European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162

http://dx.doi.Org/10.5852/ejt.2012.5

ISSN 2118-9773

WWW. europeanj oumaloftaxonomy. eu

2012 • Patriek Grootaert & Igor V. Shamshev

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Monograph

The fast-running flies (Diptera, Hybotidae, Taehydromiinae) of

Singapore and adjacent regions

Grootaert P. & Shamshev I.V. 2012. The fast-running flies (Diptera, Hybotidae, Taehydromiinae) of Singapore and

adjacent regions. European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162. http://dx.doi.Org/10.5852/ejt.2012.5

PATRICK GROOTAERT^ & IGOR V. SHAMSHEV^

^Department of Entomology, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Seienees, rue Vautier 29, B-1000,

Brussels, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] (eorresponding author)

^All-Russian Institute of Plant Proteetion, shosse PodbeEskogo 3, 188620, St.Petersburg - Pushkin,

Russia. Present address: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Seienees, Brussels.

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. This is the first eomprehensive introduetion to the flies of the subfamily Taehydromiinae

(Hybotidae) of Singapore. The monograph summarizes all publieations on the Taehydromiinae of

Singapore and ineludes new data resulting from mass-trapping surveys made in Singapore during the

last six years. A few samples from Malaysia (Johor provinee, Pulau Tioman and Eangkawi) have been

also ineluded in this study. In Singapore the Taehydromiinae are the most diverse group of Empidoidea

(exeept Doliehopodidae) and eurrently eomprise 85 speeies belonging to the following nine genera:

Platypalpus (1), Tachydromia (1), Chersodromia (6), Pontodromia (1), Drapetis (5), Elaphropeza

(60), Crossopalpus (1), Nanodromia (3) and Stilpon (7). All speeies are diagnosed and illustrated. The

following 28 speeies are deseribed as new for seienee: Chersodromia bulohensis sp. nov. (Singapore), C.

glandula sp. nov. (Singapore, Malaysia), C. malaysiana sp. nov. (Singapore, Malaysia), C. pasir sp. nov.

(Malaysia), C. sylvicola sp. nov. (Singapore), C. tiomanensis sp. nov. (Malaysia), Crossopalpus temasek

sp. nov. (Singapore), Drapetis bakau sp. nov. (Singapore, Malaysia), D. hutan sp. nov. (Singapore),

D. laut sp. nov. (Singapore, Malaysia), D. mandai sp. nov. (Singapore), D. pantai sp. nov. (Singapore,

Malaysia), Elaphropeza chanae sp. nov. (Singapore), E. collini sp. nov. (Singapore), E. gohae sp. nov.

(Singapore), E. kranjiensis sp. nov. (Singapore), E. lowi sp. nov. (Singapore), E. semakau sp. nov.

(Singapore), E. shufenae sp. nov. (Singapore), Nanodromia hutan sp. nov. (Singapore), N. spinulosa

sp. nov. (Singapore), Platypalpus singaporensis sp. nov. (Singapore), Pontodromia pantai sp. nov.

(Singapore), Stilpon arcuatum sp. nov. (Singapore), S. neesoonensis sp. nov. (Singapore), S. nigripennis

sp. nov. (Singapore), S. singaporensis sp. nov. (Singapore), S. weilingae sp. nov. (Singapore). A re-

deseription is given for Crossopalpus exul (Osten-Saeken, 1882) (Taiwan). Males of Elaphropeza

feminata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007 andE. modesta Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007 as well as females of

Elaphropeza ubinensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007 and Nanodromia narmkroi Grootaert & Shamshev,

2003 are deseribed for the first time. Keys to genera and speeies, whieh are generally applieable to the

whole of Southeast Asia, are eompiled. An analysis of the speeies eeologieal preferenda is presented.

Key words. Diptera, Hybotidae, revision, new speeies. Oriental Region.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Table of contents

Introduction.3

Material and methods.3

Singapore - natural conditions.3

Collecting methods, specimen preservation and preparation.4

Drawings, measurements and illustrations.6

Descriptive format.6

Terminology.6

Adult morphology of Tachydromiinae.7

Phylogeny and classification.13

Results.13

Taxonomy.13

Key to the genera of Taehydromiinae from the Oriental Region.13

GQmxs Platypalpus Msiccyidiri, 1827.14

Genus TachydromiaMQXgQn, 1803.18

Genus ChersodromiaWdXkQX, 1849.22

Genus Pontodromia Grootaert, 1994.44

Gqxwxs Crossopalpus^igot, 1857.47

Genus Drapetis Meigen, 1822.53

Genus Elaphropeza Maequart, 1827.66

Genus Nanodromia Grootaert, 1994.112

Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859.124

Life History.142

General remarks.142

Phenology.142

Habitat preferenee.145

Future researeh.148

Acknowledgements.152

References.152

Check list of Tachydromiinae from Singapore.158

Index.161

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Introduction

The Taehydromiinae is a very diverse subfamily in the family Hybotidae eomprising quite small (1.0

to 5.0 mm) predatory flies that are generally seen running on leaves of vegetation but also oeeur under

many other eonditions ineluding tree-trunks, stones, sandy biotopes, ete.

The name of the subfamily refleets the behaviour of taehydromiines. These flies rather run than fly

around (exeept speeies of the genus Symballophthalmus Seeker). Taehydromiines run (Greek 'dromein')

around quite fast (Greek 'taehy', speed) on substrates and jump upon prey, ineluding small inseets or

mites, holding them with their raptorial fore and mid legs and pieree the prey with their strong proboseis

(ef robber flies).

The Taehydromiinae are worldwide in distribution and rieh in speeies. Currently the subfamily ineludes

about 1200 speeies (Yang et al. 2007). Eargest number of Taehydromiinae speeies (about 500) is known

from the Palaearetie where this group of empidoids has been most extensively investigated. The results

of these studies have been summarized in several monographs (Collin 1961; Chvala 1975, 1989;

Grootaert & Chvala 1992). In other regions the subfamily has been very inadequately studied and still

many speeies are awaiting deseription, espeeially from tropieal and subtropieal areas.

Southeast Asia and espeeially its border with South China is probably the eradle of many aneient groups

with a mixture of tropieal and temperate groups originating from the Palaearetie Region (Grootaert

2009). Currently, about 250 speeies of Taehydromiinae are reeorded from the Oriental Region.

The fauna of Singapore is tropieal and although the island is small and densely urbanised it has a very

rieh Taehydromiinae fauna. Remaining groups of Hybotidae are poorly represented in Singapore and

they inelude Syndyas Eoew, Syneches Walker and Hybos Meigen, whieh mostly remain unidentifled

(Grootaert & Yang 2009). The only genus of Empididae known from Singapore is Empis (Coptophlebia)

and flve speeies have been reeorded (Daugeron & Grootaert 2005).

In the present study we give a survey of all the Taehydromiinae reeorded so far from Singapore. Nine

genera are eurrently known and a total of 85 speeies. Keys are presented to identify the genera and the

speeies. Eaeh genus is treated in view of the known distribution in the Oriental Region. Here we present

a eomplete inventory of the Taehydromiinae fauna on a restrieted geographieal area rather than getting

lost in a megadiverse fauna sueh as in Malaysia with the risk of never aehieving an overview and little

insight.

No eomprehensive works on the subfamily Taehydromiinae (and Hybotidae on the whole) are available

for the Oriental Region. For this reason a general introduetion to morphology and life history of

taehydromiines are provided, in the hope that our monograph will stimulate students in the study of

these faseinating flies.

Material and methods

Singapore - natural conditions

Singapore is a small island republie situated at the southern tip of the Malaysian Peninsula with the huge

island of Sumatra at its western side and numerous smaller Indonesian islands at the southern and eastern

borders (Fig. 1). Singapore lies 137 kilometres north of the Equator in the middle of the Oriental Region

and is expeeted to have a similar fauna like the very diverse fauna of the Malaysian Peninsula. Singapore

eonsists of the main island of Singapore and about 60 small adjaeent islands. It has a land area of about

710 km' with a population of almost 5 million people. Although the southern eoast is densely urbanised.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

the central forested hills of the Central Catchment are rather well conserved. The Central Catchment

is a hilly area covered with various types of mainly rain forest and with large water reservoirs. Bukit

Timah has the highest elevation at 163 m and is covered by primary rain forest. Singapore is one of the

few cities in the world that has a primary rain forest in the middle of the city. The northern coast has still

some unique mangrove forests that proved to host a unique and very diverse empidoid fauna.

The microclimate of Singapore is different from the adjacent Malay Peninsula. It is monsoonal but the

highest rainfall is in January followed by a drier spell in February. The north of Malaysia has a rainy

season from May to September, while the southern part of the Malaysian Peninsula has a rainy season

opposite to it from October until March.

The mornings are usually dry in Singapore, but from noon onwards there are often short, but heavy

showers resulting in high humidity persisting throughout the year. Straddling the Equator and being

an island, the daily temperatures in Singapore are quite uniform throughout the year, with a maximum

around 32°C during the day and a minimum of 24°C at night.

Collecting methods, specimen preservation and preparation

The present revision is based on 833 samples and 2,114 specimens of Tachydromiinae, of which 731

samples and 1,891 specimens from Singapore were examined.

Material was partly collected by sweep net (5-13 October 2000, 4-13 December 2002, 19 November-11

December 2003, March 2005-February 2006, May 2009) and partly with Malaise traps. A major sampling

Fig. 1. Singapore in the Oriental Region (after Grootaert, 2009). STMF = subtropical mixed forest;

STD = subtropical desert and semidesert; TDFS = tropical dry forest and savannah; TWF = tropical wet

forest. The Weber line is considered to form the southeast boundary of the Oriental Region.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

effort was done from 1 Mareh 2005 to 28 February 2006 when eight Malaise traps were operated during a

whole year at the following sites in Singapore: Bukit Timah (1°20’53.70” N, 103°46’38.25”E), primary

rain forest, but seeondary rain forest at plaee of sampling, 1 trap), Sime forest (2 traps in rain forest along

small streams: Mai 1 (l°2ri8.72”N, 103°48’39.76”E) aeross a narrow stream that filled with water

only after rainfall; Mai 2 (1°2E 16.76”N, 103°48’ 19.12”E) in a broader, more swampy part of a broad

stream that was eontinuously wet). Central Catehment Area (Nee Soon, entranee Upper Peiree Reservoir

Park, swamp forest (Fig. 239); 3 traps: Mai 1 (1°22’55.61”N, 103°48’56.92”E) on the border of a small

permanent stream; Mai 2 (1°23’09.44”N, 103°48’39.96”E) aeross a small permanent stream; Mai 3

(1°23’07.83”N, 103°48’39.48”E) in drier area of the swamp forest), Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve (2

traps in mangrove; Fig. 241): Mai 1 (1°26’49.01”N, 103°43’47.95”E) with only base fiooded at high

tide; Mai 2 (1°26’49.96”N, 103°49’46.37”E) with water raising up to one meter at high tide). Malaise

traps were emptied almost weekly (7-10 days). Moreover three more Malaise traps were operated

temporarily (6 weeks) on the island Pulau Ubin (mangrove at Chek Jawa; Fig. 240). An additional year

of Malaise trap sampling was done by the late Mr. K.F. Yeo at Nee Soon (2 traps: Mai 2, Mai 3) and

Sungei Buloh (2 traps Mai 1, Mai 2) for the period of 28 February 2006 until 9 Mareh 2007. In eontrast

to earlier studies (Shamshev & Grootaert 2007; Zhang et al. 2007, 2008) the samples eolleeted by Mr.

K.F. Yeo are ineluded here. A third major sampling effort took plaee during the SMIP projeet (Singapore

Mangrove Inseet Projeet) sponsored by NParks. In 2009, eleven mangrove sites (Fig. 2) were sampled

during one month (5 May-12 June 2009) with at least two Malaise traps per site, however there were five

Fig. 2. Extent of the mangroves in Singapore (in green). During the SMIP projeet in 2009 Malaise traps

sampled at Fim Chu Kang, Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, Kranji Nature Trail, Sungei Cina, Pulau

Seletar, Pasir Ris, Changi Creek, Pulau Ubin (Chek Jawa), Belayar Creek and Pulau Semakau. Nee

Soon, Sime forest and Bukit Timah are terrestrial referenee sites (map made with help of NParks staff).

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Malaise traps on Pulau Semakau and three at Lim Chu Kang. This resulted in 104 samples that eontained

484 Taehydromiinae. Site deseriptions of SMIP will be published separately. It should be noted that the

earlier samples from Sungei Buloh are in faet from the adjaeent reserve Kranji Nature trail. The Malaise

traps operated from 2005-2007 at Sungei Buloh and at Kranji in 2009 were from the same site.

Under the heading Material examined' we mention all material that was not reeorded in our previous

revisions.

All holotypes are stored in aleohol in the eolleetions of the Raffles Museum for Biodiversity Researeh,

Singapore (ZRC: Zoologieal Referenee Colleetion), most paratypes are kept at the Royal Belgian

Institute of Natural Seienees, Brussels (RBINS). For eaeh reeord a register number is given (register

number in Database linked to eolleetion data sueh as loeality, date, eolleetor, habitat). The loeality of the

holotype is eonsidered here as the type locality. In addition, eaeh speeies sample is given an inventory

number (e.g. Si200), whieh indieates where the speeimens ean be found in the wet eolleetion.

To faeilitate observations, the terminalia were maeerated in hot 85% laetie aeid (or sometimes first in

KOH for a short period and then in laetie aeid) and immersed in glyeerine (Gumming 1992).

Drawings, measurements and illustrations

To make illustrations, maeerated details of speeimens were mounted temporarily in glyeerine on

depression slides, using a small amount of gel to anehor the speeimen. Drawings were made with a

eamera lueida attaehed to a eompound mieroseope. Before being inked on traeing paper, line drawings

were eheeked for aeeuraey under a disseeting mieroseope.

The right and left side of the male terminalia are based on the umotated position viewed posteriorly,

so that in the illustrations the right surstylus appears on the readers left side and viee versa. All male

terminalia are figured in their unrotated position.

The length of a wing was measured from the extreme base in a straight line along the eostal margin to

a line perpendieular to the tip of the wing. The eostal index of the wing is based on distanees measured

direetly from tip to tip of the first four veins where they join the eosta. The first seetion is measured from

the humeral erossvein rather than the wing base for purposes of aeeuraey.

Only a few habitus illustrations are given in this work. We want to refer to internet sites where plenty

habitus photos of most genera may be found. In the near future most mangrove speeies of empididoids

will be illustrated for Singapore.

Descriptive format

For previously deseribed speeies, referenee to the original deseription and short diagnosis are provided.

Newly deseribed speeies are eharaeterized in detail. General list of the speeies known from Singapore is

given at the end of the paper rather than under eaeh subsequent genus.

Terminology

Terms used for adult struetures primarily follow those reeently summarised by Gumming & Wood

(2009). Homologies for the male and female terminalia follow Gumming & Gooper (1992) and Sinelair

(2000). The term bristle is used for differentiated large setae on the head, mesonotum, and legs bearing

a partieular name or for one of a series with a partieular name, e.g., notopleural bristle, dorsoeentral

bristle, anteroventral bristle.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Abbreviations used in illustrations

apodeme

alar bristle (= costal)

acrostichal bristles

ex 1-3

coxae

dorsocentral bristles

epiproct or hypoproct

face

frons

gena

hypandrium

left cercus

left epandrial lamella

left surstylus

mpl

mesopleuron

mtn

metanotum

npl

notopleural bristles

ocellar bristles

occ

occiput

palpus

phallus

ppi

postpronotal lobe (humems)

prsc dc

prescutellar dorsocentral bristle

ptpi

pteropleuron (anepimeron)

right cercus

right epandrial lamella

right surstylus

scutellum

sc br

scutellar bristles

stpl

stemopleuron (katepistemum)

Adult morphology of Tachydromiinae

Head. (Figs 3-4) Black to yellow in ground colour. Eyes usually dichoptic in both sexes, separated by

more or less broad frons and with subequally small ommatidia, rarely holoptic or closely approximated;

bare or with dense ommatrichia. Face flat, level with eyes, very narrow, sometimes linear or wide;

clypeus distinct, membranous laterally. Gena not extended or, sometimes distinctly extended below

eye. Ocellar tubercle very prominent, with 1-2 pairs of bristles but posterior pair often minute. Antenna

(Figs 19-26). Scape greatly reduced, bare; pedicel cup-shaped; postpedicel varying in shape but usually

more or less conical. Stylus usually apical but sometimes subapical or dorsal; usually with long slender

apical mechanoreceptor. Proboscis rather short, strong, directed downwards but often slightly recurved;

lacinia absent (fused to labial paraphyses); pseudotracheae absent; maxillary palpus very distinct, one-

segmented, connected with special sclerite (palpifer), projecting obliquely, short, usually elongate-ovate,

often with distinct subapical seta.

Thorax. (Figs 5-6) Rather short and robust or distinctly elongated, slightly convex dorsally; varying

considerably in ground-colour (from yellow to black) and degree of tomentosity, sometimes with

distinct colour pattern, often shining. Prostemum separate between fore coxae or fused to proepistemum

forming precoxal bridge; proepistemum bare or with scattered setae. Postpronotal lobe undifferentiated

or differentiated, varying from large and elongate (e.g. Tachydromia and Tachypezd) to small

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

(some Platypalpus)\ postpronotal bristle usually prominent but sometimes absent. Mesopleuron [=

anepistemum] bare, rarely setose. Laterotergite bare. Metaepimeron sometimes enlarged. Postalar

eallus partially differentiated. Mesonotal vestiture varying, but usually with 1-3 distinet notopleurals, 1

postalar and 2-4 seutellars; aerostiehals and dorsoeentrals usually differentiated by gap but sometimes

undifferentiated or aerostiehals absent.

Legs. Sometimes all pairs quite slender and hardly modified but usually quite robust with fore or mid

legs speeialised for eatehing and holding prey. Coxae and troehanters unmodified. Fore and mid femora

usually thiekened in different degrees. Fore tibia often spindle-shaped; mid tibia often slightly eurved

and with apieal spur-like projeetion. Tarsomeres and hind legs usually slender, unmodified. Setation

Figs 3-6. Elaphropeza biuncinata (Melander, 1928). 3. head, (?, lateral view. 4. head, S, frontal view. 5.

Platypalpus sp. seutum dorsal view. 6. E. biuncinata thorax, lateral view.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

generally greatly redueed but often strongly modified (espeeially on mid femur and tibia). Fore tibia

with gland near base. Fore tibial anteroapieal eomb present or absent. Hind tibial posteroapieal eomb

present.

Wing. (Figs 10-18) Usually normally developed (no eases of braehyptery known from the Oriental

Region but see Grootaert & Shamshev (2008) for a review of this phenomenon among empidoids) or

sometimes narrow, with axillary lobe wide to greatly redueed; more or less infuseate, hyaline or with

distinet pattern. Mierotriehia uniform. Costal bristle usually present. Pterostigma absent. Costa distinet

or rarely (Symballophthalmus, not Oriental) praetieally eireumambient, only weakened posteriorly;

ending at vein bearing unmodified setae. Subeosta very indistinet, ineomplete, attaehed elose to

vein Rj, ending just short of eosta. Vein Rj (Fig. 10) meeting eosta at or before middle of wing, rarely

very short; usually uniformly thiekened. Vein Rs originating distant from humeral erossvein, nearly

halfway along Rj. Vein (Fig. 10) eomplete or ineomplete. Vein R^^^ unbranehed (Fig. 10). Vein

M unforked (M 2 lost). Diseal eell absent (dm-eu erossvein lost). Cell eup present or absent, if present

then shorter than apieal portion of A^. Vein CUA 2 present or absent, if present straight. Cells br (upper

basal eell) and bm (lower basal eell) varying in length. Anal vein present or absent; if present varying in

degree of selerotisation, eomplete, reaehing wing margin even as fold or ineomplete. Crossvein bm-eu

transverse or oblique.

Figs 7-9. Elaphropeza biuncinata (Melander, 1928). 7. right surstylus. 8. epandrium with eerei. 9. left

surstylus. a: ejaeulatory apodeme; e = epiproet; lei = left epandrial lamella; le = left eereus; re = right

eereus; rs = right surstylus. Seale bar= 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Figs 10-18. Wings of Tachydromiinae. 10. Platypalpus singaporensis sp. nov. 11. Tachydromia luang

Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005. 12. Chersodromia sylvicola sp. nov. 13. Chersodromia glandula sp. nov.

14. Drapetis laut sp. nov. 15. Elaphropeza biuncinata (Melander, 1928). 16. Crossopalpus temasek

sp. nov. 17. Stilpon laawae Shamshev & Grootaert, 2004. 18. Nanodromia narmjeud Grootaert &

Shamshev, 2003.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Figs 19-26. Antennae of Taehydromiinae. 19. Platypalpus singaporensis sp. nov. 20. Platypalpus

hualuang Grootaert & Shamshev, 2006. 21. Tachydromia luang Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005. 22.

Drapetis mandai sp. nov. 23. Drapetis hutan sp. nov. 24. Chersodromia singaporensis Shamshev &

Grootaert, 2005. 25. Crossopalpus temasek sp. nov. 26. Stilpon singaporensis sp. nov.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Abdomen. Male abdomenmore or less eonieal. In speeies oftribes Symballophthalmini andTaehydromiini

segments 1 -6 usually fully selerotised and laeking modifieations, tergites of subequal width (exeept tergite

1); no gland-like intersegmental stmetures. In Drapetini abdominal segments 1-6 varying eonsiderably

in ground-eolour, shape, degree of selerotisation and setation; segment 1 usually very narrow, tergites

2-3 of subequal width but tergite 4 often stronger selerotised and enlarged, eorrelated with very narrow

tergite 5; tergal vestiture sometimes modified and tergites 4-5 (sometimes 3-5) bearing squamiform

setae; gland-like intersegmental stmetures often present between tergites 4 and 5 or between tergites 3,

4 and 5. Sternites usually unmodified, weakly selerotised, eovered with seattered unmodified setulae.

Pregenital segments umotated. Segment 7 usually with unmodified stmeture and vestiture. Segment 8

often modified, with tergite slender or more or less notehed posteriorly and stronger selerotised and with

tendeney to fusion with stemite, usually with greatly redueed setation, symmetrieal. Female abdomen

teleseopie, with all segments more or less exposed, sometimes appearing blunt-ended; segments 1-7

usually with unmodified stmeture and vestiture, sometimes with same modifieations as in male. Seven

pairs of spiraeles present in segments 1-7.

Male terminalia. Asymmetrieal, rotated between 45-90° to the right with most eomponents of left side

often redueed in size (Figs 7-9). Epandrium undivided or eompletely divided; left epandrial lamella

usually smaller than right epandrial lamella and sometimes fused to hypandrium (e.g. Stilpon Loew,

1859); right epandrial lamella relatively large, positioned ventrally or on left, sometimes with additional

lobes; surstylus absent or, if present, positioned apieally, hardly differentiated from epandrium or

sometimes fully artieulated with epandrium; left surstylus often divided into separate eomponents.

Hypandrium large, usually subreetangular and more or less fiat, bearing few setae or bare. Gonoeoxal

apodeme eonfined to anterior margin of hypandrium. Postgonites present, assoeiated with apex of

hypandrium; right postgonite fused to apex of right hypandrial prolongation. Phallus firmly attaehed

to distal part of hypandrium, usually straight and very short, with simple apex, sometimes greatly

lengthened and euriously eoiled (e.g. some Elaphropeza and Stilpon). Ejaeulatory apodeme not fused to

phallus base, rod-shaped. Single ventral apodeme usually present, long, slender, artieulated to phallus,

rarely absent {Stilpon). Subepandrial membrane eompletely selerotised. Cerei, ineluding subepandrial

selerite, sometimes fused together basally and elosely approximated with margin of right epandrial

lamella, or eompletely fused forming single lobe (e.g. some Elaphropeza), or more or less separated;

usually fieshy, thinly selerotised and elothed in fine short setae but sometimes greatly modified and

bearing spine-like setae.

Female terminalia. Selerites of segment 8 usually separated by pleural membrane but sometimes fused

anteriorly; stemite 8 entire, or with apex hinged and partly or eompletely separated from base. Tergite

9 absent; stemite 9 redueed to small internal selerite. Tergite 10 present, separated from stemite 10; or

sometimes absent and then stemite 10 positioned below proetiger; undivided or more or less divided

medially. Cereus slightly selerotised, varying in shape from long, slender to short, ovate; elothed in fine

short setulae. Single, unpigmented, membranous spermatheea present; spermatheeal reeeptaele tubular

or sae-like.

Sexual dimorphism. The degree of the sexual dimorphism varies depending on the genus. Within the

tribe Taehydromiini dififerenees between males and females usually are very slight or absent in speeies of

Platypalpus. However, in Tachydromia or Tachypeza males often possess speeial modifieations (eolour

pattern, spines, tubereles, ete.) on fore or mid legs. Within the tribe Drapetini the sexual dimorphie

eharaeters ean also involve (beside setation of legs) modifieations of some abdominal segments and

presenee of gland-like abdominal stmetures (e.g. Stilpon).

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Phylogeny and classification

Recently, Sinclair & Gumming (2006) revised the higher classification of Empidoidea that is followed

in our paper. The Tachydromiinae is one of five subfamilies (together with Trichininae, Ocydromiinae,

Oedaleinae and Hybotinae), which are currently included in the family Hybotidae. Chvala (1975)

provided a historical review of the systematic position of Tachydromiinae, and this will not be repeated

here.

The subfamily Tachydromiinae is clearly monophyletic and this group is generally characterized by the

apomorphic loss of vein M 2 and cell dm (due to the loss of dm-cu crossvein). Additionally, tachydromiines

have no wing pterostigma and pseudotracheae as well as they possess some distinctive features of the

male terminalia including simple apex of the phallus and the ejaculatory apodeme not fused to phallus

base (Sinclair & Gumming 2006). Also, nucleotide data indicated robust support for the Tachydromiinae

(Moulton & Wiegmann 2007). Ghvala (1975) presented a cladogram of the phylogenetic relationships

within the subfamily Tachydromiinae and his pattern is generally accepted.

The subfamily is currently divided into three tribes, namely Symballophthalmini, Tachydromiini and

Drapetini (Ghvala 1975; Sinclair & Gumming 2006). The tribe Symballophthalmini includes the single

genus Symballophthalmus (absent in the Oriental Region), which is the most plesiomorphic group among

recent representatives of Tachydromiinae. The Drapetini are very diverse and comprise 19 genera,

nine of which are known from the Oriental Region. Seven genera of this tribe {Chersodromia Walker,

Crossopalpus Bigot, Drapetis Meigen, Elaphropeza Macquart, Nanodromia Grootaert, Pontodromia

Grootaert and Stilpon Eoew) have been found from Singapore. Finally, the tribe Tachydromiini includes

eight genera and is represented in the Oriental Region by Platypalpus, Tachydromia and Tachypeza

(absent in Singapore).

The subfamily Tachydromiinae is one of the most abundantly represented groups of Empidoidea found

in both Tertiary and Mesozoic ambers. For further data concerning extinct taxa of tachydromiines we

refer to papers of Grimaldi & Gumming (1999) and Solorzano Kraemer et al. (2005).

Results

Taxonomy

Key to the genera of Tachydromiinae from the Oriental Region

1. Postpronotal lobe differentiated (Fig. 5). Eyes bare. Scutum usually distinctly longer than broad.2

- Postpronotal lobe undifferentiated. Eyes with tiny ommatrichia. Scutum not or scarcely longer than

broad.4

2. Vein Aj present (Fig. 10), even if sometimes faint. Mid femur thickened and armed with rows of spine¬

like setae ventrally. Platypalpus Macquart, 1827

- VeinAj absent. Mid femurmore or less slender andusually with weak setae ventrally.3

3. Vein GUA 2 present. Tachypeza Meigen, 1830

-Vein GUA 2 absent. Tachydromia Meigen, 1803

4. Gells br and bm subequal in length at apex (Figs 12-13, 18; if in doubt, then eyes widely separated

on face and hind tibia bristly).5

- Gell br much shorter than cell bm at apex.7

5. Scutellum with 3-4 pairs of bristles. Vein A^ present. Megagrapha Melander, 1928

- Scutellum with 1-2 pairs of bristles. Vein Aj absent.6

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

6. Legs with hind tibia bristly. Eyes usually widely separated on faee and frons.

. Chersodromia Walker, 1849

- Legs with hind tibia laeking bristles. Eyes eontiguous on faee and widely separated on frons.

. Nanodromia Grootaert, 1994

7. Antenna with arista-like stylus dorsoapieal (Fig. 26; postpedieel with dorsoapieal extension).

Abdominal tergites without squamiform setae, tergites 3-5 usually of subequal width.8

- Antenna with arista-like stylus apieal or subapieal (postpedieel without dorsoapieal extension).

Some abdominal tergites often with squamiform setae laterally; if squamiform setae absent, then

gena distinetly developed below eye or tergite 4 enlarged.9

8. Seutum with subequally short dorsoeentrals. Rs originating at most halfway along Rj, longer than

erossvein bm-eu. Stilpon Loew, 1859

- Seutum with pair of long presutural dorsoeentrals. Rs originating far beyond halfway along Rj,

nearly as long as erossvein bm-eu. Pontodromia Grootaert, 1994

9. Gena distinetly developed below eye. Pedieel usually with very long ventral seta. Rs usually

shorter than erossvein bm-eu. Crossopalpus Bigot, 1857

- Gena seareely extended below eye. Pedieel usually with eirelet of subequally short setae. Rs

usually longer, at least as long as erossvein bm-eu.10

10. Oeeiput eonvex. Postpedieel eonieal to laneeolate. Hind tibia usually with long anterodorsal

bristles. Body often with yellowish markings. Elaphropeza Maequart, 1827

- Oeeiput somewhat flattened (head elosely set upon thorax). Postpedieel oval. Hind tibia

without long anterodorsal bristles. Body dark brown to blaek.11

11. Abdominal tergites with squamiform setae. Drapetis Meigen, 1822

- Abdominal tergites without squamiform setae. Sinodrapetis Yang, Gaimari & Grootaert, 2004

Tribe Taehydromiini

The tribe Taehydromiini is deflned by the following apomorphies: presenee of a preeoxal bridge and a

weakened Aj (Sinelair & Gumming, 2006). The tribe ineludes 8 genera worldwide but only two of them

{Platypalpus Maequart and Tachydromia Meigen) are eurrently found in Singapore.

Genus Maequart, 1827

Coryneta Meigen, 1800: 27. Type-speeies: Musca cursitans Fabrieius, 1775, by subsequent designation

of Engel (1939: 43). Suppressed by l.C.Z.N. 1963: 339 (Opinion 678).

Platypalpus Maequart, 1827: 92. Type-speeies: Musca cursitans Fabrieius, 1775, by subsequent

designation of Westwood (1840: 132).

Phoroxypha Rondani, 1856: 146. Type-speeies: Tachydromia longicornis Meigen, 1822, by original

designation.

Cleptodromia Corti, 1907:101 (as subgenus of Tac/zy^irow/a). Type-speeies: Tachydromia (Cleptodromia)

longimana Corti, 1907 by monotypy.

Brevios Brunetti, 1913: 22. Type-speeies: B. longicornis Brunetti, 1913 by original designation (not in

Yang et al. 2007).

Howlettia Brunetti, 1913: 23. Type-speeies: H. flavipes Brunetti, 1913 by monotypy. (not in Yang et al.

2007).

Tachydromia, authors, not Meigen, 1803, misidentifleations.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Recognition

Recognised by the following combination of characters: eyes separated in both sexes, bare; postpronotal

lobe well differentiated; scutum usually distinctly longer than broad; mid leg raptorial, mid femur

thickened and armed with rows of spine-like setae ventrally, mid tibia usually with more or less prominent

apical spur; wing with veins A^ and CUA 2 present (cell cup present).

Diagnosis

Very small to large species with body size varying from about 1.0 to 5.0 mm. Eyes separated on frons

and face, sometimes very narrowly; ommatidia of subequally small. One or two pairs of vertical

bristles, sometimes not prominent. Ocellar tubercle with 2 pairs of bristles. Antenna with postpedicel

conical; stylus apical. Palpus flattened, small, usually with some short subapical setae. Thorax greatly

varying in ground-colour and degree of tomentosity from uniformly yellow to black and from largely

shining to largely or entirely tomentose; scutum usually distinctly longer than broad; postpronotal lobe

well differentiated; postpronotal bristle usually very prominent; mesonotal setation varying. Mid leg

raptorial, mid femur thickened and armed with rows of spine-like setae ventrally, mid tibia usually

with more or less prominent apical spur. Wings normally developed; without pattern; Rs rather long,

originating beyond midway of vein Rj; vein Rj^^ meeting costa beyond wing midway; vein R 2^3

complete, meeting costa close to wing apex; Aj present; crossvein CUA 2 present, recurrent; crossvein

bm-cu oblique; cells br and bm of subequal length or cell bm slightly longer; cell cup present. Abdomen

with segments 1-7 usually unmodifled; no squamiform setae and gland-like intersegmental structures.

Terminalia: epandrium not divided; left epandrial lamella separated from hypandrium; left surstylus

undifferentiated from epandrial lamella; right epandrial lamella usually larger; right surstylus usually

present, barely differentiated from epandrial lamella; cerci separated; hypandrium usually with 2 bristles

on apical portion; phallus very short; two rod-shaped apodemes (i.e. ejaculatory plus ventral apodeme)

present. Female usually similar to male in aft respects except sexual differences; terminalia long; tergite

8 separated from stemite 8; cercus long, slender.

Remarks

The genus Platypalpus is the largest group of Tachydromiinae and one of the most speciose genera of

Empidoidea on the whole. Currently about 550 species of Platypalpus are known worldwide but about

75 % of them were described from the Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions (Yang et al 2007). Platypalpus

have been divided into several more or less natural species groups (Chvala 1975) and this classiflcation

of the genus is quite applicable to the Oriental representatives as weft (Grootaert & Shamshev 2006).

In contrast to the Palaearctic Region, few species of Platypalpus are found in the Oriental Region at

low altitudes. Having a similar habitat and niche as Elaphropeza, Platypalpus probably comes into

competition with Elaphropeza that is likely more adapted to tropical conditions. However as soon as

one samples at altitudes above 500 m, various species of Platypalpus are found and the number of

Elaphropeza species drops.

After relatively intensive sampling in Singapore, only three females belonging to a single species of

Platypalpus were found and we do not expect many more species to occur here. For a key and descriptions

of the actually known Southeast Asian Platypalpus, we refer to Grootaert & Shamshev (2006). Although

the species in Singapore is known Ifom females only, we describe it since it has many distinct characters

that make it easily recognisable from the single related species P. hualuang Grootaert & Shamshev

described Ifom Northeast Thailand and males are normally very similar in coloration and tomentosity.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Platypalpus singaporensis sp. nov.

Figs 10, 19, 244

Diagnosis

Species of the P. luteus group with 2 pairs of verticals. Body almost uniformly yellowish, except for

mesonotum with two pale brown vittae down dorsocentral bristles; antenna pale yellow, postpedicel

ellipsoid, about twice as long as wide; stylus 2.0 times as long as postpedicel; acrostichals and

dorsocentrals multiserial, hardly separated; 2 notopleurals; anepistemum (= mesopleuron) above with

row of short brown setae; tarsomeres 3 and 4 of fore tarsus somewhat flattened, but not produced with

posterior wing-like protuberance.

Description

Male

Unknown.

Female

Length. Body 3.3 mm; wing 2.0 mm.

Head. Entirely yellow in ground-colour (ocellar tubercle with slight brownish tinge). Occiput with 2

pairs of black verticals, further clothed with rather short bristly hairs, longer setae on lower part. Ocellar

tubercle with 2 long, black bristles. Frons pale yellow, widened toward ocellar tubercle, above antennae

about 1.5 times as wide as anterior ocellus, pollinose. Face below antennae nearly as broad as frons.

Antenna entirely pale yellow; postpedicel ellipsoid (Fig. 19), about 2.0 times as long as wide; stylus

nearly 2.0 times as long as postpedicel. Palpus brown, elongate, about as long as postpedicel, with 1 long

brown apical, 1 subapical and 1 subbasal setae. Proboscis yellow, long, as long as head is high.

Thorax. Almost entirely yellow; scutum with 2 brownish vittae down dorsocentrals; pleura yellowish-

brown; long bristles black, short hairs brown. Postpronotal lobe with 1 moderately long bristle and

several setulae. Mesonotum with 2 long notopleurals, 1 postalar and 4 scutellars (outer pair very short,

inner pair long); acrostichals and dorsocentrals short, multiserial, hardly separated, 1 pair of prescutellar

dorsocentrals long; anepistemum (= mesopleuron) with row about 8 brown setae along upper border.

Legs. Uniformly yellow. Fore femur thickened, with very short anteroventral and posteroventral bristles

and long dorsal hairs near base. Length of fore femur, fore tibia and fore tarsus (mm): 0.6/0.6/0.52; fore

tarsomeres (mm): 0.2/0.1/0.06/0.05/0.09. Fore tarsus slightly shorter than fore tibia; tarsomere 1 with

some longer hair-like setae near base; tarsomeres 3-5 flattened, but not produced posteriorly; tarsomere

5 with long posterior seta at tip. Mid femur incrassate, 1.5 times wider than fore femur, with 2 rows of

black ventral spinules (posterior ones longer) and row of 8-10 brown, posteroventral bristles about 3/4

as long as femur is wide. Mid tibia with short, flattened, yellow apical spur. Mid tarsus about 3/4 of

length of mid tibia. Hind leg ordinary.

Wing. Hyaline, with yellowish veins, bearing 2 long costal bristles. Veins and divergent near

middle, convergent just before meeting wing margin. Crossveins m-cu and r-m contiguous. Calypter

brown, with ciliae brown basally and pale apically. Halter with brown stem and white knob.

Abdomen. With tergite 1 very narrow, tergites 2-5 wide as usual and brown, tergites 6-8 pale; stemites

pale, only stemite 8 and cercus brownish.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Material examined

Holotype $

SINGAPORE: Sime forest, 3 June 2005, forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25134, leg. PG.; in ZRC).

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: 1 5, Sime forest, 6 May 2005, Mai 1 (reg. 25127, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Sime forest, 12 August

2005, Mai 1 (reg. 25293, leg. P.G.).

Etymology

The new speeies is dedieated to Singapore.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

Forest, reeorded from May until August.

Remarks

Platypalpus singaporensis sp. nov. belongs to the P. luteus group as indieated by the long yellow

proboseis and many other features (Grootaert & Shamshev 2006). It is however aberrant beeause it

laeks the broadened fore tarsi like other members of the group. Platypalpus singaporensis sp. nov.

has to be eompared mainly with P. hualuang Grootaert & Shamshev, a similar speeies from Northeast

Thailand. There are however so many erueial differenees that show the plastieity of the P. luteus group.

Remarkable is the presenee in P. singaporensis sp. nov. of a row of about 8 setae along the upper margin

of the anepistemum. A feature that is unique in Platypalpus. However, in P. hualuang one or two short

yellowish setae are present, a eharaeter that we overlooked in the original deseription of this speeies.

In P. hualuang, the following eharaeters are different: antenna onion-shaped (Fig. 20), palpus small,

round, pale yellow; a pair of short pale yellow oeellar bristles; two pairs of short, pale vertieals; I

notopleural; a brown median band on mesonotum; fore tibia not swollen in basal half and without

blaek dorsal bristles; tarsi paler than tibiae, almost white; fore tarsus very long, longer than tibia; fore

tarsomere I with a long white bristle near base; fore tarsomere 3 and 4 flattened and widened, due to a

wing-like posterior protuberanee; mid femur with about 6 posteroventral bristles about half as long as

femur is wide; mid tarsus long, as long as mid tibia.

Platypalpus singaporensis sp. nov. differs from P. hualuang as follows: antenna ellipsoid; palpus

elongate, brown; a pair of long blaek oeellar bristles; two pairs of long blaek vertieals; a narrow brown

vitta on eaeh row of dorsoeentrals, median area of mesonotum yellow; 2 notopleurals; fore tibia swollen

in basal half and dorsally with some long blaek bristles; fore tarsus distinetly shorter than fore tibia;

all tarsi yellow, not paler than tibiae; fore tarsomere I without long basal pale ventral bristle, only with

longer ventral pubeseenee; fore tarsomeres 3, 4 and 5 flattened, but not widened; mid femur with a row

of 8-10 brown posteroventral bristles that are at least 3/4 as long as femur is wide; mid tarsus short,

about 3/4 length of mid tibia.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Genus TachydromiaMQigQn, 1803

Sicus Latreille, 1797: 158. Type-species: Musca cimicoides Fabricius, 1781, by subsequent designation

of Latreille (1810: 443) [= Musca arrogans Linnaeus, 1761]. Pre-occupied by Sicus Scopoli, 1763

[Diptera, Conopidae].

Coryneta Meigen, 1800: 27. Type-species: Tachydromia connexa Meigen, 1822, by subsequent

designation of Coquillett (1910: 528). Suppressed by l.C.Z.N., 1963: 339 (Opinion 678).

TachydromiaMQigQn, 1803: 269. Type-species: Musca cimicoides TabnQius, sensu Curtis, 1833: pi. 477

(by designation of Curtis 1833), misidentification [= Tachydromia connexa Meigen, 1822].

Rafinesque, 1815: 130. Type-species: Musca cimicoides Te^ixxQnxs, 1781, automatic [= Musca

arrogans Tinn?iQns, 1761]. Replacement name for Latreille, 1796.

Danistes Gistel, 1848: XL Type-species: Musca cimicoides Fabricius, sensu Curtis, 1833, automatic [=

Tachydromia connexa Meigen, 1822]. An unnecessary new name for Tachydromia Meigen, 1803.

Tachista Loew, 1864: 7, 15. Type-species: Musca cimicoides'. sensu Meigen, 1803 (by subsequent

designation of Coquillett 1903: 258), misidentification [= Tachydromia connexa Meigen, 1822].

Tachysta: authors, error or emendation.

Recognition

Recognised by the following combination of characters: eyes broadly separated on frons, contiguous on

face, bare; postpronotal lobe well differentiated; scutum usually distinctly longer than broad; fore femur

thickened, mid legs more or less slender; wing often banded or spotted, with veins and CUA 2 absent

(cell cup absent).

Diagnosis

Small to medium-sized (1.0 to 3.5 mm), usually largely shining, ant-like fiies. Eyes separated on frons,

contiguous on face; ommatidia somewhat enlarged below. One pair of vertical bristles. Ocellar tubercle

with 1 pair of bristles. Antenna with postpedicel conical or subglobular; stylus apical or subapical. Palpus

varying in shape and length, usually with black subapical seta (sometimes absent). Thorax usually black

in ground-colour and largely shining, with greatly reduced setation; scutum usually distinctly longer

than broad; postpronotal lobe well differentiated; postpronotal bristle prominent or absent; mesonotal

setation variable. Fore femur and tibia thickened; mid leg more or less slender, in males often modified.

Wings normally developed or reduced (in non-Oriental species); usually with distinct pattern, banded,

spotted or clouded; Rs rather short, originating before or near midway of vein Rj; vein Rj long, meeting

costa beyond or near wing midway; vein R 2^3 complete (except male of T ocellata Shamshev &

Grootaert), meeting costa closer to wing apex; A^ absent; crossvein CuA^ absent; crossvein bm-cu

usually transverse; cell br shorter than cell bm, rarely both cells of subequal length (male of T ocellata)',

cell cup absent. Abdomen with segments 1-7 unmodified (in Oriental species); no squamiform setae and

gland-like intersegmental structures. Terminalia rotated 45-90° to right, of varying structure; epandrium

not divided; left epandrial lamella separated from hypandrium; left surstylus usually undifferentiated

from epandrial lamella; right epandrial lamella usually larger; right surstylus usually present, barely

differentiated or undifferentiated from epandrial lamella; cerci separated; hypandrium usually with 2

bristles on apical portion; phallus very short; two rod-shaped apodemes (i.e. ejaculatory and ventral

apodemes) present. Female usually similar to male but with unmodified structure and vestiture of mid

leg, rarely {T ocellata) with different pattern and venation of wing; terminalia long; tergite 8 separated

from stemite 8; cercus long, slender.

Remarks

Species of Tachydromia are likely among the most attractive fiies within the Hybotidae owing to their

external appearance and behaviour. They are usually found running about quickly on tree-trunks, logs.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

stones, sand, or leaves of lower herbage resembling in some respeets small hymenopterans or ants

(Chvala 1970). The group is worldwide in distribution and eurrently ineludes 110 speeies, of whieh

18 speeies are known from the Oriental Region. The Oriental speeies of Tachydromia were reeently

revised by Shamshev & Grootaert (2005b, 2008, 2009a) and Grootaert & Shamshev (2009a).The genus

is reeently also reported for the first time in Australia and six speeies are now known in the Australasian

region (Grootaert & Shamshev 2011).

Only a single speeies is reported in Singapore so far. Females are observed sporadieally, but males are

very rare. We do not expeet many more speeies of Tachydromia to oeeur here in Singapore, beeause it

is quite rare in the whole tropieal Oriental Region, exeept perhaps in mountains where more speeies are

found (Shamshev & Grootaert 2008).

The updated key given below is based on the key eompiled by Shamshev & Grootaert (2008), but it

ineludes a speeies deseribed from the South China (Yang & Grootaert 2006), two speeies of Tachydromia

reeently deseribed from Malaysia (Shamshev & Grootaert 2009a) and eorreetly distinguishes males and

females of T ocellata.

Updated key to species of Tachydromia of the Oriental Region

1. Halter with brown to blaek knob.2

- Halter entirely yellow or at most stem brownish.7

2. Wing with large brown pateh on subapieal part.3

- Wing brownish infiiseate leaving subapieal part whitish, brown along anterior margin.5

3. Fore femur with brown elongate ventral pateh basally; hind femur brown on apieal 1/4. Male:

fore tibia mostly bare posteriorly but with rather long eurved thin setae along sides of bare spaee

(Thailand) . T. tigeri Shamshev & Grootaert, 2008

- Fore and hind femora entirely yellow. Male: fore tibia unmodified .4

4. Tibiae almost entirely yellow, only fore tibia with subapieal ventral brown pateh (Viet Nam) .

. T. achterbergi Grootaert & Shamshev, 2009

- Tibiae almost entirely dark brown, only hind tibia brownish yellow apieally (China, Guangdong)....

. T. guangdongensis Yang & Grootaert, 2006

5. Fore femur almost entirely yellowish, indistinetly brownish elouded posteriorly on subapieal part;

hind femur broadly brownish on middle part; hind tibia dark brown on about apieal half Male: fore tibia

slightly eurved (viewed dorsally), with ventral spinules beeoming stronger on apieal half and several

spinule-like setulae posteriorly near middle (Thailand). T. phu Shamshev & Grootaert, 2008

- Fore femur largely brownish; hind femur pale yellow on basal 1/5, otherwise dark brown to blaek.

Male: fore tibia unmodified.6

6. Postpedieel brownish yellow, paler than seape and pedieel. Male: Right eereus with very long

seta at tip (Thailand). T. phanensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2008

- Antenna entirely brownish. Male: Right eereus with several moderately long marginal setae

apieally (Viet Nam). T. annamensis Grootaert & Shamshev, 2009

7. Wing with 2 broad brownish bands separated along entire length or eonneeted somewhere.8

- Wing with more or less distinet brownish pateh eloser to wing apex or (rarer) laeking prominent

pattern.13

8. Antenna yellow. Hind femur brownish on apieal part, hind tibia blaek brown on apieal 1/6-1/5.9

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

- Antenna dark brown to black (sometimes basal segments somewhat darker). Hind femur and tibia

largely blackish brown.10

9. Fore tibia contrastingly black on apical 1/3. Male: cerci with numerous very long setae (Thailand;

Singapore). T. luang Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005

- Fore tibia entirely yellow. Male: cerci covered with scattered short to moderately long setae (Malaysia)

. T. malaysiensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2009

10. Palpus pale yellow (China, Henan). T. henanensis Saigusa & Yang, 2002

- Palpus dark.11

11. Hind femur brown on apical 2/3 (Thailand). T. monocercus Shamshev & Grootaert, 2008

- Hind femur entirely blackish brown.12

12. Laterotergite with thin finger-like process. Wing with bands connected on cells rj and r^^^. (China,

Henan). T. digitiformis Saigusa & Yang, 2002

- Laterotergite unmodified. Wing with 2 broad brown bands separated along the whole length

(India). T. latifascipennis Brunetti, 1917

13. Hind femur entirely yellow..14

- Hind femur at least partly brown to black.15

14. Fore tarsomeres 4 and 5 brown. Hind tibia brownish on about basal half (Thailand; Viet Nam)...

. T. doi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2008

- Only fore tarsomere 5 darkened on apical half Hind tibia entirely yellow (Thailand).

. T. terricoloides Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005

15. Occiput with fiattened silvery white setae on lower part. Hind femur entirely black. Wing almost

entirely uniformly brownish infiiscate, darker anteriorly, paler basally (Malaysia).

. T. pahangiensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2009

- Occiput with pale hair-like setae on lower part. Hind femur brown on apical part. Wing with

different pattern.16

16. Palpus yellowish brown. Fore tibia almost entirely brownish, extreme base yellow. Wing largely

finely infiiscate, somewhat deeper on middle part along veins (Thailand).

. T. thaica Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005

- Palpus pale yellow. Fore tibia at most brownish apically. Wing with 1 or 2 brownish patches on

subapical part.17

17. Wing with 2 brownish patches on subapical part; vein incomplete; male (Thailand).

. T. ocellata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2008

- Wing with 1 brownish patch on subapical part; vein complete.18

18. Only fore tarsomere 5 darkened on apical part; hind tibia yellow (Taiwan)...Z bistigma (Bezzi, 1912)

- Fore tarsomeres 4 and 5 brown; hind tibia partly brown to black.19

19. Mid tibia brown; hind tibia brown on apical 1/4; female....7^ ocellata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2008

- Mid tibia yellow; hind tibia blackish on basal 2/3 (China, Henan).

. T. longyuwanensis Saigusa & Yang, 2002

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Tachydromia luang Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005

Figs 11,21,27-30, 245

Tachydromia luang Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005b: 115.

Diagnosis

Medium-sized speeies with thorax largely brown (not blaek), subshining, finely pollinose, and prothoraeie

selerites yellowish brown; palpus yellow, small, rounded, with very long, blaek apieal bristle; legs with

male fore tibia in apieal 1/3 and hind tibia in apieal 1/6 eontrastingly blaek, otherwise pale yellow; wing

with two broad brown bands eonneeted along eosta; male terminalia with left eereus bilobed, bearing

very long bristles.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 (J(holotype), Eoyang mangrove, tree trunk, 18 April 1985 (leg. D.H. Murphy; in ZRC);

1 $, Chek Jawa, 2 Deeember 2003, mangrove, Mai 1 (reg. 23097, leg. P.G.); 2 Nee Soon, 11

Deeember 2003, swamp forest, Mai 2 (reg. 23121, leg. P.G.); 2 $ Nee Soon, 24 Mareh 2005, swamp

forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25028, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Nee Soon, 15 July 2005, swamp forest, Mai 2 (reg. 25259,

leg. P.G.); 1 $, Nee Soon, 28 Oetober 2005, swamp forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25403, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Nee

Soon, 3 Deeember 2005, swamp forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25436, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Nee Soon, 25 January 2006,

Figs 27-30. Tachydromia luang Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005, S terminalia. 27. right epandrial lamella,

lateral view. 28. epandrium with eerei, dorsal view. 29. left surstylus, lateral view. 30. detail of tip right

surstylus, dorsal view (after Shamshev & Grootaert 2005).

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

swamp forest, Mai 1 (reg. 26020, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Sime forest, 1 April 2005, forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25040,

leg. P.G.); 1 $, Sime forest, 16 September 2005, forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25352, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Sime forest,

14 Oetober 2005, forest, Mai 3 (reg. 25386, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Sime forest, 3 Deeember 2005, forest, Mai

1 (reg. 25434, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Sime forest, 8 February 2006, forest, Mai 2 (reg. 26027, leg. P.G.); 1 $,

Sime forest, 17 February 2006, forest, Mai 1 (reg. 26034, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore, Thailand (Loei and Petehabun Provinees).

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

Tachydromia luang has been reeorded in only four loealities: Loyang and Chek Jawa are mangroves,

while Nee Soon and Sime forest are terrestrial rain forests; reeords almost throughout the year.

Remarks

Although there is sueh an apparent disjunetive distribution, there is little doubt that the speeies from

Singapore and Northeast Thailand are eonspeeifie. Furthermore, the Singaporean speeies was found in

a mangrove and in rain forest while the Thai speeimens were reeorded from a mixed deeiduous forest

at an altitude of 500 m (FIRS Na Haeo, Loei provinee) and also from Petehabun and Sakhon Nakhon

provinees. This phenomenon of disjunetive oeeurrenee in mangrove or eoastal forests and in mountains

is observed in Empis (Coptophlebia) (Daugeron & Grootaert 2003), in Platypalpus (see this paper) and

various other hybotid and doliehopodid speeies (Grootaert 2009).

Tribe Drapetini

The tribe Drapetini is diagnosed by the following apomorphies: eompound eyes with ommatriehia,

loss of tergite 10 in females (eorrelated with stemite 10 positioned below the eerei), and loss of wing

vein CuA^ (Sinelair & Gumming 2006). The Drapetini eurrently ineludes 18 genera, of whieh 9 genera

(Chersodromia Walker, Crossopalpus Bigot, Drapetis Meigen, Elaphropeza Maequart, Megagrapha

Melander, Nanodromia Grootaert, Pontodromia Grootaert, Sinodrapetis Yang, Gaimari & Grootaert,

and Stilpon Loew) have been reeorded from the Oriental Region, but only seven genera of Drapetini are

eurrently known from Singapore. Megagrapha and Sinodrapetis are laeking. Almost all these groups are

worldwide in distribution but Nanodromia and Pontodromia are found in the Oriental and Australasian

regions only.

Genus Chersodromia WdlkQr, 1849

Chersodromia Walker, 1849: 1157. Type-speeies: Tachypeza brevipennis Zetterstedt, [1838], by

subsequent designation of Rondani (1856: 147) [= Chersodromia arenaria (Haliday, 1833)].

ColoboneurayieXdindiQX, 1902: 229. Type-speeies: C. Melander, 1902, bymonotypy.

Halsanalotes Beeker, 1902: 41. Type-speeies: H. amaurus Beeker, 1902, by monotypy.

ThinodromiaMQlmx&QX, 1906: 370. Type-speeies: T. zfzc/zoato Melander, 1906, bymonotypy.

Recognition

Chersodromia is reeognised from other drapetine genera that oeeur in the Oriental Region by the following

eombination of features: eyes widely separated or eontiguous on faee, gena distinetly extended below

eye, eells br and bm subequal in length, vein Aj very weak or absent, and legs (at least hind tibia) bristly.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Diagnosis

Very small to quite large (1.0-4.0 mm) usually blaek and densely greyish pollinose, rarely pale yellow

(C. flavicaput group) flies. Frons broad, with sides divergent above. Eyes usually widely separated

or eontiguous (C. flavicaput group) on faee. Vertieal bristles usually very prominent, 1 or 2 pairs, but

sometimes praetieally absent. Oeellar tuberele with 2 pairs of bristles. Antenna with pedieel bearing long

ventral subapieal seta; postpedieel varying in shape, often with dorsoapieal extension; stylus arising

apieally or dorsoapieally, arista-like, long. Gena distinetly extended below eye. Palpus small, usually

with short subapieal seta and sometimes with sensory pit. Thorax usually largely densely pollinose.

Postpronotal bristle prominent. Mesonotal bristles prominent but sometimes aerostiehal and dorsoeentral

bristles little differentiated or greatly redueed in number; 2 long setae sometimes present between mid

and hind eoxae. Eegs short, robust, with femora of subequal width; mid leg laeking seeondary sexual

eharaeters in male; hind tibia with distinet bristles. Wings normally developed or sometimes redueed

(non Oriental speeies); laeking eolour pattern (in Oriental speeies), hyaline, flnely infiiseate or milky-

white; Rs very long, originating elose to humeral erossvein or near middle of Rj; Rj usually long and

meeting eosta at least near middle of wing, sometimes short (C. flavicaput group); R 2^3 usually long

and meeting eosta beyond wing midway, sometimes very short and meeting eosta before wing midway

{C. flavicaput group); veins R^^^ and parallel; Aj present as fold or absent; erossvein CuA^ absent;

erossvein bm-eu oblique or nearly transverse; eells br and bm of subequal length. Abdomen usually with

tergites 1-7 unmodifled, rarely tergite 2 modifled (C. glandula sp. nov.); no squamiform setae; gland¬

like intersegmental struetures absent. Terminalia with epandrium eompletely divided; left epandrial

lamella fused to hypandrium; left surstylus differentiated from epandrial lamella, undivided or divided;

right surstylus differentiated or barely differentiated from epandrial lamella; eerei separated; hypoproet

unmodifled; hypandrium setose subapieally; phallus very short or sometimes elongate (C. flavicaput

group); usually two rod-shaped apodemes (i.e. ejaeulatory and ventral apodemes) present, rarely only

one (some speeies of C. flavicaput group). Female usually similar to male, exeept some slight differenees

in setation of legs; terminalia short or elongate; tergite 8 separated from stemite 8; eereus rather short,

slender or ovate.

Remarks

The genus Chersodromia belongs to the unique eomplex of the empidoids inhabiting the narrow intertidal

and supralittoral zones of the sea shores (Grootaert 1992, 1994; Shamshev & Grootaert 2004a, 2005a,

2005e; Ulrieh 2004). The representatives of this eeologieal group usually oeeupy very speeialised niehes,

e.g. reef-flats, sandy beaehes, erab holes, wet roeks, the mangrove direetly exposed to the sea, ete., and

only rarely penetrate inland (Chvala 1995; Grootaert et al. 2007). Currently, 65 speeies of Chersodromia

are known worldwide, ineluding 6 speeies deseribed here. 10 speeies are reeorded now from the Oriental

Region. Chvala (1977) subdivided Chersodromia into four speeies groups. However this elassifleation

is based on Palaearetie speeies and it does not work for the Oriental representatives of the genus.

There are four 'yellow' Chersodromia known in the Oriental Region and they probably form a natural

speeies group. Provisionally we refer to them as the C. flavicaput group. They do not oeeur on sandy

beaehes as most Chersodromia, but are found in forests and one speeies in mangroves. Within that

group, C. bulohensis sp. nov., C. flavicaput and C. obscura form a distinet subgroup eharaeterised in

having two rod-shaped apodemes, the left surstylus with a strong apieal bristle and a set of spinules.

Chersodromia sylvicola sp. nov. does not have these eharaeters and therefore this speeies appears to

belong to a different braneh that is eloser to the Chersodromia with dark body ground-eolour. For a

further diseussion on this group please refer to Grootaert et al. (2007).

The remaining speeies of Chersodromia belong to various groups sensu Chvala (1977), but some speeies

are intermediate. For example, C. malaysiana sp. nov. belongs to the C. cursitans group; C. nigripennis

Shamshev & Grootaert appears to have an intermediate position between the C. incana and C. cursitans

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

groups; C. singaporensis Shamshev & Grootaert belongs to the C. speculifera group and probably is

elosely related to three speeies of Chersodromia deseribed from Papua New Guinea (Grootaert 1992).

Key to species of Chersodromia from the Oriental Region

1. Body largely yellow to pale yellow; wing with vein very short, meeting eosta before middle

of wing; not on sandy beaehes.2

- Body entirely brown to blaek; wing with vein R 2^3 long, meeting eosta beyond middle of wing;

on sandy beaehes.5

2. One pair of strong vertieal bristles.3

- Vertieals minute, not distinet from postoeulars.4

3. Seutum in anterior third with brown median vitta broadly eonneeted near middle with broad brown

area on eaeh side, leaving sides of notopleural and preseutellar depressions yellow. Hind tibia with

3 long bristles on apieal half (Thailand).C. obscura Grootaert, Gumming & Shamshev, 2007

- Mesonotum uniformly yellowish. Hind tibia with 4 long bristles on apieal half (Singapore).

.C. sylvicola sp. nov.

4. Hind tibia with 5 long bristles on apieal half (Papua New Guinea; Thailand).

. C. flavicaput Grootaert, Gumming & Shamshev, 2007

- Hind tibia with 3 bristles on apieal half (Singapore).C. bulohensis sp. nov.

5. Two pairs of vertieal bristles.6

- One pair of vertieal bristles.8

6. Halter pale. Abdominal tergite 2 thiekened posteriorly (Singapore; Malaysia).C. glandula sp. nov.

- Halter at least with brownish yellow knob. Abdominal tergite 2 unmodified.7

7. Palpus brownish. Postpedieel eonieal, without dorsoapieal extension (Singapore).

.C. nigripennis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005

- Palpus white. Postpedieel with distinet dorsoapieal extension (Malaysia).C. pasir sp. nov.

[The Palaearetie C. luanchuanensis Yang, An & Gao, 2002 from Ghina (Henan) will also key out here.]

8. Halter with darkened knob (Singapore; Malaysia).C malaysiana sp. nov.

- Halter pale.9

9. Palpus pale yellow (Malaysia).C. tiomanensis sp. nov.

-Palpus brownish (Singapore).C. singaporensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005

Chersodromia flavicaput group

This group eould be eharaetirised in the eombination of the following eharaeters (Grootaert et al. 2007):

body very pale, almost white; eyes touehing on the faee, wing with vein Rj very short and ending well

before middle of wing, meeting eosta before or near middle of wing, eonsequently, Rs shorter than

in other Ghersodromia speeies.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Chersodromia bulohensis sp. nov.

Figs 31-36

Diagnosis

Occiput pale yellowish in ground-colour; stylus dorsoapical; no distinct vertical bristles; thorax

with anepistemum (= mesopleuron) and anepimeron (= pteropleuron) pale brown, katepistemum (=

stemopleuron) white; wing with cell br slightly longer than cell bm; hind tibia with only 3 bristles in apical

half

Description

Male

Eength. Body 1.4 mm ; wing 1.0 mm.

Head. (Fig. 31) With occiput dark yellowish in ground-colour; face, gena, palpus and proboscis pale

yellow, ocellar tubercle brown; eyes black; with yellowish setation. Frons broadly triangular; in front

view as wide as pedicel. Eyes almost touching on face; ommatidia enlarged anteriorly and on lower

half of eye. Face linear. Ocellars long, as long as postpedicel. Occiput concave above neck; verticals

reduced, not prominent, probably two pairs of minute bristles present. Gena broad. Antenna uniformly

yellow; pedicel with long ventral seta; postpedicel about as long as pedicel, with rather long slender

dorsoapical extension; stylus dorsoapical, at least 4.0 times as long as basal antennomeres combined.

Palpus small, white, fusiform with longer pale subapical seta and some setulae.

Thorax. Pale yellow in ground-colour; mesonotum with faint pattern: anterior third with brown median

vitta connected near middle with broad brown area at each side, leaving postpronotal lobes, sides of

notopleural and prescutellar depressions yellow; pleura with anepistemum and anepimeron yellow,

katepistemum and meron (= hypopleuron) almost white; setation yellowish. Postpronotal lobe with 1

long inclinate bristle. Mesonotum with 1 short presutural supra-alar, 2 notopleurals, 1 postsutural supra-

alar, 1 postalar and 4 scutellars (apical pair long, lateral pair minute); acrostichals reduced, 3 setulae on

one line; 3 long dorsocentrals.

Fegs. Pale yellow. Fore femur thickened; with row of short brown posteroventral bristles and long

ventral bristles near base. Fore tibia with distinct ventral subapical bristle. Mid femur half as stout as

fore femur, with long pale ventral bristle near base and strong brown anterior subapical bristle. Mid tibia

with some spinule-like setae on apical half and long posteroventral subapical bristle. Hind femur stouter

than mid femur, with very long fine basal ventral bristle. Hind tibia (Fig. 33) with 3 brown bristles

slightly longer than wdith of tibia (1 anterodorsal, 1 dorsal and 1 anterodorsal preapical).

Wing. (Fig. 32) Normally developed, faintly yellowish tinged, with largely pale brown veins, R2^3 darker.

Costal bristle rather short, brown. Vein Rs rather long, nearly 2.0 times as long as crossvein bm-cu.

very short, only slightly longer than distal portion of Rj (between Rs and meeting point with costa), meeting

costa before middle of wing. Mj^^ curving anteriorly just before ending near wing tip. Crossvein bm-cu

strongly oblique. Crossvein r-m slightly beyond cell bm. Anal vein absent. Calypter minute. Halter with

dusky knob.

Abdomen. Yellowish white, with short pale setation; no gland-like stmctures.

Terminaeia. Elongate (Figs 34-36), largely yellow, hypandrium brown. Cerci with unmodified setation.

Epandrium completely divided. Right epandrial lamella with strong apical seta. Right surstylus not

prominent. Feft epandrial lamella fused with hypandrium, bearing several short setae apically. Feft

surstylus consisting of 2 lobes; lower lobe short, elongate oval, with several short, unmodified setae;

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Figs 31-36. Chersodromia bulohensis sp. nov., f. 31. head, lateral view. 32. wing, dorsal view. 33. hind

femur and tibia, anterior view. 34. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 35. epandrium with eerei, dorsal

view. 36. hypandrium with detail of left surstylus, ventral view.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

upper lobe bearing 3 apieal spines and 1 long seta near middle mounted on tuberele (Fig. 36). Phallus

short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Unknown.

Material examined

Holotype S

SINGAPORE: Sungei Buloh, 9 Deeember 2002, sweep netting along border of mangrove (reg. 22057,

leg. P.G.;inZRC).

Etymology

The name refers to the type loeality Sungei Buloh.

Distribution

Singapore.

Figs 37-40. Chersodromia flavicaput Grootaert, Gumming & Shamshev, 2007, S terminalia. 37.

hypandrium with phallus, ventral view. 38. tip of hypandrium, ventral view. 39. epandrium with eerei,

dorsal view. 40. left epandrial lamella and hypandrium, lateral view. Seale bars = 0.1 mm (after Grootaert

et al. 2007).

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This species was collected on the edge of mangroves with a single record in early December.

Remarks

Chersodromia bulohensis sp. nov. belongs to the species groups with a faint pattern on the scutum and a

strong curved seta on the left dorsal surstylus. Additionally, the spines on the left surstylus are stronger than

in C. flavicaput Grootaert, Gumming & Shamshev (Figs 37-40), the cerci are larger, and the hind tibia

bears 3 long bristles.

Chersodromia flavicaput Grootaert, Gumming & Shamshev, 2007

Figs 37-40

Chersodromia flavicaput Grootaert, Gumming & Shamshev, 2007: 56.

Diagnosis

Pale yellow species belonging to the C. flavicaput group. Occiput pale yellowish, almost white. No

distinct vertical bristles. Three pairs of acrostichals. Hind tibia with 5 long bristles in apical half

Distribution

Papua New Guinea, Thailand.

Figs 41-43. Chersodromia obscura Grootaert, Gumming & Shamshev, 2007, S terminalia. 41. right

epandrial lamella, lateral view. 42. epandrium with cerci, dorsal view. 43. left epandrial lamella fused

to hypandrium with detail of surstylus. Ic = left cercus. Is = left surstylus, ph = phallus. Scale bar = 0.1

mm (after Grootaert et al. 2007).

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

Rain forest, April-June.

Remarks

See under C. obscura.

Chersodromia obscura Grootaert, Gumming & Shamshev, 2007

Figs 41-43

Chersodromia obscura Grootaert, Gumming & Shamshev, 2007: 59.

Diagnosis

Pale yellow speeies belonging to the C. flavicaput group. Oeeiput dark yellowish in ground-eolour. One

pair of distinet vertieal bristles. No aerostiehals. Hind tibia with only 3 long bristles on apieal half

Distribution

Thailand.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

River banks in bamboo forest, April.

Remarks

Chersodromia obscura differs from C. flavicaput in having only 3 long bristles on the hind tibia while

the latter has 5 bristles. In addition C. obscura has a pair of distinet vertieal bristles, no aerostiehals,

stronger male eerei, longer spines on left surstylus, and tip of phallus is less eoiled.

Chersodromia sylvicola sp. nov.

Figs 44-51

Diagnosis

Oeeiput pale yellowish; 1 pair of strong vertieals longer than oeellars; antennal stylus apieal, postpedieel

fusiform; hind tibia with 4 bristles on apieal half

Description

Male

Eength. Body 1.2 mm ; wing 0.98 mm.

Head. Entirely pale-yellowish in ground-eolour, almost white, ineluding frons, oeeiput, oeellar tuberele,

faee, gena, palpus and proboseis; eyes and oeelli eontrastingly blaek; with pale yellowish setation. Frons

broadly triangular, above antennae as wide as pedieel. Eyes eontiguous on faee; ommatidia enlarged

anteriorly and on lower half of eye. Anterior and posterior pair of oeellars long (as long as basal antennal

segments eombined). One pair of strong vertieals, slightly longer than oeellars. Gena narrow. Oeeiput

eoneave above neek, pale yellowish. Antenna (Fig. 44) yellow, stylus brown; pedieel with long seta

ventrally; postpedieel fusiform, as long as pedieel; stylus apieal, about 2.5 times as long as basal

segments eombined. Palpus small, white, with subapieal seta and some additional setulae; small round

sensory pit present.

Thorax. Pale yellow in ground-eolour; mesonotum and pleura uniformly yellowish without eolour

pattern; with yellowish setation. Postpronotal lobe with 1 long inelinate bristle. Mesonotum with 1

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

short presutural supra-alar, 2 notopleurals, 2-3 minute postsutural supra-alars, 1 postalar and 2 apical

scutellars (shorter than base of scutellum); acrostichals inconspicuous, 4 pairs almost on one line; 3 long

dorsocentrals and 1 short prescutellar.

Legs. Uniformly pale yellow. Fore femur thickened on basal 3/4; with row of pale postero ventral bristles

and 2 long ventral bristles near base. Fore tibia with distinct ventral preapical bristle. Mid femur half

as stout as fore femur, with strong brown, anterior preapical bristle. Mid tibia with some spinule-like

Figs 44-51. Chersodromia sylvicola sp. nov., (J. 44. antenna, lateral view. 45. wing, dorsal view. 46.

head, lateral view. 47. head, frontal view. 48. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 49. epandrium with

cerci, dorsal view. 50. left surstylus, lateral view. 51. hind tibia, anterior view.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

setae on apieal half and 1 long posteroventral subapieal bristle. Hind femur slightly stouter than mid

femur, with 1 very long thin ventral bristle near base. Hind tibia (Fig. 51) with 4 long yellowish bristles

somewhat longer than width of tibia, with 1 anterodorsal, 2 dorsal and 1 short ventral subapieal bristles.

Wing. (Fig. 45) Normally developed, faintly yellowish grey tinged, with pale veins. Costal bristle rather

short, pale brown. Vein Rs rather long, nearly 1.5 times as long as erossvein bm-eu. R 2^3 short, about 2.0

times as long as distal portion of R1 (between Rs and meeting point with eosta), meeting eosta before

middle of wing. R^^^ and straight and parallel near wing tip. Crossvein bm-eu strongly oblique.

Crossveins r-m and bm-eu separated. Cell br somewhat shorter than eell bm. Anal vein absent. Calypter

minute, brown, with 2 brown eilia. Halter with white knob.

Abdomen. White, with pale short setation; tergite 1 weakly selerotised, following tergites normally

selerotised; no intersegmental gland-like struetures and squamiform setae. Terminalia (Figs 48-50)

elongate. Cerei rather stout, with unmodified setation. Epandrium eompletely divided. Right epandrial

lamella with unmodified setation. Right surstylus bilobed (Fig. 48). Feft epandrial lamella fused with

hypandrium, with unmodified setation. Feft surstylus not prominent. Phallus short, tubiform, ending in

fine tip. One rod-shaped apodeme present.

Female

Unknown.

Material examined

Holotype cJ

SINGAPORE: Nee Soon, 8 July 2005, Mai. 2 (reg. 25206, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Etymology

The name refers to its oeeurrenee in the forest.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

Forest, single reeord from beginning of July.

Remarks

Although Chersodromia sylvicola sp. nov. is also a yellow speeies that we eonsider belonging to the C.

flavicaput group, it is quite distinet from the three other known yellow speeies (C. bulohensis sp. nov.,

C.flavicaput and C. obscura) that resemble one another very mueh. The main differenee from the latter

three speeies is the presenee of one pair of long vertieal bristles, only one rod-shaped genitalie apodeme

and the absenee of a faint eolour pattern (darker vitta) on the seutum.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Non Chersodromia flavicaput group

Chersodromia glandula sp. nov.

Figs 52-54

Diagnosis

Characterized by 2 pairs of vertieal bristles; antenna yellow; palpus brownish; thorax brownish; halter

pale; legs almost uniformly yellow, only tarsomeres 4 and 5 somewhat brownish; abdominal tergite 2

broadened, thiekened posteriorly.

Description

Male

Length. Body 1.6-2.1 mm, wing 1.5-1.9 mm.

Head. Brownish in ground-eolour, with blaek bristles, greyish pollinose. Frons rather broad, somewhat

widened toward oeellar tuberele, in middle nearly 2.5 times as broad as anterior oeellus. Faee below

antennae somewhat broader than frons, widened in lower part. Eyes rather narrow. Oeellar tuberele and

Figs 52-54. Chersodromia glandula sp. nov., S terminalia. 52. right surstylus, dorsal view. 53. epandrium

and eerei, dorsal view. 54. left surstylus, lateral view. Seale bar = 0.1 mm.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

vertex with 2 pairs of equally long bristles. Oeeiput with 1 row of short postoeulars and rather numerous

bristles of different lengths. Gena deep, with 3-4 marginal setae. Antenna yellow; postpedieel eonieal,

about 2.5 times longer than wide, with very small dorsoapieal extension; stylus nearly 2.0 times as long

as postpedieel. Palpus rather small, brownish, elongate oval, with several blaek setae ineluding 1 long

subapieal; sensory pit absent.

Thorax. Brownish in ground-eolour with sutures darker in varying extent, entirely densely greyish

pollinose, with blaek setation; spiraeles brown. Postpronotal bristle long, inelinate. Mesonotum more or

less evenly eovered with short hair-like setae but main bristles very prominent, ineluding 1 presutural

supra-alar, 3-4 notopleurals, 1-2 postalars and 4 seutellars (inner pair erueiate); aerostiehals hardly

distinguishable from seutal setation, eomplete, arranged in 2-3 rows on anterior part, beeoming more

numerous and multiserial toward seutellum, 4 preseutellars longer; dorsoeentrals indistinguishable

from seutal setation on anterior part, represented by 4 pairs of almost equally long bristles posteriorly,

eomplete; 2 long setae present between mid and hind eoxae.

Eegs. Almost uniformly yellow, only tarsomeres 4 and 5 somewhat brownish, mostly with blaek

setation. Fore eoxa with intermixed pale and blaek setae of different lengths, latter longer nearer to

outer margin of eoxa. Fore femur somewhat thiekened, with 1 row of short anteroventral and 1 row

of similar posteroventral bristles, bearing 1 longer anterior subapieal bristle and some setae around

tip. Fore tibia spindle-like, bearing 1 moderately long anteroventral and 1 similar posteroventral seta

subapieally, with 1 short anterodorsal bristle on basal third. Fore tarsus somewhat longer than fore

tibia, with tarsomeres 2-5 somewhat dilated, with umnodified setation. Mid eoxa with several setae of

different lengths ineluding 1 long subapieal bristle direeted posteriorly. Mid femur slender, with 1 row

of posteroventral, moderately long (beeoming shorter toward apex of femur) bristles throughout, 1 row

of shorter anteroventral bristles, 2 long, thin setae near extreme base, 1 anterior subapieal bristle and

some prominent setae around apex. Mid tibia with 1 row of anteroventral spinules, 1 short anterodorsal

bristle on basal third and eirelet of 3 subapieal setae. Mid tarsus somewhat dilated, distinetly longer

than mid tibia. Hind eoxa with brush of several long apieal setae direeted posteriorly. Hind femur with

1 row of very short (2 subapieals somewhat longer) anteroventral bristles, 1 row of thin posteroventral

bristles (somewhat longer in apieal half of femur) and 1 anterior subapieal bristle. Hind tibia with 3 long

anterodorsal, 3 similar dorsal and 2 anteroventral bristles, bearing 2 shorter subapieal setae. Hind tarsus

slender, somewhat longer than hind tibia.

Wing. Normally developed, somewhat milky white, eovered with uniform mierotriehia, with pale to

yellowish veins. Costal vein somewhat thiekened meeting with Rj, bearing ordinary setulae along

anterior margin. One blaek, moderately long eostal bristle present. R^ meeting eosta beyond middle of

wing. R^^^ and parallel and straight in apieal part. Aj present, very fine, fold-like. Halter pale.

Abdominal sclerites. Mostly pale brown, tergites 1 and 2 somewhat darker, espeeially on middle

part. Tergite 1 narrow, tergite 2 broadened, thiekened posteriorly; tergites 1-7 eovered with brownish

tomentum, bearing dark, short setae eoneentrated along lateral margins. Stemites eovered with brownish

setulae. Intersegmental gland-like struetures or squamiform setae absent.

Terminalia. Small, pale brown, subglobular (Figs 52-54). Both eerei unbranehed, bearing several long

setae, laeking spines. Hypoproet selerotised, somewhat enlarged. Epandrium eompletely divided. Feft

epandrial lamella small, fused to hypandrium, with numerous short setae on apieal part. Feft surstylus

(Fig. 54) eonsisting of two entirely separated selerites; upper selerite rather eonieal, elongate, with 1

long seta at apex and several other setae of different lengths; lower selerite hardly prominent, digitiform.

Right epandrial lamella very large, eonvex, elothed in numerous setae, with moderately large ventral

lobe bearing several ordinary setae. Right surstylus subreetangular (Fig. 52), rather short, with several

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

unmodified setae. Hypandrium with several minute setulae on apieal part. Phallus short, two apodemes

present (not on drawing).

Female

Unknown.

Material examined.

Holotype S

SINGAPORE: Chek Jawa, 15 Deeember 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25452, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: 1 S, Pulau Ubin/jetty, 15 Deeember 2005, beaeh, sweeping (reg. 25451, leg. P.G.).

MAEAYSIA: 4 SS, Johor provinee, Sedili keeil, 12 Oetober 2000, beaeh, sweeping (reg. 20046, leg.

PG. & N. Evenhuis).

Sequences in Genbank

S, Chek Jawa, 15 Deeember 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25452, leg. P. Grootaert) quoted in Eim et

al. (2009) as Chersodromia sp. Sil330 has been sequeneed.

Etymology

The speeifie name refers to the modified abdominal tergite 2.

Distribution

Malaysia, Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

Found on beaeh and in mangrove, from Oetober to Deeember.

Remarks

This speeies ean be readily reeognised among other speeies of Chersodromia due to the modified

abdominal tergite 2 whieh is broadened and thiekened posteriorly. Abdominal modifieations are quite

eommon among Drapetini (Shamshev et al. 2006; Grootaert & Shamshev 2009b) but this is the first

reeord for Chersodromia.

Chersodromia malaysiana sp. nov.

Figs 55-57

Diagnosis

Small speeies with one pair of vertieal bristles; palpus and proboseis brown; thorax brown; halter with

brownish knob; legs brownish yellow.

Description

Male

Eength. Wing 1.2-1.3 mm.

Head. Blaek. Oeeiput subshining, finely pollinose. Two long, erueiate vertieal bristles present. Frons

subshining, slightly broadened toward oeellar tuberele. Anterior and posterior oeellars equally long,

former proelinate and erueiate, latter lateroelinate. Antenna brown; pedieel with eirelet of subequally

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

short setae; postpedieel globular, with long dorsoapieal projeetion; stylus nearly 2.0 times longer than

seape, pedieel and postpedieel eombined. Gena narrow. Palpus and proboseis brown.

Thorax. Brown. Prothoraeie epistema laeking setae above fore eoxa. Postpronotal bristle long.

Mesonotum with 2 notopleural, 1 postsutural supra-alar, 1 postalar and 4 seutellar bristles (inner pair

very long, erueiate; outer pair very short); aerostiehals short, biserial; dorsoeentrals long, 3 pairs,

surrounded by additional setulae.

Eegs. Brownish yellow, mid and hind femora somewhat darker. Coxae and troehanters with unmodified

setation. Fore femur somewhat thiekened. Fore tibia spindle-like, with several ereet setulae. Fore

basitarsus with long posteroventral bristle on about middle. Mid femur with row of posteroventral

spinule-like setae beeoming longer toward base and with 1 anterior subapieal bristle. Mid tibia with

row of blaek ventral spinules (1 subapieal longer) on apieal half and some fine dorsal and anterodorsal

setae. Hind femur with 1-2 longer anteroventral subapieal and 1 anterior subapieal bristles. Hind tibia

with short but pointed apieal projeetion; bearing 4 dorsal, 2 anterodorsal and 2 anteroventral bristles of

different lengths on apieal half Hind tarsus unmodified.

Figs 55-57. Chersodromia malaysiana sp. nov., S terminalia. 55. right epandrial lamella, lateral view.

56. epandrium and eerei, dorsal view. 57. left surstylus, lateral view.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Wing. Normally developed, finely brownish infiiseate, eovered with uniform mierotriehia. Costal vein

with short setulae along anterior margin. Costal bristle long, brownish. Costal index: 29/15/25. Vein Rs

originating before middle of eell rj (eloser to humeral erossvein), long, longer than erossvein bm-eu. Rj

thiekened near eosta. R 2^3 evenly bowed toward eosta, almost straight. R^^^ and parallel on apieal

part. Vein Aj absent. Crossveins bm-eu and r-m eontiguous. Crossvein bm-eu oblique. Halter with pale

stem and brownish knob.

Abdomen. With tergites weakly selerotised, unmodified, brownish; with seattered unmodified setulae,

tergite 7 with longer posteromarginal setae. Gland-like struetures absent.

Terminalia. (Figs 55-57). Cerei broadly separated, short, left eereus somewhat longer than right one,

with umnodified setae. Epandrium eompletely divided. Left epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium,

with several short setae on apieal part. Left surstylus (Fig. 57) with upper lobe subglobular in upper

part, with minute marginal setulae. Right epandrial lamella subtriangular, with short slender proeess

near apex (Fig. 55); eovered with numerous unmodified setae of different lengths, bearing 2 rather short

spine-like setae on upper margin. Right surstylus not prominent. Hypandrium with several long setae on

upper part. Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Mid tibia laeking ventral spinules. Cereus elongate oval, brownish. Otherwise as in male.

Material examined

Holotype S

SINGAPORE: Chek Jawa, 22 Deeember 2005, mangrove, Mai 1 (reg. 25455, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: 1 $, Pulau Ubin/jetty, 15 Deeember 2005, beaeh, sweeping (reg. 25451, leg. P.G.).

MALAYSIA: 1 S, Pulau Tioman, Monkey Bay, 14 July 2005, beaeh, sweeping (reg. 25216, leg. P.G.).

Etymology

The speeifie name refers to the Malaysian Peninsula.

Distribution and seasonal occurrence

Malaysia, Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

Found on beaehes and mangroves from July and Deeember.

Remarks

This speeies belongs to the C. cursitans group sensu Chvala (1977). In having a single pair of vertieal

bristles the new speeies eould be eompared with C. singaporensis and C. tiomanensis sp. nov. However,

C. tiomanensis sp. nov. ean be readily distinguished from C. malaysiana sp. nov. by its pale yellow

palpus. Chersodromia singaporensis has entirely pale halters.

Chersodromia nigripennis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005

Figs 58-62

Chersodromia nigripennis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005e: 3.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Diagnosis

Rather small speeies (about 2.0 mm) with 2 pairs of vertieal bristles; very narrow faee; blaek antennae;

eonieal postpedieel with apieal stylus; brownish palpi, halters and legs, and usually deeply infiiseate

wings.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 S, Chek Jawa, 12 September 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25343, leg. P.G.); 2 $

Chek Jawa, 15 Deeember 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25452, leg. P.G.); 2 SS, 2 $ $, Sungei Buloh

(SBWROl), 19 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29073, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore.

Seasonal occurrence and habitat

On beaehes in front of mangroves; with flight reeords in Mareh, May, September, and November-

Deeember (most reeords).

Figs 58-62. Chersodromia nigripennis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005, S- 58. palpus, lateral view. 59.

antenna, lateral view. 60. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 61. epandrium and eerei, dorsal view. 62.

left surstylus, lateral view, (after Shamshev & Grootaert 2005).

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Remarks

This species is likely to show dark-winged (most common) and pale-winged forms. We supposed that

the dark wings are a local homochromatic adaptation as a camouflage on a black background. The

paler specimens might have an advantage on the white sandy patches (Shamshev & Grootaert 2005c).

Chersodromia nigripennis appears to have an intermediate position between the C. incana and C.

cursitans groups (sensu Chvala, 1977).

Chersodromiapasir sp. nov.

Figs 63-65

Diagnosis

Small species with 2 pairs of vertical bristles; postpedicel with distinct dorsoapical extension; palpus

white, elongate; legs largely pale brown; halter with brownish yellow knob.

Description

Male

Length. Body 1.6 mm, wing 1.5 mm.

Head. Largely black in ground-colour, gena brown. Frons greyish pollinose, rather narrow, widened

toward ocellar tubercle, in middle nearly 1.5 times as broad as anterior ocellus. Face almost linear,

widened in lower part, narrow, in middle nearly 2.5 times narrower than frons. Ocellar tubercle and

vertex with 2 pairs of long, black bristles (partly missing). Occiput greyish pollinose, broadly subshining

round neck, with some scattered pale setulae longer in lower part. Gena moderately broad. Antenna

brown; postpedicel with distinct dorsoapical extension, about 2.0 times longer than wide, stylus nearly

2.0 times as long as postpedicel. Palpus moderately large, white, elongate, with several inconspicuous

setae including 1 longer subapical one; sensory pit present.

Thorax. Brownish in ground-colour, entirely flnely greyish pollinose, with black setation. Postpronotal

bristle long. Mesonotal bristles very prominent, presutural supra-alar lacking, 3 notopleurals (2 longer),

1 postalar and 4 scutellars (inner pair cruciate); acrostichals arranged in 1-2 irregular rows, short,

scattered, 2 bristles on prescutellar depression longer; dorsocentrals uniserial, becoming somewhat

longer toward scutellum, complete, some additional setulae present on supra-alar space; two long setae

present between mid and hind coxae.

Legs. Largely pale brown; mid and hind coxae at apex, fore and mid femora at apex, fore and mid

tibiae at extreme base and all tarsi paler. Fore coxa with intermixed pale and dark setae of different

lengths, latter longer nearer to outer margin of coxa. Fore femur somewhat thickened, with 1 row of

short anteroventral and 1 row of similar posteroventral bristles, bearing 1 longer anterior subapical

bristle and some setae around tip. Fore tibia spindle-like, bearing 1 long anteroventral and 1 similar

posteroventral bristle on subapical part, with some erect dorsal setulae. Fore tarsus nearly as long as

fore tibia, with tarsomeres 2-5 somewhat dilated, clothed mostly in unmodified setulae, tarsomere

1 with some ventral spinule-like setulae. Mid and hind coxae with unmodified setation. Mid femur

slender, with hardly prominent rows of anteroventral and posteroventral bristles throughout, bearing 2

long, yellow, thin setae near extreme base, 1 anterior subapical bristle and some prominent setae round

apex. Mid tibia with 1 row of anteroventral spinules, 2 anterodorsal bristles and circlet of 3 subapical

setae. Mid tarsus distinctly longer than mid tibia, with tarsomeres 2-5 somewhat dilated, clothed mostly

in unmodified setulae, tarsomere 1 with some ventral spinule-like setulae. Hind femur with 1 row of

very short (2 subapicals somewhat longer) anteroventral bristles, 1 row of thin posteroventral bristles

(somewhat longer on apical half of femur), some prominent posterodorsal bristles, 3 erect dorsal bristles

near extreme base and 1 anterior subapical bristle. Hind tibia somewhat sinuate, narrowed basally, with

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

3 anteroventral, 2 anterodorsal, 3 dorsal (concentrated in apical part of tibia) and 2 subapical bristles.

Hind tarsus slender, somewhat longer than hind tibia, with unmodified setulae.

Wing. Normally developed, deeply infiiscate, covered with uniform microtrichia. Costal vein with

moderately long setulae along anterior margin. One long costal bristle present. R^ meeting costa at

middle of wing. R^^^ and parallel and straight on apical part. A^ present, very fine, fold-like. Halter

with brownish yellow knob and pale stem.

Abdomen. Unmodified, mostly pale brown and with scattered dark setulae, pregenital segments darker

and with longer bristles. Intersegmental gland-like structures or squamiform setae absent.

Figs 63-65. Chersodromiapasir sp. nov., S terminalia. 63. right surstylus, dorsal view. 64. epandrium

and cerci, dorsal view. 65. left surstylus, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Terminalia. Moderately large, brown (Figs 63-65). Both eerei unbranehed, bearing several long setae,

laeking spines, elongate, of subequal length. Epandrium eompletely divided. Left epandrial lamella

small, fused to hypandrium, with numerous short setae on subapieal part. Left surstylus eonsisting of

two entirely separated selerites; upper selerite rather subreetangular with narrowed apieal part, bearing

several setae of different lengths; lower selerite long, digitiform in apieal half, with additional proeess

bearing several short setae. Right epandrial lamella large, eonvex, elothed in numerous setae, with

moderately large ventral lobe bearing several unmodified setae. Right surstylus rather digitiform, short,

with several unmodified long setae. Hypandrium with 4 setae of different lengths on subapieal part.

Phallus short; two apodemes present (not on drawing).

Female

Unknown.

Material examined

Holotype S

MALAYSIA: Johor provinee, Sedili keeil, 12 Oetober 2000, beaeh, sweeping (reg. 20046, leg. P.G. &

N. Evenhuis; in ZRC).

Etymology

The speeifie name 'pasir' means 'sand' in Malay and Indonesian.

Distribution

Malaysia.

Seasonal occurrence and habitat. This speeies is found on beaehes in Oetober.

Remarks

This speeies is similar to C. nigripennis differing primarily from the latter by the elongate white palpi

and paired left surstylus.

Chersodromia singaporensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005

Figs 66-69

Chersodromia singaporensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005e: 6.

Diagnosis

Rather small (about 1.5 mm) speeies with 1 pair of vertieal bristles, broad faee, brown basal antennal

segments, postpedieel having long dorsoapieal extension, brownish palpus, katepistemum largely

shining, brownish yellow legs, pale halteres and finely infiiseate wings.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 S, Chek Jawa, 15 Deeember 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25452, leg. P.G.); 2 SS,

1 $, Chek Jawa, 22 Deeember 2005, mangrove, Mai 1 (reg. 25455, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

Only found on white sandy beaehes or in mangroves with at least sandy patehes; rarely in the burrows

of Ghost erabs, Ocypode sp. Flight period is from Oetober and Deeember (most reeords).

Remarks

This speeies belongs to the C. speculifera group sensu Chvala (1977) but, aetually, is elosely related to

three speeies of Chersodromia deseribed from Papua New Guinea (Grootaert 1992). All these speeies

differ from C. singaporensis by pale yellowish (C. flavipyga Grootaert, 1992) or yellowish-white (C.

micra Grootaert) to pale whitish (C. nigripyga Grootaert, 1992) palpus and by the laek of a presutural

supra-alar (= posthumeral) bristle.

Figs 66-69. Chersodromia singaporensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005, S- 66. antenna, lateral view. 67.

right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 68. epandrium and eerei, dorsal view. 69. left surstylus, lateral view,

(after Shamshev & Grootaert 2005).

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Chersodromia tiomanensis sp. nov.

Figs 70-72

Diagnosis

Small species with single pair of vertical bristles; palpus pale yellow; scutum brownish yellow on

prescutellar depression and anterior comers; legs almost uniformly yellow; halter pale.

Description

Male

Length. Wing 1.2-1.3 mm.

Head. Brown. Occiput subshining, finely pollinose. Two long, cmciate vertical bristles present. Frons

subshining, slightly broadened toward ocellar tubercle. Anterior and posterior ocellars equally long,

former proclinate and cmciate, latter lateroclinate. Antenna brownish (postpedicel somewhat paler);

pedicel with circlet subequally short setae; postpedicel with lower margin convex and with short

dorsoapical extension, about 2.0 times (1.7-1.8) longer than wide; stylus nearly 3.0 times longer than

postpedicel and about 1.5 times longer than scape, pedicel and postpedicel combined. Gena narrow.

Palpus pale yellow.

Thorax. With scutum largely brownish leaving brownish yellow spaces on prescutellar depression

and on anterior comers; scutellum brownish; pleura yellow to brownish yellow. Prothoracic epistema

Figs 70-72. Chersodromia tiomanensis sp. nov., S terminalia. 70. right epandrial lamella, lateral view.

71. epandrium and cerci, dorsal view. 72. left surstylus, lateral view.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

lacking setae above fore coxa. Postpronotal bristle long. Mesonotum with 2 notopleurals, 1 postsutural-

supra-alar, 1 postalar and 4 scutellars (inner pair very long, cruciate; outer pair very short); acrostichals

short, biserial; dorsocentrals long, 3 pairs, surrounded by additional setulae.

Eegs. Almost uniformly yellow, only tarsomere 5 brownish. Coxae and trochanters with unmodified

setation. Fore femur somewhat thickened. Fore tibia spindle-like, with several erect setulae. Fore and

mid tarsi with erect setulae. Mid femur with row of posteroventral spinule-like setae becoming longer

toward base and with 1 anterior subapical bristle. Midtibia with row of black ventral spinules (1 subapical

longer) and some fine dorsal and anterodorsal setae. Hind femur with 1-2 longer anteroventral subapical

and 1 anterior subapical bristles. Hind tibia with short but pointed apical projection; bearing 4 dorsal, 4

anterodorsal, 2-3 anteroventral bristles of different lengths on apical half Hind tarsus unmodified.

Wing. Normally developed, hyaline, covered with uniform microtrichia; veins yellowish to brownish

yellow. Costal vein with short setulae along anterior margin. Costal bristle long, brownish. Costal index:

26/17/23. Vein Rs originating before middle of cell r^ (closer to humeral crossvein), long, longer than

crossvein bm-cu. R 2^3 almost straight. R^^^ and M^^^ slightly convergent near wing margin. Aj absent.

Crossveins bm-cu and r-m contiguous. Crossvein bm-cu oblique. Halter pale.

Abdomen. With tergites weakly sclerotised, brownish, with scattered unmodified setulae; tergite 7 with

longer posteromarginal setae. Gland-like structures absent.

Terminaeia. (Figs 70-72) Cerci broadly separated; left cercus moderately long, branched into two

tapered lobes, with several unmodified setae; right cercus moderately long, shorter than left cercus,

digitiform, with several unmodified setae. Fpandrium completely divided. Feft epandrial lamella fused

to hypandrium, with several short setae on apical part. Feft surstylus with upper lobe short, digitiform,

with several long unmodified setae. Right epandrial lamella subtriangular, covered with numerous

unmodified setae of different lengths. Right surstylus not prominent. Hypandrium with 3 moderately

long, closely set setae. Phallus somewhat elongate. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Mid tibia lacking ventral spinules. Cercus elongate oval, brownish. Otherwise as in male.

Material examined

Holotype S

MAFAYSIA: Pulau Tioman, Monkey Bay, 14 July 2005, sandy beach, sweeping (reg. 25216, leg. P.G.;

in ZRC).

Paratypes

MAFAYSIA: 1 cJ, 9 $$, Pulau Tioman, Monkey Bay, 14 July 2005, beach, sweeping (reg. 25216, leg.

P.G.).

Etymology

The species is named after its type locality, Pulau Tioman.

Distribution

Malaysia.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This species is found on beaches in July.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Remarks

The new speeies is similar to C. singaporensis and C. malaysiana sp. nov. However, both these speeies

have brownish palpi.

Genus Pontodromia Grootaert, 1994

Pontodromia Grootaert, 1994: 149. Type-speeies: P. nambis Grootaert, 1994, by original designation.

Recognition

Pontodromia is reeognised from other drapetine genera that oeeur in the Oriental Region by the following

eombination of features: eyes eontiguous on faee; gena narrow; seutum with pair of long presutural

dorsoeentrals; Rs originating far beyond halfway along Rj, nearly as long as erossvein bm-eu; eell br

shorter than eell bm; vein absent.

Diagnosis

Medium-sized (about 2.5 mm) brownish flies. Frons broad, with sides divergent above. Eyes eontiguous

on faee, lower ommatidia enlarged. One pair of vertieal bristles. Oeellar tuberele with 2 pairs of bristles.

Antenna with pedieel bearing long ventral subapieal seta; postpedieel with dorsoapieal extension;

stylus arising dorsoapieally, arista-like, long. Gena narrow. Palpus small, with short subapieal seta;

laeking sensory pit. Postpronotal bristle very prominent. Mesonotal bristles very prominent; 1 pair of

long presutural dorsoeentrals; no setae between mid and hind eoxae. All legs with seeondary sexual

eharaeters; fore eoxa with strong spine-like setae basally and pateh of'sensory' spinules on inner side.

Wings normally developed; flnely infiiseate. Rs short, originating beyond midway of Rj; R^ meeting

eosta before middle of wing; R 2^3 eomplete, meeting eosta beyond middle of wing. R^^^ and parallel

near wing margin; A^ absent; erossvein CuA^ absent; erossvein bm-eu oblique; eell br shorter than eell

bm. Abdomen with tergites 1-7 unmodifled; no squamiform setae; gland-like intersegmental struetures

absent. Terminalia with epandrium eompletely divided; left epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium; left

surstylus barely differentiated from epandrial lamella, undivided; right surstylus differentiated from

epandrial lamella; eerei separated; hypoproet unmodifled; hypandrium setose subapieally; phallus short;

two rod-shaped apodemes (i.e. ejaeulatory and ventral apodemes) present. Female similar to male, legs

unmodifled; terminalia elongate; tergite 8 separated from stemite 8; eereus elongate ovate.

Remarks

The genus Pontodromia ineludes a single speeies from Papua New Guinea (Grootaert 1994) and a new

speeies deseribed below whieh represents a new generie reeord for the Oriental Region.

Pontodromiapantai sp. nov.

Figs 73-78

Diagnosis

Fore tibia at middle with a anterodorsal bristle twiee as long as tibia is wide. Left eereus bifureate with

right braneh bearing flve strong spines.

Description

Male

Length. Wing 1.6-1.7 mm.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Figs 73-78. Pontodromiapantai sp. nov., S- 73. fore leg, anterior view. 74. mid tibia, anterior view. 75.

mid leg, posterior view. 76. right surstylus, dorsal view. 77. epandrium and eerei, dorsal view. 78. left

surstylus, lateral view.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Head. Black. Occiput subshining, finely pollinose. Two short vertical bristles present. Frons subshining,

broadened towards oeellar tuberele. Anterior and posterior oeellars equally very long, blaek, former

proelinate, latter lateroelinate. Antenna brown (postpedieel somewhat paler); pedieel with moderately

long lower seta; postpedieel with lower margin somewhat eonvex, short, nearly 2.0 times longer than

wide, with short dorsoapieal extension; stylus nearly 4.0 times longer than postpedieel and about 2.0

times as long as seape, pedieel and postpedieel eombined. Gena narrow. Palpus brownish yellow, small,

rounded, with moderately long, fine seta. Proboseis brownish yellow.

Thorax. Brown, seutum somewhat paler on preseutellar depression. Prothoraeie epistema laeking long

seta just above fore eoxa. Postpronotal bristle long, inelinate. Mesonotum with 1 long presutural supra-

alar, 2 notopleurals, 1 postsutural supra-alar, 1 postalar and 2 erueiate seutellars; aerostiehals very short,

arranged in 2 elose rows; dorsoeentrals short, uniserial, with 1 long median and 1 similar preseutellar

pairs.

Legs. With fore tarsus, mid and hind femora in apieal part and mid and hind tibiae and tarsi brownish,

otherwise brownish yellow to yellow. Fore eoxa with strong bristle at base. Fore femur (Fig. 73) swollen,

thieker than mid femur, on apieal half with long posteroventral bristles, ventrally at base with 3 strong,

pale bristles. Fore tibia swollen, at middle with 1 anterodorsal bristle twiee as long as width of tibia.

Mid femur ventrally with minute bristles, exeept for pair of more prominent bristles at base. Mid tibia

with anteroventral exeavation on apieal third (Fig. 75). Tarsomere 1 somewhat fiattened at base, further

densely haired. Hind femur dorsally fiattened from base to tip; at base rim of fiattened area bears some

distinetly ereet bristles. Hind tarsomere 1 long and slender, nearly as long as following tarsomeres

together.

Wing. Normally developed, brownish infiiseate, eovered with uniform mierotriehia. Costal vein with

rather long setulae along anterior margin. Costal bristle long, brownish. Costal index: 33/19/36. Vein Rs

originating far beyond middle of eell r^, short, somewhat shorter than erossvein bm-eu. Rj thiekened.

R 2^3 almost straight. R^^^ and divergent on middle part of wing but parallel near wing margin. Aj

absent. Crossvein bm-eu strongly oblique. Crossvein r-m far beyond middle of eell bm. Halter brownish.

Abdomen. Tergites weakly selerotised, unmodified; with ineonspieuous unmodified setation. Stemites

undivided, subreetangular, brownish. Gland-like struetures absent.

Terminaeia. (Figs 76-78) Cerei separated, rather short; left eereus divided into 2 lobes, with left lobe

digitiform, bearing 1 very long apieal seta and 1 subapieal seta, right lobe with five long spines.

Epandrium eompletely divided. Left epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with 3 setulae in apieal

part. Left surstylus subreetangular, with several setae of different lengths (Fig. 78). Right epandrial

lamella subtriangular; with several unmodified setae of different lengths. Right surstylus very prominent,

separated from epandrial lamella, small, as in Fig. 76, with 3 long unmodified setae. Hypandrium with

1 very long seta apieally. Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Legs unmodified. Abdominal segment 8 very narrow, elongate, with tergite and stemite separated;

stemite 8 with apieal part somewhat hinged. Cereus elongate oval, brownish. Otherwise as in male.

Material examined

Holotype f

SINGAPORE: Sungei Buloh, 28 Mareh 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25037, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: 1 Sungei Buloh, 27 November 2003, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 23090, leg. PG.); 7

SS, 45 ?, Sungei Buloh, 28 Mareh 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25037, leg. P.G.).

MAEAYSIA: 11 $$, 19 $$, Pulau Tioman, Monkey Bay, 14 July 2005, beaeh, sweeping (reg. 25216,

leg. P.G.).

Etymology

The speeifie name 'pantai' means 'beaeh' or 'eoast' in Malay.

Distribution

Malaysia (Johor), Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs on sandy beaehes and in mangroves. Adults probably oeeur the entire year, but

uneommon in disturbed habitats.

Remarks

Pontodromia pantai sp. nov. is very similar to the Papua New Guinean speeies P. nambis. A readily

distinguishing eharaeter in P. pantai sp. nov. is the male fore tibia with a strong anterodorsal bristle

twiee as long as width of tibia. Sueh a bristle is absent in P. nambis. The left bifureate eereus with right

braneh bearing five strong spines in P. pantai sp. nov., whereas the left braneh in P. nambis bears only

two spines. Additional undeseribed speeies of Pontodromia are known from Thailand and Indonesia.

Genus Crossopalpus 1857

CrossopalpusBigot, 1857: 557,563. Type-speeies: PlatypalpusambiguusMdicqudirt, 1827, by monotypy

[= ? Crossopalpus flexuosus (Eoew, 1840)].

EudrapetisMQ\?indiQX, 1918: 187 (as subgenus ofDrapetis). Type-speeies: DrapetisspectabilisMoirndor,

1902, by original designation.

Therinopsis Vimmer, 1939: 64. Type-speeies: Therinopsis richardsi Vimmer, 1939, by monotypy [=

Crossopalpus humilis (Frey, 1913)].

Recognition

The genus Crossopalpus ean be distinguished from other genera of the Drapetini by the following

eombination of eharaeters: head elose-set upon thorax, gena very broad; anterior oeellars redueed,

posterior oeellars long; antennae upturned, pedieel usually with very long seta beneath, postpedieel

more or less rounded ventrally; wing with Rs very short, shorter than erossvein bm-eu; abdominal

tergites without squamiform setae.

Diagnosis

Small to medium-sized (1.5-2.5 mm) largely shining blaek robust fiies. Head elosely set upon thorax.

Frons with sides divergent above. Faee very narrow. One pair of vertieal bristles. Oeellar tuberele with

anterior oeellars redueed, posterior oeellars long. Antennae upturned, pedieel usually with single very

long seta beneath, postpedieel more or less rounded ventrally; stylus arising apieally, arista-like, long.

Gena greatly produeed. Palpus varying in size and setation; laeking sensory pit. Thorax largely shining.

Postpronotal bristle not prominent. Mesonotal bristles very prominent but usually evenly eovered with

hair-like setulae; no setae between mid and hind eoxae; anepistemum (= mesopleuron) bare. Eegs

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

short, robust, hind tibia often with prominent bristles and apieal projeetion. Wings normally developed,

usually hyaline; Rs short, originating near midway of R^; Rj meeting eosta at middle of wing; R 2^3

eomplete, meeting eosta beyond middle of wing; R^^^ and more or less parallel or eonvergent near

wing margin; absent; erossvein CUA 2 absent; erossvein bm-eu somewhat oblique or transverse; eell

br shorter than eell bm. Abdomen with some tergites modified or unmodified; squamiform setae absent;

gland-like intersegmental struetures absent or present. Terminalia with epandrium eompletely divided or

undivided; left epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium; left surstylus differentiated from epandrial lamella,

divided; right surstylus differentiated from epandrial lamella; eerei separated; epiproet unmodified;

hypandrium setose subapieally or bare; phallus short; two rod-shaped apodemes (i.e. ejaeulatory and

ventral apodemes) present. Female similar to male or laeking abdominal modifieations; terminalia rather

shortened; tergite 8 separated from stemite 8; eereus elongate ovate.

Remarks

Ineluding a new speeies deseribed in this paper, the world fauna of Crossopalpus ineludes 83 speeies,

15 of them are reeorded from the Oriental Region. Formally, Crossopalpus is reeorded here for the first

time from Singapore but in the key given below we also inelude two speeies that we believe to likely

oeeur here.

In the Palaearetie Region the speeies of Crossopalpus inhabit different biotopes oeeurring in heaps of

eut sedge and litter, under dead leaves, in grass tufts, on human or animal dung, on trees and bushes,

and on the sandy or swampy banks of lakes and rivers (Chvala 1975). Working in Viet Nam, Tran et

al. (2006) found that C. hirsutipes Collin is an important predator of the leafminer Liriomyza sativae

Blanehard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in greenhouses.

Key to species of Crossopalpus from Singapore

1. Abdominal tergite 3 with thiekened hind margin. Hind tibia with numerous outstanding pale

hair-like setae (2.0-3.0 times as long as tibia is thiek), laeking prominent bristles (South India;

Cambodia; Viet Nam; Thailand).C. hirsutipes Collin, 1960

-Abdominal tergite 3 unmodified. Hind tibia with short setulae, bearing strong bristles subapieally..2

2. Hind tibia with 2 blaek, short, elosely set, subapieal bristles. Seutum at least with 3 pairs of

moderately long preseutellar dorsoeentral bristles (Philippines).C. exul (Osten-Saken, 1882)

- Hind tibia with 4 bristles anteriorly near apex (2 blaek and spine-like). Seutum with 1 pair of

long preseutellar dorsoeentral bristles (Singapore).C. temasek sp. nov.

Crossopalpus exul (Osten-Saeken, 1882)

Elaphropeza exul Osten-Saeken, 1882: 113.

Crossopalpus exul Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 162.

Diagnosis

Antenna and palpus brown; anepistemum largely shining; seutum evenly eovered with short pale hair¬

like setulae; legs almost uniformly dusky yellow.

Re-description

Female

Length. Body 2.2 mm.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Head. Occiput black, densely greyish pollinose. Ocellar tubercle with 1 pair of short thin bristles. One

pair of short vertical bristles present. Antenna entirely brown; pedicel with circlet of subequally short

setulae and 1 long seta beneath; postpedicel 1.5 times longer than wide; stylus subapical, normally

pubescent, brown, very long, 7.4 times longer than postpedicel. Gena greatly produced. Proboscis

brownish yellow. Palpus brown, small, rounded.

Thorax. Uniformly black, with pleura almost entirely shining, large bristles black; katepistemum

(= stemopleuron) narrowly along lower margin and suture with meron (= hypopleuron) tomentose,

anepistemum (= mesopleuron) and meron with small tomentose patch in lower part, scutellum and

metanotum entirely tomentose. Prothoracic epistemum with 1 long yellow upturned bristle just above

fore coxa. Postpronotal bristle not prominent. Mesonotum with 2 notopleurals, 1 postsutural supra-alar,

1 postalar and 6 scutellars (1 pair long, 2 pairs short thin); scutum evenly covered with short pale hair¬

like setulae but at least 3 pairs (scutum partly obscured by pin) of moderately long dorsocentral bristles

present.

Eegs. (one hind leg missing) Almost uniformly dusky yellow, fore tibia rather brownish yellow. Coxae

and trochanters with unmodified setation. Fore femur with inconspicuous setation, finely pubescent

ventrally. Fore tibia lacking prominent bristles (except subapicals). Mid femur with 1 anterior subapical

bristle, finely pubescent ventrally. Mid tibia lacking prominent bristles (except subapicals). Hind

femur with inconspicuous setation, finely pubescent ventrally. Hind tibia with 2 black, short, closely

set, subapical bristles; apical projection prominent, subtriangular, elongate, clothed in dense brownish

setulae. Hind tarsomere 1 somewhat thickened.

Wing, (one wing missing, another partly shrunken) Normally developed, finely uniformly infiiscate,

covered with uniform microtrichia; veins brownish. Costal vein with short setulae along anterior margin.

Costal bristle long, brown. Costal section between Rj and R 2+3 nearly as long as between and R^^^.

Vein Rs shorter than crossvein bm-cu. R 2^3 meeting costa beyond middle of wing. Crossvein bm-cu

oblique. Crossvein r-m somewhat beyond middle of cell bm. Halter pale.

Abdomen. Brownish, covered with short, intermixed, pale and dark bristly hairs; apical segments

upturned. Cercus brownish.

Male

Unknown.

Material examined

$, Philippinen [hand-written]; 349; Elaphropeza exul O. S. / Type [hand-written by Osten-Saken];

coll. Oldenberg; Holotypus [red]; Typus [dark red, crossed] (Deutsches entomologisches Institut,

Mtincheberg, Germany).

Distribution

Philippines.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

No data.

Remarks

Shamshev & Grootaert (2007) have already indicated that this species actually belongs to the genus

Crossopalpus. Here we present a re-description of C. exul that is based on examination of the holotype.

Currently, this species is known only after the holotype.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Crossopalpus hirsutipes Collin, 1960

Figs 79-83

Crossopalpus hirsutipes Collin, 1960: 387.

Crossopalpus hirsutipes - Smith 1967: 2 (in key), figs 5,6 — Pont 1995: 80 (type material) — Shamshev

et al. 2006: 232, figs 1-7 (re-deseription).

Diagnosis

Antenna with postpedieel blaek, seape and pedieel brownish yellow. Palpus blaek. Thorax with

anepistemum partly shining; seutum shining, eovered with uniform hair-like setulae intermixed with

long blaek bristles. Legs quite variable in eolour but eoxae entirely and femora almost entirely (exeept

for apieal part) blaek, otherwise legs yellow to brownish yellow in varying extent, laeking prominent

bristles (exeept for eirelets of subapieal ones); hind femur with anteroventral and anterodorsal hair¬

like setae as long as femur is thiek; hind tibia bearing long, spur-like apieal projeetion, on all sides

with numerous outstanding pale hair-like setae (2.0-3.0 times as long as tibia is thiek) giving them

Figs 79-83. Crossopalpus hirsutipes Collin, 1960, S terminalia. 79. right surstylus dorsal view. 80.

epandrium and eerei, dorsal view. 81. tip of left eereus, lateral view. 82. lower lobe of right surstylus.

83. left epandrial lamella, lateral view (after Shamshev et al. 2006).

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

very shaggy appearanee. Wing with R^^^ and somewhat sinuate, eonverging toward wing apex.

Abdomen shining, with tergite 3 thiekened on hind margin; bearing hairs on last four tergites deeidedly

longer than length of eaeh tergite. Female resembling male, exeept for sexual differenees.

Distribution

Cambodia, South India, Thailand, Viet Nam.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

In Cambodia this speeies is recorded in July, August and December.

Remarks

This species has a wide distribution in the Oriental Region and consequently its occurrence in Singapore

is quite possible.

Crossopalpus temasek sp. nov.

Figs 84-86

Diagnosis

Species with 2 very short vertical bristles; antenna and palpus brown; legs almost uniformly brownish

yellow, hind tarsomere 1 brown; hind tibia with 4 bristles anteriorly near apex; halter yellow; male

abdominal tergite 5 narrow.

Description

Male

Eength. Wing 1.5-1.6 mm.

Head. Black. Occiput subshining, finely pollinose. Two very short vertical bristles present. Frons

subshining, broadened towards ocellar tubercle. Posterior ocellars black, very long, lateroclinate.

Antenna brown; pedicel with long lower seta; postpedicel with lower margin somewhat convex, very

short, nearly 1.5 times longer than wide; stylus 6.0-6.5 times longer than postpedicel and 3.0-3.5 times

longer than scape, pedicel and postpedicel combined. Palpus brown.

Thorax. Black. Prothoracic epistema with 1 long upturned bristle just above fore coxa and some setulae

in upper part. Postpronotal bristle not prominent. Mesonotum with 2 notopleurals, 1 postsutural supra-

alar, 1 postalar and 4 scutellars (inner pair very long, cruciate; outer pair very short); scutum covered

with short, pale, uniform (except for 1 pair of long prescutellars) setulae.

Fegs. Alm ost uniformly brownish yellow, hind tarsomere 1 brown. Fore coxa with black spinules near

apex. Fore femur somewhat thickened. Mid femur with 1 anterior subapical bristle. Fore and mid tibiae

with long black anteroventral and posteroventral subapical bristles. Hind femur evenly thickened, with

2 long anteroventral subapical bristles. Hind tibia with elongate, pointed apical projection; bearing 4

bristles anteriorly near apex (2 black, spine-like). Hind basitarsus somewhat thickened, with unmodified

setation.

Wing. Normally developed, finely infiiscate, covered with uniform microtrichia. Costal vein with short

setulae along anterior margin. Costal bristle moderately long, brownish. Costal index: 34/17/25. Vein

Rs originating before middle of cell rl (closer to humeral crossvein), short, nearly as long as crossvein

bm-cu. R 2^3 almost straight. R^^^ and parallel near wing margin. R^^^ somewhat sinuate. Aj absent.

Crossvein bm-cu somewhat oblique. Crossvein r-m beyond middle of cell bm. Halter yellow.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

Abdomen. With unmodified inconspicuous setation. Tergite 5 narrow, otherwise tergites unmodified.

Stemites undivided. Gland-like structure present between tergites 4 and 5.

Terminalia. Dark brown (Figs 84-86) Cerci (Fig. 85) separated, with unmodified setae; left cercus very

large, elongate oval, with additional finger-like process in about middle; right cercus short, bacilliform.

Epandrium fused. Left epandrial lamella fused with hypandrium, lacking setae. Left surstylus (Fig. 86)

undivided, short, broadened in apical part, with scattered short setae. Right epandrial lamella large, with

numerous setae of different lengths. Right surstylus (Fig. 84) divided into 3 lobes, with unmodified

setae. Hypandrium lacking setation. Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Abdominal tergite 5 unmodified. Gland-like structure lacking. Postabdomen somewhat upturned. Tergite

8 separated from stemite 8; stemite 8 membranous in apical part. Cercus elongate oval, brownish.

Otherwise as in male.

Material examined

Holotype S

SINGAPORE: dementi woods, 23 April 2005, drains, sweeping (reg. 25084, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: \ Chek Jawa, 19 November 2003, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 23080, leg. P.G.);

1 $, dementi woods, 23 April 2005, drains, sweeping (reg. 25084, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Labrador Park, 3

Figs 84-86. Crossopalpus temasek sp. nov., f terminalia. 84. right surstylus, dorsal view. 85. epandrium

and cerci. 86 . left surstylus, lateral view.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

April 2005, drains, sweeping (reg. 25043, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Sime forest, 22 April 2005, forest, Mai 2 (reg.

25075, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Sungei Buloh, 28 Mareh 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25037, leg. P.G.); 2

$$, 1 $, Sungei Buloh, 16 September 2005, mangrove, Mai 2 (reg. 25355, leg. P.G.); 4 $$, 5

Sungei Buloh (SBWROl), 19 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29073, leg. P.G.); 2 $$, 1 $, Semakau

20 May 2009, beaeh forest, sweeping (reg. 29097, leg. P.G.).

Etymology

The speeies is named after the old name for Singapore that was 'temasek' or 'eity by the sea'.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies is found in mangroves and drains, reeorded in Mareh, April, September and November.

Remarks

The new speeies differs from C. exul and C. hirsutipes by the eharaeters given in the key. In addition the

hind tibia bears strong subapieal bristles resemblingthe ones of C. bisetus Yang, Gaimari & Grootaert,

2004 and C. yunnanensis Yang, Gaimari & Grootaert, 2004 known from China (Yunnan and Taiwan).

However, in C. bisetus veins R^^^ and are eonvergent apieally and the hind tibia bears only 2

subapieal bristles, and in C. yunnanensis the hind tibia laeks an apieal projeetion.

Genus Meigen, 1822

Drapetis Meigen, 1822: 91. Type-speeies: D. exilis Meigen, 1822, by monotypy.

Caecula Gistl, 1848: IX. An unneeessary new name for Drapetis. Type-speeies: Drapetis exilis Meigen,

1822, automatie.

Arbicola GistX, 1848: 152. An unneeessary new name for Drapetis. Type-speeies: Drapetis exilisyioigoo.,

1822, automatie.

Recognition

The genus Drapetis ean be distinguished from other genera of the Drapetini by the following eombination

of the eharaeters: head elose-set upon thorax, gena very narrow, antennae upturned, postpedieel more

or less rounded ventrally; wing with Rs long, abdominal tergites with squamiform setae, intersegmental

modifieations present.

Diagnosis

Small (about 1.5 mm) shining blaek robust flies. Head elosely set upon thorax. Frons with sides divergent

above. Eyes eontiguous on faee. One pair of vertieal bristles. Oeellar tuberele with 2 pairs of bristles.

Antennae upturned, pedieel with eirelet of subequally short setae; postpedieel usually short and rather

ovate with lower margin eonvex; stylus arising apieally, arista-like, long. Gena linear. Palpus small, with

short subapieal seta; laeking sensory pit. Thorax largely shining, anepistemum with small hairs or bristles

at least in upper posterior eomer or bare. Postpronotal bristle not prominent. Mesonotal bristles very

prominent but aerostiehals and dorsoeentrals undifferentiated; no setae between mid and hind eoxae.

Eegs short, robust, laeking prominent bristles. Wings normally developed; finely infuseate; Rs long,

originating before midway of R^; Rj meeting eosta at middle of wing; R 2^3 eomplete, meeting eosta beyond

middle of wing; R^^^ and more or less parallel near wing margin; A^ present as fold; erossvein CUA 2

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

absent; crossvein bm-cu somewhat oblique or transverse; cell br shorter than cell bm. Abdomen with

some tergites modified or unmodified; squamiform setae present; gland-like intersegmental structures

absent. Terminalia with epandrium completely divided; left epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium; left

surstylus differentiated from epandrial lamella, divided; right surstylus differentiated from epandrial

lamella; cerci separated; hypoproct umnodified; hypandrium setose subapically or bare; phallus short;

usually two rod-shaped apodemes (i.e. ejaculatory and ventral apodemes) present. Female similar to

male; terminalia elongate; tergite 8 separated from stemite 8; cercus elongate ovate.

Remarks

Currently, Drapetis includes about 80 species worldwide, with 18 species known from the Oriental

Region. In contrast to its sister genus Elaphropeza, Drapetis is not common in Singapore. Locally,

however, representatives of this genus can be very abundant and several species coexist. This is

particularly true for the mangrove at Chek Jawa where wrack mainly composed of decomposing green

algae is washed onto the shoreline and wild boars dig in the sand. At this site we found three species

of Drapetis together in large numbers. They were active on sand that was disturbed by the wild boars

and that was enriched with pieces of decomposed wrack. Four of the five species of Drapetis that we

recorded in Singapore are mangrove species. Drapetis hutan sp. nov. is the single record of a species

occurring in rain forest. This would suggest that Drapetis having a mainly Palaearctic distribution,

radiated and thrived in mangroves in Southeast Asia and was less successful in rain forests.

Key to species of Drapetis from Singapore

1. Postpedicel ventrally rounded with dorsoapical stylus (Fig. 105), at most 1.5 times as long as

wide. Palpus and proboscis brownish yellow. Halter yellow. Hind femur brownish in apical 2/3,

otherwise legs yellow.. D. mandai sp. nov.

- Postpedicel elongate, almost conical, 2.5-3.0 times as long as wide with nearly apical stylus (Fig.

93). Different combination of characters.2

2. Palpus white (at most yellowish).3

- Palpus black.4

3. Labrum brown. Hind femur swollen, with row of long pale brown anteroventral bristles on apical

quarter. D. laut sp. nov.

- Labrum white. Hind femur slender, with only 2-3 dark subapical anteroventral bristles.

. D. bakau sp. nov.

4. Halter pale. Hind femur yellow in male; hind tibia weakly curved and as long as hind femur, hind

tarsomere 1 with 2-3 black ventral spinules at base. D. pantai sp. nov.

- Halter with dark brown knob. Hind femur completely black; hind tibia strongly curved and much

shorter than femur; hind tarsomere 1 without ventral spinules at base. D. hutan sp. nov.

Drapetis bakau sp. nov.

Figs 87-91, 93

Diagnosis

Rather small species; antenna yellow; palpus pale yellow; legs yellow. Halter pale.

Description

Male

Length. Wing 1.5-1.6 mm.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Head. Black. Occiput subshining, finely pollinose. Two short, yellow vertical bristles present. Frons

subshining, broadened towards ocellar tubercle. Anterior ocellars short, yellow; posterior ocellars

minute. Antenna (Fig. 88) yellow (in darker specimens with brownish tinge); pedicel with moderately

long ventral seta; postpedicel with lower margin somewhat convex, rather long, 2.5-2.8 times longer

than wide; stylus nearly 2.0 longer than postpedicel and about 1.3 times longer than scape, pedicel and

postpedicel combined. Palpus pale yellow.

Thorax. Brown. Prothoracic epistemum with 1 long upturned bristle just above fore coxa and some

setulae on upper part. Postpronotal bristle not prominent. Mesonotum with 2 notopleurals, 1 postsutural

supra-alar, 1 postalar and 4 scutellars (inner pair very long, cruciate; outer pair very short); scutum

entirely covered with short, pale uniform (except for 1 pair of long prescutellars) setulae.

Figs 87-91. Drapetis bakau sp. nov., 3 . 87. wing, dorsal view. 88. head, lateral view. 89. right surstylus,

dorsal view. 90. epandrium and cerci, dorsal view. 91. left surstylus, lateral view.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Legs. Including coxae uniformly yellow. Coxae and troehanters with unmodified setation. Fore femur

somewhat thiekened. Femora and tibiae mostly with ineonspieuous setation; mid femur with 1 anterior

subapieal bristle; hind femur (Fig. 93) with 2 longer anteroventral subapieal bristles. Hind tibia with

slightly prominent apieal projeetion. Tarsi of all legs unmodified, with ordinary setation.

Wing. (Fig. 87) Normally developed, hyaline, eovered with uniform mierotriehia; veins yellowish to

brownish yellow. Costal vein with short setulae along anterior margin. Costal bristle short, brownish.

Costal index: 40/9/43. Vein Rs originating before middle of eell rl (eloser to humeral erossvein), nearly

as long as erossvein bm-eu. Rj thiekened. R 2^3 evenly bowed toward eosta. R^^^ and eonvergent in

apieal part. Aj absent. Crossvein bm-eu somewhat oblique. Crossvein r-m beyond middle of eell bm.

Halter pale.

Abdomen. Withtergite 1 pale yellow, tergites 2-7 brownish, reetangular, of subequal width, with seattered

setulae, tergites 3 and 4 with squamiform setae laterally; segment 8 brown. Stemites not divided. Gland¬

like strueture present between tergites 3-4 and 4-5.

Figs 92-93. Hind leg of Drapetis, anterior view. 92. D. pantai sp. nov. 93. D. bakau sp. nov.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Terminalia. Rather large, brown (Figs 89-91). Cerei separated; left eereus broad, subreetangular, bent in

middle, with numerous unmodified setae of different lengths; right eereus greatly redueed, represented

as narrow, baeilliform selerite bearing several short setulae. Epandrium eompletely divided. Eeft

epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, laeking setae apieally. Eeft surstylus (Fig. 96) bilobed; upper

lobe digitiform, with numerous unmodified setae apieally; lower lobe somewhat shorter, with several

unmodified setae. Right epandrial lamella (Fig. 95) subtriangular, eovered with numerous unmodified

setae of different lengths. Right surstylus bilobed (Fig. 94); upper lobe digitiform, with several short

setae; lower lobe subtriangular, with several unmodified setae. Hypandrium redueed, laeking setation.

Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Abdominal segment 8 with selerites separated; stemite 8 brown, with eompletely separated apieal part.

Cereus elongate oval, brownish. Otherwise as in male.

Material examined

Holotype $

SINGAPORE: Chek Jawa, 19 November 2003, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 23080, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: 15 SS, 15 $$, Chek Jawa, 19 November 2003, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 23080, leg.

P.G.); 8 (?(?, 5 $$, Chek Jawa, 12 September 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25343, leg. P.G.); 1 (?,

Chek Jawa, 15 Deeember 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25452, leg. P.G.); 3 SS, 12 ? $, Chek Jawa,

15 Deeember 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25452, leg. P.G.); 2 SS, Nee Soon, 19 August 2005,

swamp forest, Mai 2 (reg. 25297, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Sime forest, 1 July 2005, forest, sweeping (reg. 25191,

leg. P.G.).

MAEAYSIA: 18 SS, 6 $ $, Pulau Tioman, Juara, 20 July 2005, river, sweeping (reg. 25246, leg. P.G.);

5 SS, 1 $, Pulau Tioman, Monkey Bay, 14 July 2005, beaeh, sweeping (reg. 25216, leg. P.G.); 1

Pulau Tioman, Paya, 19 July 2005, seeondary forest, sweeping (reg. 25239, leg. P.G.); 9 SS, 2

Pulau Tioman, Paya, 19 July 2005, seeondary forest, sweeping (reg. 25238, leg. P.G.).

Etymology.

The speeifie name 'bakau' means 'mangrove' in Malay.

Distribution

Malaysia, Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in mangroves, and rarely in terrestrial forest, with reeords from July, August,

September, November and Deeember.

Remarks

The new speeies is similar to D. pantai sp. nov. and the main distinguishing features are indieated in the

key to speeies.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Drapetis hutan sp. nov.

Figs 94-97

Diagnosis

Small species; antenna brownish; palpus and proboscis brownish yellow; mid femur largely brownish

yellow, hind femur dark brown; halter with brownish knob.

Description

Male

Length. Wing 1.4 mm.

Figs 94-97. Drapetis hutan sp. nov., (?. 94. antenna, lateral view. 95. right surstylus, dorsal view. 96.

epandrium and cerci. 97. left surstylus, lateral view.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Head. Black. Occiput subshining, finely pollinose. Two pairs of vertical bristles present (inner longer).

Frons subshining, strongly broadened towards ocellar tubercle, very narrow above antennae, narrower

than anterior ocellus. Anterior ocellars very short, inclinate; posterior ocellars long, lateroclinate. Antenna

(Fig. 94) brownish (postpedicel somewhat paler); pedicel with short lower seta; postpedicel with lower

margin somewhat convex, 2.6 times longer than wide; stylus 2.5 times longer than postpedicel and 1.4

times longer than scape, pedicel and postpedicel combined. Gena very narrow. Palpus and proboscis

brownish yellow.

Thorax. Black, with black setation. Prothoracic epistemum with short setulae above fore coxa.

Postpronotal bristle not prominent. Mesonotum with 2 notopleurals, 1 postsutural supra-alar, 1 postalar

and 4 scutellars (inner pair very long, cruciate; outer pair very short); scutum entirely covered with

short, pale uniform (except for 1 pair of long prescutellars) setulae.

Eegs. Short, with mid femur brownish yellow (except base) and hind femur brownish (except base),

otherwise yellow. Mid coxa with several rather long and strong setae anteriorly; mid trochanter with 3

black spinules. Fore femur thickened. Fore tibia spindle-like. Mid femur with row of spinule-like ventral

setulae and 1 long anterior subapical bristle. Hind femur evenly thickened, with 1 longer anteroventral

subapical bristle. Hind tibia thickened, arched, with slightly prominent apical projection. Tarsi of all legs

unmodified, with unmodified setation.

Wing. Normally developed, hyaline, covered with uniform microtrichia. Costal vein with rather long

setulae along anterior margin. Costal bristle long, brown. Costal index: 22/11/20. Vein Rs originating

before middle of cell rj (closer to humeral crossvein), somewhat longer than crossvein bm-cu. Rj

thickened. R 2^3 evenly bowed toward costa, meeting costa beyond middle of wing. R^^^ and strongly

divergent, evenly bowed. A^ absent. Crossvein bm-cu transverse. Crossvein r-m beyond middle of cell

bm. Halter with pale stem and brownish knob.

Abdomen. Tergites 4 and 5 with squamiform setae laterally. Gland-like structure present between tergites

4 and 5.

Terminaeia. Brown (Figs 95-97). Cerci separated; left cercus broad, as in Fig. 102, with numerous

unmodified short setae; right cercus greatly reduced, represented as narrow, bacilliform sclerite bearing

several short setulae. Fpandrium completely divided. Feft epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with

1 long seta apically. Feft surstylus (Fig. 97) bilobed; upper lobe long, digitiform, with internal process,

bearing numerous unmodified setae; lower lobe short, with short unmodified setae. Right epandrial

lamella subtriangular, covered with numerous unmodified long setae. Right surstylus deeply cleft as

in Fig. 95, with several unmodified setae of different lengths. Hypandrium with 1 short seta apically.

Phallus short. Ejaculatory apodeme very large, ventral apodeme greatly reduced.

Female

Unknown.

Material examined

Holotype 3

SINGAPORE: Nee Soon, 24 March 2005, swamp forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25028, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Etymology

The epithet 'hutan' means 'forest' in Bahasa Indonesia and Malaysia alluding to the occurrence of this

species in the forest.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This species was collected in a swamp forest in March.

Remarks

This species is similar to D. mandai sp. nov. and the main distinguishing features are indicated in the

key.

Drapetis laut sp. nov.

Figs 98-100

Diagnosis

Rather small species; antennal scape and pedicel brownish yellow, postpedicel brownish; palpus pale;

legs brownish yellow; halter pale.

Description

Male

Length. Wing 1.5-1.6 mm.

Figs 98-100. Drapetis laut sp. nov., S terminalia. 98. right surstylus, dorsal view. 99. epandrium and

cerci, dorsal view. 100. left surstylus, lateral view.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Head. Black. Occiput subshining, finely pollinose. Two long vertical bristles present. Frons subshining,

broadened towards ocellar tubercle. Anterior ocellars long, yellow; posterior ocellars minute. Antenna

with scape and pedicel brownish yellow, postpedicel brownish; pedicel with moderately long ventral

seta; postpedicel with lower margin somewhat convex, rather long, about 2.0-2.2 times longer than

wide; stylus nearly 3.0 longer than postpedicel and about 2.0 times longer than scape, pedicel and

postpedicel combined. Palpus pale, with moderately long subapical seta.

Thorax. Black. Mesopleuron pubescent. Prothoracic epistemum with 1 long upturned bristle just

above fore coxa and some setulae on upper part. Postpronotal bristle not prominent. Mesonotum with

2 notopleurals, 1 postsutural-supra-alar, 1 postalar and 4 scutellars (inner pair very long, cruciate; outer

pair very short). Scutum wholly covered with short, pale uniform (except for 1 pair of long prescutellars)

setulae.

Eegs. Brownish yellow, with hind femur, all tibiae and tarsi darker in different extents (in darker

specimens hind femur and all tibiae brownish). Coxae and trochanters with unmodified setation. Fore

femur somewhat thickened. Femora and tibiae mostly with inconspicuous setation; mid femur with 1

anterior subapical bristle; hind femur thickened in apical 2/3, with several longer anteroventral subapical

bristles. Hind tibia with slightly prominent apical projection. Hind tarsomere 1 lacking prominent ventral

spinules near base.

Wing. Normally developed, hyaline, covered with uniform microtrichia; veins yellowish to brownish

yellow. Costal vein with short setulae along anterior margin. Costal bristle short, brownish. Costal

index: 52/15/41. Rs originating before middle of cell r^ (closer to humeral crossvein), nearly as long as

crossvein bm-cu. R^ thickened, meeting costa about middle of wing. R 2^3 evenly bowed toward costa,

meeting costa beyond middle of wing. R^^^ and convergent in apical part. R^^^ slightly sinuate. Aj

absent. Crossvein bm-cu somewhat oblique. Crossvein r-m somewhat beyond middle of cell bm. Halter

pale.

Abdomen. Withtergite 1 pale yellow, tergites 2-7 brownish, rectangular, of subequal width, with scattered

setulae, tergites 3 and 4 with squamiform setae laterally; segment 8 brown; tergites 6 and 7 divided along

midline. Stemite 2 divided, stemites 3 and 4 with excision posteriorly. Gland-like structures present

between tergites 3-4 and 4-5.

Terminaeia. Brown (Figs 98-100). Cerci separated; left cercus broad, as in Fig. 99, with numerous

unmodified short setae; right cercus greatly reduced, represented as narrow, bacilliform sclerite bearing

several short setulae. Fpandrium completely divided. Feft epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with

4 long setae apically. Feft surstylus (Fig. 100) bilobed; upper lobe long, digitiform, with numerous long

unmodified setae; lower lobe short, rather subtriangular, with several short unmodified setae. Right

epandrial lamella (Fig. 98) subtriangular, covered with numerous unmodified long setae. Right surstylus

bilobed; upper lobe subtriangular, with broadly rounded apex, bearing several long unmodified setae;

lower lobe similar in shape to upper lobe but narrower, with short unmodified setae. Hypandrium lacking

setation. Phallus elongate. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Abdomen with tergites 6 and 7 undivided; segment 8 with separated tergite and stemite; stemite 8

undivided. Cercus elongate oval, brownish. Otherwise as in male.

Material examined

Holotype $

SINGAPORE: Chek Jawa, 12 September 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25343, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: 6 10 Chek Jawa, 19 November 2003, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 23080, leg.

P.G.); 2 SS, 5 $$, Chek Jawa, 12 September 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25343, leg. P.G.); 11 SS,

2 $ Chek Jawa, 15 Deeember 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25452, leg. P.Grootaert); 4 $ $, Chek

Jawa, 15 Deeember 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25452, leg. P.G.).

MALAYSIA: 1 $, Pulau Tioman, Juara, 20 July 2005, river, sweeping (reg. 25246, leg. P.G.).

Sequences in Genbank

S, Chek Jawa, 15 Deeember 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25452, leg. P.Grootaert) quoted in Lim et

al. (2009) as Drapetis sp. Si 1328 has been sequeneed.

Etymology

The speeifie name 'laut' means 'sea' in Malay.

Distribution and seasonal occurrence

Malaysia, Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in mangroves, with reeords from July (single ease), September, November and

Deeember.

Remarks

The new speeies is similar to D. pantai sp. nov. and the main distinguishing features are indieated in the

key.

Drapetis mandai sp. nov.

Figs 101-104

Diagnosis

Small speeies; antennal seape and pedieel brownish yellow, postpedieel yellow; palpus and proboseis

brownish yellow; hind femur largely brownish, otherwise legs yellow; halter yellow.

Description

Male

Length. Wing 1.4 mm.

Head. Blaek. Oeeiput subshining, finely pollinose. Two pairs of vertieal bristles present (inner pair

longer). Frons subshining, strongly broadened toward oeellar tuberele, very narrow above antennae,

narrower than anterior oeellus. Two pairs of equally short oeellars, anterior pair erueiate. Antenna (Fig.

101) with seape and pedieel brownish yellow, postpedieel yellow; pedieel with short lower bristle;

postpedieel with lower margin somewhat eonvex, 2.0 times longer than wide; stylus 3.5 times longer than

postpedieel and 1.8 times longer than seape, pedieel and postpedieel eombined. Palpus and proboseis

brownish yellow.

Thorax. Blaek, with blaek setation. Prothoraeie epistemum with short setulae above fore eoxa.

Postpronotal bristle not prominent. Mesonotum with 2 notopleurals, 1 postsutural supra-alar, 1 postalar

and 4 seutellars (inner pair very long, erueiate; outer pair very short); seutum entirely eovered with

short, pale uniform (exeept for 1 pair of long preseutellars) setulae.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Eegs. Short, with hind femur brownish in apieal 2/3, otherwise yellow. Mid eoxa with several rather

long and strong setae anteriorly; mid troehanter with 3 blaek spinules. Fore femur thiekened. Fore tibia

spindle-like. Mid femur with row of spinule-like ventral setulae and 1 long anterior subapieal bristle.

Hind femur evenly thiekened, with several longer anteroventral subapieal bristles. Hind tibia thiekened,

arehed, with slightly prominent apieal projeetion. Tarsi of all legs unmodified, with unmodified setation.

Wing. Normally developed, hyaline, eovered with uniform mierotriehia. Costal vein with rather long

setulae along anterior margin. Costal bristle long, brown. Costal index: 24/11/22. Vein Rs originating

before middle of eell r^ (eloser to humeral erossvein), somewhat longer than erossvein bm-eu. Rj

thiekened. R 2^3 evenly bowed toward eosta, meeting eosta beyond middle of wing. R^^^ and strongly

divergent, evenly bowed. Aj absent. Crossvein bm-eu transverse. Crossvein r-m beyond middle of eell

bm. Halter yellow.

Abdomen. Tergites 4 and 5 with hardly prominent squamiform setae. Gland-like strueture present

between tergites 4 and 5.

101

104

Figs 101-104. Drapetis mandai sp. nov., S- 101. antenna, lateral view. 102. right surstylus, dorsal view.

103. epandrium and eerei. 104. left surstylus, lateral. Seale bar= 0.1 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

Terminalia. Brown (Figs 102-104). Cerci separated; left eereus long, digitiform, broadened in apieal part,

with moderately long unmodified setae; right eereus greatly redueed, represented as small subtriangular

selerite bearing several short setulae. Epandrium eompletely divided. Left epandrial lamella fused to

hypandrium, with several very short setae apieally. Left surstylus (Fig. 104) with upper lobe rather

large, elongate oval, eovered with numerous long unmodified setae; middle lobe long, truneate, with

several spines apieally; lower lobe small, with 3 long unmodified setae. Right epandrial lamella (Fig.

103) subtriangular, eovered with numerous unmodified setae of different lengths. Right surstylus (Fig.

102) represented by one lobe, long, divided at apex, with several unmodified setae of different lengths.

Hypandrium laeking setation. Phallus elongate. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Unknown.

Material examined

Holotype S

SINGAPORE: Mandai mangrove, 9 Oetober 2000, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 20038, leg. PG. & N.

Evenhuis; in ZRC).

Etymology

The new speeies is named after its type loeality.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in mangroves with a single reeord from Oetober.

Remarks

This speeies is similar to D. hutan sp. nov. and the main distinguishing features are indieated in the key.

Drapetis pantai sp. nov.

Figs 92, 105-107

Diagnosis

Rather small speeies; antenna brownish yellow; palpus brownish; legs brownish yellow, hind tarsomere

1 with some longer ventral spinules near base; halter pale.

Description

Male

Length. Wing 1.5-1.6 mm.

Head. Blaek. Oeeiput subshining, finely pollinose. Two long vertieal bristles present. Frons subshining,

broadened towards oeellar tuberele. Anterior oeellars long, yellow; posterior oeellars minute. Antenna

brownish yellow, postpedieel somewhat darker; pedieel with moderately long lower seta; postpedieel

with lower margin somewhat eonvex, rather long, 2.5-2.8 times longer than wide; stylus nearly 3.0

longer than postpedieel and about 1.5 times longer than seape, pedieel and postpedieel eombined. Palpus

brownish, with moderately long subapieal seta.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Thorax. Black. Anepistemum pubescent. Prothoracic epistemum with 1 long upturned bristle just

above fore coxa and some setulae on upper part. Postpronotal bristle not prominent. Mesonotum with

2 notopleurals, 1 postsutural supra-alar, 1 postalar and 4 scutellars (inner pair very long, cruciate; outer

pair very short); scutum entirely covered with short, pale uniform (except for 1 pair of long prescutellars)

setulae.

Eegs. Brownish yellow with hind femur, all tibiae and tarsi darker in different extent (in darker specimens

hind femur and all tibiae brownish). Coxae and trochanters with unmodified setation. Fore femur

somewhat thickened. Femora and tibiae mostly with inconspicuous setation. Mid femur with 1 anterior

subapical bristle. Hind femur slender, with 3-4 longer anteroventral subapical setae (Fig. 92). Hind tibia

with slightly prominent apical projection. Hind tarsomere 1 with some longer ventral spinules near base.

Wing. Normally developed, hyaline, covered with uniform microtrichia; veins yellowish to brownish

yellow. Costal vein with short setulae along anterior margin. Costal bristle short, brownish. Costal index:

50/16/47. Vein Rs originating before middle of cell r^ (closer to humeral crossvein), nearly as long as

crossvein bm-cu. R^ thickened, meeting costa about middle of wing. R 2^3 evenly bowed toward costa,

meeting costa beyond middle of wing. R^^^ and convergent in apical part. R^^^ slightly sinuate. Aj

absent. Crossvein bm-cu somewhat oblique. Crossvein r-m near middle of cell bm. Halter pale.

Figs 105-107. Drapetispantai sp. nov., S terminalia. 105. right surstylus, dorsal view. 106. epandrium

and cerci, dorsal view. 107. left surstylus, lateral view.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

Abdomen. Withtergite 1 pale yellow, tergites 2-7 brownish, reetangular, of subequal width, with seattered

setulae, tergites 3 and 4 with squamiform setae laterally; segment 8 brown. Stemite 2 divided, stemites 3

and 4 with exeision posteriorly. Gland-like struetures present between tergites 3-4 and 4-5.

Terminalia. Small, blaek (Figs 105-107). Cerei separated; left eereus broad (Fig. 106), subreetangular,

with numerous unmodified setae of different lengths; right eereus greatly redueed, represented as

narrow, baeilliform selerite bearing several short setulae. Epandrium eompletely divided. Left epandrial

lamella fused to hypandrium, laeking setae in apieal part. Left surstylus (Fig. 107) bilobed; upper lobe

rather digitiform, with numerous unmodified setae; lower lobe somewhat shorter and broader, truneate,

with several unmodified setae. Right epandrial lamella (Fig. 106) subtriangular, eovered with numerous

unmodified setae of different lengths. Right surstylus bilobed (Fig. 105); upper lobe broad, with several

long unmodified setae; lower lobe somewhat narrower and longer, with unmodified setae. Hypandrium

redueed, laeking setation. Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Unknown.

Material examined

Holotype S

SINGAPORE: Chek Jawa, 15 Deeember 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25452, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: 1 S, Chek Jawa, 15 Deeember 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25452, leg. P.G.).

MALAYSIA: 3 SS, Pulau Tioman, Juara, 20 July 2005, river, sweeping (reg. 25244, leg. P.G.).

Etymology

The speeifie name 'pantai' means beaeh or eoast in Malay.

Distribution

Malaysia, Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies is found in mangroves, reeorded in July and Deeember.

Remarks

This speeies resembles representatives of the D. assimilis and D. convergens groups (sensu Kovalev

1972). However, the new speeies is likely a member of a hitherto umeeognised group within Drapetis,

defined on the basis of the following features: prothoraeie epistemum with 1 long upturned bristle just

above fore eoxa, tergites 3 and 4 with squamiform setae.

Genus Elaphropeza Macquart, 1827

Elaphropeza Macquart, 1827: 86. Type-speeies: Tachydromia ephippiataTaWen, 1815, bymonotypy.

Ctenodrapetis Bezzi, 1904: 351 (as subgenus of Drapetis). Type-speeies: Drapetis (Ctenodrapetis)

ciliatocosta Bezzi, 1904 by subsequent designation of Melander (1928: 309).

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Recognition

The genus Elaphropeza ean be distinguished from other genera of the Drapetini by the following

eombination of eharaeters: oeeiput eonvex, antennae not upturned, postpedieel eonieal, its lower margin

as straight as upper, stylus apieal, anepistemum bare, wing with shortened eell br, abdominal tergites

with squamiform setae, intersegmental modifieations present between tergites 3-5 or 4-5.

Diagnosis

Small flies with body length 1.5-3.0 mm. Frons with sides divergent above. Faee linear, narrow. Two

pairs of vertieal bristles, outer pair often only slightly prominent. Oeellar tuberele with 2 pairs of

bristles but posterior pair usually minute. Antenna with pedieel bearing eirelet of subequally short setae;

postpedieel eonieal, of varying lengths; stylus terminal, arista-like, usually long. Gena not extended or,

sometimes, barely extended below eye. Palpus elongate-ovate, usually small and with distinet apieal

seta but sometimes {E. palpata de Meijere, 1911) long, strip-like, laeking apieal seta. Thorax usually

yellow, often with brownish blaek markings forming speeifle pattern, but sometimes uniformly brown

to blaek, shining. Prothoraeie epistemum with (or without) 1 long upturned bristle just above fore eoxa

and usually 1 short bristle in upper part. Postpronotal bristle usually not prominent but sometimes

present. Mesonotal bristles usually very prominent. Anepistemum bare. Eegs long, slender, sometimes

slightly thiekened; hind tibia always with apieal projeetion elothed in dense brownish setulae, laeking

prominent bristles or bearing 1-2 (rarely more, E. palpata) anterodorsal bristles about middle and (or)

1-2 eurved subapieal bristles; also, sometimes 2 posterodorsal bristles present. Wings usually normally

developed or sometimes narrow, with axillary lobe greatly redueed; more or less infuseate, hyaline or

with distinet pattern; Rs originating before halfway along Rj, longer than erossvein bm-eu; R 2_^3 evenly

eurved, eomplete; R^^^ and parallel or slightly divergent near wing apex, usually both more or

less straight; A^ very weak, fold-like or absent; erossvein CUA 2 absent; erossvein bm-eu transverse or

oblique; eell br always markedly shorter than eell bm but varying in length, usually about as long as

half of eell bm, sometimes distinetly shorter. Halter with knob yellow to blaek. Abdomen with tergites

1-5 varying in shape and degree of selerotisation; tergites 3 and 4 often broadest; tergite 5 usually

very narrow; tergites 6-7 usually umnodifled, of subequal width but sometimes modifled; segment 8

always short, partially eoneealed by segment 7, rarely modifled. Squamiform setae usually present

on tergites 3, 4 and 5, or 4 and 5, sometimes restrieted to one of these tergites or rarely absent {E.

lanuginosa Bezzi, 1914). Stemites usually umnodifled, weakly selerotised, stemites 3-5 often divided

along midline. Gland-like intersegmental struetures present between tergites 4 and 5 or between tergites

3, 4 and 5. Gland-like struetures usually simple plate-like, but sometimes vessel-like. Terminalia rotated

90° to right; epandrium eompletely divided. Eeft epandrial lamella small and fused to hypandrium;

left surstylus divided into 3 lobes, upper lobe without surstylar eomb but sometimes with spines;

right epandrial lamella usually large, positioned ventrally; right surstylus absent or present; if present,

undivided, usually differentiated from and weakly artieulated with epandrium; eerei separated or fused

(sometimes ineompletely) forming single lobe, sometimes bearing spines; hypandrium usually with 2

setae on apieal portion; phallus very short or elongate and eoiled, sometimes greatly double spiralled;

one or two rod-shaped apodemes (i.e. ejaeulatory and ventral apodemes) present. Female similar to

male, sexual dimorphism slightly prominent, usually ineluding only laek of ventral spinules on mid

tibia; terminalia short to elongate; tergite 8 not fused or fused laterally with stemite 8; stemite 8 with or

without folded apex; eereus elongate-ovate or broad-ovate.

Remarks

Elaphropeza is seeond large genus of Taehydromiinae after Platypalpus and the largest group among

Drapetini genera. It has elear eireumtropieal distribution and eurrently ineludes 212 named speeies

worldwide: Palaearetie - 4, Nearetie - 2, Afrotropies - 22, Australasia - 16, Neotropies - 35, Oriental

-133 (Freitas-Silva & Ale-Roeha 2009; Grootaert & Shamshev 2009b; Shamshev & Grootaert 2007,

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

2009b). However, it is evident that this number is far from the real number of ineluded speeies, beeause

the genus has been only studied very loeally.

Elaphropeza is very diverse and quite eommon in Singapore, with 52 deseribed speeies (Shamshev &

Grootaert 2007). However, thanks to the 'Singapore Mangrove Inseets Projeef during whieh 11 mangrove

sites in Singapore were intensively sampled during four weeks in May-June 2009, additional data on 25

speeies of Elaphropeza were reeorded. Among them we found 8 new speeies for seienee and the males

of E. modesta and E. feminata are reeorded for the first time. That is why we give below the new data

on the Elaphropeza with deseriptions of new speeies.

Adult Elaphropeza are leaf-dwellers. Although nothing is known about the feeding habits of the adults,

the strong hook-shaped labrum suggests that they are predators like most other Taehydromiinae. A

short note by Patnaik & Satpay (1984) suggests that the larvae are (hyper)parasites on other Diptera.

However, this observation needs eonfinnation. The ovipositor appear not adapted for digging in soil,

laeking shovel-like spines (aeanthae) like in most Doliehopodidae and some Braehystomatidae, but that

leaves open all kinds of speeulation.

Most speeies of Elaphropeza have a habitat preferenee. A number of speeies with a blaek thorax oeeurs

in sun-lit areas sueh as swamps where they are found on the leaves of short grasses. In Nee Soon,

E. neesoonensis was observed exelusively in the sunny-exposed marshland and was never eaught in

the surrounding forest. In the forest, speeies generally have a eompletely yellow thorax. A similar

phenomenon oeeurs in forest-dwelling Platypalpus and many Doliehopodidae.

Most Elaphropeza are terrestrial, but in the present study we found 43 speeies of Elaphropeza oeeurring

in mangroves. Twenty-two speeies are found exelusively in mangroves and two speeies that are dominant

in mangroves have a few reeords in terrestrial forests. Dominant mangrove speeies are E. limosa, E.

monospina, E. murphyi, E. asexa, E. crassicercus, E. malayensis, E. feminata dXY&E. riatanae. The other

speeies are found with less than 10 individuals. Ubiquist or eurytope speeies sueh as E. biuncinata (2

ind. in mangroves of a total of 106 in other habitats in Singapore) and E. bicaudata (9 ind. in mangroves

of a total of230 in Singapore), that are dominant in terrestrial habitats, oeeur only in very small numbers

in mangroves. Apparently adaptation to the marine environment is speeifie so that even ubiquist speeies

that ean tolerate anthropogenie habitats are rare in marine habitats.

Shamshev & Grootaert (2007) arranged all speeies of Elaphropeza into two informal speeies groups,

namely the E. ephippiata and E. biuncinata groups, keyed below. We follow that subdivision again here.

Within these proposed groups, the speeies are further divided into speeies eomplexes. The subdivision

of the E. ephippiata group is based on the presenee of anterodorsal bristles on the hind tibia. Within this

group two speeies eomplexes are reeognised: 1) hind tibia laeking prominent bristles; 2) hind tibia with

1-2 anterodorsal bristles in middle.

The subdivision of the E. biuncinata group is based on the presenee of eurved subapieal bristles on the

hind tibia. Within this group three speeies eomplexes are reeognised: 1) hind tibia with 2 eurved subapieal

bristles (Fig. 113); 2) hind tibia with 1 eurved subapieal bristle; 3) hind tibia laeking prominent bristles.

It should be noted that this elassifieation of the speeies eomplexes does not refieet eompletely (espeeially

in the E. ephippiata group) the phylogenetie relationships of the speeies ineluded. The applieation of the

elassifieation proposed was stimulated rather for praetieal purposes. All speeies of Elaphropeza treated

below are arranged following this subdivision.

The key to speeies is solely based on the version presented in our earlier paper (Shamshev & Grootaert

2007) and, thus, it is not limited to the speeies of Singapore but ean be used for the whole Oriental

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Region. An updated key ineludes, besides new speeies deseribed herein, some eorreetions, whieh

eould improve its diagnostie value, and three reeently deseribed speeies from Viet Nam (Grootaert &

Shamshev 2009b).

Key to Elaphropeza species groups of the Oriental Region

1. Proepistemum bare just above fore eoxa. Abdominal tergite 3 with unmodified setae, laeking

squamiform setae. E. ephippiata group

- Proepistemum with long upturned bristle just above fore eoxa. Abdominal tergite 3 with

numerous squamiform setae. E. biuncinata group

Updated key to species of Elaphropeza from the Oriental Region

1. Thorax entirely blaek or, rarely {E. limosa Shamshev & Grootaert andE. shufenae sp. nov.) brownish

(no paler markings on mesonotum or pleura).2

- Thorax yellow to reddish yellow (sometimes with brown or blaek markings).22

2. Wing with more or less distinet pattern.3

- Wing hyaline or uniformly infuseate.6

3. Hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle. Postpedieel very short, 1.5 times as long as wide. All legs

with tarsomere 5 blaek. Wing hyaline along anterior and posterior margins, otherwise brownish,

ineluding wing apex (Indonesia, Java). E. strigifera (de Meijere, 1911)

- Hind tibia laeking anterodorsal bristles. Postpedieel long, 3-4 times longer than wide. Eegs wholly

yellow. Wing with different pattern.4

4. Wing deeply infuseate on basal half, with 2 brown spots in apieal portion of eell r^ and in basal

part of eell apieal half finely infuseate. Halter with brown knob (Singapore).

. E. darrenyeoi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Wing with more or less distinet dark band in middle. Halter yellow..5

5. Antenna wholly brownish yellow. Hind tibia laeking prominent bristles. Abdomen with tergite 3

and 4 bearing squamiform setae. Male: Right surstylus long, narrow, overlapping eerei (Singapore)

. E. singaporensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Antenna with seape and pedieel yellow. Hind tibia bearing 2 straight subapieal anterior bristles of

different lengths. Abdomen with tergites 3, 4 and 5 bearing squamiform setae. Male: Right surstylus

large, rather elongate oval, not overlapping eerei (Singapore)...E”. sime Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

6. Mid tibia with 1 long blaek fiattened subapieal posteroventral bristle; hind tibia narrowed in apieal

1/3 with 1 strong anterodorsal bristle vertieally sitting on tuberele and several appressed setae

(Singapore). E. pauper Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Mid tibia with ordinary subapieal bristles. Hind tibia unmodified, with or without unmodified

posteroventral bristles.7

[Elaphropeza sp. 51 reeorded from Singapore and known only from a female speeimen would key out

here]

7. Hind tibia laeking anterodorsal bristles.8

- Hind tibia with 1 or 2 anterodorsal bristles.13

8. Halter dark.9

- Halter yellow..11

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

9. Fore and hind tibiae and hind femur, exeept broadly at base, wholly dark brown; otherwise legs brownish

yellow (India: West Bengal). E. bicoloripes 1913

- Legs almost wholly yellow, only tarsomere 5 blaekish or brownish near apex of hind femur above

and hind tibia near base.10

10. Palpus yellow. Aerostiehal bristles biserial, dorsoeentrals uniserial. Legs with tarsomere 5 blaekish

(Malaysia). E. belumut Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Palpus brown. Aerostiehal and dorsoeentral bristles multiserial. Legs with hind femur near apex

above and hind tibia near base brownish (Singapore). E. chekjawa Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

11. Larger, about 3.0 mm. Stylus 1.5 times longer than postpedieel. Abdominal tergites 4 and 5 with

squamiform setae (Singapore). E. temasek Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Smaller, about 1.5 mm. Stylus as long as postpedieel. Only abdominal tergite 5 with squamiform

setae.12

12. Legs with tarsomeres 3-5 brownish yellow. Male: eerei forming single tapered lobe (Singapore)...

. E. neesoonensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

-Legs with tarsomere 5 blaek, remaining tarsomeres yellowish. Male: eerei forming single digitiform

sinuate lobe (Singapore). E. yeoi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

13. Hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle.14

- Hind tibia with 2 anterodorsal bristles.19

14. Antenna entirely brown. Thorax brownish.15

- Antenna entirely or partly yellow. Thorax blaek.16

15. Antennal stylus nearly as long as postpedieel. Palpus brownish yellow. Male: eerei separated,

epandrium with seattered moderately long setae (Singapore). E. shufenae sp. nov.

-Antennal stylus nearly 1.5 times as long as postpedieel. Palpus yellow. Male: eerei entirely fused

into one digitiform lobe; epandrium with numerous very long setae (Figs 124-126) (Singapore)

. E. limosa Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

16. Fore tarsomeres 2-5 with dark rings at apex of eaeh segment (Singapore).

. E. meieri Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Fore tarsus entirely yellow or with tarsomere 5 brown.17

17. Fore tarsus entirely yellow. Abdomen reddish yellow in basal half and blaek apieally (Sri Lanka)

. E. basalts Bezzi, 1904

- Fore tarsomere 5 brown. Abdominal tergites 1-3 represented by pairs of long triangular lateral

selerites.18

18. Antenna entirely yellow. Two pairs of vertieal bristles present (China, Guangxi).

. E. Hut Yang & Gaimari, 2005

-Antenna with postpedieel brownish yellow. One pair of vertieal bristles present (China, Guangxi)..

. E. guangxiensis (Yang & Yang, 1992)

19. Mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle at middle. Aerostiehal bristles laeking (Nepal).

. E. kala (Smith, 1965)

- Mid tibia laeking prominent bristles (exeept subapieals). Aerostiehal bristles present,

multiserial.20

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

20. Antenna with postpedieel dark brown, seape and pedieel paler, brownish yellow. Hind femur

brownish on apieal 2/3 (China: Guangdong). E. nankunshanensis Yang & Grootaert, 2006

-Antenna entirely blaekish. Hind femur blaek on apieal half.21

21. Palpus brown. Tibiae and tarsi dark, wholly brown (China, Guangxi).

. E. maoershanensis Yang & Grootaert, 2006

- Palpus yellow. Tibiae and tarsi almost wholly yellow, only tarsomere 5 brown (China, Henan)...

. E. henanensis Saigusa & Yang, 2002

22. Oeeiput yellow, sometimes with dark spot near neek; rarely light brownish yellow {E. ferruginea

Brunetti).23

- Oeeiput blaek.44

23. Palpus elongate, strap-like, blaek on apieal third. Earger (about 3.0 mm) (Indonesia, Java;

Singapore; Cambodia). E. palpata de Meijere, 1911

- Palpus short ovate, wholly yellow. Smaller (about 2.0 mm).24

24. Fore tibia with 1-2 short but distinet dorsal bristles.25

- Fore tibia laeking dorsal bristles.29

25. Mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle.26

- Mid tibia laeking prominent bristles (exeept subapieals).27

26. Seutellum smoothly arehed. Hind tibia with only 1 anterodorsal bristle. Abdominal tergites 4 and

5 with squamiform setae (Singapore). E. bezzii Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Seutellum truneate. Hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal and 2 eurved subapieal bristles. Abdominal

tergites 3, 4 and 5 with squamiform setae (Singapore)....E”. combinata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

27. Seutum wholly yellow. Hind tibia laeking prominent bristles (Sri Eanka).

. E. distincta Senior-White, 1922

- Seutum with indistinet brownish pateh above wing base. Hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal and 1

short straight subapieal bristle.28

28. Anterior oeellar bristles long, posterior oeellars minute. Tarsomere 5 of all legs brown (Singapore)

. E. ngi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Anterior and posterior oeellar bristles subequally moderately long. Eegs wholly yellow (Singapore)

. E. spicata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

29. Hind tibia laeking prominent bristles.30

- Hind tibia with eurved subapieal bristle(s), or with anterodorsal bristle(s) in middle.32

30. Seutum uniformly yellow. Seutellum blaekish. Halter pale yellow (India: W Bengal).

. E. ferruginea Brunetti, 1913

- Seutum with brownish pateh on eaeh side. Seutellum yellow. Halter with dark knob.31

[Elaphropeza sp. 50 reeorded from Singapore and known only from a female speeimen would key out

here]

31. Seutum with short narrow pateh above wing base. Anepistemum (= mesopleuron) with large brown

spot (Singapore). E. benitotani Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Seutum with brownish pateh just behind anterior eomer. Anepistemum yellow (Singapore).

. E. sylvicola Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

32. Hind tibia with curved subapical bristle(s), no anterodorsal bristle(s) in middle.33

- Hind tibia without eurved subapieal bristle(s) but with anterodorsal bristle(s) in middle part (rarely,

E. luteoides Shamshev, Grootaert, short straight subapieal bristle present).39

33. Hind tibia with 1 eurved subapieal bristle.34

- Hind tibia with 2 eurved subapieal bristles.36

34. Seutellum smoothly arehed (Singapore). E. flavicaput Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Seutellum truneate at apex.35

35. Male: right epandrial lamella with unmodified setation, bearing numerous moderately long setae (Si

ngapore). E. monacantha Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Male: right epandrial lamella with 3 very long unmodified subapieal setae and 2 very long

squamiform setae (Fig. 163) (Singapore). E. collini sp. nov.

[Females of these speeies unknown]

36. Wing darkened on basal half Hind femur brown on apieal 2/3.37

- Wing uniformly finely infiiseate. Hind femur entirely yellow..38

37. Seutum broadly brown along margin but yellow on preseutellar depression. Wing brownish

infiiseate on basal half, border between darker basal half and paler apieal half indistinet

(Singapore). E. spiralis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Seutum with brownish pateh on anterior eomer, otherwise yellow. Wing yellowish infiiseate on

apieal half, border between darker basal half and paler apieal half distinet (Singapore).

. E. yangi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

38. Seutum with 2 elongate brownish spots on eaeh side. Male genitalia: Figs 110-112 (Singapore)

. E. melanderi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Seutum uniformly yellow (Philippines, Singapore). E. biuncinata (Melander, 1928)

[Elaphropeza sp. 57 reeorded from Singapore and known only from a female speeimen would key out

here]

39. Hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle.40

- Hind tibia with 2 (sometimes 3) anterodorsal bristles in middle.42

40. Seutellum, metanotum and metapleuron blaek (Taiwan). E. xanthocephala Bezzi, 1912

- Thorax entirely yellow..41

41. Antenna with postpedieel yellow. Halter with dark knob (Singapore).

. E. luteoides Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

-Antenna with postpedieel brown. Halter yellow (Indonesia: Java). E. lutea (de Meijere, 1919)

42. Postpedieel yellow. Thorax entirely yellow to reddish yellow. Aerostiehals biserial (Nepal).

. E. coei (Smith, 1965)

- Postpedieel blaek. Thorax with meron (= hypopleuron) and seutellum blaek. Aerostiehals

multiserial.43

43. Fore tibia and all tarsi (exeept hind basitarsus) brownish. Metapleuron yellow (Sri Lanka).

. E. nigropunctata Senior-White, 1922

- Legs wholly yellow. Metapleuron brown (Nepal). E. ukhalo (Smith, 1965)

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

44. Wing with more or less distinet pattern.45

- Wing hyaline or uniformly infiiseate.46

45. Thorax brown, exeept prostemum, entire anepistemum and postalar eallus yellow. Hind tibia laeking

prominent bristles. Wing darkened on basal half (darker in middle of eell r^ and in basal part of

eell otherwise almost hyaline (Singapore)....E”. pluriacantha Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Thorax entirely yellow. Hind tibia with 3 anterodorsal bristles. Wing brownish infiiseate, darker

near middle of anterior margin (Sri Eanka). E. fulvithorax van der Wulp, 1897

46. Hind tibia laeking prominent bristles.47

- Hind tibia with subapieal bristle(s) and/or with anterodorsal bristle(s).54

47. Cross-vein bm-eu strongly oblique. Seutum with blaekish spot above wing base and median vitta

in anterior part (Indonesia, Java). E. obliquinervis de Meijere, 1914

- Cross-vein bm-eu transverse or somewhat oblique. Seutum uniformly eoloured or with different

pattern.48

48. Seutum uniformly yellow eoloured.49

- Seutum with distinet brown pattern.53

49. Prothoraeie epistema laeking long upturned bristle just above fore eoxa. Abdominal tergite 3

laeking squamiform setae. Antennal stylus normally pubeseent. Halter entirely yellow. Male:

abdominal segment 8 unmodified (Singapore). E. sivasothii Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Prothoraeie epistema with 1 long upturned bristle just above fore eoxa. Abdominal

tergite 3 with squamiform setae. Different eombination of eharaeters.50

50. Halter with dark knob. Aerostiehal bristles extending to base of seutellum. Metanotum reddish

yellow. Eegs entirely yellow. (Male unknown. Sri Eanka). E. plumicornis Senior-White, 1922

- Halter entirely yellow. Different eombination of eharaeters.51

51. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with squamiform setae; gland-like stmeture present between tergites

3 and 4. Aerostiehal bristles laeking on preseutellar depression. Eegs entirely yellow. Male:

segment 8 unmodified (Viet Nam). E. hirsutiterga Grootaert & Shamshev, 2009

- Abdominal tergites 3, 4 and 5 with squamiform setae; gland-like stmetures present between

tergites 3-4 and 4-5. Seutum entirely eovered with setae. Eegs with tarsomere 5 darkened. Male:

segment 8 modified.52

52. Metanotum reddish yellow. Male: abdominal segment 8 with slightly prominent projeetion bearing

several moderately long strong setae (Viet Nam). E. cattiensis Grootaert & Shamshev, 2009

- Metanotum brownish yellow. Male: abdominal segment 8 with short, broad projeetion bearing

several marginal spinules (Viet Nam). E. vietnamensis Grootaert & Shamshev, 2009

53. Seutum broadly brown along margin but yellow on preseutellar depression. Male: mid femur with

ventral tuberele near base (Malaysia, P. Tioman). E. tiomanensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Seutum with broad brown median vitta. Mid femur slender in both sexes.

. E. acanthi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

[Elaphropeza sp. 58 reeorded from Singapore and known only from a female speeimen would key out

here]

54. Hind tibia with eurved subapieal bristle(s), no anterodorsal bristle(s).55

- Hind tibia without eurved subapieal bristles, but with anterodorsal bristle(s) in middle part.59

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

55. Hind tibia with 1 strong, black, curved subapical bristle.56

- Hind tibia with 2 strong, black, curved subapieal bristles.57

56. Metanotum entirely brown (Singapore). E. crassicercus Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Metanotum largely yellow (Singapore). E. luanae Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

[Elaphropeza sp. 46 reeorded from Singapore and known only from a female speeimens would key out

here]

57. Seutum with brownish spot above wing base (Sri Lanka). E. notatithorax Senior-White, 1922

- Seutum uniformly yellow..58

58. Stylus 4.0-4.5 times as long as postpedieel. Metanotum brownish yellow to brownish (Indonesia,

Java; Singapore; Malaysia; Thailand). E. hirsutitibia de Meijere, 1914

- Stylus nearly 2.0 times as long as postpedieel. Metanotum yellow (Singapore).

. E. murphyi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

59. Hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle.60

- Hind tibia with 2 anterodorsal bristles.79

60. Seutum with brown pattern.61

- Seutum entirely yellow..66

61. Seutellum entirely yellow..62

- Seutellum entirely or in middle dark brown.63

62. Abdominal stemite 4 with 2 tubereles. Elongate brownish pateh on anterior eomer of seutum

and above notopleural depression (Singapore). E. bulohensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Abdominal stemite 4 ordinary. Seutum with large brown elongate subtriangular pateh on eaeh side.

Male genitalia: Figs 166-168 (Singapore). E. kranjiensis sp. nov.

63. Seutellum dark brown in middle. Seutum with dark brown median vitta abbreviated behind and

spot above notopleuron (Philippines). E. uniseta Melander, 1918

- Seutellum wholly brown to blaek. Seutum with different pattern.64

64. Postpedieel long, about 5.0 times longer than wide. Seutum with small brownish pateh above wing

base ineluding postalar eallus (Singapore). E. riatanae Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Postpedieel shorter, 2.0-3.0 times longer than wide. Seutum with eomplieated pattern.65

65. Antenna brownish yellow. Hind tarsomere 1 with spine-like ventral seta near base. Veins

and Mj ^2 somewhat divergent near wing apex. Smaller (about 2.0 mm) (Singapore).

. E. monospina Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

-Antenna with seape and pedieel yellow, postpedieel blaek. Hind tarsomere 1 with unmodified setation.

Veins R^^^ andM^^^ parallel near wing apex. Larger (2.8-3.3 mm) (Taiwan) E.pictithoraxBQzzi, 1912

66. Hind tibia with long pointed apieal projeetion. Seutellum and metanotum brown. Aerostiehal

bristles laeking on preseutellar depression. Halter yellow (Taiwan). E. calcarifera Bezzi, 1907

- Hind tibia with short, rounded apieal projeetion. Different eombination of eharaeters.67

67. Seutellum entirely yellow..68

- Seutellum largely brown or blaek.74

68. Aerostiehal bristles extending to base of seutellum. Halter darkened.69

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

- Acrostichal bristles laeking on preseutellar depression. Halter yellow..70

69. Postpedieel about 6.0 times longer than wide. Metanotum reddish-yellow (Singapore).

. E. asiophila Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Postpedieel about 4.5 times longer than wide. Metanotum brownish (Singapore).

. E. ubinensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

[Elaphropeza sp. 49 reeorded from Singapore and known only from a female speeimen would key out

here]

70. Fore tibia and tarsus, mid and hind tarsomere 5 brownish. Abdominal tergites 4 and 5 with

squamiform setae. Male: eerei broadly fused, digitiform; right epandrial lamella truneate apieally,

laeking spines. E. furca Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Eegs with only tarsomere 5 brown. Abdominal tergite 4 with slightly flattened setae, tergite 5 with

squamiform setae.71

71. Postpedieel nearly 4.0 times as long as wide. Male: fore tibia with blaek subapieal spine or

spine-like seta anteriorly; right epandrial lamella eonieal.72

- Postpedieel nearly 3.0 times as long as wide. Male: fore tibia with unmodifled setation; right

epandrial lamella truneate apieally.73

72. Antennal stylus nearly as long as postpedieel. Male: fore tibia with blaek subapieal spine

anteriorly; right epandrial lamella 4 brownish subapieal spines (3 spines eloser to eaeh other and

1 spine aside) (Fig. 137) (Singapore). E, chanae sp. nov.

-Antennal stylus nearly 1.5 times as long as postpedieel. Male: fore tibia with blaek subapieal spine¬

like seta anteriorly; right epandrial lamella with unmodifled setation, laeking spines (Fig. 141)

(Singapore). E. gohae sp. nov.

73. Farger: 2.1-2.2 mm. Male: right epandrial lamella with 3 blaek spines apieally (Figs 133-135)

(Malaysia, Singapore). E. malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Smaller: 1.7-1.8 mm. Male: right epandrial lamella with umnodifled setation, laeking spines (Figs

145-147) (Singapore). E. lowi sp. nov.

74. Seutellum brown medially. Stylus as long as seape, pedieel and postpedieel eombined (Taiwan).

. E, marginalis Bezzi, 1912

- Seutellum entirely brown or blaek. Stylus as long as or longer than seape, pedieel and postpedieel

eombined.75

75. Stylus nearly 2.0 times as long as seape, pedieel and postpedieel eombined.76

- Stylus at most as long as seape, pedieel and postpedieel eombined.78

76. Thorax with hypopleuron largely brown. Halter with dark knob (Singapore).

. E. singulata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Thorax with hypopleuron yellow. Halter yellow..77

77. Antennal stylus thiek, with densely long pubeseenee. Veins R^^^ and divergent near wing-apex.

Smaller (about 1.5 mm) (Philippines). E. aristalis (Melander, 1918)

-Antennal stylus with normal pubeseenee. Veins R^^^ and parallel near wing-apex. Farger (2.5-

2.7 mm) (Taiwan). E. kerteszi Bezzi

78. Fegs with fore tibia and tarsus wholly brown, hind femur near apex above brownish (Singapore)

. E. riatanae Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

- Legs only with tarsomere 5 brown to black.79

79. Acrostichal bristles lacking on prescutellar depression.80

- Acrostichal bristles extending to base of scutellum.81

80. Larger (about 2.5 mm). Male: cerci narrowly fused; right epandrial lamella with unmodified

setae subapically; left surstylus with shallow notch apically (Figs 153-155). Female: abdominal

segment 8 modified (Singapore). E. feminata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Smaller (about 2.0 mm). Male: cerci entirely fused forming single subrectangular lobe;

right epandrial lamella bearing 4 short subapical spine-like setae, left surstylus produced

apically (Figs 157-158). Female: unknown (Singapore). E. semakau sp. nov.

81. Antenna entirely yellow. Male genitalia: Figs 149-151 (Singapore).

. E. modesta Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

-Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow, postpedicel brown (Taiwan). E. melanura Bezzi, 1912

82. Scutum entirely yellow..83

- Scutum with more or less distinct pattern.90

83. Scutellum with black spot in middle or wholly black.84

- Scutellum entirely yellow..85

84. Scutellum entirely black. Hind tibia with 2 posterodorsal bristles in middle.

. E. demeijerei Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Scutellum with black spot in middle. Hind tibia lacking posterodorsal bristles (Taiwan).

. E. scutellaris Bezzi, 1912

85. Halter dark. 86

- Halter pale yellow..87

86 . Fore tibia with 1 short anterodorsal bristle. Metanotum brown medially. Wing with veins

R 2 + 3 ’ ^ 4+5 ^ 1+2 brown (Singapore). E. asexa Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

- Fore tibia lacking prominent anterodorsal bristles. Metanotum wholly yellow. Wing with veins

yellowish to brownish yellow. Male genitalia: Figs 118-120 (Philippines; Singapore; Malaysia)...

. E. bicaudata (Melander, 1928)

87. Legs with tibiae and tarsi brownish. 88

- Legs with tarsomere 5 blackish.89

88 . Metapleuron entirely reddish yellow (Nepal). E. litoralis (Smith, 1965)

- Metapleuron blackish on upper part (Sri Lanka). E. abdominenotata Senior-White, 1922

89. Veins and divergent near wing apex (Philippines). E. acrodactyla (Melander, 1928)

- Veins R^^^ and parallel near wing apex (Taiwan). E. formosae Bezzi, 1907

90. Scutellum entirely yellow. Scutum with single, more or less distinct spot on each side [except E.

equalis Shamshev & Grootaert and, sometimes, E. variata (Melander)].91

- Scutellum entirely black or with black spot in middle. Scutum with different pattern (except E.

scutellaris Bezzi).98

91. Antennal stylus very thick, with densely long pubescence.92

- Antennal stylus with normal pubescence.93

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

92. Mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle at middle. Eegs with fore tarsomeres 2-5 and mid and hind

tarsomere 5 blaek (Nepal). E. uralo (Smith, 1965)

- Mid tibia laeking prominent bristles (exeept subapieals). Eegs wholly yellow (Philippines).

. E. cuneipennis (Melander, 1918)

93. Halter with dark knob.94

- Halter yellow..95

94. Hind tarsomere 1 with tooth and bristle at base. Seutal spots rounded (Sri Eanka).

. E. metatarsata Bezzi, 1904

- Hind tarsomere 1 unmodified. Seutal spots subtriangular, longer than wide (Indonesia, Java).

. E. binotata (de Meijere, 1911)

95. Katepistemum (= stemopleuron) and hypopleuron with brownish pateh on lower part.97

- Katepistemum and hypopleuron yellow.98

96. Mesonotum with large elliptieal blaek spot above wing base. Hind tarsomere 5 long slender

(Nepal). E. sanguensis (Smith, 1965)

- Mesonotum with brownish spot on notopleural depression, postalar eallus and before seutellum

on line of dorsoeentral bristles. Hind tarsomere 5 somewhat thiekened (Singapore).

. E. equalis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

97. Fore and mid tibiae and almost entire tarsi of all legs dark brown, tarsomere 5 blaek (China:

Guangxi). E. anae Yang & Gaimari, 2005

- Eegs entirely yellow (Burma; India). E. variata (Melander, 1918)

98. Hind tibia with long sharply pointed apieal projeetion. Seutum with eomplieated pattern. Hind

tibia and tarsus dark brown (Taiwan). E. longicalcaris (Saigusa, 1965)

- Hind tibia with slightly prominent, more or less rounded projeetion. Seutum with simple pattern.

Hind tibia and tarsus yellow..99

99. Seutellum wholly blaek.100

- Seutellum with blaek spot in middle.101

100. Seutum with broad blaek vitta mnning to base of seutellum (Taiwan)...E”. lanuginosa Bezzi, 1914

- Seutum blaek on middle (India: Maharashtra). E. discoidalis (Bezzi, 1904)

101. Antenna with stylus about 4.0 times longer than postpedieel. Seutum with distinet median vitta

disappearing before preseutellar depression and elongate lateral spots (Indonesia: Java).

. E. lineola de Meijere, 1911

- Antenna with stylus about 2.5 times longer than postpedieel. Seutum with indistinet lateral spots

and indistinet vitta on anterior margin (Taiwan). E. scutellaris Bezzi, 1912

[Notes. Elaphropeza sp. 44 reeorded from Singapore and known only from a female speeimens would

key out here.]

Elaphropeza biuncinata group

Members of this group are eharaeterised by the following eombination of eharaeters: male genitalia

with one rod-shaped apodeme (Fig. Ill); phallus in the form of a long tight eoil (Fig. 114); a long

upturned bristle present just above fore eoxa (Fig. 6); abdominal tergites 3, 4 and 5 with squamiform

setae; abdominal glands present between tergites 3-4 and 4-5. Additionally, in speeies of this group the

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

Fig. 108. Elaphropeza biuncinata (Melander, 1928), S, habitus, (after Shamshev & Grootaert 2007).

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

hind tibia lacks anterodorsal bristles (except E. combinata sp. nov.), cerci are separated (Fig. Ill) and

the right surstylus is very prominent (Figs 111). In females, sclerites of abdominal segment 8 are fused

antero-laterally and stemite 8 is not folded apically (Fig. 115).

Species Complex 1. - Hind tibia with 2 curved subapical bristles.

Elaphropeza biuncinata (Melander, 1928)

Drapetis {Elaphropeza) biuncinata MQXdin&QV, 1928: 313 (male).

Elaphropeza biuncinata - Shamshev & Grootaert 2007: 14 (re-description), figs 1-9, 209, 211, 219-221,

239, 241,251,258.

Figs 109-116. Elaphropeza biuncinata (Melander, 1928). 109. antenna, S, lateral view. 110-114. S

terminalia. 110. right surstylus, dorsal view. 111. epandrium and cerci, dorsal view. 112. left surstylus,

lateral view. 113. hind tibia, male, posterior view; 114. phallus. 115. female ovipositor, lateral view; 116.

female ovipositor, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm (after Shamshev & Grootaert 2007).

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

Diagnosis

Occiput largely yellow, broadly darkened above neek. Antenna with postpedieel nearly 3.0 times longer

than wide; stylus normally pubeseent, about 3.0-3.5 times longer than postpedieel and nearly 2.0 times

as long as seape, pedieel and postpedieel eombined. Thorax almost unifonnly yellow, katepistemum (=

stemopleuron) and meron (= hypopleuron) along lower margin and entire metanotum usually brownish;

aerostiehal and dorsoeentral bristles undifferentiated. Legs uniformly yellow; hind tibia bearing 2 blaek

eurved subapieal anteroventral bristles. Wing uniformly finely infiiseate; halter dark.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 2 SS, Semakau, 20 May 2009, beaeh forest, sweeping (reg. 29097, leg. P.G.); 1 S,

Kranji (KNTOl), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29052, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This is one of the most eommon speeies of Elaphropeza in Singapore, with reeords from all forest types.

The speeies was already known in Singapore Ifom Bukit Timah, Nee Soon, Chek Jawa and Sime forest.

Here we add reeords from Semakau and Kranji. Elaphropeza biuncinata is present throughout the year.

In the first half of the year there are short, small peaks nearly every month that probably refieet a one-

month generation time interval. It is abundant and eontinuously present from the beginning of August

until mid of Deeember. The sex ratio is almost 1/1 suggesting a similar aetivity pattern for females and

males.

Elaphropeza murphyi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Elaphropeza murphyi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 31.

Diagnosis

Oeeiput blaek, postpedieel 3.0-3.5 times longer than wide; thorax and legs uniformly yellow, hind tibia

with 2 eurved subapieal bristles.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 $, Pulau Ubin (PU02), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29135, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

Elaphropeza murphyi is exclusively found in mangroves and was previously recorded from Chek Jawa

and Sungei Buloh. It is not very co mm on and most records are from mid October until the end of

December. Nonetheless there are single records in May and June. Few males have been found and the

sex ratio is 5/1 females to males.

Species Complex 2. - Hind tibia with 1 curved subapieal bristle.

Elaphropeza crassicercus Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Elaphropeza crassicercus Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 37.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

118

Figs 117-122. Elaphropeza bicaudata (Melander, 1928). 117. antenna, 3, lateral view. 118. eerei, lateral

view. 119. epandrium and eerei, dorsal view. 120. left surstylus, lateral view. 121. $ ovipositor, lateral

view. 122. hind femur and tibia, (S, anterior view. Seale bar= 0.1 mm (after Shamshev & Grootaert

2007).

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

Diagnosis

Occiput black, postpedicel about 2.5 times longer than wide; metanotum brown, otherwise thorax

yellow; legs yellow, hind tibia with 1 blaek eurved subapieal anteroventral bristle.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 4 SS, Semakau, 6 May 2009, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 29049, leg. P.G.); 3 SS, 2 $

Semakau 20 May 2009, beaeh forest, sweeping (reg. 29097, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Kranji (KNTOl), 12 May

2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29052, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Kranji (KNTOl), 19 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg.

29075, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Kranji (KNTOl), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29103, leg. P.G.); 1 S,

Kranji (KNTOl), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29128, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Pulau Ubin (PU02), 2 June

2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29135, leg. P.G.); 2 SS, 1 5, Semakau (SMK04), 13 May 2009, mangrove,

Mai. (reg. 29067, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Sungei Cina (SC102), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29123, leg.

P.G.); 1 S, Sungei Cina (SClOl), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29154, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This is a fairly common speeies that oeeurs in beaeh forests, mangroves and all types of terrestrial

forests. Previously this speeies was reported from Kranji, Sungei Biloh, Sime forest and Nee Soon

(Shamshev & Grootaert 2007). It is present throughout the year, but with a higher activity in the second

half of the year. The sex ratio of 0.5/1 indicates that females have a different activity pattern than males.

Species Complex 3. - Hind tibia lacking prominent bristles.

No new information was found on that group since Shamshev & Grootaert (2007).

Elaphropeza ephippiata group

Members of this group are characterised by the following combination of characters: two male genitalic

rod-shaped apodemes (ventral and ejaculatory) present (Fig. 119); phallus short; long upturned bristle

just above fore coxa absent; abdominal tergites 4 and/or 5 with squamiform setae (rarely absent);

abdominal glands present between tergites 4 and 5. Additionally, in species of this group the hind tibia

bears usually 1-2 anterodorsal bristles (but with quite numerous exceptions) (Fig. 122), cerci are usually

fused to form a single lobe (Fig. 123) and the right surstylus is usually not prominent. In females,

sclerites of abdominal segment 8 (Fig. 121) are separated (except in E.feminata sp. nov.) and stemite 8

is folded apically.

Species Complex 1. - Hind tibia lacking prominent bristles.

Elaphropeza temasek Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Elaphropeza temasek Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 59.

Diagnosis

Rather large species with entirely black thorax; postpedicel 4.0-4.5 times longer than wide, antenna

wholly brown; acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles few in number; legs almost uniformly brownish

yellow, mid and hind tibiae lacking anterodorsal bristles; tergites 4 and 5 with squamiform setae.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 S, Kranji (KNTOl), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29103, leg. P.G.).

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

Elaphropeza temasek is exclusively observed in the mangrove of Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve and the

adjacent Kranji Nature trail. It is rare (7 records only) in comparison to other species of Elaphropeza in

Singpore. It is active throughout the year and due to its rarity no peak activity is observed.

Elaphropeza sivasothii Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Elaphropeza sivasothii Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 66.

Diagnosis

Occiput black, postpedicel nearly 3.0 times longer than wide, stylus about 1.5 times longer than

postpedicel; thorax yellow, acrostichals and dorsocentrals multiserial; tarsomere 5 of all legs brown,

hind tibia lacking prominent bristles.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: I S, Semakau (SMK02), 20 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29088, leg. P.G.); 1 S,

Semakau (Semakau), 20 May 2009, beach forest, sweeping (reg. 29097, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Semakau

(SMK05), 20 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29091, leg. P.G.); 1 4 $ $, PulauUbin (PU02), 2 June

2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29135, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This is a rare species that was recorded previously only by net sweeping at Sungei Buloh, Kranji beach

forest and at the mangrove of Chek Jawa on Pulau Ubin. This species is most recently also found on

Semakau and was collected by Malaise trap.

Species Complex 2. - Hind tibia with 1-2 anterodorsal bristles in middle part.

Elaphropeza limosa Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Figs 123-127

Elaphropeza limosa Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 78.

Diagnosis

Thorax entirely brownish; antenna brown, postpedicel about 4.0 times longer than wide, stylus nearly 1.5

times longer than postpedicel; acrostichals and dorsocentrals multiserial; hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal

bristle; halter with black knob.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: I S, Eim Chu Kan (ECKOI), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29054, leg. P.G.); 1

S, Eim Chu Kan (ECK03), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29106, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Eim Chu Kan

(ECKOI), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29130, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Kranji (KNTOl), 2 June 2009,

mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29128, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Kranji (KNTOl), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

123

124

Figs 123-126. Elaphropeza limosa Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007, S. 123. antenna, lateral view. 124.

right epandrial lamella, lateral view, 125. epandrium and eerei, dorsal view. 126. left surstylus, lateral

view, (after Shamshev & Grootaert 2007).

Fig. 127. Elaphropeza limosa Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007, $ abdomen, lateral view.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

29103, leg. P.G.); 1 Semakau (SMK02), 20 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29088, leg. P.G.); 1 $,

Pulau Ubin (PU02), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29110, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This is a common species that is only found in mangrove. It was previously also recorded from Eim Chu

Kan and Sungei Buloh.

Remarks

The bristling on right epandrial lamella and on left surstylus is longer and denser than originally shown

in figs 121-123 (Shamsev & Grootaert 2007).

Elaphropeza shufenae sp. nov.

Figs 128-131

Diagnosis

Thorax entirely brownish; antenna brownish, postpedicel about 4.0 times longer than wide, stylus nearly

as long as postpedicel; acrostichals and dorsocentrals undifferentiated; hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal

bristle; halter dark.

Description

Male

Eength. Body 1.6-1.7 mm, wing 1.3-1.5 mm.

Head. Black, mostly with dark brown setation. Eye with hind margin slightly concave. Anterior ocellars

long, proclinate; posterior ocellars minute. Two pairs of inclinate verticals (inner pair longer). Antenna

(Fig. 128) entirely brownish. Pedicel with circlet of equally minute setulae. Postpedicel nearly 4.0 times

longer than wide. Stylus normally pubescent, brown, nearly as long as postpedicel and about 1.5 times

shorter than scape, pedicel and postpedicel combined. Proboscis brownish yellow. Palpus yellow, small,

rounded; with scattered setulae.

Thorax. Entirely brown, with brown bristles. Proepistemum lacking long upturned bristle just above

fore coxa, with 1 short upturned bristle in upper part. Postpronotal bristle not prominent. Mesonotum

with 2 equally long notopleurals, 1 shorter postsutural supra-alar, 1 similar postalar and 4 scutellars

(inner pair very long, cruciate; outer pair very short). Acrostichals and dorsocentrals undifferentiated,

scutum evenly covered with uniform setulae, except 2 pairs of long prescutellars (posterior pair longer

and nearly as long as apical scutellars).

Eegs. Almost entirely yellow, tibiae and tarsi (especially tarsomere 5) with some brownish tinge. Coxae

and trochanters with unmodified setation. Fore femur slightly thickened, with rows of short antero- and

posteroventral setulae and 1 long pale bristle near base. Fore tibia lacking prominent bristles (except

subapicals). Mid femur with spinule-like, short ventral setae, 1 longer seta near base and 1 anterior

subapical bristle. Mid tibia with 2 rows of slightly prominent ventral spinules, lacking prominent bristles

(except subapicals). Hind femur evenly thickened, with 1 row of short anteroventral and posteroventral

setae (latter sitting on small tubercles in basal part) and 3-4 erect dorsal bristles near base. Hind tibia

somewhat thickened, bearing 1 long anterodorsal bristle near middle; apical projection small, pointed,

clothed in dense brownish setulae.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Wing. Normally developed, distinetly brownish infuseate, eovered with uniform mierotriehia; veins

yellowish brown. Costal vein with moderately long setulae along anterior margin. Basal eostal bristle

rather long, brown. Costal index: 22/19/20/10. and somewhat divergent near wing apex, both

straight. Crossvein bm-eu somewhat oblique. Crossvein r-m near middle of eell bm. Halter dark.

Abdomen. Tergite 1 almost entirely pale yellow, only very small brownish spaee bearing few minute

setulae present on eaeh side. Tergites 2 and 3 represented by 2 large subtriangular brownish spaees

broadly separated along midline, with unmodified setae. Tergite 4 broad, darker, with numerous

squamiform setae. Tergite 5 very narrow, bearing squamiform setae. Tergites 6-7 unmodified, tergite

6 with short posteromarginal bristles, tergite 7 with several long posteromarginal bristles. Segment 8

laeking setation. Stemites unmodified, weakly selerotised, with seattered minute setulae. Gland-like

struetures present between tergites 4 and 5.

Terminalia. Brown, moderately large, rather elongate (Figs 129-131). Cerei narrowly fused; right

eereus digitiform, moderately long, eovered with short unmodified setae; left eereus somewhat longer

and broader than right eereus, with short unmodified setae. Epandrium eompletely divided. Right

epandrial lamella (Fig. 129) eonieal, with numerous umnodified setae longer ventrally. Right surstylus

not prominent. Left epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with numerous short setae apieally. Left

surstylus (Fig. 131) with upper lobe large, rather broadly oval, with seattered short submarginal setae.

Hypandrium with 2 long setae. Phallus very short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Figs 128-131. Elaphropeza shufenae sp. nov., f. 128. postpedieel and stylus of antenna, lateral view.

129. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 130. epandrium and eerei, dorsal view. 131. left surstylus,

lateral view.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Mid tibia with unmodified ventral setation. Abdominal segment 8 elongate, very narrow, with selerites

separated; stemite 8 folded apieally. Cereus elongate, brown.

Material examined

Holotype $

SINGAPORE: Semakau (SMK02), 27 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29116, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: 3 SS, I ?, Semakau (SMK02), 13 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29065, leg. P.G.); 1

$, Semakau (SMK02), 27 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29116, leg. P.G.); 5 $ $, Semakau (SMK02),

3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29141, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Semakau (SMK03), 3 June 2009, mangrove,

Mai. (reg. 29142, leg. P.G.).

Etymology

The speeies is dedieated to Ms. Shufen Yang for her very enthusiastie help during fieldwork in 2009.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in mangroves from May to June.

Remarks

In having entirely brownish thorax, the new speeies eould be only eompared with E. limosa. However,

in E. limosdi the antennal stylus is longer, about 1.5 times as long as the postpedieel (vs. nearly as long as

postpedieel in the new speeies). Additionally, E. limosa. is somewhat larger, the male has entirely fused

eerei and right epandrial lamella and left surstylus eovered with numerous very long setae.

Elaphropeza monospina Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Elaphropeza monospina Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 81.

Diagnosis

Oeeiput blaek, postpedieel nearly 3.0 times longer than wide, stylus about 2.0 times longer than

postpedieel; seutum with brownish pattern; aerostiehal and dorsoeentral bristles multiserial; legs entirely

yellow, hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle, hind basitarsus with 1 spine-like ventral bristle near base.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: I Semakau (SMK05), 13 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29068, leg. P.G.); 1 $,

Semakau (SMK03), 20 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29089, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Semakau (SMK02),

20 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29088, leg. P.G.); 1 c?, 2 $5^ Semakau (SMK05), 20 May 2009,

mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29091, leg. P.G.); 2 (5^, 1 $, Semakau (SMK05), 27 May 2009, mangrove, Mai.

(reg. 29119, leg. P.G.); 3 SS, 2 $$, Semakau (SMK02), 3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29141,

leg. P.G.); 3 SS, 9 $$, Semakau (SMK03), 3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29142, leg. P.G.); 1 $,

Kranji (KNTOl), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29052, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Kranji (KNTOl), 26 May

2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29103, leg. P.G.); 2 (J, Sungei Cina (CHCOl), 19 May 2009, mangrove,

Mai. (reg. 29083, leg. P.G.); 2 Mandai (MANOl), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29056, leg.

P.G.); 1 $, Mandai (MANOl), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29107, leg. P.G.);

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Distribution

Malaysia, Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This is a common species in mangroves. It is present throughout the year with no marked peak activity.

It has been also recorded from Chek Jawa, Sungei Buloh and Pasir Ris.

Elaphropeza asiophila Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Elaphropeza asiophila Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 85.

Diagnosis

Occiput black, postpedicel nearly 6.0 times longer than wide, stylus about 1.5 times shorter than

postpedicel; thorax wholly reddish yellow, acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles multiserial; tarsomere 5

of all legs dark brown, fore tibia and fore tarsomeres 2-4 brownish, hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle

near middle.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 26 SS, 1 $, Semakau (SMK05), 13 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29068, leg.

P.G.); 25 ?, Semakau (Semakau), 6 May 2009, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 29049, leg. P.G.); 2 SS,

Semakau (SMK02), 13 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29065, leg. P.G.); 6 SS, Semakau (Semakau),

20 May 2009, beach forest, sweeping (reg. 29097, leg. P.G.); 3 SS, Semakau (SMK02), 20 May 2009,

mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29088, leg. P.G.); 10 SS, 1 $, Semakau (SMK05), 20 May 2009, mangrove, Mai.

(reg. 29091, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Semakau (SMK02), 27 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29116, leg. P.G.);

21 SS, Semakau (SMK05), 27 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29119, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Pulau Ubin

(PU02), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29059, leg. P.G.); 4 SS, PU02), 26 May 2009, mangrove,

Mai. (reg. 29110, leg. P.G.); 6 $, Pulau Ubin (PU02), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29135, leg.

P.G.); 1 $, Pasir Ris (PSROl), 19 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29085, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Malaysia, Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

Originally this species was only recorded from Chek Jawa. It is now found quite abundantly in the

mangroves at Semakau, Pulau Ubin and Pasir Ris, with all records from May.

Elaphropeza riatanae Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Elaphropeza riatanae Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 88.

Diagnosis

Occiput black, postpedicel about 5.0 times longer than wide; mesonotum yellow with brown scutellum;

acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles multiserial; legs with brownish pattern, hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal

bristle near middle; abdominal tergites 4 and 5 with squamiform setae.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 S, Semakau (SMK05), 13 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29068, leg. P.G.); 1 S,

Semakau (SMK05), 20 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29091, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Semakau (SMKOl), 27

May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29115, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Semakau (SMK03), 3 June 2009, mangrove.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Mai. (reg. 29142, leg. P.G.); 1 Pulau Ubin (PU02), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29135, leg.

P.G.); 1 $, Pulau Ubin (PU02), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29135, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This is a rare speeies reeorded only in mangroves. Previously it was reeorded also from Sungei Buloh.

All eolleetion reeords are from May and June.

Elaphropeza furca Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Fig. 246

Elaphropeza furca Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 90.

Diagnosis

Oeeiput blaek, postpedieel about 3.0 times longer than wide, stylus about as long as postpedieel; thorax

yellow, aerostiehals biserial, dorsoeentrals uniserial; legs partly brownish, hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal

bristle; abdominal tergites 4 and 5 with squamiform setae.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 S, Semakau, 6 May 2009, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 29049, leg. P.G.); 3 $ $, Semakau

(SMK03), 13 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29066, leg. P.G.); 22 SS, 15 $$, Semakau, 20 May

2009, beaeh forest, sweeping (reg. 29097, leg. P.G.); 4 SS, 1 Sungei Buloh (SBWROl), 19 May

2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29073, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Kranji (KNT02), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg.

29053, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Kranji (KNTOl), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29052, leg. P.G.); 2 SS,

Kranji (KNTOl), 19 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29075, leg. P.G.); 6 SS, Kranji (KNTOl), 26 May

2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29103, leg. P.G.); 1 6', 1 Kranji (KNTOl), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai.

(reg. 29128, leg. P.G.); 3 SS, Kranji (KNT02), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29129, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies is more eommon than previously thought. On several oeeasions it was found in anthropogenie

eonditions: the park at Kranji, the beaeh forest at the landfill of Semakau island and a pateh of seeondary

forest at Bukit Timah. Future studies might show if it is a true eolonizer. Colleetion reeords are from

May and June.

Elaphropeza malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Figs 132-135

Elaphropeza malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 94.

Diagnosis

Oeeiput blaek, postpedieel 3.0 times longer than wide, stylus nearly 2.0 times longer than postpedieel;

thorax yellow, aerostiehals 2-serial, dorsoeentrals 1-2-serial; tarsomere 5 of all legs brownish, hind tibia

with 1 anterodorsal bristle; only tergite 5 with squamiform setae.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 Semakau (SMK05), 3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29144, leg. P.G.); 1 (J,

Sungei Buloh (SBWROl), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29126, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Kranji (KNTOl),

12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29052, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Kranji (KNTOl), 19 May 2009, mangrove,

Mai. (reg. 29075, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Malaysia, Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in mangroves and oeeasionally in terrestrial forests. Colleetion reeords are from

May and June.

Remarks

This is a rare speeies that is generally represented by single females. Here we reeord the third known

male speeimen. Elaphropeza malayensis, E. chanae sp. nov., E. gohae sp. nov. andE. lowi sp. nov. all

belong to a eomplex of speeies that are very elosely related and quite diffieult to separate (see key to

Figs 132-135. Elaphropeza malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007, f. 132. postpedieel and stylus of

antenna, lateral view. 133. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 134. epandrium with eerei, dorsal view.

135. left surstylus, lateral view. Seale bar= 0.1 mm (after Shamshev & Grootaert 2007).

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

species). There are differences in length of the postpedicel and stylus and the presence of biseriate or

multiseriate acrostichals on the scutum. Male genitalia are similar but distinct especially in the presence/

absence of spine-like bristles on the right epandrial lamella (surstylus).

Elaphropeza chanae sp. nov.

Figs 136-139

Diagnosis

Antennal stylus subequal to pedicel; acrostichals 4-serial anteriorly, lacking on prescutellar depression;

metanotum brownish yellow. Male: right epandrial lamella conical, with black spines; fore tibia with

black subapical spine.

Description

Male

Eength. Body 2.1, wing 2.0-2.1 mm.

Occiput. Black. Anterior ocellars long, proclinate and cruciate; posterior ocellars minute. Inner verticals

long, outer verticals somewhat shorter. Antenna (Fig. 136) with scape and pedicel yellow, postpedicel

brownish in apical part and yellowish basally (yellow space varying, but no more than half of postpedicel).

Pedicel with circlet of subequally short setulae. Postpedicel nearly 4.0 times longer than wide. Stylus

normally pubescent, brown, subequal to postpedicel and nearly 1.5 times shorter than scape, pedicel and

postpedicel combined. Proboscis brownish yellow. Palpus yellow, small, rounded.

Thorax. Alm ost entirely yellow, only metanotum brownish yellow. Prothoracic epistemum lacking long

upturned bristle just above fore coxa, with 1 very short seta in upper part. Postpronotal bristle not

prominent. Mesonotum with 2 long notopleurals, 1 shorter postsutural supra-alar, 1 similar postalar and

4 scutellars (apical pair very long, cruciate; lateral pair minute). Acrostichals arranged in 4 irregular

rows anteriorly but 2-serial posteriorly, lacking on prescutellar depression; dorsocentrals arranged in 3-4

irregular rows anteriorly, becoming 1-serial toward scutellum, 2 prescutellar pairs long (posterior pair

longer, nearly as long as apical scutellars).

Eegs. Almost entirely yellow, only tarsomere 5 of all legs black. Coxae and trochanters with unmodified

setation. Fore femur somewhat thickened, with rows of short anteroventral and posteroventral bristles,

2 longer pale setae near base. Fore tibia lacking prominent bristles (except subapicals), with subapical,

black claw-like spine anteriorly. Mid femur with rows of spinule-like, short ventral setae. Mid tibia

with hardly prominent ventral spinules, bearing subapical, black claw-like spine, lacking prominent

bristles (except subapicals). Hind femur with row of short anteroventral setae and about 4 short erect

dorsal setae near base. Hind tibia bearing 1 anterodorsal bristle, with slightly prominent rounded apical

projection. Tarsi of all legs unmodified.

Wing. Uniformly finely infuscate. Basal costal bristle moderately long, brownish yellow. Costal

index: 44/22/27/13. R^^^ and somewhat divergent near wing apex, both straight. Crossvein bm-

cu transverse. Crossvein r-m near middle of cell bm. Calypter brownish yellow, with several long

concolorous setae. Halter pale yellow.

Abdomen. Tergite 1 entirely pale yellow. Tergites 2 and 3 brownish, of subequal width viewed dorsally,

deeply concave anteriorly and divided along midline; with umnodified setation. Tergite 4 broadest,

dark brown, subshining, with slightly fiattened setae. Tergite 5 very narrow, concolorous with tergite

4, bearing squamiform setae. Tergites 6 and 7 brownish yellow, with moderately long posteromarginal

setae. Segment 8 with several short unmodified setae.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Terminalia. Rather large, left surstylus brownish, right epandrial lamella yellowish brown apieally

and yellow basally (Figs 137-139). Cerei narrowly fused; right eereus short, digitiform, with several

short setae, laeking spines; left eereus of eomplieated strueture, as in Figure 138, with additional lobe

produeed internally, eovered with unmodified setae of different lengths, laeking spines. Epandrium

eompletely divided. Right surstylus not prominent. Right epandrial lamella (Fig. 137) eonieal, bearing

4 blaek subapieal spines (3 spines eloser to eaeh other and 1 spine aside), with numerous moderately

long setae longer along ventral margin. Left epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with 1 long seta

apieally. Left surstylus (Fig. 139) with upper lobe large, rather eonieal, broadly rounded apieally, with

seattered setulae on outer faee but bearing some moderately long setae on inner faee and several short

strong setae near base dorsally. Hypandrium with 2 long setae apieally. Phallus short. Two rod-shaped

apodemes present.

Female

Similar to male exeept for fore and mid tibiae with unmodified ventral setation. Abdominal segments 6

and 7 with minute setulae; segment 8 unmodified, brownish, with seattered short setae. Cereus narrow,

brownish.

Material examined

Holotype S

SINGAPORE: 1 S, Semakau (SMK03), 3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29142, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Figs 136-139. Elaphropeza chanae sp. nov., f. 136. postpedieel and stylus of antenna, lateral view. 137.

right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 138. epandrium with eerei, dorsal view. 139. left surstylus, lateral

view.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: 1 Semakau (SMK05), 27 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29119, leg. P.G.); 1 $,

Semakau (SMK05), 13 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29068, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Semakau (SMK02), 20

May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29088, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Semakau (SMK05), 20 May 2009, mangrove,

Mai. (reg. 29091, leg. P.G.); 2 $ Semakau (SMK02), 27 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29116, leg.

P.G.).

Etymology

The new speeies is dedieated to Dr. Eena Chan, Deputy Direetor of the National Biodiversity Centre at

NParks. The Singapore Mangrove Inseet Projeet was made possible thanks to her enthusiastie interest

and help.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in mangroves, with eolleetion reeords from May and June.

Remarks

The new speeies belongs to a diffieult eomplex of speeies that also ineludes E. malayensis (see Remarks

seetion) and E. furca. The main differenees between these speeies are given in the key.

Elaphropeza gohae sp. nov.

Figs 140-143

Diagnosis

Antennal stylus 1.5 times as long as postpedieel; aerostiehals 4-serial anteriorly, laeking on preseutellar

depression; metanotum yellow. Male: right epandrial lamella eonieal, without blaek spines; fore tibia

with blaek subapieal spine-like seta anteriorly.

Description

Male

Eength. Body 2.1-2.3, wing 1.9-2.0 mm.

Occiput. Blaek. Anterior oeellars long, proelinate and erueiate; posterior oeellars minute. Inner vertieals

long, outer vertieals somewhat shorter. Antenna (Fig. 140) with seape and pedieel yellow, postpedieel

brownish in apieal part and yellowish basally (extend of yellow variable, but no more than half of

postpedieel). Pedieel with eirelet of subequally short setulae. Postpedieel nearly 4.0 times longer than

wide. Stylus normally pubeseent, brown, about 1.5 times as long as postpedieel and nearly 1.5 times

shorter than seape, pedieel and postpedieel eombined. Proboseis brownish yellow. Palpus yellow, small,

rounded.

Thorax. Entirely yellow. Prothoraeie epistemum laeking long upturned bristle just above fore eoxa,

with 1 very short seta in upper part. Postpronotal bristle not prominent. Mesonotum with 2 equally long

notopleurals, 1 somewhat shorter postsutural supra-alar, 1 long postalar and 4 seutellars (apieal pair

very long, erueiate; lateral pair minute). Aerostiehals arranged in 4 irregular rows anteriorly but 2-serial

posteriorly, laeking on preseutellar depression; dorsoeentrals arranged in 2-3 irregular rows anteriorly,

beeoming 1-serial toward seutellum, 2 preseutellar pairs long (posterior pair longer, nearly as long as

apieal seutellars).

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Legs. Almost entirely yellow, only tarsomere 5 of all legs blaek. Coxae and troehanters with unmodified

setation. Fore femur somewhat thiekened, with rows of short anteroventral and posteroventral bristles, 2

longer pale setae near base. Fore tibia with subapieal blaek spine-like seta anteriorly, otherwise laeking

prominent bristles. Mid femur with rows of spinule-like, short ventral setae. Mid tibia with hardly

prominent ventral spinules, bearing subapieal, blaek elaw-like spine, laeking prominent bristles (exeept

subapieals). Hind femur with row of short anteroventral setae and about 4 short, ereet dorsal setae near

base. Hind tibia bearing 1 anterodorsal bristle, with slightly prominent, rounded apieal projeetion. Tarsi

of all legs umnodified.

Wing. Uniformly finely infiiseate. Basal eostal bristle moderately long, brownish yellow. Costal

index: 45/28/22/14. and somewhat divergent near wing apex, both straight. Crossvein bm-

eu transverse. Crossvein r-m near middle of eell bm. Calypter brownish yellow, with several long

eoneolorous setae. Halter pale yellow.

Abdomen. Tergite 1 entirely pale yellow. Tergites 2 and 3 brownish, of subequal width in dorsal view,

deeply eoneave anteriorly and divided along midline; with unmodified setation. Tergite 4 broadest,

dark brown, subshining, with slightly fiattened setae. Tergite 5 very narrow, eoneolorous with tergite

4, bearing squamiform setae. Tergites 6 and 7 brownish yellow, with moderately long posteromarginal

setae. Segment 8 with several short unmodified setae.

Terminaeia. Rather large, left surstylus brownish, right epandrial lamella yellowish brown apieally

and yellow basally (Figs 141-143). Cerei almost entirely fused; right eereus short, slightly prominent.

143

Figs 140-143. Elaphropeza gohae sp. nov., f. 140. postpedieel and stylus of antenna, lateral view.

141. right epandrial lamella and eerei, lateral view. 142. epandrium with eerei, dorsal view. 143. left

surstylus, lateral view.

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

with several short setae, laeking spines; left eereus (Fig. 142) longer than right eereus, digitiform,

with additional lobe internally, bearing several setae of different lengths, laeking spines. Epandrium

eompletely divided. Right epandrial lamella eonieal, broadly rounded apieally, eovered with numerous

moderately long setae longer along ventral margin, laeking spines. Right surstylus not prominent. Eeft

epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with 1 moderately long seta apieally. Eeft surstylus (Fig. 143)

with upper lobe large, broadly ovate, with seattered setulae on outer faee but bearing some moderately

long setae on inner faee and several short strong setae near base dorsally. Hypandrium with 2 long setae

apieally. Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Similar to male but fore and mid tibiae with unmodified setation. Abdominal segments 6 and 7 with

minute setulae; segment 8 unmodified, brownish, with seattered short setae. Cereus narrow, brownish.

Material examined

Holotype $

SINGAPORE: Semakau (SMK03), 3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29142, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: I Semakau (SMK02), 3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29141, leg. P.G.); 4

Semakau (SMK03), 3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29142, leg. P.G.); 3 SS, 6 $$, Semakau

(SMK05), 13 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29068, leg. P.G.); 1 Semakau (SMK02), 20 May 2009,

mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29088, leg. P.G.); 2 SS, Semakau (SMK05), 20 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg.

29091, leg. P.G.); 1 (5, 2 $ $, Semakau (SMK05), 27 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29119, leg. P.G.).

Etymology

The speeies is dedieated to Ms. Einda Goh responsible for the eell Marine biology at the National

Biodiversity Centre at NParks. She also helped with great enthusiasm during fieldwork.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in mangroves, with eolleetion reeords from May and June.

Remarks

The new speeies belongs to a diffieult eomplex of speeies that also ineludes two speeies listed above, E.

malayensis and E. furca. The main differenees between these speeies are given in the key.

Elaphropeza lowi sp. nov.

Figs 144-147

Diagnosis

Rather small speeies; fore tibia without blaek subapieal spine-like seta anteriorly; stylus 1.5 times as

long as postpedieel; aerostiehals 4-serial anteriorly, laeking on preseutellar depression; metanotum

yellow. Male: right epandrial lamella truneate, without blaek spines.

Description

Male

Eength. Body 1.7-1.8, wing 1.5-1.6 mm.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Head. Occiput black. Anterior ocellars long, proclinate and cruciate; posterior oeellars minute. Inner

vertieals long, outer vertieals somewhat shorter. Antenna (Fig. 144) with seape and pedieel yellow,

postpedieel brownish in apieal part and yellowish basally (yellow spaee varying, but no more than half

of postpedieel). Pedieel with eirelet of subequally short setulae. Postpedieel nearly 3.0 times longer than

wide. Stylus normally pubeseent, brown, about 1.5 (1.5-1.7) times as long as postpedieel and nearly

as long as seape, pedieel and postpedieel eombined. Proboseis brownish yellow. Palpus yellow, small,

rounded.

Thorax. Entirely yellow. Prothoraeie epistema laeking long upturned bristle just above fore eoxa, with

1 very short seta in upper part. Postpronotal bristle not prominent. Mesonotum with 2 notopleurals

(anterior bristle somewhat longer), 1 postsutural supra-alar (nearly as long as posterior notopleural

bristle), 1 similar postalar and 4 seutellars (apieal pair very long, erueiate; lateral pair minute).

Aerostiehals arranged in 4 irregular rows eloser to anterior margin of seutum otherwise 2-serial, laeking

on preseutellar depression; dorsoeentrals arranged in 2-3 irregular rows anteriorly, beeoming uniserial

toward seutellum, 2 preseutellar pairs long (posterior pair longer, nearly as long as apieal seutellars).

Legs. Almost entirely yellow, only tarsomere 5 of all legs blaek. Coxae and troehanters with unmodified

setation. Fore femur somewhat thiekened, with rows of short anteroventral and posteroventral bristles,

2 longer pale setae near base. Fore tibia with ordinary subapieal yellowish seta anteriorly, otherwise

laeking prominent bristles. Mid femur with rows of spinule-like, short ventral setae. Mid tibia with

slightly prominent ventral spinules, bearing subapieal blaek elaw-like spine, laeking prominent bristles

(exeept subapieals). Hind femur with row of short anteroventral setae and about 4 short ereet dorsal setae

near base. Hind tibia bearing 1 anterodorsal bristle, with slightly prominent, rounded apieal projeetion.

Tarsi of all legs unmodified.

Wing. Uniformly finely infuseate. Basal eostal bristle moderately long, brownish yellow. Costal index:

28/23/23/11. and M^^^ somewhat divergent near wing apex, both straight. Crossvein bm-eu slightly

oblique. Crossvein r-m near middle of eell bm. Calypter brownish yellow, with several long eoneolorous

setae. Halter pale yellow.

Abdomen. Tergite 1 entirely pale yellow. Tergites 2 and 3 brownish, of subequal width in dorsal view,

deeply eoneave anteriorly and divided along midline; with unmodified setation. Tergite 4 broadest,

dark brown, subshining, with slightly fiattened setae. Tergite 5 very narrow, eoneolorous with tergite

4, bearing squamiform setae. Tergites 6 and 7 brownish yellow, with moderately long posteromarginal

setae. Segment 8 with several short unmodified setae.

Terminaeia. Rather large, left surstylus brownish, right epandrial lamella yellowish brown apieally and

yellow basally (Figs 145-147). Cerei almost entirely fused; right eereus short, slightly prominent, with

several short setae, laeking spines; left eereus of eomplieated strueture, as in Figure 146, branehed and

with additional lobe internally, bearing 1 strong, long, blaek subapieal seta and several thinner setae of

different lengths, laeking spines. Epandrium eompletely divided. Right epandrial lamella rather eonieal

but truneate apieally, bearing 2 stronger subapieal setae, otherwise eovered with numerous moderately

long setae longer along ventral margin, laeking spines. Right surstylus not prominent (Fig. 145). Left

epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with several moderately long setae apieally. Left surstylus

(Fig. 147) with upper lobe large, broadly ovate, with seattered setulae on outer faee but bearing some

moderately long setae on inner faee and several short strong setae near base dorsally. Hypandrium with

2 long setae apieally. Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Similar to male but fore and mid tibiae with unmodified setation. Abdominal segments 6 and 7 with

minute setulae; segment 8 unmodified, brownish, with 4 moderately long posteromarginal setae. Cereus

brownish.

Material examined

Holotype $

SINGAPORE: Semakau (SMK03), 3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29142, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: 19 SS, 6 $$, Semakau (SMK05), 13 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29068, leg.

P.G.); 1 (?, Semakau (SMK05), 13 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29068, leg. P.G.); 5 SS, Semakau

(SMK05), 27 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29119, leg. P.G.); 7 SS, Semakau (SMK05), 20 May

2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29091, leg. P.G.); 1 cJ, Semakau (SMK02), 3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai.

(reg. 29141, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Pulau Ubin (PU02), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29110, leg. P.G.).

Etymology

The speeies is dedieated to Mr. Jeffrey Eow for his very enthusiastie help during fieldwork.

Distribution

Singapore.

Figs 144-147. Elaphropeza lowi sp. nov., 3 . 144. postpedieel and stylus of antenna, lateral view. 145.

right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 146. epandrium with eerei, dorsal view. 147. left surstylus, lateral

view.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This species is known from mangroves, with collection records from May to June.

Remarks

See comments under P. malayensis and P. gohae.

Elaphropeza luteoides Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Elaphropeza luteoides Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 100.

Diagnosis

Occiput, antenna, thorax and legs entirely yellow, postpedicel very short, about 1.5 times longer than

wide; hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 S, Kranji (KNTOl), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29103, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This species is known from swamp forests and mangroves; with two records from May.

Remarks

Elaphropeza luteoides was previously known only from the holotype male found at Nee Soon. The

second record here is from mangrove at Kranji. It is clearly a quite rare species.

Elaphropeza ubinensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Fig. 247

Elaphropeza ubinensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 104.

Diagnosis

Occiput black; postpedicel brownish, long, nearly 4.5 times longer than wide; thorax almost wholly

yellow only metanotum brownish; fore tibia and tarsus brownish yellow, hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal

bristle.

Description

Female

(previously undescribed)

Legs. Mid tibia lacking ventral spinules, otherwise as in male. Abdominal segment 8 rather elongate,

yellow, with sclerites separated; stemite 10 and cercus yellow.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 $, Pulau Ubin (PU02), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29110, leg. P.G.); 1 S,

Sungei Cina (CHCOl), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29060, leg. P.G.).

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies was previously only known from the holotype male found at Chek Jawa. So far it is known

only from mangroves, with eolleetion reeords from May and Deeember.

Remarks

The female of E. ubinensis is reeorded here for the first time.

Elaphropeza modesta Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Figs 148-151

Elaphropeza modesta Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 105 (female only).

Diagnosis

Oeeiput blaek, antenna entirely yellow with postpedieel about 2.5 times longer than wide; thorax with

seutum and metanotum dark brown; legs with tarsomere 5 blaek, hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle.

Description

Male

(previously undeseribed)

Eength. Body 3.1-3.0 mm, wing 2.1-2.2 mm.

Head. Oeeiput blaek. Anterior oeellars long, proelinate; posterior oeellars minute. Inner vertieals long,

outer vertieals shorter. Antenna (Fig. 148) entirely yellow (appearing somewhat darker subapieally).

Pedieel with eirelet of subequally short setulae. Postpedieel about 2.5 times longer than wide. Stylus

normally pubeseent, brown, about 1.5 times longer than postpedieel and nearly as long as seape, pedieel

and postpedieel eombined. Palpus yellow, small, rounded.

Thorax. Almost entirely yellow, only seutellum and metanotum dark brown. Prothoraeie epistemum

laeking long upturned bristle just above fore eoxa, with 1-2 very short bristles in upper part. Postpronotal

bristle not prominent. Mesonotum with 2-3 notopleurals (2 longer and stronger), 1-2 shorter postsutural

supra-alar, 1 long postalar and 4 seutellars (apieal pair very long, erueiate; lateral pair minute).

Aerostiehals and dorsoeentrals undifferentiated, seutum evenly eovered with short uniform setulae

(exeept 2 pairs of long preseutellars).

Eegs. Quite robust, almost entirely yellow, only tarsomere 5 of all legs blaek. Coxae and troehanters with

unmodified setation. Fore femur somewhat thiekened, with rows of short anteroventral and postero ventral

bristles, 2 longer pale setae near base and 1 strong brownish subapieal bristle posteriorly. Fore tibia

laeking prominent bristles (exeept subapieals). Mid femur with rows (3 basally otherwise 2) of spinule-

like, short ventral setae. Mid tibia with slightly prominent ventral spinules, laeking subapieal, blaek

elaw-like spine and prominent bristles (exeept subapieals). Hind femur with row of short anteroventral

setae and about 4 short ereet dorsal setae near base. Hind tibia bearing 1 anterodorsal bristle, with

slightly prominent, rounded apieal projeetion. Tarsi of all legs unmodified.

Wing. Uniformly finely infiiseate. Costal index: 55/37/36/16. R^^^ and somewhat divergent near

wing apex, both straight. Crossvein bm-eu transverse. Crossvein r-m near middle of eell bm. Calypter

brownish yellow, with several long eoneolorous setae. Halter pale yellow.

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Abdomen. Tergite 1 entirely pale yellow. Tergites 2 and 3 brownish, of subequal width viewed dorsally,

deeply eoneave anteriorly and divided along midline; with unmodified setation. Tergite 4 broadest, dark

brown, with numerous squamiform setae. Tergite 5 very narrow, eoneolorous with tergite 4, bearing

squamiform setae. Tergites 6 and 7 brownish yellow, tergite 6 with numerous rather short posteromarginal

bristles, tergite 7 with numerous long posteromarginal bristles.

Terminalia. Rather large, left surstylus dark brown, right epandrial lamella yellowish brown apieally and

yellow basally (Figs 149-151). Cerei narrowly fused; right eereus short, digitiform, with several short

setae, laeking spines; left eereus unbranehed, short, digitiform, with several setae of different lengths,

laeking spines. Epandrium eompletely divided. Right surstylus not prominent. Right epandrial lamella

subreetangular (Fig. 149), with short, digitiform apieal projeetion, eovered with numerous moderately

long setae longer along ventral margin. Left epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with 3 moderately

long setae apieally. Left surstylus (Fig. 151) with upper lobe large, broadly ovate, with seattered setulae

on outer faee but bearing some moderately long setae on inner faee and several short strong setae near

base dorsally. Hypandrium with 2 long setae apieally. Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

See full deseription in Shamshev & Grootaert (2007: 105).

148

151

Figs 148-151. Elaphropeza modesta Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007, f. 148. postpedieel and stylus of

antenna, lateral view. 149. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 150. epandrium with eerei, dorsal view.

151. left surstylus, lateral view, (after Shamshev & Grootaert 2007).

100

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 2 Semakau (SMK05), 13 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29068, leg. P.G.); 1

Semakau (SMK02), 3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29141, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Semakau (SMK03), 3

June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29142, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This a rare mangrove speeies, previously known only from Chek Jawa. Currently it is also known from

Semakau, with eolleetion reeords from Mareh, May and Deeember.

Remarks

The male sex of E. modesta is deseribed here for the first time.

Elaphropeza feminata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Figs 152-155

Elaphropeza feminata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 107 (female only).

Diagnosis

Oeeiput blaek; postpedieel brownish in apieal part and yellow basally, nearly 3.5 times longer than wide;

thorax with seutellum and metanotum blaek; legs with tarsomere 5 blaek, hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal

bristle. Male: left surstylus with shallow apieal noteh. Male: abdominal segment 8 modified.

Description

Male

(previously undeseribed)

Eength. Body 2.4-2.5 mm, wing 2.0-2.1 mm.

Head. Oeeiput blaek. Anterior oeellars long, proelinate and erueiate; posterior oeellars minute. Inner

vertieals long, outer vertieals somewhat shorter. Antenna (Fig. 152) with seape and pedieel yellow,

postpedieel brownish in apieal part and yellowish basally (yellow spaee varying, but no more than half

of postpedieel). Pedieel with eirelet of subequally short setulae. Postpedieel nearly 3.5 times longer than

wide. Stylus normally pubeseent, brown, at most 1.5 times longer than postpedieel and nearly as long as

seape, pedieel and postpedieel eombined. Palpus yellow, small, rounded.

Thorax. Alm ost entirely yellow, only seutellum and metanotum blaek. Prothoraeie epistemum laeking

long upturned bristle just above fore eoxa, with 1 very short bristle in upper part. Postpronotal bristle not

prominent. Mesonotum with 2 subequally long notopleurals, 1 somewhat shorter postsutural supra-alar, 1

similar postalar and 4 seutellars (apieal pair very long, erueiate; lateral pair minute). Aerostiehals arranged

in 4 irregular rows anteriorly but 2-serial posteriorly, laeking on preseutellar depression; dorsoeentrals

arranged in 2-3 irregular rows anteriorly, beeoming uni-serial toward seutellum, preseutellar pair very

long (nearly as long as apieal seutellars).

Eegs. Almost entirely yellow, only tarsomere 5 of all legs blaek. Coxae and troehanters with unmodified

setation. Fore femur somewhat thiekened, with rows of short anteroventral and posteroventral bristles,

2 longer pale setae near base and 1 strong brownish subapieal bristle posteriorly. Fore tibia laeking

prominent bristles (exeept subapieals). Mid femur with rows (3 basally otherwise 2) of spinule-like.

101

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

short ventral setae. Mid tibia with hardly prominent ventral spinules, bearing subapieal, blaek elaw-like

spine, laeking prominent bristles (exeept subapieals). Hind femur with row of short anteroventral setae

and about 4 short ereet dorsal setae near base. Hind tibia bearing 1 anterodorsal bristle, with hardly

prominent rounded apieal projeetion. Tarsi of all legs unmodified.

Wing. Uniformly finely infiiseate. Costal index: 45/29/33/15. Basal eostal bristle long, brownish yellow.

and somewhat divergent near wing apex, both straight. Crossvein bm-eu slightly oblique

to transverse. Crossvein r-m near middle of eell bm. Calypter brownish yellow, with several long

eoneolorous setae. Halter pale yellow.

Abdomen. Tergite 1 entirely pale yellow. Tergites 2 and 3 brownish, of subequal width in dorsal view,

deeply eoneave anteriorly and divided along midline; with unmodified setation. Tergite 4 broadest,

dark brown, subshining, with slightly fiattened setae. Tergite 5 very narrow, eoneolorous with tergite

4, bearing squamiform setae. Tergites 6 and 7 yellow (sometimes with brownish tinge), former with

moderately long, latter with longer posteromarginal setae.

Terminalia. Rather large, left surstylus dark brown, right epandrial lamella yellowish brown apieally

and yellow basally (Figs 153-155). Cerei narrowly fused; right eereus short, slightly prominent, with

several short setae, laeking spines; left eereus unbranehed, rather short, subreetangular, with several

setae of different lengths, laeking spines. Epandrium eompletely divided. Right surstylus not prominent.

Right epandrial lamella (Fig. 153) elongate oval, more or less truneated, with numerous moderately long

setae longer along ventral margin. Left epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with 3 moderately long

setae apieally. Left surstylus (Fig. 155) with upper lobe large, broadly ovate, with shallow apieal noteh;

Figs 152-155. Elaphropeza feminata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007, f. 152. postpedieel and stylus of

antenna, lateral view. 153. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 154. epandrium with eerei, dorsal view.

155. left surstylus, lateral view, (after Shamshev & Grootaert 2007).

102

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

scattered setulae on outer face but bearing some moderately long setae on inner face. Hypandrium with

2 long setae apically. Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

See full description in Shamshev & Grootaert (2007: 107).

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 Semakau (SMK05), 13 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29068, leg. P.G.); 2

Semakau (SMK05), 27 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29119, leg. P.G.); 4 $ $, Semakau (SMK03), 3

June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29142, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Semakau (SMK02), 27 May 2009, mangrove,

Mai. (reg. 29116, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Semakau (SMK02), 3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29141, leg.

P.G.); 12 5 ?, Pasir Ris (PSR02), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29063, leg. P.G.); 4 $ Pasir Ris

(PSROl), 19 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29085, leg. P.G.); 1 4 5 Pasir Ris (PSR02), 20 May

2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29086, leg. P.G.); 5 $ $, Pasir Ris (PSROl), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai.

(reg. 29113, leg. P.G.); 3 $ $, Pasir Ris (PSR02), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29114, leg. P.G.);

1 $, Pasir Ris (PSR02), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29139, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Pasir Ris (PSROl), 2

June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29138, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Kranji (KNTOl), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai.

(reg. 29128, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Pulau Ubin (PU02), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29059, leg. P.G.);

45 ?, Pulau Ubin (PU02), 26 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29110, leg. P.G.); 4 $5^ Pulau Ubin

(PU02), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29135, leg. P.G.); 3 $$, Pulau Ubin (PU02), 2 June 2009,

mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29135, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

A co mm on mangrove species mainly represented by females. Collection records are from May, June,

October and December.

Remarks

The male sex of E. feminata is described here for the first time. In our previous key to species we

indicated that in this species acrostichal bristles are biserial (Shamshev & Grootaert 2007: 12). Actually,

as has been noted above, they are arranged in 4 irregular rows near the anterior margin of the scutum and

become 2-serial posteriorly and lacking on the prescutellar depression.

Elaphropeza semakau sp. nov.

Figs 156-160

Diagnosis

Occiput black; postpedicel brownish in apical part and yellow basally, nearly 3.5 times longer than wide;

thorax with scutellum and metanotum brown; legs with tarsomere 5 black, hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal

bristle. Male: cerci entirely fused, left surstylus produced apically, right epandrial lamella bearing 4

short subapical spine-like setae.

Description

Male

Eength. Body 1.9 mm, wing 1.7 mm.

103

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

Head. Occiput black. Anterior ocellars long, proclinate and cruciate; posterior oeellars minute. Inner

vertieals long, outer vertieals somewhat shorter. Antenna (Fig. 156) with seape and pedieel yellow,

postpedieel brownish in apieal part and yellowish basally (yellow spaee varying, but no more than half

of postpedieel); pedieel with eirelet of subequally short setulae; postpedieel 3.7 times longer than wide;

stylus normally pubeseent, brown, slightly (1.2 times) longer than postpedieel and slightly shorter (1.1

times) than seape, pedieel and postpedieel eombined. Palpus yellow, small, rounded.

Thorax. Almost entirely yellow, only seutellum and metanotum brown. Prothoraeie epistemum laeking

long upturned bristle just above fore eoxa, with 1 very short bristle in upper part. Postpronotal bristle not

prominent. Mesonotum with 2 subequally long notopleurals, 1 somewhat shorter postsutural supra-alar, 1

similar postalar and 4 seutellars (apieal pair very long, erueiate; lateral pair minute). Aerostiehals arranged

in 4 irregular rows anteriorly but 2-serial posteriorly, laeking on preseutellar depression; dorsoeentrals

arranged in 2-3 irregular rows anteriorly, beeoming uni-serial toward seutellum, preseutellar pair very

long (nearly as long as apieal seutellars).

Legs. Almost entirely yellow, only tarsomere 5 of all legs blaek. Coxae and troehanters with unmodified

setation. Fore femur somewhat thiekened, with rows of short anteroventral and posteroventral bristles,

2 longer pale setae near base and 1 strong brownish subapieal bristle posteriorly. Fore tibia laeking

prominent bristles (exeept subapieals). Mid femur with rows of spinule-like, short ventral setae. Mid tibia

with slightly prominent ventral spinules, bearing subapieal, blaek elaw-like spine, laeking prominent

bristles (exeept subapieals). Hind femur with row of short anteroventral setae and about 4 short, ereet

dorsal setae near base. Hind tibia bearing 1 anterodorsal bristle, with slightly prominent rounded apieal

projeetion. Tarsi of all legs unmodified.

Wing. Uniformly finely infuseate. Costal index: 34/22/24/12. Costal vein with moderately long setulae

along anterior margin. Basal eostal bristle long, brownish yellow. and somewhat divergent near

wing apex, both straight. Crossvein bm-eu transverse. Crossvein r-m near middle of eell bm. Calypter

brownish yellow, with several long eoneolorous setae. Halter pale yellow.

Abdomen. Tergite 1 entirely pale yellow. Tergites 2 and 3 brownish yellow, of subequal width in dorsal

view, deeply eoneave anteriorly and divided along midline; with unmodified setation. Tergite 4 broadest,

dark brown, subshining, with slightly fiattened setae. Tergite 5 very narrow, eoneolorous with tergite

4, bearing squamiform setae. Tergites 6 and 7 brownish yellow, with moderately long posteromarginal

setae.

Terminaeia. Rather large, left surstylus brownish, right epandrial lamella yellowish brown apieally

and yellow basally (Figs 157-160). Cerei entirely fused forming single subreetangular lobe, with some

unmodified setae of different lengths, laeking spines. Epandrium eompletely divided. Right surstylus not

prominent. Right epandrial lamella (Fig. 157) eonieal, broadly ovate apieally, bearing 4 short, subapieal

spine-like setae (3 setae eloser to eaeh other and 1 seta aside), with numerous moderately long setae.

Left epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with 1 short seta apieally. Left surstylus (Fig. 159) with

upper lobe large, rather elongate oval and narrowly produeed apieal part, eovered with seattered setulae

on outer faee but bearing some moderately long setae on inner faee and several short strong setae near

base dorsally. Hypandrium with 2 long subapieal setae and numerous setae of different lengths apieally

(Fig. 160). Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Unknown.

104

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Material examined

Holotype $

SINGAPORE: 1 (?, Semakau (SMKOl), 27 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29115, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Etymology

The speeies is named after Semakau Island that appears to have a very rieh empidoid fauna (Grootaert,

in litt.).

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in mangroves, with a single reeord from May.

Figs 156-160. Elaphropeza semakau sp. nov., S- 156. postpedieel and stylus of antenna, lateral view.

157. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 158. epandrium with eerei, dorsal view. 159. left surstylus,

lateral view. 160. tip of hypandrium, ventral view.

105

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Remarks

The new speeies is very similar to E. feminata differing from the latter only by the body size and the

stmeture of the male terminalia. Elaphropeza semakau sp. nov. is smaller (1.9 mm vs. 2.4-2.5 mm

in E. feminata) and in the new speeies the left surstylus is apieally produeed (with shallow noteh in

E. feminata), right epandrial lamella bears 4 short subapieal spine-like setae, eerei are entirely fused

forming single subreetangular lobe and, additionally, the apex of the hypandrium is eovered with

numerous spine-like setae. The females of E. feminata have modified abdominal segment 8 that may aid

distinguish them from the females of E. semakau sp. nov. onee they are eolleeted.

Elaphropeza singulata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Elaphropeza singulata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 107.

Diagnosis

Oeeiput blaek; antenna entirely yellow, with postpedieel about 2.5 times longer than wide; seutellum,

metanotum, meron and partly metapleuron brown; legs with tarsomere 5 brown, hind tibia with 1

anterodorsal bristle.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 $, Semakau (SMK04), 19 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29090, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies was previously known from terrestrial forests: Sime forest, Bukit Timah and Nee Soon and

now reeorded from mangroves at Semakau. Oeeasional eolleetion reeords are from Mareh, May, July,

August and November.

Remarks

This remains a very rare speeies, and is still only known from females.

Elaphropeza asexa Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007

Elaphropeza asexa Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 128.

Diagnosis

Oeeiput blaek, postpedieel brownish yellow, about 2.5 times longer than wide; thorax with metanotum

brown in middle part; fore tibia with 1 short, hind tibia with 1-2 long anterodorsal bristles.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 $, Mandai (MANOl), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29138, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Sungei

Cina (CHCOl), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29060, leg. P.G.).

Distribution

Singapore.

106

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This is a fairly common species, but never abundant. It is reported in all forest types studied here, but

was most abundant in the mangroves of Sungei Buloh (Shamshev & Grootaert 2007). Collection records

are from throughout the year.

Remarks

This species remains only known from females.

Elaphropeza collini sp. nov.

Figs 161-164

Diagnosis

Occiput largely yellow, postpedicel about 2.5 times longer than wide, stylus about 4.0 times longer

than postpedicel; thorax and legs entirely yellow; hind tibia with 1 black curved subapical anteroventral

bristle. Male: right epandrial lamella with 3 very long unmodified subapical setae and 2 very long

squamiform setae.

Description

Male

Eength. Body 1.8 mm, wing 1.5 mm.

Head. Occiput largely yellow, broadly darkened above neck including ocellar tubercle and frons, with

yellow to brownish yellow setation. Anterior ocellars long, proclinate and cruciate; posterior ocellars

minute. Inner verticals long, inclinate; outer verticals slightly prominent. Antenna (Fig. 161) brownish

yellow, scape and pedicel somewhat paler; pedicel with circlet of almost equally short setulae, 1 dorsal

somewhat longer; postpedicel 2.7 times longer than wide; stylus normally pubescent, brown, 4.1 times

longer than postpedicel and 2.4 times as long as scape, pedicel and postpedicel combined. Proboscis

brownish yellow. Palpus yellow, small, rounded; with scattered brownish yellow setulae, bearing 1

longer and darker subapical seta.

Thorax. Alm ost entirely reddish yellow, with yellow to brownish yellow setation; metanotum brownish

yellow. Scutellum truncate. Prothoracic epistemum with 1 long upturned bristle just above fore coxa and

1 short bristle in upper part. Postpronotal bristle minute. Mesonotum with 2 notopleurals, 1 very short

postsutural supra-alar, 1 postalar and 4 scutellars (apical pair very long, cruciate; lateral pair very short).

Acrostichals and dorsocentrals multiserial, uniform (except for 1 pair of long prescutellars), extending

to base of scutellum.

Eegs. Quite robust, entirely yellow, with yellow to brownish yellow setation. Coxae and trochanters

with unmodified setation. Fore and hind femora and tibiae somewhat thickened. Fore femur with rows

of short antero- and posteroventral bristles and 2 longer bristles near base. Fore tibia lacking prominent

bristles (except subapicals). Mid femur with 2 rows of spinule-like, short ventral bristles (becoming

shorter in apical part of femur), 1 long thin bristle near base and 1 anterior subapical bristle. Mid tibia

with 1 row of black ventral spinules on about apical 2/3, lacking subapical, claw-like spine anteriorly

and prominent bristles (except subapicals). Hind femur bearing 1 row of mostly short anteroventrals

(4 subapicals longer) and 3-4 erect dorsal bristles near base. Hind tibia with 1 black, curved subapical

anteroventral bristle; apical projection short, rounded, clothed in dense brownish setulae.

Wing, normally developed, finely uniformly infiiscate, covered with uniform microtrichia; veins

yellowish to brownish yellow. Costal vein with moderately long setulae along anterior margin. Basal

costal bristle long, brownish yellow. Costal index: 28/23/24/11. Vein Rs somewhat longer than crossvein

107

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

bm-cu. and parallel near wing apex, somewhat sinuate. CuAj reaehing wing margin. present

as traee vein. Crossvein bm-eu oblique. Crossvein r-m near middle of eell bm. Calypter brownish yellow,

with several long brownish setae. Halter darkened.

Abdomen. Tergite 1 with very narrow, slightly prominent brownish spaee. Tergite 2 narrow medially

and broadened laterally. Tergite 3 broadest, with squamiform setae. Tergite 4 nearly as broad as tergite

2 and in middle about 2.0 times narrower than tergite 3, with squamiform setae. Tergite 5 narrowest,

even somewhat narrower than tergite 2, with squamiform setae. Tergites 6-8 unmodified; tergite 6

with slightly prominent, tergite 7 with long posteromarginal bristles. Stemites 3-5 divided. Gland-like

struetures present between tergites 3-4 and 4-5.

Terminalia. Large, brownish yellow (Figs 162-164). Cerei divided; right eereus short, narrow, with few

short bristles, laeking spines; left eereus unbranehed, digitiform, rather short, with numerous moderately

long bristles, laeking spines. Epandrium eompletely divided. Right epandrial lamella (Fig. 162) with 3

very long unmodified subapieal setae and 2 very long squamiform setae. Right surstylus very small,

subtriangular, with some minute setulae, laeking spines. Left epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium,

with several moderately long bristles apieally. Left surstylus (Fig. 164) with large, subglobular, with

moderately long submarginal setae. Hypandrium with rod-shaped subapieal projeetions (as in E.

biuncinata), bearing 2 short setae apieally. Phallus very long, double spiralled [not showen on Fig. 163].

One rod-shaped apodeme present.

Figs 161-164. Elaphropeza collini sp. nov., f. 161. postpedieel and stylus of antenna, lateral view. 162.

right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 163. epandrium with eerei, dorsal view. 164. left surstylus, lateral

view.

108

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Female

Unknown.

Material examined

Holotype $

SINGAPORE: Pulau Ubin (PU02), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29135, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Etymology

The speeies is dedieated to Mr. Tong Hor Yee (Collin) for his very enthusiastie help during fieldwork in

2009.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in mangroves, with single reeord from June.

Remarks

The new speeies belongs to the E. biuncinata group and in the male it ean be readily distinguished

from all representatives of this unit by the unique vestiture of the right epandrial lamella (3 very long

unmodified subapieal setae and 2 very long squamiform setae). Additionally, in the new speeies the right

surstylus is markedly small.

Elaphropeza kranjiensis sp. nov.

Figs 165-168

Diagnosis

Oeeiput blaek, antenna entirely brownish yellow with postpedieel about 3.5 times as long as wide;

seutum with large brown elongate subtriangular pateh on eaeh side (anterior eomer extending almost to

level of anterior spiraele); legs with tarsomere 5 brownish, hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle.

Description

Male

Eength. Body 2.7 mm, wing 2.6 mm.

Head. Oeeiput blaek, with yellow to brownish yellow setation. Anterior oeellars moderately long,

proelinate; posterior oeellars minute. Inner vertieals moderately long, proelinate; outer vertieals not

prominent. Antenna (Fig. 165) entirely brownish yellow; pedieel with eirelet of subequally short setulae;

postpedieel narrow basally, nearly 3.5 times longer than wide; stylus normally pubeseent, brown,

about 3.5 times as long as postpedieel and nearly 2.0 times longer than seape, pedieel and postpedieel

eombined. Proboseis brownish yellow. Palpus yellow, small, elongate oval, with several dark setulae.

Thorax. Yellow with brownish markings, shining, with yellow to brownish yellow bristles; seutum

with large brown elongate subtriangular pateh on eaeh side (anterior eomer extending almost to level of

anterior spiraele), metanotum entirely brown, meron (= hypopleuron) and anepimeron (= pteropleuron)

brownish, katepistemum (= stemopleuron) brownish on lower part; anterior spiraele brown. Prothoraeie

epistemum laeking long upturned bristle just above fore eoxa, with 1 short seta in upper part. Postpronotal

bristle minute. Mesonotum with 2 notopleurals (posterior bristle longer), 1 short postsutural supra-

alar, 1 minute postalar and 4 seutellars (apieal pair very long, emeiate; lateral pair minute). Aerostiehal

109

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

bristles prominent in anterior part of seutum only, 2-serial, few in number; dorsoeentral bristles uniserial,

extending to base of seutellum (preseutellar pair long).

Legs. Long, slender, almost entirely yellow, only tarsomeres 5 brownish; elothed with yellow to

brownish yellow setation. Coxae and troehanters with unmodified setation. Fore femur with numerous

short setae ventrally. Fore tibia laeking prominent bristles (exeept subapieals). Mid femur with hardly

prominent ventral setation. Mid tibia with slightly prominent ventral spinules, bearing subapieal, blaek

elaw-like spine anteriorly, laeking prominent bristles (exeept subapieals). Hind femur bearing minute

anteroventral setae (exeept eirelet of subapieals); with small, dorsal subbasal tuberele armed with 4 short

spine-like setae. Hind tibia bearing 1 anterodorsal bristle before middle; apieal projeetion prominent,

small, somewhat pointed, elothed in dense brownish setulae. Hind tarsomere 1 somewhat thiekened.

Wing. Normally developed, finely uniformly infiiseate, eovered with uniform mierotriehia; veins

largely yellowish brown, basal seetion of erossveins r-m and bm-eu (exeept base) pale. Costal

vein with moderately long setulae along anterior margin. Basal eostal bristle long, brown. Costal index:

57/33/49/13. Vein Rs subequal to erossvein bm-eu. R 2^3 smoothly arehed. R^^^ and M^^^ parallel near

wing apex, R^^^ somewhat bowed. CuAj reaehing wing margin. Vein Aj present as fold. Crossvein bm-

eu somewhat oblique. Crossvein r-m before middle of eell bm. Calypter brownish yellow, with several

long eoneolorous eilia. Halter darkened.

Figs 165-168. Elaphropeza kranjiensis sp. nov., f. 165. postpedieel and stylus of antenna, lateral view.

166. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 167. epandrium with eerei, dorsal view. 168. left surstylus,

lateral view.

110

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Abdomen. Tergite 1 entirely pale yellow. Tergites 2 and 3 with brownish lateral subtriangular spaees,

otherwise pale yellow; bearing seattered unmodified setulae. Tergite 4 broadest, brown, with numerous

squamiform setae. Tergite 5 somewhat narrower than tergite 4, brown, bearing numerous squamiform

setae. Tergite 6 with small brownish pateh laterally, otherwise pale yellow, with minute posteromarginal

bristles. Tergite 7 brown, with several long brown posteromarginal bristles. Segment 8 with several

moderately long unmodified setae. Stemites brownish, unmodified, stemites 2-4 eonvex posteriorly,

stemites 5-7 subreetangular, with seattered minute setulae. Gland-like strueture between tergites 4 and

5, ampoule-like.

Terminalia. Rather small, yellowish brown (Figs 166-168). Cerei separated; right eereus rather long,

digitiform, somewhat narrowed apieally, with several setae of different lengths, laeking spines; left

eereus shorter, branehed, with short setae. Epandrium eompletely divided. Right epandrial lamella as

in Figure 166, eovered with numerous setae of different lengths. Right surstylus not prominent. Eeft

epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with 3 moderately long setae apieally. Eeft surstylus (Fig. 168)

moderately large, mostly eovered with minute setulae, bearing short spine like setae near base dorsally.

Hypandrium with 2 short setae. Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Unknown.

Material examined

Holotype $

SINGAPORE: Kranji (KNTOl), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29128, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Etymology

The speeies is named after the Kranji Nature trail that is a small strip of mangrove on the north of the

island of Singapore.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in mangrove, with a single reeord from June.

Remarks

The new speeies eould primarily be eompared with E. bulohensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007 known

from Singapore. However, E. bulohensis has a different seutal pattern and modified abdominal stemite 4.

Elaphropeza E59

Material examined

SINGAPORE: I $, Pulau Ubin (PU02), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29059, leg. P.G.).

Remarks

This female speeimen resembles E. luteoides in having entirely yellow oeeiput, eyes deeply eoneave on

posterior margin, entirely yellow antennae with very short postpedieel and very long stylus, subequally

long anterior and posterior oeellar bristles, hind tibia with 1 anterodorsal bristle, and undifferentiated

aerostiehal and dorsoeentral bristles. However, we would hesitate to assoeiate it with this speeies. It

should be noted that in E. luteoides the abdominal tergite 4 is broadest, undivided, dark brown, with

111

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

squamiform setae and tergite 5 is very narrow, dark brown, with squamiform setae. In Elaphropeza E59

all abdominal tergites are brownish yellow, tergites 2-6 are divided along the midline, tergite 4 bears a

few slightly flattened setae and only tergite 5 bears seattered squamiform setae. We realise that these

differenees may be a result of sexual dimorphism but the female is unknown for E. luteoides.

Genus Nanodromia Grootaert, 1994

Nanodromia Grootaert, 1994: 142. Type-speeies: N. cryptica Grootaert, 1994, by original designation.

Recognition

The genus Nanodromia ean be distinguished from other genera of the Drapetini by the following

eombination of eharaeters: postpedieel with dorsoapieal extension, wing with Rs relatively short and

originating eloser to tip of R^ than humeral erossvein, eells br and bm of subequal length, abdominal

tergites laeking squamiform setae, intersegmental modifleations present, two rod-shaped genitalie

apodemes.

Diagnosis

Small flies with body length about 1.5 mm. Frons very broad, with sides divergent above. Eyes eontiguous

on faee, lower ommatidia enlarged or ommatidia of subequal size. Two pairs of vertieal bristles, but

outer pair (sometimes both pairs) often hardly prominent. Oeellar tuberele with 2 pairs of bristles.

Antenna with pedieel bearing long ventral subapieal seta; postpedieel with dorsoapieal extension;

stylus arising dorsoapieally, arista-like, long. Gena barely extended below eye. Palpus small, rounded,

usually with short subapieal seta. Thorax brown to blaek; sometimes modifled {N. narmkroi Grootaert &

Shamshev). Postpronotal bristle usually well prominent (exeept N. narmkroi). Mesonotal bristles very

prominent but sometimes aerostiehals and dorsoeentrals weakly differentiated. Anepisternum bare,

rarely setose {N. narmkroi). Eegs short; fore femur usually very thiekened; mid legs usually with

seeondary sexual eharaeters in male; hind tibia laeking prominent bristles. Wings usually normally

developed or sometimes modifled (non Oriental speeies); often with distinet pattern; Rs relatively short

and originating eloser to tip of Rj than humeral erossvein; R 2^3 eomplete, meeting eosta before middle

of wing; R^^^ and strongly divergent; A^ absent; erossvein CuA^ absent; erossvein bm-eu oblique;

eells br and bm of subequal length; Halter with knob yellow to blaek. Abdomen with tergite 1 entirely

pale; no squamiform setae; gland-like intersegmental struetures present. Terminalia rotated 90° to right;

epandrium eompletely divided; left epandrial lamella usually very narrow, separated from hypandrium,

sometimes eompletely redueed {N. narmkroi)', left surstylus undifferentiated from epandrial lamella,

undivided, with unmodifled setation; right epandrial lamella usually large, positioned ventrally; right

surstylus present, slightly differentiated from epandrial lamella; eerei fused (sometimes ineompletely),

often bearing spines or papilla-like setae; hypandrium usually with 2 bristles on apieal portion; phallus

very short; two rod-shaped apodemes (i.e. ejaeulatory and ventral apodemes) present. Female similar

to male, but legs with unmodifled strueture and vestiture; terminalia short; tergite 8 fused laterally with

stemite 8; stemite 8 without folded apex; eereus broad-ovate.

Remarks

The genus Nanodromia is known only from the Australasian (3 speeies from Papua New Guinea)

and Oriental (6 speeies) regions (Grootaert 1992; Grootaert & Shamshev 2003). Here Nanodromia is

reeorded for the first time from Singapore with three new speeies deseribed below. There is an additional

speeies with blaek legs known only from a single female (Singapore, Sime forest 17 February 2006,

forest, reg. 26034) that remains undeseribed.

112

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Nanodromia as its name indieates is a genus of very small flies, and henee identifleation is quite diffleult.

In addition many speeies resemble one another and leg eolouration is sometimes variable. The position

of the abdominal glands ean be helpful in aleohol preserved speeimens, but disseetion of the male

genitalia is often mandatory to eonflrm an unambiguous identifleation.

Key to species af Nanodromia from the Oriental Region

1. Seutum uniformly eovered with hair-like setae (aerostiehal and dorsoeentral bristles

undifferentiated).2

-Aerostiehal and dorsoeentral bristles well differentiated in rows (Thailand; Malaysia; Singapore)..

. N. narmkroi Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003

2. Eegs uniformly yellow; mid femur with basal swelling (Fig. 1) and mid tibia eurved in

dorsoventral plane (Thailand). N. narmjeud Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003

- Eegs with hind femur and (or) tibia brownish near middle (sometimes only faintly); mid femur

slender or with basal swelling, but mid tibia always straight.3

3. Hind tibia unmodifled. Gland-like struetures present between tergites 4 and 5 and 5 and 6 (Figs

176-177).4

- Hind tibia somewhat eurved. Bladder-like strueture opening between tergite 4 and 5 (Fig. 175).5

4. Mid femur with strong blaek bristle in anterior fourth; some eurved spine-like ventral bristles near

tip (Thailand). N. phukhao Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003

- Mid femur with yellow anterior preapieal bristle only; without eurved bristles ventrally (Singapore)

. N. hutan sp. nov.

5. Hind tibia somewhat eurved at tip; bearing squamiform setae on apieal half (Fig. 174) (Thailand).

. N. taksin Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003

- Hind tibia only faintly twisted; laeking squamiform setae on apieal half, but with single line of

short spinules (Fig. 173) (Singapore). N. spinulosa sp. nov.

Nanodromia hutan sp. nov.

Figs 169-171

Diagnosis

Dark brown speeies with uniformly setose seutum; hind femur brown on middle. Male: mid femur and

tibia slender; mid femur with short, yellow anterior preapieal bristle; abdomen with intersegmental

gland-like flelds between tergites 4 and 5 and 5 and 6.

Description

Male

Fength. Body 0.98 mm, wing 0.90 mm.

Head. Blaek. Frons triangular, strongly widened towards oeellar tuberele. Eyes eontiguous on faee,

with uniform ommatidia. Oeellar tuberele with short yellow proelinate anterior oeellars and longer

lateroelinate posterior oeellars. Two brown to blaek inelinate vertieals about as long as postpedieel

and twiee as long as oeellars. Antenna with seape and pedieel yellow, postpedieel pale yellow; pedieel

without long ventral seta; postpedieel rather subeonieal, with very short dorsal extension, nearly 2.5

times as long as wide; stylus dorsoapieal, brown, about 4.0 times as long as postpedieel. Palpus small,

subglobular, yellow, with short yellow subapieal seta.

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European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

Thorax. Black, subshining, with yellow setation. Postpronotal bristle short, slightly prominent.

Mesonotum with 1 notopleural, 1 postsutural supra-alar, 1 postalar and 4 seutellars (inner pair long);

aerostiehals and dorsoeentrals undifferentiated, seutum uniformly eovered with numerous short setae

arranged in more or less regular rows.

Legs. Largely yellow, with only hind femur broadly brownish on middle. Mid femur slender, bearing 1

yellow, anterior preapieal bristle and 1 moderately long bristle near extreme base.

Wing. With transverse brown band from base of wing to eross-veins and apex white. [When wings

folded above abdomen, white base of wing eovers white base of abdomen; brown transverse stripe

eovers brown apieal tergites; tip of wing that surpasses abdomen is white (transparent) again).] Halter

white.

Abdomen. With tergite 1 pale, tergite 2 narrowly brown along posterior margin; remaining tergites

brown; stemites 1-2 pale, remaining stemites pale brown. Tergites with seattered pale setulae dorsally

and short lateral bristles more numerous toward tergite 8. Intersegmental gland-like struetures present

between tergites 4 and 5 and 5 and 6, plate-like.

Terminaeia. Brown, rather large (Figs 169-171). Cerei (Fig. 170) fused, with several short unmodified

setae. Epandrium eompletely divided. Left epandrial lamella fused with hypandrium, with slender

proeess bearing spine and 2 moderately long setae (Fig. 171). Left surstylus undivided, subtriangular,

with minute setulae. Right epandrial lamella (Fig. 169) large, elongate oval, with 1 spine and numerous

long setae in upper part. Right surstylus undivided, long, narrow, bearing row of fairly long setae along

upper margin. Hypandrium with 2 long setae apieally. Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Similar to male.

Figs 169-171. Nanodromia hutan sp. nov., S terminalia. 169. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 170.

epandrium with eerei, dorsal view. 171. left surstylus, lateral view.

114

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Material examined

Holotype $

SINGAPORE: Sime forest, 17 February 2006, forest, Mai 1 (reg. 26034, leg. PG.; in ZRC).

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: 1 S, Nee Soon, 14 Oetober 2005, swamp forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25388, leg. P.G.); 3

Sime forest, 17 February 2006, forest, Mai 1 (reg. 26034, leg. P.G.).

Etymology

The speeifie name 'hutan' means 'forest' in Malay.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in swamp forests, with oeeasional reeords from February and Oetober.

Remarks

Nanodromia hutan sp. nov. is similar to N. phukhao Grootaert & Shamshev known from Thailand, but

the latter bears a thiekened anterior preapieal bristle on the mid femur.

Nanodromia narmjeud Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003

Figs 178-180

Nanodromia narmjeud Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003: 43.

Diagnosis

Speeies with undifferentiated aerostiehal and dorsoeentral bristles. Eegs uniformly yellow; male mid

femur with strong swelling on basal third. Bladder-like organ opening between tergites 4 and 5.

Distribution

Thailand (Chantaburi and Trat Provs.).

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in low altitude rain forests, with eolleetion reeords from Mareh.

Remarks

Sinee this speeies was found at low altitude rain forests it is not unlikely that it will be found in Singapore

as well.

Nanodromia narmkroi Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003

Figs 176, 185-188

Nanodromia narmkroi Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003: 49.

Diagnosis

Speeies with thorax somewhat flattened, mesonotum strongly eonvex on anterior eomers; aerostiehal

and dorsoeentral bristles well differentiated; the former minute, arranged in 2 rows, present on anterior

part of seutum only; the latter long, uniserial, 5 per row, of different lengths; anepistemum with 3 fairly

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European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

176 177

Figs 112-111. Nanodromia, f. 111. N. hutan sp. nov., hindleg, anterior view. 173. N. hutan sp. nov., tip

of hind tibia, dorsal view. 174. N. phukhao Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003, hind tibia, dorsal view. 175. N.

narmjeud Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003, bladder-like gland between tergite 4 and 5, dorsal view. 176. N.

narmkroi Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003, gland-like fields between tergites 4-5 and 5-6, dorsal view. 177.

N. phukhao Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003, gland-like fields between tergites 4-5 and 5-6, dorsal view.

(Figs 174-177 after Grootaert & Shamshev 2003).

116

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

long setae in upper hind eomer. Eegs uniformly yellow. Abdomen with gland-like struetures between

tergites 4 and 5 and 5 and 6 (Fig. 176).

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 2 SS, 1 Pulau Ubin, Chek Jawa, 19 November 2003, sweeping in mangrove (reg.

23080, Sil77); 4 2 2 Deeember 2003, Malaise trap in mangrove (reg. 23097, Sill8); 3 SS,

11 Deeember 2003, Malaise trap in mangrove (reg. 23119, Sil41), 1 6', 8 $$, Chek Jawa, 11 Oetober

2005, mangrove, Mai (reg. 25380, leg. P.G.); 1 (?, 11 ??, Chek Jawa, 26 Oetober 2005, mangrove,

Mai 2 (reg. 25399, leg. P.G.); 4 $ Chek Jawa, 30 Deeember 2005, mangrove, Mai 2 (reg. 25474, leg.

P.G.); 8 SS, 3 $$, Chek Jawa, 30 Deeember 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25475, leg. P.G.); 1 S,

Pulau Ubin, Pekaka, 2 Deeember 2003, sweeping along mangrove (reg. 23095, Sil91); 2 SS, Semakau

Island, 26 June 2005, beaeh, sweeping (reg. 25185, leg. P.G.). 2 SS, Semakau (SMK02), 13 May 2009,

mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29065, leg. P.G.); 12 SS, Semakau (SMK05), 13 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg.

29068, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Semakau (Semakau), 20 May 2009, beaeh forest, sweeping (reg. 29097, leg.

P.G.); 2 SS, Semakau (SMK02), 20 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29088, leg. P.G.); 1 SS, Semakau

(SMK04), 27 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29118, leg. P.G.); 6 SS, Semakau (SMK05), 27 May

2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29119, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Semakau (SMK04), 27 May 2009, mangrove, Mai.

(reg. 29118, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Semakau (SMK05), 3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29144, leg. P.G.);

8 SS, Semakau (SMK05), 3 June 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29144, leg. P.G.); 5 SS, 20 $$, Pulau

Ubin (PU02), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29059, leg. P.G.); 5 SS, Pulau Ubin (PU02), 26 May

2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29110, leg. P.G.); 5 SS, Pulau Ubin (PU02), 2 June 2009, mangrove, Mai.

(reg. 29135, leg. P.G.).

Figs 178-180. Nanodromia narmjeud Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003, 3 terminalia. 178. right surstylus,

dorsal view. 179. epandrium with eerei, dorsal view. 180. left epandrial lamella and surstylus, lateral

view, (after Grootaert & Shamshev 2003).

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European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

Figs 181-185. Nanodromia, S, mid leg, anterior view. 181. N. narmjeud Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003.

182. N. phukhao Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003. 183. N. taksin Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003. 184. N.

spinulosa sp. nov. 185. N. narmkroi Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003. (Figs 181-183, 185 from Grootaert

& Shamshev 2003).

118

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

MAEAYSIA: 6 Johor province, Sedili kecil, 12 October 2000, supralitoral, sweeping (reg. 20046,

leg. RG. & N. Evenhuis).

Sequences in Genbank

Chek Jawa, 15 December 2005, mangrove, sweeping (reg. 25452, leg. P.Grootaert) quoted in Eim et

al. (2009) Nanodromia narmkroi has been sequenced.

Distribution

Malaysia (Johor), Singapore, South Thailand (Trang Prov.).

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This species occurs in mangroves. It is present throughout the year, but most common from October to

December.

Remarks

This is a common mangrove species. The name means 'brackish water' in Thai language. 'Narm' stands

for water and the 'ar' in narm is pronounced as a long 'a' but then as a high tone. 'Kroi' means brackish.

Nanodromia phukhao Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003

Figs 177, 182, 189-192

Nanodromia phukhao Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003: 45.

Diagnosis

Species with undifferentiated acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles. Hind femur broadly brownish on

middle. Male mid femur slender and bearing thick black anterior bristle at apical quarter, mid femur

Figs 186-188. Nanodromia narmkroi Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003, S terminalia. 186. right epandrial

lamella, lateral view. 187. epandrium with cerci, dorsal view. 188. left surstylus, lateral view, (after

Grootaert & Shamshev 2003).

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European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

(Fig. 182) ventrally on apical third with curved flattened setae. Abdomen with gland-like stmetures (Fig.

177) between tergites 4 and 5 and 5 and 6.

Distribution

Northeast Thailand (Loei Prov.).

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in dry mixed deeiduous forest (about 500 m), eolleeted in April and May.

Remarks

Nanodromia phukhao is similar to N. hutan sp. nov., but the latter has no thiekened anterior preapieal

bristle on mid femur. It is not unlikely that it eould be present in Singapore as well. The epithet 'phukhao'

means mountain in Thai. 'Ph' is pronouneed as a strong 'p' (not 'f) and 'kh' is a strong k. 'Khao' is

pronouneed as a rising tone.

Nanodromia spinulosa sp. nov.

Figs 172-173, 184, 193-195

Diagnosis

Aerostiehal and dorsoeentral bristles undifferentiated. Hind femur and tibia somewhat brownish on

middle. Male: hind tibia slightly eurved, anteriorly on apieal half without squamiform setae, but with

Figs 189-192. Nanodromia phukhao Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003, S terminalia. 189. right epandrial

lamella with eerei, dorsal view. 190. left epandrial lamella with hypandrium, lateral view. 191. left

surstylus, dorsal view. 192. right epandrial lamella, lateral view, (after Grootaert & Shamshev 2003).

120

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

a row of spinule-like setae. Abdomen with vessel-like glandular stmeture opening between tergites 4

and 5.

Description

Male

Eength. Body 1.4 mm, wing 0.98 mm.

Head. Blaek, with brown to blaek setation. Oeellar tuberele with 2 proelinate anterior and 2 lateroelinate

posterior bristles, both pairs about as long as postpedieel. Two inelinate vertieals slightly longer than

oeellars. Antenna with seape and pedieel yellow, postpedieel also yellowish, but paler on basal half;

pedieel with moderately long ventral seta shorter than pedieel is wide; stylus brown, about 3.5 times as

long as postpedieel. Palpus brown, with pale yellow subapieal seta.

Thorax. Blaek, subshining, with yellowish setation. Postpronotal bristle hardly prominent. Mesonotum

with 1 notopleural, 1 supra-alar, 1 postalar and4 seutellars (inner pair long); aerostiehals and dorsoeentrals

undifferentiated, seutum uniformly eovered with numerous short setae arranged in more or less regular

rows.

Eegs. With faint brownish ring on hind femur and hind tibia, otherwise yellow. Fore femur thiekened.

Mid femur (Fig. 184) more slender than fore femur, but swollen in basal third bearing dense pubeseenee,

1 yellow ventral bristle near extreme base (shorter than femur is wide) and 1 yellow anterior subapieal

bristle as long as femur is wide. Mid tibia with unmodified setation. Hind femur only slightly wider than

mid femur. Hind tibia slightly twisted and thiekened on apieal two-thirds; anteriorly on apieal half with

row of spinule-like setae.

Wing. With brown pattern. Calypter brown, with pale setation. Halter white.

Abdomen. With tergite 1 pale, tergite 2 narrowly brown along posterior margin; remainding tergites

brown; stemites 1-2 pale, remainding stemites pale brown. Tergites with seattered pale setulae dorsally

Figs 193-195. Nanodromia spinulosa sp. nov., 3 terminalia. 193. right surstylus, dorsal view. 194. fused

eerei bearing spines, dorsal view. 195. left surstylus, lateral view.

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European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

and short lateral bristles beeoming more numerous towards tergite 8. Intersegmental gland-like struetures

represented by 1 vessel-like internal strueture opening between tergites 4 and 5.

Terminalia. Brown. Cerei (Fig. 194) fused, with 2 subequally long apieal spines and several unmodified

setae of different lengths. Epandrium eompletely divided. Left epandrial lamella very narrow, separated

from hypandrium. Left surstylus (Fig. 195) undivided, elongate, tapered, bearing row of setae in basal

part and at apex. Right epandrial lamella large, with several unmodified setae of different lengths. Right

surstylus (Fig. 193) divided into 3 lobes, with unmodified setae. Hypandrium with 1 short seta apieally.

Phallus short. Two rod-shaped apodemes present.

Female

Body Length: 1.05-1.12 mm, wing length: 1.05-1.10 mm. Hind tibia without modified bristles

anteroventrally near middle. Tergite 1 white, tergite 2 only posteriorly brown, remaining tergites

eompletely brown. Stemites 1 and 2 white, remaining stemites weakly brownish, pale brown. Ovipositor

and eerei brown. No glands present.

Material examined

Holotype S

SINGAPORE: Seletar, 2 November 2005, swamp forest, sweeping (reg. 25410, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Paratypes

SINGAPORE: 1 $, Nee Soon, 20 May 2005, swamp forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25144, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Sime

forest, 8 February 2006, forest, Mai 2 (reg. 26027, leg. P.G.); 2 SS, 6 $$, Sungei Buloh, 26 August

2005, mangrove, Mai 2 (reg. 25320, leg. P.G.).

Etymology

The epithet 'spinulosa' refers to the spine-like setae on the hind tibia.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeurrs in swamp forests and mangroves. The speeies apparently is present throughout the

year.

Remarks

Nanodromia spinulosa sp. nov. is elosely related to N. taksin Grootaert & Shamshev but the latter has

the hind tibia modified with rows of squamiform setae. In N. spinulosa sp. nov. the hind tibia is not

so strongly eurved and swollen and there is only an anterior row of spinule-like setae on the apieal

half instead of squamiform setae. Additionally, the new speeies resembles N. narmjeud Grootaert &

Shamshev that has also the basal third of mid femur swollen and pubeseent. However, in N. narmjeud

the mid tibia is eurved, while it is straight in N. spinulosa sp. nov.

Nanodromia taksin Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003

Figs 174, 196-198

Nanodromia taksin Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003: 48, figs 14-18.

122

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Diagnosis

Species with undifferentiated acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles. Eegs almost uniformly yellow,

hind femur and tibia with brownish ring on middle. Male hind tibia somewhat curved, bearing short

squamiform setae on apical half (Fig. 174). Bladder-like structure opening between tergites 4 and 5

(compare to A. narmjeud¥ig. 175).

Distribution

South Thailand (Songkhla Prov.).

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

Rain forest, occasional records from October.

Remarks

Since this species was found at low altitude in rain forest in South Thailand it is not unlikely that it will

be found in Singapore as well. It should be primarily compared with N. spinulosa sp. nov. that is its

sister species.

Figs 196-198. Nanodromia taksin Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003, S terminalia. 196. right surstylus,

dorsal view. 197. epandrium with cerci, dorsal view. 198. left surstylus, lateral view, (after Grootaert &

Shamshev 2003).

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European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

Genus Stilpon Loew, 1859

AgatachysyiQigQn, 1830: 343 (as MS name 'AgatachysflavipeJ ofWinthem). Type-speeies: Tachydromia

celeripes Meigen, 1830 (= T. graminum Fallen, 1815) [designation by Coquillett, 1910: 504], by

monotypy. Suppressed by the l.C.Z.N. (1997: 200 [Opinion 1881]), see Gumming & Evenhuis (1996).

Stilpon Loew, 1859: 34 (as subgenus of Drapetis Meigen). Type-speeies: Tachydromia graminumT eMin,

1815, by subsequent designation Loew, 1864: 5).

TetraneurellaT>?^\, 1909: 362. Type-speeies: T beckerifJdifA, 1909 [= Stilpon graminum (Fallen, 1915)],

by monotypy.

Pseudostilpon Seguy, 1950: 83. Type-speeies: Tachydromia paludosa Perris, 1852, by original

designation.

Recognition

Stilpon is reeognized from other drapetine genera that oeeur in the Oriental Region by the following

eombination of features: eyes eontiguous on faee, frons with sides nearly parallel; antenna with

dorsoapieal arista-like stylus; wing with eell br mueh shorter than eell bm, Aj very weak or absent;

abdominal tergites laeking squamiform setae; male terminalia with single rod-shaped ejaeulatory

apodeme.

Diagnosis

Very small flies, usually 1.0-1.5 mm (rarely 2.0-2.5 mm). Eyes eontiguous on faee. Ommatidia slightly

enlarged below antennae. Frons linear to sublinear, narrow to fairly wide. Faee strongly eonvex. Gena

barely extended below eye. Oeellar tuberele with 2 pairs of bristles. One pair of prominent inelinate vertieal

bristles. Antennae with pedieel large and globose, bearing long ventral preapieal seta; postpedieel small,

ovate, with very prominent dorsoapieal extension; stylus dorsoapieal, long. Palpus elongate-ovate, with

distinet apieal seta. Thorax blaekish brown to yellow in ground-eolour. Seutum shiney or tomentose;

anepistemum largely shiney. Thoraeie bristles mostly only slightly prominent. Metaepimeron large.

Halter with knob yellow to blaek, rarely absent. Wing normally developed or sometimes shortened;

nearly hyaline or with distinet pattern; Rs originating halfway along R^ vein R 2^3 eomplete or ineomplete;

eell br short, distinetly less than length of eell bm; erossvein bm-eu nearly transverse; A^ and erossvein

CuA^ absent. Legs short, often with distinet eolour pattern; fore femur thiekened; mid femur slender

to barely thiekened, usually armed with bristles and spinules or spines arranged in speeifle patterns;

fore tibia more or less spindle-like; mid tibia often armed with ventral spinules; hind tibia slender,

laeking prominent bristles, rarely with modifled posterior apieal eomb. Abdomen with segments 1-7

lightly selerotised, rarely segments 1-2 modifled; squamiform setae absent. Gland-like intersegmental

struetures present or absent. Male terminalia asymmetrieal, rotated 90° to right. Epandrium eompletely

divided. Left epandrial lamella small and fused to hypandrium. Left surstylus divided into 3 (or 4) lobes;

upper lobe with or without surstylar eomb. Right epandrial lamella usually large, positioned ventrally.

Right surstylus large to moderately large, undivided, sometimes with apieal spines. Cerei, ineluding

subepandrial selerite, fused together basally, rarely fused eompletely into one large lobe, sometimes

greatly redueed and bearing apieal spines. Phallus elongate, weft selerotised, hair-like or, rarely, straight

or very short and rather weakly selerotised; single rod-shaped ejaeulatory apodeme present. Female

similar to male exeept ordinary setation on mid legs and unmodifled abdominal segments 1-2; abdomen

always without gland-like struetures; terminalia short to elongate; tergite 8 not fused laterally with

stemite 8; stemite 8 entire, or with apex hinged and partly or eompletely separated from base. Cereus

elongate-ovate or broadly ovate.

124

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Remarks

The speeies of the genus Stilpon are distributed in the Afrotropieal (2 speeies), Nearetie (13 speeies),

Oriental (26 speeies) and Palaearetie (12 speeies) regions, with 54 eurrently known speeies (ineluding 5

new speeies reeognised herein from Singapore).

Smith (1965) deseribed the first Oriental speeies Stilpon divergens. Shamshev & Grootaert (2004b)

published 15 new speeies of Stilpon found in northeastern Thailand above 500 m altitude. Two short

papers followed: first with two new speeies from Cambodia (Shamshev & Grootaert 2006) and seeond

with two new speeies from southern China (Shamshev a/. 2005). Cumming& Cooper (1992) reeognised

three informal speeies groups of Stilpon (S. varipes group, S. graminum group, and S. divergens group),

and Shamshev & Grootaert (2004b) added the S. seeluang group.

Speeies of Stilpon are quite rare at low altitudes in the tropies as is demonstrated here too. On the other

hand they are quite eommon at higher altitudes as is shown by the material eolleeted during the TIGER

projeet in Thailand. In the latter survey projeet, Stilpon is as eommon and diverse as Platypalpus and

Elaphropeza and many new speeies await deseription.

Speeies of this genus inhabit different biotopes but usually oeeurring in the low-lying vegetation zones

(Collin 1961; Chvala 1975; Cumming & Cooper 1992; Przhiboro & Shamshev 2007).

The key given below is limited to Stilpon from low altitudes ineluding only S. laawae of the 15 speeies

known from northern Thailand (Shamshev & Grootaert 2004b).

Key to species of Stilpon from Singapore

1. Thorax entirely blaek.2

- Thorax at least with yellow pleura.5

2. Wing laeking Palpus brown. S. nigripennis sp. nov.

- Wing with Palpus yellow..3

3. R^^^ strongly eurved toward eosta in apieal part; distanee between apiees of R 2+3 and R^^^ about

1.5 times shorter than distanee between apiees of R^ and R 2 ^ 3 . Hind femur (exeept narrow basal

portion) brownish. Male: abdominal tergite 1 produeed laterally into small eomer-like projeetion

bearing 3 short bristles. S. singaporensis sp. nov.

-R^^^ evenly areuate; distanee between apiees of R 2^3 and R^^^ at least subequal to distanee between

apiees of R^ and R 2^3 Hind femur wholly yellow. Abdominal tergite 1 unmodified.4

4. Only tarsomere 5 of all legs blaek. Male: mid femur with 3 moderately long, ventral, brownish

bristles in basal 1/3 (Fig. 203). (Cambodia). S. goesi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2006

- Tarsomere 5 of all legs and tarsomere 1 of hind leg brownish. Male: mid femur with 1 blaek,

posteroventral spine beyond middle and row of 7 spine-like bristles in basal part (Fig. 199).

(Cambodia). S. angkorensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2006

5. Hind tibia strongly eurved. Halter yellow.. S. arcuatum sp. nov.

- Hind tibia unmodified. Halter brownish or blaek. 6

6 . Seutum entirely brown. Hind femur largely brownish. S. malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2004

- Seutum largely yellow, with brownish pateh above wing base. Hind femur at most somewhat brownish

in apieal part.7

125

European Journal of Taxonomy 5: 1-162 (2012)

7. Wing finely infiiscate; slightly arcuate in apical part. Male: upper lobe of left surstylus lacking

surstylar comb (Fig. 211). (Thailand; Singapore). S. laawae Shamshev & Grootaert, 2004

- Wing maculate or darker along some veins.8

8. Wing maculate; vein R^^^ strongly curved toward costa in apical part. Male: upper lobe of left surstylus

with markedly developed surstylar comb (Fig. 223) (Singapore). S. neesoonensis sp. nov.

- Wing broadly brownish infiiscate along R 2^3 and CuAj (except subapical part). R^^^ evenly curved

toward costa in apical part. Male: upper lobe of left surstylus lacking surstylar comb (Fig. 233)

(Singapore). S. weilingae sp. nov.

Stilpon angkorensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2006

Figs 199-202

Stilpon angkorensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2006: 39.

Figs 199-203. Stilpon, f. 199-202. S. angkorensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2006. 199. mid leg, lateral

view. 200. right surstylus, dorsal view. 201. epandrium with cerci, dorsal view. 202. left surstylus, lateral

view. 203. S. goesi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2006, mid leg, anterior view, (after Shamshev & Grootaert

2006).

126

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Diagnosis

Body length 1.6 mm, wing length 1.4 mm. Palpus yellow. Thorax blaek. Aerostiehal and dorsoeentral

bristles extending to base of seutellum. Eegs almost wholly yellow, only tarsomere 5 of all legs and

tarsomere 1 of hind leg brownish. Mid femur slender; with 1 blaek posteroventral spine beyond middle

and row of 7 moderately long, spine-like bristles in basal part, 1 long, yellowish bristle near base. Mid

tibia with row of blaek ventral spinules. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thiekened toward middle,

with at least 5 moderately long anteroventral bristles in apieal part. Wing normally developed, more or

less evenly infiiseate. R 2^3 present, about 2.5 times longer than Rs. Distanee between apiees of R 2^3 and

R^^^ subequal to distanee between apiees of Rj and R 2 ^ 3 . R^^^ and divergent and evenly areuate in

apieal part. Abdominal gland-like struetures present between tergites 2-3 and 3-4. Male tenninalia with

upper lobe of left surstylus bearing markedly developed surstylar eomb. Female similar to male, exeept

mid femur with 3 longer, yellow ventral bristles; mid tibia laeking blaek ventral spinules; abdominal

gland-like struetures absent.

Distribution

Cambodia.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

No data on habitat, only known from January.

Remarks

Currently, S. angkorensis is known only from Cambodia. However, its oeeurrenee in Singapore is quite

possible. This speeies belongs to the S. divergens group and is eomparable to S. goesi (also deseribed

from Cambodia), but ean be distinguished as given in the key.

Stilpon arcuatum sp. nov.

Figs 204-206

Diagnosis

Speeies with entirely yellow thorax; legs largely brownish yellow, hind tibia modified, strongly eurved

and largely thiekened towards apex; wing distinetly maeulate, broadly brownish infiiseate on middle

leaving apieal and basal parts hyaline, halter yellow.

Description

Male

Eength. Body 1.2 mm, wing 1.1 mm.

Head. Blaek. Two moderately long, fine vertieal bristles present. Frons linear with sides nearly parallel,

broad, entirely tomentose. Oeellar tuberele with minute setulae. Antenna with seape and pedieel

brownish yellow, postpedieel pale yellow. Palpus brownish yellow, with moderately long, brownish

subapieal bristle.

Thorax. Yellow in ground-eolour with some brownish tinge (espeeially sutures); seutum entirely

tomentose. Postpronotal bristle moderately long, inelinate. Dorsoeentral and aerostiehal bristles

undifferentiated, seutum more or less evenly eovered with uniform setulae.

Pegs. With fore and mid femora apieally, hind femur entirely, fore and hind tibiae entirely, mid tibia

basally, fore tarsus entirely, mid and hind tarsomere 5 brownish yellow, otherwise yellow. Coxae with

unmodified setation; hind troehanter laeking spinules. Fore femur markedly thiekened, with row of

127

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

moderately long brown anteroventral and row of minute posteroventral bristles. Fore tibia spindle-like,

with unmodified setation. Mid femur slender, with 4 moderately long ventral bristles basally and 1 long,

subapieal bristle anteriorly. Mid tibia laeking ventral spinules (ventral setulae slightly stronger apieally)

and prominent bristles. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thiekened towards middle, with 1 eomplete

row of short anteroventral bristles, several similar setae on basal part anteriorly and several dorsal ereet

bristles near base. Hind tibia strongly eurved and largely thiekened towards apex, bearing longer than

on other parts ventral setulae, with unmodified posterior apieal eomb. Fore and mid tarsi slender, hind

tarsomere 1 slightly thiekened.

Wing. Normally developed, eovered with uniform mierotriehia; distinetly maeulate, broadly brownish

infiiseate on middle leaving apieal and basal parts hyaline. Costal vein with short setulae along anterior

margin. Rj, R 2^3 (in less degree), R^^^ and M^^^ thiekened. R 2^3 long, nearly 2.0 times as long as Rs,

sinuate, meeting eosta beyond middle of wing. Distanee between apiees of R 2^3 and R^^^ subequal to

distanee between apiees of Rj and R 2^3 (22/18). R^^^ evenly eurved towards eosta in apieal part. R^^^and

Mj ^2 slightly divergent before wing apex. Halter entirely yellow.

205

Figs 204-206. Stilpon arcuatum sp. nov., S terminalia. 204. epandrium with eerei, dorsal view. 205. left

surstylus, lateral view. 206. left eereus, lateral view.

128

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Abdomen. Tergites 1 and 2 unmodified. Segment 8 with several unmodified setae of different lengths

(2-3 long). Stemites brownish yellow, with seattered minute, brownish setulae. Gland-like strueture

present between tergites 2 and 3 and 3 and 4.

Terminalia. Yellowish brown (Figs 204-206). Cerei narrowly fused, short, laeking spines; right eereus

pointed, with several setae of different lengths; left eereus (Fig. 206) bilobed, with right lobe bearing

1 very long and several short setae. Epandrium eompletely divided. Right surstylus with several long

submarginal setae dorsally, laeking spines. Eeft epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with 2 minute

setulae in apieal part. Eeft surstylus (Fig. 205) with upper lobe divided; lower part laeking surstylar

eomb, upper part elongate oval. Hypandrium with 2 long bristles in apieal part. Phallus short.

Female

Unknown.

Material examined

Holotype $

SINGAPORE: Kranji (KNTOl), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29052, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Etymology

The name 'arcuatunf alludes to the bent hind femora and tibia of this new speeies.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies oeeurs in mangrove, with a single reeord from May.

Remarks

The new speeies ean be readily distinguished from all other speeies of Stilpon deseribed from the

Oriental Region by a eombination of eharaeters that has been given in the diagnosis. It should be noted

that in this speeies the strueture of the hind tibia is unique within the genus.

Stilpon goesi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2006

Figs 203, 207-209

Stilpon goesi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2006: 37.

Diagnosis

Speeies with wholly blaek thorax. Palpus yellow. Thorax blaek. Eegs almost wholly yellow, only

tarsomere 5 of all legs blaek. Mid femur with 3 moderately long, brownish ventral bristles in basal 1/3.

Wing deeper inftiseate along R^^^and CuA^; R 2^3 nearly 3.0 times longer than Rs. Distanee between

apiees of R 2^3 and R^^^ somewhat longer than distanee between apiees of Rj and R 2^3 R^^^ and

divergent and evenly areuate in apieal part. Abdominal gland-like struetures not prominent. Male

terminalia laeking spines, upper lobe of left surstylus with markedly developed surstylar eomb. Female

similar to male exeept, mid femur with 3 longer, yellow ventral bristles and mid tibia laeking blaek

ventral spinules.

Distribution

Cambodia.

129

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

No data on habitat is know for this species, and it is only known from January.

Remarks

Currently, S. goesi is known only from Cambodia. However, its occurrence in Singapore is quite

possible. This species belongs to the S. divergens group and could is comparable to S. angkorensis, but

distinguishable as given in the key.

Stilpon laawae Shamshev & Grootaert, 2004

Figs 210-213

Stilpon laawae Shamshev & Grootaert, 2004b: 323.

Diagnosis

Body length about 1.5 mm, wing length 0.9-1.2 mm. Thorax a lm ost wholly yellow, scutum with small

brownish patch above wing base. Postpronotal bristle slightly prominent. Acrostichal and dorsocentral

bristles extending to base of scutellum. Legs largely yellow, fore tibia (except base) and fore tarsomere

1 brown. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Mid femur slender, with 4 long yellowish bristles in basal

part. Mid tibia lacking prominent ventral spinules. Wing nonnally developed, finely infiiscate. R 2^3

present, nearly 2.0 times longer than Rs. Distance between apices of R 2^3 and R^^^ about 2.0 times longer

Figs 207-209. Stilpon goesi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2006, S terminalia. 207. right surstylus, lateral

view. 208. epandrium with cerci, dorsal view. 209. left surstylus, lateral view. Scale bar= 0.1 mm (after

Shamshev & Grootaert 2006).

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

than distance between apices of Rj and R 2 ^ 3 . and M slightly divergent and evenly arcuate in apical

part. Halter with black, elongate knob, contrasting with pale yellow stem. Abdomen lacking gland-like

structures. Male terminalia lacking spines; left surstylus without surstylar comb.

Material examined

SINGAPORE: 1 3, Chek Jawa, 2 December 2003, mangrove, Mai 1 (reg. 23097, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Chek

Jawa, 11 December 2003, mangrove, Mai 1 (reg. 23119, leg. P.G.); 1 3, Chek Jawa, 22 December 2005,

mangrove, Mai 1 (reg. 25455, leg. P.G.).

MAEAYSIA: 1 (J, 2 $$, Pulau Tioman, Paya, 19 July 2005, secondary forest, sweeping (reg. 25238,

leg. P.G.); 1 4 $$, Pulau Tioman, Paya, 19 July 2005, secondary forest, sweeping (reg. 25239, leg.

P.G.).

Distribution

Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

In Thailand this species is known from two localities, respectively in central and northeastern Thailand,

with records from the beginning of September to the beginning of October. In Singapore this species was

taken from secondary forests and mangroves, with all records from only December, whereas in Malaysia

this species was taken in July.

Figs 210-213. Stilpon laawae, Shamshev & Grootaert, 2004, 3 terminalia (Material Singapore). 210.

right surstylus, dorsal view. 211. epandrium with cerci, dorsal view. 212. left surstylus, lateral view. 213.

cerci, right lateral view. Scale bar= 0.1 mm.

131

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Remarks

The species was only known previously from Thailand and is recorded here for the first time from

Singapore and Malaysia. Stilpon laawae belongs to the S. seeluang species group and, currently it is the

only member of this unit found in Singapore. Note that there are small differences in the structure of the

male genitalia between the Singapore and Thailand populations, but we do not think it would be them

as different species.

214

215

Figs 214-219. Stilpon malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2004, f. 214. wing, dorsal view. 215. mid leg,

anterior view. 216. right surstylus, dorsal view. 217. epandrium with cerci, dorsal view. 218. left cercus,

lateral view. 219. left surstylus, lateral view, (after Shamshev & Grootaert 2004).

132

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Stilpon malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2004

Figs 214-219

Stilpon malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2004b: 332.

Diagnosis

Body length 1.5 mm, wing length 1.2 mm. Palpus brownish yellow. Thorax with brown prothoraeie

selerites and mesoseutum, otherwise yellow. Postpronotal bristle long. Eegs with mid femur in apieal

1/3, hind femur in apieal 3/4, mid and hind tarsomere 5 brownish, fore tarsomere 5 blaek, fore tibia and

fore tarsomere 1 brownish yellow. Mid femur slender, with 2 short, dark posteroventral spines in basal

1/3,1 similar anteroventral spine in apieal 1/3 and yellow bristle in extreme base. Mid tibia with rows

of ventral spinules. Hind femur (viewed laterally) more or less evenly thiekened. Hind tibia unmodified.

Wing uniformly infiiseate. R 2^3 present, about 2.5 times longer than Rs. Distanee between apiees of R 2^3

and R^^^ 1.2 times longer than distanee between apiees of Rj and R 2 ^ 3 . R^^^ and M slightly divergent and

areuate in apieal part. Halter with elongate blaek knob eonstrasting with pale stem. Abdominal gland¬

like struetures present between tergites 3 and 4 and 2 and 3. Terminalia laeking spines, with upper lobe

of left surstylus bearing markedly developed surstylar eomb. Female unknown.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

The single reeord of this speeies was found in a swamp, in Deeember during the rainy season.

Remarks

In Singapore (and the Oriental Region on the whole) this speeies ean be readily reeognised by the

eombination of the uniformly brown seutum and yellow pleura of the thorax. However, the relationships

of S. malayensis are unresolved beyond inelusion within the S. divergens group.

Stilpon neesoonensis sp. nov.

Figs 220-224

Diagnosis

Speeies with yellow thorax, seutum with brownish pateh above wing base, katepistemum (=

stemopleuron) and meron (= hypopleuron) brownish in lower part; metanotum broadly brownish in

middle; hind femur brownish in apieal part; wing distinetly maeulate, R 2^3 and R^^^ thiekened, R^^^

strongly eurved in apieal part.

Description

Male

Fength. Body 1.2 mm, wing 1.1 mm.

Head. (Fig. 220) Blaek. Oeeiput subshining, finely greyish pollinose. Two moderately long vertieal

bristles present. Frons linear with sides nearly parallel, rather broad, entirely tomentose, subshiney.

Oeellar tuberele with minute setulae. Antenna with seape and pedieel brownish yellow, postpedieel

yellow. Palpus brownish in apieal part, otherwise yellow, with moderately long, brownish subapieal

bristle.

133

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Thorax. Yellow in ground-colour. Scutum entirely tomentose, with large brownish patch above wing base;

katepistemum and meron brownish in lower part; metanotum broadly brownish in middle. Postpronotal

bristle long, inclinate. Dorsocentral bristles in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichal bristles

2-serial, complete posteriorly.

Legs. Almost wholly yellow, only hind femur somewhat brownish in apical part. Hind trochanter lacking

spinules. Fore femur markedly thickened, with rows of moderately long antero ventral and postero ventral

bristles. Fore tibia spindle-like, with ordinary setation. Mid femur (Fig. 221) slender, with 4 moderately

long ventral bristles and 1 long subapical bristle anteriorly. Mid tibia lacking ventral spinules and

prominent bristles. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thickened towards middle, with 1 row of short

anteroventral bristles and some dorsal erect bristles near base. Hind tibia with unmodified posterior

apical comb, clothed in ordinary setulae. Fore and mid tarsi slender, hind tarsomere 1 thickened.

Wing. Normally developed, covered with uniform microtrichia; distinctly maculate, cells rj, basal part

of whole r^^^, br and wing apex hyaline, otherwise wing brownish (deeper on middle part). Costal

vein with short setulae along anterior margin. R 2^3 and thickened. R 2^3 short, nearly as long as Rs.

Distance between apices of R 2^3 and R^^^ about 3.0 times longer than distance between apices of R^ and

R 2 + 3 - ^ 4+5 strongly curved toward costa in apical part. R^^^ and strongly divergent before wing apex.

Halter with brownish yellow knob and yellow stem.

Abdomen. Tergites 1 and 2 unmodified. Gland-like structure present between tergites 2 and 3, 3 and 4

and 4 and 5.

Terminaeia. Brown (Figs 222-224). Cerci fused into one rather short and subrectangular lobe, with

spines. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with 2 long

setae apically. Left surstylus (Fig. 224) with upper lobe divided; lower part with markedly developed

surstylar comb and additional internal apophysis bearing 3 long setae, upper part short, digitiform, with

1 subapical seta. Right epandrial lamella (Fig. 223) subtriangular, covered with numerous unmodified

setae of different lengths. Right surstylus not prominent. Hypandrium with 2 moderately long, strong

setae sitting on tubercle in apical part. Phallus short.

Female

Unknown.

Material examined

Holotype f

SINGAPORE: Nee Soon, 3 December 2005, swamp forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25436, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Etymology

The specific name refers to the type locality. Nee Soon.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This single known specimen was collected in a swamp forest, recorded from December.

Remarks

The new species belongs to the S. divergens group of species. Within this unit S. neesoonensis sp. nov.

is closely related to S. malayensis. However, the latter can be readily distinguished from the new species

134

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Figs 220-224. Stilpon neesoonensis sp. nov., S- 220. head lateral, lateral view. 221. mid leg, anterior

view. 222. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 223. epandrium with eerei, dorsal view. 224. left surstylus

and eereus, dorso-lateral view.

135

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

in the wholly brown scutum (vs. largely yellow). It should be noted that within the S. diver gens group

only these two species have a partly yellow thorax.

Stilpon nigripennis sp. nov.

Figs 225-228

Diagnosis

Species with black thorax; palpus brown; wing lacking vein R 2 ^ 3 .

Description

Male

Length. Wing 1.3 mm.

Head, black. Occiput subshining, finely greyish pollinose. Two moderately long, black vertical bristles.

Frons linear with sides nearly parallel, rather broad, entirely tomentose, subshiney. Ocellar tubercle with

minute setulae. Antenna with scape and pedicel brown, postpedicel somewhat paler. Palpus brown, with

moderately long, black subapical seta.

Thorax. Black in ground-colour. Scutum entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle long, inclinate.

Dorsocentral bristles in multiple rows, complete posteriorly. Acrostichal bristles 2-serial, complete

posteriorly.

Legs. With fore and mid tibiae and tarsi (less distinct on mid leg), hind femur (except extreme base)

and hind tarsomere 5 brownish, otherwise legs yellow. Hind trochanter lacking spinules. Fore femur

markedly thickened, with rows of moderately long antero- and postero ventral bristles. Fore tibia spindle¬

like, with ordinary setation. Mid femur slender, with 1 ventral bristle (as long as femur is deep) on about

middle, 2 similar bristles closer to base and 1 long, subapical bristle anteriorly. Mid tibia with slightly

prominent ventral spinules, lacking prominent bristles. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thickened

towards middle, with 1 row of anteroventral bristles (2-3 subapicals longer) and some dorsal erect

bristles near base. Hind tibia with unmodified posterior apical comb, clothed in ordinary setulae. Fore

and mid tarsi slender, hind tarsomere 1 thickened.

Wing. Normally developed, covered with unifonn microtrichia, uniformly brown infiiscate. Costal vein

with moderately long setulae along anterior margin. R 2^3 absent. R^^^ and Mj ^2 slightly bowed, divergent

before wing apex. Halter with brownish yellow stem and black knob.

Abdomen. Mostly with light brown tergites and stemites, with inconspicuous setation; segment 8 dark

brown. Gland-like structures present between tergites 3-7 (Fig. 228).

Terminaeia. Brown (Figs 225-227). Cerci broadly fused, with several long setae; left cercus digitiform,

slender, bearing conidia-like apical sensilla. Epandrium completely divided. Left epandrial lamella fused

to hypandrium, with 2 moderately long setae apically. Left surstylus (Fig. 226) with upper lobe divided;

lower part with markedly developed surstylar comb and additional internal broad apophysis bearing 2

very long setae, upper part long, digitiform, with 1 subapical seta. Right epandrial lamella (Fig. 226)

subtriangular. Right surstylus subtriangular (Fig. 225), divided at apex, with several long unmodified

setae. Hypandrium with two processes at apex, lacking setae. Phallus short.

Female

Unknown.

136

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Material examined

Holotype $

SINGAPORE: Chek Jawa, 22 December 2005, mangrove, Mai 1 (reg. 25455, leg. PG.; in ZRC).

Etymology

The specific name refers to the brown infiiscate wings.

228

Figs 225-228. Stilpon nigripennis sp. nov., (J. 225. right epandrial lamella. 226. epandrium with cerci.

227. left surstylus. 228. gland-like structures (dark stiple) on abdomen, dorsal view.

137

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

Ths single known speeimen was eolleeted in mangrove, reeorded in Deeember.

Remarks

The new speeies ean be readily distinguished from other speeies of Stilpon deseribed from Singapore

and from the Oriental Region beeause S. nigripennis sp. nov. is the only speeies laeking R 2 ^ 3 . In the

Palaearetie Region an abbreviated vein R^^^ is present in S. paludosa (Perris, 1852) and S. delamarei

(Seguy, 1950) both known from the Pyrenees and an unnamed speeies taken from Tajikistan (Shamshev &

Grootaert 2005d). The relationships of S. nigripennis sp. nov. are umesolved beyond inelusion within

the S. diver gens group.

Stilpon singaporensis sp. nov.

Figs 229-231

Diagnosis

Speeies with brown thorax; antenna brownish; wing distinetly brownish infuseate, R^^^ strongly eurved

towards eosta in apieal part; abdominal tergites 1 and 2 modified.

Description

Male

Length. Body 1.2 mm, wing length 1.1 mm.

Head. Blaek. Oeeiput subshining, finely greyish pollinose. Two moderately long vertieal bristles present.

Frons linear with sides nearly parallel, rather broad, entirely tomentose, subshining. Oeellar tuberele

with minute setulae. Antenna brownish (in paler speeimens postpedieel somewhat paler). Palpus yellow,

with strong, blaek subapieal bristle.

Thorax. Brown. Seutum entirely tomentose. Postpronotal bristle long, inelinate. Dorsoeentral bristles in

multiple rows, eomplete posteriorly. Aerostiehal bristles 2-serial, eomplete posteriorly.

Legs. With fore tibia and tarsus (tarsomere 5 darker), mid femur in apieal part, hind femur (exeept

narrow basal spaee), mid and hind tarsomeres 5 brownish, otherwise legs yellow. Hind troehanter laeking

spinules. Fore femur markedly thiekened, with rows of moderately long antero- and posteroventral

bristles. Fore tibia spindle-like, with ordinary setation. Mid femur slender, with 2 strong, moderately

long bristles near middle and 1 long, subapieal bristle anteriorly. Mid tibia with blaek ventral spinules,

laeking prominent bristles. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thiekened towards middle, with 1 row

of short anteroventral bristles (4-5 subapieals longer) and some dorsal ereet bristles near base. Hind tibia

with unmodified posterior apieal eomb, elothed in ordinary setulae. Fore and mid tarsi slender, hind

tarsomere 1 thiekened.

Wing. Normally developed, eovered with uniform mierotriehia; distinetly brownish infuseate. Costal

vein with short setulae along anterior margin. R 2^3 long, meeting eosta beyond middle of wing. Distanee

between apiees of 113^3 and R^^^ about 1.5 times shorter than distanee between apiees of Rj and R 2 ^ 3 . R^^^

strongly eurved towards eosta in apieal part. evenly bowed. Halter with blaek knob and pale stem.

138

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Abdomen. With tergites (except tergite 8) weakly sclerotised, brownish yellow. Tergite 1 produced

laterally into projection bearing 3 short bristles and resting in shallow sclerotised excavation on tergite

2. Stemites 2-4 divided. Gland-like structure not prominent.

Terminalia. Brown (Figs 229-231). Cerci broadly fused, short, left cercus with 3 very long strong terminal

bristles. Epandrium completely divided. Eeft epandrial lamella fused to hypandrium, with 1 long seta

apically. Eeft surstylus (Fig. 231) with upper lobe divided; lower part with markedly developed surstylar

comb and additional short internal apophysis bearing 3 short setae, upper part short, slender, digitiform,

with 1 subapical seta. Right epandrial lamella (Fig.230) subtriangular, covered with numerous setae of

different lengths. Right surstylus (Fig. 229) not prominent. Hypandrium with 2 very long, strong setae

apically. Phallus short.

Female

Mid tibia lacking ventral spinules. Segment 8 elongate, with tergite and stemite separated; stemite 8

with apical part somewhat hinged. Cercus elongate oval, brownish. Otherwise as in male.

Material examined

Holotype $

SINGAPORE: Sime forest, 16 September 2005, forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25352, leg. P.G.; inZRC).

Paratypes

Figs 229-231. Stilpon singaporensis sp. nov., S- 229. right epandrial lamella, lateral view. 230. epandrium

with cerci, dorsal view. 231. left surstylus, lateral view. Scale bar= 0.1 mm.

139

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

SINGAPORE: 3 SS, 1 Sime forest, 24 March 2005, forest, sweeping (reg. 25026, leg. P.G.); 3 SS,

1 $, Sime forest, 15 April 2005, forest, sweeping (reg. 25061, leg. P.G.); \ Sime forest, 1 July

2005, forest, sweeping (reg. 25191, leg. P.G.); 1 6', 2 $ Sime forest, 22 July 2005, forest, Mai 1 (reg.

25270, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Sime forest, 19 August 2005, forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25299, leg. P.G.); 1 S, Sime

forest, 7 September 2005, forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25334, leg. P.G.); 1 1 ?, Sime forest, 18 November

2005, forest, Mai 1 (reg. 25420, leg. P.G.); 1 $, Sime forest, 3 December 2005, forest, Mai 1 (reg.

25434, leg. P.G.).

Etymology

The new species is named after the country of origin, Singapore.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This species was collected in forests, with records from March-April, July-September and November-

December.

Remarks

In having modified male abdominal tergites 1 and 2, the new species is closely related to S. paradoxus

Shamshev and Grootaert described from Thailand (Shamshev & Grootaert 2004b). However, S.

paradoxus can be readily distinguished from S. singaporensis sp. nov. in the slightly arcuate R^^^ (vs.

vein R^^g strongly curved towards costa in the new species). Additionally, in the male of S. paradoxus

the hind femur is constricted and bent near the middle and the hind tibia bears a long spur-like posterior

apical comb. The relationships of both species with Stilpon are not clear.

Stilpon weilingae sp. nov.

Figs 232-235

Diagnosis

Species with yellow thorax, scutum with brownish yellow patch above wing base; legs entirely yellow;

wing distinctly maculate, broadly brownish infiiscate along R 2^3 and CuA^ (except subapical part), halter

with black knob.

Description

Male

Length. Body 1.2 mm, wing 1.1 mm.

Head. Black. Two short fine vertical bristles present. Frons linear with sides nearly parallel, broad,

entirely tomentose. Ocellar tubercle with minute setulae. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellowish

brown, postpedicel yellow. Palpus yellow, with moderately long, yellowish subapical bristle.

Thorax. Yellow in ground-colour; scutum with indistinct brownish yellow patch above wing base,

metanotum brownish yellow medially, sutures brownish in various extents. Postpronotal bristle minute.

Acrostichals arranged in 2 irregular rows, hardly separated from dorsocentrals, complete posteriorly;

dorsocentrals multiserial, more numerous anteriorly, uniform, complete posteriorly.

Legs. Entirely yellow. Coxae with unmodified setation; hind trochanter lacking spinules. Fore

femur markedly thickened, with row of moderately long yellowish anteroventral and row of minute

140

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

posteroventral bristles. Fore tibia spindle-like, with unmodified setation. Mid femur slender, with 4

moderately long ventral bristles basally and 1 long, subapieal bristle anteriorly. Mid tibia laeking ventral

spinules and prominent bristles. Hind femur (viewed laterally) evenly thiekened towards middle, with 1

eomplete row of short anteroventral bristles (longer subapieally). Hind tibia unmodified, with unmodified

posterior apieal eomb. Fore and mid tarsi slender, hind tarsomere 1 slightly thiekened.

Wing. Normally developed, eovered with uniform mierotriehia; distinetly maeulate, broadly brownish

infiiseate along R 2^3 and CuA^ (exeept subapieal part). Costal vein with short setulae along anterior

margin. R^ (espeeially in meeting point with eosta), R 2^3 and thiekened. R 2^3 rather short, nearly 1.5

times as long as Rs, straight, meeting eosta near wing midway. Distanee between apiees of R 2^3 and R^^^

nearly 4.0 times longer than distanee between apiees of Rj and R 2 ^ 3 . R^^^ evenly eurved toward eosta in

apieal part. R^^^ and slightly divergent before wing apex. Halter with deep blaek knob and yellow

stem.

Abdomen. Tergite 1 pale yellow, remaining tergites brownish; tergites 1-2 unmodified. Segment 8 with 2

long and several short setae. Stemites brownish yellow, with seattered minute brownish setulae, stemites

2-5 divided along midline. Tergites 2-6 with darker lateral patehes eovered with mierotriehia.

Terminalia. Dark brown (Figs 232-235). Cerei narrowly fused, short, laeking spines; right eereus slightly

prominent, with several setae of different lengths; left eereus unbranehed, short, broadened apieally,

with several short setae. Epandrium eompletely divided. Right surstylus (Fig. 232), with several long

Figs 232-235. Stilpon weilingae sp. nov., 3 . 232. right surstylus, lateral view. 233. epandrium with eerei,

dorsal view. 234. left surstylus, lateral view. 235. right epandrial lamella.

141

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

setae dorsally, laeking spines, prolonged into narrow lobe on eaeh apieal eomer. Left epandrial lamella

fused to hypandrium, with 1 minute setula in apieal part. Left surstylus with upper lobe divided; lower

part laeking surstylar eomb, upper part subglobular (Fig. 234), with 1 minute setula. Hypandrium with

2 long setae apieally. Phallus short.

Female

Unknown.

Material examined

Holotype S

SINGAPORE: Mandai (MANOl), 12 May 2009, mangrove, Mai. (reg. 29056, leg. P.G.; in ZRC).

Etymology

The speeies is dedieated to Ms. Wei Ling Lim for her very enthusiastie help during the fieldwork.

Distribution

Singapore.

Habitat and seasonal occurrence

This speeies was eolleeted in mangrove, with a single reeord from May.

Remarks

The new speeies is similar to S. laawae, whieh is known from Thailand and Singapore. The main

differenees between these speeies are listed in the key.

Life History

General remarks

The immatures of the Taehydromiinae still remain a lm ost unknown. Gumming & Cooper (1993)

summarised seattered literature data that mostly regard to rearing reeords of adults of taehydromiines

from different substrates. None of those reeords referred to the Oriental speeies of the subfamily. The

rearing data indieate that the immatures of Taehydromiinae appear to oeeupy various terrestrial habitats.

It is generally aeeepted that larvae of taehydromiines are predaeeous. The adults of all Taehydromiinae

are predaeeous in both sexes attaeking small invertebrates. Most of the Taehydromiinae groups are

terrestrial inhabiting different biotopes, but the genera Chersodromia and Pontodromia mostly inelude

eoastal speeies. True marine or mangrove speeies are also found in Elaphropeza, Drapetis, Tachydromia

and Nanodromia.

Phenology

The periods of aetivity of the adults (phenology) in Singapore show no elear relation with elimatie

eonditions. When we look to the oeeurrenee of the whole subfamily (Table 1) using all available data

reeorded by all teehniques, we see that the highest diversity is found in Deeember with 51 speeies or

nearly 2/3 of the total number of Taehydromiinae. This is partly due to the faet that four speeies of

Chersodromia and four speeies of Stilpon are only found during that month. January and February are the

months with the lowest diversity, with only 15 and 16 speeies reeorded, respeetively. This phenomenon

is probably related to the faet that rainfall during the rainy season is the greatest hinderenee to the aetivity

and emergenee of adult files. The general aetivity is doubled in Mareh, but fiuetuating and reaehing a

peak in May followed by less aetivity in July and August. In September to Deeember generally more

than 30 speeies are present. These observations are important if one is interested in assessing diversity

142

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Table 1. Phenology of the Taehydromiinae in Singapore: figures represent the number of reeords

(observation at a eertain moment) not the number of speeimens.

Speeies

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May.

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Oet.

Nov.

Dee.

Tot.

Chersodromia bulohensis sp. nov.

Chersodromia glandula sp. nov.

Chersodromia malaysiana sp. nov.

Chersodromia nigripennis

Chersodromia singaporensis

Chersodromia sylvicola sp. nov.

Crossopalpus temasek sp. nov.

Drapetis bakau sp. nov.

Drapetis hutan sp. nov.

Drapetis laut sp. nov.

Drapetis mandai sp. nov.

Drapetis pantai sp. nov.

Elaphropeza acantha

Elaphropeza asexa

Elaphropeza asiophila

Elaphropeza benitotani

Elaphropeza bezzii

Elaphropeza bicaudata

102

Elaphropeza biuncinata

Elaphropeza bulohensis

Elaphropeza chanae sp. nov.

Elaphropeza chekjawa

Elaphropeza collini sp. nov.

Elaphropeza combinata

Elaphropeza crassicercus

Elaphropeza darrenyeoi

Elaphropeza demeijerei

Elaphropeza E-44

Elaphropeza E-46

Elaphropeza E-49

Elaphropeza E-51

Elaphropeza E-57

Elaphropeza E-58

Elaphropeza E59

Elaphropeza equalis

Elaphropeza feminata

Elaphropeza flavicaput

Elaphropeza furca

Elaphropeza gohae sp. nov.

Elaphropeza hirsutitibia

Elaphropeza kranjiensis sp. nov.

Elaphropeza limosa

143

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Species

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May.

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Tot.

Elaphropeza lowi sp. nov.

Elaphropeza luanae

Elaphropeza luteoides

Elaphropeza malayensis

Elaphropeza meieri

Elaphropeza melanderi

Elaphropeza modesta

Elaphropeza monacantha

Elaphropeza monospina

Elaphropeza murphyi

Elaphropeza neesoonensis

Elaphropeza ngi

Elaphropeza palpata

Elaphropeza pauper

Elaphropeza pluriacantha

Elaphropeza riatanae

Elaphropeza semakau sp. nov.

Elaphropeza shufenae sp. nov.

Elaphropeza sime

Elaphropeza singaporensis

Elaphropeza singulata

Elaphropeza sivasothii

Elaphropeza spicata

Elaphropeza spiralis

Elaphropeza sylvicola

Elaphropeza temasek

Elaphropeza tiomanensis

Elaphropeza ubinensis

Elaphropeza yangi

Elaphropeza yeoi

Nanodromia hutan sp. nov.

Nanodromia narmkroi

Nanodromia spinulosa sp. nov.

Platypalpus singaporensis sp. nov.

Pontodromiapantai sp. nov.

Stilpon arcuatum sp. nov.

Stilpon laawae

Stilpon malayensis

Stilpon neesoonensis sp. nov.

Stilpon nigripennis sp. nov.

Stilpon singaporensis sp. nov.

Stilpon weilingae sp. nov.

Tachydromia luang

Total number of records

141

892

Number of species

144

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

in sites and when the period for sampling is limited. September until the end of the year is the period

guaranteeing a good (speeies diverse) sample.

Table 1 is based on all the samples that we studied, mixing sweep net and Malaise trap samples. Also

the sampling effort is biased due to a high sampling effort in May and beginning of June 2009 whieh

resulted in notable inereases in diversity eompared to earlier and later months. So this table shows only

oeeurrenee of speeies and no quantifieation. Figure 236 shows the aetivity of Elaphropeza based on a one

year sampling with eight Malaise traps in four sites (3 terrestrial forests and 1 mangrove: 620 individuals

belonging to 38 speeies). The highest diversity per month; i.e. more than 10 and up to 15 speeies per

sample as well as the number of individuals, are found in Mareh and from August till Deeember. This

eonfirms more or less the above observations that sampling is best during the last months of the year.

Habitat preference

Most speeies have a elear habitat preferenee and as sueh they ean be used as indieators for a eertain

habitat type. Table 2 gives the oeeurrenee of the Taehydromiinae per sampled habitat type. The first

three eolumns are marine habitats: beaeh (sandy beaeh), beaeh forest (on sandy soil) and mangrove.

Columns 5-7 represent terrestrial forest types: rain forest (seeondary forest), primary rainforest (maybe

somewhat disturbed by nearby human aetivity) and swamp forest (soil very wet and often inundated).

The marshland is open, almost eontinuously flooded grassland in a rain forest. The drain habitat is open

eonerete duets through the eity to evaeuate rainwater. They are often eovered with mosses and short

vegetation and may eontain small permanent pools. Only three speeies are found here: two ubiquitous

speeies: Crossopalpus temasek sp. nov. and Elaphropeza hirsutitibia. The third speeies Elaphropeza

equalis is only known from drains and swamp forests.

Five speeies were observed in marshlands. None are really typieal but Elaphropeza neesoonensis, E.

meieri and E. yeoi are only found in other very wet eonditions (mangrove, swamp forest). The others

speeies are found in various forest types as well.

Fig. 236. Aetivity of Elaphropeza during a year eyele with Malaise traps (Mareh 2005-Mareh 2006) at

four sites in Singapore (3 forest and 1 mangrove site).

145

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Sandy beach is of course characterised by species of Chersodromia. However it should be emphasised

that Chersodromia sylvicola sp. nov. is only found in swamp forest. The other Chersodromia do occur

also in mangroves, but then only on sandy patches inside mangroves that resemble normal open sandy

beaches. The other Tachydromiinae that are often observed on sandy beaches disperse from other

habitats such as the beach forest and mangrove.

Beach forest is in the supralitoral sone, with Pandanus and Casuarina trees. In this zone we recorded

seven species of Tachydromiinae. Elaphropeza furca is thriving here although it is also observed in

mangroves. A few specimens have been recorded also in primary rain forest, but this record requires

verification. The other species observed in beach forests are mainly mangrove species such as Elaphropeza

crassicercus, Elaphropeza sivasothii and Nanodromia narmkroi.

Mangroves have a very diverse Tachydromiinae fauna and presently 60 species have been recorded

in this habitat in Singapore. This is a unique observation on a global scale and includes 36 species

restricted to mangroves. Remarkably, four species of Drapetis (Drapetis bakau sp. nov., D. laut sp. nov.,

D. mandai sp. nov. and D. pantai sp. nov.) were found on the same sandy patch in the mangrove of Chek

Jawa (Fig. 239) together with Chersodromia nigripennis, C. singaporensis and Crossopalpus temasek

sp. nov. This part of the supralitoral zone was usually covered with wrack from green algae and beach

dug of wild boar deposited probably while searching for ghost crabs. We hypothesized that this rich

organic soil contains numerous larvae of other Diptera and mites that are possible prey for tachydromiine

larvae. Other dominant species of mangrove are Elaphropeza asiophila, E. asexa, E. crassicercus, E.

140

120

100

60 -

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17

Fig. 237. Species accumulation curve: number of species in relation to the number of sampled habitats

(x-axis).

146

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

feminata, E.furca, E. gohae sp. nov., E. limosa, E. malayensis, E. monospina, E. murphyi, E. riatanae,

E. shufenae sp. nov., E. sivasothii, E. temasek, Nanodromia narmkroi and Pontodromiapantai sp. nov..

The remaining 24 speeies found in mangrove do oeeur in wet habitats and/or have been observed in

additional habitats. For these speeies there are often insuffieient data to be eonelusive about their true

habitat restrietions or preferenees.

Figs 238-241. Photographs of Taehydromiinae habitats in Singapore. 238. Nee Soon (Upper Peiree Park

reservoir), marsh land in swamp forest. The blaek Elaphropeza speeies E. neesoonensis Shamshev &

Grootaert, 2007 and E. meieri Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007 oeeur here on the short grasses. 239. Nee

Soon (Upper Peiree Park reservoir). Malaise trap in swamp forest. Mainly yellow-bodied Elaphropeza

speeies do oeeur in this type of forest. 240. Pulau Ubin, Chek Jawa - partly shaded sand pateh in

the mangrove. Wraek on the supralittoral part of the beaeh is mainly eomposed of deeaying green

algae and is being disturbed by wild boar probably digging for ghost erabs. This is the only site where

three Drapetis speeies {D. bakau sp. nov., D. laut sp. nov. and D. pantai sp. nov.) and four speeies of

Chersodromia (C. glandula sp. nov., C. malaysiana sp. nov., C. nigripennis Shamshev & Grootaert,

2005 and C. singaporensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005) have been found. In addition it is type loeality

for Stilpon nigripennis sp. nov., Empis producta Daugeron & Grootaert, 2005 and E. vitisalutatoris

Daugeron & Grootaert, 2005 are swarming above the wraek and in the undergrowth. 241. Kranji Nature

trail (KNT02) on the border of Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. About 120 speeies of danee (Empididae,

Hybotidae) and longlegged flies (Doliehopodidae) have now been reeorded there and the site is type

loeality of 34 speeies.

147

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Three types of terrestrial forests were sampled in Singapore; rain forest (seeondary forest), primary

rainforest (somewhat disturbed by nearby human aetivity) and swamp forest (soil very wet and often

inundated). The swamp forest (Nee Soon) with 41 speeies proved to be very rieh in speeies though it

must be emphasised that the sampling effort during this survey was mueh less intense in the other forest

types. For example, the primary rain forest at Bukit timah was sampled with only one Malaise trap at

a site where there might have been human aetivity in the past and nearby urbanisation. Mueh more

sampling effort is needed to reeord all speeies from this rain forest habitat.

Anumber of speeies do oeeur or are observed in various habitats. We eonsider them as ubiquitous speeies.

The dominant speeies, Elaphropeza bicaudata and E. biuncinata are sueh examples, and E. hirsutitibia

and Crossopalpus temasek sp. nov. are not so eommon, but also oeeur in various habitats. Again more

sampling will be needed in a greater variety of habitats to determine and identify the oeeurrenee of

widespread and adaptative speeies.

Future research

The 731 samples from Singapore eontained 1,891 speeimens of Taehydromiinae belonging to 85

speeies. Most of the nine genera of Taehydromiinae reeorded from Singapore are almost worldwide in

distribution. However, Platypalpus, Tachydromia, Chersodromia, Drapetis, and Crossopalpus are best

represented in temperate zones whereas Stilpon and Elaphropeza are most diverse in tropies, espeeially

in the Oriental Region. The genera Pontodromia and Nanodromia are only known from the Oriental and

Australian (Papua New Guinea) Regions.

Twenty speeies (24%) are represented by singletons, while five speeies (5%) by doubletons. Thus,

singletons and doubletons represent almost one third (29%) of the fauna. This high number of singletons

and doubletons suggest that the fauna of Singapore is still poorly known and that many new speeies

Figs 242-243. Photographs of Taehydromiinae habitats in Singapore. 242. Pulau Semakau, old mangrove

(SMK05). Ten speeies of Elaphropeza were eolleeted in the Malaise trap: E. asiophila Shamshev &

Grootaert, 2007, E. chanae sp. nov., E. feminata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007, E. gohae sp. nov., E.

lowi sp. nov., E. malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007, E. modesta Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007,

E. riatanae Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007 and E. sivasothii Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007. Nanodromia

narmkroi Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003 is also very abundant here. 243. Pulau Semakau (SMKOl).

Sandy beaeh with a few mangroves trees (right) and beaeh forest on the baekground (Casuarina tree in

the left eomer). Microphorella malaysiana Shamshev & Grootaert, 2004 is found on the supralittoral

while Elaphropeza furca Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007 is dominant in the beaeh forest that transits in

mangrove.

148

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

await discovery. Only sixteen species (19%) from Singapore were known from other countries before

or have been found now in other countries: Chersodromia glandula sp. nov. (Malaysia), C. malaysiana

sp. nov. (Malaysia), Drapetis bakau sp. nov. (Malaysia), D. laut sp. nov. (Malaysia), D. pantai sp. nov.

(Malaysia), E. bicaudata (Malaysia, Phillippines), E. biuncinata (Philippines), hirsutitibia (Indonesia,

Thailand, Malaysia), E. monospina (Malaysia), E. palpata (Indonesia), E. spicata (Malaysia), E.

malayensis (Malaysia), Pontodromia pantai sp. nov. (Malaysia), Nanodromia narmkroi (Thailand,

Malaysia), Stilpon laawae (Thailand, Malaysia), Tachydromia luang (Thailand). All other species

are still known only from Singapore. All the above observations clearly indicate that there is a huge

undersampling of Tachydromiinae in the Oriental Region and that many species await description.

244

245

246

♦

247

Figs 244-247. Habitus: 244. Platypalpus singaporensis sp. nov. $. 245. Tachydromia luang Shamshev

& Grootaert, 2005, S- 246. Elaphropeza furca Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007, S- 247. Elaphropeza

ubinensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007,(J dorsal.

149

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Table 2. Occurrence of the Taehydromiinae per habitat type in Singapore. The figures represent number

of individuals observed per habitat.

Speeies

beaeh

beaeh forest

mangrove

marshland

rain forest

rain forest;

primary

swamp forest

drains

number of

individuals

Chersodromia bulohensis sp. nov.

Chersodromia glandula sp. nov.

Chersodromia malaysiana sp. nov.

Chersodromia nigripennis

Chersodromia Singapore ns is

Chersodromia sylvicola sp. nov.

Crossopalpus temasek sp. nov.

Drapetis bakau sp. nov.

Drapetis hutan sp. nov.

Drape tis laut sp. nov.

Drapetis mandai sp. nov.

Drape tis pantai sp. nov.

Elaphropeza acantha

Elaphropeza asexa

Elaphropeza asiophila

Elaphropeza benitotani

Elaphropeza bezzii

Elaphropeza bicaudata

205

251

Elaphropeza biuncinata

124

Elaphropeza bulohensis

Elaphropeza chanae sp. nov.

Elaphropeza chekjawa

Elaphropeza collini sp. nov.

Elaphropeza combinata

Elaphropeza crassicercus

Elaphropeza darrenyeoi

Elaphropeza demeijerei

Elaphropeza E-44

Elaphropeza E-46

Elaphropeza E-49

Elaphropeza E-51

Elaphropeza E-57

Elaphropeza E-58

Elaphropeza E59

Elaphropeza equalis

Elaphropeza feminata

Elaphropeza flavicaput

Elaphropeza furca

150

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Species

beach

beach forest

mangrove

marshland

rain forest

rain forest;

primary

swamp forest

drains

number of

individuals

Elaphropeza gohae sp. nov.

Elaphropeza hirsutitibia

Elaphropeza kranjiensis sp. nov.

Elaphropeza limosa

Elaphropeza lowi sp. nov.

Elaphropeza luanae

Elaphropeza luteoides

Elaphropeza malayensis

Elaphropeza meieri

Elaphropeza melanderi

Elaphropeza modesta

Elaphropeza monacantha

Elaphropeza monospina

Elaphropeza murphyi

Elaphropeza neesoonensis

122

158

Elaphropeza ngi

Elaphropeza palpata

Elaphropeza pauper

Elaphropeza pluriacantha

Elaphropeza riatanae

Elaphropeza semakau sp. nov.

Elaphropeza shufenae sp. nov.

Elaphropeza sime

Elaphropeza singaporensis

Elaphropeza singulata

Elaphropeza sivasothii

Elaphropeza spicata

Elaphropeza spiralis

Elaphropeza sylvicola

Elaphropeza temasek

Elaphropeza tiomanensis

Elaphropeza ubinensis

Elaphropeza yangi

Elaphropeza yeoi

Nanodromia hutan sp. nov.

Nanodromia narmkroi

104

107

Nanodromia spinulosa sp. nov.

Platypalpus singaporensis sp. nov.

Pontodromiapantai sp. nov.

Stilpon arcuatum sp. nov.

151

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

Speeies

beaeh

beaeh forest

mangrove

marshland

rain forest

rain forest;

primary

swamp forest

drains

number of

individuals

Stilpon laawae

Stilpon neesoonensis sp. nov.

Stilpon nigripennis sp. nov.

Stilpon singaporensis sp. nov.

Stilpon weilingae sp. nov.

Tachydromia luang

Stilpon malayensis

Number of individuals

953

124

645

1891

Number of speeies

Acknowledgements

The first author thanks Prof. Dr. Peter Ng, direetor of the Raffles Museum for Biodiversity Researeh,

and Prof Dr. Rudolf Meier, head of the Evolutionary Biology Laboratory, for hosting him during his

sabbatieal stay at NUS. The authorities of the National Parks are thanked for issuing the Researeh

pennits to eolleet in the National Parks and granting the Singapore Mangrove Inseet Programme (SMIP).

Speeial thanks go to Dr. Lena Chan, Deputy Direetor of the National Biodiversity Centre at NParks and

her staff who assisted PG. with a lot of enthusiasm during field work: Linda Goh Mei Ee, Jeffrey Low

Kim Yew, Tong Hor Yee (Collin), Lim Wei Ling and Shufen Yang. We reeeived help in the field on

Pulau Ubin from Jaeky Soh Swee Meng, Mr. Justin Tan Chek Hwen and Alan Tan Yong Hong; at Sungei

Buloh from Ramakrishnan s/o R Kolandavelu and Mohamad Azlin bin Sani. In 2005 Dr. Isabella Van

de Velde helped weekly to retrieve the samples. The late Mr. K.L. Yeo (NUS) assisted PG. in the field in

2005-2007. PG. finally aeknowledges a grant in the Aetion 4 programme of the Belgian Seienee Poliey.

The seeond author 1. S. aeknowledges a grant in the Aetion 1 programme of the Belgian Seienee Poliey.

Dr. Mauriee Leponee (RBINS) helped with the statisties. Dr. Bradley Sinelair and Dr. Andreas Stark

gave many useful eomments on the manuseript.

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Check list of Tachydromiinae from Singapore

Tribe Tachydromiini

Platypalpus Macquart, 1827

singaporensis sp. nov. (female) - Singapore.

TachydromiaMQigQn, 1803

luang Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005: 115 - Singapore, Thailand.

Tribe Drapetini.

ChersodromiaW?i\kQv, 1849

bulohensis sp. nov. (male) - Singapore.

glandula sp. nov. (male) - Singapore, Malaysia.

malaysiana sp. nov. (male, female) - Singapore, Malaysia.

nigripennis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005: 3 (male, female), fig. 1 - Singapore.

singaporensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2005: 6 (male, female), fig. 2 - Singapore.

sylvicola sp. nov. (male) - Singapore.

Crossopalpus Bigot, 1857

temasek sp. nov. (male, female) - Singapore.

Drapetis MQigQn, 1822

bakau sp. nov. (male, female) - Singapore, Malaysia.

hutan sp. nov. (male) - Singapore.

laut sp. nov. (male, female) - Singapore, Malaysia.

mandai sp. nov. (male) - Singapore.

pantai sp. nov. (male, female) - Singapore, Malaysia.

£’/«/?/! Maequart, 1827

acantha Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 52 (male, female), figs 75-79 - Singapore.

asexa Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 128 (female), fig. 204 - Singapore.

asiophila Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 85 (male, female), figs 135-138,139-140 - Singapore, Malaysia.

benitotani Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 68 (male, female), figs 103-106 - Singapore.

bezzii Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 96 (male, female), figs 157-161 - Singapore.

bicaudata (Melander), 1928: 313 (male and female, Drapetis (Elaphropeza)). Shamshev & Grootaert,

2007: 119 (male, female), figs 192-195, 222, 225, 236, 257 - Philippines [Luzon], Malaysia, Singapore.

biuncinata (Melander), 1928: 313 (male, Drapetis (Elaphropeza). Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 14

(male, female), figs 1, 2-5, 6-9, 209, 211, 219-221, 239, 241, 251, 258 - Philippines [Luzon], Malaysia,

Singapore.

bulohensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 102 (male), figs 170-174 - Singapore.

chanae sp. nov. (male, female) - Singapore.

chekjawa Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 72 (male), figs 111-114 - Singapore.

combinata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 23 (male, female), figs 18-22 - Singapore.

collini sp. nov. (male) - Singapore.

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GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

crassicercus Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 37 (male, female), figs 44-48- Singapore.

darrenyeoi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 48 (male), figs 67-70 - Singapore.

demeijerei Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 124 (male, female), figs 200-203 - Singapore. = demeijeri -

Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007, misprint.

equalis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 122 (male, female), figs 196-199 - Singapore.

feminata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 107 (female), fig. 180 - Singapore.

flavicaput Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 35 (male, female), figs 40-43- Singapore.

furca Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 90 (male, female), figs 145-148 - Singapore.

gohae sp. nov. (male, female) - Singapore.

hirsutitibia de Meijere, 1914: 75 (female, Elaphropeza). Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 19 (male,

female), figs 10-13, 259 - Indonesia (Java), Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand.

? = bihamata Bezzi, sensu de Meijere, 1911: 332.

kranjiensis sp. nov. (male) - Singapore.

limosa Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 78 (male, female), figs 121-124 - Singapore.

lowi sp. nov. (male, female) - Singapore.

luanae Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 42 (male, female), figs 53-56 - Singapore.

luteoides Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 100 (male), figs 166-169 - Singapore.

malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 94 (male, female), figs 153-156- Singapore, Malaysia.

meieri Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 76 (male, female), figs 117-120- Singapore.

melanderi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 29 (male, female), figs 31-34 - Singapore.

modesta Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 105 (female), fig. 179 - Singapore.

monacantha Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 39 (male), figs 49-52 - Singapore.

monospina Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 81 (male, female), figs 125-130 - Singapore, Malaysia.

murphyi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 32 (male, female), figs 35-38 - Singapore.

neesoonensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 61 (male, female), figs 89-94 - Singapore.

ngi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 98 (male), figs 162-165 - Singapore.

palpata de Meijere, 1911: 330 (male, Elaphropeza). Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 129 (male, female),

figs 205-208, 210, 260-261 - Indonesia (Java), Singapore, Cambodia.

pauper Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 83 (male), figs 131-134 - Singapore.

pluriacantha Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 47 (male, female), figs 63-66, 254 - Singapore.

riatanae Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 88 (male, female), figs 141-144 - Singapore.

semakau sp. nov. (male) - Singapore.

shufenae sp. nov. (male, female) - Singapore.

sime Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 26 (male), figs 23-26 - Singapore.

singaporensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 44 (male, female), figs 58-62, 253 - Singapore.

singulata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 107 (female), fig. 181- Singapore.

sivasothii Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 66 (male, female), figs 99-102 - Singapore.

spicata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 92 (male, female), figs 149-152 - Singapore, Malaysia.

spiralis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 21 (male, female), figs 14-17, 252, 256 - Singapore.

sp. 44 Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 139 (female) - Singapore.

sp. 46 Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 44 (female), fig. 57 - Singapore.

sp. 49 Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 118 (female), fig. 191 - Singapore.

sp. 51 Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 75 (female), fig. 115 - Singapore.

sp. 57 Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 34 (female), fig. 39 - Singapore.

sp. 58 Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 76 (female), fig. 116 - Singapore.

sp. 59 (female) - Singapore.

sylvicola Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 54 (male, female), figs 80-83 - Singapore.

temasek Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 59 (male), figs 85-88- Singapore.

tiomanensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 50 (male, female), figs 71-74 - Singapore, Malaysia.

ubinensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 104 (male), figs 175-178- Singapore.

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European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

yangi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 27 (male, female), figs 27-30, 255 - Singapore.

yeoi Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007: 64 (male, female), figs 95-98 - Singapore.

Nanodromia Grootaert, 1994

hutan sp. nov. (male, female) - Singapore.

narmkroi Grootaert & Shamshev, 2003: 49 (male, female), figs 19-24 - Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand.

spinulosa sp. nov. (male, female) - Singapore.

Pontodromia Grootaert, 1994

pantai sp. nov. (male, female) - Singapore.

Stilpon Loew, 1859

arcuatum sp. nov. (male) - Singapore.

laawae Shamshev & Grootaert, 2004: 323 (male, female), figs 20-24 - Singapore, Thailand.

malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2004: 332 (male), figs 54-59 - Singapore.

neesoonensis sp. nov. (male) - Singapore.

nigripennis sp. nov. (male) - Singapore.

singaporensis sp. nov. (male, female) - Singapore.

weilingae sp. nov. (male) - Singapore.

160

GROOTAERT P. & SHAMSHEV I.V., Tachydromiinae of Singapore

Index

angkorensis Shamshev & Grootaert (Stilpon) .126

arcuatum sp. nov. (Stilpon) .127

asexa Shamshev & Grootaert (Elaphropeza) .106

asiophila Shamshev & Grootaert {Elaphropeza) .88

bakau sp. nov. (Drapetis) .54

biuncinata (Melander) (Elaphropeza) .79

bulohensis sp. nov. (Chersodromia) .25

bulohensis Shamshev & Grootaert (Elaphropeza) .Ill

chanae sp. nov. (Elaphropeza) .91

Chersodromia .22

collini sp. nov. (Elaphropeza) .107

crassicercus Shamshev & Grootaert (Elaphropeza) .80

Crossopalpus .47

Drapetis .53

E59 (Elaphropeza) .Ill

Elaphropeza .66

exul (Osten-Saeken, 1882) (Crossopalpus) .48

flavicaput Grootaert, Gumming & Shamshev (Chersodromia) .28

feminata Shamshev & Grootaert (Elaphropeza) .101

furca Shamshev & Grootaert (Elaphropeza) .89

glandula sp. nov. (Chersodromia) .32

goesi Shamshev & Grootaert (Stilpon) .129

gohae sp. nov. (Elaphropeza) .93

hualuang Grootaert & Shamshev (Platypalpus) .17

hirsutipes Collin (Crossopalpus) .50

hutan sp. nov. (Drapetis) .58

hutan sp. nov. (Nanodromia) .113

kranjiensis sp. nov. (Elaphropeza) .109

laawae Shamshev & Grootaert (Stilpon) .130

laut sp. nov. (Drapetis) .60

limosa Shamshev & Grootaert (Elaphropeza) .83

luang Shamshev & Grootaert (Tachydromia) .21

lowi sp. nov. (Elaphropeza) .95

luteoides Shamshev & Grootaert (Elaphropeza) .98

malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert (Stilpon) .133

malayensis Shamshev & Grootaert (Elaphropeza) .89

malaysiana sp. nov. (Chersodromia) .34

mandai sp. nov. (Drapetis) .62

modesta Shamshev & Grootaert (Elaphropeza) .99

monospina Shamshev & Grootaert (Elaphropeza) .87

161

European Journal of Taxonomy 5 : 1-162 ( 2012 )

murphyi Shamshev & Grootaert (Elaphropeza) .80

Nanodromia .112

narmjeud Grootaert & Shamshev {Nanodromia) .115

narmkroi Grootaert & Shamshev {Nanodromia) .115

neesoonensis sp. nov. {Stilpon) .133

nigripennis Shamshev & Grootaert {Chersodromia) .36

nigripennis sp. nov. {Stilpon) .136

obscura Grootaert, Gumming & Shamshev {Chersodromia) .29

pantai sp. nov. {Drapetis) .64

pantai sp. nov. {Pontodromia) .44

pasir sp. nov. {Chersodromia) .38

phukhao Grootaert & Shamshev {Nanodromia) .119

Platypalpus .14

Pontodromia .44

riatanae Shamshev & Grootaert {Elaphropeza) .88

semakau sp. nov. {Elaphropeza) .103

shufenae sp. nov. {Elaphropeza) .85

singaporensis Shamshev & Grootaert {Chersodromia) .40

singaporensis sp. nov. {Platypalpus) .16

singaporensis sp. nov. {Stilpon) .138

singulata Shamshev & Grootaert {Elaphropeza) .106

sivasothii Shamshev & Grootaert {Elaphropeza) .83

spinulosa sp. nov. {Nanodromia) .120

Stilpon .124

sylvicola sp. nov. {Chersodromia) .29

Tachydromia .18

taksin Grootaert & Shamshev {Nanodromia) .122

temasek sp. nov. {Crossopalpus) .51

temasek Shamshev & Grootaert {Elaphropeza) .82

tiomanensis sp. nov. {Chersodromia) .42

ubinensis Shamshev & Grootaert {Elaphropeza) .98

weilingae sp. nov. {Stilpon) .140

Manuscript received: 29 June 2011

Manuscript accepted on: 21 November 2011

Published on: 6 January 2012

Topic editor: Malcom Scoble

In eomplianee with Artiele 8.6 of the ICZN, printed versions of all papers are deposited in the libraries

of the institutes that are members of the EJT eonsortium.

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