European Journal of Taxonomy 228: 1-23

http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.228

ISSN 2118-9773

www. europeanj ournaloftaxonomy. eu

2016 • Kanesharatnam N. & Benjamin S.P.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Research article

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BB 19E059-B45A-4665-A5A7-F4FBA53F2FB1

Three new generic records and descriptions of four new species

of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) from Sri Lanka

Nilani KANESHARATNAM 1 & Suresh P. BENJAMIN 2 -*

1 ^National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana road, Kandy, Sri Fanlca.

'Email: [email protected]

* Corresponding author: suresh.beni amin@gmail. com

1 um:lsid:zoobank.org:author:2C782F97-2700-4B4F-94EC-B21FlD890DB6

2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:986CED51-9425-4CB6-84A4-A9464BB9207E

Abstract. The salticid genera Bristowia Reimoser, 1934, Habrocestum Simon, 1876 and Macaroeris

Wunderlich 1992 are reported from Sri Tanka for the first time. One new species of Bristowia , B. gandhii

sp. nov. (c?¥), and three new species of Habrocestum, H. hantaneensis sp. nov. (c?¥), H. kodigalaensis

sp. nov. (c?¥) and H. ohiyaensis sp. nov. (c?), are described and diagnosed. The male of Macaroeris

nidicolens Walckenaer, 1802 is redescribed and illustrated, based on new material from Sri Tanka.

Keywords. Taxonomy, Sri Tanka, biodiversity, ground dwellers, diagnostic characters.

Kanesharatnam N. & Benjamin S.P. 2016. Three new generic records and descriptions of four new species of

jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) from Sri Lanka. European Journal of Taxonomy 228: 1-23. http://dx.doi.

org/10.5852/eit.2016.228

Introduction

Jumping spiders are small, diurnal predators. They capture prey by actively searching and stalking

(Foelix 2011). They are highly diverse in morphology, behavior and predatory ecology (Foelix 2011;

Jackson 1996; Jackson et al. 2001), which makes them attractive model organisms for the study of

evolutionary phenomena. The jumping spider family (Salticidae) contains more than 595 genera and

about 5838 described species placed in 7 subfamilies (Maddison 2015), making it the largest family with

about 13% of all spider diversity (World Spider Catalog 2015). Currently, 64 species placed in 48 genera

are known from Sri Lanka (World Spider Catalog 2015). However, recent fieldwork and taxonomic

work conducted by us suggests that this is only a fraction of the true diversity of the family on the island

(Benjamin 2004, 2006, 2010, 2015). Here we report results of our endeavor to survey and describe this

diversity, recording three new genera for the island as well as describing four new species.

The genus Bristowia Reimoser, 1934 currently comprises two species and Macaroeris Wunderlich, 1992

consists of 8 species with a widespread distribution. Ground-dwelling spiders of the genus Habrocestum

Simon, 1876 are widely distributed and the genus currently contains 46 species.

European Journal of Taxonomy 228 : 1-23 ( 2016 )

The aim of our present study is to report on these three new generic records (Bristow ia, Habrocestum,

Macaroeris ) and describe four new species (B. gandhii sp. nov., H. hantaneensis sp. no \.,H. kodigalaensis

sp. nov. and H. ohiyaensis sp. nov). This paper is part of an ongoing island-wide study to collect and

record Sri Tanka’s invertebrate biodiversity.

Material and Methods

Sampling was carried out in all major climatic-physiographic zones of Sri Tanka from February 2010

to October 2015. Spiders were collected by leaf litter sifting, general hand collecting, sweeping and

beating of bushes and trees. Spiders were preserved in either 70% or 100% ethanol and examined under

an Olympus SZX7 or a Teica M205C stereo microscope and identified morphologically to species level

using available literature such as Proszynski (2003), Proszynski & Deeleman-Reinhold (2012), Zablca

(1985) and several databases (Proszynski 2006, 2015; Metzner 2015). Male palps were kept in methyl

salicyclate for 4-5 hours prior to drawing. After clearing, palps were temporarily mounted on cavity

slides in the same fluid for examination and illustration. Female genitalia were excised by making holes

around it using entomological pins and then the epigynal area was gently separated from the abdomen

with a fine forceps (#5). Abdominal tissue was digested with Sigma Pancreatin TP 1750 enzyme complex,

in a solution of sodium borate, prepared following the method described in Dingerkus & Uhler (1977).

The specimen was then transferred to methyl salicylate and temporarily mounted for examination

and illustration (Benjamin 2011). Drawings of male palps and internal structures of epigynes were

made with the aid of a drawing tube attached to an Olympus BX51 microscope. Highly sclerotized or

darker areas of palps and epigynum were shaded with a HB pencil. A Nikon D80 camera was used to

take photographs of live spiders. Photographs of palps, epigynes and intact spiders were taken with

a Teica MCI70 HD camera mounted on a Leica M205C stereo microscope using Teica Application

Suite, FAS version 4.6.2 software (Leica Microsystems Limited, Switzerland). Before photographing,

palps and epigynes were embedded in Balea hygiene-hand gel (DM, Germany) to avoid shaking. For

a single photo, between 30 and 40 images were taken in a Z-stack and merged to one image with the

Helicon Focus stacking software (version 6, Helicon soft Ltd). Images were further edited with Adobe

Photoshop CC and arranged in plates with Adobe Illustrator CS6. All measurements were taken with

an Olympus SZX7 binocular stereo microscope with a graticule calibrated with a stage micrometer

(1 mm /100 divisions). After examination, the genitalia were transferred to micro-vials and kept in the

same collection vial as the original specimen. Taxonomic histories follow the World Spider Catalog

(2015). ArcGIS, version 9.3 software (Esri, USA) was used to create the GIS map for sampled localities

of Sri Lanka (Fig. 1). All measurements are in millimeters. All specimens unless otherwise stated are

deposited in the National Museum of Sri Lanka.

Abbreviations

AGH

ALE

AME

CYD

= accessory gland

= accessory gland head

= abdominal length

= anterior lateral eyes

= anterior median eyes

= abdominal width

= body length

= copulatory duct

= Carapace length

= copulatory opening

= cymbium

= cymbial depression

= embolus

KANESHARATNAM N. & BENJAMIN S.P., New jumping spiders from Sri Lanka

embolic base

fertilization duct

femur

Location

median indentation

metatarsus

membranous window

PLT

proximal lobe of tegulum

PLE

posterior lateral eyes

PME

posterior median eyes

patella

prosoma width

RTA

retrolateral tibial apophysis

spennatheca

sperm duct

tegulum

tarsus

tibia

tegular ledge

trochanter

vaginal roof

Results

Class Arachnida Cuvier, 1812

Order Araneae Clerclc, 1757

Family Salticidae Blackwall, 1841

Bristowia Reimoser, 1934

Bristowia Reimoser, 1934: 17, figs 1-3. Type species: B. heterospinosa Reimoser, 1934.

Diagnosis

Spiders of this genus are easily distinguishable by the elongated coxa, trochanter and patella of the

first legs, the peculiar spination of the metatarsus (2 pairs of ventral spines) and tibia I (4 prolateral

and 3 retrolateral spines), and the patella and tibia with a ventral fringe of black hairs (Ono et al. 2009;

Proszynski 1984; Reimoser 1934; Seo 1986; Sziits 2004). They have a longer prosoma with a thoracic

fovea, and pluridentate chelicerae. The structure of the copulatory organs is relatively simple. The male

palp has a single procurved retrolateral tibial apophysis, a thin embolus, and a pear-shaped tegulum.

The epigynum has large, globular, spermathecae with broad insemination ducts, and a circular hollow

copulatory opening (Dobroruka 2004; Ikeda 1995).

Distribution

China, Congo, India, Japan, Korea, Krakatau and Sri Lanka (new record).

European Journal of Taxonomy 228 : 1-23 ( 2016 )

Bristowia gandhii sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:46066597-9E86-483A-BB19-6D08EE6DF7C9

Figs 1, 2A-B, 3-4

B. heterospinosa - Dobroruka, 2004: 14-17, figs 8-11, $ from India, Goa Province, S of Margao, Palolem

env., leg. P Sipek (specimens in the private collection of author), not examined. Misidentification.

non if heterospinosa Reimoser, 1934: 17, figs 1-3.

Fig. 1 . Known distribution of Bristowia gandhii sp. nov. (L65, L38, LI7, L62, L63), Habrocestum

hantaneensis sp. nov. (L43, L27, L10, L64, L41), H. kodigalaensis sp. nov. (L40, L9), H. ohiyaensis

sp. nov. (L30) and Macaroeris nidicolens (Walckenaer, 1802) (LI7) in Sri Lanka. See text for details.

KANESHARATNAM N. & BENJAMIN S.P., New jumping spiders from Sri Lanka

Diagnosis

This species can easily be distinguished from B. afra Sziits, 2004 by the high carapace with steeper

thoracic slope, a thicker and longer embolus, copulatory openings anterior to the spermathecae, a

large distance between copulatory ducts and the presence of a posterior epigynal plate with a median

depression, and from B. heterospinosa by broader copulatory ducts, a comparatively shallow median

indentation of posterior epigynal plate and a thicker embolus.

Fig. 2. Live specimens of Bristowia Reimoser, 1934 and Habrocestum Simon, 1876. A-B. B. gandhii

sp. nov., $ from IFS Arboretum, Dambulla (IFSSAL 543). C-D. H. kodigalaensis sp. nov., S from

Ritigala SNR, Kodigala, Sri Lanka (IFS SAL 516).

European Journal of Taxonomy 228 : 1-23 ( 2016 )

Fig. 3. Bristowia gandhii sp. nov. A, C-D. <f (IFSSAL 228). B, E. § (IFS_SAL 297). A-B. Habitus,

dorsal view. C. Palp, ventral view. D. Palp, retrolateral view. E. Epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations:

CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; E = embolus; MI = median indentation; RTA =

retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermathecae; SD = sperm duct; T = tegulum. Scale bars: A = 1 mm;

B= 0.5 mm; C-E = 0.2 mm

KANESHARATNAM N. & BENJAMIN S.P., New jumping spiders from Sri Lanka

Fig. 4. Bristowia gandhii sp. nov. A-B. 3 (IFS_SAL 228). C-D. $ (IFS_SAL 297). A. Palp, ventral

view. B. Palp, retrolateral view. C. Epigynum, ventral view. D. Vulva, ventral view. Abbreviations:

CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; E = embolus; FD = fertilization duct; MI = median

indentation; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermathecae; SD = sperm duct; T = tegulum. Scale

bars: A-B = 0.2 mm ; C-D = 0.1 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 228: 1-23 (2016)

Etymology

The species is named for Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948). He was the pre-eminent leader of

the Indian Independence Movement in British-ruled India, eventually paving the way for independence

of Sri Lanka as well.

Material examined

Holotype

SRI LANKA: S, Central Province, Kandy District, Balagola, home garden (L63), 07°17'20.08" N,

80°42'48.85" E, 476 m, 10 Nov. 2013, leg. S.P. Benjamin (IFSSAF 228).

Paratype

SRI LANKA: 1 $, Central Province, Matale District, IFS Arboretum (F17), 07°51 '36.70" N, 80°40'29" E,

185 m, litter, 2 Nov. 2013, leg. S.P. Benjamin et al. (IFSSAF 297).

Other material

SRI FANKA: 1 $, Central Province, Matale District, IFS Arboretum (F17), 07°51 '36.70" N, 80°40'29" E,

185 m, litter, 19 Oct. 2015, leg. K. Kanesharatnam (IFS SAF 543); 1 §, North Central Province,

Anuradhapura District, Wilpattu National Park (F38), 08°24'37.98" N, 80°03'03.99" E, hand collection,

6 Apr. 2011, leg. S. Batuwita (IFS SAF 157); 1 S, Sabaragamuwa Province, Udawalawe National

Park (L65), 06°28'25.41" N, 80°53'54.35" E, 109 m, litter, 30 Dec. 2011, leg. N. Athukorala (IFS_

SAF 154); 3 Uva Province, Badulla District, environs of Kalupahana village (F62), 06°44'58" N,

80°50T9.8" E, 820 m, beating, 2 Jan. 2012, leg. S.P. Benjamin (IFS SAF 357-359).

Description

Male

Measurements. BE 2.58, CF 1.42, PWatPFEs 0.74, AF 1.12, AW 0.53. Eye field: Diameter of AME 0.24,

PEE 0.19, AFE 0.16, PME 0.03, PME-PME 0.65, PFE-PFE 0.70, AFE-PME 0.30, AFE-PFE 0.68.

Feg I: Tr 0.35, Fm 0.93, Pt 0.44, Tb 0.70, Mt 0.40, Ta 0.22; Feg II: Tr 0.10, Fm 0.44, Pt 0.22, Tb 0.35,

Mt 0.26, Ta 0.22; Feg III: Tr 0.10, Fm 0.44, Pt 0.22, Tb 0.31, Mt 0.26, Ta 0.22; Feg IV: Tr 0.13, Fm 0.57,

Pt 0.22, Tb 0.44, Mt 0.39, Ta 0.22.

Color and Body. Reddish brown carapace with punctured reticulate microsculpture (Fig. 3A). Chelicerae

dark brown with two promarginal and four retromarginal teeth. Fabium reddish brown with yellowish

brown margin. Elevated ocular area blackish brown, median ocular quadrangle much broader than long

and little wider behind than in front. Eye ratio AME > PEE > AFE > PME. Sternum oval-shaped,

brownish yellow with sparse brown hairs, edges reddish brown. Prosoma longer than wide with thoracic

fovea. Posterior margin of prosoma steep and slightly truncated (Fig. 3 A). There are black stripes made

up of minute tubercles behind PFEs.

Abdomen. Elongated oval-shaped and narrower than prosoma. Dorsum yellowish brown with several

transverse black markings and black edges (Fig. 3A). Venter pale yellow, blackish brown near the

yellowish black spinnerets.

Fegs. First pair of legs more strongly modified in males than females, with elongated coxa, trochanter

and patella. Patella and tibia with fringe of thick, long, black bristles (Fig. 3A). Feg I dark brown except

for pale yellow tarsus, other legs yellowish brown. Tibia I with 4 prolateral and 3 retrolateral spines,

metatarsus I with 2 pairs of fine, long spines. Fegs III and IV spineless.

KANESHARATNAM N. & BENJAMIN S.P., New jumping spiders from Sri Lanka

Palp. Relatively simple. Cymbium and palpal tibia pale yellow, but coxa, femur and patella dark brown.

Pyriform tegulum (Figs 3C-D, 4A-B). Thin and short embolus, tip of embolus slightly bent (Figs 3C,

4A), tibial apophyses hook-shaped and strongly bent towards venter.

Female

Measurements. BL3.20, CL 1.78, PWatPLEs 0.77, AL 1.40, AW 0.93. Eye field: Diameter of AME 0.24,

PLE 0.14, ALE 0.11, PME 0.03, PME-PME 0.65, PLE-PLE 0.73, ALE-PME 0.30, ALE-PLE 0.46.

Leg I: Tr 0.25, Fm 0.73, Pt 0.25, Tb 0.53, Mt 0.31, Ta 0.22; Leg II: Tr 0.12, Fm 0.46, Pt 0.15, Tb 0.31,

Mt 0.25, Ta 0.22; Leg III: Tr 0.12, Fm 0.37, Pt 0.15, Tb 0.18, Mt 0.25, Ta 0.15; Leg IV: Tr 0.12, Fm 0.43,

Pt 0.19, Tb 0.50, Mt 0.34, Ta 0.21.

Color and body. Similar to male except abdomen with four light brown, longitudinal stripes converging

near spinnerets; less strongly modified first pair of legs (Figs 2A-B, 3B); leg spination resembles males

except in tibia II which has a prolateral and a ventral spine.

Epigynum. Circular hollow copulatory openings above the level of spermathecae (Fig. 4C-D). Long and

broad copulatory ducts bent over 180°. Somewhat rounded accessory gland-lilce structures in front of

spermathecae (Fig. 4C-D). Large and globe-like spermathecae. Posterior margin of epigynal plate with

a median indentation (Figs 3E, 4C-D). Fertilization ducts lanceolate, originating from anterior wall of

receptacles.

Distribution

India, Sri Lanka.

Genus Habrocestum Simon, 1876

Habrocestum Simon, 1876: 132, pi. 11, fig. 8f. Type species Habrocestumpullatum Simon, 1876.

Diagnosis

Small spiders. Prosoma longer than abdomen and broader behind PLEs. Anterior portion flat, extending

over 75-87% of prosomal length, posterior much steeper and slightly truncated (Proszynski 2003).

Short eye field. Third eye row located on the edges of prosoma. Chelicerae with two teeth on promargin

and single bicuspid tooth on retromargin. Abdomen rounded or oval in shape, narrower than prosoma,

with a pair of large white spots and chevrons posteriorly (Proszynski 2003), fused medially in most

species, dorsal view of cymbium with large, round spot of white scales (Fig. 2C). Third and fourth

legs longer (tibia plus patella III > tibia plus patella IV), femora III longer than others (Richman 1981).

Palp with single tibial apophysis which is hook shaped in most species. Bulbus elongated. Shape of

embolus species specific, variable in length and originating under the tegulum. Conductor present or

absent (Wunderlich 2008). Epigynum with small pocket-like sclerotized vaginal roof and shallow notch

at posterior edge near epigastric furrow. Copulatory openings large, located laterally along the mid¬

length of epigyne. Large, transverse and membranous white “window”, with translucent dark internal

structures, very complicated consisting of large channels running anteriorly and then reversing back,

passing into spermathecae with thick walls connected by soft channels (Proszynski 2003). Some species

with distinct accessory glands. Fertilization ducts narrow, originating from top of receptacles.

Distribution

Algeria, Congo, East Africa, Eastern Mediterranean to Near East, Ethiopia, France, Greece (incl. Crete),

Hong Kong, Israel, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Socotra, Solomon Island, South Africa,

Libya, Pakistan, Spain, Tanzania, Turkey, Western Australia, Yemen, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka (new

record).

European Journal of Taxonomy 228: 1-23 (2016)

Key to the species of Habrocestum in Sri Lanka

1. Cone-shaped, short and thick embolus, long tibial apophyses with minute teeth at tip, wide vaginal

roof with shallow notch, large copulatory openings, curved accessory glands with pin like structures

at the tip. H. hantaneensis sp. nov.

- Comparably long embolus, short hook-shaped tibial apophyses .2

2. Straight, thinner embolus tapers toward tip. H. ohiyaensis sp. nov.

- Thick embolus with hook-like tip and broader at midlength, small vaginal roof with deep notch,

large parentheses like copulatory openings, broader accessory glands. H. kodigalaensis sp. nov.

Habrocestum hantaneensis sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2804E80C-D3AC-4C5B-8620-E7D9EBAF5B6A

Figs 1, 5-6

Diagnosis

This species can be distinguished from its congeners by the cone-shaped and comparatively short

embolus (Figs 5C, 6A), long tibial apophyses with serrated tip, elongated tegulum with a large proximal

lobe (Fig. 6A-B), epigyne with a wide vaginal roof, and characteristic shape of receptacles and accessory

glands (Fig. 6C-D). This species is close to the female of H. laurae Peckham & Peckham, 1903, but

differs in the shape of the spermathecae and presence of accessory glands.

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to the type locality.

Material examined

Holotype

SRI LANKA: Central Province, Kandy District, Hantane (L43), 07°14'57" N, 80°36'50" E, 585 m,

litter, 19 Nov. 2013, leg. M.K. Rathnayake & I. Sandunika (IFSSAL 350).

Paratype

SRI LANKA: 1 §, same data as holotype (IFS SAL 456).

Other material

SRI LANKA: 1 Central Province, Kandy District, Udawattakelle (L27), 07°17'54.71" N,

80°38'37.42" E, 580 m, litter, 21 Aug. 2012, leg. S.P Benjamin (IFS SAL 266); 1 same locality

and collection data, beating, 8 Jun. 2015, leg. U.G.S.L. Ranasinghe & N. Kanesharatnam (IFS SAL

484); 1 J, Gomaraya (L64), Road B205, nr. 26 km post, ca 07°28T7" N, 80°22'30" E, 600 m, hand

collection, 2 Feb. 2010, leg. S. Batuwita, P.M.H. Sandamali et al. (IFS SAL 514); 1 §, North Western

Province, Kurunagala District, Ethagala (LIO), 07°29T1.23" N, 80°22'21.64" E, 190 m, litter, 8 Apr.

2015, leg. S.P. Benjamin et al. (IFS SAL 174); 1 §, Western Province, Kalutara District, Agalawatta-

Kalutara Forest Reserve (L41), 06°26'35" N, 80°14'52" E, 40 m, 29 Jul. 2011, leg. S. Batuwita & P.M.H.

Sandamali et al. (IFS SAL 298).

Description

Male

Measurements. BL 3.60, CL 2.04, PW 1.60, AL 1.04, AW 1.20. Diameter of AME 0.46, PLE 0.19,

ALE 0.34, PME 0.06, PME-PME 1.33, PLE-PLE 1.12, ALE-PME 0.37, ALE-PLE 0.68. Leg I: Tr 0.24,

Fm 1.10, Pt 0.40, Tb 0.80, Mt 0.48, Ta 0.36; Leg II: Tr 0.20, Fm 0.84, Pt 0.20, Tb 0.60, Mt 0.52, Ta 0.36;

Leg III: Tr 0.24, Fml.28, Pt 0.28, Tb 0.80, Mt 0.72, Ta 0.40; Leg IV: Tr 0.24, Fm 1.04, Pt 0.24, Tb 0.72,

Mt 0.68, Ta 0.40.

KANESHARATNAM N. & BENJAMIN S.P., New jumping spiders from Sri Lanka

Fig. 5. Habrocestum hantaneensis sp. nov. A, C-D. <$ (IFSSAL 350). B, E-F. § (IFS_SAL 456).

A.-B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Palp, ventral view. D. Palp, retrolateral view. E. Epigynum, ventral view.

F. Vulva, ventral view. Abbreviations: AG = accessory gland; E = embolus; EB = embolic base; FD =

fertilization duct; MW = membranous window; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral

tibial apophysis; S = spermathecae; SD = sperm duct; VR = vaginal roof. Scale bars: A-B = 1 mm;

C-F = 0.2 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 228: 1-23 (2016)

Fig. 6. Habrocestum hantaneensis sp. nov. A-B. <f (IFS_SAL 350). C-D. $ (IFSSAL 456). A. Palp,

ventral view. B. Palp, retrolateral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations:

AG = accessory gland; AGH = accessory gland’s head; CO = copulatory opening; E = embolus; EB =

embolic base; FD = fertilization duct; MW = membranous window; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum;

RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis; S = spermathecae; SD = sperm duct; T = tegulum; TL = tegular

ledge; VR = vaginal roof. Scale bars: A-B = 0.2 mm; C-D = 0.1 mm

KANESHARATNAM N. & BENJAMIN S.P., New jumping spiders from Sri Lanka

Color and Body. Carapace blackish brown. Chelicerae dark brown with two promarginal teeth and

single bicuspid retromarginal tooth. Labium yellowish brown with black margin. Sternum oval with

black colored spots in middle, edges reddish brown. Vicinity of eyes blackish brown and slightly

elevated. Front eyes covered with long dark brown bristles. First eye row slightly curved upward. Eye

field comparatively longer than in congeners, occupying about half the length of prosoma (Fig. 5A).

Median ocular quadrangle much broader than long. White hairs interspersed on lateral sides of prosoma.

Prosoma high, longer than wide. Narrow fovea in midline of prosoma behind PLEs. Lateral and posterior

sides of prosoma almost vertical and posterior margin slightly truncated. Abdomen: Rounded, smaller

and narrower than prosoma. Dorsum with yellowish brown small dots on anterior portion, comparably

large pair of yellowish brown spots at midpoint, transverse pale yellow stripes extending laterally as

dashed line at posterior half (Fig. 5A). Venter with longitudinal pale yellow dashed-line pattern from

spinnerets to epigastric furrow. Spinnerets dirty yellow.

Legs. All legs yellow with black lateral bands. Tibia I with 3 spines on prolateral and 3 spines on

retrolateral sides.

Palp. Yellowish brown palp with black hairs. Palpal tibia short. Retrolateral tibial apophyses with minute

tooth-like structures at tip (serrated), strongly curved retrolaterally (Figs 5C-D, 6A-B). Long cymbium

narrowing toward tip. Bulbus elongated. Tegulum long with a large and broad proximal lobe extending

posteriorly up to half of the palpal tibia. Embolus cone-shaped with slightly curved blunt tip, originating

from under tegular ledge (Figs 5C, 6A). Part of the spermophor clearly visible at shoulder of tegulum.

Female

Measurements. BL 4.13, CL 2.11, PW 1.58, AL 1.76, AW 1.54. Diameter of AME 0.56, PLE 0.31,

ALE 0.37, PME 0.06, PME-PME 1.61, PLE-PLE 1.40, ALE-PME 0.28, ALE-PLE 0.65. Leg I: Tr 0.22,

Fm 1.05, Pt 0.35, Tb 0.88, Mt 0.53, Ta 0.39; Leg IF Tr 0.13, Fm 0.97, Pt 0.49, Tb 0.84, Mt 0.44, Ta 0.30;

Leg III: Tr 0.18, Fm 0.97, Pt 0.48, Tb 0.84, Mt 0.48, Ta 0.26; Leg IV: Tr 0.26, Fm 1.58, Pt 0.66, Tb 0.70,

Mt 0.92, Ta 0.22.

Color and Body. All characters are as in males except all legs dark brown without the distinguishable

bands found in males, sternum light brown in middle with dark brown edge.

Epigynum. Wide sclerotized poclcet-like vaginal roof with shallow notch at posterior edge near epigastric

furrow. Large copulatory openings like windows situated posterolaterally (Figs 5E-F, 6C-D). Curved

accessory glands with pin-like structures at the tip (Fig. 6D). Copulatory ducts short. Peculiarly shaped,

heavily sclerotized spermathecae with thick walls. Fertilization ducts narrow arising from anterodorsal

side of receptacles (Fig. 6D).

Habrocestum kodigalaensis sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DD31A278-E248-45C4-8871-75DB4F3B9FC9

Figs 1, 7-8

Diagnosis

This species can be distinguished from known congeners by the peculiar shape of embolus (Figs 7D,

8A), short hook-shaped RTA, shape of proximal lobe of tegulum and small and deep vaginal roof, oval

shape accessory glands and triangular shape receptacles (Figs 7F, 8C-D). The epigynum of this species

is similar to those of H. dubium Wesolowska & van Harten, 2002 and H. ignorabile Wesolowska & van

Harten, 2007; it, however, differs by the presence of accessory glands, and the shape of the spermathecae

and seminal ducts.

European Journal of Taxonomy 228: 1-23 (2016)

A R j i/ , _

Fig. 7. Habrocestum kodigalaensis sp. nov. A. Habitus, $ from Ritigala SNR, Kodigala, dorsal view

(IFSSAL 516). B. Habitus, $ from Riverston, Knuckles, dorsal view (IFSSAL 345). C. Habitus, $

from Ritigala SNR, Kodigala, dorsal view (IFS SAL 467). D. Male palp, ventral view. E. Male palp,

retrolateral view. F. Female epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: E = embolus; MW = membranous

window; SD = sperm duct; T = tegulum; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial

apophysis; VR = vaginal roof. Scale bars: A-C = 1 mm; D-F = 0.2 mm.

KANESHARATNAM N. & BENJAMIN S.P., New jumping spiders from Sri Lanka

C D

Fig. 8. Habrocestum kodigalaensis sp. nov. A-B. $ (IFSSAL 516 and IFS_SAL 345). C-D. $ (IFS_

SAL 467). A. Palp, ventral view. B. Palp, retrolateral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Vulva, ventral

view. Abbreviations: AG = accessory gland; CD = copulatory duct; CO = copulatory opening; E =

embolus; EB = embolic base; FD = fertilization duct; MW = membranous window; S = spermathecae;

SD = sperm duct; T = tegulum; TL = tegular ledge; PLT = proximal lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral

tibial apophysis; VR = vaginal roof. Scale bars: A-B = 0.2 mm; C-D = 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 228: 1-23 (2016)

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to the type locality.

Material examined

Holotype

SRI LANKA: North Central Province, Anuradhapura District, Ritigala Strict Nature Reserve,

Kodigala summit (L40), 08°06'33" N, 80°39T6" E, 716 m, hand collection, 28 Jun. 2011, leg. S.P.

Benjamin, S. Batuwita et al. (IFSSAL 516).

Paratype

SRI LANKA: 1 §, sama data as holotype (IFS SAL 467).

Other material

SRI LANKA: 1 S, Central Province, Matale District, Riverstone (L9), Knuckles Range, 07°31T7" N,

80°44'04" E, 1220 m, hand collection, 2 Feb. 2010, leg. S. Batuwita & PM.H Sandamali (IFS SAL 345).

Description

Male

Measurements. BL 3.80, CL 1.88, PW at PLEs 1.92, AL 1.48, AW 1.20. Diameter of AME 0.43,

PLE 0.19, ALE 0.25, PME 0.05, PME-PME 1.18, PLE-PLE 0.96, ALE-PME 0.19, ALE-PLE 0.34.

Leg I: Tr 0.32, Fm 1.04, Pt 0.40, Tb 1.16, Mt 0.60, Ta 0.40; Leg II: Tr 0.16, Fm 1.00, Pt 0.40, Tb 0.60,

Mt 0.48, Ta 0.36; Leg III: Tr 0.16, Fm 1.20, Pt 0.32, Tb 0.60, Mt 0.60, Ta 0.28; Leg IV: Tr 0.16, Fm 0.8,

Pt 0.24, Tb 0.52, Mt 0.72, Ta 0.28.

Color and Body. Carapace dark brown. Dark brown bristles near front eyes. Anterior median eyes

covered with tuft of pale yellow hairs. Dark ocular region. Chelicerae blackish brown. Sternum oval

shaped with dispersed black colored spots. White and brown hairs sparsely dispersed on lateral prosoma.

Distance between posterior eyes slightly shorter than distance between anterior lateral eyes. Carapace

somewhat high in the ocular region. Eye field short and wide occupying about one-third length of

prosoma. Median ocular quadrangle much broader than long. Round and middle depression around short

fovea behind PLEs. Prosoma longer than wide. Lateral and posterior sides of prosoma much steeper.

Posterior margin of prosoma truncated (Fig. 7A-B). Abdomen: Oval shaped, smaller and narrower than

prosoma. Dorsum greyish beige color with black stripes and spots. Venter with longitudinal pale yellow

dash line from spinnerets to epigastric furrow. Spinnerets blackish yellow. Anterior venter with black

blotches.

Legs. All legs with yellow and black banding pattern. Femora III much longer than femora IV. Front legs

slightly darker than other pairs.

Palp. Dark brown palp except for tibia and cymbium. Dorsum of cymbium with large, round spot of

pale yellow scales. Palpal tibia with short hook-shaped tibial apophysis (Figs 7E, 8B). Elongated bulbus.

Tegulum with a long lateral proximal lobe, protruding posterolaterally beyond base of cymbium. Thick

embolus with hook-like tip and broader at midlength, arising from under tegular ledge (Figs 7D, 8A).

Part of sperm duct clearly visible at shoulder of tegulum.

Female

Measurements. BL 3.40, CL 1.92, PW 1.24, AL 1.46, AW 0.88. Diameter of AME 0.34, PLE 0.19,

ALE 0.25, PME 0.05, PME-PME 1.02, PLE-PLE 0.93, ALE-PME 0.25, ALE-PLE 0.50. Leg I: Tr 0.20,

Fm 0.65, Pt 0.48, Tb 0.60, Mt 0.28, Ta 0.20; Leg II: Tr 0.16, Fm 0.80, Pt 0.36, Tb 0.48, Mt 0.36, Ta 0.24;

KANESHARATNAM N. & BENJAMIN S.P., New jumping spiders from Sri Lanka

Leg III: Tr 0.20, Fm 1.12, Pt 0.44, Tb 0.48, Mt 0.40, Ta 0.40; Leg IV: Tr 0.20, Fm 0.80, Pt 0.20, Tb 0.56,

Mt 0.44, Ta 0.28.

Color and Body. Most characters are similar to the male except: posterior margin of prosoma slightly

more truncated than in the male, dorsal abdomen with black and yellow stripes distributed from anterior

portion to spinnerets (Fig. 7C), venter light grey colour with some transverse light brown markings near

spinnerets, anterior venter with pattern similar to dorsum.

Epigynum. Small sclerotized pocket-like vaginal roof with deep notch at posterior edge of epigynum

(Figs 7F, 8C-D). Large parentheses-like copulatory openings located posterolaterally. Copulatory

ducts with narrower anterior part and broader portion entering into spermathecae. Heavily sclerotized

spermathecae with thick walls connected by soft channels. Oval accessory glands, fertilization ducts

narrow, originating from top of spermathecae (Fig. 8C-D).

Habrocestum ohiyaensis sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3441025A-C967-4A9B-9BE2-6D53747AC3E4

Figs 1, 9

Diagnosis

This species can be distinguished from known congeners by its straight, tapering embolus (Fig. 9B-D),

medium sized, hook-shaped tibial apophysis (Fig. 9C, E) and the shape of the proximal tegular lobe

(Fig. 9F). The male palp of this species is close to that of H.bovei Lucas, 1846, H. ibericum Dalmas,

1920 and H. lepidum Dalmas, 1920, but it differs in the shape proximal lobe of tegulum and tegular

ledge.

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to the type locality.

Material examined

Holotype

SRI LANKA: S, Central Province, Badulla District, Ohiya (L30), 06°49'08.32" N, 80°50'41.35" E,

1280 m, beating, 26 May 2012, leg. N. Athukorala (IFSSAL 267).

Description

Male

Measurements. BL 3.40, CL 1.48, PW 1.76 at PLEs, AL 1.20, 1.12. Diameter of AME 0.31, PLE 0.19,

ALE 0.22, PME 0.02, PME-PME 1.15, PLE-PLE 0.90, ALE-PME 0.22, ALE-PLE 0.43. Leg I: Tr 0.40,

Fm 0.80, Pt 0.60, Tb 0.92, Mt 0.40, Ta 0.32; Leg II: Tr 0.20, Fm 0.80, Pt 0.32, Tb 0.64, Mt 0.44, Ta 0.40;

Leg III: Tr 0.20, Fm 0.60, Pt 0.36, Tb 0.60, Mt 0.52, Ta 0.32; Leg IV: Tr 0.20, Fm 0.84, Pt 0.24, Tb 0.56,

Mt 0.44, Ta 0.28.

Color and Body. Carapace dark brown. Chelicerae blackish brown. Labium yellowish brown with

black edges. Dark brown bristles in vicinity of front eyes. Ocular region blackish brown, slightly

elevated. PLEs surrounded by grey hairs. White and grey hairs intermingled on lateral and posterior

sides of prosoma. Sternum oval shaped with tiny blackish dots. Prosoma longer than wide. First eye row

slightly curved upward. Eye field short and wide occupying about one-third length of prosoma. Median

ocular quadrangle much broader than long. Posterior margin truncated. Abdomen. Oval shaped, smaller

and narrower than prosoma. Anterolateral dorsum with black blotches, posterior dorsum with pale

white chevrons just above spinnerets (Fig. 9A). Venter pale yellow medially, blackish yellow laterally.

Spinnerets yellow.

European .Journal of Taxonomy 228: 1-23 (2016)

Fig. 9. Habrocestum ohiyaensis sp. nov. A. S, habitus, dorsal view. B. Palp, ventral view. C. Palp,

retrolateral view. D. Palp, ventral view. E. Palp, retrolateral view. F. Palp, prolateral view. Abbreviations:

E = embolus; EB = embolic base; SD = sperm duct; T = tegulum; TL = tegular ledge; PLT = proximal

lobe of tegulum; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B-F = 0.2 mm.

KANESHARATNAM N. & BENJAMIN S.P., New jumping spiders from Sri Lanka

Legs. All legs yellowish brown without any banding pattern.

Palp. Yellowish brown palp. Cymbium covered with dark brown hairs. Comparatively thin and straight

embolus that tapers toward tip, and base of embolus emerging from under tegular ledge (Fig. 9B-D).

Elongated bulbus. Tegulum with a proximal lobe, protruding posterolaterally beyond base of cymbium.

Part of sperm duct clearly visible at distal end of tegulum. Short palpal tibia with medium sized and

hook-shape tibial apophysis.

Female

Unknown.

Genus Macaroeris Wunderlich, 1992

Macaroeris Wunderlich, 1992: 611-613, figs 829-852. Type species Macaroeris nidicolens (Walckenaer,

1802).

Diagnosis

Morphologically, this genus is similar to Dendryphantes Koch, 1837, except for the structure of the

genitalia (Proszynski 2003). Long prosoma broader at mid-length, flat anterior and gently sloped

posterior prosoma. Eye field short and trapezoid shaped. Second row of eyes very small, rather closer

to ALE than PLEs, diameter of AME twice that of ALE. Abdomen long and broad, tapering posteriorly

with marginal, medial blotches and chevrons. Enlarged front legs, rather longer than other legs. Embolus

long, gently curved to form a very loose coil with a wide base originating on anterolateral bulbus

(Proszynski 2003; Wunderlich 2008). Tegulum distended prolaterally. Tip of tibial apophysis bent

forward. Copulatory openings located antero-laterally in a depression, but not in a semilunar groove as

in Dendryphantes , postero-median copulatory ducts converging diagonally, posteriorly and ending in

complicated spermathecal chambers.

Distribution

Canary Islands, Central Asia, China, Cyprus, Madeira, Mediterranean to Azerbaijan, Portugal, Romania,

Salvage Islands, Sri Lanka (new record), and Turkey.

Macaroeris nidicolens (Walckenaer, 1802)

Figs 1, 10

Diagnosis

This species is easily distinguishable from known congeners by the prosoma being broader at mid¬

length, its massive front legs, and its broad and posteriorly tapered abdomen with an anterior white band

with blotches laterally and medially and chevrons posteriorly. It has a long and gently curved embolus

(Fig. 10B-D), its tegulum is distended prolaterally and the tibial apophysis bent forward. (Merrett &

Miln er 2004).

Material examined

SRI LANKA: 1 Central Province, Matale District, IFS Arboretum (L17), 07°51 '36.70" N, 80°40'29" E,

180 m, litter, 1 Dec. 2011, leg. S.P Benjamin et al. (IFS SAL 330).

Description

Male

Measurements. BL 3.42, CL 1.54, PW 1.25 at PLEs, AL 1.88, AW 1.20. Eye field: Diameter of AME 0.4,

PLE 0.16, ALE 0.24, PME 0.04, PME-PME 1.32, PLE-PLE 1.36, ALE-PME 0.16, ALE-PLE 0.64.

European Journal of Taxonomy 228: 1-23 (2016)

Fig. 10. Macaroeris nidicolens (Walckenaer, 1802). A. habitus, dorsal view. B, D. Palp, ventral view.

C, E. Palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: CY = cymbium; CYD = cymbial depression; E = embolus;

EB = embolic base; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis SD = sperm duct; T = tegulum. Scale bars: A =

1 mm; B-E = 0.2 mm.

KANESHARATNAM N. & BENJAMIN S.P., New jumping spiders from Sri Lanka

Leg I: Tr 0.40, Fm 1.16, Pt 0.72, Tb 1.12, Mt 0.60, Ta 0.48; Leg II: Tr 0.36, Fm 0.88, Pt 0.48, Tb 0.52,

Mt 0.52, Ta 0.44; Leg III: Tr 0.40, Fm 0.88, Pt 0.40, Tb 0.52, Mt 0.52, Ta 0.44; Leg IV: Tr 0.36, Fm 0.96,

Pt 0.52, Tb 0.72, Mt 0.52, Ta 0.44.

Color and body. Carapace dark reddish brown with black marking in middle of cephalic area, black

colour around eyes and brown hairs surrounding AMEs. Clypeus with a few long white hairs. Chelicerae

dark brown. Sparse white hairs on lateral sides of prosoma. Posterior margin of prosoma gently inclined

with black colored striped pattern. Sternum dark yellow-brown. Short, trapezoid shaped eye field

(Fig. 10A). Cephalic region almost square and slightly elevated. Prosoma oval shaped, broader laterally

behind eyes. Abdomen: long and broad in shape, tapering posteriorly. Dorsum with yellowish brown

blotches and chevrons. Anterior margin with white colored net-lilce pattern extending laterally. Posterior

margin with yellowish brown chevrons (Fig. 10A). Venter whitish grey with brown broad median

longitudinal stripe from spinnerets to epigastric furrow. Spinnerets dark brown.

Legs. Legs I and II darker brown than the others. Front legs, strikingly massive with enlarged coxa,

trochanter, femur, patella and tibia (Fig. 10A). Tibia I with 3 pairs of short stout ventral spines, tibia

II with 2 pairs, metatarsi I and II with 2 pairs. Femora I-IV with 2-3 long curved dorsal spines and

additionally, femora I—II with 2 short stout spines distomesally.

Palps. Dark brown, densely clothed with pale hairs at distal end of cymbium. Retrolateral tibial apophysis

strong, tip slightly bent forward, base straight (Fig. 10E). Tegulum bulbous, distended prolaterally. Long

embolus with a wide basal part, originating anterolaterally on anterior part of bulbus and gently bent to

form a curve that runs along depression in cymbium (Fig. 10B-D).

Distribution

Cyprus, Portugal, Sri Lanka (new record), Turkey.

Discussion

Our main objective was to report on the high diversity of jumping spiders of Sri Lanka. While we added

four new species and three new generic records for the island, our unpublished data, however, suggest

that a huge diversity still remains to be discovered and described. We intend to provide data on the

ecology and phylogenetic relationships of this unknown component of the islands’ biodiversity in future

contributions.

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the National Institute of Fundamental Studies with additional funding

coming from a fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation to SPB. We wish to thank

all those who collected and made available many specimens used in this study: S. Batuwita, P.M.H.

Sandamali, N. Athulcorala, U.G.S.L. Ranasinghe, M.K. Rathnayake and I. Sandunika; without their

efforts this publication would have been impossible. The Department of Wildlife Conservation and the

Department of Forest Conservation of Sri Lanka facilitated fieldwork; their assistance is very gratefully

acknowledged. Thanks to Mr. D.G.R.M.M. Kaushalya Rathnayake (Environmental Officer, Operations

and Monitoring Support Unit, Ministry of Provincial Councils and Local Government) for assistance in

the preparation of the map of Sri Lanka. Thanks to Don Buckle and two anonymous reviewers for useful

suggestions that greatly improved this manuscript.

European Journal of Taxonomy 228: 1-23 (2016)

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Manuscript received: 16 December 2015

Manuscript accepted: 12 April 2016

Published on: 9 September 2016

Topic editor: Rudy Jocque

Desk editor: Kristiaan Hoedemakers

Printed versions of all papers are also deposited in the libraries of the institutes that are members of the

EJT consortium: Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France; Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium;

Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; Natural History Museum, London, United

Kingdom; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Natural History Museum of

Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.