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PP TEM LBEU OEE EPI GEA LLM, LI Ie arte ee pct

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

VOL. LXV.

PART II. (NATURAL HIsTory, &c.).

(Nos. I & II.—1898.)

EDITED BY THE

NaturaL jiistTo RY pECRETARY,

“Tt will flourish, if naturalists, chemists, antiquaries, philologers, and men of

science in different parts of Asza, will commit their observations to writing, and send

them to the Asiatic Society at Calcutta. It will languish, if such communications shall

be long intermitted ; and it will die away, if they shall entirely cease.”” SIR WM. JONES.

CALCUTTA:

PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRUSS,

AND PUBLISHED BY THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY, 57, PARK SIREET.

1898.

ane

sh i) Am) a

a 4

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Aucock, ALFRED ;— Materials for a Carcinological Fauna of India,

No. 8. The Brachyura OS eae Part t.* The ane

POOPED 60 s000.000008

Buapouri, C. B., and Based .) re — : Comeatienen ee iis

Chemical Laboratory, Presidency Saileae: Calcutta. On Double

Thiosulphates of Copper and Sodium..

Finn, F.;—Note on the Long-Snouted Whe: ‘caps: (Dryophis

mycterizans)...

;— Note on the Seaannat ahaa of Spinasdeyd an ee ais

of the Purple Honeysucker (Arachnechthra asiatica) and of

an analogous American bird (Coereba cyanea)... ....seceecee severe

Kine, Grorce ;— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula..

——-—————- ; and Pratin, D. ;— Descriptions of some new aah

from the North-Hastern Frontiers of India ..

Nic&vitte, LioneL DE ;— On a small collection of Batherflies meas

Buru in the Moluccas ......... ee

——-————-; and Gn, erate “ae ea List

of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. (Plate is )

Riptey, H. N.;—New species of Hntada from Singapore bong

ate fls' Fe nw nolan pe Sinha dhmnaydaey aneeve.sne sees swbard civjere ave

Page.

234

251

305

he + iy! :

. >! i

CRAG E SE CES OR 8 a aoe a Bg + ae a

— $ y

he Ge sa ‘ 5 Rint 2 ade

Dates of Issue. Part II, 1898.

No. I,—Containing pp. 1-250, was issued on 5th August, 1898.

aa {I].—Containing pp. 251—321, was issued on 15th September,

1898.

a ‘ ,

Bi boa re

hs cab iat tre

California Academy of Sciences

Presented byASiatic Society of —

Bengal.

a ee oe a

AOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

== § E>

Vol, LXVII. Part II.—NATURAL SCIENCE.

No. I.—1898.

Materials for a Flora of the Mulayan Peninsula—By Groner Kina,

K.C.1.E., M.B., LL.D., F.R.S., Superintendent of the Royal Botanic

Garden, Calcutta.

No. 10.

I had hoped in the present contribution to have completed, for

these Materials, my account of the whole of the remaining Natural

Orders of Calyciflore. This hope has, however, been frustrated by sick-

ness. I have decided therefore to offer now to the Society the account

of the five Orders which I have been able to elaborate ; trusting, at

some time in the near future, to deal with the remaining Orders of

the Class. Following the sequence adopted by Sir Joseph Hooker in

his Flora of British India, those treated of in the present paper

come to be numbered as below; Nos. 48 Lythracexw, 49 Onagraceex, 50

Samydacee, 52 Oucurbitacex, and 56 Araliacex. And those which re-

main to be described would be Nos. 46 Myrtacex, 47 Melastomacex, 51

Passifloracee, 53 Begoniacew, 54 Ficoidex, 55 Umbelliferee, and 57

Oornacex. After finishing the Calycifloree, I hope, in collaboration with

my friend and successor, Dr. D. Prain, to describe the families which

are embraced in the gamopetalous and apetalous groups.

Order XLVIII. LYTHRACEHAL.

Trees, shrubs or herbs ; branches often quadrangular. Leaves entire,

opposite, sometimes alternate or whorled; stipules 0. Injlorescence

various, often in cymes or panicles, lowers hermaphrodite, regular,

ft |

2 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

rarely oblique, unisexual in Cyrpteronia. Calyx-tube free, persistent ;

lobes 3-6, valvate, some accessory often added. Petals as many as

the calyx-teeth, rarely 0, inserted near the mouth of the calyx-tube.

Stamens definite or numerous, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary free

in the bottom of the calyx-tube (rarely inferior), 2-6-celled, style long ;

stigma capitate, rarely 2-lobed; ovules numerous, placentas axile

(rarely parietal). Fruit coriaceous or membranous, free or more or

less adnate to the base of the calyx, 2~6-celled or (by absorption of

the partitions) l-celled, dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds numerous,

various in shape, angular, sometimes winged; albumen none; embryo

straight, (cotyledons convolute in Sonneratia and Punica.) DistRIB.

Species about 275 in tropical regions and especially in those of the

New World; a few in temperate zones.

Tribe I. AMMANNIZ. Herbs, mostly sub-aquatic, with small

or minute flowers ; the calyx membranous aye . 1, AMMANNIA.

Tribe II, Lyturea. ‘Trees or shrubs with moder ie or large-

sized flowers (minute in Crypteronia), large often wrinkled

petals, and coriaceous or herbaceous calyx.

Stamens not more than 12.

Calyx 6-toothed ; petals 6; stamens 12; capsule circum-

scissile, 1-celled ; seeds cuneate-obovate, angled .. 2 .PEMPHIS;

Calyx 4- or 5-toothed ; petals 0; flowers numerous, minute,

racemose, sub-unisexual; stamens 4 or 5; capsule 2-celled

and 2-valved; seeds minute, narrowly winged on one

side Si as sie ae ... & CRYPTERONIA.

Stamens indefinite.

Seeds free, not imbedded in pulp.

Stamens in 2 or more rows; capsule 3-6-celled; seeds

large, winged laterally ate Je .. 4 LAGERSTREMIA.

Stamens in a single row; capsule 4-8-celled; seeds

minute, narrowly winged at the upper margin an DUABANGA.

Seeds imbedded in pulp, angular; berry 10-15-celled .. 6. SoONNERATIA.

1. AmmanniA, Linn.

Annual glabrous herbs growing in damp places; branches often

quadrangular. . Leaves opposite and alternate, sometimes whorled, entire ;

stipules 0. Flowers small, axillary, solitary and subsessile, or in small

trichotomous cymes ; bracteoles usually 2. Calyx campanulate or tubu-

lar-campanulate, 3-0-toothed, often with minute interposed teeth or

folds. Petals 3-5 or 0, small, inserted between the calyx-teeth. Stamens

2-8, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary enclosed in the calyx-tube, 1-5-

celled, the septa very thin and often absorbed; style filiform or short,

stigma capitate; ovules numerous, placentas axile. Capsule membran-

ous, globose or elongated-ellipsoid, enclosed in the calyx, 2-3-valved,

1898.] G. King-—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 3

irregularly breaking up, or circumscissile. Seeds many, small, smooth,

round on the back and with a raphe on the inner face, ellipsoid or nearly

hemispheric; placenta ultimately free central by the absorption of the

dissepiments covered by the seeds. Distris. Species 30; in the tropi-

cal or warm temperate zones of the whole world.

Flowers sessile, calyx-tube elongate-campanulate, capsule

ellipsoid, seeds narrowly oblong, falcate oes .. 1. A. peploides.

Flowers pedicelled, calyx-tube depressed-hemispheric, cap-

sule depressed-globose, seeds sub-hemispheric... vasi-| De, A. baccifera.

1. AMMANIA PEPLOIDES, Spreng. Syst. I, 444. Flowers in short

axillary branches, sessile, solitary in the axils of reduced leaves ; bracts

in pairs, filiform, shorter than the tube of the calyx. Calyx-tube elon-

gate-campanulate, almost smooth, its mouth with 4 acutely triangular

teeth. Petals absent, or 4 and minute. Capsule 2-valved, ellipsoid ;

seeds narrowly oblong, sub-falcate, pink, angular, the hilum obscure.

Leaves opposite, their midribs prominent; those of the flower-bearing

branches linear-oblong, bearing a flower in the axil of each; those

of the main stem elliptic or obovate, narrowed to the base and almost

petiolate. Stems decumbent, often rooting, sometimes erect. Boiss.

Flor. Orient. II, 742; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc, 1877, pt. II, 84; Clarke in

Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. I, 566. A. nana, Roxb. Flor. Ind. I, 427, (not

of Wallich). A. repens, Rottl., DC. Prodr. III, 80. Ameletia indica,

DC. in Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Genev. III, 11 (1825) 2, and 82,t. 3f. A.;

Prodr. III, 76; Wall. Cat. 2093; W.& A. Prodr. 303; Blume Mus.

Bot. II, 135, t. 47; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 96; Wight Ic. t. 257.

A. elongata, Blume Mus. Bot. II, 185, A. acutidens, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat.

J, Pt. 1,617. <A. polystachya, Wall. Cat. 2094. A. latifolia, Wall. Cat,

2096, (partly Peplis indica,) Willd. Sp. Pl. II, 244.

Soutp ANDAMAN; near the settlements of Port Blair and Port

Mowat; doubtless introduced as a weed of cultivation. Dzistris. India,

China, Persia; in rice and other fields.

2, AMMANNIA BACCIFERA, Linn. Sp. Pl. 120. Flowers in very con-

densed axillary racemes or clusters shorter than the leaves; bracts

filiform, shorter than the flower-pedicels. Calyx-tube widely campanu-

late, short, ridged ; the teeth 4, broadly triangular, acute. Petals none

or minute. Capsule depressed-globose, imperfectly circumscissile above

the middle. Seeds sub-hemispheric, black, excavated on the plane face.

Leaves opposite, rather distant, linear-oblong, sub-acute or obtuse,

narrowed at the base, smaller upwards, 2-5 in. long. Stem erect,

glabrous, 8-24 in. long. Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. II, 133; Dalz. &

Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 97; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, Pt. II, 85 ; Clarke

in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 569. A, vestcatoria, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 11

4 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

Flor. Ind. I, 426; ed. Wall. I, 447; DC. Prodr. III, 78; W. & A. Prodr.

305; Wall. Cat. 2098, (partly). A. indica, Lamk. Ill. I, 311, No. 1555 ;

DC. lic. 77; W. & A. Prodr. 305; Wall. Cat. 2099; Blume 1. c. t. 46.

A. debilis, Ait. Hort. Kew, ed. 1, I, 163. A. verticillata, Boiss.

Flor. Orient. II, 743, (not of Link). Hapalocarpum vesicatorium and

H. indicum, Mig. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. J, 618. Cryptotheca apetala,

Blume Bijd. 1128; DC. 1. ec. 76.

Perak ; King’s Collector 303; Curtis 3195. S. Andaman, in similar

situations with the last.

2. Pempuis, Forst.

A maritime shrub or tree, 25-35 ft. high. Leaves opposite, oblong

to oblong-lanceolate, entire, very thick, fleshy. Flowers small, axillary,

solitary, peduncles 2-bracteate at their base. Calya-tube campanulate,

12-co -ribbed ; teeth 6, short, with 6 shorter accessory teeth. Petals 6,

inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube and nearly as long, obovate,

wrinkled, white or rose. Stamens 12, inserted in two series towards

the middle of the calyx-tube. Ovary free at the bottom of the calyx-

tube, 3-celled at the base; style long, stigma capitate; ovules many,

ascending ; placentas 3, sub-basal. Capsule coriaceous, obovoid or nearly

globose, included in the calyx-tube or exserted nearly half its length,

somewhat irregularly circumscissile, ultimately 1-celled. Seeds very

many, long cuneate-obovoid, angular, smooth, standing out in all direc-

tious from the apparently free central placenta.

Pempis acipuLA, Forst. Gen. t. 34. Young parts more or less

clothed with grey silky hairs, the young branches 4-angled. Leaves

subsessile or very shortly petioled, sub-acute or obtuse, *5—-1°5 in. long.

Flowers white. Capsule ‘4 in. long and ‘2 in. in diam. DC. Prodr. III,

89; Wall. Cat. 2108; W.and A. Prodr. 307; Griff. Notul. IV, 510;

Blume Mus. Bot. II, t. 43; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, pt. I, 619; Bedd.

Flor. Sylv. Anal. Gen..t. XIV, fig. 5; Kurz For. Flor. I, 518.

PRAingustifolia, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 91; Flor. Ind. II, 465. P. setosa,

Lour. Flor. Filip. ed.1, 410. Maclellandia Griffithiana, Wight Ic. t. 1996.

Lythrum Pemphis, Linn. f. Suppl. 249; Lamk. Ill. II, 408, fig. 2.

Melanium fruticosum, Spreng. Syst. IT, 445.

On the beech in Sincapore and probably in all the provinces.

Awnpaman and Great Coco Isnanps; Prain. Disrris. Burma, Ceylon,

S. of British India,

3. CRYPTERONIA, Blume.

Trees. Leaves opposite, petioled, entire, ovate or lanceolate.

Racemes elongate, in branched panicles. Flowers minute, white or green,

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 5

with short linear bracts at the base of the pedicels, polygamo-dicecious.

Calyzx-tube short, saucer-shaped, or longer and subhemispheric; teeth

5 (rarely 4), valvate, persistent. Petals0. Stamens as many as the

calyx-teeth, inserted between them near the mouth of the calyx-

tube. Ovary free, 2-celled, with numerous horizontal or ascending

ovules attached to the axile placentas ; style long, filiform; stigma capi-

tate, obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule surrounded at the base by the calyx,

globose, pubescent, crowned by the persistent style, 2-celled, dehiscing

so as to divide the style, fruit-pedicel deflexed. Seeds many, elongate-

ellipsoid, narrowly winged on one side. Disrris, Species 5, extending

from the Khasia Hills to the Philippine Islands.

Leaves membranous, usually narrowed to the base, nerves

5 or 6 pairs, calyx less than ‘1 in. in diam. Je .. IL. C. paniculata,

Leaves coriaceous, rounded or cordate at the base, nerves

7 or 8 pairs, calyx more than ‘lin.indiam. ... we oe 6 C, Griffith.

1. CRYPTERONIA PANICULATA, Blume Bijdr. 1151. A tree 20-40

feet high ; young branches glabrous or sometimes puberulous. Leaves

membranous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate or more or less broadly

elliptic, bluntly acuminate or blunt, narrowed to the base, entire,

glabrous on both surfaces or slightly pubescent on the Jower; main

nerves 5 or 6 pairs, rather faint, curved ; length 3-6 in., breadth 1°25-

2°5 in. Flowers on short pedicels, very numerous, in long cylindric

pubescent or glabrous racemes longer than the leaves, the racemes

often panicled, Calya less than ‘1 in. in diam., its teeth triangular or

triangular-lanceolate, acute. Stamens in the hermaphrodite flowers of

the same length as the calyx-teeth, longer in the male flowers. Capsules

globose-conic, puberulous or minutely velvety. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc,

Beng. 187, Pt. 11, 86; For. Flora Burma, I, 519. C. pubescens, Blume

Mus. Bot. Lugd, Bat. IT, 123; Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br, Ind. II,

574; Griff. Notul. IV, 404; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 564, fig, II. OC. glabra,

Blume Mus. Bot. II, 123; Clarke in Hook. fil, Flor. Br. Ind. IT, 574.

Henslovia pubescens, Wall. Cat. 4904; Pl. As. Rar. III, 14 t. 221; Mig.

Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 716; Planch, in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. IV,

477, t. XVI. B, Henslovia Hookeri, Wall. Cat. 8566. H, affinis, Planch,

Lond, Journ. Bot. IV, 477 (in part). H. leptostachys, Planch. Lond.

Journ. Bot. IV, 478. H. glabra, Wall. Cat. 4093; Pl. As. Rar. III, 14;

Planch. in Hook. Lond. Journ, Bot. IV, 478 ; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat, I,

Pe, 716.

Penanc; Porter. Matacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 650/2).

Perak; King’s Collector No. 5205. AnpaMAaNn IsLANDS; very common ;

King’s Collector. Distris. Burma, Chittagong, Khasia.

I can find nothing better to distinguish the species which have been named

6 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. \ [No. 1,

C. glabra and C. pubescens from each other than the presence on the latter of a

small amount of hair, neither can I find any tangible character to separate either

from C. paniculata, Blume. To the latter species, as the oldest, I therefore reduce

both,

2. Oryprmronta Grirrirnit, Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II,

574. A tree 40-60 feet high; young branches glabrous. Leaves

coriaceous, broadly elliptic, acute, very slightly narrowed to the rounded

or cordate ‘base, entire, glabrous on both surfaces; main nerves 7 or 8

pairs, distinct on the lower surface, curved, ascending; length 4-8 in.,

breadth 2°25-3°5 in. Racemes much longer than the leaves, rusty-

pubescent, sometimes panicled; flowers numerous but not crowded,

shortly pedicellate. Calyx rather more than ‘1 in. in diam., its teeth

triangular. Stamens exserted, Capsule shorter than the calyx-teeth,

velvety, less than *l in. in diam., crowned by the long stout pubescent

style. Hensloview sp. Griff. Notul. 406; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 564, fig. 1.

Maracoa; Griffith 2518. Maingay (Kew Distrib.) 651. Derry

1201. Penang; Curtis 1739. Prrax; Scortechint 221, Wray 2589,

2638. King’s Collector 3473, 4152, 8592.

4, LAGERSTR@MIA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, distichous (or the uppermost

alternate), entire, oblong or ovate. Panicles axillary and terminal,

the ultimate branchlets usually cymose, sometimes dense; peduncles

2-bracteate at their apex; pedicels 2-bracteolate. Flowers often large,

Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, smooth, grooved, angular or sub-alate ; lobes

5-sometimes 7-9, ovate, subacute, valvate. Petals 6, sometimes 7-9

(or 0), inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube, clawed, wrinkled ;

margin crisped, erose, or fimbriate. Stamens very many, inserted in

several rows near the bottom of the calyx-tube ; filaments long, exserted.

Ovary sessile in the bottom of the calyx, 3-6-celled; style long,

bent, stigma capitate; ovules numerous, ascending, placentas axile.

Capsule more or less adnate to the calyx, ellipsoid, coriaceous, smooth,

3-6-celled, 3-6-valved. Seeds many (rarely few), elongate, flat, erect,

winged from their summit. Disrris. Species 18, in South-east Asia

extending to Australia, :

Inflorescence and exterior of calyx stellately ferrugineous-

tomentose ... a ae sh 1. LZ. floribunda.

Inflorescence and outside of calyx minutely cinereous or

whitish-velvety (the calyx sometimes rusty in L. Flos-

Regine).

Leaves glaucous beneath; calyx 10-ribbed, the mouth

with only 5 teeth ... R me a .. 2, L. hypoleuca.

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 7

Leaves not glaucous beneath.

Calyx 8- or 9-ribbed, the teeth as many as the ribs and

alternate with them; flowers 1°5 in. in diam.; leaves

2—3°25 in. long ae oa

Calyx 12-14-ribbed; the teeth half as many as the

ribs, the ribs opposite the teeth broader ; flowers 2-3

in. in diam.; leaves 3°5-8 in. long te wv. 4 OD. Flos-Regine.

3. L, ovalifolia.

1.° LAGERSTR@MIA FLORIBUNDA, Jack in Mal. Misc. I, 38. A tree

15-30 feet -high. Leuves ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, sub-acute, the

base rounded, sub-sessile; main nerves 8-12 pairs, sub-horizontal or

curving upwards; both surfaces minutely reticulate when dry, the upper

glabrous and shining, the lower with deciduous stellate pale brown

pubescence, or glabrous; length 5-7 in., breadth 2-2°75 in. Punicle

much longer than the leaves, terminal, erect; the branches long, race-

moid, the ultimate branchlets cymose, ascending, everywhere (as also the

calyces,) covered with more or less deciduous wooly rusty pubescence.

Flowers 1°5 in, in diam.,on short pedicels. Calyx turbinate in bud,

boldly 12-ridged, each alternate ridge passing into one of the 6

triangular calyx-teeth and often forming a mucro at its apex. Petuls

sub-orbicular, with wavy edges, rose-coloured changing to whitish.

Stamens unequal, the outer rows the longest. Capsule *5 in. long,

elliptic, minutely cinereous-tomentose, half enveloped in the calyx,

style persistent. DC. Prodr. III, 93; Wall. Cat, 2115; Mig. Flor. Ind.

Bat, I, pt. I, 623 (not Blume Mus. Bot. I, t. 41) ; Griff. Notul. LV, 509;

Kurz For. Flor. I, 522; Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor, Br. Ind. II, 577.

Kepau; Curtis 2602. Penang; King. Trane; King’s Collector

1407, Matacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib.) 653/2. Distrris. Burma,

Siam, China. ~

2, LaGgerstra@mia HypoLeuca, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. for 1872

Pt. II, p. 30. A tree 60-70 feet high; all parts except the inflorescence

glabrous. Leaves thickly membranous, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic

or oblong-elliptic, shortly acuminate, the base rounded; main nerves

8-12 pairs, spreading, not prominent; both surfaces rather distinctly

reticulate when dry, the upper shining, the lower glaucous; length

5-8 in., breadth 2-3 in., petiole *3 in. long. © Panicles minutely cinereous-

velvety, longer than the leaves, terminal, few-branched, the branches

with rather short cymose sub-horizontal branchlets. Flowers about

1°25 or 1°5 in. in diam., on jointed whitish unequal pedicels. Calyx

turbinate in bud, minutely whitish-velvety, boldly 10-ribbed, the

alternate ribs excurrent into the 5 triangular acute mucronate lobes

of the mouth. Petals lilac, oblong, wavy, ‘5 in. long. Capsule woody,

oblong, mucronate, about ‘65 in. long. For. Flor. Burm., I, 528 ;

Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 577.

8 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

AnpaMAN Istanps; Kurz, Prain, King’s Collectors, Gruar Coco

IsuAND; Prain.

3. LAGERstR@MiIA oOvaLirouia, Teysm. et Binn. in Nat. Tijdsch.

Ned. Ind. II. (1840) 306. A tree 50 or even 100 feet high. Leaves

oblong, ovate or oblong-obovate, acute, slightly narrowed to the base ;

main nerves 4 or 5 pairs, curved, ascending, slightly prominent on the

lower surface when dry; upper surface greenish with minute black

dots when dry, glabrescent except sometimes the minutely pubescent

nerves; the lower brown when dry, glabrescent; length 2-325 in.,

breadth 1°25-2 in., petiole ‘25 in. Panicle terminal, puberulous, 3-8

in. long, few-flowered ; the branches few, sub-horizontal, cymose, puberu-

lous below ; the pedicels minutely velvety, cinereous. Flowers 1'5 in.

in diam., on jointed velvety pedicels, Calyx turbinate, minutely

cinereous-velvety, with 8 or 9 bold winged ridges not passing into the

calyx-teeth. Calyz-teeth 8 or 9, acutely triangular, the edges thickened

and reflexed. Petals (with claw) °75 in. long, orbicular, clawed, purple,

their edges slightly undulate. Capsule elliptic-ovoid, blunt, minutely

velvety, ‘75 in. long, and °6 in. in diam. Kriudk. Arch. ITI, 440; Pl.

Nov. Hort. Bog. (ed. Vriese) 20. Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. II, 127;

Mig. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 624; Koorders and Valeton, Bijdr. I, 193.

LL. celebica, B31, 1. ¢c. 127. DL. hexaptera, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 623;

Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. IT, 577.

Matacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 653), Prrax; King’s Collectors

8701, 10025 & 10532. Panane; Ridley 2640.

I can find no character to separate L. hexaptera, Miq. from the older species of

Teysmann and Binnindik. Miquel’s name is moreover an unhappy one, as the

calyx-teeth are usually 9 and not 6.

4, Lacerstramra Fros-Recing, Retz (1789) Obs. V, 25, <A tree

30-60 feet high, all parts except the inflorescence glabrous. Leaves

oblong to elliptic-oblong, acute, narrowed (rarely obtuse) at the base,

shortly petiolate; main nerves 10-13 pairs, curving upwards, slightly

prominent beneath when dry; both surfaces minutely reticulate,

glabrous, the upper shining, the lower dull and of a dark brown colour

when dry, length 3°5-8 in., breadth 1°75-3 in., petiole ‘25-4 in.

Panicle terminal, longer than the leaves, its ultimate branchlets cymose.

Flowers from 2-8 in. in diam., on rather thick greyish unequal pedicels.

Calyx turbinate, with 12-14 prominent stout ridges; those opposite the

calyx-teeth broader, the mouth with 6-7 acute triangular spreading

thick coriaceous teeth thickened at the edges. Petals sub-orbicular,

clawed, corrugated and with undulate edges. Stamens all equal in

length. Capsule oblong to sub-globose, minutely apiculate, ‘8-1°25 in.

‘long, and ‘6-75 in. indiam, Kurz in For. Flora Burm, I, 524; Clarke in

1898.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 9

Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 577. DL. Munchhausia, Lamk. Ency. IIT, 375 ;

Ill. t. 473 fig. 2. DL. Reginee, Roxb. Pl. Corom., I, 46, t. 65; Hort. Beng.

88; Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. IJ, 505; Blume Bijdr. 1127; DC. Prodr.

III, 93; W. & A. Prodr. Flor. Penins. Ind, 308; Blume Mus. Bot,

Lugd. Bat. II, 126; Mig. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 623 and Suppl. 328.

Li. speciosa, Pers. (1807) Ench. II, 72 (not of DC.); Koehne in Engl.

Bot. Jahrb. IV, 28; Koorders and Valeton, Bijdr. I, 190, (excl. from

all where reduced the syn. L. macrocarpa, Wall.).

Matacca, Singapore. Perak. Disrris. Java, British India.

I have adopted Retz’s name (published in 1789) for this plant, as it is pretty

nearly certain what Retz’s plant was. Koehne, Koorders and Valeton and others

however adopt Persoon’s name of L. speciosa on the ground that, although it dates

from only 1807, it preserves the specific name of Linnzeus (Munchhausenia speciosa

1770). But this procedure is rendered inadmissable when Linnezus’s description of

that plant is consulted, for he describes M. speciosa as a shrub, whereas this plant is a

large tree; moreover the rest of his description would apply to various other species

of Lagerstremia; the identity of M. speciosa, L. is thus quite uncertain. L. macro-

carpa of Wall. Cat. 2114, isa tree of about the size of L. Flos-Regine and resem-

bles it in most respects, but differs (1) in having leaves of larger size (5-12 in.

long) more or less broadly elliptic, never oblong or elliptic-oblong, the apex often

sub-acute and the base broad or narrowed into a petiole twice as long as that of

L. Flos-Regine ; (2) in the calyx being very slightly, if at all, furrowed and never

ribbed, and (3) in having a larger more globose capsule (1-1°35 in. long and nearly

as much in diam.). This tree has been in cultivation in the Bot. Garden, Calcutta

side by side with L. Flos-Reginz for many years. It flowers earlier than the latter,

has pink (not lilac) petals, and much larger capsules. In my opinion it is a good |

species and should not be merged in L. Flos-Reginz. Itis found only in Burma

and Chittagong. Kurz, who was familiar with it in its wild state in Burma, con-

sidered it distinct and kept it as a species in his Forest Flora of British Burma.

5. Duapancoa, Ham.

Large glabrous trees with pendent quadrangular branches. Leaves

opposite, distichous, large, short-petioled, elongated, acute, entire, cordate

or rounded atthe base. Panicles large, terminal, with opposite branches ;

flowers large. Calyx-tube wide, adnate to the base of the ovary; lobes

4-7, thick, valvate in the bud. Petals 4~—7, clawed, obovate, crisped

and undulate, white. Stamens very many, inserted on a perigynous

ring. Ovary conical, 4-8-celled; style bent, long; stigma capitate,

4-8-lobed ; ovules very many, ascending, placentas covering nearly

the whole interior surface of the ovarian cells. Capsule sub-globose,

surrounded at the base by the thick spreading calyx, coriaceous, perfectly

or imperfectly 4-8-celled, 4—8-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute,

ellipsoid, testa produced at both ends in two tails much exceeding the

length of the nucleus. Disrxis. Species 2; Hastern Himalaya, Assam

and Malaya, |

J. u. 2

10 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. (No.1,

DUABANGA SONNERATIOIDES, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc, XVII, 178.

A tree 60-100 feet high. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong to ovate-

oblong, 7-12 in. long and 2°5-4 in. broad, glabrous, glaucous beneath.

Flowers 2—2°5 in, across, on thick-jointed pedicels tapering to the base ;

panicle short, few-flowered, drooping. Petals 4-7, about 1 in. long.

Capsule ovoid-globose, ]-1°5 in. in diam. Hook. fil. Hl. Him. Pl. t. 11;

Kurz For. Flor. Burm. I, 525; Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 579.

D. grandiflora, Walp. Rep. II, 114. Lagerstremia grandiflora, Roxb.

Hort. Beng. 38; Flor. Ind. II, 503; DC. Prodr. III, 93; Wall. Cat.

2111; Blume Mus. Bot. I, 109. Leptospartion grandiflorwm, Griff. Ic.

Pl. Asiat, t. 591.

Pprak; Scortechint, King’s Collector 5912. AnpdAMans AND NICOBARS,

King’s Collectors, Distrrp. Burma, Assam, Khasia, Eastern Himalaya,

6. Sonneratia, Linn. f.

Ever-green trees, growing near the sea, glabrous. Leaves opposite,

petioled, coriaceous, entire. Flowers without bracts, large, three to-

gether at the summits of the branches, or axillary and solitary. Calyx

thick, coriaceous ; lobes 4-8, lanceolate, valvate. Petals 0, or as many

as the calyx-lobes and linear-oblong, Stamens numerous, inserted in a

circular band on the calyx-tube. Ovary nearly free, or adnate at the

base to the calyx-tube, many-celled ; style long, stigma capitate; ovules

numerous, ascending, placentas axile. Berry subglobose, supported by

the persistent calyx, 10-15-celled. Seeds very many, small, curved,

angular, embedded in pulp; cotyledons convolute. Dustin. Species

4—5 ; on the tropical sea-shores of the Hastern hemisphere.

With petals i oes #58 ees .. Ll. §. acida.

Without petals :—

Calyx in bud ovoid, obtuse ... ese ae eo. &. Si@erta,

var. Griffith.

Calyx in bud narrowly ellipsoid, tapering to both ends oe «62. | Oe aLUae

1. Sonneratia acipa, Linn. fil, Suppl. 252. A small tree 10-35

feet high, the branchlets jointed and 4-angled, Leaves oblong to oblong-

obovate or obovate, tapering into a broad short petiole, blunt and

sometimes retuse ; length 2~3 in., breadth 1°35 to 2 in. in the obovate

forms. Slower-buds solitary, ellipsoid, the calyx-tube not angled; the

calyx when fully developed 1 in. long, its lobes 6-8, the lobes triangular,

reflexed, Petals linear, slightly broader towards tle apex than at the

base. Style exserted, sometimes 3 in, long, stigma capitate, Capsule

depressed-globose, sometimes as much as 2 in. in diam,, the apex some-

what concave, the walls thick, Roxb, Hort. Beng. 38; Flor. Ind. II,

506; Roth Nov, Sp. 233; DC, Prodr. III, 231; Wall. Cat. 3641;

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 11

W.& A, Prodr. 327 ; Wight Ic. t. 340; Griff. Notul. IV, 652; Blume

Mus. Bot. I, 336; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 496; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.

Flor, 98; Brand. For. Flor. 242; Kurz For. Fl. Burm. I, 526; Clarke

in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind, II, 580; Koorders and Valeton, Bijdr. I, 198.

Rhizophora caseolaris, Linn. Sp. Pl. 635. Aubletia caseolaris, Geertn,

Fruct. I, 479, t. 78.

PenanG; Curtis 1108. Perak; Scortechini, Wray 2494. ANDAMANS;

Kurz, Prain, King’s Collectors, Distr1p. the coasts of Burma, the

Deltas of the British Indian Rivers and of those of the Malayan Islands.

Var. Griffithii, Leaves obovate, petals none. 8S. Griffithii, Kurz

Peeu Report, App. B, 54; For. Flora Burma, I, 526 ; Clarke in Flor. Br.

Ind. II, 580. 8S. alba, Griff. (not of Smith) Notul. IV, 652. &. neglecta,

Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat, I, 338; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 498.

Perak; Scortechini 967. Distris. Burma.

The fruit of this variety is unknown; but the scanty material, so far as it goes,

appears to show that the plant is merely an apetalous form of §. acida with leaves

more obovate than is usual in that species. I have therefore reduced it to a form

of the latter. Blume described other three species of Sonneratia with petals,

viz., 8. obovata, S. evenia, and 8S. lanceolata separating them chiefly by characters

taken from the shapes of the leaves. But in this genus the form of the leaf is very

variable, and I doubt whether these three species are more than forms of S. acida.

§. Pagapat, Blanco, and S. ovalis, Korth. are probably also forms of it.

2. SoONNERATIA ALBA, Smith in Rees Cyclop. XX XIII, No. 2. A small

tree 10-15 feet high ; young branches rather terete. Leaves obovate or

obovate-reniform, decurrent on the short petiole, blunt or retuse, 2—4 in.

long and nearly as broad, petiole *125-25 in. Flower-buds narrowly

ellipsoid, tapering to each end, very slightly ridged; the fully developed

calyx sharply angled ; its lobes 6-8, oblong-lanceolate, acute. Petals none.

Flowers about the size of those of §. acida, usually 2 or 3 together.

Capsule broadly obconic, ribbed, 1 in. or more in diam. at the apex.

DC. Prodr. III, 231; Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. I, 338; Mig. Flor. Ind.

Bat. I, Pt. I, 497; Kurz For. Flora Burma I, 526; Clarke in Flor.

Br. Ind. II, 580; Koorders and Valeton, Bijdr. I, 200. 8S. Mossambi-

censis, Klotsch in Peters Reis. Mossamb, Bot. t, 12. S. acida, Benth.

(not of Linn. fil.) Flor. Austral. III, 301; Hiern in Oliv. Flor. Trop.

Afric. II, 483; Wall. Cat. 3641 B.

Singapore; Wallich, Distris. Java, Moluccas.

Order XLIX. ONAGRACEA.

Herbs, rarely undershrubs, sometimes aquatic. Leaves opposite or

alternate, entire or toothed, undivided (in Trapa the submerged leaves

pinnatipartite), exstipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite, mostly axillary

and solitary, or spiked or racemed towards the ends of the branches,

12) G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

sub-irregular. Calya-tube wholly adnate to the ovary (half-adnate in

Traupa), linib with 2-5 valvate lobes. Petals epigynous, alternate with

the calyx-lobes, rarely 0. Stamens as many or twice as many as the

petals, inserted with them. Ovary inferior (half-inferior in Trapa),

1—6-celled, most often 4-celled; style 1, cylindric or subulate, stigma

capitate or nearly 2-lobed or 4-fid; ovules one or many in each eell,

pendulous or half-ascending, placentas axile. Fruit various, dehiscent

or indehiscent, membranous capsular or bony, 1- or several-celled, 1 or

o-seeded. Seeds without albumen, or nearly so, Dusrris. Species 300,

spread throughout the world, most abundant in the North Temperate

Zone.

Stamens twice as numerons as the calyx-lobes... oo. |. JUSSIMA.

Stamens equal in number to the calyx-lobes_ .,. .. 2 LUDWIGIA.

1. Jussima, Linn.

Herbaceous or suffruticose, sub-aquatic. Leaves simple, alternate,

usually entire. lowers white or yellow, solitary, axillary; pedicel

usually bibracteate at the apex. Culyax-tube narrow, only slightly

produced above the ovary ; its teeth 4—6, acute, persistent. Petals 4-6,

epigynous. Stamens also epigynous, twice as numerous as the petals.

Ovary inferior, 4-5-celled ; style simple, usually very short, the stigma

4-or 5-lobed ; ovules numerous, axile, in several vertical rows at the

inner angle of each cell. Capsule narrow, cylindric or angled, 4- or 5-

celled, 8-10-ribbed, dehiscing septicidally. Seeds very numerous, with-

out coma. Disrris. Species 30, tropical, chiefly American.

JUSSIZA SUFFRUTICOSA, Linn, Sp. Pl, 555. Hrect, branching, 1- 4 feet

high. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or almost linear, acute or

acuminate, narrowed to the base, villous, pubescent or arib- pinkie

2-3 in. long, and ‘25-75 in. broad, sessile or very shortly petioled.

Flowers ‘5-75 in. in diam., on very short pedicels, the bracts small or

foliaceous. Petals wholly yellow. Capsule linear, cylindric, 1-2 in.

long, membranous, not woody, 8-ribbed, deciduously villous or pubes-

cent. Seeds sub-hemispheric; the testa with a prominent raphe, shining,

brown, not corky. DC. Prodr. 117, 58; Wall. Cat. 6334; Mig. Flor. Ind.

Bat. I, Pt. I, 628; Kurzin Journ. As, Soc. 1877, Pt. 11, 90; Clarke in Flor.

Br. Ind, Il, 587. J. ewaltala, Roxb. Hort. Beng, 33; Flor. Ind. I], 401.

J, villosa, Lamk. Dict. III, 331; DC. Prodr. III], 57; Wall. Cat. 6333;

W. & A. Prodr. 336; Gibs. & Dalz. Bomb. Flor. 98. J. fruticosa, DC.

lee. J. scabra, Willd.; DC, lic. J. Burmanni, and octophila, DC. 1. c.

J. longipes, Griff. Notal. IV, 689. J. decumbens, Wall. Cat. 6322.

J.angustifolia, Lamk. Dict. III, 331 and IIL, t. 280, fig. 3; DC. Prodr. III,

55; Mig. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 627, Epilobium fruticoswm, Lour, Flor.

Dopha china 226. Rheede Hort. Mal. I, t, 50.

1898.| G. King-~ Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.) 13

SmyncaporeE; Penanc; Perak; ANDAMAN IstanDs, and probably in

all the other provinces; Distris. British India, Ceylon,

A widely distributed plant to which many names have been given. Itis

readily distinguished from J. repens, Linn. (the only other species common to the

tropics of both worlds) by its narrower leaves, membranous capsule and erect habit..

2. Lupwiaia, Linn.

Herbs, Leaves alternate, undivided, sub-entire. Flowers usually

axillary, solitary, sessile or nearly so, peduncle 2-bracteate at its apex.

Culyx-tube scarcely produced above the ovary, linear in the Indian

species; teeth 3-5, acute, persistent. Petals 3-5 (or 0), epigynous,

yellow. Stamens equal in number to the calyx-segments, epigynous.

Ovary inferior, 4-5-celled ; style simple, stigma capitate; ovules very

many, attached in 2 or more vertical rows to the inner angle of each

cell. Capsule linear or oblong (in the Indian species), 4—5-celled, open-

ing by terminal pores or breaking up irregularly along the sides. Seeds

numerous, obovoid, smooth, raphe obscure or prominent but not large,

without coma. Dustris, Species 20, mostly in North America; extend-

ing from the cool temperate zone to the pete chiefly funapienie

marshes.

Capsules inflated, seeds in several rows re wv. IL. DL. parvifiora.

Capsules filiform, not inflated; seeds in a pag row in

each cell

=! pat a, 2. L. prostrata.

1. Lupwieia parvirtora, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 11; Flor. Ind. I, 419.

An erect glabrous herb 8-24 in. high. Leaves taicalbtoite, linear-lanceo-

late or linear-oblong, narrowed to each end, 1-3 in long, and ‘25-°75 in.

broad. Flowers on short pedicels, usually 4-fid. Petals small. Capsule

inflated, obsoletely 4-angled, smooth, crowned for sometime by the

persistent calyx-teeth, ‘35-5 in. long. Seeds in many rows in each cell.

DC. Prodr. III, 59; Wight Ill. t. 101; W. & A. Prodr. 336; Dalz. &

Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 99; Benth. Flor. Austral. III, 307; Boiss. Flor.

Orient. IJ, 752; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, Pt. II, 91; Clarke in

Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. IT, 588, lL. lythroides, Blume Bijd. 1134;

DC. 1.c. D. jussizoides, Wall. Cat. 6335 (not of Linn. and others).

Perak; Scortechint 442; Wray 2720. ODistris. British India

and Ceylon. |

2. Lupwicta prostrata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 11; Flor. Ind. I, 420.

Stem prostrate, or decumbent at the base and then erect, 8-24 in. long,

glabrous. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,

tapering to the base, 2—4 in. long and °35—75 in. broad. Flowers some-

times more than one in an axil, sessile, 4-fid. Petals lanceolate, longer

than the calyx. Capsule 4-angled, thin, filiform, not at all inflated,

14 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

smooth, crowned by the linear calyx-teeth ; length *5-1 in. diam. ‘02 in.

Seeds oval, ina single row in each cell, DC. Prodr. IIT, 59; Wight Ic. t.

762; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. 1877, Pt. IJ, 91. Clarke in Flor. Br. Ind,

II, 588. L, diffusa, Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XIV, 301; Wall. Cat.

6336; DC. 1. c DL. fruticulosa, Blume Bijd. 1133; DC.1.¢. Nemato-

pyxrs prostrata, pusilla, and fruticulosa, Miq. Flor. Ind, Bat. I, Pt. I, 630.

Perak; Curtis 3183. Sincapore; King’s Collector 58. ANDAMANS;

King’s Collector, Distris. Burma, Cachar, Sylhet, Assam, and the base

of the Hastern Himalaya.

A species closely resembling L. parviflora, but readily distinguished by having

very slender capsules, through the walls of which the seeds may be distinguished

lying in single row in each cell; whereas in L. parviflora the seeds are in several

rows in each cell and are undistinguishable on the outside of the thick walls of the

short inflated capsules.

Order L, SAMYDACEA.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, often distichous, petioled, rarely

subsessile, simple, entire or slightly crenate or serrate, often closely

punctulate beneath; stipules small, deciduous. Flowers regular, small,

axillary, shortly pedicelled, densely fascicled or in long simple or

panicled racemes. Calyx coriaceous, persistent; tube short, free, or

longer and adnate to the ovary; limb 3-7-fid. Petals as many as the

calyx-lobes (or 0), perigynous, imbricated. Stamens definite or indefi-

nite, often with staminodes between or united in a tube with them.

Ovary superior or half-superior, 1-celled ; style 1, capitate or 3-fid at the

apex, or styles 2-5; ovules many or several, placentas 2-5 (usually 3),

parietal. Fruit loculicidally 2-5- (usually 3-) valved, valves carrying

the seeds on their mesial line. Seeds several (usually few, sometimes

many), oblong or angular, albuminous, usually drilled. Disrris.

Species 180, scattered through the tropical regions of the globe, rarely

also in the subtropical.

Flowers without petals :—

Flowers in axillary glomeruli, rarely solitary ... .. 1. CASEARIA,

Flowers in long slender racemes or panicles... .. 2 OSMELIA.

Flowers with petals; flowers in axillary or terminal racemes

or panicles ose Bo ee nas .. & HOMALIUM,

1. Casearia, Jacq.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, distichous, petioled, un-

divided, entire or slightly serrate, often minutely punctate; stipules

small, lateral, caducous. Flowers small, greenish-yellow, clustered in

the axils (in the Indian species) ; pedicels short, jointed above their

bases, surrounded by small scales. Calyx inferior, deeply 4~5-lobed ;

1898.] G. King—NMaterials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 15

lobes imbricate, obtuse, persistent. Petals 0. Stamens double the number

of the calyx-lobes or thereabout, united in a tube with staminodes

alternating with the free portion of the filaments; staminal tube hypo-

gynous, sometimes very short so that the filaments are nearly or quite

free. Ovary free, ovoid, 1-celled, style simple, stigma capitate or 3-fid;

ovules many, parietal. wit succulent, globose or ovoid, ellipsoid

(when dry somewhat 3-angular or 6-ribbed), 3-rarely 2-valved. Seeds

many, angular or obovoid, with a fleshy usually coloured aril ; embryo

straight. Distris. Species 140, in the warmer parts of the whole globe,

most plentiful in America.

Leaves pubescent on the lower surface, glabrescent on the

upper :—

Leaves narrowed or rounded, but never cordate or trun-

cate, at the base ; glomeruli few-flowered .., .. Ll. CG. Lobbiana.

Leaves cordate or truncate at the base; glomeruli many-

flowered ... Ae me ae Palate a, grewiefolia.

Leaves glabrous on both surfaces :—

Fruit not exceeding 1 in. in length and usually much

shorter :—

Leaves broadly elliptic, shortly acuminate, thinly mem-

branous ; calyx-teeth 4 ee os .. 3& @. albicans,

Leaves elliptic-oblong, thinly coriaceous or membran-

ous, main nerves 10-12 pairs; stamens 10 .. 4. GC. andamanica.

Leaves elliptic-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, main nerves

6-8 pairs; stamens 8 ve ae .. 5. C. esculenta.

Fruit large, fleshy, 1°5-2 in. long; leaves narrowly

oblong; coriaceous.

Flowers in glomeruli :—

Leaves tapering slightly to base and apex; fruit

apiculate Kise “ae - 6 GC. Kunstleri.

Leaves acute at the apex, subs acute at the Haines

fruit not apiculate a wv T OC. Clarke.

Flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2, asibtone .» 8. OC. macrocarpa,

1, CaszartA Lopstana, Turez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. (1858),

XXXI, Pt. I, 463, A slender tree 15-20 feet high; young branches

slender, densely tawny-pubescent. Leaves oblung or oblong-lanceolate,

shortly acuminate, the base rounded or narrowed; upper surface

glabrescent, the midrib and nerves pubescent ; lower surface sparsely

pubescent, densely so on the midrib and nerves; main nerves 8-10

pairs, curving upwards, length 2-5 in., breadth 75-225 in.; petioles

‘2-3 in., tomentose, slender. Flowers few together in the leaf-axils, on

very short pedicels, glabrescent. Calyz-teeth triangular, acute, reflexed.

Staminodes villous, rather shorter than the stamens. Fruit almost

sessile and nearly globose, orange-yellow when ripe, ‘5 in. long and °4

in, in diam. Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 594,

16 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

Srvcaporr; Lobb. Porax; King’s Collector 2377, 2631, 10731;

Wray ; 829, 2594; Scortechini (without number), Distris. Tenasserim.

2, CASEARIA GREWI#FOLIA, Vent. Choix. 48. A small tree; young

branches 4-angled, densely rusty-tomentose. Leaves oblong, acute, not

at all or very little narrowed to the cordate sub-truncate base, the

edges entire or minutely crenulate; upper surface shining, almost

glabrous, the lower surface pellucid-punctate when fresh, tomentose

on the midrib and 10-14 pairs of little-curved ascending main nerves,

otherwise sparsely pubescent; length 4°25-6 in., breadth 1°25-2°35 in.,

petiole ‘2 in. Glomeruli many-flowered, chiefly from the axils of fallen

leaves; the flower-pedicels slender, ‘25 in. long, minutely pubescent,

‘ articulated at the base. Flower-bud °15 in. long; sepals minutely

adpressed-pubescent, adnate at the base to the short staminal column.

Stamens 8, the glabrous filaments alternating with the 8 pubescent

staminodes. Ovary pytamidal, hairy at its junction with the style.

Fruit compressed-ellipsoid, nearly 1 in. long, glabrous, boldly ridged

when dry. DC. Prodr. Il,51; Mig. ‘Flor, Ind, Bat. 1, Pi. e706:

Clarke in Flor. Br. Ind. IT, 594. C. variabilis, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd.

Bat. I, 252. C. subcuneata, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 706. C. cinerea,

Turez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (1858), XX XI, Pt, I, 462.

' Manacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib.) 659, 661. Purax; Scortechini ;

2003. Disrris. Java, Bali, and other Islands of the Malay Archipelago.

8. Castaria ALBICANS, Wall. Cat..7197. A shrub 3 or 4 feet high ;

young branches slender, very pale, almost white when dry, glabrous.

Leaves thinly membranous, pale brown when dry and much pellucid-

punctate, more or less broadly elliptic, shortly acuminate; the base

rounded or very slightly narrowed, the edges entire, both surfaces gla-

brous and finely reticulate when dry; main nerves 8 or 9 pairs, curved,

ascending; length 4-7°5 in., breadth 2°25-4 in., petiole *25 in. Glome-

ruli small, few-flowered, axillary ; flower-buds obovoid, almost sessile,

surrounded by numerons acute bracteoles. Calyx-teeth 4, broadly tri-

angular, glabrous. Fruit broadly ovoid, compressed, acute, subglabrous,

1 in. long and ‘65 in. in its broad diameter. ‘‘ Samydee,” Wall. Cat.

7432. | 3

Penang; Wallich. Porax; King’s Collector 3634.

The above description is drawn up from the two sheets of Wall. Cat. above

quoted and of King’s Collector 3634. One of Wallich’s specimens 9197 has fruit

in a pocket detached from the twig, the others have no fruit. The plant here

named C. albicans is not, however, that described under the same name by Mr.

C. B. Clarke in the Flora of British India. Mr. Clarke’s plant is 660 of Maingay’s

Herbarium, and is referred by me (along with 660/2) to C. macrocarpa, Clarke.

4. CASEARIA ANDAMANICA, new species, <A tree 20-40 feet high ;

young branches pale brown, glabrous. Leaves oblong-elliptic, acute,

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 17

slightly narrowed and somewhat oblique at the very base ; both surfaces

glabrous, minutely reticulate when dry; main nerves 10-12 pairs,

spreading, curving upwards, slightly prominent beneath ; length 6-9 in.,

breadth 2°75-3°5 in., petiole *5-"75 in. Glomeruli axillary, large and

many-flowered ; buds sub-globular, glabrous ; pedicels about °25 in. long

glabrous, the bracteoles minute. Calyz-segments ovate, glabrous;

staminal tube wide, nearly glabrous, adherent below to the sepals;

filaments 10, as long as the tube and as the alternating villous stami-

nodes, Ovary elongate-pyramidal, 3-angled, stigma capitate; fruit un-

known.

Anpaman IsLanps ; King’s Collectors.

5. CASEARIA ESCULENTA, Roxb, Flor. Ind. TI, 422. A shrub or

small tree as high as 20 or 30 feet; young branches pale, striate when

dry, glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elliptic-oblong to elliptic-

lanceolate, acute at the apex and acute or obliquely rounded at the

base, the edges entire; both surfaces reticulate ; main nerves 6-8 pairs,

spreading, not prominent; length 3-7 in., breadth 1°5-2°25 in,, petiole

25 in. Glomeruli axillary, many-flowered ; buds and pedicels glabrous,

the latter ‘2-25 in. long; bracteoles very short, glabrous. Calyx-teeth

4, broadly ovate, concave. Scamens 8, alternating with the staminodes.

Ripe fruit ellipsoid to globular-ovate, glabrous, dehiscing by 2 or 5

valves, length *75 in, or more. Clarke in Flor. Br. Ind, II, 592.

O. lxvigata, Dalz, in Hook. Journ. Bot. IV, 107; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.

Flor. 11. ©, Championit and C. Zeylanica, Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Ceylon,

19. OC. varians, Thwaites Enum. 19 (in part).

Sincapore; Lobb, Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib.) 657.

Perak; Ridley 5218; Scortechini 804; King’s Collector 4699, 7001,

A widely distributed species presenting a considerable amount of variation.

Perak specimens have larger leaves than those from British India; but they appear

to have smaller fruits; for Roxburgh describes the fruit of the plant, as it grows

in the Northern Circars, as being as large as a nutmeg.

6, Cassaria Kunstiert, King n. spec. A tree 30-80 feet high ;

young branches pale, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly oblong,

tapering slightly to each end, the edges entire; both surfaces glab-

rous and minutely reticulate; the upper shining, the lower rather

dull; main nerves 7 or 8 pairs, ascending and only slightly curved,

prominent on the lower surface; length 5-7 in., breadth 1-5-2 in.:;

petiole -25 in, stout. Glomerult mostly in the axils of fallen leaves,

many-flowered; pedicels stout, glabrous ‘35-45 in. long; buds ‘15 in,

long, blunt. Calyx 5-cleft, the segments broadly ovate, obtuse, concave,

minutely pubescent, Stamens 10, broad, sub-acute, the filaments broad,

pointed, their edges pubescent. Staminodes elliptic, their apices acute and

J.u. 3

18 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. J,

pubescent. Ovary broadly ovate, 5-celled; the stigma capitate-discoid,

almost sessile. Fruit bright yellow, broadly ovoid or obovoid, apicu-

late, tapering also to the base, glabrous, 1°5-2 in. long and *75-1°35 in.

diam., pulpy and smooth when ripe, boldly 3-angled when dry.

Perak ; Wray 3752; King’s Collector 3694, 6936, 7118.

This resembles both C. macrocarpa and C. Clarkei in several respects, but it has

larger and more numerous flowers, and the fruit is broader, in proportion to its

length, than is the case in either of these species. The leaves are less shining

and reticulate than those of C. macrocarpa, but they closely resemble those of

C. Clarke.

7. CasbaRIACLARKEI, King. A tree; young branches thick, glabrous,

striate. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly oblong, acute at both base and

apex, both surfaces glabrous, the upper shining ; main nerves 5-7 pairs,

slightly curved, ascending, prominent beneath; length 5-10 in., breadth

1°5-2°75 in., petiole 25-4. in. long. Glomeruli very condensed, axillary,

many-flowered ; pedicels ‘25 in. long, glabrous like the buds. Ripe

fruit ovoid, bright yellow, 2 in. long and 1:25 in. in diam. C. albicans,

Clarke in Flor. Br. Ind. II, 593 (not of Wallich).

Manracca; Maingay (Kew Distrib.) 660. Sryearore; Ridley 6354. :

This species resembles C. macrocarpa Clarke, but has smaller fruit. Its leaves

are moreover larger, less shining and less reticulate, and the glomeruli are much

more numerously flowered.

8. CasfaRIA macrocarPa, Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. IT,

593. A small tree; young branches reddish, glabrous. Leaves narrowly

lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the base narrowed, the edges entire;

both surfaces glabrous, shining, minute, reticulate when dry; main nerves

about 5 or 6 pairs, curved, ascending, length 4-6 in., breadth 1 to 1°5 in.,

petiole *3-4in. long, Glomeruli axillary, one-or few-flowered ; pedicels

about *15 in, long, glabrous, the buds glabrous outside, reddish ; calyx-

teeth 5, oblong, blunt, minutely velvety inside. Fruit obovoid or

ellipsoid, compressed, 1°5-1°75 in. long by ‘65 in. broad; seeds obovoid,

compressed.

Pananc; Maingay 660/2; Curtis 229 and 960,

2. Osmetia, Thwaites.

Trees. Leaves alternate, petioled, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, entire

or obscurely serrate, epunctate; stipules minute, deciduous. lowers

small, very nearly sessile, in long simple or panicled racemes. Calyx

inferior, divided nearly to the base; lobes 4 or 5, rounded, imbricate.

Petals 0, Stamens 8 or 10, half alternating with as many 2-lobed hairy

scales and half inserted in the notches of those scales. Ovary superior,

l-celled ; styles 3, short, with capitellate or bifid stigmas; ovules few ;

1898.} G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 19

placentas 3, parietal. Capsule subglobose, 3-valved. Seeds few,

subglobose, with a red fleshy aril. Duisrris. Species 6; Malaya, Philip-

pines, Ceylon.

Osmexta Marneayi, King n. spec.. A diceceous tree 20-60 feet high ;

young branches slender, minutely tawny-tomentose. Leaves membran-

ous, oblong or elliptic-oblong to elliptic, shortly acuminate, the base

rounded or slightly narrowed, the edges entire or very obscurely

crenate; the upper surface glabrous, the lower covered with minute

yellowish pubescence especially on the nerves and midrib; main nerves

6-10 pairs, curved, spreading, interarching within the edge; length

4—6 in., breadth 1°75 to 3 in., petiole ‘6-75 in. Male panicles slender,

terminal, several times as long as the leaves; flowers ‘1 in. in diam.

or less, on short pedicels bracteate at the base, in slightly distant small

glomeruli. Sepals 4, membranous, imbricate, rotund, pubescent, concave.

Petals 0. Stamens 8 in two rows, one row with longer filaments

alternating with the row opposite the broad villous glands. Panicles

of female flowers axillary, shorter than the leaves, slightly longer in

fruit. Calyx as in the male, but the segments smaller. Stamens sub-

equal, shorter than the calyx, the filaments very short, glands and

ovary densely hairy; the latter sub-globular, tomentose, crowned by 3

short distant bifid glabrous stigmas, l-celled ; ovules 3, erect. Capsule

‘5-65 in. long, 3-ridged, dehiscing by 3 valves.

MataccaA; Maingay (Kew Distrib.) 1448. Perak; Scortechini

158, 191, 623. King’s Collector 741, 1240, 2339, 4259, 4096, 5667, 7660,

7045, 10017, 10981; Wray 3665. Pauanc; Ridley 2654, Srncarore ;

King, Ridley 3804, 1904, .

This appears to be a very common tree in Perak; for there is large suite of

specimens of it in the Calcutta Herbarium numbering about 150 sheets, The

various gatherings vary somewhat as to the amount of pubescence and number of

nerves on the leaves, as also in the length of the panicles; but I cannot make

out more than one species. Maingay’s specimen (Kew Distrib.) 1439 looks as if

it might be different. There is only a single sheet of it at Calcutta, and no flower

remains on its panicles. Beccari’s Sumatra plant 928 may possibly belong to still

another species. All the species have the facies of Antidesma; the capsular fruit

when present however at once distinguishes then from that genus.

3. Homatium, Jacq.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, crenate or subentire, petioled or

sessile, rarely punctulate. Flowers hairy, small, in slender axillary and

sub-terminal simple or panicled racemes; bract at the base of the pedicel

often prominent but caducous. Calya-tube funnel-shaped or cylindric,

adnate to the base of the ovary ; lobes 5-10, narrow, persistent, Petals

o-10, inserted in the throat of the calyx, linear-oblong, persistent. Disc

20 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1

tomentose. Stamens solitary or in fascicles of 2-7, opposite the petals,

alternating with large glands. Ovary half-superior, 1-celled ; styles 2-5,

filiform, stigmas capitellate ; ovules many or several ; placentas parietal,

extending only down the upper free portion of the ovary. Capsule half-

superior, coriaceous, 2—5-valved at the apex. Seeds few, angular or

oblong. Duistris.—Species 50, scattered over the hot regions of nearly

the whole globe.

Flowers never more than ‘35 in. in diam. :—

Stamens 1 opposite each petal; leaves glabrous So ke

Stamens 2 in front of each petal; calyx-tube funnel—

+ shaped :—

Leaves glabrous, glaucous beneath; flowers 6-

merous eee vee oop 2 HH. Kunstierz.

Leaves glabrous except on He midrib beneath, not

glaucous; flowers 6- or 7-merous sie 3.

Leaves sparsely pubescent on both surfaces, the

midribs tomentose ; flowers 10-merous we A

Stamens 4 in front of each petal; flowers 6-merous,

calyx-tube cylindric, expanding very slightly at the

mouth see ove aa «. OO. H, frutescens,

Flowers ‘6—75 in. in diam. :—~

Stamens 4 in front of each petal; calyx-teeth 5,

much smaller than the petals : 6.

Stamens 7-9 opposite or sub-opposite to cai ssoulare

calyx-teeth 7-9, larger than the petals and accrescent 7.

H. longifoliwm,

H, propinquum.

H. Griffithianwm.

H. undulatum.

H. grandiflorum.

1, Homanium LonGirotiuM, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. IV, 35

A tree 30-60 feet high; young branches slender,

lenticellate, almost

glabrous.

Leaves coriaceous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or

shortly and bluntly acuminate, the base narrowed; the edges entire,

sometimes slightly undulate; both surfaces quite glabrous, the lower

darkest when dry; main nerves 7-9 pairs, spreading, curved, faint;

length 3-4°5, in., breadth 1'5-1°75 in.; petiole ‘3 in., stout. Racemes

slender, axillary, solitary, rarely branched, 4-7 in. long, covered with

minute white tomentum. Flowers‘15 in, across, almost sessile, in

fascicles of 3 or 4, 6-fid. Calyw-tube narrow, its segments lanceolate like

the petals but broader Stamens one opposite to each petal alternating

with yellow-glands. Fruit unknown. Clarke in Flor. Br. Ind. II,

596. Blackwellia macrostachya, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Mose. 1863

(Vol. XXXVI), 610.

Penang; Phillips, Curtis 201. Maracca; Maingay (Kew Distrib.)

665; Derry 994, Prax; King’s Collector 4444, 7855, 10230, 10763;

Scortechini 487, 2036. SeLancor; Scortechini 1910.

2. Homatium KounstTLERri, n. spec. King. A tree 30-40 feet high ;

young branches glabrous, rather slender, smooth, glaucous. Leaves

1898.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 21

coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, shortly acuminate, narrowed or rounded at

the base, sometimes oblique ; the edges remotely crenate, revolute when

dry ; both surfaces glabrous, the lower glaucous; main nerves 8 or 9

pairs, faint, curving upwards; length 4°5—7 in., breadth 2°25-2°75 in. ;

petiole -2—3 in., thick. Rucemes solitary, axillary, slightly Jonger than

the leayes, bearing rather distant glomeruli of 3.or 4 flowers each, the

rachis densely and minutely tomentose. Flowers *3 in. in diam., the

pedicels about ‘1 in. long. Calya-tube short, widely funnel-shaped ;

teeth 6, oblanceolate, obtuse, spreading, minutely tomentose externally.

Petals 6, broadly lanceolate, sub-acute, equal in length to the calyx-

teeth, villous on the inner surface. Stamens 2 in front of each petal;

the filaments glabrous rising from a small bulb, Ovary hairy. Styles

5, short, sub-erect.

Perak ; King’s Collector 4286, 7109.

3. Homatium Propinguum, C. B, Clarke in Flor. Br. Ind. II, 597.

A tree 60-80 or even 120, feet in height; young branches pale brown

when dry, puberulous. eaves coriaceous, elliptic to elliptic-obovate,

obtuse, or shortly acuminate, more or less narrowed and sometimes

slightly oblique at the base, the edges undulate- or undulate-crenate ;

both surfaces glabrous, the midrib alone sometimes puberulous beneath ;

main nerves 9-1] pairs, curved, spreading, prominent beneath when dry ;

length 4-7 in., breadth 2°25-3°5 in.; petiole ‘25-35 in. Racemes 4-12

in, long, clustered and sometimes panicled at the apices of the branches,

covered with soft pale tomentum., lowers *2in, in diam., 6 or 7-fid, in

close clusters and on pedicels *15 in. long. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped ;

its segments longer than the petals, subspathulate. Stamens twice as

many as the petals, all bearing anthers. Fruit unknown, H. longifolium,

(in part) Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. IV, 35. Blackwellia propinqua,

Wall. Cat. 4898. B. spiralis, Wall. Cat. 4897A.

PenanG; Porter, Curtis 1592. Purak; King’s Collector 3748, 3935,

4883, 7936. Matuacca; Grifith; Maingay (Kew Distrib.) 664.

4, Homantom Grirriratanum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Bengl, XL,

Pt, Il, (for 1877), 57. A tree 30-40 feet high, the young parts softly

tawny-pubescent. eaves membranous, obovate-oblong, shortly and

bluntly apiculate, slightly narrowed to the rounded or minutely sub-

cordate base, the edges subentire to coarsely crenate; both surfaces

sparsely pubescent, tomentose or densely pubescent on the midrib

and 7-9 pairs of spreading little curved not prominent main nerves;

length 2°75-5 in., breadth 1°65-2'5 in.; petiole ‘2-"4 in., pubescent,

Racemes solitary, one and a half times as long as the leaves, softly

tawny-tomentose; the glomeruli few-flowered, not crowded together.

Flowers °35 in. in diam., densely villous in all parts. Oalya-tube conical

22 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No, 1,

expanding into a wide mouth ; the teeth 10, linear. Petals oblanceolate

or spathulate, broader and longer than the sepals. Stamens 2 in front of

each petal, glabrous. Ovary short, crowned by 5 short slightly spread-

ing styles, glabrous towards the apex. Fruit unknown. Kurz For,

Flora Burma, II, 531; Clarke in Flor. Br. Ind. II, 597. H. feetidum,

Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. IV, 37 (in part). Blackwellia dasyantha,

Turez, Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc. Vol. XXXVI (J863), 610. Blackwellia

spec., Griff. Notule IV, 584.

KepaH; Curtis 2506. Trane; King’s Collector 1393. Disrrtre.

Tenasserim.

Kurz describes the calyx-lobes and petals as 6 each, and in that he is quite

wrong; for dissection of Griffith’s specimen (which is the type of the Species) shows

10 of each. Although the structure of the flowers is the same in the gatherings

of this plant from Burma, Kedah and Trang, there is considerable difference as to

the amount of hair on the leaves and also as to theiredges. The Burmese specimens

are rather obscurely crenate except when very young; the Kedah plant has its adult

leaves boldly crenate and minutely pubescent on th@lower surface and glabrescent

on the upper (except the midrib and main nerves) ; while the Trang specimens are

glabrescent on both surfaces, with the exception of the nerves and midrib. The

flowers of the Trang plant are moreover slightly larger than those either from

Kedah or Tenasserim.

5. HomatiuM FRUTESCENS, King. A tree 20-30 feet high ; young

branches slender, pale when dry, glabrous, striate. Leaves thinly

coriaceous, elliptic-oblong to elliptic, shortly acuminate, tapering slightly

to the base; main nerves 7 or8 pairs, curving upwards, prominent beneath;

both surfaces glabrous, minutely reticulate, the lower pale-brown and

the upper olivaceous when dry; length 3-5 in, breadth 1:75-2-25

(rarely 2°75 in.), petiole ‘lin. acemes axillary, sometimes with 2 or 3

branches, about as long as the leaves or sometimes longer, the rachis

puberulous ; the flowers numerous but not crowded, in pairs or solitary,

about ‘25in. long, and ‘] in. or*l5 diam. at the mouth; the pedicel

under ‘lin. in length. Calyx narrowly cylindric-conic, boldly ridged;

teeth 6, lanceolate, acute, erect. Petals larger than the petals, oblong-

lanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces but especially on the upper.

Stamens 4 opposite each petal and slightly exceeding it in length,

glabrous. Ovary hairy, elongate; styles 5, as long as the stamens,

cylindric, erect, Fruit unknown. Blackwellia longiflora, Mig. Flor.

Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 715. B. caryophyllacea, Zoll. et Moritz. Syst.

Verz. 33; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. 1, c. 715; Homalium caryophyllacewm,

Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. IV, 38. Cordylanthus frutescens, Blume

Mus. Bot. Ludg, Bat. LH, 27, fig. II. Homalium cordylanthus, Benth.

in Journ, Linn. Soc. IV, 38.

Setancor ; Jiidley 1902. Jonore; Ridley 4050, 4182. Pura;

King’s Collector, 776, 777, 784, 5246, 7040, 10471, 10237, 10102, 10996.

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 23

The flower of this is excellently figured by Blume in his Mus. Bot. as quoted

above. Flowers however of a slightly different shape are found in some specimens.

In these the calyx-tube is funnel-shaped and less cylindric, and the petals are more

spreading. These are associated usually-with larger leaves, more broadly elliptic

in shape; and at one time I was of opinion that they might belong to a different

species. But the examination of nearly a hundred specimens of the two forms as

collected in Perak has convinced that they are not specifically separable. Blume

describes the plant as a shrub, but in Perak it is always a small tree. Miquel’s

Homalium obovale from Sumatra (Flor. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 334) comes very near

this, and perhaps is not distinct.

6. HoMALIUM UNDULATUM, n. spec. King. A tree 40-60 feet high ;

young branches slender, pale-brown, minutely lenticellate. Leaves

thinly coriaceous, elliptic, shortly and bluntly acuminate, slightly

narrowed and sometimes unequal at the base, the edges undulate-

crenate ; both surfaces glabrous and minutely reticulate when dry, the

upper shining, the lower dull; length 3-4 in., breadth 1°75-2 in., petiole

‘2-25 in. Inflorescence consisting of a terminal panicle twice as long

as the leaves and of afew solitary racemes from the upper leaf-axils,

many-flowered, the ‘rachises covered by minute rather sparse pale

tomentum. lowers ‘6 or*7 in. in diam., lax; their pedicels slender,

tomentose, ‘4. in. long. Calya-tube widely funnel-shaped, very slightly

ridged, minutely tomentose; teeth 5, lanceolate, tomentose on both

surfaces like the tube. Petals 5, much longer than the sepals, obovoid,

blunt, clawed at the base, reticulate, tomentose. Stamens shorter than

the sepals and much shorter than the petals, 4 in front of each petal,

glabrous. Ovary hairy, crowned by 3 narrowly conical spreading hairy

styles, Fruit unknown.

Purak ; [King’s Collector 7064, 8184.

7. HoMALIUM GRANDIFLORUM, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. IV, 37,

A tree 30-40 feet high ; young branches rather stout, glabrous. Leaves

coriaceous, elliptic to oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, narrowed near

the petiole, the edges revolute and obscurely crenulate; both surfaces

minutely reticulate when dry, and the upper very shining, the lower

somewhat duller; main nerves 9-12 pairs, ascending, only slightly

curved; length 3°5-6°5 in., breadth 1°75-3°25 im.; petiole ‘2-'3 in.,

stout. Injlorescence consisting of terminal few-branched panicles and

of solitary axillary racemes with tomentose rachises. Flowers numerous

but not crowded, solitary, uot in glomerul, °75 in. in diam. ; the pedicels

‘2 in. long, tomentose. Calywx-tube short, hemispheric ; teeth 7-9, spathu-

late-oblong, spreading, enlarged often flowering. Petals lanceolate,

shorter than the calyx-teeth; the glands alternating with the petals,

large. Stamens 7-12 opposite each petal; the filaments subulate, sparsely

pilose. Ovary free or nearly so, 6-7-ridged, tomentose, conical; styles

24 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

6 or 7, short, glabrous, erect. Fruit unknown. Clarke in Flor. Br. Ind.

II, 598. Pierrea dictyoneura, Hancein Trimen’s Journ. Bot. for 1877, 339-

Matacca; Griffith. Perak; Scortechini, Sincaporn; Ridley 6527.

Gulf of Siam; Hance. Distris. Tenasserim.

An examination of flowers of his Pierrea dictyoneuwra, sent to me by the late

Dr. Hance, proves that that plant is a species of Homaliwm with larger flowers and

more stamens than usual.

Order LIT. CUCURBITACE A,

Climbing herbs or shrubs; tendrils solitary, lateral, spiral, simple

or divided. Leaves alternate, petioled, frequently cordate, simple, lobed

or pedately divided. Flowers moncecious or dicecious, yellow or white,

racemed and solitary, less commonly panicled. Calyx-tube wholly

adnate to the ovary; limb rotate, campanulate, or tubular; lobes 5

(rarely 3), imbricate. Petals 5, inserted on the calyx-limb, united in a

tube, or nearly or quite free, sometimes fimbriated at the margin, valvate

or involute in the bud. Stamens inserted at the mouth or about the

middle or at the base of the calyx-tube, usually 3 (sometimes 5 or 2),

anthers free or united into a tube, one usually 1-celled and the other

two 2-celled, cells straight or flexuose or conduplicate, the connective

sometimes crested or produced. Ovary inferior, usually 3-carpellary ;

style 1 with 3 stigmas, more rarely styles 2-3-4; placentas usually 3,

vertical, in double lines, the edges of the carpellary leaves being often

turned in so far that the ovary (even before fertilization) is spuriously

3-celled; ovules usually many, horizontal, rarely pendulous, sometimes

few and pendulous from near the top of the ovary. Fruit generally

berried or fleshy, indehiscent or dehiscing by valves or by a circum-

scissile lid, often 1-celled, the seeds being often packed in pulp or fibre.

Seeds usually many, often compressed, horizontal, pendulous, fre-

quently corrugated or sub-spinose on the margins, albumen 0, Dzsrris.

Species 600, in the warmer parts of the whole globe especially in the

tropics.

Tribe I, CucuMERINEM. Ovules horizontal ; female flowers

solitary, never panicled ; stamens 3, rarely 2 or 5, free

or variously connate ; cells of anthers straight, curved or

flexnous; ovary bearing 3 (rarely 2 or 5) placentas :—

Anther-cells conduplicate or sigmoid; corolla rotate or

campanulate, divided to the base :—

Petals cirrhiferous or fimbriate :—

Seeds only 6, perfect, very large Vr Hopesonia.

Seeds numerous, testa not fibrous oa .. 2. TRICHOSANTHES.

Petals entire :—

Calyx-tube of male flower elongate; the anthers in-

cluded in the tube, cohering, sessile or subsessile,

tendrils usually simple des vee .. 3 GYMNOPETALUM,

—_

1898.] G, King— Materials for a Flora of the Maluyan Peninsula. 29

Calyx-tube of male flower short; anthers usually

exserted or sub-exserted, free or slightly coherent :—

Stamens inserted near the mouth of the calyx-

tube ; the anthers cohering slightly :—

Male flowers in racemes or clusters; fruit more

or less fibrous, dehiscing by a _ transverse

lid near the apex; tendrils 2—5-fid .. 4. Lurra.

Male and female flowers solitary; fruit not

fibrous, very fleshy, indehiscent ; tendrils 2-fid 5. BrNINcASA.

Stamens inserted below the mouth of the calyx-

tube; anthers more or less cohering; male

flowers in racemes, usually bracteate; tendrils

simple We 6. Momorpica.

Anther-cells straight, the abhdetis sass the fruit

on a slender pedicel F .. 7. MELOTHRIA.

Tribe II. GyNostEMMER. Ovules Baccarat ; nee ne

in panicles; stamens 3-5, anther-cells straight, filaments

connate near the base ; ovary 3-celled and with 3 placentas,

fruit indehiscent es: ... 8. GYNOSTEMMA.

Tribe III. Zanonrm. Ovules Bedi canis flowers in

_panicles or racemes; stamens 5, free, anthers straight ;

ovary with 3 placentas; fruit cylindric or clavate, dry,

1-celled, dehiscence circumscissile ; seeds winged :—

Calyx-lobes 3, seeds winged all round ana «» 9. ZANONIA.

Calyx-lobes 5, seeds winged at the apex only ... LO. ALSOMITRA.

1. Hopesonra, H. f. & T.

A large climber. Leaves coriaceous, 3-5-lobed, long-petioled ;

tendrils 2-3-fid. lowers large, dicecious ; males in long racemes ; bracts

oblong, entire, deciduous; females solitary. Male-calyx long-tubular,

with a shortly campanulate mouth and 5 short teeth; petals 5, connate

at the base, very long-fimbriate; stamens 3, filaments very short ;

anthers exserted, connate, linear, one l-celled, two 2-celled, cells condu-

plicate. Female calyx and corolla as in the male; ovary globose,

l-celled; style long; stigmas 3, oblong, bifid, exserted; placentas 3,

parietal, near the base of the ovary, 2-ovulate oneach side. Prutt.

large, depressed-globular, 12-grooved, flesh hard; perfect seeds usually

six, each having a smaller, commonly barren one, attached to its side,

flat-ellipsoid, with sunk veins.

Hopesonia HereRocLITA, Hook. fil. and Thoms. in Proc. Linn. Soc.

II, 257. Stem very long, often reaching 80 or 100 feet. Leaves palmate,

somewhat cordate at the base; the lobes entire, rarely slightly denti-

culate, acute; both surfaces glabrous, minutely reticulate when dry,

6-10 in, long and as broad, the petioles 2 or 3 in. long. Male racemes

about as long as the leaves; bracts solitary, oblong, acute, *o in. long,

Calyx rusty-tomentose externally, the tube 3 or 4 in. long, with a gland

J. U1. 4

26 G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

on each tooth of the mouth. Petals sub-obcordate, retuse, about 2 in.

long, covered with brown hairs and 3-nerved externally ; the inner

surface white, the margins fringed with very long spiral villous

yellow threads. Filaments clavate, anthers forming an inverted cone;

pistil 0. Female flowers often on a separate plant; their peduncles 1 or

2 in. long, occasionally in a raceme much shorter than those of the

males; stamens 0. Fruit turbinate, 4-10in. in diam., and less from base

to apex, covered with short reddish-brown tomentum. Seeds 2-3 in.

long, and 1°5-2°25 in. broad. Hook, fil. Ill. Himal. Pl. tt, 1, 2, 3;

Flor. des Serres, t. 1262, 3; Clarke in Hook, fil. Flor. Br, Ind. II, 606.

Hodgsonia macrocarpa, Cogn. in DC. Mon, Phan. III, 349. Trichosan-

thes macrocarpa, Bl. Bijdr. 935; Ser. in DC. Prodr. II, 315; Miq.

* Flor. Ind, Bat. I, Pt. II, 676. J, hexasperma, Bl. Bide: 19555" De:

Prodr. III, 315; Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar. 192; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1. c, 678.

T. heteroclita, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 70; Fl. Ind. III, 705; Wall. Cat. 6684.

T. grandiflora, Wall. Cat. 6685 (not of Blume).

Perak; Scortechini, Wray, King’s Collector. Matacca; Maingay.

Prnanc; Wallich. Distris. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Burma, Assam,

and the base of the Hastern Himalaya.

The earliest name of this species was Roxburgh’s (7. heteroclita), published in

the Hortus Bengalensis in 1814. Blume’s name TJ. macrocarpa dates from 1826,

2. TricHosantHes, Linn.

Scandent herbs. Leaves entire or 3-9-lobed, denticulate ; tendrils

usually 2—5-fid. lowers dicecious or occasionally moneecious, white ; male

peduncles usually in axillary pairs, one 1-flowered caducous, the other

racemose ; bracts large or small or 0; female flower solitary. Male-

calyx long-tubular; teeth 5, lanceolate, entire serrate or laciniate.

Corolla 5-fid nearly to the base, lobes long-fimbriate; stamens 3;

anthers almost included, connate (free in 7’. dioica), long-linear, one

l-celled, two 2-celled, cells conduplicate, Female calyx and corolla

as in the male. Ovary inferior, at the base of the calyx-tube,

1-celled; style filiform, 3-or 6-fid at the apex; placentas 3, parietal ; ovules

very many, horizontal, half-pendulous. J’rwit lanceolate or globose,

smooth, acute or obtuse at the apex. Seeds many, horizontal, packed

in pulp, compressed, ellipsoid, sometimes angular on the margin.

Disrris. Species 38, in South-Hast Asia, extending through Malaya to

North Austraiia, also through China to Japan.

Leaves, although often deeply lobed, always simple :—

Male inflorescence ebracteate ... a wees oL.) DP. cucumerina.

Male inflorescence bracteate :—

Bracts linear-oblong or narrowly rhomboid, quite

entire . eve ai oe we 27, Hearn

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Maluyan Peninsula. 27

Bracts small ovate-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate,

obscurely dentate, leaves quite smooth and glab-

rous on both surfaces ex . 38. TT. tricuspidata.

Bracts very large, ovate to sub- oeincalne, ieente

incised or simply serrate; calyx-teeth lanceolate;

fruit usually globular, rarely ovate... - 4 TT. palmata.

Bracts rather large, oblong-ovate, laciniate; calyx-

teeth spreading, entire; fruit always ellipsoid ... 5. TT, Wallichiana.

Leaves usually trifoliolate, but sometimes simple on the.

same or different plants; leaflets membranous, unequal,

much acuminate, the edges undulate-dentate: bracts of

male inflorescence small, oblong, their edges with a few

long distant teeth bu ow 6. PF. Wawrei.

Leaves always trifoliolate ; tail ote coriaceous, hah bet and

bluntly apiculate or subacute, the edges quite entire ;

bracts of male inflorescence deltoid, their edges pectinate 7. T. celebtca.

1. TRiIcHOSANTHES cUCUMERINA, Linn. Sp, Pl. Ed.1,1008. Stems

slender, angled, puberulous. Leaves membranous, orbicular-reniform to

broadly ovate in general outline; the edges remotely denticulate, often

more or less deeply 3-5 or 7-lobed; the lobes broad with acute but not

acuminate apices and often sinuate margins, the base deeply cordate,

the sinus often sub-rectangular ; upper surface sparsely pubescent or

sub-glabrous, the lower deciduously pubescent at first, ultimately sub-

scabrid; length 2-4 in. and breadth about the same; petiole 1-2 in.,

pubescent ; tendrils slender, sulcate, puberulous, 2—3-fid. Male peduncles

rather longer than the leaves, pubescent, bearing a few flowers towards

the apex, ebracteate. Flowers ‘5-1 in. in diam. at the mouth; the

tube 2 or 3 times longer, cylindric, a solitary male flower sometimes

from the same axil as the peduncle. Female flower on a peduncle ‘5 in.

long, fruit 1-3 in. long, narrowly ovoid, the apex conical, red when ripe;

seeds half ellipsoid, compressed, corrugated. Lour. Flor. Cochchin,

588; Ser.in DC. Prodr. IIT, 315; Roxb. Hort. Beng. 70; Roxb. Flor.

Ind. III, 720; Wall. Cat. 6690 A, B, C, D, F; Blume Bijd. 933;

Dalz, & Gibs. Bomb. Flor. 102; Mig. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 676;

Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 4, XVIII, 191; Kurzin Journ. As. Soe.

1877, Pt. II, 98; W. & A. Prodr. 350; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt.

I, 676; Thwaites Enum. Pl. Ceyl. 126; Benth. Flor. Austral. III, 314;

Clarke in Hook, fil. Flor. Br, Ind. IT, 609; Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan.

III, 358, T. laciniosa, Klein in Herb. Rottler. 1’. pilosa, Wall. Cat,

6691. Bryonia wmbellata, Wall. Cat. 6700 D. Cucumis Missionis, Wall.

Cat. 6728.

Perak; King’s Collector 5622, Disrris. Malayan Archipelago;

British India.

The Perak plant has larger flowers than any Indian specimen, and I refer it to

T, cucumerina with some hesitation,

28 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

2. 2? TricnosantHrs Hearni, F. Mull. in Benth. Flor. Austral. III,

315. Stem slender, glabrous, sulcate. Leaves membranous, broadly

ovate, the apex acute or acuminate, the base deeply and widely cordate ;

the edges rather remotely denticulate, sometimes remotely sinuate-lobed ;

the upper surface glabrous and shining, the lower densely and minutely

pubescent, the nerves, subglabrous and stout; length 4-8 in., breadth

3°5-6 in., petiole 1-1°75 in, Male peduncles often in pairs, axillary,

longer than the leaves, slender, puberulous, angled ; floriferous in the

upper half; bracts linear-oblong, entire, about °25 in. long; several of

the lower ones narrowly rhomboid, all pubescent, flowers under 1] in. in

diam. at the mouth; calyx-tube cylindric, the mouth narrowly infundi-

buliform, puberulous; the lobes of the mouth narrow, acute. Female

flower and fruit unknown.

Anpamans; Kurz, King’s Collector.

The late Mr. Kurz collected a single specimen of this on Rutland island (in the

Andaman group) many years ago, and he referred it in the Calcutta Herbarium to

Trichosanthes reniformis, Miq. He also suggested for it the name Trichosanthes

herpetospermum,—-a name which he never published. In 1890 several specimens of

the plant were collected near Port Mowat, on the Sonth Andaman. Specimens of

this second gathering, as well as of Kurz’s original gathering, were sent by me to Mr.

C. B. Clarke who found that they closely resemble, and are probably identical with,

T. Hearni, an Australian species named by the late Baron von Miiller, and of which

an imperfect description was published by Mr. Bentham in his Flora of Australia.

And to this species I now doubtfully refer both the Andaman gatherings.

3. TRICHOSANTHES TRICUSPIDATA, Lour, Flor. Cochinchin. IJ, 723.

Stem stout, sulcate, smooth, glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate-

sub-triangular, with from 38-5 stout triangular broad, acute or acumi-

nate, spreading lobes, the base broadly cordate, the edges remctely and

minutely denticulate or subentire, glabrous on both surfaces; length

and breadth 3-5 in.; petiole slender, 1-1‘5 in.; tendrils 3-fid. Male

peduncles floriferous for half their length, longer than the leaves, stout,

glabrous or puberulous, 10-20 flowered; bracts ‘thick, rigid, ovate-

lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, obscurely dentate or entire; calyx-tube

tapering to the base, shortly but densely tomentose, the lobes caudate-

lanceolate with a few irregular distant teeth; corolla 1°5 in. in diam.

Female flower from the same axil as the male peduncle, the tube 1°5 in.

long, the corolla °75 in. in diam. ; fruit ovoid when young, subglobular

and 2 in. in diam. when ripe, smooth, yellow with numerous small black

pustules, the pulp thick; the seeds in the very centre, broadly ovate,

compressed, *5 in. long and ‘4 in. broad. Blume Bijdr. 935; Ser. in

DC. Prodr. ITI, 315; Roem, Syn., fasc. II, 95; Mig, Flor. Ind. Bat. I,

Pt. I, 676; Cogniaux in DC. Mon. Phan. IIT, 374.

_ Penane; Curtis 1947. Perak; Scortechini 376; King’s Collector

2202, 5111; Wray 4029.

1898.| G. King— Materials for a Flora'of the Malayan Peninsula. 29

This resembles T. palmata, Roxb. and T. Wallichiana, Wight; but the lobes of

the leaves are shallower and their surfaces more glabrous and not at all scabrid,

while the bracts of the male inflorescence are much narrower and very acuminate ;

and their edges, instead of being laciniate, are entire or at most obscurely dentate.

4, TRICHOSANTHES PALMATA, Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) p. 70.

Stem stout, angled and sulcate, glabrous, Leaves thickly membranous,

broadly ovate or orbicular in general outline, deeply cut down to

about the middle into 3-7 lobes; the lobes acute or acuminate, their

edges entire or denticulate, the base deeply but usually narrowly

cordate; upper surface more or less scabrous or scabrid, glabrous, glan-

dular near the apex of the petiole, the lower glabrous or somewhat

pubescent, length and breadth 2-6 in. ; petiole rather slender, 1 to 3 in.

long; tendrils 2- or 3-fid. Male racemes sometimes in pairs, longer than

the leaves, few-flowered; bracts large, ovate to sub-orbicular, deeply

incised or simply serrate, glabrous or with viscid hairs; calyx-tube 1°5

in. long, tomentose or glabrous, the teeth lanceolate, the edges deeply

serrate or laciniate. Female flower solitary, on a peduncle less than

1 in. long ; fruit ovoid, pointed when young, globular when ripe, 1*5-2

in. in diam. T. palmata, Roxb. Flor. Ind. III, 704; Wall. Cat. 6688

(excl. C, F); W. & A. Prodr. 350 ; Wight Ill. t. 104, 105; Dalz. & Gibs.

Bomb. Flor. 103. 1. laciniosa, Wall. Cat. 6689 A,B. T. aspera, Heyne

in Herb. Rottler. 1. tricuspis, Mig. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 679. T.

cordata, Wall, Cat. 6686 (excl. A and B). TT. anguina, Wall. Cat. 6687

(F partly) ; Voigt Hort. Bot. Sub. 58. TT. bracteata, Kurz in Journ.

As. Soc. Beng. 1877, Pt. II, 99; Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. III, 375,

T. pubera, Blume Bijdr. 936; Ser. in DC. Prodr. III, 315; Roem. Syn,

fase. II, 95; Mig. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 675. Cucurbita Melopepo,

Wall. Cat. 6725. Involucraria Wallichit, Seringe in DC. Prodr. III,

318. Bryonia palmata, Wall. Cat. 6711 F.

Perak; Wray 2181, 2371, 2478, 3049 ; King’s Collector 1848, 4983,

10579. Anpamans ; King’s Collector.

The fruit when ripe is usually globular ; but there are specimens in the Calcutta

Herbarium which have oval fruit like T. Wallichiana, Wight, and at the same time

the scabrid leaves and laciniate calyx lobes which are supposed to be characteristic

of this species.

5. TrichosanrHes Watiicuiana, Wight in Ann. and Mag. Nat.

Hist. VIII, 70. Stem robust, angled and sulcate, glabrous. Leaves

membranous, sub-orbicular in general outline, divided half-way down or

more into 3-5 oblong or triangular acute lobes ; the lobes sparsely denti-

culate, the lower on each side sometimes lobulate, the base deeply

and widely cordate; both surfaces glabrous and usually smooth, the

upper sometimes slightly scabrid and with a few glands near the apex

of the petiole; length and breadth 3-7 inches, tendrils 3-fid. Male

30 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. {[No. 1,

peduncles at first shorter than the leaves, elongating with age; bracts

oblong-ovate, their edges laciniate; calyx-tube glabrous, the teeth

spreading, entire; petals obovate, laciniate. Female flower solitary ;

fruit ellipsoid, obtuse, smooth, 2-4 in. long. Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan,

III, 368. Involucraria Wallichiana, Ser. in Mem. Hist. Nat. Geneve III,

Pt. I, 25 t. 5; in DC: Prodr. III, 318; Roem. Syn. fasc. 2, Speees,

Trichosanthes multiloba, Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. IT, 607 (not of

Mig.). TT. grandibracteata, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLVI, 98, 99.

PaHaneG ; Ridley 244. Sincarore; Ridley 296, 446, 4762. Prnane ;

Curtis 2004. Perak; Scortechint 508 and 600. .

A species scarcely separable from T. pubera, Bl., of which in my opinion it

would better be treated as a variety.

6. TricHosantHes Wawr2zt, Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. ITI, 384,

Stem slender, sub-glabrous, sulcate. Leaves membranous, trifoliolate

or simple; leaflets of the trifoliolate form unequal, the middle one

oblanceolate, the lateral ones angularly auriculate or lobulate at the

base on the outer side, the edges of all subentire or sparsely denticulate

and the apices much acuminate, all with slender petiolules -25-—3

in, long; the lower surface reticulate when dry, glabrous, the upper

sparsely and minutely pustulate and glabrous; length of the leaflets

2°5-5 in., breadth °75-1'5 in., petiole 1:°25-2 in.; the simple form

triangular-oblong, tapering gradually to the apex, the base with 2 short

sub-horizontal lobules, length 2°5-5 in.; tendrils short, simple or bifid.

Male peduncles shorter than the leaves, very stout, sulcate, glabrous,

many-flowered ; bracts small, oblong, their edges with a few long teeth,

the flowers extending for half their length; calyx °5 in. long, narrowly

campanulate, suddenly contracted into the tube, the teeth erecto-

patent or recurved, lanceolate, acuminate, entire. Female flower with

cylindric tube slightly dilated at the apex, the teeth as in the male;

petals white, yellowish at the base, oblong, 3-nerved, the fimbriz long,

the external surface minutely papillose ; ovary, glabrous, ovoid-oblong ;

fruit subglobular when young, oblong when ripe, smooth, red with

orange or white stripes ; seeds compressed, oblong-ovoid, ‘6 in. long.

Perak; King’s Collector 2203, 4519, 4668, 5380, 5405, 10176.

Wray 2382; Scortechint. (SincApoRE; Wawra 241 in Herb. Vindob.

fide Cogniaux.)

Cogniaux describes this as having its leaves always trifoliolate. But in some

of the Perak specimens both trifoliolate and simple leaves as above described are

to be found; in a few only simple leaves, and in the majority only trifoliolate.

7. TricHosANTHES CELEBICA, Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. III, 385,

Stem slender, glabrous, sulcate, sometimes hairy at the nodes. Leaves

coriaceous, trifoliolate; the leaflets unequal in size, the middle one

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 31

the largest, ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate or sub-acute; the base

slightly narrowed, oblique, not cordate, the edges quite entire; both

surfaces glabrous, minutely reticulate when dry, the upper minutely

punctate ; length of leaflets 3-4'5 in., breadth 1°5-2°5 in. ; petiole 1-1°5

in. long, stout; petiolules *15 in. ; tendrils short, bifid. Male peduncle

shorter than or equal to the leaves, stout, deeply sulcate, adpressed-

pubescent, floriferous for half its length; bracts deltoid, pectinate,

tawny glandular-tomentose. Calya-tube narrowly infundibuliform,

minutely pubescent; the teeth lanceolate, acuminate, entire, erecto-

patent. Female flower unknown. Fruit ovate, smooth, 8 in. long

and 3 or 4 in. in diam. with a leathery rind, bright red with 10 yellow

stripes when ripe; seeds obliquely oblong, compressed, smooth, ‘6 in.

long and ‘4 in. broad.

Perak; Wray 2460; Scortechini; King’s Collector 4033. Srnea-

PORE; Ridley 2051, 4592, 6783; Hullett 247. Disrris. Celebes, Beccari.

3. GYMNoPETALUM, Arn.

Twining herbs, tendrils usually simple or 2-fid. Leaves petioled,

5-angular, nearly entire or deeply lobed, Flowers white (or yellow ?),

somewhat large; occasionally moncecious; male peduncles in fully

developed plants 2 from each axil, the earlier 1-flowered, the later

longer with racemes, either often suppressed; bracts on the racemes

persistent, large, lanceolate, incised or small ; females 1-flowered, usually

in separate axils. Male calyx-tube long, contracted near the mouth,

limb of 5 lanceolate segments ; petals 5, not fimbriate on the margin;

stamens 3; anthers included, connate, elongate, 1-2-celled, cells

conduplicate ; rudiments of the ovary 1 or 3, small, linear. Female

calyx and corolla as in the male; ovary oblong; style long, stigmas 3,

short linear; ovules horizontal, many ; placentas 3, long, vertical. Fruit

ovate-oblong, acute at both ends. Seeds many or few, ellipsoid, com-

pressed, margined, nearly smooth. Dusrris. Species 6; in India, China

and Malaya. |

Leaves not lobed ... cag = we Ll. G. integrifolium.

Leaves lobed :—

Leaves 3-5-lobed half way down, reniform to trian-

gular in general outline; lobes triangular acute, not

lobulate ie ada des we 2. G. Cochinchinensis.

Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the lobes lobulate-sinuate,

blunt, their general outline orbicular ... we 3 G. quinqueloculare.

1. GYMNOPETALUM INTEGRIFOLIUM, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.

XL, 58. Creeping, only a few feet long; stem scabrid, tendrils simple

or bifid. Leaves reniform, obtuse; the margin undulate or denticulate,

not lobed; upper surface very scabrid, the lower softly tomentose,

32 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

length 1°75-2 in., breadth *8-2°25 in., petiole ‘45-65 in. Flowers mone-

cious, all solitary, axillary and bracteate, the male peduncle 1°5 in. long,

the female only ‘25 in. Calyz-tube in both sexes elongate, densely

covered with long brown hairs; the teeth 5, lanceolate; corolla white,

about 1:35 in. in diam., its lobes obovate, entire, pubescent, veined.

Fruit about ‘75 im. in diam., globular, smooth, orange-red. Kurz in

Flora for 1871, p. 295; Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 612.

Cucumis integri folius, Roxb. Flor. Ind. III, 724; Wall. Cat. 6730.

Trichosanthes officinalis, Wall. Cat, 6694. T. integrifolia, Kurz in Journ.

As. Soc. Beng. XLVI, Pt. II, 99; Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. ITI, 386.

Perak; Wray 2167; Ridley 3107.

Kurz named this Gymnopetalium integrifolium in the Journal of the Asiatic

Society of Bengal which was issued in March 1871. His publication of it in Flora

dates only from October of the same year.

2. GymnopeTaLUM COocHINCHINENSIS, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.

XLVI, Pt. II, 57. Stems slender, angled, slightly scabrid-hairy. Leaves

reniform to triangular in outline, 5-angled or 3-5-lobed half way

down; the lobes triangular, acute, the edges crenate-dentate and

thickened, the base deeply and widely cordate, both surfaces more or

less scabrid, length 2 to 4 in., breadth 2 to 3°5 in.; petiole scabrid-

pubescent, 1-1°5 in. long; tendrils simple or bifid. Male peduncle

longer than the leaves, the flowers racemose, or sometimes solitary ;

bracts large, incised-serrate, *5-"75 in. long; calyx-tube sub-cylindric,

villous, the mouth closed by deflexed hairs, the teeth erecto-patent ;

petals ovate-oblong, ‘5 in. long, entire or sub-crenate. Peduncle of

female flower shorter than the leaf-petiole, sparsely puberulous ; fruct

about 2 in. long. and *75 in. in diam., somewhat scabrid, 10-ribbed,

orange-red, the beak long; seeds about ‘25 in. long. Kurz in Flora

for 1871, p. 295; Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 611; Cogn.

in DC. Mon. Phan. III, 391. Bryonia cochinchinensis, Lour. Flor.

Cochinch. 595; DC, Prodr. III, 305. Momordica tubiflora, Roxb.

Flor. Ind. III, 711, (not of Wallich). Zripodanthera cochinchinensis.

Roem. Synops. II, 48. Scotanthus tubiflorus, Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser.

4, XVI. 172, t. 3. Trichosanthes cucumerina, Wall. Cat. 6690 EH.

T.? Fatoa, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 6695. Bryonia grandis, Wall. Cat. 6700

K. L. Trichosanthes costata, Bl. Bijdr. 933; Ser. in DC. Prodr. III, 314.

Panane; Ridley 2446. Kepan ; Curtis 2592, Perak; King’s Col-

lector 10563. Distris. British India, Malayan Archipelago, China.

3. GYMNOPETALUM QUINQUELOBUM, Miq. in Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I,

681. A slender annual; stem striate, with short pubescence or

glabrous. Leaves orbicular in general outline, deeply 5-lobed ; the lobes

sinuately 2- or 3-lobulate, or oblong and subentire; both surfaces

sparsely covered with thick whitish hairs with bulbous bases; length

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 33

1°5-2°25 in., breadth 1°75-3 in.; petiole *75-1 in., sparsely pubescent.

Male flowers usually solitary, rarely in racemes slightly longer than

the leaves, shortly pilose; the bracts oblong, serrate, ‘5 in. long. Calyzx-

_ teeth erect, entire or dentate; petals oblong, acute, puberulous outside.

Peduncle of female flower *5-1 in. long. Fruit brilliant scarlet when

ripe, oblong-fusiform, acutely ribbed, shortly pubescent, 1°5-2 in.

long; seeds blackish, rugulose, obscurely marginate, narrowed to the

base, *2 in. long and about ‘1 in. broad. Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Brit.

Ind. II, 611; Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. III, 392. Scotanthus Porteanus,

Naud. in Ann. Sc, Nat. Ser. V, Vol. 5, 25. Gymnopetalum hetero-

phyllum, Kurz in Trim. Journ. Bot. for 1875, p. 326.

ANDAMAN AND Nicopar Istanps; Kurz.

4, Lourra, Cav,

Climbers, large or small, pubescent or nearly glabrous; tendrils

2-5-fid. Leaves cordate, usually 5-angular or 5-lobed ; petiole without

glands at its apex. lowers yellow or white, moncecious, males and

females often from the same axil; females solitary or panicled, malés

on long or short racemes or clustered, Mate; calyx-tube turbinate,

lobes 5, triangular or lanceolate; petals 5, obovate; stamens 3, rarely

5, filaments 3, free or connate; anthers exserted, free, one l-celled, the

others 2-celled; cells sigmoid, often on the margin of the broad con-

nective. FEMALE; calyx-tube shortly produced above the ovary ; lobes

and corolla as inthe male; ovary oblong, style cylindric, stigma 3-lobed ;

ovules very many, horizontal, Frat large or small, oblong (not

spherical), smooth or angular or spinous, ultimately fibrous, not succu-

lent, 3-celled, usually circumscissile near the apex. Seeds many, oblong,

compressed, Distrip, Species 6, in the warmer regions of the Old

World and one in America.

Lurra Aleyprraca, Miller Gard. Dict. ed. VIII, ex Hook. fil. in

Oliv. Flor. Trop. Afr. I1, 530. Stem stout, many yards in length; the

young branches glabrous, angled and very deeply sulcate; tendrils

2-3-fid. Leaves large, reniform or reniform-orbicular in general outline,

palmately 5-lobed ; the lobes acute, lobulate and denticulate; both sur-

faces scabrous or scaberulous, punctate, glabrous except the pubescent

nerves on the lower surface ; length 25-6 in., breadth 3-9 in., petiole 2-2°5

in., pubescent, eglandular. Male peduncle 6 in. long; the flowers 4-12,

crowded near the summit, 1'5-2 in. in diam., their pedicels short, each

with a small ovate viscid bract, or ebracteate; petals 5, yellow with

green veins; stamens 5. Female flower solitary on a peduncle 1-3 in,

long, usually from the same axil as the male inflorescence ; fruit 5-12

in, long, sub-cyliudric, with numerous bold ridges; seeds usually black,

J. ut. 5

34 G. Kinge— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. I,

narrowly winged, smooth or slightly tubercled. DC. Prodr. III, 3038 ;

Clarke in Hook, fil, Flor, Brit, Ind. I, 614, Cucumis aegyptiacus, Vesl.

in Alp. Pl. Aegypt. p. 199, t. 58, 59. Momordica Luffa, Linn. Spec. ed. 1,

1009. LL. pentandra, Roxb. Flor. Ind. IJ], 71/2; W.& A. Prodr 343;

Wall. Cat. 6751; Wight Ic. t. 499. DZ. racemosu, Roxb: 1. ec. 715.

I, clavata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 104; Flor. Ind. Il], 714. LZ. acutangula,

W. & A. 1. ¢., (not of Roxb.). LZ. cylindrica, Roem. Synops. II, 63;

Naud. in Ann. Se. Nat. Ser. 4, XII, p..119; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.

1877, Pt. II, 100; Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. III, 456. JL. Petola and

L. Cattu-picinna, Seringe in DC. 1.c. ‘ZL. Parvala, Wall. Cat. 6758.

LL. Gosa, hederacea and Satpatia, Wall. Cat. 6753, 6755, 6757. Bryon

chetrophylla, Wall. Cat. 6715 A.

Pprak ; King’s Collector 1020. Duistris. British India and in the

Tropics generally ; often cultivated.

The synonymy of this species occupies more than a page in Cogniaux’s excellent

Monograph of the Cucurbitacex in De Candolle’s Suites aw Prodromus, Vol. III. I have

followed Messrs. Cogniaux and C. B. Clarke in reducing here Roxburgh’s three species

I, pentandra, L. racemosa and L. clavata, but I do so with considerable hesitation,

Neither in flower nor leaf do Roxburgh’s figures of his D. clavata and L. pentandra

much resemble each other, whatever relation either of them may bear to M. Aegyp-

tiaca, Miller. The material of the Indian species in the Calcutta Herbarium is very

unsatisfactory, and I do not think the last word on them will be said until they have

been carefully cultivated side by side, and studied as they grow.

5. Bernitncasa, Savi.

A large climber, softly hairy, tendrils 2- or 3-fid, rarely simple:

Leaves cordate, reniform-orbicular, more or less 5-lobed ; petiole without

glands. lowers large, yellow, moncecious, all solitary, without bracts.

Matt; calyx-tube campanulate; lobes 5, leaf-like, serrate; petals 95;

nearly separate, obovate; stamens 3, inserted near the mouth of the

tube; anthers exserted, free, one l-celled, two 2-celled, cells sigmoid.

Frmae ; calyx and corollaas inthe male; ovary oblong, densely hairy ;

style thick, with 3 flexuose stigmas; ovules numerous, horizontal ;

placentas 3. Fruct large, fleshy, oblong, pubescent, indehiscent. Seeds

many, oblong, compressed, margined.

Bunincasa HisPipaA, Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. III, 513. Annual.

Leaves on long petioles, reniform-rotund; with 5-9 small lobes, all

toothed, 4-6 in, long and about the same in breadth ; petioles cylindric,

longer than the leaves, tendrils usually 3-fid. Male flowers axillary,

solitary, peduncled, yellow, 1°5 in. in diam.; teeth of the calyx ob-

tusely pinnatifid or undulate. Female flowers like the male, axillary,

solitary, peduncled ; calyx as in the male. Fruit sub-cylindric, obtuse

at the ends, smooth, hairy when young but glabrous and with a whitish

‘1898.}: G. King+~Materials for a Flora of the Maliytin Peninsula. 35

bloom when ripe, 12-18 in. long and from 8-10 in. in diam. Seeds white

with tumid margins, *5 in. long and ‘15 in. broad... Cucurbita hispida,

Thunb. Flor. Jap. (1784), p. 322; Bl. Bijdr. 931; Wall. Cat. 6723.

CO. Pepo, Lour. Flor. Coch.-Chin. p. 593; Roxb. Flor. Ind. III, 718 (not

of Linn.). Benincasa cerifera, Savi in Bibl. Ital. TX, 159; DC, Prodr.

Ill, 303; W. et Arn. Prodr. 344; Mig. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I; 665;

Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. IT, 616. Cucurbita villosa, Bl. Bijdr.

931; DC. Prodr. IfT, 317. C. farinosa, Bl. Bijdr. 931. Cucurbita alba,

Roxb. in E. Ind. Comp. Mus., tab. 457 (ex W, et Arn.). Gymnopetalum

septemlobum, Miq. Flor, Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 679. . Lagenaria dasystemon,

Franch. et Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. I, 173:

Nicopar AND ANDAMAN IsLANDS; cultivated, King’s Collectors. Dts-

Tris.—Malayan Archipelago, Australasia, China, Philippines, British

India; cultivated.

6. Momorpica, Linn.

Climbing by simple tendrils. Leaves cordate, petioled, undivided

in the Indian species. Flowers yellow or white, moncecious or dicecious,

females solitary, peduncled; males solitary or racemed, bracteate or not.

Mate; calyx-tube short, campanulate with 2-3 basal oblong incurved

scales (ex Hook. f.) lobes 5; corolla 5-partite nearly to the base; stamens

3; filaments short; anthers at length free, one l-celled, one or two

2-celled, cells conduplicate or horse-shoe-shaped.. Famatn; calyx and

corolla as in the male; ovary oblong; style long, stigmas 3; ovules

very many; placentas 3, horizontal. Fruit oblong or spherical, rough or

smooth, indehiscent or 3-valved, many- or few-seeded. Seeds obovate or

complanate, smooth, corrugate or sculptured. Drsrris.—Species 25,

chiefly in the warmer parts of Africa, several in Tropical Asia, a few

in Tropical America. ;

Leaves entire :—

Male pedicels ebracteate .., .. 1. M. Clarkeana.

Male pedicels with a bract close to the ee .. 2, M. subangulata.

Leaves 38-lobed, the lobules entire - .. & M. Cochinchinensis.

Leaves 5-7-lobed, the lobules sinuate-dentate or lobe

late .. yas wa} ee, .. 4 MM. Charantia,

hi i hdeaativl CLARKEANA, n. spec. King. Stem slender, 4-angled,

glabrous, 20-30 feet long. Leaves thinly membranous, broadly ovate,

never lobed, acute, the base deeply cordate or emarginate, both surfaces

quite glabrous ; length 3-5 in., breadth 3-4 in. ; petiole 1°5-2 in., slender,

eglandular. Male flowers ‘75 in. in diam., on filiform pedicels several

form a leaf-axil, or in few-flowered lax racemes; calyx-lobes puberulous,

broad, obtuse, their margins membranous and glabrous; corolla deeply

divided into 5 broad blunt lobes, puberulous.. Female flower unknown.

36 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

Fruit vermillion when ripe, sub-globular, apiculate when young,

glabrous; without ridges or papillae, 2-2°5 in. in diam.; seeds as in

M. Cochinchinensts.

Pprak ; Scortechini 1605 ; King’s Collector 8340; Wray 3273.

This species is allied to M. Cochinchinensis and has seeds exactly alike those of

that species. But the leaves of this are of thinner texture than those of M. Cochin-

chinensis, and they are not lobed ; moreover the petiole in this is eglandular, and the

fruit is quite free from ridges or papilla of any kind. I have named it in honour

of my friend Mr. C.B. Clarke who believes with me that it is a hitherto undescribed

species.

2. Momorvica supancuLata, Blume Bijdr. 928. Stem slender,

glabrous, angled, sulcate, several feet lony; tendrils single. Leaves

broadly ovate, deeply cordate at the base, the apex acute, the edges

with remote cartilaginous teeth; upper surface glabrous, the lower

with sparse small adpressed hairs ; length 1°75-2:25 in., breadth 1:25-

165 in.; petiole 1 in, long, glabrous, eglandular. Male peduncle

‘5-1 in. long, pubescent; the bract close to the flower broader than

long, its apex obtuse, its base cordate, minutely pubescent, the veins

prominent; flower nearly 1 in. in diam.; calyx deep purple; its lobes

oblong, obtuse, glandular, nearly ‘2 in. long; corolla yellow, partite

to the base, the segments oblong. Female flower unknown; fruit

ellipsoid, 2-3 in. long, obscurely ribbed, the ribs broken into joints.

Ser. in DC. Prodr. III, 316; Roem. Syn. fase. 2, p, 58; Mig. in Flor.

Ind. Bat. I, Pt, I, 664; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLVI, Pt. II,

102; Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. III, 443.

Perak ; Scortechini 399. Distris. Java, Brit. India.

3. Momorpica Cocuin-Cuinensis, Spreng. Syst. Veg. III, 14.

A powerful climber ascending tall trees; stem angled, glabrous. Leaves

in general outline sub-orbicular or broadly ovate, the base cordate or

emarginate, usually 3-lobed to the middle or below it (sometimes 5-

lobed), the margins with sparse umbilicate glands, both surfaces

glabrous, length 4-7 in., breadth nearly the same; petiole 2-3 in. long,

glandular at the middle and upper part; tendrils long, stout, simple.

Male peduncle 2-6 in. long with an orbicular-reniform cucullate bract

at its apex embracing the flower-bud ; calyx-segments dark, coriaceous,

hairy ; corolla 1°75-3 in. across, white tinged with yellowish, some of

the petals with black spots at the base, others with yellow glands.

Female peduncle 1-2 in. long, (longer in fruit), with a small bract

about the middle. Frwt ovate, pointed at the apex, fleshy, bright red

and covered with conical points but not ribbed; 4-5 in. long; seeds

numerous, blackish, ovate, compressed, sculptured, the margins undulate-

sub-lobulate, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLVI, Pt. 2, 102; Clarke

in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 618; Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan, III, 444.

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula 37

M. mixta, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 70; Flor. Ind. III, 709; Wight & Arn.

Prodr. 349; Roem. Syn., fasc. 2, 59; Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 5145; Mig.

Flor. Ind. Bat. 1, Pt. 1, 664; Naud. in Ann, Sc. Nat. Ser. 4, XII, 182.

M. dioica, Wall. Cat. (not of Roxb.) 6750, Ato F. Muricia Cochin-

chinensis, Lour. Flor. Coch.-Chin. 733; Ser. in DC, Prodr. III, 318.

Perak; Scortechini, King’s Collector, Wray; a common plant.

Disrris.—British India, Malaya, Philippines.

4, Momorpica CuarantraA, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. I, p. 1009. Stem

slender, branching, striate, pubescent, sometimes tomentose towards

the apex, 3-6 feet long. Leaves reniform-orbicular in general outline,

]-3 in. in diam., deeply divided into 5-7 lobes ; the lobes sinuate-dentate

or lobulate and mucronate, constricted at the base, glabrous or slightly

pubescent; petiole 1-3 in.; the tendrils simple. Male peduncle slender,

with a reniform or orbicular bract at or below the middle. Male flower

°35-"75 in. in diam.; the calyx-lobes ovate, acute; corolla somewhat

irregular, yellow, its segments obtuse or emarginate, anther cells much

bent. Female peduncle 2-4 in. long, slender, bracteate near the base ;

ovary fusiform, muricate. Fruit 1-3 in. long, ovoid, tapering to both

ends, many-ribbed and bearing numerous triangular tubercles. Seeds

compressed, sometimes almost 3-toothed, the margins corrugated, the

sides sculptured. Lour. Flor. Cochchin. IT, p. 598; Bot. Mag. t. 2455;

Ser. in DC. Prodr. III, 311; Roxb. Flor. Ind, III, 707; Wight and

Arn. Prodr. 348 ; Torr. and Gray Flor. N. Amer. I, 543; Wight Ic.

tab. 504; Wight Ill. t. 105 t2s; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 663; Cogn.

in Mart. Flor. Bras., fase. 78, p. 14; Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind.

II, 616. Cogn. in DC, Mon. Phan. III, 436. M. muricata, Willd. Spec.

IV, 602; Roxb. Flor. Ind. III, 707; W. & A. Prodr. 348; Mig. Flor,

Ind. Bat. I, Pt. 1, 663. M. humilis, Wall. Cat. 6747. M. anthelmintica,

Schum. et Thou. Flor. Guin. 423. M. Rowxburghiana, Don Gen. Syst.

Gard. III, 35. M. macropetala, Mart. in Hook. Journ. Bot. V, 504.

Perak; Scortechini. Disrris. Malayan Archipelago, British India,

China, Tropical Africa and America.

7. Meorueta, Linn.

Climbing herbs ; tendrils simple or 2-fid. Leaves petioled, deltoid,

truncate or hastate, entire or deeply 3-lobed, little hairy, often punctate.

Flowers small, white, usually moncecious, males and females often from

the same axil ; male pedicels long, clustered (rarely sub-solitary) in the

axils, or clustered on long racemes resembling branches without leaves ;

female long-pedicelled. Male; calyx-tube short, teeth 5, small; corolla

5-partite ; stamens 3, inserted in the middle of the calyx-tube; anthers

free, one l-celled, two 2-celled ; cells free, straight, simple, more or less

38 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

lateral; connective prolonged, undivided, glabrous. Female calyx and

corolla as in the male; ovary oblong, style long ; stigmas 3, subglobose ;

ovules many, ts placentas 3, retLod. Fruit indehiscent,

globose, acute or fusiform, subrostrate. Seeds many, small, oblong,

much compressed, obscurely margined, smooth or very nearly so. Dis-

TRIB. Species about 55, all tropical.

Fruit not beaked :—

Fruit globular, glabrous me “ w. «€0L.. MM. affinis.

Fruit oblong, glabrous a aes ons te AE anager

Fruit beaked :—

Fruit fusiform, beaked, velvety ... bs . 3 M. marginata.

1. Mbtoruria aFFinis, n. spec. King. ath geaes the stem slender,

glabrous, 4-angled and deeply sulcate, not rooting ns the nodes; the

tendrils rather stout, bifid. Leaves ovate-cordate to triangular, Stee,

3-5-lobed, the edges denticulate ; upper surface densely scabrid-hispid,

the hairs white; the lower paler and with hairs of the same colour

but sparser and more slender ; length 1°35-4'25 in., breadth 1°5-3 26 in.,

petiole ‘5-1 in. Male and female flowers often from the same axil ;

the males in many-flowered umbels on pedicels twice as long as the

leaf-petioles, pubescent below, glabrous above ; pedicels about 20, slender,

unequal, dilated at the apex, glabrous, *25—35 in. long. Flowers ‘1 in.

in diam., globose, pubescent, with 5 slender short diverging subulate

teeth below the mouth. Petals not seen; anthers 3, straight, the conne-

tive not produced. Pedicel of the frwt shorter and stouter than the

peduncle of the male umbel, glabrous. Fruit globose, glabrous, thin-

walled, many-seeded, red when ripe, ‘4-5 in. in diam.; seeds obovoid,

pitted, somewhat compressed, pale.

Perak ; Scortechinit 495; Wray 860, 1404; Curtis ; King’s Collector

‘1069, 2539. Borneo; Bancermassine ; Motley 167.

Mr. C. B. Clarke, who was so good as to examine my specimens of this species

and to compare them for me at Kew, assures me that the Perak specimens agree

exactly with Motley’s 167. Mr. Clarke considers the species as closely allied to

M. marginata, Cogn. from which it differs by its globular glabrous fruit.

2. Metoruria inpica, Lour. Flor. Coch. China, 35. Stem slender,

filiform, glabrous, 3-6 feet long, often rooting at the nodes, the tendrils

simple. Leaves triangular-cordate, acute, entire or 3-lobed (sometimes

deeply); the nerves somewhat hairy, otherwise glabrous, the lobes

irregularly denticulate or lobulate; length 1°25-2 in. and breadth the

same, petiole ‘6-lin. Male pedicels solitary or in racemes of 2 or 3 on

peduncles 1 in. long; calyx-tube broadly campanulate, its teeth subu-

late, spreading ; corolla white, puberulons, its segments ovate-oblong.

Stamens. with thick obconic filaments, glabrous or sparsely villose;

anthers ovate-oblong, ciliate, the connective much produced. Pedunecle

1898.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 39

of female flower solitary, longer that the leaf-petiole. Fruit oblong,

glabrous, white, ‘5-75 in. long. Seeds ovate, attenuate at the base.

Ser. in DC. Prodr. III, 313; Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat., Ser. 4, XVI, 169

t.2; Hance Suppl, Hongkong Flora, 104; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.

Beng. XLVI, Pt. II, 105; Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor, Br. Ind. IT, 626.

Bryonia geminata, Blume Bijd. 924; Ser. in DC. Prodr. III, 305;

Roem. Syn., fasc. II, 35; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat, I, Pt. I, 659. B. tenella,

Roxb. Flor. Ind. II], 725. Aechmandra indica, Arn. in Hook. Journ.

Bot. ITI, 274; Wight in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. VIII, 267; Mig.

Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 658. |

SeLancore; King’s Collector.360. Disrris. British India, Cochin-

China, Philippines, Hongkong.

3. Metoraria MARGINATA, Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan, IL]. 593.

Stem creeping, rooting at the nodes, angular, sulcate, glabrous; the

tendrils slender, simple, puberulous. Leaves ovate-cordate or more or

less 3-lobed, acute; the edges minutely and distantly denticulate ;

the upper surface coarsely and distinctly and the lower minutely and

more closely strigose, the nerves on both pubescent ; length 1-1-25 in.,

breadth 1-1°75 in. ; petiole *75-1°5 in., tomentose. Male flowers umbellate

on a filiform few-flowered peduncle shorter than the petiole, glabrous ;

the pedicels erect, ‘2-3 in. long; the calyx broadly campanulate, pubes-

cent, its teeth subulate. Petals villose, yellow; anthers glabrous, in-

appendiculate. Female flower solitary on a peduncle ‘5 in. long. Frutt

narrowly cylindric, beaked, tapering to the base, velvety, ‘75 in. long,

its peduncle filiform; seeds 6-8, foveolate. Bryonia marginata, Blume

Bijdr. 924; Ser.in DC. Prodr. III, 305; Roem. Syn., fase. II, p. 36;

Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. IJ, 660. B. epigzeea, Blume Bijdr. 924; Ser. in

DO. Prodr. II, 306, Aechmandra Blumeana, Roem. Syn. fase. IT, p. 33;

Mig. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. 11, 657. Melothria Rumphiana, Scheff. Ann.

Jard. Bot. Buitenz. I, 25. Cerasiocarpum ? Maingayi, Clarke in Hook,

fil. Flor. Br. Ind. III, 629. .

Maxacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib.) 1268. Prrax; King’s Collector

874. Disrris. Java and Sumatra. |

Var. heterophylla, Cogn. in DC, Mon. Phan. III, 594. Leaves quite

entire, ovate-cordate or oblong-sub-hastate, scabrous above. almost smooth

beneath but hairy on the nerves. Bryonia heterophylla, Blume Bijdr.

925; Wall. Cat. 6704; Roem. Syn., fase. IT, 35. B. Blumei, Ser. in DC.

Prodr. III, 305; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 659. Cerasiocarpum ?

penangense, Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. III, 629,

Prnana; Wallich ; Curtis 1928. Disrrip. Java.

NOTE,

There are in the Calcutta Herbarium specimens of several species of Melothria

40 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

which Mr. C. B. Clarke, (who elaborated the family of Cucurbitacee for Hooker’s

Flora of British India, and who kindly compared my Malayan material in the Kew

Herbarium) considers as probably new. But, as these want either flowers or fruit,

I am obliged to leave them undescribed. The chief amongst these are Perak, Wray

2228 and 3416; and Andamans, King’s Collector 2200.

8. Gynostemma, Blume.

Climbing herbs, tendrils simple. Leaves pedate ; leaflets 3-5, ovate-

lanceolate, serrate, membranous. lowers small, dicecious, in axillary

diffuse panicles, greenish. Male flower ; calyx short, with 5 small lobes ;

corolla rotate, 5-partite, with lanceolate segments; stamens 5, filaments

connate below; anthers 2-celled, the cells straight and elongate.

Female flower, calyx and corolla asin the male; ovary rotund, 2-3-celled;

styles 2 or 3, united below, bifid at the apex; ovules 2 in each cell,

pendulous, Jrwit globose, umbonate, indehiscent, as large as a pea,

1-3-seeded. Seeds wingless, verrucose, sub-muricate. Species 4; all

Indo-Malayan. }

GyNosTeMMA PEDATA, Blume Bijdr. 23. Slender, 10-20 feet long;

young branches and leaves puberulous or glabrous, rarely pubescent.

Leaves membranous, trifoliolate or pedate, the petioles 1-1°5 in. long;

leaflets 3-7, ovate-oblong, lanceolate or oblanceolate, uneqnal, the

middle the longest, their apices acute or sub-acute, the bases narrowed

and sometimes oblique, the edges crenulate or crenate-dentate; length

°75-2'5 in., breadth ‘4-1 in., the petiolules ‘1-2 iu. Panicles longer

than the leaves, 3-6 in. or even a foot long, slender, sparsely branched,

more or less coarsely pubescent. Calyz-segments triangular, acute;

segments of corolla 1-nerved, ciliate-dentate, Fruit ‘15 im. in diam.

Seeds trigonous. Roem. Syn., fase, II, p. 110; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I,

Pt. I, 683; Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 683; Cogn. in DC.

Mon. Phan. III, 913. G. lawa, Cogn. Mon. Phan. IIT, 914; Zanonia

lawa, Wall, Cat. 3727; Pl. As. Rar. II, 29; Arn. in Hook. Journ.

Bot. III, 272 (in note). Zanonta cissoides, Wall. Cat. 3726; Pl. As. Rar.

II, 28. LZ. Wightiana, Arn. Pugill. 38; Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 18, Pt.

I, 356; Roem. Syn., fase. II,117. Alsomitra laxa, Roem. Syn., fase. IT,

118. Pestolozzia lava, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 124. P. pedata, Zoll. et

Moritz. Syst. Verz. p. 31. Alsomitra cissoides, Roem. Syn., fase. II, 118.

Enkylia trigyna, Griff. Pl. Cantor. 27; Miq. Prol. Flor. Jap., pp. 15 and

142. HE. digyna, Griff. Pl. Cantor. 27. Zanonia pedata, Miq. Flor.

Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 6838. Gynostemma cissoides, Franch. et Sav. Enum.

Pl. Jap. I, 176. Vitis atroviridis, Wall. Cat. 6040; Vitis trichophora,

Wall. Cat. 9032.

Perak; King’s Collector 2306. Disrris. Malayan Archipelago,

British India and Tonkin.

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 41

This plant varies as to the number of its leaflets in its leaves and as to pubes-

cence. The pedate forms with 5-7-puberulous leaflets have been by some authors

(among whom is M. Cogniaux, the latest monographer of the Cucurbitacex) con-

sidered as belonging to a different species from the plants with trifoliolate glabrous

shining leaves; and the latter has been named G. lava. After carefully examining

about a hundred specimens collected in different parts of British India and

Malaya, I find so many that unite to some extent the characters relied upon as

distinctive that I have been driven, with all respect to M. Cogniaux, to adopt Mr.

Clarke’s view that there is but a single species.

9, Zanonta, Linn.

Climbing herbs; tendrils simple. Leaves long-petioled, simple,

ovate or oblong. lowers small, dicecious, in large compound pendulous

racemes, males pedicelled, females subsessile. Male; sepals 3, oblong

or orbicular, concave; corolla rotate, 5-partite, the segments subacute ;

stamens 5, free, inserted on a fleshy disc, filaments very short; anthers

1-celled, transversely oblong. Female; calyx and corolla as in the male ;

ovary sub-clavate, at first 3-celled ; styles 3, spreading, 2-fid at the apex ;

ovules in each cell 2 or many, pendulous, attached in 2 series to a fleshy

parietal placenta. Capsule large, elongate-cylindric, clavate, 3-valved

at the truncate apex. Seeds large, oblong, pendulous, compressed, sur-

rounded byalarge membranous wing. Disrris. Species3; British India,

Malaya.

Leaves ovate-oblong ; fruit 2°5 in. long eft ww L 2. indica.

Leaves ovate-rotund ; fruit 5-8 in. long ca oo. 2. Z. Clarkei.

1. Zanonta 1npicA, Linn. Spec. Pl. ed. IT, 1457. Slender, climbing

to the extent of 30-50 feet, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong,

acute; the base 3-nerved, rounded or somewhat emarginate; main

nerves 6-8 pairs, curved, spreading, prominent beneath; length 3°5-6

in., breadth 2-3'5 in., petiole ‘65-8 in. Fruit cylindric-campanulate,

glabrous, the apex truncate, 2°5 in. long; seeds flat, thin, 1‘5-1°75 in.

long ; the nucleus oval, only ‘6 in. long, the rest being wing. Blume

Bijdr. 937; Ser. in DC. Prodr, III, 298; Roem. Syn. fasc. II, 117;

Wight and Arn. Prodr. 340; Wight Ill. t. 103; Maiq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I,

Pt. I, 682 ; Thwaites’ Enum. Pl. Zey. 124, 442 ; Clarke in Hook, fil. Flor.

Br. Ind. II, 633; Trimen Flora Ceylon II, 261.

Perak ; King’s Collector 7198, 7362.

2, ZanontA CLARKEI, n. spec. King. Slender, 60-80 feet long,

glabrous, the young branches deeply grooved, Leaves coriaceous, ovate-

rotund, acute ; the base broad, emarginate or slightly cordate, with 5-7

nerves radiating from the apex of the petiole (the lateral one on eack

side small); length 2°5-3°5 in., breadth 2°5-3 in., petiole ‘75 in., tendrils

bifid. Flowers unknown. Fruit ovoid-cylindric, smooth, 5-8 in. long,

a... 6

42 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. J,

and 3 in. in diam. Seeds flattened, about *1 in. thick, ovate, with 6

unequal deep narrow marginal lobes (those at the ends being the

longest), the seed proper or nucleus papillose, lin. long and °75 in,

broad, surrounded on all sides by a thin membranous wing nearly J in.

wide.

Perak; King’s Collector 7230.

This fine species is known only from a single gathering of six specimens, none

of which bears a flower. My friend Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.R.S., who was so kind

as to compare for me at Kew the whole of my Malayan Cucurbits, notes on this as

follows: ‘‘ This is either a new Zanonia near Z. indica, Linn., ora new Alsomitra

near A. Capricornica, F. Mull.—I think a Zanonia, whether the sepals turn out to be

5 or not. The 2-fid cirrhi may do for either genus. The spinose-margined seeds are

not like those of Zanonia; but the ovoid, or sub-globose fruit is like nothing out

of section Macrozanonia, Cogn. I call it Zanonia, n. spec.”

10. Atsomirra, Bth. & Hk. f.

Large climbers; tendrils simple or 2-fid. Leaves with 3 oblong

entire leaflets, Flowers small, dicecious, white, in compound panicles

with filiform branches. Male; calyx rotate, 5-partite, segments oblong,

acute; corolla rotate, 5-partite, segments obtuse ; stamens 5, filaments

short, near together at the base; anthers small, oblong, straight, 1-

celled. Female; calyx and corolla as in the male; ovary elongate-

clavate, l-celled ; styles 3-4, conical, with semi-lunate stigmas; ovules

very many, pendulous; placentas 3, thick, vertical, parietal. Capsule

large, elongate-clavate, truncate and 3-valved at the apex. Seeds very

many, compressed, vertical, in six rows, much corrugated, incised or

horned on the margin with a terminal membranous wing longer than

the seed. Drsrris. Species 9; British India, Malaya, North Aus-

tralia, S. America.

ALSOMITRA CLAVIGERA, Roem. Syn. fase. IJ, p. 118. <A slender

glabrous climber. Leaflets fleshy, the middle the largest, oblong or

oblong-lanceolate, the apex obtuse, the base narrowed, the edges entire,

subsessile, eglandular, length 1'5-3 in., breadth °65-1l in, Panicles

slender, twice as long as the leaves, longer in fruit, Capsule smooth,

1:25-1'5 im. long and ‘4 in. broad. Seeds dark, cinereous, shortly

muricate. Cogniaux in DC. Mon. Phan. III, 927; Hook. fil. in Bot.

Mag. t. 6017; Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br, Ind. II, 634. Zanonia

sarcophylla, Wall. Cat. 3724; Pl. As. Rar. IT, 28, t. 133.

Kapa ; Curtis 2504,

Ordered LVI ARALIACEA,

Trees or shrubs, very rarely herbs, often scandent, sometimes

prickly. Leaves alternate, the uppermost rarely sub-opposite, long-

1898.] G. King—Waterials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 43

petioled, large, simple or compound; stipules adnate to the petiole,

sometimes inconspicuous or 0. Flowers regular, small, often polygamous,

in umbels racemes or umbellate panicles; bracts and bracteoles small

or conspicuous; pedicels continuous with the base of the calyx or

jointed. Calya-tube adnate to the ovary; limb truncate, obsolete or

with small teeth. Petals 5, rarely 6-7 or many, valvate or sub-imbricate,

expanding or calyptrate. Stamens as many as and alternate with the

petals (very many in Tupidanthus), inserted round an epigynous disc.

Ovary inferior, 2-celled, or cells as many as the stamens, or 1-celled ;

styles as many as the cells, distinct or united; ovules solitary and

pendulous in each cell. Fruit coriaceous or drupaceous, usually small,

one or more cells sometimes suppressed. Seed pendulous, albumen

uniform or ruminate; embryo minute, radicle next the hilum. Distrrs.

Species 400, chiefly tropical and subtropical, a few in the cool temperate

zones,

Petals imbricate (slightly); pedicels of flowers

jointed :—

Styles 2-5, free; leaves compound ... 1. ARALIA.

Styles 3 or 4, free; leaves simple, entire, lobed or

pinnatifid ; ovary 1-celled sae .. 2, ARADIDIUM..

Petals valvate ; stamens not exceeding 12 :—

Albumen uniform, ovary 4-12-celled, pedicels continu-

ous with the flower, leaves simple or digitately com-

pound :—

Fruit boldly ridged, never more than ‘3 in. long;

leaves usually compound .. “i .. 93 HePpTAPLEURUM.

Fruit succulent, aS alee ‘5 in. in pall leaves

simple, large, rotund-reniform, lobed . «ee 4 'PREVESIA.

Fruit succulent, ‘3 in. in diam., obscurely ridged ;

leaves simple, entire (palmately lobed in young

shoots ) ore ae eos eo 5 DENDROPANAX,

Albumen ruminate :—

Ovary 1-celled :—

Ovary 1l-ovulate, leaves compound ... w. 6. ARTHROPHYLLUM.

Ovary with 2 ovules; fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded,

leaves simple “oe a -. % WARDENFA.

Ovary 2-celled, pedicels continuous :— ;

Style distinct ; leaves pinnately decompound ... 8, HETEROPANAX.

Styles. combined; leaves digitate, palmate or

angled ove ove ... 9 BRASSAIOPsIS.

Ovary 4- or 5-celled, pedicels joinind Fe .. 10. HeETEROPSIS.

Petals valvate ; stamens 30-50 es .» Ll. Tupranruus,

1, Aratia, Linn.

Herbs, shrubs or small trees, glabrous, hairy or prickly. Leaves

alternate or whoried, digitate, pinnate or compound-pinnate ; leaflets

44 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

serrate or nearly entire; bracts and stipules not prominent. Umbels

solitary or in racemes or panicles, rarely in compound umbels; pedicels

usually jointed close under the flower. Flowers often polygamo-mone-

cions. Calyx with its margin truncate or 5-toothed. Petals 5, ovate,

imbricate in bud. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-5-celled; styles 2-5, free or

shortly connate at base. Fruit 4-5-celled, 4-5-angular, or subglobose,

2-3-celled. Albwmen uniform. Dustris. Species about 50; extending

from India and Malaya to Japan and North America.

Leaflets entire or minutely serrulate, densely ferrugineous-

tomentose on the lower surface oem oe «. I, A. Thomson:

Leaflets coarsely and somewhat unequally serrate, the lower

surface with scattered flexuose white hairs ove oo. 2 A. armata.

Leaflets obscurely undulate-serrate, quite glabrous on both

surfaces, the lower sub-glaucous _... Sr iteee ww Os A, ferow.

1. ArattA THomsont, Seem. Rev. Hed. 91. A large prickly shrub,

all parts more or less softly pubescent or tomentose. Stem slender,

the prickles remote. Leaves large, 2-3-pinnate ; leaflets thickly membra-

nous, 5-9 in each ultimate pinnule, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the

base rounded and somewhat oblique; the petiolules of all except the

terminal very short (usually less than ‘1 in. long), that of the terminal

leaflet °5 in. or upwards, the edges entire or minutely serrulate; upper

surface sparsely strigose, the nerves and midrib pubescent ; the lower

softly tomentose ; length 2°5-3°5 in., breadth 1-1°75 in. Panicles 15-20

in. long, with short sub-horizontal branches; the ultimate branches

umbellate ; the bracts narrowly lanceolate, ‘25 in long. Fruit *15 in.

long, somewhat wrinkled, glabrous, the ridges broad. Clarke in Hook.

fil, Flor. Br. Ind. TI, 723.

Pawane; Ridley 2450. Prnana; King’s Collector 1574; Curtis

462. Prax; King’s Collector 7807, 8704, 10045.

2. ARALIA ARMATA, Seem. Rev. Hed. 91. A prickly shrub; stem

slender, almost glabrous except the puberulous young parts. Leaves

very large, 3-pinnate, the rachises puberulous ; leaflets thinly mem-

branous, 9-11 in each ultimate pinnule, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,

the edges coarsely and somewhat nnequally serrate ; the base rounded,

slightly oblique or sub-cordate ; sessile except the terminal one; petiolule

of the terminal leaflet under 1 inch ; length of leaflets 3-5 in., breadth

15-2 in.; upper surface with a few sparse adpressed hairs, otherwise

glabrous ; lower with scattered white flexuose hairs especially on the

nerves and midrib. Panicle 15-18 in. long, pubescent in its ultimate

3-fid branches, the lower part glabrous, ultimate branchlets umbellate ;

the pedicels slender ‘3-4 in. long, tomentose. Fruit nearly ‘2 in. long,

glabrous; the ridges broad, flat. Kurz For. Flora Burma, I, 536;

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 45

Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 723. Panazx armatum, Wall.

Cat. 4933; G. Don. Gen. Syst. TII, 386.

Kepau ; Ourtis 2526. Distris. British India; in Burma, the Khasia

Hills and on the lower slopes of the Hastern Himalaya.

3. ARALIA FerOX, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 750. A lax spread-

ing glabrous shrub, often scandent to 20 or 30 feet ; the stems, branches,

rachises of the leaves and inflorescence bearing numerous short recurved

spines. Leaves 2-3-pinnate, the pinne 3 or 4 pairs; leaflets sub-

coriaceous, 3-5 in a pinna, the pairs opposite, ovate, acute, the bases

rounded, the edges obscurely undulate-serrate ; both surfaces glabrous,

the upper shining when dry, the lower sub-glaucous ; length 1-2 in.,

breadth *75-1 in. ; petiolules unequal, the lateral '15-"3 in., the terminal

5-65 in. long. Panicle terminal, 8-15 in. long and 6 in. across,

with numerous slightly compressed horizontal branches, themselves

branching and ultimately ending in numerous peduncled umbels of

10-15 long-pedicelled oblong flowers ‘1 in. long; the pedicels slender,

3-5 in. long. Calyx-tube campanulate, 10-ridged, the limb with 5

small triangular acute teeth. Petals ovate. Fruit ovate-globose,

boldly 5-ridged, rather more than ‘] in. long.

Perak ; Scortechint 142, 501; King’s Collector 1037, 4434, 5089,

8438, 10568 ; Wray 2155. |

2. ARatipium, Miq.

Leaves large, simple, usually deeply lobed or pinnatifid, glabrous .

Flowers male or hermaphrodite, in large compound panicles, minute.

Calyx-teeth triangular, spreading, the tube campanulate. Petals 5,

imbricate. Stamens 5. Ovary usually 3-celled, two of the cells soon

aborting. Styles distinct, subulate. Pruzt obliquely ovoid, drupaceous,

1 inch or more in length, 1-seeded ; the seed solitary, rugose, pendulous,

vertically sulcate ; albumen very copious, coarsely ruminate, penetrated

by outgrowing folds from the funicle; embryo small. Distrip; two

species, both Malayan.

This is a remarkable genus of doubtful position. The large solitary seed, with

a much developed funicle forming an expansion at the base of the coarsely

ruminated albumen and sending processes into the latter, and the unisexual habit

make it doubtful whether it should not be placed in Cornaceez (to which Seemann

referred it), rather than in Araliacex.

ARALIDIUM PINNATIFIDUM, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, 763,t.13. A

small tree without prickles, glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves

thinly coriaceous, irregularly lobed or coarsely pinnatifid, rarely entire

and narrowly elliptic ; length of the lobed or pinnatifid forms 10-18 in.,

breadth 7-10 in.; length of the entire leaves 4-10 in., breadth 2-4 in.;

petiole stout, 15-5 in. long. Pamnicles many-branched, ferruginous-

46 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. (No. I,

puberulous, shorter than or as long as the leaves. Petals pubescent.

Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, pointed at each end, glabrous, the pericarp:

thin, length 1°35 in., diam °6 in., damson-colored when ripe. Miq. Flor,.

Ind. Bat. Suppl. 340; Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 726;

Hemsley in Hook. Ic, Plantar. t. 1549.

Panane ; Ridley 2439. Snrancor; Curtis 2340. Stncarore; Ridley ;:

Hullett, 485, 888; King. Panana; Ridley 2662. Matacca; Griffith:

(Kew Distrib.) 2702; Maingay 676. Prrax ; Scortechini ; Wray ; King’s

Collector (many numbers), a very common plant. Duistris. Sumatra,.

Forbes 2207,

The structure of the seed is well explained by Mr. Hemsley in his description

and figure in Hooker’s Icones Plantarum.

3. Heprapniurum, Gertn.

Large shrubs or trees, glabrous or tomentose, without prickles.

Leaves digitate, rarely compound-digitate or 1-foliolate; leaflets coriaceous,.

entire or remotely toothed or lobed, never closely serrate nor ciliate,

those near the panicle usually entire; stipules often connate within the

petiole and prominent. Umbels (rarely capitate) panicled or in com-

pound racemes; bracts woolly, deciduous or persistent; pedicels not

jointed under the flower; bracteoles few or 0, or rarely densely tufted.

Calyx-margin toothed or truncate. Petals 5-6 or many, valvate. Stamens

as many as the petals. Ovary cells as many as the petals, disc small

or large; styles small, separate or combined in a short comical narrow

cylindric column. Fruit subglobose, 5-6-angled. Seeds compressed,

albumen uniform. Disrris. Species 55, in the tropics of the Old World.

Leaves simple ove BA so o. Ll. H. avene,

Leaves all trifoliolate :—

Panicle longer than the leaves, slender; its branches

long, spreading, laxly-flowered ... Af - 2. H. luridwm,

Panicle shorter than the leaves; its meaneies adit:

densely-flowered ... a wae oo & H. triste,

Leaves all digitately 5-9-foliolate :—

Panicle simple or 2-branched, sub-racemose, only about

3 in. long; the lateral umbels subsessile, lax, few-

flowered an Re sy .. 4. H. sub-racemoswm.

Panicle divided from the base or near it into several

erect narrow branches 6-12 inches long; the lateral

branches very short and bearing dense heads of sub-

sessile flowers :—

Ovary 8-celled, leaves glaucous and with loose wooly

hairs beneath ay Bae aw .. & H. Cephalotes.

Ovary 5-celled :—

Both surfaces of the leaves quite glabrous .. 6. H. Scortechinu.

Lower surface of leaves tomentose we . % HH. tomentosum..

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Panicle with few narrow erect branches bearing shortly

peduncled umbels of pedicellate flowers :—

Ovary 12-celled; leaflets 5, membranous, 7-12 in.

long a waa ae oni

Ovary 9-celled; leaflets 7-9, very coriaceous, 3-5

in. long ove

Ovary 5-celled :—

Main nerves of leaflets only 2 or 3 pairs, the basal

prominent; reticulatious rather wide, not promi-

nent; panicles very narrow, covered, up to the

bases of the pedicels, with minute stellate hair

Main nerves of leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, basal nerves

prominent ; panicles glabrous {rarely hairy) narrow

in flower, spreading in fruit

Panicle with spreading branches :—

Branches of the panicle umbellate :—

Ovary 5-celled; reticulations of leaves wide, dis-

tinct eee ove ade vee

‘Ovary 6-celled :—

Common petiole 1-2°5 in. long; leaflets lanceo-

late or oblanceolate, caudate-acuminate, much

narrowed to the base, 1°5-3'5 in. long; flower-

buds globular, *1 in. in diam. ;

Common petiole 2-4 in. long; leaflets aie

lanceolate, shortly caudate-acuminate, the bases

rounded, 2-4 in. long; flower-buds oblong, about

‘2 in. long ; fruit 25 in. long

fruit *1 in. long ..

Common petiole 10-24 in. long; leaflets oblong.

elliptic, shortly and abruptly acuminate, 4-12

long ; flower-buds sub-globular, ‘1 in. in Pern

fruit elliptic, ‘25-3 in. long

Common petiole 5-10 in, long; ieaflats abliig:

elliptic or oblanceolate-oblong, acute, 5-10 in.

long; flower-buds globular, *15 in. in diam. ;

fruit ovoid, *25 in. long ... 78 ;

Common petiole 2-2°25 in. long; leaflets lanceo-

late, acute, narrowed to the base, 1°5—2°5 in. long ;

flower-buds oblong, °*2 in. long, fruit ‘3 in, long...

Branches of the panicle racemose

Lower leaves large, digitately decompound :—

Leaflets entire, narrowly oblong, acuminate, 2-3°5 in.

long, panicle 8 in. long see

Leaflets usually entire, 2°5-7 in. long, Bich 10-15 in.

long ; fruit oblong a

Leaves bipinnate, leaflets donmiolke toothed ;

‘globular eee vee

“elie sub-

aye (t

fa |e

12.

aes

. £6,

. 16.

» 18.

ae 8

3 20.

pels

H. Singalangense.

H., lati-foliolatum.

H. subulatum,

H, venulosum,.

H, ellipticum.

H. scandens.

H, affine.

H, Hullettis.

H. Ridleyi.

H. nervosum.

H. Wray.

H. biternatum.

H. heterophyllum.

A. Curtisi.

1. HeEprapLevRUM AVENE, Seem. ta Hed. 43. Scandent ; young

branches with striate rugulose glabrous bark, brown when dry. Leaves

48 G King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

simple, coriaceous, narrowly oblong, acute, narrowed to the base, the

edges slightly recurved ; both surfaces glabrous, dull when dry; main

nerves about 12 pairs, faint, sub-horizontal ; length 3°5-5°25 in., breadth

‘9-1-2 in.; petiole *75-1:25, thickened near the apex. Panicles single or

2 or 3, terminal, puberulous, half as long as the leaves, erect ; the few

branches rather close together, about °25 or *3 in. long, each bearing

3-5 pedicellate flowers ; the buds ‘15 in., ovoid, their pedicels ‘2 in. long ;

bracts lanceolate, deciduous. Calyx-rim narrow; petals, stamens and

stigmas 6. Jrutt ellipsoid, as large as a pea, sulcate. Sciadophyllum

avene, Herb. Korthals.

SinGAPORE; Ridley 5840, 6337. Distris. Sumatra.

At once distinguished in the genus by its oblong simple leaves.

2. HEPraPLEURUM LURIDUM, new species. An epiphytic shrub 2-3

feet long ; branches with rugulose glabrous bark. Leaves trifoliolate,

with a common petiole 1-1'75 in. long, glabrous, fleshy when fresh, ver-

tically rugose when dry; leaflets very coriaceous, narrowly elliptic-ob-

long, slightly oblique, tapering gradually to each end; the edges entire,

much recurved when dry; both surfaces quite glabrous, the nerves

and veins very indistinct even when dry ; length 2°5-4 in., breadth 5-75

in.; petiolules unequal, thick, the lateral ‘15-25 in. long, the terminal

about ‘4 in. Panicle terminal, longer than the leaves; its branches few,

slender, long, spreading, glabrous; the ultimate branchlets 1-1°5 in.

long, bearing umbels of 3-8 broadly ovoid glabrous flowers ‘1 in. long;

their pedicels at first only about *1 in. long, but two or three times

as long in fruit. Calyzx-tube shortly campanulate ; its mouth truncate,

entire. Petals completely united into a calyptra. Stamens 6, erect,

the filaments short, Styles united into a short conical column; the

stigmas 6, small, occupying the corners of its truncate apex.

Perak ; Scortechint 1191; King’s Collector 8304.

A very distinct small species easily recognised by its narrow very acuminate

avenous leaflets borne on fleshy petioles, and by its slender spreading long-branched

few-flowered panicles.

3. HEPTAPLEURUM TRISTE, new species. A tree ; young branches as

thick as a swan’s-quill, glabrous, pale when dry. Leaves 3-foliolate,

the common petiole 15-2 in. long; leaflets thickly coriaceous, glabrous,

broadly elliptic, blunt or shortly apiculate, the base rounded ; the edges

entire, boldly recurved when dry ; main nerves 10 to 12 pairs, close to-

gether, indistinct on both surfaces; length 2°25-3°25 in., breadth 15-2

in.; petiolules unequal, the lateral pair ‘5 in. long, the middle one ‘8 in.

Panicle terminal, shorter than the leaves, glabrous, divided from the

base into 2 or 3 spreading branches, ebracteate; the branchlets about

‘Din. long (longer in fruit), each ending in an umbel of 10-20 ovate

1898.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Mulayan Peninsiila. 49

flowers, ‘15 in. long, their pedicels ‘1 in. long. Calyaz-tube campanu-

late ; the limb truncate, narrow, Petals 5, broadly elliptic, blunt, re-

flexed. Fruit narrowly oblong, pointed, deeply 5-ridged, glabrous,

erowned by the short conical style-column, ‘2 in. long, glabrous.

Perak ; on Ulu Batang Padong, at an elevation of about 4900

feet ; Wray 1509.

A species near H. ellipticum but readily distinguished from that in the Herba-

rium by its dull broad coriaceous leaflets, more widely campanulate calyx-tube,

and larger fruit.

_ 4. HepraPpLEURUM SUB-RACEMOSUM, new species. A shrub 2-3 feet

high; young branches with thick corky glabrous bark, pale when dry.

Leaves trifoliolate or sometimes 5-folioiate, the common petiole 1°5-2°5

in. long, glabrous. Leaflets coriaceous, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate,

caudate-acuminate, narrowed at the base, the edges entire and slightly

revolute ; both surfaces glabrous, distinctly and finely reticulate wheu

dry; length 2°25-4 in., breadth °75-1-] in.; petiolules unequal, 3-4 in.

long, that of the terminal leaflet *8-1'25in. long, thickened at the apex.

Panicle solitary, terminal, very narrow, sub-racemose, 2-branched, only

about 3 inches long and about °65 in. across; the branchlets only *1—2

in. long, each ending in an umbel of 3-5 oblong, green flowers °15 in.

long; rim of calyx very narrow. Fruit oblong, *2 m, long, glabrous,

with 5 blunt ridges, pale green tipped with bluish, 5-celled.

‘Perak ; King’s Collector 8283.

Readily recognised by its small caudate-acuminate narrow leaflets, much

and prominently reticulated when dry; and by its short narrow racemoid panicles.

5. HerrarLnevrum Crrpuarotes, Clarke in: Flor. Br. Ind. [I, 731.

‘A large tree. Leaves digitate, their petioles rather slender, 1:5-3°5 in.

long, glaucous; leaflets about 7, oblong-elliptic, the apex abruptly and

shortly acuminate, the base rounded, the edges entire and slightly

recurved when dry; upper surface shining, glabrous; the lower dull ,

glaucous, and bearing when young some quickly deciduous loose wooly

hairs. Panicle minutely tomentose, terminal, consisting of numerous

sub-erect branches 6-12 inches Jong,*bearing shortly peéduncled globose

ebracteolate dense capitula. Fruit oblong, ribbed, 8-celled, covered

with stellate white tomentum and crowned by the broad cluster of

Short styles ; disc large, spongy. H. capitatum, Seem. Rey. Hed. 15

(in part). Vonage ae

Maracea; Griffith (Kew Distrib.) 2700. Sincaporr; Iidley 3973,

6409. Prnana; Onrtis 837. Perak; Wiay 1542; Scortechini 391.

6. Heprartevrum Scorrechtntl, new species, An epiphytic shrub,

the young branches stout. Leaves digitate; the common petiole terete,

glabrous, stout, 2°5-3'5 feet long ; leaflets 8-10, very coriaceous, oblong

oN. 7 ith )

50 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

or oblong-elliptic, the apex blunt or shortly apiculate, the base rounded,

the edges entire and recurved when dry; both surfaces quite glabrous,

not reticulate; main nerves 6-9 pairs, slightly prominent on the lower

surface; length 9-13 in., breadth 4-6 in.; petiolules unequal, 2°5-5 in.

long. Panicle terminal, dividing into several narrow raceme-like

branches, 10-20 inches long, covered with pale scurfy tomentum ; the

branchlets 40 or 50 in number and °35 to ‘75 in. long, each with a

broadly ovate convolute wooly bract at its base, and at its apex a dense

globular umbel of sub-globular flowers ‘1 in. in diam. and borne on

pedicels 05 in. long. Calya truncate, tapering to the base. Petals 6 or 7,

narrowly lanceolate. Stigmas free, ovary 5-celled. Fruit unknown.

Perak; Scortechini 2008.

Collected only by the late Father Scortechini, whose specimens unfortunately

are scanty and rather fragmentary. A very distinct species, in general appearance

resembling H. Cephototes, Clarke and H, rigidwm, Seem. The leaflets of the

latter have however twice as many main lateral nerves, although their length

is not greater.

7. HepraPLEURUM TOMENTOSUM, Hassk. in Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor.

(1844), p. 165, A half-scandent shrub, 6-8 in. high ; the young branches

stout, deciduously stellate-pubescent, the older glabrous. Leaves digitate ;

the common petiole 9-12 in. long, densely covered with rusty stellate

tomentum, the intra-petiolar stipules about ‘75 in. long. Leaflets 5-7,

coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, caudate-acuminate, slightly narrowed to the

base, the edges entire and slightly revolute; the upper surface boldly

bullate and finely reticulate, quite glabrous, pale olivaceous when dry ;

the lower pale brown, more or less closely covered with pale brown

stellate hairs; length 8-10 in., breadth 2°75-3°5 in.; petiolules unequal,

15-2°5 in. long, tomentose. Panicles usually two together, terminal,

4-5 in. long, racemose ; the lateral branches about 12, short, ‘2-4 1n. long,

each bearing asub-globular umbel of 8-10, ovoid, blunt, glabrous flowers

‘15 in. long; their pedicels ‘1 in. long, pubescent. Calyx-tube funnel-

shaped, the rim narrow. Petals 5, white, glabrous, calyptrate. Stamens

longer than the petals. Styles 5, conjoined, papilliform, their apices

free. Fruit *2 in. long, narrowly oblong, 5-ridged, 5-celled. Sciadophyllum

tomentosum, Blume Bijdr. 877; DC. Prod. IV, 260. Paratropia

tomentosa, Miq. in Bonplandia for 1856, p. 188; Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I,

753; Aun. Mus. Lugd. Bat. I, 23.

Perak; Scortechini, Wray 2202, 3152; King’s Collector 2066, 2216,

2569, 7253, 8733. SnLanagor; Curtis 2341. Distris. Sumatra; Forbes,

2611.

I have seen no authentically-named specimen of this from the Leiden Herba-

rium, but the Perak plant agrees so completely with Miquel’s description that I

have no doubt of the correctness of my identification.

1898.] _G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 5%

8. HeprapLevrum SInGaLANGenseE, Seem. Rev. Hed. 42. Scandent,

glabrous. Leaves digitate ; common petiole 12-15 in. long, stout ; leaflets

5, membranous, elliptic, shortly acuminate, the base slightly narrowed,

the edges with a few irregular remote teeth or entire; both sur-

faces glabrous, faintly reticulate; main nerves 7 or 8 pairs, curved,

Spreading ; length 7-12 in., breadth 3'25-5°25 in., petiolules 1*25-2°5 in.,

thickened at the base. Panicle 12-18 in. long, covered with deciduous

rusty steilate pubescence, very narrow, (about 2 in. wide) ; the branches

numerous, about *5 in. long, each ending in an umbel of 5-10 oblong

obovoid pedicelled flowers *25 in. long, their pedicels -2—3 in. long.

Calyx-tube shortly campanulate, minutely scaly ; its limbnarrow, truncate,

undulate. Petals 9, fleshy, narrow, slightly unequal, connate by their

edges. Stamens 9. Stigmas united into a notched fleshy ring, ovary

12-celled. Fruit unknown. Paratropia Singalense, Mig. in Ann. Mus.

Imgd. Bat. I, 23. Agalma redivivum, Seem. Rev, Hed. 25.

Perak ; Scortechini 390; Curtis 3170.

The specimens which I have seen are few. In foliage they agree with the

specimen in Kew named Agalma redivivum, which however Seemann describes as

having 7-8-merous flowers. In other respects they agree with Seemann’s description

of that plant. They also agree with Miquel’s full description of his Paratropia

Singalangense, except as to the length of the petiole which Miquel gives as only 4-6

Inches, a measurement so much out of proportion with those he gives for the

petiolules, (1-2°5 in.) and leaflets, that I cannot help suspecting some clerical error.

9. HePTAPLEURUM LATIFOLIOLATUM, new species. A bush with stout

branches. Leaves digitate; the common petiole stout, glabrous, some-

what compressed, 7-11] in. long; leaflets thickly coriaceous, ovate-

rotund, shortly acuminate or blunt, the base rounded ; the edges entire,

slightly recurved when dry; both surfaces glabrous, the upper shining,

the lower dull and sub-glaucous; main lateral nerves 7 or 8 pairs,

spreading, curving upwards, prominent on the lower surface, depressed

on the upper when dry; length 3-5 in., breadth 1°75-3'5 in.; petiolules

*8-1°5 in., rather stout. Panicles terminal, in pairs, 5-8 in, long,

glabrous; the branches short, horizontal, each bearing at its apex an

umbel of 10-15 pedicelled flowers; pedicels °3 in. long. Fruit broadly

ovoid, deeply 9-ridged, 9-celled, glabrous, crowned by the 9 very short

free styles, and ‘15 in. in diam., red when ripe.

Perak; on Gunong Babu at an elevation of about 5000 feet ;

Wray 3927.

10. HeprarLevrum susuntatum, Seem. Rev. Hed. 42. Scandent,

glabrous. Leaves digitate; the common petiole 2-6 in. long, slender,

glabrous, terete; leaflets coriaceous, oblong-elliptic or elliptic, shortly

acuminate, tapering to the base; the edges entire, revolute when dry ;

both surfaces glabrous and reticulate but not prominently so, the upper

52. G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

shining, the lower dull when dry ; midrib prominent on the lower surface

as also the 4 oblique, basal, and 2-3 pairs of sub-horizontal main nerves ;

length 2°5-7 in., breadth 1—3°5 in; petiolules unequal, *2—2 in., swollen

near the apex. Panicle terminal, stellately puberulous, shorter than the-

leaves while in flower, longer in fruit, bearing many very narrow

racemoid branches each with an acuminate lanceolate bract 1 in. long’

at its base; branchlets very short, from °15 in. when in flower to ‘5 in.

when in fruit, stellately pnberulous, each bearing an umbel of 12-20:

flowers; buds depressed, globular, glabrous, ‘05 in. in diam. ; their pedicels:

‘2in. long, slender Iruit rather broadly ovoid, bluntly 5-ridged, 5-.

celled, glabrous, ‘15 in. long. Clarke in Flor. Br. Ind. IT, 730. Paratropia

subuiata, Mig. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. I, 22. .

Maracca; Griffith (Kew Distrib.) 2690; Maincay; 681, (Kew~

Distrib.) Derry. Pananc; Ridley 1632, 5818. Perak; Scortechini;

Wray 872, 3090, .3639; King’s Collector 773, 1102, 2343. Dustrip.

Sumatra.

This closely resembles H: venulosum, Seem., and is not always readily distin-

guishable from that species. The best marks of this appear to me to be the promi- :

nence of the basal nerves and the fewness of the other main nerves (only 2 or 3

pairs); and the longer narrower panicles which, up to the pedicels of the:

flowers, are covered with minute stellate hairs. The majority of the specimens of’

H. venulosum, Seem. have glabrous panicles, but those of var. macrophylla are

hairy, and the leaves have many more lateral nerves.

11. Heprrapteurum ventLosum, Seem. Rev. Hed. 44. Scandent;

young branches rather slender, glabrous. Leaves digitate; common’

petiole slender, terete, glabrous, 4-6 in. long; leaflets thinly coriaceous,

oblanceolate-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, narrowed

to the base, the edges entire; both surfaces shining, glabrous, conspicu-

ously and minutely reticulate; length 3-7 in., breadth 1:25-2-75 in.;

petiolules unequal, slender, varying from *5-1°5 in. long in the same leaf.

Panicle varying in length bnt usually shorter than the leaves, terminal,

glabrous or occasionally slightly pubescent, (stellate-pubescent in var.

macrophylla), dividing into several narrow branches bearing short

branchlets each terminating in an umbel of 10-15 depressed-clobular

flowers ‘] in. in diam.; their pedicels unequal, slender, *15--3 in. im

length. I’ruit ovoid, bluntly 5-ridged, 5-celled, glabrous, ‘15 in. long,

yellow when ripe. Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. Il, 729; Brand.

For. Flor. 294; Kurz For. Flor. I, 538. Paratropia venulosa, W. & A:

Prodr. 377; Wight Ill. t. 118. Hedera veuosa, Wall. Cat. 4923. H.

terebinthacea, Wall. Cat. 4920, (partly,). Aralia digitata, Roxb. Hort.

Beng. 22; Flor. Ind. II, 107.

ANDAMAN Istanps ; King’s Collectors. Matacca; Derry.

This species, so common from the base of the Eastern Himalaya southwards

1898.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 53:

through Assam to Burma, is replaced in the Malayan Peninsula by the closely

allied species H. ellipticwm, which differs from this as noted under that species.,

Mr. Clarke, in Flor. Br. India, however, reduces H. ellipticum to H. venulosum, a:

course in favour of which there is a good deal to be said.

12. HepraPLevruM .ELLIpTICcUM, Seem, Rev. Hed. 43. Scandent;.

young branches with pale brown glabrous bark. Leaves digitate; the

common petiole 4-6 in. long, glabrous ; leaflets 5- 7, coriaceous, more-

or less broadly elliptic, sometimes elliptic- rotund, apiculate, subapicu-.

late or obtuse, the base rounded or sub-cuneate; the edges entire,

revolute when dry ; both surfaces glabrous and rather dull when dry ;.

main nerves 4 or 5 pairs, the reticulations wide, inconspicuous ; length

2-5-7 in,, breadth 1°75-4 in. ; petiolules uequal, *75-1'5 in., that of the

middle leaflet 2 in. Panicle about as long as the leaves, terminal,

glabrous, lax, open, the branches long, spreading and bearing few-:

flowered umbels on long slender peduncles ; flowers globular-ovoid, ‘1 in,

Jong or less, on slender pedicels ‘15-2 in. long. Fruit oblong, yellowish,

with 5 ridges and 5 cells, Paratropia elliptica, Maiq. in Bonplandia

1856, p. 1388; Flor. Ind. Bat. J, Pt. I, p.756; in Ann. Mus. Luged.

Bat. I, 20; Sciadophyllum ellipticum, Blume Bijdr. 878; DC. Prodr.

IV, 260.

Sincapore; Ridley 5839, 6399: Matnacca; Derry 1187, 1215.

Penane ; Ourtis 972. Perax; Scortechini; Wray 2020, 2136; King’s

Collector 2541, 4733, 10375, 10534. ANnpaman ann Nicopar Istanps;

King’s Collector.

This Raeauthios H. venulosum, Seem ; but the Eatne Rem on the leaves of this

are wider and less distinct than in that; and the panicles of this have spreading,

quite glabrous, lax branches.

13. HEPrAPLEURUM SCANDENS, Seem. Rev. Hed. 43. A slender

creeper 3-5 in. long, the stem pale and corky. Leaves small, digitate ;

common petiole 1-2°5 in. long, slender ; leaflets 3-5, thinly coriaceons,

lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, tapering much to the base, the edges

entire and somewhat recurved ; both surfaces glabrous, the upper smooth

and. ee the lower dull and reticulate; length 1°5-3°5 in., breadth

“5-8 in.; petiolules subequal, ‘2-25 in, long.. Panicles longer than the

leaves, aie ace. 4-8 in. long; the branches spreading horizontally,

simple, each ending in an‘umbel of flowers on a slender pedicel nearly

‘75 in. long; buds globular,*1 in. in diam. JL’ruit elliptic, boldly 5-

ridged, 5-celled, ‘1 in. long. Paratropia scandens, Miq. in Bonplandia

1856, p. 138; Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I. 757. P. brachybotrya, Mig. Flor.

Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 755. Sciadophyllum scandens, Blume Bijdr. 878.

Perak; Wray 1844, 2401, 2880; Curtis 2687; Scortechini 218,

1352 ; King’s Collector 4304. Distris. Java, Sumatra.

A very slender glabrous species, at once distinguished by its small lanceolate,

caudate-acuminate, digitate leaflets.

54 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. (No. 1,

14. HeprarpLEURUM AFFINE, new species. A shrub 6-8 feet high,

semi-scandent ; young branches as thick as a goose-quill, shining, gla-

brous; common petiole 2-4 in. long, slender, the stipule bout °65 in., both

glabrous ; leaflets 5 or 6, thinly coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic,

acuminate, the base sometimes narrowed but always rounded, the edges

entire ; length 2°25-4 in., breadth 1:25-1°75 in.; petiolules somewhat

unequal, °75-1°5 in. long. Panicle terminal, when young furfuraceously

puberulous towards the base, ultimately quite glabrous everywhere,

25-5 in. long and almost as broad ; the main branches 3 or 4, spreading

and bearing, in pairs or whorls of 3, six to twelve ultimate ebracteate

branches ‘5-75 in. long, each terminating in an umbel of 7-10 pedicel-

late broadly ovate flowers nearly ‘2 in. long, the pedicels ‘2 in. long.

Fruit broadly ovate, apiculate, boldly 6-ridged, 6-celled, glabrous, nearly

°25 in. long.

Perak; at elevations of from 3000 to 5000 feet. Scortechini 333,

486 ; King’s Collector 3827; Wray 4121.

This in many respects resembles H. ellipticum, but has larger flowers and its

fruit is on shorter pedicels.

15. Heprarptevrum Hunter, new species. A small tree, 10-15

feet high ; branches stout, rugulose, deciduously pubescent, Leaves large,

digitate; the common petiole terete, glabrous, 10-24 in. long; leaflets

7-11, coriaceous, oblong or oblong-elliptic, occasionally somewhat broader

in the upper than in the lower half, shortly and abruptly acuminate,

slightly narrowed to the rounded base; both surfaces glabrous, not

reticulate, the midrib prominent ; main nerves 5-8 pairs, distant, slightly

curved and ascending, prominent on the lower surface when dry,,

obsolete on the upper; length 4-12 in., breadth 1°5-3°25 in.; petiolules

1:25-3°5 in., slender, glabrous. Panicles 9-12 inches long, terminal,

several together, long and narrow, with short horizontal slender branches

from ‘5 to 1 in. long, bearing terminal umbels of 8-12 small 6-merous

sub-globular flowers ‘1 in. in diam. Fruit elliptic, 6-ridged, 6-celled,

crowned by the 6 short distinct styles, glabrous, pedicels °25—-3 in. long.

Sincapore; Ridley 447, 4591, 6012; Wray 2323; King’s Collector

3048. Jonore; King and Hullett. |

A species resembling H. dvaricata, Miq.; but having leaflets with fewer nerves

and no reticulations, much longer panicles and narrower fruit. It is allied also to

H. longifolium, Seem., but the leaflets of that species have greatly more numerous.

‘main nerves, and the panicles are densely clothed with broad scale-like hairs and

have longer lateral branchlets.

16. HuprapLevrum Rrpury1, new species. Scandent; young

ranches stout, glabrous. Leaves digitate; common petiole terete,

glabrous, 5-10 in. long ; leaflets 5, very coriaceous, oblong, oblong-elliptic

or oblanceolate-oblong, acute, slightly narrowed at the base; the edges

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 55

entire, very slightly revolute when dry; both surfaces glabrous, the

reticulations faint when dry ; main nerves very slightly prominent on

the lower surface, about 8 pairs, spreading, the intermediate nerves

almost as conspicuous ; length 4—6°5 in., breadth *2-2°75 in.; petiolules

unequal, °75-2°25 in. Panicle terminal, glabrous, 5 or 6 in. long, with

several spreading branches; the branchlets few, about ‘5 in. long, each

bearing an umbel of 10-20 globular flowers ‘15 in. in diam. Calyz-

tube short, widely campanulate, the limb narrowed and truncate.

Petals 5, elliptic, glabrous. Fruit ovoid, somewhat succulent, smooth,

faintly 6-ridged, ‘25 in. long, 6-celled.

Sincapore ; Ridley 6336 and perhaps also 1890a.

17. HepraPLeURUM NERVOSUM, new species. A small shrub;

branches with glabrous bark pale brown when dry. Leaves digitate;

the common petiole terete, 2-2°25 in. long ; leaflets 6, very coriaceous,

lanceolate, acute, the base narrowed; the edges entire, much recurved

when dry; both surfaces glabrous, the upper shining, the lower dull;

main nerves 7-10 pairs, straight, sub-horizontal, very prominent on the

lower surface and deeply impressed on tle upper when dry, length

1-5-2°5 in., breadth 5-9 in.; petiolules unequal, the middle two about

‘75 in. long, the others about half as long. Panicle terminal, from

1-5-2 in. long, rusty-puberulous at first, afterwards glabrous, branches

about 2, spreading, with short bracteoles at the base and above it, each

ending in an umbel of 8-10 oblong pedicelled glabrous flowers ‘2 in.

long, their pedicels *1-15 in. long. Calya-tube cylindric-campanulate,

the limb truncate and entire. Petals narrowly triangular. Fruit

rotund-ovoid, boldly 6-ridged, 6-celled, glabrous, °3 in. long.

PERAK, on Gunong Chabong; Scortechini.

A very distinct small species with rather large flowers and fruit for the genus,

and prominently-nerved very coriaceous leaflets.

18. HeptapLeurum WRrayl, new species. A small tree; young

branches as thick as a swan’s quill, furfuraceous. Leaves digitate;

common petiole 6-9 in. long, slender, glabrous; leatlets 7-9, thinly

coriaceous, elliptic, abruptly shortly and sharply acuminate, the base

rounded, the edges with shallow distant sharp serrations ; upper surface

glabrous, the lower glaucous and with scattered minute stellate hairy

scales; main nerves 7 or 9 pairs, prominent beneath, length 3-5 in.,

breadth 1°75-2°25 in.; petiolules unequal, 1°5-2°5 in. long. Panicle

terminal, longer than the leaves, furfuraceous stellate-pubescent, bearing

a few rather distant, horizontal or deflexed many-flowered racemes,

Flowers 15 in. in diam., their pedicels *2 in. long. Oulya-tube funnel-

shaped, its mouth with 5 short triangular spreading teeth. Petals 5,

elliptic-oblong, glabrous, reflexed. Fruit globular, prominently 5-ridged,

56 GG. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula’ [No. 1,

‘crowned by’ the long confuent column of styles, elabrous, 5- celled, “15

in. in diam.

Prrak; on Gunong Brumber Paha at an siaiatise of about 7000

feet, Wray 1585.

A very distinct species, at once distinguishable by its racemose panicles, and

leaflets glaucous on the lower surface and with serrate edges.

19. - H&PTAPLEURUM BITERNATUM, Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind.

II, 735. A shrub several feet high; the young shoots. and the under

surfaces of the leaves deciduously stellate-pubescent. Leaves digitately

decompound or twice pinnate, with ternate leaflets at each node of the

rachis; leaflets coriaceous, narrowly-oblong, acuminate, entire, the

pase slightly narrowed and rounded ; length 2-3°5 in., breadth *5-75 in.,

petiolules *1 in. long or less, that of the terminal leaflet -4 in.; both

surfaces minutely reticuiate and shining, the upper glabrous, the lower

with deciduous stellate pubescence. Panicle 8 in. long, but only abont

15 in. across ; the branches little- divided, stellate-hairy ; bracts decidu-

ous, pedicels 2 in. long.

Matacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib.) 684.

Known only by Maingay’s fragmentary specimens.

20. HepraAPLEURUM HETEROPHYLLUM, Seem. Rev. Hed. 40. A ‘bush

‘or small tree 8-12 feet high. Lower leaves large, ternately decompound,

24 in. across ; common petiole 12—24 in. long; the upper leaves smaller

and only twice digitate ; the leaflets in all 3 to 5 on each petiolule, thinly

coriaceous, variable in shape, oblong-lanceolate ‘to elliptic or broadly

ovate, shortly acuminate, narrowed or rounded at the base; the edges

entire, rarely with 1 or-2 teeth near the apex ; both sernels minutely

reticulate and glabrous, the lower minutely dotted; length 2-5-7 or

even 9 in., breadth 1-2°25 in.; petiolules of the Tones leaflets *1="25 j ins,

that of fig terminal twice as fos Panicles with deciduous pale stellate

‘pubescence, solitary or several together, 10-15 in. long, and only 1°5-2

in. across; the branches horizontal, slender, each ending in an umbel

of flowers on slender pedicels, the flowers bearing fertile pistils smaller

than those with fertile stamens. Irwit narrowly oblong, boldly 5-ribbed,

glabrous, 5-celled, nearly *25 in. long, claret-coloured when ripe.

‘Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 731. Hedera heterophylla, Wall.

Cat. 4919; G. Don. Gen. Syst. HT, 394. Paratropia heteropha ylla, Presl

‘Epimel. Bot. 250; Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. 1, Pt. J, 761.

Penance; Wallich, Curtis 241, 2301 and possibly: 1950. PORAK

Scortechini 145, 664; King’s Collector 718, 2688, 8640, 8769.

21. Kitsaolin ie i aoe Currtsti, new species. - A large shrub. Lower

leaves bipinnate, the upper trifoliolate ; common petioles of both about

8 in. long; leaflets thinly coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, sometimes slightly

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 57

obovate, the apex shortly acuminate, the edges entire in the lower half

but with a few unequal scanty coarse sharp teeth in the upper half; the

base slightly narrowed, sometimes oblique; both surfaces quite glabrous,

shining and finely reticulate when dry; length 3-6 in., breadth 1°5-2°5

in.; petiolules unequal, the lateral -1 in. long or absent, the terminal

35-8 in. Panicle terminal, shorter than the leaf-petioles, with several

rusty stellate-tomentose bracts °75 in. long at its base, 2-branched; the

branches narrow, sparsely covered with scurfy pubescence; the lateral

branchlets about *75 in. long, slender, each bearing at its apex a crowded

umbel of from 10-20 oblong flowers on pedicels *15-—3 in. long. Fruit

oblong, boldly 5-ribbed, crowned by the conical disc bearing 5 small

rounded stigmas at its corners, 5-celled.

Penane; at Pulo Boetong, 1950.

I have seen only two specimens (and they are both of the same gathering) of

this very distinct species.

4. Trevesta, Vis.

Shrubs or small trees, prickly or unarmed, glabrous or stellate-

hairy. Leaves palmifid or palmisect; petioles often united by a wing

at their base; stipules united within the petiole, or obsolete. Flowers

polygamous, large for the Order; umbels panicled ; pedicels not jointed

under the flower; bracts small or 0. Calyz-margin entire or toothed.

Petals 8-12, valvate, somewhat thick, often cohering as a cap in the

fertile flowers. Stamens equal in number to the petals. Ovary with as

many cells as the petals; styles connate into a short column. Fruit

ovoid, large for the Order. Seeds compressed; albumen uniform.

Distris. Species about 10; natives of Hastern India, Malaya and

Polynesia.

TREVESIA PALMATA, Vis. in Mem. Acad. Torino, Ser. 2, 1V, 262, with

fig. A-small single-stemmed tree 10-25 feet high; young shoots ferru-

ginous-pubescent and very prickly. Leaves coriaceous, large (12-24 in.

in diam.), rotund in general outline, deeply palmatifid; or, in young

shoots, palmatisect, widely cordate at the base, the lobes acuminate, their

edges serrate or sometimes lobulate; glabrous when adult or with a few

small rufous stellate hairs on the lower surface; the lobules contracted

in the middle to a pseudo-petiolule (in var. cheirantha); petiole often

prickly, 6 to 20in. long. Panicles 12-30 in. long, the branches spreading,

when young clothed with reddish-brown tomentum ; bracts oblong, 1 in,

long, usually deciduous; pedicels 1-15 in. long. Ilower-buds ‘12 in.

in diam. Fruit ovoid-rotund, the ribs not prominent, crowned by

the stout style, fleshy, ‘5 in.in diam. Seem. Rev. Hed. 77; Kurz For,

Flora Burma, I, 539; Clarke in Flor. Br. Ind. II, 732; Boerlage in Ann.

5. i, 8

58 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No.1],

Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg VI, 108. Gastonia palmata, Roxb. Hort. Beng.

33; Flor. Ind. II, 407; Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 894. Giilibertia palmata,

DC. Prodr. IV, 256. Hedera ferruginea and H. palmata, Wall. Cat. 4909

and 4910 (partly). Brassaiopsis confluens, Seem. Rev. Hed. 18 (as to the

leaves). Aralia dubia, Spreng. Syst. Veg. IV, 2, p. 125.

Perak ; Scortechint ; King’s Collector 4436, 6715.

Var. cheirantha, Clarke in Flor. Br. Ind. II, 732; lamine of the

lobes cut away in the middle so as to expose the midrib and form a ~

pseudo-petiolule. Hedera ? cheirantha, Jack in Wall. Cat. 4925; Wall.

Cat. 4910 in part.

Perak ; Wray 2822; King’s Collector 2308 ; Scortechini 344.

5. Denpropanax, Decne and Planch.

Unarmed glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, entire, (palmate-

ly 3-5-lobed on young shoots). Umbels solitary or in small panicles ;

bracts small or none; pedicels not jointed under the flower. Limb

of the calyx entire or 5-toothed. Petals 5, free, valvate, rather thick.

Stamens 5. Styles united into a column at the base, free at the apex.

Fruit globose or ellipsoid, succulent, distinctly or obscurely 5-ribbed.

Seeds compressed ; albumen uniform. Dusrrir. about 12 species mostly

tropical American ; one Japanese ; one Indo-Chinese.

DenpDROPANAX MAINGAYI, new species. A shrub; young branches with

corky bark, pale-brown when dry, all parts except the umbels glabrous.

Leaves alternate or sub-opposite, thinly coriaceous, oblong-ovate, oblong

or lanceolate, acute ; the base rounded, sometimes slightly narrowed; the

edges entire and slightly recurved when dry; both surfaces glabrous,

dull, the midrib prominent on the lower and sending off near its base two

boid curving nerves running at: some distance from the margin to the

apex and, above the origin of these, 7-8 pairs of faint horizontal nerves ;

length 2-3°25 in., breadth 1-1-75 in., petioles varying from °25-1°5 in,

in length. Umbel simple, terminal, its pedicel °35—5 in. long; flowers

8-12, oblong, pedicelled, -2 in. Jong, their pedicels °25--4 in. long.

Calyx cylindric-campanulate, puberulous, its mouth with 5 sharp

triangular teeth. Petals broadly lanceolate, acute, quite free. Fruit

globular, succulent, glabrons, °3 in. in diam. JD. parviflorwm, Clarke in

Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. (not of Bentham).

Maxacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib.) 682; Grifith 2685-1. Purax ;

Scortechini. 308.

This Dendropanax, found in Malacca and Perak, does not agree with specimens

of D. parviflorum, Benth., collected in Hongkong. It appears to me to be a distinct

species hitherto un-named,

1898.) G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 59

6. ARTHROPHYLLUM, Blume.

Shrubs or small trees, unarmed. Leaves glabrous or sub-glabrou

the lower large and compoundly pinnate, the uppermost opposite and

simple, the intermediate 3-foliolate; leaflets easily separable from the

rachis; stipules forming a ligule within the petiole. Inflorescence a

terminal compound umbel, the terminal umbellules peduncled; bracts

very small; pedicel not jointed under the flower. Calyx-teeth 5, small.

Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style short,

simple. Fruit (in the Indian species) ovoid, not angular. Seed sub-

globose; albumen ruminate. Disrris. Species 3, Malayan.

The l-celled ovary is anomalous in this Order, and this genus was excluded

from Araliacie by Seemann.

Lower leaves pinnately decompound ye we L. A. diversifolium.

Lower leaves simply pinnate, or at most bipinnate .. 2. A. pinnatum.

1, ARTHROPHYLLUM DiversIFoLIoM, Blume Bijdr. 879. A shrub or

small tree, all parts except the umbels glabrous. Lower leaves large,

pinnately decompound, with pairs of opposite leaflets at the main

divisions, the upper leaves smaller and simply pinnate, and the upper-

most of all trifoliolate or simple ; leaflets coriaceous, oblong or elliptic,

acute, narrowed at the base, entire; length 1°5-3 in., breadth 1°25-2°25

in.; petiolules ‘25-45 in., slender. Inflorescence a compound umbel ;

the peduncles of the ultimate umbels unequal, covered with warm brown

deciduous stellate tomentum ; lengthening in fruit to *5-1°5 in.; pedicels

*25 in. long; fruit ovoid-globose, not ridged, crowned by the conical

disc, glabrous. Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 734; Mig. Flor.

Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 767. A. javanicum, Blume Bijdr. 879; DC. Prodr.

IV, 266; Kurz For. Flor. I, 540. A. ellipticum, Blume and DC. 1. c.

A. Blumeanum, Zoll. & Mor. Verz. 41; Mig. l. c. 1, 768. A. ovali-

folium, Jungh. & De Vriese in Miq. 1. c. t. 14. Panaz polycarpum, Wall.

Cat. 4930. P. Jackianum, Wall. Cat. 4931. Hedera Jackiana, G. Don

Gen. Syst. III, 394. H.? ovata, Wall. Cat. 4911. Hupteron, sp. nov.

Kurz Andam. Rep. Suppl. B 9.

Manacea ; Griffith (Kew Distrib. 2675). Sincarporr; Anderson 48,

185; Hullett 351, 393; Ridley, 5838. Prnana; Curtis 781. Prrak

Wray 2012, 3063; King’s Collector and Scortechini, many numbers,

ANDAMAN Istanps; Kurz.

2. ARTHROPHYLLUM PINNATUM, Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind.

If, 734. A bush; all parts glabrous. Leaves pinnate, rarely bipinnate

or simple; the pinnate ones 12-18 in. long and with 5-17 leaflets ;

leaflets varying in size, coriaceous, lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, taper-

ing to the base; the edges entire, glabrous; length 1:25-4 in., breadth

‘4-1 in., petiolule absent or only ‘1 in. in length. Umbels with few

60 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No.1,

umbellules, their peduncles 1°5-2 in. long; pedicels glabrous or with

rusty stellate deciduous pubescence; fruit sub-globose, shining, °15 in.

in diam. Panax pinnatum, Lamk. Dict. I, 715; DC. Prodr. IV, 254;

Wall. Cat. 9057. P. secunda, Schultz Syst. VI, 215. Nothopanaz ?

pinnatum, Miq. Flor. Ind. Bat. I, Pt. I, 766.

PenanG; Wallich, Maingay (Kew Distrib.) 679. Matacca; Main-

gay 677; Griffith (Kew Distrib.) 2676; Ridley 3224. Perak; Wray

330, 1475; Scortechini 352.

7. WaArDENIA, new genus.

A miniature tree with prickly stem, otherwise unarmed. Leaves

coriaceous, simple, on long terete petioles expanded at the base into

a short sheath with 2 minute stipules on its inner surface. Inflores-

cence a terminal shortly-branched compound umbel. Flowers herma-

phrodite. Calyx-twbe narrowly campanulate, its limb with 5, small,

spreading teeth. Petals 5, calyptrate, their edges slightly infolded,

vaivate below, slightly imbricate near the apex; the midribs prominent

on the inner surface. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals; the fila-

ments short, straight; the anthers versatile; the cells linear, quite

separate from each other, each united by. its middle to the tip of

the filament. Disc large, fleshy, convex, covering the whole of the

apex of the ovary, slightly 5-lobed. Styles united to form a short

thick column without any distinct stigmatic enlargement; ovary l-

celled, with 2 parallel pendulous ovules. Frwit 2-celled, by the form-

ation of a dissepiment not present in the ovary, 2-seeded ; seeds com-

pressed. A single species.

This genus is allied to Arthrophyllum ; but its ovaries, although one-celled, have

two pendulous ovules. The fruit, however, is two-celled, by the subsequent form-

ation of a dissepiment, and is 2-seeded. The leaves moreover are all simple. The

seeds of the few specimens which I have seen are quite young and the nature of

the albumen cannot be made out. I have named the genus in honour of my friend

Brigade-Surgeon Lt.-Colonel C. J. H. Warden, a distinguished pharm and

one of the authors of the Pharmacographia Indica.

WARDENIA SIMPLEX, King. A shrub 6-8 in. high, deciduously

rufous-pubescent towards the apex, prickly near the base. Leaves

simple, elliptic, tapering gradually to the shortly acuminate apex, not

narrowed to the slightly cordate base; both surfaces bearing minute

scattered rusty stellate hairs; length 8-15 in., breadth 3°5-7 in.,

petiole 5-10 in. Flower buds ‘1 in. in diam., conical; pedicels *6—9

in. long, slender, rusty-pubescent, the umbels 10-20-flowered. Calyx

slightly rusty-pubescent. Petals glabrous. Fruit elliptic-globose, sub-

glabrous, *2 in, long, crowned by the calyx and by the slender conic

stylar column.

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 62

Perak; near Ulu Kerling, King’s Collector in flower during March

only once collected.

8. HeteEropanax, Seem.

A small unarmed tree. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, very large,

pinnately decompound, stipules not prominent. Panicles large, the

branches bearing umbels, stellate-hairy ; bracts of umbels small, ovate,

obtuse, persistent; pedicels not jointed to the flowers. Flowers polyga-

mous, the female flowers most numerous in the terminal umbel. Calyz-

limb minutely toothed. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5, filaments filiform,

anthers ovate. Disk nearly flat; ovary 2-celled; styles 2, slender, free

from the base, spreading, the stigmas sub-terminal. Fruit laterally

compressed, coriaceous, almost didymous, 2-seeded. Seeds compressed,

albumen ruminate. Species 1 or 2; Indo-Chinese.

HETEROPANAX FRAGRANS, Seem. Rev. Hed. 73. A tree 40-60 feet

high ; all parts glabrous. Leaves large, the lower often 3 feet across,

pinnately decompound, tke pinnae with a pair of opposite leaflets at

their forks; leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate; the

base slightly oblique, not narrowed; variable in size (2°5-5 in. long,

and 15-25 in. broad) ; petiolules of lateral leaflets ‘1-2 in. long, that

of the terminal one ‘8-1 in. Panicles terminal, longer than the leaves ;

flowers small, whitish-tomentose, in small condensed umbels, their

pedicels under ‘25 in. long; fruit compressed, sub-reniform, sub-

glabrous, slightly glaucous, ‘35 in. across. Brandis For. Flora 249

Kurz For. Flora Burma, J, 541; Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II,

734. Panax fragrans, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 21; Flor. Ind. II, 76; Wall.

Cat. 4929; DC. Prodr. IV, 254 (excl. syn. of Don).

Anpaman Istanps; King’s Collector. Disvris. Brit. India, Java,

China.

9. Brassatopsis, Decne. & Planch.

Large shrubs or trees, glabrous or tomentose, armed or not. Leaves

digitate or palmate or angled; stipules connate within the petiole, not

prominent. Umbels in large compound panicles, young parts at least

stellately tomentose ; bracts not large, often persistent; pedicels rising

from a dense cluster of persistent bracteoles, not jointed under the

often polygamous flowers. Calyx 5-toothed. Petuls 5, valvate. Stamens

5. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, united, long or short. Fruit broadly

globose or turbinate, 2- or (by abortion) 1-seeded. Seed not com-

pressed; albumen ruminated. Drsrris. Species 11 ; Northern Brit.

India to Java.

Brassalopsis pALMATA, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XXXIX

62 G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 1,

(1870) Pt. Il, 77. A small sparingly prickly tree with simple stem

slightly branched near the top; young shoots covered with tawny or

rusty scurfy tomentum. eaves crowded at the ends of the stem and

branches, large, 9-15 in. across, coriaceous, rotund in general outline,

cordate at the base, palmately lobed about half or more than half way

down; the lobes 5-9, oblong, or sometimes sinuate towards the base, acumi-

nate, serrate; upper surface glabrous, lower sub-glabrous; the petiole

10-20 in. long, without prickles, scurfy-tomeutose when young, ultimately

glabrous. Inflorescence rusty-tomentose, terminal, panicled, the ultimate

branches bearing many-flowered bracteolate umbels; flowers ‘15 in,

across, their pedicels ‘5-7 in. long; rim of calyx narrow, irregularly

toothed. Fruit broadly elliptic or turbinate, terete, ‘3 in. long, as large

as a pea, crowned by the slender column of connate styles; cocci 1 or 2,

with chartaceous pericarp, l-seeded. Kurz For. Flor. Burma J, 537;

Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. Ind. II, 735. Panax pulmatum, Roxb.

Hort. Beng. 21; Flor. Ind. Il, 74. Hedera polycantha, Wall. Pl. As. Rar.

iI, t. 190; Cat. 4907 B.

This species is closely allied to B. Hainla, Seem., from which it

differs chiefly in having leaves with deeper narrower more serrate

lobes, and also in having rusty instead of pale tomentum on the

young shoots and inflorescence. Thetwo are in my opinion rather too

closely allied to be kept distinct as species. In his distribution, Wallich

issued both under the name Hedera polycantha and the number 4907. |

Purak ; Scortechinit 17, 1146; Ridley 3018; King’s Collector 2598.

Distris. Brit. India, along the base of the Himalaya; Assam and

Burma,

Var. andamanica, lobes of leaves obovate-oblong, the edges almost

entire; inflorescence a narrow panicle nearly as long as the leaves.

Araliopsis andamanica, Kurz in Andaman Report, App. B, 9.

ANDAMAN Istanns ; Kurz, King’s Collectors.

10. Heprropsis, C. B. Clarke.

A glabrous unarmed tree. Leaves 1-3-foliolate; leaflets lanceolate,

denticulate or nearly entire; base of petiole much dilated; stipules

inconspicuous. Umbels panicled; bracts and bracteoles deciduous .

pedicels jointed close under the flowers. Calyx margined, somewhat

prominently 5-toothed. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled ;

styles connate. Fruit berried, large, sub-globose, crowned by the stout

persistent style. Seeds 5-4; albumen ruminated.

Heperopsis Matneayi, Clarke in Hook. fil. Flor. Br. India, II, 739.

Leaflets of the compound leaves membranous, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-

nate, narrowed at the base, nerves faint, length 3-5 in., breadth 1°5-2

1898.] G. King— Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 63

in., petiolules ‘1-2 in. Simple leaves as long as 8'5 in. and about 4 in.

broad; petiole 1-2 inches. Inflorescence a panicle of umbels with

puberulous peduncles 1 in. or more long. Calya-tube sub-globular,

puberulous. Petals ovate-lanceolate, spreading, ‘15 in. long, Fruit (un-

ripe) more than ‘5 in. long, including the conical disc and persistent

style.

Matacca ; Maingay (Kew Distrib.) 683.

This plant has not been collected since Maingay’s time, and it is known only

from his fragmentary specimens.

11., Touprpantavs,. H, f. &.T.

A large glabrous shrub, at first erect but afterwards a lofty

climber. Leaves digitate ; leaflets glabrous, leathery, entire; stipules

connate within the petiole. Inflorescence a compound umbel or small

panicle ; pedicels thick, not jointed under the flowers. Calyx-margin

obsolete. Petals closely connate, falling offina cap. Stamens very many,

in two or several series. Ovarian cells and stigmas very numerous;

the latter sessile, radiating, crowded but not connate. Fruit globose,

depressed, succulent.

T'UPIDANTHUS CALYPTRATUS, Hook. fil. and Thoms. in Bot. Mag. t.

4908. Leaflets 7-9, oblong or oblong-obovate, acute or blunt, 4-7 in.

long, and 1:75-3'5 in. broad, the petiolules 1-2 in.; the common

petiole 6-15 in. Inflorescence umbellate, 3-4-branched; the branches

stout, short and with large coriaceous bracts at their bases; the

ultimate umbels with 3-7 pedicellate flowers nearly 1 in. across ; calyx-

tube glabrous, thickly coriaceous. Stamens 50-70, crowded. Fruit

sub-globose, succulent, 1°25-1'5 in. in diam. when ripe. Seem, Rev.

Hed, 6; Clarke in Hook. fil, Flor.Br. Ind. IT, 740.

Perak; on Gunong Ulu Sungei, elevat. 4500 feet; Wray 1594.

Distrts. Burma; Khasia Hills and probably Java.

Mr. Wray’s specimens were collected at an elevation much higher than this

species ever ascends to in British India. They have smaller leaves with blunt

leaflets, but are otherwise indistinguishable from the British Indian plant.

64 ¥. Finn— Plumage of Honeysucker, [ No},

Note on the Seasonal change of Plumage in the males of the Purple

Honeysucker ( Arachnechthra asiatica) and of an analogous American

bird (Coereba cyanea).—By F, Finn, B.A., F.Z.8., Deputy Super-

intendent, Indian Museum.

[Received and Read January 4th, 1898.]

Dr. Jerdon in his “ Birds of India” (Vol I, p.870) and Captain

Shelley, in his Monograph of the Crnnyridae, agree in assigning to the

male of our common Purple Honeysucker (Arachnecthra astatica) besides

its characteristic dress, a plumage much resembling that of the female,

but marked with a broad purple streak down the ventral surface.

Dr H. Gadow, however, in the British Museum Catalogue volume

(IX, p. 58), dealing with these birds, ignores this change of plumage;

and Mr. Oates, in his “ Birds of British Burmah” (Vol. I, p. 322),

states that the change does not take place in that country, “for fuall-

plumaged males may be obtained all the year round.” He believes also

that the young males of this species are clothed in female plumage all

through their first winter, and thinks that the abundance of such has

probably given rise to the belief in a change of plumage.

With all due deference to the opinion of so excellent an ornithologist

as Mr. Oates, however, I venture to suggest that he is wrong, and that

the authors previously cited are right, with respect to this change of

plumage, at any rate in Indian examples.

In the first place, the presence of full-plumaged birds all the year

round is of very little weight in disproving this change. Marked in-

dividual variations occur in the period of change of plumage by birds

which possess more than one dress, and specimens of such species may

be found in more or less full-plumage and undress at the same date,

as I have myself seen in Ducks and Dabchicks.

This consideration disposes, I think, of Mr. Oates’ first argument,

but I have better evidence to bring forward.

About the middle of July last year (1897) in view of my approaching

visit to England on leave, I procured a number of Honeysuckers in

the hope of being able to take some alive to the London Zoological

Gardens, where such birds have never previously been exhibited. All

the birds I kept, with one exception, were Arachnecthra zeylonica, but

I had, and brought home safely, one male specimen of the species I am

now considering.

This bird, when I got it, was in heavy moult, and mostly purple

in colour, but to my great surprise (I had taken it fora young male

assuming full-plumage) it gradually lost this hue, and by the time I

1898. | F. Finn — Plumage of Honeysucker. 65

started for England, in the first week in August, it was in the non-

breeding dress, brown above and yellow below, with the median purple

streak, but still retaining the orange axillary tufts.

This specimen, unfortunately, only survived its advent at the

Zoological Gardens for about a fortnight* and I do not know whether

it was preserved ; if it was, it was probably put in spirit, as the moult

had never been properly completed, and so the plumage was in bad

order. It had, however, lived long enough to show that the change

above referred to does really take place; for that captivity could have

so affected the bird as to change the colour of the actually growing

feathers, I am not inclined to admit, and I therefore conclude that the

accounts which give this bird a change of plumage are quite correct.

While on this subject, it seemed to me that I might draw the atten-

tion of ornithologists to a similar change, apparently hitherto unrecord-

ed, in a bird which, though not believed to be allied to our Sunbirds,

and inhabiting the New World, nevertheless in form and habits presents

at least an analogical resemblance to these. I allude to the Yellow-

winged Blue Sugar-bird (Coereba cyanea) of which several specimens

have been exhibited in the London Zoological Society’s Gardens.

During my previous acquaintance with the species there, I had

been struck by the change of plumage that the male appeared to under-

go, and when in England last September, [ found the Society’s single

Specimen, a male which had been acquired as long ago as 1890, actually

passing into the full violet plumage from the undress stage, which had

been olive-green above, and yellowish below, much resembling the

coloration of the female. The tail was black, and the wings yellow and

black, and the legs pink-red, as in the male in full plumage, In fact,

* T ascribe my small measure of success with living Sunbirds to the fact that

I fed them too much on “‘slops”” —~sweetened milk or milk-sop. In addition to some

such food given at first it would, I think, be well to supply crumbled yolk of hard-

boiled egg mixed with powdered sugar, and to-keep them as much on this as possi-

ble, with fruit also. None of the Arachnecthra zeylonica I had survived the voyage

but one, and this died in the train en route from Plymouth to London. I saw this

bird bullying the A. asiatica one occasion at least, and I had previously noticed that

the latter bird appeared somewhat to fear its companions. When all were together

in a big cage in Calcutta it kept almost entirely to one twig in the branch put in this

cage, and was in general less active in its movements than A. zeylonica, though it

seemed less sensitive to cold on the voyage. None of the male A. zeylonica, some

of which were monlting, showed any sign of changing their bright plumage for

a duller one, as suggested by Captain Shelley in his account of the species in the

Monograph above quoted. Neither did they molest each other, while I remember

having had to separate two male specimens of A. asiatica which I had previously

kept, because one was getting so badly bullied by the other,

FF.

on Ir. 9

66 F. Finn— Long-Snouted Whip-Snake. [No. 1,

the bird presented much the same appearance as a skin (21280 in

that there were many more violet feathers visible.

The keepers I consulted bore me out as to the regular occurrence

of the change of plumage in the male of this species; and one was of

the opinion that the quills and tail changed also; but this I do not

recollect seeing myself. Unfortunately this bird also soon after died,

and was not preserved.

The existence of this change of colouration in the male of a Coereba

is interesting as tending to confirm the views of those naturalists (Dr.

Sclater and Messrs. Baird, Brewer and Ridgway), who place the

Coerebidae in close connection with the Tanagers, in which group the

male of Pyranga rubra exhibits a similar seasonal alteration of plumage.

Note on the Long-Snouted Whip-Snake (Dryophis mycterizans).—By F.

Finn, B.A., F.Z.8., Deputy Superintendent, Indian Museum.

[ Received and Read, January 5th, 1898.]

A common belief in India accredits the Whip-Snake with the

propensity for deliberately striking at the eye. As this trait is not

alluded to by either Dr. Giinther or Dr. Boulenger in their accounts

of the Indian Reptilia, 1 venture here to bring forward an instance

which shows that the notion above noticed is really correct.

On December Ist, 1897, a bird-catcher, with whom I had pre-

viously had dealings, brought to my quarters two specimens of the

Long-Snouted Whip-Snake (Dryophis mycterizans) for sale. Knowing

them to be harmless, and the vendor having no fear of them, I took

both in my hands and went to show them to a friend who was in an

adjoiing room; the larger one* having meanwhile struck at my hand,

without breaking the skin. As I was exhibiting the snakes, 1 was

rather unpleasantly surprised by finding this large specimen suddenly

dart at my eye, and inflict a bite on it, which, as I had instinctively

closed the threatened organ, only resulted in some small punctures on

the eyelids, which were just sufficient to draw a little blood. The posi-

tion of these, two on the upper, and one on the lower eyelid, sufficiently

shows, I think, the deliberateness of the reptile’s aim. Of course I

suffered no inconvenience from the bite, although on rubbing my eye

* This stuffed skin of this specimen was exhibited, together with a sketch of

the bitten eye made by the Museum artist, to show the position of the tooth-marks.

1898. ] A. Alcock — Careinological Fauna of India. 67

a few hours afterwards, I removed a tooth rather over 35 inch long

from the puncture in the lower eyelid. This, however, after being

examined under the microscope by Dr. Alcock and myself, proved not

to be a grooved one, so that this little experience throws no light on the

possible effects of Dryophis fangs on the human subject; I think,

however, that it may be fairly allowed, in connection with the belief above

mentioned, to upset the reputation for gentleness which Dr. Boulenger

awards to the species.* I may say that I was not holding the snake

roughly or maltreating it in any way, and that when confined afterwards

in a glass case it repeatedly struck at anyone who came near, seeming

to aim particularly at the face, though it soon recognized, apparently,

the futility of attacking glass.

This intelligence in attack was again shown subsequently, when,

having transferred the snake to a large cage of wire gauze, I endeavour-

ed to make it attack a Gecko. This it would not do even when the

lizard was thrown absolutely in its face, darting open-mouthed at me

instead. It similarly refused to bite a handkerchief with which I

teased it, though I have succeeded in getting Dendrophis pictus (a

black Andaman variety) to do this.

Materials for a Carcinological Fauna of India. No.3. The Brachyura

Cyclometopa. PartI. The Family Xanthide.—By A. Aucock, M.B.,

C.M.Z.S., Superintendent of the Indian Museum.

[Received 20th March. Read 6th April, 1898. ]

The family Xanthidsx, as here defined, includes the Cancridx (with-

out Cancer and Pirimela) and the Hriphiide (without Oethra) of Dana’s

system.

It is a family which, as most authors have remarked, it is almost

impossible to divide into groups that shall be at once natural and

sharply defined, owing to the numerous intergradations of form that

exist.

The Indian species of this family, so far as I have been able to

discover, number 153, of which all but the following 14 are represented

in the Indian Museum :—

Carpilodes venosus Hdw., Carpilodes margaritatus A. M. Hdw.,

Lachnopodus rodgerst Stimpson, Lophactzxa fissa Henderson, Lophozozymus

* IT hope this will not be taken as captious criticism of Dr. Boulenger’s work,

for which I entertain the sincerest admiration, especially since I know that gentle-

man to be in the habit of studying reptiles in life when opportunity offers.

F, F.

68 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

cristatus A. M. Edw., Hypocoelus rugosus Henderson, Cycloranthus lineatus

A. M. Edw., Halimede thurstont Henderson, Cymo tuberculatus Ortmann,

Pilumnus labyrinthicus Miers, Actwmnus verrucosus Henderson, Actumnus

nudus A. M. Edw., Heteropanope eucratoides Stimpson, Hurycarcinus

maculatus A. M. Kdw.

The new species described in this paper have almost all been

obtained by the ‘‘ Investigator” and will be figured in the Illustrations

of the Zoology of the Investigator for the year 1899, the original drawings

for which are now in course of preparation,

Tribe CYCLOMETOPA.

Cyclométopes Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 264, 363 (part.)

Cancroidea, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 142 (part.)

Cyclométopes, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (4) XIV. 1860, p. 183.

Cyclometopa or Cancroidea, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 106 (part.)

Cancroidea Portuninea and Cancroidea Cyclometopa (part.) Ortmann, Zool.

Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, pp. 65 and 411.

Carapace, almost without exception, broader than long, the antero-

lateral borders generally arched, sometimes very strongly so, the postero-

lateral borders generally convergent, sometimes very strongly so: the

front broadish or broad, horizontal or obliquely deflexed, not rostrate.

Buccal cavern square-cut, commonly broader than long: the palp

of the external maxillipeds articulating at or near the antero-internal

angle of the merus.

Epistome transverse, short fore and aft.

The antennules generally fold nearly transversely.

The abdomen of the male occupies all the space between the last

pair of legs.

Branchie nine pairs; their efferent channels opening on either side

of the palate.

The genital ducts of the male open at the bases of the last pair of

legs.

The Cyclométopes of Milne Edwards includes the genus Mthra

which, following Miers, has been relegated to the Oxyrhyncha in this

series of papers, and excludes the Telphusidx, which by all subsequent

writers have been regarded as true Cyclometopes.

The Cancroidea of Dana includes the genus Acanthocyclus. My

only knowledge of this genus is derived from drawings and descriptions,

which do not as yet satisfy me that Acanthocyclus is more nearly related

to the Cyclometopes than to other groups.

The Cyclometopa of Miers includes not only Acanthocyclus, but,

1898. | A. Aleock— Carcinological Fauna of India. 69

following Claus, the Corystoidea. Now undoubtedly several of the

forms included under the Corystoidea have very close relations with

Cancer and Pirimela; and if Cancer and Pirimela are regarded as typical

Catametopes then such (Corystoid) forms as Atelecyclus and a

tartum may also be classed as Cyclometopes.

In this preliminary paper I prefer not to take Cancer as an ideal

Cyclometope, and to leave the Corystoidea for future consideration.

The Cyclometopa of Ortmann includes the family Parthenopide,

which in this series of papers has, in accordance with the views of

other authors, been considered with the Oxyrhyncha; and also the

Corystoid genera Atelecyclus and Hypopeltarium, the Cancrine affinities

of which have been admitted. I cannot, however, think that the

removal of the Parthenopide from their long approved position, as

Oxyrhynchs showing a connexion between that type and the Cancrine

type, serves any useful purpose.

For the purposes of this paper the Cyclometopa are divided into

the following families :—

I. Cancridx, in which the fold of fe antennules is (oneal

or obliquely longitudinal, and the anterior boundary of the buccal

cavern is somewhat indefinite, being more or less overlapped by the

external maxillipeds.

Of this family, of which Cancer and Pirimela are types, no repre-

sentative is known in the Indian Seas.

II. Xanthidx, in which the fold of the antennules is transverse

or obliquely transverse, and the anterior boundary of the buccal

cavern is raised and sharply defined, so that the external maxillipeds

commonly shut close against it unless they fall short of it.

Ill. Portunide, in which the fifth pair of legs is peculiarly modified

for swimming and usually has the propodite and dactylus singularly

broad thin and paddle-like.

IV. Telphuside, in which the form is Grapsoid, the branchial

regions being much dilated. The members of this family inhabit fresh

water and, sometimes, damp jungle.

The present paper refers to the family Xanthidex.

Family XANTHID A.

Canceriens arqués et quadrilatéres Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 369.

Cancridez (exc. Cancrine et ?Polydectine) and Hriphide (exc. Oethrine) Dana,

U.S. Expl. Exp., Crust., pt. I. pp. 147, 228.

Canceriens (exc. Oethra, Cancérides et Pirimélides) A. Milne Edwards, Nouv.

Archiv. du Mus. I. 1863, pp. 177-182.

Cancridz (exc. Cancer), Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 106.

Xanthini (exc. Thiidx), Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, p, 412.

70 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. ],

Carapace transversely oval or transversely hexagonal or subquad-

rate or (rarely) subcircular, but almost always broader than long.

Front broadish or very broad, never in the form of a rostrum. The

fold of the antennules is transverse or obliquely transverse. Antennary

flagella short or slender. Anterior margin of buccal cavern very well

defined, not overlapped by the external maxillipeds. Legs gressorial.

The Xanthide may be divided, according to the character of the

palate emphasized by Dana, into two sections, as follows :—

I. Hyperomerista, in which the efferent branchial channel on either

side is defined by a ridge on either side of the palate,—the ridge extend-

ing right up to the anterior border of the buccal cavern.

II. Hyperolissa, in which ridges defining the efferent branchial

channels are either altogether absent or are present on the posterior

part of the palate only. :

I do not think that these sections, depending on a single variable

character, should be considered as families, or even as subfamilies.

The section Hyperolissa, which corresponds to Dana’s family

Cancride, minus Cancer and Pirimela and Polydectus, is here subdivided

into 3 subfamilies, hereafter characterized, namely, Xanthine, Acting,

and Chlorodine.

The section Hyperomerista, which corresponds to Dana’s family

Eriphiide, minus Oethra, is here subdivided into 4 subfamilies, hereafter

characterized, namely, Menippine, Oziine, Pilumnine and Hriphiine.

The genus Platypilumnus, Wood-Mason MS., Alcock, Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist. May 1894, p. 401, and Illustrations of the Zoology of the

Investigator, Crustacea pl. xiv. fig. 6, probably belongs to this family

and to the section Hyperolissa, and is probably related most nearly to

Galene ; but as I have only a single female specimen to go by its exact

position must remain undecided.

The following artificial key is meant to serve for the discrimination

of the Indian genera of this family :—

A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 71

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A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India.

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1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. Ge

Section I. Hyperolissa.

Xanthids in which the efferent branchial channels are not defined

by a complete ridge on either side of the palate.

Subfamily I. XANTHINA.

Carapace usually much broader than long, usually transversely oval,

sometimes transversely hexagonal. The front is contained from 35 to 53

times in the greatest breadth of the carapace.

Alliance TI. CarprtnioipA. Carapace broad, transversely oval, the

antero-lateral border either entire, or divided into a few broad, shallow,

rounded lobes. Legs sub-cylindrical. Abdomen of the male with the

3rd and 4th, or usually the 3rd, 4th and 5th segments fused together.

Alliance IT. Zozymorpa. Carapace broad, transversely oval, the

antero-lateral border in the form of a sharp crest which may be either

thin and entire (fissured only) or cut into 4 large teeth, Legs with at

least the upper border of the merus carpus and propodus sharply

eristiform. Abdomen of the male with the 8rd, 4th and Sth somites

fused.

Alliance III. EHvuxantnota. Carapace broad, tranversely oval,

very profusely areolated in high relief; the antero-lateral borders are

continued below the orbits to the outer angle of the buccal cavern.

The basal antennal joint has its outer angle prolonged and impacted in

the orbital hiatus, and the antennary flagellum, which is hardly visible

without a lens, arises within the orbit. The abdomen of the male has

the 3rd, 4th and 5th somites fused.

Alliance IV. Xanruorpa. Front almost always prominent, square-

cut (notched or fissured in the middle line) and sublaminar, and almost

always separated from either supra-orbital margin by a deepish notch.

Carapace broad (except Medzxus and Httsodes), usually transversely oval,

but sometimes more hexagonal; the antero-lateral border usually cut

_ into sharp teeth. Male abdomen with segments 3-6 fused.

Alliance V. MHatimepompa. Front prominent and square-cut.

Carapace pentagonal, moderately broad. Abdomen of the male with

all 7 segments distinct, the last segment being more than twice as long

as any of the others.

Alliance VI. Gatenormpa. Carapace broad, pentagonal approach-

ing the quadrilateral, the antero-lateral border hardly longer than the

postero-lateral. The basal antennal joint does not nearly reach the

front. The abdomen of the male has all 7 segments distinct. The sole

type, Galene, is so singular that it might be separated as a distinct

subfamily.

78 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

Subfamily IJ]. ACTAEIN A.

Carapace usually much broader than long and usually very pro-

fusely and profoundly lobulated; the antero-lateral border is either

divided into 4 blunt lobes, or crenated. The front is about a third the

greatest breadth of the carapace, sometimes a little more, sometimes a

little less, and is divided into two rather prominent usually round-

pointed lobes.

Subfamily II. CHLORODINA.

Carapace hexagonal or transversely oval, or subcircular (Cymo) or

approaching the subcireular (Cyclodius). Front from a third to half

the greatest breadth of the carapace—much broader than in the preced-

ing subfamilies.

Alliance I. XantHopnoipa. Carapace transversely oval, front a

third or little less than a third the greatest breadth of the carapace,

fingers not hollowed at tip.

Alliance II. Cutoropioipa. Carapace transversely oval, front

nearer half than a third the greatest breadth of the carapace, fingers

hollowed at tip.

Alliance III. Cymorpa. Carapace subcircular, flat; front about

half the greatest breadth of the carapace: chelipeds remarkably un-

equal.

Subfamily I, XANTHIN A.

Alliance I. Carpilioida.

Carpilius. Liomera. Liagore.

Carpilodes. Lioxanutho.

Lachnopodus.

Carpitius, Leach, Desmarest, A. M. Edw.

Carpilius, Leach, Desmarest Consid. Gen. Crust. p. 104 (footnote).

Carpilius, Riippell, 24 Krabben roth. Meer. p. 13 (part).

Carpilius, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I, 380.

Carpilius, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 16.

Carpilius, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. I. p. 159.

Carpilius, A. Mitne Epwarps. Ann, Scr. Nar. Zoot. (iv.) XVIII. 1862, p. 46,

and Novy. ArcuHiv. Dv Mos. I. 1865, p. 212, and Miss. Sci. Mex., Crust. p. 238.

Carpilius, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 110.

Carapace broad, very convex in both directions, smooth (except for

some coarse pitting inside the frontal and antero-lateral border), with no

indication of regions; its antero-lateral borders strongly-arched, thick,

entire, smoothly-moulded ; its postero-lateral borders strongly-conver-

1898. | A, Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 79

gent, straight, with a prominent tubercle at the angle of junction with

the antero-lateral.

Front moderately broad, (less than a third the greatest width of

carapace ) deflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe prominent and _ bilobulate,

the edges of all thickened.

Orbital margins entire, the upper margin thickened and forming

a well-marked blunt tooth at its junction with the antero-lateral margin.

Eyes on short thick stalks.

Antennules folding obliquely, almost transversely : inter-antennu-

lary septum broad.

Basal joint of antenne long, flat, running up into an oblique cleft

between the margin of the front and the infra-orbital plate; the

antennary flagellum very small, less than half the diameter of the orbit

and lodged in the said cleft.

Merus of the external maxillipeds with its anterior border very

oblique. 3

Chelipeds massive, smooth, unequal in both sexes; the fingers

bluntly pointed, those of the larger cheliped with a single pair of

‘molariform teeth, those of the smaller cheliped with a blunt cutting-

edge.

Legs smooth, sub-cylindrical.

Abdomen of male six-jointed—the 5rd and 4th somites fused with

obliteration of sutures, the 5th somite also immovably adherent to the

Ath. Large crabs.

Key to the Indian species of Carpilius.

1. Carapace with definitely disposed large red blots we OC. maculatus.

2. Carapace irregularly marbled with red oa «. OC. conveaus.

1. Carpilius maculatus, ( Linn.)

Cancer ruber, Rumph, Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, p. 18, pl. x. fig. 1.

Cancer saxatile, Seba, Thesaurus, III. 47, pl. xix. fig. 12.

Cancer maculatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. (xii.) p. 1042: Fabricius, Ent. Syst. II. 447,

and Suppl. p. 338: Herbst, Krabben, I. ii. 185, pl. vi. fig. 41, and I. ii. 263, pl. xxi.

fig. 118, and III. iv. 8, pl. 1x. fig. 2: Desmarest, Consid. Gen. Crust. p. 14,

Carpilius maculatus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 382, and in Cuvier

Régne Animal, Crust. pl. xi. fig. 2: De Haan, Faun. Japon., Crust. p., 7 (name only):

Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp., Crust. pt. I. p. 160: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.

1858, p. 32: Alph. Milne Edwards, in Maillard’s Pile Réunion, Annexe F, p. 3, and

Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. 1. 1865, p. 214 and 1X. 1878, p. 175: Heller, Reise Novara,

Crust. p.9: Hess, Archiv. fur Naturges. XXXI. i. 1865, pp. 183 and 171: Hoffmann,

in Pollen and Van Dam, Faun. Madagasc., Crust. p. 3; Richters in Mobius Meeresf.

Maurit. p. 145: F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel. VIII. 1886, p. 473: Miers, Challenger

Brachyura, p. 111: de Man, Archiv. f. Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 231, and Zool.

80 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [ No. 1,

Jahrbuch., Syst. VIII. 1895, p. 496: Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat. Napol. III. 1889, p. 189:

J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (2) V. 1898, p. 353: Ortmann, Zool.

Jahrbuch., Syst. VII. 1894, p. 469.

Front obliquely deflexed, the median lobe very decidedly bilobulate

and separated from the lateral lobes on either side by a deep notch.

Carapace with not less than eleven large roundish dark-red blots

(which seem never to competely fade even in very old Museum speci-

mens) disposed as follows :—two on either side immediately behind the

eye, the smaller and anterior one of these involving the orbital margin ;

three in a transverse curve across the middle of the carapace; four in

another transverse line just in front of the posterior margin.

Hight specimens, from the Andamans, Nicobars, and Palk Straits.

2. Carzilius convexus, (Forskal) Riippell.

Cancer convezus, Forskal, Descr. Anim. p. 88.

Cancer adspersus, Herbst, Krabben, I. ii. 264, pl. xxi. fig. 1.

Cancer marmarinus, Herbst, Krabben, III, iv. 7, pl. lx, fig. 1.

Carpilius convexus, Ruppell, 24 Krabben roth. Meer. p. 13, pl. iii, fig. 2

and pl. vi. fig. 6: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 382, pl. xvi. figs. 9,

10: DeHaan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p.17 (name only): Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust.

pt. I. p. 159, pl. vii. fig. 5: Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 32:

Heller, SB. Ak. Wien XLITII. 1861, p. 319: Alph. Milne Edwards in Maillard’s Vile

Réunion Annexe F, p. 3, and Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 215, and IX. 1878, p.

176: Hilgendorf in v. d. Decken’s Reisen in Ost-Afrika III.i. p. 73: Hoffmann in

Pollen and Van Dam, Faun. Madagasc., Crust. p. 3: Miers, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 133,

and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) II. 1878, p. 407: Richters in Mébius Meeresfauna

Manrit. p. 145: EH. Nauck, Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool. xxxiv. 1880, p. 56 (gastric teeth) :

Haswell, Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 41: F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel VIII. 1886, p. 473:

de Man, Archiv. f. Naturges. liii. 1887, i, 232, and Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VIII. 1895, p.

496: Ortmann Zool. Jahrbuch., Syst. etc., VII. 1894, p. 469, and in Semon’s Zool.

Forschungsr. (Jena. Denkschr. VIII.) Crust., p. 51: Zehntner, Rev. Suisse Zool. II.

1894, p. 143.

Carpilius lividus, Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Ass. III. 1850, p. 174, is according to A.

Milne Edwards, vide Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 217, the young of Carpilius

convesus. Miers also, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (v) II. 1878, p. 407, considers C. lividus

to be a synonym of Carpilius convexus.

Front vertically deflexed, the prominent median lobe is not de-

cidedly bilobulate—in fact, it is sometimes but obscurely emarginate at

tip—and is separated on either side from the lateral lobes by only a

shallow excavation.

Carapace irregularly marbled with dark red, which in old spirit

specimens sometimes fades entirely.

Seven specimens from the Andamans and Nicobars, |

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 81

Carpitopes, Dana, A. Milne Edwards.

Carpilodes, Dana, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2) XII. 1851, p. 126, and

Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philad. VI. 1852, p. 77, and U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 192.

Carpilodes, Alph. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 224 (et

synon.)

€arpilodes, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 133.

Carpilozanthus, Alph. Milne Edwards in Maillard’s Vile Réunion, Annexe F,

p. 3. (A. M. E.)

Carapace very broad, convex in both directions, with the regions

generally well demarcated and—especially in the anterior half—sub-

divided into lobular areols; its antero-lateral borders usually sub-

divided into four broad, shallow, rounded lobes; its postero-lateral

borders straight, or a little concave, and strongly convergent.

Front broad (about a third the greatest breadth of the carapace)

obliquely deflexed, grooved and slightly notched in the middle line, but

not distinctly bilobed. |

Orbits small, with entire margins, but usually with the three suture

lines near the outer angle more or less distinct: eye-stalks short and thick.

Antennules folding obliquely, almost transversely. Basal antennal

joint running up between the front and the lower orbital plate much as in

Carpilius; the flagellum rather longer than the major diameter of the orbit.

Anterior edge of merus of external maxillipeds almost transverse.

Chelipeds equal or subequal in both sexes: fingers pointed, but

distinctly grooved or hollowed near the tips.

Abdomen of the male five-jointed, the 8rd—5th somites fused.

Small crabs, easily recognizable by their short broad convex

carapace, with its antero-lateral margins in the form of four broad

shallow rounded lobes, its postero-lateral margins strongly convergent,

and the broad deflexed rather prominent and convex front.

Key to the Indian species of Carpilodes.

I. Surface of carapace quite smooth to the naked eye :—

i. Upper border of meropodites of legs crest-like ... C, lophopus.

ii. Upper border of meropodites of legs not crest-like :—

1. Posterior part of carapace not lobulated :—

a. Gastric region subdivided into three

lobules only ... ade ce, O, tristis.

b. Gastric region subdivided into five

lobules :—=

a. Outer surface of wrist and

hand smooth am ... OO, venosus.

8. Outer surface of wrist nodular,

of hand granular... vee C. stumpsoni.

2. The whole of the carapace divided into a

network of lobules by fine lines wee = C, pediger,

ar. Ll

82 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

II. Part or all of the surface of the carapace covered with

vesiculous granules plainly visible to the naked eye :—

i, Posterior part of the carapace not lobulated :—

1. The whole of the carapace covered with

granules .. are . C. rugatus.

2. Only the mite’ lateral hatte of the carapace

granular ... we C. vaillantianus.

ii. Posterior part of the carapace more or pien divided

into lobules by transverse grooves: the whole surface

of the carapace densely granular :—

1. A single transverse furrow behind the Anat

region ws. .. CO. margaritatus.

2. Two transverse peat (iheikecics of one

that helps to form the raised posterior

margin) behind the gastric region :—

a. Branchial lobules few, long, roll-like... C. monticulosus.

b. Branchial lobules many, small, nodule-

like ae aN -. OC. cariosus.

3. COarpilodes tristis, Dana.

Carpilodes tristis, Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I., p. 193, pl. ix. figs. 7a-d:

Heller, Novara Crust. p. 17: Alph. Milne Edwards, Nouy. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865,

p. 225, and 1X. 1873, p. 178: Haswell, Cat. Austr. Crust. p, 56: F. Muller, Verh. Ges.

Basel, VIII. 1886, p. 474: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. XII. 1890, p. 50: J. R.

Henderson, Tr. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1898, p. 853: Ortmann, in Semon’s Zool.

Forschungsr. (Jena. Denkschr. VIII) Crust. p. 51.

Surface of carapace and appendages quite smooth to the naked eye,

but with a dull look due to uniform microscopic miliary granulation.

Gastric region delimited from the front, from the somewhat tumid

supra-orbital margins, and posteriorly, by shallow grooves, and sharply

demarcated from-the branchial regions by fine sharp-cut lines; and

subdivided into three lobules by a fine sharp-cut X shaped median

incision.

Antero-lateral borders divided into four lobes, from the intervals

between which fine sharp lines run obliquely inwards to incompletely

subdivide the hepatic and branchial regions into lobules, Outer part

of hepatic regions on a plane slightly lower than that of the rest of the

carapace.

Colours in spirit: uniform dull brownish-buff, except the fingers and

a large part of the lower border of the hand, which are black.

79 specimens from the Andamans and Nicobars.

4, Carpilodes stimpsoni, A. Milne Edwards.

Carpilodes stimpsoni, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 232,

pl. xi. figs. 2-2c, and IX. 1873, p. 181: de Man, Archiv. fur Naturges. LIII. 1887, i.

p. 284, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. XXII. 1887-88, p. 25.

1898.] A. Alcock —-Carcinological Fauna of India. 83

Differs from Carpilodes tristis Dana in the following more conspicu-

ous particulars :— .

(1) the surface of the carapace is of a shiny smoothness, except

for some irregular pitting on the lobules of the anterior portion :

(2) the gastric region is subdivided into five longitudinal lobules

(as in all the following species) by incisions running almost parallel

with the limbs of the X shaped median incision :

(3) the chelipeds have the upper and outer surface of the wrist

nodular and of the hand granular, and the upper surface of the cor-

responding joints and merus of the legs nodular :

(4) the colour in spirit is light yellowish.

A single specimen from Mergui.

It appears to me very doubtful whether this species is really

distinct from C. venosus.

5. Carpilodes venosus, (Edw.)

Carpilius venosus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 383.

Carpilodes venosus, A. Milne Hdwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 227,

pl. xii. figs. 2-2b, and IX. 1873, p. 179: Miers, Zool. H. M.S. “Alert,” pp. 183 and

218: Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 358.

Xantho obtusus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 47, pl. xiii. fig. 5: Krauss,

Sudafr. Crust. p. 31.

Included in the Indian fauna on the authority of Dr. J. R.

Henderson : there are no specimens in the Indian Museum referable to

this species, unless (as, indeed, I believe) C. stimpsoni is synonymous.

From Milne Edwards’ figures this species differs from C. stimpsont

in having the chelipeds and legs perfectly smooth.

6. Carpilodes pediger, n. sp.

Allied to ©. venosus and stimpsoni, from which it differs in having

the whole of the carapace mapped out in lobules.

Most closely allied to 0. ruber A. M. Edw., from which it conspicu-

ously differs in the form of the male chelipeds.

Carapace extremely convex in both directions, its surface, like that

of the appendages, being perfectly smooth to the naked eye though

very finely granular under the lens: it is symmetrically and minutely

subdivided by fine lines into very many little-convex and rather angular-

outlined lobules. The antero-lateral borders are rather deeply four-

lobed, the prominence of the outer angle of the orbit forming a small

fifth lobule.

The chelipeds in the adult male are close upon twice the length of

the carapace and have a very strong tooth on the inner upper border of

84 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [Nosd)

the wrist, and strongly-arched fingers which meet only at the tip, the

movable finger bearing (in addition to the serrations of the hollow tip)

a strong tooth near the base.

In the adult female the chelipeds are very little longer than the

carapace and have only a small tooth on the wrist, and fingers which

are not strongly arched but meet through the greater part of their

extent. |

Colours in spirit, light straw, fingers very light brownish: some-

times the wings of the carapace are light grey and then there is also a

light grey stripe down the middle of the carapace, fore and aft.

Length of carapace 6°5 millim., breadth 10 millim.

Off Andaman Is. 10-41 fms., off Ceylon 263 fms.

Seven specimens,

7. Carpilodes lophopus, n. sp.

All parts are smooth to the naked eye, though under the lens the

surface of the carapace and chelipeds is minutely pitted or eroded. The

regions are demarcated and subdivided by very fine lines; and the

lateral gastric areole (2 M of Dana) and the mid-branchial areole (4

and 5 L of Dana) are particularly, and rather angularly, convex.

The antero-lateral borders are four-lobed, the last two lobes being

rather augular ; the postero-lateral borders are markedly concave.

The front is broad and projects well beyond the orbits.

Chelipeds not very much longer than the carapace: two little

tubercles, one above the other, at the inner angle of the wrist, and

two at the distal end of the upper border of the hand.

The upper border of the meropodites of the legs is distinctly

cristiform, that of the carpopodites is sinuous-cristiform, and both the

upper and the lower edges of the propodites are cristiform—the lower

more distinctly than the upper.

Colours in spirit, yellowish white.

Carapace about 5°5 millim. long, abont 8°5 millim. broad,

Off south-east coast of Ceylon, 34 fms., a male and a female; a

female from off Malabar coast, 29 fms.

8. Carpilodes rugatus, (Latr.) A. Milne Edwards.

Zozymus rugatus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 385, (A. M. E.)

Zozymus canaliculatus, Lucas, Voy. Astrolabe, Crust. p. 21, pl. iii. fig. 2(A. M. E.)

Carpilowanthus rugatus, A. Milne Edwards in Maillard’s Vile Réunion, Annexe

F, p. 3. (A. M. E.)

Carpilodes rugatus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 230,

pl. xii. figs. 8, 3b, and IX. 1878, p. 180: Richters in Mobius Meeresf. Maurit. p. 146 :

Miers, Zool. H. M. §. “ Alert,” pp. 517 and 529,

1898. ] A. Aleock— Carcinological Fauna of India. 85

Surface of carapace uniformly covered with granules which are

visible to the naked eye and on the antero-lateral parts of the carapace

are vesiculous: the upper and outer surfaces of the wrist and hand, and

of the corresponding joints of the legs, are closely granular to the naked

eye, the granules of the hand being arranged in longitudinal series.

As in all the Indian species of Carpilodes except C. tristis, the

frontal and supra-orbital borders are cut off from the rest of the cara-

pace by a sinuous groove which also includes the two front lobes of the

four-lobed antero-lateral border, and the gastric region is longitudinally

5—lobular.

Transverse grooves running from the last two intervals between

the lobes of the antero-lateral border cut off, respectively, (1) the hepatic

from the branchial regions, and (2) the first branchial lobule from the

rest of the branchial region. All the lobules are strongly convex.

The cardiac region is not defined, and there is no lobulation of the

posterior moiety of the carapace.

Colours in spirit—pink, fingers purplish-brown with white tips,

3 specimens from the Cocos Islands (Andamans).

9. Carpilodes vaillantianus, A. Milne Edwards,

Carpilozanthus vaillantianus, A. Milne Edwards, in Maillard’s Vile Réunion

Annexe F, p. 3. (A. M. EH.)

Carpilodes vaillantianus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865,

p. 231, pl. xi. figs. 3-3b. Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 57: Miers, Zool. H. M.S,

“ Alert,” p. 529: de Man, Archiv. f. Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 235: Ortmann in

Semon’s Zool. Forschungsr. (Jenaische Denksch. VIII.), Crust. p. 51.

_ This species, if it is really distinct from C. rugatus, differs from the

latter in the following particulars :—

(1) the granulation is confined to the antero-lateral parts of the

carapace :

(2) the lobules of the carapace are less convex :

(3) the furrow that cuts off the anterior branchial lobule does not

meet the furrow that bounds the gastric region.

Among 17 specimens in the Indian Museum there is a good deal of

variation of these characters; so much so, that some of the specimens

might almost be referred to C. rugatus, especially to the “ Astrolabe”

figure.

Five specimens from the Andamans, three from Muscat, two from

Mergui; (the others from Mauritius, Samoa, and Viti).

10. Oarpilodes margaritatus, A. Milne Edwards.

Carpilodes margaritatus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus, IX, 1873,

86 A. Aleock— Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

p. 182, pl. v. fig. 2: Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (2) V. 1893, p. 353:

Whitelegge, Mem. Austral. Mus. III. 1897, p. 181.

Carapace and legs covered with pearly granules plainly visible to

the naked eye. The carapace is much lobulate, the anterior branchial

lobe being itself trilobulate, and the region behind the gastric region

being crossed transversely by a furrow. The antero-lateral borders are

indistinctly four-lobed. The hands are not longitudinally furrowed.

Colours ; red, fingers black.

No specimens in the Indian Museum collection. Included here on

the authority of Dr. J. R. Henderson.

11. Carpilodes cariosus, n. sp.

Allied to C. margaritatus.

Carapace strongly convex, its whole surface intricately cut up, by

deep grooves, into many small strongly-convex lobules, the surface of

which is pitted and granular, so as to give the carapace as a whole a

somewhat worm-eaten appearance.

The legs also have the extensor surfaces of the long joints granular

and nodular: the outer surface of the wrist is nodular: the outer

surface of the hand is granular and furrowed.

The antero-lateral borders are very distinctly four-lobed.

The space between the gastric region and the posterior border of

the carapace is broken by two (or three, counting the groove inside the

raised posterior border) deep transverse grooves, the space between the

grooves being Cupid’s-bow-shaped. A transverse groove also cuts off a

narrow piece from the posterior extreme of the mesogastric lobule.

Colours in spirit ; whitish with pink spots on carapace, legs pink,

fingers sometimes black with white tips, sometimes pinkish white.

Length of carapace about 5 millim., breadth about 7 millim.

Off Ceylon 26} to 34 fms., 13 specimens including several ovigerous

females: off Andamans 10 to 15 fms., 2 specimens.

12. Carpilodes monticulosus, A. Milne Edwards.

Carpilodes monticulosus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus, IX. 1873, p.

181, pl. v. fig. 1: de Man, Archiv. f. Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 2838: Ortmann in

Semon’s Forschungsreisen (Jena. Denkschr. VIII.) Crust. p. 51.

Carapace very broad (not far short of twice as broad as long), its

surface everywhere closely covered with elegant vesiculous granules.

The whole of the carapace is divided, by deep broadish grooves, into

elongate lobules of an elegant smooth roll-like form (quite unlike any

other Indian species). A marrow beaded lobule forms the posterior

limit of the mesogastric lobe (much as in C. cartosus), and two

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 87

furrows cross transversely the region between the latter and the

posterior border of the carapace, On the branchial regions, on either

side of the mesogastric lobule, is a small dimpled lobule. ‘The wrist

and hand are closely covered with granules like those on the carapace,

the wrist being dimpled and the hand longitudinally furrowed.

The extensor surfaces of the legs are also closely, but much more

finely, granular, the carpus in all being dimpled.

Antero-lateral borders four-lobed, the lobes narrow, rather shallow,

rounded, and the last three of nearly equal size.

Colours in spirit; dark purplish-red, legs lighter, fingers white

with brownish base.

Two specimens, from Gt. Coco I. (Andamans) and East L,

Andamans are in the Indian Museum.

Carapace not quite 6 millim. long, 10 millim. broad,

Liompra, Dana.

Liomera, Dana Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2) XII. 1851, p. 124;

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 73; and U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I.

p. 160.

Liomera, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 218, and Exp.

Sci. Mex. Crust. p. 239.

Carapace extremely broad, strongly convex in both directions,

transversely barrel-like, either smooth or with the regions very faintly

indicated ; its antero-lateral borders thick, either entire or divided into

four broad shallow rounded lobes, of which the first two are almost

coalescent; its postero-lateral borders very strongly convergent,

straight or a little concave.

Front narrow (from a third to less than a fourth the breadth of the

carapace), obliquely deflexed, grooved and slightly notched in the

middle line, but not distinctly bilobed.

Orbits small, with the three suture lines near the outer angle

usually distinct ; eye-stalks short and thick.

The antennules fold nearly transversely. Basal antennal joint broad

and short, merely touching the front; the flagellum, which is short,

lodged in the orbital hiatus.

Anterior edge of merus of external maxillipeds a little oblique.

Chelipeds equal or subequal in both sexes; fingers somewhat

hollowed at tip. Legs sub-cylindrical.

Abdomen of the male five-jointed, the 3rd—5th somites being

fused.

Small or medium-sized crabs, easily recognized by their short, very

broad, strongly convex, barrel-like carapace.

88 A. Aleock— Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

13. Liomera cinctimana, (White), Dana.

Carpilius cinctimanus, White, in Jukes Voyage H. M. 8. “ Fly,” Vol. II. p. 336,

pl. ii. fig. 83, and Samarang Crust. p. 37, pl. vii. fig. 4.

Liomera cinctimana, Dana, Silliman’s Journ. (2) XII. 1851, p. 124, and U.S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 161: A. Milne Edwards Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865,

p. 219, and IX. 1873, p. 176, pl. v. fig. 4, and Exp. Sci. Mex. Crust. p. 240 : Stimpson,

Ann. Lyc. New York, X. 1874, p. 103.

Carpilodes cinctimanus, Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 2384:

Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 354.

Liomera lata, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.. Philad. 1852, p. 73, and U. S. Expl.

Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 161, pl. vii, figs 6a-d: Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.

1858, p. 32, and Ann. Lyc. New York, X. 1874, p. 104: Heller, Novara Crust.

p. 9: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 220, and Exp. Sci. Mex.,

Crust. p. 240: F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel. VIII. p. 474.

Carapace extremely broad—its length only about ;' of its breadth

—its surface, like that of the appendages, everywhere smooth and

polished, showing only the faintest indications of a gastro-cardiac region

and of oblique lobulation of the branchial regions: the antero-lateral

border is divided into three coarse lobes, the anterior of which is again

obscurely divided into two. |

Front obliquely deflexed, with a rather prominent convex edge

cleft in the middle line. Orbital margin with three radiating suture-

lines near the outer angle. Chelipeds equal.

Colours in spirit; orange-red, fingers black, hand with a broad

black cross-band merging with the black of the immobile finger.

3 specimens from the Andamans and Muscat (besides. specimens

from Mauritius and South Sea Is.).

14. PLiomera sodalis, n. sp.

Carapace broad (length about 3 breadth) very strongly convex,

perfectly smooth, without any indication of regions, its margins smooth,

entire. Front nearly vertically deflexed, its edge cleft in the middle line.

Eyes large, supra-orbital margin without any suture-lines. Chelipeds

a little unequal; the upper and outer surfaces of the carpus and hand

of the smaller cheliped covered with prickly granules, but in the larger

cheliped the granulation has a very much worn appearance: fingers

hardly hollowed at tip.

Legs (those that are present in the unique specimen) somewhat

hairy ; none of the joints are carinate though some have prickly granules

on the upper surface.

Colours in spirit—of the same blotchy orange and reddish colour as

that of a species of Solenocawlon, in the hollow stem of which the crab

was found,

1898. |. A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 89

Length of carapace 6 millim., breadth 9 millim.

Off south-east corner of Ceylon, 32 fms.

This species resembles a small Aftergatis, but has sub-cylindrical

legs and has no margin to the carapace.

Lacunopopvus, Stimpson.

Lachnopodus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, p. 32: A. Milne Edwards,

Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 233: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94,

p. 452.

‘‘Carapax laevis, regione posticé transversim convexa. Orbita

margine externa trifissa vel trilobata, lobis parvis, obtusis. Antenne

ut in Carpilio (ut in Liomeré? ). Gnathopoda intima lacinia ad apicem

non furcaté. Hectognathopoda ischio longitudinaliter sulcato; mero

superficie versus angulum internum excavata, margine anteriore con-

cava. Chelopoda manu facie externa sulcaté. Pedes ambulatorii valde

setosi, mero compresso, superne spinoso.

“‘ Liomere affinis, sed carapace angustiore, pedibus setosis spino-

sisque.”

This genus is not represented in the Indian Museum.

15. Lachnopodus rodgersi, Stimpson.

Lachnopodus rodgersii, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, p. 32.

Liomera rodgersii, Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 231, pl. xiii. fig. 3,

(orbit and antennz only): de Man, Archiv. fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 237:

J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (2) V. 1893, p. 354.

“Carapace transverse, about once and a half as broad as long,

smooth, glabrous, and shining, with the interregional sutures almost

obsolete ; the two posterior teeth of the antero-lateral margins are the

only ones developed, and are very obscurely marked and obtuse. The

front is somewhat produced, and is divided by a median and two lateral

incisions into four lobes, of which the two median are broad and

truncated, and the lateral (or inner orbital lobes) are small and denti-

form. On the upper orbital margin are three small obtuse teeth

(including that of the outer orbital angle); the tooth at the inner

and lower orbital angle is rather prominent. The merus-joint of the

outer maxillipeds is rather small and transverse; and this joint has a

shallow pit on its outer surface. The anterior legs (in the male) are

rubust, smooth; arm or merus-joint with a series of spinules on its

upper margin; carpus smooth, with an antero-internal tooth ; penu!ti-

J, 1. 12

90 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. ],

mate joint or palm slightly rugose externally, and with two longitudinal

and parallel grooves on its outer surface ; fingers short, robust, toothed

on their inner margins and with the apices not excavated. The

ambulatory legs are somewhat compressed and clothed with long fulvous

hairs; their merus-joints are spinulose on their upper margins. The

postabdomen of the male is five-jointed, the third to fifth joints being

coalescent. Length 83 lines, breadth nearly 1 inch 1 line.

This species has been hitherto known only from the very short

generic definition of Dr. Stimpson, which, however, embraces all the

characteristic peculiarities of the species, and which agrees exactly with

the example before me, except in one point. Stimpson says (1, c.),

*“ Antennae ut in Carpilio.’ In the specimen now before me the

antennae are of the same structure as in Ivomera, the basal joint being

very short and united at its summit to an inferior prolongation of the

front, and not, as in Carpilius, joined to the front along its inner margin.

I have little doubt that Stimpson erroneously wrote Carpilius for

Liomera, as he does not say that Lachnopodus is distinguished from

Liomera by any peculiarity in the structure of the antenne.

I do not think that Lachnopodus is generically distinct, as Milne

Edwards has described a Liomera (L. longimana) with hairy ambulatory

legs.” | (Miers.)

Genus LIoxaNntTHo.

Carapace broad, moderately or strongly convex in its anterior two-

thirds, flat posteriorly ; the gastric region is fairly or faintly delimited,

and one or two short furrows may pass on to it obliquely from the

intervals between the lobes of the antero-lateral margin, but beyond

this there is no distinct division of the carapace into regions or sub-

regions.

The antero-lateral borders are much like that of Liomera, being

divided into 4 broad blunt lobes, of which the first two are so much

coalescent as to really form but one.

Front somewhat deflexed, bilobed, or sinuous and notched in the

middle line. Fronto-orbital border less than half the greatest width of

he carapace.

Orbital margin and antenne as in Xantho.

Anterior edge of merus of external maxillipeds a little more

oblique than in Xantho.

Chelipeds either subequal or unequal in both sexes, fingers pointed.

Legs subcylindrical.

Abdomen of male five-jointed, the 3rd-5th somites coalescent.

1898. A. Aleock— Carcinological Fauna of India. Sd

Key to the species of the genus Lioxantho.

I. Chelipeds unequal, outer angles of front separated from

the supra-orbital margin by a notch; regional markings

of carapace almost obsolete bb den oo. L. twmidus.

II. Chelipeds equal, outer angles of front fused with supra-

orbital margin :—

i. Carapace chelipeds and legs smoothas wax ... IL. punctatus.

ii. Carapace chelipeds and legs aniformly closely

and finely granular... vow .. L. asperatus.

16. ILnoxantho punctatus, (Kdw.)

_ Xantho punctatus, Milne Kdwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. 1. 396: A. Milne Edwards,

Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 199, pl. vii. fig. 6: Miers, Challenger Brachyura,

p. 125: de Man, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 1V. 1889, p. 420, and Notes Leyden Mus. XII.

1890, p. 52, pl. iii. fig. 1.

Liomera punctata, Miers, Zool. H. M.S. Alert, pp. 517, 528: de Man, Archiv. fur

Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 238: J.R. rRedtiendde: Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool., (2) V.

1893, p. 354: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 451.

Carapace moderately convex in the anterior two-thirds, flat post-

eriorly, its surface smooth. The gastric region is fairly well defined

antero-laterally, and the fronto-orbital region marked off, by distinct

grooves ; and two short grooves (of which the anterior is the longer)

pass in obliquely from the notches between the 2nd and 3rd, and 3rd

and 4th lobes of the antero-lateral margin; but this is all the areola-

tion that exists.

Antero-lateral border moulded into four broad shallow lobes, of

which the first two are almost coalescent.

Front bilobed, the outer angle of each lobe fused with the supra-

orbital border, as in Xantho impressus and as in no other Indian species

of Xantho: the width of the front is about a fourth the greatest breadth

of the carapace.

Chelipeds equal in both sexes, perfectly smooth, although a very

indistinct groove sometimes runs about half way along the outer surface

of the hand near the upper border.

Legs thickish, smooth, the dactylus with some fur and a few short

hairs,

Colours in spirit; pinkish yellow or buff, with small red spots on

carapace, and ill-defined pinkish-brown patches on chelipeds and legs ;

fingers black, with light brown tips,

In the Indian Museum are 3 specimens from Cey lon, (as well as 8

from Mauritius and 2 from Samoa).

17. LInowantho tumidus, n. sp.

Carapace in its anterior two-thirds strongly convex from before

92 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. I,

backwards and a little convex from side to side, flat in its posterior

third ; perfectly smooth and polished. The limits of the gastric region,

and its division into three sub-regions, are faintly apparent as mere

markings, not grooves; and the fronto-orbital region is marked off by a -

faint groove.

The antero-lateral border is divided into four broad shallow lobes,

of which the first two are almost confluent; from the notch between

the second and third a short groove runs obliquely inwards on to the

carapace, and a still shorter one from the notch between the third and

fourth.

Front much less than a fourth the greatest width of the carapace,

bilobed, the outer angle of each lobe separated from the supra-orbital

margin by a notch and groove.

Chelipeds unequal, smooth and polished.

Legs rather thick, smooth ; a few scattered hairs along the upper

border of the last three and along the lower border of the last two

joints, the dactylus also furred, The upper border of the meropodites

of all the legs, as well as of the arm, is microscopically serrulate or

crenulate.

Colours in spirit pinkish yellow, fingers black with light brown

tips.

In the Indian Museum are 3 specimens from the Andamans, (and

one from Samoa).

This species exactly resembles a quite smooth and strongly-

inflated Xantho bidentatus, and but that I have 4 specimens, represent-

ing both sexes and different ages, I should have regarded it as an

abnormality of that species.

It also has a remarkable resemblance to the Xantho (Lachnopodus )

tahitensis figured and described by de Man in Zool. Jahrb. Syst. IV.

1889, p. 418, pl. ix. fig. 43 but it has not the row of strong spines along

the upper border of the meropodites of the chelipeds and legs, that are

characteristic of that species.

18. ILnoxantho asperatus, n. sp.

Carapace very slightly convex fore and aft in its anterior two-

thirds, quite flat posteriorly and from side to side, very closely sharply

and uniformly granular everywhere except the posterior median portion,

where the granulation is visible only under a lens. The gastric region

is faintly delimited, a short bifurcating groove runs in from the frontal

notch, and two very faint grooves run in obliquely from the two notches

of the antero-lateral margins, but this is all the attempt at areolation

that exists. | ;

1898. ] A. Alcock— Carcinological Fauna of India. 93

Antero-lateral border granular and rather sharp, very obscurely

divided into three most inconspicuous lobes, the first of which hardly

shows a trace of subdivision.

Front not quite a fourth the greatest breadth of the carapace,

obliquely deflexed, emarginate and faintly grooved in the middle line,

its outer angles not separated from the supra-orbital margin.

Chelipeds equal, the upper corner of the outer surface of the arm,

the upper and outer surfaces of the wrists and hands, closely covered

with little pearly granules like those on the antero-lateral parts of the

carapace.

Legs stout: the upper edge of the merus and the dorsal surface of

the next two joints granular like the chelipeds, the dactylus hairy.

Colours in spirit orange-yellow.

In the indian Museum are a male and female probably from

Karachi.

Liacore, De Haan.

Liagore, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 19.

Liagora, Dana, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts (2) XII. 1851, p. 124; and U.S. Expl.

Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 148.

Carapace somewhat approaching the quadrilateral, strongly convex

fore-and-aft, little convex from side to side, smooth, without any indic-

ation of regions.

Antero-lateral border moderately arched, entire; postero-lateral

border very moderately convergent, straight, about as long as the chord

of the antero-lateral ; posterior border long,—about half the greatest

width of the carapace in length, or more.

Fronto-orbital border about half, front about quarter, the greatest

width of the carapace in extent. Front a little deflexed, broadly

bilobed. Orbital margin thin entire, the outer angle of orbit a little

thickened. Eyes on very short thick stalks.

The antennules fold nearly transversely. Basal antennal joint very

short and broad, but passing up between the side of the front and the

inner angle of the orbit; the flagellum, which is about as long as the

major diameter of the orbit, lodged in the orbital hiatus.

Anterior edge of merus of external maxillipeds somewhat oblique.

Chelipeds massive, equal in both sexes, the fingers ume

Legs subcylindrical, rather long, smooth.

Abdomen of male five-jointed, the 3rd—5th somites fused.

19. Inagore rubromaculata, De Haan.

Cancer (Liagore) rubromaculatus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 49, pl. v.

oe, 1.

94 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

Liagore rubromaculata. Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) II. 1878, p. 407 (note) ;

and Challenger Brachyura, p. 111, (footnote),

Carapace transversely somewhat oval, approximating the quadri-

lateral type, with long posterior and only moderately convergent

postero-lateral borders ; its surface devoid of sculpture and perfectly

smooth to the naked eye, microscopically pitted and granular : pterygo-

stomian region somewhat hairy.

Antero-lateral border moderately sharp, entire. Front broadly and

rather faintly bilobed, the outer angles of each lobe pronounced, pro-

minent, and separated from the supra-orbital margin by a short: shallow

groove. A little pimple-like thickening at the outer angle of the orbit.

Chelipeds equal, smooth and polished: both borders of the arm

hairy, the upper border with a few blunt denticles ; both the inner and

the outer angles of the wrist strongly pronounced ; eee long, isa

with the opposed edges strongly but bluntly serrate.

Legs long, subcylindrical, smooth and polished, the dactyli most

elegantly plumed.

Colours in spirit yellowish with numerous large livid red spots.

In the Indian Museum is a single specimen dredged off the

Irrawaddy Delta in 20 fms., (besides 8 from Hongkong).

Alliance II. Zozymorda.

Atergatis. Lophactza,

Zozymus.

Lophozozymus.

ArErGATIs, De Haan, A. Milne Edw.

Atergatis, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 17.

Atergatis, Dana, Silliman’s Journ. Sci. and Arts (2) XII. 1851, p. 124, and U. S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pl. I. p. 57.

Atergatis, A. Mitng Epwarps, ANN. Scr. Nat. Zoot. (4) XVIII, ieee p. 49, and

Novv. Arcuiv. pu Mus. I. 1865, p. 231.

Atergatis, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 111.

Platypodia, Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc. I. 1835, p. 336.

Carapace externally broad, convex in both directions, regional

boundaries absent or quite inconspicuous, surface either quite smooth

or somewhat pitted ; its antero-lateral borders strongly arched and with

an independent keel-like edge; the postero-lateral strongly convergent,

straight. The under surface of the wings of the carapace is a good deal

hollowed to receive the wrists and hands in flexion.

Front narrow (from a fourth to less than a fifth the greatest

breadth of the carapace) more or less deflexed, its edge shaped’ like

cupid’s bow (7.e., not bilobed).

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 95

Orbital margin with the three suture-lines near the outer angle

fine and faint but distinct: eyestalks short and thick, eyes small.

Antennules folding transversely, inter-antennulary septum broad.

Basal joint of antenne short, touching the front only at their

antero-external augle; flagellum lodged in the orbital hiatus, short (less

than the major diameter of the orbit). |

, Merus of external maxillipeds with the anterior border almost

transverse.

Chelipeds subequal in both sexes; fingers pointed, not distinctly

hollowed at tip.

Legs with the upper border of the merus carpus and propus, and

the lower border of the merus and propus, sharply carinate or cristate.

Abdomen of the male five-jointed, the 3-5th somites being fused.

Medium-size and large crabs.

Key to the Indian species of Atergatis.

I, Edge of antero-lateral borders of carapace sharp and

crest-like, forming a tooth or ridge atthe lateral epibran-

chial angle :—

i. Carapace with an even surface, without indications

of regions :—

1. Surface of external maxillipeds almost

devoid of hair; no comb-like tufts of hair

on the legs ae side «. A, integerrimus.

2. Surface of external maxillipeds like a door-

mat; comb-like tufts of thick hair on the

under surface of some of the joints of the

legs sae bt .. A, dilatatus.

ii, Carapace with the surface somewhat lumpy;

variegated with spots and confluent blotches ... A, floridus.

II. Edge of antero-lateral borders of carapace thick and

blunt; no ridge or tooth at the lateral epibranchial

angle a a ait ie .. A, roseus,

20, <Atergatis integerrimus ( Lam.)

Cancer integerrimus, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. V. Crust. p. 272:

Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 874 and in Cuvier’s Régne An. Crust. pl. xi

bis., fig. 1.

Atergatis integerrimus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 45, pl. xiv. fig. 1:

Dana U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 158: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.

1858, p. 32: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Arch. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 235: Miers, Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 231: Richters, in Mobius Meeresf. Maurit. p. 145:

F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel, VIII. 1886, p. 474: de Man, Archiv. fur Naturges. LIII.

1887, i. p. 244, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 24, and Zool. Jahrbuch.

Syst. VIII. 1895, p. 496: A. O. Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., XX. 1890 p. 109:

96 A. Aleock—Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 352: Ortmann, Zool.

Jahrbuch Syst. VII. 1894, p. 462.

Atergatis subdivisus, White, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 1848, p. 284, and

Samarang Crust. p. 38, pl. viii. fig. 3. .

? Atergatis subdentatus, De Haan, Fann. Jap. Crust, p. 46, pl. iii. fig. 1: A. Milne

Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 236.

Carapace, length from about 4+ to about 2 the breadth; its surface

in the anterior third or half irregularly and rather distantly pitted,

especially near the front and antero-lateral. borders: except for two

faint creases that partly show the cardiac region, there are no other

traces of regional divisions.

The crest-like edge of the antero-lateral border turns in at the ©

lateral epibranchial angle to form a stout ridge there: this edge some-

times shows traces of two or three fissures.

The front, which is little prominent, meets the antero-lateral borders

at a wide but very distinct angle.

Orbits very small, their width being much less than a third the

width of the front. .

Surface of the external maxillipeds either quite smooth or with

short and scanty hair. Sternum smooth to the naked eye, or with a

little scattered pitting.

Chelipeds equal ; the upper edge of the merus sharply, the upper

edge of the hand and finger strongly but more bluntly, crested; the

upper outer surface of the hand with some scale-like roughening.

The outer surface of the legs is hardly pitted ; the claw, in all the

legs, is hairy, and there is a little tuft of hair near the far end of the

lower edge of the propodite, but all the other joints are generally free

of hair. |

Colours in spirits, pinkish ochre, fingers blackish brown, with whitish

tip and teeth.

30 specimens from Mergui, the Andamans, Ceylon and Singapore.

21. Atergatis dilatatus, De Haan, A. Milne Edwards.

Atergatis dilatatus, De Haan, Faun. Jap. Crust. p. 46, pl. xiv. fig. 2: A. Milne

Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 238, and Nouv. Arcuiv. pu Mus. IX.

1873, p. 1838, pl. v. fig. 6: E. Nauck, Zeits. Wiss. Zool. XXXIV. 1880, p. 57, pl. i.

figs. 19-21 (gastric teeth) : F. Miller, Verh. Ges. Basel, VIII. 1886, p. 474: Henderson,

Trans. Linn. Soc, Zool. (2) V. 1893, p. 353.

Closely resembles A. integerrimus, but easily recognized by the

following constant differences :—

(1) the carapace is even broader, and has a sharper edge:

(2) thesurface of the carapace is much more closely and extensively

1898.] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 97

pitted, no part being free from pitting except a small area in the mid-

gastric region: the outer surface of the chelipeds and legs also is quite

rough, from pitting :

(3) the creases that serve to show the cardiac region are much

larger and deeper :

(4) the crest that bounds the endostome in front is higher :

(5) the external maxillipeds are closely covered, like a door-mat,

with long thick bristles; and remarkable comb-like tufts of long stiff

bristles are found along the front border of the ischium of the chelipeds

and along the lower border of the ischium and merus of all the legs:

(6) the surface of the sternum is closely covered with confluent

granules visible to the naked eye.

All these differences are to be noted in a large male with a carapace

119 millim. broad from Ceylon, in a medium-sized male (70 millim.

broad) from the Andamans, and in two small females (59 and 44 millim.

respectively ) from widely different parts of the Andaman group — these

four specimens being in the Indian Museum collection.

22. Atergatis roseus (Ruppell).

Carpilius roseus and marginatus Ruppell, 24 Krabben roth. Meer. p. 13, pl. iii

fig. 3 and pl. vi. fig. 7; p. 15, pl. iii. fig. 4.

Cancer roseus and marginatus, Milne Edwards Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 374, 375.

Atergatis roseus and marginatus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 17 (names

only):

Atergatis roseus, Heller SB. AK. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 309: A Milne Edwards,

Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 239: Kossmann, Reise roth. Meer. Crust. p. 19:

Richters in Mébius Meeresf. Maurit. p. 145: Haswell, Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 42:

Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat. Nap. III. 1889, p. 189: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII.

1894, p. 461.

Atergatis marginatus, Krauss, Sudafr. Crust. p. 28: Dana U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust.

pt. I. p. 158: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 240.

Atergatis laevigatus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 241,

pl. xv. figs. 4-4a: Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (2) V. 1893, p. 352.

' Atergatis scrobiculatus, Heller, Abhand. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XI. 1861, p. 5, and

SB. AK. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 310: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv, Archiv. du Mus. I.

£865, p. 242.

Carapace of much the same proportions as A. integerrimus, but

with a perfectly smooth dull surface ; no indication whatever of regions ;

the crest of the antero-lateral borders blunt and ending smoothly,

without any ridge or tooth, at the lateral epibranchial angle.

Front, orbits, external maxillipeds and legs as in A. integerrimus,

Fingers fluted, but upper edge of hand rounded, not crested.

Colours in spirit, brownish yellow, fingers blackish brown with

whitish teeth and tips.

22 specimens from Karachi, aia Madras coast.

J. mu. 13

98 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. l

23. Atergatis floridus, (Rumph).

Cancer floridus, Ramph, Amboinsch. Rariteitk. p, 16, pl. viii. fig. 5: Linnzeus,

Syst. Nat. (xii) p. 1041.

Cancer ocyroe, Herbst, Krabben, III. ii. 20, pl. liv. fig. 2: Milne Edw. Hist. Nat,

Crust. I. 375.

Atergatis floridus, De Haan, Faun, Jap. Crust.. p. 46: Krauss, Sudafr. Crust.

p. 27: Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt, I. p, 159, pl. vii. fig. 4: Stimpson, Proc.

Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, p. 32: Heller, Novara Crust. p. 8: A. Milne Edwards,

Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 248; and IX. 1873, p. 186: Targioni Tozzetti,

Magenta Crost. p. 24: Miers, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 133, and Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist. (5) V.

1880, p. 231, and Zool. H. M. 8. Alert, pp. 182, 207, and Challenger Brachyura,

p. 112: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 41; F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel VIII. 1886,

p. 474: de Man, Arch. fur Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. 245, and Journ. Linn, Soc. Zool.,

XXII. 1888, p, 24, and Weber’s Zool, Ergeb. Niederl. Ost.-Ind. II. 1892, p. 277:

A. O. Walker, Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool., XX. 1890, p. 109: J. R. Henderson, Traus.

Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1898, p. 852: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII, 1894,

p. 460, and in Semon’s Forschungsr, (Jena. Denkschr. VIII) Crust. p. 51.

Carapace, length about 5%, breadth ; its surface of perfectly smooth

texture, but rendered te by broad shallow depressions that faintly

define and subdivide the regions; the crest of the antero-lateral border

is sharp and ends at a very distinct tubercle at the lateral epibranchial

anyle.

The front forms with the antero-lateral borders a semicircle. The

orbits are rather large, their width being more than one-third that of

the front.

Hxternal maxillipeds free from hair on the surface: the sternum

and the surface of all parts of the appendages except the hands (which

have some rough reticulations on the outer surface) are smooth,

Chelipeds equal, the upper edge of the merus and hand _ strongly

and sharply carinate; the fingers fluted as usual. Legs with crested

edges to the long joints, as in A. integerrimus.

Colours in spirit, yellow; carapace covered with symmetrically

disposed brown spots and confluent blotches, chelipeds and legs with a

few faint brown spots, fingers blackish with whitish teeth and tips,

86 specimens from the Andamans, Mergui, Ceylon, Laccadives and

Karachi.

24, Atergatis sp.

There is, in the Indian Museum, a little specimen of an Atergatis,

which may perhaps be the A. asperimanus insufficiently characterized

by White in the P. Z. 8S. 1847, p. 224 and in the Annals and a

of Natural History, 1848, Vol. II. p. 285, as follows :—

“‘ Carapace with its latero-anterior sides with a cutting edge, part

1898.] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 99

“of carapace behind this punctate; the rest of the surface almost quite

“smooth with three or four impressed lines in front. |

‘“ Hands rugose, especially above; fingers, both movable and _ fixed,

“deeply channelled.

“* Pale yellowish red ; feet darker ; fingers pale horn-coloured.

“ Philippines.”

Our little specimen, from off Ceylon, 34 fms., agrees with this des-

cription; but the ‘‘impressed lines,” which define the gastro-cardiac

region, are so faint as to be only just visible.

It has the crested legs of Atergatis.

Loppacraa, A. Milne Edwards.

_ Lophactewa, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (4) XVIII. 1862, p. 43; and

Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 245, and IX. 1873, p. 187.

Lophactea, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 113.

“The Lophacteas are distinguished from Atergatis by their narrow-

er and always deeply lobulated carapace.”

Carapace moderately broad, convex in both directions, with the

regions generally well delimited and subdivided into lobes, and the

surface generally (not always) granular; the antero-lateral borders

have an independent crest-like edge, generally thin and sharp and dis-

tantly fissured ; the postero-lateral borders are rather concave.

Front a little deflexed, about a fourth the greatest breadth of the

_ carapace in extent, grooved and emarginate in the middle line, but not

distinctly bilobed, Orbits large, the three suture lines near the outer

angle distinct. Eyes on short thick stalks,

Antennules folding nearly transversely, inter-antennulary septum

broad. Basal joint of antenne short, touching the front only; the

flagellum lodged in the orbital hiatus. Merus of the external maxil-

lipeds with the front edge a little oblique.

Chelipeds equal in both sexes; fingers not hollowed at tip. Long

joints of legs with sharp cr est-like upper borders much as in Atergatis,

Abdomen of the male five-jointed, the 3rd—5th somites being

fused.

Small crabs. |

Lophacteea, except that the fingers are pointed instead of broad and

hollowed-out at tip; appears to me to be as closely as possible related to

Zozymus. In Lophactza, besides the difference in the fingers, the cara-

pace is more convex and less cut up into lobules, and its surface is

generally granular.

100 A. Alcock— Oarcinological Fauna of India. [ No. f,

Key to the Indian species of Lophacteea.

I. Regions and sub-regions of the carapace very distinct ;

postero-lateral borders slightly concave, but not de-

finitely marked off from the rest of the carapace :—

i. Surface of carapace more or less covered with

pearly granules :—

1. Hand sharply crested along upper border :—

a. Pearly granules over the whole of the

carapace, and over the outer surface

of the carpus and propus of the walk-

Ing lege <syids Gah iarehvenea oe .. DL. cristata.

b. Pearly granules whacnt fom pace “of

the post-cardiac region and from the

walking legs.. Voaees sesesecssee L. Semigranosa-

2. Upper border of hand das aeaae —

a. Crest-like margin of antero-lateral

border of carapace simply cleft ...... L. granulosa.

[b. Crest-like margin of carapace deeply

CTOdOG) i y.nehs.ce. sues dadbaeswn) ig fUSiely

ii. Surface of carapace and of S hciidages pefecty

SIMIC... :..<0nessane>ns shawsnascanwew nner we ee 6, anaglypta.

II, Regions and mn aoe of ‘tne carapace so faint as to

be visible only on close inspection ; postero-lateral

borders remarkably concave, and defined by a row of

sharp beads or teeth .........sesecsssscsseeserersetersesssscervee L. corallina.

25. Lophactea cristata, A. Milne Edwards.

Lophactza cristata, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1869, p. 246,

pl. xvi. fig. 1: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. III. 1881, p. 95, and Arch. fur Naturges.

LIII. 1887. i. p. 246: F. Miller, Verh. Ges. Basel VIII. p. 474: Ortmann, Semon’s

Forschungsr. (Jena. Denkschr. VIII.), Crustacea, p. 50.

Carapace symmetrically intersected by broad smooth rather deep

furrows, which delimit and subdivide the regions, the strongly marked

convexities of the regions and subregions being closely studded with

pearl-like granules : similar, but larger, granules occur in linear series

on the outer surface of the wrist and hand; and similar, but smaller,

granules are found on the outer surface of the corresponding segments

of the legs. The under surface of the carapace is finely granular and

more or less furred,

The whole supra-orbital border is tumid, with a row of pearly

granules.

The crest of the antero-lateral border is divided into four broad

segments by three narrow fissures.

Upper border of the arm and hand strongly and sharply crested,

fingers fluted.

1898. ] A, Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 101

Legs with a few scattered bristles on most of the joints, and with

the claws covered with short fur: the upper edge of the merus carpus

and propus is strongly crested, as are the lower edges of the merus.

Colours in spirit, yellowish or greenish brown, fingers blackish

brown.

One specimen from the Madras coast is in the Indian Museum

collection. (There are other specimens from Mauritius).

2€. Lophactsxa semigranosa, (Heller) A. M. Edw.

Atergatis semigranosus, Heller, Abhand. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XI. 1861, p. 6, and

SB. AK. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 313.

Lophactza semigranosa, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865,

p. 248: Miers, Zool. H. M.S. Alert, pp. 517 and 527: de Man, Archiv. fur Naturges.

LIILI. 1887, i. p. 246, pl. viii. fig. 4: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V.

1893, p. 355: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1894, p. 459.

Closely resembles LZ. cristata Heller, from which it is, perhaps, not

specifically distinct. It differs chiefly in having the pearly granules not

only less sharply sculptured aud less closely studded, but quite absent

from a part of the post-cardiac region, from the supra-orbital border,

and from the outer surface of the walking legs. Its appearance, in

short, is that of DL. cristata with the sculpturing worn.

7 specimens from the Andamans, Mergui, and Ceylon.

27. Lophactzxa granulosa, Riippell, A. M. Edw.

Xantho granulosus, Riippell, 24 Krabben roth. Meer. p. 24, pl. v. fig. 3.

Aegle granulosus, De Haan. Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 17 (name only).

Cancer limbatus, Hdw., Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 377, pl. xvi. fig. 14.

Atergatis limbatus, Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 157: Heller, Novara

Crust, p. 8: Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. 1877, p. 105.

Lophactza granulosa, A. Minne Epwarps, Nouv. Arcuiv. pu Mus. I. 1865,

p. 247, and 1X. 1873, p. 187: Brocchi, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) II. 1875. Art. 2, p. 71,

pl. xvii. fig. 138 (male appendages): Hilgendorf, MB. AK. Berl. 1878, p. 787:

de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. III. 1881, p. 95, and Archiv. fur Naturges. LILI. 1887, i.

p. 246: Haswell, Cat. Austr. Crust. p. 43: Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 114:

Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat. Nap. III. 1889, p. 190: J. R. Henderson, Tr. Linn. Soc., Zool.,

(2) V. 1893, p. 354: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. &c. VII. 1894, p. 459.

Closely resembles the two preceding species, from which it differs

most conspicuously in having no crest to the upper border of the hand:

the granulation of the carapace is not nearly so sharp-cut and pearl-like.

Iu the Indian Museum are specimens from Australia and Samoa, but

none from India. It is included in the Indian Fauna on the authority

of Dr. J. R. Henderson.

102 A. Alcock — Car'cinological Fauna of India. [ No. 1,

28. Lophactxa anaglypta (Heller), A. M. Edw.

Atergatis anaglyptus, Heller, Abhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1861, p. 6, and SB.

Ak. Wien, XLIIL. 1861, p. 312, pl. ii. figs. 11, 12.

Lophactxa anaglypta, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv..du Mus. I. 1865, p. 251,

and IX. 1873, p. 190: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb, Syst. VII. 1893, p. 459: de Man, Zool.

Jahrb, Syst. VIII. 1895, p. 498.

Carapace with the regions separated and symmetrically subdivided

by broad but well cut grooves, but with the texture of the surface—as

of the appendages—perfectly smooth, the only roughness of any sort

being a few lines and impressions on the outer surface of the hand..

Crest of the antero-lateral border narrow, divided into four lobes

by three insignificant notches or dents, Supra-orbital border not tumid

throughout its extent. Crest of the upper border of the hand low and

rather blunt: crests of the leg-joints distinct but rather low.

One specimen from Galle, one from the Persian Gulf.

29. Lophactxa corallina, n. sp.

Carapace broadly semioval, with remarkably concave postero-lateral

borders, the crest of the antero-lateral border very thin and sharp and

a little angular, the postero-lateral and posterior borders bounded by a

line of sharp beads or teeth. Frout obliquely deflexed, with a sharp

broadly-bilobed edge.

The whole surface of the carapace is very finely granular, but the

division and subdivision of the regions, though undoubtedly existent,

is hardly perceptible, so faint are the inter-regional depressions : some

long stiff hairs occur here and there.

The under surface of the carapace and the surface of the external

maxillipeds and male sternum is finely granular. |

The chelipeds and legs are rather hairy and are beautifully sculp-

tured: at the distal end of the arm is a petal-like crest, and three series

of larger petaloid granules or crests traverse the outer surface of the.

wrist longitudinally : the outer surface of the hand is closely granular,

the granules becoming linear in arrangement and laminar in a to-.

wards the upper part.

The outer surfaces of the legs are covered with granules and teeth,

two crests on the carpopodites of all being very distinct.

Colours in spirit, yellowish or whitish with a pink blush: fingers

with a black cross-band at the base. |

Length of carapace 6 millim., breadth 9 iii,

A male and female from off Gevinee 34 fms.

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 103

30. Lophactzxa fissa, Henderson.

- Lophactwa fissa, Henderson, Trans, Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 355, pl.

xxxVi. figs. 8, 8a.

It appears to me possible that this, which seems to be founded on

a single specimen, is only an individual variation of DL, granulosa.

Lophactzxa sp,

From Inglis I. (Andamans) a single small specimen, not agreeing

with any described species, which in the circumstances I forbear to

describe,

It belongs to the UL. cristata and semigranosa group, but has the

inter-regional furrows much shallower and less distinct, and the pearly

granules absent from all but the front part of the gastric region and

the lateral parts of the epibranchial region: those on the chelipeds are

also much fewer aud more scattered. The legs are very hairy.

Zozymvus, Leach.

Zozymus, Leach, [Dict. Sci. Nat. XII. p. 75. Miers]: and in Desmarest, Consid.

Gen. Crust. p. 105.

Zozymus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 383 (part).

Zozymus, Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp., Crust. pt. I. p. 189.

Zozymus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (4) XX. 1863, p. 302.

Zozymus, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 134,

Carapace moderately broad, moderately convex in both directions,

with the regions well delimited and subdivided into numerous lobules,

the surface of which is not usually granular.

The antero-lateral borders are sharp and crest-like, and are cut into

lobes (usually four in number) ; the postero-lateral borders are straight

and strongly convergent.

Front about a fourth the greatest breadth of the carapace, obliquely

deflexed, grooved and emarginate in the middle line: orbits large, the

tumid edge with the three suture lines near the outer angle distinct ;

eyes on short thick stalks.

Antennules folding nearly transversely, inter-antennulary septum

broad. Basal joint of antenne short, touching the front only at the

(produced) antero-internal angle; the flagellum short (less than the

major diameter of the orbit), lodged in the orbital hiatus.

Merus of the external maxillipeds with the front edge a little

oblique.

Chelipeds equal in both sexes; fingers with broad hollowed-out

104 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

tips. Long joints of legs with sharp crest-like upper borders much as

in Atergatis.

Abdomen of the male five-jointed, the 3rd—5th somites being fused.

Rather large crabs.

Key to the Indian species of Zozymus.

I. All parts of carapace rugose : inter-regional and inter-

lobular furrows smooth and naked except, perhaps,

near the margin of the carapace oe 4, aeneus,

II. Posterior third of carapace hardly at all rugose: inter-

regional and inter-lobular furrows for the most part

full of short close hair SH sate .. Z. pilosus.

31. Zozymus aeneus, (Linn.)

Cancer incomparibilis, Seba, Thesaurus IIT. 48, pl. xix. fig. 18.

Cancer aeneus, Linn., Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 451, and Syst. Nat. (ed. xii) p. 1048.

Cancer floridus, Herbst, Krabben, I. ii. 132, 264, pl. iii. fig. 39, pl. xxi. fig. 120.

Cancer amphitrite, Herbst, Krabben, IIT. ii. 5, pl. liii. fig. 1.

Cancer aeneus and floridus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. II. 455, 445, and Suppl.

p. 335, 338.

Cancer aeneus, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. V. 375: Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim.

sans Verteb. V. 271: Desmarest, Consid. Gen. Crust. p. 104: [Quoy et Gaimard,

Voy. Uranie, pl. lxxvi. fig. 1. Edw.].

Zozymus aeneus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 385,

Aegle aeneus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 17.

Zozymus aeneus, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 192, pl. x. fig. 3:

Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, p. 32: Heller, SB. AK. Wien, XLIII.

1861, p. 326: A. Milne Edwards, in Maillard’s Vile Réunion, Annexe F. p. 4, and

Nouv. Archiv. du Mus, IX. 1873, p. 207: Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) II. 1878,

p. 407, and Phil. Trans. Vol. 168, 1879, p. 486, and Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880,

p. 234, and Challenger Brachyura, p. 184: Richters in Mébins Meeresf. Maurit.

p. 146: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crast. p. 58: F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel VIII.

p. 474: de Man, Archiv. fur Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 273: Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat.

Napoli III. 1889, p. 199: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893,

p. 859: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 458, and Semon’s Forschungsr.

(Jena. Denk. V1II) Crust. p. 50: Whitelegge, Mem. Austral. Mus. IIL. 1897, p. 181.

Carapace with the regions well delimited and very strongly rugose,

the rugosities being small in the postero-lateral regions but every where

smooth and polished, and everywhere symmetrical. The crest-like

antero-lateral borders are 4-scalloped, the three anterior lobes being

rounded and the fourth being dentiform.

The tumid orbital margins are marked by four suture lines. The

front hardly projects beyond the level of the orbit.

The wrist has its outer surface made rugose by meandering

furrows, one of which runs fore and aft, the others transversely. The

1898. | A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. 105

hand carries a blunt but well-marked crest along its upper border,

below which the surface is rugose much as the wrist: the lower part

of the outer surface of the hand is tuberculous, the tubercles tending

to a linear arrangement. The fingers are fluted, bear strong molariform

teeth and tufts of hair on their cutting edge, and have blunt-pointed,

hollowed out (spoon-like) tips. The furrows of the wrist and hands, as

well as those of the legs, are filled with close short fur.

The merus carpus and propus have the upper edge strongly cari-

nate, the inner surface of each crest bearing a thick fringe of long

somewhat silky hair: the dorsal surface of these joints is furrowed

longitudinally, with many more or less plain transverse impressions

also: the dactyli are hairy up to the claw.

In life the animal is beautifully spotted and ocellated with chocolate

brown on a bluish-grey ground. In spirit the animal has a chinaware

look and a dull yellowish-white colour, with darker yellow and dall

brownish spots and markings.

In the Indian Museum are 30 specimens from the Andamans and

Laccadives.

32. Zozymus pilosus, A. Milne Edwards.

Zozymus pilosus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) VII. 1867, p.

271; and Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1878, p. 208, pl. vii. fig. 2.

Carapace having the regions and lobules well defined in its anterior

two-thirds only : the lobules have a flattened semi-imbricate look, wavy

edges, and a rough or granular surface; and the grooves that separate

them are filled with small short close-set bristles, especially along the

anterior contours of the lobules,

All four lobes of the antero-lateral borders are rounded and not

dentiform. The orbital margin is not very tumid and is marked by

three suture lines. The front projects beyond the orbit.

The wrist and hand are closely nodular: the nodules (those on the

hand especially) have a granular surface, and the grooves that separate

them are full of short close hair: the upper edge of the hand is not

crested. Fingers short, stout, blunt-pointed, hollowed at tip: they are

strongly fluted, the ridges being beaded in their basal half.

The legs have the upper edge of the merus, carpus, and propodite

strongly crested: the crest of the merus and carpus may be subserrate,

and is always notched near the distal end. The dorsal surface of the

carpus and propodite is grooved and nodular—the nodules having a flat,

subimbricate look.

Colours in spirit—yellowish-white, with a faint bluish or purplish

blush ; the crest-like margin of the carapace lighter than other parts;

fingers dark brown with white tips.

J. ui, 14

106 A. Aleock — Careinological Fauna of India, { Nowa;

In the Indian Museum is a specimen from Port Blair Harbour

(Andamans), and one from the Angrias Bank (Malabar Coast) in

15 fms.

Although the chelipeds and antero-lateral margins make this

species easily recognizable from Lophozozymus incisus (Kdw.) de Man, I

am inclined to suspect that this is the young of L. incisus.

Lopnozozymus, A. Milne Edwards.

Lophozozymus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (4) XX. 1863, p. 276 ;

and Ann. Soc. Entom. France (4) VII. 1867, p. 272.

Lophozozymus, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 114,

Differs from Zozymus in having (1) the crest of the antero-lateral

border sharp-edged and (2) the fingers not spooned at tip. To avoid

unnecessary disturbance of accepted nomenclature the name is here

maintained as a subgenus of Zozymus.

Key to the Indian species of the subgenus Lophozozymus.

I. Front lobe of the antero-lateral border confluent and

fused with the orbit: [size moderate or small ]:—

. Regions and lobules of carapace well defined ; the

lobules pitted or dented, the grooves between

them hairy: chelipeds and legs shaggy ............ DL. wmecisus.

i. Regions and lobules of carapace ill defined and

faint: surface of carapace smooth and bare: legs

with a few lank scattered hairs ... - .... wsseee Le. dodone.

II, Front lobe of antero-lateral border soph indl Sesith the

orbit by a gap; carapace smooth, the regions (but not

the subregions) fairly well defined : [size large ]:—

i. Hands smooth and bare .., ....... cecovcoseesees L, octodentatus.

ii. Outer surface of hand granular es ie Eth ae L. cristatus.

33. Lophozozymus octodentatus, Edw.

Cancer saxatilis, Ramph, Amboinsch. Rariteitk. p. 9, pl. v. fig. M.

Cancer rumphii, Guérin, Icon. Régne An. pl. ii. fig. 1, (nec Herbst.)

Xantho octodentatus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. 1. 398: Lucas in

Jacquinot’s Voyage Astrolabe, Zool., Crust., p. 23, pl. ix. fig. 1: E. Nauck, Zeits.

Zool. XXX1V. 1880, p. 51 (gastric teeth): Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 58.

Lophozozymus epheliticus Linn., Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 231,

and Zool. H. M.S. Alert, pp. 182, 207: A. O. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XX.

1890, p. 109: de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII. 1895, p. 518.

Carapace perfectly smooth and polished; the gastric region de-

limited on all sides and partly subdivided, and the hepatic separated

from the branchial regions, by broad smooth shallow depressions.

Underside of carapace hairy,

1898.] A. Aleock —Carcinological Fauna of India. 107

Front gently convex beyond the orbits, finely cleft in the middle

line. Orbital border sharp, somewhat puckered by three sutures near

the outer angle. The crest-like antero-lateral border is sharp and is

cut into four teeth, of which the first is separated from the orbit by a

gap, the third and fourth are keeled, and the third strongly accuminate.

Chelipeds equal, their surface perfectly smooth: the upper edge

of the arm is strongly crested, the crest at its distal end being foliace-

ously expanded and deeply cleft; wrist with a strong double tubercle

at its inner angle; upper edge of hand crested, but rather coarsely ;

fingers large, long, pointed. —

Legs smooth: upper edge of merus carpus and propodite strongly

crested, the inner face of the crest with tufts of long hair; dactylus

furred up to the claw.

Colours in spirit: a bright orange-red network on a dull yellow-

ochre ground, fingers black.

In the Indian Museum are two specimens from Singapore.

34. Lophozozymus cristatus, A. Milne Edwards.

Lophozozymus cristatus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Entom. France (4) VII.

1867, p. 272, and Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 203, pl. vi. fig. 4: J. R. Henderson,

Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 361: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII.

1893-94, p. 456.

This species appears to differ from LD. octodentatus only in having

the first lobe or tooth of the antero-lateral margin acute instead of

rounded and the outer surface of the hands granular and hairy.

There are no specimens in the Indian Museum; and the species —

if it be distinct —is included in the Indian fauna on the authority of Dr.

J. R. Henderson.

35. Lophozozymus incisus (Edw.) Haswell, de Man.

Xantho incisus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 397: Hess, Archiv. f. Nat.

XXXI. 1865, i. p. 183: F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel, VIII. 1886, p. 474.

? Xantho superbus, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 74, and U. S. Expl.

Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 167, pl. viii. figs. 5a-b, (nec A. Milne Edwards) de Man.

Lophozozymus incisus, Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 58: de Man, Archiv. fiir

Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 268, pl. x. fig. 1: Thallwitz, Abh. u. Ber. Mus. Dresden,

1890-91, no. 3, p. 48.

Carapace with the regions well delimited, and having the branchial

regions (and to a less extent, the gastric region also) subdivided into

lobules which have their anterior margins sinuous and sharply under-

mined so as to have a semi-imbricate look. The surface of these lobules

is a little dented and uneven, and the grooves that separate them are

full of hair.’

108 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. ,

The crest-like antero-lateral border is cut into 4 lobes, of which

the first is confluent with the orbit, and the last two are pointed and

strongly keeled. Front little convex beyond the orbits, distinctly bilob-

ed. Orbital border sharp, salient, with three suture-lines.

Chelipeds equal: upper edge of arm with a strong crest, which is

foliaceously expanded and cleft at its distal end ; upper border of hand

and dactylus crested ; outer surface of wrist and hand covered with large

granules, which stand in more or less distinct linear series and are a

good deal concealed by long shaggy hairs. Fingers stout, of good

length, pointed. |

Legs with the upper edge of merus carpus and propodite strongly

crested and shaggy, and the surfaces of the dactylus and of most of

the propodite shaggy.

Colours in spirit yellow with many orange-red patches; fingers

dark brown. 7

In the Indian Museum are 2 specimens, one from the Orissa Coast,

15-35 fms., the other from the Angrias Bank (Malabar Sea) 15 fms.

36. Lophozozymus dodone (Herbst) Hilgendorf, de Man.

Cancer dodone, Herbst, Krabben, III. ii. 37, pl. lii. fig. 5. :

Lophozozymus dodone, Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 789: Miers, Zool.

H. M.S. Alert, pp. 517, 527: de Man, Archiv. fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 270,

pl. x. figs. 2, 2a: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn, Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 361 :

Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 457.

Xantho radiatus (? C. dodone Herbst) Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 398::

A. Milne Edwards, in Maillard’s l’ile Réunion, Annexe F. p. 4.

Atergatis lateralis, White P. Z. S. 1847, p. 225; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) II. 1848,

p. 285; and Samarang Crust. p. 39, pl. viii. fig. 1.

Xantho lamelligera, White, ll. cc. p. 225, p. 285, p. 40 (fide A. Milne Edwards

infra).

Xantho nitidus, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, p. 74, and U. S. Expl.

Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 166, pl. viii. figs. 4a-b.

Atergatis elegans, Heller, Novara Crust. p. 7, pl. i. fig. 4 (fide de Man).

Lophozozymus radiatus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873,

p. 206.

Carapace smooth with the regions very faintly indicated and with

very few and faint traces of lobulation : sometimes a few lank hairs on

the antero-lateral border.

The crest-like antero-lateral border is trenchant and somewhat

cockled, and is cut into 4 shallow scallops, the last two of which are

acuminate and carinate, and the first of which is confluent with the

orbit. Front slightly convex beyond the orbits and a little emarginate

in the middle line. Orbital border sharp with the suture lines faint

and indistinct,

1898. ] A. Alcock— Carcinological Fauna of India. 109

Chelipeds equal; outer surface of wrist and hand finely granular

or rugose under the lens; upper edge of arm crested but not foliaceously

expanded; both upper and lower edge of hand crested. Fingers very

short and stumpy, pointed.

_ Legs smooth: upper edge of merus carpus and propodite crested

and having a few scattered hairs; also a few scattered hairs on the

surface and lower edge of propodites.

Colours in spirit yellow, with diffused orange-red patches; fingers

brown, white at tip.

In the Indian Museum are three specimens from the Andamans.

Alliance III. Huaanthoida.

EKuxanthus. Hypocoelus.

Evxantaus, Dana.

_ Euzanthus, Dana, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. and Art. (2) XII. 1851, p. 125;

Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, p. 75; and U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 178.

Melissa, Strahl, Archiv. fur Naturges. XX VII. 1861, i. p. 101.

Euzanthus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv, du Mus. I. 1865, p. 289,

Carapace very broad, strongly convex in both directions, with the

regions well delimited and subdivided into convex lobules.

The antero-lateral borders are sharp and somewhat irregularly

scallopped, the lobes often subpyramidal or dentiform: they do not

terminate at the orbit, but are prolonged, beneath the orbit, to the

buccal cavern. The postero-lateral borders are very short and very

concave.

The front is of no great breadth (about a fifth the greatest breadth

of the carapace), bilobed, and prominent. The supra-orbital border and

the inner angle of the lower border of the orbit are tumid, and the rest

of the orbital margin is very low and forms an unbroken curve, with

only one closed suture line. The eyes have short thick stalks.

The antennules fold nearly transversely. The basal antennal joint

is prolonged right into the orbit, and the short flagellum is therefore

placed inside the orbit. The outer border of the merus of the external

maxillipeds is oblique.

The chelipeds are equal in both sexes, and are relatively small and

light. The fingers are rather long-pointed, and have the tip slightly

but distinctly hollowed out.

| Abdomen of the male five-jointed, the 3rd—5th somites being fused.

Crabs of medium size, easily recognized by the peculiar form of the

basal joint of the antenna and the course of the antero-latera] margin

of the carapace. é

110 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

Key to the Indian species of Kuxanthus.

1. Lobules of carapace almost smooth; outer angle of

orbit not marked by # denticle ......ccccceccesecesecoeens E. melissa,

2. Lobules of carapace rough; outer angle of orbit

marked by @ denticle ...cceccc.secccceescoceees seeececes eo. E. sculptilis,

37. Huxanthus melissa, (Herbst).

Cancer exsculptus, Herbst, Krabben, I. ii, 265, pl. xxi. fig. 121.

Cancer melissa, Herbst, Krabben, III. ii. 7, pl. li. fle. 1.

Euasaanthus melissa, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1858, p. 33: A. Milne

Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus, I. 1865, p. 293: Targioni Tozzetti, Magenta Crust.

p. 27, pl. iii. figs. 1-7: F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel, VIII. p. 474: J. R. Henderson,

Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 359: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII.

1893-94, p. 466, pl. xvii. fig. 9.

Cancer mamillatus, Miine Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 376.

Melissa mamillata, Strahl, Archiv. fir Naturges. XX VII. 1861, i. p. 103.

Euzanthus mamillatus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 292,

pl. xv. figs. 2-2b; and IX. 1873, p. 196: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 48: de Man,

Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 30.

Eusanthus nitidus, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, p. 75; U.S. Expl.

Exp., Crust. pt. I. p. 174, pl. viii. figs. 9a-b. (young).

' Melissa nitida, Strahl, Archiv. fiir Naturges. XXVIT. 1861, i. p. 103.

Cancer exsculptus, Hoffmann in Pollen and Van Dam, Faun. Madagasc. Crust,

p- 38.

?Huxanthus exsculptus var. rugosus, Miers, Zool. H. M. 8S. Alert, pp. 517, 527

(? young.)

The lobules of the carapace are extremely convex, and though

some of them may be a little dimpled, especially in the young, they are

commonly smooth.

The antero-lateral borders are cut into five teeth, but there is often

a tubercle—which may be incompletely double—between the 4th and

Sth teeth ; between the 3rd and 5th teeth the margin is finely granular.

The curve of the orbit is unbroken by any denticle at the outer

angle, and is smooth, not granular.

The outer surfaces of the wrist and hand, as of the corresponding

joints of the legs, are nodular, the nodules and the hollows between them

being smooth: on the lower outer surface of the hand are two longi-

tudinal wrinkles which also have a smooth surface. The fingers have

their surfaces smooth, and their cutting edges strongly toothed, with

the tip distinctly hollowed out.

Colours of good spirit specimens: stone grey or yellowish, with

numerous tiny chocolate-brown or purplish specks, and some large

blotches of the same colour on the gastric, hepatic and branchial regions.

These markings have faded in spirit specimens that have been preserved

1898. ] A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 11}

over ten years, Fingers blackish brown, this colouration extending

along the lower border and inner surface of hand.

In the Indian Museum are 17 specimens from the Andamans,

Mergui, and Ceylon (besides a specimen from Samoa).

38. Huxanthus sculptilis, Dana.

Euzanthus sculptilis, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 75, and U.S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 173, pl. vii. figs. 8a-d: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv.

du Mus. I. 1865, p. 291: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrbnch., Syst., VII.{1893-94, p, 466.

Cancer huonii, Lucas in Jacquinot’s Voy. Astrolabe, Crust. p. 16, pl. iv. fig. 1.

Eucanthus huonit, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 290, pl.

xv. figs. 1-lc: Hasweil, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 47: Miers, Zool. H. M.S. Alert, pp.

182, 204: de Man, Archiv. fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 263.

Lobules of carapace moderately convex, their surface so much

wrinkled aud dented transversely as to give them an almost scaly look.

Antero-lateral borders cut into six teeth, the edge between all the

teeth being granular.

The orbital margin is granular, and there is a denticle to mark the

outer angle of the orbit,

The nodules of the wrists and hands—and, to a less strongly

marked extent, those of the corresponding joints of the legs—are

granular, as are the hollows between the nodules; and the two wrinkles

along the lower outer surface of the hand are granular. The fingers

resemble those of H. melissa, except that their surfaces are strongly

granular.

Colours of well-preserved spirit specimens : yellowish with purplish

spots and blotches, many of which are confluent; fingers and hand

coloured as in H. melissa.

In the Indian Museum are 3 specimens from Persian Gulf and

Andamans, (besides one from Samoa).

Hypocauvs, Heller.

Hypocelus, Heller, Abh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien, 1861, p. 7; and SB. AK. Wien,

XLIII. 1861, p. 319.

Hypocelus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865. p. 295,

Differs from Hu«anthus chiefly in having a large oval or reniform

cavity excavated in either pterygostomian region.

It is not represented in the Indian Museum.

39. Hypocelus rugosus, Henderson.

Hypocelus rugosus, Henderson, Trang. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 358,

pl. xxxvi. figs. 9-11.

112 A. Aleock—Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

Alliance IV. Xanthoida.

Xantho. Etisus. Orphnoxanthus.

Leptodius. Ktisodes.

Medzeus.

Cycloxanthus.

Hoploxanthus.

XAntTHO, Leach.

Xantho, Leach, Malac. Pod. Britt. pl. xi and text, 1815; and Trans. Linn. Soc,

XI. 1815, p. 820.

Xantho, Desmarest, Consid. Gen. Crust., p. 104.

Xantho, (part) and Eudora (part), De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. pp. 18 and 22.

Xantho, (part) Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 887.

Xantho, (part) Dana, U. 8S, Expl., Exp., Crust. pt. I. p. 166.

Xantho, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (4) XX. 1863, pp. 275 and 294

and Miss. Sci. Mex., Crust. p. 251.

Xantho, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 124.

[Type XanrHo Fioripus, Leach. ]

Carapace broad, moderately convex anteriorly, flat in the posterior

half; the regions generally well delimited and fairly well lobulated in

the anterior two-thirds, but not posteriorly.

Antero-lateral borders arched, usually cut into four teeth or lobes:

postero-lateral borders moderately convergent, not concave.

Extent of fronto-orbital border half, or less than half, the greatest

width of the carapace: front about a fourth the greatest breadth of the

carapace. |

Front little deflexed, rather prominent, usually sublaminar, notched

in the middle line, usually separated from the supra-orbital margin by a

notch or groove.

Orbital margin with two (often indistinct) suture lines above and

one (more distinct) just below the outer angle: usually ‘a prominent

tooth at the inner angle of the lower edge of the orbit, Eyes on short

thick stalks.

Basal antennal joint short, meeting the front at the inner angle:

the flagellum, which is about as long as the orbit, lodged in the orbital

hiatus.

Anterior edge of merus of external maxillipeds nearly transverse,

with commonly a small tooth near the antero-internal angle.

Chelipeds either unequal in both sexes, or less commonly equal in

both sexes (Xantho impressus, Xantho scaberrimus); fingers pointed.

Legs subcylindrical, with the upper edges often sharp (crested in

Xantho scaberrimus.)

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 113

Abdomen of male five-jointed, the 3rd—5th somites fused; (in

X. wmpressus the sutures are so distinct that the abdomen may appear

7-jointed),

| Key to the Indian species of the Genus Xantho.

I. Chelipeds equal, or almost equal, in both sexes :—

i. Legs crested, the crest sharp, or serrate, or

crenate: length of carapace a good deal

more than two-thirds the greatest breadth :

lobules of carapace covered with convex

subsquamiform tubercles .........-0000. seerereee Xantho (Lophowanthus)

scaberrimus.

F ii. Legs thick, sub-cylindrical, length of carapace

less than two-thirds the greatest breadth:

lobules of carapace Smooth ........s000c0e. Xantho (Eudora) im-

pressus,

1I. Chelipeds unequal in both sexes: length of carapace

two-thirds, or a little more than two-thirds, the

greatest breadth: the'legs may have sharp, but

never distinctly crested edges :—

i. First two teeth of the antero-lateral margin

faint, obsolescent ; carapace and chelipeds

smooth (non-granular)..,........0..06 Shaloecdueney’ Xantho bidentatus.

ii. Hither the last three, or all four, teeth of

the antero-lateral margin distinct; a large

part of the carapace and of the exposed

surfaces of the chelipeds wrinkled and

STANDIAL .....ccerecsessesserteecscevsceecerccesssessces Aantho distinguendus,

40. Xantho distinguendus, De Haan.

Cancer (Xantho) distinguendus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust, p. 48, pl. xiii.

fig. 7: Heller, SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 323.

Chlorodius distinguendus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 34.

Xantho macgillivrayi, Miers, Zool. H. M.S. Alert, pp. 183, 211, pl. xx. fig. c.

Lophozozymus (Lophoranthus) bellus, var. leucomanus, Miers, Challenger

Brachyura, p. 115, pl. xi. fig. 1.

Medzus distinguendus, de Man, Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 31:

J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 359.

Regions of carapace well delimited, fairly well divided into lobules :

the anterior and lateral parts of the carapace are covered with granular

transverse wrinkles which have almost a scaly look.

Front cleft into two rather prominent, square-cut, sub-laminar

lobes. Antero-lateral margin cut into four sharply granular teeth,

‘which may be all sharply acuminate, or the first may sometimes be

rather indistinct. '

i, LS

L14 A. Alcock — Carecinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

The under surface of the carapace, below and external to the orbit,

is, like the first lobe of the antero-lateral margin, eroded and granular

Chelipeds unequal in both sexes: upper part of the outer surface

of arm with some fine transverse granular wrinkles; upper and outer

surface of wrist and hand closely granular, the wrist and the upper part

of the hand being also eroded or pitted, most usually in a peculiar

honey-comb. fashion ; fingers stout, fluted.

Legs rather thin: upper edge of merus sharp (almost subcristi-

form), often finely granular: carpus and propodite usually grooved and

ridged longitudinally (the propodite most distinctly so, and on both

surfaces): dactylus covered with close short fur. The sculpture of the

carpus and propodite, as of the chelipeds, is variable, even in specimens

from the same locality.

Abdomen of male 5-jointed, the sutures between the 3rd—5th

somites nearly or quite obliterated.

Colours in spirit : light yellow, fingers blackish brown with whitish

tips.

In the Indian Museum besides specimens from Hongkong, there

are 16 specimens from Mergui, Persian Gulf, and Karachi. Fourteen

little specimens from the Malabar Coast, 28 fms,, are also probably

referable to this species.

Tf this species is to be removed to Medseus on account of the erosion

and consequent indefiniteness of the orbital end of the antero-lateral

margin, Xantho floridus and more certainly Xantho tuberculatus must

share the same fate, and Medzxus must then be absorbed in Xantho.

41. Xantho bidentatus, A. Milne Edwards.

Xantho bidentatus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) VII. 1867,

p. 266: Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 126, pl. xi. fig. 4: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb.

Syst., VLI. 1893-94, pp. 44.4, 449.

Surface of carapace and appendages smooth (non- -granular) :

gastric region well defined by fine shallow grooves, and very faintly

Jobulated: branchial regions imperfectly separated from the hepatic

regions and very faintly and imperfectly areolated.

Of the four lobes of the antero-lateral margin the first two are

faint, broadly-rounded and coalescent, and the last two possess a small

acumination.

Front prominent, notched in the middle line, to form two lobes, which

have the edge a little concave and the outer angle well pronounced,

Under surface of carapace smooth to naked eye: the side wall.

above the articulations of the legs hairy. ’

oe Poe

1898. } A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 115

Chelipeds unequal in both sexes, smooth like the legs.

Abdomen of male five-jointed.

Colours in spirit : dull yellowish brown, fingers almost black.

In the Indian Museum are four specimens from the Andamans.

42. Xantho impressus, (Lamk.) Edw.

Cancer impressus, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans. Vertebr. V. 272.

Xantho impressus, Milne Wdwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 393: A. Milne Edwards,

Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 198, pl. vi. fig. 2: F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel

VIII. 1886, p. 474: de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool, XXII. 1887-88, p. 30:

J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 359: Ortmann, Zool.

Jahrb., Syst. VII. 1893-94, pp. 444, 449.

Eudora impressa, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 28: A. Milne Edwards in

Maillard’s Vile Réunion, Annexe F. p. 4: Richters in Mébius Meeresf. Maurit.

p. 146, pl. xv. figs. 15, 16.

Carapace very short and broad, little convex in the anterior half,

quite flat in the posterior half.

Gastric and cardiac regions separated from the wings of the cara-

pace by very broad and deep furrows, the wings of the carapace being

thrown into massive smooth lobules by furrows not quite so deep, but

the gastric region being slightly and imperfectly areolate except quite

anteriorly.

Front somewhat declivous, bilobed, not laminar. The four lobes

of the antero-lateral margin are thickened and blunt, the first lobe

leing on a level lower than that of the orbit. Close in front of the

thickened posterior border is a smooth transverse wrinkle.

The tooth and notch at the antero-internal angle of the merus of

the external maxillipeds are very distinct.

Chelipeds equal in both sexes: outer surface of arm with a groove

following the contour of the distal border; outer surface of wrist with

a faintish Y-shaped dimple, and a strong double-crowned tubercle at

the inner angle of the wrist ; upper surface of hand with an incomplete,

longitudinal, pitted furrow; fingers with cutting-edge coarsely crenu-

late.

Legs thick, subcylindrical, smooth ; both edges of the dactylopodites

covered with thick short fur. |

Abdomen of male 5-jointed, with the sutures between the 3rd—5th

joints persistent.

Colours in spirit: waxy white, fingers blackish brown. The whole

animal has a smooth waxy look.

In the Indian Museum are two specimens, from Mergui and the

Andamans (besides three from Mauritius. )

This is a curious form, connecting Xantho with several other genera.

116 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No },

Sub-genus LopHoxantuus, A. Milne Edwards,

Lophowanthus, A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. Mex. Crust. p. 256.

Difters from typical Xantho (Xantho floridus etc.) chiefly in having

at least the upper edge of the legs distinctly crested: the carapace,

moreover, is longer and narrower.

43. Xantho (Lophoxanthus) scaberrimus, Walker.

Xantho seaberrimus, A. O. Walker. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XX. 1886-90,

pp. 109, 115, pl. vii. figs, 1-4.

Carapace about % as long as broad, moderately convex im the

anterior two-thirds ; regions and subregions strongly defined by broad

deep smooth channels, convex, and covered with smooth well-defined

tubercles that are pea-like in the posterior third, somewhat scale-like

in the anterior two-thirds, and pointed along the antero-lateral border.

Fronto-orbital border less than half the width of the carapace :

front two-lobed, the lobes having an oblique and slightly concave

margin and a well-defined external angle.

Antero-lateral border four-lobed, the first lobe blunt and non-

prominent, the other three prominent and acuminate, all four with the

edges serrulate. Postero-lateral margin not concave, granular ; posterior

margin beaded.

The whole under surface of the carapace, and the surfaces of the

external maxillipeds, male sternum and male abdomen, are closely

covered with large granules,

Chelipeds equal, uniformly closely covered (except upper. surface

of arm and inner and outer surfaces of fingers) with sharpish tubercles,

which are largest on the hand, where they fall into raised longitudinal

parallel series, most marked on the lower part of the outer surface : fingers

fluted in continuation of the ridges on the hand, the ridges of the

dactylus being rough in their basal part. Two tubercles, the anterior

of which is the larger, at the inner angle of the wrist: and two some-

what foliaceous excrescences terminating the crest-like upper edge of

the arm.

First three pairs of legs with the edges of the merus (but especi-

ally the upper edge) sharply crested, the upper edge of the carpus and

propodite strongly serrated, and the dorsal surface of the carpus and

propodite furnished with squamiform granules in series parallel with

this serrated crest. The last pair of legs resembles the others, except

that the crest of the merus is serrated, and the dorsal surface of the

merus is granular.

Colours in spirit uniform ashy white.

1898. | A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India: 117

In the Indian Museum besides a specimen from Japan is one from

off the Orissa coast, 11 fms.

Xantho (Lophoawanthus) scaberrimus var. baccalipes.

Differs from the type in the following particulars :—

(1) the characteristic tubercles have everywhere a worn appear-

ance, especially in the middle of the carapace and on the chelipeds and

the ischium of the external maxillipeds:

(2) the dorsal crest of the arm and of the meropodites of the legs

have each become a row of berry-like teeth, and the serrated crest and

granular ridges of the | carpopodites and propodites of the legs have

become merely low rough elevations,

In the Indian Museum are three large males from Ceylon: the

largest has the carapace 47 millim. long and 6] millim. broad.

Xantho (Lophoranthus) scaberrimus var. cultripes.

Differs from the type in the following particulars :—

(1) the characteristic tubercles are still more “ worn,’’ especially

on the mesogastrium, and near the inner angle of the wrist, and near the

base of the thumb, where they are almost worn away :

(2) the dorsal crest of the arm (with its foliaceous terminal

lobes), and the crests of the merus carpus and propodite in all the legs,

are greatly developed sharp and entire, and tlie raised rows of granules

ou the dorsal surfaces of the leg joints have almost disappeared.

In the Indian Museum is a single male from Singapore, with a

carapace 50 millim. long and 64 broad.

’

Sub-genus Lepropius, A. Milne Edwards.

Leptodius, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (4) XX. 1863, p. 284: Nouv.

Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 221: Miss. Sci. Mex., Crust. p. 267, wba synon.

Leptodius, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 136.

Leptodius (e.g. Leptodius exaratus) resembles Xantho (e.g. Xantho

floridunus) in general form and proportions, but differs most conspicu-

ously in having the fingers hollowed out “‘en cuillére” at tip. But this

divergence is almost bridged by Leptodius crassimanus, in which the

spooning of the fingers is indistinct.

Leptodius further differs from the type of Xantho (1) in the

greater convergence of the postero-lateral borders, (2) in the often—

but not always—more than four-lobed antero-lateral border, and (3) in

the often more extensive contact of the basal antennal joint with the

front.

118 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [ No. 1,

Key to the Indian species of the sub-genus Leptodius.

I. Carpus (and sometimes the propodite also) of the four

last pairs of legs strongly bicarinate dorsally —the

crests enclosing a trough-like cavity .........ccecseceerreee DL. cavipes.

II. Carpusand propodite of last four pairs of legs te —

i. Four teeth (exclusive of the orbital angle) on

the antero-lateral border: postero-lateral border

not or hardly shorter than the chord of the

antero-lateral border ...5..4 dees LV ddesscseess cee) MUP eRRUIEEE

ii. More than four teeth on the antero-lateral border:

postero-lateral border distinctly shorter than the

chord of the antero-lateral border :—

1, Front bilaminar, the lobes having a slight-

ly concave edge: 5 teeth on the antero-

lateral margin 4.2 ...000¢s eveoeeee DL. sanguineus.

2. Front bilaminar, the labiis sO eilebiole con-

cave as to make the front almost quadri-

dentate :—

a. “Five teeth on the antero-lateral

margin: finger-tips often rather in-

distinctly hollowed out :—

a. Carapace cut up into numer-

ous strongly convex lobules:

upper surface of wrist and

hand strongly and sharply

rugose and nodular,,,............ L. euglyptus.

B. Lobules of carapace not very

numerous, not very convex,

smooth: upper surface of wrist

and hand somewhat rough ... JL. crassimanus.

b. Eight to ten irregular teeth on the

antero-lateral margin .......see00...008 DL. nudipes.

44. Xantho (Leptodius) exaratus (Hdw.) A. M. Edw.

Chlorodius eraratus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 402; and in Cuvier

Réune An. Crust. pl. xi. fig. 3: Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 79; and

U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 208: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philrd. 1858,

p. 34.

Leptodius ewaratus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 71;

and IX. 1873, p. 222: Kossmann, Reise roth. Meer. Crust. p. 32, pl. i. fig. 1-6:

Hilgendorf MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 790: Richters in Mobius Meeresf. Maurit. p. 148:

Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 60: Miers, Zool. H. M.S. Alert, pp. 183 and 214:

de Man, Archiv. f. Naturges. LII1. 1887, i. p. 285, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool.,

XXII. 1887-88, p. 33; and in |Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost. Ind. II. 1892

p. 278, and Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII. 1894-95, p. 521: Gano, Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli,

III. 1889, p. 202: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 362;

Whitelegge, Mem. Austral. Mus. 111. 1897, p. 137.

1898.] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 119

Xantho afinis, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p, 48, pl. xiii. fig. 8: Krauss,

Sudafr. Crust. p. 30.

Xantho lividus, De Haan, 0.c,, l.c. fig. 6: Miers, Zool. H. M. 8. Alert, pp. 183,

214.

Cancer inequalis, Audonin and Savigny Descr. Egypte pl. v. fig. 7 (fide A. M. E.)

Xantho ezaratus var. typica, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 445:

and in Semon’s Forschungsr. (Jen. Denk. VIII) Crust. p. 50,

Carapace moderately broad, moderately convex in the anterior two-

thirds, nearly flat in the posterior third, where also it is not areolated.

Gastric region well-defined, convex, fairly well areolated anteriorly, the

wings of the carapace on either side of it divided into about 5 low

lobules, three of which follow the contour of the antero-lateral border.

The surface of the carapace is non-granular, except sometimes in the

young.

Front not very prominent, but projecting beyond the inner angle

of the orbit, from which it is separated by a notch; bilaminar, the lobes

cut square, but with a slightly concave margin.

Antero-lateral border cut into 4 acuminate teeth, not including the

outer angle of the orbit, or a small denticle below it. Postero-lateral

border equal in length to the chord of the antero-lateral border.

Side wall of carapace, edges of upper surface of arm, and edges of

legs—but especially the upper edge of the meropodites— with a good

deal of hair.

Chelipeds unequal in both sexes. Upper and outer surface of wrist

more or less dimpled or wrinkled; a strong tubercle at inner an gle of

wrist. Hands usually smooth, but the upper surface has, very com-

monly, some low fine transverse or reticulating wrinkles. Fingers large,

thick, more or less fluted, not strongly toothed, meeting at tip only (in

the adult) where they are broadened and hollowed out.

Legs with merus subcylindrical and smooth, carpus and propus

nearly smooth and sometimes very faintly grooved, dactylus granular

and furred along both edges as far as the claw.

Abdomen of male five-jointed.

Colours in spirit: dirty yellow or dirty green, sometimes mottled;

fingers black.

In the Indian Museum are more than 130 specimens, chiefly from

the Andamans, Mergui, Karachi, also from the Persian Gulf, Bombay,

Ceylon, Akyab and Penang.

45, Xantho (Leptodius) sanguineus (Hdw.) A. M. Edw.

Chlorodius sanguineus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 402: Dana Proc. Ac.

Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 79, and U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 207, pl. xi. figs.

lla—d: Heller, Novara Crust. p. 18: Strects, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. 1877.

p- 108.

120 A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1;

Leptodius sanguineus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus, IV. 1868, p. 7],

and IX. 1873, p. 224: Richters in Mobius, Meeresf. Maurit. p. 147: Haswell, Cat.

Austral. Crust. p. 60: F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel, VIII. 1886, p. 474: de Man,

Zool. Jahvb., Syst. VIII. 1894-95, p. 521: Whitelegge, Mem. Anstral, Mus, III.

1897, p. 137.

Leptodius exaratus, var. sanguineus, Miers, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 184; Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 234; Challenger Brachyura, p. 138: Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat

Napoli, TIT. 1889, p. 203.

Lagostoma nodosa, Randall, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1839, p. 111.

Chlorodius nodosus, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 79, and U. S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 210, pl. xi. figs. l4a—g.

Chlorodius edwardsi, Heller, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1861, p. 10, and SB. Ak.

Wien XLIII. 1861, i. p. 336: Hilgendorf in v. d. Decken’s Reis. Ost. Afr. III, i.

p. 74.

Xantho exaratus var. sanguinea, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94,

p. 447.

Differs from Xantho (Leptodius) exaratus in the following particu-

lars :—

(1) the carapace is more convex anteriorly, and the branchial

lobules also are more convex :

(2) there are five teeth on the antero-lateral margin, not includ-

ing the external orbital angle and a small denticle below it:

(3) the postero-lateral border is a good deal shorter than the

chord of the antero-lateral border :

(4) the front is distinctly narrower.

In the Indian Museum are 123 specimens chiefly from the Andamans

and Laccadives, also from the Nicobars, Ceylon, and Persian Gulf.

46. Xantho (Leptodius) crassimanus, A. M. Edw.

Xantho crassimanus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) VII. 1867

p. 267.

Leptodius crassimanus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873,

p- 226, pl. xi. fig. 4: Haswell. Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 61: Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel,

VIII. 1886, p. 474: de Man. Archiv. fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 287, and Notes

Leyden Mus. XV. 1893, p. 284, and Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VIII. 1894-95, p. 522.

Xantho exaratus var. crassimana, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VIL. 1893-94,

p. 448.

Differs from both exaratus and sanguineus in the following particu-

lars :—

(1) the two lobes of the front have the free edge not merely

emarginate, but deeply concave, so that the front appears to be formed

of four little teeth :

(2) the carapace, anteriorly, is much more convex, the regions

are more convex and their areole are more convex :

(3) the fingers are not so broad at tip and not so sharply hollowett .

out :

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 121

(4) the upper surface of the wrist and hand is more rugose, It

resembles sanguineus in having 5 teeth on the antero-lateral margin, but

differs from it further in having

(5) the front even narrower, it being less than one-fifth the

breadth of the carapace.

It can at once be distinguished by the very narrow quadridentate

front.

In the Indian Museum are 22 specimens, from the Andamans,

Karachi, Galle (and Australia).

47. Xantho (Leptodius) nudipes (Dana), A. M. Edw.

Chlorodius nudipes, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 79, and U. S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 209, pl. xi. figs. 12a-c.

Leptodius nudipes, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p, 225:

Miers, Cat. Crust. New Zealand, p. 17: Filhol, Crust. New Zealand, p. 374: de Man,

Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 33, and Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 1894-95, p. 523.

Xantho exaratus var. nudipes, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 447.

The whole surface of the carapace is very finely pitted or granular.

The antero-lateral border is divided into four acute lobes or teeth, but

each of the first three teeth have, at base, either one or two (one on

either side) small additional cusps, and the fourth tooth is generally

double, so that altogether there are from 8 to 11 teeth on the antero-

lateral margin. The fingers are broad and deeply hollowed at tip. The

upper surface of hand and wrist is granular and rugose. The lobes of

the front are deeply concave.

In the convexity of the carapace and of its regions and subregions

it resembles sanguineus ; but the front is much broader than in sanguineus,

being more than one-fourth the breadth of the carapace, and the fingers

are typical spoons.

In the Indian Museum are 17 specimens from the Andamans and

3 from Mergui.

48. Xantho (Leptodius) euglyptus, n. sp.

Form of carapace much resembling that of sanguineus, but much

more convex.

Carapace 3 as long as broad, rather strongly convex in its anterior

two-thirds, flat posteriorly: its regions well delimited, convex, and as

completely areolated as any Actz#a—the areole being strongly convex

and somewhat pitted transversely.

Front projecting beyond the orbit, from which it is separated by a

notch, cut into two lobes of which the outer angle is prominent much as

in crassimanus ; its breadth is not quite a third that of the carapace.

J u. 16

122 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

Antero-lateral border cut into five conical teeth between which are

v-anules or little denticles ; postero-lateral borders strongly convergent,

shorter than chords of antero-lateral borders.

Chelipeds unequal: upper and outer surfaces of wrist strongly

wrinkled and pitted ; upper surface of hand nodular, upper half or more

of outer surface of hand longitudinally ridged and transversely wrin-

kled: fingers short, stout, hollowed (but not broadened) at tip.

Legs with carpus and propodite longitudinally ridged and grooved

above —the carpus more distinctly so—and dactylus furred. .

Sidewall of carapace, edges of upper surface of arm, and edges of

legs — but especially upper edge of meropodites — hairy.

Colours in spirit: yellow, fingers and front lower corner of hand

blackish brown.

Length of carapace 10°5 millim., breadth 16 millim.

In the Indian Museum are 45 specimens from Galle and 1 from

Mergui (Marine Survey).

This species, though strongly resembling mudipes and crassimanus,

is at once recognized by the sharp-cut Actzea-like sculpture of the cara-

pace. It is possible that it may be the Chlorodius eudorus of Milne

Edwards. It has the closest possible resemblance to the Xantho quin-

quedentatus of Krauss, Sudafr. Crust. p. 30, pl. i. fig. 3, but that species

is described and figured as having sharp fingers.

49. Xantho (Leptodius) cavipes (Dana).

Chlorodius cavipes, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 79; and U.S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 212, pl. xii. figs. la-b: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.

Phila., 1858, p. 34. |

Leptodius cavipes, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 34.

Carapace convex in anterior two-thirds, flat behind. Gastric region

convex, well delimited and areolated by fine smooth rather deep

channels ; wings of carapace divided into about five lobules by less deep-

cut and less smooth channels: the whole carapace (except the channels)

covered with miliary granules, which on the lateral lobes of the gastric

region are arranged in lines that have an imbricate look.

Front bilaminar, the fore edge of the lobes thickened and granular.

Antero-lateral border thickened and granular, cut into small irregular

teeth — 8 or 9 in number — which fall into 4 sets. Undersurface of

carapace with short fur.

Chelipeds unequal: upper and outer surface of wrist»and hand

wrinkled and granular, outer surface of hand covered with granules in

more or less distinct lines : fingers little toothed, incurved, blunt-pointed

and hollowed (but not broadened) at tip.

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. Vee

Legs rough, but not very hairy: upper edge of meropodites finely

serrated, distally sharply notched: wpper surface of carpopodites wilh two

high longitudinal crests enclosing a trough-like space; the propodites are

similarly sculptured, but the sculpture is a good deal concealed by fur :

dactyli furred.

Colours in spirit: dirty yellow or dirty greenish, fingers nearly

black in distal ? only.

In the Indian Museum are 4 specimens, from the Andamans, Mergui

and Ceylon.

Mepaus, Dana.

Medzus, Dana, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2) XII. 1851, p. 1253

Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 76; U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 181.

Medzus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (4) XX. 1863, p. 279; Miss.

Sci. Mex. Crust. p. 249.

Medzus, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 116.

Carapace not very broad, hexagonal, little convex, the regions well

defined and well areolated.

Antero-lateral borders cut into teeth and very distinctly continued

beneath the orbits to the angles of the buccal cavern.

Fronto-orbital border half, or a little more than half, the greatest

breadth of the carapace.

Front about a fourth, or a little more, the greatest breadth of the

carapace, horizontal, rather prominent, square-cut, notched in the middle

line, separated from the supra-orbital margin by a notch.

Orbits, eyes, basal antennal joint and antennary flagellum as in

Xantho.

Chelipeds either unequal or subequal, the wrists and hands com-

monly covered with large nodules, the fingers pointed.

The abdomen of the male consists of five pieces, the 3rd—5th somites

being fused.

Medzus closely resembles Xantho, but is distinguished by the

narrower carapace and by the relations of the antero-lateral border. In

some species of Xantho (e.g., X. distinguendus) the antero-lateral border

is broken and eroded near the orbit, so that it may be imagined to be

continued to the angle of the buccal cavern, but in Medzus there is no

ambiguity whatever.

50. Medeus nodosus, A. M. Edw.

Medzus nodosus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (4) VII. 1867,

p- 271; Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 212, pl. viii. fig. 2: Haswell, Cat.

Austral, Crust. p. 52.

Carapace shaped much as in Polycremnus, hexagonal, more than

124 A. Alcock— Careinological Fauna of India. [ No. I,

as long as broad, the regions well demarcated, well areolated, finely and

closely granular.

Front horizontal, square-cut, prominent, sublaminar, notched and

grooved in the middle line.

Antero-lateral borders cut into four blunt-pointed rather coarse

granular teeth, of which the two posterior are the strongest.

Chelipeds subequal: wrist and hand covered with granular fungi-

form tubercles, which are arranged in regular longitudinal series on the

hand.

Upper border of meropodites of legs without spinules.

In the Indian Museum is a single small male from off the Ganjam

coast, 73-93 fms.

Henderson (Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) V. 1893, p. 860) appears to consi-

der this species to belong to the genus Halimede, but it has not —if my

identification be correct—the curious male abdomen which distinguishes

that genus from every other Xanthoid except Polycremnus,

Cyctoxantuus, A. Milne Edwards.

Cycloranthus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. (4) XX. 1863, p. 278;

Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 209; Miss. Sci. Mex., Crust. p. 258.

Carapace relatively long: front horizontal, prominent, and divided

by a median fissure into two lamellar lobes, and separated from the »

internal orbital angles by a deepish notch.

Orbits small: two fissures in the supra-orbital margin: external

orbital angles inconspicuous, continuous with the antero-lateral borders.

Antero-lateral borders very long, strongly curved, extending far

backwards.

Basal antennal joint short, but touching the front at its inner

angle: the flagellum inserted in the orbital hiatus.

Merus of the external maxillipeds subquadrilateral.

The abdomen of the male consists of five movable pieces.

This genus is not represented in the Indian Museum,

51. Cyeloranthus lineatus, A. Milne Edwards.

Cyclowanthus lineatus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, (4) VIF.

1867, p. 269, and Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 209, pl. vi. fig. 5: Miers, Zool.

H. M.S. Alert, pp. 183, 212: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soe., Zool., (2) V. 1893,.

p. 360. _

Carapace broad, very depressed, smooth; the regions little defined ;

antero-lateral borders prolonged far backwards and obscurely divided

into four deutiform lobes.

1898.] - A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. 125

Outer orbital angle inconspicuous, orbits small, the upper margin

with a narrow cleft.

Front very prominent, lamellar, a little sinuous at the sides, pro-

minent towards the middle where there is a linear fissure.

Chelipeds unequal: the hand has the inner surface flattened, the

upper border obtusely crested, and the outer surface rugose: the wrist,

which has its outer border much dilated, is equally rugose.

The legs are weak and smcoth, the dactylus being a little com-

pressed.

Carapace yellowish, very symmetrically marked with numerous

reddish-brown lines, some of which run obliquely from the antero-

lateral borders towards the front and towards the middle line, while

others run from the posterior border forwards to the cardiac region.

There are no specimens in the Indian Museum collection.

HoPLoxaNTHUs, 0. gen.

Carapace hexagonal, moderately broad, moderately convex fore and

aft, its regions all well defined, and to a certain extent subdivided.

The antero-lateral borders are thin and erest-like and are ona

much lower plane than the rest of the carapace, they end either in both

sexes or in the female only, in a large horizontal lateral epibranchial spine,

and may either be cut into large triangular teeth or may be only

obscurely notched.

Postero-lateral borders straight, moderately convergent, about as

long as the antero-lateral.

Front lamellar, prominent, horizontal, notched in the middle line,

about a fourth to two-sevenths the greatest breadth of the carapace.

Orbital margin with two faintish notches or suture lines above, and

with a small triangular gap just below the outer angle: the inner angle

of the lower orbital margin forms a strongly-projecting tooth: the outer

-orbital angle is confluent with the antero-lateral margin.

The antennules fold obliquely. The basal antennal joint is rather

slender and meets the front: the flagellum, which is about as long as

the major diameter of the orbit, is lodged in the orbital hiatus.

The anterior edge of the external maxillipeds is almost transverse.

Chelipeds unequal, fingers sharp pointed : legs rather slender.

No ridges, defining the efferent branchial channels, on the plate.

The abdomen of the male consists of seven separate segments, the

last segment being no longer than the longest of the others.

This genus is closely allied to Xantho and Cyclozanthus, it is also

related not distantly to Halimede and to Lophozozymus.

126 A. Alcock — Oarcinological Fauna of India. [No. l,

52. Hoploxanthus heatit, n. sp.

The whole of the carapace, legs, and outer surface of chelipeds is

covered with a dense, darkish, extremely short, velvety or branny

pubescence.

Carapace hexagonal, moderately broad, moderately convex, the

regions well defined, tumid, their convexities granular.

Front prominent beyond the orbits and separated from them by a

notch, square-cut, bilaminar.

Antero-lateral border thin sharp, cut into four triangular laciniate

teeth, the last of which—in the female but not in the male—is an

acute salient spine.

The edges of all the teeth, of the front, and of the orbit are finely

granular.

The postero-lateral border is elegantly granular and quite straight:

dorsal to it the wall of the carapace forms a distinct postero- -lateral

facet, sharply marked off from the general surface of the carapace.

Chelipeds a little unequal in both sexes: wrist with a small some-

what cristiform expansion at the outer angle and a tooth at the inner

angle: upper surface of hand with two or three longitudinal raised

sculptured lines, the innermost of which consists of a blunt cristiform

lobule followed by one or two blunt denticles, the outer one or two

being simply crenulate and granular; the outer surface of the smaller

hand is everywhere granular, that of the larger hand is granular in

part—in both cases some of the granules form slightly-raised longi-

tudinal lines.

Legs long, slender.

Colours in spirit yellowish brown.

Carapace of male 10 millim. long, 13 millim. broad; of female,

11] millim. long, 17 millim. broad.

In the Indian Museum are 3 specimens from the east coast of India

and 2 from the Nicobars.

53. Hoploxanthus cultripes, n. Sp.

Carapace hexagonal : the three gastric subregions (lateral and post-

medial), the cardiac region, and two (smaller) median epibranchial regions

stand out as very prominent granular bosses, and the convexity of the

lateral epibranchial spine, and the postero-lateral border» and_ its

neighbourhood are granular, —otherwise the carapace is quite smooth.

Front prominent, sublaminar, with a curved convex finely granular

edge, faintly notched ir the middle line and hardly separated from the

supra-orbital angles.

1898. ] A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 127

Antero-lateral borders very thin and sharp, obscurely divided by

faint notches and fainter grooves into 3 broad inconspicuous lobes, and

ending in a strong horizontal pyramidal lateral epibranchial spine.

The chelipeds in the unique specimen are lost; but the legs are

remarkable in having the upper edge of the merus and carpus sharply

carinate, the carpal joints having a second blunter and lower keel along

the dorsal surface.

The legs and the undersurface of the body are covered with the

same dense extremely short pubescence as occurs in H. heextit.

The single imperfect male in the Indian Museum comes from

Karachi, and is 9 millim. long and 13 millim. broad,

ORPHNOXANTHUS, n. yen.

Carapace, owing to the inflation of the branchial regions almost

quadrilateral in outline and almost concave from side to side, but very

decidedly convex fore and aft, broad, the regions well defined but not

to any great extent areolated.

Fronto-orbital border a little more than half the greatest breadth

of the carapace in extent. Front about a third the greatest width of

the carapace, lamellar, projecting horizontally beyond the orbits, broadly

and faintly bilobed. Orbital margin entire: orbits and eyes small.

Antero-lateral border cut into four teeth; postero-lateral borders

convergent only in the posterior half; posterior border long.

The antennules fold almost transversely. The basal antennal joint

is very short and only just touches the turned down edge of the front;

the flagellum which is very long (between 2 and 3 times the length of

the orbit) is lodged in the narrow orbital hiatus.

Owing to the bulge of the outer wall of the efferent branchial canal

and the consequent puffing out of the pterygostomian regions, the front

edge of the merus of the external maxillipeds is quite transverse or

even slightly oblique from without inwards. _ |

The chelipeds are massive and unequal; the fingers are compressed

aud pointed, The legs are very slender... |

The abdomen of the male consists of 5 segments, the 3rd-5th

somites being fused.

Owing to the inflation of the pterygostomian regions the efferent

branchial channels are permanently open, but the low crests that define

them are confined to the posterior part of the endostome.

This genus appears to represent one of the links between Galene and

Xantho. ‘The single known species comes from the Bay of Bengal, 105-

350 fms.

128 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [ No. 1,

54. Orphnowanthus microps, Alcock and Anderson,

Xanthodes microps, Alcock and Anderson, J. A. 8. B. LXIII. pt. 2, 1894, p, 183.

Carapace about § as long as broad, almost quadrilateral in outline,

strongly convex fore and aft, but, owing to the inflation of the branchial

regions, a little concave from side to side; it is rather closely covered

with a very fine short fur, beneath which the surface may be granular

or nearly smooth, but the margins are always granular. The regions

are all well defined and are slightly tumid: the gastric region is divided |

into 3 gently tumid subregions, the branchio-hepatic regions are sub-

divided transversely into three areas, and the fronto-orbital margin is

also marked off.

The antero-lateral border is thin and sharp and is cut into four

sharp finely granular teeth, the first of which runs by a long nearly

transverse margin, into the (undefined) angle of the orbit. The front is

laminar and projects beyond the supra-orbital margin; it is square-cut

and is slightly notched in the middle line, so as to form two broad shallow

lobes. The eyes are small and are to a variable extent deficient in

pigment.

The chelipeds are unequal—very much more so in the male than in

the female: the arm to a variable extent, the entire surface of the

wrist, and the upper border of the hand are scabrous and more or less

hairy; the other surfaces of the hand may be smooth and polished,

or the outer surface may be to a variable extent granular: the fingers

are large, compressed and pointed.

In the male the larger cheliped is about 25 times the length of the

carapace (the hand and fingers forming slightly more than half the

length) and nearly half the arm projects beyond the carapace in repose.

The legs are long slender and finely and sparsely hairy: the upper

edge of the meropodites is scabrous or closely spinulate.

Colours in spirit; chestnut brown with blackish fingers. Length of

carapace (average) 11 millim., breadth 15 to 16 millim.

In the Indian Museum are 29 specimens from the Bay of Bengal,

105-350 fms. ) ,

Etisus, Milne Edwards.

Etisus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 410.

Etisus, Dana, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. and Art. (2) XII. 1851, p. 126; and

U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 183.

Etisus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (4) XX. 1863, p. 291; and

Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 233.

Etisus, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 131.

Carapace broad, moderately convex in both directions, with the

-1898.] way: Alcock — Oarcinological Fauna of India. 129

regions delimited by broad shallow rather indistinct depressions and

having a slightly uneven but not definitely lobulated surface. |

The front is laminar and narrow ; it projects well beyond the supra-

orbital border from which it is separated by a deep notch, and is split

by a suture in the middle line. The orbital margin is broken by three

sutures or actual fissures, and the tooth at the inner angle of the lower

border is very prominent.

The antero-lateral borders, which are a good deal longer than the

postero-lateral, are cut into from 4 to 8 lobes or procurved spines.

) The basal antennal joint has its outer angle produced and tightly

wedged into the internal orbital gap, which it fills; but the flagellum,

which is of good length, does not arise within the orbit but at the base

of this process.

) The outer border of the merus of the external maxillipeds is

oblique.

The chelipeds, which are very massive and rather long, are a little

unequal in the male: the fingers are very stout and strongly arched,

and they meet only at the tip, which is broad expanded and hollowed

out almost like a horse’s hoof.

The abdomen of the male is five-jointed, the 8rd—-5th somites being

fused.

Key to the Indian species of Ktisus.

I. More than four teeth on the antero-lateral border, exclud-

ing the external angle of the orbit: free edge of front

not convex: the process of the basal antennal joint com-

pletely separates the lower from the upper inner angle of

the orbit : legs spiny :—

i, Seven or eight uneven unequal-sized claw-like teeth

on the antero-lateral border ............ sesecssoecse H, dentatus,

ii. Seven evenly arranged broad Meal. homered

teeth of almost uniform size on the antero-lateral

PAROS ic. 0ese DU PR aS oe ale w. HH. utilis.

II. Four teeth (excluding the external Hei of the orbit) | on

the antero-lateral border : free edge of front bow-shaped:

the tooth at the inner canthus of the orbit in contact

with the eave of the orbit beyond the tip of the process

of the basal antennal joint: legs not spiny ....s.s.cccseeeees E, levimanus.

55. Htisus dentatus, (Herbst) Edw.

Cancer dentatus, Herbst, Krabben, I. ii. 186, pl. xi. fig. 66.

Etisus dentatus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 411: Dana, U. 8S. Expl.

Exp. Crust. pt. I. 185, pl. x. figs. 2a-b : A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus.

IX. 1873, p. 233: Miers, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 1384: Richters in Mobius, Meeresf. Maurit.

we tl. 17

130 A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

p. 146: Lenz and Richters, Abh. Senck. Ges. XII. 1881, p. 421: Haswell, Cat.

Austral, Crust. p. 53.

Etisodes dentatus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 472.

Carapace smooth (non-granular): gastric region well defined except

at cardiac end, its surface broken, but not definitely lobulated ; similarly

with the branchio-hepatic regions.

The antero-lateral border bears 7 or 8 (exclusive of the external

orbital angle) pro-curved claw-like teeth, uneven both as to size and

place, though four of them—which correspond to the 4 lobes of so

many other Cancroids—are much of one size and much larger than the

other 3 or 4.

The front is lamellar with the free edge slightly and angularly

emarginate, and is cleft in the middle line by a fine sharp groove that

extends well on to the gastric region. The orbital margin has three

teeth, separated by fissures, in its outer part. The tooth at the inner

angle of the Jower edge of the orbit is sharp, and does not come into

contact with the eave of the orbit.

Chelipeds in the adult male a little more, in the adult female a

little less than twice the length of the carapace: the arm has a few

spinules and a good deal of hair along the upper border, and some

granules or blunt spinules along its lower and its distal borders; the

wrist has a strong spike at its inner angle; the hand may or may not

have a few pimple-like granules on its upper outer surface; and the

fingers are fluted, the ridges on the dactylus being crenulate or dentate.

Otherwise the chelipeds are smooth.

In the legs, the merus has both the dorsal and the ventral edges

thickly fringed with long stiff hairs, the dorsal edge being also granular ;

the carpus has at least three series of spinules along its dorsal surface;

the propodite has a rather granular surface with about four (dorsal)

series of spinules, and has much of its luwer edge fringed with long stiff

hairs; and the dactylus is spiny above and hairy below.

Colours of a specimen 7 years in spirit: upper surface bright

maroon fading to yellow near the posterior border ; fingers black,

In the Indian Museum are a young female from Port Blair (Anda-

mans), and three large males (carapace 72 millim. by 111 millim.) from

Great Coco I. (Andamans) and Hast I. Andamans.

56. Htisus utilis, Lucas.

Etisus utilis, Lucas in Jacquinot, Voy. Astrolabe, Crust. p. 27, pl. ii. fig. 6:

Heller, Novara Crust. p.16: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873,

p. 233: E. Nauck, Zeits. Wiss. Zool. XXXIV. 1880, p. 58 (gastric teeth): Lenz and

Richters, Abh. Senck. Ges. XII. 1881, p. 421: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII,

1893-94, p. 472.

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 131

Carapace smooth (non-granular), distantly pitted in the anterior

and lateral parts. Gastric region fairly well defined, except at the

cardiac end, its surface showing indistinct traces of lobulation : branchio-

hepatic regions with the surface a little uneven.

Antero-lateral border with 7 (exclusive of the external orbital

angle) regular, even, nearly uniform, compressed, procurved teeth.

Front as in Htisus dentatus, but with the angles a little sharper cut.

The edge of the orbit is trenchant, and near the outer angle are 3 not

very distinct suture-lines: the tooth at the inner angle of the lower

border of the orbit is prominent, and does not come into contact with

the eave of the orbit.

Chelipeds in the adult male twice to twice-and-a-half, in the adult

female once-and-a-half to once-and-two-thirds the length of the cara-

pace: upper and lower edges of arm coarsely and unevenly granular,

much of the upper edge also hairy ; distal end of wrist with 4 or 5 teeth,

the inner two of which are long and large; the hand has, along its

upper border, a double crest of strong teeth, continued in blunter form

along the finger, and on the outer surface of the hand there may be a

few pimple-like granules.

In the legs, both the upper and lower edges — but most the upper

edoe—of the merus, carpus and propodite are thickly fringed with long

bristles, as also is the lower edge of the dactylus; the upper edge of the

merus has also a row of small spines, and the upper edge of the carpus,

propus and dactylus a double row of increasingly larger spines: the

lower edge also of the propus and dactylus is spiny.

Colours in spirit: dull yellowish pink, fingers black.

In the Indian Museum are a male and a female from the Singapore

Museum, and supposed to have come from Singapore. (Heller l.c,

records this species from the Nicobars).

57. Btisus laevimanus, Randall,

Etisus laevimanus, Randall, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1839, p. 115: Dana.

Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, p. 76, and U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 185, pl. x.

figs. la-b: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 234: Kossmann,

Reise roth Meer. Crust. p. 30: T. Tozzetti, Magenta Crust. p. 29: Streets, Bull,

U.S. Nat. Mus. VII. 1877, p. 105: Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 791: Richters

in Mobius Meeresf. Manrit. p. 146: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. III. 1881, p. 99;

and Archiv. fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 289; and Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VIII. 1894-95,

p. 527: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p.54: Miers, Zool. H. M. S. Alert, pp. 183,

217; and Challenger Brachyura, p. 132: F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel VIII. 1886,

p. 474: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 362: Ortmann,

Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 473: Whitelegge, Mem. Austral. Mus, III, 1897,

p. 131,

132 A. Alcock —Oarcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

Etisus macrodactylus, Lucas in Jacquinot’s Voy. Astrolabe, Crust. p. 30, pl. ix.

fig. 2, (A. M. E.)

Etisus convesus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, p. 31.

Etisus maculatus, Heller, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien XI. 1861, p.9; and SB. Ak.

Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 332: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 1738.

Gastric region well defined on all sides, its anterior part distinctly

lobulated ; branchio-hepatic regions with three lobules following the

curve of the antero-lateral margins.

Antero-lateral border with 4 broad teeth (exclusive of the external

orbital angle), the last two of which culminate in procurved points.

The front is cleft in the middle line by a groove; its free edge is

bow-shaped. ‘The orbital margin has, in its outer half, three lobular

constrictions defined by three grooves.

The tooth at the inner angle of the lower edge of the orbit is blunt,

and it comes into contact with the eave of the orbit beyond the tip of

the process of the basal joint of the antenna.

Chelipeds in the adult male about twice and a half, in the adult

female a little less than twice the length of the carapace ; the wrist has

a blunt spine at the inner angle, otherwise they are smooth and un-

sculptured.

Legs with both edges of all the long joints hairy, most so on the

lower edge of the dactylus and on the upper edge of the other joints :

the upper edge of the propodite and dactylus is also sharply granular,

but: there are no spines.

Colours in spirit variable: dull yellow, or. dull greenish-brown, or

sea-green, often with cinnamon coloured patches or small spots.

In the Indian Museum are 20 specimens, from Persian Gulf,

Karachi, Bombay, Laccadives, Andamans, and Singapore, (besides

specimens from Celebes and Mauritius).

Etisopss, Dana.

Etisodes, Dana, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2) XII. 1851, p. 126

(footnote) ; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, p. 77; and U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I.

p. 184.

Etisodes, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (4) XX. 1861, p. 291; and

Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1878, p. 235.

The genus Hiisodes resembles Htisus in the characteristic form and

lie of the basal joint of the antennz, and in the characteristic relation

of the front to the orbits ; but it differs in the following particulars :—

The carapace is much longer and narrower; it is less convex, especially

in its posterior third; its regions are clearly defined, and are definitely

sculptured into lobules in the anterior two-thirds of the carapace: the

;

1898, ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 133

chelipeds are much shorter, the difference in length being chiefly in the

arm; and the fingers though well hollowed out at tip are not so hoof-

like.

58. LHtisodes anaglyptus, (Edw.)

Cancer anaglyptus, Milne Edwards in Cuvier, Régne An. Crust. pl. xi. fig. 4,

Etisus anaglyptus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 411: Hess, Archiv. fiir

Naturges. XX XI. 1868, i. p..184: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. XIII. 1891, p. 7.

_Etisodes anaglyptus, A. Milne Edwards, Nonv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 235:

Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 55: Miers, Zool. H. M.S. Alert, pp. 183, 218:

Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. VII. 1893-94, p. 471.

Length of carapace nearly three-qnarters the breadth,

The regions are all convex and well defined, and the gastric and

branchio-hepatic regions are subdivided into convex lobules, the surface

of which is somewhat dented transversely.

The antero-lateral border is cut into four (excluding the external

angle of the orbit) procurved teeth, the last two of which are claw-like.

The front projects strongly, and is divided into two dorsally-convex

lobes, of which the free edge may either be cut obliquely inwards, or be

so excised as to give the front a four-pronged look.

The orbital margin has, in its outer half, three grooves separating

three blunt teeth: the tooth at the lower inner angle does not come in

contact with the eave of the orbit.

Chelipeds in the male not much more than half again as long ag

the carapace: upper and anterior borders of arm hairy ; upper surface

of wrist nodular, with two teeth (one large) at the inner angle; upper

outer surface of hand with rather irregular longitudinal series of little

nodules and granules ; dactylus fluted, the ridges being crenulated.

Legs very shaggy, the hairs almost concealing some lines of sharp

granules or spinules on the propodite and dactylus. _

In the Indian Museum is a specimen from the Persian Gulf (be-

sides one from Samoa).

59. LHtisodes electra (Herbst), Miers.

Cancer electra and ? metis, Herbst, Krabben, III. ii. 34 and 36, pl. i. fig. 6, and

pl. liv. fig. 3.

Etisus rugosus, Lucas in Jacquinot’s Voy. Astrolabe III. Crust. p. 33, pl. iv

fig. 2 (fide A. M. E., infra).

? Chlorodius dentifrons, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, p. 34,

Etisodes sculptilis, Heller, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien XI. 1861, p. 10, and SB. Ak.

Wien XLIII, 1861, p. 333: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus, IX. 1873,

p. 236, pl. ix. fig, 2: Kossmann Reise roth. Meer., Crust. p. 80,

134 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No, 1,

Chlorodius samoensis, Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) XVI. 1875, p. 341 (Miers

infra.)

Etisodes electra, Miers, Zool. H. M. S. Alert, pp. 183, 217, 517, 532: de Man,

Archiv. fiir Naturges, LILI. 1887, i. p. 290: J. R. Henderson, ‘l'rans. Linu. Soc., Zool.,

(2)3 V. 1893, p. 362.

Closely resembles E. anaglyptus, from which it is distinguished by

the following characters :—

(1) the carapace is even longer and narrower, the length being

quite ? the breadth ;

(2) the whole shietdi of the lobules of the carapace and of the

nodules of the wrist aud hand is closely granular ;

(3) the front is cut into four teeth of nearly equal size ;

(4) the legs, though hairy, are not so shaggy.

In the Indian Museum are 4 specimens from the Andamans and

Nicobars, (besides three from Upolu and Mauritius).

Alliance V, Halimedoida.

Halimede. Polycremnus.

PoLycrRemMNnus, Gerstaecker.

Polycremnus, Gerstaecker, Archiv. fur Naturges. XXII. 1856, p. 120.

Carapace approaching the pentagonal, not very much broader than

long, distinctly convex fore-and-aft, slightly convex from side to side,

the regions rather indistinctly defined and to a certain extent subdivid-

ed by broad shallow depressions.

The antero-lateral border is elegantly four-lobed and is continued

beneath the orbits to the outer angle of the buccal cavern. The postero-

lateral borders are moderately convergent and are about equal in length

to the antero-lateral borders and also to the posterior border.

The fronto-orbital border is less than half the greatest width of the

carapace in extent. The front is narrow (less than a fourth the greatest

breadth of the carapace), sublaminar or hood-like, bilobed, and projects

well beyond the orbits. The three grooves in the vicinity of the outer

angle of the orbit are distinct. Eyes on short thick stalks. The inner

angle of the lower edge of the orbit is strongly produced.

The antennules fold obliquely. The basal antennal joint is long,

rather slender, and well in contact with the front: the flagellum is fous 5

(a good deal longer than the major diameter of the orbit) and is lodged

in the narrow orbital hiatus.

Anterior edge of merus of external maxillipeds almost transverse.

Chelipeds unequal in both sexes. Legs stout.

Abdomen of the male with all 7 joints distinct and separate: the

last segment unusually long and acute. :

1898. | A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. 135

60. Polycremnus ochtodes, (Herbst) Gerstaecker.

Cancer ochtodes, Herbst, Krabben, I. ii. 158, pl. viii. fig. 54: Fabricius, Ent.

Syst. II. 455, and Suppl. p. 337.

Galene ochtodes, Adams and White, Samarang Crust. p. 43, pl. x. fig. 2.

Polycremnus ochtodes, Gerstaecker, Archiv. fur Naturges. XXII. 1856, p. 121:

A. O. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XX. 1886-90, p. 110: Henderson, Trans.

Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 359.

Carapace oval-pentagonal, its surface smooth, a little lumpy owing

to the broad shallow depressions that somewhat indistinctly separate

and to a certain extent subdivide the regions,

All the borders are of about equal length: the antero-lateral is

divided into four rounded deep-cut lobes, decreasing in size from behind

forwards, and is continued beneath the slightly tumid lobe of the

orbital angle to the angle of the buccal cavern: on the postero-lateral

border just behind the junction with the antero-lateral are usually a

few granules.

The front projects horizontally forward beyond the orbits and

consists of two unguiform lobes separated in all their extent by a deep

narrow groove: it is a distinct rostrum.

The chelipeds are unequal, most markedly so in the male. The

upper border of the arm is elegantly cut into teeth or pisiform or pearl-

like tubercles: two similar tubercles stand, one below the other, at the

inner angle of the wrist, and the upper and outer surfaces of the wrist are

more or less covered with papule-like or pustulous tubercles: the upper

border of the hand, and of the basal half of the finger bears a row of

pisiform tubercles, and there are numerous pustulous tubercles on the

upper surface and on the proximal part of the outer surface of the

hand: fingers sharp pointed.

The legs are smooth, but the upper border of the meropodites of

all, or of the first three pairs, is distantly serrate or spinulous: the

dactylus and the neighbouring part of the lower border of the propodite

is furred.

Colours in spirit leaden grey, or yellowish with livid markings.

In the Indian Museum are 2 specimens from the Madras Coast and

one from Penang.

HatimepeE, De Haan.

Halimede, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 35: Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci. and

Arts, (2) XII. 1851, p. 125, and U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 149.

Closely allied to Polycremnus, having the same form of male

abdomen.

The genus is not represented in the Indian Museum.

136 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

61. Hualimede (?) thurstonit, Henderson.

Halimede thurstoni, Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 360,

pl. xxxvi. figs. 13, 14.

It appears to me doubtful whether this is a true Halimede.

Alliance VI. Galenoida. [or Subfamily Gateninz].

GaLENt, De Haan.

Galene, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 19.

Galene, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 118 (footnote.)

Car apace approaching the quadrilateral, strongly convex fore and

aft, little convex from side to side; its surface granular in parts, or

nearly smooth, and with the regions more or less distinctly shown by

broad shallow rather vague depressions.

Antero-lateral border moderately arched, ind istinctly four-lobed —

the last 2 or 3 lobes in the typical species being marked by spine-like

teeth : postero-lateral borders very slightly convergent, rather longer

than the chord of the antero-lateral: posterior border long.

Fronto-orbital border less than half the greatest width of the cara-

pace. Front obliquely deflexed, less than one-fifth the greatest width

of the carapace in extent, bilobed or quadridentate. Orbital margin

with the three grooves in the vicinity of the outer angle distinct: eyes

on thick stalks of moderate length. The antennules fold nearly trans-

versely.

Basal antennal joint broad, extremely short, not nearly reaching

the front; flagellum longish (longer than the major diameter of the

orbit) lodged in the broad orbital hiatus.

Anterior edge of merus of external maxillipeds a little oblique.

Chelipeds massive, unequal in both sexes, fingers pointed. Legs long,

stoutish. .

Abdomen of male with all 7 joints separate and distinct.

No crests, delimiting efferent branchial canals, on the endostome.

62, Galene bispinosa (Herbst) De Haan.

Cancer bispinosus, Herbst, Krabben, I. ii. 144, pl. vi. fig. 45, and III. ii, 11,

pi. liv. fig. 1: Fabricius, Ent. Syst, IT. 446, and Suppl. p. 337.

Cancer (Galene) bispinosus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 49, pl. v. fig. 2.

Galene bispinosa, A. O. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XX. 1886-90, p. 110,

- Carapace moderately broad, somewhat pentagonal, its surface for

the greater part smooth, but usually scabrous near the borders—espe-

cially the postero-lateral borders; its surface is also somewhat lumpy,

1898.] A. Alcock — Carecinological Fauna of India. 137

owing to the very broad depressions which somewhat vaguely delimit

and to a certain extent subdivide the regious. Pterygostomian region

more or less hairy.

The antero-lateral borders are very indistinctly 4-lobed, the first

lobe being almost obsolete, the second being usually marked by a

granular denticle, aud the third and fourth by two coarse granular

spines. The postero-lateral borders, which are little convergent, are

slightly longer than the chord of the antero-lateral. The posterior

border is about half the greatest width of the carapace.

Front really bilobed, but with both the inner and the outer angles

of each lobe so equally prominent as to appear 4-dentate.

Chelipeds unequal: exposed surfaces of arm either smooth, or more

or less scabrous, both borders of arm uneyen and hairy, the distal end

of the upper border with two strong teeth: both the inner and the

outer angles of thé wrist well pronounced, or even spiniform; the

exposed surfaces of the wrist may be almost smooth, but are usually

studded, to a variable extent, with sharp little tubercles; the upper

outer and lower surfaces of the hand may be almost smooth, but are

usually studded, in the proximal third to three-quarters, with similar

tubercles, in more or less distinct lines: fingers long, sharp-pointed,

the apposed edges with strong molariform teeth.

Legs long, stoutish ; upper border of the meropodites scabrous and

spinulate, upper border of last 3 joints, and lower border of last 2, plumose.

Colours in spirit, leaden white or yellowish.

In the Indian Museum are 3 specimens from the Vizagapatam

coast and 1 from Tennasserim, (besides one from Hongkong): the

amount of granulation of the borders of the carapace and of the cheli-

peds is different in all.

Subfamily II. ACTAEHINAI.

Actm#a, De Haan, A, Milne Edwards.

Actza, De Haan, Faun. Jap. Crust. p. 18.

Actxa and Actxodes, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. pp. 162, 194.

Actexa, Heller, Crust. Sudl. Europ. p. 69.

Actza, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, pp. 259, 260.

Psaumis, Kossmann, Crust. roth. Meer. p. 26.

Actza and Actzxodes, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, pp. 118, 135.

Carapace convex fore and aft, slightly convex or flat from side to

side, usually broad, the regions well demarcated by deep grooves, and

again subdiyided into lobules, which are usually convex and granular.

Antero-lateral borders usually four-lobed, but the lobes are shallow and

often indistinct. Postero-lateral borders usually concave, always short,

not strongly convergent.

air. 18

138 A. Alcock—Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

Front between a third and a fourth the greatest width of the

carapace, deflexed, cleft in the middle line into two lobes. Upper edge

of orbit tumid, usually with two fissures or sutures; a third below the

outer orbital angle: eyestalks short and thick.

Antennules folding obliquely or nearly transversely. Basal anten-

nal joint usually stopping at the angle of the deflexed front, but often

prolonged beyond this, towards or nearly into the orbit; the flagellum

is about as long as the orbit, and is lodged in the orbital hiatus.

Merus of the external maxillipeds with the anterior border little

oblique,

Chelipeds equal in both sexes; fingers usually blunt-pointed, some-

times hollowed-out at tip.

Abdomen of the male five-jointed, somites 3, 4, 5 fused.

Small crabs, distinguished by the elaborate lobulation of the cara-

pace, and by the form of the front, which is usually deep-cleft in the

middle line to form two prominent round-pointed lobes.

Key to the Indian species of Actzea.

I, Legs of ordinary form :—

i. The lobules of the carapace, and the legs, when granular,

bear miliary or vesiculous granules of nearly uniform

size, not tubercles :—

1. Length of the carapace two-thirds or less than

two-thirds the breadth, postero-lateral borders ex-

tremely short and concave :—

a. Carapace and legs covered witha short dense

fur, which does not, however, conceal the

lobules or their granules :—

a. Fingers hollowed at tip, fur black ... A. tomentosa.

B. Fingers long and pede fur light

DEOWDjictepoh os a ~. A. areolata,

b. Carapace and legs wie numerous Peeties

which do not form a coat; fingers blunt-

pointed, but not appreciably hollowed at tip. A. hirsutissima,

2. Length of the carapace rather more than two-

thirds the breadth, postero-lateral borders slightly

concave :—

a. Legs and chelipeds lobulated in the same

style as the carapace :—

a. Lobules of the carapace very marked-

ly isolated and very convex, inter-

lobular grooves very broad and deep,

ane hamy |... 44,. Samons .. <A, rufopunctata,

8B. Lobules of the Sema pti me Pe hearich

ably isolated, the grooves with a short

almost Invisible FUL... s..cessnseenter yeeces .- Ae SMECIORRE

1898. | A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India.

b. Wrist and hands sublobular, corresponding

joints of legs only a little dimpled (areola-

tion of carapace complete) . ........:s00 esses:

c. Chelipeds and legs with a atin peer se

surface, areolation of carapace faint ante.

riorly, incomplete posteriorly :—

a lLobulation of antero-lateral border

' very indistinct, no hairs on the cara-

pace, which is thick and convex ..... :

B. Lobulation of antero-lateral border

fairly distinct the lobules being granu-

lar ; a thin coat of hair :—

w. Carapace of ordinary Actza

ROEURE! Ades torancvs” ageusless eunaesites

y. Carapace more than ? as long

as broad ; its posterior half re-

markably flat..... ;

ii, Carapace covered with tubercles, legs with hakGtaies’ or

spines :-—

1. Carapace with plain isolated tubercles :—

a. Carapace with pearly tubercles and granules ;

front bilobed, but each lobe so deeply ex-

cised as to appear itself bilobed............ CAME

b. Carapace with coarse spine-like tubercles ;

front broadly) bilobed:s,.s06s..decseachsceccees

c. Carapace and chelipeds with pedieledt pisi-

form tubercles, legs with thorns .........

d. Carayace, chelipeds and legs with se

flat-topped tubercles which at the margins

become petaloid; front bilobed, each lobe

cut into four petaloid teeth... ....0.....sc-scseceee

2. Carapace closely covered with cemiinee edhe

the surfaces of which are themselves formed of

confluent granules :—

a. Tubercles of carapace very rough, raspberry-

like, some of those on the legs often spiny:

carapace about seven-ninths as long as broad.

b. Tubercles of zarapace smooth though pitted,

those of the legs never spiny: carapace

about two-thirds as long ag broad....... aa opeicne

II. Propodites and carpopodites of legs dorsally bicarinate in such

a way that the space between the crests appears like a trough

or a series of cups :—

i, Propodites and carpopodites each with one trough;

lobules of carapace granular; front not projecting much.

ii. Carpopodites with at least two cups ; lobules of carapace

pitted as well as granular; front projecting far beyond

Semana anele Of LG OLD srercetensadeaisensrysevsedsensnpenncas

139

A, ruppellii.

A, obesa.

A. pulchella,

A. parvula,

A. nodulosa.

A. echinus.

A. peronii.

A, flosculata,

A, granulata.

A, calculosa,.

A. cavipes,

A. fossulata,

140 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

63. <Actzxa tomentosa, (Edw.) A. Milne Edwards.

Zozymus tomentosus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 385, and in Cuvier.

Réene An. Crust. pl. xi. bs, fig. 2.

Actza tomentosa, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 262, and

IX. 1873, p. 191: A. Targioni Tozzetti, ‘‘ Magenta” Crost. p. 35, pl. iii. figs. 14 &.:

Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 788: Richters in Mébius Meeresf. Maurit.

p. 145: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 44: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrbuch., Syst. &e.,

VIT. 1898-94, p. 453, and in Semon’s Zool. Forschungsr. (Jena. Denkschr. VIII)

Crust. p. 50.

Actzodes tomentosus, Dana U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 197: Stimpson,

Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 32: Heller, SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 328,

and Novara Crust. p. 17: Miers, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 184; and 1879 pp. 20 and 30; and

Phil. Trans. Vol. 168, 1879, p. 486; and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 234;

and Zool. H. M. 8. Alert, pp. 517 and 530; and Challenger Brachyura, p. 135:

de Man, Archiv. fur Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 252; and in Weber’s Zool. Ergeb,

Niederl. Ost. Ind. II. 1892, p. 278; and Zool. Jahrb., Syst. &c., VIII. 1894-95, p. 499:

Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat. Napol. III. 1889, p. 199.

Carapace ovoid and very broad, its greatest length less than two-

thirds its greatest breadth, its dorsal surface—like that of all the

surfaces of the chelipeds and legs that are exposed in repose —covered,

as closely and evenly as possible, with a dense short blackish felt

through which peep the shiny tops of very numerous large vesiculous

granules. This felt is not so long as to obscure the areolation of the

carapace which is very perfect and in bold relief, but it obscures the

fact that the deep-cut grooves that separate the lobules are smooth.

The lobules—excluding those of the antero-lateral and supra-

orbital margins and those on the front—are 21 in number, the anterior

8 with the long diameter fore-and-aft, the posterior 5 with the long

diameter transverse.

The front, which is vertically deflexed and does not break the wide

even sweep of the antero-lateral borders, appears nearly equally four-

lobed, the outer lobe on either side being formed by the tumid supra-

orbital border.

The antero-lateral borders are long and beautifully arched; when

undenuded they look entire, but when denuded they are seen to be cut

by narrow clefts into four very shallow lobes of unequal size,—the

clefts being continued as grooves on to the under surface of the cara-

pace. The very short postero-lateral borders are extremely concave.

The tumid supra-orbital border is cleft into lobules by two fissures

similar to the grooves of the carapace, and there is a third fissure at

the outer angle of the orbit.

The whole under surface of the carapace, and the surfaces of the

sternum and external maxillipeds and abdominal terga, are covered

with a dense felt that obscures all the granulation that exists.

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 141

The basal antennal joint is broad, and its outer angle does not fall

very far short of the inner angle of the floor of the orbit.

The legs, besides the felt and the granules (which are conical

rather than vesiculous) already spoken of, have their edges — but chiefly

the anterior edge—fringed with coarse tufted hair: similar hair

occurs on the edges of the arm.

The fingers are short, with broadly-rounded hollowed-out tips.

Colours in spirit, as in life, blackish.

In the Indian Museum are 115 specimens from the Nicobars, Anda-

mans, Palk Str., and Laccadives (besides 31 from Mauritius, Australia

and the South Sea Is.).

64. Actxa areolata, Dana.

Actzxa areolata, Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 73, and U. S. Expl.

Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 162, pl. viii. figs. la-b: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. dn

Mus. I. 1865, p. 264: EH. Nauck, Zeits. Wiss. Zool. XXXIV. 1880. p. 54 (gastric

teeth): ? Miers, Zool. H. M.S. Alert, pp. 182, 209: de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool.,

XXII. 1887-88, p. 25: Zehntner, Rev. Suisse Zool. II. 1894, p. 147.

Carapace in proportions and outline almost exactly similar to

A. tomentosa. Its surface and the exposed surfaces of the chelipeds and

legs is also covered as densely as possible with felt; but this felt is

of a lighter colour, and it almost conceals the granulation, excepting 3

or 4 lines of granulation on the lower outer surface of the hands: the

felt also obscures, though it does not conceal, the areolation of the

carapace, owing to the lobules being less convex.

Unlike A. tomentosa the upper surface of the wrist and hand are

nodular (as well as granular), and the fingers are long and pointed,

without any hollowing of the tip.

In other respects this species closely resembles the preceding.

One specimen from Meregui.

65. Actsa hirsutissima (Rippell), De Haan, Dana.

Xantho hirsutissimus, Ruppell, 24 Krabben roth. Meer, p. 26, pl. v. fig. 6: Milne

Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. p. 389.

Actwa hirsutissima, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 18: Dana, U, S. Expl. Exp.

Crust. pt. I. p. 164: Heller, SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 314; and Novara Crust.

p- 9: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 268, and IX. 1873,

p. 191: Kossmann, Reise roth. Meer., Crust. p. 23: Targioni Tozzetti, Magenta

Crost. p. 37, pl. iii. fig. 26: Richters in Mébius, Meeresf. Manrit. p. 145: de Man,

Notes Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 173, and III. 1881, p. 96: Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat.

Napoli, ITI. 1889, p. 189: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 453.

Length of carapace = § breadth.

142 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

Carapace of much the same proportions and outline as A. tomentosa,

but the frontal outline is more convex, and the postero-lateral borders

are a little less concave. |

The surface of the carapace is very completely areolated by deep

smooth grooves, the lobules being exceedingly numerous, strongly convex,

and closely covered with pearly granules; and between and around the

bases of the granules are many short black bristles which do not form

a coat or conceal the texture of the carapace.

The exposed surfaces of the chelipeds and legs are granular and

bristly, like the carapace ; and the carpal joints, and to a less extent

the propodites are dimpled, but not distinctly nodular, above.

Under surface of carapace granular, hairy, and furrowed by grooves

continued from fissures that subdivide the antero-lateral borders into

four shallow lobes. The surfaces of the external maxillipeds and distal

abdominal terga are bristly, those of the sternum and proximal ab-

dominal terga are hairy.

Fingers bluntly pointed but not hollow at tip.

Colours in spirit, yellowish, fingers and greater part of hand black.

In the Indian Museum are a specimen from Samoa, a specimen

without locality, and a specimen from the Andamans or Nicobars.

66. <Actea rufopunctata, (Edw.) Heller.

Xantho rufopwnctatus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 389: Lucas, Expl..

Sci. Algerie, Anim. Artic. p. 11, pl. ii. fig. 1: A. Milne Edwards in Maillard’s Vile

Réunion Annexe F, p. 4.

Actxa rufopunctata, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 268,.

pl. xviii. figs. 1, la: Richters in Moébius Meeresf. Maurit. p. 145: de Man, Notes

Leyden Mus. IT. 1880, p. 172 and III. 1881, p. 96: Miers, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 68, 68 ;

and Zool. H. M.S. Alert, pp. 517, 528; and Challenger Brachyura, p. 122: Carus,

Prodr. Faun. Medit. I. p. 518: R. I. Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) V. 1890, p. 75:

J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 357: Ortmann, Zool.

Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 454; and in Semon’s Forschungsr. (Jena. Denk. —

VIII.) Crust. p. 50. ‘

Actxa nodosa, Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. VII. 1862, p. 203; and

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. II. 188: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865,

p. 266, pl. xvii. figs. 6-6c ; and Exp. Sci. Mex., Crust. p. 245; and Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool. VIII. p. 11: Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. Guadaloupe, p. 25: J. S. Kingsley,

Proc. Acad. Philad. XX XI. 1879, p. 393.

Carapace broad, ovoid, its extreme length not quite ¢ but more

than 2 its extreme breadth: its surface is broken, by deep and broad

grooves, into numerous (about 27 excluding those round the orbits and

the front) very convex lobules, which are covered very closely with

large vesiculous granules; the grooves are filled with a dense short

1898. | A, Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 143

felt — with longer hairs sometimes interspersed —against which the

lobules stand out like islands. (Occasionally there are some tufts of

jong hair on the edge of some of the lobules).

The exposed (dorsal) surfaces of the carpal and propodal joints of

the chelipeds and legs are lobulated in the same style as the carapace,

the lobules being granular and being isolated by deep felted grooves.

The front is strongly deflexed, but somewhat prominent, and is

rather sharply bilobed. The tumid supra-orbital margin is broken by

two cross grooves, and is separated from the lower margin of the orbit

by a fissure. The antero-lateral borders are cut into four rounded

lobules of nearly equal size, by deepish fissures. Postero-lateral borders

not appreciably shorter than the antero-lateral, and little concave.

The parts seen on the under surface are not conspicuously granular

or hairy.

The basal antennal joint has its outer els almost in contact with

the inner angle of the lower edge of the orbit.

The edges of the legs (especially the upper edge) are fringed with

coarse hair—as also of the arm.

The lower outer surface of the hand has the granules arranged in

lines, as is the case with most species of Actwa. Fingers blunt-pointed,

hollowed out at tip.

Colours of well-preserved spirit specimens, yellow with the con-

vexities of some of the lobules orange-red; the felt in the grooves

brown ; fingers dark brown with white tips.

Five specimens from Ceylon, up to 34 fms., and four from the

Andamans, up to 36 fms.

67. Actexa speciosa (Dana), Ortmann.

Actxodes speciosus, Dana, U. S, Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p.198, pl. xi. figs. 4a-c:

Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 32.

Actxa speciosa, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 274:

Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII, 1893-94, p. 455.

Actzxodes nodipes, Heller, Abhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XI. 1861, p. 9, and

SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 329, pl. ii. fig. 19, and Novara Crust. p.17: A. Milne

Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I, 1865, p. 274: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. II.

1880, p. 172.

? Psaumis glabra, Kossmann, Reise roth. Meer., Crust, p. 27, pl. i. fig. 4.

This species has a general resemblance to A. rufopunctata, but the

carapace is relatively longer and narrower, its lobulation is much less.

complete and bold, and it is devoid of hairs.

Length of carapace = { the breadth.

Surface of carapace broken up by shallow grooves into numerous

144 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

lobules, which fall into series that appear to radiate from the midcardiac

region. The lobules are closely covered with miliary granules, they

are nowhere very convex, and on the posterior third of the carapace

they are indistinct. Although the carapace looks quite bare to the

naked eye, yet its whole surface —both between the granules and in

the grooves between the lobules—is covered with a fine, extremely

short and inconspicuous felt.

The exposed surfaces of the carpal and propodal joints of the legs

and chelipeds (except the lower outer surface of the hand, which is

granular in lines) has exactly the same style of sculpture and texture

as the antero-lateral part of the carapace.

Two fissures in the upper edge of the orbit, but none between this

and the lower edge of the orbit.

Antero-lateral borders four-lobed, —the lobes subequal and shallow,

Postero-lateral borders distinctly shorter than the antero-lateral and

distinctly concave.

The basal antennal joint falls far short of the inner angle of the

floor of the orbit.

Kidges of legs and chelipeds quite free from hair.

Fingers pointed, very slightly hollowed at tip.

Colours in spirit, yellow.

3 specimens from the Persian Gulf, Ceylon, and Andamans are in

the Indian Museum.

68. Actza ruppellii (Krauss) Hilgendorf.

Aegle ruppellii, Krauss, Siidafr. Crust. p. 28, pl. i. fig. 1. 1843.

Actxa ruppellii, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 270:

Hilgendorf in v. d. Decken’s Reisen Ost Afr, III. i. p. 73, and MB. Ak. Berl. 1878,

p. 787: Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 232, and Zool. H. M. S. Alert,

pp. 183, 209: A. O. Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., XX. 1886-90, p. 109:

Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 358: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb.,

Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 454: de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII. 1894-5, p. 499.

Aegle rugatu, Adams and White, Samarang Crust. p. 43, pl. viii. fig. 5.

Actaea rugata, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 269, and

TX. 1878, p. 192: R. Etheridge jr., Mem. Austral. Mus. No. 2, 1889, pp. 33, 35:

de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. XIII, 1891, p. 1, and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl.

Ost-Ind. II. 1892, p. 277: Whitelegge, Mem. Austral. Mus. III. 1897, p. 129.

Actza rufopunctata, de Man (nec Edw.) Archiv. fur Naturges. LIII. 1887, i.

p- 261, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 26 (see Notes Leyden Mus.

XIII. 1891, p. 1).

Carapace ~ as long as broad; it and the exposed surfaces of the

legs covered with a shaggy coat—consisting of a sponge-work of short

bristles amid which are numerous long silky tangled hairs—which has

1898.]} A. Alcock— Carcinological Fauna of India. 145

to be removed before the sculpture and texture of the carapace can be

' properly made out.

On the denuded carapace the lobules are numerous, are arranged

in series which appear to radiate from the cardiac region, and are

somewhat indistinct quite posteriorly, but are elsewhere distinct, moder-

ately convex, and separated by broad smooth furrows.

Front obliquely deflexed, rather sharply bilobed. Supra-orbital

margin moderately tumid, narrow, cut by two fissures and separated

from the lower edge of the orbit by a fissure. Antero-lateral borders

four-festooned, the first and last lobes much smaller than the others.

Postero-lateral borders shorter than the antero-lateral, moderately

concave.

_ Exposed (dorsal) surfaces of the chelipeds and legs granular and

shaggy: the wrist and upper surface of the hand are also subnodular,

but the corresponding joints of the legs are but indistinctly grooved.

Lower outer surface of hand with granules in lines that are not so

definite as usual. Fingers blunt-pointed, slightly hollowed at tip.

Basal antennal joint broad: it falls short of the inner angle of the

orbit.

Colours in spirit yellow, fingers dark brown with white tips: in

some specimens faint orange-red spots exist on some of the lobules of

the carapace. |

Carapace markediy more convex in the female than in the male. .

In the Indian Museum are 30 specimens from Malacca Str., Anda-

mans, Mergui, Ceylon, and Persian Gulf,

69. ? Acteea obesa, A. Milne Edwards.

Acta obesa, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 272, pl. xvii.

figs, 2-2b.

This species, if my identification be correct, differs from Actxa

ruppellu, which it closely resembles, in the following characters :—

(1) the carapace and legs are not shaggy, and though they bear

some hairs these do not in any way conceal the texture of the carapace :

(2) the lobulation is quite absent from the posterior third of the

carapace; and elsewhere though quite distinguishable, is extremely

faint, owing to the fineness of the’ grooves :

(3) the entire surface of the carapace—grooves as well as lobules

—is covered with crisp granules, which are largest in tle middle of the

branchial regions : |

(4) the lobulation of the antero-lateral borders, though distinguish-

able, is extremely indistinct, especially in the case of the first lobe;

J. -u1. 19

146 A. Aleock — Carcinological Fawna of India. [No. },

(5) the postero-lateral borders are more concave :

(6) the dorsal surfaces of the chelipeds and legs are crisply granu-

lar, but the carpal joints show almost no dimpling and the propodal

joints none at all.

In the Indian Museum are 2 specimens from the Malacca Straits

and one from Bombay.

70. ? Actxa pulchella, A. Milne Edwards.

Actxa pulchella, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 273,

pl. xvii. figs. 5-5b.

? Actzodes modestus, de Man, Archiv. fiir Naturges, LITI. 1887, i. p. 257, pl. ix.

fig. 3,

This species, if my identification be correct, resembles Actwa

ruppellii and obesa, but has the following differential characters :—

(1) the carapace is altogether less convex :

(2) the lobulation of the carapace is defective posteriorly, and is

faint anteriorly owing to the fineness of the grooves :

(3) the entire surface of the carapace and dorsal surface of legs

and chelipeds is covered (though not crowded) with crisp granules,

most of which carry a short bristle— but these bristles are not close

enough to form a coat:

(4) the antero-lateral borders are sharply granular, but their

lobulation is very indistinct :

(5) except for a furrow across the wrist parallel with the articula-

tion of the hand, the sharply granular surface of the chelipeds and legs

is unbroken.

In the Indian Museum are three specimens from Mergui, the Anda-

mans, and Ceylon.

71. Acta parrula, (De Haan), de Man.

Menippe parvulus, De Haan, Faun. Japon, Crust. p. 21: Krauss, Sudafr. Crust;

p. 34, pl. ii. fig. 2.

Actxa parvula, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zook, XX. 1887-88, p. 27.

Carapace more than ¢ as long as broad, with the posterior third or

more depressed, perfectly flat, and almost or quite devoid of areolation ;

its surface is everywhere covered with vesiculous granules, which

become very small posteriorly, and with a fine short velvety hair: the

areolation is fairly profuse and quite distinct in the anterior two-thirds.

Antero-lateral borders divided into four granular lobes: postero-

lateral borders less convergent than in any other species of Actxa,

giving the flattened posterior part of the carapace a most abnormal look

1898. | A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 147

for an Actza. Front deeply cleft into two round-pointed lobules. The

three grooves near the outer angle of the orbit are fairly distinct.

Upper and outer surface of wrist and hand covered with pearly

granules and velvet: fingers pointed, not hollowed at tip.

The exposed parts of the dorsal surface of the legs are also covered.

with velvet which conceals their sharply granular sculpture. Last pair

of legs rather short.

Colours in spirit yellow or brownish, fingers brown.

In the Indian Museum are 3 specimens, from the Andamans and

Mergui., ; |

This species may be distinguished from all its congeners by the

very moderate difference between the two diameters of the carapace

which also has its posterior part quite flat.

72. Actxa cavipes, (Dana), A. Milne Edwards.

Actzodes cavipes, Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philad., 1852, p. 78, and U. SQ.

Expl. Exp., Crust. pt. I. p. 199, pl. xi. figs. 5a—b.

Actza cavipes, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 280, and

IX. 1873, p. 193: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 456, and in Semon’s

Zool. Forschungsr. (Jena, Denk. VIII) Crust. p. 50.

Carapace about 2 as long as broad, completely lobulated, the lobules

being covered with miliary granules and being separated by broad but

not very deep grooves: the posterior part of the carapace sometimes

has a worm-eaten appearance.

Front obliquely deflexed, with a cupid’s-bow-shaped edge, hardly

projecting beyond the prominent inner angle of the lower edge of the

orbit. Orbital margin unfissured and unbroken. Antero-lateral borders

4, or indistinctly 5, lobed, the lobes granular and uneven, but not pitted.

Postero-lateral borders very much shorter than the antero-lateral,

concave.

Outer surface of wrist with numerous pits and craters, upper outer

surface of hand worm-eaten.

The upper edges of the carpal and propodal joints of the legs have

each a double longitudinal crest, and in every joint the ends of the crests

meet so as to leave a trough-like space between them.

The basal antennal joint almost touches the inner angle of the

orbit.

Fingers long, pointed, slightly hollow at tip.

In the Indian Museum are four specimens from the Andamans,

Mekrdan Coast, and Persian Gulf (besides specimens from Upolu and

Mauritius). fae

L438 A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. ],

73. Acta fossulata (Girard) A. M. Edw.

Cancer fossulatus, Girard, Ann, Soc. Entom. France (3) VIT, 1859, p. 149, pl. iv.

figs. 2—2b.

‘ Actzwa schmardx, Heller, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1861, p. 6 and SB. Ak.

Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 318, pl. i. fig. 13.

Actzxa fossulata, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 279, and

1V. 1868, p. 71: Richters in Mébius Meeresf. Maurit. p. 145.

Psaumis fossulata, Kossmann, Reise roth. Meer., Crust. p. 27, pl. i. fig. 3.

Closely resembles Actxa cavipes, but has the following difference:—

(1) the front projects far beyond the inner angle of the orbit:

(2) the lobes of the carapace have their convexity distinct but

boundaries somewhat indistinct; and in addition to being granular,

they are deeply pitted, and this gives the whole carapace a worm-eaten

look:

(3) the antero-lateral borders are four-lobed, but the first. lobe is

very indistinct, and the lobes are marked with rather large pits :

(4) the upper edge of the hand is bluntly crested and the neighbour-

ing surface is pitted rather than eroded :

(5) the crest of the carpal joints of the legs do not only meet at

their ends, but are also more or less completely joined across the middle

by dissepiments, so that instead of enclosing a single trough they form

at least two irregular cup-like cavities. =

In the Indian Museum are two specimens from Great Coco I.

(Andamans), and Hast I., Andamans.

74. Actzea nodulosa, White.

Actza nodulosa, White, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 224: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) II, 1848,

pe 224; and Adams and White, Samarang Crust. p. 389, pl. viii. fig. 4: A. Milne

Edwards, in Maillard’s ile Reunion, Annexe F, p. 5; and Nouv. Archiv. du Mus.

I. 1865, p. 277: Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 120: Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc.,

Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 356.

Carapace 3 as long as broad, much subdivided by smooth well cut

grooves into numerous small lobules, These lobules are rather irregular-

ly studded with pearly tubercles and granules, the slight irregularity

in size and distribution of which gives the lobules themselves a some-

what irregular look. On several of the lobules of the gastric cardiac

and branchial regions are, sometimes, symmetrically disposed tussocks

of long coarse whitish hair,

The obliquely deflexed front is sharply four-lobed or four-toothed,

the outer lobe on either side (standing at the orbital angle) being small.

The beaded supra-orbital margin is broadly fissured twice and is

separated from the infra-orbital margin by a fissure. The antero-

1898. | A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 149

lateral borders are sharply four-lobed, each lobe being rasp-like. The

postero-lateral borders are a little concave. The posterior border is

formed by a row of bead-like granules, in front of which is another row

— broken in the middle—of larger beads. The sternum, and the under

surface of the carapace as far as the beaded epimeral suture, are covered

with vesiculous granules.

Those surfaces of the chelipeds and legs that are exposed in repose

are closely and crisply granular, many of the granules being pearl-like

or bead-like, and those along the dorsad border being spine-like: the

edges of the legs, especially the upper edge, are hairy. The granules

on lower outer surface of hand are arranged as usual in lines.

Fingers short, pointed, not hollow at tip.

The basal antennal joint falls far short of the inner angle of the

floor of the orbit. .

: Colours in spirit, white.

In the Indian Museum are 3 specimens from off the Malabar Coast,

98-29 fms., one from the Persian Gulf, and one from the Andamans.

- Acteea nodulosa var. bullifera.

In this well-marked and very ornamental variety the lobulation of

the carapace—both of its surface and of its antero-lateral borders—is as

deeply cut, as convex, and as regular as it is in Actw#a rufopunctata ; the

tubercles are more of one size, and have a distinct constricted base and

a swollen spherical pearl-like top; the front row of pearly granules of

the posterior border is unbroken ; the front is more bilobed with sinuous

edges than four-lobed, and its edge is elegantly denticulated or beaded;

and all the parts of the under surface of the body are finely granular,

except the sternum, which has a pitted worm-eaten look,

Length of carapace 10 millim., breadth 14°5 millim.

A single female from the Audamans. —

7d. Actsea echinus, n. sp.

Closely resembles Actwa nodulosa White, but has the following

difference :—

(1) instead of pearly tubercles we find coarse conical tubercles or

tooth-like spines with denticulated tops; and on the chelipeds and

autero-lateral borders of the carapace are coarse serrated spines:

(2) the front is broadly bilobed, the angles of the lobes being sharp :

(3) the lobulation of the antero-lateral borders is irregular and

indistinct :

(4) the legs are thin and compressed, the dorsad border of the

carpal and propodal joints forms a serrated crest, and the slightly

150 A, Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

grannlar sculpture of the upper surfaces of these joints and of the

meropodites is concealed by a close short spongy growth of hair.

Colours in spirit yellow, fingers brown.

Length of carapace 17°5 millim., breadth 26 millim.

A single male from off the Malabar Coast 29 fms. |

This species (P) may perhaps be only a variety of 4. nodulosa. I

have noticed it separately, and have figured it, on account of the

resemblance it bears to Herbst’s Cancer ee (Krabben {IT. i. 33,

pl. li. fig. 2).

76. Actwa peronii,, (Edw.)-Haswelh...

Xantho peronii, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 892: Hess, Archiv. fir

Naturges. XX XI. 1865, i. pp. 133, 171.

Xantho spinosus, Hess, Archiv. fiir. Nat. XXXI, “1865, Jaa 132, V7: de Man,

Zool. Jahrb., Syst., II. 1887, pp. 690, 692.

Actza peronti, Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust, Pp. 46 : Miers, Challewaee Brachyura,

p. 122: de Man, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., II. 1887, pp. 690, gee J. a5 Henderson, Trans.

Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 357.

? Chlorodius polyacanthus, Heller, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1861, p. 11;

SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII, 1861, p. 339, pl. ii. fig. 21.

Carapace § as long as broad, only moderately convex, the lobulation

distinct but not convex, covered with strongly convex well-isolated

smooth polished tubercles, which are largest on the branchial regions

and are smallest posteriorly, where also they become somewhat squami-

form. On the antero-lateral borders are four (excluding a tubercle

of the supra-orbital series) large tubercles, much similar to those on

the branchial regions, but more prominent (almost stalked) and nen

larger tops (almost pisiform).

Exposed surfaces of wrist and hand covered with tubercles much

like those of the branchial regions, but more prominent: on the lower

outer surface of the hand they become almost squamiform: a few

tubercles at the distal inner corner of the arm.

Exposed surfaces of carpal and propodal joints of legs covered

with stout thorns: smaller thorns on upper edge of meropodites, and

still smaller ones on surface of dactyli except on the claw. :

Front broadly bilobed: each lobe with an S-shaped curve to the

edge and with the outer angle pronounced.

Fingers short, blunt pointed, hardly hollow at tip.

The basal antennal joint stops far short of the 1 inner r angle of the

floor of the orbit.

Colours in spirit light yellow, oe. dark Goon

In the Indian Museum are 3 specimens from Australia but none

from India. It is included here on the authority of Dr. J. R. Henderson.

1898.] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 151

77. Actxa flosculata, n. sp.

Nearest to Actza acantha, A. M. E., and A. hystrix, Miers.

Characterized by the close ey ae (carapace, chelipeds and

legs) of peculiarly ornamental fungiform tubercles which become petaloid

at the ee

Carapace ? as long as broad, convex; all the regions well defined

by conspicuous grooves, and convex ; the regions again subdivided into

few convex lobules by less conspicuous grooves. The whole carapace,

except the broader grooves between the regions, closely covered with

very elegant tubercles which have constricted stalk-like bases and thin

broad oval or kidney-shaped tops. The exposed surfaces of the cheli-

peds and legs are covered with ornaments similar to those on the

carapace, except at the edges, where they become petaloid.

Front broadly bilobed, the edge of each lobe being deeply cut into

four projecting petals. Supra-orbital margin deeply scallopped : antero-

lateral borders ornamented like the surface, obscurely lobed: postero-

lateral borders about equal in length to the antero-lateral, straight.

The terminal abdominal terga and the sternum of the male pitted

and worm-eaten, but with a glazed appearance: under surface of cara-

pace, as far as the epimeral suture, covered with pearly granules.

The basal antennal joint stops far short of the inner angle of the

floor of the orbit.

Fingers short, blunt pointed, slightly hollow at tip.

Colours in spirit ight yellow, fingers brown with white tips.

In the Indian Museum are two specimens from off Ceylon, 34 fms.

and one from off Maldive Is. 28 fms. The carapace of the larger one

is 8 millim. long and 12 millim broad.

The ornamentation of this species gives it a strong resemblance to

Chlorodius fragifer White, with which it may probably prove “0 be

identical.

78. Actsea granulata (Audoin).

Cancer granulatus, Savigny and Audouin, Description de l’Egypte, Crust. pl. vi.

fig. 2.

Cancer savignyi, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 378.

Cancer (Actea) granulatus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 47.

Actxa carcharias, White, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 224, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) IT.

1848, p. 284: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. 1. 1865, p. 276,

Actxa pura, Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 32.

Actea granulata, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus, J. 1865, p. 275, and

IX. 1873, p. 192: Miers, Cat. Crust. New Zealand, p. 16; and P. Z. 8S. 1879,

pp. 20, 30; and Challenger Brachyura, p. 120: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 44:

152 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

Filhol, Crust. New Zealand, p. 373: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn, Soc., Zool,

(2) V. 1898, p. 356: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 455.

Actxa Savignii, Kossmann, Reise roth.-Meer., Crust. p. 25: Hilgendorf, MB. Ak.

Berl. 1878, p. 787: Cano, Boll, Soc. Nat. Napol. III. 1889, p, 189,

Carapace nearly as long as broad, of a mulberry-like appearance,

owing to its entire surface being covered with rough tubercles in the

closest possible contact with one another by the base. Hach individual

tubercle again has a mulberry-like appearance, since it is formed of a

number of facetted granules confluent by their bases.

The lobulation of the carapace is very complete, but is almost lost

in the polygonal mosaic of tubercles.

The 4-lobulation of the antero-lateral borders is inconspicuous.

The postero-lateral borders are shorter than the antero-lateral, and

are markedly concave.

Front sharply bilobed, the lobes projecting far beyond the wall

pronounced orbital angle. Orbital margin with three closed sutures.

The exposed surfaces of the chelipeds are covered with the same

strong many-facetted tubercles as the carapace; but on the legs the

tubercles have sharper points and are many of them spiny, especially

those on the dactyli. |

The abdominal terga and the greater part of the sternum are

covered with a mosaic of smooth-worn tubercles: the under wall of the

carapace, as far as the epimeral suture, is granular.

Fingers short, blunt pointed, hardly hollew at tip.

Basal antennal joint prolonged between frout and orbit almost to

the inner angle of the orbit, very much as in Carpilius etc.

Colour in spirit light reddish brown, fingers black with white tips:

in life the colour is uniform purplish black.

In the Indian Museum are 10 specimens from the Persian Gulf,

Karachi, Pedro Shoal, Ceylon, Ganjam Coast, Mergui, and Malacca

(besides 14 specimens from Australia and Hongkong).

79. Actsa calculosa, (Kdw.) A. M. Edw.

Cancer calculosus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 378.

Actxa calculosa, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 276, pl.

xviii. figs, 3-3a: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crost. p. 45: J. R. Henderson, Traus. Linn.

Soc., Zool. (2) V. 1893, p. 356.

Not very easily distinguishable from Actsxa granulata at first sight,

but the following difference is constant :—

(1) the carapace is shorter and broader, its length being only about

two-thirds its breadth :

(2) the tubercles of the carapace and chelipeds are much smoother

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 153

and are hardly facetted, owing to the granules of which they are formed

being more intimately confluent; and on the posterior part of the cara-

pace the tubercles themselves are confluent, small, and little convex:

the tubercles of the legs are never spiny :

(3) the regions and Jobules of the carapace are much more dis-

tinctly delimited, and the 4-lobulation of the autero-lateral borders is

more distinct.

Colours in spirit much as in A. granulata.

In the Indian Museum are 8 specimens from the Persian Gulf,

Kardchi, and Mergui.

Bawareta, A. Milne Edwards.

Banareia, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Hntomol. France (4) IX. 1869, p. 168,

and Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 198.

Strongly resembles Acta in all points but has the following

difference :—

(1) in the fore edge of the buccal cavern is, on either side, a deep

gap, not a mere suture or fissure such as is seen in some species of Actea:

(2) the fingers are compressed and extremely trenchant, resem-

bling shears.

80. Banareia armata, A. Milne Edwards.

Banareia armata, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4) IX. 1869, p. 168,

pl. viii; and Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 193: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst.,

VII. 1893, p. 456: de Man, Jahrb. Hamb, Wiss. Anst, XIII. (Brachyuren des Hamb.

u. Paris Mus.) 1896, p. 75.

Outwardly, from the dorsal view, might almost be mistaken for

Actea ruppellu.

All exposed parts of the carapace and appendages, except the fingers

and lower outer surface of the hand are concealed by a dark shaggy

covering consisting of a dense under-fur with numerous tufts of long

hair.

The carapace is a little more than 3 as long as broad, and when

denuded, is seen to be divided into very numerous small lobules by

broad smooth grooves. The lobules are convex and closely covered

with pearly granules.

The front is formed of two small pointed lobes which do not break

beyond the common curve of the antero-lateral borders: the supra-

orbital border is fissured twice, and is separated from the lower border

of the orbit by a fissure: the antero-lateral borders, when denuded, are

seen to be divided into four granular lobes of unequal size, and a

ay it. 20

154 A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. [ No. 1,

(fifth) granular tubercle exists just behind the orbit: the postero-lateral

borders are very distinctly concave, and are much shorter than the

antero-lateral borders.

The outer surface of the wrist, when denuded, has much the same

sculpture as the carapace. An oblique patch of the lower outer surface

of the hand is smooth and polished and quite devoid of hair, as are the

fingers except the basal half of the upper edge of the dactylus. The

upper outer surface of the hand, when denuded, shows about six

longitudinal lines of granules, the three upper of which are a little

diffuse.

The fingers are compressed and trenchant, resembling shears:

the cutting edge of the dactylus is entire, but that of the thumb has

three incisiform teeth of unequal size at the base. In marked contrast

to all other parts, the fingers are smooth and polished.

In the Indian Museum are 3 specimens from the Andamans.

It appears to me to be quite consistent at present to separate this

species from Actxa while uniting Actwodes with that genus, for the good

reason that in this case there are no known transitional forms.

Datra, De Haan.

Daira, De Haan, Faun, Japon. Crust. p. 18.

Lagostoma, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 387.

Daira, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 202. )

Daira, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 297; and Miss. Sci.

Mex., Crust. p. 248.

Carapace broad, strongly convex in both directions, the regions

well delimited and subdivided into very numerous convex lentil-like

lobules ; its antero-lateral borders strongly arched, crenulate ; its postero-

lateral borders concave, very short.

Front deflexed, two-lobed—the lobes being conspicuous and pro-

minent.

Orbital margin thickened and smoothly crenulate; a strong suture

line in the lower margin. LHyes on short thick sub-globular stalks.

Antennules folding obliquely owing to the large size of the basal

joint: interantennulary septum broad.

Basal antennal joint hardly touching the front, the next joint and

the very short flagellum wedged in the gap between the orbit and the

front.

Merus of the external mawillipeds with a wide and deep notch in the

anterior margin.

The chelipeds are unequal in both sexes; the fingers are blunt-

pointed and hollowed-out at tip.

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 155

Upper edge of merus of chelipeds and legs crest-like and elegantly

serrated, upper edge of the succeeding joints of the legs with a crest

of stout sharp spines; but all this ornamentation is concealed by a

broad thick fringe of long coarse hair.

Abdomen of male with all seven joints distinct, but the 3rd—5th

segments are not movable on one another.

On either side of the endostome is an oblique septum defining the

efferent branchial canal, but this septum extends only about half-way

across the palate.

81. Daira perlata, (Herbst) De Haan.

Cancer perlatus, Herbst, Krabben, I, ii. 265, pl. xxi. fig, 122,

Cancer daira, Herbst, Krabben, ITI. ii. 6, pl. liii. fig, 2,

Cancer variolosus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl., p. 338.

Daira perlata, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 18.

Lagostoma perlata, Milne Hdwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 387.

Daira variolosa, Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 202, pl. x. figs. 4a-d.

Daira perlata, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, p. 32: A. Milne

Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. 1.1865, p. 298; and IX. 1878, p. 196: Heller, Novara

Orust, p. 18: Miers, Cat. Crust. New Zealand, p. 18; and Phil. Trans. Vol. 168,

1879, p. 487: Richters, in Mobius Meeresf, Maurit. p. 147: Filhol, Crust. New Zea-

land, p. 374: R. I. Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) V. 1890, p. 74: Ortmann, Zool.

Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 474; and in Semon’s Forschungsr. (Jena. Denk. VIII.)

Crust. p. 52: Whitelegge, Mem. III. Austral. Mus., 1897, p. 131.

Carapace oval, strongly convex, subdivided into very numerous

polished lentil and pea-shaped lobules which have their surface finely

pitted. Antero-lateral borders 11 or 12-crenulate: postero-lateral

borders very short, concave.

Upper and outer surface of wrist lobulated almost like the cara-

pace; of hand and dactylus covered with coarse sharp tubercles, which

become almost spiniform on the upper edge: upper part of inner surface

of wrist and hand covered with a mosaic of flat markings that look like

ground-down tubercles: much the same sort of mosaic occurs on the

outer surface of the arm and legs, but on the dactyli and propodites of

the legs the tubercles are either spiny or acute, and at the distal end of

the carpus there is a spine,

Fingers short and thick, with blunt hollowed-out tips, those of the

larger cheliped have the cutting-edge toothed, those of the smaller

cheliped have a plain sharp cutting-edge.

Lower edge and surface of meropodites of legs much excavated in

their distal half to receive the bulging distal end of the carpus in

flexion.

Upper edge of legs fringed thickly with coarse long hair which

156 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. LNo es

conceals their serrated and spiny sculpture. Two brushes of hair on

the under surface of the dactyli.

Colours in spirit—mottled shades of warm brown,

In the Indian Museum are 11 females and 3 small males from the

Laccadive reefs (besides 5 females and 1 small male from Mauritius and

2 females from Samoa).

Subfamily III. Cutoropina,

Alliance I. Xanthodioida.

XANTHODES, Dana.

Xanthodes, Dana, Proc, Acad, Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 75; and U. 8. Expl Exp.

Crust. pt. I. p. 175.

Xanthodes, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (4) XX. 1863, p. 227; Nouv.

Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 200; and Miss. Sci. Mex., Crust. p. 259,

Xanthodes, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 127.

[Type Xanthodes lamarckit (Kidw.) ]

Carapace thick but somewhat depressed, moderately broad, some-

what hexagonal, the regions delimited and to a certain extent areolated

in the anterior two-thirds.

Fronto-orbital border considerably more than half the greatest

width of the carapace in extent.

Front broad (contained about 33 times in the greatest width of the

carapace) bilobed.

Antero-lateral border cut into four lobes or teeth. Orbital margin

with the three grooves either fairly distinct, or quite indistinct.

Basal antennal joint broad and very short; the flagellum, which is

rather longer than the orbit, lodged in the orbital hiatus.

Anterior edge of merus of external maxillipeds almost transverse.

Chelipeds either equal or unequal in both sexes; the arm in repose

is nearly or quite hidden beneath the carapace; fingers pointed, not

hollowed at tip.

Legs stoutish, more or less hairy and granular or spiny along the

upper border.

Abdomen of the male five-jointed.

Of the two Indian species included in this genus, one (Xanthodes

lamarckit) has a certain resemblance to Lioxantho punctatus, from which

it is easily distinguished by the breadth of the frouto-orbital margin ; the

other (Xanthodes notatus) has a strong resemblance to Phymodius

sculptus, from which it is at once distinguished by the sharp-pointed

fingers, not hollow at tip.

1898. | A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 157

Key to the Indian species of Xanthodes.

I, Chelipeds eqnal, hands and wrists closely granular,

outer surface of hand with three deep parallel longi-

PmdiMad HALLOWS lowaes occ cr bee « geesebuwedt > odeessdesiaccisera. ¢ A lamarebtis

II. Chelipeds markedly unequal, hands and wrists, at any

rate of the smaller cheliped, studded with sharp spine-

PRCT aan 7, oe Ons eaca casas cade o-abanss dang ooce vaipeeicas oe «6X. NoOtatus.

€2. Xanthodes lamarckit (Hdw.).

Xantho lamarckii, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 391: A. Milne Edwards,

in Maillard’s Vile Réunion, Annexe F, p. 4: Heller, Novara Crust. p. 10: Ortmann,

Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, pp. 444, 448.

Xanthodes lamarckii, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1878, p. 200,

pl. vii. fig. 3: Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 789: Miers, Zool. H. M. S. Alert,

pp. 517, 529: F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel, VIII. 1886, p. 474: de Man, Archiv.

fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 263 ; and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-Ind.

II. 1892, p. 278; and Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VIII. 1894-95, p. 513: Whitelegge, Mem.

Austral. Mus. IIT. 1897, p. 130.

Xanthodes granosomanus, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 75; and

U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 175, pl. viii. figs. 10a~c.

Xantho granosomanus, Heller, Novara Crust. p. 11.

The anterior and antero-lateral parts of the carapace are to a

variable extent granular, the posterior part is generally quite smooth.

Fronto-orbital region marked off by a sinuous groove, gastric region

well delimited and fairly distinctly divided into 3 sub-regions, branchio-

hepatic regions incompletely traversed by 2 grooves proceeding from

the 2nd and 8rd intervals of the antero-lateral border: no other grooves

on the carapace.

Outer angle of front not very pronounced, separated from the

supra-orbital margin by a faintish groove. The grooves of the orbital

margiu are almost indistinguishable.

Antero-lateral border divided into four broadish granular lobes,

the last two of which are more acuminate (but bluntly) than the others.

Chelipeds equal in both sexes, stout, rather short (less than twice

the length of the carapace) ; arm hidden beneath the carapace in repose,

its anterior and posterior edges hairy, the upper part of its posterior

surface granular: upper and outer surfaces of wrists and hands as

closely as possible covered with pearly granules, the wrist also has a

few indistinct dimples, and the outer surface of the hand is deeply

scored by three parallel longitudinal furrows: fingers rather long,

pointed.

Upper edge of meropodites of legs very finely serrulate : surfaces of

next three joints closely granular in the vicinity of the upper (anterior)

158 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. | ore

edge: some longish hairs scattered along the upper border of the last

four, and also along the ventral (posterior) borders of the last two joints.

Colours in spirit: yellowish white, fingers blackish-brown. In well

preserved spirit specimens the legs are banded with bluish green, and

large confluent bluish green blotches occur on the carapace.

In the Indian Museum are 15 specimens, from the Andamans,

Madras coast and Ceylon, (besides 6 from parts outside India).

83. Xanthodes notatus, Dana.

Xanthodes notatus, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p..76, and U. S. Expl.

Exp. Crust. I. p. 178, pl. viii. figs. 12a-b: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus.

1X. 1878, p. 201: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 49: de Man, Archiv. f. Naturges.

LIII. 1887, i. p. 264.

Xantho notatus, Heller, Novara Crust. p. 10,

Surface of carapace, except for the characteristic deep cut areola-

tion, quite smooth to the naked eye. Deep well-cut grooves separate

the fronto-orbital region, define the gastric region, and subdivide the

branchio-hepatic regions into 3 or 4 lobules; and the gastric region is

divided into 3 sub-regions by fine but well-cut lines.

Front bilobed, the outer angle of each lobe being well defined and

separated from the supra-orbital margin by a notch and groove. The

3 grooves of the orbital border are distinct.

Antero-lateral border cut into 4 teeth, of which the last two are

procurved and spine-like.

Chelipeds markedly unequal, the larger one more than twice the

length of the carapace: the arm in both is not quite concealed by the

carapace, is devoid of hair, and has the distal end of the upper border

spinate: in the smaller cheliped, the upper and outer surfaces of the

wrist and the upper and a large part of the outer surface of the hand

are studded with sharp spine-like tubercles; but in the larger cheliped

the tubercles are larger, less numerous, and are low and worn, not

spine-like: the fingers are pointed, not hollowed at tip, and in the

smaller cheliped are fluted, the ridges of the dactylus having a few

sharpish tubercles at the basal end.

The upper edge of the meropodites of the legs is spiny, with a few

long fine bristles: the upper borders of the next two joints have each

two rows of spines and a good many long bristles, the carpus having

also a third row of sharp granules: the dactylus is granular and bristly,

and the lower edge also of the propodite has some bristles.

Colours of well-preserved spirit specimens: purplish brown, the

purplish tinge very distinct on the chelipeds, the last 3 joints of the

legs are greenish.

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 159

In the Indian Museum are 17 specimens, from the Andamans, Palk

Str. and Ceylon.

This species has a strong likeness to Phymodius sculptus.

Alliance II. Chlorodioida.

Chlorodius. Chlorodopsis.

Phymodias. Cyclodius.

Cutoropius, A, Milne Edwards.

Chlorodius, (part) Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 399.

Chlorodius, (part) Dana, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2) XII. 1851,

p- 126, and U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 204.

Chlorodius, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (4) XX. 18638, p. 283 ; Nouv.

Archiv. du Mus. 1X. 1873, p. 212; Miss. Sci. Mex., Crust. p. 265.

[Type Chlorodius niger (Forsk.) |

Carapace depressed, flat, hexagonal, the regions faintly or not at

all demarcated, the surface smooth and almost unbroken, except some-

times on the branchio-hepatic region, near the antero-lateral border,

where there may be some broad transverse wrinkles.

Fronto-orbital border more than three-fourths the greatest breadth

of the carapace. Front almost straight, faintly emarginate in the

middle line, extremely broad (between a third and half the greatest

breadth of the carapace), its outer angles separated from the supra-

orbital margin by a groove.

Autero-lateral borders cut into four lobes or teeth, the first being

in very close approximation to the angle of the orbit, Postero-lateral

borders rather longer than the antero-lateral.

Orbit with two suture lines above, and one at the outer angle:

eyes on short thick stalks.

Basal antennal joint large, extending upwards and outwards into

the gap between the front and the orbit; the flagellum situated in the

erevice-like orbital hiatus.

Merus of the external maxillipeds with the anterior border almost

transverse.

Chelipeds unequal, long, more than twice the length of the carapace,

half or more of the arm projecting beyond the edge of the carapace ;

fingers large, broadened and deeply hollowed at tip (horse-shoe shaped).

Legs never spiny, though the upper edge of the meropodites may

have a few spinules distally, and that of the following joints is sharply

granular.

Abdomen of the male consisting of 5 joints, the 3rd-5th somites

being fused.

160 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [ No. 1,

Key to the Indian species of Chlorodius.

I. Carapace with the regions faintly marked, transversely

wrinkled near the antero-lateral borders ; four distinct

teeth (exclusive of the orbital angle) on the antero-

lateral, border ....j:.:. t¢iascowcdi seis dal veniaehi deeb @ernPer Mileeuclece sont) ame amm

II. Carapace with a perfectly smooth unbroken surface;

first lobe of antero-lateral margin almost obsolete, the

third the most distinct Of all ......ccc.ssscnsaqssccesroreesvcsece On LERDEGSIIUINME

84. Chlorodius niger (Forsk.) Riippell, A. M. Edw.

Cancer niger, Forskal, Descr. Anim. p. 89.

Chlorodius niger, Ruppell, 24 Krabben roth. Meer. p. 20, pl. iv. fig. 7 and pl. vi.

fig. 14: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 401: Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust.

pt. I. p. 216, pl. xii. figs. 5a-c: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 33:

Heller, SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, i. p. 335, and Novara Crust. p. 18: A. Milne

Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 71, and 1X. 1873, p. 214: Kossmann,

Reise roth. Meer. Crust. p. 34: Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 234;

and P. Z. 8. 1884, pp. 10,11; and Zool. H. M.S. Alert, pp. 183, 215, 517, 531:

de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 174, III. 1881, p. 98, and Archiv. fiir

Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 279, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 32 ;

and Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VIII. 1894-95, p. 519: Richters in Mébius Meeresf. Maurit.

p. 147: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 62: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc.,

Zool., (2) V. 1898, p. 861: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 465, and

in Semon’s Forschungsr. (Jena. Denk. VIII.) Crust. p. 61.

Chlorodius hirtipes, White, P. Z. 8S. 1848, p. 226; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) IT.

1848, p. 286 ; and Adams and White, Samarang Crust. p. 49, pl. xi. fig, 4.

Chlorodius cytherea, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, p. 79, and U. S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 213, pl. xii. figs. 2a-c: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.

Phila. 1858, p. 33.

Chlorodius nebulosus, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, p. 80, and U. 8S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p, 214, pl. xii. fig. 3.

Chlorodius depressus, Heller, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1861, p.11; and SB. Ak.

Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 338: Hilgendorf in v. d. Decken’s Reisen Ost-Afr. III. i. p. 74.

Carapace hexagonal, depressed: gastric region delimited by faint

grooves and subdivided into from 3 to 5 indistinct areole by still

fainter grooves; anterior part of branchio-hepatic region, just inside

the antero-lateral margin, with one or two low broad transverse wriuk-

les : the surface of the carapace quite smooth (non-granular),

First lobe of the antero-lateral border small, almost confluent

with the rounded external orbital angle; last two lobes usually ending

in procurved spine-like points. |

Chelipeds, in both sexes, twice or more the length of the carapace,

usually quite smooth to the naked eye; a tubercle or spine on the

anterior edge, and a little crenulation (not always present) on the

posterior edge of the arm; inner angle of wrist strongly pronounced ;

fingers stout, a good deal arched, markedly spoon-like at tip.

1898, ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 161

Legs with a good deal of hair, and long fine bristles interspersed,

on the dorsal aspect of the last three joints.

Colours in spirit: yellowish brown to bluish or purplish brown,

sometimes mottled ; fingers black.

In the Indian Museum are 64 specimens, frem the Andamans,

Nicobars, Mergui, and Mekran coast, (besides 52 from other parts of

the Indo-Pacific).

85. Chlorodius levissimus, Nana,

Chlorodius levissimus, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, p. 80, and U. S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. 1. p. 215, pl. xii. figs. 4a-g.

Carapace hexagonal, a little tumid, its surface perfectly smooth

without trace of regions or areole.

First lobe of antero-lateral border almost obsolete, last tooth very

small, the third tooth much the largest and most prominent.

Anterior edge of arm without a spine.

Last three joints of the legs with a few scattered long fine

bristles—no hair.

Fingers very strongly arched, a character which—as Dana has

noticed—at once distinguishes this little species from the young of

Chlorodius niger, which it otherwise closely resembles.

Colours in spirit, white, fingers brown.

In the Indian Museum are 9 specimens, from the Andamans and

Ceylon, (aud 1 from Mauritius).

Paymopius, A. Milne Edwards.

Chlorodius, (part) Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 399: Dana. U.S. Expl

Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 204. |

Phymodius, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. (4) XX. 1863, p. 283; and

Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. [X. 1873, p. 217; and Miss. Sci. Mex. Crust. p. 266.

Phymodius, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 139.

Carapace moderately flat, hexagonal, all the regions well delimited,

and broken up into numerous convex areole which have a smooth bare

surface.

Fronto-orbital border not quite two-thirds the greatest breadth of

the carapace. Front distinctly bilobed, with the outer angle of each

lobe forming a distinct little lobule; its breadth is about a third the

greatest breadth of the carapace. Orbital margin with 2 grooves above

and one at the outer angle: eyes on short thick stalks.

Antero-lateral borders cut into four lobes or teeth: postero-lateral

border nearly equal in length to the antero-lateral.

Pir. 21

162 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

Basal antennal joint large, extending outwards and upwards into

the gap between the front and the orbit; the flagellum situated in the

orbital hiatus.

Anterior edge of merus of external maxillipeds almost transverse.

Chelipeds unequal, twice or more the length of the carapace, about

half the arm projecting beyond the edge of the carapace: fingers large,

strongly arched, broadened and deeply hollowed at tip.

Legs with the meropodite carpopodite and propodite sharply spinous

along their upper border.

Abdomen of the male five-jointed.

Phymodius is distinguished from Chlorodius by the extensive and

distinct areolation of the carapace, by the narrower front, and by the

spiny armature of the dorsal border of the legs.

Key to the Indian species of Phymodius.

I. Lobules of carapace smooth but dull; chelipeds rough

with nodules or tubercles ; legs with scattered hairs that

do not hide the spines :—

i. Sculpture of carapace sharp cut; chelipeds with

postule-like tubercles extending as far as fingers. P. ungulatus.

ii. Sculpture of carapace worn; chelipeds with irre-

gular nodules that do not are reach more

than halfway along the hand . etme wees P. monticulosus.

II. Lobules of carapace smooth and enauee as Wide: are the

chelipeds; legs with a stiff fringe of hair along the

anterior border concealing the spines there ......... -.... P. sculptus.

86. Phymodius ungulatus (Hdw.) A. M. Edw.

Chlorodius wngulatus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 400, pl. xvi. figs. 6-8 :

Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 205, pl. xi. figs. 8a-b: Hess, Archiv.

fiir Naturges. XXXI. 1865, pt. i. pp. 185, 171: Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat.. Mus. VII.

1877, p. 105.

Phymodius ungulatus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1878,

p. 218: Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 790: Kossmann, Reise roth. Meer.

Crust. p. 34: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 59: Miers, Challenger Brachyura,

p. 139: Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat. Napol. III. 1889, p. 201: J. R. Henderson, Trans.

Linn, Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 362: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94,

p. 464: de Man, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VIII. 1894-95, p. 524,

? Xantho de Haanii, Krauss, Sudafr. Crust. p. 29, pl. i. fig. 2: Heller, SB. Ak.

Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 337, and Novara Crust. p. 19.

Chlorodius areolatus, Adams and White, Samarang Crust. p. 41, pl. xi. fig. 3.

The regions and numerous sub-regions of the carapace are all

convex and sharply defined by clean-cut furrows; their surface is

smooth but dull, owing to close microscopic granulation.

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 163

Front bilobed, the outer angle in each lobe forming a distinct little

lobule.

The four teeth of the antero-lateral border are sharply conical.

Chelipeds unequal, but not greatly so, very finely granular; arm

with the anterior border rather strongly serrated, and with numerous

pustule-like tubercles along the posterior border; upper and outer

surface of wrist, aud upper as well as a small part of inner and a larger

part of outer surface of hand, covered with well-spaced pustule-

like tubercles, those on the outer surface of the hand being in

longitudinal series; inner angle of wrist strongly pronounced, with

bifid tip. )

Legs with finely granular surface, sharply granular on the dorsal

aspect, where there are some long scattered hairs: upper edge of

meropodites with 1 row of spinules, upper border of carpopodites with

3 rows, of propodites with 2 rows.

Colours in spirit, yellowish brown, or greenish; fingers black.

In the Indian Museum are 12 specimens, from the Andamans and

Ceylon, (as well as 19, from Mauritius and Samoa).

87. Phymodius monticulosus (Dana), A. M. Edw.

Chlorodius monticulosus, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, p. 79; and U.S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 206, pl. xi. figs. 9a-f: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.

1858, p. 34.

Chlorodius obscurus, Lucas in Jacquinot’s Voyage Astrolabe, Zool. Vol. IIT.

Crust. p. 26, pl. iii. fig. 4.

Phymodius monticulosus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868.

p. 71 (name only): Richters in Mébius, Meeresf. Maurit. p. 148: Miers, Challenger

Brachyura, p. 139: Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel, VIII. 1886, p. 474: Cano, Boll. Soc.

Nat. Napoli, III. 1889, p. 201: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V.

1893, p. 363: de Man, Zool Jahrb., Syst. VIII. 1894-95, p. 524: T. Whitelegge, Mem.

Austral. Mus. III. 1897, p. 136.

Phymodius obscurus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 220:

(?) de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 174: Richters in Mobius, Meeresf.

Maurit. p. 148.

Closely resembles P. ungulatus, but is at once distinguished by the

more convex arch of the front and antero-lateral borders, by the greater

dorsal convexity of the carapace, by the ‘‘ worn” look of the sculpture

of the carapace, and by the much less rough hands.

Carapace thick, and distinctly convex in its anterior two-thirds ;

the regions and subregions are all distinct and convex, but the depres-

sions that separate them are broad and not.sharp cut, and this gives the

sculpture a worn or moulded appearance.

Front bilobed, the outer angle of each lobe well defined.

164, A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

The four teeth of the antero-lateral margin are blunt and rounded

the first two being very much worn.

Chelipeds unequal—more so than in P. wngulatus: arm with two

or three coarse denticles on the anterior border, the posterior border

being rugose; upper and outer surface of wrist nodular; a certain part

of the upper, as well as of the inner and (more so) of the outer surfaces

of the hand nodular, but except in very young specimens, the nodules do

not extend beyond, and often not so far as, halfway along the hand, so

that the greater part of the hand is often smooth.

Legs as in P. ungulatus, but the spinules are coarser and blunter.

Colours in spirit—dark chestnut brown, sometimes mottled with

grey; fingers blackish brown.

In the Indian Museum is a single specimen from the Nicobars (in

addition to 21 from Australia, the South Seas, and Mauritius).

88. Phymodius sculptus, (A. Milne Edwards).

Chlorodius sculptus, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. da Mus. IX. 1873, p. 217,

pl. viii. fig. 4: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. III. 1881, p. 98; Archiv. fiir Naturges.

LIII. 1887, i. p. 279; and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 82: Ortmann,

Zool, Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, p, 466.

Regions of the carapace well defined and subdivided, by broad

and deepish grooves, into smooth, polished, convex but flat-topped

lobules : those of the branchio-hepatic regions are disposed transversely :

the antero-lateral sub-regions of the gastric area are not longitudinally

subdivided.

Front bilobed, the outer gente of each lobe distinct but not very

prominent.

The antero-lateral border is cut into four smooth lobes and is

rather shorter than the postero-lateral.

The chelipeds are unequal: the arm has several sharp teeth on the

anterior border and several pearly tubercles on the distal end of the

posterior border, and the inner angle of the wrist is calere but the

surface of the chelipeds is smooth and polished.

The most characteristic feature of the legs is the dense stiff fringe

of long greenish-yellow bristles that clothes the anterior border of the

last four joints, concealing the sharp spines with which these borders

are armed.

Colours in spirit, body and legs green with brownish points, cheli-

peds brownish, fingers black.

In the Indian Museum are 10 specimens, from the Andamans,

Mergui and Ceylon.

1898. | A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 165

Cuioropopsis A. Milne Edwards.

Chlorodopsis, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1878, p. 227.

? Pilodius, (part) Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 217.

Carapace flat, more or less hexagonal, the regions well delimited

and well areolated, the areole being granular or hairy, or both.

Fronto-orbital border about two-thirds the greatest breadth of the

carapace. Front bilobed, the outer angle of each lobe usually well

defined and forming a distinct little lobule; its breadth is about a third

the greatest breadth of the carapace.

Antero-lateral border almost always cut into four teeth. Postero-

lateral border commonly a little longer than the antero-lateral.

Orbital border with the three grooves or notches very distinct.

Basal antennal joint large, extending up between the front and the

orbit, the outer angle being prolonged into the orbital hiatus.

Anterior edge of merus of external maxillipeds almost transverse.

Chelipeds either unequal or subequal, their length being generally

under twice the length of the carapace; the arm short and not project-

ing very much beyond the carapace.

Fingers strong, arched, broadened and hollowed at tip, but not so

hoof-like as Chlorodius.

Legs dorsally almost always hairy and spinous.

Abdomen of male 5-jointed.

Chlorodopsis is distinguished from Chlorodius and Phymodius, (1) by

the prolongation into the orbital hiatus of the outer angle of the basal

joint of the antenna, and (2) by the granular and hairy or furry carapace.

Key to the Indian species of Chlorodopsis.

I. The entire carapace cut into strongly-convex, isolated

areole, the surface of which is uniformly covered with

pearly granules: the deep smooth grooves between the

areolz, and the spaces between the granules, covered

with a dense, dark, extremely short fur sseerseceevases, Os Areotata.

II. Only the anterior % to $ of the carapace areolated : three

or four of the lobules just inside the antero lateral

border either bear spines or are themselves spine-like :—

i. Sculpture of carapace and legs almost concealed

by bristles and long hairs :—

1. Posterior fourth of carapace slightly con-

cave; chelipeds rather slender, little unequal,

the black colouration of the thumb hardly

involves the hand at all :—

a, Antero-lateral margin armed with four

large spines (not including the orbital

ANIC) .......c0r00 sescvereccososersscsccesses CO, pilumnoides.

166 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of Indva. [No. 1,

b. Antero-lateral margin divided into

four blunt spinuliferous lobes ......... C. nigrocrinita.

2. Posterior fourth of carapace flat; the

antero-lateral margin consists of four lobes

each capped by several spinules: chelipeds

markedly unequal, the black colouration of

the thumb involves the greater part of the

lower surface of the hand ... ..........se0.... O. melanochira,

ii. Carapace with a few scattered hairs which do not

in the least conceal its sculpture. The groove

that cuts off the fronto-orbital margin from the

rest of the carapace is very distinct :—

1, All four spines of the antero-lateral margin

equal, the 2nd and 3rd commonly with an

accessory spinule near the tip.........eecee0e.. OC. wood-masoni.

2. First spine of the antero-lateral margin

small or obsolescent ; last three spines large,

ClaweliKe ‘easel oi dis dedeScaves soclobe Sockeunaddesene) NOME EnO IEEE

89. Chlorodopsis areolata, (Kdw.) A. M. Edw.

Chlorodius areolatus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 400: Hess, Archiv.

fir Naturges. XXXI. 1865, pp. 135, 171.

Chlorodius perlatus, Macleay, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Annulosa, p. 59: Krauss, Sudafr

Crust. p. 31.

Chlorodopsis areolata, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873,

p. 231, pl. viii. fig. 8: Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 790: Richters in Mobius.

Meeresf. Maurit. p. 148: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 54: Miers, Zool. H. M. S,

Alert, pp. 517, 532: F. Muller. Verh. Ges. Basel, VIII. 1886, p. 474: de Man, Notes

Leyden Mus. XII. 1890, p. 54: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. VII. 1893-94, p. 470.

Carapace flat, but thick, as completely lobulated as any Actza ; the

lobules strongly convex, isolated by broad deep smooth channels, their

convexities.as closely as possible covered with pearly granules, the

dividing channels lined by an extremely short dense dark fur, which

also extends between but does not cover the granules of the lobules.

The front is deeply and broadly cut into two granular lobes, the

outer angle of each of which forms a separate lobule. The three

fissures of the orbital margin are so deep as to give a lobed appearance.

The antero-lateral border is divided by broad notches into four

rounded granular lobes.

Chelipeds unequal, the longer one about twice the length of the

carapace; the upper part of the outer surface of the arm, the nodular

or wrinkled surface of the wrist, and the upper and outer surface of

the hand are all closely covered with pearly granules, which are largest

on the hand: fingers strongly arched, smooth except for some grooving

and granulation at base of dactylus.

1898.] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 167

The exposed surface of the legs is as closely as possible covered

with a dense spongy fur from which the tops of numerous conical or

subspinous granules peep out: the dorsal edge of the legs is also clothed

with a thick shaggy fringe of hair, as also the ventrad edge of the last

two joints.

Colours in spirit yellowish brown to blackish brown; fingers black,

the colouration extending along the lower border and on to both surfaces

of the hand.

In the Indian Museum are 19 specimens, from the Andamans,

Nicobars and Ceylon (in addition to 12 specimens from the South Seas

aud Mauritius).

90. Chlorodopsis pilumnoides, (White).

Chlorodius pilumnoides, White, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 226; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

(2) II. 1848, p. 286; Adams and White, Samarang Crust. p. 41, pl. ix. fig. 3.

? ? Pilodius pilumnoides, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 221, pl. xii.

fig. 10a-—c.

Chlorodopsis pilumnoides, de Man, Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 34,

Archiv. fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 281: Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat. Napol. III. 1889,

p. 204: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. VII. 1893-94, p. 470.

Carapace, chelipeds and legs granular, beneath a copious covering

of short black bristles among which are scattered numerous long white

club-shaped hairs.

Carapace flat, its regions, in the anterior two-thirds, plainly marked

and subdivided by broadish shallow furrows, but not convex; its

posterior third flat, or even a little concave, between two raised trans-

verse beaded lines.

Front cut rather deeply into two granular or denticulate lobes, the

outer angle of each of which forms a little lobule. The three fissures

of the granular orbital margin are distinct.

On the antero-lateral margin are four red-tipped claw-like spines

not including the orbital angle, the middle two, at least, of which have

a pair of spinelets at base: on the carapace just inside either antero-

lateral margin is a scattered group of 5 or 6 similar, but rather smaller,

spines.

Chelipeds subequal, rather slender, not longer than the legs (less

than twice the length of the carapace) ; both edges of the upper surface

of the arm spinulate ; numerous spines on the wrist, the one (or two)

at the inner angle the largest; rows of spines along upper surface, rows

of sharp granules along lower part of outer surface, of hand; fingers

strongly fluted, the ridges being sharply and elegantly serrate or

spinate.

168 A. Alcock— Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

In the legs, all the edges of the meropodites are more or less spinate

and the carpopodites and propodites are dorsally more or less spinulate.

Colours in spirit: yellowish, or mottled green; legs yellowish with

purplish-brown cross-bands, or light green with dark green cross-bands ;

fingers black, the colouration not extending along the hand.

In the Indian Museum are 7 specimens from the Andamans and 1

from Mergui.

91. ? Chlorodopsis nigrocrinita, (Stimpson).

? Pilodius nigrocrinitus, Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 34.

Differs from 0. pilumnoides in having the antero-lateral margin

cut into 4 blunt lobes which when denuded and examined under a lens

are spinuliferous: only the distal end of the upper edge of the arm is

spinulate.

Four specimens from the Andamans are in the Indian Museum.

It is at once distinguished from C. melanochira, to which it also

bears a strong resemblance, by the altogether different form of the

chelipeds and fingers. The chelipeds, like those of C. pilumnoides, are

slender and of equal size, and the black colouration of tlie fingers does

not extend on to the hand.

i 92. Chlorodopsis melanochira, A. M. Edw.

Chlorodopsis melanochira, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873,

p. 228, pl. viii. fig. 5: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 55: de Man, Archiv. fiir

Naturges. LIII. 1887. i. p. 281, and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Nieder]. Ost-Ind., II.

1892, p. 278; and Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VIII. 1894-95, p. 520: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb,

Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 471.

Carapace, chelipeds and legs covered with short black bristles and

long yellow hairs, the yellow hairs being sparse on tle carapace but

exceedingly long and numerous on the legs, and the bristles being

embedded each in a curious little white ball of felt.

On the denuded carapace the regions are all well defined and well

areolated by well-cut smooth grooves, the convexities of the areolee

being granular: the posterior third or fourth of the carapace forms a

flat granular surface.

Front cut into two elegantly denticulated lobes, the outer angle of

each of which forms an independent lobule. The three fissures of the

finely denticulate orbital margin are distinct.

The antero-lateral margin is divided into four lobes, each of which

is crowned with several spinules: two or three-of the lobules of the

carapace just inside either antero-lateral margin are capped with

similar spinules.

1898.] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 169

The chelipeds are markedly unequal, the larger one being less than

twice the length of the carapace. The anterior and posterior edges of

the arm are granular; the wrist has the upper and outer surfaces

studded with granules and conical spine-like tubercles; similar tuber-

cles and pearly granules stud the upper and more or less of the outer

surface of the hand; the finger has a few spinule-like tubercles at base.

The legs have the upper border of the meropodite, carpus, and

propodite denticulate.

Colours in spirit; brownish yellow or mottled green, the mottling

on the legs forming indistinct cross-bands ; fingers black, the coloura-

tion involving the greater part of the lower border and both surfaces of

the lower outer corner of the hand.

In the Indian Museum are 35 specimens from the Andamans.

This species is at once distinguished from C. pilumnoides, (1) by

the smaller size, (2) by the better defined areolation of the carapace, (3)

by the cap of spinelets—instead of a large claw-like spine—on each of

the 4 lobes of the antero-lateral margin, (4) by the marked inequality

of the chelipeds, and (5) by the black colouration of the thumb extending

far back along the hand.

93. Chlorodopsis spinipes (Heller) A. M. Edw.

Pilodius spinipes, Heller, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1861, p. 11, and SB. Ak.

Wien, XLIII. 1861, i. p. 340, pl. ii. fic. 22.

Chlorodopsis spinipes, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873,

p. 230, pl. viii. fig. 6: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. III. 1881, p. 98; Archiv. fiir

Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 282; and in Weber‘s Zool. Ergebn. Nieder]. Ost-Ind.

II. 1892, p. 278: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 361:

Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. VII. 1893-94, p. 471.

Carapace and chelipeds with a few scattered hairs, legs with

numerous long stiff brown and yellow hairs that a good deal conceal

the sculpture.

The regions and subregions of the carapace in its anterior ¢ are

most remarkably well defined by broad smooth deep-cut grooves, and

are coarsely and unevenly granular.

The front is cut into two lobes which have their free edge entire or

slightly crenulate, and their outer angle isolated and spine-like. The

orbital margin is sharp-cut and almost smooth: the 3 fissures are distinct.

The antero-lateral margin is cut into four teeth, of which the first

is always small and often obsolescent, while the other three are large,

procurved and claw-like. The three or four lobules of the carapace

just inside and parallel with the antero-lateral border have the form of

salient conical tubercles.

J. m1. 22

170 A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

The chelipeds are unequal, the larger one being not quite twice the

length of the carapace: the arm has 2 or 3 spines at the distal end of

the anterior and posterior borders; the upper and outer surfaces of the

wrist and hand are covered with sharp spine-like tubercles which

become blunt and pearl-like in the lower part of the hand, and one or

two of the spines at the inner angle of the wrist are enlarged; fingers

with some sharp tubercles at base.

Legs with numerous long sharp spines (which are a good deal

concealed by long stiff hairs) along the upper border,—a single series

on the meropodites, 2 or 3 series on the carpopodites and propodites.

Colours in spirit: yellowish or greenish brown, somewhat mottled

on the carapace and somewhat banded on the legs; fingers black, the

colouration not extending to the hand.

In the Indian Museum are 20 specimens, from the Andamans and

Mergui.

This species is suspiciously like the Pilodius pugil of Dana.

94. Ohlo rodopsis wood-masont, 0. sp.

Carapace with a few rather long scattered hairs, legs with similar

but more numerous hairs, not in any way concealing the sculpture,

chelipeds almost free from hairs.

The carapace is thick, and has the regions and subregions well

defined, in its anterior ?, by broad smooth grooves, and coarsely and —

unevenly granular.

The front is cut into two sharply denticulate lobes, the outer angle

of each of which is very distinctly isolated and spine-like. The orbital

margin is denticulate and has the three fissures distinct.

The antero-lateral margin has four large procurved spines, some

of which (almost constantly the second one) may have an accessory

spinule near the tip. Three or four of the lobules just inside either

antero-lateral margin bear each a somewhat similar spine.

The outer angle of the basal antennal joint is prolonged into the

orbital hiatus.

The chelipeds are unequal, the larger one being not quite twice the

jJength of the carapace. The arm has one or two spine-like teeth at

the distal end of both the anterior and the posterior border; the wrist

is studded with spine-like tubercles and has a pair of strongish spines

at the inner angle; the hand has spine-like tubercles along the upper

surface, and close-set pearly granules along the outer and lower sur-

faces ; fingers with spine-like denticles at base only.

Meropodites of legs with the upper border spinulate ; carpopodites

1898. } A. Aleock —Carcinological Fauna of India. 171

and propodites each with two or three rows of spinules and sharp

granules.

Colours in spirit—yellowish or reddish brown ; fingers black, the

colouration stopping sharply at the base of the thumb.

Carapace 8 millim. long, 13 millim. broad.

In the Indian Museum are 19 specimens from the Andamans.

This species is very closely related to C. melanodactylus, A. M. Edw.

(of which we have in the Museum specimens from Samoa) but differs

in having (1) only a few scattered hairs on the carapace, (2) the front

deeply bifid and elegantly denticulate, with the outer angle isolated

and spine-like, (3) the sculpture of the carapace much sharper and

bolder, (4) the pearly granules and spine-like tubercles of the chelipeds

more numerous and close-set.

From C. spinipes it differs in having (1) the front sharply spinu-

late, (2) the first spine of the antero-lateral border almost as large and

well spaced as the other three, the 2nd and 3rd spines moreover having

almost always an accessory spinule near the tip, (3) the spines of the

legs not so large and acicular and not so much concealed by hairs,

It may very possibly be the Pilodius scabriculus of Dana.

Sub-genus Crcropius, Dana.

Cyclodius, Dana, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2) XII. 1851, p. 126;

and U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 222.

Cyclodius agrees in every particular with Chlorodopsis, excepting

only that the carapace is longer and narrower, being, in fact, almost as

much sub-circular as hexagonal.

In general form, as in the relations of the basal antennal joint,

Cyclodius much resembles Htisodes, from which, however, the form and

breadth of the front at once distinguishes Cyclodius.

95. Chlorodopsis (Cyclodius) ornata, Dana.

Cyclodius ornatus, Dana, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philad. VI. 1852, p. 80; and

U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 223, pl. xii. figs, lla-g.

Carapace flattish, about + as long as broad, almost as much sub-

circular as hexagonal, its regions and subregions delimited by well cut

grooves, the subregions being numerous and having a microscopically

granular surface.

Front a little more than half the greatest breadth of the carapace,

bilobed, the outer angle of each lobe well pronounced. Orbital margin

with two grooves above and one at the outer angle.

Antero-lateral margin cut into four teeth (exclusive of the orbital

angle) the last three of which are procurved and claw-like.

172 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India, [No. 1,

Basal antennal joint prolonged into the orbital hiatus—and filling

it—on the same extensive scale as in Chlorodopsis areolata.

Chelipeds very little unequal, not much longer and stouter than

the legs, about 1} times the length of the carapace: arm with several

spinules along the posterior border and two large ones on the anterior

border ; wrist and hand with numerous sharp spine-like tubercles, which

fall into longitudinal series on the outer suiface of the hand; fingers

with some coarse spinules at base, rather strongly arched, broadened

and hollowed at tip.

Legs granular, somewhat furred, the upper border of the mero-

podites carpopodites and propodites spinate.

The grooving of the under surface of the carapace, found in all

the species of Chlorodius, Chlorodopsis, &c., is particularly elegant.

In the Indian Museum is a male from the Andamans (and one

from Mauritius).

Alliance IIL. Cymorda.

Cymo, De Haan.

Cymo, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 22.

Cymo, Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2) XII. 1851, p. 126; and U. 8S. Expl.

Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 224.

Carapace about as long as broad, subcircular, or less commonly

elongate-pentagonal ; not, or little, convex; depressed, with regions and

subregions faintly or not at all shown.

Fronto-orbital border from about 3 to? the greatest breadth of

the carapace in extent. Front from about $ to about 4 this measure,

horizontal, bilobed, with the outer angle of each lobe prominent and

separated from the supra-orbital margin by a notch and groove. The

grooves of the orbital margin are either indistinguishable or distinct.

Hyes on short thick stalks.

The antennules fold obliquely. The basal joint of the antenne has

its outer angle produced into the orbital hiatus, and the flagellum,

which is short, is situated between this process of the basal joint and

the front.

The chelipeds are remarkably unequal in both sexes, the larger

cheliped, in adults, being more than half again as long and more than

twice aS massive as the smaller: the fingers of the larger cheliped are

short, thick, blunt-pointed (beak-like) aud hollowed at tip; those of the

smaller hand, though also hollowed-out, are long and slender.

The legs are invested and fringed with a thick shaggy fur that en-

tirely conceals their sculpture: they are short and massive.

1898. ] A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. 173

The abdomen of the male consists of five joints, the 3rd-5th somites

being fused.

The species of this genus are at once recognized by the subcircular

carapace, which even in the male leaves the first two and part of the

third abdominal terga exposed in a dorsal view; and by the remarkable

inequality and dissimilarity of the chelipeds.

Key to the species of Cymo.

I. Carapace subcircular, depressed, but not quite flat :—

i. Wrists and hands studded with sharpish gra-

nules only: front bilobed, the edge of each

lobe denticulate :—

L. Fingers Whitd......0ccoccecre: covtasseseceves’ O. andreossyi:

2. Fingers black pene at oa, wees CO. melanodactylus

ii. Wrists and hands with large granular sau as

well as granules :—

1. Front bilobed, the edge of each lobe

concave and the angles in the form

of granular tubercles, so that the front

appears four-lobed...........seeseessereseeee. C. quadrilobatus.

[2. Front not four-lobed.. ............ geek C. tuberculatus. |

II. Carapace more elongate-pentagonal than subcircular,

PTE GLY) HA Uiiina eno tigen sa Vall «oo vesisia=ancaa'cs eines sede oniged ne ales «. OC. deplanatus,

96. Cymo andreossyt, (Audouin) De Haan.

Pilwmnus? andreossyi, Audouin on Savigny’s Descr. de lEgypte, pl. v. fig. 5,

p. 86.

Cymo andreossyi, De Haan, Faum. Japon. Crust. p. 22: Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp.

Crust. pt. I. p. 225, pl. xiii. figs. 2 a-b : Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858,

p. 34: Heller, SB. Ak, Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 346, and Novara Crust. p. 20: A.

Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus, IX. 1873, p. 252: Kossmann, Reise roth.

Meer. Crust. p. 35: Miers, Phil. Trans. Vol. 168, 1879, p. 487, and Zool. H. M.S,

Alert. pp. 517, 582: de Man, Archiv. fur Naturges, LIII. 1887, i, p. 291: J. R.

Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 363: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb.

Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 443.

Carapace almost circular, its greatest length being inappreciably

less than it greatest breadth, closely covered with a spongy fur on

removal of which can be seen (1) faint depressions demarcating the

gastric and cardiac regions and incompletely separating the gastric

region into three sub-regions, others subdividing the branchio-hepatic

regions into faintly convex areole, and (2) a few granules on the

anterior part of the gastric region (in a transverse line) and on some

of the lobules of the branchio-hepatic regions.

Frout rather more than 2 the greatest breadth of the carapace in

extent, bilobed, separated rise the dentiform supra-orbital angle by a

174 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [ No. 1,

groove, its free edge irregularly denticulate. Orbital margin entire,

Lateral borders of the carapace somewhat granular.

Chelipeds markedly unequal, covered with fur, but not so much as

to entirely conceal their sculpture. The arm has both borders fringed

with fur and the distal corner of the upper surface granular; the

upper aud outer surfaces of the wrist are studded with sharpish

granules, as are the upper, outer and part of the inner surfaces of the

hands and the basal half of the finger — those towards the upper part

of the hand having a linear arrangement. ‘The fingers of the larger

cheliped are stout, truncated, blunt-pointed and strongly hollowed at

tip; those of the smaller cheliped, though also hollowed, are thin,

slender and pointed.

The legs are covered with a thick shaggy coat of fur, which is

specially long and adherent along the borders. When this is removed

the upper edge of the meropodites is finely granular, and the upper

borders of the following joints are traversed by several rows of sharpish

granules.

Colours in spirit, brownish yellow or fawn-colour, fingers white.

In the Indian Museum are 11 specimens, from Mekran coast,

Ceylon, Andamans and Nicobars (besides 11 from other parts of the

Indo-Pacific).

97. Cymo melanodactylus, De Haan.

Cymo melanodactylus, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 22: Dana, U. 8S. Expl.

Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 225, pl. xiii. fig. 1: Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.

1858, p. 34: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus, IX. 1873, p. 252: Ortmann,

Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1898-94, p. 442.

Cymo andreossyi var. melanodactylus, Miers, Zool. H. M. 8S. Alert, p. 533

de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. XXII. 1887-88, p. 35.

Differs from C. andreossyi in the following particulars :—

(1) the carapace is more lumpy; (2) the anterior half of the

lateral borders shows more distinct indications of three lobules,

some of which may even bear a spinelet; (3) the fingers are black,

except at tip.

In the Indian Museum are 8 specimens, from the Andamans,

Mergui and Ceylon, (besides 2 from other parts of the Indo-Pacific.)

98. ? Cymo deplanatus, A. Milne Edwards.

? Cymo deplanatus, A. Milne Edwards, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. I. 1873, p, 257.

This species, if I am correct in my identification, differs from

Cymo andreossyt only in the following particulars :—

The carapace is less subcircular and more elongate-pentagonal ;

1898. | A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. 175

it is as flat as a coin and is either quite smooth or has only a trans-

verse row of granules in the anterior part of the gastric region: the

somewhat pentagonal outline is due to the antero-lateral borders being

convergent from a distinct, though obtuse, angle of union with the

postero-lateral.

99. Cymo quadrilobatus, Miers.

Cymo quadrilobatus Miers, Zool. H. M.S. Alert, p. 533.

General form as of 0. andreossyt.

The carapace is covered with a fine close down which does not,

however, in the least conceal its sculpture.

On either side of the carapace just behind the front are two

granular transverse elevations (=Dana’s areole 2 F and 1M): the

branchio-hepatic regions are distinctly areolated, the areole having the

form of elevated clusters of pearly granules.

The front is really bilobed, but as each lobe has a deeply concave

edge and both angles surmounted by a granular tubercle, it appears

four-lobed.

The three grooves near the outer angle of the (beaded or crenulate

and somewhat tumid) orbital margin are very distinct. The anterior

half of the lateral margin of the carapace is divided into three granular

lobes. |

The chelipeds have the same general form and proportions as in

C. andreossyi: they are more or less invested with a fine down, which

does not conceal their sculpture: the upper surface of the arm is

covered with pearly granules: the upper and outer surfaces of the

wrist, and the upper, outer and much of the inner surfaces of the

hands, are covered with pearly granules, many of which, on the wrist

and in lines along the upper surface of the hand, unite to form

large wart-like tubercles: the fingers of the larger cheliped are stout,

truncated, blunt pointed and somewhat hollowed at tip; those of the

smaller cheliped, though hollowed, are thin and pointed.

The legs are thickly covered with fur and long adherent silky

hairs, beneath which the whole dorsal surface of the last four joints is

granular.

Colours in spirit: light yellow, with either livid or rich chestnut

brown mottled markings on the carapace: fingers of the larger hand

whitish, usually with a black base, those of the smaller hand black with

white tips; in both cases the distal half of the lower border of the hand

is black.

Carapace of largest specimen in the Indian Museum collection 15°5

millim. long, 16 millim. broad.

176 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

Tn the Indian Museum are 5 specimens, from Palk Straits, 5-7 fms.,

and off Little Andaman 12 fms.

100. Cymo tuberculatus, Ortmann.

Cymo tuberculatus, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 443.

This species, from the Maldive Islands, resembles C. quadrilobatus

in the characteristic sculpture of the chelipeds, and may perhaps be

identical with Miers’ species,

It is not represented in the Indian Museum.

Section II, Hyperomerista.

The efferent branchial channels are defined by a ridge on either

side of the palate, the ridges extending right up to the epistomial

edge.

Sub-family [V. Mentppina.

Carapace broad, transversely oval; front a fourth, or less than a

fourth the greatest breadth of the carapace. The basal antennal joint

does not nearly reach the front. The abdomen of the male has all 7

segments distinct and separate.

Alliance I. Menrpetorpa. Carapace convex, its antero-lateral

borders longer than the postero-lateral: ridges of the eudostome

faint.

Alliance II. Psrupoztota. Carapace flat, its antero-lateral borders

shorter than the postero-lateral: ridges of the endostome strong and

sharp.

Sub-family V. Ozina.

Carapace broad, transversely oval; front broad, about a third the

greatest breadth of the carapace. The basal antennal joint is broadly

in contact with the front. All 7 segments of male abdomen distinct

and separate. The efferent branchial channels very distinct and cir-

cumscribed.

Alliance I. Oztomwa. The orbital hiatus is open and is occupied

by the antennary flagellum.

Alliance Il. Ruepuettiorsa. The orbit is a completely closed

cavity.

Sub-family VI. Pitumnina.

Carapace moderately broad; front about a third the greatest

breadth of the carapace: the antero-lateral borders of the carapace

1898. ] A. Aleock— Carcinological. Fauna of Fndia. 177

are not longer than, and are often shorter than, the postero-lateral.

The basal antennal joint does not touch, or only just touches, the

front. :

Alliance J. Pinumnompa. Carapace commonly densely tomentose,

its regions commonly well defined and areolated.

Alliance Il. Hereropanopiotpa. Carapace smooth, its regions

either not at all, or not very well defined.

Sub-family VII. Enrieatna.

Carapace sub-quadrilateral, the antero-lateral borders not forming

an arch but meeting the postero-lateral borders at a very open and

inconspicuous angle. Front very broad, half or more the greatest

width of the carapace, and, with the orbits, occupying the whole anterior

border of the carapace. Basal antennal joint not touchiug the front.

Abdomen of the male either with all 7 segments distinct or with the

3rd, 4th and 5th fused.

Alliance I. Eripuioipa. The gastric region, at least, is well

defined: basal antennal joint short and thick: orbits deep: arms stout

and short.

Alliance II. Trapsztoipa. Carapace perfectly smooth, without

trace of regions: basal antennal joint slender: orbits shallow, affording

little concealment to the eyes: arms long or very long, projecting in

large part or entirely beyond the carapace, in repose.

Alliance III, Domectorpa, No trace of regions; orbits shallow ;

arms short; legs, chelipeds, and frontal and antero-lateral borders of

carapace strongly spinate. Merus of external maxillipeds more than

twice as broad as long.

Alliance IV. Metiorpa. Carapace hexagonal, the regions either

absent or fairly well defined ; basal antennal joint slender; orbits

shallow. The chelipeds are very much shorter and slenderer than the

legs.

Subfamily IV. Menippina.

Alliance I. Menippioida.

Menippe. Myomenippe.

Mentrre, De Haan.

Menippe, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 21.

Pseudocarcinus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 407.

Menippe, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (4) XX, 1863, p. 280; and

Exp. Sci. Mex. Crust. p. 262.

Carapace broad, transversely oval, moderately convex fore and aft,

J. u, 23

178 A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [ Noed;

very slightly so from side to side; the regions, except the gastric, little

defined.

Antero-lateral borders long, strongly arched, cut into four teeth ;

postero-lateral borders slightly shorter than antero-lateral, convergent ;

posterior border short.

Front narrow, less than a fifth the greatest uneaaih of the carapace,

rather prominent, almost horizontal, cut into two prominent lobes, the

outer angle of each of which forms a distinct tooth.

Orbit with the three grooves near the outer angle well marked:

inner orbital angles—both upper and lower—well pronounced. LHyes

on short thick stalks.

The side edges of the front are not turned down and the short

basal antennal joint does not nearly reach the front, so that the cavities

of the orbits and antennules are not properly separated : the next antennal

joint just reaches the front, and the long antennary flagellum stands in

the orbital hiatus. The antennules fold nearly transversely.

The anterior edge of the merus of the external maxillipeds is

oblique and a little sinuous but not excised.

The ridges of the endostome, defining the expiratory channels, are

complete, but low and faint.

Chelipeds massive, a little unequal in both sexes; fingers stout,

pointed, not hollowed.

Abdomen of male singularly broad, all seven segments distinct.

101. Menippe rumphii, Fabr., v. Martens.

Cancer rumphii, Fabr., Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 836: Herbst, Krabben, III. i. 63,

pl. xlix. fig. 2.

Menippe rumphii, v. Martens, Archiv. fiir Naturges. XXXVIII. 1872, p. 88:

de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 36: Henderson, Trans, Linn.

Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 363.

Pseudocarcinus bellangeri, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 409, pl. xiv bis,

fig. 15.

Menippe bellangeri, Heller, Novara Crust. p. 15: Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel, VIII.

1886, p. 474,

Gastric region distinct and fairly distinctly. subdivided into three

lobes; between it and the front are four pimple-like tubercles standing

ina square. Two low indistinct somewhat granular elevations, nearly

parallel with the curve of the antero-lateral border, traverse either

branchial region; the first, which is the more distinct, can generally be

traced across the gastric’ region also. The surface of the carapace is

finely pitted antero-laterally, but elsewhere is smooth. |

The front, which is not quite a fifth the greatest breadth of the

carapace, consists of two prominent round-pointed lobes, outside of

1898, ] : A. Alcock— Carcinological Fauna of India. 179

each of which is a prominent: rounded tooth separated from the supra

orbital margin by a groove.

The antero-lateral border is fairly sharp and is divided into four

broad lobes, of which the last two are distinctly, the first two indis-

tinctly, acuminate.

-Chelipeds massive, a little unequal, smooth with some fine and

distant pitting: inner angle of wrist bluntly prominent; fingers stout,

rather short.

Legs stout, smooth, except the upper border which is sometimes

microscopically granular: upper border of carpopodites sparsely, both

borders of propodites and dactyli more thickly, hairy.

‘Colours in spirit reddish or brownish yellow with sometimes a fine

network of darker markings ; fingers black.

In the Indian Museum are 100 specimens, from Penang, Tavoy,

Mergui, Madras coast, Ceylon, Laccadives, Karachi and Persian Gulf.

Subgenus Myomenippe, Hilgendorf.

Myomenippe, Hilgendrof, MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 795.

Closely resembles Menippe in all respects, but differs (1) in the

orbit being a completely closed cavity, owing to the contact of its upper

and lower inner angles; hence the long antennary flagellum is quite

excluded from the orbit, and (2) in the front being rather broader

(nearly a fourth the greatest breadth of the carapace) and six-lobulate.

102, Menippe (Myomenippe) granulosa, A. M. Edw.

Menippe granulosa, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc, Ent. Fr. (4) VII. 1867,

p. 275.

Myomenippe duplicidens, Hilgendorf MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 796, (fide de

Man.)

Myomenippe granulosa, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 40,

pl. ii. fig. 1; and Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII. 1894-95, p. 525.

The gastric region is fairly well demarcated and subdivided into

three areas, the two antero-lateral of which have the surface broken

up into low granular convexities : the lateral regions of the carapace are

also rugose, the wrinkles being granular and falling into two broken series

almost parallel with the curve of the antero-lateral borders. Every

margin of the carapace is granular, as is also—besides the rugosities

already mentioned—but more finely, a good deal of the surface near

the margins.

The antero-lateral border is thin and rather sharp and is cut into

four teeth, the first three of which are broad and anteriorly acuminate,

the last narrow and carinated.

180 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

The front, which is nearly a fourth the greatest breadth of the

carapace, is prominent, is separated from the orbit by a deep notch,

and is bilobed, each lobe being cut into three teeth. The inner lower

angle of the orbit is of the same size and form and as prominent as

the innermost (largest) lobule of the frontal lobes.

Chelipeds massive, a little unequal; upper and outer surfaces of

wrist and upper (and sometimes in the case of the smaller cheliped the

greater part of the outer) surface of hand granular; fingers stout and

rather short : inner angle of wrist sharply prominent, somewhat upcurved,

a finely beaded line passing from its summit, backwards, along the whole

length of the wrist.

Legs stout, with a rough and furred or scurfy surface, the upper

border of the last four joints and the lower border of the last two

rather abundantly fringed with fine stiff hairs.

Colours in spirit light brown, or greenish brownish yellow ; fingers

black.

In the Indian Museum are 6 specimens, from Mergui, Arakan,

Diamond I., Singapore,

Alliance II. Pseudozioida.

Psgvupozius, Dana.

Pseudozius, Dana, Silliman’s Journal (2) XII. 1851, p. 127; Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci.

Philad. 1852, p. 81; and U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 232,

Pseudozius, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 141.

Carapace broad, transversely oval, little convex or quite flat, the

regions not demarcated.

Antero-lateral border arched, shorter than postero-lateral border,

obscurely divided into four very shallow lobes.

Front rather broad, much more than a fourth the greatest breadth

of the carapace, separated from the orbit by a notch, excised in the

middle line and having the outer angles pronounced,—and so, obscurely

four-partite.

Orbital margin entire, the upper and lower inner angles almost in

contact. The antennules fold nearly transversely.

Basal antennal joint very short, the next joint reaches the front;

the flagellum, which is hardly as long as the major diameter of the

orbit, lodged in a notch between the front and the orbital wall, but

quite outside the latter.

The crests of the endostome, defining the expiratory channels, are

strong, and the anterior border of the merus of the external maxillipeds

is notched to assist in forming a permanent expiratory orifice.

1898,] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 18L

Chelipeds massive, unequal in both sexes, the fingers pointed, not

hollowed.

Abdomen of the male with all 7 segments distinct.

103, Pseudozius caystrus (Ad. and White) Miers.

Panopeus caystrus, Adams and White, Samarang Crust. p. 42, pl. ix. fig. 2.

Pseudozius planus, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 81; and U.S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 233, pl, xiii, figs.6a-h: Richters in Mobius, Meeresf.

Maurit. p. 148.

Pseudozius caystrus, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 142: Ortmann, Zool.

Jahrb., Syst., VII, 1893-94, p. 434; and in Semon’s Forschungsr. (Jena. Denk.

VIII), Crust. p. 49: de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII, 1895, p. 525: Whitelegge,

Mem. Austral. Mus. III, 1897, p. 136.

_Carapace transversely oval, depressed, smooth, almost flat behind

the deflexed finely granular fronto-orbital region: no distinct regional

boundaries.

The antero-lateral border is fairly sharp and is obscurely divided

into four shallow lobes, the first two of which are rounded and almost

confluent.

Front between a third and a fourth the greatest breadth of the

carapace, bluntly four-partite.

Orbits with the margins entire, eyes small.

The buccal cavern is distinctly narrower anteriorly than posteriorly.

Chelipeds unequal, very massive, quite smooth to the naked eye ;

two strongish tubercles at the inner angle of the wrist; fingers arched,

pointed, in the adult male they meet only at tip.

Legs smooth, dactyli furred, a few fine scattered silky bristles on

the propodite.

Colours in spirit brownish yellow, fingers darker.

In the Indian Museum are 63 specimens, mostly from the An-

damans, but also from the Mekran (Baluchistan) coast, the Laccadives,

and Bombay or Aden. (Also 2 from Samoa and 1] from Bantam).

Subfamily V. Ozina.

Alliance I. Ozioida.

Ozius. Epixanthus,

Ozius, Edw.

Ozius, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 404.

Ozius, Dana, Silliman’s Journ, (2) XII. 1851, p. 127; and U. S. Expl. Exp.

Crust. pt. I. p. 229.

Ozius, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (4) XX. 1863, p. 289; and Nouv.

Archiv, du Mus. 1X. 1873, p. 237; and Miss. Sci. Mex., Crust. p. 276.

182 A. Aleock— Carcinological Fauna of India. [ Notiy

Carapace broad, transversely oblate-oval, moderately convex fore

and aft, slightly convex or nearly flat from side to side; the regions,

except the gastric, little defined ; the surface smooth, or granular, often

rugose anteriorly.

Antero-lateral borders of good length, strongly arched, usually

broadly crenate or lobulate: postero-lateral borders convergent, usually

about as long as the antero-lateral.

Front rather broad (considerably more than a fourth the greatest

breadth of the carapace) obliquely deflexed, cut into four lobules or

teeth of about equal size, separated from the orbit by a notch.

Orbits deep, rather small, the grooves near the outer angle in-

conspicuous: eyes on short thick stalks. The antennules fold nearly

transversely.

Basal antennal joint prolonged between the side of the ay and

the orbital plate ; the flagellum, which is very small (about half the

major diameter of the orbit in length), stands in the orbital hiatus.

The ridges of the endostome, defining the expiratory channels,

are very strong, and the opposed margin of the merus of the external

maxillipeds is notched, usually very deeply, so that a permanent

expiratory orifice results.

Chelipeds massive, unequal in both sexes; the fingers of good

length, pointed not hollowed. In the Indian species there is a very

large tooth at the base of the dactylus of the larger hand.

The abdomen of the male consists of 7 segments.

Key to the Indian species of Osius.

I, Carapace more than 3? as long as broad, scabrous, more

or less studded — like the wrists and hands—with salient

Oar ly MMDEFGlES vaca, part eodheee de cee nee clies eesnseors ww... O, tuberculosus,

II. Carapace 3 as long as bean ‘sui datl to feel, no titer bess ;

surface of wrists and hands—all or part—reticulate

PBESMORS! ith. 1. hsb is sduvles tec gee ddd Lal's See Ggited ba} Dos ew h'siveiaue'n st!) GQ MiaMmnaR IEE

104. Ozius rugulosus, Stimpson.

Ozius rugulosus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 34: Heller,

Novara Crust. p. 22, pl. iii. fig. 1: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. 1V.

1868, p. 71, and IX. 1873, p. 240, pl. xi. fig. 3: Miers, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 185: Haswell,

Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 63: Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat. Napol. LII. 1889, p. 204: Ortmann,

Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 477, and in Semon’s Forschungsr. (Jena. Denk.

VIII.) Crust. p. 53.

Carapace two-thirds as long as broad, its surface everywhere finely

pitted but not rough, a good deal rugulose and finely eroded just inside

the antero-lateral borders: gastric region fairly well defined and in-

1898. ] A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 183

completely subdivided into three areole: branchial regions traversed

by two ridges, which run respectively from the 8rd and 4th lobes of

the antero-lateral borders, obliquely upwards and inwards to the gastric

region.

Front cut into 4 equidistant teeth. Antero-lateral border rather

faintly divided into 5 lobes, of which the first two are broad and round-

ed and the last three are bluntly acuminate. Orbital margin slightly

tumid, well marked off from carapace; faint traces of two grooves

near the outer angle; the inner angle of the lower margin a little

prominent.

The upper and outer surfaces of both wrists and of the smaller

hand, and the upper surface of the larger hand are reticulate-rugulose.

Legs stout, the last three joints and part of the under surface of

the meropodites of all are tomentose.

Efferent branchial foramen large, sub-quadrangular.

Colours in spirit, dark violet brown or dark bluish brown, fingers

black.

In the Indian Museum are 5 specimens, from the Andamans and

Arakan.

105. Ozius tuberculosus, Edw. |

Ozius tuberculosus, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 405: Heller, Novara

Crust. p. 23: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 238, pl. xi.

fig. 2: Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel VIII. 1886, p. 474: de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool.,

XXII. 1887-88, p. 45: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 364.

Carapace more than two-thirds as long as broad, studded (except

sometimes in the central and posterior parts) with small sharp pearly

tubercles; gastric region well defined and imperfectly divided into

elongate areole; branchial regions crossed transversely by two cres-

centic furrows, which have a common starting-point at the fourth tooth

of the antero-lateral margin; post-orbital furrow well defined.

Front sunk below the level of the orbits, cut into four equidistant

scabrous teeth. Antero-lateral border granular, cut into five teeth

(exclusive of the orbital angle), of which the last is tuberculiform and

the first four are broad and anteriorly-acuminate.

The lower edge of the orbit is separated from the tumid acch of the

upper edge by a small gap, and is deeply concave between the dentiform

external and internal angles.

Basal antennal joint massive, sinuous, granular. Efferent branchial

foramen large, subcircular. |

Chelipeds and legs with rough harsh surfaces: the upper and outer

surfaces of the wrists and hands are for the most part studded with

184 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. ],

sharp pearly tubercles like those on the carapace: the inner angle of

the wrist is somewhat produced and forms a double-crowned tubercle.

The whole animal has a harsh feel, due partly to the roughness of

the surface and partly to the presence of very short, stubbly, scattered

bristles.

Colours in spirit, light red or madder, fingers darker, dactyli of

legs blackish.

In the Indian Museum are two specimens, from Mergui and the

Nicobars.

Epixantnos, Heller.

Epizanthus, Heller, SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, i. p. 323.

Epivanthus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (4) XX. 1863, p. 290; and

Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 240.

Epizanthus, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. XXII. 1887-88, p. 45.

Carapace very broad, transversely oval, either moderately convex

or almost flat, the regions very obscurely marked.

Antero-lateral borders long, strongly arched, with a thin sharp

edge, usually regularly fissured or dentate: postero-lateral borders

strongly convergent.

Front broad (from one-fourth to nearly one-third the greatest

breadth of the carapace), slightly deflexed, separated from the supra-

orbital margin by a notch, cut into four teeth or lobes. Hither a suture

or a gap beneath outer angle of orbit.

Antennules folding transversely, inter-antennulary septum broad.

Basal antennal joint very broad and short, largely in contact with the

front ; flagellum very short (less than half the major diameter of the

orbit), lodged in the orbital hiatus.

The ridges of the endostome, defining the expiratory canal, are

very strong, but the anterior border of the merus of the external

maxillipeds is either not at all or only very slightly notched.

Chelipeds massive, unequal in both sexes; fingers long, pointed,

those of the smaller hand being remarkably long and slender.

Abdomen of the male with all 7 segments distinct.

Key to the Indian species of Epixanthus.

I. Carapace nearly flat, nearly smooth; antero-lateral

border divided by very short narrow fissures into four

BVORM BHALMOW LODGI ics vc so coiscy.scccecrsedeedicco.cossavesicgores dina RGR MmmEE

II. Carapace convex, scabrous; antero-lateral border deep-

' ly cut into five sharp thin teeth..,.......cccscscscossserseesee 2, dentatus.

1898. ] A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 185

106. Hpixanthus frontalis, (Edw.) Heller.

Ozius frontalis, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I, 406: Krauss, Sudafr.

Crust. p. 31: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 34: Hilgendorf, in v. d.

Decken’s Reisen Ost-Afr. III, i. p. 75.

Epizanthus frontalis, Heller, Novara Crust. p. 20: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv.

Archiv. du Mus. IX, 1873, p. 241: Kossmann, Reise roth. Meer., Crust. p. 36:

Richters, in Mébius, Meeresf. Maurit. p. 148, pl. xvi. fig. 16: Lenz and Richters,

Abh. senck. Ges. XII, 1881, p. 421: Miers, Zool. H. M. S. Alert, pp. 517, 534:

F. Muller, Verh. Ges, Basel, VIII, 1886, p. 474: de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool.,

XXII, 1887-88, p. 46; and Archiv. fur Naturges. LIII, 1887, i. p. 292; and Zool.

Jahrb., Syst. 1894-95, p. 525; Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat. Napol. III, 1889, p. 205; J. R.

Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 364: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb.,

Syst., VII, 1893-94, p. 477.

Epivanthus kotschii, Heller, SB. Ak. Berl. XLIII, 1861, i. p. 325, pl. i. fig. 14

( fide Heller),

Carapace transversely oval, depressed, almost flat, its length a little

over 3 its breadth, granular and finely and faintly rugulose just inside

the frontal and antero-lateral borders, smooth elsewhere. The gastric

region and its three subregions are faintly indicated, and a low fine

sinuous ridge completely traverses each branchial region from tle last

tooth of the antero-lateral border.

The front, which is a good deal less than a third the greatest

breadth of the carapace, and has a double edge, is cut into four low

teeth, Below the outer angle of the orbit there is a suture, not a gap.

Antero-lateral border thin and sharp, divided by short, narrow

notches into four very broad shallow lobes, of which only the last two

are at all acuminate.

Chelipeds massive, remarkably unequal—in the adult male espe-

cially. They are practically smooth. The fingers of the larger hand

of the adult male are strongly arched and meet only at tip.

Legs almost smooth; the borders of the dactylus and of the distal

half of the propodite, in all, are covered with a short stubbly fur.

Colours in spirit, dirty yellowish or greenish brown, fingers blackish.

In the Indian Museum are 60 specimens, from the Andamans,

Mergui, Akyab, Orissa coast, Ceylon, Makran coast (besides 22 speci-

mens from localities outside India).

107. Hpixanthus dentatus, (White).

Panopeus dentatus, White, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 226; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) IT,

1848, p. 286 ; Adams and White ‘Samarang’ Crust. p. 41, pl. xi. fig. 1.

Heteropanope dentatus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, p. 35: A,

Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 71.

Epixanthus dentatus, Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 233: de Man,

Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 46: Henderson, Trans, Linn, Soc., Zool.,

J. u. 24

186 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

(2) V. 1893, p. 364: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 478 ; and in

Semon’s Forschungsr. (Jena. Denk. VIII.) Crust. p. 53.

Epizanthus dilatatus, de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. I. 1879, p. 58 (fide de Man).

Panopeus acutidens, Haswell, P. L. 8., N.S. W., VI. 1881-82, p. 542; and Cat.

Austral. Crust. p. 51, pl. i. fig. 2.

Carapace transversely oval, convex fore and aft, slightly so from

side to side; its length about 5% its breadth; its surface granular and

somewhat tuberculous anteriorly, the tubercles being almost squami-

form and fringed with short stubbly hair. The gastric region and its

three subregions are very faintly indicated: the branchial regions are

traversed by a low, sinuous, finely granular ridge.

The front, which is somewhat less than a third the greatest

breadth of the carapace, has a rather indistinctly double edge and is

cut into four lobes. There is a distinct gap in the orbital margin just

below the outer orbital angle. 3

The antero-lateral border is deeply cut into five very thin sharp-

edged teeth.

The exposed surfaces of the arms wrists and hands are finely reti-

culate-rugulose (most strongly marked on the hands) the reticulating

wrinkles being covered with a very short stubbly or scurfy tomentum.

Similar reticulating lines and patches of the same stubbly or scurfy

growth also closely cover the surfaces of the leg joints.

Colours in spirit, dull earthly brown or yellowish, the carapace and

chelipeds commonly mottled or marbled.

In the Indian Museum are 5 specimens, from Mergui and the

Andamans (besides 2 from the South Sea Is.).

Alliance II. Ruppellioida.

Kuruppellia. Baptozius.

Subgenus HurvpPELLIA.

Ruppellia, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 420 (part).

Ruppellia, Dana, Silliman’s Journal (2) XII. 1851, p. 128, and U. S. Expl. Exp.

Crust. pt. I. p. 245.

Ruppellia, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (4) XX. 1863, p. 291.

Euruppellia, Miers, Zool., H. M.S. Alert, p. 534.

Differs from Ozius only in the form of the orbits. The upper and

lower inner angles of the orbit are in contact, so as to close the orbit

and to completely exclude the antennary flagellum.

I do not think this character is of generic importance, and I agree

with Kossmann that the type of this genus should be included with

Oxzus.

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carecinological Fauna of India. 187

There is however one species, Rwppellia vinosa, Edw., that is

entirely different from any of the species (with, perhaps, the exception

of Ruppellia lata, A. M. E.) with which it has hitherto been supposed

to be congeneric.

This species I have separated as the type of a new genus Baptozius.

If, however, the other species of H. Milne Edwards’ genus Ruppellia

are referred to Ozius, then the name Huruppellia must be retained, in

a different sense, for Ruppellia vinosa Hdw., and the name Baptozius

must lapse.

108. Ozius (Huruppellia) tenax, Ruppell.

Cancer tenaz, Riippell, 24 Krabben roth. Meer., p. 11, pl. iii. fig. 1, pl. vi. fig. 5.

Endora tenazx, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 22.

Ruppellia tenaz, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 421: Kossmann, Reise

roth. Meer., Crust., p. 40.

Carapace transversely oblate-oval, two-thirds as long as broad,

rugulose and granular antero-laterally, smooth to the naked eye else-

where. Gastric region well demarcated in its anterior two-thirds, and

broken up into five incompletely separated but rather convex lobules:

branchio-hepatic regions divided into two transverse somewhat convex

areas, independent of the rugosities inside the antero-lateral margin.

Front sunk below the level of the orbits, cut into four equidistant

rounded granular teeth. Supra-orbital margin tumid, well delimited

from carapace, with two distinct grooves near the outer angle. Infra-

orbital margin separated from the supra-orbital by a notch, deeply

concave between the prominent dentiform internal and external angles.

Antero-lateral border granular, cut into five teeth, the first four of

which are broad and anteriorly-acuminate, the fifth tuberculiform.

Chelipeds markedly unequal; upper and outer surfaces of wrist

very finely granular, upper and more or less of outer surface of hand

granular and studded with larger pustulous granules: inner angle of

wrist bluntly bicuspid: fingers pointed, those of smaller hand long and

rather slender, as in typical Ozius; those of larger hand stout, the

movable finger with a huge tooth at base, as in Indian species of

Ozius. ,

Legs stout, finely granular under a lens, but smooth to naked eye ;

the dactyli covered with velvet up to the claw.

Colours in spirit reddish yellow, the reddish tinge darkest on

carapace.

In the Indian Museum is a fine specimen from the Mekran (Balu-

chistan) coast.

188 A. Aleock— Careinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

109. Ozius (Huruppellia) annulipes, Edw.

Ruppellia annulipes, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 422: Dana, U.S. Expl.

Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 246, pl. xiv. figs. 4a—-c: Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

1858, p. 37: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 71: Haswell,

Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 73: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb,, Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. A479:

Whitelegge, Mem. Austral. Mus. ITI. 1897, p. 137.

Euruppellia annulipes, Miers, Zool. H. M. 8. Alert, pp. 517, 523: de Man, Archiv.

fur Naturges. LIIT. 1887, i. p. 293, pl. xi. fig. 4 (hand only).

Closely resembles Ozius (Huruppellia) tenax, but differs as fol-

lows:—(1) the front is cut into four broader, shallower and much less

prominent teeth: (2) the five teeth of the antero-lateral border are

much sharper, and the margin of the first three is sharp and crest-like :

(3) the supra-orbital margin is, practically, entire, the grooves near the

outer angle being hardly visible even with a lens: (4) the infra-orbital

margin is separated from the supra-orbital only by a shallow groove, is

not concave, and has its outer angle hardly prominent.

In the Indian Museum is a specimen from Muscat (besides one

from Samoa).

BaPTozivs, n. gen.

Ruppellia (part) Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 420.

Type Roupprniia vinosa, Edw. (Op. cit. I. 422).

Carapace broad, transversely oval, moderately convex fore and aft,

slightly so from side to side, with no indication of regions,

Front very broad, about two-fifths the greatest breadth of the

carapace, obliquely deflexed, with a thin almost straight edge.

Antero-lateral border short, not two-thirds the length of the

postero-lateral, thin, cut into four sharp-edged teeth.

Orbits large, with a sharp, prominent, entire edge: the upper and

lower inner angles are in contact, so as to completely exclude the anten-

nary flagellum.

Antennules folding nearly ‘transversely, the inter-antennulary

septum very broad.

Basal antennal joint massive; the flagellum of good length (about

three-quarters the major diameter of the large orbit), lodged beneath

the front and quite outside the orbital wall.

The crests of the endostome that define the expiratory canals are

very strong, and a permanent orifice is formed not, as in Ozius, by a

notch in the anterior border of the merus of the external maxillipeds —

for the anterior border of the merus of the external maxillipeds is

1898. | A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 189

entire— but by a deep emargination of the prolonged foliaceous oper-

cular process of the first maxillipeds.

Chelipeds fairly massive, unequal in both sexes; fingers of good

length, pointed.

Abdomen of male with all seven segments distinct.

110. Baptozius vinosus, (Kdw.)

Ruppellia vinosa, Milne Edwards, Hist, Nat. Crust. I. 422.

Eurwppellia vinosa, de Man, in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-Ind. IT.

1892, p. 278, pl. i. fig. 1.

Carapace broad, transversely oval, with a shiny frosted surface due

to extremely close fine granulation, the granules becoming vesiculous

and plainly visible to the naked eye near the frontal, orbital, and lateral

borders.

The orbits are marked off by a fine groove, a short shallow

A-shaped groove bisects the front and ends on the anterior part of the

gastric region, and a fine sinuous crease passes from the interval

between the third and fourth tooth of the antero-lateral margin inwards

towards the gastric region; otherwise the surface of the carapace is

unbroken.

Front nearly two-fifths the greatest breadth of the carapace, almost

straight, with a fine double edge, the upper rim of which runs on to the

orbit while the lower turns obliquely downwards to rest on the basal

antennal joint, — both rims finely beaded.

The antero-lateral borders are cut into four thin sharp-edged teeth,

the first three of which are somewhat angular, while the last is elegantly

procurved : the edges of all are finely beaded.

The orbits are large and almost subtubular: the finely-beaded edge

is entire, and the inner angle of the lower border is bluntly prominent :

quite inside the orbit, where the cornea comes into contact, is an elegant

fringe of eye-lashes.

The upper and outer surfaces of the wrists and hands are finely

frosted: the inner angle of the wrist has the form of a sharp spine.

The last three joints of the legs are more or less covered with a

harsh tomentum, thickest along the upper surface.

Colours in spirit: carapace dark purple above, dark greenish below,

legs greenish, chelipeds greenish daubed with red and purple, fingers

red. In very old spirit specimens the carapace and chelipeds are of a

rosy madder.

In the Indian Museum are 4 specimens from the Andamans and

one from an unrecorded (Indian) locality.

190 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [ No. 1,

Sub-family VI. Pitomnina.

Alliance I. Piluwmnoida.

Pilumnus. Actumnus.

Pitumnus, Leach.

Pilumnus, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. XI. 1815, p. 321; and Malac. Podophth.

Brit.: Latreille, Encycl. Meth. X. p. 124: Desmarest, Consid. Gen. Crust. p. 111 :

De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 19: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 415:

Dana, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2) XII. 1851, p. 127, and U. S. Expl.

Exp. Crust. p. 229: Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (4) XX. 1863, p. 285 :

Kossmann, Reise roth. Meer. p. 37: Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. Mex. Crust. p. 280:

Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 145.

In the numerous species of this genus the carapace and legs are

generally thickly covered with hair.

Carapace transversely oval or subquadrilateral, declivous anteriorly ,

flat posteriorly, not greatly broader than long; the regions, as a rule,

but moderately plainly demarcated and areolated.

Antero-lateral borders not longer, but commonly shorter, than the

postero-lateral, and cut into teeth which, very commonly, are spiniform.

The front is usually about a third the greatest breadth of the cara-

pace, but is sometimes broader: it is cut into two lobes, the outer angle

of each of which commonly forms an independent dentiform or spini-

form lobule separated from the supra-orbital angle by a groove or notch.

The orbits generally have a gap or fissure just below the outer

angle, and one or two gaps or notches in the upper border: the imner

lower orbital angle is commonly sharp and prominent, The eyestalks

are moderately long and slender.

The antennules fold transversely. The basal antennal joint is

short, either not quite touching the front, or just touching it by its

inner angle; the flagellum, which is planted in the orbital hiatus, is

long, usually very much more than the major diameter of the orbit.

The ridges of the endostome, defining the expiratory channels, are

usually plain but not very high: the anterior border of the merus of the

external maxillipeds is almost transverse and is not notched.

The chelipeds are stout, the fingers coarse, short and pointed,

Legs usually stout and of moderate length.

The abdomen of the male consists of seven separate segments.

Key to the Indian species of Pilumnus.

1. Abnormal species :—

Carapace and chelipeds quite smooth and devoid of hair P. levis.

Carapace covered with symmetrically disposed, raised,

curved or sinwated TIGER: slsee fh dedicvese! | thi eeeha athe vas ewiee P, labyrintiices.

1898. | A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India.

2. Normal species in which the carapace (like the legs and

the greater part of the chelipeds) is covered with a more

or less thick coat of hair, and is without raised ridges :—

I. Front about a third the greatest breadth of the

carapace :—

i. Carapace declivous anteriorly, flat posterior-

ly ; the outer orbital angle is not a spine,

though it may be sharp :—

1. Upper margin of orbit with two, very

distinct, triangular gaps or notches :—

a. Asubhepatic spine just below

outer orbital angle...... weadais canes

b. No subhepatic spine :—

#. Free edge of front, and

upper margin of orbit, finely

denticulate: front very pro-

191

P. vespertilio.

WAINGWG | odeas dees apvindddpocess Ls LONGICOTNIS.

y» Free edge of front, and up-

per orbital margin, smooth

or nearly so: front not

PP OURIIONG Sia cies sax par eee von

2. Upper margin of orbit with one or

both of the two notches indistinct or

absent :—

a. Regions and areolz of carapace

convex, uniformly granular, and

separated by smooth, deepish,

clean-cut grooves ..........

b. Regions etc. of carapace faintly

demarcated and not uniformly

granular :—

xz. Notches in the denticulated

upper orbital margin faint

but distinguishable .........

y. Only one notch in the

smooth upper orbital mar-

gin, and that faint: legs

long and slender ......e00.0.

ii. Carapace uniformly convex, or globose; the

outer orbital angle isa spine like those of

the antero-lateral border :—

1. Regions of carapace fairly distinct :

whole outer surface of larger hand

covered with saa prominent spine-

like tubercles..

2. Regions of carapace faints tafoae aah

of outer surface of hand smooth......

II. Front nearer half than a third the greatest

breadth of the carapace, nearly straight, finely

denticulated, emarginate in the middle line..,.,....

P. andersoni.

. P. cerulescens.

P. sluiteri.

P. cursor.

. P. dorsipes.

P. hirsutus.

P. dehaanii.

192 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

111. Pilumnus vespertilio, Fabr.

Cancer vespertilio, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. II, 463, and Suppl. p. 338.

Pilumnus vespertilio, Desmarest, Consid. Gen. Crust. p. 112: Latreille, Encyc.

Meth. X. p. 125: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 418, and in Cuvier’s Régne

An., Crust, pl. xiv. fig. 8: Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 236: Heller,

SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 343: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX.

1873, p. 242: Miers, Crust. New Zealand, p. 19; and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V.

1880, p. 234; and Zool. H. M.S. Alert, pp. 183, 219: Tozzetti, Magenta Crust. p. 55,

pl. iv. figs. 25, 27, 32: Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 793: E. Nauck, Zeits.

Wiss. Zool. XXXIV. 1880, p. 53 (gastric teeth): Richters in Mobius Meeresf. Maurit.

p- 148: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 65: Filhol, Crust. New Zealand, p. 374,

pl. xlv. fig. 5: de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1587-88, p. 58 ; and Archiv.

fiir Nat. LILI. 1887, i. p. 295; and in Weber’s Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-Ind. II.

1892, p. 288; and Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII. 1894-95, p. 537: Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat.

Napol. II. 1889, p. 206: A. O. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XX. 1886-90,

p. 110: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool. (2) V. 1893, p. 365: Ortmann,

Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, pp. 436, 438, and in Semon’s Forschungsr. (Jena.

Denk. VIII) Crust. p. 49: Zehntner, Rev. Suisse Zool. II. 1894. p. 154.

Pilumnus ursuluws, Adams and White, Samarang Crust. p. 45, pl. ix. fig. 6:

Hess, Archiv. fir Nat. XXXI. 1865, i. pp. 137, 171, pl. vi. fig. 2: Kossmann, Reise

roth. Meer., Crust. p. 39: F. Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel, VIII. 1886, p. 475.

Jarapace, legs and chelipeds (with the exception of the fingers and

the lower corner and lower border of the hand, which are bare) entirely

concealed by a thick, dark, shaggy coat of coarse, tufted and somewhat

matted hair. The hairs are of two kinds, longer and shorter, the longer

being most numerous on the legs and on the borders of the carapace.

The following description (and the descriptions of all the species men-

tioned in this paper) applies to the denuded animal.

Carapace transversely oval, nearly 2 as long as broad, flat pos-

teriorly, a good deal deflexed anteriorly, the regions fairly distinctly

delimited and areolated, the surface studded with small well-separated

clusters of granules, from which the hairs spring.

Front obliquely deflexed, about a third the greatest breadth of the

carapace, cut into two lobes, each of which consists of a large prominent

convex inner division and a small receding semi-independent, but not

dentiform, outer angle, lying nearly in front of the inner upper angle of

the orbit.

The orbital margins, like the edge of the front, are smooth or

obscurely crenulate; in the upper margin are two broad triangular

gaps: the outer angle of the orbit is sharp but not spiniform, and imme-

diately below it is a fissure or gap in the infra-orbital margin.

The antero-lateral border is a little shorter than the postero-lateral,

and is cut into three spiniform teeth, besides which there is a sub-

hepatic denticle behind and below the outer orbital angle.

1898. | A. Aleock—Carcinological Fauna of India. 193

The chelipeds are unequal: the inner angle of the wrist may be

sharp, but is never spiniform: the upper and outer surfaces of the

wrists, of the smaller hand, and of all but the lower border and lower

outer corner of the larger hand (which is quite bare and usually quite

smooth) are covered with clusters of granules, some of which, on the

smaller hand—and sometimes also on the larger hand —are arranged

in longitudinal series,

The carpopodites and propodites of all the legs, and the meropodites

also of the last pair, have the anterior and dorsal aspects granular. The

longest legs are not much more than half again as long as the carapace.

In the Indian Museum are 64 specimens, chiefly from the Anda-

mans, but also from Mergui and Palk Straits; (besides 10 specimens

from other parts of the Indo-Pacific). i

Pilumnus vespertilio, var.

Differs from the above only in having (1) the fur stiff, fine, bristly,

and golden-yellow in colour, and (2) the whole of the outer surface —

but not the lower border—of the larger hand granular.

In the Indian Museum are 9 specimens from Karachi and 1 from

Tavoy.

112. Pilumnus longicornis, Hilgendorf.

Pilumnus longicornis, Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berl., 1878, p. 794, pl. i. figs. 8, 9.

Carapace covered with a fine and very short fur, amid which —

especially anteriorly —are numerous long silky bristles. Legs and

chelipeds — except the larger hand, the greater part of which is quite

bare — covered with similar fur and fringed with similar bristles.

Carapace somewhat quadrilateral or hexagonal, about } as long as

broad, anteriorly deflexed, posteriorly flat; the regions fairly distinctly

defined and areolated, the surface granular near the frontal and antero-

lateral margins, elsewhere smooth to the naked eye.

Front obliquely deflexed, about a third the greatest breadth of the

carapace, deeply cut into two lobes, each of which consists of a promi-

nent angularly-convex inner portion and an independent spiniform outer

angle; the free edge finely and evenly denticulate.

Two triangular gaps in the finely denticulated upper orbital margin

and a fissure in the denticulated lower margin, just below the outer

angle, which is not dentiform or very conspicuous.

Antero-lateral margin a good deal shorter than the postero-lateral,

cut into three longish procurved spiniform teeth the bases of which are

granular. No denticle—at most only a slightly-enlarged granule—

below the outer angle of the orbit.

J. 11. 25

194 A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. I,

Antennary flagellum considerably more than half the greatest

length of the carapace, fringed with some long silky hairs.

Chelipeds very unequal; anterior border of ischium and arm spinu-

late or spinate, both the other borders of the arm spinulate or granular ;

upper and outer surfaces of wrist sharply granular, the inner angle of

the wrist prolonged into a stout spine; the whole upper outer and

lower surfaces of the smaller hand sharply granular, with several rows

of enlarged spiniform granules, fingers of smaller hand fluted; the

larger hand and fingers are smooth, except for a granular patch quite

at the near end of the outer surface and extending a variable distance

along the upper border of the hand, and for a small patch of granules

at the base of the dactylus.

The upper border of the meropodites of the legs is usually sharply

spinate.

Colours in spirit yellow, fingers dark brown.

In the Indian Museum are 21 specimens, from Mekran, Karachi,

Bombay, Nicobars, and Malacca Strait.

113. Pilwmnus anderson, de Man.

Pilumnus andersoni, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 59),

pl. iii. figs. 5, 6, and Zool. Jahrb. Syst., VIII. 1895, p. 552.

Closely resembles P. longicornis from which it differs in the follow-

ing particulars :—

(1) the carapace appears broader owing to the front being less

prominent :

(2) the free edge of the front and the upper margin of the orbit

are nearly or quite smooth; the lobes of the front are much less _pro-

minent, the notch between them is not so wide and deep, and the outer

angles are dentiform, not spiniform:

(3) the outer angle of the orbit is sharper :

(4) the granular patch at the base and along the upper border of

larger hand is larger.

In the Indian Museum are 5 specimens, from Mergui, Ceylon,

Karachi (and 5 from Gaspar Strait).

14, Pilwmnus sbuitert, de Man.

Pilumnus sluiteri, de Man, in Weber's Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-Ind. II.

1892, p. 283, pl. i. fig. 2: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94; pp. 486, 438.

Pilumnus forskalii, de Man (nec Edw.), Archiv. fir Naturges. LIII. 1887. i

p. 295, pl. xii. fig. 1.

Carapace, legs and chelipeds (except the fingers} covered with a

1898. } A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. 195

harsh coat of short bristles with longer bristles interspersed, the latter

being most numerous on the legs.

Carapace about £ as long as broad, deflexed anteriorly, nearly flat

in the postericr two-thirds, the regions fairly distinctly delimited, the

surface rather profusely studded with little pits, from which the tufts

of bristles arise; some granules near the antero-lateral borders and on

the front part of the gastric region.

Front cut inte two lobes, each of which is again subdivided by a

deep triangular gap into a large square-cut internal lobe and an acute

triangular external lobule.

Orbital margin granular: there are two gaps in the upper margin,

but the inner one is narrow and indistinct ; there is also a small gap just

below the outer angle of the orbit, which is not very prominent.

Antero-lateral margin not much shorter than the postero-lateral,

cut into three somewhat granular spiniform teeth. No tooth below the

outer angle of the orbit.

Antennary flagellum not quite a third the length of the carapace,

not fringed with hairs, though there may be one or two at its base.

Chelipeds very unequal: upper and outer surfaces of both wrists

and hands and bases of dactyli covered with granules or small pearly

tubercles, which are larger and more numerous and more prominent on

the hands than on the wrists; sometimes a small patch of granules on

inner surface of hands: inner angle of wrists strongly pronounced and

dentiform. 7

Legs stout, the longest pair are about two-thirds again as long as

the carapace.

Colours in spirit: carapace yellow copiously overspread with brick-

red, chelipeds and legs yellow blotched and sometimes banded with terra-

cotta-red.

In the Indian Museum are 7 fine specimens from the Andamans

(besides one from Samoa).

115. ? Pilumnus cursor, A. Milne Edwards.

? Pilumnus cursor, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 244,

pl. ix. fig. 4: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 67: Miers, Zool. H. M. S. Alert,

pp. 183, 223: de Man, Archiv. fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 299.

Carapace etc. covered with a short fur with long hairs interspersed,

the latter most numerous on the legs.

Carapace subquadrilateral, flat in the posterior half or more,

declivous anteriorly, the regions faintly marked, finely and sparsely

granular.

Front nearly two-fifths the greatest breadth of the carapace, not

196 A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

very prominent, divided into two lobes, each of which consists of a

convex inner part and an independent though not very prominent exter-

nal angle.

The upper orbital margin is little prominent and has only one

notch and that indistinct: outer orbital angle not prominent.

Antero-lateral border very much shorter than the postero-lateral,

cut into three sharp teeth: no subhepatic tooth.

Chelipeds unequal: inner angle of wrists sharply pronounced,

upper and outer surfaces of hands granular. :

Legs slender, the longest pair are more than twice the length of

the carapace.

Colours in spirit, carapace reddish-yellow, legs yellow.

In the Indian Museum is a single specimen, from the Andamans.

T identify this species with P. cursor on account of the long slender

legs, the subquadrilateral carapace, the very short antero-lateral borders,

and the broad front.

116. ? Pilumnus cerulescens, A. M. Edw.

? Pilumnus cerulescens, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873,

p. 242, pl. ix. fig. 3: L. Zehntner, Rev. Suisse Zool. II. 1894, p. 153.

Carapace etc. covered with short fur, with long hairs interspersed,

about = as long as broad, subquadrilateral, convex in anterior half, flat

posteriorly: the regions very distinctly defined by well cut grooves, the

areols convex and studded with granules of good size.

Front a third the greatest breadth of the carapace, deflexed, cut

into two lobes the outer angles of each of which form independent

dentiform lobes.

The upper orbital margin shows very faint traces of two shallow

notches: a small triangular gap below the sharp, but non-spiniform,

outer orbital angle.

Antero-lateral borders a good deal shorter than the postero-lateral,

cut into three sharp teeth, in addition to which there is a small denticle

behind and below the outer orbital angle.

Chelipeds unequal; upper and outer surfaces of wrists and of both

hands closely and sharply granular, fingers very short, inner angle of

wrists dentiform.

Legs stout, the longest pair not much more than two-thirds again

the length of the carapace.

Colours in spirit, dull blue with a brownish tinge in places, fingers

blackish brown.

In the Indian Museum isa single specimen from the Andamans.

I judge this species to be P. cerulescens by the Xanthodes-like

form and sculpture of the carapace mentioned by Milne Edwards.

1898. ] A. Aleock—Carcinological Fauna of India. 197

117. ? Pilumnus hirsutus, Stimpson.

? Pilumnus hirsutus, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1858, p. 37: Miers,

P. Z. 8. 1879, pp. 20, 31: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 69: Ortmann, Zool.

Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, pp. 435, 437.

Carapace etc. covered with stiff hairs of two kinds—long: and

short, the former most numerous on the legs.

Carapace nearly ~ as long as broad, convex in both directions,

smooth when denuded, the regions hardly marked.

Front about a third the greatest breadth of the carapace, deflexed,

cut into two lobes much like those of P. vespertilio in shape.

Upper orbital margin smooth, with two very faint and shallow

notches ; lower margin denticulate, witha gap just below the outer

angle. No subhepatic tooth.

Antero-lateral border much shorter than the postero-lateral, with

4 spiniform teeth, one of which is the orbital angle,

Antennary flagellum of moderate length, without hairs, except at

base.

Chelipeds unequal; borders of arm finely granular or denticulate,

wrists with the upper and outer surfaces rough and the inner angle

sharply pronounced; lower part of outer surface of larger hand smooth,

the rest of this surface—like that of the smaller hand—sharply granu-

lar, the granules becoming spiniform towards the upper border.

Legs rather slender, the longest pair about two-thirds again as

long as the carapace.

Colours in spirit, yellow, fingers light brown.

In the Indian Museum are 11 specimens, from the Andamans,

Mergui, and the Malacca Str.

118. ? Pilumnus dorsipes, Stimpson.

? Pilumnus dorsipes, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1858, p. 37.

Carapace globose, extremely deep, not very much broader than long,

covered—like the chelipeds and legs—with soft, though stiff, hair

fairly well areolated, finely granular under a lens.

Front about a third the greatest breadth of the carapace, cut into

two convex, rounded, finely denticulate lobes, of which the outer angles

form dentiform lobules.

Upper orbital margin not prominent, the two notches are very

faint and shallow (especially the inner one), but are recognizable: lower

orbital margin with a deep narrow cleft just below the outer angle.

Antero-lateral margin cut into four denticulate spiniform teeth,

one of which is the outer orbital angle. No subhepatic tooth.

198 A. Aleock —Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. ],

Antennulary flagellum about a third the length of the carapace,

not hairy, except at base.

Chelipeds unequal, both hands covered, on the outer surface and

upper and lower borders, with prominent spiniform granules, which

also extend some way along both fingers.

Legs rather short, the longest pair being about half again as long

as the carapace.

Colours in spirit yellow.

The body is of such depth that the last pair of legs, even in the

male, lie, in the normal inclination of the body vertically over the first

pair.

In the Indian Museum is a single male from the Andamans.

119. Pilumnus de Haanii, Miers.

Pilumnus de Haanii, Miers, P.Z.S. 1879, pp. 20, 32; and Challenger Brachyura

p. 155, pl. xiv. fig. 1: A. O. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XX. 1886-1890, p, 110,

Carapace covered with a very fine and short, but dense, fur: legs

and chelipeds with a similar fur mixed with long fine hairs on outer

surface of hands and on borders of legs.

Carapace transversely oval, not three-quarters as long as broad,

the regions (when carapace is denuded) fairly well marked and areolat-

ed, granular towards the antero-lateral margins and near the front.

The front is nearer half than two-fifths the greatest breadth of the

carapace, is nearly straight, not at all prominent, is finely denticulate,

and emarginate in the middle line.

Orbital margin very finely denticulate, the upper border with two

very inconspicuous notches, a fissure below the acute outer orbital

angle.

Antero-lateral border a good deal shorter than the postero-lateral,

cut into three shallow anteriorly-acuminate teeth.

Chelipeds unequal: the outer surface of the wrists with a few

granules anteriorly and along the inner border: upper and outer sur-

faces of hands closely covered with acute spiniform tubercles which

also extend far along the fingers.

Legs stout, unarmed.

Colours in spirit, golden yellow.

In the Indian Museum are 7 specimens from Palk Str. 28 speci-

mens from off Ceylon, 263 to 34 fms., only differ from the typical form

in having the front more deeply emarginate in the middle line.

This species, but for the broader straighter front, and for the

broader carapace, more nearly resembles an Actwmnus than a Pilumnus,

1898. ] A. Alcock—Carcinological Fauna of India. 199

120. Pilumnus labyrinthicus, Miers.

Pilumnus labyrinthicus, Miers, Zool. H. M. §. ‘‘ Alert,’’ pp. 183 and 224, pl. xxii.,

fig. C: and “Challenger” Brachyura, p. 161: A. O. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc.

Zool. XX, 1836-1890, p. 110; Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (2), V, 1893, p.

365.

“Tn this curious form the surface of the carapace is everywhere

covered with raised curved or sinuated ridges, which are separated by

wide depressions ; the body and legs are covered with a dense close

brown pubescence; from most of the ridges and from the teeth of the

antero-lateral margins of the carapace spring longer sete, and the

margins of the ambulatory legs are also fringed with longer hairs.

The frontal lobes, which are scarcely separated as usual by a median

notch, are rather broad, straight, and but little prominent ; the antero-

lateral margins are somewhat shorter than the postero-lateral, and are

armed with three distinct teeth, that of the exterior orbital angle being

obsolete. The orbital margin is somewhat thickened ; the epistoma

rather longer in proportion to its breadth than is usual. The basal

antennal joint is short, scarcely attaining to the sub-frontal process,

and not nearly reaching to the apex of the very prominent lobe at the

inner suborbital angle. The chelipeds are rather small and (like the

carapace) are densely pubescent, besides being clothed with longer

hairs; the outer surface of the wrist or carpus is tuberculated beneath

the hairy coat; the palm is clothed externally with long dense hairs ;

the upper margin of the palm bears three distinct tubercles; the fingers

are slaty coloured, dentated on their inner margins and acute at their

apices. The ambulatory legs are densely hairy and of moderate

length.”

Not in the Indian Museum collection.

121. Pilwmnus (?) levis, Dana.

Pilumnus levis, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 82, and U. S. Expl.

Expd. Crust. pt. i, p. 238; de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. XXII, 1887-1888, p. 66,

pl. iv. figs. 1 and 2: and Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VIII. 1895, p, 553.

“ Near P. levimanus, but broader. Carapace smooth and shining,

not areolate, rather convex: front emarginate, antero-lateral margin

three-toothed, the teeth minute and like spines, the posterior much the

smallest, outer angle of orbit not raised into a tooth. Anterior feet very

unequal, carpus smooth, not even faint tuberculate ; larger hand wholly

smooth, smaller sparsely hirsute, not at all tuberculate. Posterior

eight feet slender, somewhat hirsute.”

A single specimen from Mergui. It appears to me doubtful that

this species belongs to the genus Piluwmnus.

200 A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. J,

122. Piluwmnus seminudus, Miers.

Pilumnus seminudus, Miers, Zool. H. M.S. “ Alert” pp. 183 and 222, pl. xxi.

fig. C: “Challenger” Brachyura, p. 161: de Man, Journ. Linn, Soc. Zool. XXII,

1887-1888, p. 65.

“This species resembles P. semilanatus in having the gastric,

cardiac, and branchial regions of the carapace smooth and naked; but

it may be at once distinguished by the following characters :—The

carapace is broader in proportion to its length, and its anterior parts

clothed with a close velvety pubescence, which also extends over the

upper and outer surface of the wrist and palm of the chelipeds; the

two posterior teeth of the antero-lateral margins are more distinctly

spiniform, the basal antennal joint does not nearly reach to the sub-

frontal process; the granulations of the wrist and palm are much more

inconspicuous, those of the outer surface of the palm appear, through

the pubescence, to be arranged in four distinct longitudinal series ;

the ambulatory legs are slenderer.”’

A single small specimen in the Indian Museum, from Mergai, has

been referred by Dr. de Man to this species.

Actumnvs, Dana,

Actumnus: Dana, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2) XII. 1851, p. 128;

and Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. VI. 1852, p. 82; and U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. i.

p. 243: A. Milne Edwards, Nouy. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 284.

Carapace very little broader than long, convex, fairly well or very

well areolated: the antero-lateral borders short, cnt into teeth; the

postero-lateral longer than the antero-lateral, concave.

Front from about a third to about two-fifths the greatest breadth

of the carapace ; cleft or notched in the middle line, or bilobed with

the outer angles independent, usually separated from the supra-orbital

angle by a notch or groove.

Orbits rather large, with one or two notches or fissures or suture-

lines (which often, however, are indistinct) in the upper margin, and

one (often, also, very indistinct) in the lower margin near the outer

angle. The inner lower angle of the orbit is prominent, and often

comes so near to the supra-orbital angle as to almost exclude the

antennary flagellum from the actual orbital hiatus.

The basal antennal joint touches or nearly touches the front; the

flagellum which is of moderate length (longer than the major diameter

of the orbit) sometimes springs from the orbital hiatus, but is some-

times almost excluded from the hiatus.

The crests of the endostome, defining the expiratory channels, are

1898. | A. Alcock —Careinological Fauna of India. 201

not very strong, and the anterior border of the merus of the external

maxillipeds is not notched.

The chelipeds are stout, and are unequal in both sexes: the fingers,

which are short and stout, are commonly defined as spoon-shaped at

tip: they are not really so, but have the tips curved and blunt pointed.

The legs are stout and not very long.

The abdomea of the male consists of seven separate segments, and

the first tergum is unusually long and narrow in all the typical species.

Most of the species of this genus, but not all, are densely tomen-

tese : all, however, ‘have hairy or tomentose legs.

Key to the Indian species of Actumuus.

I. Carapace tomentose :—

i, Carapace areolated : front separated from the supra-

orbital angle by a notch ; antero-lateral border cut

into 3 teeth (exclusive of outer angle of orbit):—

1, Front normally bilobed: supra-orbital margin

granular, with two distinct notches :—

a, Carapace moderately convex, rather

faintly areolate ; outer angles of front

hardly independent ...........sseesesesovee A. Lomentosus.

&. Carapace strongly convex, strongly

areolate ; the outer angles of the front

i are small distinct little lobules :—

x. Lateral gastric areole semi-

‘ ISI Nok ec ccudmageccskvdncrs teh, SOM OKs

y. Lateral Reais rete tenehe nod A, verrucosus.

2. Front broadly triangular, with a deep

button-hole cleft (the hole at posterior end)

in the middle line: supra-orbital margin

thin sharp, with a single deep very narrow

fissure........ siebaee’ age Sabiageedsaabaed MNduas veya biees aden A pUSOELVOTLE,

ii. Carapace not areolated ; foo ait aieenied feorin

the supra-orbital angle; antero-lateral border with

7 spinuliform granules (3 pairs) and an odd one

RUMORS so csiisnigen ace «ss seacedoanedmtenttartathsens thaval de. /tae COCQSs

iI, Carapace perfectly bare :—

i. Carapace not areolate, front broadly bilobed ; legs

Gabo gt PATO 2205561..)0seigacantdrery ts dccccccccsssooe Ae MUGUS.

ii, Carapace very Haltoatle Bethe ect with two

median lobes and two (external) lobules: legs

tomentose :—

1. Surface of carapace (and of parts of chelipeds)

formed of a mosaic of smooth flat polygonal

granules in the closest contact .....6..-s0....0. A, tessellatus.

2. Surface of carapace, etc. covered with sharp

crystalline granules in the closest contact... A. arbutum,

wit. 26

202 A. Aleock —Carcinological Fauna of India. (No. 1,

123. Actumnus tomentosus, Dana.

Actumnus tomentosus, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 82; and U.S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. i. p. 243, pl. xiv. figs. 2a-c: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv.

du Mus. I. 1865, p. 285, and 1X. 1873, p. 194: ? Tozzetti, Magenta Crust. +. 56, pl. iv.

figs, 22, 24, 26, 29: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 73: Htheridge, Mem. Austral.

Mus. 1889, pp. 34, 36.

Carapace subcircular, rather more than { as long. as_ broad,

moderately convex, covered with a very dense short smooth tomentum.

Much the same tomentum covers the exposed surfaces of the legs and

chelipeds (except the lower and distal part of the outer surfaces of the

hands), and the legs are also fringed with long fine hairs.

The regions are fairly well delimited and areolated, the areole

being moderately convex: on the undenuded carapace the areole are

faint. ;

Front about two-fifths the greatest breadth of the carapace, cut

into two finely denticulated lobes, the outer angles of each of which,

though sharply separated from the supra-orbital margin, do not form

distinct lobules.

Orbital margin finely denticulate, the lower more markedly so than

the upper; in the upper margin are two broad notches, the outer the

more distinct ; in the lower margin, just below the outer angle, is a

narrow fissure ; outer orbital angle dentiform.

Antero-lateral borders about two-thirds the length of the concave

postero-lateral, very regularly cut into 3 uniform teeth similar to the

outer orbital angle.

Chelipeds unequal: arm smooth; inner angle of wrists sharp,

their inner border finely beaded, a few scattered granules on their

upper and outer surfaces; upper and outer surfaces of hands covered

with pearly granules which become obsolescent or obsolete near the

lower border of the larger hand; dactyli longitudinally grooved, beaded

at base.

Denuded legs nearly smooth. |

In the Indian Museum are 53 specimens, from the Andamans, the

Orissa Coast up to 30 fms., Palk str. and Cheduba.

Our specimens completely agree with Dana’s figure, and are easily

distinguished from A. setifer by the less convex and less distinctly

areolated carapace.

124. Actumnus setifer, (De Haan), A. M, Edw.

Pilumnus setifer, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 50, pl. iii. fig. 8 (Xantho).

Actwmnus setifer, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. I. 1865, p. 287,

pl. xv. figs. 5-56: Richters in Mobius’ Meeresf. Maurit. p. 148: Miers, Zool.

1898. | A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 203

H. M.S. Alert, pp. 183, 225, 517, 533: de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII.

1887-88, p. 47, and Archiv. fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 262: Walker, Journ. Linn.

Soc., Zool. XX. 1886-90, p. 110: Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) V. 1890, p. 74:

Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 364: Ortmann, Zool., Jahrb.

Syst. VII. 1893-94. p. 474.

Closely resembles A. tomentosus, from which it is distinguished by

the following characters :—

The carapace is subglobular: the regions are very distinctly

delimited and areolated, the areole being strongly convex and often

uniformly granular.

The outer angles of the front form distinct little lobules: the

fissure in the lower orbital margin, just below the outer angle, is indis-

tinct.

The granules on the wrist are more numerous.

The more convex carapace and the more numerous and more convex

areole, at once distinguish this species.

In the Indian Museum are 32 specimens from the Andamans,

Ceylon up to 34 fms., Persian Gulf, Pedro shoal, and Mergui (besides

13 from Hongkong and 1 from Samoa).

The Indian specimens, especially those from deep water, have the

lobules of the carapace more convex than those from Hongkong. ©

125. Actumnus verrucosus, Hndrsn.

Actumnus verrucosus, Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (2), V, 1893, p. 364,

“« The carapace is very convex, covered with a short brown pubes-

cence, and provided with a series of remarkable granulated lobes.

The frontal margin is granulated and four-lobed, the rounded prominent

submedian lobes separated by a narrow median fissure, the outer lobes

of small size. The antero-lateral margin has four prominent, sub-

equal, granulated or subspinose lobes, while the postero-lateral margin

is smooth and deeply excavated ; the upper orbital margin is granulated

and has two well-marked fissures. The granulated lobes on the carapace

are arranged as follows:—On the anterior gastric region, behind the

front, two pairs, of which the posterior is much larger ; on the posterior

gastric region three lobules, one median and anterior, two posterior ;

on each protogastric or lateral gastric region a peculiar V-shaped

lobule ; on the cardiac region two lobules which are slightly excavated

in the centre; on the branchial region three lobules, anterior, postero-

external (which is the largest of the three), and a postero-internal

one placed external to and between the posterior gastric and cardiac

lobules.”

“The right cheliped is slightly larger than the left in both sexes ;

204. A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. l,

both are clothed with a short pubescence on the outer surface of the

carpus and hand, except towards the base of the immobile finger. The

carpus is sparingly tuberculate externally, with a sulcus running

parallel to the articulation with the hand, and separated from the latter

by a tuberculated strip: the outer surface of the hand is strongly

tuberculate, the tubercles with more or less acute apices, rather closely

crowded and without any definite arrangement. The fingers are short,

with white and obtuse tips, and the immobile one is placed in a straight

line with the lower border of the hand; the dactylus is tuberculated

superiorly on its proximal half, and a prominent tooth is present on

either finger. The ambulatory legs are simply pubescent. The abdo-

men is smooth and seven-jointed in both sexes. The external maxil-

lipeds are smooth, with a faint impressed line in the middle of the

proximal two-thirds of the ischium. The basal joint of the antennal

peduncle is joined to the sub-frontal process, and the terminal joints lie

in the orbital hiatus.”

“The largest specimen (a male) has the carapace 18°5 mm. long

and 25°3 mm. broad.”

126. <Actumnus fissifrons, n. sp.

Carapace and legs covered with a not very dense coat of hairs of

two kinds—long and short—the long hairs most numerous on the legs;

chelipeds with very little hair.

Carapace strongly convex in all directions, ? as long as broad, the

regions distinctly delimited and areolated by smooth shallow grooves,

the areole being slightly convex and more and less granular.

Front not quite a third the greatest breadth of the carapace,

deflexed, broadly triangular, the apex with a deep button-hole fissure

(the hole at the posterior end), the outer angles separated from the

supra-orbital angles by a deepish notch.

Supra-orbital margin thin, sharp, very prominent, deeply fissured

near the middle : infra-orbital margin thin, concave, fissured just below

the outer angle.

Antero-lateral margin a little shorter than the postero-lateral, cut

into three sharp-edged anteriorly-acuminate teeth (exclusive of the

outer orbital angle) : postero-lateral margin deeply concave.

Chelipeds markedly unequal: upper and outer surfaces of wrists

with a few granules, most numerous anteriorly ; upper and outer surfaces

of both hands—including a great part of the fingers—studded with

granules, of which many are enlarged conical or pearl-like, and those

along the upper border are spiniform.

Colours in spirit bright orange yellow.

1898. | A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 205

Off Ceylon, 263-34 fathoms. Four specimens.

The carapace of the largest specimen is 21 millim. long and 28

millim. broad.

127. Actumnus tessellatus, n. sp.

Legs tomentose and hairy, chelipeds inconspicuously tomentose in

parts, carapace bare.

The entire dorsal surface of carapace, the upper and outer surfaces

of the wrists and the upper surface of the hands, have the form of an

elegant mosaic of smooth polygonal tile-like granules in the closest

possible contact everywhere.

Carapace strongly convex, # as long as broad, regions well defined

and subdivided by broad depressions, the areole strongly and somewhat

angularly convex.

Front much less than a third the greatest breadth of the carapace ;

deeply cut into two prominent subfoliaceous median lobes, each of

which is flanked externally by a small dentiform lobule.

Orbital margins smooth, not fissured, though there are narrow

inconspicuous depressions where the notches exist in other species. The

antennary flagellum springs from the orbital hiatus.

Antero-lateral margins thin, sharp, cut into 3 teeth (not including

the orbital angle) the last 2 of which are subfoliaceous : postero-lateral

margins a little longer than the antero-lateral, markedly concave.

Chelipeds little unequal : in addition to the mosaic ornamentation

there are a few scattered pustulous granules on the wrist and upper

surface of hand, and all the lower half of the outer surface of the hand

is studded with pearl-like or bead-like granules, which are also found

on the bases of the fingers.

The legs when denuded are smooth to the naked eye.

Colours in spirit: lavender grey, a good deal suffused with orange-

pink, fingers cinnamon.

— Carapace 15 millim, long, 20 millim. broad.

A male and a female from the Persian Gulf.

128. <Actwmnus arbutum, n. sp.

Legs with a somewhat scanty growth of hair not concealing their

sculpture, chelipeds slightly hirsute in places, carapace bare.

The whole dorsal surface of carapace covered with sharp angular

crystalline granules in the closest possible coutact: much the same

ornamentation is found on the upper and outer surfaces of the wrists

and on the upper surface of the hands, the lower half of the outer

surface of the hands being studded with pearly and bead-like granules.

206 A. Alcock — Carcinologicul Fauna of India. [No. ],

Carapace ? as long as broad, strongly convex, profusely foenty and

symmetrically puckered-areolate.

Front much less than a third the greatest breadth of the carapace,

shaped as in A, tessellatus, but the edges of the lobes and lobules are

crenulate.

Orbits and relations of antenne as in A. tessellatus, but the edges

of the orbits are sharply crenulate.

Autero-lateral margin cut into three sharply crenulate granular

teeth —not including the orbital angle : postero-lateral margin shorter

than the antero-lateral, concave.

Chelipeds a little unequal: fingers granular in the basal half or

more.

Carpopodites and propodites of legs, and meropodite of last pair,

sharply granular as to the dorsal surface.

Colours in spirit pink, fingers brownish,

Carapace 13°5 millim, long, 18 millim. broad.

A single male from off the coast of Sind, 51 fms.

129. Actwmnus elegans, de Man.

Actumnus elegans, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 47.

Carapace and exposed surfaces of legs and chelipeds covered with

a thickish bright-yellow tomentum, with longer hairs on chelipeds and

legs and near frontal margin.

Carapace not much more than $ as long as broad, with some

scattered comparatively large granules, but with almost no indication of

regions ; convex fore and aft, slightly so from side to side.

Front about a third the greatest breadth of the carapace, broadly

triangular, notched at the apex, not separated from but confluent with

the supra-orbital angles. There is a suture line in the lower orbital

margin just below the outer angle.

Antero-lateral borders not shorter than the very concave postero-

lateral, armed with 7 acute spinuliform granules, in 3 pairs, with an odd

one between the first pair and the orbital angle.

Chelipeds unequal: the upper and outer surfaces of wrists ana

both hands, including a large part of the fingers closely studded with

conical white granules.

In the Indian Museum are 2 specimens, one from Mergui the other

from Kyuk Phyu Harbour.

This species seems to me to be better placed with Pilwmnus than

Actumnus: it and Pilumnus scabriusculus White, seem to be very closely

related.

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 207

130. Actumnus nudus, A. M. Edw.

Actumnus nudus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Entomol. France, (4) VII. 1867

p- 265: de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 49, pl. ii. figs. 3, 4.

Carapace almost completely bare, legs with only a few scattered

hairs.

Carapace subcircular, convex, regions hardly indicated, studded

with pearl-shaped granules in its anterior and antero-lateral parts,

twelve of these granules are arranged in an arched line—convex for-

wards—on either side of the posterior end of the gastric region,

Front much advanced, divided into two rounded oblique lobes, the

outer angles of which are hardly separated from the supra-orbital

angles.

Antero-lateral border divided into four teeth (not including the

outer orbital angle).

Chelipeds unequal; upper and outer surfaces of hand covered with

pearly granules, which also exist on the upper surface of the wrist.

Found at Pondicherry and Mergui.

Not represented in the Indian Museum collection. ,

This species seems to me to be improperly referred to Actumnus.

Alliance II. Heteropanopioida.

Heteropanope. Kurycarcinus. Nectopanope,

Hereropanops, Stimpson, de Man.

Heteropanope, (part) Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 35.

Heteropanope, (part) A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., (4) XX. 1863,

pp. 288, 289.

Pilumnopeus, (part) A. Milne Edwards, loc. cit.; and Ann. Soc. Entomol.

France, (4) VII. 1867, p. 277.

Heteropanope, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 52.

Carapace moderately broad, moderately or little convex, with the

regions little or hardly demarcated. |

Antero-lateral borders shorter than the postero-lateral, cut into

four lobes or teeth, of which the first is confluent with the outer angle

of the orbit: postero-lateral borders moderately convergent, posterior

border rather long.

Front moderately broad, between a fourth and a third the greatest

breadth of the carapace, cut into two lobes, the outer angle of each of

which is dentiform and separated from the supra-orbital margin by a

notch.

A small triangular gap in the orbital margin just beneath the

outer angle. The antennules fold nearly transversely.

208 A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. I,

Basal antennal joint short, not reaching the front; the flagellum,

which is about equal in length to the major diameter of the orbit,

lodged in the rather broad orbital hiatus.

The ridges of the endostome, defining the expiratory canals, are

well marked, but the anterior border of the merus of the external

maxillipeds is not notched. The buccal cavern is broader anteriorly

than posteriorly.

Chelipeds unequal in both sexes; fingers rather short, pointed,

not hollowed.

The abdomen of the male consists of seven separate segments.

Heteropanope closely resembles Panopeus (e.g. P. herbstw), but

differs in having the crests of the endostome much more distinct, and

all seven segments of the male abdomen separate.

Key to the Indian species of Heteropanope.

I. Carapace decidedly convex, both rae ate Paeut smooth

to the naked eye .....0.. scores cavesce scene enn annnE

II. Carapace almost flat, wit aaa’ natal of ‘Gihle cheliped

studded with vesiculous or pearly granules....c.sccscssecssereeses H. indica.

131. Heteropanope indica, de Man.

Heteropanope indica, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 53,

pl. iii. figs. 1, 2. .

Carapace more than two-thirds as long as broad, very little convex,

surface somewhat granular and scantily tomentose near the margins.

Gastric region and its three sub-regions faintly indicated. Two series,

starting respectively from the 3rd and 4th teeth of the antero-lateral

margins, of discontinuous wavy finely granular ridges cross the

carapace transversely, fairly parallel with the common curve of the

frontal and antero-lateral borders.

The finely granular orbital margin has the two grooves near the

external angle, and the gap just below the external angle, distinct.

Antero-lateral border cut into four teeth, of which the first two are

broad thin and compressed and the last two pointed and subpyramidal ;

the edges of all are finely granular.

Chelipeds and legs more or less tomentose. Chelipeds very un-

equal; a curved spine-like tooth at distal end of upper border of arm,

and a spine at inner angle of wrist: upper and outer surface of smaller

hand and wrist studded with vesiculous granules; larger hand quite

smooth, very large, little shorter than the greatest breadth of the

carapace.

1898. | A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 209

Colours in spirit, dull earthy brown with a greenish tinge.

In the Indian Museum is a single specimen, from Mergui.

132. Heteropanope levis (Dana),

Panopzxus levis, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 76, and U. S. Expl.

Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 180, pl. viii. figs. 13u-c: J. E. Benedict and M. J. Rathbun,

P. U. 8. Nat. Mus, XIV. 1891, p. 380.

Carapace two-thirds as long as broad, decidedly convex fore and

aft, its surface perfectly smooth to the naked eye, and bald. The gastric

region and its three sub-regions are as faintly as possible indicated, and

the two broken series of transverse elevations present in H. indica are

also present, but are much blunter smoother and fainter. The orbits

are as in H. indica, but the margin is but microscopically granular.

The antero-lateral border is cut into four teeth, all of which are thin

and compressed, and all but the first are sharply acuminate forwards.

The chelipeds are extremely unequal, and are perfectly smooth and

bare: there is a denticle at the distal end of the upper border of the

arm, and a stout sharp tubercle (often double-crowned) at the inner

angle of the wrist, The greatest length of the larger hand, in the

male, is about equal to the greatest breadth of the carapace, and its

greatest height more than three-quarters the greatest length of the

carapace: in the female this hand is not quite so large.

The edges of the last four joints of all the legs are scantily hairy

in the male, but more profusely so in the female.

Colours in spirit ; brownish yellow or dull green.

In the Indian Museum are 17 specimens from Karachi and one

from Bombay. |

133. Heteropanope eucratoides, Stimpson.

Heteropanope eucratoides, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 35:

de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 56, pl. iii. figs. 3, 4.

This species is included by de Man in the Mergui fauna. There

are no specimens in the Indian Museum. According to de Man it

chiefly differs from H. indica in having the antero-lateral margins much

shorter, and the 3rd tooth of the antero-lateral margin smaller than

any of the others,

The chelipeds have a smooth surface.

Kourycarcinus, A. Milne Edwards.

Eurycareinus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Entomol. France (4) VII. 1867,

p. 276.

Eurycarcinus, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 43.

Carapace broad, convex, perfectly smooth, without trace of regions,

wn it. 27

210 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

Antero-lateral borders very much shorter than the postero-lateral,

cut into four lobes or teeth, of which the first is confluent with the

outer angle of the orbit: postero-lateral border moderately convergent,

posterior border rather long.

Front broadish, nearly a third the greatest breadth of the carapace,

obliquely deflexed, projecting a little beyond the orbits, straight and

square cut, commonly emarginate in the middle line.

Orbits shallow, affording little concealment to the eyes, the upper

margin entire, a gap in the lower margin, below the outer angle. The

antennules fold quite transversely.

Basal antennal joint short, not reaching the front, the flagellum,

which is long (much longer than the major diameter of the orbit),

lodged in the orbital hiatus.

The ridges of the endostome, defining the expiratory canals, are

well pronounced, but the anterior border of the merus of the external

maxillipeds is not notched. Buccal cavern wider anteriorly than

posteriorly.

Chelipeds unequal in both sexes, fingers pointed, not hollowed.

The abdomen of the male is seven-jointed.

Eurycarcinus is very closely related to Heteropanope, but is easily

distinguished by the broad smooth convex carapace, the shallow and

rather elongate orbits, and the very short antero-lateral margins.

Key to the Indian species of HKurycarcinus.

TI, Thumb of the larger cheliped with a much-enlarged tooth

at basal end :—

1, Antero-lateral border less ie 3 the length of the

postero-lateral | ©. ...:.cse+s..1 000s es dadennseceesnvocenceases one i. DR aemINMIneD

2. Antero-lateral border at ioe aie ieee of the

postero-lateral .......s0..0+6 sontecccvececoscenes Me MOCHIatiS,

II. Thumb of the larger cheliped Hee a ie Bee |

TOOEH Ab DASE ... + +..ccceccsecsseccsssonrsesttegn ben paceessnenss corioen.-a:) siientnmnnne nn

134. Hurycarcinus orientalis, A. Milne Edwards.

Eurycarcinus orientalis, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Entom. France (4) VII,

1867, p. 277: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. XIV. 1892, p. 226.

Carapace rather over two-thirds as long as broad, perfectly smooth

(except for an extremely fine and faint granular ridge that runs

transversely inwards towards the gastric region from the last tooth of

the antero-lateral margin), decidedly convex fore and aft and slightly

so from side to side.

Front cut quite straight and square, slightly emarginate in the

middle line.

1898. ] A. Aleock— Carcinological Fauna of India. 211

Antero-lateral border cut into four thin shallow teeth, of which

the first two are rounded and the last two are anteriorly acuminate,

the first being the least prominent of all and the last being the smallest

of all. The antero-lateral border is extremely short, a good deal less

than two-thirds the length of the postero-lateral.

Supra-orbital margin entire, the infra-orbital finely denticulate.

Chelipeds markedly unequal, perfectly smooth, iuner angle of

wrist rather strongly pronounced ; the hand and fingers are rather short

and stout and the thumb of the larger cheliped is a good deal shorter

than the hand and has a very strong tooth at its base,

The legs and under surface of the body are covered with a dense,

extremely short scurfy tomentum.

Colours in spirit yellowish brown.

In the Indian Museum are four specimens, from Karachi, Bombay

and the Andamans.

This species agrees in all respects with the descriptions and figures

of Hurycarcinus maculatus, except in respect of the antero-lateral

borders. These are so short that a line joining their posterior ex-

tremities would divide the carapace into two halves, of which the

anterior would be much the smaller: the teeth of the antero-lateral

border are also much shallower and less salient.

135. Hurycarcinus grandidiert, A. Milne Edwards.

Eurycarinus grandidiert, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc, Entom. France, (4) VIT.

1867, p. 277; and Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 80, pl. xix. figs. 13-16.

Carapace about two-thirds as long as broad, strongly convex fore

and aft, slightly so from side to side, perfectly smooth to the naked eye.

Front cut square, emarginate in the middle line, the fore edge

straight but sloping a little obliquely from the outer angles to the

middle line. Supra-orbital margin entire, the infra-orbital obscurely

denticulate.

Antero-lateral border as in H. orientalis but rather longer, its

length being at least two-thirds that of the postero-lateral; the edges

of all the teeth are a little thickened and granular.

Chelipeds unequal, perfectly smooth, inner angle of wrist pro-

nounced: the hand is more elongate and narrower and the fingers are

slenderer than in FH. orientalis, and the thumb of the larger cheliped has

xio enlarged tooth at the base. The legs, the smaller cheliped, and the

under surface of the body are covered with a dense, extremely short

and fine tomentum.

Colours in spirit, yellowish brown.

In the Indian Museum is a single specimen from the Nicubars.

212 A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

The chief difference between this species and EH. orientalis and

maculatus appears to be in form of the hand and fingers of the larger

cheliped.

136. Eurycarcinus maculatus, (A. M. Edw.) de Man.

Pilumnopeus maculatus, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, (4) VII.

1867, p. 277; and Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 82, pl. xix. figs. 17-19.

Eurycarcinus maculatus, de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc, XXII. 1887-88. p. 44, pl. ii.

figs. 2 and 3 (not 3 and 4).

The Mergui specimen described by de Man does not appear to be in

the Indian Museum.

This species agrees with LH. orientalis in the form of the chelipeds

(hand and thumb), and appears to differ from that species only in having

a longer and more deeply cut-up antero-lateral border.

NECTOPANOPE, Wood-Mason.

Nectopanope Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. March, 1891, p. 261.

Carapace broad, approaching the quadrilateral, convex fore and

aft, the branchial regions so inflated and convex dorsally as to make the

transverse plane of the carapace strongly concave in the middle line,

the other regions obscurely defined, the surface smooth.

The antero-lateral borders are very much shorter than the postero-

lateral, are very thin and sharp, and are cut into teeth of which the

first is confluent with the outer orbital angle.

Front broad, a third the greatest breadth of the carapace, straight,

square cut, slightly projecting beyond the supra-orbital angle, from

which it is sharply cut off by an angular notch, on either side.

Orbits large, with a thin, sharp, prominent margin; a notch

internal to the middle of the upper margin, the notch breaking this

margin into two curves, one corresponding to the eye-stalk the other to

the cornea: eyes large, reniform, on moderately stout stalks.

Antennules folding transversely. The basal antennal joint is very

short, but almost touches the turned down side-edge of the front: the

flagellum, which is considerably longer than the major diameter of the

large orbit, springs from the rather broad orbital hiatus.

The buccal cavern is broader anteriorly than posteriorly, and the

mouth parts do not nearly reach its front edge, so that a wide and

permanent gap is left: the crests of the endostome are not very strong,

but the free edge of the endostome corresponding to the efferent

- branchial channel, on either side, is deeply excavated. The outer wall —

of the efferent branchial canal forms a strong angular bulge in the

pterygostomian region,

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 213

The chelipeds in the female are equal; the fingers are compressed

and pointed, not hollowed.

The legs are long and slender, the propodite and dactylus of the

last pair strongly compressed and a little broadened.

This form is most nearly related to Hurycarcinus.

137. Nectopanope rhodobuphes, Wood-Mason.

Nectopanope rhodobaphes, Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. March, 1891,

p. 261.

Carapace about ¢ as long as broad. Front extremely obscurely

grooved in the middle line. Antero-lateral border cut into three thin

sharp-edged ‘teeth, of which the first is broad and rounded and con-

fluent with the orbit, the second is broad and anteriorly acuminate, and

the third almost spiniform.

Chelipeds smooth, in the female they are equal and are a little over

1; times the length of the carapace: arm with an acute spine near the

far end of the upper border; inner angle of wrist acute, spiniform ;

fingers thin, compressed, each and hooked at tip, armed with thin

laciniate teeth, the thumb very broad.

Legs thin, the first three pairs not much shorter than the chelipeds,

with long compressed-styliform dactylus: the last pair a good deal

shorter, with thin blade-like propodite and dactylus closely fringed

with hair.

Colours in spirit uniform yellowish white: in life pink, witha

dotted, V-shaped, white mark between the gastric and branchial regions.

In the Indian Museum is a single female specimen from off the

Godavari coast 98-102 fms.

Nectopanope longipes, which was referred provisionally to this genus

by Wood-Mason, who had insufficient material for examination, turns

out, now that numerous good specimens have been dredged by the

“‘ Investigator,” to be a Catometope.

Subfamily VII. Heipnina.

Alliance I, Hriphiowda.

Eripaia, Latr.

Eriphia, Latreille, Cuvier Régne An. (1) III. 18,

Eriphia, Desmarest, Consid. Gen. Crust. p. 125.

Eriphia, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust. p. 22.

Eriphia, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 425.

Eriphia, Dana, Silliman’s Journ. (2) XII, 1851, p. 128; and U. S, Expl. Exp.

Crust. pt. I. p. 246.

Eriphia, Heller, Crust. Sudl. Kurop, p. 74.

214 A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1

Eriphia, A. Milne Hdwards, and Miss. Sci. Mex. Crust. p. 337.

Eriphia, Miers, Challenger Brachyura p. 162.

Carapace thick and deep, approaching a quadrilateral shape, very

little convex or nearly flat, not remarkably broader than long, the

regions except the gastric not demarcated.

Antero-lateral borders slightly curved, much shorter than the

postero-lateral and meeting the latter, not at a strong angle as in most

Cancrids, but at a very open and imperceptible angle; though spinate

they are not cut into lobes.

The fronto-orbital border is extremely broad, much more than

three-quarters the greatest breadth of the carapace ; the front, which is

therefore broad also, is strongly deflexed, is almost straight, and is cut

into two broad lobes the outer part of each of which is broadly in

contact —far beyond the limits of the antennal base —with a singular-

ly broad prolongation of the infra-orbital plate. The orbits, which are

deep and oval, are therefore completely closed and widely separated

from the antenne.

Tlfe basal antennal joint is very small short and broad ; the flagel-

lum is long, more than the major diameter of the large orbit. The

antennules fold transversely.

The crests of the endostome, defining the expiratory canals, are

strong, and the canal is completed below by the foliaceous process of the

first maxillipeds, the anterior edge of that process being coneave. The

oblique anterior border of the merus of the external maxillipeds is not

notched.

Chelipeds massive, unequal in both sexes; fingers stout, pointed,

not hollowed.

The abdomen of the male has all 7 segments separate.

Key to the Indian species of Hriphia.

I, Carapace nearly 4 as long as broad, devoid of hair dorsally ;

front cut into blunt teeth :—

1. Chelipeds smooth to the naked eye ...............002... EH. levimana.

2. Hand and wrist of the smaller = nee sindiled with

tubercles .....0-.0.5. +6 signees sd senecesreegenes + die GaMmmN te

II. Carapace only $ as fee as ena: with numerous scattered

hairs; front not cut into teeth ......... Sean ssuiies pias steeiat sea E. scabricula.

138. LHriphia levimana, Latr. Edw.

Eriphia levimana, Guérin, Icon. R. A., Crust. pl. iii. fig. 1: Milne Edwards,

Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 427: Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 249, pl. xiv.

figs. 7a-c: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 37: A. Milne Edwards, in

Maillard’s Vile Réunion, Annexe F. p. 5, and Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 71,

and 1X. 1873, p. 255: Heller, Novara Crust. p. 24: Hilgendorf in v. d. Decken’s

1898. ] A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 215

Reisen Ost-Afr. III. i. p. 75, and MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 797: Miers, P. Z. S. 1877,

p. 135, and Ann, Mag, Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 237, and Zool. H. M.S. Alert,

pp. 517, 5384, and Challenger Brachyura, p. 162: Tozzetti, Magenta Crost. p. 60,

pl. v. figs. la-c: HE. Nauck, Zeits. Wiss. Zool. XXXIV. 1880, p. 58 (gastric teeth) :

Richters in Mébius Meeresf. Maurit. p. 151: Haswell, Cat. Austral. Crust. p. 75:

Muller, Verh. Ges. Basel VIII. 1886, p. 475: de Man, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII.

1887-88, p. 68, and Archiv. f. Naturges. LITI. 1887, i. 327, and Zool. Jahrb. Syst. &c.

VIII. 1894-95, p. 555: Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 367:

Ortman, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 480, and in Semon’s Forschungsr.

(Jena. Denk. VIII) Crust. p. 54: Zehntner, Rev. Suisse Zool. II. 1894, p. 161:

Whitelegge, Mem. Austral. Mus. III. 1897, p. 137.

Eriphia trapeziformis, Hess, Archiv. fiir Naturges. XX XI. 1865, i. pp. 135, 171,

pl. vi. fig. 4 (see de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., II. 1887, p. 695).

Carapace nearly # as long as broad: gastric region large, well

demarcated and subdivided into three large subregions, its anterior

part, like the anterior part of the branchio-hepatic regions, covered

with small pearly and subsquamiform tubercles ; the rest of the carapace

smooth, but closely covered with very small vesiculous granules not

plainly visible to the naked eye: the post-orbital groove is distinct,

and behind it, parallel with the gastric region, on each side a small

narrow areola is marked off.

The free edge of the frontal lobes is bluntly spinate: there is a

blunt spine also at the lower inner angle of the orbit, and two or three

at the outer angle of the orbit: and there are 5 or 6 blunt spines or

spinules of decreasing size along the antero-lateral border.

Chelipeds almost smooth to the naked eye, though closely covered

with small depressed vesiculous granules under the lens: upper border

of arm denticulate at its distal end, where also the granules on the

neighbouring part of the outer surface are plainly visible without a

lens; the anterior border of the arm denticulate at its proximal end.

The upper part of the inner surface of the wrist forms a distinct facet,

the proximal angle of which is pronounced and the distal end of which

is bounded by two or three blunt spines.

Legs stout, smooth; upper edge of merus denticulate and some-

what hairy, the lower edge with tufts of stiff hair: similar tufts of hair

along upper edge of carpus ‘and on all the edges and surfaces of the

propodite ; the greater part of the dactylus covered with short stiff

hairs and longer bristles.

Colours in spirit dull maroon, with a bluish-green tinge on the

postero-lateral parts of the carapace and on the walking-legs.

In the Indian Museum are 53 specimens, from the Andamans,

Arakan coast, Mergui, Ceylon and Laccadives (besides 2 from

Samoa).

216 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

139. Priphia levimana var. Smithii, Macleay, Hilgdf.

Eriphia smithii, Macleay, Ill. Ann. 8S. Afr. p. 60: Krauss, Sadafr. Crust. p. 36,

pl. ii. fig. 3: Dana, U. 8S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 251: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat.

Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 37: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IV. 1868, p. 71:

Hoffmann in Pollen and Van Dam, Faun. Madagasc., Crust. p. 6, pl. i. figs. la-c:

Lenz and Richters, Abh. Senck. Ges. XII. 1881, p. 422: Ortmann in Semon’s

Forschungsr. (Jena. Denk. VIII) Crust. p. 54.

Eriphia levimana var. smithii, Hilgendorf MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 797: Miers,

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 237, and Zool. H. M. S. Alert, pp. 517, 535:

de Man, Archiv. f. Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 327: P ? Cano, Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli,

III. 1889, p. 210: A. O. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XX. 1886-90, p. 110:

Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 481.

The variety Smithw differs from the typical Eriphia levimana only

in the sculpture of the chelipeds.

The upper and outer surfaces of the wrists and hands of the smaller

cheliped are closely covered with miliary granules and are profusely

studded with salient and subsquamous tubercles, which, on the lower

half of the hand are arranged in longitudinal series.

The wrist and hand of the larger cheliped may be nearly smooth

or may have a few scattered pustulous tubercles (as they are in most

Indian specimens), or they may more nearly resemble the smaller

cheliped in sculpture.

In the Indian Museum are 15 specimens from Karachi, and one

from the Mekran coast.

140. Hriphia scabricula, Dana.

Eriphia scabricula, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 82, and U. 8. Expl.

Exp. Crust, pt. I. p. 247, pl. xiv. figs. 5a-b: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.

1858, p.'37: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. 1X. 1873, p. 256: Hilgendorf,

MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 798: Richters in Mobius Meeresf. Maurit. p. 151: Lenz and

Richters, Abh. Senck. Ges. XII. 1881, p.422: Miers, Zool. H. M. S. “ Alert,” pp. 518,

535: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. XII. 1890, p. 66, and Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VIII.

1895, p. 555: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 480: Whitelegge, Mem.

Austral. Mus. III. 1897, p. 137.

Eriphia gonagra, Krauss (nec Edw.) Sudafr. Crust. p. 36.

8 °

Carapace ~ as long as broad, grooved on the surface as in

E. laxvimana, closely covered anteriorly and laterally with sharpish

subsquamiform granules among which are numerous soft but stiffish

hairs.

Free edge of frontal lobes entire, microscopically beaded. A sharp

tooth at the outer angle of the orbit only. Antero-lateral border with

4 or 5 sharp teeth of gradually decreasing size.

Upper and outer surfaces of wrists and hands closely covered with

vesiculous granules and sharpish pearly tubercles with numerous hairs

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 217

between them, the tubercles on the smaller hand being in longitudinal

series and the hairs thick there.

Legs smooth; the borders of the last four joints, specially the

upper border, fringed with longish hairs.

Colours in spirit, warm light brown, the legs in good specimens

cross-banded alternate dark and light brown.

In the Indian Museum are three specimens, from the Laccadives,

the Andamans and Ceylon, (also one from Samoa)

Alliance II. Trapezioida.

Trapezia. Tetralia. Quadrella. Sphenomerus.

TRAPEZIA, Latreille.

Trapezia, Latreille, Fam. Nat. p. 269, and Encyclop. Meth. x. 695.

Trapezia, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I, 427.

Trapezia, Dana, Silliman’s Journ. (2) XII. 1851, p. 128, and U. S. Expl. Exp.

Crust. I. p. 252.

Trapezia, A, Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1878, p. 257 and Miss.

Sci. Mex., Crust. p. 341.

Trapezia, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 163.

Trapezia, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., X. 1897, p. 202.

Grapsillus, Macleay in Smith’s Ill. Zool. S. Afr. p. 67.

Carapace approaching the quadrilateral, little convex, not much

broader than long, smooth and without any trace of regions.

Antero-lateral borders much shorter than the postero-lateral, run-

ning backwards almost straight and parallel with one another, not

therefore meeting the convex curved and convergent postero-lateral

borders at any angle.

Fronto-orbital border extremely broad, about as extensive as the

greatest breadth of the carapace. Front broad, horizontal, lamellar

separated from the supra-orbital angle by a notch; cut into two lobes,

of which both the inner and outer angles are pronounced: so that with

the supra-orbital angle the front usua!ly appears 6-toothed.

The orbits, which afford no concealment to the eyes and are large,

are cut out of the antero-lateral angles of the carapace: their dentiform

upper and lower inner angles are broadly in contact, so that the

antenns are widely excluded from the orbit: their margins are without

fissures or sutures.

The antennules fold nearly transversely, but in most spirit specimens

are extended beyond their fosse. The basal antennal joint is slender

and very short and does not nearly reach the front: the flagellum is

very long, much longer than the major diameter of the orbit.

J. 11. 25

218 A. Aleock— Careinological Fauna of India. [No. I,

The crests of the endostome, defining the expiratory canals, are

well developed and the canals are closed in below by the foliaceous

process of the Ist maxillipeds: the anterior edge of the merus of the

rather slender external maxillipeds is not notched.

The chelipeds are long and very massive and are sub-equal or not

very unequal in both sexes: the arm usually projects a long way beyond

the carapace, and has its anterior edge sharp and crest-like and serrate :

the fingers have usually a thin and sharp cutting-edge, best marked on

the immobile finger. Legs stout, of moderate length.

The abdomen of the male consists of 5 segments, the 3rd—5th being

fused.

The species of Trapezia are found in the crevices of coral-stocks.

Key to the Indian species of Trapezia.

I, A distinet spine or tooth at the junction of the antero-

lateral and postero-lateral borders of the carapace :—

i. Lower border of hand sharp, entire :—

1. Outer surface of hand, in its upper part

at least, covered with a mass of fine

tangled downy hairs ...es«..... .... J. cymodoce.

2. Outer surface of hand smooth me fine —

a. Carapace and appendages plain

yellowish or reddish brown ......... TT. ferruginea.

b. Carapace (and sometimes also the

upper surface of the hands) covered

with an elegant meshwork of fine

dark brown lines (a scurfy pubes-

cence on outer surface of hand,

occaSionally): ..cecauss ssc asec ctuseeree ee QUOORMEIE

e. Carupace and sannatne ee: every

where covered with roundish red

BPOGE ciesice (pve asigah de dees eeis bois slanions due ine | La ARRON MmmE

d. Duranens espe with faintish

brown spots, upper surface of hands

with a network of brown Hines ... T. intermedia.

ii. Lower border of hand granular or bluntly ser-

rulate ;: carapace, etc. covered with roundish red

BPOtS ... ccccccece Sites es .... 1. rufopunctata.

41, Nothing more tia an 1 dhidistinct: anton at the sstetiion

of the antero-lateral and postero-lateral borders:

colours, in spirit, blackish brown..,........5.00 00+ .essereees-. Le digitalis.

With the species of Trapezia the citations of the various writers:

are so extremely uncertain that I have given up the attempt to make

them complete.

Ortmann, in Zoologische Jahrbicher, Abth. fiir Systematik, ete. X. 1s

1898.} A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 219

1897, pp. 201-216, has published a little monograph of the group, in

which full lists of citations will be found.

141. Trapezia cymodoce, (Herbst) Miers, de Man, Ortmann.

Cancer cymodoce, Herbst, Krabben ITI. ii. 22, pl. li. fig, 5.

Trapezia cymodoce, Savigny and Audouin, Descr. de Egypte, Crust. p. 85, pl. v.

fig. 2: Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) II. 1878, pp. 408, 409: de Man, Notes Leyden

Mus. II. 1880, pp. 177, 178, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., XXII. 1887-88, p. 69:

Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. X. 1897, pp. 2038, 204.

Trapezia hirtipes, Lucas in Jacquinot’s Voy. Astrolabe, Zool. III. Crust. p. 44

pl. iv. fig. 14.

Trapezia cerulea, Heller, SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 348.

Trapezia dentata, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. 1X. 1873, p. 261.

Carapace four-fifths as long as broad, slightly convex in both

directions in the adult female, almost flat in the male, smooth and

polished.

Front prominent beyond the supra-orbital angle, rather deeply cut

into two lobes, each of which has the inner angle dentiform and still

further promineut, and the outer angle (though rounded) sharply

marked and separated by a deep notch from the dentiform supra-orbital

angle.

Inner angle of lower edge of orbit acutely spiniform : outer angle of

orbit acute.

Antero-lateral borders nearly parallel with one another or very

slightly curved outwards, an acute procurved spine marks their junction

with the postero-lateral borders.

Chelipeds sub-equal in both sexes: more than 2¢ times the length

of the carapace in the adult male but not quite so long in the female:

the arm, which projects far beyond the edge of the carapace, has the

anterior border foliaceous and cut into numerous sharp teeth: inner

angle of wrist sharp and prominent, but not usually spiniform: hands

long and compressed, the upper and lower edges (especially the lower)

both sharp, the upper part of the outer surface of the hand (and wrist

also, in many cases) covered with silky wool; fingers compressed, the

cutting-edges thin sharp and not much toothed.

Legs smooth, the dactylus with rather numerous silky bristles,

which are also found scattered along both edges of propus and upper

edge of carpus.

Colours in spirit yellowish or reddish brown, often very dark or

livid on the carapace ; distal two-thirds of fingers commonly dark brown.

In the Indian Museum are 37 specimens, from the Andamans,

Nicobars, Mergui, Palk Straits and the Mekran coast (besides 16 from

other parts of the Indo-Pacific).

220 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India, [ No. 1,

In some specimens the free edge of the frontal lobes is more or less

crenulate: the outer angle of the orbit and the lateral epibranchial

spine are sometimes blunt: the whole of the outer surface of the hand

is sometimes pubescent, and the arm also.

The species can, however, always be recognized by the uniform

colouration, the hairy outer surface of the hands, and the very promi-

nent front.

142, Trapezia ferruginea, Latr., Miers, de Man, Ortmann.

Trapezia ferruginea, Latreille, Encycl. Meth. X. p. 695: Milne Edwards, Hist.

‘Nat. Crust. I. 429: Heller, SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861 p. 349, pl. iv. fig. 40: Miers,

Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) II. 1878, pp. 407, 408: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. IT.

1880, pp. 178, 179: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., X. 1897, pp. 202, 205.

Grapsillus subinteger, Macleay in Smith’s Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Annulosa, p. 67. ;

Trapezia cymodoce, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. 257, pl. xv. fig. 5,

A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 260, and Miss. Sci. Mex.

Crust. p. 342.

Trapezia miniata, Lucas in Jacquinot’s Voy. Astrolabe, Zool. III. Crust. p. 438,

pl. iv. fig. 10.

Trapezia subdentata, Gerstaecker, Archiv. fiir Naturges. XXII, 1856, i. p. 127.

Differs from T. cymodoce, which it closely resembles in form and

colour, in the following particulars :-—

(1) the front as a whole is not so prominent, and its constituent

teeth, as well as the supra-orbital angle, are not so prominent, and

deep-cut: the tooth at the lower inner angle of the orbit is not so

sharp :

(2) the outer angle of the orbit and the lateral epibranchial spine

are not nearly so spiniform in the adult:

(3) the upper border of the hand is not so sharp, and the outer

surface of the hand is smooth, polished and quite hairless.

In the Indian Museum are 25 specimens, from the Andamans,

Nicobars and Ceylon.

Trapezia ferruginea var. intermedia, Miers.

Trapexia rufopunctata var. intermedia, Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 168,

pl. xii. fig. 2, 1886.

Trapezia, sp. Richters in Mébius, Meeresf. Maurit. p. 152, pl. xvi. fig. 13, 1880.

Differs from T. ferruginea only in colouration.

The carapace, legs, arms and wrists are covered with light brown

rather blotchy spots, while the upper surface of the hands is marked by

a network of fine brown lines.

Trapezia ferruginea var, guttata, Riipp.

Carapace light brown, edge of front brick-red: chelipeds with a network

of fine pinkish-brown lines: legs with small pink spots.

Twelve specimens have just been dredged by Dr. A. R. S. Anderson of the

“Investigator,” off Great Coco I. (Andamans).

1898. | A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 221

A faded specimen could not be distinguished from T. ferruginea.

In the Indian Museum are 3 specimens, from Diamond Island (off

C. Negrais, Burma).

The Museum also possesses one of the ‘“Chailenger” duplicates

from Honolulu.

143. Trapezia ferruginea var. areolata, Dana.

Trapezia areolata, Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 83, and U.S.

Expl. Exp, Crust. pt. I. p. 259, pl. xv. figs. 8a-b and 9: Heller, Novara Crust. p. 25:

de Man, Archiv. fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 317, and Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VIII.

1894-95, p. 556: Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 366: Ortmann,

Zool. Jahrb. Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 485.

Trapezia reticulata, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 37.

Trapezia areolata var. inermis, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX.

1873, p. 259, pl. x. fig. 6: Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 167: Zehntner, Rev.

Suisse Zool. V. 1894, p. 157.

Trapezia ferruginea areolata, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., X. 1897, pp. 208, 206.

This species also differs from 7’, ferruginea only in colouration.

The carapace, and sometimes also the upper surface of the chelipeds,

is covered by a very elegant honeycomb network of fine brown (in

spirit) lines. Even in old spirit specimens this network can be made

out, with a lens, on the carapace, though not on the chelipeds.

In many specimens of T. areolata, the upper part of the outer

surface of the hand is covered with a very fine scurf-like pubescence.

In the Indian Museum are 52 specimens, from the Audamans,

Nicobars, Ceylon and Mergui (besides 3 from other parts of the Indo-

Pacific).

144. Trapezia maculata (Macleay) Dana.

Grapsillus maculatus, Macleay in Smith’s Ill. Zool. 8S. Afr., Ann. p. 67.

Trapezia tigrina, Kydoux and Sonleyet, Voy. Bonite, Vol. I. p. 232, pl. ii. fig. 4.

Trapezia maculata, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 256, pl. xv. figs. 4a-d:

Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 37, and Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. York,

VII. 1862, p. 219: Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. 1877, p. 106: de Man, Archiv.

fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 318, pl. xiii. fig. 2: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn.

Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 366.

Trapezia rufopunctata var. maculata, Miers, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., Vol. 168,

1879, p. 487 : Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VII. 1893-94 p. 484.

Trapezia ferruginea maculata, Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., X. 1897, pp. 203, 206,

Differs from 17’. cymodoce in the following particulars :—

(1) the front as a whole is not so prominent, nor are its constituent

teeth and the supra-orbital angle quite so deep-cut:

(2) the chelipeds are not much more than twice the length of the

carapace in the male, the arm being shorter than in 7’. cymodoce and

ferruginea ; there is a strong spine at the inner angle of the wrist; the

outer surface of the hand is smooth, polished and hairless :

222 A. Aleock— Carcinological Fauna of India. [ No. 1,

—

(3) the carapace, chelipeds, legs, etc., are everywhere covered with

well defined roundish red spots.

N.B. ‘the lower border of the hand is sharp and entire (non-

granular, non-serrulate).

In the Indian Museum are four specimens from Table Island (north

of the Andamans).

145, Trapezia rufopunctata (Herbst) Latr., Ortmann.

Cancer rufopunctatus, Herbst, Krabben III. i. 54, pl. xlvii. fig. 6.

Trapezia rufopunctata, Latreille, Encyclop. X. p. 695: Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp.,

Crust. pt. I. p. 255, pl. xv. figs. 3a-b: Lucas in Jacquinot’s Voy. Astrolabe, Zool.

III. Crust. p. 41, pl. iv. fig. 8: Gerstaecker, Archiv. fir Naturges. XXII. 1856, i.

p. 128: Heller, SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 350: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv.

Archiy. du. Mus. IV. 1868, p. 71, and IX. 1873, p. 258, and Miss. Sci. Mex. Crust.

p. 342: Hilgendorf in v.d. Decken’s Reisen Ost-Afr. III. i. p. 75, pl. ii, fig. 3:

Kossman, Reise roth. Meer., Crust. p. 42: Miers, Challenger Brachyura, p. 167:

de Man, Archiv. fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p. 318, pl. xiii. figs. 1,2: J. R.

Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 18938, p. 366: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb.,

Syst. VII. 1893-94, p. 484, and X. 1897, pp. 205, 207, and in Semon’s Forschungsr.

(Jena. Denk. VIII.) Crust. p. 52: Zehntner, Rev. Suisse Zool. IL. 1894, p. 157.

Trapezia acutifrons, A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Soc. Eutom, France, (4) VII. 1867,

p. 281.

Differs from 7’. cymodoce as follows :—

(1) though the front is of the same general form, the edge of each

frontal lobe is somewhat angularly excised and the outer angle is

angularly acute (not rounded) and is produced to or even beyond the

level of the dentiform inner angle of each lobe:

(2) the inner angle of the wrist is more acute and spiniform, . the

upper border of the hand is rounded and the outer surface smooth

polished and hairless, and the lower border of the hand is granular or

bluntly serrulate :

(3) the carapace, chelipeds and legs are covered with rather large

red spots.

In the Indian Museum are 5 specimens from Ceylon.

146. Trapezia digitalis, Latr.

Trapezia digitalis, Latreille, Encycl. Meth. X.696: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat.

Crust. I. 429: Heller, SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 352: Kossmann, Reise roth.

Meer., Crust. p. 42: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 177: Ortmann, Zool.

Jahrb. Syst. X. 1897, pp. 203, 208.

Trapezia leucodactyla, Riippell, 24 Krabben roth. Meer. p. 28,

? Trapezia fusca, Lucas in Jacquinot’s Voy. Astrolabe, Zool. III. Crust. p. 45,

pl. iv. fig. 17.

Carapace about five-sixths as long as broad, but having a broader

look, owing to the less marked projection of the front and the greater

1898. | A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 225

eurvature and convergence of the postero-lateral borders; its surface

smooth and burnished.

The front is slightly notched in the middle line, and is separated

from the hardly-dentiform supra-orbital angles by a shallow notch: it

is thus rather obscurely divided into two lobes, each of which has the

free edge finely denticulate. Outer angle of orbit acute, as is also the

inner angle of the lower margin.

There may be a slight notch at the junction of the antero-lateral

and postero-lateral borders, but there is never a spine.

Chelipeds subequal mm both sexes, about twice the length of the

carapace, smooth and burnished. The arm is much shorter than it is in

T. cymodoce and ferruginea, being broader than long, its foliaceous

anterior border dentate or crenate; inner angle of wrist acute ; upper

border of hand rounded, lower border sharp.

Legs smooth, dactylus with a few bristles, which are almost absent

from the other joints,

Colours in spirit, blackish-brown, fingers, lower edge of hand and

distal ends of leg joints lighter.

In the Indian Museum are six specimens from Ceylon and Palk

Straits.

TeTrRaLiaA, Dana.

Tetralia, Dana, Silliman’s Journ. Sci. and Arts (2) XII. 1851, p, 128, and Proc.

Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 83, and U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 261.

Tetralia, Heller, SB. Ak. Wien, XLIII. 1861, p. 358.

Tetralia, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 261.

Closely resembles Trapezia in form, and only differs in the following

characters :—

The front is hardly separated from the hardly-dentiform supra-

_ orbital angle by a small and very mconspicuous notch, and has its free

edge very slightly convex, very faintly sinuous or straight (instead of

being divided into lobes or teeth), and finely denticulate.

The antero-lateral borders are usually continued into the postero-

lateral without any trace of a spine or notch to mark their junction.

The eyes are smaller.

The chelipeds are usually remarkably unequal ; the arms are shorter

and their expanded anterior edge is not denticulate throughout.

The meropodites of the legs are short and broad, almost foliaceous.

The abdomen of the male consists of seven separate segments.

147. | Tetralia glaberrima (Herbst. ),

Cancer glaberrimus, Herbst, Krabben I. ii. 262 pl. xx. fig. 115.

Trapezia integra, Latreille, Wncycl, Meth. x. p. 696.

224 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [ No. ],

Trapezia glaberrima, Krauss, Sudafr. Crust. p. 35.

Tetralia glaberrima, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt.i. p. 263, pl. xvi. fig. 3:

Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 38: A Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv.

du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 262: Kossmann, Reise roth. Meer. Crust. p. 46: Lenz and

Richters, Abh. senck. Ges. XII. 1881, p. 422; de Man, Archiv. fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887,

i. p. 821: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc., Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 366: Ortmann.

Zool. Jahrb., Syst., VII. 1893-94, p. 485, and X. 1897, p. 209, and in Semon’s

Forschungsr. (Jena. Denk, VIII.) Crust. p. 58: Zehntner, Rev. Suisse Zool. II. 1894,

p. 157.

Tetralia nigrifrons, Dana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 83, and U. S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. i. p. 262, pl. xvi. figs. 2a-d: A. Milne Edwards, Nonv. Archiv.

du Mus. 1X. 1873, p. 262: Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 798.

Trapezia serratifrons, Lucas iu Jacquinot’s Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., LII. Crust. p. 47,

pl. iv. fig. 20.

Tetralia levissima, Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 38.

Tetralia cavimana, Heller, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XI. 1861, p. 14, and SB.

Ak. Wien. XLIII. 1861, p. 353, pl. iii. figs. 24, 25, and Novara Crust. p. 26: Miers,

Phil. Trans. 168, 1879, p. 488, and Zool, H. M.S. Alert, pp. 518, 537: de Man.

Notes Leyden Mus., II. 1880, p. 180: R. I. Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) V. 1899,

p. 73: Whitelegge, Mem. Austral. Mus, ITI. 1897, p. 138.

Tetralia heterodactyla, Heller, Abh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. XI. 1861, p. 14, and

SB. Ak. Wien. XLIII. 1861, p. 354.

Carapace about five-sixths as long as broad, flat smooth and shiny,

with occasionally a faint short and distant pubescence near the frontal

and lateral margins. |

The front is finely and evenly denticulate, is almost straight, and

is generally but not always separated from the similarly denticulate

supra-orbital angle by a slight and inconspicuous break. The lateral

borders are very slightly curved in their anterior half and are moderate-

ly convergent in their posterior half: they show no trace of a spine or

notch, at least in the adult. — ,

The chelipeds are very unequal both in length and bulk in both

sexes, but even more so in the male than in the female. \

In the male the larger cheliped is a good deal more and the smaller

a good deal less than twice the length of the carapace: in the female

the larger is about 1f times and the smaller about 14 times the length

of the carapace.

The arm has the distal end of its anterior border expanded and

finely denticulate: a little down and a few hairs are present on the

outer surface of the wrist hand and finger, especially in the larger

cheliped. |

At the base of the larger hand, on the upper part of the outer

surface, is a roundish pit of variable size and depth and usually full of

hair.

The legs are rather short and stout and end in a curious little

1898. ] A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 225

coarse blunt claw: the meropodites are singularly broad and flat: the

-dactyli and propodites have both edges, and the carpopodites the upper

edge, somewhat hairy.

Colours in spirit rather variable: sometimes uniform yellow or

brown, usually the edge of the front and of the anterior part of the

lateral margin is darker —almost black; occasionally the ends of some

of the leg-joints have a black spot, and sometimes the legs are broadly

banded yellow and blackish-brown.

In the Indian Museum are 78 specimens, from the Andamans,

Mergui, Ceylon, the Maldives and the Mekran coast.

In some but not in all young specimens there is a small lateral

spine placed far forward on either lateral border of the carapace.

QUADRELLA, Dana.

Quadrella, Dana, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2) XII. 1851, p. 128, and

Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 84, and U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. i. p. 265.

Quadrella, A. Milne Edwards, Miss. Sci. Mex. Crust. p. 344.

Carapace squarely hexagonal, nearly as long as broad, moderately

convex, perfectly smooth without trace of regions.

The antero-lateral borders, which are about equal in length to the

postero-lateral, are straight, slope very slightly outwards, and join the

postero-lateral at a very wide, but distinct, angle, marked usually by a

spine. |

The fronto-orbital border is about equal in extent to the greatest

breadth of the carapace, and the broad almost horizontal front is cut

into four acute spines, external to which, on either side, is seen the acute

spiniform internal angle of the lower edge of the orbit projecting

beyond the acute supra-orbital angles ; so that the front is commonly

spoken of as six-spinate.

The orbits, which are small and are cut out of the antero-lateral

angles of the carapace, afford no concealment to the eyes: their upper

and lower inner angles are in contact so as to exclude the antenne.

The antennules fold almost transversely. The basal antennal joint

is slender and does not nearly reach the front; the flagellum is slender

and long—nearly half the length of the carapace.

The crests of the endostome are distinct and the expiratory canals

are closed in as in Trapezia, ete.

The chelipeds are massive but are of great length, the whole of

the long arm projecting beyond the edge of the carapace: they are

subequal, or not markedly unequal, in both sexes.

Legs long and slender, the dactyli strongly and evenly serrated

along the inner edge.

J. 1. 29

226 A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [No. 1,

The abdomen of the male consists of 5 segments, the 3rd—5th

being fused together.

The species of this genus inhabit stocks of corals and Alcyonarians.

148. Quadrella coronata, Dana.

Quadrella coronata, Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1852, p, 84, and U.S.

Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. i. p. 266, pl. xvi. figs. 5a-d: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. X.

1897, p. 210.

Trapezia sp. Miers, Zool. H. M. S. Alert, p. 536, footnote, (see Challenger

Brachyura, p. 163 footnote).

Carapace squarely hexagonal, moderately convex, perfectly smooth,

polished, about as long as broad. Anu acute procurved spine at the open

angle of junction of the antero-lateral and postero-lateral borders.

Front with 6 horizoutal spines, the four larger of which belong to

the front proper, the other two being at the lower inner angles of the

orbits which are much more prominent than the also spiniform upper

inner angles.

Outer angle of orbit acute: eyes small, the diameter of the cornea

about a tenth the length of the carapace.

Chelipeds smooth and polished, about 2? times the length of the

carapace, the arm and the palm each being nearly as long as the carapace.

The whole arm, as well as the end of the ischium, visible, from above,

beyond the carapace; an acicular spine at the inner angle of the

ischium and from six to ten such spines along inner (anterior) border

of arm; one, or two, little spines sometimes, but not always, present at

inner angle of wrist : lower border of hand quite smooth.

Legs long slender, about 1 times the length of the carapace: a

few silky hairs on dactylus and propodite, and sometimes a very few on

the carpus also: the inner edge of the dactylus strongly toothed.

Colours in spirit, milkwhite.

In the Indian Museum are 9 specimens from various parts of the

Indian coasts and islands and from depths of 28 to 88 fathoms (one

specimen from ? 7 fathoms).

Quadrella coronata var. maculosa, nov.

Differs from the typical form in the following particulars :—

(1) the greatest breadth of the carapace is distinctly more than

the greatest length (including frontal spines) :

(2) the chelipeds, under a lens, are frosted over with tiny granules :

the anterior border of the arm is finely denticulate, with 2 or 3 spines

at the distal end only ; the mner border of the hand and thumbis finely

denticulate :

1898.) A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 227

(3) the carapace is closely covered with tiny purple (in spirit) dots,

except for a very distinctly defined W-shaped white area stretching

across its posterior half: the legs, sternum and abdominal terga are

less closely covered with similar purple specks: chelipeds white.

Length of carapace 7 millim., breadth 8 millim. |

In the Indian Museum area male from off Table I. (Andamans)

15-35 fms., and a female from off the Andamans, 20 fms.

Quadrella coronata, var. reticulata, nov.

Differs from the typical form in the following particulars :—

(1) the carapace is distinctly broader than long :

(2) the chelipeds in the male are only about 25 times the greatest

length of the carapace, and under the lens are more or less frosted over

with granules: the anterior border of the arm is serrate, the iuner

border of the hand and thumb is finely denticulate :

(3) the carapace is symmetrically traversed by several fine purple-

brown lines which intersect to form a regular and wide meshwork, and

there is an irregular meshwork of similar coloured lines on the hands.

Length of carapace 7 millim., breadth 8 millim,.

In the Indian Museum are a male from the Andamans, taken on a

Spongodes, and two from off Ceylon 34 fms.

149. Quadrella boopsis, n. sp.

Differs from Q. coronata in the following particulars :—

(1) the chelipeds in the male are only about twice the greatest

breadth of the carapace :

(2) the arm is stout, is only about three-fifths the greatest length

of the carapace, and has its anterior border serrated, not spiniferous :

(3) the eyes are large, their diameter being about one-fifth the

greatest length of the carapace:

Colours in spirit uniform yellowish.

Length of carapace equal with the breadth, which is 5 millim.

In the Indian Museum are a male and a female from the Arakan

coast 20-30 fms.

This species is not the young of Q. coronata, which has the long

slender arm and small eyes of the adult.

SpHENOMERUS, Wood-Mason.

Sphenomerus, Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. March 1891, p. 263.

Carapace transversely oval or subcircular, the front and antero-

lateral margius forming together a semicircle; markedly convex in

both directions, perfectly smooth, without trace of regions.

228 A. Aleock— Carcinological Fauna of India. [ No. 1,

Antero-lateral borders shorter than the postero-lateral—a spinule

at their point of junction.

Front somewhat deflexed, broad and broadly bilobed. Orbits

affording little or no concealment to the eyes, without fissures or

sutures: there is a gap between the front and the inner angle of the

orbit in which the antennary flagellum is lodged. The fronto-orbital

border, in the adult, is not quite # the greatest breadth of the carapace.

The antennules fold nearly transversely: the basal antennal joint

does not reach the front, the flagellum is a good deal longer than the

major diameter of the orbit.

The buccal cavern is a little narrowed anteriorly. The crests of

the endostome are very faint, but to make up for this the anterior edge

of the buccal cavern is puffed out and is very deeply excised on either

side of the middle line; the anterior margin of the foliaceous process

of the lst maxillipeds is also excised to correspond, and so a permanent

expiratory orifice is formed, which is very large and prominent beyond

the almost transverse anterior edge of the merus of the external

maxillipeds.

The chelipeds are stout, very long and not very unequal; the whole

of the arm projects beyond the edge of the carapace: the fingers are

somewhat compressed and are pointed.

The legs are rather slender.

The abdomen of the male consists of five pieces, the 3-5th somites

being rigidly united but without obliteration of sutures.

150. Sphenomerus trapezioides, Wood-Mason.

Sphenomerus trapezioides, Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. March 1891,

p. 263: Ill. Zool. Investigator, Crust. pl. v. fig. 2 (where the carapace ig drawn a

little too broad).

Carapace about # as long as broad, convex in all directions, smooth,

polished.

The front is about 3 the greatest breadth of the carapace, is obli-

quely deflexed, and is divided into two rather shallow broadly-rounded

lobes the free edge of which is entire.

The supra-orbital angle is not defined, but the dentiform or spini-

form angle of the lower edge of the orbit can be seen from above.

The antero-lateral margins form with the front a semicircular

curve, each carries three sharp spinules, namely, one at the outer angle

of the orbit, one at the junction with the postero-lateral border and one

exactly intermediate between the other two.

The chelipeds are a little, but not very remarkably, unequal: the

larger one is about 25 times the length of the carapace. Their surface

is smooth and polished. The arm, the whole of which is visible beyond

1898. | A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 229

the carapace, has much the same shape as in Trapezia, but its anterior

border, though serrated, is not expanded ; the lower border of the hand

is sharp and somewhat dilated posteriorly, as in Trapezia : the inner angle

of the wrist is rounded, but sometimes carries a small spinule.

The legs are slender smooth and polished, and have a few hairs

distally.

Colours in spirit yellowish white, fingers sometimes blackish in

their basal half.

Length of carapace of largest specimen 9 millim., breadth 11 millim.

In the Indian Museum are 11 specimens from the Andaman Sea

at depths between 130 and 290 fms.

Alliance TI. Domecioida.

Domecia, Eydoux and Souleyet.

Domecia, Eydoux and Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Crust. Zool. vol. i. p, 234: Lucas

in Jacquinot’s Voy. Astrolabe, Zool. vol. iii. Crust. p. 48.

Domaecius, Dana, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2) XII. 1851, p. 128,

and U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. i. pp. 230, 251.

Domecia, A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873, p. 263, and Miss.

Sci. Mex. Crust. p. 345,

? Nelews, Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. Gandaloupe, p. 35.

Carapace somewhat oval transversely but much contracted pos-

teriorly, flat, somewhat hairy, with no trace of regions.

The fronto-orbital border is not much less than the greatest breadth

of the carapace. The front is profusely spinate, the spines being sharp,

a little curved, and falling into about six tufts or groups separated by

more or less well-marked intervals.

The antero-lateral borders pass backwards with but little outward

slope: they are a little shorter than the concave and convergent postero-

lateral borders, and are armed with numerous sharp curved spines.

The orbits are at the antero-lateral angles of the carapace and do

not conceal the eyes, their edge shows no fissures or sutures: their

upper and lower inner angles are broadly in contact, or almost in con-

tact, so as to exclude the antenne.

The antennules fold nearly transversely. The basal antennal joint

hardly reaches the front, though its outer angle is produced towards

the front: the flagellum is short—hardly as long as the orbit.

The buccal cavern is broad: the crests of the endostome are not

very strong; nor is the foliaceous process of the lst maxillipeds pro-

duced far forwards: the external maxillipeds are very large, and the

merus is remarkably broad and short.

The chelipeds are somewhat unequal, and are short and not very

massive: the arm is almost entirely hidden by the carapace: fingers

compressed, pointed.

230 A. Alcock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [ No. },

dni @

The legs are stout, especially the meropodites.

The abdomen of the male has all 7 segments distinct and separate.

151. Domecia hispida, Eydoux and Souleyet.

Domecia hispida, Eydoux and Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool. vol. i. p. 285, pl. ii.

figs. 5-10: Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust. pt. I. p. 251: Lucas in Jacquinot’s Voy.

Astrolabe, Zool. vol. iii. Crust. p. 50, pl. iv. fig. 8-7: Stimpson, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool. II. 1870-71, p. 145: A. Milne Edwards, Nouv. Archiv. du Mus. IX. 1873,

p. 263, and Miss. Sci. Mex. Crust. p. 345, pl. Iviii. fig. 2 (not good): de Man, Archiv.

fiir Naturges. LIII. 1887, i. p, 326: Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. VII. 1893-94,

. 478.

4 ? Neleus acanthophorus, Desbonne and Schramm, Crust. Guadaloupe, p. 35.

? Eupilumnus websteri, Kingsley, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1879, p. 397,

pl. xiv. fig. 3.

Carapace covered with light-coloured hairs: antero-lateral border

with five or six (including the orbital angle) acute dark-tipped spines,

and several similar spines on the carapace just inside the antero-latera!

border, and also just inside the spiny fronto-orbital border. The orbital

margin and the prominent edge of the epistome are finely denticulate,

Merus of the external maxillipeds extremely broad and short, with

an elevated patch of denticles on its outer surface.

Chelipeds a little unequal, the larger one is not very much longer

than the carapace: the arm, wrist, hand and dactylus are all studded

with acute spines.

Legs stout, not very much shorter than the chelipeds: the anterior

surface of the last four joints fringed with hairs, and the anterior edge

of the merus spinate, as also, but much less distinctly, is the anterior

edge of the carpus and propus.

Colours in spirit, yellow with brown blotches on the carapace and

chelipeds and indistinct dusky cross-bands on the legs.

In the Indian Museum are a male and female from off Little

Andaman I., 10 fms,, and two females from Great Coco I.

Alliance IV. Melioida.

Me ia, Latreille, Edw.

Melia, Latreille, Encycl. Meth. X. 705.

Melia, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. I. 431.

Melia, Dana, Silliman’s Journal (2) XII. 1851, p. 128, and U. S. Expl. Exp.

Crust. pt. I. p. 242.

Carapace rather depressed and narrow, hexagonal, not concealing

the first 25 or 3 abdominal terga even in the male, the regions not, or

fairly distinctly, delimited.

Fronto-orbital border more than ? the greatest breadth of the

carapace. Orbits very shallow, affording little concealment to the eyes.

Antennules folding obliquely.

1898.] A. Alcock —Carcinological Fauna of India. 231

Basal antennal joint slender, of good length but yet hardly touch-

ing the front ; the flagellum very long (half the length of the carapace,

or more), lodged in the orbital hiatus.

Chelipeds slenderer and much shorter than the walking-legs, the hand

often hidden in a matted tuft of hair.

Walking-legs long and stout, the third pair the longest of all.

External maxillipeds somewhat slender and almost subpediform.

Both the Indian species of this genus differ from Melia tessellata

(of which there are several specimens in the Indian Museum collection)

in having the carapace rugulose, the antero-lateral border crenulate,

the front more prominent, and the regions fairly well delimited and

areolated.

152. Mela cestifer, n. sp.

Carapace hexagonal, about as long as broad, rugulose or tubercu-

lous, somewhat pubescent posteriorly and laterally, the regions fairly

well defined and areolated.

Front broad, sublaminar, square-cut, horizontal but on a lower

plane than the gastric region.

Antero-lateral border cut into three blunt lobes, the first of which

is confluent with the outer orbital angle.

Antennary flagellum very long.

Chelipeds extremely slender ; hand hidden in a tuft of adherent hair,

which has to be removed before the slender hooked fingers can be seen,

First pair of legs somewhat more slender than the others, and

shorter than the last pair; the second and third pair stouter and

longer than the others, the third pair being the longest and the stoutest

(especially as to the merus) of all. All the legs are more or less

pubescent.

The abdomen of the male consists of 5 segments, the 3rd—5th being

fused.

Colours in spirit, white, the bases of all the rugosities or tuber-

cules defined by more or less circular very fine dark lines.

Length of carapace barely 4 millim., breadth hardly over 4 millim.

In the Indian Museum are a male and a female from off Ceylon,

34 fms.

153. Melia pugil, n. sp.

Differs from M. cexstifer (females compared) in the following

characters :—=

(1) the carapace is distinctly broader than long :

232 A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. [ No. I,

(2) the regions though as well defined are not nearly so much

broken up into tubercles :

(3) just behind the 3rd tooth of the antero-lateral margin is a

distinct indentation, making the anterior end of the postero-lateral

border dentiform :

(4) the chelipeds are distinctly stouter and the hand is concealed

in a fleshy glove :

(5) the first pair of legs is as stout as the fourth.

Length of carapace 5 millim., breadth 7 millim.

Colours in spirit, white, with a wider and more angular network

of fine dark lines.

In the Indian Museum is a single female from off Ceylon, 265 fms.

Appendix to Hyperolissa ?

PLaTyPILUMNUS, Wood-Mason.

Platipilumnus, Wood-Mason MS., Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. May 1894,

p 401.

Carapace hexagonal—the prominent bilaminar horizontally-pro-

jecting front forming the shortest side of the hexagon—thin, depressed,

perfectly flat, with the regions and subregions very faintly impressed :

the antero-lateral borders are spinate, the postero-lateral are slightly

convergent, and the posterior border is long.

Front about a third the greatest breadth of the carapace. Upper

margin of orbit spinate, the inner angle of the lower margin acutely

spiniform.

The antennules fold transversely. The basal antennal joint, though

of fair length, does not reach the front; the next joint lies loosely in

the wide orbital hiatus; the antennary flagellum is long, about twice

the major diameter of the orbit,

Buccal cavern quadrangular, very well defined anteriorly; the

external maxillipeds do not nearly cover it, but leave the efferent

branchial channels permanently widely open; the endostomial ridges

that define these last are well defined posteriorly, bnt do not reach the

anterior border of the buccal cavern. |

Chelipeds in the female, markedly unequal, fingers long, pointed.

Legs long, slender, compressed, spiny.

As there is only a single female in the Indian Museum, I cannot be

sure of the place of this genus in the system. It probably belongs to

the Cancroidea, and should be placed near Galene.

1898. | A. Aleock — Carcinological Fauna of India. 233

Platypilumnus gracilipes, Wood-Mason.

Platypilumnus gracilipes, Wood-Mason MS., Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. May,

1894, p. 401: Ill. Zool. Investigator, Crust. pl. xiv. fig. 6.

Carapace much depressed, perfectly flat above, with the surface

nearly smooth centrally and very finely and closely granular laterally,

and with the regions indistinctly defined. The front has the form of a

horizontally projecting bilobed lamella, with the free edge sharply and

very evenly spinate and the sides turned abruptly downwards. The

margins of the orbit are spinulate, the upper margin the more distinct-

ly so, and the lower margin terminates internally in a strong oblique

spine, the point of which inclines towards the sharply vertical tooth

formed by the already mentioned downfolding of the lateral edge of

the frontal lamella.

The antero-lateral borders of the carapace which are arcuate and

are shorter than the postero-lateral, are armed with three large spines,

in front of, between, and behind which are several spinules.

The pterygostomian regions are large and inflated, and the branchial

apertures, especially the efferent aperture, are large and patulous.

The eye-stalks are large and are of moderate length; the corneal

region is rather small.

The antennules are long and are transversely folded, their basal

joint is large and inflated.

The antenne are long, their basal joint is slender and free; the

second joint lies loosely in the internal orbital hiatus.

The inner edge of the meropodite of the external maxillipeds is

convex, with a pair of little spines at the summit of the convexity ;

the succeeding joint arises at the antero-internal angle.

The thoracic legs are furnished with many spines and long hairs.

The chelipeds, which are robust, are unequal; their prismatic arm

has all its borders spiny; the short inflated wrist is sharply granular

and spinulate in the distal half of its dorsal surface and along the

outer edge, while the inner edge bears a pair of rather large spines ;

the hand is spinulate everywhere in the smaller cheliped, but only in

the proximal third of its outer surface in the larger; the fingers also

of the smaller cheliped are spinulate on the outer surface, while those

of the larger cheliped are smooth ; the cutting-edges of the fingers are

finely and unevenly toothed.

The other thoracic legs are long, compressed, and slender, and have

the meropodite spiny along both edges, the carpopodite and propodite

spiny along the front edge, and the dactylopodite styliform.

Colour in the fresh state yellowish red.

Andaman Sea, 188-220 fms. A single female.

Ar. 30

234 C. B. and J. B. Bhaduri— On Double Thiosulphates [Now d,

Contribution from the Chemical Laboratory, Presidency College, Calcutta.

On Double Vhiosulphates of Copper and Sodiuwm.—By CHANDRA

BuusHan Bnuapuri, B.A., and Jyrotr BuusHan Buapuri, M.A.

Prem Cuanp RoycHanp Scuonar, Communicated by ALEX. PEDLER,

F.R.S.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction ... sa ste a wee 234

Historical note .. ate oa wo. 24

Yellow double Ericenigistes, a wes COD

Action of cuprous oxide on sodium thiesnipliees ae a. 244

White double thiosulphate with sodium chloride ... .. 246

Yellowish white double thiosulphate ... Bes .. 246

When working with the preparation of a few normal sulphites and

particularly during an attempt to prepare normal cuprous and cupric

sulphites, we had occasionally to use sodium thiosulphate instead of

sodium sulphite or sulphur dioxide dissolved in water. It was soon

found that a beautiful yellow salt separates, on allowing a mixture of

sodium thiosulphate and copper sulphate solutions to stand for some

time, in microscopic needles which however decomposes readily in a day

or two unless special care is taken to get it perfectly dry. By varying

the concentration and proportion, with or without addition of alcohol,

the colour of the salts obtained seemed to change considerably. We

undertook to analyse some of them, and the result of the analyses forms

the subject matter of the present paper.

But before proceeding to describe our work a brief notice of the

work done by previous chemists on the subject may not be out of place.

The following list includes all the salts known at present.

Cuprous Sodium thiosulphate :—

(1) 2Cu,8,0, 7Na,S,0, 2H,O (Jochum C. C. 1885, 642).

(2) 20u,8,0,, 7 Na,S,0, 12H,O (Jochum).

(3) Cua, S 'O,;0 Na: S te 2 H ‘@. (Rammelsberg Poge. 56, 321).

(4) Cu,S,0, 3 Na, S, 0. 6H 0 (Jochum).

(5) 3Cu,S,0, 2Na,8,0, 8 H,0 (Vortmann, M. Ch. 9, 165).

(6) 3Cu,S,0, 2Na,8,0, 5H,O (Lenz, A. 40, 99).

(7) 5Cu,8,0, 4Na,S,0, 8H,O (Jochum).

(8).5 Cu,8,0, 4Na,8,0, 6H,O (Jochum).

(9) Cu,S,0, Na,S,O, H,O (Russel Ch. Ztg. 9, 233).

(10) Cu,S,0, Na,S,O, 3H,0 (Vortmann M. Ch. 9, 165).

(11) 5Cu,S,0, 3Na,8.0, 2Na,SO, H,O (Jochum).

1898. ] . of Copper and Sodium. 235

Cuprous Sodium thiosulphate Cupric Sulphide :—

(1) Cu,8,0, Na,S,0, CuS 4H,O (Lenz. A. 40, 99),

(2) Cu,S,0, Na,S,O, 2CuS (Kessel B. 11, 1585).

Cuprous Sodium thiosulphate Sodium Chloride :—

3Cu,8,0, 2Na,8,0, 4 Na Cl 8 H,O (Siewert, Zeit. ges.

Naturwiss. 26, 486).

Cuprous thiosulphate sodium dithionate :—

(1) Cu,S,0, 4Na,8,0, 4H,O (Vortmann),

(2) 2Cu,S,0, Na,8,0, 2Na,O (Jochum).

See Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities, Inorganic by A. M.

Comey, 1896, page 474, and Dammer’s Handbook IJ, 2 pages, 688-89.

The yellow salt to which Lenz and Siewert assigned the formula

Cu,S8,0,, Na,S,O,, Cu S,4H,O, was found by Kessel to have the

above composition when prepared at 10°C, and to vary in composition

with variation of temperature. Kessel further noticed that the yellow

salt is obtained when the copper sulphate and sodium thiosulphate are

mixed in the proportion of one molecule of the former to two molecules

of the latter. He further says that the reaction takes place in two

stages. According to him the yellow salt is decomposed by cold strong

hydrochloric acid forming a white mass which contains neither free

sulphur nor copper chloride, is permanent when dry, but in contact with

moisture decomposes with separation of copper sulphide and evolution

of sulphur dioxide. He is, however, of opinion that the sodium chloride

is present as an impurity having had nothing to do with the composi-

tidn. , |

Vortmann on the other hand, disagreeing with Kessel describes two

salts, one a greenish yellow salt Cu,S,0, Na,S,O0, H,Oand the

other an intense citron yellow salt 3Cu,S,0, 2Na,8,0, 8H,O. The

former according to him is obtained in microscopic needles when saturated

solutions of copper sulphate and sodium thiosulphate are mixed together

in the proportion of one molecule of the former to two molecules

of the latter. When, however, the solutions are previously heated

to about 40°C and then mixed together, the temperature of the mixture

rises about 5°—7° and the salt with the composition 3 Cu,S,O, 2Na,S,0O,

8 H,O separates out, also in microscopic needles. The yellow salt is

unstable and decomposes thus—3 Cu,8,0, 2 Na,S,0O, 8H,O=3Cu,S

+2Na,S0,+H,S0,+58,4+280,4+7H,0.

The salt we are going to describe agrees in some respects with the

yellow salt described by Lenz and Siewert and confirmed by Kessel, as

also with that described by Vortmann. That there should be copper

sulphide present in a salt with such an intense yellow colour seemed to

us strange. This led us to analyse the salt once again. To start with,

236 C. B. and J. B. Bhaduri— On Double Thiosulphates _[No. ],

it was found that the same yellow salt is invariably obtained at all

temperatures between 20°C and 34°C provided the green colour of the

mixture is not discharged by an excess of sodium thiosulphate. Even

with fairly dilute solution, the same salt is obtained. In one or two

cases, however, the sodium thiosulphate was so much in excess that the

liquor left after the separation of the crystals was yellow. Sometimes

the precipitate was allowed to remain in contact with the mother liquor

overnight. It may be mentioned here that the salt separates out soon

when prepared from concentrated solutions. If, however, dilute solu-

tions are used it takes a much longer time for the salt to crystallise

out, but it is richer in colour and more distinct in crystalline structure.

In contact with the mother liquor decomposition sets in generally

after a day or two, and a dark reddish brown precipitate, more soluble in

water than the yellow salt, is formed which finally changes into black

insoluble copper sulphide, the supernatant liquid becoming perfectly

clear and transparent. In the first few preparations the salt was

simply washed with water, in which it seemed to dissolve to a slight

extent, until free from sulphuric acid, pressed between filter paper,

powdered and dried by exposure to theair. It was found, however,

that the salt so treated did not keep well for a few days, decomposition

setting in, sometimes, even in course of a few hours. The colour

slowly changed to black, and sulphur dioxide was evolved. It was

subsequently found that a fairly stable salt could be obtained if it were

washed at first with water until free from sulphuric acid and finally

repeatedly with rectified spirit over filter pump, dried by exposure to

the air, powdered, and carefully sifted in a fine sieve. The salt thus

prepared did but lose a trifling when kept in a desiccator over calcium

chloride for weeks together. The result of a determination of the loss

is given here using about (7) seven grams of the salt.

22nd December, 1896. Platinum basin and salt =31:2436 grams.

23rd ” ” ” ” = 31°2425 33

9th January, 1897. oa ‘, =O) ‘240 2) roe

26th ss ms * = 31°2412

”

Thus about 7 grams of the salt lost only 2°5 milligrams in three

weeks. This loss may easily be accounted for from a small quantity of

alcohol still present in the air dried sample. In connection with the

decomposition of this salt at ordinary temperature, it may conveniently

be pointed out, here, that more dense the precipitate is and the richer

the colour, the better it keeps. Moisture is perhaps the most important

factor in bringing about the decomposition, as appears from a little of

the above sample, kept sealed in an ordinary glass tube. While the

substance kept quite well in a desiccator over calcium chloride for about

1898. ] of Copper and Sodium. 237

a month, the salt in the sealed tube began to change in the course of @

few days. It is also important to mention here that the salt does not

keep in contact with alcohol as was often noticed during specific gravity

determination. Alcohol therefore appears to have a twofold action

when used in washing the moist salt. Firstly, owing to its strong

affinity for water, it removes easily the last trace of moisture from the

salt, and secondly being in itself very volatile entirely disappears when

exposed to the air.

A series of analysis was made with samples prepared on different

occasions under varying conditions, and the result is tabulated on next

page.

From the percentage composition we obtain the following atomic

ratio :—

Ga: Nagy S:/O ‘= 514 +) 869 < 874): 1-984

14 : Dis 24: 56

oa (ie is) hav SPO

The composition obtained from the analysis of different samples agree

so well among one another that there is no reason to assume it to be a

mixture. On the contrary it may fairly be assumed to be a compound

‘with definite composition. It has also been found that different crops

of the salt obtained from the same mixture at different intervals have

identical composition (see samples B. 1 and B. 2).

On adding caustic soda toa mixture of cupric sulphate and sodium

thiosulphate, a blue precipitate is obtained indicating the presence of

bivalent copper. If, however, the caustic soda is added after some time

when the formation of the yellow salt begins, the yellowish red cuprous

hydrate is obtained. On adding caustic soda to the yellow salt sus-

pended in water, the latter is decomposed, and the same reddish yellow

cuprous hydrate is obtained. This indicates that the first stage of the

reaction consists in the reduction of the cupric copper to cuprous

copper, and it is during the second stage that the precipitation of the

yellow salt commences. The formation of the yellow salt is neither

sudden nor rapid, one or two days being sometimes necessary for

complete precipitation. It appears as probable that a portion of the

copper in solution undergoes oxidation with the reformation of copper

sulphate and reproduction of a blue solution.

The salt thus prepared was subjected to a careful qualitative

analysis .for all other possible sulphur compounds, as for instance sul-

phuric acid both free and combined, a sulphide, a sulphite, and the

thionates. It was found, however, that none of these compounds are

present in the salt even as an impurity. Butit gave all the reactions

[ No. 1,

On Double Thiosulphates

_“~

C. B. and J. B, Bhadur

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of Copper and Sodium. 239

1898. ]

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240 C. B. and J. B. Bhaduri— On Double Thiosulphates [| No. 1,

of thiosulphuric acid. Hence it was concluded that the substance was

a double thiosulphate of copper and sodium, and we confirmed it by

quantitative estimation of the acid. We estimated the thiosulphuric

acid both by the direct action of iodine on the salt acidulated with

hydrochloric acid, and by decomposing the salt with caustic soda,

filtering and titrating the filtrate by iodine after acidification. The

results are tabulated below :—

1 ¢.c. IODINE SOLUTION = ‘01516 Gram I. = ‘01365 Gram H,S,Ox.

Table of direct titration with todine solution.

Wt. of Salt used Vol. of Thio- Vol. of Thio. Porane? f

(Sample VII). | sulphate required.| calculated for | Mean. Se 2

1 gr. Salt. cat ee

0 2909 gram. 10°6 c. c. 36°6 c.c.

01880 ,, 6:9 c.c. 367 c.¢. 36°63 50°

0°3467.— ,, 12°7 c. ¢. 36°6 c.c.

Table of titration of the filtrate after decomposing the salt by NaOH and

filtration.

. Vol. of Thio.

Vol. of Thio- Percentage of

. of Sal d. = calculated f Mean.

Wt. of Salt used. | .uiphate required. = ees Salt. sees H.S,03.

+ |

S |

6 ( 1:0637 gram. 38°25 c. c. 36° Cc. ¢.

"8, [ 15558, 53°5 «C.c. 36'3 ¢. c.

a |

a | 36°2 49°3

O'6199. -.,, 220 c. ¢. 36°3 c. c.

1:9320 ,, 67°9 c.c. 35:1 c. c.*

On comparing the two tables it is found that the result of table A

is slightly higher than that of B. The total sulphur 27°95 °/, if caleu-

lated as thiosulphuric acid would give 49°8°/,; so that there is fair

agreement between the calculated result and that obtained by the

ti? a pha

* In this case the result is too low as the salt was slightly decomposed and

discoloured.

1898. ] of Copper and Sodium. _ 241

method A. This proves that the whole of the copper is present in the

cuprous state, otherwise the iodine required for direct titration would

be less, owing to the liberation of iodine by the cupric salt from potas-

sium iodide. The little discrepancy between A and B will be explained

later on.

Another important point should be mentioned here in connection

with the determination of water. It will be seen on going through the

table that when the water is estimated by heating the substance at

temperatures up to 250° C. in a currentof carbon dioxide and causing

the sulphur dioxide evolved to be absorbed by lead dioxide, we get

9°46 °/, of water. On the other hand when it is heated rather strongly

and the evolved sulphur dioxide is absorbed by red hot lead chromate,

the result is 10°5°/,. It was further noticed that the major portion of

the water was liberated before the evolution of any considerable amount

of sulphur dioxide began. During the decomposition of the salt a

small quantity of sulphuric acid is formed which with the sodium

sulphate, another product of decomposition, may form sodium hydrogen

sulphate, thus accounting for the increased percentage of water ata

very high temperature. We propose to take up the subject in a future

communication in connection with the decomposition of the salt.

It may hence be concluded that the substance is a double thio-—

sulphate of copper and sodium having the formula 7 Cu,S,0, 5 Na,S,O,

16 H,O with the following percentage composition :—

Copper = 32°24 °/,. Sulphur pa it ag ae

‘ Sodium 8°37 °/,. Oxygen (for complete oxidation) = 32°05 °/,.

Water = 10°48°/..

The salt with the composition as given above should however take

32'04.°/, oxygen for complete oxidation of the salt to copper sulphate

and sodium sulphate. There seems to be a slight difference between

the calculated percentage of oxygen and that obtained as a mean of

several analysis. This difference however disappears if the result of

the analysis of the last preparation, the most stable in the batch, is

considered.

V. Hauer says that an acid cuprous -thiosulphate of the formula

Cu,H, (S,0,), may be obtained by adding a concentrated solution of

copper sulphate to a strong solution of sodium thiosulphate until the

colour is deep yellow and gently heating the mixture, as yellow pris-

matic crystals. We have repeatedly tried to prepare the salt, but as

often have we failed. The crystals obtained, invariably contained

sodium thiosulphate, and when the heating was carried beyond 35-40°C.

the mixture in some cases changed colour from yellow to a dark reddish

J, u, 31

24:2 GO. B. and J, B. Bhaduri— On Double Thiosulphates [No.1,

brown in the course of a few minutes, and finally deposited a dark-brown

precipitate readily soluble in water. If, however, thoroughly saturated

solutions of both copper sulphate and sodium thiosulphate, previously

heated to about 50-60°C., be used, similar yellow crystaline precipitate

is obtained which settles down easily. Care should however be taken

in washing the salt, as a comparatively large quantity of sodium

sulphate is formed in this case which has to be removed. But the

freshly precipitated salt is also sensibly soluble in water. It should

therefore be drained as completely as possible, washed once or twice

with water and then with dilute alcohol gradually increasing the

strength of alcohol and finally with alcohol alone. Different samples

have been thus prepared with slight modification in the process, and the

result of the analysis of the same are included in the annexed table.

On examination it will however be found that although the samples

appear to be identical in physical properties, they all differ more or less

im composition and that therefore different formule should be given

to them. (See Table p. 243).

As we had reason to believe that the percentage of sodium in F

was a little too high the atomic ratio appears to be as Cu: Na: S: O:

H,O=4: 3: 7: 16: 6 corresponding to the formula 4 Cu, 8S, O,, 3 Na,

S,0,9H,O. With the following percentage composition :—

Cu=31'84 °/, S=28:17 °/,

Na= 868 °/, O=32°20 °/,

In E the ratio of copper to sodium is as 7: 6.

By heating therefore with sodium thiosulphate a part of copper is

separated, thus increasing the percentage of sodium and sulphur. But

whether at any particular temperature a compound of perfect definite

composition is formed or not, it is impossible to say positively.

We next proceeded to consider what takes place when copper acetate

is used instead of copper sulphate, thinking that acetic acid being a

weaker acid might give the normal copper thiosulphate or the acid salt

of V. Hauer. Copper acetate is less soluble in water than copper

sulphate, and accordingly we had to work with comparitively dilute

solutions. Thinking that concentration and relative proportion might

produce corresponding difference in composition standard solutions of

H,O=102 °/,

copper acetate and sodium thiosulphate (1 ¢.c. Thio. =10°835. S Thio. =

10°835 x -0248 gms. Thio. = :2687 gms. and 1 c.c. copper acetate=

"0182 gms. Cu) were prepared. Kessel and Vortmann state that the

yellow salt described by them can only be obtained when the two solu-

tions are mixed in the ratio of one molecule of copper salt to two

243

of Copper and Sodium.

1898. ]

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24,4. C. B. and J. B. Bhaduri— On Double Thiosulphates [No. 1,

molecules of sodium thiosulphate. It was soon found that no preci-

pitate is obtained when the mixture is made in the ratio of one molecule

of the copper salt to two molecules of the sodium salt, and that the

same yellow salt is obtained when they are mixed in any other propor-

tion less than the above.

When the yellow salt is treated with a solution of sodium hydrate,

an orange coloured precipitate of cuprous hydrate is obtained. If,

however, the precipitation is effected in presence of a large volume of

water the bright reddish yellow dense precipitate becomes voluminous,

turns dirty brown and can easily be filtered. From concentrated solu-

tion the whole of the copper cannot be completely precipitated and

separated, a portion invariably going into solution. The light brown

precipitate after being thoroughly washed, dissolves in dilute hydro-

chloric acid; a small quantity possessing a black colour however remain

undissolved. No sulphur free or combined can be detected in the

solution. The insoluble residue can only be dissolved in aqua regia and

on analysis was found to contain copper and sulphur only. The residue

therefore consists of copper sulphide. It becomes now of importance

to decide whether the sulphide is present as such in a soluble form in

the original salt or that it isa product of a secondary reaction. We

are of opinion that the latter supposition is the correct one and we shall

presently give reasons for it.

As already stated the bright orange red precipitate cannot be

filtered easily. If, however, the mixture be very gently heated, the

precipitate settles down easily and can therefore be filtered readily.

Should it however be heated nearly to boiling the precipitate darkens

in colour. The residue after careful washing, on treatment with dilute

hydrochloric acid leaves a considerably greater quantity of the black

copper sulphide than that obtained in the cold. It is therefore clear

that the sulphide of copper which is found along with cuprous hydrate

is a product of a secondary reaction between sodium thiosulphate and

cuprous hydrate. That this is the true explanation of it will be evident

from the following consideration. Sodium thiosulphate is neutral to

test paper; so also is cuprous hydrate or oxide. But when cuprous

oxide is treated with a solution of sodium thiosulphate, a strongly alka-

line liquid is obtained even in the cold. According to Field (Quarterly

Journal of the Chemical Society xvi. 28.) cuprous hydrate dissolves in

sodium thiosulphate solution at the ordinary temperature and is repre-

cipitated on heating. We found, however, that with the application of

heat a considerably greater quantity of cuprous hydrate dissolves. To

examine this reaction quantitatively weighed quantities of cuprous

oxide containing 98'5°/, of real cuprous oxide were dissolyed in excess

1898. ] of Copper and Sodium. 245

of sodium thiosulphate with the application of gentle heat and the

sodium hydrate produced was estimated by standard acid, using phenol-

phthaliene as an indicator. The result is tabulated below :—

Vol. of the standard

hydrochloric acid re-

Vol. of standard

Weight of CugO used. ka aie acid quired for 1 pram Mean.

‘ of the oxide.

0°3162 grams. 21°7 G.c. 68°6 cc.

02558 _—=Cé=, 17°4 c.c. 68°4 c.c.

02928 .-.;, 20°3 c.c. 69°3 c.c. 68'8 c.c.

0°2539 _—sé=é»“; 17°5 c.c. 68°92 c.c.

e76ss” ;, " © 921°9 ¢.c. 68°94 c.c.

1 c.c. of the standard acid used contained 000734 gram of true

hydrochloric acid gas.

...0°985 grams of real cuprous oxide liberated a quantity of caustic

soda which required 68°8 c.c. of the standard acid: or one gram of real

68°8 x ‘00734 x 40:

‘rehome 68°8 x *( KO" Ok 4

cuprous oxide liberates 365 0985 0562 grams of caustic soda.

1 562

“, Cu,0 : NaOH : : Tap i757 = 701 : 1405

— Ana el

or one molecule of Cu,O liberates two molecules of sodium hydrate

according to the following equation :—

Cu,0+H,0+Na,.S,0,=2 NaOH +Cu,8,0,

The cuprous thiosulphate is kept in solution by the excess of sodium

thiosulphate. This solution is very unstable under ordinary circum-

stances and black copper sulphide soon separates out. Here we have

the explanation of the formation of the black sulphide when the yellow

salt is treated with caustic soda, The reaction may therefore be repre-

sented by the following equation ;:—

7 Cu,8,0, 5 Na,S,0, 16H,0 +14 NaOH =12 Na,S,0,4+7 Cu,O + 23 H,0.

During the first stage of the reaction the whole of the copper is

obtained as cuprous oxide, but the bright redish yellow cuprous oxide

being, in contact with an excess of sodium thiosulphate in course of

time gradually darkens in colour and quite rapidly on heating as the

result of the other equation stated above, and subsequent conversion of

the cuprous thiosulphate into copper sulphide. It is for this reason

again copper cannot be precipitated as oxide by means of caustic soda

from a solution containing one mol. of copper sulphate to two or more

molecules of sodium thiosulphate. Here we have also the explanation

246 C. B. and J. B. Bhaduri— On Double Thiosulphates [No. ],

of the little discrepancy noticed between the thiosulphuric acid deter-

mined by direct titration (method B) and that obtained from the total

sulphur calculated as thiosulphuric acid.

The yellow salt described before dissolves easily in dilute hydro-

chloric acid without any apparent change. Concentrated hydrochloric

acid on the other hand precipitates a white crystalline salt which settles

down at once. After awhile, however, sulphur dioxide is given off freely

from both, and the supernatant liquid turns brown. The white salt if

washed immediately with a little water and finally with alcohol is a

rather stable one. It can in fact be heated in steam chamber without

decomposition. In contact with the mother liquor containing strong

hydrochloric acid it decomposes so soon that the washing of the salt

becomes difficult and at times impracticable. Besides in presence of a

large quantity of strong hydrochloric acid a proportionally large

quantity of sodium chloride is precipitated and cannot therefore be com-

pletely removed by alcohol. If instead of hydrochloric acid, acetic acid

be used, sodium acetate is formed and can be easily removed by washing

and filtration with dilute alcohol in which menstruum it is rather freely

soluble. We accordingly prepared at first a saturated solution of

copper chloride in dilute acetic acid and then gradually added to it a

strong solution of sodium thiosulphate, when a perfectly white salt was

precipitated. Subsequent experience proved that even acetic acid is

not necessary, and the white salt is obtained when a strong solution

of sodium thiosulphate is gradually added to an equally strong solution

of copper chloride. The precipitate is obtained in fine impalpable

powder which settles down easily and can therefore be filtered and

washed without any considerable difficulty. The result of the analysis

of the different samples is given in the annexed table. From the mean

atomic ratio Cu: Na: S: Cl:O0: HO=8: 3°01: 4'68 : 1:29

10°78: 1:91 the salt with the formula 9 Cu,8,0;. 5 Na 8,0, 8 Na Cl

12 H,O is obtained having the following percentage composition :—

Cu = 31:46 S = 24°78 = term

Na = 11°45 Cl = 7°85 H,O = 5:97

If strong solutions of copper sulphate or acetate and sodium thio-

sulphate be mixed nearly in the proportion of one molecule of the

former to two molecules of the latter and allowed to remain for some

time as in other cases, no yellow salt separates out. If on the other

hand a large excess of concentrated acetic acid be added to the mixture

a white or faintly yellowish white precipitate is obtained which is more

soluble in water than the yellow salt. Copper acetate should therefore

be used in preference to copper sulphate. It can then be washed with

1898. | of Copper and Sodium. 24:7

dilute alcohol instead of with water until free from sodium acetate and

finished as before. It appears as probable that the acetic acid plays

the same part in this case as alcohol does in Vortmann’s salts. The

white or faintly yellowish white salt turns yellow in contact with water

especially if the salt be previously dried. On comparison of the result

of analysis of the different preparations as given in the annexed table

we find that this salt again is a double thiosulphate of copper and

sodium having the formula Cu,S,0, Na,S,.0, 23 H,O. Russel describes

(Ch. Ztg. 9233) a salt Cu,S,0, Na,S,0, H,O whose properties and

method of preparation are altogether different from the one described

here. This salt when once perfectly dry, also keeps well even in con-

tact with the atmosphere.

248 C. B. and J. B: Bhaduri— On Double Thiosulphates [No. J,

Table of analysis of the white salt obtained by the action

rahe 5 5 ‘o © re zr)

m m

HS | Fi 3 A =n

£5 S| FS s be Fy

wo a0 on an fel) an an

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0'5071 one “ 0°1527

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15015

i i a

1898.]

of Copper and Sodium. 249

_ of hydrochloric acid (concentrated) on the yellow salt.

PERCENTAGE OF

Cu. | Na. Gi

25°05

31°53) 11°75

32°99 25°65

aoe | avs 68

32°08) 11°4

25°06

32°09

31°19) 11°6

cee «. | 248

31°43) 11°55

ATOMIC RATIO OF

REMARKS.

The yellow salt

was dissolved

in dilute hydro-

chloric acid and

then _ precipi-

tated by strong

hy droc hloric

acidjand washed

with alcohol.

3°00 | 3:06) 4°7

eve

The result is high

owing to thesalt

being — slightly

decomposed.

3:0 | 2:93! 4°63) 1-24) 10°77

eee

28°86 Deducting the

weight of Ag Cl.

Perfectly white

sample.

3°05| 47 | 1°34) 10°78] 1:93] Deducting the

\. weight of Ag Cl.

28°45

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JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

=e R Ge

Vol. LXVII. Part IIL.—NATURAL SCIENCE.

No. II.—1898.

An Annotated List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles—By Lronet

pe Nickviuuz, F.E.S., C.M.Z.8., S§c., and Hetnrica Kian.

(With Plate I.)

[ Received November 25th, 1897 ; Read January 5th, 1898. ]

The Ké, Key, or Kei Isles,* called by the natives the Evar Isles, have

a total area of about 680 square miles, and have been in the possession of

the Dutch since A.D. 1645. They le south of the equator, also to the

south of Dutch New Guinea, to the south-east of the large island of Ceram

and the nearer small Banda group of isles, to the west of the Aru group

of isles, and to the north of the Timor Laut or Tenimber Islands. They

are placed between 5° '0’-6° ‘5’ S. Lat. and 131° -50’-133° -15’ E. Long.

They may be divided into four parts:—I. Great Ké Isle or Noehoe Ioet,

II. Little Ké or Noehoe Roa, III. the Tiandoe islets, IV. the Koer

islets. The last, according to Professor K. Martin, formed once a part of

the eastern extension of the continent of Asia, while the first three ap-

pertain to the Australian region. Great Ké has a tertiary formation,

consisting of limestone rocks; the surface is hilly, rising to nearly

3,000 ft. elevation. Little Ké and the other islands are all of coral forma-

tion, and are port-tertiary or quaternary. Wherever the soil and situation

are favourable, the islands are planted with cocoa-nut and bread-fruit

trees. The islands to the south of Little Ké are from the evidence of

the rocks of an older formation of the quaternary period. All the

* Pronounced “kay,” or exactly as the letter ‘‘K,” says Dr. A. R, Wallace in

“The Malay Archipelago, ”

J. u. 32

252 L. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No. 2,

islands shew in different places distinct old strand and beach lines, which

prove that they have been periodically raised by volcanic action. Ac-

cording to the natives, about sixty years ago one small island was so

raised above the level of the sea on the western side during the occur-

rence of a great earthquake combined with a tidal wave. Also during

recent years slight earthquakes are felt from time to time. On Little

Ké is found the largest area under cultivation, “batatas,’ a kind of

pea, and also beans, indian-corn and cocoa-nuts being largely grown.

In some places in Little Ké are yet found forests of iron-wood, “ ling-

goo-ah” and “loriah”” wood; also on the mountains of Great Ké. But

the forests are being cut down year by year, and become rapidly thin-

ner, the more so as the Ké islanders every year increase the building of

- “nraus”’ (native boats), which are sold to the people of the islands close to

the Ké archipelago. The natives live principally on sago, which is largely

cultivated ; but rice has to be imported by traders. The exports from

the Ké isles consist of logs of iron-wood; ‘‘ praus,” “ tripang”’ ( béche-de-

mer), turtle-shell, black-shell, green snail-shell, “copra” (dried cocoa-

nuts), and some “‘ beng koedoe”’ (Morinda bracteata, Roxb.), used for dyeing.

The whole population consists of about 24,000 souls, residing chiefly on

Great Ké, of whom about 14,000 are heathens, 9,500 Muhammadans, and

about 500 Roman Catholics, the latter resulting from a mission settled

there for about the last ten years. The people are of very mixed

blood, and are Malaio-Polynesians. Their colour varies from light to

dark brown and is of all shades. The hair is black, mostly long and

slightly curly. There are of course many with short frizzly hair des-

cended from immigrants from New Guinea. They divide themselves

into four classes:— I. The “ mel-mel” are the aristocracy, and are

chiefly descended from immigrated traders from Ternate, Luang, Ceram,

and Macassar in Celebes. From this class are mostly elected the chiefs,

of whom there are usually three or four in each village. II. The

““jam-ah,” who are perhaps the original native aristocracy, of whom

also different chiefs exist. III. The ‘renn-renn,’’ who are free citi-

zens. IV. The “tri-ri” or slaves, or better, bondsmen, Though

there are so many chiefs, they have very little authority over their

people, the family being the unit of government. The religion of the

heathen portion of the population is a very simple one. They have one

or two wooden idols erected in places they consider to be sacred, but

believe much more in ghosts than in their gods; to the former they pray,

and make offerings to them when commencing the cultivation of their

fields, going a journey, in times of distress, &c. In general the people

ate very lazy, and live from hand to mouth, never thinking of the mor-

row. A little sago and a fish suffices for each meal, and of fish there is

1898.] L. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 253

an abundance in the sea for the trouble of catching. If they want

a new cloth they can obtain it without trouble on credit from the

numerous traders, paying for it hereafter with ‘“ copra,” ‘ tripang,” &c.

The Ké people consider themselves to be very courageous, but are in

reality cowardly. In the old days before the Dutch took over the gov-

ernment of the islands, the natives were often fighting amongst them-

selves. These little wars, often extending over a considerable period,

came to an end at last when one side or the other had killed a few of

their enemies, seldom more than four or five. Under enemies, women

and children were included as wellas men. The tribe or village losing

the fight and coming to the conclusion that peace was desirable, made

terms with the opposite side, and paid a war indemnity, sometimes in

land, but usually in old cannon (“‘lilas”’), rifles, gongs (“ tom-toms”’),

bracelets and chains of gold, plates, &c., &e.

The islands being very small have also a very poor fauna. The

mammals consist of wild pigs, two species of Cuscus, a flying squirrel, a

flying fox, some species of bats, rats and mice. On Great Ké a kangaroo

and a marsupial badger are found. Birds are more common, but no

paradise-birds occur.

The west monsoon blows from December till April, which is the

wet-season; the east monsoon also from May to November brings much

rain, alternating with fine clear days. The driest months are from July

to November. The mean humidity of the atmosphere of the Ké Isles

in 88°5°/,, and the mean temperature is 80°9° F, (27:4 Cels.), according

to the observations of Mynheer H. C. W. Plauten, an officer of the

Dutch navy.

Great Ké possesses many small rivers, which form here and there

beautiful waterfalls in their course from the mountains to the sea. In

the east monsoon they are usually dry. On Little Ké, in which there

are no hills, there is only one river, which is about a mile and a half

long, but which has an outflow of about two cubic meters a second, and

what is most strange, has a greater flow of water in the dry- than in the

wet-season, no doubt from springs at its source or in its course. Besides

the rivers there are in Great Ké one and in Little Ké two small lakes,

which have no outlet, and seem to be merely accumulations of rainfall

in natural depressions in the ground.

From what has been said above, it will be understood that the en-

tomological fauna of the Ké archipelago is poor, but strangely enough

(at any rate as far as the butterflies are concerned) it has more distinct

endemic species than some of the neighbouring islands which are larger.

For instance, three out of the six known species of Muplea found on

the islands are endemic to them, and three of them are very unusually-

254. L. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No, 2,

coloured animals, being more or less pure white on the upperside in

both sexes, and are mimicked by the females of two peculiar species of

Hypolimnas (H. polymena, Felder, and H. hewitsoni, Wallace). H. M.S.

“Challenger” in her memorable scientific expedition round the world,

called at Ké Dulan, and Dr. A. G. Butler, in Ann. and Mag. of Nat.

Hist., fifth series, vol. xiii, p. 188 (1884), enumerates thirteen species

of Butterflies from thence obtained on that occasion, all of which are

noted below. The late Herr C. Ribbe in his paper on the Butterflies

of Great Ceram (Iris, vol. 1, p. 187 (1889), mentions many species

from the Ké Isles, all of which are referred to herein. Herr J. Rober

of Dresden in Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxiv, pp. 261-334 (1891), vol. xxxv,

pp: 85, 86, pls. iii—vi (1892), has written a most interesting paper on

the Lepidoptera of the group of Malayan islands which include Ceram,

Goram, Maumerie, Key, Flores, Letti, Alor, Luang, Bonerate, Timor,

Timor Laut, Kisser, Wetter, and Tanah Djampea, recording 42 (not 41

as stated at page 262) species from the Ké Archipelago. All these are

mentioned below, and those not seen by us have a ™ prefixed to their

names. The present paper is based on materials obtained by Kithn

during the nine years (from 1889) he has resided on the islands, and

he has written the introduction and notes on the habits of the various

species, while de Nicéville is responsible for the rest of the paper, and

has seen it through the press. It is probable that the list is fairly

complete, there are probably only a very few small species left to be

recorded. We record 128 species from the Archipelago, out of which

we have not seen only 17; of these latter most of the names are doubt-

less incorrect identifications, and appear in our list under other names.

Family NYMPHALIDA.

Subfamily Danaina.

1. Hustra (Nectaria) D’URVILLEI, Boisduval.

In Great Ké this species is usually seen flying in the forest at a

great height amongst the trees. It is very rare in Little Ké.

2. Danais (Tirumala) wamata, Macleay.

Very seldom seen in Little and Great Ké, common on Koer Isle.

De Nicéville finds it difficult to distinguish D. septentrionis, Butler,

from this species. Macleay’s species is much the older,

3. Danats (Limnas). prtiuia, Stoll.

Key, Rober, as Danaus chrysippus, Linneus. The Ké Isles examples

agree with those from Australia. It is very rare on all the islands.

ES OO , OOD ee en er nS

eS a

1898.] lL. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 255

4, Danats (Salatura) varatensis, Butler.

Rober as Danaus plexippus, Linneus. Originally described from

Larat in the Timor Laut Islands. Single specimens are seen every-

where on Great and Little Ké Islands all the year round, mostly on

open spots covered with “alang-alang” grass (Imperata arundinacea,

Cyrill.).

In de Nicéville’s collection is an old male specimen of D. intensa,

Moore, described from Java, Lombok and Borneo. As the species is un-

known to Kihn, and is represented by D. laratensis in the Keé Isles, it is

probable that the specimen did not come from the Ké Isles.

5. Damais (Salatura) arrinis, Fabricius.

Key (Réber), Ké Dulan (Butler). Very common on all the islands.

6. Danas (Asthipa) cirrina, Felder.

Rober as Danaus gloriola, Butler. Common on Great and Little

Ké Islands amongst bamboo clumps. Mr. Kirby has given some notes

on this species in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., sixth series, vol. iv,

p. 157 (1889), but they are difficult to follow without seeing the speci-

mens about which he wrote.

7. TrLieRvo zorLus, Fabricius.

Rober as Hamadryas nais, Guérin. Butler as H. niveipicta, Butler,

Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xiii, p. 191, n. 6 (1884),

from Ké Dulan. This “new species” hardly seems to differ from

T. zoilus. Common everywhere in the bush in all the islands. The male

secondary sexual characters in the genus Tellervo (= Hamadryas, Bois-

duval, nec Hamadryas, Hiibner) do not appear to have been described.

They are found in the forewing, and consist of a greater sinuosity of

the inner margin than iu the female; with a large clump on the upper

surface of modified dull (instead of intensely black like the rest of the

ground-colour) black scales from the inner margin commencing at the

base of the wing but not reaching the outer margin, and extending for-

wards as far as the first median interspace, these modified scales being

entirely absent in the female.

8. EKurrm@a (Vadebra) nuryPon, Hewitson.

Moore. Rober. Ké Dulan (Butler). Common on all the islands in

October and November, but single specimens are found all the year round.

Mr. F. Moore in his monograph of the subfamily (Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1883, p. 284, n. 2) places this species in his genus Chirosa, in which

256 L. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No. 2,

he is followed by Dr. Butler in 1884and by Col. C. Swinhoe (Journ, Linn.

Soe. Lond., Zoology, vol, xxv, p. 342 (1896), that genus coming into

Mr. Moore’s second section of the Hupleina with * One ‘sexual mark’ or

scent-producing organ on the forewing.” FH. ewrypon has no male

secondary sexual characters whatever, and therefore comes into Mr.

Moore’s first section “ No ‘sexual mark’ or scent-producing organ on

the forewing,” and seems to fall best into the subgenus Vadebra.

9. Evueta@a (Chanapa) sacervos, Butler.

' Originally described from Larat in the Timor Laut Islands. Dr.

Butler says that the discal series of white spots on the hindwing are not

[ posteriorly ] notched, but in some of our specimens though not in others

as many as five are occasionally notched. The species is very Sommon

on the Tiandoe and Koer islets, but only two specimens have been taken

on Great Ké, and none on Little Ké,

10. EHvria@a cALLitHo#, Boisduval.

Mr. Moore in his Monograph of the Lupleina, p. 305, places this

species under the genus Salpinx, but according to our specimens and

Dr. O. Staudinger’s figure of the male from New Guinea in Iris, vol. viii,

p- 159, pl. iv, fig. 1, male (1895), it is a true Huplea. It occurs only

on Great Ké, never found on Little Ké or the adjoining islets.

11. EHurre@a (Calliplea) HoprreRI, Felder.

Rober. This species has been figured by Col. Swinhoe in Journ.

Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, p. 342, pl. xvi, fig. 1, male (1896). Found

on all the islands everywhere. It is the rarest species of the genus,

except the species which next precedes.

12. Evrie@a. (Calliplea) visenpa, Butler.

Originally described from Maroe Island of the Timor Laut group.

Found in the Ké Islands group only on Tiandoe and Koer, where it is

very common and extremely variable in the size and extent of the white

markings, no two specimens being exactly alike. Some specimens are

very small, perhaps the smallest in the genus, expanding only 2°0 inches

in alar expanse.

13. Hurpn@a (Hirdapa) asstmiuata, Felder. Plate I, Fig. 1, larva.

Moore as H. fraterna Felder, from Ké Island. Rober. Butler as

H. fraterna, from Ké Dulan. This species was originally described

from the “ Arru Islands,” while HL. fraterna, Felder, was described from

a female only from the same islands, on the same page. Probably the

1898.] LL. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 257

two species are really one. It is very common on nearly all the islands

of the Ké group, but it seems rare on Koer. Mr. Kihn has bred it.

The larva is black; each segment bears several yellow stripes, the first

of which extends lower than the others and encloses the black spiracle.

The head, abdomen and legs are entirely black. The body bears

four pairs of long fleshy subdorsal tentacles tapering to a point, each

is basally carmine-red, becoming black towards the apex, the first pair

is placed between segments two and three, the second between three

and four, the third between four and five, the fourth between ten and

eleven. The pupa is greenish and metallic.

The Hupleas of the Ké Archipelago are very interesting, and form

four distinct groups as regards coloration and markings :—I, H. ewrypon,

Hewitson, H. hopfferi, Felder, and H. assimilata, Felder, which are

mimicked by the females of Hypolimnas polymena, Felder, and H. hewit-

sont, Wallace; II, H. sacerdos, Butler; III, #. callithoé, Boisduval ; IV,

EF. visinda, Butler.

Subfamily Satyrinz.

14, Myocauesis (Calysisme) Perseus, Fabricius.

Occurs on Great and Little Ké in fields of “alang-alang” grass,

but is not common. The ocellated wet-season form appears to be the

only one found on the islands, In both sexes the ocellus in the first

median interspace of the forewing on the upperside has a small pure

white pupil. |

15. Mycauusis (Mydosama) strivs, Fabricius.

Little and Great Ké Isles. Much rarer than the preceding species.

“ Sutyrus” manipa, Boisduval, and Mycalesis daidis, Hewitson, are

synonyms.

16. Yprnima arctous, Fabricius.

Rober. Occurs commonly everywhere on all the islands, and fre-

quents meadows.

17. Hipto consrantiaA, Cramer,

Rober and Ribbe as Melanitis crameri, Butler, described from New

Britain, equals “ Cyllo” amabilis, Boisduval, from New Ireland. The

type of the genus Hipio of Hiibner is the present species. It is doubt-

fully distinct from the genus Melanitis, Fabricius. H. constantia is

rather rare in all the islands, keeping chiefly to bamboo and sago scrub,

Colonel Swinhoe has described a single male of this species from “ Ké

258 L. de Nicéville — List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No. 2,

Island” as M. gylippa in Ann. and Mag. of Nat, Hist., sixth series, vol.

xii, p. 255 (1893), collected by Halliburton. Swinhoe does not refer

to H. constantia in his description. Our females from the Ké Isles

agree very well with Cramer’s original figure of that sex, which was

described from the Molucca Isles.

Subfamily Etymnuna.

18. Enymntas (Dyctis) mMELANE, Hewitson.

Rare on all the islands, usually seen flying about swampy places in

the jungle.

Subfamily NympHatina. N

19. CupnHa cCRAMERI, Felder.

Common everywhere on Little Ké, but more so in forests than

elsewhere, flying close to the ground between low bushes. Our speci-

mens agree fairly well with Cramer’s figures of this species from

Amboina in Pap. Ex., vol. 11, pl, exlviii, figs. D, D (I, F in text), male

(1777), as “ Papilio” lampetia. Dr. Aurivillius says that these figures

equal the “ Messaras”’ cramert of Felder, nec “ Papilio” lampetia of

Linneus, as indeed was pointed out by Dr. Felder when renaming

Cramer’s figures.

20. ATELLA EGISTA, Cramer.

From Little and Great Ké. Flies high and is seldom caught ;

keeps to the tops of bushes.

21. Cerrnosta cypALima, Felder. Plate I, Figs. 2, larva; 2a, head

of larva; 2b, 2c, pupa.

Rober. Ké Dulan, Butler, as C. insulata, Butler. Ribbe as

CO. cydippe, Linneeus, var. damasippe, Felder. Dr. Butler in Cist. Ent.,

vol. i, p. 165, n. 37 (1873), described C. insulata from Ké Island. He

does not give the sex of the types. It is probably the same as C. cyda-

lima, originally described from the Arru Islands. The species on Little

and Great Ké is not common, but is less rare at the beginning and end

of the wet than at other seasons. Mr. Kiihn has bred it, the larva being ~

of the usual form, with six compound black spines on each segment, the

dorsal pair twice as long as the two lateral pairs; the ground-colour of

the larva deep black, each segment posteriorly with a pair of sulphur-

yellow bands reaching below the spiracles. The pupa is whitish, clouded

with pale brown, with four pairs of golden spots on the dorsum.

1898.] lL. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 259

22. CRrTHOSIA LAMARCKII, Godart.

Occurs only on Tiandoe and Koer Islets, not found on Great and

Little Ké Isles. |

23. Cyntuia crcnta, de Nicéville.

C. cycnia, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S.B., vol. Ixvi, pt. 2, p. 547, n. 4, pl. iii,

figs. 19, male; 20, female (1897).

Little and Great Ké. Single specimens are occasionally caught

on flowers.

24. Precis 1pa, Cramer.

Rober. Very common on all the islands all the year round.

25. Precis zetima, Fabricius.

Kihn has sent one male specimen of this species to de Nicéville. In

the collection of the latter are several examples of both sexes from

Mackay in North Australia, with which the one from the Ké Isles

agrees exactly. The species may be known from P. ida, Cramer, by

having on the underside of the hindwing a decreasing series of two,

three, or four creamy-white spots commencing on the middle of the

costa posterior to the costal nervure. It is a little doubtful in

de Nicéville’s opinion if this character is really of specific value, as in

the common P. iphita, Cramer, of India, the same variation is of fre-

quent occurrence.

26. JUNONIA EXPANSA, Butler.

Precis expansa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 367, n. 5.

Rober as J. erigone, Cramer. Described from females from Larat

in the Timor Laut Islands. In the Ké Isles it is rather variable, the

tone of the ground-colour of both wings on both surfaces being much

darker in some specimens than in others. The male is much darker

coloured than the female, especially so on the underside. In Little

and Great Ké it is very common all the year round.

27. *Junonta oriTHyi4, Linneus.

Rober as J. orithya [sic!]. This is we think a very doubtful

record ; at any rate it will not be the typical form of the species which

is found in the Keé Isles.

28. JuNoNIA VILLIDA, Fabricius.

Very rare on Little and Great Ké.

J. u. 33

260 L. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No. 2,

299. *JUNONIA TIMORENSIS, Wallace.

Ké Dulan (Butler). We have not seen this species from the Ké

Isles.

30. Nepris (Rahinda) consiminis, Boisduval. Plate I, Figs. 3,

young larva on food-plant ; 3a, full-grown larva.

Not very rare on Little and Great Ké, single specimens being

here andthere met with. Mr. Kihn has bred this butterfly. The ovum

is laid singly on the underside of the leaves of a papilionaceous shrub,

it is shaped like a raspberry, is pale yellow, and slightly hairy, and

furnished with raised knobs or tubercles in seven rows, the largest row

having 14 tubercles. Larva dark olive-brown, shagreened ; head bifur-

cated in the dorsal line; the second, third and fifth segments furnished

with a pair of processes, the pair on the third segment the longest ;

there is a pale dorsal line from the third to the thirteenth segment, and

a similar spiracular line. For protection against its enemies the larva

has developed the following curious habits :—It bites half through the

middle of one of the bipennate leaves of its food-plant, which is pro-

bably a species of Acacia, and also bites through entirely the small

leaves at the end of the stem beyond the half-bitten-through part, but

fixes each of these bitten-off leaves to the stem by a thread. The larva

rests on the underside at the extreme end of the stem, which has bent

over at a right-angle from the unbitten portion, and feeds on the faded,

dried-up, brown leaves, which very quickly become of the same shade of

colour as the larva. When touched, the larva shakes the leaves. The

larva is very sluggish, and moves very slowly, step by step.

ol. Nepris tacraria, Butler.

Athyma lactaria, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist, third series, vol. xvii,

98, n. 1 (1866); Neptis lactaria, de Nicéville, Journ. A. 8S. B., vol. Ixvi, pt. Z,

p. 585, n. 2, woodcut of female (1897).

Rare on Little and Great Ké Isles.

1898.] L. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 261

32. Neptis (Phedyma) necteEns, de Nicéville.

N. (Phedyma) nectens, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixvi, pt. 2, p. 548, n. 6,

pl. i, fig. 8, female (1897).

Very rare on Little and Great Ké, not known from the other

islands.

33. *NeEPTIS VENILIA, Linneus.

Ribbe records this species from the Key Isles as “ Athyma ” venilia,

but we have never seen it from thence..

o4. Hypotimnas poutna, Linneus.

_ Rober. Common in December and January on all the islands, but

single specimens are met with all the year round. ‘he form of the

female occurring in the islands is that called Papilio tphigenia by

Cramer, Pap. Ex., pl. lxvii, figs. D, E (1775), from Batavia in Java.

The male is normal.

35. HypoLimnas poLyMENA, Felder.

Rober as H. alimena, Linneus, var. heteromorpha, Rober. The

male of this species is typical H. alimena, Linneus, but the female,

which gives its name to the species, has been named H. polymenu by

Felder, from the Arru Isles, and H. heteromorpha by Rober. It is a mimic

of Huplea assimilata, Felder, and the other two similarly coloured

Hupleas found in the Ké Archipelago. It is common in the wet season,

and has been figured by Swinhoe in Journ, Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology,

vol, xxv, p. 342, pl. xvi, fig. 2, female (1896).

36. HyPoLiIMNas HEWITSONI, Wallace.

Apparently rare in the Ké Archipelago, Kiihn having only obtained

three or four worn male specimens on Tiandoe. Both sexes of this fine

species were described and figured from the Ké Islands by Hewitson in

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 464, pl. liv, figs. 2, male; 1, female, as

Diadema pandarus, Linneus, and Wallace in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,

1869, p. 282, n. 8, named it Diadema hewitsoni from the same place. The

female, which we have not seen, is heavily marked with white on both

wings on the upperside, and doubtless mimics the three similarly

marked species of Hupleas found on the Ké Isles.

37. PAaRTHENOS BRUNNDA, Staudinger.

Rober. This is quite distinct from P. sylvia, Cramer, from Java,

and P. sulentia, Hopffer, from Celebes. Single specimens on Little Ké

and Great Ke are found all the year round.

“

262 L. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No. 2,

38. Evuraria (Leaias) zropus, Linneeus.

Ribbe as Symphedra aeropa. Occurs only on Great Ké on the tops

of hills, and is very rare, Not found on Little Ké Island.

39. SaLAMIs SABINA, Cramer.

Sometimes rare, at other times common, on all the islands.

40. DOoLESCHALLIA AUSTRALIS, Felder.

Ké Dulan (Butler). At times scarce, sometimes common, on Little

and Great Ké Islands.

41. DoLESCHALLIA POLIBETE, Cramer.

Commoner than the preceding species on Little Ké and Great Ké

Isles. It is very interesting that two such distinct species should be

found together on one small group of islands. D. polibete appears to be

found in the Himalayas, Assam, Burma, South India, Ceylon, the Anda-

man and Nicobar Islands, and again in Lombok, Amboina, and the Ke

Islands. It was originally described by Cramer from Amboina in Pap.

Ex., vol. iii, pl. ccxxxiv, figs. D, E, female (1779) ; Cramer’s figure

under the same name on pl. ccxxxv, figs. C, D, male, also from Amboina,

has been named D. cramert by Distant in Ent. Month. Mag., vol. xxii,

p- 41 (1885), and is a quite distinct species. The Lombok, Amboina and

Ké Islands form differs from the form from the other localities named

above as D. polibete in having the four subapical white dots on the fore-

wing much more strongly developed, the more western form having them

more feebly developed and sometimes entirely abseut, but this solitary

character is one on which it is hardly sufficient to base a distinct

species. D. bisaltide, Cramer, and D. pratipa, Felder, seem to be one

species, which is found in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Nias, Java,

Bawean, Borneo, Bali, Lombok and the Philippines.

42, CHARAXES KEIANUS, Rothschild. Plate I, Figs. 4, 4a, 4b, pupa.

C. pyrrhus keianus, Rothschild, Nov. Zool., vol. iv, p. 508, n. 2 (1898).

A rare butterfly on Little and Great Ké Islands. Mr. Kihn has

bred the larva, which feeds on Albizzia sp., and also Mesua ferrea (Iron-

wood). The pupa is of the usual shape, very broad, rounded, smooth,

with some small knobs only round the cremaster. In colour it is

pale green, with snow white stripes and dashes, This species is des-

cribed by de Nicéville in Journ. Bomb. Nat, Hist. Soc., vol. xii, p. ,

n. 8, pl. Z, figs. 13, male; 14, female (1898), When describing it

de Nicéville did not know that it would subsequently be named by

the Hon. Walter Rothschild.

1898.] L. de Nicéville—-List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 263

Family LEMONIIDA.

Subfamily LisytHmaina.

43. LipYTHEA ANTIPODA, Boisduval.

Herr Kiihn has taken a single specimen of this species, and saw

one other. The identification is his, de Nicéville has none from the

Ké Archipelago.

Family LYCASNID.

44, GepRyDUS acragas, Doherty.

Not very rare in Little Ké Island. Most frequently caught on the

young leaves of a species of Sambucus at rest amongst black ants, the

butterfly as well as the ants probably feeding on the sap of the leaf-buds.

The male has a small oval whitish patch surrounding the swollen base of

the third median nervuie on the upperside of the forewing; no other

markings whatever on the upperside. The female has the markings on

the upperside exactly as described for the species by Doherty. Both

sexes on the underside of the forewing have the markings exactly as

described by Mr. H. H. Druce in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 561,

pl. xxxi, figs. 9, male; 10, female, for G. vincula from Borneo. Doherty

unfortunately does not say if the submarginal band of confluent mark-

ings extends from the apex to the outer angle or not. G. vincula differs

from G. acragas in the female being uniformly dull brown without

markings on the upperside of the forewing. The “ Miletus” chinensis,

var. ceramensis, Ribbe, from South and East Celebes, Amboina, Saigun,

Buru and Borneo (Iris, vol. 11, p. 247, n. 95, pl. v (nec i), fig. 2, female

(1889), appears to be quite the same as Geryden acragas, and has two

years’ priority.

45. PITHECOPS BASSARIS, de Nicéville.

P. bassaris, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, p. 327, n. 4,

pl. H, figs. 4, male; 5, female (1892).

Rober as Hupsychellus (n. g.) dionisius, Boisduval. Ribbe as Plebejus

dionysius, Boisduval. It is found commonly on Little and Great Ke

Islands during the wet season on roads and paths through swampy

bush country. The genus Hupsychellus is a synonym of Pithecops.

46. *NeropirHEecops zALMORA, Rober.

Plebeius lucifer, Rober, Iris, vol. i, p. 61, pl. iv, fig. 5 (1886).

Not seen from the Ké Isles by us. It was described from the Aru

and Key Islands as P. lucifer by Rober. Herr Rober kindly sent

264 L. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No. 2,

de Nicéville a specimen of this species named by himself from the Aru

Isles, which enables de Nicéville to say confidently that Plebeius

lucifer is a synonym of Neopithecops zalmora. In vol. 11 of Dr. O.

Staudinger’s and Dr. EH. Schatz’s Exotische Schmetterlinge, p. 273,

n. 32, pl. xlviii (1892), reference is made to Herr Rober’s genus

Papua, the type of which is based on Plebeiws lucifer. Consequently

Papua falls to Neopithecops.

47. MercaispA MALAYA, Horsfield,

Mr. de Nicéville has seen four specimens only from the Ké Isles

of this widely distributed species, none of which have tails. It keeps

chiefly to the tops of fruit trees, and is apparently rare, but is probably

less often seen than it would be if larger, brighter coloured, or

haunting lower stations. It occurs only as far as is known on Little

Ké Island of the Ké Archipelago.

48, CYANIRIS KUEHNI, Rober.

Plebeius kuhni, Rober, Iris, vol. i, p. 60, pl. iv, fig. 29, male (1886).

Described by Réber from Hast Celebes and the Key Islands. It is

very close to the widely-spread C. puspa, Horsfield. Especially found

on Little but also on Great Ké Island. It is partial to the flowers of

Leguminose.

49. *CYANIRIS cAGAYA, Felder.

Rober as Plebeius cagaya. We doubt the occurrence of two distinct

species of Cyaniris in the Ké Islands. C. cagaya was described from

the Philippine Isles.

50. ZizERA OTIS, Fabricius.

Common on Little and Great Ké Isles on roads and paths flying

amongst the grass and low-growing herbs.

51. ZizerRa GaikA, Trimen.

Very rare, found only on Little Ké, though probably often over-

looked. It is the smallest butterfly found in the islands, some of our

specimens expanding only ‘6 of an inch.

02. ‘ PLEBEIUS”’ TUALENSIS, Rober.

P. tualensis, Réber, Iris, vol. i, p. 61, pl. v, fig. 26 (1886).

Originally described from the Key Islands, where it is very rare

on Little and Great Ke, and usually caught on flowers of the Legu-

minose. The male on the upperside is coloured like a typical species

1898.] Li. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 265

of the genus Nacaduba, being dark dull purple, with a narrow external

black border. The female on the upperside is dull plumbeous, not dull

purple like the male. The markings on the underside are more similar

to those of the genus Zizera than to those of any other genus known to

us. It has no tails. The neuration differs from both the above-named

genera in that the first subcostal nervule is entirely separated from the

costal nervure in the forewing. It has a near relation in “ Lycena”

meerens, Rosenstock, from tropical Northern Australia, but the male of

that species has the wings narrower, the apex of the forewing more

acute, and the outer margin straighter, the ground-colour of both wings

on the underside darker, and all the markings consequently less promi-

nent. Lyceena merens has been placed by Messrs. Anderson and Spry

in “ Victorian Butterflies,” p. 92, woodcut of male (1894), in the genus

Holochila.

53. Pspupopipsas tras, Felder.

Decidedly rare on Little and Great Ké Isles. Our specimens agree

very well with “ Holochila”’ intensa, Butler, from the Aru Isles and

New Guinea. Unfortunately the description is not comparative with

P.ilias, It has a very quick flight, and sits in the hot sun on the tops

of certain bushes with rounded leaves. Rober records it from Key as

Philiris (n. g.) tlias, Felder. But ‘‘ Thecla” ilias appears to be conge-

neric with Pseudodipsas eone, Felder (1860), the type of the genus

Pseudodipsas, so Philiris would appear to fall to Pseudodipsas. The

genus Holochila, Felder (1862), cannot stand, being preoccupied in

Mammals, and Erina (1832-33), Swainson, cannot be used, as it is

based on the typical species, ‘‘ Papilio” erinus, Fabricius, from Aus-

tralia. Polycyma, Scott (1890), appears on plate xii of Scott’s “ Aus-

tralian Lepidoptera” for Polycyma carythx, itself asynonym of Papilio

erinus, and is a year older than Rober’s name Philivis. All these

names appear to be synonymous with Pseudodipsas. The genus Canda-

lides, Hiibner (1816), type Rusticus Adolescens xanthospilos, Hibner, is

perhaps the oldest name for this group of butterflies.

54, THysonitis TrioPus, de Nicéville, n. sp.

Hasitat: Great and Little Ké Islands.

Expanse: ¢,1°8to 2:0; 92, 2°0 inches.

Description: Femate. Nearest to T. apollonius, Felder, var. supous,

H. H. Druce and Bethune-Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 542,

pl. xlv, fig. 7, female, from Wammo Dobbo in the Aru Isles ; differs in

being “4 of an inch greater in alar expanse; and the uppuRsIpE of

266 L. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No. 2,

both wings having the white discal band of twice the width.

Unpversipe, both wings have the white discal band of the same width as

on the upperside, in var. supous the band is wider than on the upperside,

though not as wide as in T. friopus. Differs from T. hermes, Grose

Smith, Rhop. Ex., pl. Oriental Lycenide iv, figs. 7, 8, female (1895),

from Korrido and Biak Islands, on the upPERSIDE of both wings in having

the discal band pure white instead of heavily irrorated with black

scales. UNDERSIDE, both wings have all the metallic green or blue

(according to the light) markings much more extensive. Differs from

7’. apollonius from several localities in New Guinea in my collection on

the UPPERSIDE of both wings in having the discal white band much

broader and pure white, instead of narrow, dusky and obscure. On

the UNDERSIDE of both wings the discal band is wider, twice as wide on

the hindwing. Matz, Indistinguishable from the same sex of

T. apollonius. Both sexes tailless.

The description above shews that this species is based on the

female sex only, It has been described from three males and one

female. It occurs rarely on Great Ké, and flies about the trees along

the banks of mountain streams; it is found also in high forest in Little

Ké Isle.

55. Taysonitis Korion, H. H. Druce and Bethune-Baker.

T. korion, H. H. Druce and Bethune Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 547,

pl. xlvi, fig. 3, male.

Originally described from the Kei Islands, where it occurs on

Little and Great Ké Isles, on the tops of bushes along the roads and

paths. The remaLE (hitherto undescribed) has on the uppERsIDE of the

forewing the costa widely black, extending into the middle of the

discoidal cell, the outer margin broadly and increasingly black, the rest

of the wing shining bluish-purple, with a white dash on the disc com-

mencing on the disco-cellularnervules. Hindwing with the costa widely

fuscous mixed with whitish, the outer margin more broadly black than

on the forewing, the middle of the wing shining blue. UnneErsipeE, both

wings exactly as in the male. This species has no tails.

56. THYSONITIS ILLUSTRIS, Rober.

Plebeius illustris, Rober, Iris, vol. i, p. 53, pl. iv, fig. 6, female (1885).

We have this species from Great Ké only, where it is very rare.

Messrs. H. H. Druce and G. T. Bethune-Baker in writing their mono-

graph of the genus in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 552, note that

“The male only is described,” but Herr Rober says his type specimen

1898.} Li. de Nicéville—List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 267

was a female. We have both sexes. The hindwing bears a thin black

tail tipped with white.

o7. *THysonitis caHiius, Felder.

Réber as Plebeius celius, Felder, from Key. It is probable that

Herr Rober so identified the species which has been described sub-

sequent to his 1891 paper as 7. korion, H. H. Druce and Bethune-Baker.

_ The latter gentlemen spell the word celius. As figured, this species has

no tails.

58. LycmNestHes emouus, Godart.

Not rare on Little Ké Island. Caught on flowers and bushes in

open places. It is highly probable we think that “ Plebeius”’ seltuttus,

Rober, Iris, yol. i, p. 67, pl. v, fig. 24, male; pl. iv, fig. 24, female (1886),

from the Aru Isles, and East and North-West New Guinea, is the same

species as L. emolus.

59. LYCHNESTHES TURNERI, Miskin.

L. turneri, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb, \at. Hist. Soc., vol. xii, p. , 0. 13, pl. Z,

figs. 24, male ; 25, female (1898).

Much rarer than the preceding species on Little Ké and found with

it. It was originally described from Australia, and Australian speci-

mens in de Nicéville’s collection agree exactly with both sexes from the

Ké Isles.

60. EvERES ARGIADES, Pallas.

Somewhat rare on Little and Great Ké, flies near the ground,

amongst low plants.

. 61. Nacaposa HERMUS, Felder.

Rober and Ribbe as Plebeius unicolor, Rober, from Key, described

from Ceram, Key and East Celebes. Herr Rober has sent a male to

de Nicéville from Ceram, which proves that P. wnicolor is a synonym of

N. hermus. We have both sexes from the Ké Isles.

62. NAacaDUBA MEIRANGANUS, Rober.

Very rare on Little and Great Ké Islands. Originally described

from the Aru Isles. Has a very quick flight, and settles on the leaves

of bushes by the roadside. In coloration and markings the female of this

species very closely resembles that sex of Lyceenesthes turnert, Miskin.

J. 1, 34

268 L. de Nicéville — List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No. 2,

63. Nacapupa ANCYRA, Felder.

Found not commonly on all the islands on the flowers of Leguminose.

64.: NacaDUBA PERUSIA, Felder.

Little Ké Isle, rare, mostly found sitting on the tops of dry bushes.

N. laura, Doherty, is very close to N. perusia, if indeed actually separ-

able, except perhaps in the female.

65. NAcapDUBA ATRATA, Horsfield.

Rather rare on Little Ké Isle.

66. Nacapusa nora, Felder.

Little Ké Isle. The tailed form appears alone to occur, and is

perhaps better known as N. ardates, Moore.

67. JAMIDES PURPURATA, Grose Smith.

J. purpurata, Grose Smith, Nov. Zool., vol.i, p. 574, n. 219 (1894).

Ribbe as Plebejus astraptes, Felder. J. purpurata was originally

described from New Guinea. If we have correctly identified the Ké Island

species the male is distinguished by its bluish-purple colour on the upper-

side, which is not nearly as brilliantly metallic as it is in J. bochus, Cramer,

and its allies, and the outer black border to both wings is about 1°5 mm. in

width. It is near to J. cephion, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1891, p. 367, pl. xxxi, fig. 19, male, from the Solomon Isles, but has the

black border to both wings on the upperside about twice as broad, and

it is not ‘brilliant morpho blue.” It differs from J. astraptes, Felder,

as figured by Semper from the Philippines, in having the black border

to the forewing on the upperside in the male less broad, and on the hind-

wing about twice as broad. In the Ké Isles it is rare, and is found on

Little Ké Island only.

68. Lampwes Aratus, Cramer.

Butler, Ribbe and Roéber as Lampides xtherialis, Butler, from Ké

Dulan (Butler), and Key (Ribbe and Rober). The commonest species

of the genus on all the islands of the Ké Archipelago.

69. LamprpEs cELENO, Cramer.

Butler as L. xlianus, Fabricius, from Ké Dulan, and Rober as

Plebewus selianus, from Key. Also very common on all the islands.

1898.]. Li. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 269

70. LaAMPIpEs aMPuHISsA, Felder.

Rare on Little Ké Island. The DZ. areas, H. H. Druce, from the

Solomon Isles, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 368, pl. xxxii, figs. 7,

male; 8, female, is very near to L. amphissa, which was originally des-

cribed from Batjan.

71. Lampipes nyias, Cramer.

Rober as Plebetus euchylas, Hiibner, Not rare on damp spots on

pathways in Little Ké, common on Great Ké.

72. CatTocHRYsops sTRABO, Fabricius.

Ribbe as Plebeyus kandarpa, Horsfield. Occurs commonly on legu-

minous plants on all the islands.

73. CATOCHRYSOPS LITHARGYRIA, Moore.

This species is found on Koer Island. The male is distinctly blue

on the upperside, while C. strabo, Fabricius, is as distinctly purple.

74. CATOCHRYSOPS CNEJUS, Fabricius.

Extremely common on Leguminosze. It occurs on Koer and the

other islands of the Archipelago,

75. Potyvommatus Beticts, Linnzus.

Ribbe as Plebeyus beticus from Key. Occurs rarely on Great Ké

Island.

76. AMBLYPODIA sp.

Herr Kiihn has sent to de Nicéville a somewhat rough coloured

drawing of a species of Amblypodia which the latter is unable to

identify. Herr Kihn caught a single specimen on Great Ké. The

drawing appears to represent a female; the upperside is dark umber-

brown, the forewing has a pale blue basal patch occupying about a

third of the wing, and extending from the subcostal nervure to the

inner margin. The hindwing has a similar basal patch, wedge-shaped,

narrow at the base of the wing, wide outwardly, and occupying the

whole of the discoidal cell. The underside of both wings is as usual

in the genus of various shades of brown, more or less mottled with

white. No species of true Amblypodia has, we believe, hitherto been

recorded as far east as the Papuan region.

270, L. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No. 2,

77. ARRHOPALA HELIUS, Cramer.

Rare on Little Ké, not seen at Great Ké. Found on young

Djamboe trees (Jambosa aqueea, Rumph.).

78. ARRHOPALA AMYTIS, Hewitson.

Roéber as Amblypodia micale, Blanchard, from Key. Common on

Little Ké Island on Djamboe and other fruit trees. Mr. Bethune-

Baker has kindly identified this species for us.

79. CURETIS sp.

Very rare, Kiihn has only one male specimen from Little Ké Island

in his collection, of which he has sent a coloured drawing to de Nicéville.

Without knowing its female, it is difficult to identify the species. It

agrees fairly well with OC. tagalica, Felder, from the Philippines.

80. HyYpoLYcHNA DANISOIDES, de Nicéville.

H. danisoides, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixvi, pt. 2, p. 558, n. 13, pl. iii,

fig. 21, female (1897).

Very rare. Kiihn has bred it, the larva feeding on orchids. The

male differs only from the female in being smaller (1:1 inches in alar

expanse), it has both wings narrower (less rounded), and the apex of

the forewing more acute. The markings are precisely similar. It has

no secondary sexual characters whatever.

81. DsvupoRIx EPIJARBAS, Moore.

Found on Little Ké, and is very rare on flowering trees.

82. RaApaLA PHRANGA, Hewitson.

Originally described from Batchian. According to the figure the

Ke Isle form has rather more green-blue coloration on the upperside of

the forewing in the male than the typical form. The rema.e (hitherto

undescribed) has the forewing on the uppeRsIDE wholely greenish-blue

except the costa, apex and outer margin. Otherwise as in the male,

save, of course, that the male secondary sexual characters are wanting.

“ Deudoria”’ sumsont, Miskin, from Northern Australia, differs but slightly

from the Ké Isles form. It is found commonly on the leaves of trees

and bushes along the roads, especially on Little Ké Island.

83. BINDAHARA ISABELLA, Felder.

Very rare, only a few specimens from Little Ké Island obtained.

1898.] J.. de Nicéville— Lust of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 271

84. LipHyRA BRASSOLIS, Westwood.

A single male only obtained on Little Ké Island. Kiihn caught it

“one evening at the lamp. The Hon. Walter Rothschild in Nov. Zool.,

vol. v, p. 97, n. 5 (1898), has described Liphyra brassolis major from

females from Northern Australia. This may be the species named above.

Family PAPILIONIDA.

Subfamily Pirrina.

85. Leprosita xtpHia, Fabricius.

Common on all the islands, softly flying along close to the ground.

86. ELopINA EGNATIA, Godart. |

The specimens from the Ké Isles agree with Hewitson’s figure of

“ Pieris” padusa from Australia, except that the forewing is not nearly

so produced at the apex, the costa consequently being shorter; the

hindwing also is broader. Mr. W. H. Miskin in his Cat. Rhop. Aust.,

p- 8 (1891) gives P. padusa as a synonym of F. egnatia, but it is pro-

bably quite distinct. H. egnatia is not rare on Little Ké Island, but is

a butterfly very difficult to catch. The two sexes are almost exactly

alike. We have absolutely similar specimens from Wetter and

Northern Australia.

87. CavoPsILIA CROCALE, Cramer. Plate I, Figs. 5, larva; 5a, 5b,

pupa. |

Wallace as C. alemeone, Cramer. Rober as C. pomona, Fabricius,

C. crocale, Cramer, and ab. flava, Butler. “ Papilio” crocale, Cramer,

and “ Papilio” pomona, Fabricius, were described in the same year

(1775). We prefer to use the former name as it was accompanied by

a figure. There are several forms of this protean species occur-

ring on all the islands of the Ké Archipelago. Taking those without

ocelli on the underside, we have males with the yellow coloration

evenly suffused over both wings on the upperside, with females to

match them, the maJes agreeing with Butler’s figure of “ Callidryas”’

flava, from the Moluccas, &c., but the females are not nearly so heavily

marked with black on the upperside as in Butler’s figure of that

sex of C. flava. Taking those with ocelli on the underside, we have

males with the yellow coloration evenly suffused over both wings

on the upperside like C. flava, aud others with the yellow coloration

confined to a well-marked basal area on both wings, beyond which the

wing is white ; the females are like the other form. It is very common,

and Kuhn has frequently bred it on “ Djohur” trees, the larva being

272 L. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No. 2,

shagreened, above grayish-green, with a shining steel-blue line above

the spiracles, then a spiracular white stripe, which becomes yellow

from the second to the fourth segments, the infra-spiracular region is

light green, beneath it is bluish-green. Hach segment bears six

folds or creases, and all the segments are minutely dotted with black.

The pupa is pale green, with the head produced into a long pointed

process, the thorax humped in the dorsal line, there is a lateral yellow

line running from the extreme apex to the posterior end of the

pupa.

88, TRIAS HECABE, Linneus.

Rober as Hurema hecabe from Key. Butleras 7. photophila, Butler,

from Ké Dulan. He describes the male only, and says it has no sub-

apical brown patch on the underside of the forewing, this patch, however,

is present in females from Ké. In his latest revision of the genus

(Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., seventh series, vol. 1, p. 75, n. 51 (1898),

he places J. photophila as a synonym of 7. sulphurata, Butler, which

“Ranges from Northern Australia northwards to Timor Laut, Aru, and

New Guinea, and thence eastwards to New Ireland, appearing just to

touch the Solomons; more to the south it ranges eastwards to the

Loyalty, New Hebrides, and Fiji Islands.’ Common on all the islands,

89. TERIAS sp.

Only one specimen from Little Ké. It is allied, from Kiihn’s

description, to T. leta, Boisduval.

90. Tertas CANDIDA, Cramer.

Not as common as JZ’. hecabe, Linneus, on Little and Great Ké

Islands. Dr. Butler gives Amboyna and Ceram only for this species.

Our male specimens agree with Cramer’s figure, and have the abdominak

margin of the hindwing on the upperside broadly black.

91. *Appras tyNncipa, Cramer.

Rober as Tachyris lyncida from Key. We have seen this species

only from Java, Bali and Lombok.

92. APPIAS CELESTINA, Boisduval.

Rare on Little Ké, somewhat more plentifully found on Great Ké

Island. Our females are Form I, bluish-white, not rich yellow on the

upperside.

1898.] L. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 273

93. Appras cLAvis, Wallace.

Rober as Tachyris ada, Cramer, from Key. Originally described

from Ké Island. It is rather rare on Little Ké, not sorare on Great

Ké Island.

94. APpPIAS ALBINA, Boisduval.

Decidedly rare on Little and Great Ké Isles. The Form I of the

female, ground-colour white on both surfaces, appears to be the only

one found.

95, HUPHINA RACHEL, Boisduval.

Rober as Pieris pitys, Godart, from Key. ‘ Pieris” rachel was ori-

ginally described from Java, but we have seen no specimens from

thence. Our examples agree very well with the description, except

that the small yellow spot at the external angle (apex) of the hindwing

on the underside is often absent, and when present almost obsolete.

“ Pieris” pitys, Godart, is also a closely allied species, described from

Java, also never seen by us, which is said to have four or five white

spots arranged transversely in addition to the apical white spot on the

upperside of the forewing, whilst our species has one or at most two

subapical white spots only. P. pitys is figured by Lucas from Java, but

he does not shew the four or five white spots mentioned above, and in

other respects his figure does not agree with our specimens from the Ké

‘Isles. Perhaps ‘ Pieris” perictione, Felder, described from the Arru

Islands, is nearest to our species, but it has never been figured, and a

description alone is inadequate to enable one to discriminate between

very closely allied species, though the description agrees very well

with our specimens. H. rachel is very common throughout the year

on all the islands.

Subfamily PaprmLionina.

96. TROIDES PRIAMUS POSEIDON, Doubleday.

Rober as Ornithoptera priamus, Linneus. The Hon. Walter

Rothschild in “A Revision of the Papilios of the Eastern Hemisphere,

exclusive of Africa,” Nov. Zool., vol. ii, p. 191 (1895) records this

species as 7’. priamus poseidon, Doubleday, (& #): 9—ab. hecuba, Rober

(Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxiv, p. 263 (9, nec &) (1891), from the Key

Islands. On Little Ké, Great Ké and Koer (Kiihn got none from

Tiandoe) this butterfly is always to be seen on the wing, but is never

abundant. The larva feeds on a species of Aristolochia.

274 L. de Nicéville — List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No. 2,

97. Paptnio poLypoRUS THESSALIA, Swinhoe. Plate I, Figs. 6,

larva; 6a, 6b, pupa.

Rober as P. polydorus, Linneus. The local race thessalia was

originally described from Ké Island (Halliburton). Itis usually com-

mon on Little and Great Ké Isles, but is sometimes rare, flying in

the open forest. ‘The larva is very similar to that of Troides priamus

poseidon, Doubleday, and feeds on the same plant, a species of Aristolo-

chia: it is dark violet in colour, with tentacular fleshy pale red processes

on the second, third, sixth, seventh, tenth and eleventh segments;

those on the fourth, fifth, eighth and ninth are brownish-red; the

process on the sixth segment is based on a pinkish-white spot; that on

the seventh segment has a pale base; there is also a series of supra-

spiracular processes, The pupa is pale brown, mottled with darker

brown, with a pair of red spots on the middle of the back above; it is

furnished with numerous foliaceous processes on the abdominal segments.

98. *PAPILIO FUSCUS ROTALITA, Swinhoe.

Rober as P. beccarii, Oberthtir.. This local race was described from

Ké Island (Halliburton). We have not seenit. Mr. Kihn notes that

he does not believe that this species ever came from the Ké Islands, as

from 1889 to the present date no collector has been on the islands except

himself; also that he (Kiihn) up to 1896 has sent butterflies from the

Ké Archipelago only to Dr. O. Staudinger, except one very small col-

lection to Herr J. Rober, so from whom could Col. Swinhoe have obtain-

ed it? In the original description Col. Swinhoe gives Halliburton as

the collector.

99. Papiio aALBINUS THOMSONII, Butler. Plate I, Fig. 7, larva.

Zool., vol. iii, p. 322, n. 3 (1896), has described an ab. mordingtoni from

Little Kei Island, from one female, captured by the late Capt. H. Cayley

Webster. Mr. Kihn writes to de Nicéville that had he gone on shore

on New Guinea the day Capt. Webster was murdered by the natives, he

(Kiihn) would have shared the same fate. It was quite an accident

that on that day he, for the first time durmng the expedition, remained

on board their vessel. We have not seen this aberration. P. thomsoniz

is a very variable butterfly: in some specimens there is a well-defined

oblique subapical white band on the upperside of the forewing which

often dwindles away to nothing; the large discal white patch on the

upperside of the hindwing varies greatly in size, in some specimens its

outer edge is even, and in the other extreme it is highly irregular,

being continued along the veins towards the margin; sometimes the

1898. | L. de Nicéville —- List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 275

patch ends posteriorly on the first median nervule, sometimes it reaches

the submedian nervure; on the underside of the forewing the subapical

band is sometimes present, usually absent; on the hindwing there is

sometimes a discal series of large irrorated white spots from the costa

to the first median nervule, usually entirely absent; the blue and

orange submarginal markings are also more or less developed, some-

times both series are absent. It is very common on both Little and

Great Ké Isles. The larva is as variable as the butterfly, and feeds on

various trees, especially those of the Natural Order Aurantiacee. The

larva when young resembles a bird’s dropping. When full-grown it is

smooth with no processes; the head is pale green, the body is dark

green, becoming yellowish-green laterally, the second, third and fourth

segments beneath and the legs are brown, the fifth to thirteenth segments

beneath and the prolegs milky-white; the fifth segment bears pos-

teriorly a broad transverse black band, and the eighth segment bears

an oblique short black band on each side just above the spiracles; on

the fourth segment are two subdorsal milky-blue points on each side

one above the other, with a black spot just anterior to the spiracle; on

the ninth segment are two subdorsal obliquely-placed milky-blue points

on each side one above the other; and on the eleventh segment there is

one similar point on each side. Mr. Kiihn notes that the spots are some-

times greenish-brown.

100. #* PAPILIO HGHUS ORMENUS, Guérin.

Rober as P. ormenus, Guérin. Mr. Rothschild gives (b #): &—ab.

pandion, Wallace, also (f*):°9—ab. polydorinus, Haase, also (g *):

2—ab. amunga, Boisduval, from the Key Isles, but they are unknown

to us from the Ké Archipelago.

101. PapiLio mGEus KeIANuS, Rothschild. Plate 1, Fig. 8, larva.

Mr. Rothschild has described this local race from the Little Kei

Island (Kei Toeal) ; and also (a): 9—f, amaranta, and (b): ?—f.

blanca from the same island (Nov. Zool., vol. ii, p. 422, n. 4 (1896).

All our specimens appear to belong to this local race (not to P. ormenus,

Guérin), as in the males the discal white band ends on the first median

nervule, and does not reach the submedian nervure as it does in P. orme-

nus. In one of our male specimens the orange-red anal spot on the

hindwing on the upperside is absent, typically it is present, and Mr.

Rothschild has seen no specimen in which itis absent. It is rather rare

on Little and Great Ké, the female var. blanca especially so, and seen on

the wing only at the end of the wet season. The larva feeds on

orangeaceous trees. It is brownish-green, with lighter very fine lines

J. ut, 35

276 L. de Nicéville — List of the Bulterflies of the Ké Isles, [No. 2,

on each segment; the head and legs are black, with two short conical

yellow processes on the anterior edge of the second segment, the third,

fourth and fifth segments have each three pairs of similar processes,

the sixth, seventh, eighth, eleventh and twelfth segments have each two

pairs of similar processes ; on the fifth segment is a broad black band

ending on each side on the spiracular region; on the ninth segment

arising from the spiracular region and extending backwards over the

tenth segment is a broad oblique lateral band, which terminates in

the subdorsal region in a black conical process ; on the eleventh segment

is a much shorter posteriorly oblique broad black band, not reaching

the two black conical processes one on each side of the subdorsal

region; the thirteenth segment is white marked with large black.

patches ; posterior to the spiracles the body and the prolegs are white,

more or less interrupted with black lines.

102. *PapiLio DEIPHOBUS, Linneeus.

Herr J. Rober in Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxiv, p. 275 (1891), described

P. deiphobus, ab. hypoxanthos from the Key Islands. Neither Mr.

Rothschild nor we have seen this species from thence. Mr. Rothschild

spells the name “ hypoxanthus.”

103. PapiLio EUCHENOR OBSOLESCENS, Rothschild.

Rare in Little Ké, not so rare in Great Ké Island. Mr. Rothschild

suggests that P. ambrax epirus, Wallace, may occur in the Key islands,

but we have not obtained it there. It is found on the Aru islands.

104. PapiLio CODRUS TOEALENSIS, Rothschild. Plate I, Figs. 9, 9a,

larva ; 9b, 9c, pupa.

Described from Little Kei Island (Kei Toeal). It is not very rare

on Little Ké, but is difficult to catch. Kiihn has bred it, but does not

know the name of its food-plant. The larva is smooth, rapidly in-

creasing in width to the fourth segment, thence decreasing in width to

the anal segment, the head, body and legs are yellowish-green ; on the

dorsal area of the fifth segment are eight short indigo-blue marks which

form two diamond-shaped figures; on the twelfth and thirteenth seg-

ments are five similar marks, one in the middle with four around the

central mark forming an oblong figure; the second, third and fourth

segments each bears at the side a short, bluntly-conical, pale red, fleshy

process; the thirteenth segment with a pair of diverging similar pro-

cesses ; the spiracles are indigo-blue. The pupa is violaceous light

greenish-gray, sometimes yellowish-green ; the anterior portion is broad,

and produced into a rather high process dorsally ; from the apex of this

1898.] L. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 277

process (which is dark brown at the tip) descends on each side to the

spiracle at about the middle of the pupa a fine indigo-blue line, with a

large round blue spot in its middle; the spiracles are dark brown; the

pupa ends in a somewhat sharp point.

105, Papruio EURYPYLUS MELAMPUS, Rothschild.

Described from Little Kei Island (Kei Toeal). Mr. Rothschild

(Nov. Zool., vol. iii, p. 425 (1896), has also described an ab. rufinus from

the same island. P. melampus is very rare, and is found on both Little

and Great Ké Islands.

106. PaPInio SARPEDON CHOREDON, Felder.

Rare on Little and Great Ké Isles. Very quick on the wing.

107. PAPpiILio AGAMEMNON ARGYNNUS, Druce.

Recorded by Wallace from the Ké Island as P. agamemmnon, local

form b, and described from the Ké Island by Druce as P. argynnus. It

is rather common on Little and Great Ké Islands. The larva feeds on

Anona muricata, Linnezeus, Malay name “ Surakajah.”

Family HESPERIID &.

108. Taciapes JAPETUS, Cramer. Plate I, Figs. 10, larva; 10a, 108,

pupa.

Rober, Ribbe and Butler. Very common on all the islands. The

larva is greenish-white, the skin transparent, very finely striped

with white, yellowish between the segmental folds; between the

eighth and ninth segments are two yellowish coloured organs visible

through the skin; the head is dark brown, heart-shaped, strongly

indented above in the dorsal line. Pupa attached openly to a leaf

by a few threads and by the cremastral hooks; pale yellowish,

streaked throughout with reddish-brown; each wing-cover bears two

large irrecularly-quadrangular china-white spots, one at the base of the

wing, which is the smaller, tle other at the anal angle of the expanded

wing, about twice as large ; between the eyes in front are two white

spots like a pair of spectacles; on the third, fourth and fifth abdominal

segments is a triangular white spot on each side; the head is produced

into a long thin pointed process. The larva lives on sweet potatoes.

109. * AmpirriA MARO, Fabricius.

Ribbe as Pamphila maro. This is probably a wrong identification.

278 L. de Nicéville — List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No. 2,

110. *Norocrypra WAIGENSIS, Plotz.

Rober as Plesioneura waigensis. We have been unable to recognise

this species from the description only. It was originally described from

Waigou.

111. Norocrypta FEISTHAMELII, Boisduval.

Not common on Great Ké, rare on Little Ké. Frequents wet places.

Specimens from the Ké Isles and Northern Australia are peculiar in

having the discal diaphanous band on the upperside of the forewing

produced almost to the costa anterior to the costal nervure, instead of

ending anteriorly on the subcostal nervure as usual.

112. *Texicota aucias, Linneeus.

Rober as Pamphila augias. We have not seen it from the Ké

Archipelago, but its occurrence there is not improbable.

113. Txricora BAMBUSA, Moore.

Apparently not rare. Kihn has sent de Nicéville seven male

specimens.

114. *TeLicota mMoseLeyi, Butler.

Pamphila moseleyi, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth Series, vol. xiii,

p. 198, n. 50 (1884).

Ké Dulan (Butler). Capt. E. Y. Watson in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1893, p. 103, places this species in the genus Telicota. It may be the

same species as the next, with which it agrees insize. It was described

from a male, while our Padraona augiades, Felder, is represented by a

single female; the description of P. moseleyi does not agree with our

specimen, but the differences may be due to sex.

115. Papraona avciapes, Felder.

This species was described from a male from Amboina, which was

subsequently figured in the “Reise Novara.” Of the six distinct

orange and black Skippers we possess from the Ké Islands this is by

far the largest. It appears to be rare, we have a single boos onl

which is very similar to examples of the same sex of P. RE a,

Moore, from India, but is much larger, and is more tawny, less neues

coloured. :

116. Papraona procieEs, de Nicéville.

P. procles, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb Nat. Hist

’ ’ . , LU. ist. S ; i ee

pl, J, figs. 7, male; 8, female (1892), oc., vol. vii, p. 358, n, 2],

1898.] LL. de Nicéville — List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 279

Originally described from the Ké Isles, where it appears to be a

common species on all the islands.

117. *Papraona suntas, Felder,

Dr. Butler records this species with a query from Ké Dulan. It

was originally described from Amboina, but has not been figured. We

have not been able to recognise it from the description only. Messrs.

Hlwes and Edwards place it as a synonym with a query of Telicota

[Padraona| dara, Kollar (Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., vol. xiv, p. 254

(1897).

118. *Papraona masa, Moore.

Rober as Pamphila mesa. We have no species of the genus from

the Ké Archipelago which agrees with P. mesa.

119. Papraona, sp. Ll.

Hasitat: Little Ké Isle.

Expanse: 6, 1:'4; 92, 15 inches.

Description: Mare. Upprrsipe, both wings black, with a slight

purplish gloss; all the markings yellow; cilia yellow. Forewing with

a short costal streak from the base of the wing ; a similar streak in the

discoidal cell; the space between these two streaks slightly irrorated

with yellow scales ; three conjoined subapical elongated dots, of equal

length, the middle one placed slightly nearer the base of the wing than

the others ; four obliquely-placed discal spots, the anteriormost in the

lower discoidal interspace small and quadrate, the second spot occupying

the base of the second median interspace, its outer end excavated, the

third spot larger than the second, occupying the middle of the first

median interspace, its outer end excavated, the fourth spot crossing the

middle of the submedian interspace, quadrate, its outer end excavated,

its inner side not in a line with the spot anterior to it, being placed

nearer the outer margin; from the posterior inner angle of this last-

named spot runs a line of yellow scales along the submedian nervure to

the base of the wing ; a streak in the sutural area, its outer end in a line

with the outer edge of the spot anterior to it. Hindwing with a rather

small indistinct clump of sete at the base; a discal transverse band,

with even edges, and of equal breadth throughout, occupying the middle

of the wing; some yellow sete in the submedian interspace. Unpsr-

siDE, both wings with all the veins narrowly black; a narrow black

anteciliary line, ending on the hindwing at the first median nervule.

Forewing black, but the costa and apex to just posterior to the first

280 L. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. [No. 2,

median nervule, where it fines away to nothing, dull brownish-yellow ;

the markings much as on the upperside, but those on the dise broader.

Hindwing dull brownish-yellow ; the discal band much narrower than:

on the upperside. AbpomMEN narrowly ringed with yellow. Femate.

Differs from the male only in being a little larger. .

This description has been drawn up by de Nicéville from three

males and three females. It is a very distinct species, but he has not

ventured to name it, asit has probably been already described from New

Guinea or Australia, from whence he possesses but few species of the

genus. It is very near to P. autoleon, Miskin, from Northern Australia.

120. Papraona, sp. 2.

Hasitat: Keé Isles.

Expanse: @,9, 1°0 inch.

Description: Mate. Uprsrsipe, both wings black, with golden-yellow

markings ; cilia yellow, marked with black at the ends of the veins,

broadly on the forewing, narrowly on the hindwing. Forewing more

yellow than black, there being a large basal triangular yellow patch

from the costa to the submedian nervure and first median nervule, a

short yellow streak in the submedian interspace, and a longer one in the

sutural area ; a discal yellow band extends nearly across the wing from

close to the costa to the submedian nervure, its anterior portion shifted

inwardly and out of line with the posterior portion, consisting of three

conjoined increasing spots, the rest of the band consists of five spots,

their inner edge straight, their outer edge toothed. Hindwing with a

small yellow spot in the middle of the discoidal cell, with some yellow

setee anterior to it; a broad curved discal band, commencing just

posterior to the costa by an oval spot, posterior to which is a small

triangular spot placed nearer the margin than the spot anterior to if,

and joined to the discal portion of the band, which latter crosses the

middle of the wing, and is of equal width throughout, with slightly

irregular edges. UNDbERSIDE, forewing. marked somewhat similarly to

the upperside, but the base of the wing is black; there is a small patch

of yellow scales posterior to the three anterior spots of the discal band ;

also a submarginal yellow band beyond the discal band from the costa

to the first median nervule. Hindwing yellow ; the discal band defined

on both sides with a narrow black line; a prominent anteciliary black

thread. ApBpomen black, narrowly ringed with yellow. Fsmaun, very

similar to the male, but all the yellow markings on the upperside

reduced in size, leaving more of the black ground-colour visible.

This description has been drawn up by de Nicéville from twelve

Sl e—————— SSL

er SS Slr,

1898.] _ L. de Nicéville — List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 281

male and two female examples, which were received from Kihn as

Hesperia flavovittata, Latreille, described from New Holland, with which

description as far as it goes the specimens agree fairly well, but

Mr. W. H. Miskin in his Syn. Cat. of the Lep. Rhop. of Australia places

H. flavovittata in the genus TYaractrocera, distinguished by its short

round-clubbed antennee, while the species described above has the longer

pointed-clubbed antenne of the genus Padraona. It appears to be quite

a distinct species, but has probably already been named, indeed, in

de Nicéville’s collection from Mackay in North Australia are exactly

similar specimens, which agree with Hewitson’s description of

“ Ancylowipha” agraulia, from the same region. The correct spelling

of the genus is Ancyloxypha. Miskin places the latter species in the

genus Apaustus, Hiibner, and gives Pamphila sunias, Felder (see no. 117

above) as a synonym, though it has eight years’ priority.

121. PapRAona, sp. 3.

Kasirat: Ké Isles.

Hxpanse: &,°8; 9, °9 of an inch.

Description: Mate. Uppersipe, both wings black, with yellow

markings; cilia of the forewing black anteriorly, becoming yellow

posteriorly, of the hindwing yellow, the terminations of the median

nervules streaked with black. Forewing with a triangular yellow

streak from the base of the wing to beyond the middle, not quite reach-

ing the costa anteriorly, bounded by the submedian nervure and second

median nervule posteriorly, its outer edge inwardly oblique; three con-

joined subapical spots, the anteriormost a mere dot, the second

_ twice as large as the one before it, the third twice as large as the

second ; a discal band consisting of five portions, separated from the

subapical spots, the two anteriormost portions very small, the third

elongated, occupying the base of the second median interspace, the

“fourth of the same length as the third, occupying the middle of the first’

median interspace, the fifth very narrow and linear, the outer edge of

this band is nearly even, the inner edge very irregular, owing to the

third and fourth spots being so much broader than the others; a

yellow streak occupying the basal half of the sutural area. Hindwing

with a small yellow spot in the middle of the discoidal cell; a broad

discal band occupying the middle of the wing, both edges irregular.

Unversips, forewing marked as above, but the apex is broadly yellow.

Hindwing yellow throughout, except a broad black streak in the sub-

median interspace; the spot in the cell and the discal band defined

outwardly by a narrow black line; an anteciliary black thread.

282 L. de Nicéville — List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. | No. 2,

AspomEN yellow, narrowly banded with black. Frmate differs from

the male only in having the wings broader, and the apex of the forewing

less produced.

Described by de Nicéville from six male and one female specimens.

It is an easily recognised species, is the smallest of the yellow and

black species occurring in the Ké Archipelago, and is not named here as.

it is probably known already from neighbouring islands. It is near to:

P. mexsoides, Butler, described from Malacca, and figured by Moore from

Ceylon, but is much smaller, and differs a good deal in the details of

the markings.

122. Baorts (Chapra) matutas, Fabricius.

The form of this species occurring in the Ké Isles has in the male

only two most minute dots in the median interspaces in the forewing,

on the underside of the hindwing the discal spots are also very small ;

the female is normal. (. agna, Moore, has the spots smaller than

C. mathias, the present form has them smaller still. It is a common

species on Little Ké Island.

123. Baorrs (Parnara) paiiippina, Herrich-Schiffer,

This species has no spots in the discoidal cell of the forewing,

there is a discal series normally of seven spots, but several of the

anterior ones are often wanting, in an extreme form there are only two

spots in all placed in the median interspaces. It is a common species

on Little Ké Island.

124. * Baoris (Parnara) LARIKA, Pagenstecher.

Rober records this species from Key as Pamphila larika. It was

described from Amboina (Jahr. des Nass. Ver. fiir Natur., vol. xxxvii,

p. 207, pl. vii, fig. 1, female (1884). It is evidently closely allied to the

preceding species, but has all the spots on the upperside of the forewing

larger. Doubtless Herr Rober did not know Parnara philippina, Herrich-

Schaffer, or he would have so named his specimens from Ké. It is very

doubtful if two such closely allied species as P. philippina and P. larika

are found in the Ké Archipelago, even if they be really distinct.

125. Hasora DOLESCHALLU, Felder.

Réber as Ismene doleschalli [sic!]. This beautiful species was

originally described from the Moluccas. It is rather rare on Little and

Great Ké Islands. The opposite sexes do not differ in markings and

coloration. Kiihn has bred it, but has not sent de Nicéville a descrip-

tion of its transformations.

1898.] UL. de Nicéville— List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles. 283-

126. Hasora piscontor, Felder.

This species has been identified by de Nicéville from a coloured

drawing of an unique specimen in Kiihn’s collection, taken on Little Ké

Island, and which appears to be a female. The species was originally

described doubtfully from Java. Itis one of the handsomest “ Ismenes”

known. In de Nicéville’s collection are both sexes from Northern

Australia.

127. Hasora (Parata) matayana, Felder.

Ribbe as Ismene malayana. Identified by de Nicéville from three

females which agree exactly with Felder’s figure of the species, and with

some female specimens in de Nicéville’s collection from the Andaman

Iles. The Ké examples have no transparent spots whatever on the fore-

wing. Messrs. Elwes and Edwards in their recent monograph, p. 301,

place this species as a synonym of H. chromus, Cramer, which latter

according to Dr. Aurivillius is a synonym of H. alexis, Fabricius (Ent.

Tids., vol. xviii, p. 150, n. 68 (1897).

128,. BaDAMIA EXCLAMATIONIS, Fabricius.

Not uncommon on Little and Great Ké Islands. It is found from

India to Australia.

EXPLANATION OF Prater I.

—

, larva, Huplea (Hirdapa) assimilata, Felder, p. 256.

, larva; 2a, head of larva; 2b, 2c, pupa, Cethosia cydalima,

Felder, p. 258.

, young larva on food-plant; 3a, full-grown larva, Neptis

(Rahinda) consimilis, Boisduval, p. 260.

» 4a, 4b, pupa, Charaxes keianus, Rothschild, p. 262.

, larva; 5a, 5b, pupa, Oatopsilia crocale, Cramer, p. 271.

, larva; 6a, 6b, pupa, Papilio polydorus thessalia, Swinhoe,

p. 274.

, larva, Papilio albinus thomsonii, Butler, p. 274.

, larva, Papilio wegeus keianus, Rothschild, p. 275.

, 9a, larva; 9b, 9c, pupa, Papilio codrus toealensis, Roths-

child, p. 276.

» 10, larva; 10a, 10b, pupa, Tagiades japetus, Cramer, p. 277.

Co bo

o> or

os 8

C OO «7

wo. 1h OG

284 G. King and D. Prain— Descriptions of some New Plants [No. 2,

Descriptions of some new plants from the North-Eastern Frontiers of India.

—By G, Kine and D. Prati,

[ Received January 28th; Read March 2nd, 1898. ]

While dealing with various collections received from the North-

Eastern Frontiers of the Empire in connection with the Botanical

Survey of India, the writers have had to dispose of a number of species

that appear to be new to science and that are unprovided with names

in the Herbarium of the Royal Botauic Garden, Calcutta; the present

paper contains descriptions of a few of the more notable of these.

A considerable proportion of them it was necessary to have compared

at Kew in order to make certain that they were unknown or unrepre-

sented in the unrivalled collection there; our thanks are due to

Mr. Thiselton-Dyer, the Director, and to Dr. Stapf, the Assistant for

India in the Herbarium there, for kind assistance in connection the

examination of these.

ANONACE.

1. GonioTHALAMUS pEDUNCULARIS King & Prain; frutex P, ramulis

gracilibus glabris. Folia tenuiter coriacea, oblonga, plus minusve oblan-

ceolata, breviter acuminata, basi cuneata; utrinque glabra, hebetia,

subtus ex sicco pallide brunnea; nervis secundariis 10-12-jugis curvis

intra marginem inosculantibus subtus plus minus prominentibus supra

obsoletis ; petiolis brevibus ‘25-3 poll. longis, laminis 6°5-9 poll. longis,

his 1:5-2°5 poll, latis. Flores solitarii erecti parum supra-axillares

1:5 poll. longi, pedicellis plus quam uncialibus adpresse puberulis, basin

versus minute bracteolatis. Sepala carnosa, libera, ovata subacuta

patentia utrinque puberula, ‘3 poll. longa. Petala carnosa, seriei

exterioris oblique ovato-lanceolata, acuminata, basi augustata et in-

crassata ubi intus excavata, extus adpresse pubescentia intus basi

puberula ceterum glabra 1°5 poll. long, °75 poll. lata; petala seriei

interioris ovata, acuta basi angustata utrinque sed praesertim extus

pubescentia, dimidio summo in calyptram basi 3-fenestratam cohaerentia.

Antherae oo, sessiles lineares apice capitate. Pzstillia circa 20, germina

linearia, stylis linearibus pubescentilus duplo breviora. Fructus nondum

communicatus.

In Burma svUPpERIORE: in montibus Kachin nuncupatis, Kingiz

mercenar. !

Of all the Indian species of this genus G. peduncularis most

resembles the Ceylonese G. Gardneri H. f. & T. and G. Thwattesii

Ae ear aN a

1898. | from the North-Hastern Frontiers of India. 285

STERCULIACEA.

2. STERCULIA cocnaTA Prain; arbuscula ramulis gracilibus parce

puberulis cortice brunneo obtectis. Folia glabra brevissime petiolata vel

sessilia auguste lanceolata medio versus basin sensin attenuata apice

anguste ovato-acuminata, margine integra, chartacea, subtus prominen-

tius 25-30-nervia simulatque reticulato-venosa. lores albi pedicellati

pedicellis filiformibus glabris, in racemis quam folia dimidio brevioribus

dipositi; calyce campanulato laevi intus glabro extus parcissime

puberulo, lobis linearibus erecto-patentibus tubo multo longioribus.

Follicula oblonga acuta breviter pedicellata extus velutina intus glabra

utrinque rubra ; semina nigra nitida subsphaerica.

In montibus Kachin nuncupatis; Kingii mercenar. !

Folia 8-12 poll. longa, *75-2°5 poll. lata, petiolis nunquam ‘2 poll.

saepius omnino absentibus; racemis 4 poll. longis, pedicellis capillaribus

*3 poll. longis; floribus ‘6 poll. longis ; folliculis 2°5 poll. longis, *75 poll.

latis ; seminibus *5 poll. diam.

Nearest §. Roxburghti, S. parvifolia, and S. striatiflora but easily

distinguished by the sessile leaves and the other characters mentioned.

CONNARACEAE.

3. TAENIOCHLAENA BIRMANICA Prain; frutex ramulis puberulis

teretibus cortice minute lenticellatis. Folia imparipinnata, foliolis 2-3-

jugis, coriaceis, nervo mediano supra puberulo excepto glabris, oblongo-

lanceolatis apice emarginato-caudatis basi inaequaliter cuneatis breviter

petiolulatis, rachide puberulo. lores in racemis brevibus vel paniculis

congestis axillaribus dispositi, bracteis minutis, pedicellis longiusculis.

Calyx basi hemisphaericus, laciniis valvatis oblongis acutis fructu

revolutis. Petala ... Stamina 10, alterna paulo breviora, filamentis basi

vix connatis. Oarpella 5, sessilia, styli parum elongati, puberuli.

Capsulae 1-3, sessiles, ovoideae, parum apiculatae, extus intusque

glaberrimae. Semen oblongum basi arillo adnato dimidiato suffultum,

testa nitida ; cotyledones amygdalinae,

Burma: in montibus Kachin nuncupatis, Kingit mercenar. !

Folia 6-8 poll. longa, rachide 3-4 poll., lamina terminali 3-5 poll.

longa 1:5 poll. lata, lateralibus 1:5-3 poll. longis, petiolulis -15 poll.

Racemis 1°5-2 poll. longis, pedicellis *3-"4 poll. longis. Capsulis *6 poll.

longis, °3 poll. latis. .

Much resembles the only other known species, 7’. Griffithii Hook. fil.,

from Malacca, but with differently shaped leaflets and with fruits that

are glabrous externally instead of pubescent.

986 G, King and D. Prain— Descriptions of some New Plants [No. 2,

LEGUMINOSAE.

4. INDIGOFERA NIGRESCENS Kurz MSS.in Herb. Calcutta; fruticosa

ramulis adpresse brunneo-setosis, foliolis minoribus 17-21, oppositis

membranaceis, atro-viridibus, utrinque sparse adpresse puberulis. Flores

in racemis angustis, elongatis, breve pedunculatis dispositi, bracteis

linearibus alabastris longioribus, pedicellis brevissimis, calyce oblique

campanulato, dentibus lanceolatis tubum excedentibus. Corolla rosea,

Legumen lineare turgidum, adpresse puberulum, rectum, minute apicu-

latum, suturis parum incrassatis ; semina 6-8.

In montibus Kuasta; apud Shillong, G. Mann! Clarke n. 5848!

In montibus Kacurn, piope Myitkyina, Kingii mercenar.! In valle

Taping, YunNnaN austro-occidentalis, apud Momien, J. Anderson! In

montibus SHan, ad Maymyo, Kingit mercenar. !

Folia 3-4 poll., foliola ‘5-8 poll. longa, ‘3-4 poll. lata. Racemz

4-8 poll. longi, pedunculis 1-pollicaribus, bracteis ‘2 poll., calyce °05

poll. longo, corollis ‘2 poll. longis tantum. Legumen ‘75-85 poll.

longum ; °1 poll. crassum.

Very closely related to Indigofera atropurpurea with which it has

been often identified and under which name it is usually met with in

collections. The smaller flowers with longer calyx-teeth, shorter faintly

apiculate and puberulous instead of glabrescent pods, as well as the

very dark green leaves with more numerous and much smaller leaflets

amply distinguish it.

5. SpaTHoLosus Porrincert Prain; frutex scandens robusta,

ramis cylindraceis gracilioribus cortice brunneis, pilisque reflexo-ad-

pressis sparse pubescentibus. Jolia pinnatim 3-foliolata rachide pilis

patentibus pallide fusco-hirsuta, foliolis subcoriaceis ambitu ovatis

margine sinuatis supra uniforme subtus praesertim nervis pilis adpressis

sparse hirsutis, nervo mediano subtus petiolulisque brevibus pilis

patentibus strigoso, foliola terminali aeque basi late cuneata apice late

truncata, nervis prominentibus lateralibus 9-jugis mediano in acumine

subulato producto; foliolis lateralibus paullo minoribus basi parum

inaequali intus cuneatis extus ovato-rotundatis nervis lateralibus 7-8-

jugis, mediano ultra apicem abrupte acutam producto, stipulis deciduis

lanceolatis stipellisque persistentibus subulatis adpresse hirsutis. Flores

racemosi in paniculis terminalibus iterum terve ramosis ramis angulatis

parcius pubescentibus dispositi, bracteis brateolisque caducis minutis,

pedicellis capillaribus calyce brevioribus. Calya dense olivaceo-veluti-

nus, dente summo apice emarginato ceteris anguste deltoideis omnibus

tubo parum brevioribus. Corolla purpurea, vexillo ungue anguste

cuneato apice emarginato, petalis ceteris unguibus gracilibus calycem

subacquantibus, alarum laminis angulo inferiore utrinque barbellatis.

EE Ee

1898. | from the North-Eastern Frontiers of India. 287

Stamina 2-adelphia filamentis vaginae carinalis alternis longioribus,

filamento libero vexillari quam vaginam multo breviore. Ovariuwm

puberulum breviter stipitatum, ovulis 2. Legumen ignotum.

In montibus KacHin nuncupatis, apud Namli, 2000 p. s. m.,

Pottinger !

Ramulis floriferis ‘25 poll. diam. ; folvis 8 poll. longis, rachide 2:5

poll. parte terminali partem petiolarem fere aequante, petiolulis ‘15 poll.

stipellis ‘2 poll. brevioribus, stipulis *25-°3 poll. longis; lamina ter-

minali 5°5 poll. longa 4 poll. lata, lateralibus 4°5 poll. longis his 3 poll.

latis, acuminibus apicalibus °3 poll. longis. Panicula tota pyramidali

1:5—2-pedalis, paniculis secundariis 8-10 poll. longis, iisque ordine tertio

4-6 poll. longis, racemis singulis 1*5-2-pollicaribus, 12-20-floris, pedi-

cellis ‘12 poll., calyce ‘2 poll., corolla ‘3 poll. longis.

A very fine plant nearest to the Malayan species S. gyrocarpus and

S. ferrugineus but abundantly distinct from these and from all the other

Indian species by the sinuate finely apiculate leaflets.

CRUDDASIA Prain.

Calycis lobi acuti, 2 superiores in unum apice minute 2-dentatum

connati, caetera aequilata triangulares infimo tamen lateralibus parum

longiore, Vexillum suborbiculatum, basi nec inflexum; alae oblongo-

ovatae basi carinae adhaerentes ; carina cymbiformis erostris alis aequi-

longa. Stamer vexillare caeteris arcte connatum, antherae uniformes.

Ovarium sessile o-ovulatum; stylus filiformis incurvus sub stigmate

terminali summo apice parce penicillatus ceterum glaber. Legumen.

elongatum, 2-valve, planum, coriaceum, compressum intus inter semina

tenuiter farctum. Semina plano-compressa, suborbicularia, hilo ovato,

estrophiolata. Caulis alte volubilis, foliis pinnatim 5-foliolatis, foliolis

anguste ovatis, stipellatis. Stipulae spinuloso-setaceae caducae, basi-

fixae, Flores purpurascentes, in pedunculis elongatis fasciculato-race-

mosi, fasciculorum rhachide nodiformi. Bracteae bracteolisque caducae.

Calyx vexilloque extus sericeus.

Species singula, montium Kachin incola. Genus _ subtribubus

Galacticarum, praesertim sectioni Collzae generis Galactiae cui etiam

stamen vexillare cum ceteris medio connatum, vel Diocliearum praeser-

tim generi Puerariw fere aeque recte attribuendum; statim tamen ab

ambabus stylo more Huphaseolarum nonnullarum circa stigma barbato

differt, ideoque potius pro genere distincto Dioclieis uti Clitoria Glycinets

relato habenda.

6. Cruppasia InsIGNis Prain.

In montibus Kacuin nuncupatis, 5000 p. s. m., Kingit mercenar. !

Peticli 2-4 poll. rachides communi 1°5 poll. supra canaliculati,

2988 G. King and D. Prain— Descriptions of some New Plants [No. 2,

retro-setosi, laminae ovato-lanceolatae 3-6 poll. longae, 1°5-2°5 poll.

latae, supra glabrae, subtus adpresse pubescentes, inter nervis 12-15-

jugis subtus prominentibus reticulato-venosae; stipellae filiformes *1

poll. longae, petiolulae 1°5 poll. longae; stipulae rigidae *2 poll. longae.

Racemt 8-12 poll, longi pedunculis 3 poll. longis, nodis vix ‘2 poll.

remotis, pedicellis ‘12 poll. longis. Calyx ‘2 poll. tubo campanulato

dentibus aequilongo. Corolla *4 poll. longa, vexillo orbiculato °35 poll.

lato, extus dense sericeo. Legumen 3 poll. longum, ‘3 poll. latum,

seminibus 10-12, :25 poll. longis, ‘2 poll. latis.

7. PueRARIA BELLA Prain ; volubilis ramis gracilibus glabris, foliis

3-foliolatis stipulis caducis stipellis capillaribus, foliolis chartaceis

ovatis longe acuminatis basi cuneatis utrinque petioloque glabris,

petiolulis parce puberulis. Flores in racemis elongatis simplicibus

vel parce ramosis dispositi, rachide parce puberulo, pedicellis brevis-

simis, bracteis deciduis bracteolis 2 sub calycem persistentibus cordato-

ovatis parce puberulis. Calyx campanulatus glabrescens, segmentis

2 summis in labium apice emarginato truncatum connatis, caeteris ovatis

obtusis subaequilongis omnibus tubo parum brevioribus. Corolla pur-

purea calyce plus duplo longiore, vexillo basi auriculis inflexis appendi-

culato, carina rectiuscula alas subaequante. Stamen vexillare omnino

solutum, antherae uniformes. Ovariwm subsessile oo-ovulatum stylus

filiformis superne inflexus,. imberbis; stigma capitatum. Legumen

ignotum.

In montibus Kacutn nuncupatis, prope Myitkyina, Kingii mer-

cenar. !

Foliola 6 poll. longa, 3 poll. lata, stipellis filiformibus ‘25 poll.

longis, petiolulos aequantibus. Bracteolae ‘1 poll. longae. Calyx

25 poll. longus. Corolla ‘7 poll. longa.

This very distinct species belongs to the subgenus Neustanthus, which

is marked by having entire leaves that are contemporaneous with the

flowers. The general appearance of the plant most readily recalls that.

of Pueraria Thunbergiana but its stipules are not persistent as in that

species and the calyx is widely different. The fact that the vexillary

stamen is quite free marks it as an aberrant Pueraria to be placed

near P. peduncularis which exhibits the same character. The flowers—

though not the bracts—recall those of Mastersia assamict and till ripe

fruits are reported it can not be quite certain that it should not be

referred to that genus. Meanwhile it is most satisfactorily located in

Pueraria of which it has all the facies.

8. Derris LattroLia Prain; arbor alta, foliis magnuis, foliolis 5-7

chartaceis ovato-lanceolatis apice acuminatis basi cuneatis vel subrotun-

datis. Flores in paniculis amplis thyrsoideis axillaribus dispositi

1898. | from the North-Hastern Frontiers of India. 289

rachide ramisque glabris angulatis nodis nec tumidis nec productis,

pedicellis distinctis approximatis; calyce glabrescente campanulato

margine truncato; corollae vexillo erecto orbiculari, basi ecalloso

rotundato; filamenta 2-adelphia glabra; ovario puberulo, ovulis 3.

Legumen ligulatum tenue glabrum suturis utrinque alatis nec sinuatis.

In montibus Kacutn, apud Namli, 4000 p. s. m., Kingii mercenar. !

Folia 18-24 poll. longa, foliolis 8-10 poll. longis 3:5-4 poll. latis

utrinque glabris petiolulis ‘25 poll. longis. Paniculae 20-25 poll. longae,

ramulis 2—4 poll. longis ; pedicellis ‘1 poll. longis ; calyce 12 poll. longo

"15 poll. Jato; corolla °3 poll. longa, vexillo °85 poll. lato; legumine

3°5 poll. longo, 1 poll. lato; alis 15-2 poll. latis subaequilatis.

This species is very nearly related to D. thyrsiflora which it much

resembles in flowers and pods except in having them distinctly pedicel-

led ; in this latter respect 16 more nearly approaches D. Wallichit of

which we were at first inclined to treat it as a large flowered variety.

The much larger leaflets however and the fact that this is a tall tree

makes it preferable to treat it as a distinct species.

9. DavperciA Kinerana Prain; frutex scandens lignosa, cortice

lenticellato, foliolis 5-7 anguste ovatis apice breviter acuminatis, basi

cuneatis supra glabris subtus sparse puberulis, coriaceis, Flores pani-

culati, paniculis axillaribus, foliis brevioribus, ramulis subcorymbosim

dispositis, pedicellis brevissimis; calyce dense ferrugineo, dentibus 3

inferioribus anguste triangulis, summos breviores latioresque excedenti-

bus ; petalorum unguibus calyce aequilongis; staminibus 9 monadel-

phis ; ovario glabro 2-ovulato; stylo subulato. Legumen ignotum.

In montibus Kacuin nuncupatis, Kingit mercenar. !

Foliola 2°5-8 poll. longa, 1-1'25 poll. lata; rachide 3 poll. longo

petiolulis *2 poll. longis; paniculae 3°5 poll. longae, ramulis 1-15 poll.

longis, floribus °25 poll. longis.

Very near to Dalbergia Benthami Prain, (D. rubiginosa Benth. Flor.

Hong-Kong 93, not of Roxb.) from Hong-Kong, but with quite different

leaflets and with rather longer panicles of similar flowers. Also near

D. rubiginosa Roxb., from Western India, but again with different

leaflets and rather larger flowers. In general appearance D. Benthami

resembles D. rubiginosa, to which Mr. Bentham has referred it, but the

leaflets of the Chinese plant are thicker, narrower towards the tips, and

have a different pubescence beneath; the flowers too of the Chinese

plant are very like those of the present Kachin species and are con-

siderably larger than there of D. rubiginosa.

10. BavuwiniaA Portincert Prain; robusta scandens, ramulis lenti-

-cellatis, glabris, cortice brunneis; forsan cirrhifera. Folia quam lata

parum longiora, basi cordata, quadrante antico sinu angusto apiculato

290 =G. King and D. Prain— Descriptions of some New Plants [No. 2,

2-loba; crasse coriacea, supra nervis parce hirsutis exceptis glabra subtus

parcissime ferruginea, nervis 9-11, petiolo glabro, stipulis caducis. Flores

racemosi, racemis terminalibus ferrugineo-velutinis bracteis lanceolatis

pedicellos erecto-patentes fere aequantibus, bracteolis bracteis similibus,

alabastris clavatis parte superiore oblonga basin ampullaeformem exce-

dente, Calyx ferrugineo-pubescens, limbo 5-partito segmentis oblongo-

lanceolatis tubo basin versus parum dilatato. Petala 5, subaequalia,

oblanceolata obtusa, longe unguiculata magnopere exserta, utrinque

dense sericea. Stamina 3 fertilia, antheris lineari-oblongis, filamentis

medio parum incrassatis. Ovariwm distincte stipitatum, dense ferrug-

ineum, stylo crasso ferrugineo, stigmate obliquo peltato. Legumen

ignotum.

In montibus Kacuin nuncupatis, inter Namlao et Bansparao,

Pottinger !

Folits 2°5-4 poll. longis, his 2°25-3 poll. latis, petiolo 1-1°3 poll.

longo. Racemis 6 poll. longis, 4°5 poll. latis, pedicellis *75 poll. longis ;

alabastris 1°75 poll. longis. Calycis tubo ‘75 poll., limbo 1 poll. longo.

Petalis 2 poll. longis. Filamentis 2°5 poll. longis.

A very fine species, nearest to B. nervosa, a Khasia plant, from

which it differs in its leaves with fewer nerves, its shorter pedicels, and

its rather larger petals silky instead of rusty externally. In the size of

its flowers its only rival in the group to which it belongs is B. excelsa

BL, from Borneo; the shape however of the petals is different, those of

B, eacelsa being narrower and more acute at the apex.

11. Hypranewa Porrinesri Prain; fruticosa, ramis novellis pube-

scentibus ; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis margine basi cuneato

excepto serratis, utrinque nervis adpresse puberulis ceterum glabris,

nervis 9-10-paribus ascendentibus; cyma ampla dichotoma ramis

pedicellisque pubescentibus ebracteata, florum radiantium sepalis 3

breviter unguiculatis late ovatis subacutis versus apicem grosse serratis

ceterum integris venis prominulis utrinque reticulatis glabris, fertilium

dentibus calycinis triangulis tubo brevioribus; petalis . . . 3; stam-

amibus . « « .« . 3 styls 3 erecto-patulis ovario globoso parum

brevioribus,

In montibus Kacuin nuncupatis, 4100 p. s. m., Pottinger !

Folia 3-4 pollicaria, 1°25 poll. lata, petiolis ‘5-6 poll. Cyma_ pe-

dunculo 1:25 poll. longo, pedunculis secundariis 1-pollicaribus, pedicellis

florum radiantium gracillimis 1°5 poll., pedicellis fertilibus ‘2-25 poll.

Capsula ‘08 poll. diam.

ra tig

—— >, wes

a I i i so

1898. ] from the North-Eastern Frontiers of India. 291

| POTTINGERIA Prarn.

Calycis tubus brevis late campanulatus basi ovarii adnatus, lobis 5

ovatis acutis persistentibus sinubus latis. Petala . . . Stamina 5

erecta ad marginem disci perigyni affixa, filamentis sursum kita

basi parum explanatis ibique extus glandula mediana ornatis ;* antherae

. . .3 Ovarium semisuperum. Capsula supera oblonga! longi-

fadinaliter parum 3-sulcata per stylos 3-partibilis stigmatibus cohaeren-

tibus septicide 3-valvis, placentis a marginibus introflexis carpellorum

simulac secedentibus persistentibusque, singulis utroque margine semina

circa 10 triente summo tantum fertili gerentibus. Semina anguste

fusiformia testa crustacea parum reticulata utrinque parum producta ;

embryo cylindrica majuscula in axe albuminis carnosi.—Folia alterna

brevipetiolata, 5-nervia. Cymae multiflorae axillares. Species singula

montium Kachin incola.

12. Porrrncgerta ACUMINATA Prain; folia ovato-acuminata crasse

coriacea utrinque glabra subtus punctata, breve petiolata, margine

integra nervis 5 mediano proximisque subaequalibus marginalibus

tenuioribus omnibus plus minus subtus prominentibus; cymae axil-

lares pedicellis gracilibus calyce paullo longioribus, bracteis parvulis,

In montibus Kachin, 3,000 p.s.m.; Pottinger !

Folia 2-3°5 poll. longa °75-1'5 poll. lata, petiolis :2 poll. longis.

Cymae 1‘5-2 poll. longae 1 poll. latae, pedicellis ‘15 poll. longis; capsu-

lis ‘2 poll. longis °15 poll. latis.

A very distinct genus of the Tribe Hscallonieae, apparently best

located near Jtea which it resembles in having a similarly partible style

with a similarly half-superior ovary but from which it differs markedly

in having 3 instead of 2 carpels and in the capsule so dehiscing that

when the valves fall away the three filiform placentas persist. The

cinnamon-looking or Melastomaceous-like leaves and the very different

inflorescence also help to give it a quite distinct facies.

Unfortunately our solitary specimen has been collected just as the

plant was passing out of flower so that the petals and anthers have all

dropped, and it is not therefore possible to state whether the former

are valvate or imbricate.

COMBRETACE ZA.

13. TERMINALIA ARGYROPHYLLA King § Prain; arbor magna,

ramulis gracilibus foliisque utrinque dense tomento adpresso persistente

argyreis; foliis suboppositis petiolatis ovatis basi rotundatis apice

acutis, nervis 8-9-jugis astendentibus subtus prominulis, petiolis apice

2-glandulosis ; floribus parvis, lutescentibus, spicatis, spicis in paniculis

terminalibus dipositis, bracteolis lanceolatis deciduis quam flores duplo

d. 1. 37

292 =G. King and D. Prain— Descriptions of some New Plants [No. 2,

brévioribus; calyce extus glabro limbo late campanulato lobis 5 parvis

acutis, intus dense argyreo-villoso, tubo ovato tereti; fructus.

Tn montibus KacuHIn nuncupatis ; Kingit mercenar. !

Folia petiolis °75 poll., laminis 4 poll. longis 1°75 poll. latis. Spicae

singulae #8°5—4 poll. longae, paniculis 8 poll. longis, 6 poll. latis.

This is very different in foliage from any species of J'erminalia in

Herb. Calcutta or in Herb. Kew; it is reported by the native collector

(Shaik Mokim) to be a “timber tree.” The fruits sent as belonging

to it are drupes shaped like those of 7. Chebula but much smaller, being

only ‘5 in. long; as however there are none of them attached to leaf-

specimens it must remain for the moment doubtful if they really belong

and if therefore the species is really referable to § Catappa, which

must be the case if the fruits in question be those of this tree.

CUCURBITACEA.

14. AtsomiTRA puBIGERA Prain; folvis breve petiolatis, pedato-5-

foliolatis, foliolis petiolulatis, membranceis ovatis, acutis subobtusis

vel retusis, margine integris puberulis; basi, terminali excepto, parum

obliquis, membranaceis, supra nervis densius ceterum parcissime

puberulis ; subtus, nervis exceptis, glabris, penninerviis, petiolulisque

dense puberulis; cirrhis apice bifidis; fructw puberulo; seminibus

stramineis utrinque spinuloso-rugosis.

In montibus Kacutn nuncupatis, Kingit mercenar. !

Alte scandens; rami graciles elongati, ramosi, puberuli sulcati,

Petiolus vix striatus °4-"5 poll. longus; petioluli, terminalis °3 poll.,

laterales ‘15 poll. longi; foliola utrinque intense viridia, 1°5—4 poll.

longa, °75-2'0 poll. lata. Czrrhi graciles sulcati pubernli. Paniculae

majusculae valde pluriflorae. Pedwnculus communis lateralis termina-

lisve, gracilis parum sulcatus dense puberulus 2-4 poll. longus,

pedicelli capillares puberuli ‘4 poll. longi, bracteolae subulate. Calyx

puberulus segmentis lanceolatis, linearibus, acutis, corolla glabrius-

cula, segmentis ovatis acutis ‘l poll. longis. ructws subcylindricus

densius velutino-puberulus, ab apice ad basin leviter attenuatus, apice

truncatus, basi subacutus 2°25 poll. longus, "5 poll. crassus. Semina

ambitu subtriangularia, margine profunde lobata basi oblique attenuata,

‘3 poll. longa, ‘25 poll. lata, °15 poll. crassa ; ala obliqua alba translucens

anguste oblonga, apice rotundata‘75 poll. longa, *25 poll. crassa, utrinque

areola clypeata spinuloso-rugosa exsculpta.

This very distinct species is most nearly related to A. clavigera, the

fruits, except for being densely puberulous, being very like those of that

species. But it differs very markedly in its pedate leaves and in its

spinulose-rugose seeds. By an oversight a number of flowering speci-

1898. ] from the North-Lastern Frontiers of India. 293

mens of this species have been distributed to various European Herbaria -

under the name Gynostemma pedatum ; recipients of these specimens are

hereby requested to correct the name. ‘These flowering examples were

received in November, 1897, the fruiting ones in January, 1898.

ARALIACEA.

15. PENTAPANAX STELLATUM King; scandens, novellis digito

minimo fere crassis, cortice pallido glabro lenticellis ornato. Folia

pinnata, rachide gracile glabra basi parum dilatata; foliolis 5, jugis 2

cum terminali, late ovatis vel ellipticis, apice abrupte acutis, basi rotun-

datis margine integris parum recurvis; supra glaberrimis, subtus pilis

longioribus stellatis dense obtectis; nervis 4—5-jugis parum incurvis

subtus prominulis supra distincte impressis; petiolulis maequilongis

lisque jugi summi fere 0. Panicula terminalis basi bracteis lanceolatis

pluribus obsita, sparse ferrugineo-puberula, ramis inferioribus patentibus

remotis, singulis umbellas plures 15-25-florales pedunculatas ferenti-

bus, parte summa umbellas simplices ferente. lores late oblongi;

calycis tubo late campanulato, limbo 5-dentato, dentibus latis obtusis ;

petalis late ellipticis. Fructus ovoideo-globosus prominenter 5-costatus,

glaber. .

Burma: in montibus Shan nuncupatis, apud Fort Stedman; Kingit

mercenar. !

Folia 9-15 poll. longa, foliolis 3-5 poll. longis, 2°5-3'25 poll. latis

petiolulis folioli terminalis 1-1°5 poll., lateralium inferiorum ‘1-15

poll. longis, lateralium summorum fere obsoletis. Panicula 12-18 poll.

longa, ramis inferioribus 3-4 poll. Flores *1 poll. lati. Fructus ‘15 poll.

longus.

Peutapanax is a small genus of which hitherto only six species

have been described ; and of these only one has hitherto been recorded

from Burma. The species now for the first time described differs from

all the others in the dense and very peculiar pubescence by which the

under surfaces of the leaves are clothed. The hairs are long, flexuose,

and united to form large stars of a pale yellowish-brown colour.

16. Hepraptevrum (§Agalma) Lawranceanum Prain; arbor ?,

novellis parce puberulis. Folia digitata foliolis 7-9, late ellipticis apice

mucronulatis, margine integris utrinque glaberrimis, crasse coriaceis ;

nervis 20-30-juzis obscuris petiolulis glabris. Panicula ramosa, ramis

puberulis ramulos fere farinoso-puberulos umbelliferos distinctes emit-

tentibus, umbellis 12-—20-floris, pedicellis aequilongis floribus parum

brevioribus. Calyx margine truncatus. Petala valvata, circa 7, trian-

gula, intus glabra extus pilis coactis dense obtecta. Stamina petalis

isomera antheris oblongo-ovatis sursum parum angustatis. Lructus

294 G. King and D. Prain— Descriptions of some New Plants [No. 2,

turbinatus apice truncatus, medio columna cylindrica (stylis connatis)

coronatus, 7-angulatus.

BuRMA SUPERIOR: in montibus Kachin ; Pottinger !

Foliola 10 poll. longa, 6 poll. lata. Paniculae rami pedales, ramulis

1:25 poll. longis, pedicellis °2 poll. longis. Flores ‘25 poll. longis, ‘2 poll.

latis.

17. Denpropanax Lisrert King; arbuscula glabra parva, novel-

lis cortice grosse lenticellatis ex sicco pallide brunneis. Jolia simplicia,

tenuiter coriacea, late elliptica breviter acuminata, basi cuneata, mar-

gine integra vel dentibus paucis remotis minutis irregulariter serrata ;

utrinque glaberrima supra hebetia; subtus reticulato-venosa, nervis

secundariis distinctis; costa mediana subtus prominente a basi venas

2 ceteris crassiores fere ad apicem ascendentes saepius etiam 2

tenniores marginales emittente, lateralibus supra laminam mediam

3-4-jugis curvatis; petiolis gracillimis inaequilongis. Panicula axil-

laris, ramis paucis umbellatis, umbellis 4-5-floris, floribus subglobosis

pedicellis gracillimis. Calycis tubus subglobosus limbus angustatus

margine minute 5-dentatus. Fructus sphaericus stylis brevibus basi

connatis apice recurvis coronatus.

In montibus Dapruua nuncupatis, apud Torupati, 5,500 p. s. m., J. L.

Lister!

Arbuscula 20-pedalis. oliorwm laminis 3°5-8 poll. longis, his

1'65-4 poll. latis; petiolis 15-7 poll. longis. Flores ‘15 poll. diam.,

pedicellis *3 poll. longis. Fructus *2 poll. diam.

This very distinct Dendropanaz was collected by Mr. J. L. Lister,

in whose honour it is named, when accompanying the Daphla Hill ex-

pedition of 1874,

CORNACEAE.

18. Aanaium Kinatanum Prain ; frutex scandens, inermis, novellis

puberulis; jfolia membranacea, oblongo-ovata, basi truncato-cuneata,

apice rotundato demum breviter acuminata utrinque nervis puberulis

ceterum puncticulata, basi sub-trinervia nervo mediano robustiore

nervos ascendentes 5-6-jugos emittente ; flores in cymis laxis axillaribus

foliis multo brevioribus dispositi, pedunculis pedicellisque puberulis ;

calyce dense puberulo breviter 7-dentato, petalis lutescentibus extus

puberulis saepissime 7, anguste linearibus apice subacutis; staminibus

14, filamentis brevissimis pubescentibus, antheris linearibus; drupis

parcissime adpresse puberulis, parum compressis, longitudinaliter 14-

decim lineatis basi roundatis apice subacutis.

In montibus Kacuin nuncupatis, apud Agata Kedan, etc., Kingii

mercenar. !

Folia 4-6 poll, longa, 1:5-2°5 poll. lata, petiolis ‘25 poll. longis.

1898. | from the North-Eastern Trontiers of India. 295

Cymarum pedunculis ‘5-75 poll., cymis 1 poll. latis 8-12-floris,

pedicellis ‘25 poll. longis. Flores ‘3 poll. tantum longis. Drupae ‘4

poll, longae, °25 poll. latae.

A very distinct species not before represented in Herb. Calcutta or

in Herb. Kew; the affinity, Dr. Stapf has been kind enough to note at

Kew, is with Alangiwm Faberi Oliv., a species not present at Calcutta.

19. MastixiA nvonyMoIDES Prain; arbor, foliis oppositis longius-

cule petiolatis, laminis ovatis apice acuminatis basi cuneatis, margine

integris, crasse coriaceis, supra intense viridibus subtus prasinis, utrinque

glaberrimis, nervis 6-8-jugis subtus distinctioribus parum ascendenti-

bus; thyrsus laxus dichotomus, pedunculo ramisque glabris; flores

ignoti; fructus anguste ellipsoideus.

In montibus Kacuin; Kingw mercenar. !

Folia petiolis °75 poll. longis, laminis 4 poll. longis, 1°75-2 poll.

latis ; pedunculis 2°5 poll. longis, thyrsis 2—-2°5 poll, latis; fructus calycis

limbo 4-dentato coronatus, °6 poll. longus, °3 poll. crassus. —

A very distinct species.

RUBIACE A.

20. Opniorraiza LAwranceana King § Prain; caulis brevis basi

radicans adscendens vel 0; folia elliptico-oblonga, apice acuta basi

cuneata, petiolis brevibus parce puberulis, laminis nervis subtus parce

puberulis, ceterum utrinque glaberrimis, stipulis e basi trianguli fili-

formibus, cymae longe pedunculatae congestae glabrae, bracteolis spatu-

latis obtusis glabris persistentibus, calycis dentibus brevibus triangulis,

corolla brevis tubo cylindrico, limbo angustato; capsula glabra.

In montibus Kachin nuncupatis, Kingii mercenar .!

Folia 1:25-3°5 poll. longa, °75-1°5 poll. lata, lurida. Cymae ‘3-'5

poll. latae, pedunculis gracilibus 3 poll. longis. Corolla ‘2 poll. longa,

tubo angustato.

Very similar to O. lurida Hook. fil. from the Hastern Himalaya in

size and habit, and no doubt related to that species. The bracts are

however different and the corollas are smaller and much narrower.

21. ParpertA Cruppasiana Prain; volubilis corolla excepta omnino

glaberrima; folia opposita petiolata ovata basi truncata apice acuta;

flores congeste cymosi in paniculis axillaribus terminalibusque laxis per

paribus distantibus dispositi; calycis dentibus 5 brevibus triangulis, tubo

campanuluto, bracteolis subulatis ; corolla extus puberula tubularis, intus

dense tomentosa ; fructus oviformis calycis dentibus coronata.

In montibus Kacuin nuncupatis, Kingii mercenar. !

Folia 2-5 poll. longa, 1-2°5 poll. lata, petiolis 1-1:25 poll.

longis; paniculae 4-8 poll. longae, ramis ‘5-1'5 poll. longis, cymis

296 G. King and D. Prain— Descriptions of some New Plants [No. 2,

singulis terminalibus ‘5-75 poll. latis. Corolla °5 poll. longa. Fructus

"25 poll. longus, ‘3 poll. latus.

This very distinct species belongs to the group characterised by

having the fruits uncompressed and differs very markedly from the

other species of that group in having the fruits egg-shaped, narrowed

upwards from the middle, and not subglobose rounded at the top as in

P. tomentosa. From P. linearis, the other Indian species referred to the

group, it differs much in foliage—its general facies, except for the

fruit, being very much that of the common P. foetida.

VACCINIACE A.

22. Acapetes Porrincert Prain ; frutex epiphytica, ramis adpresse

puberulis et pilis rigide setaceis patentibus ferrugineis simulac obsitis.

Folia sessilia ovato-lanceolata a basi fere rotundata sensim ad apicem

longius acuminatam attenuata, margine integra, coriacea, utrinque

glabra, nervis 8-10-jugis supra distinctioribus. Inflorescentia corymbosa

ramiflora pedunculo pubescenti bracteis rigidis cincto, pedicellis gracili-

bus pubescentibus basi bracteatis, bracteis majusculis ovato-lanceolatis

rigidis striato-reticulatis margine puberulo excepto glabris. Cualycis

tubo globoso cum apice pedicelli parum ampliati articulato extus pilis

longis fulvis setaceis apice glandulosis patentibus obsito, limbo cam-

panulato margine 5-dentato prorsus reticulato, dentibus triangulis quam

partem limbi connatam brevioribus, intus glabro extus pilis flaccidis

longis sparse pubescente. Corolla tubulosa recta medio parum ampliato ~

sub limbo breviter 5-lobo lobis late triangulis subobtusis parum

contracta, extus parce pilis flaccidis pubescente, lobis viridibus ceterum

rubris nec lineis notatis. Stamina 10, epigyna, libera, filamentis antheras

fere aequantibus, antherisque glabris; antherarum tubulis corallae

linbum vix attingentibus, dorso 2-calcaratis. Ovariwm 5-loculare stylo

filiformi apice brevissime 5-lobulato ovulis numerosis.

In montibus Kacuin nuncupatis, 4100 p. s. m., Pottinger !

Folia 5-7 poll. longa, 1°5-2°25 poll. lata. Corymbis paucifloris 1°5

poll. longis, pedunculis ‘2 poll., pedicellis ‘5 poll. longis, bracteis -2-25

poll. longis. Calycis tubo ‘1 poll., limbo ‘35 poll. longo, dentibus ‘15 poll.

longis. Corolla ‘65 pall. longa.

This remarkably distinct species is separable from all hitherto des-

cribed Agapetes by its large bracts and its large calyx-limb, the teeth of

which are not partite to the disk as in our other species. It may be

taken therefore as the type of a distinct section (§ Holocalyx) to be

distinguished as follows from the other sections defined in the Genera

Plantarum it. 571 :—

§ Hotocatyx. Corolla elongata recta parum ventricosa breviter

1898. | from the North-Eastern Frontiers of India. 297

d-fida lobis erectis. Stamina recta antherae dorso ecalearatae. Bracteae

majusculae, calycis limbus in dentibus 5 prorsus haud solutus.

DESMOGYNE Kine & Prarn.

Calycis tubus teres pedicelli apice ampliato crateriformi involutus

subglobosus ; limbus magnopere ampliatus late campanulatus, margine

integer, persistens. Corolla tubulosa anguste infundibularis, elongata,

tubo terete recto breve 5-lobo, lobis erectis. Stamina 10, epigyna,

corolla aequilonga filamentis glabris basi inter se et a tubo corollae

liberis; antherae elongatae rectae liberae dorso muticae tubulis connatis

tenuibus strictis membranaceis, loculis extus muriculatis. Ovarium

5-loculare ; stylus filiformis stigmate lobulato; ovula in loculis singulis

numerosa placentis angulo interiori adnatis.—Frutices epiphytici, foliis

alternis persistentibus breviter petiolatis coriaceis integris, Species

singula, montium Indiae transgangeticae incola.

23. DESMOGYNE NERIIFOLIA King & Prain; frutex epiphytica,

ramis glabris gracilioribus, olia alterna oblongo-lanceolata apice longe

caudato-acuminata basi rotundata breve petiolata margine integra, crasse

coriacea nervis mediano subtus prominente supra impresso excepto

obscuris, Inflorescentia corymbosa pedicellis versus apicem pedunculi

sursum incrassati in axillis bractearum triangularum approximatis ;

pedicellis sursum incrassatis apice cupularibus. Calycis tubus globosus

in fundo epicalycis articulatus eoque involutus, limbus inflatus late cam-

panulatus margine integer prorsus prominenter reticulatus. Corolla

elongata recta infundibuliformis 5-loba, lobis brevibus trianeularibus.

Stamina 10, epigyna libera filamentis brevibus antheris elongatis erectis

apicibus corollae limbum attingentibus, dorso muticis. Ovartwm 5-locu-

lare, stylo filiformi apice breviter 5-lobulato; ovulis numerosis. Fructus

ovatus calycis limbo persistente coronatus.

Borma: in montibus Chin etiam in montibus Kachin, Kingii

mercenar. ! .

Folia 4-6 poll. longa ‘7-9 poll. lata; petiolis ‘2 poll. Pedunculi

axillares ad 2°59 poll. usque longi, bracteis triangulis ‘1 poll. longis,

pedicellis 1:2 poll.; calycis tubo *15 poll. longo, limbo °3 poll. longo

latoque. Corollae tubo 1°5 poll. longo, limbo °5 poll, diam., lobis ‘2 poll.

longis. ructus *4 poll. longus, °35 poll. diam.

A very distinct species of the group of Vacciniaceae that constitutes

the ‘‘ genera” Agapetes G. Don., and Pentapterygium Klotzsch. From

all Pentapterygia it differs in having the calyx neither winged nor

ridged and while agreeing with Agapetes in having a smooth calyx

tube it differs from all the known species of that genus in having

the calyx- limb large, entire and widely campanulate, and, Sarthe,

298 G. King and D. Prain— Descriptions of some New Plants [No. 2,

in having the calyx-tube enveloped by the expanded cupular apex of

the pedicel. With reference to this last character the name Desmogyne

(Secpds, a bandage ; yvv7) has been applied to the plant. We feel in-

clined to think that Agapetes and Pentapterygiwm, which are distin-

guished solely by the absence from the former, the presence in the

latter, of ribs or wings to the calyx, are hardly separable as genera. If

these two could be united our plant would then be the type of a section

Desmogyne within this enlarged Agapetes. But seeing that in the three

most authoritative treatises on the genera of plants—the Genera Plan-

tarum, the Histoire des Plantes, and the Natiurlichen Pflanzenfamilien,—

Messrs Bentham and Hooker, Baillon, and Drude have considered it

necessary to keep Pentapterygium apart from Agapetes, we are constrained

to give our Desmogyne, at least for the present, the rank of a genus;

it differs more markedly from either Agapetes or Pentapterygium,

than these two differ from each other. The undivided calyx-limb,

at first sight a more remarkable feature than the ball and socket

arrangement at the apex of the pedicel is not really so important a

difference as it appears; the species immediately preceding this

(Agapetes Pottingert Prain) stands intermediate as regards calyx-limb

between this and the other Agapetes since the limb though 5-lobed at

the margin is there also campanulate and gamophyllus below.

Dr. Stapf who has examined and kindly compared one of our

specimens at Kew agrees with us in thinking that so long as Pentuptery-

gium is kept apart from Agapetes our plant had better receive generic

rank, If Pentapterygiwm could only be reduced to Agapetes the present

species would probably have to be included in this enlarged genus as

Agapetes Desmogyne King & Prain.

PRIMULACEA.

24. Liystmacuta EvaLvIs Wall. in Roxb. Flor. Ind. ed. Carey §&

Wall, 11. 27 var. grandifolia Prain ; folia 6 poll. longa, 2°25 poll. lata;

peduncult 2 poll. longi.

In montibus Kacuin, apud Neochawng 2,500 p. s. m., Pottinger !

This may prove, when more completely represented, to be a distinct

species.

SOLANACEA.

25. Sovanum Frerox Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii. 267 var. inermis Prazn ;

omnino nisi aculeis absentibus cum S. feroce convenit.

In montibus Kacutn nuncupatis, Kingit mercenar. !

The collector’s note is ‘ Moima villge; flowers white.” There is

not a character whereby the plant can be separated from 8. ferox except

1898. ] from the North-Eastern Frontiers of India. 299

the complete absence of any trace of prickles whether on leaves or

stems, and in the less numerous needle-like hairs on the fruits.

It is well-known that many forms of S. Melongena under cultivation

entirely lose their armature; it is interesting to find that the same

may apparently happen with a wild species like S. ferow when growing

as a weed in the rich soil that characterises the vicinity of an Indian

hill-village.

GESNERACE.

26. AESCHYNANTHUS GRANDIFLORA Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. 238 var.

longiflora Prain ; floribus 2°25 poll. longis, ceterum typi.

In montibus Kacuin, Kingii mercenar. !

27. ABSCHYNANTHUS MICRANTHA Clarke in Flor. Brit. Ind. iv. 340

vAR. Pottingeri Prain; capsulis 10-pollicaribus, ceterum omnino typi.

-In montibus Kacuin, Kingit mercenar. !

Quite possibly both these Aeschynanthi—of which the first is only

reported in flower, the second only in fruit—may prove when fully re-

presented to deserve specific rank.

28. AESCHYNANTHUS PUSILLA Prain ; rami elongati gracillimi, sparse

pilosi, nodibus prorsus radicantes, foliis ternatis parvis ovatis apice

acutis, basi cuneatis, °3 poll. longis ‘2 poll. latis utrinque pilis albidis

multicellularibus villosis, nervis obscuris, margine integris petiolis dis-

tinctis (‘L5 poll. longis), villosis; florzbus paucis terminalibus et in

axillis superioribus, ad nodos singulis, pedicellis gracilibus, °2 poll.

longis, dense pilosis; calyce 5-partito, segmentis lanceolatis tuboque

anguste campanulato pilis patentibus dense villosis; corolla extus

parce puberula, pallide flava limbum versus viridescente, lobis ipsis

intus tantum purpurascentibus, tubo 1 poll. longo dimidio inferiore

peranguste cylindrico, dimidio superiore anguste infundibuliformi,

limbo ‘2 poll. lato; filamentis inclusis filiformibus glabris; capsula adhuc

ignota.

In montibus Kacuin nuncupatis; Kingii mercenar. !

This graceful little species may be tentatively referred to the sec-

tion Haplotrichium, its general facies indicating that it is probably

closely allied to Aeschynathus gracilis; till fruiting specimens are ob-

tained, however, its precise position must remain problemetical.

29. Dripymocareus ELATIOR Prain; suffrutescens; rami juniores

pilis divergentibus rufescentes demum glabrati; folia ovato-lanceolata

basi cuneata apice acuminata margine minute serrata, petiolata, petiolis

rufo-pubescentibus, laminis supra parce adpresse puberulis subtus prae-

sertim nervis pubescentibus: cymae pauciflorae axillares pedunculis

gracilibus elongatis puberulis; bracteae lanceolatae ; pedicelli calyce

J. 1. 38

300 G, King and D. Prain— Descriptions of some New Plants [No. 2,

parum longiores saepius singuli; calye campanulatus ad medium usque

fissus dentibus ovato- acutis tubum aequantibus; corolla tubulosa fere

recta extus parcissime puberula, subsymmetrica, pallide purpurea;

capsula in pedicello erecta.

In montibus Kacuty, apud Sim, 5,000 p. s. m., prope rivulis ; Kingiw

mercenar. !

Foliorum laminis 3 poll. longis, 1°25-1'5 poll. latis, petiolis °75 poll.

longis; pedunculis 1°5 poll. longis saepius 3-floris, nonnunquam

(floribus lateralibus geminis) 5-floris; pedicellis *4 poll. longis ; calyce

‘25 poll. longo; corolla 1:2 poll. longa; capsula 1-1:25 poll. longa “lo

poll. lata.

A very distinct species, in habit most resembling D. corchortfolia

Wall., from Penang and Malacca, |

ACANTHACE.

30. RaHINACANTHUS caLcARATUS Nees in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 109

VAR. maxima Prain; foliis utrinque parcissime puberulis, panicula

condensata ; corollae tubo 1°5 poll. longo; capsula 2 poll. longa.

In montibus Kacuin, Kingtt mercenar. !

This will probably have to be considered a distinct species, Rhin-

acanthus maximus, when full material of the original species is obtained ;

as yet the fruit of Nees’ plant has not been collected. The present

plant has leaves that are exactly like those of the type in size and

texture; they only differ in being faintly puberulous on both sides,

those of Nees’ plant being glabrous ; its calyx and corolla are exactly

like those of Wallich’s Pl. As. Rar. t. 113 except that they are distinctly

larger.

HAEMODORACE.

31. OPHIOPCGON cOoRDYLINOIDES Prain; caule rigide erectiusculo,

crasso, nodis nec radicante, vaginibus ovatis viridibus margine late

scariosis mox deciduis suffulto, folsis late lanceolatis acuminatis 15-17-

nervis, petiolis angustis brevibus basi vaginis scariosis expansis, scapis

quam folia fere dimidio brevioribus, bracteis scariosis, pedicellis vix

longioribus, flortbus fasciculatis, albidis, quam pedicellos brevioribus,

segmentis ovato-oblongis, antheris lanceolatis filamentis brevissimis,

stylo filiformi ; fructw orbiculari.

In montibus Kacuiy, apud Namli, 2000 p. s, m., Pottinger ! Kingii

mercenar. !

Caulis penna cygni crassus, foliis 8-12 poll. longis, ‘75-1 poll. latis,

petiolis vix ] poll. longis. Racemi 3-4 poll. longi, bracteis ‘3 poll. longis,

pedicellis 25 poll. poets perianthio *2 poll. longo, ‘3 poll. lato; fructw

*2 poll. diam.

1898. | from the North-Hastern Frontiers of India. 301

A very distinct species with an elongated stem as in OC. dracaenoides,

but without roots at the nodes whence arise the tufts of leaves; the

are longer and narrower and have shorter petioles. The flowers are

much as in C. dracaenoides but are slightly smaller ; the fruits are con-

siderably smaller.

LILIACEA.

32. Disporum putLuM Salish. Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 330. var. oblan-

ceolata Prain; foliis oblanceolatis, acuminatis, 8 poll. longis 2°5 poll.

latis, fasciculis circa 15-floris, pedicellis 1:25 poll. longis, fructibus ovatis

subacutis ‘2 poll. longis.

In montibus Kacuin, apud Lammuk, Pottinger !

This is unfortunately only represented by one specimen which is

without flowers. It is obviously most nearly related to D. pullum of

which it is for the moment treated as a variety, though there is hardly

room for doubt that when more fully represented it must be considered

a distinct species.

COMMELYNACE.

33. STREPTOLIRION VOLUBILE Edgew. Trans. Linn. Soc. 90 t. 2.

vAR. setosa Prain; caulibus, petiolis, foliorum marginibus, pedicellis,

bractearumque marginibus, pilis fuscis rigidioribus densius setosis ;

ceterum typi.

In montibus Kacuin ; Kingit mercenar. !

The setose stems, petioles and leaf margins give this plant a very

- distinctive facies, but it cannot be separated by any other character

from typical S. volubile, which is likewise sent by the same collector

from the Kachin Hills, and it will probably be found unnecessary to

accord this more than varietal rank.

AROIDE.

34. TypHoniumM inoprnatuM Prain ; foliorum petiolis quam lamina

triplo longioribus ; lamina ovata apice acuta base sinu latiore cordata ;

pedunculo petioli partem vaginalem fere aequante; spathae tubo sub-

orbiculari quam lamina prorsus suberecta sensim acuminata sexties

breviore ; tubo utrinque viridi, limbo viridi extus basi lineatim obscure

purpurascente intus basi lineis sursum maculis purpureis notato; in-

florescentia foeminea fertili quam mascula multo breviore, pistillodiis

perpaucis simplicibus vel bifurcatis parum recurvis ; spadicis appendice

tereti anguste conoidea vix stipitata reliquam spadicis partem parum

excedente.

In Burma superiore prope Myitkyina, Kingw mercenar. !

302. =G. King and D. Prain— Descriptions of some New Plants [No. 2,

Foliorwm petioli 15-2 dm., pars vaginalis 4-5 em., lamina aeque

8 cm. longa lataque, sinu aeque 2 cm. lato altoque. Pedunculus 4-5 em.

longus, spathae tubus 2 cm. longus, 1°5 cm. latus, limbus 9-10 cm.

longus, triente imo 4°5 cm. latus apice subacutus. Inflorescentia mascula

cylindrica pallidiflora 1 cm. longa ‘45 cm. lata, antherarum thecae

rimis porosis apertae; pars foeminea pallide punicea *2 cm. longa ‘5

cm. lata, pistillodiis basi purpareis medio albis apice viridescentibus

explauatis 5 cm. longis. Inflorescentia tota 8 cm. longa, parte sterili

5 om. longa. Fructus baccatus viridis pallide rubro-suffusus, ovalis, °5

em. longus, ‘4 cm. diam.

This interesting species was first noticed in Oct. 1895, in one of

ithe flower-beds in the Royal Botanic Garden, in which it had appeared

spontaneously. A drawing was made and sent with specimens to Kew,

where it was examined by Mr. N. E. Brown, of the Kew staff, a very able

student of Aroidee; Mr. Brown agreed with us in thinking it new.

No light could be thrown, at the time of its first being noticed, on its

original habitat, though its introduction had apparently not been recent,

seeing that it was subsequently found, when looked for, in almost every

part of the Botanic Garden. The communication of specimens from

Myitkyina in Northern Burma seems at last to definitely settle the

original source of the species. Itis noteworthy that the commonest

of the Typhonia in and around the Royal Botanic Garden, Typhoniwm

trilobatum Schott (Arum trilobatum Linn.=Arum orixense Rowb.), is

evidently a plant introduced here during or since Roxburgh’s incum-

bency as Superintendeut (1793-1815). Roxburgh did not collect it

in Bengal and we have been unable to find it in Bengal ourselves, or to

learn that any one has found it in Bengal except in the immediate neigh-

bourhood of these Gardens—where it is scarce, and inside them—

where it is abundant. Next most common in these Gardens is 7’. inopina-

tum, the species just described, while fairly plentiful but less common than

either is a species that during Roxburgh’s superintendentship was acci-

dentally introduced from the Moluccas, and that he has described as Arwm

trilobatum in Flora Indica, 111. 505, but that is not the Arum trilobatum of

Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. princeps, though it was included by Linnaeus with

the true 7. trilobatum in his Systema ed. x. and his Sp. Pl. ed. ii. The

true Typhonium trilobatum is based on a figure by Hermann (Par. Bat.)

of the Ceylon “ Panuala” which Thwaites, Trimen and others identify

with Arum orizense Roxb. whereas Roxburgh’s plant is the same as

Rumphius’ Arisarum amboinicum (Herb. Amboin. V. t. 110, f.2). It is

usual to give the name T'yphorium Roxburghit to Roxburgh’s plant, on

the authority of Schott, but there is a slight objection to this in the

fact that Schott gives a figure of the plant which he names 7. Roxburghi

1898. ] from the North-Eustern Frontiers of India. 303

and which he takes to be Roxburgh’s one, but which differs altogether

from Roxburgh’s in habit, in length of peduncle (twice instead of half as

long as vaginal portion of leaf-stalk), size of spathe, nature of pis-

tollodes, distance between male aud female portions of inflorescence and

space between male inflorescence and barren appendix. This misiden-

tification is the more inexplicable since Roxburgh has left a very

accurate coloured drawing of the plant intended by him, a drawing

that has been copied by Wight as his Ic. t. 803, and since Schott himself

expresses a doubt whether the plant which he figures as T. Roxburghii be

the same as the Arisarwm amboinicum Rumph. V., t. 100 f. 2, with which

Roxburgh identified his plant. The coloration of the plant figured by

Saunders (Ref. Bot. t. 283) closely approximates to the true Roxburgh-

ian plant, but the tip of the spathe does not twist asin 7. Roxburghii,

the plant which Roxburgh figures. The tip of the spathe does not

twist in the figure given by Rumphius though the account given of the

colour in the Herb. Amboinense agrees well enough, and for the matter

of that, the tip does not always twist in the plant as it grows; the

chief objection to Rumphius’ plant being ours is that its peduncle is

much too long. What makes matters more complicated is that we have

yet another species of Typhoniwm which grows, as if wild,in the Royal

Botanic Garden, and which has all the characters of the plant that

Schott figures. This species, for the writer is inclined to treat it

as a distinct plant, has a white barren appendix in place of the

bright red or terracotta coloured appendices of TZ. trilobatum and

T. invpinatum or the dark purple very long and slender appendix of

Roxburgh’s plant from the Moluccas. Perhaps tbe simplest solution of

the tangle is to quote the Moluccas plant as T'yphonium Roxburghii

Schott (as to citation 7. trilobatwm Roxb.) Arozd. i. 12 (excl. t. 17),

Prodr. 106 (in part); Saunders, Ref. Bot. t. 283= Arum trilobatum Roxb.

Flor. Ind. iii. 505; Wight, Ic. t. 803; and to cite the hitherto unnamed

and undescribed Botanic Garden species which Schott has figured, as a

new species, Typhoniwm Schottit Prain=T. Roxburghii Schott Aroid. t.

17 (excl. descript.). A reference to the original works will show that in

his Prodromus, Schott describes the coloration of T. Roxburghit in terms

that are only applicable to Roxburgh’: Moluccan plant, and says that

the description is based on dried specimens and drawings; in his Avozd-

dec, Schott does not venture to describe colours and it may be safely

assumed from this that both the description and the drawing are from

dried specimens only. Evenif in bothinstances the description may be held

to include Roxburgh’s plant, yet the drawing is certainly that of another

species. As yet we have been unable to find where 2’. Schottii is really

wild. The only truly wild and unintroduced species in Lower Bengal is

304 G. King and D. Prain — Descriptions of some New Plants [No. 2,

T’. cuspidatum Bl., and curiously enough this happens to be mnch the

rarest of the five that are to be found within the limits of the Gardens.

We have been unable to find it noted that the otherwise excellent figure

which Blume gives of 7’. cuspidatum makes the curious mistake of revers-

ing the position of the lower pistillodia. These are cymbiform organs

with the concavity directed upwards in the natural state; in Blume’s

figure the concavity is made to look downwards.

Before leaving this subject it may be pointed out that though

Roxburgh has cited Loureiro’s Arum trilobatum as equivalent to his

A. orixense, this is by no means clearly the case. The pistillodia of

A. orixense (the true A. trilobatum) are, as Roxburgh describes them,

yeliow; those of A. ¢rilobatwm Loureiro, are described, on the other

hand, as red. Thetruthis that the genus Typhonium requires more

careful and extended study, from living plants, than it has yet received.

35. TypHonium Listert Prain; foliorum petiolis quam lamina

dimidio longioribus ; lamina pedatisecta 5-foliolata, segmentis mediano

sessili reliquis per paria breve petiolulatis omnibus anguste ovatis

basi cuneatis apice sensim acuminatis; pedunculo purpureo brevissimo

bracteis cataphyllariis obtecto; spathae tnbo subcylindrico quam

spatha subito refracta quadruplo breviore; tubo extus laete viridi

intus lutescenti, limbo extus margine purpurea excepta laete viridi

intus purpurascente; inflorescentia foeminea fertili quam mascula

parum tantum breviore, pistillodiis paucioribus majusculis ligulatis

deflexis purpureis; spadicis appendice tereti parum stipitata basi

plus minus obliqua concolore lactea, abrupte refracta et spathae limbo

involuta reliquam spadicis partem triplo longiore.

In prov. Cuirracone ; Inster! in Assam; Watt!

Foliorum petioli 2°5-3 dm. longi, pars vaginalis 1:5 cm., cata-

phyllis spathaceis 3-7 cm. longis; laminae segmentis 1:4 dm. longis,

6 cm. latis. Pedunculus vix 1 cm. longus, spathae tubus 4 cm. longus,

2 cm. latus, limbus angulo angulum rectum parum excedente refractus

1-4. dm, longus, 7 cm. latus apice acutus. Injflorescentia mascula cylin-

drica 1'7 cm, longa, ‘9 cm. lata, pars foeminea conica 1 cm. longa, basi

15 cm. lata; parte sterili 1*2 dm. longa, 1°2 cm. lata,

A very distinct species.

36. TypHontum Porrincert Prain; foliorum petiolis quam lamina

duplo longioribus, lamina profunde tripartita partitionibus subaequi-

longis intermedia oblongo-elliptica acuta, lateralibus oblongo-lanceolatis,

lobo triplo breviore oblongo-obtuso subretuso auctis ; pedunculo quam

petioli pars vaginalis duplo breviore ; spathae tubo ovato vel oblongo

quam lamina imo tertio ovata erecta sursum recurva et sensim longe

acuminato-caudata octies breviore ; tubo extus viridi intus rubescente,

1898. | H. N. Ridley — New species of Entada. 305

limbo basi tantum intus rubescente supra puniceo-maculata extus con-

colore pallide viridi; inflorescentia foeminea fertili quam mascula. multo

breviore, pistillodiis numerosissimis varie flexis; spadicis appendice

tereti anguste conoidea breviter stipitata reliquam spadicis partem

magnopere excedente.

In montibus Kacuin, prope Myitkyina, Kingit mercenar. !

Foliorum petioli 2-2'5 dm., pars vaginalis 2°5-3 cm., laminae parti-

tiones ‘8-12 dm. longae ‘75-1 dm. latae, lobi lateralium basales 4-6

em. longi, 3-4. cm. lati. Pedunculus 1-1'5 cm. longus; spathae tubus

3 cm, longus, 2°5 cm. latus limbi pars triens inferior 7 cm. longa, 9 cm.

lata pars summa caudata reflexa basi 3°5 cm. lata, 1°4 dm. longa, sen-

sim apice longe acuminata attenuata. Inflorescentia mascula cylindrica

rubra 1 cm. longa ‘7 cm. lata antherarum thecae rimis porosis apertae ;

pars foeminea alba ‘5 cm. longa, ‘85 cm. lata, pistillodiis albis expla-

natis 1:2-1°5 cm. longis. Inflorescentia tota 4 dm. longa, appendice

sterili 16 dm. longa.

In addition to the forgoing Aroidex, an undescribed Amorphophallus,

which has been included in a List of Kachin Plants, published in the

Records of the Botanical Survey of India as A. Cruddasianus, should be

here alluded to. Complete material has been sent by our Garden

Collector, but for the moment we prefer to withhold a detailed descrip-

tion till living flowers are available, when an accurate account of the

coloration can be given. Our collector has sent also a number of living

tubers, but during the past season these have sent up leaves only. The

tubers alone, however, furnish characters that are sufficiently

diagnostic; in place of being oval or depressed, as in other Amor-

phophallt hitherto described, these in A. Cruddasianus are long and

parsnip-shaped, 6-10 in. long, 2-3 in. across the top.

New species of Entada from Singapore and Borneo—By H. N. Rivtey,

Hsq., M.A., F.L.8., Director, Botanic Gardens, Singapore. Com-

municated by SurceON-Masor D. Prain.

The genus Entada is represented in the Malay Peninsula by the

well-known E. pursaetha, and a species very common in Singapore

which seems to have been entirely overlooked, although it is very con-

spicuous here from its very remarkable fruit. To this plant I propose

to give the name Hntada spiralis.

HE. SPIRALIS, n. sp. A woody climber with twisted somewhat

flattened spiral stems about 2 in. wide and 1-2 in. thick in the thickest

part in large specimens; thinner on the outer edge of the curve

Leaves alternate three inches long (excluding the tendril), petiole one

306 H. N. Ridley — New species of Kutada, [No. 2,

inch, much swollen at the base, pinne four alternate with petiolules

one inch long swollen at base, leaflets alternate rarely opposite, some-

what distant, with very short stalks elliptic to obovate-oblong retuse

inaequilateral, 2 to 3 in. long, 1 in. or less wide, dark green un-

polished above, glaucous beneath, tendril long, bifid at the apex.

Flower-spikes axillary 6 in. long, péduncle 2 in. long, swollen at

base, rachis purplish-brown covered with short stiff hairs. Bracts

minute lanceolate hairy. Flowers copious densely crowded, shortly

pedicellate. Calyx campanulate with five teeth, hairy, green. Corolla-

lobes 4 or 5, oblong obtuse glabrous green, 2 mm. long. Stamens 8 to 10,

at first white soon becoming yellow, filaments ; inch long filiform ;

anthers globose terminal. Ovary cylindrical oblong; style about as

long as the stamens, stigma concave.

The pods are crowded together, three or four being produced on a

peduncle. They are contorted into a spiral all coiled together, with

five to eleven seeds in each pod. The margins are undulate, and not

thickened, and the walls are not woody and remain always green,

When ripe the pod breaks up into joints which as they fall delisce.

The seeds vary much in size; they are obscurely triangular in

outline or heart-shaped. The larger ones are about two inches long

and broad and an inch thick. The testa is chocolate-brown, dull and

less woody than in H. scandens. The plant is very abundant in Singa-

pore and I have also seen it in Province Wellesley. It usually grows

in loose scrub on the edges of woods, or amcng secondary growth. It

constantly throws up shoots from the roots, and is a troublesome plant

to eradicate. The shoots are of a purple black colour. The flower-

spikes are usually produced immediately after the fall of the leaves,

in December or January, but by the time the flowers are open the plant

is clad again in leaves, The period of flowering, however, is rather

irregular and flowers may often be met with at other seasons. The flowers

are fertilized by Diptera, chiefly Syrphidx. A good proportion of them

possess no pistil, but are entirely male. The seed is dispersed chiefly

by monkeys which eat portions of the pods, and throw the seeds about.

The plant is called Akar Beluru by the Malays, as is also H. Pur-

saetha DC.

KE. pursAETHA, DC. described by Dr. Prain (J. A. S. B. Ixvi. 2. 242)

under the name of H. scandens Benth. is a much less common plant in

the Malay Peninsula. JI have only met with it in Pahang. The plant

described and figured by Scheffer under the name Hntada Rumphii (Nat.

Tijds. Ned. Ind. xxxii. t. xvii. xviii. B) seems to me to differ in the

form of the pod only. The foliage of H. Pursaetha seems to vary very

much as does that of H. spiralis, and were it not for the fruit I should

1898. ] H. N. Ridley— New species of Entada. 307

certainly refer the plant from Pahang to H. Rumphit as the fewer large

leaflets quite resemble those of Scheffer’s figure; the pod, however,

exactly resembles one, from the Andamans collected by Dr. Prain and

as also exactly like the figure of H. Pursaetha given by Scheffer.

In examining specimens of H, Pursaetha in the Herbarium of the

Botanic Gardens, Singapore, and these lent me kindly by Dr. Prain,

I note a form in which the rachis of the inflorescence and the petiole

and midrib of the leaf are covered with a rather conspicuous tementum,

reddish in the dry specimen, while the rachis in the ether forms is

much more glabrous, though by no means completely so. These speci-

mens were collected in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (Lister 175), Manipur

(Watt 6726), Silhet (Wallich), and Sikkim (Zhomson), and probably

represent a local form. However, I have seen no fruit.

The speeies from the Indian region and Malay Peninsula then are

HH. Pursaetha DC, and #H. spiralisn.sp. Further east we get LH. Rumphit

Scheff. distinguished by its straight pod with oblong not rounded

joints, with a straight and not indented thickened margin, oblong seeds,

and thinner endocarp. I have alse an evidently distinct species collect-

ed by Dr. Haviland in Sarawak on two occasions of which I have seen

no fruit, which I will deseribe under the name of LH. boerneensis.

H. BORNEENSIS, n, sp. Leaves 4in. long, with 6-7 pairs of leaflets

opposite or in the lower part of the leaf, alternate, oblong retuse, slightly

oblique, coriaceous dark shining above, when dry glaucous beneath,

petiole 4th in. long, pubescent, midrib on both sides of the leaf

pubescent, 1 in. long, and 3ths in. wide; tendrils two on each leaf.

Inflorescence, one foot to one foot and a half long covered with

closely appressed pubescence. Flowers densely crowded, much smaller

than in the other species. Calyx cupulate with very short teeth,

pubescent. Corolla 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate acute. Stamens ten, fila-

ments as in HL. Pursaetha ; anthers eblong. Pistil very rudimentary ;

female flowers and fruit not seen. Borneo, Sarawak, at Penkulu

Ampat (374), Saribas (1563, Haviland).

This species is certainly most nearly allied to EH. spiralis in its

opposite leaflets glaucous beneath, but is very distinct in having from

six to seven pairs, smaller, and pubescent on both sides of the midrib,

in the very muck longer spikes of flowers which are net more than

half the size of those of H. Pursaetha or H. spiralis and the flower spikes

being unisexual. Dr. Haviland notes also that all the specimens are

male. The corolla in this species opens out quite flat starwise, not

merely reflexing its petals as in the ether kinds, which gives it a very

different appearance. It is to be hoped that further explorations in

Sarawak will produce female flowers and fruit.

J. I. 39

308 L. de Nicéville — On a small collection of [No. 2,

Ona small collection of Butterflies from Buru in the Moluccas.—By Lionen

pe Nickyitur, F.E.S., C.M.Z.8., &c.

[ Received 25th June; Read 3rd August, 1898. ]

As far as I am aware, no list has been published on the butterflies of

Buru. As local and in especial insular lists of fauna are of particular

interest for distributional and other.reasons, I have thought it advis-

able to prepare the list given below. ‘The material on which it is based

is small, and consists of but few examples of each species. It is not

known to me into whose hands the bulk of the collection has fallen.

The specimens were collected early in 1897 (he visited the island a few

years previously) by Mr. William Doherty, aided by native (Indian)

collectors, and are labelled as from Kayeli. This place is marked

Kajeli in my Dutch maps, and hes to the north-east of the island, and

there is a district, fort, and deep bay of this name. In English the

fort is sometimes written Cayeli. The island of Buru (Boeroe in

Dutch, Bouru in German, Bourou in French) is one of the largest of the

Moluccas or true Spice Islands, and it lies a little south of the equator,

between 38° and 4° S. Lat., and 126°-127:20 E. Long. East of Buru is

the large island of Ceram, with the small Amboina or Ambon group of

islands to the south-west of Ceram again; west of Buru is the very

large island of Celebes. Buru has the Ceram Sea to the north and the

Banda Sea to the south. In shape it is a very regular oval with its

longer axis lying parallel with the equator, it is about 85 miles in

length by 40 in breadth, and has an area of nearly 2,000 square miles.

The northern portion of the island produces the plant from which is

extracted the far-famed Cayaput or Cajaput-oil; and that curious

mammal, the Babirusa, is found in the island as well as in Celehes.

Reference is made below to all such species recorded from Buru of

which I haye been able to find records. In the entomological portion

of ‘ The Voyage of the Astrolabe’ Dr. Boisduval records 23 species from

Bourou. Dr. A. R. Wallace in his Piertde of the Indian and Australian

Regions gives 16 species, and in his Notes on Hastern Butterflies records

one species of the subfamily Elymniine and five of the Nymphaline from

Bouru. ‘Those species not seen by me have an asterisk prefixed to their

names. The present collection consists of 93 species only, of which

J have not seen 29. .

Family NYMPHALIDA.

Subfamily Danainaz.

1}. *Hestia (Nectaria) aza, Boisduval.

Bourou (Boisduval), Bouru (Moore). In my collection from Ternate

and Gilolo, |

1898. } Butterflies from Buru in the Moluccas. 309

2. *Dawnats (Radena) soprina, Boisduval.

Bourou (Boisduval); Recorded only from the Aru Isles and New

Guinea by Moore. | I have it from T'ernate and New Guinea.

3. Danats (Radena) MEGANIRA, Godart.

In my collection from Ceram and Amboina.

4. *Danats (Radena) suvENTA, Cramer.

Bourou (Boisduval). A doubtful record I think.

5. Danais (Nasuma) 1smare, Cramer.

In my collection from Amboina.

6. Danats (Ravadeba) LutEscens, Butler,

__ Described from Ceram and Bouru by Dr. Butler. Recorded also

from Batchian by Moore.

7. *TELLERVO ASSAR(CA, Cramer.

Bourou (Boisduval as Hamadryas assaricus, sic !).

8: *Eurta@a (Vadebra) meuina, Godart.

__ Bourou (Boisduvat). Recorded from Ceram and the Aru Isles by

Moore.

9. Huria@a (Gamatoba) MELANCHOLICA, Butler.

Originally described from Botiru and Amboina. My specimens

agree very well with Mynheer P.C.T. Snellen’s figure of this species

in Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxii, p. 381, pl. viii, fig. 2, male (1889), as

E. melancholica, var. ethiops, Butler, described by Butler as a distinct

Species from Waigiou. Sriellen’s specimens were from Roon Island.

My Buru specimens are fairly constant, none of them Have any spots

‘on the upperside, this feature being characteristic of the var. sxthiops.

Unfortunately Dr. Butler did not figure either species. Mr. Moore

keeps them distinct.

10. *EHurtwa (Gamatoba) aucatuok, Godart.

Bourou (Boisduval). Mynheer P. C. T. Snellen in Tijd. voor Ent.,

vol. xxxv, p. 1, n. 1 (1892), has pointed out that the HF. alcathoé of

Moore is not the same species as the H. alcathoé of Godart, the true

E. alcathoé probably being an older name for E. melancholica, Butler.

*‘ Danatis”’ alcathoé was originally described from Amboina.

1l. *Kopta@a (Gamatoba) seicuLirersa, Moore.

Bouru (Moore).

310 L. de Nieéville — On a small collection of [No. 2,

12. Evpnma (Betanga) puroncHettt, Boisduval.

Originally described from Bourow. In my series of specimens

from Buru the spots on the underside vary greatly in size and number,

one extreme has four spots on the forewing and ten on the hindwing,

the other has twenty and thirty-one respectively. I have this species

also from Ceram.

13. *Evrie@a (Chirosa) LAPEYROUSEI, Boisduval.

Described from Vanikoro by Boisduval, recorded from Bouru by

Moore, who has: examined the type specimen in M. Charles Oberthiir’s'

collection.

14, Evur.@a semicrrcuivs, Butler.

Recorded from Bouru, Amboina and Gilolo by Moore. I have ae

females from Buru. They are very richly shot with purple on the

upperside in some lights.

15. *Evrrea (Salpinz) bevcostictos, Gmelin.

Boisduval from Bourou as H. eunice, Godart.

16. Evena@a (Salpinz) pourvans, Moore.

Bouru (Moore). i good series of both sexes. As usual the number

and size of the spots shews much variation. The maue (hitherto unde-

scribed) differs from the female in having the usual secondary sexual

characters of the subgenus Salpine; the UPPERSIDE of the forewing has

the bowed-out portion of the inner margin paler than the rest of the

wing, the blwish-white spot in the swbmedian interspace is smaller,

single and round, in the female it is dowble; the hindwing has the

abdominal margin broadly paler than the rest of the wing, the sub-

marginal series of spots greatly reduced in size or absent altogether ; on

the UNDERSIDE of the forewing the spots on the disc are rich violet-blue, as.

are all the spots on the hindwing, in the female these spots are white.

17. *Kurt@a (Salpine) nismz, Boisduval.

Bourou (Boisduval). Mr. Moore records it from the Aru Islands:

only, while Dr. Boisduval gives it only from Bourou,

18. *Kurpia@a (Stretoploa) watsont, Moore.

Bouru (Moore.

Subfamily Satyrina.

19. Mycatusis (Orsotriana) mEDuS, Fabricius;

Hewitson as Myealesis hesione, Cramer, from Bourv. My specimens

1898. ] Butterflies from Buru in the Moluccas. 3lf

have the discal white line across both wings on the underside very

narrow, becoming obsolete ; all the ocelli well-developed,

20. Mycatests (Calysisme) perseus, Fabricius.

A single quite normal male received, of the wet-season ocellated form.

21. Mycarests (Mydosama) RemuLiA, Cramer.

Bouru (Hewitson and Moore).

22. Mycatesis (Mydosama) sirius, Fabricius,

Described from Amboine, Bourou and Offack by Boisduval as:

Satyrus manipa. Hewitson records it from Bouru as Mycalesis manipa.

Moore as Mydosama manipa from Bouru.

23. Letue arere, Cramer.

Hewitson as Debits europa, Fabricius, var. arete, Cramer, from

Bourou. Mr. Moore in Lep. Ind., vol. i, pp. 256, 270 (1892) says that

EL. arcuata, Butler, from Celebes, is quite distinct from L. areta from Sula

and Amboina. My Buru specimens of both sexes have the upperside

beautifully glossed with plumbeous coloration, which doubtless quickly

fades in cabinet specimens.

24. YprHiMA ASTEROPE, Klug.

The wet-season form, with well-developed ocelli on the wnderside,

only obtained.

25. MeELANITIS LEDA, Linneeus.

Hewitson records this species from Bouru as Cyllo leda. I have

six males, which are remarkably constant. The upperside of both

wings is deep ferruginous, darker on the hindwing’; the ochreous band

within and anterior to the subapical ocelli of the forewing is well-defined ;

there are two ocelli towards the anal angle of the hindwing; the under-

side is richly coloured and is uniform in all the specimens; the ocelli

are large; the forewing has three, the hindwing one, prominent dark

bands crossing the wings.

26. Hreso consrantra, Cramer.

A good series of both sexes of this fine species.

27. Hero amasiwts, Boisduval.

Hewitson as Oyllo amabilisfrom Bouru. One male and two' females

received. The male has two meditm-sized ocelli on the underside of

the forewing at the apex, the lower twice as large as the upper; the

hindwing has first a very large, then two minute, then three nearly

312 L. de Nicéville — On a small collection of [ No. 2,

equal-sized and rather large ocelli. One female has on the underside

of the forewing at the apex one medium-sized ocellus, in the other

specimen it is wanting; the hindwing has the ocelli as in the male,

except that the one in the discoidal interspace is wanting in one specimen,

and in the other that that ocellus and the one in the lower subcostak

interspace also is absent.

Subfamily Eiymnuna.

28. Enymntas (Dyctis) vimtnALis, Wallace.

Originally described from Bouru.

Subfamily NYMPHALINA.

29. CurHa LAMPETIA, Linnseus.

Both sexés received.

80. ATELLA EGISTA, Cramer.

31. CyYNnTHIA ARSINO#, Cramer.

Males only received.

32. Precis HEDONIA, Linnezus.

A single very brightly-marked male received, with all the ocelli

large and conspicuous, as in Blanchard’s figure of ‘ Vanessa hedonia,

Fabricius,” from Banda, in the Voy. Pole Sud, pl. ii, fig. 10 (1853).

33. JUNONIA ERIGONE, Cramer.

Males only. Cramer’s figure of this species with its bright red

markings on the upperside is very bad.

34. Nertis (Phedyma) HELIODORA, Cramer. 3

“« Papilio” heliodora is the type of Felder’s genus Phedyma. My

single female from Buru has the inner edge of the discal white band

on the underside of the hindwing quite straight and even, while

Cramer’s figure of the species, probably also taken from a female,

shews the band highly irregular and uneven. Unfortunately I have no

specimens from Amboyna, from whence P. heliodora was described,

tocompare with my Buruexample. Mr. W. F. Kirby in the Supplement .

to his Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 742, n. 30 (1877), gives N. heliodora

as a synonym of “Papilio” pellucidus, Goeze, but both species were

described in the same year (1779), and as Cramer figured his species,

1898. | Butterflies from Buru in the Moluccas. 313

I prefer te use his name. Herr C. Ribbe in Iris, vol. ii, p. 237, n. 73

(1889), alters the spelling to ‘ pellucides.” Goeze’s work is in none

of the Calcutta libraries.

35. Nepris veNnrLia, Linneus.

Boisduval as “ Limenitis’’ venilia from Bourou. My female from

Buru differs from males from the same island in having all the white

markings on the upperside larger and more conspicuous, and the blue

coloration reduced. Dr. Staudinger’s ‘ Athyma” venilia, var. (ab. ?)

evanescens, from Batjan, which he has kindly sent me, appears to be a

very good local race, with all the white markings much reduced, vide Ex.

Schmett., vol. i, p. 147, pl. li, male (1886).

36. HyYPoLIMNAs BOLINA, Linneeus.

Boisduval as “ Diadema” lasinassa, Cramer, from Bourou. Wallace

records it from every island in the Archipelago. Buru males are

normal. I have three distinct forms of the female from Buru :—I,

the upperside almost uniformly fuscous with no discal macular white

or violet band between the second median nervule and the costa on

the forewing; II, as in I, but with a deep orange patch in the submedian

interspace of the forewing ; III, as in I, but with the above-mentioned

macular band, which is sometimes white, sometimes violet, and the

outer half of the hindwing more or less bright brown ; no orange patch.

None of these forms have been named and figured by Cramer, though

Ii approaches his “ Papilio” antigone, aud III his “ P.” melita.

37. HyYPoLIMNAS ALIMENA, Linneus.

Boisduval as ‘“‘ Diadema” alimena from Bourou. Wallace as

* D.” alimena from Bouru. Males only received.

38. Hypotimnas panpora, Wallace.

The female only is described from Bouru by Wallace. The male has

a large discal yiolet patch on the upperside of the forewing divided into

four portions by the black veins, the posteriormost portion in the

submedian interspace is small, the two portions in the median inter-

spaces are large, the anteriormost portion in the lower discoidal inter-

space as small as the first-mentioned portion; except for this violet

patch the forewing is unmarked; the hindwing is like that of the

female, except that the discal series of oval black spots are blind, in

the female they are pupilled with violet. The hindwing differs from

that of H. pandarus, Linneus, in entirely lacking the large discal

violet patch of that species, the orange area being consequently much

larger. ‘The underside differs but slightly from that of the female ; in

314 L. de Nicéville — On a small eotlection of [No. 2,

the forewing the outer-discal series of spots is incomplete, those in the

upper median and lower discoidal interspaces being absent, and the spots

are blue instead of white. Boisduval records this species from Bourou

as “ Diadema” pipleis, Linneus, which is the female of Hypolimnas

pandarus, Linneus, restricted to Amboyna and Ceram by Wallace.

39. HypoLIMNAS ANTILOPE, Cramer.

Wallace from Bouru. I have a good series of both sexes from

Buru. The typical form figured by Cramer has a broad submarginal

pale ochreous-white band on the upperside of the hindwing, in some

specimens this band is of a deeper colour, being quite ochreous, in other

examples the band is ebsolete, the hindwing being almost uniformly

coloured. In some specimens the submarginal series of small white

spots on the upperside of the forewing is obsolete towards the apex,

in others the two anteriormost spots are large and wedge-shaped. On

the underside the same variations occur as on the upperside. This

species is quite distinct from H. anomala, Wallace, from the Malay

Peninsula, Sumatra, Nias, Java, Bali, Lombok, Celebes, and the Philip-

pines. The Sambawa local race has been named H. swmbawana by

Dr, Pagenstecher in Ent. Nach., vol. xxiv, p. 81 (1898).

40. *ParrHenos Noprica, Boisduval.

Boisduval records this species from Boureu and New Guinea as

“ Ménetra”’ nodrica. Ihave it only from the latter island; its occur-

rence in Buru is I believe more than doubtful.

Al, *Hurngaria (Lextas) mropus, Linneus.

Recorded from Bourou by Boisduval as Lexias xropus, doubtless

correctly.

42. SYMBRENTHIA HIPPOCLUS, Cramer.

This species was originally described from Amboyna, and is record-

ed from the Moluccas by Wallace. Cramer’s figure is not very good, as

it shews the outer-discal series of spots on the underside of both wings,

but especially on the hindwing, white instead of pale violet. The

female in Buru is yellow.

43. SALAMIS SABINA, Cramer.

Both sexes received, apparently common in Buru.

44. CyRESTIS THYONNEUS, Cramer.

Boisduval as Oyrestis thyoneus [sic!] from Bourou.

1898. ] Butterflies from Buru in the Moluccas. 310

45. DOLESCHALLIA CRAMERI, Distant.

Mr. W. L. Distant has so renamed Cramer’s figure of “‘ Papilio”

polibete from Amboyna, Ex. Lep., vol. iii, pl. cexxxv, figs. C, D, male

(1779). My Buru specimens agree very well with this figure, except

that the spots on the upperside of the hindwing are black, the posterior

one sometimes with a white pupil, instead of blue as figured.

Family LYCAINIDA.

46. GERYDUS LEOS, Guérin.

Both sexes of this species are described, and the female is figured,

from Bouron, as “‘ Simeethus” leos. On the plate the generic name is

written “ Symethis.” I have one male only from Buru, but both sexes

from South Celebes. It seems to be quite a distinct species, and has

been described by Doherty from Sumba and Sambawaas Clerydus teos

in Journ. A. S. B., vol, lx, pt. 2, p. 185, n. 92 (1891).

47. GERYDUS CERAMENSIS, Ribbe.

Miletus chinensis, var. ceramensis, Ribbe, Iris, vol. ii, p. 247, n. 95, pl. v (nec 1),

fig. 2, female (1889); Gerydus boisduvaliit [sic!], Moore, var. acragas, Doherty,

Journ. A. S. B., vol. lx, pt. 2, p. 186, n. 93 (1891).

Described by Herr C. Ribbe from South and East Celebes, Ambon,

Saigun, Buru and Borneo. I have both sexes from Buru. The female

agrees exactly with the figure of G. ceramensis, both sexes with the

description of G. acragas, so there is but little doubt that the two species

are synonymous. G. acragas was described from Sumba and Sambawa,

and I have recorded it under this name from the Ké Isles, vide p. 263,

n. 44, ante.

48. PitTHEcoPs DIONISIUS, Boisduval.

Common in Buru. The late Herr C. Ribbe recorded it in Iris,

vol. ii, p. 250, n. 105 (1889) from Great Ceram as Plebejus [sic!]

dionysius [sic!]; Dr. A. Pagenstecher in Jahr. des Nass. Ver. fir

Natur., vol. xxxvii, p. 192 (1884) from Amboina as Cupido dionisus

[sic !].

49, LAMPIDES ARATUS, Cramer.

Buru specimens are quite typical.

50. Lampipus evpis, Godart.

Males only received.

J. i. 40

316 L. de Nicéville — On a small collection of [No. 2,

51. Lamprpes Hybas, Cramer.

Herr Ribbe recorded it (1. ¢., p. 249, n. 102) from Great Ceram as

Plebejus euchylas, Hiibner, but Cramer’s name is the older.

52. ARRHOPALA HELIUS, Cramer.

Males only received.

53. ARRHOPALA FULLA, Hewitson.

Described from Boirou [sic!]. Males only received.

Family PAPILIONIDA.

Subfamily Prerina.

54. *TEerRras ZORAIDE, Felder.

Dr. A. G. Butler in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., seventh series,

vol. i, p. 59, n. 4 (1898), says that 7. zoraide “ Ranges from Bourou

southwards to Australia.” I have not received this species from Buru,

but Australian specimens appear to me to be quite the same as

T. libythea, Fabricius, which is much the older. Wallace records T. drona,

Horsfield, from Bouru, that species being a synonym of T. libythea.

Wallace’s 7. drona from Buru probably now stands in the collection of

the British Museum as 1’. zorazde.

55. TERIAS CANDIDA, Cramer.

Recorded by Wallace from Bouru, and by Dr. Butler (1. c., p. 61,

n. 11) from Amboyna and Ceram. I have females only from Buru,

which agree absolutely with females from the Ké Isles.

56. TeRIAS BIFORMIS, Butler.

Originally described from both sexes from Amboina. I have three

females only from Buru, which are creamy-white on both surfaces. It

is described and figured by Mr. Distant from Singapore as 1’. lacteola,

but the Malay Peninsula is not given as one of the habitats of the

species by Dr. Butler in his latest revision of the genus. Such white

females occur sporadically in India, and in my opinion are only occa-

sional “‘ sports” of J’. hecabe, Linnzeus. As, however, I have no yellow

females from Buru, I retain Dr. Butler’s name for the species, which he

says “ Ranges from Nias through Borneo eastwards to Ternate and

Batchian, extending south to Amboyna and Ceram, and _ probably

crossing New Guinea, to reappear in the Louisiade and Solomon

groups” (Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., seventh series, vol. i, p. 76,

n. 53 (1898). The male as described is “bright lemon-yellow ”’

coloured. Wallace probably recorded this species from Bouru as

1898: | Butterflies from Buru in the Moluccas. 317

T. blanda, Boisduval, which is given by Butler as a synonym of T’.. hecabe,

Linneus.

Wallace describes 7. diversa from Bouru and six other localities.

Butler (1. ¢., p. 74, n. 50) restricts it,to the Philippines.

Dr. Butler (I. c, p. 76, n. 52) says that 7. brevicostalis, Butler,

is probably found in Bourou, but I have not received it from thence.

57. CATOPSILIA CROCALE, Cramer. |

Recorded by Wallace in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., third series,

vol. iv, p. 413 (1867) from Bouru as “ Callidryas” alemeone, Cramer.

One very heavily-marked female only received, which, however,

is not as darkly coloured as Dr. Butler’s figure of the same sex of his

“ Callidryas” flava (Lep. Ex., p. 23, n. 2, pl. ix, fig. 5, female (1869).

Dr. Butler does not say whence the specimen he figured came, but he

gives Celebes (Macassar), Ceram and Batchian for C. flava. I quite

agree with his remark ‘“‘ This species may eventually turn out to be an

extreme form of C. crocale.”

58. *HErBomMoIA LEUCOGYNIA, Wallace.

Described from Bouru by Wallace as “‘ Iphias” leucogynia, and

apparently confined to that island. Dr. Adolf Fritze discusses this

species in his interesting paper on the genus Hebomova (Zool. Jahr.,

vol. xi, p. 278 (1898).

59. *ELODINA BOURUENSIS, Wallace.

Originally described from Bouru.

60. *HuPHINA RACHEL, Boisduval.

Recorded from Bouru by Wallace as “ Pieris” rachel.

61. *Huputna saet, Wallace.

Described from Bouru by Wallace as “ Pieris” jael.

Boisduval describes a ‘“‘ Pieris” theodice from Bouron, but this locality

is probably incorrect. Mr. Kirby records it from Chili and Peru.

62. *Appras apa, Cramer.

Recorded from Bouru by Wallace as “ Tachyris” ada.

63. *APPIAS ALBINA, Boisduval.

Males and white females (Form I) recorded from Bouru by

Wallace as “ Tachyris” paulina, Cramer, the latter being found only in

Ceylon.

318 L. de Nicéville — On a small collection of [No. 2,

64. *Appras LEIS, Hiibner.

Recorded from Bouru by Wallace as “ Tachyris” jacquinotit, Lucas,

which species is, in my opinion, a synonym of A. leis.

65. *Appras cynisca, Wallace. |

Described by Wallace from Bouru from the female sex only as

“ Tachyres” cynisca.

66. *APPIAS BOURUENSIS, Wallace.

Described from a unique female from Bouru by Wallace as

“ Tachyris’’ bowruensis.

67. Derias PHILOTIS, Wallace.

Both sexes described from Bouru by Wallace. My male specimens

are a little variable, in some there is a small white spot at the posterior

end of the discoidal cell of the forewing on the underside, in others it

is absent. This is probably the species Boisduval records from Bourou

as “ Pieris” phillyra [sic! ], Godart, which equals D. ceeneus, Linneus.

68. Detias EcHO, Wallace.

Described from Bourou by Wallace.

Subfamily PapiLionina.

69. TROIDES OBLONGOMACULATUS BOURUENSIS, Wallace.

Males only received. This must be the species Boisduval recorded

from Bourou as Ornithoptera hellen.

70. . ParrLto PoLypDoRuS, Linnzeus.

Apparently the commonest species of the genus in Buru.

71. Papinio ruscus, Goeze.

A variable species even in a comparatively small island like Buru.

Herr Ribbe records it from Buru under its synonym P. cinereomaculatus,

Goeze.

72. *PAPILIO GAMBRISIUS, Cramer.

Recorded from Buru by Wallace, Oberthiir and Rothschild.

73. PaPpiLio perPHOBUS, Linneeus.

Apparently not rare in Buru, from whence it has been recorded by

many authors.

74, *PAPILIO DEIPHONTSS, Felder.

The Hon, Walter Rothschild draws especial attention to the fact

1898. | Butterflies from Buru in the Moluccas. 319

‘that Mr. Doherty on his first visit to Buru obtained both P. deiphobus,

Linneus, and P. deiphontes on that island (Nov. Zool., vol. ii, p. 326

(1895). I have only received three males of the former species, all of

which have long tails; the latter species, which I have only from

Ternate and Halmahera, has no distinct tail, only a tooth.

75. *PAPILIO POLYTES ALPHENOR, Cramer.

Not received by me.

76. *PapiLfo EURYPYLUS, Linneus.

Not received by me.

77. *PAPILIO SAKPEDON ANTHEDON, Felder.

Recorded from Bourou by Boisduval as P. sarpedon, Linnzus.

78. PAPILIO AGAMEMNON PLISTHENES, Felder.

Females only received. All the species in this subfamily given

above have been recorded from Buru by the Hon. Walter Rothschild.

Family HESPERIIDA.,

79. TaGIaDES MEeTANGA, Ribbe.

T. neira, Plétz, var. metanga, Ribbe, Iris, vol. ii, p. 265, n. 143, pl. v, fig. 8 (1889).

I do not know T. neira, Pidtz, which was described from the Aru

islands. The var. metanga was described from Great Ceram. My two

females agree very well with the figure of the latter.

80. TAGIADES JAPETUS, Cramer.

Both sexes of this widely-distributed species received.

81. NorocrypTa FEISTHAMELII, Boisduval.

Described as “ Hesperia” feisthameliz, Boisduval, from Amboina

and Bourou. In the text of ‘‘ Voyage de |’Astrolabe,”’ Entomologie,

part 1, p. 159 (1832), the reference to the plate and figure is incorrect,

it should be plate iii instead of ii, and figure 6 instead of 7. The late

Herr C. Ribbe in Ivis, vol. 11, p. 263, n. 142, pl. v, fig. 7 (1889), describes

and figures what appears to bea female of this species from Great Ceram

as “ Plesioneura”’ varians. My females from Buru agree exactly with

Herr Ribbe’s figure. The “ Plesioneura” chimera of Plotz, Berl, Ent.

Zeitsch., vol. xxvi, p. 262, n. 4 (1882), described from “ India,” is also

a synonym. Herr G. Weymer has kindly sent me a coloured drawing

of # specimen of P. chimera identified by the late Herr Plotz himself.

On the underside of the forewing as drawn the discal white fascia ends

anteriorly at the subcostal nervure as in N. restricta, Moore.

320 L. de Nicéville — On a small collection of [ No. 2,

82. TrnicoTa BAMBUSm, Moore.

The male specimens from Buru have the sexual brand on the

upperside of the forewing very prominent, whitish and shining. The

late Herr C. Ribbe sent me a female of this species from Ceram named

“ Pamphila ” ahrendtt, Plétz, and under this name the species stands

in Iris, vol. ii, p. 261, n. 136 (1889). It was originally described as

“ Hesperia” ahrendti from Manila in the Philippines, but is not

mentioned in Herr Georg Semper’s “ Schmetterlinge Philippinischen

Inseln.” On 1. c. pl. v, fig. 5, Herr Ribbe figures a Pamphila arendtr

[sic], but this figure does not in the least agree with 7. bambuse.

83. Tritcota auGiAs, Linneeus.

Males only received. The discal oblique black fascia bearing the

sexual brand on the upperside of the forewing is unusually narrow in

these specimens, consequently the golden-yellow band beyond is un-

usually broad.

84, Trxicota (Padraona) prusias, Felder.

Females only received, which agree exactly with specimens of the

same sex in my collection from the Philippines and Celebes.

85. Trxicota (Padraona) patmarum, Moore.

Males only received. These specimens do not agree with Felder’s

figure of “ Pamphila”’ augiades, male, from Amboina. That species,

which I have never succeeded in obtaining, is very closely allied to

T. palmarum.

86. OcyYBADISTES MARNAS, Felder.

My male specimens from Buru and Waigiou (Waijiu or Waigeu)

agree very well with Messrs. Elwes and Edwards’ description of “ Pam-

phila” marnas, Felder (described originally from Amboina), in Trans.

Zool. Soc. Lond., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 256 (1897). Messrs. Elwes and

Edwards ignore Mr. Heron’s genus Ocybadistes, although it was described

in 1894, and place the present species in the genus Telicota, though Capt.

Watson pointed out in 1893 that P. marnas and some other species

were not true Telicotas.

87. Baoris (Chapra) MatHias, Fabricius.

My male specimens from Buru have no translucent spots whatever

in the forewing, though the usual discal spots appeur on the underside

but are opaque, while the females are normal.

1898. | Butterflies from Buru in the Moluccas. o21

88. Baoris (Parnara) puinippina, Herrich-Schaffer.

Both sexes received. It seems to be common in Buru.

89. Baorts (Parnara) conticua, Mabille.

Two males of this ‘variable and widely-spread species from Buru

have been received. In both examples the two spots in the discoidal

cell of the forewing are well separated, but this is a very inconstant

feature ; in one specimen there is a single spot, in the other two spots

only, on the disc of the hindwing, the normal number being four.

90. Hasora (Parata) cELZNuUs, Cramer.

Originally described from what appears to be a male (though the

sexual brand is not figured) from Amboyna. I have both sexes from

Buru. The female shews in a good light on the upperside of both

wings a very magnificent plumbeous gloss, which is entirely wanting

in the male. The coloration of both wings on the underside is in the

female of a much paler and lighter shade than in the male, and green

instead of purple. Hasora violacea, Klwes and HKdwards, Trans. Zool.

Soc. Lond., vol. xiv, pp. 297, 299 (1897), from Amboina, is said to be

allied to H. celeenus, but the male differs from that species as identified

by me in having no sexual brand.

91. Hasora (Parata) MaLayana, Felder.

Two females only received from Buru. Like examples from the

Ké Isles, these Buru specimens are without spots on the forewing.

92. Hasora (Parata) HuRAMA, Butler.

Both sexes received from Buru, which differ the one fran the other

only in the presence in the male of the sexual brand on the upperside

of the forewing, this being absent in the female.

93. *Hasora THRIDAS, Boisduval.

Described from Bourou as ‘“ Thyméle” thridas by Boisduval. As far

as Boisduval’s short description goes it agrees with the specimens [|

have identified as H. malayana, Felder. But Watson says in Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 128, that H. thridas comes into group A of

the genus in which the sexual brand in the male is either inconspicuous

or entirely absent, while the male of H. malayana has it conspicuous,

and comes into his group B.

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INDEX.

Names of New Genera and Species have an asterisk (*) prefixed.

Acacia, 260

ACANTHACEA, 300

Acanthocyclus, 68

Actxa, 73, 74, 121, 187, 143, 146, 147,

_ 153, 154, 166

», acantha, 151

» areolata, 138, 141

» calculosa, 139, 152

»» carcharias, 151

5, cavipes, 189, 147, 148

» ecninus, 189, 149

* ,, flosculata, 139, 151

» fossulata, 139, 148

» granulata, 139, 151, 152, 153

» hirsutissima, 138, 141

» hystrix, 151

», nodosa, 142

», nodulosa, 139, 148, 149, 150

53 var. bullifera, 149

a obesa, 139, 145, 146

5» parvula, 139, 146

A peronii, 139, 150

», pulchella, 139, 146

» pura, 151

» reéfopunctata, 138, 142, 143, 144,

149

» rugata, 144

» ruppellii, 1389, 144, 145, 146, 153

» Savignit, 152

ts schmarde, 148

» speciosa, 138, 143

tomentosa, 138, 140, 141, 142

Act xiNa, 70, 78, 137

Actzxodes, 137, 154

nd cavipes, 147

_ modestus, 146

os nodipes, 143

fA speciosus, 143

tomentosus, 140

Actumnus, 75, 190, 198, 200, 206, 207

an arbutum, 201, 205

e elegans, 201, 206

~ 7, jesstfrons, 201, 204

3 nudus, 68, 201, 207

A setifer, 201, 202

ry iy, tessellatus, 201, 205, 206

a tomentosus, 201, 202, 293

i verrucosus, 68, 201, 298

Aechmandra Blumeana, 29

e indica, 39

Aegle aeneus, 104

» granulosus, 101

» rugata, 144

» ruppellit, 144

een ynentnirs gracilis, 299

3 grandiflora, var. longiflora

299

* a micrantha, var. Pottingert

299

* pusilla, 299

”

* Agalma Lawranceanum, 293

» redivivum, 51

Be gts 296, 297, 298

Desmogyne, 298

<oe Pottingeri, 296, 298

rine chia Faberi, 295

Ee Kingianum, 294

Fe 262

Aeoniira, 25, 42

a Capricornica, 42

Me cissoides, 40

ij clavigera, 42, 292

; lava, 40

dh ay? pubigera, 292

Amtlypodia, 269

¥ micale, 270

Ameletia indica, 3

Ammannie, 2

es acutidens,

si baccifera, 3

x debilis, 4

PP elongata, 3

9 indica, 4

= latifolia, 3

a nana, 3

. peploides, 3

. polystachya, 3

ie repens, 3

ie verticillata, 4

vesicatoria, 3

AMMANNLA, 2

epror phage tts, 305

Cruddasianus, 305

meee maro, 277

Ancylovipha agraulia, 281

Ancyloxypha, 281

Anona muricata, 277

ANONACKA, 284

Antidesma, 19

Apaustus, 281

Appias ada, 317

albina, 273, 317

bowruensis, 318

celestina, 272

clavis, 273

cynisca, 318

leis, 318

lyncida, 272

Arachnecthra asiatica, 64, 65

a zelonica, 64, 65

Aralia, 43

armata, Ad

digitata, 52

dubia, 58

ferox, 44, 45

Thomsoni, 44

ARATIACES, 1, 42, 45, 59, 293

Aralidium, 43, 45

5 pinnatifidum, 45

Araliopsis andamanica, 62

Arisarum amboinicum, 302, 308

Aristolochia, 273, 274

AROIDEA, 301, 302, 305

Arrhopala amytis, 270

fulla, 316

: helius, 270, 316

Arthrophyllum, 43, 59, 60

Blumeanum, 59

diversifolium, 59

ellipticwm, 59

javanicum, 59

ovalifolium, 59

pinnatum, 59

Arum or arense, 302, 304

trilobatum, 302, 303, 3804

Asthipa citrina, 255

Atelecyclus, 69

Atella egista, 258, 312

Atergatis, 71, 89, 94, 98, 99, 104

anaglyptus, 102

asperimanus, 98

dilatatus, 95, 96

ie elegans, 108

floridus, 95, 98

integerrimus, 95, 96, 97, 98

levigatus, 97

lateralis, 108

limbatus, 101

marginatus, 97

roseus, 95, 97

scrobiculatus, 97

semigranosus, 101

subdentatus, 96

subdivisus, 96

Athyma lactaria, 260

venilia, 261

9 var. evanescens, 313

Meiictik caseolaris, 11

AURANTIACE®, 275

Badamia exclumationis, 283

Banareia, 73, 153

”

32 |, Index.

Banareia armata, 153

Baoris contigua, 321

larika, 282

mathias, 282, 320

philippina, 282, 321

(Chapra) mathias, 282,320 »

(Parnara) contigua, 321

larika, 282

philippina, 282, 321

* Baptozius, 76, 186, 187, 188

me vinosus, 189

Bauhinia excelsa, 290

» nervosa, 290

* , Pottingeri, 289

BEGONIACEA, 1

Benincasa, 25, 34

he cerifera, 35

* hispida, 34

Betanga duponchelii, 310

Bindahara isabella, 270

bP] ”

- Blackwellia, 22

caryophyllacea, 22

dasyantha, 22

longiflora, 22

macrostachya, 20

propinqua, 21

, spiralis, 21

Brassaiopsis, 43, 61

conflwens, 58

Hainla, 62

plamata, 61

3”?

” 29

Bryonia Blumei, 39

cheirophylla, 34

cochinchinensis, 32

» epigza, 39

geminata, 39

grandis, 32

heterophylla, 39

marginatu, 39

palmata, 29

tenella, 39

umbellata, 27

Callidryas alcmeone, 317

frava, 271, 317

Callslonn hopfferi, 256, 257

3 visenda, 256, 257

CALYCIFLORA, lL

Calysisme perseus, 257, 311

Cancer, 67, 69, 70

» adspersus, 80

5» weneus, 104

» amphitrite, 104

» anaglyptus, 133

» bispinosus, 1386

» calculosus, 152

3 converus, 80

»» cymodoce, 219

» daira, 155 —

» dentatus, 129

var. andamanica,

Cancer distinguendus, 113, 123

”

dodone, 108

electra, 133

exsculptus, 110

floridus, 98, 104

fossulatus, 148

glaberrimus, 223

granulatus, 151

huoni, 111

impressus, 115

inequalis, 119

incomparibilis, 104

integerrimus, 95

limbatus, 101

maculatus, 79

mamillatus, 110

marginatus, 97

marmarinus, 80

melissa, 110

metis, 183

niger, 160

ochtodes, 135

ocyroe, 98

perlatus, 155

polydora, 150

roseus, 97

ruber, 79

rubromaculatus, 93

rufopunctatus, 222

rumphii, 106, 178

savignyt, 151

sazatile, 79

saaatilis, 106

tenaz, 187

variolosus, 155

vespertilio, 192

(Actza) granulatus, 151

(Galene) bispinosus, 136

(Liagore) rubromaculatus, 93

(Xantho) distinguendus, 118, 123

CANCERIDES, 69

CANCERIENS, 69

”?

ARQUEs, 69

QUADRILATERES, 69

Cancripa, 67, 69, 70

CANCRINA, 69

CANCROIDEA, 68, 232

”

CYCLOMETOPA, 68

PoRTUNINEA, 68

Candulides, 265

CaRPILioipa, 77, 78

Carpilius, 72, 78, 81, 90, 152

cinctimanus, 88

convexus, 79, 80

lividus, 80

maculatus, 79

marginatus, 97

roseus, 97

venosus, 83

Carpilodes, 72, 81, 85

* »”

cariosus, 82, 86

Index.

Cargnedes cinctimanus, 88

lophopus, 81, 84

329

margaritatus, 67, 82, 85, 86

monticulosus, 82, 86

pediger, 81, 83

ruber, 83

rugatus, 82, 84, 85

stimpsoni, 81, 82, 83

tristis, 81, 82, 83, 85

vaillantianus, 82, 85

venosus, 67, 81, 83

Carpilow anthus, 81

”

rugatus, 84

vaillantianus, 85

Casearia, 14

albicans, 15, 16, 18

andamanica, 15, 16

Championii, 17

cinerea, 16

Clarkei, 15, 18

esculenta, 15, 16

grewrefolia, 15, 16

Kunstleri, 15, 17

levigata, 17

Lobbiana, 15

macrocarpa, 15, 16, 18

subcuneata, 16

variabilis, 16

varians, 17

Zeylanica, 17

CaTAMETOPEs, 69

Catappa, 292

Catochrysops cnejus, 269

”»

bP]

lithargyria, 269

strabo, 269

Catopsilia alemeone, 271

”

crocale, 271, 283, 317

» ab. flava,

pomona, 271

Cerasiocarpum Maingayt, 39

penangense, 39

Cethosia cydalima, 258, 283

”

cydippe, var. damasippe, 258

insulata, 258

lamarckii, 259

Chanapa sacerdos 256, 257

Chapra agna, 282

”

mathias, 282, 320

Charaxes keianus, 262. 283

pyrrhus keianus, 262

Cheirantha, 58

Chirosa, 255

”

lapeyrousei, 310

CHLORODINA#, 70, 78, 156

CuioropiorpA, 78, 159

Chlorodius, 74, 159, 161, 162, 165, 172

areolatus, 162, 166

cavipes, 122

cytherea, 160

dentifrons, 133

depressus, 160

326

Chlorodius distinguendus, 1138

o edwardsi, 120

” eudorus, 122

“ exaratus, 118

- fragifer, 151

ai hirtipes, 160

= levissimus, 160, 161

ss monticulosus, 163

Bs nebulosus, 160

- niger, 159, 160, 161

a nodosus, 120

a nudipes, 121

& obscurus, 163

As perlatus, 166

- polyacanthus, 150

i samoensis, 134

“ sanguineus, 119

s sculptus, 164

ungulatus, 162

Chlorodopsis, 74, 159, 165, 171, 172

6s areolata, 165, 166, 172

Es hy OES 166, 168

* melanodactylus, 171

th nigrocrinita, 166, 168

5 ornata, 171

% pilumnoides, 165, 167, 168,

169

! spinipes, 166, 169, 171 -

* rf wood-masoni, 166, 170

(Cyclodius) ornata, 171}

CINNYRIDA, 64.

Clitoria, 287

Goereba, 66

- cyanea, 64, 65

CorREBIDE, 66

CoLuma, 287

COMBRETACE, 291

CoMMELYNACES, 301

CoNNARACEA, 285

Cordylanthus frutescens, 22

CorRNACES, 1, 45, 294

Corystoidea, 69

*Cruddasia, 287

pa insignis, 287

Crypteronia, 2, 4

7 glabra, 5, 6

Sf Griffithii, 5, 6

os paniculata, 5

pubescens, 5, 6

Cr yptotheca apetala, 4

CUCUMERINE®, 24

Cucumis xgyptiacus, 34

» %mtegrifolius, 31

» Missionis, 27

Cucurbita alba, 35

“A farinosa, 35

“4 hispida, 35

. melopepo, 29

- Pepo, 35

- villosa, 35

CUCURBITACEA, 1, 24, 34, 40, 41, 292

Indez.

Cupha crameri, 258

», lampetia, 312

Cupido dionisus, 315

Curetis, 270

» tagalica, 270

Cuscus, 253

Cyaniris, 264

+ cagaya, 264

5 kwehni, 264

“4 puspa, 264

Cyclodius, 74,78, 159, 171

a ornatus, 171

CycLoMETOPA, 68, 69

Cyclowanthus, 74, 112, 124, 125

lineatus, 68, 124

Cyllo annabilis, 257, 311

» eda, 311

Cymo, 74, 78, 172

» andreossyt, 178, 174, 175

var. melanodactylus,

174:

» deplanatus, 173, 174

», melanodactylus, 173, 174

» quadrilobatus, 173, 175, 176

,, tuberculatus, 68, 173, 176

Cyrmoipa, 78, 172

Cynthia arsine, 312

* cycnia, 259

Cyrestis thyoneus, 314

Daira, '71, 154

» perlata, 155

» variolosa, 155 —

Delbergis Benthami, 289

te Kingiana, 289

bs rubiginosa, 289

DANAIN®E, 254, 308

Danais affinis, 255

», alcathoé, 309

» cttrina, 255

» hamata, 254

» imtensa, 255

» wmare, 309

» guventa, 309

» laratensis, 255

» lutescens, 309

» meganira, 309

» petilia, 254

» septentrionis, 254

3 sobrina, 309

» (Asthipa) citrina, 255

», (Limnas) petilia, 254

» (Nasuma) ismare, 309

» (Radena) juventa, 809

fs a meganira, 309

- sobrina, 809

, (Ravadeba ) lutescens, 309

» (Salatura) affinis, 2- 5

is - lavatensis, 255

(Tirumala) hamata, 254

Danaus chrysippus, 254

» glorola, 255

9 99

Index. 327

Danaus plexippus, 255 .

Debis ewropu, var. arete, 311

Delias ceneus, 318

a Cehg; 31S

» philotis, 318

pe ottopanng, 43, 58, 294

at Listeri, 294

: a Maingayi, 58

parviflorum, 58

Dendrophis pictus, 67

*Derris latifolia, 288

» thyrsiflora, 289

» Wallichii, 289

*Desmogyne, 297, 298

* _ ner iifolia. 297

Deudori 1a epijarbas, 270

» simsoni, 270

Diadema minena, 313

» hewitsoni, 261

., lasinassa, 313

= pandarus, 261

w pipleis, 314

pe wncceryys corchorifolia, 300

elatior, 299

a. 287

DipTeRA, 3806

ey porian pullum, 3801

‘ var. oblanceolata, 301

ee atin australis, 262

a bisaltide, 262

ve crameri, 262, 815

4 polibete, 262

be pratipa, 262

Domecius, 229

Domecia, 76, 229

s hispida, 230

Domecioipa, 177, 229

Dryophis mycterizans, 66

Duabanga, 2, 9

Ks grandiflora, 10

sonneratioides, 10

Dyctis melane, 258

» viminalis, 312

Elodina bouruensis, 317

4 egnatia, 271

Elymnias melane, 258

a viminalis, 312

A (Dyctis) melane, 258

Z viminalis, 312

ELYMNrn”, 258, 308, 312

Enkylia digyna, 40

7" trigyna, 40

area, 305

» borneensis, 307

3 pursetha, 305, 306, 307

vs Rumphii, 306, 307

“A scandens, 306

4 spiralis, 305, 307

Epilobium fruticoswm, 12

Epizanthus, 75, 181, 184

“ ‘dentatus, 184, 185

arneanthais dilatatus, 186

aa frontalis, 184

. kotschii, 185

Erina, 265

Eriphia, 76, 213

a gonagra, 216

¥ levimana, 214, 216

- A var. smithii, 216

aa seabricula, 214

3 smithii, 214, 216

trapeziformis, 215

ERIPHIIDS, 67, 69, 70

HripHiin&, 70, 177, 218

WRIPHIOIDA, 177, 213

EscaLLoniga, 291

Etisodes, 73, 77, 112, 182, 171

» anaglyptus, 133, 134

» dentatus, 180

» electra, 133

» sculptilis, 133

Etisus, 72, 112, 128, 182

» anaglyptus, 133

45 convexus, 1382

» dentatus, 129, 131

» levimanus, 129, 131

» macrodactylus, 1382

» maculatus, 182

» rugosus, 133

utilis, 129, 130

Eudora impressus, 118, 115

» tenax, 187

EUPHASEOLER, 287

Eupilumnus websteri, 280

Euplea, 253, 256, 257, 261

is alcathoé, 309

» assimilata, 256, 261, 283

» dbouruana, 310

» callithoé, 256, 257

“9 duponchelit, 310

a ewnice, 310

5 eurypon, 255, 257

» fraterna, 256

a hisme, 310

» hopfferi, 256, 257

be lapeyrousei, 310

» leucostictos, 310

» melancholica, 3809

E " var. zthiops, 309

» melina, 309

» sacerdos, 256, 267

os semicirculus, 310

» spiculifera, 309

» visenda, 256, 257

: watson, 310

», (Betanga) duponchelit, 310

+ (Calliplea) hopferi, 256, 257

ia a visenda, 256, 257

»» | (Chanapa) sacerdos, 256, 257

», (Chirosa) lapeyrousei, 310

3, (Gamatoba) alcathoé, 809

melancholica, 809

oe ??

328

Euplea (Gamatoba) spiculifera, 309

(Hirdapa) assimilata, 256, 283

(Salpinw bowruana, 310

hisme, 310

ms - leucostictos, 310

(Stictoplea) watson, 310

(Vadebra) eurypon, 255, 257

Ht melina, 309

EUPL@INA, 256

Eupsychellus, 263

dionisius, 263

” +P

Eupteron, 59

Eurema hecabe, 272

Euruppellia, 75, 186

annulipes, 188

tenaw, 187, 188

vinosa, 189

Eurycar cinus, 75, 207, 209, 213

grandidieri, 210, 211

maculatus, 68, 210, 211,

212

orientalis, 210, 211, 212

Euthalia exropus, 262, 314

Ht (Lewias) xropus, 262, 314

EvuxantHoipa, 77, 109

Euzxanthus, 72, 109, 111

exsculptus, var. rugosus, 110

huonw, 111

mamillatus, 110

melissa, 110, 111

me nitidus, 110

sculptilis, 110, 111

Bveres argiades, 267

FICOIDEa, 1

Galactia, 287

GALACTIER, 287

Galene, 70, 74, 77, 127, 136, 232

» bispinosa, 136

» ochtodes, 135

GALENINA, 136

GaLENOIDA, 77, 136

Gamatoba alcathoé, 309

+ melancholica, 309

“ spiculifera, 309

Gastonia palmata, 58

Gecko. 67

Gerydus acragas, 263, 315

» boisduvalit, var. acragas, 315

» ceramensis, 315

a). 1208, SiS

» teos, 315

» vincula, 263

GESNERACEA, 299

Gilibertia palmata, 58

Glycine, 287

ke Nall Gardneri, 284

s pedunculari is, 284

Thwaitesii, 284

Grapsillus, ory.

- maculatus, 221

“4 subinteger, 220

”?

”

”»

”

Index.

Gymnopetalum, 24, 31

5 cochinchinensis, 31, 32

- heterophyllum, 33

os antegrifolium, 31

5 quinquelobum, 32

¥s quinqueloculare, °

septemlobum, 35

Gynostemma, 25, 40

& cissoides, 40

* lara, 41

> pedata, 40

es pedatum, 293

GYNOsSTEMMEA, 25

H#MODORACEA, 300

Halimede, 71, 124, 125, 134, 135, 136

2 thwrs/ont, 68, 186

HALIMEDOIDA. 77, 134

Hamadryas, 225

Be assaricus, 309

Me nais, 225

sy niverpicta, 225

Hapalocarpum indicum, 4

5 vesicatorium, 4

HAPLOTRICHIUM, 299

Hasora alexis, 283

» celenus, 321

ot chromus, 283

i discolor, 283

3 doleschallii, 282

By hurama, 321

» malayana, 283, 321

R thridus, 321

» vtolacea, 321

» (Parata) celenus, 321

ss + hurama, 321

* malayana, 283, 321

Habomei 317

oa leucogynia, 317

Hedera cheirantha, 58

» ferruginea, 58

» heterophylla, 56

» Jdgackiana, 59

ovata, 59

» palmata, 58

» polycantha, 62

venosa, 52

Hederopsis Maingayi, 62

Henslovia, 6

» . affinis, 5

glabra, 5

Hookeri, 5

5 leptostachys, 5

pubescens, 5

Heptapleurum, 43, 46

3 affine, 47, 54

Ba avene, 46, 47

. biternatum, 47, 56

= capitatum, 49

Cephalotes, 46, 49, 50 |

* ‘% Curtisir, 47, 56

" dvarieata, 54

Iudex. 329

Heptapleurum ellipticum, 47, 49, 53, 54

heterophyllum, 47, 56

- = Hullettii, 47, 54

* _ latifoliolatum, 47, 51

il a Lawranceanum, 293

- longifolium, 54

* a luridum, 46, 48

* e mervosum, 47, 55

= ~ Ridleyi, 47, 54

Me rigidum, 50

5 scandens, 47, 58

* * Scortechinii. 46, 49

# Singalangense, 47, 51

fh subulatum, 47, 51

* a sub-racemosum, 46, 49

be terebinthacea, 52

5 tomentosum, 46, 50

* 3 triste, 46, 48

if venulosum, 47, 52, 58

_ ” var. macro-

phylla, 52

* 3s Wrayi, 47, 55

* eo (Agalma) Lawranceanum,

293

Hesperia ahrendti, 320

feisthamelii, 319

» flavovittata, 281

HesPERUD&, 277, 319

Hestia aza, 308

@Murvillei, 254

* (Nectaria) aza, 308

ae @urvillei, 254

Heter opanaw, 43, 61

es fragrans, 61

Heteropanope, 75, 207, 210

dentatus, 185

eucratoides, 68, 209

indica, 208, 209

* levis, 208, 209

HETEROPANOPIOIDA, 177, 207

Heteropsis, 43, 62

Hipio, 257

amabilis, 311

» constantia, 257, 311

- Hirdapa assimilata, 256, 283

» fraterna, 256

Hodgsonia, 24, 25

heteroclita, 25

- macrocarpa, 26

Ho.LocaLyx, 296

Holochila, 265

- intensa, 265

Homalium, 14, 19, 24

caryophyllaceum, 22

cordylanthus, 22

fetidum, 22

frutescens, 20, 22

grandiflorum, 20, 23

Grifithianum, 20, 21

* Kunstleri, 20

longifoluum, 20, 21

”

Homalium obovale, 23

< propinquum, 20, 21

* i undulatum, 20, 23

qoplowanthus, 73, 112, 125

. cultripes, 126

* hextit, 126, 127

Huphina jael, 317

E rachel, 273, 317

* Hydrangea Pottingeri, 290

HyperRo.issa, 70, 76, 77, 233

HypeRoM_eristA, 70, 176

Hypocelus, 71, 109, 111

_ rugosus, 68, 111

Hypolimnas, 254

a alimena, 261, 313

“A 9 var. heteromorpha,

261

ws anomala, 314

4 antilope, 314

A bolina, 261, 313

re heteromorpha, 261

a hewitsoni, 254, 257, 261

a pandora, 313

x polymena, 254, 257, 261

subawana, 314.

Hypolyezena danisoides, 270

Hypopeltarium, 69

Imperata arundinacea, 255

Indigofera atropurpurea, 286

a4 nigrescens, 286

Involucraria Wallichiana, 30

e Wallichii, 29

Iphias leucogynia, 317

Tsmene, 283

» doleschalli, 282

» malayana, 283

Ttea, 291

Jambosa aquxa, 270

Jamides astraptes, 268

a bochus, 268

as cephion, 268

a purpurata, 268

Junonia erigone, 259, 312

o expansa, 259

» orithya, 259

» timorensis, 260

» villida, 259

Jussiza, 12

» angustifolia, 12

» Burmanni, 12

», decumbens, 12

» evaltata, 12

» Jruticosa, 12

on longipes, 12

» octophila, 12

» repens, 13

» scabra, 12

» suffruticosa, 12

i villosa, 12

Lachnopodus, 73, 89, 90

+ rodgerst, 67, 89

330 Index.

Lachnopodus tahitensis, 92

Lagenaria dasystemon, 35

Lugerstremia, 2, 6, 9

celebica, 8

floribunda, 6, 7

Flos-Reginz, 6, 7, 8, 9

grandiflora, 10

hexaptera, 8

hypoleuca, 6, 7

macrocarpa, 9

Munchhausia, 9

ovalifolia, 7, 8

Regine, 9

: speciosa, 9

Lagostoma, 154

modosa, 120

in perlata, 165

Lampides xlianus, 268

extherialis, 268

amphissa, 269

aratus, 268, 315

areas, 269

celeno, 268

elpis, 315

hylas, 269, 316

LEGUMINOSA, 264, 268, 269, 286°

LEMONIIDA, 263

LEPIDOPTERA, 254

Leptodius, 74, 112, 117

cavipes, 118, 122

crassimanus, 117, 118, 120,

121, 122

* euglyptus, 118, 121

exaratus, 117, 118, 120

var. sanguineus,

120

nudipes, 118, 121, 122

bs sanguineus, 118,119, 120, 121

Leptosia xiphia, 271

Leptospartion grandiflorum, 10

Lethe arcuata, 311

» arete, 311

Lexias xropus, 262, 314

Liagora, 74, 93

.. rubromaculata, 93

LIBYTHAINA, 263

Libythea antipoda, 263

Liniaceas, 301

Limenitis venilia, 313

Limnas petilia, 254

Liomera, 72, 87, 90

cinctimana, 88

pe lata, 88

as longimana, 90

a punctata, 91

- rodgersti, 89

* sodalis, 88

- iomanthas 74, 90

» asperatus, 91, 92

ss punctatus, O1, 156

timidus, 91

”

» >P)

”

Liphyra brassolis, 271

i. major, 271

Lophactea; 71; 99

ws anaglypta, 100, 102

Pak corallina, 100, 102

* cristata, 100, 101, 103

95 fissa, 67, 100, 103

4 granulosa, 100, 101, 103

semigranosa, 100, 101, 103

Lophowanthus, 116

: bellus, var. leucomanus,

113.

o> scaberrimus, 1138, 116

9 », var. baccalipes, 117

> 99 ~Cultripes, 117

Lophozozynius, 73, 94, 106, 125

£ bellus, var. leucomanus, 113

: cristatus, 67, 106, 107

‘ dodone, 106, 108

5 epheliticus, 106

incisus, 106, 107

octodentatus, 106, 107

3 radiatus, 108 '

1" (Lophoxanthus) bellus, var.

leucomanus, 113

Ludwigia, 12, 13

diffusa, 14

fruticulosa, 14

lythroides, 13

a parviflora, 13, 14

o prostrata, 13

Luff, 25, 33

os acutangula, 34.

» egyptiaca, 33

cattu-picinna, 34

», clavata, 34

cylindrica, 34

Gosa, 34

», hederacea, 34

» Parvala, 34

pentandra, 34

Petola, 34

racemosa, 384

Satpatia, 34

» Wightiana, 40

Lycena merens, 265

ER eae emolus, 267

sarees 267

LyYca&NIDs, 263, 266, 315

* Lysimachia evalvis, var. grandifolia, 298

LYTHRACEA, 1

LYTHRE, 2

Lythrum Perpiis: 4,

Maclellandia Grifithiana, 4

MACROZANONIA, 42

Mastersia assamica, 288

* Mastizia ewonymoides, 295

Medzus, 73, 77, 112, 114, 123

si distinguendus, 113

Ks nodosus, 123

Megisba malaya, 264

Index.

Melanitis, 257

" crameri, 257

» gylippa, 258

a leda, 311

MELASTOMACE, 1

Melia, 76, 230

* ,, cestifer, 231

*, pugil, 231

» tessellata, 231

Metiorpa, 177, 230

Melissa, 109

» mamillata, 110

» mitida, 110

Melotheiat 25, 37

a afinis, 38

a indica, 38

i marginata 38, 39

ee = var. heterophylla,

Rumphiana, 39

Meninpe, 75, 177, 179

% bellangeri, 178

=f granulosa, 179

m parvulus, 146

A rumphii. 178

» (Myomenippe) granulosa, 179

MeniPPina#, 70, 176, 177.

MENIPPIOIDA, 176, 177

Messaras cramer, 258

Mesua ferrea, 262

Miletus chinensis, var. ceramensis, 263,

315.

Minetra nodrica, 314

Momordica, 25, 35, 39

” zgyptiaca, 34

's anthelmintica, 37

a Charantia, 35, 37

2) .e2 5. Clarkeana, 35

9 Cochinchinensis, 35, 36

- dioica, 37

i humilis, 37

a Luffa, 34

: macropetala, 37

a mista, 37

mn muricata, 37

" Rozburghiana, 37

és subangulata, 35, 36

tubsflora, 32

Morinda bracteata, 252

Munchhausenia speciosa, 9

Muricia Cochinchinensis, 37

Mycalesis daidis, 257

mt hesione, 310

os manipa, 311

a medus, 310

pe perseus, 257, 311

33 remulia, 311

52 sirius, 257, 311

- (Calysisme) perseus, 257, 311

a (Mydosama) remulia, 311

sirius, 257, 311

”? 3)

”

MyYRTACEm, 1

_Nacaduba, 265

Mycalesis (Orsotrizna) \medus, 310

_ Mydosama manipa, 311

a remulia, 311

a sirius, 257, 311

Myomenippe, 75, 177, 179

* duplicidens, 179

granulosa, 179

a; ancyra, 268

45 ardates, 268

hs atrata, 268

Ss hermus, 267

i laura, 268

3 meiranganus, 267

A nora, 268

¥ perusia, 268

Nasuma ismare, 309

Nectaria aza, 308

ad Vurvillei, 254

Nectopanope, 75, 207, 212

" longipes, 213

Fi rhodobaphes, 213

Neleus, 229 .

» acanthophorus, 230

Nematopyzis fruticulosa, 14

ss prostrata, 14

3 pusilla, 14

Neopithecops, 264 —

re zalmora, 263

Neptis consimilis, 260, 283

» heliodora, 312

» lactaria, 260

» nectens, 261

» venilia, 261, 318

», (Phedyma) heliodora, 312

+s nectens, 261

( Rahinda) consimilis, 260, 283

Meustaniias 288

Nothopanazx pinnatum, 60

Notocrypta feisthamelii, 278, 319

ss restricta, 319

waigensis, 278

NyMPHatipa, 254, 308

NYMPHALINE, 258, 308, 312

Ocybadistes, 320

marnas, 320

Gthra, 67, 68, 69, 70

CETHRINZ, 69

ONAGRACES, 1, 11

*Ophiopogon cordylinoides, 300

dracznoides, 301

*Ophiorrhiza Lawranceana, 295

lurida, 295

Ornithoptera hellen, 318

priamus, 273

ag cane 75, 112, 127

microps, 128

Orsotra ipne medus, 310

Osmelia, 14, 18

a Maingayj, 19

331

332

Oxyrhyncha, 68, 69

Ozun#, 70, 176, 181

Oz1o1pa, 176, 181

Ozius, 75, 181, 186, 187, 188

» annulipes, 188

» frontalis, 185

» rugulosus, 182

», tenaw, 187, 188

», tuberculosus, 182, 183

» (Hur upypellia) annulipes, 188

tenax, 187, 188

Padraona, 279, 280, 281

ye dugiades, 278

cs autoleon, 280

i dara, 279

a mesa, 279

- mesoides, 282

v palmarum, 278, 320

is procles, 278

Me prusias, 320

sunias, 279

* Paederia Cruddasiana, 295

t. foetida, 296

a linearis, 296

ie tomentosa, 296

Pamphila ahrendti, 320

Ge arendti, 320

x augiades, 320

4 augias, 278

a! larika, 282

mesa, 279

a marnas, 320

ie maro, 277

:, moseleyi, 278

sunias, 281

Panaz armatum, 45

» fragrans, 61

» dackianum, 59

» palmatum, 62

» pinnatum, 60

» polycarpum, 59

secunda, 60

Panopeus, 208

* acutidens, 186

3 caystrus, 181

J dentatus, 185

a herbstii, 208

Papilio, 273

4 zgeus keianus, 275, 283

” ”? bP)

275

” > ” ”

ormenus, 275

” ” 9

) ” ”

” ” 9

275

» agamemnon, 277

argynnus, 277

” 9 plisthenes, 319

», albinus thomsonii, 274, 283

”» PP]

var. amaranta,

ab. amanga,

» pandion, 275

» polydorinus,

Index.

blanca, 275

275,

Papilio albinus thomsonui, ab, mordingtoni,

274

5» ambraz epirus, 276

» antigone, 313

» — argynnus, 277

» vbeccarii, 274

», cinereomaculatus, 318

», codrus tocalensis, 276, 283

» erocale, 271

» deiphobus, 276, 318, 319

99 99

», deiphontes, 318

» erinus, 265

5, euchenor obsolescens, 276

» eurypylus, 319

melampus, 277

9 9)

9 9 »

» . fuscus, 318

» gambrisius, 318

» heliodora, 312

» tphigenta, 261

» lampetia, 258

» melampus, 277

» melita, 313

» ormenus, 275

» pellucides, 313

» pellucidus, 312

» polibete, 315

» polydorus, 274, 318

ty Ms thessalia, 274, 283

» polytes alphenor, 319

5» pomona, 271

» sarpedon, 319

anthedon, 319

‘ a choredon, 277

» thomsonit, 274

PaPILIONIDA, 271, 316

PAPILIONINA, 273, 318

Papua, 264

Parata celenus, 321

» hurama, 321

» malayana, 283, 321

Paratropia brachybotrya, 53

- elliptica, 53

- heterophylla, 56

99 » 9%

<5 scandens, 53

¥ Singalangense, 51

5 Singalense, 51

. subulata, 52

if tomentosa, 50

venulosa, 52

Parnara contigua, 321

- larika, 282

philippina, 282, 321

PARTHENOPIDA, 69

Parthenos brunnea, 261

Pa nodrica, 314

salentia, 261

z sylvia, 261

PASSIFLORACEA, 1

‘

ab. hypoxanthos, 276

ab. rufinus,

277

Index. 333

Pemphis, 2, 4 PIRIMELIDEs, 69 —

a acidula, 4 Pithecops, 263

ey angustifolia, 4 s bassaris, 263

« setosa, 4 dionisius, 315

tenance, 293 Platypilumnus, 70, 76, 232

sd stellatum, 293 gracilipes, 233

Pentapterygium, 297, 298 Platypodia, 94

- Peplis indica, 3 Plebeius xlianus, 268

Pestolozzia lata, 40 » cxelius, 267

ie pedata, 40 » cagaya, 264

Phedyma, 312 » euchylas, 269

a heliodora, 312 » tWlustris, 266

nectens, 261 » kuhni, 264

Philiris, 265 » lucifer, 263, 264

% tlias, 265 » seltuttus, 267

Phymodius, 74, 159, 161, 165 » tualensis, 264

ae monticulosus, 162, 163 unicolor, 267

is obscurus, 163 Plebejus astraptes, 268

- sculptus, 156, 159, 162, 164 ” beticus, 269

ungulatus, 162, 163, 164 af dionysius, 263, 315

PIERINA, 271, 316 % euchylas, 316

Pieris jael, 317 ‘a kandarpa, 269

» padusa, 271 Plesioneura chimera, 319

» perictione, 278 * varians, 319

» phillyra, 318 2 waigensis, 278

» pitys, 273 : Polycremnus, 71, 123, 124, 184, 135

» rachel, 273, 317 bs ochtodes, 135

theodice, 317 Polycyma, 265

Pierrea dictyoneura, 24 " carythx, 265

Pilodius, 165 PoLYDECTINA, 69

“s nigrocrinitus, 168 Polydectus, '70

i pilumnoides, 167 Polyommatus beticus, 269

pugil, 170 PortTUNIDa, 69

a scabriculus, val * Pottingeria, 291

spinipes, 169 * ms acuminata, 291

PILUMNINA, 70, 176, 190 Precis expansa, 259

PitumNorpa, 177, 190 », hedonia, 312

Pilumnopeus, 207 » tda, 259

> maculatus, 212 » tphita, 259

Pilwmnus, 75, 190, 198, 199, 206 » zelima, 259

% andersoni, 191, 194 PRIMULACE, 298

:, andreossyi, 173 Psawmis, 137

a cerulescens, 191, 196 if fossulata, 148

BS? cursor, 191, 195 Hs glabra, 143

3 dehaanii, 191, 198 Pseudocarcinus, 177

7 dorsipes, 191, 197 i bellangeri, 178

Ps forskalii, 194, Pseudodipsas, 265

os hirsutus, 191, 197 » eone, 265

» labyrinthicus, 68, 190, 199 0 ilias, 265

rs. levis, 190, 199 PsSEUDOZIOIDA, 176, 180

5 levimanus, 199 Pseudozius, 75, 180

z, longicornis, 191, 198, 194 9 caystrus, 181

z scabriusculus, 206 ” planus, 181

‘a semilanatus, 200 Pueraria, 287, 288

A seminudus, 200 ge bella, 288

re setifer, 202 ” peduncularis, 288

zy sluiteri, 191, 194 ” Thunbergiana, 288

cs ursulus, 192 Punica, 2

ee vespertilio, 191, 192, 197 Pyranga rubra, 66

” 9 var. 193 Quadrella, 76, 217, 225

Pirimela, 67, 69, 70 + boopis, 227

334

Quadir ella coronata, 226, 227

” ”

” ’

Radena juventa,

meganira, 309

». sobrina, 309

Rahinda consimilis, 260, 283

Rapala phranga, 270

Ravadeba lutescens, 309

”

* Rhinacanthus calcaratus, var. maxima,

300

* " maavmus, 300

Rhizophora caseolaris, 11

RvuBIACER, 295

Ruppellia, 186, 187, 188

annulipes, 188

lata, 187

. tenar, 187

e vinosa, 187, 188, 189

RupPeE.t.ioipa, 176, 186

Rusticus Adolescens santhospilos, 265

Salamis sabina, 262, 314

Salatura affinis, 255

i laratensis, 255

Salping, 256, 310

nt bouruana, 310.

< hisme, 310

a leucostictos, 310

Sambucus 263

Samypace@, 1, 14

SaMYDE&, 16

SATYRINA, 257, 310

Satyrus manipa, 257, 311

SAXIFRAGACER, 290

Sciadophyllum avene, 48

~ ellipticum, 53

scandens, 53

tomentosum, 50

Seotanthus Porteanus, 33

7 tubiflorus, 32

Simethus leos, 315

SoLaANAcEz, 298

gt cite feroz, 298, 299

Es » var. inermis, 298

= Melongena, 299

Solenocaulon, 88

Sonneratia, 2, 10, 11

7 acida, 10, 11

bb] ”

us alba, 10, 11

es evenia, 11

a Griffithii, 11

ee lanceolata, 11

os Mossambicensis, 11

e neglecta, 11

a obovata, 11

7 ovalis, 11

Pa gapat, it

Spatholobus ferrugineus, 287

i gyrocarpus, 287

* a Pottingeri, 286

var. maculosa, 226,

+ , », reticulata, 227

var. Griffithit, 10, 11

Index.

Sphenomerus, 76, 217, 227

trapenioides, 228

Spongodes, 227

* Sterculia cognata, 285

» parvifolia, 285%

m Rozxburghii, 285

fay striatiflora, 285,

STERCULIACES, 285

Stictoplea watsoni, 310

Bre olaon volubile, 301

var. setosa, 30D

a Rae hippoetus, 314

Symethis, 315

Symphedra xropa, 262

SYRPHIDA, 306

| Tachyris ada, 273, 317

24 bouruensis, 318

KS cynisca, 318

» jacquinotii, 318

» byncida, 272

» paulina, 317

* Taeniochlena birmanica, 285

Grifithii, 285

Tagiades japetus, 277, 283, 319

M4 metanga, 319

oe neira, 319

», Var. metanga, 319

Taractrocera, 281

Telicota, 278, 320

4» augias, 278, 320

» bambuse, 278, 320

. dara, 279

» moseleyt, 278

és palmarum, 320

oF prusias, 320

(Padraona) dara, 279

7 Telicota (Padraona) palmarum, 320

is prusias, 320

Tellervo, 255

a assarica, 309:

e zoilus, 255

_ TELPHUSIDA, 68, 69

Terias, 272

5 odiformis, 316

» blanda, 317

» brevicostalis, 817

», candida, 272, 316

» diversa, 317

» drona, 316

» hecabe, 272, 316, 317

» lacteola, 316

» leta, 272

», libythea, 316

»» photophila, 272

» sulphurata, 272

zoraide, 316

Terminalia, 292

* Ae argyrophylla, 291

- chebula, 292

Tetralia, 76, 217, 223

r cavimana, 224

Index. 335

Tetralia glaberrima, 223

heterodactyla, 224

levissima, 224

yy nigrifrons, 224

Thecla ilias, 265

THIID#, 69

Thyméle thridas, 321

Thysonitis apollonius, 266

var. swpous, 265,

»”»

? ”

celius, 267

hermes, 266

iilustris, 266

korion, 266, 267

RE gs triopus, 265

Tirumala hamata, 254

Trapa, 11, 12

Trapezia, 76, 217, 223, 225, 226, 229

acutifrons, 222

areolata, 218, 221

BA re var. inermis, 221

ceruba, 219

cymodoce, 218, 219, 220, 221,

222, 223

dentata, 219

digitalis, 218, 222

ferruginea, 218, 220, 221, 223

var. areolata, 221

guttata, 220

ys “4 » wmtermedia, 220

areolata, 221

maculata, 221

by 9

9 ” ”?

fusca, 222

glaberrima, 224

hirtipes, 219

integra, 223

intermedia, 218

leucodactyla, 222

maculata, 218, 221

miniata, 220

reticulata, 221

rufopunctata, 218, 222

var, intermedia,

220

maculata,

221

” 9 ?

serratifrons, 224

subdentata, 220

- tigrina, 221

TRAPEZIOIDA, 177, 217

Trevesia, 43, 57

palmata, 57

SY var. liwm, 59

Trichosanthes, 24, 26

anguina, 29

aspera, 29

bracteata, 29

Celebica, 27, 30

cordata, 29

costata, 32

cucumerina, 26, 27, 32

”

“a ichosanthes dioica, 26

Fe Fatoa, 32

* grandibracteata, 30

Ht graniiflora, 26

a Hearni, 26, 28

35 herpetospermum, 28

i: heteroclita, 26

hexusperma, 26

7 integrifolia, 32

laciniosu, 27, 29

macrocarpa, 26

multiloha, 30

Re officinalis, 32

palmata, 27, 29

pilosa, 27

gubera, 29, 30

reniformis, 28

tricuspidata, 27, 28

tricuspis, 29

» | Wallichiana, 27, 29

Wawrexi, 27, 30

i ipodanthera cochinehinensis, 32

Troides oblongomaculatus bouruensis,

318

» priamus poseidon, 273, 274

# i, ab. hecuba, 273

Tupidanthus, 43, 63

calyptratus, 63

Typhonium, 302, 303, 304

cuspidatum, 304

* - inopinatum, 301, 302, 303

i Ni Listeri, 334

* H Pottingeri, 304

4 Roxburghit, 302, 303

* Schottii, 303

trilobatum, 302, 303

UMBELLIFERA, 1

VAaccINIACEm, 296, 297

Vadebra, 256

eurypon, 255, 257

fe melina, 309

Vanessa hedonia, 312

Vitis atroviridis, 40

», trichophora, 40

* Wardenia, 43, 60

* ee simplex, 60

XANTHIDE, 67, 69, 70, 71, 77

XantTHINA, 70, 77, 78

XANTHINI, 69

Xantho, 74, 90, 91, 112, 114, 115, 116,

117, 123, 125, 127

affinis, 119

bidentatus, 92, 113, 114

cavipes, 122

crassimanus, 120, 121, 122

deHaanii, 162

distinguendus, 113, 123

* euglyptus, 121

exaratus, 118, 120

var. crassimana, 120

nudipes, 12]

” »

”? 9? ”

336

Xantho exaratus, var. sanguinea, 120

” ” typica, 119

floridanus, 1.17

floridus, 112, 114, 116

granosomanus, 157

granulosus, 101

hirsutissimus, 141

impressus, 91, 112, 118, 115

incisus, 107

lamarekii, 157

lamelligera, 108

lividus, 119

macgillivrayt, 113

nitidus, 108

notatus, 158

nudipes, 121, 122

obtusus, 83

octodentatus, 106

peronit, 150

punctatus, 91

quinquedentatus, 122

radiatus, 108

rufopunctatus, 142

sanguineus, 119, 120, 121

scaberrimus, 112,118,116

te var. baccalipes, 117

_ », cultripes, 117

spinosus, 150

superbus, 107

tahitensis, 92

tuberculatus, 114

(Eudora) impressus, 118

(Lachnopodus) tahitensis, 92

(Leptodius) cavipes, 122

ae 9 crassimanus, 120, 121,

” 122

oS rs euglyptus, 121

Index.

Xantho (Leptodius) exaratus, 118, 120

nudipes, 121, 122

sanguineus, 119, 120,

121

»» (Lophoranthus) scaberrimus, 118,

116

2 var.

baccalipes, 117

scaberrimus, var.

cultripes, 117

” 9

) +P]

» ”

Xanthodes, 74, 156

* granosomanus, 157

ss lamarckti, 156, 157

A microps, 128

ss notatus, 156, 157, 158

XANTHODIOIDA, 78, 156

XANTHOIDA, 77, 112

Ypthima arctous, 257

» asterope, 311

ZANONES, 20d

Zanonia, 25, 40, 42

fe cissoides, 40

=) Oe Clarkei, 41

Fr indica, 41, 42

ag lara, 40

an pedata, 40

5 sarcophylla, 42

Zizera, 265

» gaika, 264

n>. 9 0808, 264

ZOZYMOIDA, 77, G4

Zozymus, 72, 94, 99, 108, 106

a aeneus, 104

Ke canaliculatus, 84

* pilosus, 104, 105

Fe rugatus, 84

is tomentosus, 140

- ¢ 7)

4 ¥

; o

oan

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Messi's. Luzac ¥ Co., 46, Great Russell Street, London, W. C., or Mr.

Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig, Germany.

CALCUTTA:

PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST Mission PREss,

AND PUBLISHED BY THE

psiatic Sociery, 57, FARK STREET,

1898.

Price (exclusive of postage) to Members, Re. 1-8.—To Non-Members, Ra 2.

Price in England, 3 Shillings.

Issued September 15th, 1898,

CONTENTS.

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Page

An Annotated List of the Butterflies of the Ké Isles—By LioNEL DB»

Nictvitie, F.E.S., C.M.Z.S., &c., and Heinricu me (with

Plate I)

Descriptions of some new ee ae the Nor th- Hasler n Fr ontiers of

India.—By G. Kine and D. Prain

New species of Entada from Singapore and Borneo. in 12 N.

Ripney, Hsa., M.A., F.Z.8., Director, Botanic Gardens, Singa-

pore. Doinbantaaeted by SurGeon-Masor D. Pratn

On a small collection of Butterflies from Buru in the Moluccas. 5

Lionet pe Nictyiiiez, F E.S., C.M.Z.8., &c.

Plate I will be issued with a subsequent number.

IN A ed) BA

251

284.

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_-—~—-«*' The Proceedings of the Asiatic Society are issued ten times a year

1s soon as possible after the General Meetings which are held on the first

Jednesday in every month in the year except September and October ;

they contain an account of the meeting with some of the shorter and

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a "previous to which the papers read before the Society were published in

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issued regularly every year. From 1894 an additional volume, Part III,

has been issued.

Journal, but since that date have been separately issued every year.

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__ Astantc Researcuzs, Vols. VII, Vols, XIII and XVII, and

oe | Vols. XIX and XX @10/ each Rs. 80 O

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