European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1-28

http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.232

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2016 • Mendoza J.I. et al.

Research article

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:52029B02-4A79-442D-8DA2-8DF3099ED8D0

A new genus of Theraphosid spider from Mexico,

with a particular palpal bulb structure

(Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)

Jorge I. MENDOZA 1 *, Arturo LOCHT 2 , Radan KADERKA 3 ,

Francisco MEDINA 4 & Fernando PEREZ-MILES 5

1 Coleccion Nacional de Aracnidos, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia,

Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 3er circuito exterior,

Apto. Postal 70-153, CP 04510, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal, Mexico.

24 Faboratorio de Acarologia, Departamento de Biologia Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias,

Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,

Av. Universidad 3000, Colonia Copilco, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.

3 Roztoky u Prahy, Czech Republic.

5 Seccion Entomologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Igua 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.

* Corresponding autor: nomeireth@hotmail. com

2 Email: guguslocht l@v ahoo.com

’Email: [email protected]

4 Email: [email protected]

5 Email: [email protected]

1 um:lsid:zoobank.org:author:7BA11142-CBCl-4026-A578-EBAB6D2B6C0C

1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:D7190C45-08B3-4C99-B7C5-3C265257B3AB

1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F0800E01-E925-4481-A962-600C47CC2A00

1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:5CC35413-F7BC-4A48-939C-B88C9EDFE100

^rmlskfzoobank.org: author: 1104EABA-D2D8-49BE-9E4E-FB82735D6E21

Abstract. Magnacarina gen. nov. from Mexico is described. Hapalopus aldanus West, 2000 from

Nayarit, is transferred to the new genus with an emended diagnosis creating the new combination

Magnacarina aldana comb. nov. Three new species are described: Magnacarina moderata Focht,

Mendoza & Medina sp. nov. from Nayarit and Sinaloa; Magnacarina primaverensis Mendoza & Focht

sp. nov. and Magnacarina cancer Mendoza & Focht sp. nov., both from Jalisco. Magnacarina gen. nov.

is characterized by an unusual bifid palpal bulb, and has a primary projection located in the central

area of the palpal bulb and directed retrolaterally; this projection possesses the prolateral superior and

retrolateral keels. Next to the primary projection is a secondary projection, which may be short or long,

ending in the prolateral inferior and apical keel surrounding the sperm pore. This secondary projection

may have prolateral accessory keels and is diagnosed by possessing a nodule of inwardly curled

megaspines, located in the basal ventro-retrolateral region of metatarsi I in adult males. Additionally,

male tibiae I possess three apophyses. Females of Magnacarina gen. nov. have a single reduced and

strongly sclerotized spermatheca, with an apical lobe projecting ventrally, and with a uterus externus

that is longer and wider than the spermatheca.

European Journal of Taxonomy 232 : 1-28 ( 2016 )

Key words. Tarantula, taxonomy, bulb morphology, tibial apophyses, new species.

Mendoza J.I., Locht A., Kaderka R., Medina F. & Perez-Miles F. 2016. A new genus of Theraphosid spider from

Mexico, with a particular palpal bulb structure (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae). European Journal of

Taxonomy 232: 1-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/eit.2Q16.232

Introduction

Mexico has the second highest number of formally described tarantula species worldwide, with 84

species (World Spider Catalog 2016). Despite this, Mexican theraphosid spiders have been poorly

studied and it is common to find undescribed species and novel genera (Vol 1999, 2000, 2001; Locht

et al. 2005; Locht, 2008; Locht & Medina 2008; Mendoza 2012a, 2012b, 2014a, 2014b; Schmidt 2012;

Estrada-Alvarez 2014; Ortiz & Francke 2014).

West (2000) described Hapalopus aldanus , a small theraphosid from Nayarit state in Mexico, which

did not resemble any known theraphosid species. Due to the general shape of the male palpal bulb and

female spermatheca, he placed that new species in the genus Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875. Unfortunately,

he did not mention which characters linked the new species with Hapalopus. Locht (2008) investigated

Hapalopus aldanus West, 2000 and determined the species did not belong to Hapalopus or any other

known theraphosid genus. However, it was determined that this species belonged in the Theraphosinae

due to the presence of urticating setae of the type III, the oval unipartite spermatheca, and the multiple

keels on the male palpal bulb, which are the diagnostic features of this subfamily. Locht also indicated it

might represent an undescribed genus because of the very distinctive shape of male palpal bulb.

After examining spider collections in the Am erican Museum of Natural History (AMNH), the Coleccion

Nacional de Aracnidos (CNAN) and the Laboratorio de Acarologia Anita Hoffman (LAAH), we noticed

more specimens with the same male palpal bulb morphology as in H. aldanus. Following confirmation

that these specimens possessed the three tibial apophyses and cluster of megaspines in the basoretrolateral

area of metatarsi I, as indicated by Locht (2008), it was determined that these specimens belonged

to a new genus of subfamily Theraphosinae. Herein, we describe Magnacarina gen. nov. and three

additional new species, transferring H. aldanus to represent the type species. Additionally, we propose

new nomenclature for the unique features in the male palpal bulb morphology.

Material and methods

All measurements are in millimeters; smaller structures were measured using an ocular micrometer

on a stereo microscope Nikon SMZ645, larger structures with a digital caliper General UltraTech

(error of 0.1 mm). Leg and palp measurements were taken along the dorsal central axis of the left

side. Description of tarsal scopulae follows Perez-Miles (1994). Male palpal bulb keel terminology

follows Bertani (2000). For comparative purposes, it is necessary to properly position the bulb, with the

subtegulum pointing upwards as when extended for mating (Goloboff 1995; Bertani 2000). The primary

projection is a structure located in the central area of the palpal bulb and is directed retrolaterally; this

projection is apparently formed by the extension of prolateral superior and retrolateral keels (Figs 2,

6, 9, 14). Next to this projection is the secondary projection that ends with the prolateral inferior and

apical keels surrounding the sperm pore (Figs 2E, 6E, 9E, 14E). The secondary projection may also

have prolateral accessory keels, better observed in prolateral or frontal view (Figs 9D, 14D). Position

of the keels were compared with other related theraphosids: Bonnetina Vol, 2000; Cardiopelma Vol,

1999; Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903; Davus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892; Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875 and

Schizopelma F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897.

MENDOZA J.I. et al., New tarantula genus from Mexico

Spination description follows Mendoza (2014a). Terminology of tibial apophyses follows the general

usage for Theraphosidae (Bertani 2001). The term “accessory apophysis”, recently proposed by Ortiz &

Francke (2014) for Bonnetina, is also used. In species historical references, we follow the World Spider

Catalog (2016): D = Described. Photographs (Figs 1-3, 5-11, 13-15) were taken with a Nikon Coolpix

S10 VR digital camera coupled to a stereomicroscope. The following photographs were provided as

follows: Fig. 4 by Rick C. West; Fig. 12C-D by G. Vila. Photographs of Fig. 12A-B were taken with a

digital camera Canon G12 in laboratory and field respectively.

Abbreviations

Morphological abbreviations are as follows:

Aap = accessory apophysis

AK = apical keel

AFE = anterior lateral eyes

AME = anterior median eyes

d = dorsal

Nm = retrolateral nodule of megaspines

p = prolateral

PAc = prolateral accessory keels

Pap = prolateral tibial apophysis

PI = prolateral inferior keel

PEE = posterior lateral eyes

PFS = posterior lateral spinnerets

PME = posterior median eyes

PMS = posterior median spinnerets

Ppr = primary projection

PS = prolateral superior keel

r = retrolateral

RK = retrolateral keel

Rap = retrolateral tibial apophysis

Rp = male palpal tibia retrolateral process

Spr = secondary projection

TA = tegular apophysis

v = ventral

Examined specimens are deposited in the following institutions:

AMNH = Am erican Museum of Natural History, New York

CNAN = Coleccion Nacional de Aracnidos, Mexico City

FAAH = Faboratorio de Acarologia Anita Hoffman; Mexico City

NHM = Natural History Museum, Fondon (formerly BMNH)

UNAM = Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City

Material examined for comparisons

Bonnetina aviae Estrada-Alvarez & Locht, 2011

MEXICO: 2 SS, Veracruz, Perote, Totalco, 15 Jun. 2015, coll. P. Berea (CNAN-Ar003708); 1 $,

Veracruz, Perote, cerca de San Antonio Pimon, 19 Dec. 2010, colls J. Mendoza, E. Hijmensen, E. Goyer

and S. Longhorn (CNAN-Ar003534B).

Bonnetina papalutlensis Mendoza, 2012

MEXICO: 1 c?, 1 ?, Guerrero, Eduardo Neri, 1 km N of Milpillas, 22 Sep. 2012, colls D. Ortiz,

J. Mendoza, J. Cruz and G. Contreras (CNAN-Ar003723A, CNAN-Ar003723D).

European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1-28 (2016)

Cardiopelma mascatum Vol, 1999

MEXICO: 2 1 $, Oaxaca, Santa Maria Tule, El Potrero, 1 Dec. 2010, colls J. Mendoza, S. Longhorn,

E. Hijmensen and E. Goyer (CNAN 4092).

Cyriocosmus elegans (Simon, 1889)

VENEZUELA: 1 $ donated by J. Mendoza (CNAN-Ar003298).

Davus pentaloris (Simon, 1888)

MEXICO: 1 c?, Veracruz, Copital, Medellin, El Mangal, 14 Dec. 2010, colls J. Mendoza, S. Longhorn,

E. Hijmensen and E. Goyer (CNAN-Ar003634); 1 §, Veracruz, Copital, Medellin, El Mangal, 14 Dec.

2010, coll. G. Monter (CNAN-Ar003523).

Hapalopus formosus Ausserer, 1875

COLOMBIA: 3 SS, Valledupar, Dept. Cesar, 22-24 May 1968, coll. Borys Malkin (AMHN).

Sc/tizopelma bicarinatum F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897

MEXICO: 1 S (holotype), 1 $ (paratype), Guerrero, Xantipa (currently Chautipan) (BMNH

1898.12.24.57.-60); 1 Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Acahuizotla, 19 Nov. 1969, without

collector data (CNAN-Ar003511).

Schizopelma sp.

MEXICO: 1 c?, Guerrero, Acapulco, 1km NE of Dos Arroyos, 20 Sep. 2012, colls J. Mendoza, J. Cruz,

G. Contreras and D. Ortiz (CNAN-ArO 10328).

Results

Phyllum Arthropoda Latreille, 1829

Class Arachnida Lamarck, 1801

Order Araneae Clerck, 1757

Infraorder Mygalomorphae Pocock, 1892

Family Theraphosidae Thorell, 1869

Subfamily Theraphosinae Thorell, 1870

Magnacarina gen. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B0477B69-2908-44AA-86A6-ACC8C37DCE74

Figs 1-16

Type species

Magnacarina aldana (West, 2000) comb. nov.

Diagnosis

Magnacarina gen. nov. differs from all other known theraphosine genera, except Bonnetina , in having

three apophyses on male tibia I and a retrolateral nodule on metatarsus I. Males differ from Bonnetina in

having a bifid palpal bulb that possesses a primary and secondary projections. Additionally, Magnacarina

gen. nov. differs in possessing a retrolateral nodule of metatarsus I with megaspines, whereas Bonnetina

has a granular one. Females differ in possessing a very low semicircular spermatheca with a uterus

externus that is longer and wider than the Bonnetina triangular, domiform or digitiform spermatheca.

Magnacarina gen. nov. has the following character combination: bifid shape of male palpal bulb with one

sperm pore. It has a primary projection, located in the central area of palpal bulb and directed retrolaterally.

This projection possesses the prolateral superior and retrolateral keels. The prolateral superior keel is

large, extending posteriorly to palpal bulb back face. Posterior extension of the prolateral superior keel

MENDOZA J.I. et al.. New tarantula genus from Mexico

may extend to the palpal bulb back face (as in M. aldana comb, nov.), close to border of back face (as

in M. primaverensis Mendoza & Locht sp. nov.), or extend only until the middle portion of the palpal

bulb prolateral face (as in M. cancer Mendoza & Locht sp. nov. and M. moderata Locht, Mendoza &

Medina sp. nov.). hollowing the primary projection is a secondary projection (long or short), ending

with the prolateral inferior and apical keels surrounding the sperm pore. The prolateral inferior keel is

Fig. 1. Magnacarina aldana (West, 2000), paratype (LAAH). A. Carapace, dorsal view.

B. Prosoma, ventral view. C. Opisthosoma, dorsal view. D. Ocular tubercle, dorsal view. E-J. Left

side. E. Metatarsus I, Prolateral view. F. Palp tibia, dorsal view. G. Tibial apophyses, ventral view.

H. Tibial apophyses, prolateral view. I. Tibial apophyses, retrolateral view. J. Retrolateral nodule with

megaspines, retrolateral view. Scale bars: A-C = 2 mm; E, F = 1 mm; D, G-I = 0.5 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1-28 (2016)

always the widest distally. The secondary projection may have prolateral accessory keels that are variable

in size and number. Males have a nodule of prolaterally curled megaspines, located at the basal ventro-

retrolateral region of metatarsi I (except for M. mode rata sp. nov.). Male tibiae I with three apophyses.

The accessory apophysis well to slightly developed, with apical spines variable in size and number.

Urticating setae of the type III arranged in one dorsomedian patch. Females with very low spermatheca

and single semicircular receptacle. Uterus extemus always longer and wider than spermatheca.

Remarks

Adult males of Magnacarina gen. nov. have a retrolateral nodule of megaspines, located in the retrolatero-

basal region of metatarsus I (except M. moderata sp. nov.). This nodule is considered homologous to the

granular one found in Bonnetina , so it is possible that these genera are closely related.

Fig. 2. Magnacarina aldana (West, 2000), f, paratype (LAAH). Left palpal bulb. A. Retrolateral view.

B. Prolateral view. C. Dorsal view. D. Apex, prolateral view. E. Apex, apical view. White arrow indicates

sperm pore. Scale bars: A-C = 1 mm ; D, E = 0.5 mm.

MENDOZA J.I. et al.. New tarantula genus from Mexico

Etymology

The genus gender is feminine, comprising magnus , a Latin adjective meaning “very large” or “great”,

and the Latin word carina , which means “keel”. Generic name refers to the very large primary projection

in the male palpal bulb (Tigs 2D, 6D, 9D, 14D).

Distribution

Magnacarina gen. nov. is endemic to Mexico and only known from the states of Sinaloa, Nayarit and

Jalisco. The genus inhabits the deciduous forest along the Pacific coast to the foothills of the Sierra

Fig. 3. Magnacarina aldana (West, 2000). A-E. §, paratype (LAAH). A. Carapace, dorsal view.

B. Prosoma, ventral view. C. Opisthosoma, dorsal view. D. Ocular tubercle, dorsal view. E. Spermatheca,

ventral view. F-H. Spermatheca ventral view. F. §, paratype (AMNH). G. $, paratype (LAAH). H. $

(CNAN-Ar010276). Scale bars: A-C = 4 mm; E-H = 1 mm; D = 0.5 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1-28 (2016)

Madre Occidental. Specimens collected during fieldwork were found under rocks, in shallow burrows

or superficial scrapes covered with silk.

Magnacarina aldana (West, 2000) comb. nov.

Figs 1—4

Hapalopus aldanus West, 2000: 299, fig. 1 A-D (D (??)•

Hapalopus aldanus - Schmidt 2003: 168, figs 386-389 ((??)•

Emended diagnosis

Magnacarina aldana comb. nov. males differ from M. cancer sp. nov. in possessing a thinner prolateral

inferior keel that is distally rounded and oriented to the apex, and the retrolateral apophysis is thinner

apically; females differ in possessing a wider spermatheca. Magnacarina aldana comb. nov. differs

from M. primaverensis sp. nov. in possessing a highly developed accessory apophysis and a lower

number of prolateral accessory keels as well as in the thinner prolateral inferior keel and the coloration

of the carapace and legs in both sexes. Magnacarina aldana comb. nov. differs from M. moderata sp.

nov. in that males have a retrolateral nodule of megaspines and females a medially longer spermatheca.

Magnacarina aldana comb. nov. is characterized by the following character combination: male palpal

bulb with a prominent primary projection that is strongly curved retrolaterally (Fig. 2A); retrolateral and

prolateral superior keels thin and well developed, posterior extension of prolateral superior keel ends

Fig. 4. Magnacarina aldana (West, 2000), habitus; §, in habitat (Nayarit) Photo: R.C. West.

MENDOZA J.I. et al.. New tarantula genus from Mexico

Table 1. Magnacarina aldana (West, 2000) and Magnacarina cancer Mendoza & Locht sp. nov.

Variations of some quantitative characters in the specimens of the type series. Measurements in mm.

Hyphens represent the interval between the lowest and highest value of each character. When left and

right side values were taken, it was indicated as (left/right).

Specimens measurements

Magnacarina aldana sp. nov.

Magnacarina cancer sp. nov.

Males (2)

Females (4)

Males (3)

Females (1)

Total length

20.26, 20.31

16.81-31.00

10.15-16.47

13.7

Carapace length

7.92, 8.17

6.32-10.33

5.33-7.45

5.2

Carapace width

6.33, 7.42

5.70-9.17

4.0-7.18

4.5

Sternum length

3.20,3.50

2.73-4.38

2.80-3.17

2.45

Sternum width

3.00,3.25

2.73-3.81

2.78-3.16

2.4

Labium length

0.90, 0.94

0.87-1.25

0.83-1.0

1.0

Labium width

1.20, 1.25

1.20-1.50

1.20-1.30

1.11

Cheliceral teeth (left/right)

9/10

11/10-12

8/8

Labial cuspules

52, 84

52-73

26-29

Maxillary cuspules (left/right)

145-157/132-159

112-179/91-201

66-109/68-110

97/100

Spermatheca length medially

—

0.23-0.41

—

0.17

Spermatheca base width

—

0.77-1.06

—

0.8

Accesorial apophysis spines (left side)

—

3-5

—

Number of megaspines in nodule (left side)

—

12-14

—

on the back face (Fig. 2D-E); secondary projection possesses two prolateral accessory keels (Fig. 2B,

D). Prolateral inferior keel wide and increasing from posterior to apical (Fig. 2C-E). Apical keel well

developed, covering the sperm pore that opens towards prolateral (Fig. 2D-E). Prolateral apophysis

conical with one inner spine longer than its length (Fig. 1G-H); retrolateral apophysis strongly curved

to dorsal (Fig. 1H-I); accessory apophysis slightly developed (Fig. 1G, I). Male palpal tibia retrolateral

process short subconical, slightly developed on distal third (Fig. IF). Spermatheca reduced and low,

with one single semicircular, strongly sclerotized receptacle. Uterus externus is three times wider, and

longer than the spermatheca (Fig. 3E-H). Variations summarized in Table 1.

Type material examined

Holotype

MEXICO: S, Nayarit, Mpio. Santa Rosa, 8 km W of Compostela, highway 200, 10 Jan. 1996, coll. N.M.

Palomera (AMNH).

Allotype

MEXICO: 5, same data as the holotype (AMNH).

Paratypes

MEXICO: 2 $ §, same data as the holotype (FAAH); 1 S, Nayarit, Santa Rosa, 8 km W of Compostela,

highway 200, 11 Jan. 1996, coll. N.M. Palomera (FAAH).

Other material examined

MEXICO: 1 5, Nayarit, 8 km S. of Compostela, Jul. 1996, coll. N. Palomera and R.C. West (CNAN-

ArO 10267).

European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1-28 (2016)

Distribution and natural history

Only known from the type locality. West (2000) mentioned that all specimens were collected in tropical

deciduous forest while clearing land near cattle pastures. Males were found wandering during the

daytime and females were found in shaded areas residing in scrapes under large rocks or fallen logs. He

also indicated that the species is sympatric with Aphonopelma nayaritum (Chamberlin, 1940).

Magnacarina cancer Mendoza & Locht sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8B262491-E2F2-43F2-BA8A-A81EBE09D842

Figs 5-7, 16

Diagnosis

Magnacarina cancer sp. nov. differs from all other Magnacarina species in the general shape of the

male palpal bulb, with a prolateral inferior keel pointing to primary projection - resembling a crab claw.

Secondary projection lacking prolateral accessory keels. Also M. cancer sp. nov. differs from other

species in possessing a more developed accessory apophysis. Females differ in having a very reduced

spermatheca.

Magnacarina cancer sp. nov. possesses the following character combination: male palpal bulb with

a short primary projection, with distal half twisted to apical (Fig. 6A-C); retrolateral keel slightly

developed; prolateral superior keel wide and well developed, posterior extension ends at the middle of

prolateral face (Fig. 6D-E). Secondary projection short, lacking prolateral accessory keels (Fig. 6D).

Prolateral inferior keel short and broader distally, apex acute and directed to Ppr - resembling a crab

claw (Fig. 6A-B, E). Apical keel wide and covering the sperm pore (Fig. 6E). Accessory apophysis

pointed dome shape and well developed (Fig. 5H). Fhe retrolateral apophysis is thicker on distal half.

The retrolateral nodule of megaspines very short and wide (Fig. 5F, I-J). Spermatheca very reduced, only

a small rounded receptacle, as long as wide. Uterus externus is five times wider, and three times longer

than the spermatheca (Fig. 7D).

Etymology

The specific epithet is in reference to the Fatin word cancer (crab), describing the shape and orientation

of the primary projection and apical keel that resembles a crab claw.

Type material

Holotype

MEXICO: Jalisco, Tomatlan, Estacion deBiologiaChamela, 7Mar. 1990, coll. S. Guzman(CNAN- 7)991).

Paratypes

MEXICO: 1 5, Jalisco, Tomatlan, Estacion de Biologia Chamela, 10 Jan. 1990, coll. S. Guzman

(CNAN-T0992); 1 S, same locality, 6 Feb. 1990, coll. S. Guzman (CNAN-T0993); 1 S, same locality,

19 Feb. 1990, coll. S. Guzman (CNAN-T0994); 1 S, same locality, 4 Mar. 1987, coll. S.H. Bullock

(LAAH).

Description

Holotype male CNAN-T0991 (Figs 5-6)

Body length (not including chelicerae and spinnerets) 10.15, carapace: 5.33 long, 4.0 wide. Caput not

markedly elevated; fovea procurved, 0.95 wide. Carapace without dark cephalic area (Fig. 5A). Eyes:

anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eyes sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.26;

ALE 0.36; PME 0.16; PLE 0.32; AME-AME 0.10; AME-ALE 0.04; PME-PME 0.42; PME-PLE 0.03;

ALE-PLE 0.04. Ocular tubercle, width 1.16; length 0.88; clypeus lacking (Fig. 5D). Labium: length

MENDOZA J.L et al ., New tarantula genus from Mexico

0.90; width 1.20; with 26 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 66-68 (left-right). Cheliceral

promargin with 11-11 teeth (left-right). Sternum length 2.80. Sigilla oval, first to third hardly visible;

posterior sigilla one and half times its length from the margin (Fig. 5B). Leg formula: IV > I > II > III.

Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 5.72, 3.54, 4.49,

Fig. 5. Magnacarina cancer Mendoza & Locht sp. nov., $, holotype (CNAN-T0991). A. Carapace,

dorsal view. B. Prosoma, ventral view. C. Opisthosoma, dorsal view. D. Ocular tubercle, dorsal view.

E-J. Left side. E. Palp tibia, dorsal view. F. Metatarsus I, retrolateral view. G. Tibial apophyses, ventral

view. H. Tibial apophyses, retrolateral view. I. Retrolateral nodule with megaspines, ventral view.

J. Retrolateral nodule with megaspines, retrolateral view. Scale bars: A-C = 2 mm; E-H = 1 mm; D,

I-J = 0.5 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1-28 (2016)

3.53, 3.05, 20.33; II: 4.76, 2.96, 3.61, 3.64, 2.96, 17.93; III: 4.32, 2.26, 3.49, 4.18, 2.90, 17.15; IV: 6.11,

2.42,4.93, 5.59, 3.39,22.44. Palp: 3.61,2.25, 3.27, -, 1.62, 10.75. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.77 long, 0.30 apart;

PLS, 1.10 basal, 0.70 middle, 1.06 distal. Tarsi I-IV scopulate, I to III divided by narrow band of setae,

IV divided by strong band of setae. Metatarsi I scopulate on distal third; II scopulate on distal third, III

slightly scopulate on distal third, and IV slightly scopulate on distal fourth. Tibia I with three apophyses.

Prolateral apophysis conical with smaller internal spine. Retrolateral apophysis wide through its length,

thick and slightly curved to dorsal position at apex (Fig. 5G-H). Accesory apophyses pointed dome

shape and well developed, bearing three megaspines at the apex (Fig. 5H). Metatarsus I curved (Fig. 5F),

Fig. 6. Magnacarina cancer Mendoza & Tocht sp. nov., holotype (CNAN-T0991), left palpal bulb.

A. Retrolateral view. B. Prolateral view. C. Dorsal view. D. Apex, prolateral view. E. Apex, apical view.

White arrow indicates sperm pore. Scale bars: A-C = 1 mm; D-E = 0.5 mm.

MENDOZA J.I. et al.. New tarantula genus from Mexico

with retrolateral megaspines nodule well developed, having 12 very short and wide spines (Fig. 5I-J).

Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with a prominent conical process in the middle, covered by short setae

(Fig. 5E). Chaetotaxy (left side): femora I lp; II lp; III lr; IV lr; palp lp; patellae none; tibiae 12p, 4v; II

2p, 6v; III 2p, 5v, 2r; IV 5v, 2r; palp none; metatarsi: I lv; II 2p, 6v; III 4p, 6v, 2r; IV 2p, 7v, 2r. Palpal bulb

with short and wide primary projection, strongly curved retrolaterally and its distal half twisted to apical.

Retrolateral keel thin and slightly developed. Prolateral superior keel wide and well developed, posterior

extension ends in the middle of prolateral face (Fig. 6A-D). Secondary projection short lacking, prolateral

accessory keels (Fig. D). Prolateral inferior keel short and broader distally, apex acute and directed to

primary projection (Fig. 6D-E), shape similar to the crab claw (Fig. 6A-B). Apical keel wide covering

the sperm pore, which opens towards prolateral face (Fig. 6E). Facking tegular apophysis. Urticating

setae type III arranged in one oval dorsomedian patch, with copper metallic iridescence, intermixed with

long yellowish setae (Fig. 5C). Variations summarized in Table 1.

Color pattern: damaged by preservation in ethanol, carapace tegument looks yellowish; ventral coxae,

labium, maxillae and sternum brown; abdomen dorsally brown with whitish setae, ventrally brown.

Fegs and palps yellowish.

Paratype female CNAN-T0992 (Fig. 7A-D)

Body length (not including chelicerae and spinnerets) 13.70, carapace: 5.20 long, 4.50 wide. Caput not

markedly elevated; fovea recurved, 0.70 wide. Carapace without dark cephalic area (Fig. 7A). Eyes:

anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eyes sizes and interocular distances: AME: 0.23;

AFE: 0.28; PME: 0.12; PEE: 0.22; AME-AME: 0.10; AME-AFE: 0.05; PME-PME: 0.38; PME-PLE:

0.02; ALE-PLE: 0.06. Ocular tubercle, width 0.98; length 3.50; clypeus 0.06 (Fig. 1C). Labium: length

1.10; width 1.11; with 60 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 97-100 (left-right). Cheliceral

promargin with 8-8 (left-right) teeth. Sternum length 2.45. Sigilla oval, first to third pairs hardly visible;

posterior sigilla once its length from the margin (Fig. 7B). Leg formula: IV > I > II > III. Length of legs

and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 3.79, 2.54, 2.92, 2.11, 1.69, 13.05;

II: 3.47, 2.32, 2.54, 2.01, 2.05, 12.39; III: 2.92, 1.69, 2.17, 2.12, 1.62, 10.52; IV: 4.10, 2.07, 3.20, 3.36,

Fig. 7. Magnacarina cancer Mendoza & Locht sp. nov., §, paratype (CNAN-T0992). A. Carapace

dorsal view. B. Prosoma, ventral view. C. Ocular tubercle, dorsal view. D. Spermatheca, ventral view.

Scale bars: A-B = 2 mm ; D = 1 mm ; C = 0.5 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1-28 (2016)

2.23, 14.96. Palp: 3.19,1.84,2.09, -, 1.94, 9.06. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.825 long, 0.30 apart; PLS, 1.375 basal,

0.95 middle, 1.15 distal. Tarsi I-IV scopulate, I to III divided by narrow band of setae, IV divided by strong

band of setae. Metatarsi I scopulate on distal half; II scopulate on distal half. III scopulate on distal third,

and IV scopulate on distal fourth. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora I lp; II lp; palp lp; patellae none; tibiae

III lp, 3v, lr; IV 2v, lr; metatarsi I 2v; II 2v; III 4p, 5v, 2r; IV 2p, 7v, 3r. Spermatheca very reduced, only

a rounded receptacle as long as wide. Strongly sclerotized with the top oriented ventrally. Uterus extemus

is five times wider and three times longer than the spermatheca (Fig. 7D). Urticating setae of type III

arranged in one dorsomedian patch, with copper metallic iridescence. Variations summarized in Table 1.

Color pattern: damaged by preservation in ethanol, carapace tegument looks yellowish; ventral coxae,

labium, maxillae and sternum brown; abdomen dorsally brown with whitish setae, ventrally brown.

Tegs and palps: yellowish.

Distribution

The species is known only from the type locality in the Natural Protected Area of Chamela in Jalisco (Fig. 16).

Specimens were collected in scrapes under medium size rocks and the males wandering during daytime.

Nothing is known about its life cycle or natural history. We know, however, that the same area is inhabited

by Brachypelma klaasi (Schmidt & Krause, 1994), Bonnetina cyaneifemur Vol, 2000, and Aphonopelma sp.,

so it is possible there exists competition or even predation of M. cancer sp. nov. by these larger species.

Magnacarina primaverensis Mendoza & Tocht sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FF12650D-lE0E-43A6-9056-D98A65A794E4

Figs 8-12, 16

Diagnosis

Magnacarina primaverensis sp. nov. differs from M. cancer sp. nov. in the general shape of the male palpal

bulb, with prolateral inferior keel distally thinner and rounded, as well as in possessing prolateral accessory

keels, and retrolateral apophysis slendering towards apex. Females differ in possessing a wider and longer

spermatheca. M. primaverensis sp. nov. differs from M aldana comb. nov. in possessing a slightly developed

accessory apophysis; in a higher number of prolateral accessory keels, wider prolateral inferior keel and

an inconspicuous male palpal tibia retrolateral process. Females differ in the endites posteriorly wider and

rounded. Both sexes differ in a slightly orange carapace, with black cephalic area. M. primaverensis sp. nov.

differs from M moderata sp. nov. in having retrolateral nodule of megaspines, a male bulb with secondary

projection shorter and thinner, with more prolateral accessory keels, and an inconspicuous male palpal tibia

retrolateral process. Females differ in having a carapace as long as wide.

Magnacarina primaverensis sp. nov. has the following character combination: male palpal bulb with a

prominent primary projection strongly curved retrolaterally; retroaleteral keel thin and well developed;

prolateral superior keel well developed, posterior extension ends almost on the back face of palpal bulb

(Fig. 9A-C); secondary projection with prolateral accessory keels, increasing in size from proximal to

distal (Fig. 9C-D). Prolateral inferior keel wide, increasing from back to front and distal end slightly

oriented to apical (Fig. 9A, C-D). Apical keel well developed, wider in the middle (Fig. 9D-E).

Accessory apophysis barely developed, bearing large megaspines apically (Fig. 8E). Retrolateral nodule

of megaspines with large spines, stout at base and slendering apically (Fig. 81). Spermatheca reduced,

low, with one single receptacle variable in shape, and strongly sclerotized. Uterus externus that is wider,

and four to five times longer than the spermatheca (Fig. 11A-D).

Etymology

The specific epithet is a combination of the noun referring to the area that the species inhabits, “Bosque

de la Primavera”, and the Latin suffix - ensis , which means “of or from a place”.

MENDOZA J.I. et al.. New tarantula genus from Mexico

Fig. 8. Magnacarina primaverensis Mendoza & Locht sp. nov., holotype (CNAN-T0995).

A. Carapace, dorsal view. B. Prosoma, ventral view. C. Opisthosoma, dorsal view. D. Ocular tubercle,

dorsal view. E-I. Left side. E. Tibial apophyses, retrolateral view. F. Tibial apophyses, ventral view.

G. Palpal tibia, dorsal view. H. Metatarsus I, prolateral view. I. Retrolateral nodule with megaspines,

retrolateral view. Scale bars: A-C = 2 mm; E, G-H = 1 mm; D, F, I = 0.5 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1-28 (2016)

Type material

Holotype

MEXICO: S, Jalisco, Zapopan, Bosque de laPrimavera, 10 Oct. 2012, coll. R. Orozco (CNAN-T0995).

Paratypes

MEXICO: 4 55, 1 (?, Jalisco, Zapopan, Bosque de la Primavera, 20 Aug. 2010, coll. J. Mendoza

(females: CNAN-T0996, CNAN-T0999, CNAN-T1000 and CNAN-T1001; male: CNAN-T0998); 1

Jalisco, Zapopan, Carr. A Colotlan, casi llegando a Huaxtla, Oct. 2013, coll. G. Vila. (CNAN-T0997);

1 S, Jalisco, Zapopan, Bosque de la Primavera, 21 Sep. 2013, coll. J. Mendoza (NHM).

ART

Fig. 9. Magnacarina primaverensis Mendoza & Locht sp. nov., holotype (CNAN-T0995), right

palpal bulb. A. Prolateral view. B. Retrolateral view. C. Dorsal view. D. Apex, dorsal view. E. Apex,

apical view. White arrow indicates sperm pore. Scale bars: A-C = 1 mm; D-E = 0.5 mm.

MENDOZA J.I. et al ., New tarantula genus from Mexico

Description

Holotype male CNAN-T0995 (Figs 8-9, 12A)

Body length (not including chelicerae and spinnerets) 16.39, carapace: 7.48 long, 6.44 wide. Caput not

markedly elevated; fovea straight, 1.00 wide. Carapace with orange sheen setae and dark cephalic area

(Fig. 8A). Eyes: anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row, recurved. Eyes sizes and interocular

distances: AME 0.325; ALE 0.275; PME 0.20; PLE 0.25; AME-AME 0.15; AM E-ALE 0.05; PME-

PME 0.50; PME-PLE 0.025; ALE-PLE 0.075. Ocular tubercle, width 1.05; length 0.875; clypeus 0.075

(Fig. 8D). Labium: length 0.5; width 1.30; with 72 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately

136-133 (left-right). Cheliceral promargin with 8-8 (left-right) teeth. Sternum length 3.35. Sigilla circular,

only third pair hardly visible; posterior sigilla one and half times its length from the margin (Fig. 8B). Leg

formula: IV > I > III > II. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus,

total): I: 6.69, 3.46, 4.58, 4.71, 3.61, 23.05; II: 5.48, 3.25, 3.66, 4.37, 3.34, 20.1; IIP 4.87, 3.09, 3.67,

4.97, 3.55, 20.15; IV: 6.40, 3.13, 5.47, 7.34, 4.28, 26.62. Palp: 4.25, 2.97, 3.75, -, 2.05, 13.02. Spinnerets:

PMS, 1.03 long, 0.43 apart; PLS, 1.60 basal, 1.00 middle, 1.27 distal. Tarsi I-IV scopulate, II and III

divided by narrow band of setae, IV divided by strong band of setae. Metatarsi I densely scopulate; II

scopulate on distal two thirds. III scopulate on distal half and IV scopulate on distal third. Tibia I with

three apophyses. Prolateral apophysis with one short and stout inner spine shorter than its length (Fig. 8F).

Fig. 10. Magnacarinaprimaverensis Mendoza & Locht sp. nov., $, paratype (CNAN-T0996). A. Carapace,

dorsal view. B. Opisthosoma, dorsal view. C. Prosoma, ventral view. D. Ocular tubercle, dorsal view.

E. Labial and maxillary cuspules, ventral view. F. Sternum, ventral view. Scale bars: A-C = 4 mm;

E-F = 2 mm; D = 1 mm

European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1-28 (2016)

Retrolateral apophysis normally developed, slender and slightly curved to dorsal (Fig. 8E). Accessory

apophysis barely developed, bearing five large megaspines at its apex (Fig. 8E). Metatarsus I curved

(Fig. 8H), with retrolateral megaspines nodule with 14 large spines, stout at base and tapering apically

(Fig. 81). Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with a short process, poorly developed on distal third (Fig. 8G).

Chaetotaxy (left side): femora I lp; II lp; III lp, lr; IV lr; palp lp; patellae none; tibiae I lp, 4v; II 2p, 5v;

III 2p, 5v, 2r; IV 5v, 2r; palp none; metatarsi: I lv; II lp, 7v; III 4p, 7v, 2r; IV 3p, 7v, 2r. Palpal bulb with a

prominent primary projection strongly curved retrolaterally with distal half twisted to apical. Retrolateral

keel thin and well developed. Prolateral superior keel well developed, posterior extension ends almost

on the back face of palpal bulb (Fig. 9A-B, E). Secondary projection short and wide, with three to six

prolateral accessory keels well developed increasing in size from proximal to distal (Fig. 9C-D). Prolateral

inferior keel wide, increasing from back to front, distal end slightly oriented to apical (Fig. 9A, C-D).

Apical keel well developed, wider in the middle, covering the sperm pore which opens towards prolateral

face (Fig. 9E). Tegular apophysis slightly developed (Fig. 9A-B). Urticating setae of type III arranged in

one dorsomedian patch, with copper metallic iridescence (Fig. 8C, 12A). Variations summarized in Table 2.

Color pattern: In live specimens, carapace slightly orange with black cephalic area; ventral coxae, labium,

maxillae and sternum dark brown; abdomen dorsally black with reddish setae and dorsomedian patch

of copper-colored urticating setae, ventrally black. Legs and palps: femur with dark blue iridescence,

patellae orange, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi black (Fig. 12A).

Fig. 11. Magnacarina primaverensis Mendoza & Locht sp. nov., spermatheca, ventral view. A. 5,

paratype (CNAN-T0996). B. $, paratype (CNAN-T0999). C. $, paratype (CNAN-T1001). D. $,

paratype (CNAN-T1000). Scale bars = 1 mm.

MENDOZA J.I. et al. New tarantula genus from Mexico

Table 2. Magnacarina primaverensis Mendoza & Locht sp. nov. and Magnacarina moderata Locht,

Mendoza & Medina sp. nov. Variations of some quantitative characters in the specimens of the type

series. Measurements in mm. Hyphens represents the interval between the lowest and highest value of

each character. When left and right side values were taken, it was indicated as (left/right).

Specimens measurements

Magnacarina primaverensis sp. nov.

Magnacarina moderata sp. nov.

Males (3)

Females (4)

Male (1)

Females (2)

Total length

13.79-16.39

18.92-26.67

15.19

14.5-18.18

Carapace length

6.64-7.84

7.78-11.82

7.31

6.82-6.85

Carapace width

6.32-6.47

5.99-10.16

5.42

5.21-5.60

Sternum length

2.93-3.6

3.37-5.20

3.07

2.70-3.10

Sternum width

2.7-2.9

3.27-5.0

2.80-3.0

Labium length

0.5-0.93

1.60-2.15

0.90

0.93

Labium width

1.10-1.33

0.93-1.30

1.175

1.30-1.50

Chelicaral teeth (left/right)

7-8/8-10

8-10/7-10

8-9/9

Labial cuspules

48-72

35-56

62-75

Maxillary cuspules (left/right)

106-136/85-133

93-206/104-200

115/119

134-164/123-163

Spermatheca length medially

—

0.20-0.34

—

0.16-0.20

Spermatheca base width

—

0.86-1.40

—

0.60-0.66

Accessorial apophysis spines (left side)

3-5

—

Number of megaspines in nodule (left side)

12-14

—

Paratype female CNAN-T0996 (Figs 10, 11A, 12B)

Body length (not including chelicerae and spinnerets) 26.67, carapace: 11.82 long, 10.16 wide. Caput not

markedly elevated; fovea straight, 2.10 wide. Carapace with orange sheen setae and dark cephalic area

(Fig. 10A). Eyes: anterior eye rowprocurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eyes sizes and interocular distances:

AME: 0.325; ALE: 0.525; PME: 0.325; PLE: 0.325; AME-AME: 0.30; AME-ALE: 0.15; PME-PME:

0.825; PME-PLE: 0.075; ALE-PLE: 0.225. Ocular tubercle, width 1.85; length 1.30; clypeus 0.2 (Fig. 10D).

Labium: length 1.3; width 2.15; with 35 cuspules. Maxilla inner comer with approximately 162-152 (left-

right) (Fig. 10E). Cheliceral promargin with 10-10 (left-right) teeth. Sternum length 5.20. Sigilla oval, first

to third pairs hardly visible; posterior sigilla one and half times its length from the margin (Fig. 10C, F). Leg

formula: IV > I > II > III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total):

I: 8.03, 5.13, 5.62, 4.60, 3.46, 26.84; II: 6.98, 4.50, 4.83, 4.59, 3.16, 24.06; IIP 6.38, 3.81, 4.48, 5.42, 3.58,

23.67; IV: 8.26,4.26, 5.66, 7.83,4.63,30.64. Palp: 6.17,3.67,3.90, -, 3.51,17.25. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.07 long,

0.33 apart; PLS, 2.27 basal, 1.40 middle, 2.3 distal. Tarsi I-IV scopulate, II and III divided by narrow band of

setae, IV divided by strong band of setae. Metatarsi I densely scopulate; II scopulate on distal two thirds, III

scopulate on distal half, and IV scopulate on distal third. Chaetotaxy (left side): femora II lp; III lp, lr; palp lp;

patellae none; tibiae II lp, 2v; III 2p, 4v, 2r; IV 4v, 2r; palp 5v; metatarsi I lv; II 5v; III 4p, 6v, 2r; IV 3p, 8v, 2r.

Spermatheca reduced, low with one single semicircular receptacle, strongly sclerotized. Uterus extemus is

twice wider, and five times longer than the spermatheca (Fig. 11 A). Variation: spermatheca medially longer.

Also can be lower but twice wider than normally seen (Fig. 11B-D). Urticating setae of type III, arranged in

one dorsomedian patch, with copper metallic iridescence (Fig. 10B, 12B). Variations summarized in Table 2.

Color pattern: In live specimens, carapace slightly orange with black cephalic area; ventral coxae, labium,

maxillae and sternum dark brown; abdomen dorsally black with reddish setae and dorsomedian patch

of copper-colored urticating hairs, ventrally black. Legs and palps: femur with dark blue iridescence,

patellae orange, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi black (Fig. 12B).

European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1-28 (2016)

Color pattern

Color pattern of these spiders changes during their development. Spiderlings ofM primaverensis sp. nov.

have a black carapace; the abdomen dorsum is dark with a central patch of urticating hairs. All the

femora are black; patellae, tibia, metatarsi and tarsi are orange in color (2 nd to 6 th instar). In larger stadia,

the carapace is dark brown with larger black cephalic area; the rest of the body remains as spiderling

color (7 th to 8 th instar). As the individuals grow, the carapace becomes orange with black cephalic area;

the abdomen dorsum develops a few red setae; palps and legs show dark blue iridescent color on femora,

patellae becomes orange in color; and tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi become black (9 th instar onwards). This

last coloration is stronger in adults, especially in males. Recently molted specimens have more vivid

colors as observed in other theraphosids. In pre-molting individuals, colors are more opaque.

Distribution and natural history

Known only from the Natural Protected Area “Bosque de la Primavera”, near Jalisco, Mexico (Fig. 16).

All the spiders were found during daytime in a primary forest protected area. They live under rocks in

shallow scrapes. The spiders are more difficult to find during the dry season. One of the females was

found with a group of 25 spiderlings, with a legspan of 2.5 cm, suggesting that the spiderlings remain

with the mother for a few months (Fig. 12C-D). Since there were no systematic collecting efforts to

estimate the size of the population, the density of the distribution cannot be ascertained. The area is

under increasing pressure from human activities of the nearby city of Guadalajara, and it is possible that

the only existing population is in the protected area of “Bosque de la Primavera”.

Fig. 12. Magnacarinaprimaverensis Mendoza & Tocht sp. nov., habitus. A. S, holotype (CNAN-T0995).

B. $, paratype (CNAN-T0996). C-D. Habitat burrow, white arrows indicates location of spiderlings.

Photos: J. Mendoza (A, B); G. Vila (C, D).

MENDOZA J.L et al.. New tarantula genus from Mexico

Magnacarina moderata Locht, Mendoza & Medina sp. nov.

um:lsid:zoobank.org:act:74AF9502-86F8-4A92-B782-lA50555D8BD4

Figs 13-16

Diagnosis

Magnacarina moderata sp. nov. differs from all other Magnacarina species in lacking retrolateral

nodule of megaspines and having only one prolateral accessory keel well developed. Magnacarina

moderata sp. nov. also differs in possessing a secondary projection that is thinner and larger that of

the other species, with a short and apically directed prolateral inferior keel. Females differ in carapace

distinctly larger than wide.

Magnacarina moderata sp. nov. possesses the following character combination: male palpal bulb with

a prominent primary projection strongly curved retrolaterally, with distal half slightly apically directed

(Fig. A-C); retrolateral keel thin and slightly developed. Prolateral superior keel wide along its entire

length, posterior extension ends almost in the middle of prolateral face (Fig. 14D-E); secondary projection

is elongated and directed to apical, with one prolateral accessory keel well developed (Fig. 14C-D).

Prolateral inferior keel wide, divided in two sections, increasing from back to front and distal end oriented

to apical (Fig. 14A-B, D). Apical keel well developed, wider distally. Sperm pore is located between

prolateral inferior and apical keels (Fig. 14D-E). Accessory apophysis slightly developed, bearing large

megaspines at the apex (Fig. 13G-H). Metatarsus I lacking retrolateral nodule of megaspines (Fig. 13H).

Spermatheca reduced, low, with one single receptacle oval in shape, strongly sclerotized. Uterus extemus

is three times wider, and four to five times longer than the spermatheca (Fig. 15E-F).

Etymology

The specific epithet is the latinized version of “moderate”, moderatus fern, moderata , referring to the

shape of the secondary projection in the male palpal bulb which is moderately elongated and thinner

than in other species.

Type material

Holotype

MEXICO: 3, Nayarit, Acaponeta, 14 Nov. 1939, coll. C.M. Bogert and H.E. Yokes (CNAN-T1003).

Paratypes

MEXICO: 2$?, Sinaloa, 70 mi South of Mazatlan, 24 Jul. 1954, coll. W.J. Gertsch (CNAN-T1004 and

AMNH).

Description

Holotype male CNAN-T1003 (Figs 13-14)

Body length (not including chelicerae and spinnerets) 15.19, carapace: 7.31 long, 5.42 wide. Caput not

markedly elevated; fovea procurved, 1.33 wide. Carapace with orange sheen setae (Fig. 13A). Eyes:

anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row, recurved. Eyes sizes and interocular distances: AME

0.24; AFE 0.32; PME 0.18; PEE 0.22; AME-AME 0.12; AME-ALE 0.08; PME-PME 0.46; PME-PLE

0.02; ALE-PLE 0.16. Ocular tubercle, width 1.18; length 0.84; clypeus 0.12 (Fig. 13D). Labium: length

0.90; width 1.175; with 58 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 115-119 (left-right).

Cheliceral promargin with 9-9 (left-right) teeth. Sternum length 3.07. Sigilla circular, second and third

pairs hardly visible; posterior sigilla half its length from the margin (Fig. 13B). Leg formula: IV > I >

III > II. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 5.29, 3.29,

3.41, 4.25, 2.26, 18.50; II: 4.71, 3.08, 3.33, 3.30, 2.64, 17.06; III: 4.18, 2.66, 3.03, 3.44, 2.55, 15.86;

IV: 5.78, 3.13, 4.43, 4.95, 3.10, 21.39. Palp: 3.96, 2.82, 3.26, -, 1.29, 11.33. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.53 long.

European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1-28 (2016)

Fig. 13. Magnacarina moderata Locht, Mendoza & Medina sp. nov., holotype (CNAN-T1003).

A. Carapace, dorsal view. B. Prosoma, ventral view. C. Opisthosoma, dorsal view. D. Ocular tubercle, dorsal

view. Left side: E. Metatarsus I. Prolateral view. F. Palpal tibia, dorsal view. G. Tibial apophyses, ventral

view. H. Tibial apophyses, retrolateral view. Scale bars: A-C = 2 mm; E-F = 1 mm; D, G-H = 0.5 mm.

MENDOZA J.I. et al.. New tarantula genus from Mexico

0.20 apart; PLS, 0.97 basal, 0.63 middle, 1.10 distal. Tarsi I-IV scopulate, I and II divided by narrow

band of setae. III and IV divided by strong band of setae. Metatarsi I scopulate on distal two thirds; II

scopulate on distal half. III scopulate on distal half, and IV scopulate on distal fourth.

Tibia I with three apophyses, prolateral apophysis with one inner larger spine (Fig. 13G). Retrolateral

apophysis slightly curved to dorsal (Fig. 13G, H). Accessory apophysis slightly developed, bearing four

large megaspines at its apex (Fig. 13H). Metatarsus I curved (Fig. 13E), lacking retrolateral megaspines

nodule (Fig. 13H). Retrolateral face of palpal tibiae with a short process, slightly developed on distal

half (Fig. 13F). Chaetotaxy (left side): femora I lp; II lp; III lr; IV 2r; palp none; patellae none; tibiae I

Fig. 14. Magnacarina moderata Focht, Mendoza & Medina sp. nov., c?, holotype (CNAN-T1003), left

palpal bulb. A. Prolateral view. B. Retrolateral view. C. Dorsal view. D. Apex, dorsal view. E. Apex,

apical view. White arrow indicates sperm pore. Scale bars: A-C = 1 mm; D-E = 0.5 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1-28 (2016)

3p, 4v; II 3p, 8v; III 2p, 7v, 3r; IV 9v, 4r; palp none; metatarsi: I lp, 2v; II 3p, 8v; III 3p, 8v, 2r; IV

2p, 8v, 2r. Palpal bulb with a prominent primary projection strongly curved retrolaterally, with distal

half slightly twisted to apical (Fig. A-C). Retrolateral keel thin and slightly developed. Prolateral

superior keel wide along its entire length, posterior extension ends almost in the middle of prolateral

face (Fig. 14D-E). Secondary projection elongated with one prolateral accessory keel well developed

(Fig. 14B, D). Prolateral inferior keel wide, divided in two sections, increasing from back to front, distal

end oriented to apical (Fig. 14A-B, D). Apical keel well developed, wider distally. Sperm pore is located

between prolateral inferior and apical keels, and opens towards prolateral face (Fig. 14D-E). Tegular

apophysis slightly developed (Fig. 14A-B). Urticating setae of type III arranged in one dorsomedian

patch, with copper metallic iridescence (Fig. 13C). Variations summarized in Table 2.

Color pattern: damaged by preservation in ethanol, carapace tegument looks yellowish; ventral coxae,

labium, maxillae and sternum brown; abdomen dorsally brown with yellowish setae, ventrally brown.

Urticating setae with copper metallic iridescence. Legs and palps: brownish.

Paratype female CNAN-T1004 (Fig. 15A-E)

Body length (not including chelicerae and spinnerets) 14.50, carapace: 6.85 long, 5.60 wide. Caput not

markedly elevated; fovea procurved, 1.17 wide. Carapace with orange sheen setae (Fig. 15A). Eyes:

anterior eye row procurved, posterior eye row, recurved. Eyes sizes and interocular distances: AME 0.225;

Fig. 15. Magnacarina moderata Locht, Mendoza & Medina sp. nov. A-E. §, paratype (CNAN-T1004).

A. Carapace, dorsal view. B. Prosoma, ventral view. C. Opisthosoma, dorsal view. D. Ocular tubercle,

dorsal view. E. Spermatheca, ventral view. F. §, paratype (AMNH), spermatheca, ventral view. Scale

bars: A-C = 2 mm ; E-F = 1 mm ; D = 0.5 mm

MENDOZA J.I. et al.. New tarantula genus from Mexico

ALE 0.35; PME: 0.125; PLE: 0.275; AME-AME: 0.175; AME-ALE: 0.075; PME-PME: 0.55; PME-

PLE: 0.025; ALE-PLE: 0.10. Ocular tubercle, width 1.225; length 0.95; clypeus lacking (Fig. 15D).

Labium: length 0.93; width 1.50; with 62 cuspules. Maxilla inner corner with approximately 134-123

(left-right). Cheliceral promargin with 9-9 (left-right) teeth. Sternum circular, length 3.10. Sigilla oval,

second and third pair hardly visible; posterior sigilla once its length from the margin (Fig. 15B). Leg

formula: IV > I > II > III. Length of legs and palpal segments (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus,

total): I: 4.75, 3.17, 3.44, 2.53, 2.28, 16.17; II: 4.11, 2.93, 2.55, 2.39, 2.36, 14.34; III: 3.46, 2.43, 2.45,

2.90,2.24,13.48; IV: 4.99,2.82,3.85,4.16,3.05,18.87. Palp: 3.43,2.43,2.29,-, 2.79,10.94. Spinnerets:

PMS, 0.87 long, 0.43 apart; PLS, 1.63 basal, 0.90 middle, 1.03 distal. Tarsi I—IV densely scopulate, I

and II divided by narrow band of setae, III and IV divided by strong band of setae. Metatarsi I densely

scopulate; II scopulate on distal two thirds. III scopulate on distal half, and IV scopulate on distal fourth.

Chaetotaxy (left side): femora I lp; II lp; III lp, lr; IV lr; palp lp; patellae none; tibiae II lv; III 2p,

4v, 2r; IV 5v, 2r; palp 3v; metatarsi 12v; II 4v; III 3p, 7v, 2r; IV 3p, 9v, 2r. Spermatheca fused, low with

one single receptacle oval in shape, strongly sclerotized. Uterus externus is three times wider, and four

to five times longer than the spermatheca (Fig. 15E-F). Urticating setae of type III, arranged in one

dorsomedian patch, with copper metallic iridescence (Fig. 15C). Variations summarized in Table 2.

Color pattern: damaged by preservation in ethanol, carapace tegument looks yellowish; ventral coxae,

labium, maxillae and sternum brown; abdomen dorsally brown with yellowish setae, ventrally brown.

Urticating setae with copper metallic iridescence. Legs and palps: brownish.

Distribution

Known only from the border area between the states of Nayarit and Sinaloa (Fig. 16), this species

inhabits scrapes under rocks in deciduous forest.

Fig. 16. Distribution map identifying known records of Magna carina gen. nov. species in Mexico: Jalisco,

Nayarit and Sinaloa states, m = M. aldana (West, 2000); ▲ = M. primaverensis Mendoza & Locht sp.

nov.; ♦ = M. cancer Mendoza & Locht sp. nov.; = M. moderata Locht, Mendoza & Medina sp. nov.

European Journal of Taxonomy 232: 1-28 (2016)

Discussion

West (2000) described Hapalopus aldanus and placed it in the genus, based on the shape of the male palpal

bulb, the presence of a basoventral tubercle on metatarsus I, and the shape of the monolobed spermatheca.

Unfortunately, he based his comparison with the male type of Hapalopus formosus (Ausserer, 1875) only

on the illustrations by Gerschman & Schiapelli (1973) and suggested a continued study of male Hapalopus

congeners. We have reviewed the material of all other known Mexican theraphosids with the type III

urticating setae (i.e., Bonnetina, Cardiopelma, Davus and Schizopelma), and also the South American genera

Cyriocosmus and Hapalopus for better comparison of morphological features. One of the most important

challenges of this study was determining the homology of male palpal bulb keels and projections. The bulb

of Magnacarina gen. nov. is characterized by two unique projections: a primary projection with PS and RK

keels, and a secondary projection with PI and AK keels. As the PS and PI keel generally occur on the embolus

only (Bertani 2000), it is considered that this new taxon has a bifid embolus.

Although the position of the keels and their designation in bulbs of Bonnetina , Schizopelma, Davus

and Cardiopelma seem to be clear and straightforward, in order to fit Magnacarina gen. nov. into this

taxonomic scheme we must accept that the Ppr is an embolar projection formed by the fusion of PS

and RK keels. Consequently, the Spr is extremely short, and a wide embolus carrying PI keel, AK keel

and PAc keels in some cases. The male palpal bulb morphology in Bonnetina, Schizopelma, Davus

and Cardiopelma is relatively congruent with this interpretation; additionally, the PI keel bears teeth

(Bonnetina ) or a developed subapical tooth (Schizopelma, Davus, Cardiopelma). A “ring-shaped“

structure of PI and AK keels was observed in Cardiopelma, with the sperm pore between PI and AK

keels, similar to that of Hapalopus', this corresponds with the position of the sperm pore in Magnacarina

species, located between PI and A keels. Based on the morphological evidence, we consider our proposed

homologies for keels is correct. Additionally, the naming of the new structures Ppr and Spr is necessary

as nothing similar to these structures has been previously described.

Acknowledgments

JM thanks the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT), for the financial support to

conduct research at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, United States. Oscar

F. Francke and Griselda Montiel are thanked for providing access to the type material deposited in the

Coleccion Nacional de Aracnidos (CNAN), Instituto de Biologia, UNAM. We thank Dr. Norman I.

Platnick for providing access to the type and additional material deposited in the AMNH, and for his

hospitality during JM’s research stay. We thank Ignacio Vazquez for providing access to the material

deposited in the Laboratorio de Acarologia Anita Hoffmann (LAAH). We also thank Enrique Ramirez

Garcia from the arachnid collection in Estacion Biologica Chamela, UNAM, for providing access to

their material. Louis Sor kin and Fernando Medina Alcala are thanked for their help and hospitality when

JM was in New York City. JM thanks the members of the laboratory of arachnology (CNAN) for their

support and help on field trips, as well as David Ortiz for enriching discussions on the morphology of

Bonnetina. Images of live specimens and habitat were kindly supplied by Rick C. West and Guillermo

Vila. We thank Chris Hamilton for the language revision and valuable comments. We also thank the

editors and three anonymous reviewers for their critical reading and valuable comments. The specimens

were collected under the scientific collection permit FAUT-0175 from SEMARNAT to Oscar F. Francke.

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version 17.0 [accessed 20 Feb. 2016],

Manuscript received: 26 October 2015

Manuscript accepted: 12 April 2016

Published on: 23 September 2016

Topic editor: Rudy Jocque

Desk editor: Charlotte Thionois

Printed versions of all papers are also deposited in the libraries of the institutes that are members of the

EJT consortium: Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France; Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium;

Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; Natural History Museum, London, United

Kingdom; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Natural History Museum of

Demnark, Copenhagen, Demnark; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.