genus Chrysotus in

China, to the assistant of Voronezh University M. Chursina for the parsimony analysis of the species and

head of the Laboratory Olga Selivanova for creating the figures. We express our gratitude to Dr. Martin

Drake for making available the species of Chrysotus from England. The work was supported by the

Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant No. 14-04-00264-a.

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Manuscript received: 4 December 2015

Manuscript accepted: 5 February 2016