=.

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

-O—=

Vol. LXIII. Part II—NATURAL SCIENCE.

EEE

No. [.—1894.

I.—On new or little-known Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan regi0on.—

By Lions. de Nicr’vitie, F. E. 8., C. M. Z. S., &e.

(With Plates I, II, III, IV and V.)

[Received February 10th ;—Read March 7th, 1894, ]

Family NYMPHALIDA.

Subfamily Saryrina.

1, Mycazesis (Satoa) mais, n. sp., Plate I, Figs. 1, 3; 2, 9.

Hasirat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.

Expanse: 6, 1°8 to 1°9; 9, 2°1 inches.

Description: Mate. Uppersipe, both wings black, glossed with

vinous in some lights; a narrow waved marginal line. Forewing with

the costa, apex broadly, and outer margin decreasingly paler; a small

black white-pupilled ocellus in the anterior discoidal interspace,

sometimes with a smaller ocellus attached to it posteriorly; a large

round black spot in the first median interspace, outwardly bounded by a

pale line. Hindwing with a broad whitish patch on the costa at the base

of the wing; the outer margin narrowly pale. UNbDsERSIDE, both wings

fuscous; the outer margin bears a narrow waved black line, then a

waved narrow ochreous (in some specimens violet) line, then a nearly

straight ochreous (or violet) line, the extreme margin narrowly black.

Forewing with the apex washed with ochreous ; a subapical black ocellus,

sometimes with a second smaller one attached to it posteriorly, and a

J, 1, 1

e ~

2 L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

very large posterior ocellus, these ocelli have a white pupil, the black

portion surrounded by an ochreous, a black, and lastly a violet ring; the

inner margin broadly whitish. Hindwing with a basal nearly straight

and a discal irregular violet fascia; a series of seven ocelli towards the

margin similar to those on the forewing, but the outer rings of all of

them joined and forming a continuous violet bordering to the whole

series of ocelli, the first, fourth and sixth ocelli of medium size, the second,

third and seventh small, the fifth the largest. Frmate. Upprrsip3, both

wings much paler than in the male. Forewing with an indistinct subapical

broad dull ferruginous fascia, reaching from the costa to the first median

nervule ; otherwise similar to the male, except that all the secondary

sexual characters found in the male are wanting.

Nearest to M. maianeas, Hewitson, the only other species in the

subgenus Satoa; described by Hewitson from Malacca [?] and Sarawak,

of which the female has alone been figured, and from which the same

sex of M. maia appears to differ in having a subapical ocellus on the

upperside of the forewing, and the “orange band” instead of being

very richly coloured and prominent is reduced to an obscure cloud on

both surfaces.

This species appears to occur not uncommonly in the mountains of

N.-E. Sumatra, and there are numerous specimens in Dr. Martin’s

collection as well as in my own. I possess specimens taken in July and

December. Both Mr. Henley Grose Smith (‘Head Hunters of Borneo”’),

and Dr. B. Hagen - Die Pflanzen- und Thierwelt von Deli auf Der

Ostkiiste Sumatra’s””) record M. maianeas, Hewitson, from | Sumatra,

but this species is probably the one meant.

Subfamily Morrnina,

2. STICHOPHTHALMA SPARTA, n. sSp., Plate I, Fig. 4, &.

Hasirat: Manipur.

Expanse: &, 5°0 inches.

Description: Mae. Upperstpe, both wings deep rich reddish-ful-

yous orferruginous. Forewing with the irregular discal black line of the

underside shewing through by transparency; the apical area widely

pale fulvous, this pale area extends from the submarginal hastate

black markings to just within the discal black line, it ig very

wide on the costa, but dies away to nothing before reaching the first

median nervule ; a series of five submarginal hastate black markings,

one in each interspace from the upper discoidal nervule to the sub-

median nervure, increasing progressively in size from the anterior to

the posterior marking ; a large black patch at the apex; a submarginal

fulvous line, beyond which is a narrower anteciliary black line, both

YORE

1894,] L. de Niceville—Butterfles from the Indo-Malayan region. 3

reaching from the inner angle to the lower discoidal nervule ; the area

enclosed by the coalescing of the hastate markings forms a series of

six rounded spots regularly increasing in size, the anterior spot the

smallest, the posterior one the largest, these spots are of a slightly

darker shade than the pale fulvous apical area, but not so dark as the

dark, rich reddish-fulvous of the rest of the wing. Hindwing with the

abdominal and outer margins rather paler than the rest of the wing; a

submarginal series of seven black markings, of which the anterior one is

a small lunule with its concave edge directed towards the base of the

wing, the next five markings are hastate-shaped,* increasing in size from

the anterior one to the posterior one in the first median interspace, the

seventh posterior marking somewhat quadrate in form, and occupying the

whole width of the submedian interspace; a fine black anteciliary thread.

Unpersine, both wings of a reddish-fulvous of not quite so rich a shade

as on the upperside. Forewing with a small irregular black marking

towards the base of the cell; a highly irregular and ziz-zag black line

crosses the middle of the cell and extends both to the costa and to the

submedian nervure, the posterior portion of the line is broken and

shifted outwardly below the median nervure ; the upper, middle, and

anterior half of the lower disco-cellular nervule defined by a black line;

an irregular discal black line from the costa to the submedian nervure,

just touching the lower end of the cell; beyond the line is a series of five

~ somewhat cordate, reddish ocelli, each ocellus centred with a whitish

lunule and bounded by a fine whitish and then a fine black line, the

four anterior ocelli equal-sized, the fifth posterior one in the first median

interspace a little larger; beyond these ocelli is another irre gular black

line from the costa to the inner margin, this line is narrower and paler

than the discal one; the space between these two lines is anteriorly some-

what paler than the rest of the wing; a submarginal nebulous straight

blackish band; a very fine anteciliary black line. Hindwing with an

irregular sub-basal and a discal black line, the latter posteriorly curving

round and almost meeting the posterior end of the former, both termina-

ting above the anal angle on the submedian nervure; a series of five

ocelli on the dise similar to those in the forewing, the posterior one the

largest and rather misshapen, the anterior one the next largest, the three

in the middle nearly equal sized; the outer discal fulvous line and

* The late Professor J. O. Westwood well described these peculiar and charac:

teristic markings of the genus Stichophthalma as being built up of a much

curved lunule on the margin coalescing inwardly with a spear-shaped spot. ‘lo me

these markings have a curious likeness to the black silhouette of the head and

shoulders of a human figure, especially the third marking from the anal angle of

the hindwing in the specimen here figured.

4 L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

blackish submarginal band as in the forewing; a small oval deep black

spot at the anal angle, with a black cloud above it reaching to the

posterior ocellus; an anteciliary black thread. Antenne black. Body

throughout ferruginous.

Nearest to S. howqua, Westwood, var. suffusa, eee * from Western

China, differing in the forewing on the upperside in the pale apical area

being very much smaller, not extending into the cell as it does in

S. howqua, var. suffusa ; on the hindwing the hastate markings in S. sparta

are well formed, in Mr. Leech’s species they have lost all shape, having

coalesced into an almost solid black band. On the underside the ground-

colour in 8. howgua, var. suffusa is pale greenish, in S. sparta it is

ferruginous, but this may be only a sexual difference; but in true

S. howqua and its named variety the outer discal line and the submar-

ginal band on both wings are half the distance apart that they are in —

S. sparta; and they have six and sometimes seven ocelli on the forewing,

while S. sparta has only five.

Described from a single example purchased from a telegraph

signaller employed at Manipur.

Subfamily NympHarina.

3. HERONA PRINGONDANI, Fruhstorfer, Plate III, Figs. 5, 0; 4, @.

H. pringondani, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach., vol. xix, p. 314 (1898).

Hapitat: Java.

ExpansE: &, 2°9; 9, 2'9 to 3:1 inches.

Description: MALE. Uppersipe, both wings dull brown, slightly

tinged with ochreous. Forewing with an indistinct pale oblique band

across the end of the discoidal cell; a broad very irregular discal

white band extending across the wing, divided into oblong spots by the

brown veins crossing it, the four anterior portions from the costa to

the third median nervule are placed outwardly obliquely, the first portion

on the costa is very small, the second is larger, the third is the

largest, the fourth not quite so long as the third but broader; the

four remaining portions of the band are placed parallel to the outer

margin, the upper portion in the second median interspace is oval in

shape, the second portion is the largest of all and has a small round

black spot in its middle, the third is smaller than the second but bears

a large round black spot, the posteriormost portion on the inner margin

is short; two subapical crescent-shaped white spots placed obliquely,

divided by the upper discoidal nervule. Hindwing with a broad even

discal white band extending from the costa to near the abdominal margin,

* Butt. from China, Japan, and Corea, p. 114, pl. i, fig. 8, female (1892).

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 5

divided by a highly irregular blackish fascia which is broken at the third

median nervule ; an indistinct ochreous cloud across and beyond the end

of the cell; some whitish spots on the margin towards the apex.

Unpersipe, both wings witha highly irregular narrow discal brown

line extending across the surface, commencing above the anal angle of the

hindwing and ending ina rather broad dark fascia at the costa of the fore-

wing. Forewing whitish, the inner margin very broadly extending half

way across the discoidal cell pale ochreous ; an oblique brown band across

the middle of the cell, a short one at the end of the cell; the white

band of the upperside indistinctly defined, but the two black spots

divided by the first median nervule distinct but smaller than on the

upperside. Hindwing whitish mottled and clouded with pale ochreous-

brown; an oval conspicuous brown spot in the middle of the cell placed

against the subcostal nervure. FEMALE shaped and marked precisely as

in the male, and can only be distinguished therefrom by the stouter

abdomen and the structure of the forelegs.

Nearest to H. schoenbergi, Staudinger,* from South-East Borneo,

from which it appears to differ in the forewing in the discal white band

being broader and continuous throughout, in H. schoenbergi it is broken

up intoa double series of spots, the outer series is white, the inner

pale ochreous; in the hindwing the discal white band in H. pringondani

is placed much farther from the outer margin than in H. schoenbergi,

and the black fascia it bears is strongly broken and dislocated in the

middle, while in H. schoenbergi the white discal band approaches much

nearer the margin, and the black fascia across the band is continuous

throughout and divides the band nearly equally; lastly, there is a small

round black spot in the middle of the first median interspace in

H, schoenbergi which is wholly wanting in H. pringondant.

Described from one male and two females received from Mr. H.

Fruhstorfer, to whose courtesy I am indebted for a copy of his descrip-

tion of the species, which reached me just in time to enable me to sub-

stitute his name for the one I had proposed for this interesting Herona.

4, Hrona sumaTRANA, Moore, Plate III, Fig. 7, 9.

H, swmatrana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 308.

Hapsirat: N.-E. Sumatra.

Expanse: 3, 3'0 to31; 9, 31 to 3:4 inches.

* Herona schoenbergi, Staudinger, Iris, vol. iii, p. 337, n. 3, pl. iii, fig. 3 (1890) ;

vol. iv, p. 84 (1891). The figure is probably taken from a female specimen. This

may be the species referred to by Mr, W. Doherty in Journ. A. §8. B., vol. lviii,

pt. 2, p. 122 (1889) thus :-—‘‘ Euthalia (Felderia) macnairi, Distant, is mimicked by

a new and remarkable species of Heron (?) of which both sexes were taken by me

in Borneo, and are now in Mr. Neumoegen’s possession.”

6 L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

Description: Matz. Uppersipg, both wings dull brown, slightly

tinged with ochreous. Forewing with a discal macular band consisting of

seven separated portions, the four anterior ones elongated, whitish, dusted

with fuscous, the three posterior ones rounded, white, tinted with violet

in some lights; three subapical small violet-white spots arranged in an

equilateral triangle, with the apex of the triangle towards the outer

margin of the wing; a large quadrate ochreous spot in the first median

interspace within the discal band, a smaller one in the submedian

interspace bisected by the internervular fold, a narrow streak on the

inner margin. Hindwing with a broad even discal white band, strongly

tinted with violet in some lights, extending from the costa to near the

abdominal margin, divided by a highly irregular fascia, anteriorly

fuscous, posteriorly broader and paler, the fascia broken at the third

median nervule; a complete marginal series of whitish spots between —

the veins. UNDERSIDE, both wings marked and coloured almost exactly as

in H. pringondani, Fruhstorfer, from Java. FEMALE, as in the male, but

the violet suffusion of the upperside rather more prominent.

Closely allied to H. schoenbergi, Staudinger, from South-Kast

Borneo, and to H. pringondani. It differs from both in the violet

reflections of the upperside; it agrees with the latter in the fuscous

fascia of the hindwing on the upperside placed on the discal white band

being strongly broken and dislocated in the middle, thereby differing

from the former. The markings of the forewing differ a good deal in

detail in H. pringondani and H. sumatrana, as will be noted by a reference

to the figures and descriptions of the two species.

Described from two males and three females in Dr. Martin’s and

my collection, one of which was taken in the virgin forest at Selesseh

in September. It may bea mimic of the common species of Huthalia

(Felderia) of the group of cocytina, Horsfield.

5. Nepris CLINIOIDES, n. sp., Plate I, Fig. 8, &.

Hasirat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.

EXpaNse: o, @, 22 inches.

Description : Mate and Fremare. Uppersine, both wings deep black,

markings creamy-white. Forewing with the discoidal streak wide, joined

to the triangular spot beyond, just “nicked” or indented anteriorly at

the end of the cell; the discal series consists of seven spots, placed in

two groups, the upper of three, the lower of four spots, the groups well

separated, the uppermost spot very small, linear, the two following

large, conjoined, divided only by the upper discoidal nervule, the four

posterior spots large, contiguous; the submarginal macular line

obsolete in the male, composed of small linear streaks in the female.

1894.] lL, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 7

Hindwing with a broad discal band, widest on the costa, gradually and

evenly tapering to the abdominal margin; the submarginal band com-

posed of prominent narrow portions ; an indistinct pale line between the

discal and submarginal bands; a similar marginal line. Uwnpersrpn,

both wings reddish-brown, all the markings broader than on the upper-

side. Forewing with three marginal lines, the inner one very narrow,

the middle one the broadest ; on the margin are two white spots divided

by the lower discoidal nervule, and two others divided by the first

median nervule. Hindwing with a short basal streak on the costa,

behind which is a longer curved one running into the discal band ;

between the discal and submarginal bands is a narrow straight line;

two lines on the margin, the outer one the broader.

Perhaps nearest to N. clinia, Moore,* from Bengal (Moore) and Siam

(Druce), known to me by the figure and description only, from which it

appears to differ in having the discoidal streak and spot beyond in the

forewing joined instead of separated, the discal spots larger, the discal

band on the hindwing narrower, tapering, instead of being of equal

width throughout ; the submarginal band creamy-white like the other

markings instead of being “ brownish-white.”” From the figure of

N. nandina, Moore, it differs in the discoidal streak and spot beyond of

the forewing being continuous ; the discal series of spots seven in num-

ber instead of six, they are also larger and conjoined instead of being well

separated ; the markings of the hindwing on both surfaces very similar.

Described from two examples in my collection, taken in June; there

are numerous examples in Dr. Martin’s collection.

6. Nepris nis#A, n. sp., Plate I, Fig. 9, &.

Hasirat: Java.

Expanse: 6, 1°3 inches.

Description: Mate. Upprrsipe, both wings deep black with pure

white markings. Forewing with a narrow streak in the discoidal cell

well separated from the triangular spot beyond; the discal series con-

sists of six spots, placed in pairs, each pair conjoined, divided only by

the crossing vein; a submarginal series of small linear spots more or

less obsolete about the third median nervule. Hindwing with the discal

band narrow on the abdominal margin gradually and regularly increas-

ing in width to the costa; the submarginal] band consists of six very

narrow well separated spots; there is also an extremely faint line

between the discal and submarginal bands, and a similar marginal line.

UNDERSIDE, both wings chocolate-brown with pure white markings.

Forewing with the inner margin broadly fuscous; the discoidal streak

* Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 563, pl. xxxii, fig. 5, male.

8 L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No 1,

very wide; the anterior pair of spots of the discal series continued to

the costa; the margin bears three interrupted series of spots. Hind-

wing with a costal band at the base of the wing; an obscure grey

fascia posterior to this; the discal band very narrow on the abdominal

margin, very broad on the costa; followed by a grey line; the spots of

the submarginal band wider and more lunular than above ; two prominent

marginal lines, the outer the wider.

It is difficult to say to what group N. nisea belongs. The discal

band of the forewing being divided into three pairs of spots allies it

to the N, columella group, the pure white markings and general facies

ally it to the N. nata group. It is also near to N. nandina, Moore,

originally described from Java and Darjeeling, but the middle pair of

spots of the discal series on the forewing being conjoined instead of

well separated will immediately differentiate between the two species.

On the whole it appears to be nearest to N. pampanga, Feider, from

N.-W. Luzon, as figured in Herr Georg Semper’s “ Schmett. der

Philippinischen Inseln,” pl. xxix, figs. 6, male; 7, female, from which

it may instantly be known by the discal band of the hindwing on the

underside being half the width at the point where it touches the

abdominal margin that it is in that species.

Described from two examples received from Herr H. Fruhstorfer.

7. ARGYNNIS NIPHE, Linneus, Plate ITI, Figs. 1 and 2.

The gynandromorphous example of A. niphe, Linneus, here figured

was reared by Mrs. S. Robson at Bankipur, Behar, Northern India,

and emerged from the pupa on the 2nd March, 1893. It is thus refer-

red to* by that lady in describing her experiments in breeding this

species :—‘‘ One lusus nature, a male, had one wing as in the ordinary

male, and the other as in the ordinary female!”

This insect has the right-hand pair of wings masculine, the left-

hand pair feminine. In the masculine half of the insect there is,

however, in the forewing on the upperside a slight admixture of femi-

nine coloration, the round black spot in the lower discoidal interspace

in the outer discal series of spots has a streak of white on either side

of it, and on the disc are many irregular blue-black streaks more or less

connecting the black spots. The hindwing is quite normal. On the

underside of the masculine forewing there is the commencement of a

well-defined white subapical band as in a normal female example, and

the discal black spots have, as onthe upperside, some irregular blue-

black markings attached to them. The hindwing on the underside is

quite normal. The feminine pair of wings are smaller than the mascu-

* Journ. Bombay Nat, Hist, Soc., vol. viii, p, 152 (1893),

|

=~

1894.] L, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 9

line pair, and have all the markings and coloration of an ordinary

female. The masculine antenna is 14 mm. in length; the feminine is

much shorter, being only 10°5 mm, in length. Externally the organs

of generation are masculine, I have not dissected them to ascertain

their internal structure.

Gynandromorphous butterflies are very rare. In all my experience

I have met with only one other example in India, a specimen of Cylio-

genes suradeva, Moore, collected by the late Mr. Otto Miller, and now

in Mr. J. H. Leech’s possession. The late Professor Westwood has

figured two separate examples of Cirrhochroa aoris, Doubleday and

Hewitson; Mr, George T. Baker has figured and described the primary

sexual characters of an Hronia (Nepheronia) hippia, var. gea, Felder,

and Herr Georg Semper an example of Papilio castor, Westwood,

these are the only other Indian gynandromorphous butterflies of which

IT am aware.

8. EUTHALIA SAKII, n. sp., Plate ITI, Fig. 3, ?.

Hasitat: N.-E. Sumatra.

EXxpaNse: 9, 3'1 inches.

Description: Femate, Upprrsipn, both wings pale ochreous-brown.

Horewing with a narrow fuscous line crossing the discoidal cell near the -

base, continued to the submedian nervure; a large ring-spot in the

middle and another at the end of the discoidal cell; a series of five

semi-transparent sullied-white spots between the veins beyond the end

of the cell, from the subcostal nervure to the first median nervule;

the anteriormost spot linear ; the second also linear, but a little longer

than the first; the third spot triangular, the smallest of the three, the

fourth spot larger than the third, cordate; the fifth the largest of

all, also cordate; beyond this series of spots is a broad irregular

diffused violet-whitish-powdery fascia, narrow at the costa, wide on

the inner margin, bearing a series of dark sagittate markings placed

between the veins from the lower discoidal nervule to the submedian

nervure; a very small fuscous ring-spot in the submedian interspace

placed at the point where the first median nervule originates. Hindwing

with a small fuscous spot in the middle of, and a much larger

ring-spot closing the cell; a discal series of six spots similar to

and in continuation of the series in the forewing, the three anterior

ones large, cordiform, decreasing in size, placed in the costal, upper

and lower subcostal interspaces, the fourth spot in the discoidal inter-

space almost obsolete and very small, the fifth and sixth spots in the

median interspaces small; the outer margin broadly whitish washed

with a metallic greenish-blue of a curious shade, and bearing a prominent

J. m. 2

[

10 LL, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

dentated dark line in its middle. UwNpeErsipn, both wings pale ochreous,

all the markings similar to those on the upperside but much more pro-

minent. Hindwing with the usual markings in and around the discoidal

cell, otherwise as on the upperside. Body above and below concolorous

with the wings. legs pale ochreous. :

E. sakii is perhaps nearest to H. merta, Moore, described from

China, a female of which I possess from Quang in the Malay Penin-

sula, but it differs in the discal series of five spots in the forewing

having their outer ends more or less excavated, while in ZL. merta the

exact reverse obtains, each spot being produced outwardly into a sharp

point. In FE. sakii the sagittate markings beyond the discal series

of spots also in the forewing have their apices directed towards the

base of the wing, in ZH. merta towards the outer margin. On the

hindwing in FH. sakii the submarginal dentated dark line is continuous,

in HE. merta it is replaced by a series of well-separated small round

spots, and there are other minor differences between the two species.

Described from a single example in Dr. L. Martin’s collection. I

have named it after Saki, a highly intelligent Javan collector in

Dr. Martin’s service.

9, Evurnatia (Dophla) va, Moore.

Adolias wa, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i,

p. 195, n. 395 (1857) ; idem, id., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new (second) series, vol. v,

p. 78, n. 36, pl. viii, fig. 2, male (1859); id., Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868,

p. 602, n. 14; Euthalia iva, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, vol. ii, p. 197, n, 491 (1886).

Hasitat: Darjeeling (Moore) ; Manipur.

EXpPANSE: 9, 4°5 inches.

Description: Femate. Differs from the male only in being some-

what larger, the forewing rather more elongated.

I have recently been so fortunate as to acquire by purchase a pair of

specimens of this fine species. It was described as far back as 1857 by

Mr. Moore from Darjeeling. I am a little doubtful regarding this

locality, as itis strange that within recent years this large species

should not have been obtained in the Sikkim district, which is for but-

terflies perhaps the most completely explored of any in India. However,

it may have occurred there in the middle of the century, and since

become exterminated, as has its near ally, H. durga, Moore, owing to

the enormous destruction of the virgin forests that has taken place for

the cultivation of tea. EH. iva comes into the group of ZL. patala, Kollar,

B. durga, Moore, and EH. duda, Staudinger, in which the sexes are very

much alike, in that respect differing from H. nara, Moore, and E. sahadeva,

Moore, in which the sexes differ greatly, the females of these two

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterjlies from the Indo-Malayan region. 11

species being like both sexes of the former group.* My male specimen

agrees very well with Mr. Moore’s figure of the same sex, differing only

in the lowest white streak of the discal series in the first median

interspace in the forewing being slightly less elongated, and the spot

in the middle of the submedian interspace of that wing being out-

wardly cleft only, instead of being completely separated into two

spots.

JO. Euruauia (Dophia) zion, n, sp., Plate III, Figs. 8, 0; 6, 9.

Hapirat: Java.

EXpaNnse: o&, 2°8; @, 3:2 inches.

Description: Matz. Uppersipe, both wings fuscous, crossed by a

common macular discal pale greenish-yellow band. Forewing, the band

consists of seven well-separated spots, gradually increasing in size from

the costal to the inner margin, the uppermost spot a little out of line

with the rest, shifted inwardly towards the base of the wing, the spots all

more or less rounded, the one in the submedian interspace cleft outwardly ;

a very small white subapical spot; a submarginal series of increasing

obscure black spots placed between the veins. Hindwing, the discal

band consists of eight conjoined spots, the three uppermost pure white,

each spot has its inner edge rounded, its outer edge brought to a point

in the middle ; a submarginal obscure black fascia, beyond which is a de-

creasing series of seven small round white spots, one in each interspace.

Unpersinb, both wings pale brown, glossed throughout with violet; the

common discal band much as above. Forewing with a black ring-spot

centred with crimson in the middle of the discoidal cell, a crimson

line placed on the disco-cellular nervules, defined on both sides by a

black line; some obscure linear black spots placed between the veins

midway between the discal band and the outer margin. Hindwing with

a very small black ring-spot in the middle of the cell, a black line on

either side of the disco-cellular nervules, a submarginal series of linear

black spots much as in the forewing. Femate. Uppersipe, both wings

much paler than in the male, the disco-cellular markings shewing

through. Forewing with the discal macular band as in the male but

white, and the four anterior spots larger, all the spots outwardly sharply

defined by a fine line of the ground-colour; beyond the macular band

is a broad whitish fascia from near the costa to the inner margin, bear-

ing an increasing series of six black spots, the spot in the submedian

interspace double. Hindwing has the spots of the discal band smaller

than in the male, diamond-shaped, well-separated, outwardly sharply

* Vide Proceedings A. S. B., 1892, p, 144,

12 1. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

defined as in the forewing, pure white; the broad whitish discal fascia

beyond bearing a series of prominent black lunules. Unpursipe, both

wings as in the male.

The male of LH. econ may be known from the same sex of EF. teuta,

-Doubleday and Hewitson, which appears to be confined to Assam and

Northern Burma, by the subapical spot of the forewing on the upper-

side being smaller, and by the presence of the submarginal series of

seven decreasing white spots on the hindwing. The female is at once

distinguished by the broad whitish fascia across both wings on the up-

perside beyond the discal macular band, also by the spots of the latter

being smaller and well separated. J. tewta has been recorded by

Mr. Moore from Java and by Mr. Druce from Borneo. It is doubtful

if it occurs in either island, the Javan species being ZH. eion, and the

Bornean L. bellata, Druce.

Described from two males and two females in my collection, received

from Mr. H. Fruhstorfer, and one male in the collection of Herr George

Semper, taken in February.

11. Evrwaia (Dophila) reson, nu. sp., Plate I, Figs. 3, d; 5, 9.

Euthalia cenespolis, Staudinger (nec Hewitson), Iris, vol. ii, p. 73 (1889).

Hasitat: Palawan, Philippine Isles.

ExpansE: 6, 3‘1; 9, 3°7 inches.

Description: Mate. Urrersipe, both wings pale clear brown, all

the veins fuscous and prominent. Forewing with a small dark round

spot in the middle of the discoidal cell touching the subcostal nervure ;

two fine black lines on either side of the disco-cellular nervules; a

discal series of eight semi-transparent pale yellow spots, each spot

outwardly bounded by a fuscous line, which line is inwardly lengthen-

ed out into a point, the three anterior spots lengthened, the fourth and

fifth in the median interspaces pyriform, the apex of each spot directed

towards the base of the wing, two small spots in the submedian inter-

space, a minute one in the sutural area; beyond this series of spots is

a pale fascia, prominent at the inner margin, becoming lost anteriorly

at a small pale yellow spot in the subcostal interspace; this pale band

is outwardly defined by a highly lunulated fuscous line, anteriorly

becoming obsolete. Hindwing bearing a discal series of eight spots,

the three anterior ones white, the others pale yellow, these five latter are

each outwardly defined by a fuscous line, the uppermost spot on the

costa narrow, elongated, the second spot the largest, rounded, the third

a little smaller, oval, the next four small, equal-sized, the eighth posterior

spot the smallest; a submarginal series of seven sagittate fuscous mark-

ings, the apex of each directed inwardly, and each bearing outwardly a

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterjlies from the Indo-Malayan region. 13

pale spot placed against it between the points of the forks. Unpersipg,

both wings pale ochreous-brown washed with pale violet, the discal

macular band of the upperside almost obliterated. Forewing with the

markings in the discoidal cell as onthe upperside, but much more

prominent; an increasing submarginal series of black spots. Hindwing

with a pair of fuscous lines defining the disco-cellular nervules; a

submarginal series of eight linear black spots between the veins,

the two posterior ones in the submedian interspace geminated. FrMmate,

much paler than the male throughout, but very similarly marked.

Forewing with all the spots of the discal series very much larger and

pure white, the two uppermost spots greatly lengthened. Hindwing

with all the spots of the discal series white, of nearly the same size

asin the male. Unpversipr, both wings paler even than in the male,

of a more ochreous shade, the markings similar.

This is a very distinct species and quite easily separable from all

those that I have placed before it in the key. The ground-colour

of the male on the upperside is quite feminine, being much paler

than in any other species of this sub-group of Huthalia. The discal

series of spots on the hindwing will separate it from all the other

species except LH. externa, de Nicéville, next described, owing to each

spot standing alone, and the five posterior ones being outwardly

defined by a black ring; from FE. externa it may be known by its

generally paler colour, and the discal series of spots on the forewing

being smaller and more regular. The female is quite unique, being

the only species in the sub-group with the discal series of spots of the

forewing regularly increasing in width towards the costa, the uppermost

spot being extremely wide. The female of H. eson greatly reminds

one of the same sex of #7. (Tanaécia) pulasara, Moore.

Described from a single pair of specimens in Herr Georg Semper’s

collection, to whom I am greatly indebted for the loan of his entire

series of this sub-group of Huthalia. These specimens of LE. eson are from

those collected by Dr. Platen, who obtained ten males and eight females.

12. Hurwatia (Dophla) ExTERNA, n, sp., Plate II, Fig.1, 3 ; 2, 9,

Hasirat: Nias Island.

Expanse: &, 2‘8; 9, 3'3 inches.

Description: Mare. Urrnrsipr, both wings shining fuscous, out-

wardly paler, Forewing with the usual black spot in the middle and

pair of lines closing the discoidal cell; a discal irregular series of seven

pale primrose-coloured spots, outwardly (owing to the ground:colour at

this point being paler than the rest of the wing) defined rather broadly

with fuscous, the anterior spot obsolete, a thin blurred line only, the

14 L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region’ [No. it;

second and third spots also linear but of a good breadth, the fourth and

fifth spots in the median interspaces somewhat irregular ovals, the fifth

the largest in the series, the sixtb spot constricted in the middle, almost

bisected, the seventh spot small and oval; a well marked submarginal

black fascia formed of regular lunules, anteriorly becoming smaller and

lost altogether in the subcostal interspace, which bears between the

discal series of spots and the submarginal lunular fascia a small round

yellow spot. Hindwing with a prominent discal series of eight spots, the

three anterior ones white, the five posterior ones pale primrose-coloured,

these latter outwardly defined by a broad black line, the uppermost spot

on the costa linear, the second the largest, the third next in size, the

sixth the smallest, the fourth, fifth and seventh equal-sized ; a prominent

highly-lunulated submarginal black fascia placed on a pale ground, the

two anteriormost portions of this band quadrate, bearing each a

whitish spot on either side. UNprrsipb, both wings ochreous, more or less

washed with purplish ; a submarginal series of small round black spots

between the veins. Forewing with the ring-spot in the middle and

double line closing the cell very prominent; the discal band white,

obscure, each spot forming it outwardly defined by a thin dark line.

Hindwing with a prominent small black ring-spot in the middle of the

cell (this spot is absent in L. eson, de Nicéville, and HL. gupta, de Nicé-

ville, but is present in all the other species), two prominent black lines

at the end of the cell; the spots forming the discal band much larger

than on the upperside, all touching, and outwardly defined with a thin

dark line. Femate. Urrersipn, both wings somewhat paler than in the

male. Forewing similarly marked, but the spots of the discal band

larger and pure white, as is also the subcostal spot; a prominent

violet-white fascia between the discal and submarginal bands, extending

from the inner margin to the lower discoidal nervule. Hindwing with

the discal macular band of the male reduced to five spots only, all the

spots very much smaller also, no spots posterior to the third median

nervule. UNDERSIDE, both wings richer coloured than in the male,

strongly tinted with ferruginous; the submarginal black spots all

larger and more diffused. Forewing with the discal white band

anteriorly much expanded. Hindwing with a well-formed prominent

discal macular white band, extending from the costa to the abdominal

margin, the spots posterior to the first mediau nervule run into a

single spot undivided by the crossing veins.

The male of ZH. externa is nearest to the same sex of Z. eson, de

Nicéville; I have pointed out above how they differ. The female of

BE. externa is nearest to L. goodrichi, Distant, from Perak, from which

it may be known by the spots of the discal series of the forewing on the

1894,] L, de Nicéville—Butterflics from the Indo-Malayan vegton. 15

J

upperside being three times as large, greatly reducing thereby the pale

area between these spots and the submarginal band ; on the hindwing

above there ave two spots less than in I, goodrichi ; the submarginal

lunulated black band is also much broader than in that species.

Described from a single pair of specimens in the collection of Herr

Georg Semper.

13. EvotHarta (Dophla) nurts, nu. sp., Plate II, Figs. 3, d; 4, 2,

Hasirat: N.-E. Sumatra.

ExpanseE: 6, 2°7; 9, 3'3 inches.

Description: Matr. Uppersipe, both wings shining fuscous, paler

externally. Forewing with a discal macular very pale green band

consisting of seven spots, the uppermost spot of all out of line, placed

nearer the base of the wing than those which follow it; the three

uppermost spots small and linear, the fourth spot larger, rounded, the

fifth spot larger than the fourth, also rounded, the sixth spot the largest

of all, outwardly strongly cleft, the seventh spot on the inner margin

small and quadrate ; the usual subapical pale green dot in the subcostal

interspace ; an indistinct increasing submarginal macular black fascia.

Hindwing with a conjoined macular discal very pale green band con-

sisting of eight spots, the three uppermost spots, however, are white,

the inner edge of the fascia straight and even, the outer edge saw-like, as

each spot is produced into a point; a submarginal lunular black fascia,

each lunule of which the fascia is composed bearing outwardly a whitish

spot, the three uppermost of these increasingly prominent. UNDERSIDE,

both wings greenish-ochreous, washed with violet; the discal macular

band much as on the upperside; the submarginal fascia reduced to

small linear black spots between the veins. Forewing with a black

ring-spot in the middle, and a double lunular spot closing the discoidal

cell, both filled in with crimson. Hindwing with a black dot in the

middle and a double black line closing the cell, the latter faintly tinged

with crimson in the middle. Frmane. Uppersipn, both wings shining

brownish-ochreous, the disc powdered with pale violet-white which

merges again into the dark outer margin. Forewing with the markings

on the underside in the discoidal cell shewing through; the discal

series of spots increased to eight, white, each spot outwardly defined

by a brown line; the three anterior spots linear, large, the fourth and

fifth of equal size, the sixth and seventh in the submedian interspace

well separated, the eighth on the inner margin oval ; the subapical spot

much larger than in the male; a submarginal series of six black spots

placed between the veins. Hindwing with the discal macular band as

in the forewing, but consisting of seven spots only, the series ending

16s, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

posteriorly in the first median interspace ; the uppermost spot on the costa

linear, the second spot the largest of all, the rest decreasingly smaller ;

a prominent highly zig-zag submarginal black line. Unpersips, both

wings paler than on the upperside, the markings very similar, those in

the discoidal cell as in the male.

The male of this species, as in the rest of the group, except

E. recta, de Nicéville, is barely distinct from its allies, it is, however,

nearest to ZL. eion, de Nicéville, from Java, described above, The

female is nearest to LH. bellata, Druce, from Borneo, of which latter

I possess a specimen for comparison, from which it differs in the broad

pale violet-powdered discal area, especially marked in the hindwing.

Mr. Hewitson’s figure of the female of H. bellata, in ‘ Exotic Butter-

flies,’ vol. v, Adolias pl. iv, fig. 14 (1875), where it appears as

Fi. cenespolis, does not quite agree with my specimen, his figure shewing

a very large powdery-violet area in the forewing extending within the

discal band, this area being very faint in my example, and confined to

the region beyond the discal band. My female of ZZ. ewrus differs,

however, markedly from Hewitson’s figure of H. cenespolis, and my

example also from Borneo, in having a broad discal powdery-violet area

to the hindwing on the upperside.

Described from two males and a female example in Dr. Martin’s,

and two males in my own collection, all from N.-E. Sumatra.

The four last butterflies described above belong to a small but well-

marked group of the large genus Huthalia, and appear to come into the

subgenus Dophla, Moore, of which I. evelina, Stoll,is the type. All

the species of Dophla, as I understand the subgenus, are remarkable in

having on the underside of both wings a black ring-spot in the dis-

coidal cell, and a pair of black lines on either side of the disco-cellular

nervules centred with crimson. The ring-spot is absent however in two

species, #7. eson, de Nicéville, and EF. gupta, de Nicéville, in the hind-

wing only. In the Z. evelina group there are sometimes other crimson

markings in the hindwing anterior to the discoidal cell. In all the

species of Dophla the discoidal cell is closed in both wings by a very

slender almost aborted veinlet, and the subcostal nervules of the fore-

wing never anastomose. The outline of the wings is distinctive, the

outer margin being highly emarginate in the forewing, giving that

wing a more or less falcate appearance. The cilia are very short, and

the butterflies give one the idea of having been neatly trimmed round the

edges with a pair of scissors. To facilitate reference to the subgroup to

which the four species above described belong, I give a key to the

known species. The males of several of them are so closely allied that

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 17

they are almost indistingnishable, the one from the other; but the

females are in all cases abundantly distinct, so I have based the key

mainly on that sex.

Key to certain species of the subgenus Dophla allied to KE. teuta, Doubleday and

Hewitson.

A. Male and female, upperside, forewing with the discal macular band

straight.

(1.) E. (Dophla) recta, Khasia Hills; Burma; Goping, Perak, Malay Peninsula

(coll. Semper).

B. Male and female, upperside, forewing with the discal macular band curved,

the anterior spot out of line, placed nearer the base of the wing than the rest.

a. Female, upperside, with the discal macular band extending from the

costa of the forewing to the abdominal margin of the hindwing.

al, Female, upperside, both wings with a prominent white fascia

exterior to the discal macular band.

(2.) E. (Dophia) Eton, Java.

bl. Female, upperside, both wings with no prominent white fascia

exterior to the discal macular band.

a*, Female, upperside, forewing, the two anterior spots of the

discal macular band small, smaller than the third spot.

a’, Female, upperside, both wings with the submarginal black

fascia highly lunulated.

(3.) E. (Dophia) TEuTA, Assam ; Arracan Hills; [Java, Moore ; Borneo, Druce].

63, Female, upperside, both wings with the submarginal black

fascia composed of quadrate spots, forming a broad

fascia with straight edges.

(4.) E. (Dophla) piratica, Luzon, Mindoro, Camiguin de Mindanao, Nord-

Mindanao, Philippine Isles.

b2, Female, upperside, forewing, the two anterior spots of the

discal macular band very large, larger than the third spot.

(5.) E. (Dophla) tEvtTo1pEs, South Andaman Isles.

b. Female, upperside, with the discal macular band extending from the

costa of the forewing to the submedian nervure of the hindwing.

(6.) E. (Dophla) nson, Palawan, Philippine Isles.

c. Female, upperside, with the discal macular band extending from the

costa of the forewing to the third median nervule of the hindwing.

al, Female, upperside, forewing with a prominent violet-white fascia

between the discal and submarginal bands, extending from the

inner margin to the lower discoidal nervule; the discal spots

very large.

(7.) E. (Dophla) nxteRNa, Nias Island.

bl, Female, upperside, forewing with no prominent violet-white fascia

between the discal and submarginal bands; the discal spots small.

(8.) E. (Dophla) coopricui, Perak.*

* Mr. Distant first described this species from Perak in the Malay Peninsula

as Euthalia goodrichi, but subsequently sank that name in his ‘ Rhopalocera

Malayana,’ p. 436, n. 17, as asynonym of £. bellata, Druce, equals Adolias cenespolis,

dn ie. =

18 UL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

d. Female, upperside, with the discal macular band extending from the

costa of the forewing to the first median nervule of the hindwing.

al, Hindwing with a prominent powdery-violet fascia between the

discal macular band and the lunulated submarginal line.

(9.) E. (Dophla) EuRvs, N.-E. Sumatra.

bl, Hindwing with no prominent powdery-violet fascia between the

discal macular band and the lunulated submarginal line.

(10.) E. (Dophla) BELLATA, Borneo.

e. Female, upperside, hindwing with no discal macular band; the ae of

the forewing small.

(1L.) E. (Dophla) eupra, Burma, Plate I, Fig. 5, ¢.

14, CYRESTIS THERESA, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 8, &.

Hapitat: Selesseh, N.-E. Sumatra; Borneo.

Expanse: o', 1:9 inches.

Description: Mate. UPPersiDE, both wings rich fulvous. Forewing

with the following black markings :—A short straight line at the extreme

base of the wing; a second line oblique but straight, from the costa

to the submedian nervure; a third line straight from the subcostal

nervure to the inner margin; a fourth line much bowed outwardly,

confined to the discoidal cell; a fifth line short, straight, also confined

to the cell immediately within the disco-cellular nervules, and touching

the fourth ; a sixth line also straight, a little beyond those veins, com-

mencing on the subcostal nervure, and ending close to the base of the

second median nervule; a seventh line angled, commencing at the costa

and ending on the inner margin, the angulation being at the point where

it crosses the second median nervule, the angle directed outwards; an

eighth line broad, almost straight, slightly outwardly curved only,

reaching from the costa to the inner margin; a ninth line narrower

than the eighth, slightly sinuous, posteriorly zig-zaged, of a deep black

colour, from the costa to the inner margin; a tenth line straight, ex-

tending from the costa to the first median nervule, with two prominent

small round black spots in continuation in the submedian interspace ;

an eleventh line very narrow and straight, from the costa to the first

median nervule; a twelfth line broad, paler, of similar position to

the eleventh; a thirteenth line narrow, deep black, close to the outer

Hewitson, both the latter described from Borneo. As in the female of EF. good-

richi the discal band of the hindwing on the upperside ends at the third median

nervule, while in ZL. bellata it ends at the first, and in the latter all the spots of the

hindwing are much larger, besides other minor differences, I think the two species

may be kept distinct, and the name LE. goodrichi revived. I possess one female

of the Bornean species, and have access to three pairs of the Perak species in

Semper’s, Adams’, and my own collection,

1894,] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 19

margin; the outer margin itself narrowly fuscous. Hindwing with an

indistinct sub-basal black line ; a second line from the costa losing itself

in the abdominal region; the third and fourth lines exceedingly fine, on

either side of the disco-cellular nervules; the fifth line from the costa

ending in the abdominal region ; the sixth line answering to the eighth

line in the forewing, and like it fuscous, not deep black, extends from

the costa, and runs into the ninth line in the first median interspace ; the

seventh line narrow, jet-black, from the costa to the first median nervule ;

the eighth line, composed of six detached portions, commences posterior

to the first subcostal nervule and ends at the first median nervule; the

ninth line extremely narrow and deep black, from the costa to the first

median neryule; the tenth line broad, rather diffused, fuscous, sub-

marginal; the eleventh line fine, deep black, following the margin ;

the outer margin itself narrowly fuscous: the usual large rounded

clump of confused bluish and black markings at the anal angle anterior

to the large anal lobe; a small round black spot encircled with whitish

anterior to this clump, placed just within the second angle made by the

abdominal margin ; the anal lobe rich fulvous centred with a black spot.

UnpeErsiD#, both wings much paler than on the upperside; the markings

very similar but usually paler. Forewing with a quadrate whitish

patch on the inner margin between the eighth and ninth lines. Hind-

wing, anal lobe with the central black spot much larger than on the

upperside.

C. theres is an abundantly distinct species, and comes into the group

containing C. thyonneus, Cramer, which I possess from Celebes ; OC. tabula,

de Nicéville, from Great Nicobar Island; and C. lutea, Zinken-Sommer,

which is common in Java. In size it agrees with C. lutea. In the

coloration of the ground of the upperside it is nearest to CO. tabula, but

is rather lighter, it is much darker than C. lutea, lighter than C. thyon-

neus. The tail to the hindwing is less than half as long as in either of

the above-mentioned species. In markings it agrees best with C. thyon-

neus, but differs in many details, as, for instance, the seventh and ninth

lines on the hindwing in that species are dark metallic steel-blue, in

C. therese they are black without any metallic lustre,

Described from an unique specimen in Dr. L. Martin’s collection,

taken in the virgin forest of Selesseh, on the 21st May, 1893; also from

another example from Borneo given to me by Dr. Martin. At his sug-

gestion I name the species after H. R. H. the Princess Therese of

Bavaria, daughter of the Prince Regent, who is a student and lover of

Natural History.

20 ~=—s L. de Nicéville—Butterjlies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No.

Family LEMONIID.

Subfamily Nemrosirna,

15. LAxivrA LAOcOON, n. sp., Plate II, Fig. 6, 9.

Hasitat: Malay Peninsula.

Expanse: 9, 1°65 and 1°80 inches,

Description: FEMALE. UPpErsipE, forewing with the apical two-

thirds of the surface crimson ; the costa and outer margin very narrowly,

the discoidal cell not quite to its end; a small spot in the second

median, and a much larger space in the first median, and almost the

whole of the submedian interspace, fuscous. Hindwing, shining fus-

cous, almost bronzy in some lights; the veins slightly touched with

crimson; an indistinct marginal crimson line. Unpursipz, both wings

marked as in L. damajanti, Felder. -

Very near to L. damajanti, Felder, of which I possess six males

and seven females from Perak, and five males and two females from

N.-E. Sumatra; differing on the upperside in the crimson coloration

being practically confined to the apical two-thirds of the forewing instead

of occupying almost the entire surface of both wings.

Described from two examples from Perak, and one from Rawan in

Selangor, both in the Malay Peninsula.

16. LaxiTa Lous, nu. sp., Plate II, Figs. 9, d; 7, 9.

Hanirat: §,-E. Borneo.

Expanse: @, 2';0 and 2:°2; 9, 2:1 inches.

Description: Mave. Uppersipe, forewing with the costa as far as

the subcostal nervure and the outer margin narrowly, fuscous; the

apical two-thirds of the wing crimson; the disco-cellular nervules

marked by a fuscous line ; the posterior half of the discoidal cell, three

streaks beyond the cell in the two discoidal and upper median inter-

spaces, a larger space in the lower median interspace, and the entire

area between the first median nervule and the inner margin, fuscous,

Hindwing with that portion of the costal area covered by the bowed-

out inner margin of the forewing pale shining fuscous, bearing the

usual oval ochreous flour-like “ male-mark,” the rest of the wing

fuscous ; the outer margin bearing an indistinct crimson line. UnpER-

sipg, both wings differ from L. damajanti, Felder, in all the brilliant

metallic blue markings being much reduced in size, the submarginal

series in LD. lola, in the forewing, has almost entirely disappeared,

the crimson area at the apex appearing thus to be of considerably

greater extent; otherwise as in that species. Femate. Uprersig,

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 21

forewing with the crimson area of the same extent as in the male, but

of a paler shade, bearing on the disc from the third median nervule in-

creasing to the costa a pale buff fascia. Hindwing paler than in the

male, the veins streaked more or less with crimson. Uwnpursipe, both

wings coloured and marked much as in the male, but the crimson

ground-colour paler.

The male of LZ. lola may at once be known from the same sex of

L. damajanti by the presence of the fuscous areas on the upperside of

both wings, the latter being “rubris, supra immaculatis;” the female

may be known from that sex of ZL. laocoon, mihi, by the pale buff fascia

on the upperside of the forewing.

Described from two males and one female in my collection.

17, LAxXiITA LYCLENE, n. sp., Plate II, Fig. 10, &.

Abisara telesia, Distant (nec Hewitson), Rhop. Malay., p. 449, un. 8, pl. xl,

figs. 2, male; 3, female (1886); Tawila telesia, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett., p. 239, pl.

Ixxxvii, male (1887).

Hasitat: Malay Peninsula; N.-E. Sumatra.

Expanse: o', 1°75 to 1:90; 9, 1:80 to 1°90 inches.

Description: Mate. Uppersipe, both wings fuscous. Forewing with

the apex broadly, decreasing to the anal angle where it ends in a

point, crimson, crossed by the black veins; an oval milky-white spot

placed obliquely outwards across the middle of the submedian inter-

space, anteriorly extending slightly into the first median interspace.

Hindwing with the costa at the base as usual broadly pale or whitish,

bearing an oval flour-like ochreous ‘‘ male-mark ;” the apex narrowly

crimson. Unprrsipe, forewing differs from the same sex of true

LL. telesia, Hewitson, from Borneo, in having the chrome-yellow (Hewitson

calls it “rufous”’) apical area much reduced or obsolete; the two

submarginal chrome-yellow lunules in the median interspaces in L. telesia

replaced by metallic blue lunules; and in having the discal series of

metallic blue spots increased from two to five or six, there being three or

four extra ones in the discoidal and subcostal interspaces. Hindwing

does not differ from that of LZ. telesia. Frmate. UPPERSIDE, both wings

as in L. telesia. UNDERSIDE, both wings as in L. telesia.

The male of L. lyclene may at once be known by the crimson apical

area on the upperside of the forewing being much larger than in L. telesia,

and as regards the hindwing in having the apex touched with crimson.

The females of the two species appear to be quite indistinguishable.

Described from one male from Rawan in Selangore, and three

males and two females from Perak, both in the Malay Peninsula, and

numerous specimens from N.-H. Sumatra. True L, telesia occurs in

22 ~=sL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

Borneo, the type being from Sarawak, and in my collection are three

males and a female from 8.-E. Borneo. Mr. Distant records LD. telesia

from Sumatra, but this species is probably the one meant.

18. LaxITA LYNCESTIS, n. sp., Plate I, Fig. 8, &.

Hasitat: Malay Peninsula.

EXxpansE: 6, 1‘7 inches.

Description: Mate. Uppersibe, both wings and cilia fuscous. Fore-

wing witha band of crimson on the outer margin, wide on the costa,

fining away to nothing at the anal angle; a broad oblique discal bluish-

white band, commencing anteriorly just anterior to the lower discoidal

nervule, ending just before the anal angle on the submedian nervure,

notched inwardly at the origin of the second median nervule, anteriorly

inwardly bounded by the disco-cellular nervules. Hindwing with the

usual shining pale fuscous costal area bearing the “ male-mark”’ of the

genus. UNDERSIDE, forewing differs from L. orphna, Boisduval, in having

numerous metallic blue markings on the disc, in the present species

there are two such spots placed outwardly against the two inner black

spots in the median interspaces, and three such spots placed outwardly

against the three black spots beyond the outer end of the cell, with

a series of five others beyond extending across the disc; in L. orphna

all these blue spots are lacking. Hindwing as in L. orphna.*

This species is not included in Mr. Distant’s “ Rhopalocera Mala-

yana.”’ On the upperside it differs from two male specimens of

L. orphna in my collection from §.-E. Borneo in its smaller size, brighter

crimson outer border to the forewing on the upperside, and narrower

discal bluish-white band, which latter in LZ. orphna is not inwardly

notched below the cell.

Described from a single specimen in my collection from Perak.

There is one species of Lawita which I am still unable to identify.

This is the butterfly figured by Hewitson in “ The Genera of Diurnal

Lipidoptera,” vol. ii, p. 422, n. 7, pl. Ixix, figs. 7, male; 6, female (1851),

as ‘ Hmesis orphna, Boisduval,” but re-named “ Tawxila”’ tanita, by Hewit-

son, in his ‘Exotic Butterflies,” vol. ii, Taaila pl. i, text (1861).

Mr. Distant in his “ Rhopalocera Malayana,” p. 192, n. 5, pl. xviii,

fig. 14, female (1883), describes and figures an “ Abisara” tanita. This

female specimen does not atall agree with Hewitson’s figure of the

* The differences pointed out above on the underside of the forewing will be

at once observed by comparing the original figure of JL. orphna in Boisduval’s

“Species Général,” vol. i, pl. xxi, fig. 4, female (1886), with my figure of L. lyncestis.

.

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 23

female. It appears tome probable that Hewitson’s male figure and

Distant’s female figure refer to one species, which might stand as

L. tanita, the locality for which, as given in “ The Genera,” p. 422, n. 7,

is “ Borneo; India,” butrequires to be verified. I have seen no specimens

agreeing with these two figures, Hewitson’s n. 7, male, and Distant’s

female; the species if distinct is very near to L. damajanti, Felder.

The species represented in Hewitson’s fig. n. 6, female, should, it appears

to me, if re-discovered, be named, It is apparently nearest to L. telesia,

Hewitson, but has the chrome-yellow area at the apex of the forewing

on the upperside much larger than in that species. Mr. Distant has

further complicated matters by describing Hewitson’s female figure n. 6

asa male. The bowed-out inner margin of the forewing in the males of

the genus Lazxita will at once distinguish them from the females, which

have the inner margin straight. The species which Dr. Staudinger

figures as “ Tawila” tanita, Hewitson, in his ‘‘ Hxotische Schmetter-

linge,” p. 239, pl, lxxxvii, male (1887), appears not to differ from what

I identify as L. damajanti.

Family LYCAANIDA,

19. GERYDUS GIGANTES, n. sp., Plate V, Figs. 1, ¢; 13, 9,

Hasitat: Penang; Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.

Hxpanse: o, 2°0; 2, 1°8 to 2°1 inches.

Descriprion: Mate. Uppersipe, both wings pure chalky-white.

Forewing with the basal third of the costa reaching to the subcostal

nervure dusky; the costa beyond this, the apex and the outer margin

broadly black, the inner edge of this large black area very irregular,

it just enters the anterior outer angle of the discoidal cell, is pointed

inwardly on the second median nervule, closely approaches the outer

margin (exactly as in typical Terias hecabe, Linneus) in the first

median and submedian interspaces, the black area is wider again from

the submedian fold to the inner margin; a small portion of the base of

the third median nervule prominently swollen, this being a characteristic

secondary sexual character inthis genus. Hindwing with the costa

outwardly broadly black. Cilia of both wings fuscous. Unpersipp,

forewing black, the disc crossed by a pure white oblique macular band

formed of four portions ; two small and obscure ring-spots in the cell,

one on the costa about two-thirds from the base of the wing; the apex

and outer margin decreasingly pale ferruginous, the inner edge of this

area bearing anteriorly a series of four whitish ring-spots; a sub-

marginal series of black dots between the veins; a rather large oblong

dark spot placed obliquely at the anal angle. Hindwing pale ferrugi-

24 Wi. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. },

nous; bearing regularly over the surface darker red spots arranged

much as in typical species of the genus Arhopala, Boisduval, these spots

are disposed thus:—A small round one atthe extreme base of the

wing; followed by a series of three single spots; then another series

of three, but these spots are double; then four conjoined spots at the

extremity of the cell; then a discal curved band extending across the

wing from the costa tothe abdominal margin, broken only by the

first subcostal nervule; some obscure spots on the outer margin.

Famate. UppersipE, both wings marked almost exactly as in the male.

Unpersipn, forewing differs from the male in having the discal macular

band more extensive and run together into a single undivided band,

anteriorly bounded by the subcostal nervure, posteriorly by the inner

margin, along which it extends to the base of the wing. Hindwing

with the macular markings less conspicuous than in the male; the

inner edge of the discal series of spots bears on the posterior half of

its length a series of black spots often found in the species of this genus.

G. gigantes is not only the largest known, but is the most conspicu-

ously-marked species in the genus, and has no near ally. Were the

ground-colour of the upperside yellow, instead of pure white, it would

almost exactly resemble Terias hecabe,

I have described the species from a male and two females in Dr.

Martin’s and my collection, taken in the Battak Mountains of N.-E.

Sumatra, in August and November, and another pair in Mr, A. R.

Adams’ collection taken at Penang.

20. GERYDUS GETULUS, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 12, 9.

Hasirat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.

Expanse: 9, 1:3 and 1'5 inches.

Description: Femate. UPppErsipe, forewing pure white; the costa

basally, and the base of the wing, dusky; the apex very broadly black,

as is also the outer margin at the anal angle, but much more narrowly so.

Hindwing with the disc only white, the rest of the wing dusky ; the

disco-cellular nervules marked by a prominent blackish line. UnpERsIpE,

forewing with the dise white, the rest of the wing pale slate-colour; three

increasing dark spots outlined outwardly with white in the discoidal

cell, a dark spot posterior to the middle one of these in the submedian

interspace; three ring-spots on the costa; a short subapical macular

band ending posteriorly in a separated round spot in the second median

interspace ; an oblique prominent spot at the anal angle; a submar-

ginal series of black dots between the veins, Hindwing, pale slate-

colour, with the macular markings as usual in the genus.

Nearest apparently to G. zinckenit, Felder, from Java, of which

894.] UL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 25

I have a good series, but it may at once be known from that species

on the upperside by the hindwing being white on the disc with a pro-

minent dark disco-cellular line, G. zinckenti being dusky throughout ;

on the underside the ground-colour is a pale slate-colour, in G, zinckenii

it is pale ferruginous.

Described from two specimens, one in Dr. Martin’s and one in my

collection, taken in the Battak Mountains in October, 1892,

21, GeRYDUS GALLUS, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 11, ?.

Hapitat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.

Expansge: 9, 1‘d inches.

Description: Femate. Uppersipn, both wings fuscous. Forewing

with the apical area darker than the basal ; crossed by an oblique discal

white band with highly irregular edges, not quite reaching the costa

or the outer margin above the anal angle, ending posteriorly on the

submedian fold. Cilia fuscous. Hindwing immaculate. Cilia ante-

riorly white, becoming fuscous towards the anal angle. UNDERSIDE,

both wings highly variegated, being coloured black, white, pale ochreous,

and ferruginous. Forewing with the ground-colour black; the discal

white band as above but broader, its edges even, reaching the outer

margin at the anal angle; a pale ochreous patch at the apex, below

which the ground-colour is ferruginous ; three white ring-spots on the

costa ; two similar ones in the discoidal cell; a prominent black spot at

the anal angle; a submarginal macular black line. Hindwing with the

anterior half pale ochreous, the posterior fuscous mottled with ochreous ;

the macular markings as usual, though somewhat indistinct.

This may be a highly variegated form of G. symethus, Cramer, a

common species in N.-E. Sumatra, but it differs greatly from any

specimen of that species in my large suite of examples from the Malay

Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java, from all of which G. gallus

differs in the white band on the upperside of the forewing being half

as wide, the hindwing concolorous throughout, and by the highly

variegated markings of the underside.

Described from a single example in Dr. L. Martin’s collection.

As the genus Gerydus, Boisduval, has vastly increased in numbers

in recent years, it may perhaps be useful to add a list of the described

species, as far as I know them. Many species described in this genus

do not belong to it at all, and have been excluded. The flattened legs

of all the species is an unique character by which they may be instantly

known. The list is headed by the largest, most beautiful, and most

aberrant species.

J. 1. 4

26 ©. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region, [No. 1,

(1) Gerypus cicantes, de Nicéville, Penang, N.-E. Sumatra

(de Nicéville),

(2) Gerypvs symeTHuS, Cramer, Hast Indies (Cramer), Mowinene

Penang, Malacca, Perak, Johore, Sumatra, Nias Island, Java, Borneo,

Pulo Laut, Palawan, Luzon, Mindanao, Jolo Islands, S.-W. Celebes,

Amboina, Sumba, Sambawa, Ceram, Goram, Flores, New Guinea.

Mr. Doherty considers that the G. pandu, Horsfield, described from

Java, which is generally given as a synonym of this species, may be

distinct. I am unable, however, to find any character by which the two

species can be separated.

(3) GerypuUs PETRONIUS, Distant, N. Borneo (Distant).

(4) Gurypvs TE0s, Doherty, Sumba, Sambawa (Doherty).

(5) Gerypus caLius, de Nicéville, N.-E. Sumatra (de Nicéville).

(6) Gerypvus Bicasi, Distant, Malacca (Distant), Burma, Perak,

Sumatra, Nias Island, Pulo Laut.

(7) Gerrypus copara, de Nicéville, Perak (de Nicéville), Toleates

Singapore, North Borneo.

This species is placed by Mr. H. J. Elwes and Mr. W. Doherty as a

synonym of G. biggsii, which is probably correct.

(8) Gerrypus prucrt, Semper, Bohol in the Philippine Islands

(Semper).

(9) Grrypvs zincKeNt, Felder, Java (Felder).

(10) Grrypus cxtutvs, de Nicéville, N.-E. Sumatra (de Niceville).

(11) Gerypus carvensis, Felder, Hongkong (Felder).

(12) GerypUs CHINENSIS, var. CERAMENSIS, Ribbe, Celebes, Amboina,

Saigun, Baru, Borneo (Ribbe).

(43) Gerypus rrRoRatus, Druce, Siam (Druce), Luzon, Palawan.

(14) GERYDUS IRRORATUS, var, ASSAMENSIS, Doherty, Naga Hills

(Doherty), Perak, Pulo Laut.

(15) Gerrypvus pHItippus, Staudinger, Palawan (Staudinger).

This species is placed by Herr Georg Semper as a synonym of

G. irroratus, Druce.

(16) Gerypus BoispuvaLI, Moore, Java (Moore), Sikkim, Assam,

Chittagong Hill Tracts, Burma, Shan States, Singapore, Saigon, Am-

boina, Batjan, Buru, Ceram, Ké Islands.

(17) GerypUs BOISDUVALI, var. AcRAGAS, Doherty, Sumba, Sam-

bawa (Doherty).

(18) Gerrypus Learcaus, Felder, Luzon, China (Felder).

(19) Gerypus streranus, Butler, Ternate (Buéler).

(20) Gerrypus mexanion, Felder, Luzon (Felder), Cebit, Samar,

Bohol, Camotes, Panaon, Camiguin de Mindanao, Mindanao.

(21) Gerypvs croroy, Doherty, Burma (Doherty), East Pegu.

8 94..J L. de N icéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 27

(22) Gerypus maximus, Holland, Celebes (Holland).

(23) Gerypus ancon, Doherty, Tavoy (Doherty).

(24) Gerypus HERACLEION, Doherty, Perak (Doherty).

(25) ? Gerypus pLaurus, Fabricius, the Indies (Fabricius),

(26) ? Gerypus Luos, Guérin, Bouru (Guerin).

22. PARAGERYDUS PORTUNUS, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 14, ¢.

Hasitat: Java. By

Expanse: o&, 1:5 and 16 inches.

Description: Matz. Urrersipe, both wings dull hair-brown. Fore-

wing with the usual ochreous lines on the costa and pale area on either

side of the swollen third median nervule. UnpbERsIDE, both wings pale

ochreous, profusely and evenly sprinkled throughout with minute ferru-

ginous spots. Forewing with the inner margin somewhat paler and free

of markings, though bearing two or three strie larger than the others

towards the base of the wing.

This species appears to be nearest to P. taras, Doherty, which has

the apex of the forewing on the underside “rufous-brown,” while

P. portunus has the whole of the underside of that colour, the ground-

colour of P. taras is white, of P. portunus pale ochreous. Of P. taras

{ have captured both sexes in the Meplé Valley, middle Tenasserim,

in October.

Mr. Doherty, who takes particular interest in this group of tlie

Lycenide, has recorded his feelings of doubt as to whether the genus

Paragerydus can be maintained as distinct from the genus Allotinus.* As

far as the specimens of both genera contained in my collection are con-

cerned, Iam of opinion that the two genera may well be kept distinct.

The length, and consequently the point of origin, of the third subcostal

nervule of the forewing, certainly varies greatly, but in all my examples

of Paragerydus the upper discoidal nervule originates from the subcostal

nervure well beyond the apex of the discoidal cell; while in all my

examples of Allotinus it originates at the apex, which feature consti-

tutes a well-marked difference, and can be instantly detected by the

application of a little benzine to the wing to make it transparent.

P. portunus is a from two specimens sent me by Mr. H.

Fruhstorfer.

_ 23. PAaRAGERYDUS PYXUS, nu. sp., Plate V, Fig. 2, ¢.

Hasitat: Borneo.

Expanse: o&, 14 inches. ©

ees Mate. Urrersipe, both wings rufous-brown Foresotig

* Journ, A. S. B., vol. lviii, pt. 2, p. 487 (1889).

28 Li. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No.1

with the lines on the costa and “male-mark” as usual. UNpDpRSIDE,

both wings pale rufous, profusely and evenly sprinked with dots and

spots of a deeper rufous colour; a marginal series of very small black

spots, one in each interspace.

Closely allied to P. portunus, mihi, from Java, but differs on the

upperside in being rufous-brown, instead of dull hair-brown, and on

the underside in having the ground-colour pale rufous instead of pale

ochreous, and in the presence of the marginal black dots.

Described from a single example received from the late Mr. W.

Davison.

24, LocanidA Luca, n. sp., Plate II, Fig. 13, 9.

Hapitat: Perak, Malay Peninsula; N.-E. Sumatra.

Expanse: 92, 10 inch.

Description: FemaLe. Uprpersipe, forewing with the basal half

milky-white, the outer half fuscous, the costa and base dusky, the ex-

treme costa dotted with white on the basal half. Hindwing fuscous,

the disc obscurely purplish-white. UNpeErsipp, both wings with the

ground-colour probably white, but the surface is so thickly irrorated

with brownish-ochreous that the ground-colour appears only as minute

white dots profusely and evenly scattered over the surface mixed with

a few black scales. Forewing with an obscure darker spot towards

the end of the discoidal cell, and a similar discal band. Hindwing with

some very obscure dark spots towards the base, an oblong one at the end

of the cell, and a curved discal band crossing the wing from the costa to

the abdominal margin.

Probably nearest to L. marmorata, Moore, the two original speci-

mens of which, in very poor condition (probably both females, one cer-

tainly is that sex, the body of the other is lost, but the shape of the

wings is certainly feminine), are before me. JL. luca differs from them

in having the outer margin of both wings more even, not distinctly scal-

lopped, and the ground-colour of the underside is far redder, with the

irrorations much more dense; this latter, however, is a variable feature

in L. marmorata, as shewn in Mr. Moore’s and my figures of the species

taken from different specimens. J. luca may be still nearer to LD. obscura,

Distant, but the short original description of the latter does not in

several particulars fit my specimens ; Semper’s and Staudinger’s figures

of the species agree very well with my specimens on the upperside, but

neither of them agree on the underside,

I took two fresh specimens of this species in the high forest at Namoe

Oekor, in October, 1893. They were flying amongst and settling on the

low bushes growing under the high trees. I also possess two other

females from Perak.

1894.) L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 29

As far as Iam aware, the genus Logania contains the following

species. I include in it the two species, L. marmorata, Moore, and

L. sriwa, Distant, which constitute Mr. Doherty’s genus Malais, as he

himself doubted subsequently the validity of the genus.* I have

arranged the species chronologically.

(1)? Logania reGInA, Druce, Borneo (Druce). This species may

be au Allotinus. To judge from the figure, the type specimen must

have been a male, as the body is very long. Mr. Druce does not say

what sex he described.

(2) Locanta matarica, Distant, Sungei Ujong, in the Malay Pen-

insula (Distant); S.-E. Borneo; Pulo Laut; Sibulan, S.-E. Mindanao,

one of the Philippine Isles.

(3) ? Loganta tanomivs, Khiel, Nias Island (Khiel). This species

may also be an Allotinus. The specimen figured seems to be a male, as

it has a very long body.

(4) Locayra MarmoratTA, Moore, Elphinstone Island in the Mergui

Archipelago (Moore); Mone in the Shan States; Perak; N.-E.

Sumatra; Pulo Laut.

(5) Locanta sriwa, Distant, Malacca (Distant); Perak ; Pulo Laut.

(6) Loganta opscura, Distant, Northern Borneo (Distant) ;

Palawan, Cebu, and East Mindanao, in the Philippine Isles.

(7) Loganta vistantI, Semper, Cebu, S.-E. Mindanao, Philippine

Isles (Semper).

(8) Locanta DISTANTI, Staudinger, Palawan (Staudinger). Herr

Semper places this species as a synonym of L. obscura.

(9) Locanta massauia, Doherty, Margherita, in Upper Assam

(Doherty).

(10) Lozanza tuca, de Nicéville, N.-E. Sumatra (de Nicéville).

25. SIMISKINA SOLYMA, n. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 10, ¢.

Hasitat: Gapis, near Taiping, Perak, Malay Peninsula.

Expanse: 2, 1°6 inches.

Description: Femate. Uppersine, both wings fuscous. Forewing

with a large oval discal white patch, which, in some lights, is entirely

suffused with beautiful rich iridescent emerald-green, and in all lights

is more or less bordered by this colour; the patch commences be-

yond the discoidal cell just anterior to the third median nervule, and

veaches the inner margin, its posterior portion, however, is much dif-

fused; just beyond the patch are two rounded emerald-green spots

divided by the second median nervule. Hindwing with a rather large

# Journ. A. S. B., vol. lyiii, pt. 2, pp. 415, 436 (1889) ; vol. Ix, pt, 2, p. 29 (1891),

30 L. de N icéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan regions [No. I,

emerald-green spot in the second median interspace ; three lunulated

emerald-green lines beyond in the two median and submedian inter-

spaces; a marginal emerald-green thread, broken where it is crossed by

the veins, obsolete towards the apex of the wing; the costa of the

wing broadly pale ochreous. UNDERSIDE, both wings with the basal

third chocolate-colour, the outer two-thirds ochreous. Forewing with

the base of the inner margin ochreous; a broad discal wedge-shaped

chocolate-coloured band with its base on the costa, its apex on

the submedian nervure; its outer edge closely followed by a nar-

row chocolate line ; the outer margin broadly chocolate. Hindwing

with a macular, short, but rather broad, chocolate line on the middle

of the disc; followed by five large chocolate spots divided only by the

veins, the middle one the largest, the one on either side of it smaller,

the two outermost spots the smallest ; these five spots are followed by

a macular band extending right across the wing of somewhat diffused

chocolate spots ; these again are closely followed by a narrow. choco-

late line; the margin bears a series of lunular spots between the

veins, of which the one in the second median interspace is the largest

and black, the rest are black and chocolate; a fine anteciliary inner

white and then an outer chocolate thread.

This species is quite unique, there is nothing remotely resembling

it in the genera Poritia or Simiskina. The white patch on the

upperside of the forewing at once reminds one of Lawita telesia, Hew-

itson, which has a similar patch in the male.

The type and only known specimen of this species is deposited in

the collection of Mr. A. R. Adams of Penang, who caught it himself. I

am much indebted to him for allowing me to describe so beautiful and

interesting a species,

26. PirHecors MaRrg, n. sp., Plate IV, Figs. 2, &j 9; 2.

Hasitat: N.-E. Sumatra.

Exranse: o@, ‘8 of an inch to 1:2 inches; 2, 1:0 inch to 1°] inches.

Descrivtion: Mate. Uppersipe, both wings rich deep shining

blue, almost invisible in some lights. Forewing with the apex some-

what widely, the outer margin narrowly and decreasingly black.

Hindwing with the costa broadly, the outer and abdominal margins less

broadly, black. Unprrstpn, both wings milky-white, a series of very fine

black dots on the outer margin; an anteciliary black thread. Forewing

with a very narrow blackish line defining the disco-cellular nervules ;

two small black dots on the middle of the costa, often absent; a sub-

marginal decreasing ochreous fascia, which becomes dusky at the costa ;

within which at the anal angle are two fine ochreous lines one above the

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Buttenflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 31

other. Hindwing with a large round black spot at the apex; a sub-

marginal ochreous line. Femate. Uppersipe, both wings dead plumbeous-

black. © Forewing with a short streak of blue scales in the lower

discoidal interspace beyond the end of the discoidal cell. Hindwing

anmarked. UNDpDERSIDE, both wings as in the male. Cilia throughout

more prominently marked alternately black and white than in the male.

A comparison of the figure here given of the male (which, how-

ever, is a very poor one, drawn from a very small specimen, the first

I received), with that of Pithecops fulgens, Doherty,* from Margherita,

in Upper Assam, of which I possess three males and two females,

including the type specimens, will at once disclose the fact that on the

upperside the male of P. marie has the blue area of much greater

extent (it is also of a deeper, more truly blue, shade), and on the

underside, that it is far less heavily marked, the two costal dots of the

forewing being often absent, and the apical spot of the hindwing often

smaller.

The discovery of a second blue species of the genus is highly

interesting. I have described it from several male examples received

from Hofrath Dr. L. Martin; one taken by myself at Namoe Oekor in

October, in the virgin forest, and three female examples in my own

collection, and one in Dr. Martin’s, after whose amiable wife I have

great pleasure in naming it. Though this butterfly is so small, the

male immediately attracts attention when flying by the wonderful

refulgence of the coloration of the upperside of the wings.

27. CYANIRIS CRissa, n. sp., Plate II, Fig. 12, 0. .

Hasitat: Nilgiri Hills and Ashamboo Hills, South India.

Expanse: o, 1:35 inches.

Description: Mate. Uppersipr, both wings shining violet-blue.

Forewing with the costa narrowly, the apex widely, the outer margin

broadly and evenly, black. Hindwing with the costa widely, the outer

margin narrowly, black; five round black spots placed against the

black border, one each in the discoidal and median, two in the sub-

median interspace. UNDERSIDE, both wings dead white, all the black

markings unusually large and prominent ; a marginal series of prominent

spots, oval in the forewing, round in the hindwing ; a submarginal promi-

nent line, broader and lunulated in the forewing, narrower and more

highly lunulated in the hindwing ; a very fine anteciliary black thread.

Forewing with a broad prominent comma-shaped mark closing the dis-

coidal cell ; a discal series of seven spots, the two anterior and two pos-

terior spots in one straight line, the three middle spots out of line,

* Journ. A. 8, B., vol. lviii, pt. 2, p. 127, pl. x, fig. 6, male (1889).

82 LL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

shifted outwardly. Hindwing with three large rounded spots across the

base of the wing; a fine line at the end of the cell, a very irregular discal

series of eight spots, of which the one on the costa and the one on the

abdominal margin are the most prominent. Cilia above dusky white, on

the underside the cilia under a magnifying glass appear to be white at

the base tipped with dusky.

C. crissa on the upperside agrees best with C. placida, de Nicéville,

from Sikkim, Assam, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and Java, but the outer

black margin on the forewing is rather broader, and the submar-

ginal black spots on the hindwing are better separated from the black

margin. On the underside the two species are abundantly distinct,

the markings in C. crissa being almost throughout deep black, while in

C. placida they are dull fuscous, they are also far more prominent and

larger in C. crissa. In the rains form of C. puspa, Horsfield, the

markings on the underside are quite as prominent as in C. crissa, but

they differ somewhat in character; im the hindwing especially the sub-

marginal line is much nearer to the marginal spots in C. puspa than

in ©. crissa. CO. cyanescens, de Nicéville, from the Nicobar Isles, is

another allied species, but the markings on the underside are different,

being smaller, less prominent, and more or less fuscous.

Described from a single example obtained at Kalar in the Nilgiri

Hills by Lieut. E. Stokes Roberts, R. E., on the 17th August, 1892,

another male taken in March, in the Ashamboo Hills of Travancore,

and received from Mr. Harold S. Ferguson.

28. Everes moorel, Leech, Plate II, Fig. 11, ¢.

Lycena moorei, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 109, n. 45, pl. vii, fig. 3;

idem, id., Butt. China, Japan, and Corea, p. 310, pl. xxxi, fig. 9, male (1893),

Hapitat: Kiukiang, Chang-yang, Central China (Leech) ; Khasia

Hills.

The Rev. Walter A. Hamilton has sent me eight specimens of

this species obtained by his native collectors in the Khasia Hills. It

occurs also at Kiukiang and Chang-yang in Central China. The In-

dian specimens are a good deal smaller than the Chinese examples

(23 as against 29 mms.), but do not differ in coloration and markings.

The species is a true Hveres, as I have ascertained by bleaching the wings

of a specimen, but is a little abnormal, as the hindwing has no trace of

a tail. This, however, in the Lycenide, cannot be accepted as a feature

of generic or even specific value, as several instances occur in which

the same species is both tailed and tailless. In the genus Hveres not

only is EH. moorei tailless, but the type species, FH. argiades, Pallas,

is sometimes without tails, Mr. W. Doherty having obtained tailless

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Buttenflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 33

specimens in the Naga Hills, and Lieut. E. Y. Watson similar ones in

the North Chin Hills of Upper Burma (Fort White, 7,000 ft., March and

April; Tiddim, 5,500 ft., April), of which he has sent me a consider-

able series. FE. mooret is not mentioned in Colonel Swinhoe’s “ List of

the Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills.’’*

29. LamMPIDES LUCIDE, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 3, ¢.

Hasitat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.

Expans£&: o, 1°6 inches.

Description: Mate. Upprrsipe, both wings milky-white more or

less glossed with pale blue; all the fuscous bands, the dark costa, and

base of the wing of the underside shining through as pale blue bands.

Forewing with the apex broadly, and the outer border rather broadly

and decreasingly black. Hindwing with a black anteciliary thread,

within which is a series of small indistinct linear black lines between

the veins ; cilia white, tipped with black ; tail black, tipped with white.

UnpERSIDE, both wings chalky-white. Forewing with the basal two-thirds

of the costa and the base of the wing sprinkled thickly with plumbeous

scales; a broad straight fuscous band from the dusky costa to the sub-

median nervure covering the disco-cellular nervules; a similar but dis-

located band beyond from the costa to the third median nervule; between

these two bands is a quadrate spot in the second median interspace; a

third short band from the costa,to the lower discoidal nervule; a fourth

band, submarginal, curved, from the costa to the submedian nervure ; a

fifth marginal narrow band; a rather broad anteciliary black thread.

Hindwing with the base narrowly thickly sprinkled with plumbeous

scales ; crossed by seven fuscous bands which are more or less straight till

they approach the abdominal area when they are all recurved to the ab-

dominal margin, except the second band from the base of the wing,

which ends on the first median nervule and is not recurved; a large

oval black spot near the margin in the first median interspace, bearing

at the corner nearest to the base of the tail a few brilliant metallic green

scales, the spot broadly crowned with rich ferruginous; a small anal

black spot bearing anteriorly a few metallic green scales, crowned by a

ferruginous line; an anteciliary fine black thread. Abdomen plumbeous

above, the segments marked with a white line, the abdomen below white.

This is a very remarkable species, and unlike any other. The

coloration of the underside is reversed. In the other species of the

genus the ground-colour is dark and the markings are white, in

L. lucide the ground-colour is white and the markings are black. The

broad black apex and outer margin of the forewing above, and the

* Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1893, p, 297.

J. mu. 5

34 Ty. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

markings of the underside of both wings being represented above by

pale blue bands, are also quite unique characters. On the upperside

L. lucide reminds one of L. aratus, Cramer, as figured by Heer P. C. T.

Snellen in Tijdsch. voor Ent., vol. xxxiii, p. 271, pl. xi, fig. 1, male

(1890), from Tanah-Djampea Island, near Celebes, but that species

has no broad black border to the forewing.

Described from one specimen obtained by the Battaks in January,

1893, in my collection; Dr. Martin possesses a single female example,

which I hope hereafter to have an opportunity to figure and describe.

30. ARHOPALA CONSTANCEZ, n. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 11, 9.

Hasitat: South Andaman Isles,

Expanse: 9, 1°8 inches.

Description: Fema. Upprrsipr, both wings rich shining rather

light blue. Forewing with the costa as far as the subcostal nervure, the

apex very widely, and the outer margin widely, purplish-black. Hind-

wing with the costa and outer margin broadly purplish-black, the abdo-

minal margin pale fuscous; the anal lobe small, purplish-black; tail

rather short, purplish-black tipped with white; cilia purplish-black

throughout. Unpersipe, both wings purplish-reddish-brown, the markings

a little darker only than the ground-colour. Forewing with a small round

dot towards the base of the discoidal cell, a larger oval one at its middle,

a large one at its end, with a spot below filling the base of the first

median interspace; the discal band straight, even, formed of six nearly

equal-sized spots, extending from the costa to the first median nervule;

two indistinct submarginal macular bands; the inner margin broadly

pale, this pale area reaching to the submedian nervure ; with an indistinct

spot (its outer edge sharply defined) within and posterior to the point

where the first median neryule arises, Hindwing with the usual basal

spots small, the quadrate spot closing the discoidal cell touching the

large second anterior spot of the usual discal fascia; the submarginal

band broad; the anal lobe bearing a small deep black spot crowned

with dull dark green scales, with a few scattered similar scales in the

interspace beyond.

There is no allied Indian species with which I can compare this,

but it appears to be very similar on the underside to A. ate, Hewitson,

from Amboina, differing, however, in the discal band of the hindwing

touching the disco-cellular spot instead of being widely separated from

it, and in having the metallic green sprinklings at the anal angle much

fewer.

Described from a single example obtained at Port Blair by the

late Mr. R. Wimberley, after whose widow I have much pleasure in

naming it,

ca

Or

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterjies from the Indo-Malayan region.

Genus Listeria, nov.

Mane. Forewine, rather long and narrow; costa almost straight,

apex to termination of third median nervule truncate, outer margin

below truncation emarginate, inner angle rather acute, inner margin

lobed before the middle ; costal nervure ending just beyond the upper end

of the discoidal cell ; swbcostal nervure with three branches, excluding the

terminal portion of the nervure which is often counted as an additional

subcostal nervule, terminating on the costa just before the apex of the

wing; first subcostal nervule arising from the subcostal nervure a little

beyond the middle of the cell, ending on the costa beyond the end of

the cell; second subcostal arising nearer to the apex of the cell than to

the origin of the first subcostal; third subcostal arising midway between

the end of the cell and the apex of the wing; wpper disco-cellular ner-

vule wanting; mddle disco-cellular arising at the point where the

upper discoidal nervule is given off, concave; lower disco-cellular longer

than the middle disco-cellular, in the same straight line, concave;

second median nervule arising well before the lower end of the cell;

jirst median arising twice as far from the base of the second as the

second does from the end of the cell; submedian nervure straight; a

sexual tuft of hairs attached to the inner margin before its middle and

turned under and upwards. Hinpwine, large, broad; costa nearly

straight, outer margin broadly curved to the anal angle, slightly produced

at the termination of the third median nervule; anal lobe very large;

abdominal margin excavated anterior to the anal lobe; costal nervure

ending at the apex of the wing, very much curved at the base, then straight

to the apex; first subcostal nervule arising well before the apex of the

cell, ending at the apex of the wing; wpper disco-cellular nervule straight,

lower disco-cellular also straight, in the same straight line as the upper,

both slightly outwardly oblique, a little longer than the upper; second

median nervule arising just before the lower end of the cell; swbmedian

nervure straight; internal nervure short, recurved; a sexual glandular

“ scale” patch extending from the base of the first subcostal nervule to

the termination of the discoidal cell, not extending into the cell, but

with as large or rather larger an area anterior to the first subcostal

nervule as there is posterior to that vein. Antenne about half as long

as the costa of the forewing, with a large well-formed club. Palpz

rather long, porrect. yes hairy. Thorax rather robust. Abdomen

short, extending to two-thirds the length of the abdominal margin of

the hindwing only. Cilia of the hindwing very long and coarse. Type,

L. dudgeonii, de Nicéville.

The secondary male sexual characters of the genus are nearest as

far as Indian genera go to those of Bindahara, Moore, the “scale”

36 -L, de Nicéville—Butterfles from the Indo-Malayan region, [No. 1,

patch on the hindwing being placed in much the same position, though it

is not quite so large and reaches quite up to the origin of the upper

disco-cellular nervule, which it does not do in Bindahara, and it has

a similar tuft of long hairs on the forewing; but it differs from the five

Indian genera—Hysudra, Rapala, Bindahara, Virachola, and Sinthusa,

all of Moore—which possess the “scale” mark and tuft of hairs, in

being entirely devoid of a tail to the hindwing. The genus is so entirely

aberrant that it is very difficult to know where to place it, though its

affinities are perhaps more with Thecla, Fabricius, than with any other.

31. LisTERIA DUDGEONH, n. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 3, &.

Hasitat: Bhutan.

EXxpaNse: o@, 1°25 inches.

Description: Mate. Upprersine, forewing black; the discoidal cell,

a small area at the base of the second and a larger area at the base of

the first median interspace and thence broadly to the inner margin of

the wing, but not nearly reaching the anal angle, bright blue. Hind-

wing with the costa broadly extending into the cell, the outer margin

broadly but decreasingly to the anal angle, black; the abdominal

margin broadly pale fuscous ; the rest of the wing bright blue. Unprr-

sipE, forewing pale fuscous inclining to pale ochreous broadly on the

inner margin; a large reddish spot at the end of the cell, a discal

macular reddish band from the costa to the first median nervule; a sub-

marginal broad black-mixed-with-red band; the sexual tuft of hairs on

the inner margin turned under and upwards pale ochreous. Hindwing

with the base rather broadly black, the rest of the wing reddish, be-

coming darker towards the outer margin, where it is umber-coloured ;

beyond the black basal area is a broad area extending across the wing

consisting of a confused mass of ill-shaped ochreous spots; the outer

margin bears a double lunulated fuscous line, each pair of lunules

enclosing a small space of the ground-colour. Cilia reddish throughout,

broad and coarse, aud very long on the hindwing, especially where they

fringe the anal lobe.

The butterfly is so entirely different from all others known to me

in shape, markings and sexual characters that I can compare it with

none. It remotely reminds one of Thecla frivaldszkyt, Lederer, and

allies, in the markings of the underside ; but the coloration of the upper-

side, the truncated apex of the forewing, and the “ male-marks ” are

wholly dissimilar.

Described from a single example not in very perfect order, captured

at 2,500 feet elevation above the sea by Mr. J. L. Lister, after whom I

haye much pleasure in naming the genus. As my friend Mr. G. C.

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 37

Dudgeon “discovered” the species in Mr. Lister’s collection, I have

named it specifically after him.

32. CAMENA CREMERA, un. sp., Plate V, Fig. 16, &.

Hapitat: Java.

Expanse: 6, 1'7 inches.

Description: Mate. Uprersipe, both wings cerulean-blue; cilia

black, faintly tipped with grey on the hindwing. Forewing with the

costa at the base very narrowly black, but the black area broadening

out and reaching the subcostal nervure before the apex of the cell; the

apex of the wing very widely black, narrowing away to nothing at the

anal angle. Hindwing with the costal area broadly pale ochreous,

polished ; the outer margin narrowly black, but widening out somewhat

at the apex of the wing; anal lobe small, inconspicuous, black, with a

few turquoise-blue scales posteriorly, obscurely crowned with ochreous ;

the abdominal margin whitish. UwnpbeERsIDE, both wings plumbeous; a

common discal even-edged straight white band, widest at the costa of

the forewing, ending on that wing at the first median nervule, in the

hindwing commencing on the costa, ending on the submarginal dark

line; a common submarginal narrow dark line, not quite reaching the

costa of either wing, in the forewing slightly outwardly bowed, ending

at the submedian nervure, in the hindwing much outwardly bowed,

posteriorly zig-zag and recurved to the abdominal margin, defined on

the zig-zag portion on both sides by a fine white line; a very fine

anteciliary black thread, defined inwardly narrowly with whitish on

the hindwing. Forewing with the inner margin broadly whitish ; the

large tuft of hairs turned under and forwards deep black, and lying

across a polished area. Hindwing with a small round black spot in the

first median interspace near the margin, anteriorly broadly crowned

with a large orange spot which reaches as far as the submarginal dark

line; the anal lobe bearing a prominent large round deep black spot,

crowned with a thin line of turquoise-blue scales; the area between the

anal lobe and the second median nervule broadly sprinkled with grey

scales; tails black, fringed and tipped with white. Body above blue

throughout; below whitish.

Closely allied to C. cotys, Hewitson, from Nepal, Sikkim, the Khasia

Hills, East Pegu, and Burma, and to C. anysis, Hewitson, from Macassar

(Celebes), and the Philippine and Jolo Isles, differing from the figure

of the latter in the black area of the forewing on the upperside being

less wide and reaching the inner angle in a regular curve, in C. anysis

it appears to end abruptly at the first median nervule; in the latter

species the apex of the hindwing appears to be blue, in C. cremera

88 . de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No.1,

it is somewhat broadly black; on the underside of the hindwing the

black spot in the first median interspace is half as large, while the

orange area anterior to this spot is many times larger than in C. anysis.

From C. cotys it differs on the underside in the common white discal

band being narrower, in the absence of the common ‘submarginal

obscure rufous band,” by the large size of the orange patch crowning

the black spot in the first median interspace of the hindwing, and by the

anal lobe being crowned with blue instead of orange.

Described from two male examples sent me by Mr. H. Fruhstorfer.

33. APHNEZUS HIENDLMAYRII, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 5, 2.

Hapitat: N.-E. Sumatra.

EXPANSE: 9, 1:7 inches.

Description: FemMALe. UPppErsine, both wings fuscous with strong

reflections in certain lights, in one light dark purple, in another ochreous-

bronzy. Hindwing, anal angle and lobe bearing a large patch of deep

red (dragon’s blood) colour, this red area outwardly marked with a

black line centered with a line of pure silvery scales; tails also deep

ved, but becoming black towards the end, tipped with white. Unprrsipx,

both wings dull brownish-ochreous, the disc somewhat mottled with deep

red, profusely marked with spots of the purest metallic silvery colour.

Forewing with the silvery spots thus :—A series of dots along the costa,

the series not quite reaching the base of the wing, increasing in size as

they advance towards the apex of the wing, the series not nearly reach-

ing the apex; a large oblique streak near the middle of the discoidal

cell; an upright one across its end; two spots beyond placed obliquely ;

an elongated curved streak below the cell divided by the second median

nervule ; a lengthened narrow streak lying along the first median ner-

vule ; a chain-like submarginal band—all these silvery spots narrowly

outwardly defined with a black line and more broadly by deep red; a

marginal deep red line; the base of the wing yellowish, the inner mar-

gin broadly whitish, becoming plumbeous at the first median nervule,

Hindwing with sixteen silvery spots and streaks as in the forewing spread

fairly evenly over the base and disc; a submarginal red band recurved to

the abdominal margin, the band anteriorly slightly, posteriorly profusely,

marked with silvery; a narrow deep red anteciliary line; the anal lobe

deep red bearing a small black spot anteriorly crowned with yellow.

Body above concolorous with the wings on the upperside. Face in

front, palpi, body beneath, and legs yellow.

As far as I am aware, this species has no near ally, it does not even

remotely resemble any Oriental species with which I am acquainted.

In the type specimen, being a female, the upperside is not brilliantly

1894.] L, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 39

blue coloured as the male will probably prove to be; the rich silvery

markings on a ground of an unusual shade, the markings themselves

also being of a shape hitherto unknown to me, make the lower surface

of this insect not only singularly beautiful but extremely different from

all other Eastern species of the genus. Itis possibly more nearly related

to the numerous richly coloured African species allied to Aphnceemor-

pha orcas, Drury. It is not a little remarkable that while continental

India is so rich in species of the genus Aphneus, Sumatra should not

possess more than one other species, the wide-spread A. lohita, Horsfield ;

while the Malay Peninsula and larger islands (Borneo and Java) should

only possess two or three species, A. lohita and A. syama, Horsfield, and

A, vulcanus, Fabricius.

Described from a unique example taken at Selesseh on 15th August,

1893, in Dr. L. Martin’s collection. At his suggestion I have named it

after Herr A. Hiendlmayr, the Custos of the Munich Museum, Bavaria.

34. TAJURIA BLANKA, n. sp., Plate IV, Fie. 4, 9.

Hasitat: Battak Mountains, N.-H. Sumatra.

ExpANse: 9, 1°6 inches.

Description: Femate. Uppersipe, forewing with the costa at the

base very narrowly, the apex very widely, the outer margin decreasingly,

black; the rest of the wing rather light clear blue. Hindwing with the

costa broadly fuscous; the apex widely, the outer margin narrow] y>

black ; the abdominal margin as far as the submedian nervure whitish ;

the rest of the wing blue; the anal lobe small, black, crowned with a

few blue scales, the lobe anteriorly bearing against it a white fascia

the tails rather short, black, tipped with white, the longer one from the

termination of the first median nervule, the shorter from the submedian

nervure. Cilia black throughout. Unopersipz, forewing immaculate,

drab, the inner margin extending broadly on to the disc dull ochreous.

Hindwing drab; with an irregular outer discal dark line outward] y

defined by white from the abdominal margin to the third median ner-

vule; a small oval black spot on the margin in the first median inter

space; a slightly larger black spot on the anal lobe, anteriorly and

posteriorly bearing some fine turquoise-blue scales; the space between

and above these spots ochreous; an anteciliary black thread inwardly

defined by a narrow white thread from the anal lobe to the third median

nervule; cilia of the forewing and the anterior moiety of the hindwine

drab, the posterior moiety whitish. Body above clothed with long ines,

of the shade of blue of the wings; thorax beneath drab, abdomen: be-

neath dull ochreous.

Probably nearest to T. mantra, Felder, and T, relata, Distant, from

40 UL, de Nicéville—Butierflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No.1

both of which T. blanka may instantly be known by the forewing on

the underside having no markings whatever,

Described from a single example in Dr. Martin’s collection, which

was taken in October. Namoe Blanka is the name of a Battak kam-

pong or village.

35. CHARANA CEPHEIS, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 10, &.

Hasitat: Assam.

ExpansE: &, 1°8 inches.

Description: Mate. UPpPERSIDE, both wings glossy purplish-black.

Forewing with the basal two-thirds of the interno-median area ending

outwardly in a point and the basal half of the sutural area rich deep blue

of about the same shade as in the male of Camena icetas, Hewitson.

Hindwing with the outer half from the second subcostal nervule to the

submedian nervure, crossed by the black veins, rich deep blue; a diffused

and indistinct submarginal black spot in the first median interspace; the

outer margin narrowly black; the anal lobe orange-ochreous, bearing a

few white and blue scales; the tails black, fringed and tipped with white.

Unpersip8, both wings with the basal two-thirds pale chrome-yellow, the

outer third purplish-brown. Forewing with the purplish-brown area

bearing two macular deeper brown bands, which are farthest apart in the

middle but meet at each end, thus enclosing an oval space of the ground-

colour; a submarginal whitish thread reaching from the anal angle to

the middle of the wing. Hindwing, the outer purplish-brown area bears

two macular deeper brown bands, the inner one posteriorly highly zig-zae

and recurved to the abdominal margin, the outer one reaching only to

the second median nervule ; the first median interspace bears a round

black spot with an outer rust-red ring; the anal lobe is jet-black,

anteriorly bearing a few turquoise-blue scales, and bearing anteriorly

to these again a rust-red line, which is continued to the abdominal

margin along the edge of the incised portion of the wing anterior to

the anal lobe, this red line defined on both sides with a very narrow

black line. Cilia of the hindwing narrowly tipped with white, those

of the forewing black.

This species is very near to C. mandarinus, Hewitson, from Sikkim,

Bhutan, Assam, and Burma, from which it differs in the following

particulars :—The blue coloration of the upperside is quite different,

being of a much darker and richer hue, in C. mandarinus it is distinctly

“dull cernlean blue,” the blue colour also does not extend into the

discoidal cell of the forewing as it does in that species; on the under-

side the outer area of both wings is purplish-brown instead of rufous,

in the forewing the macular bands touch at both ends instead of being

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterjlies from the Indo-Malayan region, 41

parallel throughout; and in the hindwing of C. mandarinus beyond

the inner zig-zag black line from the second median nervule to the

abdominal margin there is a considerable white band, this being obsolete

in C. cepheis, the purplish-brown area being continued uninterruptedly

and of equal width thronghout from the apex of the wing to the anal

angle.

Described from two male specimens exactly alike captured by

Lieut, C. H. Ward, on Nemotha, a peak in Cachar, 3,634 feet high, on

October 15th, 1892, one of which he has generously presented to me,

Lieut. Ward captured C. mandarinus at the same time and place.

36, NEOCHERITRA NAMOA, Nn. sp., Plate V, Fig, 9, ¢.

Hasitat: Battak Mountains, N-H. Sumatra,

Expanse: o, 1:6 inches.

Description: Mare. Upprrsipe, forewing and cilia black; a broad

oblique pale non-iridescent blue band crosses the base of the wing, this

area commences narrowly on the costa, crosses the discoidal cell at

about its middle, meeting the median nervure at the point where the

first median nervule arises, and reaches the inner margin at about

two-thirds of its length from the base. Hindwing with the costa at

the base of the wing broadly pearly shining white, bearing in its

middle a large round fuscous “scale mark,” this mark being placed at

the base of the first subcostal nervule by which it is equally bisected,

not extending into the cell, the mark shewing clearly on the under-

side of the wing as a raised area: the apex of the wing reaching

to the second median nervule broadly black, the rest of the wing

pale non-iridescent blue shading off into pure white broadly towards

the anal angle; a large round black spot placed close to the margin

in the first median interspace; a similar one in the submedian inter-

space, but placed further from the margin; the anal lobe with a large

round black spot in its middle almost hidden by overlying long white

hair-like scales; an anteciliary fine black thread which extends some

little distance along the middle of the two tails, the thread commences

at about the first median nervule and ends at the base of the inner long

tail; cilia anteriorly black, posteriorly pure white; outer tail at ter-

mination of first median nervule tipped with white, anterior to this it

is black, then again white to its base, in length it is 5 mms.; inner tail

at termination of submedian nervure white, in length 17 mms., or about

65 of an inch. Unpersips, both wings pale bluish-white. Forewing with

the costa and apex broadly dull brownish-ochreous, shading off into the

white discal area; the inner margin broadly highly polished at-the base ;

across this polished area lies a thick tuft of long dull brownish-ochreous

po Ue

42‘, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

hairs. Hindwing at the apex with a short dull ochreous-brown sub-

marginal line ending in the second median interspace in a narrow black

line; four short black lines placed in echelon across the disc, one each

in the second and first median, submedian and internal interspaces; the

three large round black spots on the margin towards the anal angle

as on the upperside, but larger, more prominent, and of a deeper shade,

the one on the anal lobe with a black line placed against it anteriorly ;

between the anal lobe and the line above it are a few pale greenish

metallic scales, the middle black spot also bears a few similar scales

scattered over it; a fine black anteciliary thread traverses the whole

length of the margin and extends as above for a short distance along

the bases of the tails. Head, thorax, and abdomen above pale blue;

beneath, palpi and legs white. The antenne are very interesting—the

club and shaft above are black, but the shaft beneath is pure white.

Unfortunately I possess no male specimen of the type species of

the genus, Neocheritra amrita, Felder, with which to compare the struc-

ture of N. namoa. As far as I can judge, however, it comes into that

genus, as it possesses four subcostal nervules and a tuft of hairs attached

to the inner margin of the forewing and turned under and forwards, and

the cup-like depression (as seen from above) to the hindwing mentioned

by Hewitson as found in the typical species. Both Hewitson and

Distant figure the male of N. amrita, from which N. namoa differs on

the upperside in the forewing having the blue area of less extent, in

the hindwing in having the black apical area twice as large, in both the

tails being very considerably shorter, and on the underside in having

the apical area of the forewing duil brownish-ochreous, not deep ful-

vous or reddish-ochreous. I have female specimens of N. amrita from

Perak, Singapore, and Sumatra. To this genus probably belongs the

very distinct ‘‘ Sithon” teunga, Grose Smith, from Borneo.* Another

allied species is ‘‘ Hypolyceena” clella, Weymer,t from the Island of Nias,

of which I possess a female specimen. It has much shorter tails than

N. namoa, and the discal series of black spots on the underside of the

hindwing instead of being placed in echelon are arranged in a straight

line, as they are also in N. amrita. The ground-colour of the two species

on the underside agrees exactly, but N. clella (the species is a true

Neocheritra) has the dull brownish-ochreous coloration more extensive

on the forewing. Probably still another allied species (which I have not

seen) is “ Sithon” paluana, Staudinger, from Palawan in the Philippines.

Described from an unique specimen taken on 21st May, 1893, in the

* Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., sixth series, vol. iii, p. 317 (1889).

+ Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlviii, p. 10, n. 8, pl. ii, fig. 5, female (1887).

t Iris, vol, ii, p. 107, pl. i, fig. 9, female (1889).

1894,] LL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 43

Battak mountains, deposited in Dr. Martin’s collection, I have taken

its name from Namoe Oekor and Namoe Blanka, two Battak villages.

37, SINTHUSA MALIKA, Horsfield, Plate V, Figs. 18, ¢ ; 6, 9.

Thecla malika, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. I. Co., p. 90, n. 22 (1829); Dipsas malika,

Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. Co., vol. i, p. 37, n. 43, pl. ia, fig. 5, male

(1857) ; Myrina malika, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep., p. 37, n. 34, pl. xv, figs. 41-43,

male (1863) ; Sithon malika, Kheil, Rhop. Nias., p. 32, n. 112 (1884) ; Sinthusa malika,

de Nicéville, Butt. of India, vol. iii, p. 487 (1890); Sinthusa amata, Distant, Rhop.

Malay., p. 461, n.2, pl. xliv, fig. 20, female (1886); id., de Nicéville, Butt. of India,

vol. iii, p. 488 (1890).

Hasirat: Java (Horsfield, Moore, Hewitson, coll. de Nicéville) ;

Sumatra (Hewitson, coll. de Nicéville) ; Nias (Kheil) ; Penang (Distant,

coll, de Nicéville) ; Perak (coll. de Nicéville).

Expanse: &, 100 to 115; 9, 1:2 inches.

Description: Matz. Uppersipe, forewing deep indigo-blue, viewed.

from the side iridescent rich ultramarine-blue; the costa and outer

margin narrowly black, broadly black at the apex. Hindwing much

lighter blue than on the forewing, not iridescent, the costa broadly

black, the abdominal margin broadly fuscous. Cilia of the forewing

black, of the hindwing pure white, except at the apex of the wing,

where they are fuscous. UNDERSIDE, both wings white with a bluish

shade, the markings brownish-ochreous. Forewing with the costa

narrowly, the apex widely, the outer margin fining away to

nothing at the inner angle, brownish-ochreous ; an oblong broad spot at

the end of the discoidal cell; a discal macular band consisting of six

increasing spots, the band strongly broken in the middle, the three

posterior portions of the band shifted towards the base of the wing ;

an obscure submarginal macular fascia from the submedian nervure,

becoming lost anteriorly in the dark apical area. Hindwing with a broad

oblong spot at the end of the cell; eight small discal spots arranged

in pairs irregularly across the wing from the costa to above tlie

anal angle; a round black spot in the first median interspace on the

margin; a black spot in the submedian interspace sprinkled with

metallic-blue scales; a double series of small lunules on the outer

margin between the spot in the first median interspace and the apex

of the wing, obsolete in a Javan specimen; the small anal lobe black,

crowned with metallic-blue scales. Cilia of the forewing brownish-

ochreous; of the hindwing white, with a fine black anteciliary thread.

Tail white with a black central line. The tuft of hairs attached

to the inner margin of the forewing towards the base and turned under

and upwards, large and black, FemaALe. Upprrsipt, both wings shining

hair-brown. Forewing unmarked. Hindwing with an outer white area,

44 Ii de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

separated from the outer margin by a narrow band of the ground-

colour, the white area commences narrowly at the second subcostal

nervule, increases in width to the abdominal margin; a narrow black

anteciliary thread from the anal angle to the third median nervule.

UNDERSIDE, both wings with the markings similar to those in the male,

but of a pure ochreous shade margined with fuscous. Forewing with

the apex also pure ochreous. The tail twice as long and twice as broad

as in the male.

My single Javan male specimen here figured has the blue coloration

of the upperside of the forewing more extensive, the markings of the

underside smaller,* the double marginal macular bands obsolete in the

hindwing, the brownish-ochreous apical area of the forewing more re-

stricted than in my numerous specimens from the Malay Peninsula and

the Battak Mountains of Sumatra, but as all these features seem to

be somewhat variable in my series of specimens, I think the §. amata

of Distant should fall before §. malika of Horsfield.

The figure of the male is taken from my Javan specimen, that of

the female from a Penang example. I have also figured, Plate V, Fig.

17, the unique type male specimen of Sinthusa aspra, Doherty (Journ.

A. 8. B., vol. lx, pt. 2, p. 180 (1891), from Mount Arjuno, 5,000 feet,

Wastern Java, the specimen being in my collection.

Family PAPILIONIDA.

Subfamily Prerinz.

38. Durtias pyMas, u. sp., Plate V, Fig. 7, ¢.

Hasitat: Java.

Expanse: of, 2°6 inches.

Description: Maus. Urrrrsidé, forewing black; tke disco-cellular

nervules marked on each side with a white line; a submarginal

series of six white streaks; a small patch of grey scales at the base of

the first median interspace, a much larger one below this in the sub-

median interspace. Hindwing with the extreme base, the costa, and

the outer margin black, the rest of the wing white, but the area between

the abdominal margin and the second median nervule tinted with prim-

-rose-yellow. UnperrsipE, forewing as on the upperside, but the grey

patches on the disc smaller. Hindwing with the base broadly black,

bearing a broad crimson patch, the disc of the wing rich chrome-yellow

crossed by the narrow black veins, the outer margin black, that colour

ascending the veins on either side for some little distance. -

* Noted also by Hewitgon.

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 45

Nearest to D. crithoé, Boisduval, also from Java, but differing in the

submarginal series of spots on the forewing being twice as numerous, and

all the disco-cellular nervules, instead of the lower one only, defined on

each side with a white line; the hindwing has the white and pale yellow

area much larger, thereby reducing the outer black area by one-half.

Also near to D. tobahana, Rogenhofer,=D, derceto, mihi, from Sumatra,

but that species lacks the two discal patches of grey scales on the fore-

wing, has the white and yellow area on the hindwing smaller, and on

the underside has the crimson band of the hindwing at least twice as

broad.

Described from a single example collected by Mr. W. Doherty in

Java and given to me by him as a new species. After the description

above was written and the specimen figured, I received Herr Fruhstor-

fer’s description of D. bromo,* also from Java, from which D. dymas

appears to differ mainly in the entire absence of the crimson base to

the hindwing on the upperside.

Subfamily Papi.ionina.

39. Papitio (Pangerana) HAGENI, Rogenhofer, Plate IV, Fig. 6, ¢.

Papilio hageni, Rogenhofer, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, vol. xxxix, p. 1

(1889) ; id., de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 55, n, 16, pl. M,

fig, 2, female (1893).

Hasitat: Sumatra.

ExPAanse: do, 5°6 inches.

Description: Matz. Upprrsipn, both wings rich glossy black.

Forewing with some paler streaks in the discoidal cell and between the

veivs. Hindwing with a large white patch occupying the outer half of

the wing, anteriorly bounded by the second subcostal nervule, pos-

teriorly extending just beyond the greatly curved first median nervule,

not reaching the outer margin, this latter bearing four large conjoined

Innular black spots; the white area bears outwardly four large round

black spots, the three anterior ones equal-sized, the posterior one

smaller; the white area between these last-mentioned four spots and

the four black lunular spots on the margin sprinkled with black

scales; the abdominal margin is as usual twice folded over, and is

lined within with a white flocculent substance, the edge of the fold

within being rose-pink, UNDpERSIDE, forewing paler than on the upper-

side. Hindwing as above, except that the white area has no black

sprinkling, and that there is a small white spot at the posterior end of the

cell, with three similar ones in the first subcostal interspace, these latter

* Delias bromo, Fruhstorfer, Hut. Nach:, vol. xix, p; 335 (1893).

46 IL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. ],

really forming an incomplete white edging to a fifth discal black spot.

Antenne black. Head in front and thorax anteriorly pale buff-yellow,

thorax and abdomen above black, thorax beneath and legs black, abdo-

men beneath rich crimson, cross-banded with black, and bearing on each

side a series of small black spots; anal valves black.

Described from a single male taken on Sth May, 1893, and gene-

rously given to me by Hofrath Dr. L. Martin, who possesses one other

male in his magnificent collection.

40. Partito (Menamopsis) rersts, n. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 7, o.

Hasitat: Gayoes Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.

EXPANSE: o, 3°7 inches.

Description: Mate. UPpersipE, both wings fuscous. Forewing

with the basal two-thirds very dark fuscous, the outer third lighter.

Hindwing with a submarginal series of sullied-white streaks placed in

pairs between the veins, reaching neither the outer margin nor the dis-

coidal cell, most prominent at the anal angle, becoming obsolete towards

the apex of the wing; a small round chrome-yellow spot outwardly

surrounded by a black line at the extreme anal angle. Unpersipz,

both wings uniformly pale fuscous. Forewing immaculate. Hindwing

with the anal spot as on the upperside; the submarginal series of

white streaks longer, reaching almost to the outer margin, wider and

clearer white. Head and thorax in front black, spotted with white, rest

of thorax and abdomen black, the latter bearing three series of white

spots on each side, the anal valves white, edged with black.

Mr. W. F. Kirby has kindly compared the drawing here reproduced

with the specimen of P. hewitsonit, Westwood, in the British Museum,

which is probably the type of that species, and was figured by Mr.

Hewitson in his “Exotic Butterflies,’ vol. ii, Papilio pl. iv, fig. 9,

(1859) as the female of P, slateri, Hewitson. Mr. Kirby informs me

that the species here described in quite distinct from the Bornean

P. hewitsonii. The latter I have not seen, but from Hewitson’s figure

of it, which he says is taken from a female (Wallace, however, says the

specimen is a male,* as also does Westwood,t again Mr. G. C. Dudgeon

has examined it and tells me that it is, with two other specimens in the

British Museum, undoubtedly a male), it differs in having the outer

third of the forewing lighter coloured than the rest of the wing instead

of concolorous throughout; the hindwing with a prominent submar-

ginal series of white streaks, instead of, as in P. hewitsonii, “two rows

# Trans. Linn, Soc. Lond., vol. xxv, p. 6], n. 86 (1864).

+ Proc. Ent, Soc. Lond., third series, vol. ii, p. 10 (1864).

1894.] 1, de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo- Malayan region. 47

of indistinct white spots, in pairs, between the median nervules near

the outer margin” on the upperside, those on the underside are said to

form “two rows, united into distinct hastate spots pointed inwards.”

The chrome-yellow anal spot in P. perses is half the size of that in

P, hewitsonii, and the wings of my specimen are also narrower.

Described from a single example in my collection received from

Hofrath Dr. L. Martin, who has other specimens in his own collection,

It is a perfect mimic—except for the chrome-yellow anal spot to the

hindwing—of Luplea (Penoa) ménétriésti, Felder, which is found flying

with it,

41. Papttio (Menamopsis) pntTRA, n. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 5, ¢,

Hasitat: Gayoes Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.

Expansp: o, 4°1 inches.

Description: Mate. Uppersipt, forewing fuscous, the area at the

anal angle broadly paler; a curved discal series of eight inwardly-

pointed white streaks placed one each between the veins; the series

anteriorly well removed from the outer margin of the wing, approaching

the anal angle posteriorly ; the spots forming the series largest anteri-

orly, rapidly decreasing in size posteriorly ; each spot bisected longi-

udinally by the internervular fold. Hindwing fuscous at the base

only, the rest of the wing much paler; a submarginal series of sullied-

white streaks placed in pairs between the veins, well removed from the

outer margin except the two anteriormost ones, which approach it

closely ; 2 small round chrome-yellow spot placed on the anal angle,

anteriorly crowned with a black lunule. Uwnpersipe, both wings concolo-

rous, shining pale fuscous, Forewing with the discal series of white

streaks smaller and becoming obsolete. Hindwing with the submar-

ginal series of white streaks more prominent, each streak whiter,

larger, and almost reaching the outer margin. Head and body as

usual.

Closely allied to P. hewitsonit, Westwood, from Borneo, and

P. perses, de Nicéville, from the Gayoes Mountains of N.-E. Sumatra.

From both it differs in its larger size, and in the presence of the

conspicuous discal series of white streaks on the upperside of the

forewing. It differs from P. hewitsonti in having the submarginal

series of white streaks on the hindwing, these being obsolete or absent

in that species ; the anal spot is also very much smaller in P. petra.

Described from an unique example in the collection of Hofrath

Dr. L. Martin, brought down from the mountains by his Gayoes col-

lectors in January, 1893.

48 i. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No 1,

Family HESPERIIDA. -

Genus CHARMION, nov. :

Mate. Fornwinc, triangular, entire; costa gently arched; apex

rather acute ; outer margin very straight in general direction, slightly

convex ; inner margin straight, in length equal to the outer margin ;

costal nervure ending opposite the apex of the discoidal cell; first

subcostal nervule arising nearly twice as far from the second subcostal

as that vein does from the third; fourth and fifth subcostals arising

close together ; upper disco-cellular nervule stout, long, strongly outwardly

oblique; middle and lower disco-cellulars thin, gently curved, concave,

placed inwardly obliquely, the lower slightly longer than the middle,

consequently the lower discoidal nervule lies nearer to the upper discoidal

than to the third median nervule ; discoidal cell reaching to a little less

than two-thirds the length of the wing* from the base; second median

nervule arising far from the lower end of the cell; first median arises

near the base of the wing, with its base further from the base of the

second median than that vein arises from the third; suwbmedian nervure

slightly sinuous. HInpwING, entire; costa much arched at base, then

nearly straight ; apex rather acute ; owter margin regularly curved to the

abdominal margin, slightly produced at the termination of the second

median nervule, between the second median nervule and the anal angle

slightly concave; costal nervure nearly straight, ending at the apex of

the wing; first subcostal nervule arising far before the apex of the cell ;

disco-cellular nervules slightly outwardly oblique ; wpper disco-cellular

sinuous ; lower disco-cellular concave, slightly longer than the upper ;

discoidal nervule well developed ; second median nervule arising well

before the lower end of the cell; jist median arising twice as far from

the second, as the second arises from the third; submedian and internal

nervures straight. ANTENN® with a well-developed club, the thin apical

portion of which is directed at right-angles to the shaft. Patri erect;

pressed close to the face, densely pilose, third joint hidden beneath the

hairs. AbpomeN reaching to the level of the outer margin of the wing,

Leas. Foreleg with an epiphysis on the tibia. Hindleg with a long tuft

of hairs attached to the tibia at its base, and two pairs of spines towards

its apex. Femate. Differs from the male in the wings being slightly

rounder and fuller, and lackiny the tuft of hairs on the hindleg. Type,

C. ficulnea, Hewitson.

* Lieut. E.. ¥Y. Watson, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, pp. 15 and 16, divides

his subfamily Hesperiinz into Sections A and B by the discoidal cell of the forewing

being more or less than two-thirds the length of the costa. This is a measurement

which I find yery difficult to verify.

1894.] UL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 49

Charmion differs from Hantana, Moore, in the discoidal cell of the

forewing being a little less than two-thirds the length of the wing, in

Hantana the cell is obviously more than two-thirds thelength. It differs

from both Hantana, Moore, and Celenorrhinus, Hiibner, in having the

middle and lower disco-cellular nervules of the forewing considerably

more upright, and the second median nervule arising far from instead of

close to the lower end of the cell. The imago rests on the underside

of leaves with wide-spread wings.

(1) CuHARMION FICcULNEA, Hewitson.

Hesperia ficulnea, Hewitson, Descr. Hesperide, p. 37, n. 33 (1868) ; —— jiculnea,

Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 113; Plesionewra signata, Druce, Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 360, n. 3, pl. xxxiii, fig.8; Notocrypta signata, de Nicéville,

Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv, p. 191, n. 14 (1889); idem, id., 1. ¢. vol. vi,

p. 880, n, 26 (1891).

Hasirat: Borneo (Hewitson and Druce); Victoria Point, Lower

Tenasserim ; Perak, Malay Peninsula; Siam; N.-E. and §,-W. Sumatra;

S.-E. Borneo (de Nicéville).

(2) CHarmion ToLA, Hewitson.

Plesioneura tola, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. i,

p. 340 (1878); Notocrypta tola, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv,

p- 191, n. 15 (1889) ; Plastingia ? plesioneure, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett., p. 299, pl. c,

female (1888).

Hasirat: Tondano (Hewitson) ; Minahassa, Celebes (Staudinger).

Thave not seen the “ Plesionewra” tola of Hewitson. From the

description it appears to differ from C. ficulnea, Hewitson, in the fore-

wing in the discal band extending posterior to the first median nervule,

in C. ficulnea it ends on that vein. I have put P. tola in the genus on

Lieut. E. Y. Watson’s authority. Neither have I seen Dr. Standinger’s

“ Plastingia ?” plesioneure, but as the figure agrees exactly with Hewit-

son’s description, I have no hesitation in placing it here.

Genus SmpPa, nov.

Matz. Forewine, costa almost straight; apex acute; outer margin

almost straight, very oblique; inner margin straight, exactly as long

as the outer margin; costal nervure ending a little before the apex of

the discoidal cell; subcostal nervules arising at gradually decreasing

distances apart; discoidal cell long, extending beyond the middle of the

wing; wpper disco-cellular nervule short, straight, outwardly oblique ;

middle and lower disco-cellulars of nearly equal length, straight, strongly

inwardly oblique, the middle a little longer than the lower; second

median nervule arising a little before the lower end of the cell; first

median arising nearer the base of the wing than the lower end of

the cell; submedian nervure straight ; a sexual brand, or ‘“ male-mark,”

a

50 I, de Nicéville—Putterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

extends obliquely across the submedian and first median interspaces and

ends anteriorly on the second median nervule a little in front of its origin.

Hinpwine, costa greatly arched at the base, thence straight to the apex ;

apex rather acute ; outer margin evenly and regularly convex to the anal

angle; anal angle very acute; abdominal margin straight; the wing

extends a little beyond the apex of the abdomen; the cilia towards the

anal angle very long; costal nervure ending at the apex of the wing;

jirst subcostal nervule arising long before the apex of the cell; disco-

cellular nervules almost in one straight line, outwardly oblique, the

upper a little longer than the lower; discoidal nervule obsolete, but

its position is indicated, were it to be present, by a fold in the wing

membrane, and by this fold the relative length of the disco-cellular

nervules is given; second median nervule arising just before the lower

end of the cell; first median arising about four times as far from the

second as the second does from the third; submedian and internal

nervures straight. Lecs. Hindley with two pairs of spines on the tibia.

Sepa is nearest allied to Matapa, Moore, from the type species of

which it may be at once known by the discoidal cells of both wings

being more truncate at the end owing to the disco-cellular nervules

being less strongly oblique; the shape of the wings differs also, the

inner margin of the forewing in Matapa is longer than in Sepa, con-

sequently the outer margin in the former is less oblique than in the

latter ; the hindwing differs in that, in Matapa, the anal angle appears to

be somewhat produced owing to the wing about the termination of the

first median nervule being somewhat emarginate, in Sepa the wing is

evenly curved throughout. Type, Sepa cronus, de Nicéville.

42. Sepa cronvs, n. sp., Plate V, Fig. 4, &.

Hasitat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.

ExpansE: &, 1:7 inches.

Description: Mae. Uppersipr, both wings rich dark shining

brown. Forewing with three pale ochreous dots, two subapical, the

anterior one most minute, the third in the second median interspace

about twice the size of the lower subapical spot ; a narrow obscure discal

black stigma or “male-mark” crossing obliquely the submedian and

first median interspaces, that portion of the stigma in the latter inter-

space having a prominent pale ochreous semi-transparent line placed

outwardly against it. Hindwing immaculate. Unoersipg, both wings

exactly as above except that the ground-colour is dull, not shining.

Cilia concolorous with the wings throughout, those of the hindwing at

the anal angle unusually long, though not quite as long as in Lophoides

iapis, de Nicéville, from Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java,

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Buitterflies from the Indo-Malayan region, 51

and Pulo Laut. Antenne black, the club beneath, except the extreme

tip, ochreous. Hyes with a band of dull ochreous sete encircling them.

Body concolorous with the wings throughout.

Described from a single example from the Battak Mountains taken

in September, and deposited in Dr. Martin’s fine collection.

Genus OcHUs, nov.

Mace. Forewine, entire; costa strongly and evenly arched through-

out its length; apex somewhat rounded ; outer margin strongly convex ;

wmner Margin considerably longer than the outer margin, nearly straight,

slightly concave in the middle ; costal nervure ending opposite the apex

of the discoidal cell; subcostal nervules very long owing to the highly

arched costa, arising progressively from the base of the wing at de-

creasing distances apart; discoidal cell broad, short, extending to a

little beyond the middle of the wing; upper disco-cellular nervule long,

straight, slightly outwardly oblique; middle and lower disco-cellulars

of equal length, a little longer than the upper, directed inwardly slightly

obliquely, the middle concave, the lower straight; lower discoidal ner-

vule lying midway between the upper discoidal and third median ner-

vules ; second median nervule arising well before the lower end of the

cell; first median arising nearer the lower end of the cell than the base

of the wing; swbmedian nervure nearly straight. Hinpwinc, entire,

oval; costa arched; owtfer margin evenly rounded to the anal angle;

abdominal margin short, nearly straight ; costal nervure short; first sub-

costal nervule arising a short distance before the apex of the cell ;

discoidal cell short, less than half the length of the wing; disco-cellular

nervules concave, placed slightly outwardly obliquely ; discozdal nervule

absent; second median uervule arising very close to the lower end of

the cell; first median arising nearer the lower end of the cell than the

base of the wing; swbmedian and internal nervures straight, the latter

rather short. ANTENN# short, less than half the length of the costa of

the forewing; club rather slender, long, straight, ending regularly and

evenly in a point. Patri rather thinly and laxly clothed with hairs,

porrected forwards in front of the face; third joint rather long, hairy.

THorax weak, small. AspomEeN very slender, long, extending beyond

the anal angle of the hindwing. Male with no secondary sexual charac-

ters. Femate differs from the male only in its broader and more

rounded wings. Leas. Foreleg with an epiphysis on the tibia. Hind-

leg with two pairs of spines on the tibia. Type, O. subvittatus, Moore.

Ochus apparently finds its place amongst the final genera of Lieut.

E. Y. Watson’s subfamily Pamphiline, Section A (Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond.,* 1893, p. 72), which contains the genera Argopteron, Watson,

Lode N icéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. IN ont,

Heteropterus, Dumeril, Pamphila, Fabricius, and Cyclopides, Hubner.

Ochus is apparently nearest to Pamphila, of which the type is P. palemon,

Pallas, and from which it is abundantly distinct; the costa of the fore-

wing is greatly arched instead of straight, the apex is rounded instead

of being acute, the outer margin is more rounded, the discoidal cell is

much shorter and broader; the hindwing is more oval, the discoidal

cell is again much shorter, the discoidal nervule is obsolete, in P. pale-

mon it is present; besides many other minor differences. The imago

rests with wings closed over its back. Of all the Indian species of

Hesperiide, O. subvittatus probably has the feeblest flight, appearing on

the wing to be a dark-coloured, low-flying lyceenid, similar to a female of

the wet season form of Zizera maha, Kollar, or some other dark-coloured

“blue.” Lieut. Watson suggests in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 97,

that ‘“ Cyclopides” subvitiatus belongs to the North American genus

Ancyloxypha, Felder, or to one closely allied to it; but this is not the

fact, Ochus is widely distinct from that genus, and comes into the first

section of the subfamily instead of the second containing the genus in

question.

(1). OcHus sunyirrarus, Moore.

Cyclopides subvittatus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 692; id., Wood-

Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. B., vol. lv, pt. 2, p. 392, n. 249, pl. xvii, figs. 6,

6a, male, x 2 (1886); id., Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1888, p. 453, n. 487; Cyclo-

pides subradiatus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 693.

Hanitat: Darjeeling ; Salween district, Moulmain, Burma (subvitta-

tus); Khasia Hills (subradiatus, Moore); Kumaon (Doherty); Sikkim,

Bhutan, Assam, Burma (coll. de Nicéville).

It is, I think, quite intpossible to separate O. subradiatus from O. sub-

vittatus. Mr. Moore places the former in the middle of the region

inhabited by O. subvittatus. I have caught it as far south as the Dawnat

range and Meplé in Middle Tenasserim, in the month of October.

43. Erynnis pimiza, Moore, Plate I, Fig, 7, &.

Pamphila dimila, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 576; id., de Nicéville,

Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, p. 355, n. 28, pl. J, fig. 9, female (1892) ; Erynnis

comma, var. dimila, Leech, Butt. from China, Japan, and Corea, p. 595, pl. xli, fig. 12,

male (1898).

Hapitat: Runang Pass, south-east side, about 13,000 feet elevation,

Busahir (Moore); Khibber Nala, about 16,000 feet elevation, Spiti

(Sage); Ganges Valley, near Nilung Pass, 16,000 feet, August, 1893

(Mackinnon) ; Ta-chien-lu, Western China (Leech).

As I have already figured the female of this rare species, I now

take the opportunity to figure the male. Mr. P. W. Mackinnon through

his native collectors obtained three male specimens, of which he has

1894.} L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 58

generously presented me with two. The species appears to me to come

into the genus Erynnis of Schrank, of which the type is L. comma,

Linneus, the British “ Small Skipper.” The shape and markings of the

two species is very similar, but the male of ZL. dimila has the ochreous

ground-colour of the upperside much more extensive than in F. comma,

especially so on the hindwing; the spots on the underside of both

wings arealso more prominent, larger, and whiter than in L. comma.

The club of the antenna is somewhat differently shaped, the terminal

portion or apex in HL. dimila being considerably longer than in LH. comma.

Since the above was in type, I have received Part V of Mr. Leech’s

“ Butterflies from China, Japan, and Corea,” in which a single male of

Hj. dimila is recorded from Western China and duly figured. If this

specimen is really typical (the plate in which it is figured has not as

yet been published), it greatly extends the range of the species. Mr.

Leech considers HL. dimila to be a “var.” only of HL. comma, Linnzus,

and records the parent species from Kurope, Amurland, Corea, Japan,

N.-W. Himalayas, N. and W. China.

44, PADRAONA PAYOR, un. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 8, &.

Hasitat: Battak Mountains, N.-E. Sumatra.

Expanse: 6, 12 to 13 inches.

Description: Mate. Uprersipe, both wings shining black tinged

with bronzy. Culia golden-orange, broadest towards the anal angle of

the hindwing, gradually becoming dusky as the apex of the forewing is

reached in some specimens. Forewing with an orange streak on the

basal two-thirds of the costa, widening out at the end of the discoidal

cell, crossed by the black costal and subcostal veins ; an orange streak

on the basal two-thirds of the inner margin; a discal straight series

of seven orange spots, extending from the costa to the submedian

nervure, the series broken between the third and fourth spots from

the costa; the three uppermost spots linear, small, increasing; the

fourth in the second median interspace quadrangular ; the fifth in the

first median interspace also quadrangular, but twice as large as the one

anterior to it; two spots in the submedian interspace, the anterior one

very small. Hindwing with some orange streaks from the base reaching

to the middle of the wing formed of long sete; a transverse band of

five orange spots across the middle of the disc. Uwnprrsipn, both wings

rich dark brownish-orange. Morewing with the posterior half black;

a prominent oblique orange-yellow streak at the end of the cell; the

discal series of spots as above, except that the four posterior ones are

larger than on the upperside, the two posteriormost conjoined. Hind.

wing with a curved discal series of five spots, the four anterior ones are

54 L. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No. 1,

of a slightly lighter shade than the ground-colour, outwardly defined by

a very narrow black line, the fifth posterior spot the largest and of a

bright yellow colour, with another somewhat diffused spot beyond

reaching the outer margin; a black anteciliary thread from the apex of

the wing to the first areata nervule.

This appears to be a very distinct species, differing from all others

of the genus known to me (Padraona dara, Kollar,=P. mesa, Moore ;

P. mesoides, Butler ; P. pseudomesa, Moore; P. gola, Moore; P. goloides,

Moore; P. augiades, Felder; P. olivescens, Herrich-Schaffer ; P. palma-

rum, Moore; P. procles, de Nicéville) in lacking in the forewing on the

upperside the two spots divided by the lower discoidal nervule invariably

present in all those species. It agrees with P. procles and P. olivescens

in haying no spots in the hindwing anterior to the discal band towards

the costa and base of the wing. It possesses, moreover, a male-mark,

which is, I believe, unique in the genus, consisting of a shining pale

silky streak to be seen in some lights only on the upperside of the fore-

wing placed within the discal band of spots in the lower median and

submedian interspaces. I may add that the entire coloration of the

species is very dark and rich.

Described from numerous specimens in Dr. L. Martin’s collection

aud my own, some of which were taken in June.

45. HAtrp HIERON, n. sp., Plate IV, Fig. 1, ¢.

Hasirar: N.-E. Sumatra.

Expanse: 6, 1:15 to 1°25 inches.

Description: Mate. Upperside, both wings shining hair-brown.

Forewing with, in some specimens, two exceedingly obscure pale spots in

the median interspaces, placed obliquely as usual in the genus, the lower

one nearer the base of the wing than the upper; in some specimens

these spots are entirely absent ; no “‘ male-mark.” Hindwing immaculate.

UnpersiDb, forewing with the inner margin broadly pale fuscous, the rest

of the wing dull ochreous-grey ; the two median spots sometimes present

on the upperside always present, conspicuous, whitish; a very obscure

submarginal series of pale spots in a curved series from the costa to

about the first median nervule; a very fine anteciliary dark thread.

Hindwing pale fuscous, heavily irrorated throughout with dull ochreous-

grey scales. Cilia of the forewing sometimes faintly checkered, more

often concolorous with the wing, on the hindwing always concolorous.

Antenne black, the base of the club beneath pale ochreous. Palpi,

thorax, and abdomen above hair-brown; palpi, thorax, and abdomen

» beneath dull ochreous-grey.

This dull-coloured, obscurely-marked species is evidently allied

1894.] L. de Nicéville—Budlterflies from the Indo-Malayan region, 55

to Halpe homolea, Hewitson (H. sikkima, Moore), from which it may

instantly be known by the upperside being practically spotless, and the

underside but very faintly instead of prominently marked. It has also

no discal stigma on the upperside of the forewing in the male.

Described from numerous specimens in Dr. Martin’s and my collec-

tions taken at Bekantschan in August and September, and in the Battak

Mountains, in August, both in N.-H. Sumatra.

46. KERANA FULGUR, n. sp., Plate I, Fig, 6, 9.

Hasitat: Selesseh, N.-E. Sumatra,

ExpansE: &, 9, 1°7 inches.

Descrirtion : FemaLe. UPppERsIne, both wings dark shining purplish-

fuscous. Cilia concolorous. Forewing with a broad discal orange fascia,

anteriorly not quite reaching the costa, posteriorly ending on the sub-

median nervure. Hindwing immaculate. UNDERSIDE, both wings with

the ground-colour duller than on the upperside. Forewing with the

apex faintly dusted with ochreous scales ; the discal orange band more

extensive than on the upperside, reaching the inner margin, where it

is much paler, the edges of the band more irregular. Hindwing un-

marked, except by the following steel-blue spots, which can be seen in

all lights, but are more prominent in some lights than in others:—An

elongated one closing the discoidal cell, one in the first median inter-

space about its middle, and three in the submedian interspace at about

equal distances apart. Antenne black above, the club beneath ochreous.

Palpi black above, beneath chrome-yellow. yes encircled by a band

of chrome-yellow. Head, thorax, and abdomen above fuscous ; abdomen

beneath with six ochreous lines.

Nearest to K. gemmifer, Butler,* (which also occurs in N.-E.

Sumatra, as well as in Perak and Malacca, I have taken it on the Penang

Hill at 2,200 feet elevation above the sea, in November), from the same

sex of which it differs in being larger, the ground-colour of the upperside

darker, the gem-like spots of the underside quite different, and the

abdomen beneath striped with ochreous instead of being concolorous.

The “gems” of K. gemmifer have never been described in detail.

Mr. Butler refers to them thus :—“ End of cell and apical area of pri-

maries and disk of secondaries [on the underside] spotted, in certain

lights, with shining amethyst-coloured spots” in both sexes. They are

thus disposed :—orewing with an elongated one placed on the fold in

the middle of the discoidal cell just anterior to the inner edge of the

discal orange fascia; three subapical ones placed one above the other,

* Astictopterus gemmifer, Butler, Trans, Linn. Soc, Lond., Zoology, second series,

vol, i, p. 555, n, 3 (1877).

56 IL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. [No.1

divided by the veins; hindwing with from four to six placed one each

between the veins in a curve beyond the end of the cell. It is doubtful

if Mr. Distant recognised the species, as he makes no mention* of the

‘‘oems,” and his figure of the species does not shew them, nor does it

agree with my specimens of K. gemmifer, the orange band on the un-

derside of the forewing in true K. gemmifer being almost of equal

width throughout, while in Mr. Distant’s figure the costal portion is

much narrowed and constricted. Lieut. Watson, indeed, sayst that

Mr. Distant’s K. gemmifer equals Koruthaialos xanites, Butler, which is

probable: enough, that species being infinitely more common than

K. gemmifer, the latter occurring very sparingly.

A single example of K. fulgwr, now in Dr. Martin’s collection, was

taken by myself in the splendid virgin forest at Selesseh, in the Langkat

district of N.-E. Sumatra, on 31st October, 1893. Since this specimen

was drawn and the plates illustrating this paper made up, Dr. Martin

sent me in a letter a male of K. fulgur. I hope to figure and describe

it fully hereafter, It greatly differs from the female on the upperside

in the orange fascia of the forewing being much paler, more chrome-

yellow in shade, larger, and posteriorly continued almost to the base of

the wing ; and the base of the hindwing and base of the abdomen are

clothed with long chrome-yellow sete.

47, PLASTINGIA VERMICULATA, Hewitson, Plate V, Fig, 15, &.

Hesperia vermiculata, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. i,

p. 346 (1878)

Hasitat: N.-E. Sumatra.

Expanse: 6, 1°7 inches.

Description: Matr. UPpersipde, both wings black. Forewing with

the following opaque chrome-yellow markings:—A narrow subcostal

streak extending from the base of the wing to about its middle, a

similar but shorter and broader streak in the submedian interspace ;

with the following semi-transparent yellow spots :—Two very narrow

and small ones placed obliquely towards the end of the discoidal cell,

the upper the larger, furthest from the base of the wing, the lower

minute; a dot in the lower discoidal interspace ; a spot four times as

large in the second median interspace; a very large spot in the first

median interspace. Cilia black. Hindwing with a basal streak of long

chrome-yellow hairs which runs into a broad transverse fascia of the

same colour placed in the middle of the wing; the anal area very

broadly chrome-yellow, which area rapidly fines away to nothing at about

* Kerana gemmifer, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 403, n, 2, pl. xxxiv, fig. 29 (1886).

+ Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., as p. 77.

1894.] lL. de Nicéville—Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region. 57

the termination of the third median nervule; a streak of chrome-yellow

placed in the submedian interspace springs from the base of the wing

and runs into the yellow anal area; the abdominal margin and cilia

chrome-yellow. UNDERSIDE, fovewing fuscous; the costa, discoidal cell,

apex and outer margin decreasingly to the anal angle streaked with

chrome-yellow ; the five semi-transparent spots as above ; a broad, short,

chrome-yellow streak towards the base of the wing in the submedian

interspace ; a pale blue slightly iridescent streak just beyond the end

of the cell in the upper discoidal interspace. Hindwing chrome-yellow,

with the following black markings:—The costa at the base of the

wing, two subcostal streaks from the base to the apex of the wing,

the posterior of these interrupted towards its end; a streak in the

subcostal interspace also outwardly interrupted; a streak in the cell;

a very broad one twice interrupted in the submedian interspace ;

a rather obscure streak in the internal interspace, extending from

the base to a little beyond the middle of the wing; three small

spots on the disc between the veins: also with the following pale blue

slightly iridescent elongated spots:—Two in the discoidal cell, and a

series of eight others extending right round its outer end. Antenne

black, club prominently chrome-yellow above, the apex black. Palpi

black above, yellow beneath. Thorax above black clothed with long

yellow hairs. Abdomen black, ringed with yellow. Legs yellow.

The nearest ally to P. vermiculata appears to be the “ Hesperia”

flavescens of Felder (Reise Novara, Lep., vol. iii, p. 517, n. 905, pl. Ixxii,

figs. 7, male; 8, 9, female, 1867), from Celebes, from the female sex of

which the present species differs in several particulars on the upperside,

and conspicuously on the underside, in the presence of the pale blue

slightly iridescent spots, these being apparently entirely absent in

P. flavescens.

This very lovely species is described from an unique example in

Dr. Martin’s collection taken at Bekantschan, at the foot of the Battak

Mountains, in N.-H. Sumatra, in July, 1893. Mr. Hewitson originally

obtained it from Sumatra also.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Priate I,

Fig. 1. Mycalesis (Satoa) maia, un. sp., &, p. 1.

2 ” ” ” ” ¢ »P- 1

3. DPuthalia (Dophila) eson, u. sp. #, p. 1

4, Stichophthalma sparta, nu. sp., o", p- 2.

» 5. Huthalia (Dophla) eson, n. sp., ¢, p. 12.

6. Kerana fulgur, n. sp., §, p. 55.

7. Erynnis dimila, Moore, 2’, p. 52.

di &

ett

dt ale a

CP en

a

SPeyansenh

Neptis clinioides, nu. sp., &, p. 6.

» nisea, 0. sp., d, p. 7.

Puate II. )

ELuthalia (Dophla) externa, n. sp; 0, p. 18. —

” ” ” » ¢, p. 13.

4 = eurus, X. Sp., dt, p. 15. '

re ” ” ry) PoeDspl Os Site

a rs gupta, de Nicéville, 2, p. 18. aad

F itt i

Laxita laocoon, nu. sp., $, p. 20. x an

3. lola, 1.8p.," 9. Dp. 20. Pen

» lyncestis, n. sp., d, p. 22. a

3) Lola, n.‘Sp.ic, p: 20: eho

» lyclene, u. sp., &, p. 21.

Everes moorei, Leech, @, p. 32.

Cyaniris crissa, u. sp. &, p. 3l.

Logania luca, un. sp., 2, p. 28.

Prate III. ide é At

Argynnis niphe, Linnzeus, # and 2, p. 8. rele ts

” ” ” ” p. 8.

Buthalia sakii, nu. sp. $, p. 9. hae

Herona pringondani, Fruhstorfer, 2, p. 4. “ + =%

” ” » a, Pp. 4, nda? Lag

Euthalia (Dophla) eion, n. sp., 2, p. 11. ee r

Herona sumatrana, Moore, ¢, p. 5. t BLY Me f rh

Euthalia (Dophla) eion, n. sp., #, p. 11. s

a

Prare IV. ‘

Halpe lieron, nu. sp., &, p. 54. a

Pithecops marie, u. sp., &, p. 30. sees

Listeria dudgeonii, n. sp., o%, p. 36, : oP

Tajuria blanka, n. sp., 2, p. 39. (NE of

Papilio (Menamopsis) petra, u. sp., d, p. 47. ‘ ‘)

» (Pangerana) hageni, Rogenhofer, d, p. 45. ee

» (Menamopsis) perses, n. sp., &, p. 46. ; 7) AG Ba

Padraona pavor, n. sp., do, p. 53.

Pithecops marie, n. sp., ¢, p. 80. : Mee 4

Simiskina solyma, nu. sp., °, p. 29. ATO

Arhopala constancee, nu. sp., 2, p. 84. j

Puate VY.

Gerydus gigantes, n. sp., d, p. 23.

Paragerydus pyxus, 0. sp., a, p. 27.

Lampides lucide, n. sp., &, p. 33.

Sepa cronus, nu. sp., &, p. 50. Dae ; f és ia

Aphneus hiendlmayrii, n. sp., 3, p. 88. By

Sinthusa malika, Horsfield, ?, p. 48.

Delias dymas, nu. sp., o&, p. 44.

1894. } P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination of Food Stuffs. 59

Fig. 8. Cyrestis therese, nu. sp,, d, p. 18.

» 9 Neocheritra namoa, nu. sp., o, p, 41.

» 10. Charana cepheis, nu. sp., d, p. 40.

» 11. Gerydus gallus, nu. sp., 9, p. 25.

coy be © getulus, nu. 8p., 2, p. 24.

a Lo. us gigantes, 0. Sp., $, p. 23.

» 14. Paragerydus poriunus, un, sp., d, p. 27.

» 15. Plastingia vermiculata, Hewitson, d’, p. 56.

» 16. Camena cremera, n. sp., &, p. 37.

» 17. Sinthusa aspra, Doherty, &, p. 44.

ap lSi5 % malika, Horsfield, ¢, p. 43.

On the Chemical Examination of certain Indian Food Stuf's. Part I,

Fats and Oils—By P. C. Ray, D. Sc. Communicated by Ax.

Peper, F.R.S.

[Read February 7th. |

Of late years a belief has been gaining ground in Calcutta, Bombay

and in many other important towns in India, not apparently without

reason, that wholesale adulteration is practised in many of the common

articles of diet, notably in ghee, butter, milk, mustard oil, &c. The

present investigation was undertaken with a view to throw some light

on these points, and it embodies the results of work carried on at

intervals during the last four years.

PRELIMINARY.

As butter enters largely into the dietary of the people of Europe

and America, abundant work has been done by Chemists on its analysis.

It is, however, well-known that the composition of milk and of the butter

made from it is, within certain limits, dependent on the breed, climate,

method of feeding the cows, period of lactation, and so on. The standard

for genuine butter as generally accepted in England, especially at

Somerset House, cannot therefore be always accepted as a safe guide in

this country.

The analysis of the fixed oil of mustard and the various other oils

with which it is generally sophisticated also presents considerable diffi-

culties. Not much work has been done in this field. The history of the

substances which have been subjected to analysis is seldom given, and

the experimental methods are not generally described in sufficient detail

to enable the results tobe compared. While the information available is

meagre on the one hand, the results published from time to time are in

themselves in some cases contradictory. It was thus found to be

60 ; P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination of [No. 1,

necessary to work out in the first instance a series of constants for such

Indian food-stuffs as mustard oil, butter, ghee, es which might be of

some help in deciding cases of falsification.

Particular care was taken in procuring genuine samples of the

substances. The oils were, in many cases, expressed under direct super-

vision from seeds carefully selected, so that the purity of the products

was unquestionable. A sample of pure mustard oil was also obtained

through the courtesy of the Superintendent, Alipur Jail, and another of

cocoanut oil from the officer in charge of the “ Copra” works, Viper

Island, Port Blair, with a certificate from him, guaranteeing its purity,

and stating it to be a standard sample.

The preliminary examination of the fats and oils is much helped

by the determination of certain physical constants, e. g., melting point,

specific gravity, index of refraction, &c. The work in the present com-

munication is confined solely to the chemical methods. The application

of the physical tests, is reserved for a future occasion.

The fats and oils are simply combinations of certain acids, the

so-called fatty acids, e. g., butyric, stearic, oleic, palmitic, &c., with

glycerin; hence they have been named the glycerides. By estimating

the amount of both or either of these constituents of fatty substances,

valuable information is obtained as to their nature. Now, if a fat

be treated with an alkali, the fatty acids contained in it com-

bine with the alkali, resulting in the formation of organic salts,

commonly called a soap, and the separation of glycerm. It so

happens, however, that the molecular weights of some of these fatty

acids vary within wide limits. Thus, butyric acid, occurring ‘in butter-

fat has a molecular weight equivalent to §8, while erucic acid, a compo-

nent of mustard oil, has a molecular weight of 338. A molecule of

caustic potash weighing 56, will exactly neutralise 88 parts by weight

of butyric acid or 338 parts by weight of erncic acid. Hencea given

weight of butter-fat will require afar larger proportion of caustic

potash to convert itinto soap—to saponi/y it, as it is technically called—

than the same weight of mustard oil. Koettstorfer has made use of

this principle. It has in fact been found by actual experiments that

while 100 grammes of butter-fat require very nearly 22 grammes of

caustic potash for saponification, the same weight of mustard oil requires

only 17 grammes of the alkali. The amount of glycerin in a fat or oil

also will vary in a corresponding manner.

Again butyric, caproic and other volatile acids present in cocoa-nut

oil, butter-fat, &e., may be easily separated from the non-volatile acids

by distillation, and their amount ascertained by their potash neutralis-

ing power. Upon this principle is based the well-known Reichert’s

1894. ] certain Indian Food Stuffs. 61

test. The amount of iodine absorbed by different fats and oils also lies

within wide ranges. The iodine absorption test has been employed with

remarkable success by Baron Hiubl in deciding cases of adulteration.

The following processes have been made use of :—

1. Direct titration of the fats and oils by alcoholic potash—

Koettstorfer’s test.

2. Estimation of the amount of glycerin.

3. Iodine absorption test of Hiibl.

4, Estimation of the volatile fatty acids—Reichert’s test.

The detailed results obtained by each of these methods as applied

in the present inquiry will now be described.

KOETTSTORFER’S METHOD.

Most of the oils, when recently expressed, contain suspended im-

purities derived from the seeds, &c., ina very fine state of division.

These settle down in course of time. The oils thus clarified by sub-

sidence were filtered through bibulous paper to remove any traces of

adherent moisture which might be present. The application of even a

gentle heat cannot be resorted to for this purpose. Mustard oil, which

is classed among the non-drying oils, was found to gain in weight con-

tinually when placed inside the chamber of a water-oven and weighed at

intervals of 15 to 20 minutes.

PREPARATION OF AzcoHoLIC PotasH.—The alcoholic solution of

potash, approximately of semi-normal strength was prepared by dissolving

sticks of potash in pure alcohol. The solution, filtered off the

insoluble residue, is generally found to have a reddish-yellow color.

It has therefore to be decolorised by shaking with pure animal

charcoal.

Orn or Musrarp.

Sinapis nigra, 8. alba (Nat. order—Crucifere.)

Different samples of mustard seeds were found to yield a fixed oil

varying from 32°/, to 36°/, of the air-dried seeds.

1, 2°534 gm. oil were weighed into a bottle of about 12 oz. capa-

city, and 20c.c. of alcoholic potash solution were added. The mouth

of the bottle was closed with an India-rubber cork, fastened by means

of wire. The bottle was kept immersed in boiling water for 45

minutes, A blank experiment under exactly similar conditions was

made side by side to determine the strength of the potash. The

indicator used was phenolphthalein—

20c.c. KOH=20°7 cc. = HCl.

62 P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination of [No. 1,

4°95 c. ¢. = HCl were required to neutralise the excess of alkali.

N

(20°7 —4°95) c.c. or 15°75. ¢. 3 HCl represent the amount of alkali

required for the saponification of the oil.

lc.c. ~ HCl = 0:02805 gm. KOH

Amount of potash consumed by 1,000 gm. oil (=saponification.

15°75 x 002805 x 1000

2°534

2. 1:713 gm. oil were heated in a flask over a water-bath for ten

minutes with 20 c.c. KOH solution, the mouth of the flask being covered

by a watch-glass—

20cc. KOH=20°7c.c. = HCl (Blank experiment)

equivalent), is therefore equal to gm.=174'5 gm.

10'1c.c. HCl were required by the excess of potash.

f 10°6 x 0:02805 x 100

Saponification equivalent = See =173°5

3. Mustard oil expressed from a different sample of seeds.

3°084 gm. oil were treated with 20c.c. KOH solution in a

bottle, which was immersed in boiling water for about 40 minutes; the

mouth of the bottle being closed by an India-rubber cork tied down by

means of wire—

20¢e.c. KOH=20'8 c. ¢. =! HC! (Blank titration)

15 ¢. c. = HCl were required for the excess of potash.

or 19°3.¢.c. > HCl represented the amount of alkali used up.

; : _19'3%0:02805 x 1000

Saponification equivalent = “1 Sede 175°5

4, 2*222 om. oil were treated with 20 c. c. KOH solution and heated

in a flask over a water-bath for 12 minutes; the mouth of the flask being

covered with a watch-glass—

N

Excess of alkali required 7 c. c. s HCl

20ce.c. KOH ee cile BeS ;, (Blank titration).

E .. 13°8x0'0280:

Saponification equivalent= — 74:2

1894. ] certain Indian Food Stuffs. 63

5. 1.8012 gm. oil were saponified under the same conditions as des-

cribed above, with 40 c.c. KOH solution—

40cc. KOH =82°0c.c. = HCl

Excess of alkali=21°0 ,, 3;

0:02805 x11 x 10°

18012

6. Pure mustard oil from Alipur Jail.

3'493 gm. oil were mixed with 20 c. c. potash solution and the

mixture kept immersed in boiling water for over half-an-hour. The

mouth of the bottle being closed by a cork fastened by a wire—

Saponification equivalent = =171°3

Z0e.¢. KOE — —=30*7 c.c, z HCl

Excess of alkali= 9:2 ,, =f

‘5 x 0°02 i

Saponification Crepe eee = a HP

3°493

7. Duplicate analysis of the above. 2°195 gm, oil heated to boiling

on a water-bath with 20 c.c. KOH solution for 15 minutes, the mouth

of the flask being covered with a watch-glass.

20c.c. KOH =380°7ec.c¢. > HCl (Blank experiment)

Excess of alkali=17'2 ,, a5

13°5 x 0:02805 x 10°

qe Tso Te 172°5

It would thus appear that mustard oil is very easily saponified by

alcoholic potash, and that a large excess of the latter is not necessary.

The oil was in some cases found to have a pale yellow color, in others

the tint was somewhat deeper. The soap solutions were tinged

accordingly. The want of exact uniformity in the tint sometimes

interfered with the exact determination of the conclusion of the

reaction during the titrations. It may also be stated that the soap

solutions were generally diluted with about 25 c. c. of hot water, from

which all traces of carbonic acid gas had been driven off by boiling.

In the above experiments it will be seen that the saponification

equivalent of the samples of mustard oil has varied between 175:5

and 171°3, the average of the seven determinations being 173°5.

Hence it would be safe probably to adopt the saponification equi-

valent of mustard oil as lying between 171—175.

Saponification equivalent =

64 P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination of [No. 1,

SAPONIFICATION EQUIVALENT FOR Nicer-Ssep Om.

Guizotia abyssinica (Nat. ord.—Composite),

As this oil is one of the commonest adulterants of mustard oil,

a genuine sample of it was procured for experiments.

1. 1.4605 gm. oil were weighed out into a flask, 20 c.c. of alcoholic

potash were then added, the mixture covered with a watch-glass and

treated to gentle boiling, with occasional agitation for 15 minutes.

20¢e.c. KOH =15.95c.c. = HCl (Blank experiment)

Excess of alkali=6'l_,,

a hlnps ; 9°85 x 0° 02805 x 10°

Saponification equivalent = Wir ad Hague ae 189:2

2. 1:906 gm. oil were saponified as above with 40c.c. alcoholic

potash. 7

40c.c KOH =31.9c.c¢. 5 HCl

Excess of alkali =18°8 ,, “3

: 13-1 x 002805 x 108

Saponification equivalent = = oo = 192'8

3. 2°:184 gm. oil were treated as above with 40 c. c. alcoholic potash

solution. ra

40c.c.KOH =81°8c.c. 3 HCl (Blank experiment)

Excess of alkali=17°0 ,, re

: 14°8 x 002805 x 108

Saponification equivalent = ARORA tac =190:0

The determinations described above were made in November 1891,

when the oil was fresh. It was preserved in a stoppered bottle and a

year after (November 1892) the saponification equivalent was found to

be 1916.

The saponification number for niger-seed oil may be taken as 190.

SAPONIFICATION EQUIVALENT FOR Cocoanut OIL.

The sample was obtained from pe Island, Port Blair, and was

guaranteed to be a “standard sample.”

1. 1:275 gm. oil were treated with 20 c.c. alcoholic solution and

heated to boiling on the water-bath as in the previous cases.

N

20c.c.KOH =30'45c.c¢. Oy HCl (Blank experiment)

Excess of alkali=18°75 ,, 3

: 11:7 x 002805 x 108

Saponification equivalent= So =257'4

1894. | certain Indian Food Stuffs. 65

2. 1:24 gm. oil were treated with 20 c. c. alcoholic potash as above

20c.¢. KOH =30'4c.c. ~ HCl (Blank experiment)

Excess of alkali =19°0 ,, -

. 3

Saponification equivalent — es 257°8

3. 1:038 gm. oil with 20¢. c. alcoholic potash solution.

20 c.c. KOH. =20°4c.c. _ HCl

Excess of alkali=10°8_,, ”

9°6 x 0'2805 x 108

1-038

The saponification equivalent for cocoanut oil is thus found to lie

between 257—260.

= 259°4

Saponification equivalent =

SAPONIFICATION EQUIVALENT OF PURE FRESH GHEE (CLARIFIED BUTTER),

1. 13°525 gm. ghee were heated in a water-oven and then kept

inside a desiccator fora week. The ghee was then found to weigh

13°5 gm. It would thus appear that ghee is not hygroscopic; nor does

it contain any moisture,

1, 1°8196 gm. ghee were treated with 20c.c. alcoholic potash solu-

tion. Details as in the previous cases.

20. Cc. KOH —31,0 exc, a HCl (Blank titration )

Excess of alkali=16°55 ,, Pr

. of) 3

Saponification equivalent = cea a = 222°7

2. 2°0776 gm. ghee saponified with 20 c. c. alcoholic potash solution.

20c.c. KOH =30'8c.c¢. = HCl (Blank titration)

Excess of alkali=14°5_,, ”

16°3 x 0°02805 x 108

Saponification equivalent= ee 220°07

3. The same ghee re-melted and filtered. There was no residue on

the filter.

1-294 gm. saponified with 20 c. c. alcoholic potash.

20c.c, KOH =30.9¢. a=5 HCl (Blank titration )

Excess of alkali=21°45 ,, ‘3

9°45 x 0°02805 x 10°

Saponification equivalent= =o =220'1

dee it: 9

66 P. C. Ray—Chemical Hxamination of [No. 1,

ANOTHER SAMPLE OF GHEE.

1. 1:547 gm. were treated with 20 c.¢. alcoholic potash, the mouth

of the flask was closed with a cork to which was attached a long glass

tube, which acted as a reflex condenser.

20c.c. KOH =165c.c¢. 5 HCl (Blank tit.)

Excess of alkali =4°5 3

12 x 0°02805 x 108

1547

2. 1°1512 gm. ghee treated with 30 c. c. potash.

30c.c.KOH =25 cc. > HCI (Blank tit.)

Excess of alkali=16°0 ,, -

3 9 x 002805 x 108

i i a CS — et ee | 2

Saponification equivalent TisiD 219

Saponification equivalent= =217°6

SAPONIFICATION EQuivaLent FoR Mowa ‘ Borrer.”

Oil of Bassia latifolia—( Nat. order—Sapotacee. )

This substance by its physical characters, e. g., color, consistency,

melting point, &c., much resembles ghee, and is therefore frequently used

for its falsification.

1. 1:396 gm. oil were placed in a stout 120z. bottle, together with

40 c.c. alcoholic potash solution. The mouth of the bottle was closed

with a India-rubber cork, fastened by means of wire. It was then kept

immersed in boiling water, with occasional shaking.

40 ce. c. alcoholic potash were also heated under exactly the same

conditions—

40ce.c. KOH =81'6c.c¢. a HCl (Blank exp.)

Excess of alkali=21°6 ,, -

10 x 0°02805 x 10*

1396

2. 2-086 gm. oil heated under pressure just as above—

20c.c. KOH =293 c.c. 2 HCl (Blank.)

Saponification equivalent = —200°9

Excess of alkali=14°6 _,, Ps

Saponification equivalent= kan = ove

The soap solutions were perfectly clear and colourless.

To ensure complete saponification it is preferable to treat Mowa

oil under pressure as above. Ifthe oil be simply heated on a water-

1894. | certain Indian Food Stuffs. 67

bath, with a watch-glass at the mouth of the flask, the soap solution

is sometimes found to have a turbid appearance, and the Saponification

equivalent comes out rather low.

SAPONIFICATION NUMBER FOR Morton-FAtT.

The fat was melted over a water-bath and filtered to get rid of the

shreds of membrane, &c.

1, 1:3906 gm. of fat were treated with 20 c. c. alcoholic potash and

heated over a water-bath for 15 minutes.

20c.c. KOH =16'2 ¢. e. = HCl (Blank. )

Excess of ,, SHI 2, =

meen : 0:02805 x 10'2 x 10° 3s

Saponification equivalent = Sees oT a 205°7

2. 0°9318 gm. of the same sample treated with 20c.c. alcoholic

potash, &c.

20c.c. KOH =16'lic.c. = HCl (Blank. )

Excess of ,, ey r

Saponification equivalent eee 206°2

ANOTHER SAMPLE OF MUTTON-FAT.

0'8354 om. was treated with 20 c. c. KOH.

20e.c. KOH =16'15 c. on HCl (Blank. )

Excess of ,, = tC ae

5°95 x 0'02805 x 10? _ 199°8

aponification equivalent = ———-—=~

Saponifica g EET

Duplicate analysis of the same sample gave the number as 199°2.

SAPONIFICATION EQUIVALENT OF OIL OF SESAME.*

Sesamum indicum (Nat. Order : Pedaliacez. )

1. 1:6835 gm. oil were heated over a water-bath with 20 c.c., alco-

holic potash solution for 15 minutes.

2. 1:3145 gm. oil were heated as above with 30c.c¢. alcoholic potash

solution. Fe

20c.c. KOH =16°2 c.c. 3 HCl (Blank, )

SOU! GC, Cs =24'3 ,,

”

# The oil was extracted by means of carbon bisulphide,

68 P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination of [No. 1,

48. ae HCl were required by (1) for the excess of alkali.

15°4 99 9) 9 7 (2) 79 99 99

11:4 % 0°02 8

Saponification equivalent of ( je =190°0 -

i ° N92 3

Do. do. (j= sa Nae 189-9

SAPONIFICATION EQUIVALENT OF Larp.*

1. 1°4245 gm. lard were heated over a water-bath with 20 c, c. alco-

holic potash solution.

2. 1:432 gm. lard heated as above with 30c.c¢, alcoholic potash

solution—

20c,\c. KOH =35:8c. . HCI

30 ,, =o eae BS

(1) Consumed 5:9c. os HCl for the excess of alkali.

(2) - LY ee Z a 7.

Saponification equivalent for (1) ees 194°9

by = (2) = ni $1959

Mean of two=195'4.

ESTIMATION OF GLYCERIN ACCORDING TO FOX AND

WANKLYN’S METHOD, AS IMPROVED BY

BENEDIKT AND ZSIGMONDY.

In view of the contradictory statements which have appeared from

time to time as regards the applicability of this process, a few preli-

minary experiments were undertaken with the object of testing its

trustworthiness :—

(a) A-solution of pure oxalic acid was divided into two equal

portions. ‘The oxalic acid was thrown down by means of calcium acetate

in presence of acetic acid. The oxalate precipitate was in one case

dissolved in hot hydrochloric acid, the solution diluted with water

and further acidified with sulphuric acid, warmed to about 60°, and

titrated against accurately standardised permanganate solution. In

another case the oxalate precipitate was converted by ignition into lime.

* The lard was a standard sample and was not taken off any particular part of

the pig’s carcass.

1894. ] certain Indian Food Stuffs. 69

¢ C. Cc. = KMn 0,=0-0028 em. CaO ). The two results were toned to

be thoroughly concordant.

(b) Oxidation of glycerin to oxalic acid :—

1, 5°62 om. of glycerin were weighed into a flask and diluted to

500 c. c. with water. 25c.c. of the solution were oxidised to oxalic acid.*

‘62 :

25 ¢. ¢. sol =~ gm. glycerin=0°281 gm. glycerin on the sup-

position that the sample contained cent. per cent. of glycerin.

The potassium oxalate solution was made up to 500c. c. of which 100

c. c. gave 0:028 gm, CaO (by ignition )

or 500 c.c. KO Sol.=0:028%5 gm. CaO =0:02 x5 Ca

But 0:002 gm. Ca=0°0046 om. glycerin.

*, 0°02 gm. Ca=0°046 gm. glycerin.

or (0°02 x5) gm. Ca= 0:046 x5 gm. glycerin=0:23 om. glycerin.

23

The Sample thus contained 100 x x 5a7 OF 81:8 °/, of glycerin.

2. 5°895 om. glycerin (the same sample) were dissolved in water

and diluted to 500 c. c., of which 25 c. c. were oxidised to oxalic acid,

5°895

25 c. c. sol.=

5 ¢. ¢. sol 70

The oxalate solution was made up to 500 c.c., of which 100 c. c.

yielded 00285 gm, CaO =0'02035 om. Ca.

om. =0'2947 gm, glycerin.

But le.c. = KMnO, =0:002 Ca from CaC,0,

=0°0046 gm. glycerin.

. 002035 gm. Ca = 0:046805 om. glyc.

or 500 c. c. oxalate sol. = (0°046805 x5) gm. glye.

oi =0:234 gm. glyc.

0-234

0:2947

The mean of the above two determinations may be taken as 80°/,

approximately.

The sample thus contained 100 x ———= or 79°75°/, glycerin.

Saponirication or Musrarp OI.

(Estimation of glycerin.)

1. 8°65 gm. oil were saponified according to Allen’s method.}

The soap solution was treated with dilute sulphuric acid, the beaker in

* An abstract of Benedikt and Zsigmondy’s method will be found in Jowr. Soc.

Chem. Ind. IV, 610.

+ The use of alcoholic potash is highly objectionable; “ pure methyl alcohol” ig

difficult to procure. “Hence,” as Allen remarks, “IT have latterly aimed at

70 P. C. Ray—Chemical Lxamination of [No.1

which it was contained was immersed in ice-cold water to completely

solidify the separated fatty acids. The glycerin solution was then

filtered off and made up to 250c. c. of which 20c.c¢. were each time oxidised

to oxalic acid. The oxalic acid was thrown down by calcium acetate.

The precipitate of CaO was dissolved in HCl, further acidified with

H,SO,, and titrated with N/10 KMnO,. The strength of the permanga-

nate solution was ascertained each time by titration against re-crystallised

oxalic acid and sometimes against ferrous ammonic sulphate.

75 c. c. N/10 KMnO, were used up by the oxalic acid solution. =

le.c. N/LO KMn0O,=0:0063 gm. O=0:0046 gm. glycerin; hence ~

amonnt of glycerin in 20 c. c. sol.

=0°0046 x 7°5 gm.

.. Total glycerin in 250 ¢. c.

= (0-0046 x 7:5) xan an

=0'431 gm.

Per cent. of glycerin in the oil=4°98.

But the N/10 KMn0O,=0:0061 em. O instead of 0:0063 gm. O.

Per cent. of glycerin in the oil=4°82.

2. 8:48 em. oil were saponified just as above. The glycerin solution

made up to 250 c. c., of which 50 c. c. were oxidised to oxalic acid.

The oxalate solution was divided into two equal portions, one-half

(a) (=25c. c¢. glye. sol.) was acidified with H,SO,, heated to boiling

and titrated, the other half () was treated with Ca Ac, and the pre-

cipitated CaO dissolved in dilute H,SO, and then titrated with

N

io KMn0O,.

(a) Required 17°0 c. c. = KMn0O,

(0) % 15'0 ‘» %»

N :

1c. ¢. i0 KMnO,=0°0046 gm. glyc.

15c. c. = : =0°0046 x 15 gm. glyc.=0°069 om. glyc.

“, 250¢.¢. glyc. solution contains 0°69 gm. glycerin.

Per cent. of glycerin in the oil=8'14.

Experience has shewn that the oxalate solution if titrated direct,

after addition of H,SO,, gives the result too high. Precipitation of the

effecting saponification by aqueous alkali, and thus completely avoiding the source ~

of error in question.” Jowr. Soc. Chem. Ind. V. 70; also Sutton’s Volumetric

Analysis, 6th ed. p. 345. ; ie

1894. | certain Indian Food Stuffs, 71

oxalate as CaO cannot be dispensed with. These experiences are in con-

formity with those of Allen and Belcher. Two more saponifications

carried on as above yielded the percentage of glycerin as 53 and 6:0

respectively.

An ImproveD METHOD OF SAPONIFICATION.

It is thus evident that the saponification was by no means com-

plete, as the percentage of glycerin ranged between 814 and 4°8.

Allen’s method had thus to be abandoned. It was, in fact, noticed that

the oily layer invariably floated over the solution of caustic potash and

that shaking simply brought about a momentary incorporation of the

oil and alkali. The two layers separated as soon as the bottle was

placed in the boiling water. This difficulty was obviated*by the intro-

duction into the bottle of asbestos wool, thoroughly ignited previously to

get rid of accidental organic impurities. This absorbing medium brought

the oil and the alkali into intimate contact with each other and thus

complete saponification was ensured. The heating was done just as in

the previous cases, 7. e., by immersion in boiling water.

1. 1573 gm. oil were treated as above, the fatty acids liberated by

means of dilute H,SO, and filtered off. The mass of asbestos, which

had become slimy by the absorption of the fatty acids was then thrown

on the filter-paper and repeatedly exhausted with hot water. Scarcely

a trace of the fatty acids was found to pass through the filter-paper.*

The filtration was carried on with the aid of a Bunsen’s pump.

The glycerin solution was made up to 250¢, c., of which 100c.c. were

oxidised to oxalic acid. The latter thrown down as CaO. The CaO

dissolved in dilute H,SO, and the solution made up to 250 c.c., of which

100 c.c. reqd, 4°7¢. ¢. = KMn0O,

Mean tei TL To 5, » (=100c.c. glycerin sol.)

*, 250 c. c. glycerin solution = 29°37 c. c. a KMn0O,

and le.c. 2 5 KMn0,=0° 0046 gm. glye.

RAN otras. ¥5 =0°135102 gm. glye.

or 1°573 gm. oil yielded 0°135102 om. glye.

whence glycerin °/, =8°6

2. 2°167 gram. oil were saponified as above.

The glycerin solution made up to 250 c.c. of which 100 c.c.

* The filtered solution of glycerin was sometimes perfectly clear, sometimes

slightly opalescent,

72 P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination of [No. 1,

5 athiey N

oxidised to O, precipitated as CaO, &c., and titrated =16:0c. cg KMn0,

whence percentage of glycerin = 8°45

3. 1:99 gm. oil saponified as above. Details exactly the same as in

the preceding.

250c.c. glycerin solution=35c. ¢, = KMn0,

glycerin °/, =8'1

4, 1:3165 gm. oil saponified according to the improved method.

Details the same as in the previous cases—

N

250c. ec. glycerin sol. =25°0c. c. To KMn0,

=0:115 gm. glycerin

elycerin °/, =8'7.

The permanganate solution on direct titration against ferrous am-

monium sulphate gave

le. €. =5'6 (1—0°02) mgs. Fe.

Whence glycerin per cent. (corrected)=8'7 (1—0°02)

=8'53

5. 2°0365 gm, oil saponified: details the same—

250c. c. glye. sol. =37°5 at KMn0,

Glycerin per cent. =8*33 (corrected).

6. 1:264 gm. oil saponified as above

N

250c. c, glycerin solution = 23°75 C.0.75 KMn0O,

Whence glycerin per cent. = 8°64.

It would thus be safe to take the percentage of glycerin in mustard

oil as 8°5. The oil used was not in every case identical, but from

different samples, in fact, the same as used in the determination of the

saponification equivalent.

DerTERMINATION OF GLYCERIN IN Murton-FAT BY THE ASBESTOS METHOD.

1. 1:0425 gm. fat were saponified under pressure as in the case of

mustard oil.

The glycerin solution was made up to 500 c. c. of which 100 c. c. were

oxidised to O. The CaO was dissolved in dilute H,SO, and made up to

250c. c.; 50c. c. of the latter were equivalent tole. c. = KMn0,

or 250CaO sol.=100c. c. glye. sol.= de. c. i KMn0,

10

1894. ] certain Indian Food Stuffs. 73

or 250c. ¢. elycerin solution = 25 ¢, c. = KMn0,

and lc.c. = KMn0, =0°0046 gm. glycerin

Total amount of glycerin =0°0046 x 25 gm.=0'115 gm.

whence percentage = 11°03.

But, loo. = KMnO, when titrated against pure oxalic acid was

found to be equal to, le. c. = KMn0O, (1—0°02)

0

.*. per cent. of glycerin (corrected )=11:03 (1—0°02)

=10°81.

2. 1:8877 om. fat were saponified as above; the heating was con-

tinued for 6 days on an average of 3} hours each day.

The filtrate* (=glycerin solution) was made up to 500c. c. of which

50c. c. were oxidised to KO, &c.

The CaO sol. was made up to 250c.c. of which 100c. c. required

N

76; ¢. To KMn0,

5 N

“, 250c.¢. CaO sol. =(1°7 x3) C. ©. 55 KMn0,

or 50c. ¢. glyc. sol. =4'25c. c. = KMn0,

or 500,,_ ;, y 2425 5 yy oy

whence percentage of glycerin = 10°36

per cent. corrected =10°36 (1—0°02)=10°16

Theoretical percentage of glycerin in mutton-fat, calculated as

tri-stearin=10°33,

DETERMINATION OF GLYCERIN IN Nicer-SrEp OIL.

1, 3:165 gm. oil were treated with potash solution and asbestos,

&c., as in the case of mustard oil.

The glycerin solution was made up to 250c. ec. of which 50c. c. were

oxidised to O, and the CaO sol. also made up to 250 c. c—

50c.c. CaO sol. =3e.¢. = KMn0,

* The filtrate in the above cases was very faintly milky. It was therefore

surrounded by ice-cold water to solidify, if possible, minute traces of fatty acids

which might have remained in suspension. The opalescence, however, could not

be got ridof. On standing for 3 to 4 days the solution kept in a stoppered flask

became clear, but was at the same time the nidus of a kind of fungoid growth.

resembling flakes of cotton-wool.

J i,10

74 P. C. Ray—Chemical Ruamination of

“, 250c.c. CaO sol. =Il5e.c. AKMn0,

or 50 glycerin solution =15,, ,, 3

or 250 5, =75 5, 5 os

N :

But le. c. io KMnO, =0:0046 om. glycerin,

2

Percentage of glycerin = XO AI 109,

2. 1°704 gm. oil were treated exactly as above, the glycerin solu-

tion made up to 500c.c. of which 100c. c, were oxidised to oxalic acid.

The CaO dissolved in dilute H,SO, was made up to 250c. ¢.

50 ¢.¢. CaO sol. =L1'6e.c. = KMn0,

DoeOD Gr Ge a5 0 as =O 0 3

or 100 c.c. glycerin sol. =8°0 ,, ,, ‘3

. 500 3 ” ” =40°0 eh ”

__ 40 x 0:0046 x 10?

Percentage of glycerin = =10°8.

1°704

The percentage of glycerin in niger-seed oil is thus practically the

same as in mutton-fat.

ESTIMATION OF GLYCERIN IN Burrer-FAt.

The oxidation of glycerin by the alkaline permanganate is not

applicable in the case of butter-fat, as the soluble fatty acids, e g.,

butyric, caproic, &c., it contains yield notable quantities of oxalic acid

under the same treatment. The same remarks apply to the case of

cocoanut oil (See Chem. News, Vol. LXIII, p. 251). |

NOTE ON THE FOX AND WANKLYN METHOD OF

ESTIMATING GLYCERIN.

This method, although it yields accurate results, can scarcely be

made use of by the ordinary commercial analysist on account of its

tedious and troublesome nature. Moreover, the manganese precipitate,

sometimes bulky, cannot be properly washed without the aid of a

Bunsen’s filter-pump. The details recorded above will show that each

determination of glycerin involves steady work of several hours. If

ordinary alcohol be used as a solvent for the fats and oils, saponification

is easily effected, but there is considerable risk of the loss of glycerin

during the evaporation of alcohol.

- /

_ ; na a r

__- 1894. | certain Indian Food Stuffs. 75

ON THE LOSS OF GLYCERIN BY VOLATILISATION.

2165 gm. glycerin were diluted with water to 250c. c.; 50c. c were

each time mixed with 25c. c. pure alcohol, the latter evaporated off on

a water-bath in—

(1) A platinum basin of 3 in. diameter,

(2) A porcelain basin of 5 in. diameter.

(3) Do. do. of about 3 in. diameter.

In (1) and (2) the percentage of glycerin was found to be 74:0;

in (3) the percentage was 77:8. The percentage as found before (see

p- 69) should have been 80.

It is thus evident that during the evaporation of alcohol consider-

able quantities of glycerin are carried off.

IODINE ABSORPTION FOR FATS AND OILS.+

Cocoanut OIL.

The sample was the same as used for the determination of the

saponification equivalent.

1. 1°3585 gm. oil were digested for 24 hours with 10c. c. chloro-

form and 20c. c. iodine solution. In this as wellas in the subsequent

analyses a blank experiment was each time made side by side, and

under exactly similar conditions, to determine the strength of the iodine

solution. The time allowed for digestion was from 18 to 24 hours.

20c. c, iod. sol.+10c. c. CHC]l,=35'0c. c. Na.S,0, (Blank exp.)

Excess of iodine = oir i

Dita ee ue 4p

7d¢c. c. Na,S,0, represent the amount of iodine absorbed by the oil.

But Je. c. Na,S,0,=0°01265 gm. iodine.

Hence amount of iodine consumed by 100 gm. oil, “ iodine degree,”

__ 0°01265 x 7°5 x 100 _ 6.99

13585

But the actual strength of the thiosulphate solution, as checked

by titration against pure iodine, was found to be equal to 0:01265

(1—0:03) gm. per Ic. c.

Corrected iodine number=6'99 (1—0°03) =6°78.

2, 1°459 om. oil were digested as before.

26°5 cc Na,S,O, sol. were taken up by the excess of iodine, and

20c. c. iod. sol. =35:0c. c. Na,S,0s.

0:01265 x 8°5 x 100

1459

Corrected number =7'37 (1—0°03) =7'15

+ For details of Hiibl’s method, see Journ. Soc,, Chem, Ind. iii, 642 also

Allen’s Org, Analysis,

= 7°37

Iodine degree =

76 P.C. Ray—Chemical Examination of [No ae

3. 1-016 gm. oil were digested for 24 hours with 20. c. 1 and 10c. ¢.

CHCl,

20c. c. 1+10 c. c. CHC], =16:0c. c. Na,8,0, (Blank exp.)

Excess of iodine =10:4"., a

Dif. 5°6 9 ”

: 0'01265x56x100

Iodine degree ee = 6°97

Corrected number =6:°97 (1—0:03) =6°76.

4, 1/984 gm.oil were digested with 30c.c. iod. sol. and 10 ¢.c.CHCl,.

Excess of iodine=13c. c. Na,8,0,.

30c. c. iod. sol.410c. c. CHC], = 24. c. Na,S,0, (Blank exp. )

_0°01265 x L1= =100 4.3

1-984

Corrected number =7:01 (1—0:03)=6'81.

Iodine degree

GHEE (CLARIFIED BUTTER.)

1. 0955 gm. ghee was digested for 24 hours with 10c.c. CHCl,

and 20 c. ec. iod. sol.

10 c.c. CHC], +20 ¢. ¢. iod. sol. =32°8 c. c, Na,S,0,

Excess of iodine STOO s as

Dif, =26°5

0:01265 x 100x265...

Todine degr ial a Ca = 35°]

2. 0'216 gm. ghee was digested as above

27:0 c. c. NagS,O, was taken up by the excess of iodine.

0:1265 x 5°8 x 100

ah RT

Mean of the two determinations =34'5

Corrected number = 34°5 (1—0:03) =33°5

The saponification equivalent of this sample of ghee was found to

be 221 (See p. 65).

Iodine degree =

ANOTHER SAMPLE OF GHEE.

1. 0355 gm, was digested with 20c.c. iod. sol. and 10 cc.

CHCl,. 10'3c. c. Na,S,O, were required for the excess of iodine.

20 c. c. iod. sol,+10 c. c. CHC], =22'6 c. c. Na,S,O,

12°3 x 0:01265 x 100

— ous =43°8

2. 0303 gm. substance was treated with 20 c. c,iod. sol.and 10c. ¢.

CHCl,; 12'l cc Na,S,O, so], were taken up by the excess of iodine.

10°5 x 0°01265 x 100 _ 43.9

0°303 rT

Iodine degree=

Todine degree=

: 1894. | certain Indian Food Stuffs. . « 77

Mean of the above two determinations = 43°8

But lc.c. N,S,0, was equal to (L—0'1) gm. iodine.

Corrected number =39°4

The saponification equivalent for this sample of ghee was 218

(p. 66).

Topins Decree For Mustarp OIL.

(1) 0°140 gm. oil was digested for about 24 hours with 20 c. c. iod

sol. and 10 c. ec. chloroform.

(2) 0:202 gm. oil was digested for the same length of time with

30c. c. iod, sol. and 10c. c. CHC1,

20c. c. iod. sol.4+10c. c. CHC], =27*5ec. ae 20, (Blank exp.)

30 ,, ” ” ‘a4 25¢. FD

(1) required 16°6c. c. Na,S,O, for the excess of iodine.

(2) 39 25 “4 39 39 9 99

Amount of iodine consumed by ( 1) i is Bednivalont to 10°9¢. c. Na,S,0,

” ” ”» (2); ” » lo85c.¢. _,,

. ] .

Todine degree for ( y= as 100 = 98:5

5, _ 0°01265 x 15°85 x 100 :

” > eee

But le. c. Na,8,;0;-= le. c: xg (as found by actual ti-

tration with pure iodine).

Iodine degree (corrected) = 96°9 or 97-0

loping Decree ror NiGcer-spep OIL.

(1) 0°137 gm. oil was digested with 30 c.c. iod. sol. and 10 c.c. chloroform.

(2) O:E71 -,, , ‘i 40

(3) 0:098 ,, 3 S00. 3

30c.c. 1+10c.c. CHCI, = 45°2c.c. Na,S,0, (Blank oe

Whence also

40 ,, ” ” = 60°26 ,, ”

(1) Required 32°0c. c. Na,S,0, for the excess of iodine.

(2) ,, 43°4 ,, »

(3) Ph) 30°6 »”

” 29 ”? 9

29 ” 39

33

3)

0:01265 x 13° 2% 100

Iodine degree for (1) = at ee os =121°8

001265 x 16°86 x 100 |

” ”? Gc Ere mcreaer C7 MESH 124, a

0°01265 x 9°6 x1

” ” (3)= a = 123°9

0-098

78 P,C. Ray—Chemical Hawmination of (No, Eerie sae

The mean of the three numbers is 123°5

N 10

But Ic.c. Na,S,0, =1c.c¢. To * ios 103

Hence the iodine degree (corrected ) = 120

Topine Decree For Hartu-nut O1L.*

(1) 0181 gm. oil was digested with 20 c. c. iod. sol. and 10 c. ¢.

CHCl,,.

20c. c. 14+10c. c. CHC], =20°8c. c. Na,S,0, (Blank titration)

4:7c. c. Na,S,O0, were required for the excess of iodine.

; 16°1 x 0°01265 x 100

Iodine degree or ts el a =112°5

: N 10

But Ic. c. Na,S,0, =I1c. c. To Ix 73

Corrected number = 112'0 x aeaer's 5

(2) 0°1645 gm, oil was treated with 30c.c. iod. sol. and 10c.c. chloroform.

(3) 0° 1535 9 9 30 9 9 ~ 99

(2) Required 15:0c.c. Na,S, 0, for the excess of iodine.

(3) 99 16: 0 99 9 ”°

The iodine degree for ( 1) = 108: 8

< *s (2) =T030

Mas of two determinations —=103°4

N 10

But lc.c. Na,S,0, =I1c.c. To Ix Tos

Hence corrected number —103'4 x —— =O

Mowa Far.

(1) 0°1815 gm. oil was treated with 10c.c. CHCl], and 2Cc.c. iod. sol.

(2) 0°186__,, .) and 30c.c. 5, %

1l‘5¢e.c. Na,S,O, were reqd. for the excess of iod. by (1)

21'5 ,, : » (2)

20°0c. c. iod. sol. ner e: CHCI, = 20: 6c. ¢. .. Na, 8, CO)

30° 0 33 ” 99 3 areas ail 9 ” LP]

From which we get the iodine degree for

(1) as 63°42, and that for (2) as 63°88

Mean of two =63'7

£ 2 N 10

But lc. c. Na,S,0,=I1c.c. io X 793

10

Corrected number =63'7 XTog7 Ol 8 oa

* The saponification equivalent of this sample was found to be 195°0.

1894") certain Indian Food Stuffs. 79

Topine Drcree FoR Sesame’ O1r.*

(November 29, 1893.)

(1) 0°2806 gm. oil was digested with 20c. c. iod. sol. and 10c. c.

CHC),.

5'9c.c. Na,.S.O, were required for the excess of iodine.

20c. c. I = 29°8c. c. Na,S,O, (Blank exp.)

23°9 x 0:01265 x 100

Iodine degree 5 ee LORDES GT 107°7

But le.c. Na,S,0, had the actual strength lc. c. x (1 —0:02) = I

Corrected number =107°7 (1—0:02) = 105°5

(December 5, 1893.)

(2) 0:1721 gm. oil was digested with 20c.c,Isol. and 10c.c. CHCI,

(3) 0°2065_,, 5 “ , :

(4) 0:227 ”? ” ” ” ry) 29

20c.c. I sol.+10c.c. CHC], = 25'5c.c. x Na, S,0, (Blank titration)

No. (2) required 10°9c. c. Na,S,0, a the excess of iodine.

No. (3) 3 8°2 9 9 ” 9? 9

72

No. (4) 99 6°4 bh) 9 ry) ” oF)

From which we get the iodine degree for

(2) = 10°73

(3) 1060} mean == 1066

106°4

But Ic. c. Na,S,0,

Corrected number

lec. I (1—0:02)

1066 (L—0:02) = 1045,

lopinE Decree For Larp.

(1) 0:2215 gm. lard was “eee with 20c.c. I and 10c.c. CHCl,

(235°0:1995 _ ,,

15"1ce.c. Na,S,O, were required by (1) i the excess ae iodine

S

lu ua

16° 1 9 ” ” 9 (2) bb) 3

20c. c.1+10c. c. CHCl, = 241 ¢.c. Na,S,0, (Blank cha

; 9 x 0°01265 x 10? ;

Todine degree for (1) = ca 0) Ua 51-4

8 x 0°01265 x 108

” ” yi Saeco Te et

Mean of the two determinations = 51:0

N

But le.c. Na,S,O, ace e. 75 Lx (1-002)

Whence corrected number =— 50'0

* The oil was extracted from the seeds by means of carbon bisulphide, and it

was the same as used for determining the saponification equivalent.

ah ied

a

.

80 P. C. Ray—Chemical Examination, Sc. [No. i;

NOTE ON HUBL’S IODINE ABSORPTION METHOD.

There is some difference of opinion as regards the excess of iodine,

which should be present after its absorption. Thompson and Ballantyne,

who have carefully revised the constants required in the analysis. of

some fats and oils, are of opinion that ‘‘at least double the amount of

-jodine absorbed should be present.” Care was taken to fulfil this

condition in most of the analyses as recorded above. On reference to

sesamé and earth-nut oils, it would appear, however, that it is not

always necessary that the iodine should be in large excess. Thus in

one case the excess of iodine corresponds to only 5°9c. c. N/10 Na,S,0,

solution, and in another to only 4°7c. c. Na,S,O,, solution without the

results being discordant.

For convenience of reference the results obtained above are pre-

sented below in a tabulated form:—

Table of constants in the analysis of fats and otls.

Saponifica- Gl i ;

Nature oF Fat or OIL. tion equi- eee Todine

calont per cent. | absorption.

Mastard oil ; ae 172-176 8:5 97-0

Niger-seed oil =. as 190:0 10'8 120

Cocoanut oil oe ose 258°0 dae 6:9

Ghee ... wa wee 218-222 Ne: 33°5-39°4

Mowa fat nee ove | 199°3 te 6L:8

Mutton tallow. ..! 199°5-206 105 wea

Sesamé ave ae 189°9 hi 1045

Tad. aie mh 195°4 mh 50-0

Earth-nut oil sb bag 196:0 ak

98:0

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.

It would thus appear that as the saponification equivalents of niger-

seed oil, mowa fat, mutton tallow, sesamé oil, lard and earth-nnt oil are

very close to one another, their admixtures in considerable proportions

cannot be detected by Koettstorfer’s test. Even the saponification

equivalent of ghee is not far removed from that of lard or tallow. The

saponification equivalents of mustard oil and cocoanut oil are, however,

highly characteristic. The iodine degrees, on the other hand, afford

us valuable hints as to the nature of adulteration, the most remarkable

feature being the exceedingly low numbers for cocoanut oil and ghee. :

The results of the. application of Reichert’s test will be communicated

later on.

Novice.

Foreign Societies who favour the Asiatic Society of Bengal with

their publications are informed that they may be sent either to the

address of the Society at Calcutta, or to the Agents of the Society in

London, Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co., Lid., Paternoster

House, Charing Cross Road.

AVIS.

Des Sociétés Etrangéres qui honorent la Société Asiatique de Bengale

de ses publications, sont priées de les envoyer ou directement 4 l’adresse

de la Société, 57, Park Street, Calcutta, ou aux Agents de la Société a

Londres, Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner et Cie, Paternoster

House, Charing Cross Road.

ANZEIGE,

Auslandische Gesellschaften welche die Asiatische Gesellschaft

yon Bengalen mit ihren Publicationen beehren, sind hierdurch ersucht

dieselben entweder direct an die Adresse der Gesellschaft, 57, Park

Street, Caleutta, oder an deren Agenten in London, Messrs. Kegan

Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co., Ld., Paternoster House, Charing Cross

Road.

JOURNAL

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

2 =

Vol. LXIII. Part Il.—NATURAL SCIENCE,

No. I].—1894.

Novicix Indicss VII. Description of a new species of Meconopsis

from Sikkim.— By D. Pratn.

[Received March 3lst—Read April 4th. ]

Among the novelties obtained by the collectors working under Dr.

King’s supervision in the Hastern Himalaya since the publication of

the first volume of Sir J. D. Hooker’s Flora of British India, one of the

most interesting and elegant is a small species of Meconopsis collected

in two localities near the Nepal frontier in 1888, Seeds of this plant

were sent by Dr. King to Europe in that year, but unfortunately none

of the numerous foreign correspondents of the Royal Botanic Garden

appear to have succeeded in raising plants, and though the species has

been carefully looked for since, it has not again been met with. When

it is at length obtained it is likely to prove a very acceptable addition

to European and North American horticulture, It has been the writer’s

intention for some years to publish the results of a critical study of

the Indian Papaveracee, but the pressure of more urgent duties has

hitherto prevented the completion of his notes. As, however, members

of the Society and others, in annually increasing numbers, make tours

in Sikkim, it seems better no longer to defer the publication of a des-

cription of this species so as to make its recognition possible to those

who—and all who can use the work should—take with them on their

journey a copy of the Flora of British India. To the brief diagnosis, in

which its place among the species described in that work is shewn, a full

botanical account is appended.

J, mu, 1h

*

ae

ae

82 D, Prain—On a new species of Meconopsis. [No. 2,

MECONOPSIS Vicutrer.

(Flor. Brit. Ind. i. 118.)

* Scapes radical, one-flowered.

+ Leaves pinnatisect. ;

1. * MEcONOPSIS BELLA Prain; quite glabrous.

Aupine Hiataya: Western Sikkim and Eastern Nepal; allt.

12-14,000 feet ; Dr. King’s collectors !

Root stout, fusiform; neck clothed with sheaths. Leaves many,

2-4 in. long, petioled, 2-3-jugately imparipinnatisect. capes slender,

numerous, glabrous. Flowers 2-3 in. diam., pale blue. Petals 4-5. Ovary

globose, style short, stigmas 5, Capsule obovoid, 3-2 in.; seeds with

lax reticulated testa.

+ + Leaves subentire or entire.

1. M. simmpricironia H. f. § T. ; softly hairy.

2. M. Horriputa H.f. §& T.; prickly.

* * Stems leafy. Flowers racemed or panicled.

3. M. acuneata Royle, etc., asin “ F. B. I.”

MECONOPSIS BELLA perennis; glaberrima; rhizomate minimo digito

crasso collo extruso et vaginis foliorum anni antecedentis vestito ; foliis

omnibus radicalibus longe petiolatis, glabris; petioli margine ad basin

versus in vaginam membranaceam dilatato; lamina circumscriptione

ovato-lanceolata, 2-3-jugim inparipinnatisecta, segmentis 3-partitis,

lobulis ovato-obtusis; scapis numerosis gracilioribus, simplicibus,

1-floris ; floribus majusculis coeruleis, sepalis 2, petalis 4-5, staminibus

co (cirea 80); ovario ovato, placentis 4-5, stylo distincto, stigmate

radiatim 4-5-lobo ; capsula substipitata, obovoidea; seminibus numerosigs

testa laxa reticulatis et pseudostrophiolatis, embryone basilari parvo.

In Himalaya orientali: Sikkim, in tractu Jongri apud Pe-kiong-la,

circa 12,000 p.s. m., et in Nyegu ad fines Napali orientales, 14,000

p. 8s. m., Kingii mercenar. ! In mense Julio floret.

Rhizomate 12 cm. longo, hoc 1°5 em. crasso, parte subaério plus

quam 2 cm.; foliorum, iis Corydalis leptocarpe similium, petiolo 6-10 em.

longo, lamina 2°5 cm. longa hoc 1-1°5 em. lata, lobulis 5 mm. longis his

3 mm. latis; scapis 6-10 cm. longis; sepalis 12 mm. longis, his 8 mm.

latis, ovatis; petalis 30 mm. longis, his 20 mm. latis, ovato-rotundatis ;

staminibus filamentis filiformibus 6 mm. longis glabris, antheribus

(esp. sicco aureis) 2°5 mm. longis, vix 1 mm. latis, oblongis ; ovario

5 mm. longo, stylo 3 mm, longo; capsula matura 15 mm. longa obpy-

riformi in stipite 4mm. longo attenuata; seminibus 1-25 mm.

3. mm. latis. - .

Nulli speciei Meconopsidis adhuc descripte arcte affinis,

longis,

i894.) D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacee. 83

Noviciee Indice VIII. Some additional species of Convolyulacer.—

By D. Prain.

[Received Mar. 3lst ;—Read April 4th.]

It is now nearly eleven years since the account of the Indian species

of this order by Mr. C. B. Clarke, was published (flora of British India,

iv., pp. 179-228: June 1893). In this interval, some forms new to the

area dealt with in the Flora, including a few that appear to be new to

science, have been reported from various localities, chiefly, however,

from British Indo-China, and from Malaya.

Having been directed by Dr. King to re-arrange the Indian mate-

rial of the order preserved in the Calcutta Herbarium, in such a manner

as to incorporate the new material as nearly as possible on the lines of

Mr. Clarke’s account, the writer, while doing so, has drawn up, as he

did in the case of the Labiatc, descriptions of all the species, whether

new to science or not, that are new to the Indian area, with a view to

their presentation to the Society, in the hope that they may prove use-

ful to members who require to use the Flora of British India in the field.

As on former occasions, the descriptions have been made as nearly as

possible in the style of those of the Flora.

Of the majority of the forms which have been previously de-

scribed, but which are now for the first time reported as Indian, and of

all the forms that are now being described, as the writer believes, for

the first time, examples have been sent by Dr. King, Superintendent of

the Royal Botanic Garden, to Mr. Dyer, Director of the Royal Gardens, |

Kew, for favour of comparison with the Indian material in the great

national Herbarium there. In this way it has been made certain that

none of the species now described as new exist under older names in

the two Herbaria of Kew and Calcutta, which are the most richly endowed

with Indian specimens.

The writer would wish to convey his thanks to Mr. Dyer, the

Director, and to Dr. Stapf, the Assistant for India at Kew, who made

the necessary comparisons, for their kindness in affording him the

assurance required to render the validity of these species probable.

1. ERYCIBE Roxs.

1b. Erycree pecuensis Prain. Erycibe paniculata Roxb. VAR. peg-

uensis: Clarke, Flor. Brit. Ind., iv, 180. E. glaucescens Kurz, For. Flor.

Brit. Burma, ii, 214 in part, not of Wall.

Besides the points alluded to by Mr. Clarke, this plant is distin-

guished from E. paniculata Roxb., by the much larger fruit and by the

margin of the corolla, which is white, not yellow, being undulate

only, not finely crenulate.

84 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacese. [No. 2,

CHITTAGONG: common. ARRACAN; Prain! Precu: Kurz! Trnas-

SERIM, common. ANDAMANS; Coco Islands. Prain! South Andaman ;

common. Nicopars; Kurz!

This plant appears to take the place of #. paniculata throughout South-western

Indo-China. This constitutes, by his specimens, the major part of E. glaucescens

of Mr. Kurz, in the Forest Flora of British Burma.

2, Erycipe ExpaANnsA Wall, Erycibe coriacea Kurz, For. Flor. Brit.

Burma, ii, 213 in part not of Wall.

Add to localities of F. B. I.:—Matay Peyinsura; Kedah, Curtis, n.

2128 !

Flowers pinkish-white (Curtis), There is no example of Wall. Cat. n. 1337

(Erycibe coriacea Wall.) at Calcutta; Mr. Kurz has identified with that species

both Wall. Cat.n. 1331 (the type of EZ. expansa) and Helfer 5879 (E. ferruginosa Griff.

K. D.), hence the discrepancy between his description of #. coriacea, and those of

Choisy, and of the Ff. B. I.

3. Erycipe susspicata Wall. Erycibe paniculata var. subspicata,

Choisy, Ann. Sc. Nat. 2, i, 222 and DC. Prodr. ix, 464. Erycibe pani-

culata Kurz, For. Flor. Brit. Burma, ii, 214, hardly of Roxb.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Booran; alt. 2000 ft., King’s collector! Uvrrr Assam; Akha Hills,

King’s collector! Golaghat district, Jenkins! Mann! Ternasseriu :

Brandis! Parish (Dr. Stapf in litt.).

This is certainly, as Choisy and Kurz indicate, and as Mr. Clarke admits, very

near E. paniculata Roxb. The writer, however, agrees with Mr. Clarke in consi-

dering it quite distinct.* The flowers and fruits in this species are larger

than in 2. paniculata, the flowers being larger than even in HE. peguensis. The

lobules are more deeply erose than in £. paniculata; much more so than in E, pegu-

ests.

4b. Erycipp ancuiata Prain; branchlets angular pubescent, leaves

obovate, base cuneate or rounded, apex shortly acuminate or rounded

sometimes deeply emarginate, coriaceous, glabrous, lateral nerves visible

above, distinctly raised beneath, cymes in axillary and terminal racemes.

Erycibe paniculata Mig., Flor. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 248; not of Roab.

Matay Peyinsuta; Perak, Larut, Kunstler n. 7379! Dijong, Scorte-

chini n. 1816! Disrris. Sumatra (Teysmann Hort. Bog. n. 3682!) Java

(Kurz !)

A robust scandent shrub (Scortechint) or strong creeper (“over 100 feet,” Kunstler)

with stem 4-6 in. diam., branches terete glabrous, ultimate branchlets angular rusty:

* Equally distinct appears to be a species collected in New Guinea by Hellwig

(n. 87 ex Mus. Bot. Berol.) and by Forbes (n. 489). This has flowers much as in

E. paniculata, but the racemes are shorter, the fruits smaller, and the leaves ovate-

acute with rounded bases and petioles 3-} in. long, much smaller (13-23 in. by

3-1 in.) and more thickly coriaceous. To this species the writer would give the

name Erycibe Hellwigii. This has been issued as &. paniculata from Berlin,

Aj

_

1894.] D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. 85

pubescent. Leaves petioled 4-8 in. by 2-4 in., lateral veins 5-8 pairs, raised beneath

as in E. glomerata though not so prominently (and not asin that species impressed

above) secondary veins indistinct; petioles }in., rusty puberulous. Cymes with

angular rachis clothed with dark-red tomentum, axillary 1-6 in. by 1-13 in., termi-

nal 7-10 in. long, with at times floral leaves intermixed. Pedicels 4-1 in. Sepals

orbicular, outer stellately rusty tomentose, inner ciliate. Corolla white, lobes spread-

ing }in., interlobular portion hirsute externally, lobules glabrous, ovate-oblong,

margins slightly undulate. Berry not seen.

This very distinct species is the Lrycibe paniculata of Miquel’s Supplement

from Sumatra, as the example of Teysmann’s gathering from Danoh Tjaloh, Moerie,

preserved in the Calcutta Herbarium, shows. It also occurs in Java.

6. Erycrpe MALACcENSIS Clarke.

Add to localities of #. B. I. :—

Matay Prninsuna: Perak, Scortechini 2196! Kunstler 3180! 3575!

Penang, Maingay 1154!

Berry purple when mature. Corolla tube very much shorter than in B. panicu-

lata.

7. Erycipe Princet Wail.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Sineaprort, Kurz! Hullett! Add to distribution ; Sumatra (Forbes

n. 1826!).

The plant that is known in the Buitenzorg garden as Eyycibe tomentosa BI. is

this species. The Hort. Bogor. identification is most probably accurate, in which

case Blume’s name (Bijdr. 1048) will replace Wallich’s more recent one.

8. Erycore Grirritam Clarke. .

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Penance: Gaudichaud 120; Curtis 181! Kunstler, 1458!

Corolla waxy cream-yellow, lobes very narrow, spreading tin., interlobular portion

_ densely red-pubescent externally, lobules small, glabrous, narrowly oblong, obliquely

cut, acute, divergent.

11. Erycise GLomeRATA Wall.

A small tree, 10-20 feet high, with strong straggling shoots; flowers creamy

yellow, “with strong odour of unripe turnips” (Proudlock.) Corolla lobes broad,

spreading #in.; interlobular portion rusty-pubescent externally, lobules ovate,

margins erose throughout.

The corolla is much like that of H. coriacea VAR. fragrans, but the lobules are

broader and are erose instead of merely undulate.

It is still doubtful if this be the same as Blume’s EL. glomerata. Miquel says

it igs not; but there is no example of Miquel’s plant (Zollinger n. 706) at Calcutta,

nor is there any Java specimen here that will suit Miquel’s description, or that will

match with Wallich’s plant. Blume’s description is quite inadequate,

12. Erycipe annna Prain; branchlets round, densely rusty-tomen-

tose, leaves quite glabrous, narrowly oblong or elliptic to an obtuse apex,

base cuneate, very coriaceous, nerves impressed on both surfaces, cymes

z-Ijfin., minutely closely rusty-tomentose.

86 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacee. [No. 9,

Matay Peninsuta: Perak, at 2,000—2,500 ft. elev., Kunstler n. 7337 !

A very large climber, ‘‘ 100-150 ft. long, 2-3 in. diam.” (Kunstler). Leaves 23-5 in.

by 1-2 in., shining, often blistered beneath; lateral nerves 5-6 pairs with a distinct

marginal nerve, secondary veins also distinctly impressed especially beneath, petiole

2 in., or less. Cymes axillary 3-20-fld. peduncles and bracteolate pedicels(}in long)

rusty close-pubescent. Sepals orbicular, closely brown-tomentose. Corolla lobes

spreading 3 in., pale yellow; interlobular portion pale-brown tomentose externally,

lobules ovate-oblong, margins undulate. Berry not seen.

Allied to Erycibe coriacea, but with smaller and more coriaceous leaves, and with

flowers more like those of E. glomerata. The leaves when dry are of a coppery red

colour.

3. ErRycine prancipua Prain; branchlets round, quite glabrous ;

leaves very coriaceous, nerves obscure on both surfaces, long petioled,

narrowly elliptic, attenuated to both ends, apex obtuse ; cymes axillary,

small lax few-fid.

Penane : Government Hill, Curtis n. 911! 1273!

A large climbing shrub, branches round. Leaves 14-3 in. by 3-1} in, all

nerves quite obscure; petiole }in., glabrous. Cymes } in. 5-8-fld., minutely ad-

pressed pilose, pedicels bracteolate, } in. Sepals orbicular, outer minutely, inner

densely, closely rusty pubescent. Corolla lobes very narrow, spreading } in.; inter-

lobular portion rufous pubescent internally and externally; lobules small, glabrous,

narrowly oblong, subacute divergent. Berry coriaceous rough, ovoid, # in. long % in.

across, pointed.

This species is not easily differentiated from TZrycibe Maingayi—of which

there is no specimen at Calcutta—by the somewhat incomplete diagnosis of

the F. B. I. All the characters given for 2. Maingayi apply to E. praecipua, except

the explicit one of ‘hairy innovations’ and the implication that its secondary

nerves are distinct. H. Maingayi is, however, said to appear tobe allied to #.

Princei—an alliance by no means marked in EL. praecipua. This, coupled with the

fact that Z. praecipua has been distributed by Mr. Curtis as EZ. coriacea, and that

Dr. Stapf informs him that the plant has been associated (though not identified)

with E. coriacea at Kew, assures the writer that it is distinct from B. Maingayit.

E. coriacea is a species founded on Wall. Cat. n. 1337, from Chittagong, a plant

that has apparently been lost. It was seen and described by Choisy (Ann, Sc. Nat.

2, i, 224), but it is not present now in the Wallichian type Herbarium, or in the

Herbaria at Kew and at Calcutta. But Choisy considered EF. fragrans, Wall. (Cat. n.

1336) con-specific with E. coriacea; whence we may infer that the flowers of HL.

fragrans are similar to, if not identical with, those of H. coriacea.

In E. praecipua the corolla lobes are long and narrow, with small divergent

auriculate lobules, as in EH. Grifithit, and to a lessdegree in FE. Stapfiana, while the

interlobular portion of the corolla lobes are densely pubescent within as well as

without. In E. fragrans the lobes are short and wide with large ovate over-lapping

lobules, the interlobular part of the lobes being glabrous within as in every other

species of Erycibe in the Calcutta Herbarium except E£. praecipua.

Had this character been present in the lost EL. coriacea, Choisy would never

have united with it Wallich’s EB. fragrans; unless the same character is present in

the corolla of EZ, Maingayi (which has not as yet been described), this alone should

be sufficient to distinguish EZ. praecipua from all the hitherto described species of

Erycibe.

1894.] D, Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. 87

14. Ervyorsn Srapriana Prain; branchlets round glabrous, leaves

large usually elliptic or oblong, narrowed to a cuneate or narrowly

truncate base, apex shortly blunt acuminate, sometimes narrowly lan-

ceolate, coriaceous, glabrous paler beneath, lateral nerves raised beneath,

cymes in axillary clusters,

Matay Peninsuta: Perak; at considerable elevations, 300-3000

feet, Kunstler, 4015 ! 4115! 7784! Scortechini, 1793! Tenassertm Parish !

A shrubby or slender climber, much branched. Leaves 4-7 by 2-3 in. oblong

or elliptic in all the Perak specimens, narrow lanceolate 43 by 14 in. in Tenasserim

ones, lateral nerves 4-6 pairs, obliquely ascending (the lowest pairs extending more

than }-way along the margin) visible above and raised beneath, secondary veins

reticulately raised beneath inconspicuous above, petiole 4 in. glabrous. Cymes 2-2

in. long, in fascicles of 4-9, from an axillary woody protuberance, 5-20-fld., peduncles

densely dark-brown tomentose as are the bracteolate pedicels -4-} in. Sepals

orbicular densely brown-tomentose. Corolla lobes narrow, spreading } in., waxy

white within; interlobular portion very dark-brown tomentose externally, . lobules

narrow divergent, slightly crenulate along the obliquely truncate apex. Berry ovoid,

2 in. long, 3. in. diam., densely clothed with a fine dark-brown velvety tomentum.

A remarkable species, well characterised by its leaves, which bear a striking

superficial resemblance to those of Casearia macrocarpa, and by its velvety epicarp.

15. Erycrse FEsTIvA Prain; branchlets angular, sparingly pubes-

cent, leaves rather long petioled large thinly coriaceous glabrous, elliptic

or oblong, base cuneate, apex long acuminate, lateral nerves distinct on

both surfaces, especially beneath, cymes very short, few-fid.

Mauay PENINSULA: Singapore, Hullett n. 624! Perak, Kunstler n.

6445 !

A small tree (Hullett) or creeper, 60-70 feet long (Kunstler) branches grooved or

angular. Leaves 3-6 in. by 13-23 in. dark green, lateral nerves 7-9 pairs, secondary

veins invisible, petioles 3-$in. Cymes axillary many-fid., peduncles 3-2 in., rusty

pubescent; pedicels bracteolate rusty pubescent 3 in. Sepals rusty pubescent

orbicular. Corolla lobes broad, spreading $ in., pale greenish white; interlobular

portion brown tomentose externally, lobules ovate, margins deeply erose throughout.

Berry not seen.

Resembles most closely H. albida, but differs very markedly in tomentum,

in size of flowers and in shape of corolla lobules. <A very distinct species.

16. Erycipe ALBIDA Prain; branchlets round sparingly pubes-

cent leaves very large elliptic or narrow oblong shortly attenuated at

both ends, coriaceous glabrous pale beneath, lateral nerves visible but

not raised on both surfaces, cymes very short, few-fid., flowers large.

Matay Peninsuta: Perak, Kunstler n. 7373! Scortechint.

Curtis n. 2947 !

A shrub (Scortechini, Curtis) or small tree (Kunstler) 10-20 feet high, erect,

much spreading. Leaves 7-12 in. by 3-5 in., dark green above waxy pale greenish

yellow beneath (Kunstler) ; lateral nerves 8-9 pairs, secondary veins invisible, petiole

ya

4-4 in, Cymes axillary 5-8-fid., peduncles 75 in., flowers nearly sessile with 3

Pun gah,

88 D, Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacew. [No. 2,

slightly rusty pubescent bracteoles at the base of the calyx. Sepals subglabrous

pale waxy green (Kunstler) orbicular, margins ciliate. Corolla lobes narrow, spread-

ing 14 in. white; interlobular portion rufous externally, lobules oblong obtuse

slightly crenulate at the apex. Berry not seen.

The very large leaves pale beneath, the large flowers with nearly glabrous

calyx and the erect habit render this species very distinct from any of the others

here described.

2. RIVEA Cuorsy.

1. Ruivea ornata Choisy, Convolv. Or. 27, t. 3 and DC. Prodr.

ix, 326; Sweet, Hort. Brit., ed. iii, 481; Wight in Cale. Journ. Nat.

Hist. viii, 179, t. 5, £1; Jl. t. 168 bis, f, 1, and Jc. Pl. t. 1356;

Dalz. & Gibs., Bomb. Fl. 168.

one 7 \ typica Clarke, Flor. Ind. iv, 183 (excl. syn. Roxb., Wall., Ham.

Sweet and Brand.). Convolvulus candicans Roth., Nov. Sp. 106; Roem.

§ Schult., Syst. iv, 273 and 790 (not of Soland. [Ipomea fastigiata],

nor of Rottl., Willd., Wall. and Roem. § Schult., 1. c. 302 [Rivea

hypocrateriformis]). Lettsomia ornata, Wall. in Roxb. Flor. Ind., ed.

Carey & Wall. ii, 86 in foot-note (not of Roxb.). A shrub with climb-

ing stems and orbicular-cordate leaves, densely silky tomentose beneath,

acute sepals and mostly 3-fld. peduncles.

DeccaN PeninsuLA: common in dry jungles, &c. Ceyton; in the

hotter parts of the island.

There is nothing to add to Mr. Clarke’s excellent description of this plant, which,

as he remarks, appears strictly confined to South India and Ceylon.

Var. Grifithii Clarke, Flor. Brit. Ind. iv, 183. An erect stout shrub

with branches at length twining, leaves reniform, rarely orbicular-

cordate sparsely grey-hirsute beneath, sepals obtuse, peduncles mostly

7-fld. Lettsomia ornata Rowb. Hort. Beng. 13; Flor. Ind., ed. Carey

& Wall. ii, 86 (text) and Flor. Ind. i, 496. Argyreia ornata Sweet,

Hort. Brit. ed. ii, 373; Brandis, For. Flor. 343.

Sup-Himanayan region, from the Sivaliks to the Sikkim Terai:

common. Sivaliks: Falconer! Gamble ! Dehra Dun: Vicary ! Nepal Terai

Wallich 1369/1! Sikkim Terai at Jhenaikuri, at Tukria Jhar, and in

the Sivoke Sal Forest, Gamble.

A complete account of the synonymy is given here as it is almost certain that

these two plants, first clearly differentiated by Mr. Clarke, are really specifically

distinct. The specimens in Griffith’s Herbarium are from the Roxburghian plants

of the Calcutta Botanic Garden. Roxburgh originally got the seeds from General

Hardwicke who collected largely in the Western Himalayas and along their base,

but did not, so far as can be ascertained, collect in Southern India. In any case

the plant figured by Roxburgh in his Ic. Ined., and described by him, is not the

South Indian but the Sub-Himalayan plant. It is to the latter that Roxburgh’s

trivial name of ‘ornata’ ought therefore rightly to belong; but as its application

to Roth’s Convolulus candicans has now become stereotyped, it will he necessary to

1894.] D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. 89

allow the name Rivea ornata Choisy, to continue to designate the plant from Southern

India, and be preferable to name the North-Indian one Rivea Roxburghii. Convolulus

Tarita Ham. (Wall. Cat. n. 2253) is not at Calcutta; the plant was collected at

Monghir: if it really be this species, it is probably not from a wild plant; the only

Rivea reported, since Dr. Buchanan-Hamilton’s time, from the Monghir Hills is R.

hypocrateriformis, which is common throughout Behar.

3. ARGYRETA Lotvr.

3b. ARGYREIA veNUSTA Choisy, Convolv. Or. 36, and DC. Prodr.

ix., 330; leaves ovate cordate, obtuse or acute, glabrous above grey

tomentose beneath; corymbs peduncled dense; bracts narrow oblong-

obtuse with a few ovate-acute larger intermixed, and usually one or two

foliaceous large ones at base of corymb ; corolla sparingly hairy without ;

berry brownish, fruiting sepals lanceolate-reflexed. Argyreia argentea

var. venusta Clarke, Flor. Brit. Ind. iv., 185. Argyreia zeylanica VAR.

hirsuta Kurz, For. Flor. Brit. Burma, ti., 215. Convolvulus festivus

Wall. Cat. n. 1414 (not Argyreia festiva Wall, Pl. As. Par).

Benaat: Faridpur, Clarke. Burma: Pegu, McLelland, R. Scott ! Ava,

Wallich ! Mandalay, etc., King’s Collectors ! common.

A large climber. Leaves usually 3-4 in. diam. (lower leaves sometimes as

much as 7 in., diam.) quite glabrous above at all stages; petiole 2}-4 in. long.

Peduncles 2-4 in.; corymbs rather large ; bracts usually # in. by + in. Corolla 1% in.

to 12 in. long, tubular funnel-shaped, 14 in. wide-«at mouth; white or pale purple.

Berry } in. diam., globose, very hard and tough ; sepals ultimately exceeding } in.,

in fruit coriaceous deflexed.

A very distinct species, easily differentiated from A. argentea, with which Choisy

and Clarke have associated it, by its leaves glabrous above, its totally different

tomentum on the leaves beneath; its longer, narrower, more reflexed sepals, and its

smaller hard fruit.

5. ArGyretA Hooxert Clarke. Add to synonyms of F, B. 1. :—

Argyreia zeylanica var. populifolia Kurz, For. Flor. Brit. Burma ii., 215.

Lettsomia ? Kurzii Clarke, Flor. Brit. Ind. iv., 196.

Add to localities :—

Nepan: Scully! Assam: Goalpara, King’s Collectors ! Burma: Chin

Hills, Prazer! Pegu, Kurz! AnpAmans: Coco group, common, Prain !

South Andaman, common, FH. H. Man! King’s Collectors !

6. ARGYREIA SPLENDENS Sweet.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Naca Hitts: Clarke, Collett !

7. ArGyretA Cuampiont Benth., Fl. Hong-kong, 236 (1861). A.

obtecta, Clarke, Flor. Brit. Ind. iv. 186 (1883). Convolvulus obtectus

Wall. Cat, 1416. Rivea ? obtecta Choisy, Convolv. Or. 28 and DC. Prodr.

ix., 326. Lettsomia Championi Bth. §° Hook. f., Gen. Pl. ii., 869.

J. um. 12

90 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacer. [No. 2

var. typica. Add to localities of F. B. I.:—

Burma: Karen Hills, Mason! Shan Hills Collett! Pegu Yomah,

Kurz! Anpamans: Coco group, Prain ! Mauay Pentnsuta: Perak, Scorte-

chint ! Distrrp.: China.

var. obtusifolia. Add to localities :—

AnpAMANS: Port Blair, very common ; H.H. Man! King’s Collectors !

This species, nearest to A. splendens, is well distinguished by the marks indicated

by Mr. Clarke.

The two varieties are perhaps hardly separable, the original specimens of

A. Championi, from Hongkong, which is not separable from Wallich’s Convolvulus

obtectus, being intermediate as to form of leaves between the two. The leaves in

the first variety (which includes here all forms with acute leaf-apices) vary in size

from 3 by 14 in. (in Wallich’s), or 3 by 2 in. (in Bentham’s) original specimens, to 8 by

} in. in some of Kurz’s (from the lower part of the plant) in Pegu specimens, and

in shape from elliptic-oblong (which is usual) to sublanceolate in some from Tenas-

serim (Gallatly, 557) and Kedah (Curtis, 2582). In Gallatly’s specimens, however,

leaves of the usual type occur on the same branch with the narrow ones referred

to. The base, moreover, which is usually cuneate is sometimes rounded, especially

in the Pegu, the Karen, and some of the Tenasserim specimens; but the same

branches bear leaves of the ordinary type. Similarly, in the Andamans, branches

of var. obtusifolia (which here includes the forms with apices of leaves obtuse)

bear at the same time some leaves with acute tips.

Both varieties vary in degree of tomentum, especially on the upper surface :

those from Pegu, the Karen Hills, the Coco-group, and some, but not all, from

Tenasserim and the Andamans being glabrous above; the others (including both

Wallich’s & Bentham’s types) are sparsely hirsute. The tomentum beneath is

usually brown, but is grey in the Hong-Kong plant, and in that from the Pegu

Yomah. This closely resembles in flowering calyx and in foliage Aryyreia ? mollis

Choisy, from Java, and from Sumatra (Teysmann, n. 4332, Hort. Bogor.) which has,

however, a very different calyx (sepals sub-connivent) in fruit.

22. ArcGyreta Dartont Clarke.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Mapras Presy: Ganjam, at Kukubalu, alt. 500 ft., and in Rampa

State, alt. 2000 ft., Gamble, n. 13766, 15995!

3b. BLINKWORTHIA Cuaoisy.

Erect or scandent or trailing shrubs with slender branches. Leaves

oblong or elliptic sparsely strigose beneath. Flowers axillary solitary

inyolucrate, pedicels short, usually four-bracteate, bracts small coria-

ceous. Sepals sub-orbicular sub-equal coriaceous, slightly accrescent.

Corolla campanulate waxy-white, limb very slightly lobed. Stamens

included; anthers oblong. Ovary 2-celled, surrounded by a prominent

tubular dise; locules 2-ovuled ; style filiform, stigmas 2, sessile globose.

Fruit indehiscent, baccate, 4-1 seeded.—Species 2, Indo-Chinese.

1, B.LInKworTHIA LyciorIpEs Choisy, Convolv. Or. 48, t. 5 and DO,

1894.] D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. 9]

Prodr. ix., 354; erect, branches numerous slender, short, rigid; flowers

longer than the leaves, bracts narrowly oblong, pedicels very short.

Coll. § Hemsl., Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii., 94, t. 15. Convolvulus lycioides,

Wall. Cat. 1390.

Burma: Kyauk-Taloong, Wallich! Pegu Yomah, Kurz! Meiktila,

Collett ! Tagoung, Up-slay, J. Anderson! Pienmona, King’s Collectors !

An erect bush, 6-10 feet; ultimate branches straight, virgate, 2-10 in.; leaves

numerous }—3 in. by }-} in. glabrous above sparingly hirsute beneath, as are the

branches, peduncles and outside of the bracts; peduncles 4 in., bracts } in. long;

pedicels O-L in. Sepals iin. (fruiting 4 in.) diam., glabrous, as are the pedicels.

Corolla # in., white. Berry % in. diam.

2. BuINKWORTHIA CONVOLYULOIDES Prain ; climbing or trailing,

branches few slender long flexous; flowers shorter than the leaves,

bracts ovate-oblong, pedicels distinct.

Burma: Kendat Prazer! Myingyan Prazer !

A climber, over 40 feet long (Kendat specn.) or a prostrate creeper (Myingyan

specn.), ultimate branchlets 10-18 in.; leaves sparse 14-2 in., by 3-3 in., glabrous

above sparingly hirsute beneath, as are the branches, peduncles, and bracts externally ;

peduncles 4-3 in. Sepals } in. diam. (in fruit 4 in.) glabrous, as are the pedicels.

Corolla 2 in. campanulate, white. Berry 4} in. diam.

This has distinctly larger leaves, bracts, sepals and fruit than B. lycioides,

though the writer would not on these grounds alone claim for it the rank of a species.

The habit, however, is too digeverent to admit of its treatment as a mere variety.

This is not a case of what is under ordinary circumstances an erect shrub becoming

a climber under suitable conditions; the field-notes made by the Calcutta Garden

collector show that even when deprived of support this remains a weak, slender,

prostrate species.

4, LETTSOMIA Roxs.

The difference between Argyreia and Lettsomia consists in the ovary being

completely 4-celled in the former, only 2-celled in the latter; not infrequently,

however, a partial dissepiment is found at the base of the cellin Lettsomia; the

fruits are in both genera indehiscent.

In Ipomoea (§§ Batatas aud Quamoclit) the ovary is, as in Argyreia, completely

4-celled; in Ipomoea (§§ Calonyction, Aniseia, and Euipomoea) the ovary, as in

Lettsomia, is 2-celled, while in many of the species of Huipomoea the same partial

dissepiment is found at the base of the cell. If, therefore, Ipomoea is to retain

within it those plants of both classes where the fruit is dehiscent it seems essential

that the plants of both classes where the fruit is not dehiscent should be included

in one widened genus Argyreia. Choisy in his monograph of Convolvulaceae

(DC. Prodr. ix,), includes Roxburgh’s Lettsomia in Argyreia; but breaks up Ipomea

into as many genera as there are now recognised sections. Bentham and Hooker,

(Genera Plantarwm, ii.) on the other hand, recognise, and it seems very justly so, a

widened Ipomoea which includes all of these, but separate Lettsomia from Argyreia.

The opinion that Lettsomia and Argyreia deserve to be re-united has been formally

expressed by Collett and Hemsley (Jowrn. Linn, Soc, xxviii, 95). With that opinion

92 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacexw. [No. 2,

the writer quite agrees. Whether it be accepted generally or not, it is certain that

any system of arrangement of the Convolvulacee which recognises Lettsomia as a

genus apart from Argyreia, must of logical necessity rehabilitate the various sections

of Ipomoea as separate genera.

26. Sup-cenus 1. EvnerrsomiA LAXIFLORA Prain; leaves cordate

mucronulate sparsely adpressed-hirsute, ultimately glabrescent above,

rather thinly grey-tomentose beneath; peduncles long round white,

tomentose ; corymbs many-fld. lax axillary or arranged in large terminal

panicles ; bracts small lanceolate obtuse deciduous, outer sepals ovate,

inner lanceolate rather narrower, all externally densely patently grey-

hirsute. Argyreia laxiflora Prain Mss.

Urrer Burma: Ava, Wallich (Cat. n. 1362 in part) ! Ngyah Kyun,

J. Anderson! Chin Hills, King’s Collectors! Shan Hills, frequent, King’s

Collectors !

Scandent, branches closely white-tomentose; leaves 13-2} in. long, 1-1} in

across; petioles 3-1} in., peduncles 2-4 in.; corymbs 4-12-fld. pedicels 4-3} in ;

bracts} in. Sepals } in. long, outer 4, inner jin. wide. Corolla 3 in., narrowly

tubular below campanulate above, purple, hirsute externally. Stamens exserted.

Capsule } in. red, as are the fruiting sepals within.

This species is a member of the group to which Lettsonia aggregata (Argyreia

aggregata, Choisy), L. mysorensis, and L. bella belong. The corolla is exactly like

that of L. aggregata, the calyx is almost like that of DL. bella. From the former it

differs in having small bracts, from the latter in having long peduncles: from both

it is distinguished by its lax cymes. From L. mysorensis it is distinguished by its

inner sepals being as long as the outer.

3. LerrsoMIA BELLA Clarke.

Add to synonyms of F. B. I. :—

Argyreia tomentosa Choisy var. cordata Choisy, DC. Prodr. ix., 33.3

Convulvulus multibracteatus Wall. var. B cordata Wall. Cat. n.

1408/8. Convolvulus vestitus Wall. Cat. n. 1411,

Add to localities of F. B. L. :—

Nera: Wallich! Gansam: Baibali, Gamble!

4, Le?TSOMIA BRACTEOSA Clarke.

Add to description of F. B. I. :—

Corolla 14 in. long, campanulate; stamens included.

Add to synonyms :—

Argyreia tomentosa Choisy, DC. Prodr. ix., 333, (except as to the -

description of the corolla which refers to Lettsomia aggregata var.

osyrensis). Convolvulus multibracteatus Wall. Cat. n. 1408/1 in part.

Of two gatherings issued under this name by Wallich, one is this species, the

other is Lettsomia aggregata var. osyrensis.

7. LerTsoMIA HIRSUTISSIMA Clarke.

1894.] D. Prain—Some addutional species of Convolvulacce. 93

var. typica; leaves rather widely ovate-cordate, bracts oblong.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Upper Burma: Myingin, Prazer!

var. Collettii Prain; leaves narrower, bracts lanceolate. LL. stri-

gosa Coll. § Hemsl., Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii., 95, not of Roxb.

Uprer Burma: Shan Hills at Fort Stedman, Collett n.5! King’s

Collectors! Maymyo, King’s Collectors !

This differs from the type in the leaves, which more resemble those of L. setosa ;

and inthe bracts, which are quite unlike those of true L. hirsutissima. The in-

florescence, calyx and corolla are quite like those of the true plant, but the corolla

is reported in the Maymyo gathering to be white; that of true L. hirsutissima is

said by Prazer to be purple. It is not impossible that this may ultimately prove to

be specifically distinct.

What appears to be a third variety of this species is reported (but

in fruit only) by our native collectors from the Ruby Mines District.

The bracts in this plant areas in var. typica, but the tomentum is as

in L. setosa.

8. Lerrsom1a stricosA Roxb., Flor. Ind., ed. Carey § Wall. ii., 80

(1824), not of Hort. Beng. 13; Clarke, Flor. Brit. Ind.iv., 193 (excluding

the Java plant and the synonym L. capitata Mig.) Argyreia capitata

Arn., ex Choisy, Convolv. Or. 41 [1834], and DC. Prodr. ix., 332 (in part);

Kurz, For. Flor. Brit. Burma, ii1., 216 (in part). Ipomoeacapitata Roem.

§ Schult. Syst, iv., 238 [1819], not of Choisy. Convolvulus capitatus

Vahl, Symb. iii., 28 [1794]. C. capitiformis Poiret in Lamk. Encyc. Meth.,

Suppl. iii., 462. C. strigosus Wall. Cat. 1365/1, 1365/D, 1365/E partly.

Add to localities of F. B. I.:—

Cuitracone: Kodala Hill, etc., common, King’s Collectors! Burma:

Arracan, at Sandoway Marcgrave! Pegu, Kurz! Shan Hills, common,

Kings Collectors! AwpDamans: Coco Islands, Prain! Distris. Yunnan

(J. Anderson !)

Though less common in Indo-China than the plant described by Mr. Clarke

as L. peguensis, this is widely spread throughout Upper Burma; it does not appear

to extend to Tenasserim where its place is taken by LD. peguensis. This forms part

of Kurz’s Argyreia capitata—which is thus co-extensive with Choisy’s, but it is not

Miquel’s Lettsomia capitata which is founded ona Java plant collected by Horsfield

that, so far as the Calcutta specimen goes, is undoubtedly L. peguensis Clarke.

There is no doubt, from the description given by its author, that this is Convol-

wulus capitatus Vahl. Dr. Wallich, himself one of the editors of the first edition of

Roxburgh’s Flora Indica, admits that this, though the Lettsomia strigosa of that

work, is not the Lettsomia strigosa of the Hortus Bengalensis, which was issued (Cat.

n. 1404/1) as Convolvulus barbiger Wall. ; unfortunately Wallich associated with this a

different plant (or rather a mixture of two) from Burma (Cat. n. 1404/2). One

of these Choisy has made the type of his Argyreia barbigera (Lettsomia barbigera

Clarke) the other has dropped out of notice as completely as has the plant that

Wallich really intended by Convolvulus barbiger.

94 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacex. [No. 2,

9, Lerrsomia pecuensis Clarke, Flor. Brit. Ind., iv., 193 [1883]. L.

strigosa Rovb. Hort. Beng., 13 [1814] ex Wall. in Cat. Iith. sub. n. 1404.

L. capitata Miq., Flor. Ind. Bat., i1., 591 [1856]. Argyreia capitata Choisy,

DC. Prodr. ix. 832 [1845] (in part and excluding var. B. conferta); Kura,

For. Flor. Brit. Burma ii., 216 (chiefly). Convolvulus strigosus Wall.,

Cat. 1365/2, 1365/C, 1865/E partly. Convolvulus barbiger Wall., Cai.

1404/1, 1404/2 in part only. Argyreia barbigera Choisy, Convolv. Or.

42 and DC. Prodr. ix., 332; Brand. For. Flor. 343.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Matay Peninsuna: Perak, common, Scortechini n. 1628! Kunstler

n, 2622! 8627! Distrip, Java.

Much confusion has been caused owing to Dr. Wallich having in the first place

mixed in his distribution of Lettsomia strigosa (Cat. n. 1365) that species and L.

peguensis; and again in his differentiation of L. peguensis (Cat. n. 1404) having

included with it another species whose presence has helped to obscure the identity

of this.

When the somewhat tangled synonymy is unravelled, we find that what

constitutes the Lettsomia strigosa of the F. B. I. is really without a name,

while the plant that Mr. Clarke has there for the first time satisfactorily differentiated

is already provided with two names in the genus Lettsomia.

The name Lettsomia strigosa was in reality first applied to what is in the F, B. I.

named L. peguensis, a plant which, at the time the name was applied to it by Rox-

burgh, was being cultivated in the Calcutta Garden from seed received from “ the

Straits.” But to re-transfer the name to that species now (though doubtless the

act will commend itself to pedantic purists in nomenclature) and to com a

new name for L. strigosa as limited in the F. B. I, would—in view of the fact that

Roxburgh under the name has written a careful description which can only apply

to the “ F. B. I.” L, strigosa—be, in the writer’s opinion, not only unnecessary but

reprehensible. The name ZL. strigosais better kept for the original Convolvulus

capitatus of Vahl, even though we know that its first application was to DL. peguensis.

The name L. capitata at allevents is not available since that name was employed

by Miquel to designate precisely the plant that is not Vahl’s Convolvulus capitatus. At

the same time it does not seem necessary to replace the name L. pequensis by Miquel’s

one of ZL. capitata, though it is older by nearly 30 years than Mr. Clarke’s one and

though we know that it applies precisely to L. peguensis. For it has to be recollect-

ed that L. capitata Miq. is not the same as Convolvulus capitatus Vahl, and therefore

is not equivalent to Argyreia capitata Arn.—the name that will have to be applied to

Lettsomia strigosa of the F. B. I. when Lettsomia is once more merged in Argyreia;

and that though it is included in Argyreia capitata as that species has been under-

stood by Choisy and by Kurz, it is not equivelent to the species of these two authors.

When Lettsomia is again merged in Argyreia the Lettsomia peguensis of the

F. B.I. (U. strigosa, Rowb., Hort. Beng. not Flor. Ind.) must—as will be shown in

the writer’s note on the next species—be known as Argyreia barbigera Choisy.

The further question whether these two plants are really specifically (they

certainly are at least varietally) distinct is one that cannot be raised here; it can

only be properly discussed by a monographer of the combined genera, though it is

the writer’s opinion that they should be reunited.

1894,] D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacee. 95

10. Lerrsomia Barpicera Clarke, Flor. Brit. Ind. iv., 194, excluding

all the synonyms,

The writer has failed to discover what this species, which is not represented

in the Calcutta Herbarium, really is. The localities given are “ Assam; Jenkins,” and

“British BurMA: Prome, Wallich.” To these Mr. Clarke has since added Manipur

(Journ. Linn, Soc. xxv., 49). The last-mentioned gathering is not represented here ; all

of Capt. Jenkins’ ‘‘ Assam” specimens at Calcutta are referable to other species; the

plant collected by Wallich at Prome and issued as part of Cat.n. 1404 helongs

toa species which, Dr. Stapf informs the writer, is not Mr. Clarke’s Lettsomia

barbigera as represented in the Herbarium at Kew.

Wallich’s Convolvulus barbiger (Cat. n. 1404) consists of two parts; viz., 1404/1,

a plant cultivated in the Botanic Garden at Calcutta and stated expressly by Wallich

to be Lettsomia strigosa Roxb, of the Hortus Bengalensis as opposed to the plant

so named in the Flora Indica ; and 1404/2, made up of two gatherings from Burma,

the first from the Irrawaday Delta, the second from Prome. Of the three gatherings

which therefore goto make up Convolvulus barbiger Wall. the F. B. I. formally

excludes two and retains only the onefrom Prome: Cat. n. 1404 is therefore only quoted

in part. The part which is quoted is not the first sheet, which (in the event of any con-

fusion having occurred) must be taken as the type, and indeed only forms a portion of

the remainder. As it is specifically distinct from the type of C. barbiger that name

must therefore be excluded entirely from the synonymy.

It is not Pharbitis barbigera Don (Gen. Syst iv., 262) at all. That plant is a

native of North America and is a true Ipomoec.

Not being Convolvulus barbiger of Wallich, it cannot be Argyreia barbigera of

Choisy, for though that author somewhat unaccountably ignores altogether Wall.

Cat. 1404/1, which is the true type of Wallich’s plant, he has written a description

that applies only to the gathering of 1404/2 from the Irrawaday Delta which is

the same as 1404/1 and which is, therefore, as explained in the note under the

preceding species, precisely = Lettsomia peguensis Clarke.

Choisy was not unaware of the fact that the remaining gathering of 1404/2

differed from the one to which his description alone applies. He speaks of it asa

variety (though he does not distinguish it by name) with “leaves hardly cordate,

peduncles short and few-fld., and leaves, at least when adult, less tomentose.”

The citation of Pharbitis barbigera Don as a synonym originated with Choisy;

who errs also in speaking of the species as coming from “ Prome ad aestuar.

Irrawady ” whereas Wallich explicitly says in his Catalogue ‘“ Aestuar. Irrawadi;

et Prome;” Choisy’s citation of locality therefore reads as if he supposed that

Prome was situated in the delta of the Irrawady. At all events it does not make

the fact clear that Wallich has two gatherings under 1404/2, still less that these

gatherings represented two different species.

Since Wallich’s time the Prome plant referred to above has been collected

on the Pegu Yomah by Kurz, and more recently still in Upper Burma and the Shan

Hills by native collectors sent from the Calcutta garden. One of these

latter specimens which Dr. Stapf has kindly compared with the Kew material of

Lettsomia barbigera Clarke, he has been able to assure us differs from that

species. Since, therefore, one part of Wallich’s Cat. n. 1404 agrees with Mr.

Clarke’s plant, it is evident that Dr. Wallich must have issued three things under

that number, viz. 1. Lettsomia peguensis=1404/1 and 1404/2, (in part), 2. Lett-

somia barbigera = some part of 1404/2, from Burma, and by Mr. Clarke’s citation, some

96 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. [No. 2,

part of the Prome gathering thereof; and 3. Lettsomia confusa=1404/2 from

Prome as represented at Caleutta—part of the species now to be described.

106. LerrsomiaA conrusA Prain; leaves ovate acute, base sub-

cordate or truncate, sparingly hirsute to nearly glabrous on both

surfaces, peduncles short, 1-3-fld., bracts {-} in. oblong obtuse ad-

pressedly strigose deciduous, sepals ovate-obtuse or sub-acute, longer

than the bracts, densely adpressedly strigose. Argyreia confusa Prain

Mss.

var. typica; peduncles glabrous usually capitately 3-fld., nearly

as long as the glabrous petioles.

Burma: Shan Hills, King’s Collectors! Makhoye Hill, King’s

Collectors !

var. brevipes Prain; peduncles puberulous usually 1-fld., much

shorter than the pubescent petioles.

Burma: Prome Hills, Wallich (Cat. n. 1404/2 in part in Herb.

Calcutta)! Pegu Yomah, in Eng forests, Awrz n. 1087!

A slender climber with glabrous branches. Leaves long petioled 1-8 in. by

3-23 in., acute or acuminate, petioles slender, in VAR. typica 2-23 in. long, in VAR.

brevipes 1-2 (sometimes even 4) in. long. Pedwncles very slender, in VAR. typica 2 in.

in vaR. brevipes O-} in.; bracts herbaceous } in. across: pedicels O0-} in. Sepals

4 in., coriaceous, enlarging in fruit, accrescent. Corolla 1} in. externally setose,

white (King’s Collector) or purple (Kurz). Stamens included. Fruit globose, pink,

4 in. diam. 4-seeded, pericarp thin, papery.

A very distinct species with the facies of Lettsomia setosa VAR. minor, but with

a very different fruit which indicates a closer natural relationship to L. strigosa

than to L. setosa. That portion of Convolvulus multibracteatus Wall. (Cat. 1404)

which is not Lettsomia aggregata, seems nearly related to VAR. brevipes: it hasa

very similar corolla and fruit but the leaves are obtuse with rounded bases, and the

bracts are very different, as is the shape of, and the tomentum on, the sepals. If

Lettsomia bracteosa is the same in reality as Convolvulus multibracteatus (Argyreia

tomentosa Choisy), that species must be removed from the group of species with

exserted stamens, and placed next to this plant.

12 b. Lerrsomia Loncironia Coll. § Hemsl., Journ. Linn. Soc.,

xxvill, 95; leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate acuminate, base rounded

or slightly cuneate, glabrous except the midrib above, sparsely strigose

throughout beneath ; heads few-fid., axillary shortly peduncled, bracts

large oblong-lanceolate, persistent.

Burma: Shan Hills, at 3000 feet, Collett ! Maymo, King’s Collectors !

Makhoye, King’s Collectors !

A large climber. Leaves 5-8 in. by { in., petiole }-?in. Peduwneles 3-1 in,

hirsute ; bracts obtuse or subacute, reddish-purple, strigose beneath 1-1} in. long.

Sepals equal oblong-orbicular, 3-3 in., coriaceons, dark red within, glabrous. Corolla

14 in. glabrous externally, dark purple. Frwit depressed, subglobose, dark red,

usually 2-seeded, § in. long, } in. diam.

A very distinct species ; most nearly allied to Lettsomia atropurpurea,

1894. ] D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. 97

13. LeTrsomia sikkimensis Clarke, Flor. Brit, Ind. iv., 194. Argy-

reia elliptica Choisy, DC. Prodr. ix., 330 (in part, and as to the Burmese

locality). A zeylanica Kurz. (not of Gaertn.) VAR. peduncularis Kurz,

For. Flor. Brit. Burma, ii., 215. Convolvulus peduncularis Wall. Cat.,

1417.

Eastern Hruaraya: Sikkim, Clarke! Akha Hills, King’s Collectors !

Assam: Naga Hills, Masters ! Khasia, Hooker! Cachar, Keenan. Burma:

Taong Doung, Wallich! Ruby Mines, King’s Collectors !

The chief distinction between Lettsomia sikkimensis and Lettsomia elliptica

(Argyreia elliptica Choisy) is the size of the flowers and fruit. Recent specimens

of L. elliptica show corollas nearly as long as in the Himalo-Burmese plant; the

calyx and fruit however are always larger in the latter than in the Peninsular species.

Possibly Choisy is right in uniting the two, but they should at least be distinguished

varietally : in any case the species ought to be placed near each other.

14, Lerrsomia ruBeNS Clarke, has been re-transferred to Ipomoea.

14 6, Lerrsomrta PALLIDA Praim; leaves ovate-oblong acute, or

orbicular-ovate mucronulate, glabrous except for a few hairs on the

midrib above, sparsely ashy-pubescent beneath as are the petioles,

peduncles and branches; peduncles short, corymbs small few-fld., bracts

minute caducous linear-oblong, sepals } in. outer orbicular inner broader

than long, glabrous. Argyreia pallida Choisy, Convolv, Or. 34 and DC.

Prodr. ix., 330; Coll. §& Hemsl., Journ. LIninn. Soc., xxviii, 94, Con-

volvulus pallidus Wall., Cat. 1418.

Burman: Between Yandabu and Paghanmyo, on the road to the

Petroleum Wells, Wallich ! Mandalay, J. Anderson! Pwau-olwe, Collett !

Trongla, King’s Collectors! Shan Hills, at Meiktila, Collett! King’s

Collectors !

A large handsome climber. Leaves 2-3} in. by 14-25 in., base usually slightly

cordate but often truncate, sometimes shortly cuneate ; petioles 3-14 in. Pedumncles

Z-1 in., usually about 4 in., slender. Corymbs 3-]2-fid. ; bracts } in. pubescent exter-

nally, early caducous, pedicels 4 in. or less, pubescent. Sepals glabrous except along

the margins even in bud; slightly accrescent, coriaceous. Corolla 4 in. long, 2 in.

wide at mouth, campanulate, glabrous externally, white. Stamens included, inserted

near the base of corolla tube; filaments glabrous, anthers oblong, not twisted. Disc

prominent ; ovary 2-celled ; stigmas 2, subsessile globose. #rwit a hard brown inde-

hiscent 2-seeded berry, depressed globose, } in. long, # in. across; seeds 1 in each

loculus, black, smooth.

This species, not taken up in the fF. B. I., is dealt with, in passing, in Sir Henry

Collett’s list of Shan Hill plants. More recent and very complete suites of speci-

mens received from Dr. King’s native collectors from various parts of Upper-Burma

render it possible to give a full description of the species and to show that while

it really has an indehiscent fruit-the ovary is only 2-celled. As already said, the

writer believes that Lettsomia must be again united to Argyreia when Choisy’s name

will once more be applicable. In the meantime, and so long as generic rank is

accorded to Lettsomia in India, it is necessary to indicate the fact that thisis not a

ee tit, LB

98 D. Prain— Some additional species of Convolvulacess. [No. 2,

genuine 4-celled Argyreia. The flowers a good deal resemble those of Ipomoea staphylina,

which has, however, longer, many-fld. corymbs, a dehiscent capsule and hairy seeds.

15 6. LerrsomtaA Masrersit Prain ; leaves large ovate-cordate acute

er acuminate, sparsely hirsute above densely or sparsely softly grey

tomentose beneath, heads of many-fid. dense dichotomous cymes shortly

peduncled axillary, bracts long ligulate or lanceolate persistent. Argy-

reia Mastersii Prain Mss.

Assam: Naga Hills, Masters! Collett ! Garo Hills, King’s Collectors!

Burma: Chin Hills, King’s Collectors !

An extensive climber, stems, petioles and peduncles densely rusty-tomentose.

Leaves 4-10 in. by 23-7 in., towards ends of branches with base sometimes truncate

not cordate; petiole #-lin. Pedwncle 3-$in., bracts very many outer ligulate

14-1} in. long, 3-3 in. wide throughout, sometimes one or two foliaceous near base

of cyme, sparsely hirsute above densely tomentose beneath, and with longer

spreading hairs along margins; inner lanceolate covered externally with spreading

hairs. Sepals ovate acuminate, 4 in. (in fruit in.) long, + in. across, glabrous within,

clothed with long spreading hairs externally, firmly coriaceous. Corolla (expanded.

not seen) in bud externally hirsute. Berry ovoid, % in. long ; in. diam., dark-purple

completely hidden within the conniving sepals.

A very distinct species, nearest to L. barbata, but with larger bracts, more open

heads and a very different calyx. The floweris reported (by a native collector,

of the Chin Hill specimens) to be yellow.

Sus-cenus 2. Moorcrortta.

16 b. Lerrsomra Scorrecuinit Prain; leaves petioled ovate-acute

elabrous above, very sparsely hirsute with rusty hairs beneath, pe-

duncles long, bracts deciduous, corymbs few-fld., sepals orbicular minute-

ly adpressed grey-tomentose externally. Argyreia Scortechinii Prain

Mss.

Matay Pentnsuta: Perak, Scortechini /

A strong climber; branches and peduncles rusty brown. Leaves 2-3 in. by 1-2

in., very thick, base rounded; petiole 3—{ in. minutely rusty pubescent. Pedwncles

2-5 in., corymbs 3-5-fid.; bracts caducous before the flowers expand. Sepals

1 in., in fruit 4 in., the inner pair larger than the three outer. Corolla % in. densely

fulvous strigose outside. Fruit sub-spherical, } in. diam., tip slightly umbonate,

smooth, nearly dry, lower {ths closely embraced by the calyx.

Closely related to L. rubicunda, but with fewer-fid. cymes, rather smaller corolla

and fruit, somewhat different calyx, and very different leaves and tomentum.

16¢c. LerrsomiA Ripteyt Prain; leaves large elliptic acuminate

quite glabrous above tomentose especially on the nerves beneath,

peduncles usually short, cymes sub-capitate surrounded by large ovate

acute foliaceous persistent bracts, sepals sub-equal ovate lanceolate ashy-

pubescent externally. Argyreia Ridleyi Prain Mss.

var. typica; leaves rather larger, 53 by 33 in., outline regularly

1894.] D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. 99

elliptic, sparsely hirsute except on the nerves beneath, as are the petioles,

pedicels and bracts externally.

Matay Peninsuta: Johore, at Kota Tinggi, Ridley, n. 4214! Chan

Chin, Lake § Kelsall !

_ vAR. velutina Prain; leaves somewhat smaller, 4 in. by 23 in.,

slightly narrowed from above the rounded base, densely hirsute especial-

ly on the nerves beneath, as are the petioles pedicels and bracts exter-

nally.

Matay Preniysvta: Singapore, at Bukit Mandan, Ridley, n. 1635!

Scandent, branches sparsely ashy-hirsute. Leaves petioled, petioles 1-3 in,

Peduncles 2-6 in., heads 13 in. diam., 8-10-fid., bracts sessile, quite glabrous above.

Sepals % in. corolla 14 in. tubular funnel-shaped, hirsute externally. Berry } in. by

3 in., ovoid, two-thirds embraced by calyx.

Kasily distinguished by its large bracts from all hitherto reported Moorcroftias

except from LZ. Maingayi, where however the heads are sessile, or nearly so, the

flowers are larger, and the bract and sepals much larger, longer and more lanceolate

A very distinct species.

17. Lerrsomia matncayl Clarke; Ridley, Trans. Linn. Soc. n.s,,

iil. 323.

Add to description of F. B. I. :—

Bracts dark purple above; corolla 2} in.long, tubular, slightly enlarg-

ing upwards, purple, the folds whitish, hairy outside glabrous within ;

filaments inserted near-base of tube, glandular-hairy at the thickened

base.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—Perak, Scortechini ! Pahang, Ridley.

19. Lerrsomia appressa “ Mig.”

Add to localities of #. B. I. :—

Perak: Larut, etc., very common, Scortechini n. 1280! Kunstler n.

2457! 5400! Wray n. 1914! 3298! 3961!

Recent Penang gatherings are Curtis n. 318! Kunstler n. 1324!

n. 5271!

Corolla dull pale claret (Wray) or pale pink and white (Kunstler) or white with

claret stripes (Wray). Fruit at first green with a reddish tint, becomes bright pink

and at length red-brown when ripe.

20. Lurrsomta punanaiana ‘“ Mig.”

var. typica, leaves thinly coriaceous, secondary nerves obscure.

Add to localities of F'. B. I. :—

Perak: Larut, etc., very common, Scortechint n. 1147! Kunstler

n. 2048! n. 2574! n. 5339! Curtis n. 20384! Wray n. 2095! 2334! 2601!

2733! (A recent Penang gathering is Curtis n. 1586!)

The corolla is as figured by Choisy ; as a rule the terminal flower of the cyme

is distinctly larger than the others; in color bright claret ( Wray) or purple

(Kunstler) ; the fruit a beautiful rose-pink ( Wray) bluish red (Kunstler) or purplish

(Curtis). The leayes beneath are very characteristically glandular-punctulate,

100 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaceew. [No. 2,

Var. reticulata Prain ; leaves thicker, secondary nerves beneath very

distinct.

Perak: Larut, Kunstler n. 8544!

The pedunclesand pedicels of this plant are rather shorter than in L. penangiana.

The sepals though as long are rather narrower, and the corolla—described by Kunst-

ler as ‘‘ waxy white, pale blue inside ”—is but two-thirds the length and only half the

width of that of L. penangiana. But the leaves have exactly the sparse adpressed

tomentum of the type and have the same characteristic glandular punctulation,

while the fruit—described by Kunstler as ‘‘rich pink”—is indistinguishable from

that of L. penangiana; so that this form, though very distinct, does not appear

to deserve more than varietal rank.

21. Lerrsomia? Kurazit Clarke.

This plant is shown by Kurz’s specimens to be Argyreia Hookeri Clarke. Mr.

Clarke had not an opportunity of examining the material from which Mr. Kurz des-

cribed his Argyreia weylanica (For. Flor. Brit. Burma ii., 215). That description is

not very clear and the three varieties recognised by Mr. Kurz refer, as the sheets

named by him in the Calcutta Herbarium show, to as many very distinct species ; VAR.

populifolia is Argyreia Hookeri Clarke, and is not=Argyreia populifolia Gaertn. ; VAR.

hirsuta is Argyreia venusta Choisy, and is not= <A. populifolia var. hirsuta Thwaites ;

VAR. peduncularis is Convolvulus peduncularis Wall., which is the same thing as

Lettsomia sikkimensis Clarke.

22. Lerrsomra curtisi1 Prain; leaves large elliptic shortly acumi-

nate glabrous except for a few hairs on the midrib above, sparingly

hispid beneath, peduncles long, cymes compound subumbellate, bracts

deciduous, sepals coriaceous the three outer sparingly hirsute rounded, the

two inner deeply emarginate glabrous. Argyreia Curtisii Prain Mss.

Maray Peninsuta: Selangor at Kwala Lampar, Owrtis n. 2158 !

Scandent; branches brown glabrous. Leaves long-petioled 4-5 in. by 23-3 in.,

petioles 2-3 in. glabrous. Peduncles 4-10 in. brown glabrous, bracts deciduous,

cymes rather open, 24-3 in. diam., 12-16-fld. Sepals iin. Berry ovoid, fleshy, ¢ in.

by 4 in., the lower third only embraced by the calyx. Corolla not seen.

A very distinct species, easily recognisable by its emarginate inner sepals.

23. LerrsoMia KUNSTLERI Prain; leaves petioled large elliptic

acuminate, quite glabrous above sparsely strigose-hirsute beneath ; nerves

more densely hirsute as are the petioles, peduncles and young branches:

bracts small linear-lanceolate hirsute deciduous, peduncles long, cymes

loose 12-20-fld., flowers small, sepals orbicular subequal, 3 outer pubes-

cent the others glabrous externally. Argyreia Kunstleri Prain Mss.

Mauay PentnsutaA: Perak; Goping, Kunstler n. 732! Chanderiang,

Kunstler n. 5672! Kota, Wray n. 2856! Disrrais. Sumatra.

A slender climber “ 50-80 feet long ” (Kunstler). Leaves 33-44 in. by 2-2} in.,

glossy above (Kwnstler), petioles 1-14 in. Pedwncles 5-8 in, pedicels 1-3} in., cymes

2-3 in. across, bracts } in., sepals 4 in. the outer, (originally hirsute) three ultimately

glabrescent. Corolla } in. or less, white outside, bright pink or red within, externally

hirsute. Berry }in, by ¢ in., the lower fourth embraced by the calyx.

1894.] DD. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. 101

A very distinct Moorcroftia perhaps nearest to L. rubicwnda, but well distin-

guished by its small flowers from all the other species of the section. With this

the writer identifies Forbes n, 2530, from Sumatra (in fruit only), which has,

however, rather longer petioles and less sharply acuminate leaves than the Perak

plant, while the midrib near the base of the leaf is sparsely hirsute above. Perhaps

Forbes’s plant should be considered varistally distinct ; it does not, however, appear

to the writer to deserve specific rank.

5. IPOMOEA Liny.

Sus-cenus I. Canonyction. Key to the Indian Species.

* Sepals lanceolate (glabrous); seeds glabrous;

(leaves glabrous above and below; capsule

% in. diam.) :—

§ Corolla white, tube linear, glabrous within ;

stamens exserted ; sepals cuspidate. ... I. bona-now VAR. grandiflora.

§§ Corolla purplish, tube infundibuliform,

hairy within; stamens included; sepals

lanceolate not cuspidate .. I. muricata.

*%* Sepals ovate ; seeds hairy ; (stamens included) :—

@ Sepals glabrous; leaves glabrous above and

below; (hairs onseeds short; capsule

1 in. diam.) :—

§ Corolla-tube linear ae w I. glaberrima.

§§ Corolla-tube wide-infundibuliform a. I. longifiora.

§ 4 Sepals hirsute; leaves beneath and petioles

hirsute; corolla-tube linear :—

§ Branches pilose, leaves deep-cordate. Corolla

long; hairs on seeds short; capsule 4 in.

diam. . I. yome.

§§ Branches glabrous, ees ahaa caranis,

Corolla rather short; hairs on seeds very

long; capsule lin. diam. ... ... L. gucunda.

1. Ipomona Bona-nNox Linn,—The Moon-FLower.

var. grandiflora C. B. Clarke.

Add to distribution of F. B. L. :—

Australia: Baron Von Mueller has sent (under the name I. longi-

flora) to Herb. Calcutta excellent specimens of Z. bona-nox with the

cuspidate sepals and exserted stamens characteristic of the species.

Agin true I. bona-nox, which hardly differs varictally from this, the stamens

are always far exserted. This is well shown in Rheede, Hort. Malabar, xi., t. 50

which therefore belongs here and not to the coast moon-flower, where the stamens

do not reach beyond the junction of the mid and upper thirds of the tube. Conse-

quently Ipomoea grandiflora Lamk, which is based on Rheede’s figure, also comes here

as to the citation: the diagnosis however applies to I. yome alone of Indian

Calonyctia.

2. Iromoza murtcata Jacg.—The Purriiso Moon-FLower.

102 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacese. [No. 2,

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Centrrat Inp1a, near Goonah, King ! “ Montes Silhet,” (KHAsIA or

JAINTEA) Wallich, mixed with Convolvulus asper (I. yomae) under Cat.

n. 1388! Urrer Burma: Shan Hills, King’s Collectors !

Add to distribution of F. B. I. :—

Persia (fide Roxburgh) ; 8. China.

3. IpoMOEA GLABERRIMA Boj. ex. Bouton in Hook. Journ. Bot. i., 857

[1834]; Baker., Flor. Maurit. 211. I. grandiflora OC. B. Clarke in Flor.

Brit. Ind. iv., 198, not of Lamk. either as to description or as to synonyms cited,

and excluding the synonyms 1. longiflora, I. macrantha, I. tuba ; Convolvulus

tuba; Calonyction grandiflorum and C. longiflorum, which are all=I. longi-

flora R. Br. (I. trichosperma Bl.): also the synonym I. jucunda which is a

distinct species: also the synonyms Convolvulus grandiflorus Linn. f. ;

Casper; Calonyction asperum, which are=I. Yome: also the synonym

C. pseudo-muricatum, which is not, by its descr peo, distinguishable from

I, muricata.—The Coast MOON-FLOWER.

Substitute for localities of F. B. I. :—

Sea-sHores OF Inpra: Travancore, at Quilon Roittler ! Laccadives,

Betrapar Hume! Alcock ! Ceylon, at Dichwale, close to the sea, Thwaites

O. P.n, 3536! Coromandel coast, Wight! Sunderbuns, Kurz! Heinig!

Arracan coast, at Copal, Kurz! in Diamond Island, Prain! Andaman

Group: Great Coco, Prain! Little Coco, Prain! Narcondam, Prain!

South Andaman, at Perseverance Bay, Kurz! Rungachang, Prain!

Navy Bay, Port Mouat, and many other points on the coast, King’s

Collectors! Nicobars: H. H. Man!

The plant common in the Deccan is I. longiflora ; that from Dolos-

bage district, Ceylon is I. jucunda.

This species is easily recognised by its close general resemblance to the true

moon-flower, and as easily differentiated by its habitat, by its included stamens,

by its blunt sepals, and by its hairy seeds. From I. longiflora (I. trichosperma) it is

as easily differentiated by its leaves never being lobed or hastate; though some-

times those of I. longiflora are entire and therefore not distinguishable from those

of I. glaberrima, the corolla-tube of I. longiflora is rather widely funnel-shaped below

the limb, while that of I. glaberrima is straight asin the true moon-flower. Kurz

(For. Flor. Brit. Burma ii., 218) in his Ipomoea campanulata, which is mainly

Argyreia tiliaefolia, has also included this plant.

4, Ipomm@a LoncirLora R. Br., Prodr. Flor. Nov. Holl. 484 [1810]

(not I. longiflora Humb. § Bonpl. ex. Willd. in Enum. Hort. Berol, 1., 207

[1809] which is I. bona-nox Linn.); Benth., Flor. Austral. iv., 418. I.

latiflora Roem. § Schult., Syst. iv., 240 [1819]. I. macrantha Roem. &

Schult. Syst. iv.,251 [1819]. I. tricosperma Bl. Bijdr. 710 [1825]; CO. B.

Olarke in Flor. Brit. Ind. iv., 198 (excluding the synonym I. Yomae which

is a distinct species). Convolyulus latiflorus Desr. in Livmk. Encyc. Meth.

1894. | D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacee. 103

iii, 561: C. grandiflorus Jacg., Hort. Vindol. iti. t. 69 (not of Linn. fil.

even in part): C. longiflorus Spreng., Syst i., 595. Calonyction specio-

sum Choisy, Conv. Or. 59 var. a. vulgare, DC. Prodr. ix., 345 in part, and

vAR. s. laeve, Prodr. l. c., altogether; Miq., Flor. Ind. Bat. ii., 596 (where

the same confusion exists): C.trichospermum Choisy, Conv. Or, 60,and

DC. Prodr. ix., 346; Mig., Flor. Ind. Bat. ii., 598. C. diversifolium

Hlassk. Flora (1842) Beibl. p. 189; Pl. Jav. Rar. 523—The Wipe-

TUBED Moon-FLowERr.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Western India: Kanara, Talbot! Cuirracona; Fenoa Hill, King’s

Collectors! ANDAMANS: Hills near Port Monat, King’s Collectors! Add

to distribution :—-Australia, West Indies.

The usually lobed leaves (they are not however always lobed in Old World

specimens, and donot seem to be soin American ones) and the funnel-shaped

corolla-tube distinguish this species very well. The reversal of the leaf-character

in this, as compared with I. bona-noz, is worth mentioning: in that species it is in

America that the leaves may be either lobed or entire, but are usually lobed; wild

specimens of the Asiatic form of the “true Moon-flower” seem never to have lobed

leaves.

4b. Iromora YomAn Kurz, For. Flor. Brit. Burma, ii. 218 [1877] ;

leaves deep-cordate, sinus usually obtuse, long acuminate, membranous,

generally glabrous except the nerves above, always sparsely or closely

adpressed-pilose beneath as are the petioles and the younger branches ;

pedicels short axillary 1 (rarely 2 or 3)-fld., sepals ovate subacute

subequal externally adpressed pilose, in fruit glabrescent; corolla

hypocrateriform, tube long straight glabrous externally ; stamens in-

cluded; capsule ovoid; seeds dark brown velvety throughout with

shagey margins. JI. trichosperma C. B. Clarke in F. B. I, iv., 198 in

part, not of Blume. Convolvulus grandiflorus Linn. f., Suppl. 136 as to des-

cription, and excluding the syn. Rheede, Hort. Malab. t. 50. OC. asper

Wall. Cat. n. 1388. Calonyction speciosum Choisy var. y pubescens,

Choisy, DC. Prodr. ix., 345 as to the description. C. asper Choisy. DC.

Prodr. ix., 345, im part. C. mollissimum Zoll., Syst. Verzeichn. 131; Miq.,

Flor, Ind. Bat. 11. 597.

Sinner: Wallich! Peau Yomah, Kurz! Trnasserim: Mawayda,

Gallatly! Disrris. Java.

A large climber, branchlets muricate ; leaves 4-8 in. by 3-7 in., petioles 1-3 in. ;

pedicels 3-1 in, thickened in fruit under the capsule, on axillary peduncles with

pulvinar swellings on branch at their base, 4-1 in. long if 1-fid. 1-2} in. long

when 2 or 8-fld., sepals 4 in long, somewhat enlarged in fruit; corolla white, tube

5-6 in.long; capsule ovoid } in. long } in. in diam.

4c. Ipomona JucunpA Thw., Hnum. 211 [1860]; leaves rounded

cordate, rather long acuminate entire glabrous above tomentose beneath

104 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. [No. 2,

as are the petioles; pedicels axillary, 1—3-fld., puberulous as long as the

petioles; sepals ovate-oblong mucronulate externally hirsute; corolla

hypocrateriform, tube straight puberulous externally ; stamens included ;

capsule large depressed-ovoid ; seeds densely clothed throughout with

very long greyish-brown silky hairs. I. longiflora Benth., Flor.

Austr. iv., 419 in note. I. grandiflora OC. B. Clarke, Flor. Brit. Ind., iv.,

198 in part, not of Lamk.

Cryton: Dolosbage district, rare, Thwaites nu. 3448 !

A large lofty night-flowering climber ; leaves 3} in. by 3 in., petioles and pedicels

2 in.; pedicels usually 1-fld.; sepals 1 in. long, sub-reflexed in fruit; corolla white,

tube 2 in. long, limb 4 in. across; capsule ? in. long about | in. in diam,

Sus-cenus III. Puarsitrs.

8b. Iromona concesta R. Br., Prodr. I'l. Nov. Holl. 485 [1810];

leaves broadly or deeply cordate acute entire or slightly 3-lobed, softly

sparingly hirsute above, more densely below; flowers large in congested

cymes on long peduncles with sometimes a foliar bract close to the

flowers; sepals long lanceolate acuminate; corolla suddenly campanu-

late from a short narrow cylindric base. L. congesta Penth. Fl. Austral.

iv., 417. Convolvulus congestus Spreng. Syst. i, 601. Pharbitis insu-

laris Choisy, Conv. Or. 57; DC. Prodr. ix., 341. Tpomecea insularis Steud.

Cuirracona: Kodala Hill, King’s Collector! Matay Prninsuna:

Singapur, Hullett! Duisrris. N. Australia, Polynesia.

A tall hirsute climber; leaves 8-6 in. by 2-5 in., petioles 2-3 in., peduncles

3-7 in., softly hairy as are the petioles and stem, foliar bracts when present 12 in.

by 3-3} in., with cuneate more rarely sub-cordate base; cymes 3-7 fild.; sepals ? in.

long ; corolla blue-purple or mixed red and blue, nearly 3 in. long.

Mr. Hullett has noted on his specimen (n. 646) “Jany. 1885: blue convolvulus,

wild? Have never seen it in seed.” Perhaps therefore it is only an escape, It is

not however at all frequent in cultivation in India and its occurrence in the

Chittagong Hill Tracts in at least a thoroughly naturalised state leads the writer

to provide a description.

10. Ipomona pissecta Willd.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Uprer Burma: Shan Hills, 4,000 ft., Collett! King’s Collectors !

Sus-cenus LV. AnNIsEIA.

13. Ipom@a BARLERIOIDES Benth.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Upper Burma: Shan Hills: Meiktila, Collett! Koni, Prazer !

13 b. Irom@a nana Coll. § Hemsl., Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii., 97;

leaves simple shortly petioled or sub. sessile, thickly herbaceous, obovate-

lanceolate or narrow-oblong obtuse or acute, base cuneate, margin

1894. D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacer. 105

entire on both surfaces sparsely hirsute with long strigose hairs;

flowers axillary solitary, peduncles short, sepals narrow lanceolate

acuminate unequal externally pilose; corolla narrowly infundibuliform

sparsely hairy externally ; stamens included, filaments hirsute,

Borma; Shan Hills, 4,000 ft., common, Colleti !

An erect or ascending herb, 6-12 in. high, root fusiform; leaves 14-2

Sepals 4 in. long. Corolla 23-8 in. long, 14 in. across mouth.

The sepals in fruit are reflexed, but the fruits themselves have fallen, and it is

not known whether they have been capsules or berries. The flowers are very like those

of Ipomea odarlerioides, but the plant has the facies of a Lettsomia rather than of

an Ipomea.

13 c, Irome@a popanensis Coll. § Hemsi., Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii.,

97; leaves simple shortly petioled narrowly oblong lanceolate or some-

times linear apiculate, entire, on both surfaces sparsely hirsute with

short strigose hairs; flowers axillary on short peduncles with usually

J, rarely 2-3 flowers ; sepals ovate-lanceolate acuminate or linear lanceo-

late, pilose externally as are the lanceolate bracts at the base of the

very short pedicels; corolla narrowly infundibuliform sparsely hairy

externally ; stamens included filaments papillose.

Upper Burma: on Popah Daoung, Collett! Shan Hills, near Boi

Tat, 3,000 ft., and at Meiktila, Collett !

A very slender twiner, leaves 13-4 in. long, sepals 3-2 in. long, $-% in. wide,

purplish ; corolla purple 2 in. long, 1 in. wide at mouth.

This species also has flowers very like those of Ipomea barlerioides. None of

the specimens have ripe fruits; the largest unripe ones present are 4in, in dia-

meter sub-globose smooth witha thin pericarp, which however shows no trace of

ultimate dehiscence. The plant suggests by its general facies that it may be a

Lettsomia, in which case it would come nearest LZ. barbata Clarke and L. Mastersii

Prain.

in,

Se)

Sus-Genus VI. EvIPoMogra,

20. IpomorA PES-TIGRIDIS Linn.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Upper Burma: Sagaing, Pyinmana, Fort Stedman, King’s Collectors !

21. Ipomora ERIOCARPA Br.

Add to localities of #. B. I. :—

Tenassrrim: Moulmein, Halconer! Burma: Rangoon, Cleghorn!

Shan Hills, 3,000 ft. Collett!

22. Ipomona Stocks Clarke.

Add to localities of &. B. I. :

Cent. Inp1a: Goonah, King !

27. Ipomoea potyanTHa Mig.

The synonym Convolvulus polyanthus Wall, Cat. n. 1378 should be

diy’ tx, 14

106 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacese. [No. 2,

omitted. Wall. Cat. n. 1378 is Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult.

yar. malayana Prain (Lettsomia sumatrana M7q.)

VAR. affinis is now reported from Chittagong, Khasia Hills, Shan

Hills, and Tenasserium in addition to the localities mentioned in Ff’, B.

I.; it is further distributed to Yunnan.

28. JPoMOEA RENIFORMIS, Choisy.

Add to localities of F. B. I, :—

Uprrr Burma: ‘near Amerapoora in fields,’ Wallich !

30. Ipomoga opscuraA, Ker.

var. typica; add to localities of F. B. I.:—

Throughout Tenasserim ; in Burma from Rangoon to Bhamo and

the Shan states: Andamans, frequent.

var. gemella ; add to localities :—

Centt. Inpia: Goonah, King! 8. Inp1a: Dindygul, King!

This form hardly deserves varietal rank.

33. Ipomora PORANOIDES Clarke.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

N.-W. Himataya: Garhwal Babur, King! Naca Hitus: Kohima,

CO. B. Clarke, Prain!

34. IpoMOEA CYNANCHIFOLIA Clarke,

Add to distribution of F. B. I. :—South-West China.

Dr. J. Anderson collected this species at Poneshee in Yunnan.

36. IpoMOEA DENTICULATA Choisy.

Substitute for localities of F. B. I. :—

Sea-sHores OF InpiA, InpO-cHmnaA AND Mataya: Westn. India;

Kanara, 'albot ! Laccadives ; Minikoi, Alcock ! Ceylon, at Galle, Thwaites!

Arracan ; at Akyab, frequent along the sea-shore, Kurz! Kobah, Kurz!

Diamond Island, Prain! Andaman Group: Narcondam, Great Coco,

Little Coco, Prain! 8, Andaman, King’s Collectors! Rutland Island,

Little Andaman, Prain! Nicobars; Kamorta, Kurz! Great Nicobar,

Kurz! Malay Peninsula; Perak, Scortechini! Penang, Curtis ! Pahang,

Ridley !

42. IpoMOEA STAPHYLINA Roem. § Schult.

var. typica: corolla wide-campanulate from a very short narrow

cylindric base, usually 3-{, very rarely 1 in. long. and 4-3, sometimes

1 in, diam. at limb.

To this belong all the synonyms of F. B. I., except Convolvulus polyanthus

Wall., and all the localities except the Penang one.

var. malayana Prain; corolla uniformly narrowly infundibuliform

from base to limb, 1 to 1} in. long and hardly 3 in. diam. at mouth.

Convolvulus polyanthus Wall. Cat, n. 1378 (not Ipomoea polyantha Mig.)

Lettsomia sumatrana Miq., Flor. Ind. Bat., Suppl. 560 (1860.)

1894, ] D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacez. 107

Matay Penrnsuta; Perak; Kunstler! Penang, Wallich! Distrre.

Sumatra.

Wail. Cat. n. 1878 is exactly the same as authentic specimens of Lettsomia swina-

trana collected by Teysmann in Sumatra. Though the two varieties differ so

markedly in the shape of the corolla, the leaves, calyces, ovaries and capsules are

identical. The corolla in the Malay variety is muchas in the Indian, red purple

at the base, white streaked with pink near the mouth.

42 6, IpomofaA NYMPHAEFOLIA BI., Bijdr. 719 [1825] not of Grise-

bach [1866]; leaves orbicular-ovate, shortly acuminate entire glabrous

on both surfaces or sparingly hairy on the nerves beneath, peltate with

a rounded or slightly retuse base, the floral leaves more deeply cut and

at times cordate with a narrow sinus; flowers large in loose cymes on

a common peduncle sometimes shorter than the petioles sometimes

longer than the leaves; sepals broad obtuse coriaceous nearly equal ;

corolla wide campanulate glabrous externally; capsule large. Ipomcea

peltata Choisy, Conv. Or. 70 (1833) ; DC. Prodr. ix., 359; Mig. Flor. Ind.

Bat. u1., 605; Benth., Flor. Austral. iv., 418; Baker, Flor. Maurit. 208.

I. Rumphii Migq., Flor. Ind. Bat. ii., 605. Convolvulus peltatus Linn.,

Sp. Pl. 1194. Spiranthera peltata Boj., Hort. Maurit. 226.—Rheede

Herb. Amboin. v., 428, t. 157 (both figures).

Perak: Pangkor, Scortechini n. 1074! Distris. Mascarene Islands

to Malaya, N. Australia and Polynesia.

' A tall woody climber; leaves 6-10 in. by 5-8 in.; Cymes 4-15-fld.; sepals

glabrous $in. in flower, nearly 1 in. in fruit; corolla 2—24 in., yellowish-white with

red spots in the Mascarene Islands, yellow or white or purplish in Malaya, white

in N. Australia and Polynesia: anthers hirsute; capsule 1 in. in diam.; seeds pilose.

Ipomoea Grisebachii (I. nymphezefolia Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub, [1866], is not this plant.

The flowers in Rumphius’ figures are much too small; otherwise the description

and figures leave no doubt as to this being the plant intended.

43, IPOMOEA CAMPANULATA Linn.

var. typica. Add to synonyms of F. B. I.:—Argyreia tiliaefolia

Kurz, For. Flor. Brit. Burma ii., 215., not of Wight. and delete syn. I

campanulata Kurz, 1. c. 218.

Kurz’s Argyreia tiliaefolia, as his elaborate description and all his specimens

in Herb. Calcutta show, is Ipomea campanulata Linn. which extends from South-

West Yunnan (Anderson!) and the Shan States (Manders! King’s Collectors !) to

Tenasserim. Argyreia tiliaefolia, a purely sea-shore species, is on the other hand

the plant described by Kurz, /.c., and named by him in Herb. Calcutta, Ipomoea

campanulata, though he has included in this species his specimens of Ipomoea

(Calonyction) glaberrima as well.

vAR. illustris. Add to localities of F. B. I.:—

Cryton: Thwaites! SunpERBUNS: Heinig! ARRACAN: mouth of

Kolodyne river, Kurz! Coco group, Prain ! South Andaman, King! Prain!

King’s Collectors! Nicopars: King’ sCollectors ! Manay Peninsusa: Penang,

Curtis !

108 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. [No. 2,

This very distinct sea-shore form seems, as Mr. Clarke suggests, to deserve

specific rank. Though collected by Kurz, itis not included by him either in his

Ipomoea campanulata or his Argyreia tiliaefolia; a note in Herb. Calcutta shows

that he shared Mr. Clarke’s opinion that it is perhaps deserving of specific rank.

44, TpomMonA LAcTEA Wall. ex Voigt. in Hort. Suburb. Calcutta 361

[1845]. Convolvulus lacteus Wall. ex Girah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 133.

Ipomoea Gomezii OC. B. Clarke in Flor. Brit. Ind. iv., 211 [1883] in part,

and as to the Tavoy plant only.

Assam : foot of Naga Hills, Masters! Tanasserim: Tavoy, Gomez.

There is not now at Calcutta a specimen collected by Gomez in Tavoy, but there

is a2 specimen collected in the Calcutta Garden, noted as being raised from seed

received from Burma from Gomez, and named in Dr. Wallich’s own handwriting

Convolvulus lacteus.

The calyx and corolla in this species closely resemble those of Ipomoea nymphae-

folia but are twice as large; in fruit the calyx and capsule are nearly thrice as

large. As in J. nymphaefolia the seeds are hairy, the corolla externally is glabrous.

I. lactea in fruit still more closely resembles a macrocarpous form of I. petaloidea

from the Andamans and the Malayan Archipelago. This plant, which the writer

had supposed to be the Andaman one included by Mr. Clarke under Ipomoea Gomezie

has a corolla smaller than that of I. lactea, and is shaggy externally even when full

grown, whereas the corolla of I. lactea is glabrous externally even in bud. Dr. Stapf,

however, informs the writer that while the Andaman plant referred to is certainly

not J. lactea it does not appear to be J. petaloidea either. ‘It is, however,” Dr.

Stapf says, “a very poor one. There is one flower mounted with it, though not

exactly attached ;”? he also says that, though the calyx agrees with that of the

variety of I. petaloidea referred to, ‘the shrivelled corolla seems to have had a

narrow tube about two inches lone and is glabrous outside.’ This description

would suit a badly prepared specimen of Ipomea glaberrima, and it is not impossible

that, so far at least as the flower is concerned, the Andamans I. Gomezii will have

to be referred to that species.

45. Ipomona cymosa Roem. § Schult.

var. typica. Add to localities of F. B. I.:—Hqually abundant in

Indo-China from Upper Assam and Bhamo to the Andamans and

Nicobars, and the Malay Peninsula.

To this belong all the synonyms of the F. B. I. except Convolvulus wmbellatus

Wall. (Cat. n. 2329), which is from a plant grown in the Calcutta Botanie Garden.

It forms the type of Choisy’s Jpomea cymosa var. culta, and is perhaps a synonym

of Ipomea wmbellata Meyer.

var. culta; Choisy, DC. Prodr. ix., 371; leaves cordate with

an obtuse sinus and rounded auricles, softly velvety tomentose on both

surfaces, flowers large uniformly dark-yellow. Convolyulus umbellatus

Wall. Cat. n. 2239.

Lower Beneau: naturalised in various places near the Royal

Botanic Garden, Kurz! Matay Peyinsuta: Perak; at Sungah Ryah,

Kunstler !

v4 as

1894. ] D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. 109

The cymes in this plant are almost umbellate and the leaves, which are 4 by

3h in., are much wider than in VAR. typica, where also the corolla is pure white or

white tinged with yellow. The calyx and seeds are exactly as in I. cymosa, but the

corolla is considerably larger, and in size and colour agrees with that of Ipomoea

umbellata. Mey. (Prim. Flor. Esseq. 99), an American plant with very similar leaves

equally deeply cordate, but with an acute sinus and glabrous above very sparingly

hirsute below. This latter difference is no greater than exists between different

forms of I. cymosa proper, and it is probable that I. cymosa, var. culta, and I. wmbel-

lata are but forms of one plant which is only a variety, as Bentham (Flor. Austral.

iy., 423) suggests, of I. cymosa.

It has always been supposed that Wallich’s Convolvulus umbellatus, cult. in

Hort. Calcutta, was derived from American seed; it now seems as probable that

Wallich’s plant was of Malayan origin.

Dr. Stapf who has kindly examined this plant, doubts very much that it is

entitled to varietal rank. He also adds “itis extremely like I. wmbellata Meyer,

from America, and I cannot find characters to separate them.”

456. Ipomona RuBENS Choisy, Convolv. Or. 81 and DOC. Prodr. ix.,

371. Convolvulus rubens Wall. Cat. 1421. C. glandulosus Ham. in

Wall. Cat. 2252. Lettsomia rubens Clarke, Flor. Brit. Ind. iv., 195.

Nortu Bencau: Rangpur, at Pirganj, Hamilton; Purnea, near

Caragola, Kurz! Assam: Jenkins! Gibson ! Goalpara, Hamilton ! Simons !

Gauhati, Jenkins ! Silhet, DeSilva! Cachar, Keenan.

This is, as Choisy says, an Ipomoea not a Lettsomia. M. Choisy does not appear

to have seen fruit; Mr. Clarke says, loc. cit., that he had not seen any. The plant,

Mr. Clarke adds, has been supposed a Rivea; its facies suggests an Ipomoea in the

vicinity of I. cymosa var. culta, from which however, it differs in having fewer flowers

in the umbelliform cymes, a tomentose calyx, acorolla which is whitish-purple ins-

tead of dark yellow, and strigose on the plaits externally instead of quite glabrous,

as well as in having glabrous in place of hirsute seeds.

There is no example of Hamilton’s Convolvulus glandulosus at Calcutta, at Kew,

or in the type set of Wallich’s Herbarium at the Linnean Society ; what however is

evidently, from Choisy’s description, the same thing, is represented at Calcutta by

specimens collected in Assam (exact locality not stated) by Gibson, and at Gauhati

by Jenkins. These specimens have rather larger leaves than any of the others

densely velvety tomentose on both surfaces, and closely resembling those of

Argyreia Roxburghii. There is however not the slightest difference as to calyx or

corolla between these specimens and those which form the type of Ipomea rubens,

so that the separation of a variety lanata, proposed by M. Choisy, appears to be

hardly necessary. The Goalpara specimens in Wallich’s Herbarium (Convolvulus

bifidus, Ham. Wall. Cat. n. 1421/B and n. 1421/C) are identical with those of DeSilva

from Silhet (Wall. Cat. n. 1421/1) on which the species was founded. Kurz’s Purnea

specimens have leaves less densely hirsute above.

The species is evidently very closely related to the next one of which there is

not a specimen at Calcutta. Being unable to separate it by Mr. Clarke’s description

and figure, the writer asked that the two might be compared at Kew where the type

of Ipomea Wattii is preserved. Dr. Stapf, who has kindly made the comparison at

Kew writes :—“ Lettsomia rubens Clarke, and Ipomea Wattii are very like ; but note

110 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. [No. 2,

the sepals, which are narrower and acute in the latter.” This appears to be the only

tangible distinction, and is perhaps hardly sufficient to separate the two plants; till

however, full material of Ipomea Wattii is available it would be improper to propose

the formal reduction of Mr. Clarke’s species, a description of which, taken from the

author’s original diagnosis and figure, is given here.

45 c. Ipomora Wartit Clarke, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv., 49, t. 22;

leaves ovate-cordate acute, sparingly hairy above and on the nerves

beneath, peduncles long, 3—5-fid., sepals widely oblong acute, hairy.

Nacsa Hitis: Kohima, alt. 5,000 feet, Clarke.

Scandent. Leaves 33-24 in., somewhat deeply cordate; petiole 2-3 in. Peduncles

3-5 in., pedicels 1 in. Sepals 3-4 in. Corolla 14 in. long, and as much across, white

with a purple tinge. Capsule glabrous 4-3 in. diam., seeds glabrous.

The chief difference, apparently the only one, between this and Jpomea rubens

lies, as already said,in the sepals, which are here widely oblong acute, while in

I. rubens they are widely oblong obtuse and rather shorter.

From the figure quoted, the artist has altogether omitted the tomentum of

leaves and calyx, while the sepals are shown as lanceolate instead of widely oblong.

46. TpoMOEA PETALOIDEA Choisy.

var. typica ; add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Benar: Kurz! Wood! Revd. Campbell! Crentu. India: Godaveri

district, Beddome ! Gamble! Sagor, Vicary !

var. pauciflora Clarke, Flor. Brit. Ind. iv., 212. I. petaloidea, var. ?

foliis fere linearibus Ooll. § Hemstl., Journ. Linn. Soc., xxviii, 97. I.

petaloidea var. linearifolia Kurz. Mss. in Herb. Calc. Add to localities :—

Burma: Pegu, at Palawa Zeik, Tonkyeghat, Kurz! Shan Hills, at

Pwehla, 4000 feet, Collett ! Southern Shan States, Manders !

This very distinct-looking variety has also been collected by Dr. King near

Mussorie, in the district where it was first obtained by Dr. Thomson.

vaR. andamanica Prain; sepals larger, enlarging in fruit, capsule

much larger. Conyolvulus platypeltis Span. Linnea xv., 338.

Anpamans: Kurz! King’s Collectors! Common. Dzstris: Timor.

The fruit of this closely resembles Ipomwa lactea Wall., but the corolla is much

smaller and is shaggy externally. Spanoghe’s Timor plant, referred by Miquel to

I. petaloidea, is evidently this form.

46 b. Ipomona Kine Prain: leaves narrow ovate cordate acute

with shallow ordeep rounded sinus and rounded auricles, glabrous

above or with the midrib sometimes puberulous, sparingly hirsute on

the nerves beneath, petioles long puberulous; peduncles glabrous longer

than the petioles, bearing sometimes 1-3, more often a lax branching

eyme of 5-12 flowers, with long smooth pedicels thickened, even in

flower, under the calyx; flowers large, sepals broad ovate obtuse glab-

rous coriaceous, with membranous margins nearly equal; corolla wide

campanulate glabrous exernally ; capsule large, seeds uniformly covered

ah

1894. ] D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacee. 1ll

with long brownish-grey hairs. Ipomoea cymosa var. macra C. B.

Olarke, Flor. Brit. Ind. iv., 212; Journ. Linn. Soc., xxv., 49.

Stxxim: Rishap, etc., 2500-5000 feet, very common, King! Gam-

mie! Clarke! Gamble! Booran! Parkes ! Cummins! Assam: Khasia Hills,

Grifjith, Hooker! Gauhati, Simons! Dibrugur, Masters! Naga Hills,

Clarke, Prain! Burma: Karen Hills, 3000 ft., Kurz! Shan Hills,

3000 ft., Collett !

A large climber: leaves 33-6 in. by 2-4 in., petioles 1-3 in.; peduncles 2-6 in,

with small deciduous linear bracts at origin of pedicels, which are from 1-2 in. long.

Sepals }in., reflexed but not enlarging in fruit. Corolla white, 2} in. long, mouth

2 in. across. Capsule $ in diam.

This isa very distinct species, much nearer to I. petaloidea (with which it

agrees in having thickened pedicels and of which it has exactly the calyx) than to

I. cymosa. It is however easily distinguished from I. petaloidea by its leaves, which

are quite like those of I. cymosa, and by its glabrous corolla.

49. IpoMoEA CARNORA Br.

Add to localities of F. B. I :—

Pauane: Ridley !

56 6. Ipomona Gracintima Prain; glabrous, leaves pedately lobed,

lobes narrow, spathulate sub-sinuate, peduncles 1-7 fid., filiform

elongated, sepals ovate obtuse, corolla small purple, seeds velvety with

a few long hairs at tip. I palmata var? gracillima, Coll. § Hemsl.,

Journ. Linn. Soc., xxviii., 97.

Upper Burma: Meiktila, Collett !

A slender climber; leaves 1-2 in. diam. petioles 1 in.; peduncles much larger

than leaves (2-4 in.) ; sepals 4 in., corolla 3-$ in ; capsule } in.

Very closely resembles I. palmata in appearance but is easily distinguished by

its much longer peduncles, its flowers less than half the size, and its very different

seeds.

6. LEPISTEMON Bt.

1, Loepistemon FLAvVESCENS Bl. Bijdr. 722. Lepistemon Wallichii

Choisy Convolv. Or. 61; Flor. Brit. Ind. iv. 216.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Matay Peninsunta: Perak, at Larut, Scortechint n. 1544! Distris,

Java, Borneo; Philippines.

Lepistemon Wallichit (Convolvulus cephalanthus Wall. Cat. n. 1402; Ipomoea

Wallichii Stewd.) scarcely differs from Lepistemon flavescens (Ipomoea flavescens

Steud.) as has been already pointed out by Choisy (DC. Prodr. ix, 348.) Choisy,

however, has not seen his way to formally uniting the two plants even when

monographing the natural order; on this account, and also because the geographi-

cal areas of the two forms did not then seem to overlap, Mr. Clarke has kept up the

distinctive name and position of the Indian one; he has however, pointed out how

closely they are related, and how nearly both are allied to still another form from

112 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacee. [No. 2,

Borneo and the Philippines. The form collected by Father Scortechini in Larut

differs somewhat from both the Indian and the Java plant; it has the widely

urceolate corolla of L. flavescens, and therefore is not true L. Wallichii; at the

same timeit has sepals that are longer and more lanceolate than even in L.

Wallichii, and therefore is not true L. flavescens.

Dr. Stapf writes:— “ I do not think that L. flavescens, L. Wallichit, and the

Borneo-Philippine plant are specifically distinct. They seem to be very slight

variations of one species.” This opinion, coupled with the communication from an

intermediate locality of a form that combines the characters of Steudel’s two

“ species,” leads the writer to propose the identification of the Indian plant with

that distributed throughout the Malayan region.

9. CONVOLVULUS Lin.

* Hrect or diffuse, not twining (except sometimes C. glomeratus);

stigmas filiform, nearly as long as, or longer than the style.

+ Spiny or spinescent shrubs or under-shrubs,

1. * ConvoLyuLus LElocaLycinus Boiss. Flor. Orient. iv., 86; a rigid

shrub with elongated again dividing branches, young parts adpressed-

silky, elsewhere glabrous, the ends of branches and peduncles develop-

ing into short sharp spines, leaves small shortly petioled, shortly silky

hairy, spathulate oblong subacute with rounded or sub-hastate bases,

flowers solitary axillary, pedicels shorter than the leaves, sepals glabrous

coriaceous ovate-obtuse mucronulate, corolla white glabrous 5-6 times

longer than the calyx, ovary hirsute, stigmas filiform, as long as the

style. C.lasiophlaeus Jaub. § Spach, Lil., t. 3868. C. lycioides Boiss.

Diagn., Ser. i., 7, p. 29.

PansaB Frontier: Duke! British Betucwistan: Lace! DIstris.

Afghanistan (Bellew) ; Beluchistan, Persia.

Height 3-4 feet; leaves } in. orless; calyx ¢ in.; corolla 1-14 in. long, capsule

ovoid.

The occurrence of this species just within the British Indian frontier renders

it necessary to supply a description of the plant. It is readily distinguished from

the next species by its hastate or cordate-based leaves.

1. * * ConvoLvuLus spinosus Burm. Flor. Ind, 47, t. 19, £..4;

a low much-branched shrub with elongated again much divided branches,

all parts covered with a short adpressed ash-grey silky pubescence,

the ends of branches developing into sharp slender spines; leaves

small elliptic subacute, bases narrowed, the uppermost linear and

scale-like ; flowers on axillary, 1-3-fld. pedicels as long as the leaves,

sepals hirsute coriaceous ovate-obtuse, corolla hirsute 3-4 times longer

than the calyx, ovary hirsute; stigmas filiform as long as the style.

C. spinosus Boiss., Flor Or. iv., 87, not of Desr. nor of Hichwald

C. genistoides Jaub. § Spach. Ill. t. 370.

1894.] D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulacere. 113

Norta-West Frontier: Nal, Duke. Distr. Afghanistan (Griffith)

Beluchistan (Stocks); Persia.

Height 1-3 ft.; leaves -} in.; calyx 4 in.; corolla #=1 in.

A description of this species is necessary for the same reason that calls for

one of C. leiocalycinus. From that species the longer pedicels, the hirsute calyx

and corolla, and the different leaves, easily distinguish it.

1. ConvotvoLus scinpicus Stocks.

¥ + Herbaceous not spinescent.

4b. CONVOLYULUS LiINEATUS Linn: Boiss. Flor. Or. iv., 97; adpressed

sericeous, leaves oblong ; the lower narrowed into a long petiole, the upper

most often narrowly linear, cymes few-fid. at the ends of the branches ;

flowers solitary shortly pedicelled ; sepals oblong lanceolate membran-

ous at the base, tips herbaceous spreading, corolla 3 times as long as the

calyx, ovary hirsute. Convolvulus spicefolius Desr. in Lamk. Encycl.

Meth. iii., 549. C. Besseri Spreng. Syst. i, 610.

British BELUCHISTAN : Quetta, Stocks! PunsaB Frontier: frequent,

Sanders! Duke! etc. Duistrin: Europe, N. Africa, Western Asia,

Siberia.

Root-stock woody, stems 4-8 in., herbaceous numerous, ascending or procum-

bent, lower leaves 2-3 in. by 4-4 in., petioles 1 in. or longer, stem leaves $1 in. :

sepals 2 in., adpressed sericeous ; corolla rose, 1 in., externally adpressed, sericeous

on the plaits,

Described for the reasons given under C. leiocalycinus and C. spinosus.

6. CONVOLVULUS GLOMERATUS Choisy.

Add to localities of F. B. I, :—

Rasputana: Jodhpur, King !

7b. ConvoLyuLus TENELLUS Stocks, Hook. Kew Journ. iv., 172;

pale-green, sparingly adpressed hirsute, leaves sessile linear, peduncles

1-3-fid., sepals ovate mucronulate or suddenly acuminate, quite glabrous,

corolla ? in. wide, campanulate ; ovary glabrous style very long. Con-

volvulus Stocksii Boiss. Flor. Or. iv., 110 [1879]. C. Rottlerianus var.

tenella Clarke, Flor. Brit. Ind. iv., 219.

ScrnpE: Cutch, Stoliczka ! Distr. Beluchistan (Stocks! Ball!)

Erect strictly branched, stems and branches wiry ; leaves } in. very narrowly

linear ; peduncles long, 2-23 in.; sepals } in., corolla rose, { in. at mouth, very

sparingly hispid along the angles.

This is extremely distinct from C. Rottlerianus, and may be at once recognised

by its glabrous calyx and its much longer scarcely hirsute corolla,

Boissier’s name, C. Stocksii, is given because there is a prior name C. tenellu

(Desr. in Lamk. Encycl.) Asthe “C.tenellus” of Desrousses isa Breweria and

not a Convolvulus, there is no reason why Stock’s name should not be used,

7 c. ConvotvuLus siInvato-pentatuS, Coll. § Hemsl., Journ.

Linn. Soc., xxviii., 98; pubescent, leaves petioled thick cordate-

J, mr 15

114 D. Prain—Some additional species of Convolvulaces. [No. 2,

oblong sub-obtuse sinuate-toothed ; flowers axillary solitary or pube-

scent ; pedicels as long as the leaves bracteolate near the middle; sepals

coriaceous ovate-obtuse pubescent externally ; corolla twice as long as

the calyx, externally hirsute ; ovary glabrous.

Urrer. Burma: Shan Hills, at Pwehla, Collett ! at Koni, Prazer! —

Root-stock thick woody ; stems slender prostrate internodes short ; leaves 3-1 in.

long, }-} in., across, petioles 4 in. or less; pedicels sometimes | } in. long, bracteoles

2 or 1; sepals 4 in.; corolla white, } in.

* * Stems twining ; stigmas narrowly oblong or linear, shorter than the

style.

9. CoNVOLVULUS FLAVUS Willd.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Rasputana: Mt. Aboo, King!

11, ConvoryoLus microcaLyx Clarke.

Substitute for localities of F. B. I. :—

Misumi: Griffith (mixed with Porana paniculata) ! Assam: Jenkins!

11. PORANA Boro.

3. PoRANA SPECTABILIS Kurz.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Assam: Naga Hills, at Nichuguard, Clarke ; Lushai Hills at Chang-

sil, Prazer! Burman: Shan Hills, Collett! Anpamans: Coco Islands,

Prain! S. Andaman, Prain! Kinq’s collectors !

13b. DICHONDRA Forst.

Prostrate creeping small herbs; leaves entire, flowers small

axillary; corolla campanulate deeply 5-lobed; ovary of 2 distinct

carpels, each with an almost basal style, and 1 or 2 ovules; stigmas

capitate. Fruit of 1 or 2 membraneous capsules, each with 1 or rarely

2 seeds.—Species 2, one tropical American, the other cosmopolitan in.

the tropics.

1. DicHonDRA REPENS Forst; Choisy, DC. Prodr., ix, 451; a

slender creeping perennial, rooting at the nodes, hoary with minute pube-

scence, or silky; leaves long-petioled, orbicular or reniform; flowers

solitary on peduncles shorter than the petioles; sepals obovate, very

short; corolla yellow rather shorter than the calyx; carpels about as

long as the calyx, nearly globular. R. Br., Prodr., 491; Wall. Cat.

1339; Benth. Flor. Austral. iv, 488; Coll. § Hemsl., Journ. Linn. Soe.

xxvil., 99.

Urrer Burma: Taong-Doung Mts., Wallich! Shan Hills, Collett !

1894. ] A. Alcock—Recent Oollection of Bathybial Fishes. 115

King’s Collectors! Distriz. Tropical and sub-tropical regions of both

hemispheres.

Leaves 3-1 in. diam.; petioles sometimes 2 in. (in Wallich’s specimens as much

as 4 in.) long, sepals about 1 line long.

15. CUSCUTA Linn.

1. CuscuTa REFLEXA Roxb.

Add to localities of F, B. I.:—-~ _ -

Urrer Burman: Karen Hills, Mason! Shan Hills, Collett! King’s

Collectors! Hotha, J, Anderson !

Add to distribution :—China.

4, CuscoTA CHINENSIS Lamk.

Add to localities of F. B. I. :—

Urprver Burmua: Shan Hills, King’s Collectors !

—_—_—_—~——e_orn—anaeeeEeeOEeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees*

Natural History Notes from H. M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer

‘ Investigator,’ Commander C. F. Oldham, R. N., Commanding. Series

II., No. 11. An Account of a Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes from

the Bay of Bengal and from the Laccadive Sea—By A. A.cock,

M. B., C. M. Z. 8., Superintendent of the Indian Museum.

- Plates VI & VIL.

[Received 3lst May:—Read 6th June.]

INTRODUCTION.

The collection of deep-sea fishes recently added to the Indian

Museum through the exertions of the Marine Zoological Survey is a

large one and numbers many species, of which only those that appear to

be either hitherto unknown or new to the Indian record are here noticed.

In the list of these new forms it is interesting to find Hoplostethus,

Thyrsites, Bembrops, Pecilopsetta, Chlorophthalmus, Xenomystax, (a. re-

markable deep-sea Eel of the Sauromurznesocine alliance, lately dis-

covered by the U.S. Steamer ‘ Albatross’ off the coast of Ecuador,

and now appearing in the Laccadive Sea), Nemichthys, and Triacan-

thodes. .

The discovery in these waters of representatives of these genera

shows that the exploration of the Indian Seas is still far from complete,

and leads us to hope that other unaccountable gaps in our knowledge of

the geographical relations of the fish fauna of India may yet be filled up.

116 A. Alcock—-Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. [No, 2,

From recent experience, as from experience gathered in the past,

it appears that the most promising ground for exploration, in these

Seas, is that which lies between 150 and 250 fathoms.

_ I may state, in conclusion, that the species here described, but not

figured, will in all probability be figured in next year’s issue (Part III.)

of Illustrations of the Royal Indian Marine Steamer ‘ Investigator.’

ACANTHOPTERYGII.

Family Percide.

Acropoma, Schleg.

Parascombrops, Alcock, J. A. 8. B., Vol. LVIII, pt. ii., p. 296: PMelanostoma,

Diéd., Denk, Ak. Wien, XLVIIL., p. 5.

1. Acropoma philippinense, Gthr.

Acropoma philippinense, Gthr. Zool. Chall. Exp. Vol. I., pt. vi, p. 51.

Parascombrops pellucidus, Alcock, J. A. 8. B., 1889, Vol. LVIIL, part ii, p.

296, Pl. XXII, fig. 1.

This species is characteristic of the Bay of Bengal in water

between 75 and 150 fathoms deep.

I take this opportunity of stating that the generic name Purascom-

brops proposed by me in 1889 for this species is only a synonym of

Acropoma, and must therefore be withdrawn.

Family Scorpenida.

Miyovs, C. V.

2. Minous inermis, Alcock.

Minous inermis, Alcock, J. A. S. B., 1889, Vol. LVIII., pt. ii., p. 209, Pl. XXII.,

fig. 4; atid Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Sept. 1892, p. 207.

Specimens of this species dredged this year in the Bay of Bengal

off Madras, at 133 fms., are encrusted with the same commensal Hydroid

(Stylactis minoi) as the specimens dredged off the Mahanaddi, off the

Godavari, and off the Malabar Coast in previous years. This confirms

the already fairly well established opinion that the relation between

the Hydroid and the Fish is a fixed and definite one.

Family Berycide.

Hoptosteruvs, C. V.

3. Hoplostethus mediterraneum, C. V.

For Synonomy, vide Giinther, ‘ Challenger’ Deep-sea Fishes, p. 21.

A fine specimen dredged in the Bay of Bengal at Station 162, 145-

250 fms., is a new addition to the record of the Indian Fauna.

1894.] A. Alcock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. 117

Family Trichiuride.

Tuyrsites, C. and V.

4. Thyrsites bengalensis, n. sp., Pl. VI., fig. 1.

Closely related to Thyrsites prometheoides, Blkr.

Beg Deis aa i ern ee Evie V1.

13-14 11-12

Length of head two-sevenths of the total (caudal included), and

twice the greatest height of the body.

The snout, which has the usual Trichiurid form, is two-fifths of the

head in length, and twice the diameter of the eye.

The nostrils are small pores situated well in front of the eye. The

mouth is large, and the upper jaw-bones are massive: the maxilla reaches

to a point midway between the anterior border of the orbit and the pupil.

There is a single row of distant fang-like teeth in the premaxillary,

which in front, to the number of three or four, are of great size: the

mandibular teeth are similar in size form and arrangement, but only

two—the front one on each side—are enlarged, and these but slightly.

There is a single row of small sharp distant teeth on each palatine.

Gill-opening extremely wide. Pseudobranchie large.

The head and body are invested in a thick silvery scaleless skin.

The lateral line bifurcates at the level of the 5th or 6th dorsal spine,

the upper branch running along the base of the dorsal fin, the lower

descending with a curve to the middle line, or a little ventrad of it,

and then taking a somewhat sinuous course to the caudal.

The longest (middle) spines of the long first dorsal fin are two-

thirds the greatest body height in length: the second dorsal, like the

anal, is low and short: the two spurious finlets are incompletely iso-

lated in both fins.

The caudal is large and deeply forked.

The delicate pectorals are not quite half as long as /the head.

The ventrals, which arise close together on the abdominal profile a

little in advance of the pectorals, are each reduced to a single fluted

spine.

In correlation with the strong jaws and large fangs the stomach

is huge, its length being one-third of the total (caudal included). In

the specimen dissected there is a small air-bladder and seven large

but delicate pyloric ceca.

Colours in spirit: burnished silver, with the mid-dorsal line, from

snout to caudal, blue-black: fins hyaline, the spinous dorsal with a

black edge which is broadest in front, the tips of the lobes of the

caudal fin dusky.

118 A. Alcock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. [No.2

The largest specimen measures 5:25 inches.

Loc. Bay of Bengal, Station 162, 145/250 fathoms. This species has

the true bathybial facies.

Family Trachinide.

Group Trachinina.

~ Bemsrops, Steindachner.

Bembrops, Steindachner, SB. Ak. Wien, 1877, Vol. LEXI, pt.i, p. 211,

Bathypercis, Alcock, J. A. S. B. 1893, Vol. LXILI., pt. ii., p. 177.

5. Bembrops caudimacula, Stdr.

Bembrops caudimacula, Stdr., SB. Ak. Wien, 1877, Vol. LXXIV., pt. i., p. 212.

Two small specimens of this species were dredged in the Bay of

Bengal, at Station 170, 107 fathoms, this being the first report of the

occurrence of the species in Indian waters.

6, Bembrops platyrhynchus, (Alcock).

Bathypercis platyrhynchus, Alcock, J. A. 8. B., 1893, Vol. LXII., pt. ii., p. 178.

Bay of Bengal, 128 fathoms.

I must apologize to Professor Steindachner for having, when des-

cribing this species last year, overlooked his very clear and complete

account of his new genus Bembrops from Japan; and I must now state

that Bathypercis is merely a synonym of Bembrops, and must be with-

drawn.

Family Pediculati.

Loputus, Art.

7. Lophius lugubris, n. sp.

Very closely allied to L. mutilus, mihi.

BEG, WHS 7-8) (ANS-Goc Crs? ‘P23 aP. Bo!

Cephalic disk subcircular, its diameter not quite one-half the

total (caudal included) : its upper surface studded with scattered knobs

and spines, none of which are of predominant size: the mouth- cleft

traverses the whole breadth of the disk.

Depressible fangs in a single series along the premaxillary, except

at the symphysis, where there are also a few small teeth of a second

series; and in three irregular series in the mandible. A single rigid

fang, or a pair, at either extremity of the head of the vomer; and

an uneven row of 4 or.5 rigid fangs along each palatine.

Eyes small, their major diameter being about one-seventh the

1894. ] A. Aleock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. 119

length of the head: two diameters apart. Gill-cleft contracted: three

gills. The skin is loose and glandular, and round the edge of the disk

and along the sides of the tail there is a scanty fringe of cutaneous

filaments. The dorsal spines are simple filaments, the first two of

which stand close together on the snout: the third is about twice

the length of the second and as long as the cephalic disk in the

after half of which it arises. Thesecond part of the spinous dorsal

is represented by a single filament about two eye-lengths long, arising

near the hinder limit of the cephalic disk.

Colours in spirit: very dark sepia mottled with black: tongue

dusky. Length 4. 25 inches.

Loc. Station 151, off Colombo, 142 to 400 fms.

This species is very closely related to Lophius mutilus, mihi (J. A,

S. B., Part II of 1893; and Zoology of the R. I. M. S. ‘Investigator’,

Fishes, Part II, pl. X, fig. 2), from which it chiefly differs in having the

second part of the spinous dorsal fin represented by a single well-

devéloped spine, instead of by two hidden rudiments,

HatinvTza, C. & V.

8. Halieutzea fumosa, nu. sp.

BG, 20. 4.2 A.4, CO, Oiep P13, 2 V. 8.

Body remarkably thin and depressed. The greatest length of the

cephalic disk, which is half the total, candal included, is only four-fifths

of its greatest breadth.

The spines on the dorsal integument, with the exception of those

along the rostral and supra-orbital margin and those on the edge of the

disk and along each side of the tail, are mere spicules, quite different

from the large stellate spines of the other species; and the ventral inte-

gument is thick, soft and glandular, and is absolutely smooth. The

cleft of the mouth is two-fifths the breadth of the wide disk.

Hyes large, their diameter being between one-seventh and one-eight

the length of the cephalic disk: interorbital space very slightly con-

cave.

The caudal fin is half the length of the tail, or one-fourth the total,

itself included, and is equal in length to the pectorals: the long narrow

ventrals are just over two-thirds the length of the pectorals,

Colours in spirit: upper surface smoky blue becoming hyaline

round the edge of the disk, under surface hyaline, finely and closely

speckled with silver: dorsal fin blackish: pectorals and caudal broadly

and darkly banded in the distal half, and often milk-white at tip:

numerous fine jet black filaments on the upper surface of the disk:

a black ring round the orbit.

120 A. Aleock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes.

4

[No. 2,

The largest specimen—a mature female—is about 4 inches long, and

3-4, inches across the disk.

Loc. Bay of Bengal, Station 162, 145 to 250 fms,

SYNOPSIS OF THE INDIAN SPECIES OF Halieutza.

I. Disk markedly broader than long, with the spinature of its dorsal surface

remarkably feeble, and with the skin of its ventral surface soft, thick, glandular

and absolutely smooth.

[Interorbital space rather broad and very slightly ccncave eyes large:

mouth-cleft wide, two-fifths of the width of the very wide disk: four rays in

the dorsal fin: colour smoky blue}].—H. fumosa.

II. Disk nearly circular,

or only slightly broader

than long, with the spi-

nature of its dorsal sur-

face strong and coarse,

and with the skin of its

ventral surface leathery

and either spiny or

granular.

i. Under surface of

disk granular or with

scattered spines: in-

terorbitalspace rather

narrow and markedly

concave : eyes small.

a. Under surface of

disk with scattered

Spines between which

the skin is rough

cleft of, the mouth

narrow, about one-

third the width of the

disk: four rays in the

dorsal fin: ventral

fins broad: colour

pink.—H. stellata, C.

XV.

b. Under surface of

disk finely and very

closely and uniform:

ly granular: cleft of

the mouth broad,

nearly half the width

of the disk: five rays

in the dorsal fin; ven-

tral fins long and

slender: colour blue-

lL black.—H. nigra.

ii. Under surface of disk closely covered with

stellate spines: interorbital space rather broad

and slightly concave in front only: eyes large.

[Mouth-cleft wide, nearly half the width of

the disk: five rays in the dorsal fin: ventrals

broadish: colour crimson to bright pink].—H,

coccinea,

1894. ] A. Alcock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. 121

Family Cataphracti.

PeristeTuus, Lacép.

9. Peristethus Rivers-Andersoni, n. sp., Pl. VI., figs. 2, 2a, 2b.

D,.6/22.954. 21. . Vs datz 32,

The pre-orbital processes, which are bluntly pointed depressed and

hollow—their cavity opening below by several large pores—are in

length nearly half the distance between their tip and the anterior

border of the orbit, and each has upon its base a small upstanding

hook.

The pre-opercular ridge is remarkably salient but is sharply trunca-

ted, not forming a spine. The opercular ridge forms a short bluntly

rounded spine.

The lower jaw is thickly fringed with small tentacles. The labial

tentacles when laid back hardly surpass the angle of the mouth.

The interorbital space, the breadth of which is equal to the major

diameter of the orbit, is deeply concave, and is traversed fore and aft

by a deep median groove. Hach supra-orbital margin is surmounted

posteriorly by a strong recurved spine, and there is a similar spine

on each side of the occiput.

The body-shields are in four rows on each side: each shield is

strongly carinated, the carina being produced behind into a strong

spine; and in the case of the shields of the posterior third of the

lateral line the carine are slightly produced and pointed in front

also.

The length of the anterior ventral shields is more than twice their

greatest breadth.

Colours in spirit: body flesh-coloured ; the pectorals with a broad

jet-black band in their posterior half and with a milk white tip; the

spinous dorsal black in its upper half, and the soft dorsal with a black

edge.

Length 3°5 inches.

Loc. Station 151, off Colombo, 142 to 400 fms,

ANACANTHINI.

Family Gadide.

PuysicuLvs, Kaup.

10. Physiculus argyropastus, Alcock.

Physiculus argyropastus, Alcock, J. A. S. B., 1893, Vol. UXITI, Pt, ii, p. 180, pl.

IX, fig. 2.

Pr i, IG

122

A. Aleock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes.

[No. 2,

Several specimens were dredged in the Bay of Bengal at 162 and

170 fathoms.

This species is easily distinguished from Physiculus voseus—the only

other Indian species ——as the following tabular statement shows :—

CoMPARISON OF THE INDIAN SPECIES OF Physiculus.

Physiculus roseus.

Greatest height of the body a little

over one-sixth of the total (with caudal),

Jawbones broad and massive.

Barbel stout and fleshy, about as long

as the eye.

First ray of first dorsal fin prolonged.

Seven ventral rays, the longest, (outer-

most) of which only just surpasses the

Physiculus argyropastus,

Greatest height of the body a little

over one-seventh the total (with caudal).

Jawbones thin and narrow.

Barbel filiform and inconspicuous,

never half the length of the eye.

No prolonged dorsal ray.

Six ventral rays, the longest (outer-

most) of which reaches to the 12th or

orgin of the anal. 18th anal ray.

Body with

scarlet.

Uniform rose red. a reddish tinge; fing

Family Ophidiide.

Gtyptropnipium, Alcock.

ll. Glyptophidium macropus, n. sp., Pl. VI, fig. 3.

In character quite similar to Glyptophidiwm argentewm (Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist., Nov. 1889, p. 390, and Zool. H. M. I. M.S. ‘Investigator,’

Fishes, Part L., Pl. IL., fig. 3), from which it differs chiefly in having the

ventral fins in the form of bifid instead of simple filaments, and in

having the caudal fin confluent with the other vertical fins instead of

being free a short distance from its base.

The head, which is higher than, and nearly twice as long as the

trunk proper, is nearly one-fourth of the total, and has the muciferous

channels greatly developed, but the frill-like crests which delimit them

—with the exception of the one in the middle line—low. The short

trunk falls abruptly to the low finely tapering tail.

The snout, which does not overhang the equal jaws, is a trifle more

than one-fourth the length of the head, and not quite equal to the major

diameter of the large subcutaneous eye, which latter is equal to the

breadth of the interorbital space.

Mouth-cleft wide, the maxilla reaching beyond the middle of the

eye: the jaw-bones, like all the bones of the head, are extremely deli-

cate. Villiform teeth in very narrow bands in the jaws, palatines, and

vomer.

Operculum with a feeble spine above: gill openings very wide, the

1894. ] A. Aleock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. 123

gill-membranes being separate throughout: gill-lamine very narrow:

gill-rakers on the outer side of the first arch numerous (over 25 in

number), close-set, long, setiform: pseudobranchize moderately large.

Scales small and extremely thin; larger and even thinner, but sparse

and deciduous, on the head. No lateral line whatever.

The dorsal fin begins well on the occiput, and is much more deve-

loped than the anal, its rays in its anterior two-thirds being more

than half of the greatest body-height in length: the caudal, which is

only about one-third the length of the head, is confluent with: the other

vertical fins. Pectoralslargeand pointed, with a thick fleshy base : their

length is nearly equal to that of the postrostral portion of the head.

The ventrals arise close together at the pectoral symphysis : each consists

of two long rays, the inner of which is an eye-length longer than the

head.

Intestine long and much convoluted: 7 or 8 very small pyloric

ceca: a large air-bladder.

Colours in spirit: head and eye and body silvery, the body finely

peppered with black: vertical fins hyaline with blackish tips, pectorals

blackish, ventrals white.

The largest specimen is nearly 53 inches long.

Loc. Bay of Bengal, Station 162, 145—250 fms.

Neopytuites, Goode and Bean.

12, Neobythites syuamipinnis, Alcock.

Pycnocraspedum squamipinne, Alcock, Annals and Magazine of Natural History,

' November 1889, p. 386.

Further specimens (from the Bay of Bengal 145-250 fms.), to-

gether with a better knowledge of the family, convince me that the

characters upon which the genus Pycnocraspedum was founded are not

of generic value. I therefore withdraw the name Pycnocraspedum.

Family Macruride.

Macruruvs, Bl.

Subgen. Celorhynchus.

13. Macrurus flabellispinnis, 0. Spe

iB. 6; ).*1/8. A. 95. sP. 16. V;.7,_.. Pyl. cee... cre. 40.

Head massive, shark-like, deeper and broader than, and more than

* A rudimentary tubercle.

124 A. Alcock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. [No. 2

twice the length of the trunk proper, and more than half the length of

the lash-like tail: its length in the total is nearly one-third.

The trihedral, rigid, and acutely-pointed snout is about two-fifths

the length of the head, and about twice the major diameter of the

large eye in length: about four-fifths of its extent is pre-oral. The

nostril on either side has the form of a large pit (the vertical diameter

of which is two-fifths the major diameter of the eye) with an anterior

circular opening, and the posterior opening much larger and reniform—

the two openings being separated by a narrow bridge of skin.

The mouth is quite inferior: the maxilla reaches almost to the

vertical through the posterior border of the orbit. Viulliform teeth in

a narrow tapering band in the lower jaw; and in a broader and longer

band in the upper jaw, where the outer row is slightly enlarged.

Barbel slender, not much more than half an eye-length long.

Gill-openings wide, the membranes free: gill-rakers rudimentary :

gill-laminee large and broad.

The body and the head, except in the glosso-hyal region, are every-

where covered with large, stout, firmly adherent scales: those on the

head, which are so intimately adherent to the bones beneath as to form

a plate-armour, are furnished with from three to eight strong widely-

radiating spiniferous ribs; while those on the body and tail have usual-

ly eight similar great spiniferous ribs, the radiate arrangement of which,

though very distinct, is not quite so marked: occasionally the last spine

of one rib or more projects beyond the edge of the scale.

There are four rows of scales between the base of the first dorsal

fin and the scales of the lateral line.

The first spine of the first dorsal fin is a mere tubercle; the second,

which is not quite five-sixths the length of the snout, is smooth

throughout: the interval between the two dorsal fins is greater than the

extent of the base of the first. The pectorals are narrow and pointed,

and their length is not quite equal to that of the postorbital portion of

the head. The outer ray of the ventrals is prolonged, but is not quite

equal in length to the longest pectoral ray.

Stomach large and siphonal: at least 40 large long pyloric cxca:

air-bladder small, and with a thin wall.

Colours: dark stone-grey; fins and pharyngo-branchial walls blue-

black ; parietal peritoneum silvery-grey.

Length 19 inches.

Loc. Station 150, Laccadive Sea, 719 fms.

This species is very closely allied to M. japonicus Schleg.., MW.

parallelus, Gthv., and M. guadricristatus, mihi.

1894.] A. Alcock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. 125

Subgen. Macrurus, Bl.

14. Macrurus pumiliceps, n. sp.

Closely allied to M. smiliophorus, Vaillant, from which it differs

conspicuously in the structure of the scales.

Bit. - Wael... Vi. I2. 2 P. 1S.

The length of the head, which is a little more than the greatest

height of the body, is only just over one-eighth of the total, the tail

forming a long lash.

Snout trihedral, with strong median and lateral tubercles, its length

is just exceeded by the major diameter of the eye,—the latter being not

quite one-third the length of the head, and exceeding the width of the

interorbital space by about one-fourth.

Mouth small and quite inferior, the maxilla only just passing the

level of the front border of the orbit. Barbel about three-quarters the

length of the eye. Villiform teeth in bands in both jaws.

Head and body covered with small scales, those on the head with

rough radiating ridges, those on the body having usually six (sometimes,

eight) nearly parallel rows of long slender spinelets — not more than

five in the longest row. [In the specimens taken no lateral line is

distinguishable. ]

The first dorsal spine is rudimentary, the second is slightly elon-

gate (not so long as the short head), and very closely and sharply

serrated (about 35 serrations) except at extreme base and tip. The

rays of the second dorsal fin are remarkably short, slender, and inconspi-

cuous, those of the anal are remarkably long and stout. The outermost

ventral ray is moderately prolonged, being as long as the upper pectoral

rays, or equal in length to the postrostral portion of the head. [In the

two immature specimens taken the ventral reaches to the sixth anal

ray, and the pectoral to the ninth; the vent being not half an eye-length

behind the base of the pectoral fin].

Nine or ten villiform (rudimentary) pyloric ceca.

Colour: silvery grey; throat, gill-membranes, belly, and paired

fins black ; vertical fins blackish.

Length 11 inches.

Toc. Waccadive Sea, Station 150, 719 fms.

[No. 2,

A. Alcock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes.

126

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127

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von O

A. Aleock—Recent Collect

1894.]

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128 A. Alcock— Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. — [No, 2,

Batuyeapvs, Gthr.

15. Bathygadus furvescens, n. sp.

B.7: -D.10, PR. 15.5 ¥. 8. Eylvexc: 20:

The length of the head is a little more than one-fifth of the total

(1: 4-75) ; and the height of the tapering body, immediately behind the

gill-opening, is about three-fourths the length of the head.

The length of the snout is one-fourth that of the head, and is equal

to the width of the interorbital space: the major diameter of the orbit

is four-fifths the length of the snout. The nostrils are placed close to-

gether immediately in front of the eye, the anterior being a mere pore.

The mouth is very capacious, its cleft reaching to the vertical

through the posterior border of the orbit. Villiform teeth in bands in

the jaws only, the band in the upper jaw being very broad: there is a

wide diastema between the two elements of the pre-maxillary, and a

corresponding but much narrower edentulous interval at the mandibular

symphysis. There is no barbel.

Gill-openings wide, the gill-membranes free. The gill-rakers are

short, broad, clavate and remarkably spiny, except on the outer side of

the lst branchial arch where they are long and setiform,—the middle

ten or twelve being three-fourths the diameter of the eye in length.

The body and the head, except in the glosso-hyal region, are cover-

ed with deciduous cycloid scales, of which there seem to be seven rows

between the base of the 1st dorsal fin and the lateral line.

The 1st dorsal fin has the usual position, and the 2nd arises imme-

diately behind it: an unbroken ray from the middle third of the well-

developed 2nd dorsal is more than one-third of the greatest body-height

in length. The rays of the anal fin are short and slender. The length

of the pectorals is not quite equal to that of the postrostral portion

of the head: when laid back, their tips reach beyond the origin of the

anal, The ventrals, which are large, arise immediately below the

pectorals.

The pyloric ceca, which are twenty in number, are of great size,

as is also the pancreas. The air-bladder is large and spongy.

Colours: warm dusky brown; vertical fins blackish, paired fins

black; gill-membranes, mouth and peritoneum black.

Length : 20°5 inches.

Loc. Station 150, off the Maldives, 719 fms.

Family Pleuronectide.

CHASCANOPSETTA, n. gen.

Mouth very wide, the maxillary being more than half the length

1894. ] A. Aleock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes, 129

of the head. Jaws and teeth equally developed on both sides, each

jaw being armed with a single row of long slender depressible teeth.

Hyes on the left side. The dorsal fin commences near the tip of the

snout, its rays, and those of the anal, being simple, slender, and

scaleless. Scales minute, membranous, hardiy imbricate. Lateral line

with a strong curve above the pectoral. Gill-openings wide, the gill-

membranes united to the isthmus in front. Giull-rakers none.

16. Chascanopsetta lugubris, n. sp., Pl. VI., fig. 4.

Bt. Ueto o0. CoG. 7 Vi. 6:

Body long, low, tapering, the dorsal profile considerably more

convex than the ventral. The greatest height of the body is about

one-fourth, and the length of the head about one-fifth of the total,

caudal included.

Mouth-cleft very wide, oblique, with the lower jaw strongly pro-

jecting: the maxilla, which is hardly expanded posteriorly, is about

three-quarters the length of the head,—reaching nearly to the angle

of the properculum. Each jaw is armed witha single row of sharp

eurved teeth of two sizes, the larger fairly regularly alternating with

the smaller: those of the lower jaw are very close-set, and are strongly

depressible inwards across the floor of the mouth: those of the upper

jaw are more distant, not so strongly depressible, and rather smaller.

Tongue large, free, with a long styliform point.

The eyes, which are on the left side, are large (their major

diameter being about two-sevenths of the length of the head), close-set

(less than a-third of a diameter apart), and nearly equal in front.

The snout proper is short—about two-thirds the length of the eye.

The nostrils are minute pores situated in front of the interorbital space.

The gill-openings are wide, the gill-membranes being free pos-

teriorly : the gill-arches are extremely weak and slender, the gill-laminz

are delicate, and there are no gill-rakers.

The body and the post-orbital portion of the head are covered with

minute membranous hardly imbricating scales, which are somewhat

enlarged along the lateral line. The lateral line on both sides has a

strong sinuous curve above the pectoral fin.

The fin-rays are weak and filiform: the dorsal begins in front of

the eye, on the snout. The caudal peduncle is strongly constricted,

and expands again at the insertion of the fin, which is long and

pointed,—6$ in. the total length. The pectorals are slender: that on

the coloured side is much larger than its fellow, its upper rays being

nearly as long as the caudal. Both ventrals are well developed.

Colours: dull dusky brown, the peritoneum showing through as a

black patch ; iris and fins black ; tongue dusky brown.

Je 1 LY.

130 A. Aleock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. [No. 2,

The largest specimen is 5°75 inches long.

Toc. Bay of Bengal, Station 162; 145 to 250 fms.

Porcitorserta, Gthr.

17, Poecilopsetta maculosa, n. sp., Pl. VIL., fig. ¥.

D. 56.) ALAGP V5. (GFES.

Height of the body about 14 in the total, without caudal; length

of the head a little more than 33. The length of the snout is about

half the major diameter of the lower eye, which latter is nearly one-

third the length of the head—the upper eye being markedly larger.

The eyes are on the right side, the lower hardly in advance, the upper

strongly encroaching on the dorsal profile: they are separated by a

flat scaly space, the breadth of which is nearly equal to the length of

the snout. The mouth-cleft is oblique and narrow, the maxilla being

hardly more than one-fourth the length of the head: the jaws are

equal in front and equally developed on both sides, as are the teeth,

which are villiform and in a crowded row in both jaws. The gill-

membranes are broadly united below the throat.

The head, body, and caudal fin are covered with minute thin cycloid

scales: the lateral line has a wide curve above the pectoral fin. The

dorsal fin begins above the middle of the eye and extends to the base

of the caudal peduncle: its rays, like those of the anal fin, are simple,

the longest being less than one-fourth the greatest body height. The

caudal fin is large and hastate, its length being nearly one-fourth the

total. The right (coloured) pectoral is rather more developed than

the left, but is not longer than the eye. The ventrals are quite equal,

opposite, and symmetrical, and are about as long as the eye.

Colours: right side silvery-grey with numerous large, well-defined,

more or less oval blotches, varying from dusky grey to jet-black—the

black blotches, in regular alternation with lighter ones, forming @

ring round the circumference of the body; pectoral with a black blotch,

caudal with two—one above, the otker below: left side with several

longitudinal series of black blotches along the middle of the body, and

with a series round the circumference of the body, corresponding blotch

for blotch with those on the coloured side.

Length nearly 3°75 inches.

Loc. Bay of Bengal, Station 162 ; 145-250 fms.

18. Peecilopsetta prelonga, n. sp., Pl. VIL, fig. 2.

D. 58-60. A. 45-47. V.6. CO. 18.

Closely resembling P. maculosa, but very easily distinguished by

the following differences :—The height of the body is only about one-

So

1894.) A. Alcock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. 131

third of the total without the caudal: the length of the snout is only

about one-third the major diameter of the eye, which is one-third the

length of the head: the eyes are in the closest contact: the maxilla is

one-third the head in length: the teeth are ina narrow but distinct

band in either jaw: the dorsal fin begins above the hinder limit of the

upper eye, and its longest rays are over one-third the greatest body-

height in length: the caudal fin is narrow elongate and pointed.

Colours: right side hyaline grey, all the fins black; a series of

black blotches round the circumference of the body, and two series

along the middle of the body: the left side is coloured very much as in

the preceding species.

The largest specimen measures 3°75 inches.

Loc. Off Colombo, Station 151; 142-400 fms.

Soiea, Gthr.

19. Solea wmbralitis, n. sp., Pl. VIL., fig. 3.

D270, PAL 50. CHS eP.0l ON. 52° lat. cire. 80.*

The height of the body is 23 in the total without the caudal. The

length of the head is sometimes a little more, sometimes a little less

than a third of the total without the caudal (in adults). The snont

is but slightly hooked: its length is twice that of the eye and from

two-sevenths to a quarter that of the head. The eyes are nearly or

quite a diameter apart. The nostril of both sides is a slender tube.

The mouth-cleft reaches to the posterior limit of the lower eye.

No pectoral fins whatever.

Ventral fins symmetrical, separated from the anal by more than

an eye-length.

Colours in spirit: warm olive brown with numerous large black

blotches which form four or five irregular transverse series and three

irrecular longitudinal series: dorsal and anal fins bluish-black or black :

underside smoky in rather more than the posterior half. The black

blotches are sometimes circumscribed by a light areola.

Length of a nearly mature female, 4°25 inches.

Loc. Bay of Bengal, Stations 169 and 170; 91-107 fms.

In form and colour this species at first sight resembles Solea

cyanea (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Dec. 1890, p. 439), from which it is

distinguished—specimens of equal size being compared—by the much

larger head and mouth, by the larger and more widely separated eyes,

and by the fewer rays in the dorsal and anal fins. It is however closely

allied to Solea cyanea, and also to Solea melanosticta, Peters (MB. Ak.

* To its termination behind the upper eye.

132 A. Alcock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. [No. 2,

Berl., 1876, p. 845), and Solea katana, Gthr. (‘ Challenger’ Shore

fishes, p. 49, pl. XXI., fig. C.)—all being comparatively deep-water

forms of the Hast Indian Seas.

APHORISTIA, Kaup.

20. Aphoristia trifasciata, nu. sp., Pl. VIL, fig. 4.

D. 87-89, A 75-77. V.4. C.12. 1. lat 80 to 82. L. tr. 38 to 40.

The length of the head, which is a trifle less than the height of

the body, is one-fourth the total without the caudal. The length of the

snout, which is about one-third more than the major diameter of the

eye, is from one-fifth to one-sixth the length of the head. The eyes

are in contact and are situated between the same verticals. The cleft

of the mouth reaches beyond the middle of the lower eye. A row of

small equal setiform teeth in each jaw on the blind side. The nostrils,

the gill-openings and gill-membranes, and the form and arrangement

of the scales, are as in the other Indian species.

The longest (posterior) rays of the dorsal fin are more than half

the greatest body-height, the corresponding anal rays being not quite

so long. The ventral fin is about one-fourth the length of the head,

and is separated from the anal by an interval equal to the length of

the snout.

Yolours: warm olive brown with three broad blackish cross-bands.

The largest specimens measure 4 to 43 inches.

Loc. Bay of Bengal, Station 162; 145-250 fms., and Station 164;

195-210 fms.

This species is akin to Aphoristia septemstriata and to Symphurus

leei, Jordan and Bollman, Symphurus fasciolaris, Gilbert, and Symphurus

atramentatus, Jordan and Bollmann. Its difference from the other

Indian species, all of which also inhabit deep water, is shown in the

following synoptical table.

SYNOPSIS OF THE JNDIAN SPECI¥S oF Aphoristia.

( 1, The mouth-cleft extends to or

| beyond the middle of the lower eye,

owing, not to the greater size of the

mouth, but to the more anterior posi-

| tion of the eyes: the origin of the

ventral fin is hardly an eye-length

distant from that of the anal.......... A. gilesii.

I. Both sides coloured, no

cross-stripes: height of the¢

body rather over one-fourth | 2. The mouth-cleft, owing

the total (with caudal). to the more posterior position

of the eyes, hardly surpasses

the front edge of the lower eye :

the origin of the ventral fin is

more than two eye-lengths dis-

(tant from that of the anal. .,, A, wood-masoni,

1894. ] A. Alcock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. 133

one-fourth the total (without

caudal): mouth-cleft large,

reaching well beyond the middle

| of the lower eye: the largest rays

| of the vertical fins are more than

f 1. The length of the head is

II. Only the left side colour-

ed, striped with cross-bands:

height of the body markedly

less than one-fourth the total

(with caudal).

half the greatest ee ae ae

three cross-bands........008: . A. trifasciata,

2. The length of the head

is one-fifth the total (without

caudal): mouth-cleft small,

hardly surpassing the front

edge of the lower eye: the long-

| est rays of the vertical fins are

from two-fifths to one-third

| the greatest body height: six

Lor seven cross-bands...,....... A. septemstriata.

PHYSOSTOMI.

Family Scopelide.

CHLOROPHTHALMUS, Bonap.

21. Chlorophthalmus corniger, n. sp., Pl. VI, fig. 5.

Bes. Diath. A, 9gePAl4. Ve 1/8. Au lat.-core.,.55.

Closely allied to Chlorophthalmus productus, Gthr. (‘ Challenger’

Deep-Sea Fishes, p. 193, pl. L,, D.), from which it appears to differ

only in colour, and in having a pair of strong flat spines on either side

of the salient mandibular symphysis.

Colours in spirit silvery-grey with numerous broad ill-defined

dusky cross-bands: fins hyaline, the tip of the caudal and the base and

tip of the dorsal black.

The largest specimen measures a little over 3 inches.

Loc. Bay of Bengal, Station 152; 145-250 fathoms.

Family Murenide.

Group Anguillina.

Concromurana, Kaup.

22. Congromureena musteliceps, nu. sp., Pl. VIL, fig. 5.

Allied to C. megastoma, Gthr., C. squaliceps, C. nasica and OC. macro-

cercus (=O. longicauda, Alcock, nec Ramsay and Ogilby).

Head about au eye-length longer than the trunk, which is one-

fourth the length of the tail.

The snout, which is long narrow and acutely pointed and far

over-hangs the mouth, is between one-fourth and two-ninths the length

of the head, and twice the major diameter of the eye. The anterior

nostril is a short tube situated on the lip near the tip of the snout,

134 A. Alcock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. [No. 2,

the posterior is a very wide foramen situated above and in front of the

angle of the eye. The mouth-cleft reaches just behind the vertical

through the middle of the eye, and the lips are large. Minute teeth

in broadish bands in the jaws, in a rasp-like patch outside the closed

mouth in the pre-maxillary, and in a broad band in about the anterior

third of the vomer. Gill-openings wide, separate.

No scales: the lateral line is marked by a row of small pores.

Pectorals narrow, pointed, nearly half an eye-length longer than

the snout. Vertical fins confluent, the dorsal beginning nearly an

eye-length in advance of the gill-opening. _

Colours in spirit: dark purple-brown, becoming silvery on the

abdomen: opercle black: vertical fins with a broad black edge through-

out their entire length.

The largest specimen measures 15 inches.

Loc. Bay of Bengal, Station 162; 165-250 fathoms.

SYNOPSIS OF THE INDIAN SPECIES OF Congromurena.

I, Head much shorter than the trunk proper: tail but little longer than the

head and trunk combined,—(C. anago, Schleg.

II. Head nearly equal in length to the trunk proper: tail nearly twice ay

long as the head and trunk combined :—

i, Snont narrow, and tapering to a very sharp point,—its length between one-

fourth and two-ninths that of the head: cleft of the mouth not extending much

beyond the middle of the eye,—C. musteliceps.

ii. Snout broadish or broad, and blunt pointed: cleft of the mouth extending

. much beyond the middle of the eye :—

a. Snout one-fifth the length of the head, its mucous channels opening by

small and inconspicuous pores: pectorals large, much longer than the snout,—C.

squaliceps.

1. Eye in the adult half the length

of the snout: one or two of the vome-

b. Snout one-fourth the rine teeth conspicuously enlarged,—

length of the head, its mucous | C. nasica.

channels opening by large 3

and conspicuous pores : pecto-

rals small, about as long as

the snout.

2. Eye in the adult about two-

thirds the length of the snout: no

enlarged teeth on the vomer,—C.

macrocercus (=C. longicauda, Alcock,

nec Ramsay and Ogilby.

Group Murenesocina.

Xenomysvax, Gilbert.

Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XIV., 1891, p. 348.

23. Xenomystax trucidans, n. sp.

Head about equal in length to the trunk, the latter being about

two-sevenths the length of the long tapering tail.

1894. | A. Alcock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. 135

The depressed and sharply pointed snout is a little more than

one-third of the head in length and nearly four times the major dia-

meter of the eye: its mucous pores, like those of the mandible and of

the rest of the head, are large slits: the anterior nostril is a large

sub-tubular slit situated on the lip close to the tip of the snout, the

posterior is a wide elliptical foramen situated, almost superiorly, partly

in the posterior and partly inthe middle third of the snout. The

mouth-cleft is wide, extending an eye-length behind the posterior

border of the orbit, or more than half way along the head, and the

maxille are most remarkably massive. The teeth are in broad crowd-

ed bands, acicular or caniniform, and for the most part depressible :

those in the upper jaw are in two bands—an outer very broad-band of

large depressible teeth in four series which increase in size from with-

out inwards, and an inner narrow-band or very close-set row of small

rigid teeth—the two bands being separated throughout their whole

extent by a broad groove: the pre-maxillary teeth, which are much

enlarged, are in a broad patch standing outside the closed mouth: the

mandibular teeth are in atleast five series increasing in size from

without inwards, and at the symphysis, where they are greatly enlarg-

ed, they form a patch which fits into a wide notch in the upper jaw:

the vomerine teeth form a short row of fangs. Tongue small and inti-

mately adherent throughout to the floor of the mouth. Skin scaleless,

glandular. Lateral line formed by a row of large brilliant close-set

pores. Gill-openings wide, crescentic, separated by a very narrow

interspace.

Vertical fins well developed, the dorsal beginning just in advance

of the gill-opening. Pectorals narrow, pointed, more than half the

snout in. length.

The stomach is large, extending the whole length of the abdominal

cavity, and is very distensible: the intestine in its posterior portion is

coiled in a series of close pleats: only the left lobe of the liver is deve-

loped : pancreas large: a large air-bladder extending behind the vent.

Colour: body and fins blue-black; pectorals with narrow whitish

edge and tip: margin of gill-opening and of all the mucous pores of

the head and lateral line brilliant white.

A mature female between 25 and 26 inches long.

Loc. Laceadive Sea, Station 150; 719 fathoms.

This species appears to differ from Xenomystax atrarius, dredged

by the U. S. Fish Commission in 401 fathoms off the coast of Ecuador,

only in the greater relative length of the tail, the nearer approximation

of the gill-openings, and the greater length of the pectoral fins.

136 A. Alcock—Recent Collection of Bathybial Fishes. [No. 2,

Group Nemichthyina.

Nemicutuys, Richardson.

24. Nemichthys acanthonotus, n. sp.

The posterior third or so of the long slender body is rather abrupt-

ly constricted to form a lash-like tail.

The head, rather more than four-sevenths of which is formed by

the long tapering snout, is between one-seventh and one-eighth of the

total. The diameter of the subcutaneous eye is between one-third and

one-fourth the length of the post-orbital portion of the head, and be-

tween one-sixth and one-seventh the length of the snout. The nostrils

have the usual position, and the jaws are curved at tip as in N. infans.

Small recurved asperities in crowded bands form the dentition of the

jaws and vomer.

The vent is situated immediately behind the gill-opening and the

root of the pectoral fin.

The gill-openings, which are wide, are separated from one another

only by a thin fold of skin.

No scales, The lateral line is marked by a series of small glist-

ening pores which are arranged with beautiful regularity in “ fives”

(quineunces). The head is studded with similar pores.

The dorsal fin commences on the occiput, and is continued to the

tip of the tail: in a part of its extent somewhat less than the middle

third the long slender rays are replaced by strong short spines—like

those of Notacanthus—interconnected by a low membrane. The anal

fin, which commences immediately behind the vent, has its rays well-

developed throughout,—the longest rays being considerably more than

half the length of the post-rostral portion of the head.

The pectorals are large, and are half as long as_ the post-orbital

portion of the head.

Colours: uniform dark sepia becoming black ventrally: gill-covers

and fins black.

A single well-preserved specimen 22 inches long.

Loc. Bay of Bengal, Station 165; 475 fathoms.

This species is distinguished from its congeners by the long series

of stout sharp close-set spines in the middle of the dorsal fin.

Family Halosauride.

Hatosaurvs, Johnson.

25. Halosauwrus mediorostris, Gthr.

Halosaurus mediorostris, Gthr. ‘Challenger’ Deep Sea Fishes, p. 239, pl.

LIX, fig. C.

A single specimen was dredged in the Laccadive Sea, at Station

1894.] A. Aleock—Recent Collection of Bathytial Fishes. 137

150, in 719 fathoms, and is now for the first time recorded in the Indian

Fauna,

PLECTOGNATHI,

Family Sclerodermi.

TRIACANTHODES, Blkr. |

26. Triacanthodes ethiops, nu. sp., Pl. VIL, fig. 6.

D, 6/14, ae Pea v1

In a young specimen the height of the body is one-half the total

length—candal included,

The integument is everywhere closely covered with acicular spine-

lets, each of which is deeply imbedded ina fleshy papilla. The first

dorsal spine is of pre-eminent size,—more than half the height of the

body, but is neither so long nor so stout as the single recurved spine

of the ventrals. All the spines are armed with numerous small barbs,

In the axil of each ventral spine is a single minute filiform ray.

Colours: uniform blue-black, the spiniferous papille milk-white.

A single specimen not much over an inch and a half long.

Loc. Bay of Bengal, Station 162, 145-250 fathoms,

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1, Thyrsites bengalensis.

b. \ Peristethus rivers-andersoni.

2a, 2

Fig. 8, Glyptophidium macropus.

Fig. 4. Chascanopsetta lugubris.

Fig. 6. Chiorophthalmus corniger.

Prate VII.

Fig. 1. Poecilopsetta maculosa.

Fig. 2. Poécilopsetta prelonga.

Fig. 3. Solea umbratilis.

Fig. 4. Aphoristia trifasciata.

Fig. 5. Congromurzna musteliceps.

Fig. 6. Triacanthodes ethiops.

J. u. 18

138 A. R. Anderson-—Sound produced by the Ocypode Crab. [No. 2,

Natural History Notes from the Royal Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘ In-

vestigator, Commander CO. F. Oldham, R. N., commanding.—- Series

Il., No, 12. Note on the sound produced by the Ocypode Crab, Ocypoda

ceratophthalma. By Suranon-Caprain A. R. Anperson, B.A., M.B.,

NATURALIST TO THE INDIAN Marine Survey.

[Received and Read 4th July. ]

Although in several Brachyurous Decapod Crustaceans stridulating

ridges have been most carefully described and figured, in only one

solitary instance can I find any observations regarding the sounds

produced by these ridges. Indeed they appear to have derived their

designation rather from the resemblance they bear to the stridulating

organs of insects than from any stridulating function they themselves

had been observed to possess. In this note I venture, therefore, to describe

the sound produced by the well-known stridulating organ of Ocypoda

ceratophthalma, Pallas, a description of which, as well as of the ridges

found in such other species of Ocypoda as possess them, will be found

given by Miers inthe Annals and Magazine of Natural History Vol.

X, 1882. Dana, in the volume describing the Crustacea of the United

States Exploring Expedition, writes of the genus Ocypoda:—* These

species are able to make a sound, by means of a series of minute ridges

on the inner surface of the hand, which acts like a rasp against a promi-

nent edge on the second joint of the same pair of lees.” He however

gives no description of the sound produced. In ‘the Administration

Report of the Marine Survey of India for 1891-92, Surgeon-Captain

A. Alcock relates his experiences of the musical powers of the red

Ocypoda macrocera, and with this solitary exception, I am unable to

find any record of similar powers having been observed im any other of

the Ocypodes.

In Ocypoda ceratophthalma the stridulating organ consists of a

ridge coarsely striated above, finely striated below, borne on the inner

surface of the hand of the larger chela. This ridge is rubbed across a

smooth raised ridge on the ischium of the same chela, and by slowly

rubbing the opposed ridges together, and placing the crab over the

mouth of a wide-necked bottle to act, like the crab’s burrow, as a

resonator, an exact reproduction of the sound emitted by the crab,

during life, can be obtained. One bright hot sunshiny morning in Noy-

ember, as I was walking along the shore of Bingaroo, one of the Lakadive

Islands, which is only occasionally visited by the inhabitants of the

other islands of the same atoll, | was surprised to hear a loud croak-

ing noise, that appeared to proceed from the edge of the scrub jungle

1894. ] A. Aleock—A New Brachiopod. 139

that covers the island. At first I imagined it must be caused by frogs,

so perfectly did it resemble the croaking of these animals. However,

on tracing the sound to its source, I discovered that it proceeded from

the burrows of the Ocypode crabs which here fringed the beach at

high-water mark. These burrows are frequently, in coral sand, very

wide at their mouths (6 to8 ins.), and then taper gradually downwards,

so that they act as excellent resonators. The cause of the stridulation

of the crabs was by no means apparent, the animals were all lying

hidden in their burrows, and several were croaking at the same time,

as if in concert.

Natural History Notes from the Royal Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘ In-

vestigator, Commander O. F. Oldham, R. N., commanding.—Series

IL., No. 13. A New Brachiopod. By A. Aucock, SUPERINTENDENT OF

THE InpIAN Museum. :

PLATE VIII.

[Received and Read, 4th July. ]

Of the Brachiopoda of Indian waters but little appears to be

known. Lingula and Crania have been reported from the shallows, and a

small species of Terebratula has—but not very commonly—been met with

off Ceylon in 20-30 fathoms. I myself, in the course of four seasons

systematic dredging, 1888-1892, on board the ‘‘ Investigator,” only once

met witha Brachiopod — a minute species of Zerebratula—dredged in

1891 in the Laccadive Sea, at 865-880 fathoms, on a bottom of

Globigerina ooze. A certain amount of interest, therefore, attaches

to any “finds” in these waters of representatives of this ancient

class of animals.

The species described in the sequel is a Terebratula of remarkable

size, dredged in the Laccadive-Maldive basin, off the island Uliganu of

the Northern Maldive atoll, at a depth of 719 fathoms, on a bottom of

fine coral sand. Thespecies is represented, unfortunately, only by a

dead shell, which however was quite perfect.

TEREBRATULA, Llhwyd.

Terebratula Johannis-Davisi, n. sp., Plate VIII.

Shell pyriform, inequilateral, thin but strong, its surface smooth

except for the concentric lines of growth, and _ microscopically

punctate: in colour purple-brown.

lines of growth to have ilaad from an = oe of life,

The dorsal valve is slightly more convex than the ven

both valves have the margin simple, entire, and broadly turned

and bevelled all round.

and asmall slender loop, the greatest convexity of whieh fie not

reach forward beyond the first fifth of the length of the shell. 1 a

The ventral valye has a re-curved beak which conceals the small _

deltidium, the latter consisting of a single piece transversely a a

and the beak being truncated by a ence dead foramen. gr 3 F

Greatest length of the shell 73 millim., greatest breadth oe ="

millim., thea

Ihave named this species after the great Elizabethan navigate .

John Davis, who appears to have been the first English wai to

take an interest in the Maldive Islands.

The plate explains itself.

PLATE VI.

Wu,

A.C.Chowdhary &

S. S. Mondu] del. et lith.

INDIAN DEEP SEA FISHES

fHST4a VaSdiiid NVICNI \

q@"[P [npuCW'O'S 7g Aveypmoyg DV

.

SCR

“14d UXT “ro we Sooory

a ) —_—:

PLATE VIUL

Alcock, J.A.S.B. Vol. LXTIL, Pt.IL.

S.C.Mondul del. A.C.Chowdhary lith.

TERHBRATULA JOHANNIS-DAVISI.

3 9088 01309 9106