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io UR NAL

OF THE

Bombay Naturat History Socrery

EDITED BY

W. S. MILLARD,

R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR.

Ne Oe

VOL. XXII.

Consisting of Five Parts and contatning Twelve Coloured

Plates, Fifty-nine Lithographed Plates, Diagrams

and Maps and Fifty-four Blocks,

Dates of Publication.

Part I(Pages 1 t0 218) «. eee tse coe onc coe ose we 21st April, 1913.

» JL (Pages 219 to 418) ... aus foae eae nee “a0 = ee 30th Sept., 1913.

Fe PE PECE ME MEM OPEO LED ose VNeae |) ee Lieie” owe dao™ wa tee) QU Deca te Ee

Be LV CPOE MCROMMIREOE. 0) Mass) dag) ase Adee aed aga aa Sa Migr, AG,

» V Cladex, §e.) “AA oe ase aes oie ae on «- 10th July, 1914.

—

Somban:

PRINT Eee THE TIMES PRESS.

2266°14

506,54

er Fs

ayant lnstity

ov e2 194t

i, a g

ona; ZeGvee™

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXII.

No. 1.

PAGE

THE GAME Birps oF Inp1IA, BuRMA AND CEYLON. Part IX.

(With Plate IX.) The Imperial Sand-Grouse. By

Hoe meoueetinncicer, KolnGr, BiZ.8.. M.B.O.U. s.is.ccvereeen. 1

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SuRVEY. Part III.

By C. R. Wroughton, F.z.s., and Kathleen V. Ryley. 13

A PopuLaR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES.

Part XIX. (With Plate XIX, one Text-fig. and

Map.) The Trinket Snake, Coluber helena. By Major

AN Veal aleve ee COMICON. Shee trams sah 8 ght cama e hated:

THE Bompay Natura History Socrery’s MamMMaL Survey

or Inpia. Report No. 6 (Kanara), Report No. 7

(Central Provinces), and Report No. 8 (Vijayanagar,

Bellary). By R. C. Wroughton, F.z.s., and Kathleen

IO PEUNMLSVSe Ian arom terte Grech aeie date sac atta ath aieaia eho eRe A 29

THE PALMS OF BritiIsH INDIA AND CEYLON, INDIGENOUS AND

Inrropucep. Part VIII. (With Plates XL-XLVIIL

and Text-figs. 25—31). By EH. Blatter, S.J. ............ 67

On A REMARKABLE NEW FREE-TAILED BaT FROM SOUTHERN

Bompay. (With a Plate and a Text-fig.) By Oldfield

HLM AYGILA aT ATS aah ae eee AR el AM IR coe hae Mee adel ni Miah tS Lo ees tN alan 87

THE ComMoN BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS oF InpIA (in-

cluding those met with in the Hill Stations of the

Bombay Presidency). Part XIII. (With Tewt-fiqg.)

Ears Luss UIE ek Mia atnigie Seiedin elim + (OU aey ddieledt ws aap eae 92

TERMITES FROM BritisH Inpra. (Near Bombay, in Gujerat

and Bangalore.) Collected by J. Assmuth, S.J.,

\ : (With Flates H. F. G.) By Nils Holmgren (Stcckholm.) 101

: PLANTS OF THE Punsaz. A Brief Descriptive Key to the

Flora of the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province

and Kashmir. Part XI. By Colonel C. J. Bamber,

Tiger LY GSC 2 0 Re OS Oe ct Rea 0 ea 118

a CONTENTS.

Tue Fune or Inpra. Part Il. (With Plates V-IX.) By

EB. Theissen, S.di.... Sete eee eee eee Ce cena

DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN Micro-LeEpmporTERA. Part XVI.

By HE. Meyrick, 3.4. jou. Rese eh eascmeeeeetenaccs.ie essen

PROGRESS OF THE Mamma Survey oF Inpia, BURMA AND

CEYLON... (Wath; iMG py ames eee ee cece ce 5. ine

MISCELLANEOUS NotTES.—

I. A Hybrid between a Lion and a Panther.

By R. 1. Pocock. (With a Teat-fig.)

II. Vitality of a Tiger. By the Editors. (With

CL CGE FUG) wants ichs sie sao o'e'9win'oce oy o'sie 4 2 Sale OEE ROE

III. Number of Caudal Vertebree in Panther’s

(Felis pardus) Tail. By Major W. W.

IRON SRIEMES Eo 2 so oc'cs « « a eboiaeaiee este kiseuieerse eter

IV. A fight between a Jackal (Canis indicus) and

an Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). By

Bie olrier a Wa Macrath 1. .eaa-eeseeraee

V. Tsaing (Bibos sondaicus) found with Village

Cattle. By J. W. Adamson. (With

OS UE TB chs dace aR OREE MAMAN CAPR OR DAE

VI. large Oonmal Headey By (Colonel Hav:

VII. Flying Squirrels and Walnuts. By A.

Conley 2. peu aera mina etataeette ah ehh 2

VIII. Recovery of Animals from Injuries. By

Sydney A. Christopher and Capt. Louis

FL Tit Mackenzie mmnmsiwade tes (yaa. ak

IX. Notes on the Drinking Habits of Wild

Animals and Birds. By C. R. S. Pitman,

27 th: ‘Pian alois tae ene eae 4 lee te eee

X. The Number of Tail Feathers in the Genus

Cryps trhina. By Capt. F. E. W. Venning.

PAGE

144,

160

183

187

188

189

190

Sal

OVE.

XVII.

XV ELT:

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

CONTENTS.

Nesting of the Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch

(Sitta casteneiventris, Frankl.) at Feroze-

pore, Punjab. By H. Whistler, Indian

Hl OCs 58 kd «AE Wiinses ayiom hg esnina actos

Occurrence of Pratincola leucwra, Blyth, in

the Punjab. By H. Whistler, Indian Police.

Occurrence of the Red-tailed Chat (Sazicola

chrysopygia, De Filippi) in the vicinity of

Simla: by 2. 0. iy Dodsworthy............

On the Nesting of Hodgson’s Grandala

(Grandala celicolor). By S. L. Whymper.

Rock Thrush at Lahore. By N. B. Kinnear.

Some notes on the Nesting and Plumage of

the Shahin Falcon (Falco peregrinator),

Vel. The Black-cap Falcon (falco

atriceps). By P. T. L. Dodsworth, F.z.s.,

IMDS ODT 0102 Se cages Btate osha CEE oo elle ad Sie Gale al

Harly Nesting of the Indian Pied Kingfisher

(Ceryle varia) in Burma. By Capt. F. BH.

VVASEV CM TING saieokhtd. otek a acct ceeeeet asec

Paired Ovaries in the Genus Astur. By Capt.

BY Bre Wie V Gime oA sieia eat sasesocenes

Occurrence of the Crab-Plover (Dromas

ardeola) in the Malay Peninsula. By H.

©. Robinson, Coe nSk, MANOUG so) ene sices

Turnstone (Calidris arenaria) in Lower

Burma. By N. B. Kinnear..................

Grey Quail (Cotwrnix communis) at Sea.

By Capt. Lenard Bethell, 10th G.R.........

Common Grey Quail (Cotwrnia communis)

breeding in the Lyallpur District. By

Capt. J. Lindsay Smith, L.A...............008

PAGE

£99

199

200

SOE,

XXIV.

XXV.

XX VaE

XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXXI.

XXXII.

OO T,

XXXIV.

XXXV.

PROCEEDINGS

CONTENTS.

The Great Indian Bustard (Hupodotis edwardst).

By JA Ane Simcoxsarc's. \

Lesser Florican (Sypheotis aurita) in Bhutan

yee ee OUDOnel. os oct ar .ceeae

Lesser Florican (Sypheotis aurita) in the

Ronkans By NB Kamnear ness. «005 se

Occurrence of the Bronze Capped Teal

(Hunetia falcata) in Oudh. By Major

COW all SNS 1, | CAVE ZS een eee eee a

Voracity of a Python (Python molurus). By

Po RoeCadell, Geese. cea eeseel teeter eee

Effect of a Bite from

Snake (Hypsirhina endhydris).

Duars.

Schneider’s Water

Soha ae) Pyle

TDA Dre URAaiGe wean. nee. c mee aera te eee ate

Rupture of the Hgg-shell in the Genus

Calotes. By Capt. F. EH. W. Venning......

Congenital Abnormality in the Bones of the

Bull Frog (Rana tigrina). By H. M.

Chibber (QW /aihne, Menta iG). seen saree

The New Wild Birds and Animals Act. ......

On the Leaf-fall of the Indian Willow (Sahz

tetrasperma, Roxb.) By H. M. Chibber.

(Wtthi@ Wen tasig eck e een vse rai yiaeeci-kp ei

On Variations in the Size of the Leaves of

Calotropis giganta, R. Br. By H. M.

Chibbérics. sas. tomes cele cregunceiaite fobs wesc

Some Fossils in the Society’s Collection. By

FES. StOmer: ieee Chmeiea sel. sci: ise octane

Notes on Cutch Ammonites. Part III.

Keera . Hull 23 Bye omithay (Wer

3 Diagrams)

Coe eee see eee eer e es eee eee see eee ees eee oes eee eee ees eeeese son

PAGE

201

202

203

208

204:

200

206

208

209

214

CONTENTS.

No. 2.

THE GAME Birps oF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. Part X.

(With Plate X.) The painted Sand-Grouse By HE. C.

Stuart baker bce F295.) M.B.0.0. 520.00. pou e eee

A Stupy oF EmorionaL EXPREssIoN IN Felis pardus. By

R. W. G. Hingston, 1.m.s. (With Plates A. and B.)

Notes on A CoLtLEctTiInG Tour aT RamTex, C.P. By R. J.

Pilem ee teta Te PVT AG MAR SES) Mea tiajctan dame sea wlatainc coasts ee

ScriENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MamMaL Survey. Part IV.

By O. Thomas, F.R.S., and Kathleen V. Ryley. .........

A PopuLaR TREATISE ON THE ComMon Inp1I4n SNAKES. Part

XXI. (With Plate XXI.) The Cobra (Naa trpu-

dans) By Major :B., Wall, .MUS., C.M.Z.8.) ..404...4.4.5..

A List or Kataw Birps, wirH Birp-Nestinc Notrs. By

BIRO COG. AUN Tee ae LBn ee ie cla ahe dl ew ajehes sh ORNY We Aa tas

THE TEETH OF Snaits. (With a Plate and 15 Text-figs.)

Bg NOL Aare ly OUlOS EU AL, iene « «asta sas tea a nial elctenea

Notes on InpIAN BUTTERFLIES. By Capt. W. H. Evans,

TE Tae ute et aA OSS Lk SNR Oe ROR CME yf SO Me

Bompay NatursL History SocrEtTy’s MAMMAL SURVEY OF

Inpr4, Report No. 9 (Mysore). (With one Plate.) By

Ntthleer Wer Bayleyand 44 ac. o.2:-5 Mais abate rama mite. cote:

THe SERows, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BriTIsH INDIA AND

THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. (With 7 Plates). By R. I.

TPG GIRS SEES OES CBee BUI ode Se Seen aE a NaE oc Ova ele Re a

THE CoMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS oF INDIA. Part

MIV. (Wath 5 Texi-figs.) By T. R. Bell. ........:......

A List oF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED BY Capt. F. M. BalLey

in Western China, South-Hastern Tibet, and the Mishmi

Hille 19 Sey tichard South... WBS. 2c qqeacsewele acne

Some Notes oN MamMaLs AND BirRpDS IN SouTH-HASTERN

Tper. By Capiehh Mis’ Bailey ..insaiewyrvueesneseses.

Vil

PAGE

219

230

237

242

243

260

271

279

283

296

320

345

366

Vili CONTENTS.

A Tairp List or Mosses From WESTERN INDIA. By L. J.

RBedowick, 1:C:S5, vi eee cera sree ved c07 eek

W oop-DESTROYING WHITE ANTS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.

(With 4 Plates). By J. Assmuth, 8.J. ..............000.

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND

Reviews: Indian Museum Records; The Growth of Groups

in the Animal Kingdom

eeeeee eee eee eee eee eo oe eee eee wee eee ee

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :—

I. Boldness of Panthers. By EH. Brook-Fox ...

IJ. The Brown Palm-Civet in North Kanara. By

N. B. Kinnear

TII. Chinkara suffering from Guinea-Worm. By

By Brook SRO. |e VANE eee ia ae eek eee

IV. The Colouration of the Eyes of the Domesti-

cated Buffalo. By C. R.S. Pitman, 27th

PaaS. ss <2. Sega teens eweeks staoseae eepene ree

V. large Sambhar Head. By Major F. D. 8.

FPayrer, 1.M.S.. (Wath aeblate): 27.0 25-- 25

VI. How Wild Boar Fight. ByC. R. 8. Pitman,

Dit VP an jabiies a 2.02 aaenetteee erent

VII. Notes on the Chestnut-Headed Shortwing.

By ELV.) O’ Doitell > ...\a7-trmaemneet etaetaeien 1a

VIII. Missle Thrush near Lahore. By -N. B.

TRGUHUOIEE PS Wane eee DR Oba a sto > 25 eo ado meaarasents

IX. The Rufous-Backed Sparrow (Passer domestica

pyrrhonota, Blyth). By Hugh Whistler,

ilaindiamarlao lice Mise a cic teats sitoe css coe soeeee

ei er acy

X. The Occurrence of the Himalayan Yellow-

Backed Sun-Bird. (Athopyga seheriace) in

the Central Provinces and the extension of

its habitat. By H. A. D’Abreu, F.z.S.

PAGE

370

372

385

390

391

392

XI.

XT:

ENG

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

eer:

CONTENTS.

The Pale Sand Martin (Riparia riparia diluta,

Sharpe and Wyatt.) By Hugh Whistler,

NIAAA ECO YN 1S, ce cater svele'e yon! Geetetenee we

Notes on the Nesting of the Brown-necked

Spinetailed Swift ( Chetwra indica ) and

the White-Rumped Spine-Tailed Swift,

( Cheetura sylvatica ). By J. Stewart. ...

Hees of the Malay Hagle Owl (Huhua

orientalis, Horsf.) By P. T. L. Dodsworth,

TRZAS PORISE OSM ces oe eee Ts Se wes

Taking of the nest of the Cinereous Vulture.

By Lt.-Col. H. Delme-Radcliffe, R.w.r.,

HET Gtie ANCEN Ne rte tee cremrdeh WAN LE Se hatte we vewaae

Voracity of Vultures in the Gir Forest. By

DS pB reac Mlora 5%. |S laser enemas €

The Lugger Falcon ( Falco jugger, J. EH.

Gray). By H. Whistler, M.B.o.u., Indian

PNOIG ES isc eee tae. «|< eee a Pa UL Ee wise kaa ale eins

Occurrence of the Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps

indica, Linn.) in Simla District. By P.

De ie Dodsworth; 1.28.5 .B.OLUY vj. 6sa se

Migration of Full Snipe. By G. C. L.

EV oye, Te Geet oie ails, chs as ees ee, at meee

Baer’s Pochard ( Nyroca beri), and other

rare Ducks in Manipur State. By J.C.

SPAR ORRIEG HOLS Patel ca sraie dndaie s ais toisieine seis dicinle Sana

Duckaim Burma. By C. N. Bell, 1.¢.s. =...

A rare Snake (Hlachistodon westermann,) from

the Jalpaiguri District. By Major F.

Wall, 1.m.s., c.M.z.s. (With a Map and a

PME HUGE) heist ss ste siercs «x sie s dualeces ste eames een oa

On the Common (Bungarus cceruleus) and

Sind Kraits ( Bungarus sindanus ). By

Major F. Wall, 1.M.s., c.M.z.s. (With a Map).

PAGE

393

394

395

396

400

401

OSM

XXIV.

XXVI.

XXVII.

XO:

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXII.

pO .O00E

XO:

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

PROCEEDINGS

CONTENTS.

An unusually large Sea-Snake (Distira brug-

manst). By F.H.S8. Stone. With addi-

tional Note by Major F’. Wall, I.M.s., ©.M.Z.S.

On the Habits of the Rock Lizard ( Agama

tuberculata). By P. T. L. Dodsworth, F.z.s.,

VENI, OW ietnratarsrapetsteters sienmtefeteiekcelezcleiousta/eversievere aisiarst tetera

Size of Barilhius guttatus. By J. B. Mercer

Adam, F.C.H., I.F.S.

Recent observations on the Murral ( Ophioce-

phalus striatus). By G. C. L. Howell, 1.c.s.,

WiGosl casshoode coadoc cos poo Uda Oo OD UCOdnOECOONGONE

Notes on the Habits of some Common Butter-

flies, dc. By Major H. . Peile, tmcs:22.;

Note concerning Zephyrus ataxus. By Capt.

©. W. Watney, Sid Ul. Corps 0s. ceeee ee

Note on Zephyrus ziha.

Niatmey, 5. do. Ds Conpsieaawanee teres Ereeee

By C. Beadon.

On the Life History of Coptosoma eribraria,

Fabr. By T. V. Ramkrishna Aiyar. (With

DAP UCU ) ois Sates a cincbiete ele be Aen eee penal

Large Swarms of Bees. By Lt.-Col. H.

Fooks, 1.M.8. (With @ Plate).............0.08.

Ant-Mimicry by a Formicomus (Coleopt., Anthi-

By T. Bainbridge Fletcher, F-.z:s.

Mimicry in Silkworm Moths.

cide) :

Life History of Humastaz, Sp. By J. C.

Kershaw (With @ Plate) .........0.:0sesecee

Notes of the Cutch Ammonites, Part. IV.

The Ler-Hamundra Ellipse. By J. H.

Smith. (With 3 Diagrams)...........0s.00

Cutch Ammonite Beds. By J. H. Smith...

Ce ee ee

By Capt. C. W.-

PAGE

403

4.0 4,

405

410

Aaa

412

4. 4

A15

416

417

421

424

CONTENTS,

No. 3.

THe GAME Birps or Inp1A, BuRMA AND CEYLON. Part XI.

(With Plate XI.) The close-barred Sand-Grouse. The

Coronetted Sand-Grouse. By E. C. Stuart Baker,

INS ee eo MORO riclalle vals ne vies ee yeas acess sadn nied

ScrENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SuRvEY. Part V. By

eer aEMN PSD LUCY, als sjeicle'osels waitaslelcis'eloaleed dvb wits’ scle'nacs sce

THe PALMS oF BriTIsH INDIA AND CEYLON, INDIGENOUS AND

InTropuceD. Part IX. (With Plates XLIX—LVI,

and Vext-fig. 29). By K. Blatter, Sid ose. e eee ee.

Tae Bomspay Natura History Society's Mamma SURVEY

oF [np14. Report No. 10 (Kathiawar) and Report

No. 11 (Coorg.) By Kathleen V. Ryley. (With two

GOS QI OME VCS IUG UN oI 4.23 csnin'n oh ichaeiethe we'd in'siny eie) oe

Some NEw SNAKES FROM THE ORIENTAL Recion. By Major

H. Wall, 1.M.S., C.M.Z.8. (Wath 2 Tesi-figs.).......2.c+00s:

THE ComMOoN BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INpIa. (In-

cluding those met with in the Hill Stations of the

Bombay Presidency). Part XV. (With Plates K.

and L. and 2 Teut-figs.). By T. R. Bell, Lr.s. .........

THE Birps oF GorakHrur. By A. EH. Osmaston, L.F.S.......

A PopuLaR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. Part

XXI. The Cobra (Nata tripudians) Continued. (With

Plates A and B and 2 Teat-figs.) By Major F. Wall,

Tic aNTIEAS tl a ops ole ar Si abe ean ere

PLANTS OF THE PunJjaB. A Brief Descriptive Key to the

Flora of the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province

and Kashmir. Part XII. By Colonel C. J. Bamber,

HS gee ee ee aia cine ta ce «22 ahlTi lenses «soba enabeute

A List oF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED BY Caprain F’. M. BarLey

in Western China, South-Eastern Tibet, and the

Mishmi Hills, 1911. By Richard South (Continued)..

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SuRVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND

CEVVON. (UU ar MOD). inc Scie wae aRod: Uta nas

PAGE

A427

43 4,

44.4,

464

514:

569

598

616

Xil

CONTENTS.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :—

INE,

Wabi

xa:

XII.

Tiger taking off carcase of Sloth Bear

(Melursus ursinus). By C. RB. Pitman......

A Porcupine-Tiger Tragedy. By G. H.C:

Wakefield.

Notes on the habits of the small Indian

i ee ee eC ay

Mungoose (Mungos

J. KH. Powell.

awropunctatus).

eeesee cesses eee eee see eee eee ese ee

By EH. A. Montgo-

Photograph of a Wild Gaur (Bibos guarus).

By A. A. Dunbar Brander. (With a

LICBIS C0), GSR OR OR ORS MOR reel Goa conon io 30607

Record Cheetal (Avis amis) head. By S. J.

I Sbeargrdeme tree. <8 njaiscs divs te, eine ap aa mentee anes ee

Hedgehogs in Gujarat.

Mery. ©

The effect of castration on a Black Buck

By R. A. Wilson,

eee eee eee sos eee eee eee eee eee eee ee Be eee oe ee

(Antilope cervicapra).

Remarkable variety of an Astor Markhor

(Capra faleoneri). By Capt. E. Edwards,

29th Punjabis (With a Temt-fig.)............

Mouse Deer (Tragulus

meminna) in the

Tony (Gs. leo, Jeninoneiolge dacs

The Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata)

Central Provinces.

in the Darbhanga District. By C. M.

MOVERS. erste dot koooade d Arabic een aead eum nsec nal a:

The Pale-Brown Shrike (Lanius isabellinus)

in the Darbhanga District. By C. M.

Tangilis” ayaa tere tree tte cial, Siena n\clasietucreeetete

The Forest Wagtail (Limonidromus indicus)

in the Darbhanga District, Tirhoot. By

C...M. Tag lias eee. oo: A een

PAGE

619

620

622

623

624

625

anne

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

MVIT.

xeVeTIT:

b.O.8

9.O.G lg

2,6. G00

CONTENTS,

Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) laying in

the nest of the Plumbeous Redstart (Rhya-

curnis fuliginosus). By Capt. A. Cruick-

Sliaiikewoemna PUM ADS .).4 . es vank coven eae ven

The Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) in the Central

Peowinees. «> By OC. . Pibmans o./....... 026.

Occurrence of the Himalayan Pigmy Wood-

pecker (lyngipicus pygmaeus, Vigs.) in

Rawalpindi District. By Hugh Whistler,

MBBRORWe. HL MGIcIe HONGO. ntact eacnaait sos deste

Malabar Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros coro-

Gils ye vlog OCR wiiMA Ty cid scsi dele ne

The Himalayan Wood-Owl (Syniwmnivicola,

Hodgs). By P.'T. L. Dodsworth, ¥.z.s.,

MB O20 ( With a Vemt-fig.) os. cs vane scien 20:

Some further Notes on the Nesting and

Plumage of the Shahin Falcon (Falco ‘peri-

grinator Vel). The Black-cap Falcon

(Falco atriceps). By P. T. L. Dodsworth,

PeZaslog Mle HiO Wl cogossbobacuopsonedouepononcacene

The limits of range of the Bronze-winged

Dove (Chalcophaps indica). By C. R.

SEAUTILABI ee vewteoaya eel gists & «ue ao ca MEAD eRe ides

Grey Quail (Coturnix communis) in Cutch and

Kathiawar. By M. K. 8. Vijayarajji of

Wire lae Tey da eee cela mia deme cha ss pees chen Grok Mee

Florican (Sypheotis aurita) in the Konkan.

Hat R Suter: -. soe. css oe. ' ho Anemaeen qe

Breeding of the Indian Courser (Cursorius

coromandelicus) in the Darbhanga District.

Biya Oph gislig..).i'1. lesen ee cde

Great Snipe (Gallinago major) in South

‘Tacha se By? INS Sr We naacta hee en acts ene ee

xii

PAGE

625

626

629

XXV.

XXVI.

DORAL

XXVIII.

XXIX.

XXXII.

XXXII

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

CONTENTS.

Late Stay of Snipe (Gallinago ccelestis) in the

Central Provinces. By C. R. Pitman......

Wood-Duck (Asarcornis seutulata) in Manipur.

Bye dies Ca OMS ALCS sec anno nlc ste eee

Fighting Fish (Betta pugnax). By F.H.S.

OO CAVE AAR ORS A RO, ae

Some facts about MRussell’s Harth Snake

(Hryx coneus). By C. R. 8S. Pitman ......

Occurrence of the Snake (Psammophis longi-

frons) at Nagpur. By EH. A. D’Abreu, F.z.s.

The Occurrence of the Slender Coral Snake

(Callophis trimaculatus) at Nagpur, Central

Provinces. By HE. A. D’Abreu, F.z.s.

Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus) in Oudh.

BS oc) < Mar tiaiieeebiniss,. &.(./sa2) a. sunnaenee

Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus) in

Hydrabad State. By N. B. Kinnear ......

-Kraits in the Dera Ismail Khan District.

By C. R. 8. Pitman, 27th Punjabis......

A Snake Charmer’s Performance. By Capt.

E'S Bie Wo) Vienna uta Re a eetcbecats israel aca ote a

Varieties of Hemibungarus nigrescens and

Hydrophis torquatus. By Major F. Wall,

C.M.Z.S., I.M.S.

Notes on some interesting Snakes recently

presented to the Society. By Major F.

Wall, C.M.Z.S., I.M.S. A |) SR 2

Notes on the Flying Lizard (Draco macu-

latus), o.Biy HIE SpmSbOMe vor...) eeileneee

The Contents of a Marsh Crocodile’s (Crocc-

dilus palustris) Stomach. By C. R.

Pitman

Pe eC Cy

633

634

641

CONTENTS.

XXXVIII. Marsh Crocodile (Crocodilus palustris) killing

a Panther (Felis pardus). By C. R.

LUT aie) + ae te es ee eas, AIRS Py 2 a

XXXIX. Note on the Life History of a Phasmid. By

T. V. Ramakrishna Aiyer (With a Plate)

XL. Life History of Helicomitus dicaz, Walk. By

Cr! Ghosh (With'a Plate) 0... recs oes

XLI. The Habits of the Solitary Wasp. (Sceliphron

Tninmnens) sobs Cee Oye nor Manos oy <

XLII. The Habits of Ants. By J. Sladen, 1.c.s. ...

PROCEEDINGS of the Meeting held on 21st August 1913......

No. &.

THe GAME Birps oF InpIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. Part

XII. (With Plate XII). The close-barred Sand-

Grouse, By EH. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.9., M.B.0.U....

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SuRVEY. Part VI. By

“Amey TL INV, TS VAIS oat 3c eae eo ea TN ARABI ne 8

THe Pats oF British INDIA AND CEYLON, INDIGENOUS AND

IntropuceD. Part X. (With Plates LVU-LXIIT and

Meme figues Ostia BreBlabber ys adiwe gece of wade aes. oats

Nove ON THE Genus Leqggada. By Oldfield Thomas .........

A New Soriculus rrom THE Misumi Hitis. By Oldfield

‘TENSES NATE ect MAP HG RAO NAM Te ES hdc iy

Bompay Natura History Socrety’s MamMMan SURVEY OF

Inpia, BurMA AND CEYLON. Reports, No. 12 (Palanpur

and Mount Abw), No. 18 (S. Ceylon) and No. 14 (NX.

Shan States, Burma). By Kathleen V. Ryley .........

Notes oN SomME MAMMALS FOUND IN THE SIMLA DISTRICT,

THE Simu~a HILL States, AND KaLKA AND ADJACENT

Country. (With a Teat-fiy.) By P.T.L. Dodsworth,

pedis Seep MTA). G) NTs Wo sccta nearer «CES Gia ciclne 8 tea Megane Mens tae wea

PAGE

641

645

648

650

684.

“I

ion)

xvi CONTENTS.

A PopuLar TREATISE OF THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. Part

XX. (With Plate XX, Tect-fig. and Map.) The

Common Kukri Snake (Swmotes arnensis) and the

Light-barred Kukri Snake (Simotes albocinetus). By

Majors ER Viale rrees SAG Nie Z Si Wiehe phere hi ec Adee Pe scale eee aioe

Nores on Inpian BuTTerrLies—(Continued). By Captain

WW VET ientast GR Sere ures Geo Shs See A a AIM ase! Saka: ancic SERN

DESCRIPTIONS OF InpDIAN Micro-Lepipoprera. XVII. By

HsViewrick > B-A.;. FR.8), 1.2.88 fete a eeree bees © ct 4p

REvVIEws.—‘“ LEPIDOPTERA INDICA”? and ‘“ INDIAN PIGEONS

IAIN DOVES: 2? ar 0. Chae sien pas skeet ee ee ene

PROGRESS OF THE MamMMAL SuRvVEY OF INDIA, BuRMA AND

OIEOINE 5 did 1a ha ok Bes epee teaeroee ike ean tO ance ear ee

MISCELLANEOUS NoTES :—

I. Notes on Wroughton’s Free-tailed Bat

(Otomops wroughtom). By 8. H. Prater...

II. Possible occurrence of a Black Tiger (Felis

mnonsy\a Jeny 40) AN daleipoell es eac8sa 450

IIL) Moneooseya= Cobuanaiay Jil: Sronitline sens

IV. Female Elephant giving birth to three young.

By doy > a, SMlsieniee. ars ate, tee nator

V. Red Serow in Upper Chindwin. By J. M.D.

Mackenzieaseeieeeceet eonciccmie t.. osctieee

VI. Large Markhor from Baltistan. (With a Text-

jig.). By Capt. W. M. Logan Home ......

VII. How Wild Boars fight. By Vicomte Hdmond

De ‘Pomeinigy ieee eee ksr ass ssc satloee eae

VIII. Notes on the Weights of Animals. By G. C.

Shortridge )....).M oem oes: . ONO aera

IX. Crested Black Tit in the plains. By Lt.-Col.

Ei tAL) P; Miaorathic epee. s.3 0 .cnee eh einer

PAGE

749

761

Oe!

782

785

788

(ts)

789

790

wou

793

794:

XIII.

RIV:

eV:

CV Gs

ROVE

CONTENTS.

Sylviparus modestus, The Yellow-Browed Tit,

in Sehore. Acorrection. By Capt. C. H.

T. Whitehead

The Grey-headed Flycatcher (Oulicicapa

ceylonensis, Swains.) By Hugh Whistler,

MUIR MGW: pondomedd booeoe benmON OOD OAD ODOMOMEC OE OOOL

Rock Thrush (Monticola sawatilis, Linn) in

Havana. 2 By Hugh Whistler. s:......0.-.

Occurrence of the White-browed Bush-Robin

(lanthia indica, Vieill.)in the North-West

Himalayas. By P.T. L. Dodsworth, F.z.s.,

M.B.O.U.

The Breeding Habits of the Brown-backed

Indian Robin (Thamnobia cambaiensis) in

the jungles of the Central Provinces. By

Chins Ss. Paman.) (th. P anyjalbisis.oscase der

Nesting of Anthus similis, Jerdon (the Brown

Rock Pipit). By P. T. L. Dodsworth,

Asian | MilBOelc codousnobbdopodobohoosobasoapouoce

Nesting of Hodgson’s Hawk Hagle (Spizaetus

nepalensis, Hodgs.) By P.T. L. Dodsworth,

BeAeS Og MB OsWess ot avWnech a.tlucdtets terse ae ce aera =

Plumage of the Nestlings of (i) the Kokla

Green Pigeon (Sphenocercus sphenurus,

Vigora) and (ii) the Bearded Vulture or

Lammergeyer (Gypetus barbatus, Linnzeus).

Bye i i. Wodsworth, 1:2:S., M.B.0.0. =:

The Habits of the Painted Spur-fowl

(Galloperdia lunaluta). By C. R.S. Pitman,

Be pe eM.” se. c oe san ti sla doreegne ar gaseeeen

Notes on the Game Birds of the Basti

District, U. P. By W.B. Cotton, 1.¢:.

The Small Indian Pratincole (Glareola lactea,

Temm.) By Hugh Whistler

XVil

PAGE

794:

<=)

796

798

800

XvViil

XXIV.

OVAL:

XXVIT.

XXVIII.

XOXIXE

XXX.

XXXI.

SOOT,

CONTENTS.

Swinhoe’s Snipe (G. megala) in Burma. By

CO. SG yer, SRS? ieee. 50. .0c save ee

By B. L. Clarke..

A note on the Sub-species of the Spot-Bill

Duck (Anas poecilorhyncha). By EH. Stuart

Baker, F.Z.S., F.L.S., M.B.0.U

Solitary Snipe at Quetta.

Breeding of the Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta

By Aly.

CC eC Ck i er iC Cr)

angusturostris) in Baluchistan.

Aitken

Occurrence of the Smew (Mergus albellus) in

the Upper Chindwin.

LF.S.

By Cyril Hopwood,

The Common and Sind Kraits (Bungarus

caeruleus and sindanus). A correction.

By Major F. Wall, 1.M.s., C.M.z.s. -

Snake-charmer’s performance. By Capt. A.

G Emere’ ... ieee se apeeere Bin gti a's oe nea

Food of Trout (Salmo fario) in Kashmir.

Big aie)... Mitchel le pierer see toss ici. 2 «a ae

Periods of flight of certain Butterflies. By

H...D, Pele 22) tec reer e ee ee necinne

Oppelice tenuilobate (?) in Cutch. By J. H.

Smith

Holcostephanus ? in Cutch. By J. H. Smith..

CC Cre

Stray Notes on old Indian Natural History

IBY |. ae

Inverarity \:.\. 0b see eeeeeeetereee s* -"-keceere

and Sporting Periodicals.

PROCEEDINGS of the Meetings held on 6th November

1918, 12th January and 19th February

PAGE

804:

805

807

808

814

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

Zanpsonlan Institg, ”

VOV 12 $949

‘ ,

V4, ere get

Wf Jvc ogica

Bombay Natura History Socrery..

EDITED BY

w. S. MILLARD,

R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR.

VOL. XXII. NO. 1

BAP AED LIDIA DID

Date of publication, 21st April 1913.

LOOP

_ Price to Non-Members cae sa cao Hs, 10.

PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

PAGE

Tae GAME Brirps or Inpia, BuRMA AND CEYLON. Part

IX. (With Plate IX.) By H. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.s.,

FFAS. MSOs a Wawra vs ontatin menses Sdn: eens « ofin a Br sae ce 1

ScIlENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE Mammal Survey. By R. C.

Wroughton, F.z.s., and Kathleen Wor Ryley Lio. vas. 13

A ‘PoruLaR TREATISE ON THE Common INDIAN SNAKES.

Part XIX. (With Plate XIX, Diagram and Map.) By

Major FP. ‘Wall, 1.M.S., C.MCZ.8, 22.22 2Jsicseeer ere geese yates: 22

Tar Bompay NaturaL History Society’s Mamma Sur-

veEY oF InpIA. | REPORT ON COLLECTION No. 6, FROM

Kanara: By R. C! Wroughton, F.2.8\........6.-....... 29

"THE PALMS OF British INDIA AND CEYLON. Part VIII.

(With Plates XZI—XLVIII, and text figures 28-31).

By E. Blatter, s. J. ..... BS RUE Sat ee UIE 67

On A REMARKABLE New FREE- TAILED Bat FROM SOUTHERN

Bomsay. (With a Plate.) By Oldfield Thomas ........ 87

Tar ComMMoN BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF Inp1A. Part

SEDI a LAUDE IS err ENRROAS See A Gases. aq ubades «icin: sis 92

‘TERMITES FROM British Inpia = (NEaR Bombay, IN GUJERAT

AND BANGALORE) COLLECTED BY Dr. J. ASSMUTH, S. J.

(With Plates, H. F.G.). By Nils Holmgren (Stockholm). 101

Puants oF THE Punsas. Part XI. By Colonel C. J.

‘Banibers BALS.5AM.S3\ ns cook Mage sole aataden ob tae ae ceeds ee eS

‘Tue Funet or Inpia. Part II. (With Plates V to IX).

By Wi @neissen yet erm sgece eats eee eneece er eea ire 144

DeEscRIPTIONS OF InpIAN Micro-LeEpipopTEerA. Part XVI.

By H. Meyrick, B.4., F.R.S., F.Z.8. si fe.0tee ects ge ees ences 160

PROGRESS OF THE MamMAL SuRVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND .

Cevnon., (Wathia Mop). oy Mee wecgices nae tonhesteat 183 —

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :—

I.—A Hybrid between a Lion and a Panther. By R. 1.

Pocdelker asia ket gues cele Lire GBR Na ti at i 187

Il,—Vitality of a Tiger... 1... eee cee eee eee ees 188

J1l.—Number of Caudal Vertebree in Panther’s ieee par-

dus) tail. By Major W. W. Keys, I.m.s. .... 189

eee

Cr taten!

"CITT

*7PAT

Avamaa

*rrmnalr

Pah lnsthtugps

‘ NOV 12 1949

fey fOn.. ee

“ai Zooiug\e™®

JOURNAL

OF THE

Bombay Natural History Society.

Aprit. 1913. ~ Vou. XXII. ; Norn:

THH GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

K. C. Stuart Baxer, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.

Part IX.

With Plate IX.

(Continued from page 1128 of Volume X XT.)

Order—PTEROCLETES.

The order Pterocletes contains but one Family, Pteroclidc, and the.

distinguishing characteristics of the order and the family are

therefore the same and are dealt with under one head.

Family —PTEHROCLIDZ.

The Sand-Grouse, or Pigeon-Grouse, as Huxley happily named

them, constitute an order of one family, which comes half way

between the Pigeons and Doves, Columb, and the Galline, or

true Game Birds to which latter they are very closely allied,

through the real Grouse. In general external appearance they

are, perhaps, more nearly like the true Grouse than any other

game-bird, but they have also a strong resemblance to Pigeons in

build, carriage of head, etc., though both feet and bill are Galline.

In the Pigeons the toes are broad and well fitted for perching,

whereas in the Sand-Grouse they are more fitted for ground-work,

as in the Galline birds; the bill also has no cere, or soft skin over

the basal half as have the Oolumbw. Both Pteroclidw and Colunbee

have 11 primaries and the 5th secondary wanting; whereas the.

Gallinw have only 10 primaries, but possess a 5th secondary. In

all these orders the muscles of the thighs and legs are similar.

The flexor perforans digitorum is attached to the flexor longus hallueis

2 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX1I,

by a fibrous vinculum, the former supplying the three front toes,

and the latter, as usual, the hallux, or hind toe. The ambiens

muscle is present, except in a few pigeons. The femoro-caudal,

except in Peafowl and Turkeys, the accessory femora-caudal, the

‘semi-tendinosus and accessory semi-tendinosus are all present as

well as both carotids, except in the Megapodes.

The keel of the sternum is very high, and there are usually two

notches on each side of the posterior margin, but the inner is

sometimes reduced to a foramen.

The gall bladder is present and the Sand-Grouse possess a nude

oil gland and their contour feathers have aftershafts.

Palate schizognathous ; nasals generally schizorhinal, but very

variable ; basipterygoid processes present; cervial vertibre 15 or

KG:

The dorsai feather-tract has an interscapulary fork and the

lateral bare tracts extend on the shoulders as far as the base of the

neck,

Pigeons, of course, have their young hatched naked and singu-

larly helpless, but the young of the Sand-grouse are covered with

richly coloured down and are able to run, and, to some extent, feed

themselves directly they leave the egg.

The tarsus is well feathered in all the genera of this family, in

‘one the feathering extending also to the toes. They are birds of

swift powerful flight with comparatively long wings.

The order contains but three genera, Pierocles and Péeroclurus,

which are very closely allied, and Syrrhaptes which is fairly

distinct. All three genera have representatives in India, and

some species are to be found in Africa, South and Central Europe

and Asia.

Most Sand-Grouse are migratory and in all species the two

sexes differ in plumage, the male bird being much the most

brilliantly coloured.

KEY TO THE GENERA,

a. A hind toe present. Tarsus only feathered

in front and toes naked.

a! Middle tail feathers normal......... Pierocles.

b! Middle tail feathers pointed and

longer than the others ............ Pieroclwrus.

6. No hind toe; tarsus feathered throughout

and toes alsoMeathered! 5...) --:-.-+--<--«.: Syrrhaptes.

Ogilvie Grant distinguishes 16 species altogether, of which

exactly half are found in India.

The Genus—tTHROCLES,

The first of our genera Pterocles is also the largest, containing

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 5

according to Sharpe and Ogilvie Grant 10 species, of which four

are found in India. Of “these, one is entirely resident, but the

other three are, to some extent, migratory, although they breed

either close to, or actually within, the borders of the Indian

Continent.

The difference between Pterocles and Pteroclurus are hardly

generic, consisting, as already shewn, only in the elongation of the

tail feathers in the latter; the differences are, in fact, identical

with those between Sphenooer cus sphenurus ond. Nphenocercus

apicaudus amongst the Pigeons, though these two latter have not

yet been split into two genera.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

a. Abdomen black throughout ............... arenarius, 3,2.

b. Abdomen banded black and white ......

ai Two dark pectoral bands ............

a" No band across hind neck... fasciatus, g.

b! Band across hind neck......... lichensteini, ¢.

bp INo darks pectoral ads) 2 ..cscides ne wee

ce" Chin — unspotted, tarsus

spotted or barred ............ fasciatus, 2.

d’ Chin spotted, no spots or

OALSL OMS HA RS Une nas eese cess lichensteini, 2.

c. Abdomen unspotted buffin male, spotted

Ro adtgita Shemale ecm eae takes oedewt coronatus, ¢,2.

PTEROCLES ARENARIUS.

The Large, Imperial, or Black-bellied Sand-Grouse.

Sand-Grouse.—Lath. Gen. Syn. ui, p. 701 (1783).

Tetrao arenarius.—Pallas, Nov. Com. Petrop. xix, p.418(1775).

Pterocles arenarius.—Temminck, Man. d’Orn, p. 300 (1815);

Gray, list B. iii, p. 49; Blyth, Cat. B. As. Soc. Mus., p. 249;

Jerdon, B. of Ts ill, o 496; Hume, Str. Feath. i., p. 219 ; Ogden

ibid, p. 3891; Oeeaen Baoe Burepe, Valls pO: Janes Str. Feath.

ANY yO A18 : Shea. Str. Feath. iv., p. 4; Butler, ibid, LV,» a, dus

Wise, ibid, p. 230; Blanford, E. Persia, ii, p. 271; Butler, Str.

Feath. v., p. 222; Hume and Marsh. Game B., i, p. 47; Hume,

Str. Feath. vii, p. 161; Butler, ibid. p. 186; Marshall, aid, viii,

p. 492; Butler, Cat. B., Sind, p.52; Hume, Cat. No. 799;

Tufnell, Str. Feath. ix, p. 200; Barnes, ibid, pp. 219, 458; Reid,

ibid, x, p. 61; Biddulph, «bid, p. 275; Barnes, Birds Bom.,

p. 294; id, Journ. Bom. N. H. Soc. v., p. 333; Rattray, ibid,

xii, p. 345; C.G. Nurse, ibid, xiv., p.388; 8. E. Marshall, bid, xv.,

p- 353; Nicol. Cumming, ibid, xvii, p. 691; Ogilvie Grant, Cat.

B. M. xxu, p. 18; Oates, Game B. Ind., i, p. 36; Indian Field,

21st Feb., 1907; Le Mess., Land and Water B. of Ind., p. 56.

4 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Pteroclis arenarius.—Sharpe, Hand list, I, p. 50; Oates, Cat.

Eggs, B. M. i, p. 86.

Vernacular mnames.—Bhat-titur Bakht, Bakhy-titur (Hin.) ;

Banchur, Kurmor (Peshawar); Burra Bhatta (Hariana); Siya-sinah

(Persian) ; Katinga (Sind); Katarr (Arabic).

Description— Adult Male-—Head above, neck and upper back

grey, tinged with russet, except round the eye where the grey

is more pure; chin, upper throat, sides of the face and neck

chestnut, extending as a collar round the neck except in the

centre where it pales into orange and finally merges into the

grey; a triangular patch of black on the lower throat, the base

sometimes continued as short lines under the chestnut of the

neck; back, rump and upper tail coverts grey, deepening to

blackish grey towards the last, each feather pale buff at the base

and with a large drop of rather deeper buff at the end, and the

tail coverts margined with yellow. Inner coverts of the wing

and scapulars like the back but with the terminal spots still

larger and a yellow ochre in colour; visible portions of secondary

and median coverts yellow ochre; bastard-wing grey, the outer

webs freckled paler; primaries and their coverts grey, the outer

webs of the first primary brownish-black; secondaries white on

the basal half and greyish-brown on the terminal; in nearly all

birds the quills have a few curious streaks of brown on either

web, looks as if some of the barbs had decomposed ; shafts and under

aspect of the quills dark brown, axillaries white. Tail with

central rectrices barred grey and buff, the terminal inch a grey-

green, tipped with a very narrow line of buff, remaining tail

feathers the same but with a broad terminal band of white

and each pair of feathers becoming darker towards the outermost,

which are deep grey, merely stippled with rufous near the base.

Breast a clear grey followed by a black band, which runs up the

Shoulders in frout of the wings; below the band there is a broad

belt of vinous or pinkish grey ; remainder of abdomen, flanks and

upper thighs and round vent black or deep chocolate brown, the

bases of the feathers rusty and frequently shewing through ;

remainder of lower tail coverts, thighs and feathering of tarsi

white.

Iris dark brown, bill bluish grey, or plumbeous grey, darker

at the tip and varying much in tone and tint. Legs and feet

ereyish of bluish plumbeous. Measurements: wing 1: 8" to 9°75",

averaging about 9: 35''; bill -44" to -53", averaging °5"';

tarsus °97'' to 1: 10", averaging about 1- 03"; tail between 4”

and 5".

«The feet and the back of the trasi are grey, in some an earthy

grey, in some pale French grey, or pale plumbeous, or dark grey-

ish plumbeous; the claws darker and horny ; the irides are brown;

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 5

edges of eyelids pale lemon ; the bill is pale bluish grey, or pale

plumbeous, often darker, sometimes blackish, at the tip.” (Hume.)

‘¢ Males :—Length 13°75" to 14°75"; expanse 27:1" to 30:0";

wing 9-0'' to 9-9"; tail from vent 4" to 5"; tarsus 1-1" to 1-25";

gape 0°64" to 0:8". Weight 1 Ib. to 1 lb. 4 ozs.” (Hume.)

Adult female :—Whole upper plumage a pinkish grey ; the head,

nape, neck and upper back with black streaks, formed by each

feather having a terminal spot of black, the remainder of upper

parts often more rufous and barred, instead of spotted with black.

Central tail feathers like the back, each succeeding pair deepen-

ing in colour and with broad terminal bars of white. Chin, throat

and sides of the head yellowish grey, varying considerably in in-

‘tensity of colouration, the centre immaculate, the sides of the head

lores and ear coverts streaked with fine black shaft lines; lower

throat with reversed, half moon shaped band of black followed by

a pearl grey band which fades into the pinkish grey of the breast.

This latter is streaked with black, formed by the black central

spots to the feathers and is followed by the black band like that of

the male, but narrower and often much broken. Lower breast

above abdomen like that of the male, but generally paler; remain-

der of lower parts similar to the same parts in the male. Scapu-

lars and inner wing coverts like the back ; quills like those of the

male but the shade more brownish and the inner webs and tips of

the primaries edged white, absent on the first and most broadly so

on the innermost; primary coverts grey, secondary coverts dark

grey, median coverts yellow ochre on visible portions otherwise as

in the male.

In many females, probably not fully adult, the colour of the

throat, breast and upper abdomen is very smoky and _ practically

the same from the chin to the black abdomen.

Soft parts the same as in the male.

Measuwrements.—Wing 8-36" to 9:2", the average being barely

9-0"; bill at front from tip to central feathering -42" to -5"' and

averaging -47"'; tarsus -82" to 1:08" with an average size of

-9" ; tail about 4°0" to 4°5".

“ Females:—Length 13:38" to 14°47"; expanse 27°38" to 28:5";

wing 8:7"' to 9:4"; tail 4°13" to 4°15"; tarsus 1:0" to 1:1"; weight

15 ozs. to 17 ozs.”” (Hume.)

Young male:—Shot in October, has the whole upper plumage,

chin, throat and breast and upper abdomen a pale isabelline or

pinkish grey, barred and vermiculated with blackish brown.

Abdomen black and under tail coverts white with black bases.

The tail feathers are barred black and rufous buff, the latter colour

being replaced by white on the outer ones. Wing quills and

primary coverts grey, tipped with rufous ; innermost secondaries

and scapulars like the back.

6 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

The wing of this young bird measures 6°5.

“The immature male differs from the adult in having the tips of

the primaries and primary coverts edged with buff vermiculated

with black, some of the feathers of the top of the head with a

black sub-terminal band and rufous buff margm, and several fea-

thers of the upper back and scapulars yellowish buff barred with

black as in the female.’ (Ogilvie Grant.)

Iistribution.—Pterocles arenarius is found as far West as the

Canaries and throughout Northern Africa and to the Sahara from

the extreme N. West. It occurs also in the European countries

bordering on the Mediterranean, being common in Portugal and

Spain and rare elsewhere, but is again more often met with in

South East Russia. In Asia it occurs in Asia Minor, Caucasus,

Palestine, Persia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan and thence into North-

West India.

Within Indian limits it is very common in the Punjab,

Bikaner, North-West Rajputana, Sind and the Runn of Cutch.

It is also fairly numerous in Northern Guzerat and the North-

West of Central India, and it occurs ‘as far South as Kathiwar,

where Col. L. L. Fenton informs me that ‘“ this bird is only an

occasional visitor, in some years not a single bird is to be seen,

in others a few only, whilst at rare intervals, they come in large

flights.’ In the South of Central India it is much less common,

but has been killed as far South as Bhopal.

There is also an account in the ‘Indian Field” of the 21st

February 1907 by “Big Bore” of the shooting of three of these

grouse in Mysore. This is, of course, far out of the ordinary

range, but ‘‘ Big Bore’’ is the nom-de-plume of a well-known

sportsman who has for a great many years been a keen field natu-

ralist and collector and it is impossible that he should have made

a mistake over so well marked a bird. He writes, “On the 24th

November last, my two sons were out shooting at a place called

Giribet, nine miles east of Mysore (City) on the Mysore-Kollegal

Road. ‘They were lucky in getting a fairly large. bag of duck,

snipe, partridges and grouse: amongst the latter 1 noticed three

birds that were strangers to me and being interested in ornitho-

logy, I worked out the birds and found they were the ‘‘ Large or

Black-bellied Sand Grouse” (Pterocles Arenarius). This bird

is only a cold weather migrant to North-Western India, and

as far as I can make out has never before this been recorded in

South India. During the whole time I collected birds for the late

Mr. Allen Hume and for myself, I never came across a single

specimen of it. It would be interesting to know if any other

sportsman has shot this bird in South India.”’ (Big Bore.)

To the East the Imperial Sand-Grouse straggles as far as Nepal

from which State there is a female skin in the British Museum,

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 7

presented by Hodgson, and it has been procured near Lucknow

and again a little further East and South near Allahabad. To

the North-East it has been obtained both in Kashmir and Gilgit,

in the former by Major Stone and in the latter State by Colonel

Biddulph.

According to Jerdon, Col. Chesney found this species extremely

common in Arabia, but Hume discredits the accuracy of this record

on the grounds that, Zoologically, Turkish Arabia, or Mesopotamia

is more nearly allied to North-East Africa than to Hurope or Asia.

The Imperial Sand-Grouse has, however, been obtained from the

Saiar Mountains in the extreme South of Palestine by St. George

Littledale and it, apparently, is found thence Northwards and

Eastwards through Palestine, Aleppo and Diarbekir in Kurdistan,

so that its occurrence, on migration if at no other time, in Meso-

potamia would seem to be extremely likely.

The Large or Black-bellied Sand-Grouse is only a winter visitor

to India, its arrival and departure being much _ influenced,

according to Hume and others, by the state of the weather, great

heat delaying its arrival and accelerating its departure. They

generally arrive within Indian limits, 1.¢., the extreme North-West

of the Punjab and Sind, in the first week of October or, in early

years, a few flights may be seen in the last few days of September.

They, however, do not seem to work their way further South and

Hast at all fast, as I am informed that they are seldom seen in

Cutch until the end of the former month, whilst they do not reach

South Rajputana, Central India, Sindia and the West of the

United Provinces until well on in November. These last men-

tioned parts of India they leave again in the latter part of Febru-

ary and by the end of March but few will be found anywhere,

though a few stay on in unusually cold winters as late as the

beginning, or middle, of April.

Within its favourite haunts, 7.e., all round the extreme North-

East of the Indian habitat this bird is: extremely numerous and

may often be seen in hundreds and sometimes in thousands.

Hume, on one occasion in Jodhpore, came upon a group of these

birds, which he estimated to contain fully two thousand birds,

which were packed together in a mass not more than thirty yards

long by about ten wide and so densely were they lying that,

though he could not get within 80 yards of them, he dropped

three birds by firing into the mass as they rose.

The same author narrates how when driving between Fazilka

and Ferozepur he saw, during the 15 miles’ drive, over 100 packs

of these birds crossing the road, these packs varying from four or

five in number to nearly a hundred.

They keep very much to the larger sandy waste or plains so

numerous in this part of India, and though they prefer such as are

8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

within reasonable flight of the larger rivers, to which they resort

to drink, they are often found at great distance from any water.

When there are no rivers near enough, they will then drink at the

nearest tank and even at quite small ponds or pools.

Hume thus describes the kind of country most frequented by

this Grouse. He says: ‘‘I have but seldom met with them on

stubbles (though they affect these a good deal, I hear, in:some parts

of the country), or in any ground under crop, nor have I ever

found them on or about the more or less scrub-clad bases of the

low hills, so common in Rajputana. Wide, open sandy plains are

their favourite resorts ; and, though they do sometimes feed on

bare ploughed lands, it is rare to find them on these, except when

basking in the early morning or when taking their mid-day siesta.

This, like all the Sand-Grouse, they always take when the sun is

hot, though on cold, cloudy, gloomy days, they are moving the

whole day. They bustle about in the sand or loose loam, like old

hens, until they have worked out a depression that fits them, and

then in this they sit a little on one side, first with one wing a

little under them and the uppermost one a little opened, and then,

after a time, they shift over to the other side, so as to give the other

wing its turn of grilling. During their siesta they are never

closely packed ; they are scattered about irregularly, one here, two

or three there, and so on; and though at this time you may

generally by circling get within reach of them, they are by no

means all asleep, and the instant you halt or raise a gun, or fix your

eyes on any of them, the alarm note is sounded, and they are off

with a strong rapid flight, which most of us, at one time or

another, have found too cmeh for the second barrel.”

“In part of the country where they have not been shot at,

especially when they first arrive, you may easily approach within

thirty yards, shoot two or three on the ground, and perhaps a

couple more as they rise, but after having been worried a good

deal they become the wildest birds imaginable, and then the only

plan is to get them driven over you, which, with good native

fowlers, is almost a certainty, and affords at the same time most

difficult shooting and capital sport. It takes a straight eye, No. 3,

shot and a hard- -hitting gun, to bring down a clean-killed right and

left out of a party going over you, 80 to 35 yards high, at the

pace these birds can go.

They are very regular and punctual in visiting their drinking

places, more especially in the morning, for this species of Grouse

does not seem to always drink in the evenings. As a rule, the

first few birds appear atthe river or tank, as the case may be,

within an hour and a half after sunrise and flocks continue to

arrive for about two hours, or rather less, after which, it is quite

_ useless waiting for other birds to come. In the evening, if they

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 9

come at all, they generally arrive about a couple of hours before

sunset, just as the shadows begin to lengthen and the coolness of

evening becomes apparent.

Where they have been undisturbed the birds come straight

down to the water and take their drink, and a good deal of hust-

ling and squabbling takes place, especially when two or more

flocks, or packs as they should be called, arrive at the same time.

Where, however, the birds have been much shot at, the packs will

come down at a great pace, high overhead and often take two or

three circles round in the air before they venture down to the

water.

Even when they drink from big rivers these Grouse seem to

have certain places which they favour more than others, but it is

when they drink at tanks and other small places of water that the

native, and often indeed the European sportsman takes the

heaviest toll of them. At such places the shooter hides himself

either in a hole in the ground or else behind such cover as may be

available ; and, if suitably dressed and sufficiently quiet in his

movements, may be certain of obtaining asatisfactory bag. Often

in this manner a couple of guns will obtain a very large bag of

this and other grouse and Hume records a bag of 54 couple of this

species alone made by three guns in a couple of hours.

The native fowlers and professional snarers also take advantage

of this habit of the Sand-Grouse and catch avery great number

for the market by means of nets and snares at the drinking places.

When nets are used they are placed close to the drinking place

athwart the favourite line of flight, the nets are some six feet in

height and are kept erect by sticks which are so put up that the

first impact from a flock of birds knocks them over, and many of

the flock are entangled in the meshes are easily caught. When

nooses only are used, these are placed in great numbers at the edge

of the water, either pegged down singly or attached in rows to one

long string, which is pegged down, or weighed down, at either end.

They keep no regular formation either in flight or when bask-

ing and feeding. The first thing in the morning many flocks

often collect together and lie in the sun, warming themselves and

at this time appear to get on well enough until they break up into

their respective flocks and make their way to water; when,

however, they again meet, either at the water-side or on their own

feeding ground, they are very quarrelsome and a constant bicker-

ing fighting goes on amongst the males, this often taking place

between members of the same flock.

Their flight is, as Hume says, very swift and powerful, and the

sound of their wings makes a soft swish, which, when the birds

pass very close, rises almost to a whistle. In appearance their

action is much like that of a pigeon and they rise and fall in the

10 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X X11,

air with equal ease and grace; but the beats of their wings are

never accompanied by the clapping sound made by the wings of

the pigeons meeting overhead when those birds suddenly change

their elevation or direction.

Their note is described by some writers as a clucking sound

difficult to write down in words; other observers call it a soft

double chuck or chuckle which is uttered both when on the wing

and when on the ground, and when feeding and drinking.

Indeed, even when the birds are indulging in their midday rest,

a few will be seen constantly moving about and chuckling softly

to themselves.

Their diet is mainly a vegetarian one, consisting for the most

part of seeds and grain, and to a very small extent of young

shoots and buds ; but they will also eat small insects of all kinds,—

white ants, beetles, lava, etc.,—but never, as far as I can

ascertain, worms or similar items of food.

When they first arrive in India, the flocks consist entirely of

one sex, either male birds only or females only; but as the season

advances the flocks seem to become mixed and some time before

they take their departure, they will be found to contain about

equal numbers of either sex. I have been told that the first few

flocks to reach India will invariably be found to be those of males,

but, though this is probably correct, I have not as yet been able

to verify it.

For the table they are generally said to be good, though, as

usual, opinions differ somewhat on this point. Jerdon writes :

“The flesh is mixed brown and white on the breast, though

somewhat tough when fresh, and perhaps requiring to be skinned,

it is reckoned delicious eating ; indeed, one writer says that it is

the finest game-bird for the table in India.”

Whitaker’s description of the habits of Pterocles arenarius (Birds

of Tunisia, p. 236) in Tunis agrees well with that given by Hume ;

he writes :—‘‘ The present species is eminently a denizen of the

plains, and more particularly semi-desert plains, where sandy

hillocks, strewn with stones and dotted with patches of Halfa-grass

are a characteristic feature of the country. The tops of these

hillocks or mounds are favourite resorts of the birds during the

middle of the day for resting, or basking in the sun, and possibly

also for roosting at night. In these spots the birds remain quietly

for the greater part of the day and do not leave them except for

drinking and feeding purposes. Like other Sand-Grouse, P.

arenarius is chiefly to be seen during the early morning and

evening hours, when on its way to and from its drinking and feed-

ing haunts. It is said to drink regularly twice a day, but in Tunisia

I never observed the bird drinking except in the morning. To

reach the water they often travel a great distance, but no doubt do

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. tt

this with the greatest ease, being remarkably strong and swift on

the wing. When rising from the ground the rattling noise this

species makes probably with its wings, is most peculiar, and unlike

that of any other bird with which I am acquainted. The note it

utters when on the wing, and which may be heard at a great dis-

tance, is like the word “ catarr ’’ repeated several times, whence

the birds’ Arabic name “‘ Katarr.’’ When disturbed, it will travel

a great distance, often completely out of sight, before sitting down

again, but at its drinking resorts it seems loth to leave the spot

until its thirst is quenched.

The species feeds chiefly upon the seeds and tender shoots of

wild plants, though when in the vicinity of cultivated land it will

resort thereto in search of grain. As a bird for the table its flesh

is by no means to be despised, and though, perhaps, rather drier,

may be likened to that of Black-Game, the flesh of the breast

being both dark and light as in that bird. Sand-Grouse in

general, are difficult to skin, their feathers, like those of Pigeons,

being loosely attached to the skin ; and it requires all the taxider-

mists’ art to make good museum specimens.

Like all its congeners, the present species is monogamous and

rather a late breeder, though not as late as stated by most authors

and I have obtained full clutches of eggs by the middle of April.

The nesting season of the species, however, continues throughout

that and the following month, and probably also throughout

June.”’

Although the Large Sand-Grouse has never been found breed-

ing within Indian limits its eggs were taken by Lieut. EH. Barnes

at Chaman, Afghanistan, on the 15th May, andit is quite possible,

therefore, that it may be found breeding occasionally in Sind

or the South Hast Punjab.

It breeds in Afghanistan, probably also Baluchistan, and in

Seistan and Persia, the Caucasus, Asia Minor and more or less

throughout South Russia and the countries bordering on the Medi-

terranean, but common only in Spain and North West Africa, in

Algeria and Morocco, from which last place I have received eggs.

The breeding season commences in April, when the birds

begin to pair and the eggs are laid in May and June Those

in the collection of the British Museum show that in Spain

and Northern Africa the breeding season is later than it is in Asia

Minor and the rest of its Eastern Range. All the eggs from the

former countries are dated between the 27th May and 15th June,

whereas those from the Eastern countries were taken between the

9th and 15th May. The eggs in my own collection confirm this

as all my Spanish and Algerian eggs are dated between the 30th

May and 22nd June, whilst those from the Altai are dated 3rd

to 17th May. Whitaker, however, says ‘‘I have taken full

12 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

clutches of eggs by the middle of April. The nesting season of

the species, however, continues throughout that and the following

month, and probably also throughout June.”’

The eggs appear to be laid on the ground in a slight hollow

scratched out by the parent bird in the sand and, as a rule, there

is absolutely no attempt made at concealment, the place selected

being one quite in the open, though on some occasions, slight

protection from sun and observation may be afforded by a stone,

small rock or tuft of grass.

The full number of eggs laid is three, but two eggs are some-

times incubated. They are typical Sand-Grouse eggs in every

respect, being of the usual elliptical form and decidedly glossy,

especially when first laid, as they lose the gloss to some extent

after they have been kept a few years. The texture is smooth and

close, but not very fine, and the eggs are rather brittle and fragile

for their size.

The ground colour varies from greyish stone colour, pale dull

cream, pale yellowish grey, pale buff or greenish grey to a rather

warm buff stone colour, or stone colour with a distinct green tint.

Most eggs are, however, very pale and their pale dull colouration

generally is a distinct feature of this Sand-Grouse’s eggs. The

superior makings consist of indefinite smudges, blotches and spots

of reddish brown, dull grey brown or dull rufous brown, the edges

often paler and merging into the secondary markings, which are

pale lavender grey or purplish grey. The markings, both surface

and sub-surface vary considerably in amount, sometimes being

rather sparse, at others rather numerous, but they are nearly

always distribute, fairly evenly over the whole surface of the egg.

According to Oates the series in the British Museum collection

measure from 1:7" to 2"’ in length and from 1:23" to 1:33" in

breadth (43-5 to 51 and 31:2 to33-6mm.). With the exception

of three eggs, all those in my collection come within these limits.

The three exceptions measure 2:05", 2:07" and 2°10" (=-52, 52°6

x 53°2 mm.) in length, but are not as broad as the broadest of

the Museum eggs. Including these latter, the average of 68 eggs

I have measured is 1:86" x 1:27" = (47:5 x 29°8 mm.). Oates in

describing the Museum eggs says ‘‘ The eggs of the Black-bellied

Sand-Grouse are, on the whole, very pale, and present a marbled

appearance.” This ‘‘ marbled’’ appearance is common to all the

Sand-Grouse eges and together with their curious elliptical shape

make them resemble very remarkably the eggs of the Caprimulgidee

or Nightjars.

Whitaker gives the average of the eggs measnred by him as

45 x 30 mm,

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. °

R. C. WR0OvUGHTON, F.Z.S., AND KATHLEEN V. RYLEY.

LiK*

A.—A New SPECIES oF MyYoTIS FROM KANARA.

In dealing with the Genus Myotis (under the name Vespertilio,

Mammalia p. 328 et sey.) Blanford arranged these bats in two

sections, vz., those with large feet (now generally accepted as a

sub-genus under the name Lewconoe) and those with small feet (7.e.,

true Myotis). In the Kanara Collection Mr. Shortridge obtained

a true Myotis so different from any known Indian Species that we

propose to describe it under the name.

MYOTIS PEYTONI, sp. n.

A Myotis, of the small-footed section, much larger than either

mystacinus or nipalensis.

Fur fairly long (5-6 mm.) and loose. General colour above uni-

form, dark ‘ vandyke brown;’ washed with paler below. Mem-

branes dusky, almost black, in colour. Wings extending to the

base of the outer toe. Calcar comparatively short, extending about

halfway to the tail, no post-calcareal lobe. Inner edge of ear

convex, tip pointed, outer edge straight above, convex below.

Tragus of medium length, its inner edge straight, its outer margin

convex, crenulated, with a marked lobe at its base.

Dimensions of the Type.—Head and body, 62; tail, 44; ear, 15;

forearm, 46; III finger, metacarpal, 42 ; first phalanx, 16 ; second

phalanx, 16 ;—total, 77. IV finger, metacarpal, 41 ; first phalanx,

12; second phalanx, 11 ;—total, 60; V finger, metacarpal, 39 ; first

phalanx, 10:5; second phalanx, 8-5 ;—total, 56; hindleg above

ankle, 19 ; hindfoot, 10; calcar, 15 ; tragus (length on inner edge),

5:2; greatest breadth (at about half its length), 2-5.

Skull.Greatest length, 18 ; zygomatic breadth, 6 ; braincase, 9 ;

breadth across third upper molar, 7:5; front of canine to back of

last molar, 6.

Habitat.—S. India. (Type from Gersoppa Falls, Kanara).

Altitude 1,500 ft.

* We find that these papers on the taxonomic results of the Survey promise to

be far more frequently required than was foreseen. We think, therefore, it will

be most convenient to publish them in future undera uniform heading, with

serial numbers (in Roman figures, to prevent confusion with the serial numbers

of the ‘‘ Reports’), and with sectional headings to the subjects treated. This is

the third paper to be published and we have decided that it is best so to number it.

The earlier papers will be found as follows :—

I—at Vol. XXI, p. 338. R. C. W.

II—at Vol. XXI, p. 767. K.V. RB.

14 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Type.—Adult female. B.M. No. 12.8.25.1. Original number

1042. Collected by Mr. G. C. Shortridge, and presented to the

National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society.

Mr. Shortridge obtained thirty specimens, a very even series in

colouring aud measurements allowing for age.

We have named the species in memory of General Peyton, who

for a generation was Conservator of Forests in, and virtual Rajah

of Kanara.

B.—A New Spectres oF KERIVOULA FROM N. W. Mysore.

Horsfield (Researches in Java, 1824) described Kerwoula hard-

wichit on a specimen from Java. “The national collection received

anice series of this Bat from the Balston Expedition to Java.

These were collected by Mr. Shortridge in Java, and may be

confidently accepted as representing true hardwichit.

In 1871 (P. A. 8. B. p. 215) Dobson described Keriwvoula fusca.

Besides a few measurements and the colour. Dobson only records :—

‘‘On the outer side of the ear there is a wide emargination

which forms the tip, and without which the ear would be regu-

larly, broadly oval.’’ He adds, however, ‘“ this species differs from

K. hardwickii, Horsf, which it resembles, in some respects, in the

form of the ears, and colour and distribution of the fur.”’ In his

Catalogue of the Chiroptera of the Indian Museum, Calcutta,

(1876), Dobson sinks fusca as a synonym of hardwickw. His

No. 682 in the Catalogue is probably the type of fusca but it

is not so marked. ‘This specimen is not available for examination,

but in the Catalogue it is labelled ‘“ no locality” and “no history,”

so that it may well have been a Java specimen and even one of

Horsfield’s. In view ofthe evidence available, I have no hesitation

in describing a specimen obtained by Mr. Shortridge in the Kar-

dibetta Forest, Shimoga, as a distinct species, under the name

of—

KCERIVOULA CRYPTA, sp. n.

A Kerivoula rather similar to hardwichw in general appearance,

put distinguished by its smaller and less emarginate ear, shorter

wing, and darker colour.

Fur long and silky. General colour above pale “seal brown,

the individual hairs self-coloured to their bases (hairs in hardwiekii

are bicoloured) ; below somewhat paler. Fur not extending on to

the wing or Facieoninenae al membranes. Wings reaching to nace of

outer pees Ears broadly oval, a well tiarkeedl notch, but no ‘‘ wide

emargination ’’ on the outer edge; tragus long, narrowing gradu-

ally toa sharp point.

Skull not differing materially from that of hardwichit.

Dimensions of the Type. —Head and body, 44 (41°45); tail, 42

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 15

(45:46); fore-arm, 31:5 (33°34, 7); ear, 12°5 (14°15) ; tibia, 16

{15°5, 16°5); hindfoot, 7 (6°8); middle finger, metacarpal 31

(38°6-36) ; first phalanx, 15 (15°8-17) ;—total, 65 (69-73°2).

Skull.—Condylo-incisive length, 13-3 (13-2-14) ; basilar length,

11 (11-12) ; zygomatic breadth, 9 (9-9-5) ; braincase, 8-2 (7°8-8°2) ;

front of upper canines to back of last molar, 5-5 (5°5-6) ; breadth

across palate at front end of last molar, 5-5 (5-5°8).

(NotTE:—The figures between brackets are the maximum and minimum in three

adult specimens of hardwickii.)

Pabitat.—Shimoga, South India.

Type.—Adult scovlle, B. M. No. 12.8.25.2. Original No. 1317,

collected by Mr. G. C. Shortridge, on 20th June 1912, and pre-

sented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History

Society.

C.—A New SPECIES OF HARE FROM THE CENTRAL PROVINCES.

Amongst the hares obtained by Mr. Crump in the Hoshangabad

District are some specimens from the Mahadeo Hills, which are so

markedly and distinctly different from those of the surrounding

country that I propose to describe them as a new species under the

name. -

LEPUS MAHADEVA, sp. n.

The Pachmarhi Hare.

A hare, allied to LZ. simcom, with a similar grey neck, but dis-

tinguished from that species by its much richer, darker colouring

and the absence of the grey patch on the rump, so characteristic of

J. simeowt.

General colour above ‘‘ cinnamon rufous ” strongly washed with

black, individual hairs of the back white at the base (10 mm.)

followed by black band (4°5 mm.), the remainder (12 mm.) about

equally cinnamon and black; below pure white. The grey rump

so characteristic of stmcoxt almost or entirely wanting. The face

coloured like the back, ears in front dark bistre, ticked with buffy.

Cheeks between “ wood-brown”’ and “‘ cinnamon,’’ much washed

with black. Tail above dingy rufous, the individual hairs black

with buffy tips. Nape grey, as in sumncom.

On the whole the average size of the skull is smaller and the

nasals narrower than in true simcozi.

Dimensions of the Type (recorded by the Collector).—Head and

body, 455; tail, 79; hindfoot, 102; ear, 94.

Skull.—Greatest length, 94; basal length, 74; zygomatic

breadth, 44; greatest leneth of nasals, 40; palatal foramen, 24;

upper Sue series, 16.

Habitat.—Mahadeo Hills, Central Provinces. (Type from Dhaim.

Altitude 2,300 ft.

16 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL. HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT1,

+! Type-—Adult female. B.M. No. 12.7.8.1.. Original No. 893.

Collected by Mr. C. A. Crump, 10th February, 1912, and pre-

sented to the National. Collection by ‘the Bombay Natural History

Society.

(, Mr. Crump obtained six Specimens from various places round

Pachmarhi. This is no doubt the representative of simcoxi in the

altered conditions of hilly country, heavy rainfall, and thick forest

found in the Mahadeo Hills. The dark and rich colouring and

the absence of the pale grey rump distinguish it at once from

sumcont. ;

ork

D.-—THE GENERA LEGGADA AND MUS.

In a recent issue of this Journal (Vol. XXI, p. 772) Wroughton

described, on a single specimen, taken by Mr. Crump at Asirgarh

in the Nimar District, a new species, Mus phillipsi. A careful

revision of the Nimar Collection (No. 4) has resulted in the dis-

covery of two more specimens (2 180...Chikalda and 9 205... Pili

Sipna Valley), from an examination of which we are now in a

position to record that the mammary formula of phillipsi is

als

In the Bellary Collection there is a series of eight specimens,

taken by Mr. Shortridge at Vijayanagar, which though closely

allied to phillips: represent a distinct species. Before describing

this new form, however, we have felt compelled to enquire into the

whole question of the status of the two Genera Mus and Leqgada.

tieggada was separated from Mus by Gray, in 1837 (A.M.N.H.

L, p. 586) when he included in it two species, viz., booduga and

platythria. Hitherto booduga has been accepted as best represent-

ing the genus, and the presence of “ an additional lunate lobe at

the base of the front edge’ of the upper anterior molar, cited by

Gray, has been reg rifled as the primary generic char acter. This

position is no longer tenable, for recently a number of species,

allied to booduga, have been discovered in Africa, in many of

which this character is but imperfectly developed, and in some is

entirely absent.

Mr. Thomas has pointed out to us that the name Leggada is

based on ‘ leggyade,” the Kanarese name of platythrix (teste Elliot,

Madr. Journ. L. & Sc. X, p. 215) and that, consequently, by the

rule of tautonomy, platythriz, and not boodugqa, is the type species

of the Genus Leggada, and has advised us to adopt the presence or

absence of frontal ridges* on the skull as the primary generic

character, in the place of the one mentioned above.

The adoption of this position necessitates a complete redistri-

bution of the known species between the two Genera Mus and

* (Note.—These are well shown in the text block published on page 773 of a

recent issue (Vol. xxi, 1912, of this Journal.)

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 17

Leqgada. So far as the Indian species go* the following changes

must be made in Blanford’s Mammalia :—

1. In the key on p. 401, after the clause ‘‘A. Form slender ;

transverse laminze of molars considerably curved,” insert :—

A’—No frontal ridges; coat silky, almost or

GUE PMMENSS Er es le kek eda Mus.

B'-—Frontal ridges present ; coat spiny ...... Leqgada.

2. In the key on p. 405, after the clause “b°. Ear not extend-

ing to eye,” insert :—

a‘. General colour dark brown......... une M. booduga.

GoaeGeneral colour pale grey. 5.032.006.0055. vee M, dunni.

and delete entirely the last clause under “ A”

viz:—‘*b. Dorsal fur mainly, or wholly, com-

peeearon milextble: Spiess. 1 csi wacl decoe cea tnceite dese. M. platythrix.”

(Note :—We do not wish it to be understood that we accept all

the rest of the key as it stands. The species included in it

have in several cases been removed to other genera, for instance,

the first ten species mentioned in it have, with others, been trans-

ferred to the genus Hpimys. The remainder of section ‘ A ”’ how-

ever may be accepted as dealing with the genus Mus, after the

change we have suggested above has been made).

3. Immediately after Mus insert a new genus Lleqgada with a

key as follows :—

A Mammary formula 4—2—12 ; spines comparatively fine.

a. Size larger, hindfoot 18mm., skull 25.

a’. General colour brown ............... LL. platythrix

b*. General colour pale grey ........... DL. sadhu,

b. Size smaller, hind foot 16, skull 22 ; Gene-

nabscolons pale orey ls 2 oAst tastes eascee sss Li, cinderella,

B. Mammary formula 3—2—10; spines coarse

and stiff.

a. Size smaller, hind foot 15, skull 21

a’. General colour dark grey, nearly black .L. phillipsi.

6s) Generalicolour pale grey’ ...).s0.ci. etc ds LL. surkha.

b. Size larger, hind foot 17-5, skull 27 ......... L. bahadur.

B.—-A NEW SPECIES OF LEGGADA FROM BELLARY.

LEGGADDA SURKHA, sp. n.

A Leggada with mammary formula 3—2—10, and stiff coarse

spines, as in phillipsi, but differing from that species in colouring.

Size about as in phillipsi. Fur composed of stiff, coarse spines

intermixed with a few finer, buffy hairs. Length of spines on

back 8mm. General colour above, pale fawn grey, individual

spines pale slate grey, with dark tips ; below pure white.

* WNote.—Apparently all the African species now classed as Leggada must be

relegated to the Genus Mus.)

18 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.

Tail coarsely ringed, darker above and paler below; sparsely

clothed with short hairs. Pads of hindfoot 6. Mammee

3—2—10.

Skull about the same size as in L. phillipst. The parietals flatter

and interorbital region broader than in that species ; frontal ridges

well marked and continuing backwards round the parietals.

Dimensions of the Type (measured in the flesh) :—Head and body,

89 ; tail, 64 ; hindfoot, 15 ; ear, 12.

Skull :—Condylo-incisive length, 21 (21-5); basilar length, 18

(18); zygomatic breadth, 11:5 (11); nasals, 9 (9); diastema, 6,

(6°5) ; upper molar series, 4 (3:7).

(NotE:—The figuresin brackets refer to skull measurements

taken on the type of L. phillips).

Halitat :—Vijayanagar, Bellary District.

Type :—Adult male. B. M. No. 12: 10° 16-1. Original number

1651. Collected by Mr. G. C. Shortridge, 12th August 1912,

and presented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural

History Society.

The series of eight specimens obtained by Mr. Shortridge is

remarkably constant in colour and size.

The specific name is based on the Urdu word ‘ surkha ’’ mean-

ing “ grey ’’—as applied to an animal.

O—A NEW SPECIES OF LEGGADA FROM KANARA.

In working out the above our attention has been called to two

spirit specimens of a mouse which were sent to us some time ago,

by the Society, for determination. Unfortunately there is no

history to these specimens except that they were taken at Karwar,

in the Kanara District, and they have been so long in alcohol that

the colour has been bleached out of them. They represent, however,

a very distinct new species which we propose to call L. bahadur.

LEGGADA BAHADUR, sp. n.

A Leggada belonging to the group with 10 mamme, but very

markedly larger in size than either phillipst or surkha.

Size large as compared with the other species in this section of

Teggada, about as in L. platythriz. Coat composed almost entirely

of coarse, stiff spines, as in phillipst and surkha. General colour

above probably some shade of grey (the specimens, owing to long

immersion in alcohol, have turned a reddish colour), the individual

spines pale at the base with dark tips; below pure white.

Skull the same size as in platythriv, which it resembles in shape

in all essential characters.

Dimensions of the Type (measured on a spirit specimen) :—Head

and body, 85; tail, about 65-70 (broken ); hindfoot, 17-5;

era, 13.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 19

‘Skull :—Condylo-incisive length, 27 ; basilar length, 23 ; zygo-

matic breadth, 13°5 ; nasal, 12; diastema, 8 ; upper molar series, 5.

Habitat :—Karwar, Kanara District.

Type :—Old female. B. M. No. 12:10-:16:3. Presented to the

National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society.

It is unfortunate that there is no history of these two specimens,

but it is to be hoped that a series, properly measured in the flesh,

will new soon be obtained. |

The second specimen, though showing the mamme quite plain-

ly, is much younger and smaller, but though the combined head and

body measurement is only 75 mm. and that of the skull less than

23 mm. the hindfoot is the same size as in the type specimen.

The specific name refers to its size, which is conspicuously

greater than that of phillips: and surkha, and in which it equals

platythriz, hitherto the giant of the Genus.

H.— GENERIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE INDIAN MURINA.

In the 20 years since Blanford published his Key at page 401 of

the ‘‘Mammalia,” great additions have been made to the knowledge

of the Indian Murinae, a result the credit for which belongs largely

to the Bombay Natural History Society. Since 1891 four Genera,

not recognized by Blanford, have been revived, and no less than

seven new ones have been established.

We recognize that any Key drawn up now will almost certainly

require to be amended asthe Survey progresses ; but we have found

that for our own convenience some Key, based on our present

knowledge, was necessary ; and we believe it will have a certain

value, even though it be only provisional, in enabling Members

interested to follow the results of the Survey intelligently.

We do not claim to have made any special investigations for

the purposes of this Key, but have accepted the data recorded

by Blanford, when such were available and suitable for our

purpose.

*« Mus chirogus,’’ an aberrant species referred to by Blanford

in his Key, seems, from the description recorded, to fit into the

Genus Heeromys Thos. (A.M.N.H., p. 207., 1911). We have,

therefore, included that genus in our Key to represent it. ‘* Mus

erythrotis,” known only from a single immature specimen, appears

to us generically indeterminable, and we have left it out of con-

sideration.

The following is the Key :—

I.—Tubercles on anterior lower molar in 3

longitudinal series; coat silky; manne

Bea PaaS SLM AAR resid eee cod HAPALOMYS.

Il.—Tubercles on anterior lower molar in 2

longitudinal series.

20 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,

A. First and fifth digits of all feet with flat

nails; coat silky ; mamme 2—2—8... VANDELEURIA.

B. Fifth digit with a claw.

a. Hallux with a flat nail.

a’. Postero-internal cusp of upper mo-

lars present; coat silky; mamme

Dab ii hcaa ce eee cep encise aust Ts CHIROPODOMYS

b’. Postero-internal cusp of upper molars

ab Se tabs Acetrew eee och. se cere eeaen eeNleee ioc HARROMYS.

b. Hallux with a claw.

@. Incisors longitudinally grooved ; coat

harsh; plantar pads 6; mammee

Ba Ooi odh veh tase ak tanks See GOLUNDA.

b’. Incisors not longitudinally grooved.

a’. Plantar pads less than 6.

a. Plantar pads 4; coat silky; mamme

1—2 =63; mesopteryqoid fossa

roofed in, anbertoTly o2.c..9-.222-+e: GRYPOMYS.

6°, Plantar pads5; coat varying in

teature mammoee 2—2=S mes-

opterygoid fossa normal ............+4. MILLARDIA.

b°. Plantar pads 6

a Postero-internal cusp of upper

molars present ; coal silky ; mamme

LF OF suecte mah elonern Pe eee hcee ane APODEMUS

b.2 Postero-internal cusp of upper

molars absent,

a*. Bevelled edge of incisors not-

ched; m'‘ longer than m’*. and m°

combined.

a. Frontal ridges well marked;

coat spiny; mamme 3—2—10

Or 4 2 WA eet ni. eee LHGGADA.

b’. Frontal ridges absent; coat

silky; mamme 38—2—10 MUS.

b*. Bevelled edge of incisors not

notched ; m* equal to or shorter

than m* and m* combined.

a’. Front edge of zygomatic plate

concave; coat harsh ; ma-

DNL P= == 18). Sh oon nae eae HADROMYS'!

b’. Front edge of zygomatic plate

straight or convex.

a°*, Transverse laminz of upper

molars considerably curv-

ed.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FRUM THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

Mesopterygoid fossa roof-

ed in anteriorly; coat

spiny; mamme 4—2

= I cRNA I see PYROM YS.

Mesopterygoid fossa nor-

mal,

Go) Vem.) —— 2" = =

coat silky ..cc....- ’ CREMNOMYS

b°. Mammee more than

6; coat silky, some-

times mixed with

BPIMESs Bytes. ons oes EHPIMYS.

b°, Transverse laminze of upper

molars straight.

a’. Size large, head and

body more than 300

mm.; coat harsh:

mamme 3—3—12. BANDICOTA.

b’. Size smaller, head and

body at most 225mm.

G tloalatal foramina

long (8Smm.) ; coat

harsh ; multimam-

mate (16-18) -3.... GUNOMYS.

b°. Palatal foramina

short (5mm.) ;

mamnme 2—2—8. NHSOKIA.

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN

SNAKES.

ILLUSTRATED BY: COLOURED PLATES AND DIAGRAMS.

Mason F. Watt, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S.

Part XIX with Plate XIX, Diagram and Map.

(Continued from page 1021 of this Volume.) :

COLUBER HELENA (Daudin).

The genus Coluber is one of the many into which the family

Colubridee is divided, and belongs to the ‘‘aglyphous”’ (or fangless)

series.

It contained, when Boulenger’s Catalogue appeared in 1894, 45

species inhabiting Europe, Asia and America. Nine of these

are known to occur within Indian limits. The type of the genus

is the North American C. guttatus.

History.—Our earliest reference to Coluber helena is contained

in Russell’s work published in 1796, where it is figured (Vol. 1.

plate XXXII), and some interesting notes are incorporated with

a description of the snake.

Nomenclature—NScientific.—The generic name is from the Latin

coluber, a term applied to any species inthe same way as our

English word ‘‘snake” is. Under this term Linné in 1766

included many species which subsequent authors on very good

grounds have dissociated, and made the types of genera distinct,

Helena the specific name was given to it by Daudin in 1803, in

recognition of its beauty.

English.‘ The trinket snake”’ suggests itself as appropriate,

the beautiful ornamentation anteriorly reminding one of jewels

set in a ring or trinket.

Vernacular.—Russell mentions the name ‘ mega-rekula-poda ”

as in use about Vizagapatam, and Willey says in Ceylon it is

called “ mudu karawala.”

General characters.—The head is rather narrow, with a somewhat

elongate, and bluntly rounded snout. There is little or no indica-

tion of a canthus rostralis. The nostril is fairly large, and oc-

cupies about three-fourths of the upper part of the suture between

the nasal shields. The eye is moderately iarge, rather less than

half the length of the snout, and placed laterally. The pupil is

round, or horizontally elliptical, and the iris is adorned with goid.

The tongue pinkish at the base, becomes bluish black except at

the very tips which are white. I noted in aspecimen from the

Nilgiris that the mucous membrane of the mouth was blackish.

Journ. Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.

eau ds

bike

Stata

ame

FOOT Sk

eke

J.Green, Chromo.

INDIAN SNAKES .(Wall).

THE COMMON

J.G.del.

Coluber helena, harmless, nal.svze.

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 23

The neck is fairly evident, and the body which is robust, is

compressed somewhat, and smooth. The belly is angulated

obtusely on either side. The tail is short, and about one-fifth

the total length of the snake.

Colowr and markings.—-The ground colour dorsally is brownish,

but subject to much variation, some specimens being very light,

others very dark. One I had from the Anamallays was almost

blackish. On the face the brown fades to dirty yellow, or whitish

on the lip. There is almost always a more or less obvious oblique

black stripe from the eye to the lip before the gape, and often

some, or all the satures on both lips have dark streaks. The

forebody for a variable length is very beautifully ornamented with

ocellated cross-bars of a pattern peculiar to this among Indian

snakes. In a well marked, and freshly sloughed specimen, such as

we have figured in our Plate these bars are outlined, and intersected

with rich black, the intersecting lines being specially heavy. In

Giinther’s * excellent figure those are shown in almost the entire

length of the snake, but this is unusual. Frequently they are only

seen in the anterior half of the body, and sometimes in a much more

restricted length. In all specimens they become modified sooner or

later, and gradually disappear. This is well shown in figure 3 of our

Plate. On the nape there is usually, but not always, a conspicuous

black mark, which may be V. shaped, or merely consist of two

parallel lines. Sometimes these project backwards to connect two

or three cross-bars, and in some specimens they resemble a hairpin

rather than a capital V. In all the specimens I have seen from

Western India as far North as about Bombay, the anterior cross-

bars ave connected by narrow festoons on the sides of the ventral

shields.’ These are seen though somewhat more disconnected than

usual in figure 2 of our Plate. There is no vestige of these in

Himalayan specimens, nor do I find a trace of them in an example

from Udaipur, in another from Broach and in a third from

Berhampore (Orissa).

On the sides of the body as the cross-bars fade, a dark and broad

stripe gradually appears. ‘This involves the upper half of the 3rd

and the 4th, 5th, and 6th rows of scales above the ventrals and

passes backwards along the tail to its tip.

The skin between the dorsal scales is pinkish. The belly

is uniform pearly white, or faintly yellow in the middle, and

more or less mottled with greyish beyond the angulation of the

ventral shields. Russell figures a somewhat differently marked

specimen from Vizagapatam in which the anterior two-thirds of

the body is yellowish on the back, and pink on the sides. There

are no cross-bars such as I have described above, but a dark

zigzag line runs down the back with a white dot, at each angle

of the zigzag.

24 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Identification.—This is not difficult if attention is given to scale

characters. The following combination of characters will distin-

guish it from other Indian snakes: (1) Scales 25 to 29 in mid-

body, (2) an entire anal, (8) two or three labials touching the

eye.

nach ope over 4 feet are unusual, and over

5 feet rare. The largest I have seen measured 4 feet 11 inches

from Matheran, 5 feet 2 inches, and 5 feet 3 inches from Paralai

in the Anamallay Hills. |

Insposition.—All who have remarked upon the species are in

agreement as to itsvicious temper. Russell * speaking of a speci-

men he had in Vizagapatam says: ‘“‘ It appeared singularly alert in

its movements, and snapped at everything presented to it. In

preparing to attack, it wreathed its neck, and part of the trunk,

into close turns, and at the same time, retracting its head, present-

ed, at a distance, something of the appearance of a hooded snake.

When it snapped, the body being more raised by the assistance of

the tail, the wreaths were rapidly unwreathed, and the head darted

obliquely forward, with a motion so rapid, that the animal, with-

out rising from the ground, seemed to fly on his prey. In this

manner it could unexpectedly seize an object which in appearance

lay far beyond its reach. A chicken, intended for experiment,

having made its escape, was accidentally pursued into the chamber

where the snake had been left at liberty, and was no sooner

perceived than the snake flew furiously at him, snapped several

times as he passed, and soon seized and secured him, by wreathing

round the body. In two minutes the bird was found dead, having

been strangled by the snake’s tail.

A second chicken was attacked in like manner, and had he not

been relieved in time would have suffered the same fate. He was

bitten in several places.”

Colonel Light in a letter written to our Secretary remarks of one

he got in Poona that ‘It showed great fierceness, and struck

repeatedly at the stick when being killed.” A yonng specimen I

had in Bangalore I noted was wonderfully active. When teased it

showed fight by erecting, and throwing the fore part of the body

into broad sigmoid curves, which it straightened in the act of

striking. It struck out repeatedly and in an upward direction

much like the Dhaman (4amenis mucosus). I noticed that prior

to striking the neck was markedly compressed, the spine in this

region arched, and the throat distinctly pouched, just in fact

exactly similar to what I have seen in the Dhaman under similar

circumstances. When erect the body scales anteriorly were

* Rept. of Brit. India, Pl. XXI A.

+ Loc. cit.

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 25

separated, revealing the pinkish colour of the intervening skin,

and enhancing the beauty of the little reptile.

Haunts.—As far as 1 am aware, it is usually to be found in or

near jungle though this may not be very dense. It certainly fre-

quently quarters itself in, and about well populated areas, being

frequently found in Cantonment limits, and it is no unusual

circumstance for it to stray into habitations. One was killed in

the Municipal Library in Almora two years ago, and another in

my sweeper’s house. This one would expect from the nature of

its food.

Habits.—It is frequently encountered during the day, more

often I think under these circumstances being disturbed from

its lair in brushwood, than actively pursuing its quest for food.

More usually in man’s immediate environment, it seems to emerge

as daylight fails, and is abroad at night.

One specially interesting trait in its character is its habit of

constricting its prey prior to deglutition. Green* speaking of

specimens in his vivarium says: ‘“ I have several times observed its

capture of a smallskink (Lygosomu, sp.). On one occasion the

Coluber had captured a lizard, and was tightly constricting it, the

whole body of the snake being twisted into a complicated knot.

It commenced work upon the tail, which became detached from

the body of the lizard and was promptly swallowed. The snake

then apparently forgot that the largest part of its captive was still

enclosed in the folds of its body, and began looking about for

another victim. Hventually it re-discovered its original capture,

and commenced to engulf it, drawing it gradually through the

encompassing coils.”’

Food.—Under natural conditions a decided partiality is shown

for mammalian fare, but it would seem that lizards, and even

snakes are acceptable under press of hunger. Greent has frequent-

ly seen his captive specimens eat lizards as already mentioned, but

he remarks that in hunting lizards it is very inexpert, and

repeatedly fails to effect a capture. As soon as the lizard stopped,

the snake lost interest in it, and appeared attracted by moving

objects only. Mr. Millard writing to me some time ago said that

a specimen in Bombay refused lizards and frogs, but took a mouse

that was offered at once. One voracious individual tried on

two occasions to eat snakes with which it was incarcerated. Once

the species was Chrysopelea ornata, and once Dendrophis pictus.

Breeding.—It is remarkable that of the many specimens that

have come into my hands none should have proved gravid. I

know nothing of its breeding habits, nor can I find anything in the

literature of the species to which I have access. The smallest

* Spol., Zeylan,’Vol. III, Part X. p. 157, and Vol. III, Part XI, p. 197

Tt Loc. cit.

26 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

specimens I have had were 1 foot 33 inches from Almora in

March, 1 foot 34, and 1 foot 33 inches from Paralai, dates of

capture unrecorded.

Parasites.—I have found the stomach invaded by the nematode

worm Kallicephalus willeyr.

Distribution—(a) Local.—I have always regarded Coluber helena

as a hill snake that rarely straggles into the plains in the proxi-

mate vicinity of hills, but it will be seen from our map that it

occurs sparingly in certain localities at low elevations removed

from hilly country. There is no doubt that it favours altitudes

between about 1,500 and 6,000 feet, and below this it is in my

experience a distinctly rare snake. MHaly, in his List of Ceylon

Snakes in 1886, wrote: ‘(a very common up-country snake. The

collection (Colombo Museum) possesses no specimen from the

low country.’’ Later, however, in 1891 he records one in the

collection from Colombo. Ferguson, writing of the snakes* of

Travancore in this Journal, says it is a common snake above an

altitude of 1,000 feet. I have had many specimens from the

Anamallays at an elevation of 3,500 to 4,000 feet, and I am told

by Father Gombert that at Shembaganur in the Palneys it is

common at 6,000 feet. I have had it from Kil, Kotagiri in the

Nilgiris above 5,000 feet. On the Mysore Plateau at about 2,000

to 3000 feet, and at the same altitude on the Western Ghats it is

not uncommon. In the Western Himalayas about Kumaon it is

quite common, and I have had it from as far West as Bakloh.

One cannot escape the conviction that it must occur in the Hastern

Himalayas since a specimen in the Indian Museum is from

Samacuting in the Naga Hills, Assam. If it occurs in the Hastern

Himalaya it must be rare as there is no record, as far as 1 am

aware, from this region.

It is common in parts of Rajputana notably where the altitude

exceeds about 1,500 feet, such places as Mount Abu, Udaipore,

Ajmer, and Jeypore, all in or beside the Aravalli Hills. It is

noteworthy also that Vizagapatam where Russell got his specimen

is close to hills, and Berhampore (Orissa) from where I have had

a specimen, is only ten miles or so from hills. On the other

hand Karachi, Broach, Purneah District, 24 Parganas, and

Colombo from whence there are records, cannot be said to be near

hills.

A detailed enumeration of its known localities is given in our

map.

Geographical distribution.--Ceylon, Hills of Peninsula India,

Sind, Rajpootana, Western Himalayas, Bengal Hast of Purneah,

Naga Hills Assam.

ENViO Meese nD:

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 27

ColteOcr Lapa (a /

Lepidosis Rostral.— Touches 6 shields; the rostro-nasal sutures

largest, about twice the rostro-internasal. Jiternasals.—A pairs;

the suture between them half, or less than half that between the

prefrontal fellows, about two-thirds the internaso-preefrontal

sutures. Prefrontals.—A pair; the suture between them rather

greater than the prefronto-frontal ; in contact with internasal,

postnasal, loreal, praocular, and sometimes with the supraocular.

Frontal.—Touches 6 shields usually, 8 when the preocular

meets it; the fronto-supraocular sutures largest.—Supraoculars.—

As long as frontal, but not so broad in a line connecting the

centres of the eyes. Nasals.—Two, almost entirely separated by,

the nostril, a suture running to the Ist supralabial. Loreals—One

rather longer than deep. Preeoculars—.One. Postoculars.—Two.

Temporals.—Two, the upper touching a supralabial usually the 6th

or 7th. Supralabeals.—Very variable, 9,10 or 11; usually two touch

the eye, the 5th and 6th most constantly, sometimes the 6th and

7th, or in some examples three touch the eye. Infralabails.—6.

The 5th and 6th touch the posterior sublinguals ; the 6th is the

longest and in contact with three scales behind. Suhlinguals.—

Two pairs, subequalor the anterior rather longer. Costals.—Subject

to much variation. In midbody they may be 25 to 29. Anterior-

28 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

ly the rows are two less than in midbody, and posteriorly six less

when the rows are 25 in midbody, eight less when 27 or 29 in

midbody. The increase and decrease of the rows is interesting.

Where they increase anteriorly (some 1 to 5 heads-lengths behind

the head) it is the 7th row from the vertebral that divides. Where

the rows decrease at the first step (at or just behind the middle of

the body) it is the 6th or 7th below the vertebral that is absorbed.

In all the subsequent reductions the 9th or 10th rows below the

vertebrals disappear. Keels are present in some of the median

costals posteriorly, and some of the basal supracaudals, but are but

feeble. Apical facets are present in pairs. Ventrals.—220 to 265 ;

angulate laterally. Anal.Entire. Subcaudals.—74 to 96, divided.

Anomales.—Blanford mentions a specimen with two loreals.

Dentition.—Maaillaru teeth 19 to 25, in an uninterrupted series,

the median rather the longest. Palatine 10 to 14, subequal or

median rather longest, as large as the maxillary. Pterygoid 15

to 30 (15 and 16 ina specimen from Bakloh, W. Himalayas; 27

to 30 in an example from Paralai, Anamallay Hills.) Smaller

than the maxillary reducing in length posteriorly ; closely set with

a strong inclination inwards so that they lie nearly transversely

to the jaw. Mandibular 22 to 30, subequal, or median slightly

longest ; as large as maxillary.

(To be continued.)

| INDIAN EMPIRE

] ced

ld a4

1 Colombo (Haly) near Galle (I. M.). 2 Ceylon Hills (Haly). 3 Travancore Hills

(Ferguson). 4 Anamallays (B. M. and F.W.). 5 Palneys ( Father Gombert in letter

tome). 6 Nilgiris (F.W-). 7 Shevaroys (1.M.). 8 Bangalore (F.W.). 9 Poona, Khandal-

la. Matheran (B. M. and Bo. M.). 10 Broach (F.W.). 11 Karachi (I.M). 12 Mount

Aboo (1.M.). 13 Udaipore (F.W.). 14 Ajmere (1-M.). 15 Jeypore (I1.M.). 16 Bakloh

(F.W.). 17 Dehra Dun and Mussoorie (F.W.). 18 Almora (F-W.). 19 Caragola,

Purneah District (I.M.). 20 Berhampore, Orissa (F.W.) 21 Vizagapatam (Russell).

22-24 Parganas (1.M.). 23 Samaguting Naga Hills d.M.). ;

B.M. implies British Museum, I.M. Indian Museum, Bo. M. Our Society’s collection,

F.W., the author.

Dotted lines show uncertain limits

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Report BY R. C. WROUGHTON, F. Z. S.

COLLECTION ... es ¥ eNO. oO,

LOCAnrEy ae Mie sa Kanara.

Date... chee sah ... January, April-June 1912.

COLLECTED BY sc ... Mr. G. C. Shortridge.

EARLIER REPORTS ‘ No. 1, E. Khandeish, Vol. XXI,

p. 392; No. 2, Berars, Vol. SOL, p- 820; No. 3, Cutch, Vol.

XXI, p. 826; No. 4, Nimar, Vol. "XXL, p. B44 ; No. 5, Dharwar,

Vol. XXI, p. 1170.

The District of Kanara (or more properly speaking, North

Kanara) in which the present collection was made, was to some

extent dealt with in the description by Elliot quoted in the

introduction to the Dharwar Report. It occupies a strip of

country lying between the Dharwar District and the sea, immedi-

ately south of Goa, about 100 miles long by 40 miles wide. It is

traversed, north and south, by the Western Ghats (2,500 to

3,000 ft.), the eastern third being above Ghats, while the western

two-thirds is made up of the slopes of the Ghats, and a narrow strip

of seashore from 5 to 15 miles wide.

The rainfall on the coast is about 120 inches, and is considerably

heavier on the slopes of the Ghats, but on the above-ghat plateau

it is less than half that amount.

The whole area is wooded, the major part with heavy forest.

In the northern part of the district the forest is composed for the

most part of deciduous trees, such as the teak, and the species

usually associated with it, with an undergrowth of bamboos ;

while in the south, near the Mysore border, is found an evergreen

flora, including the well-known Poon (Calophyllum tomentosum) car-

petted and matted with creepers and canes. The practically

continuous forest is only broken by clearings for rice cultivation

around isolated villages, and beetal palm, and pan gardens in the

evergreen area.

The following are short descriptions of the actual baleen

stations, furnished by Mr. G. C. Shortridge :—

Potoli.—‘ Very small forest village, surrounded partly by ever-

greens, partly by deciduous forest (bamboos, &c.), hilly, plenty of

permenent water.”’

Dandeli.—‘‘ On the banks of the Kalinadi River, very small,

isolated village, surrounded by deciduous forest, containing a

large proportion of bamboo.”

Maulinga.-—‘‘On the banks of the Kalinadi River, similar

country to Dandeli. No village.”

30 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Barchi.—* Forest village, surrounded by deciduous and bamboo

jungle and large patches of evergreens.”

Sirsi.—‘* Undulating country. Large native town, surrounded

by patches of cultivation, chiefly enclosed by deciduous forest,

with patches of evergreens.”

Hulekal.—‘ Forest village, surrounded by deciduous and bamboo

jungle and large patches of evergreen.”

Jog.—‘* Mountainous, thick evergreen forest, a few patches of

bamboo jungle.”

Gersoppa.—* Sea level, at the foot of the Ghats, surrounded by

hills, covered chiefly with evergreens, frequent patches of deci-

duous scrub and bamboo jungle.”

Honawar.—‘ On the coast, flat, surrounding country, largely

under cultivation, Cocoanut plantations, etc.”

Later Mr. Shortridge crossed the boundary into Mysore Ter-

ritory and made a small collection which it has been found most

convenient to incorporate in this Report. The general conditions

do not differ materially from those on the Bombay side of the

River. The following are Mr. Shortridge’s notes on the collecting

places there :—

Sagur.—** Forest Town about the size of Sirsi, extensive patches

of cultivation and of scrub, surrounded by deciduous forest and

bamboo jungle.”’

Kardibetta Forest.-—* About 40 miles N.-W. of Shimoga; a

heavy jungle consisting of deciduous trees and bamboos, with very

little cultivation in the neighbourhood.”

Shimoga.—* A large native town in mulnad country, surround-

ed by extensive cultivation, and at a distance of 10 miles by

forests.”

The collection consists of 609 specimens, spread over 45

species, in 84 genera. It is especially strong in bats, 21 species,

of which no less than 7 are new to the Mammal Survey List, wiz:

Cynopterus sphinx, Rhinolophus beddomer and lepidus, Hpposideros

lankadiva and brachyotus, Taphozous longumanus and saccolaimus,

besides two species, Myotis peytoni and Kerivoula crypta which 1

have had to describe (antea p. 13-14) for the purposes of this Report.

Among the Ungulates, Bibos gaurus, Axis avis, and Traqulus

meminna are mentioned for the first time in these reports.

Horsfield’s Shrew has hitherto only been recorded from Ceylon,

while the only other member of the Genus (in India) is Hima-

layan.

It has surprised me greatly that no Tree Shrew has been

obtained, but Mr. Shortridge, who knew the Genus Tupara well in

Java, assures me that he has seen no sign of such in either Dharwar

or Kanara. It seems, too, that we must go further south before

we obtain a representative of the Hedgehogs.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 31

In addition to the species dealt with in this report the follow-

ing are mentioned in Mr. Shortridge’s notes, which are in inverted

commas. Hither specimens were not obtained, or (in the case of

the Tiger) were not sent home.

Pteropus giganteus.—“‘ Although very plentiful in the open

country and also on the edges of forest, this species does not seem

to occur in the thick forest and evergreen jungle, such as that

round Sirsi and Jog, where it was entirely absent. ”

Felis tigris.—‘* Measurements and weight of a tiger (No. 1050),

obtained at Jog.

Entire length, between pegs, 9 feet and 1 inch; total weight

300 Ibs.

Dimensions mm. Weights. lbs.

Head and body Pilate Head 20

Tail 985 Hach foreleg 21

Hindfoot 345 iach hindleg 29

Ear 123 Tail 5

Height at shoulder 1060 Skin 37

Mi, », Withers 1090 Carcase 158

Girth behind forelegs 1220 Soft parts 30

Le on meck 760

This specimen seems rather light for its length. ”’

Viverruula malaccensis.

Mungos mungo.—‘‘ The only species seen in Kanara, where it

was comparatively rare. ”’

Paradoxurus niger.

Hyaena hyaena.—Kirrba; Kuthe-Kirrba (Kanarese); Taras

(Marathi) ‘‘ Apparently rare in Kanara, though said to occur near

the Coast. ”’

Cuon dukhunensis.—Sheetnaye (Kanarese) ; Jungl-kutta (Mar.).

Melursus ursinus.—Karodi (Kanarese) ; Aswal (Mar.).

Lutra sp.?—Nunaye (Kanarese) ; Pani-kutta, Jalmanjar (Mar.).

Gunomys kok.—‘‘ Widely distributed throughout Kanara, where

its mounds may be seen even in the evergreen jungles. ”’

Hystriz, sp.

Hlephas maaimus.—Ane (IKKanarese) ; Hatti (Mar.). “A fre-

quent migrant from Mysore. ”’

Rusa unicolor.

Tetraceros quadricornis.—‘‘ Occurring in the sparse forests on

the border, not penetrating into the big jungles of Kanara. ”’

Sus sp.

In my last Report (No. 5) on the Dharwar Collection I mentioned

that Sir W. Elhot, 1.C.S., published in 1839 (Madras Journ. L. &

S. X, pp. 92 and 207) a catalogue of the mammals of the ‘‘ South-

ern Mahratta Country, ”” under which designation he included the

present districts of Dharwar and Kanara. Of the 56 distinct species

32 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

enumerated by him 32 were represented in the Dharwar Collection

and 11 more are included in the present one, leaving only 13 of the

species mentioned by Elliot unrepresented. The bulk of these are

large animals, many being mere visitants, e.g., the Klephant, and

I think Mr. Shortridge is to be congratulated on his success.

There is one species, however, viz., the leopard cat (Felis benga-

lensis) of which specimens are badly wanted and I would

appeal to Members residing in these Districts to try and obtain

specimens.

The thanks of the Society for helping our collector in Kanara

are specially due to Mr. T. R. Bell, L.F.S., Mr. G. Monteath, I.C.S.,

and Mr. W. E. Coplestone, I.F.S.

Simra sinica, L.

The Bonnet Monkey.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

d 1209. @ 1200. Gersoppa, N. Kanara.

(See also Report No. 5.)

“Not quite so plentiful in thick jungles as the Langur, though going

about in larger parties.”—G. C.S.

PRESBYTIS HYPOLEUCOS, Blyth.

The Malabar Langur.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

6 511, 516juv. 9 510 juv. 512. Potoli, N. Kanara.

3 1026, 2 1025. Hulekal, N. Kanara.

Q 1067. Jog, N. Kanara.

(See also Report No. 5).

“ Abundant throughout Kanara, extending to the Coast. Adult indivi-

duals vary considerably in size and weight, and also in the amount of

black on the hands and arms, specimens from Jog and Gersoppa (below

ghats) being unusually dark.

The Langurs of the forest districts are distinctly more shy and suspi-

cious than those in the open country.

Its Kanara name ‘musya’ means whiskered monkey”’.—G. C. 8.

CYNOPTERUS SPHINX, Vahl.

The Southern short nosed Fruit Bat.

1797. Vespertilio sphinx, Vahl. Skr. Nat. Selsk. IV., p. 128.

1797. Vespertilio fibulatus, Vahl. 1. c., p. 124.

1803. Pteropus pusilius, H. Geoffroy. Cat. Mamm. Mus. N. H., p. 49.

1810. Pteropus marginatus, E. Geoffroy. 1. ¢., p. 97.

1837. Pachysoma brevicaudatum, Temminck, Mon. Mamm. II, p. 92.

1891. Cynopterus marginatus, Blanford. Mammalia. No. 128.

3 835, 933, 934, 839 juv. Q 836, 837, 838, 840 juv., 841

juv., 932,935. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

3 1229. © 1230, 1281, 1232, 1233 in al. 1234. Honawar,

N. Kanara.

This species has been recently dealt with by Dr. K. Andersen in his

Catalogue of the Chiroptera and I have extracted the above synonymy

irom that work.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 38

“ Found in small colonies, roosting on the underside of the leaves of

some Talipot Palms at Sirsi. Occurring at Jog and Honawar, where some

specimens were obtained roosting on the inside eaves of a house.

Unless the roosting places of the smaller Fruit Bats are found, it is not

easy to obtain them, or even to discover whether they occur as, unlike the

Flying Fox, they come out well after sunset, when they can be heard, or

on moonlight nights seen, flying round trees that are in fruit”.—G. C. 8.

LYRODERMA LYRA, Geoff.

The Indian Vampire Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

974, 975, 978, 979. 2 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 976, 977, 999, 1000 in

al. 1001, 1003. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

1029, 1098, 1099, 1101, 1104. Q 1100, 1102, 1103. Jog., N. Kanara.

1243, 1244, Honawar, N. Kanara.

1261, 1262, 1268, 1264, 1265, 1292, 1293, 1294 in al., 1278, 1279, 1280,

1281, 1282, 1283, 1284. Sagar, N. W. Mysore.

1338, 1858, 1354, 1855. Q 1337, 1356. Kardibetta Forest, N.

W. Mysore.

OQ, +010% GG

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 4and 5.)

MEGADERMA SPASMA TRIFOLIUM, Geoff.

The Malay Vampire Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

3S 871, 872, 875, 877, 892, 918, 920, 936, 937. 2 8738, 874, 876, 893,

894, 909, 917, 919, 921, 922, 923, 938, 939, 940, 941 in al., 879, 902,

924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929. Sirsi, N. Kanara,

@ 1119, 1182, 1205, 1221, 1222. Gersoppa, N. Kanara.

(See also Report No, 5.)

“ Megaderma and Lyroderma seem to have practically the same

distribution in Kanara and to be equally plentiful. They are similar in

habits and in their choice of roosting places. I have never found them in

company with other bats, which is probably on account of their carnivorous

habits. At Honkan I found them together in the same Temple, while both

were plentiful round Sirsi and Hulakal, in old Temples and disused wells.

I never again found both species together. At this time most of the

females were pregnant or carrying young, the usual number being one,

although two were quite frequent (about one in six) especially in Megaderma.

When at rest, the young are always attached to the abdominal teats

which developed in size like the pectoral ones. (It is not uncommon to

find that only one has developed. The young cling to their mothers very

closely. Besides holding on with their mouths, they hook the claws of

their thumbs to the hind legs firmly, and clasp their own hind legs firmly

around the necks of the females. The abdominal teats when compressed

give out freely a clear liquid secretion ; from the working of the jaws of

the young while attached to them, it is probable that they obtain nourish-

ment as well as support from them.

The young are able to fiy well before.they finally leave their mothers, who,

when carrying them, are often quite unable to fly owing to their weight.

Blanford is incorrect in including Megaderma among the early and

swiftly flying bats, as a fact they come out late and, like most of the other

leaf-nosed bats, have a fluttering and comparatively slow flight, as compared

with Taphozous, Scotophilus, &c.

r9)

34. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SUCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Generally low flyers, they have a habit (more noticeable than in other

bats) of frequenting the same place, as, for instance, the verandah of a

bungalow, where they seem to have a regular beat. They probably parti-

cularly haunt buildings on account of the wall geckos, which they prey

upon and the large insects attracted by the lights.

The Megaderms have very much larger eyes than the Rhinolophs, and

the nose leaf seems to be a less sensitive organ.”-—-G, C.S.

RHINOLOPHUS BEDDOMEI, K. And.

The Great Indian Horse-shoe Bat.

1905. Rhinolophus beddomei, K. Andersen, A. M. N. H., p. 253.

1891. Rhinolophus luctus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 145 (partim).

3 907. Q 906. Sirsi, W. Kanara.

Dr. Andersen (1. c.) has limited Juctus to Java and established beddomei

for the Western Indian form, reserving perniger for that from the Himalayas,

I have adopted the word ‘ Indian,’ in place of Blanford’s ‘ Eastern,’ for the

English name of this Bat.

“A single pair, obtained in a well at Sirsi. The female contained one

young.”—G. C.S8.

RHINOLOPHUS ROUXI, Temm.

The Rufous Horse-shoe Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

518, 519, 520, 426, 540. 2 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 527, 528, 529,

541 not sexed, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548 in al., 530, 531, 532,

533, 534, 535, 536, 537, Potoli, Kanara.

556. @ 557, 558. Dandeli, N. Kanara.

563, 564. Barchi, N. Kanara.

847, 848, 858, 889, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 910. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

956, 957, 960, 962, 964, 966, 967, 968, 988, 989, 990, 994, 995, 996,

1009, 1011, 1012. 92 958, 959, 961, 963, 965, 987, 1010 in al., 890,

901, 911, 991, 992. Hulekal, N. Kanara.

¢ 1120,1158. Gersoppa, N. Kanara.

( See also Report No. 5.)

Vernacular name—Kankapata (Kanarese).

“Very plentiful in the forest districts of Kanara, roosting by day, in

enormous colonies, in hollow trees, old temples, disused wells, &c., &e.

Usually rather low flyers. The Kanarese name, meaning ‘ eye-striker,’

refers to the belief that a blow in the eve from a flying bat causes

blindness. The name is used generally for all bats.’—G. C. 8.

Oy OQ, Os OS

RHINOLOPHUS LEPIDUS, Blyth.

The Little Indian Horse-shoe Bat.

1844. Rhinolophus lepidus, Blyth. J.A.S.B., XIII., p. 486.

1891. Rhinolophus minor, Blanford. Mammalia No. 154.

@ 11381. Gersoppa, N. Kanara.

Dr. K. Andersen has dealt with this and allied species (P. Z. 8. 1905,

p. 122). He has arrived at the conclusion that &. minor Horsfield is an

entirely distinct species from Java, which, as that name has already been

used, must be called pusil/us Temm, of which again garoensis Dobs. is a

synonym. All these three names must therefore be omitted from the

synonymy of our bat. R. subbadius, Blyth, was based on a Nepal specimen

and is a distinct species. Possibly it may prove to be the Himalayan

form of lepidus. There is only one specimen of this bat in the British

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 35

Museum, which is from the Ganges Valley, whence, probably, the type

also came.

“Not uncommon in thick evergreen forest at Jog. This species

comes out at dusk and flits about very close to the ground among trees.”

—G.C.S.

HIPPOSIDEROS LANKADIVA, Kel.

The large Indian Leaf-nosed Bat.

1852. Hipposideros lankadiva, Kelaart. Prod. Zeyl. p. 19.

1891. Hipposideros diadema, Blanford. Mammalia No, 161 (partim).

3g 1106, 1107, 1108, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1134, 1135, 1133, 1139,

1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1175, 1177, 1178, 1206, 1214, 1215.

Peiea, VO ls6, 1137, 1174, . 1176, 1207, 1216 imal.

1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1188.

Skull only 1189 (imm) .. .. Gersoppa, N. Kanara.

Blanford accepted Geoffroy’s name diadema, for the Indian form.

Dr. Andersen has (A.M.N.H. 1905, p. 497) recognized several geogra-

phical races of that species in different parts of the Far Hast, but has

accepted the Ceylon form as a separate species under Kelaart’s name

lankadiva. later he recorded lankadiva as collected by Fea at Bhamo,

Upper Burma (Annali Mus. Genov. 1907, p. 6).

The present series proves to be the same species and (especially as I

have seen specimens from the Central Provinces, to be dealt with in a later

report) | have had no hesitation in arranging the synonymy as above,

and in altering Blanford’s English name.

“Very plentiful in an old temple at Gersoppa (below Ghats) where it

occurred in company with equally large numbers of H. dukhunensis and a

few other Rhinolophidae. This species has a most unpleasant smell which

penetrates throughout the temple.

This Bat is as large and as powerful as Lyroderma, nevertheless it is here

found roosting on equal terms with much smaller species. Although with-

out doubt most of the large insectivorous bats prey occasionally on small

lizards, frogs, &c., the above fact seems to show that they do not prey on

other bats, as Lyroderma most certainly does.

This species, when at rest, hangs in quite a different position to other

leaf-nosed bats, their wings not being folded round the body, but slightly

extended as in Taphozous and Rhinopoma. When roosting they make a

continuous, small, grunting noise which in united volume sounds like the

loud purring of a cat. In Java I found that this species* occasionally

roosted singly in the heads of Cocoanut Palms, but usually exactly as

here. It was a much earlier flyer than the smaller leaf-nosed bats, and its

flight was higher and stronger.

The fully developed abdominal teats are very stout and flat. All the

pregnant females, among those obtained, contained one young.

No open gland above nose leaf.”—G.C.S.

HipposIDEROS DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes,

Sykes Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

S 1118, 1140, 1142, 1144, 1204, 1250. @ 1114, 1115, 1161,

1141, 1143, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1160, 1151, 1152, 1153,

1154, 1157 in al., 1129, 1130, 1148, 1149, 1155, 1156.

Gersoppa, N. Kanara.

* Mv. Shortridge is evidently speaking of the closely allied H. diadema.

36 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

6 1246. 9 1235. Honawar, N. Kanara.

(See also Report No. 5.)

“‘Swarming in an old temple at Gersoppa, in company with H. lankadiva.

After twice visiting the temple to shoot specimens, they entirely deserted

it, although lankadiva did not. Some species, particularly Taphozous will

thus readily desert a roosting place, while others such as H. lankadiva will

always return, however often they may be disturbed. This species, as well

as other small species of Hipposideros has no offensive smell.

Among the specimens collected there was never more than one young.

This must have been near the end of the breeding season ; for, although I

found some were pregnant, most of the females were carrying nearly full

grown young, which, as usual, were attached to the abdominal teats.

Found also at Honawar j in a cave with H. fulvous.

The gland above the nose leaf very large, especially in males.’—G. C. 8.

HIpposIDEROS FULVUS.

The Bicoloured Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

6 1236, 1245. 2 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242. Honawar, N. Kanara.

(See also Reports Nos. 3 and 5.)

“Occurring in small numbers in a cave near Honawar, in company with

a few specimens of H. dukhunensis.

The gland above the nose-leaf present in both sexes, but very small in

females.”—G. C. 8.

HIpposIDEROS BRACHYOTUS, Dobs.

The Dekhan Leaf-nosed Bat.

1874. Phyllorhina brachyota, Dobson. J. A. 8S. B., XLII, p. 2

1891. Hipposiderus galeritus, Blanford, Mammalia No. faa

S 1228. Honawar, N. ian.

Dobson pointed out that the nose leaf is very much larger in galeritus

Cantor from Penang. The type locality of brachyotus is “Lingasagar in

Central India.

“Open gland above nose leaf well developed, though not so large as in

dukhunensis.”’—G. ©. 8.

PIPISTRELLUS MIMUS, Wrought.

The Southern Dwarf Pipistrelle,

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

@ 539. Potoli, N. Kanara.

3d 569. Barchi, N. Kanara.

6 1248. Honawar, N. Kanara.

3 1322. Kardibetta Forest, N. W. Mysore.

( See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 5.)

PIPISTRELLUS CEYLONICUs, Kel.

Kelaart’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

6 915, 952, 2944. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

¢ 1247. Honawar, N. Kanara.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 5.)

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 37

HESPEROPTENUS TICKELLI, Blyth.

Tickell’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5. )

2 5538. Potoli, N. Kanara.

3 1016, 2 1007 inal. 1019, MHulekal, N. Kanara.

(See also Report No. 5.)

“The flight is particularly heavy and slow, and it will often keep toa

regular beat for a considerable time, flying slowly backwards and forwards.

The orange markings on its wing membranes show up rather distinctly.” —

Gee 8.

ScOTOPHILUS KUHLI, Leach.

The Common Yellow Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

@ 945,954. Sirsi, Kanara.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, and 5.)

ScOTOPHILUS WROUGHTONI, Thos.

Wroughton’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

go 818, 849, 955. @Q 817, 833, 834, 850, 851, 852. — Sirsi’

N. Kanara.

3 1005, 1006, 1008, 1017. Hulekal, N. Kanara.

(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 5.)

“An early flyer. On one occasion found roosting, in fairly large

numbers, together with a small colony of Cynopterus, on the underside of

one of the leaves of a Talipot Palm.’”—G. C. 5S.

TYLONYCTERIS PACHYPUS, Temm.

The Club-footed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

3 949. 9 908, 913, 948. Skull only 950. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

6 1004. Hulekal, N. Kanara.

3 1277. Sagar, N. W. Mysore.

9 1340. Kardibetta Forest, N. W. Mysore.

(See also Report No. 5.)

‘“¢ An early and very erratic flyer, often observed in the early mornings

up to just before sunrise. Probably roosting, as it does in Java, in parties

of from ten to twenty, in hollow bamboos (especially in those used in

house roofs) and in the thinner hollow branches of trees.”—G. C. 8.

Myoris peytoni, Wrought.

Peyton's Bat.

1912. Myotis peytoni. Wroughton. Journ. B. N. H.S., Vol. XXII,

pls.

6 1031, 1083, 1090, 1091, 1092, 10938, 1095. 2 1080, 1082,

1034, imm. 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042,

1043, 1044, imm. 1045, imm. 1046, imm. 1047, imm. 1048,

1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1094, in al. 1057, 1058, 1059,

388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1087, 1088. Jog,

N. Kanara.

“Swarming among rocky crevices at the foot of the Jog Falls.”—G. C. S.

KERIvouLa crypra, Wrought.

The Obscure Bat.

1912, Kertvoula crypta, Wroughton. Journ. B. N. H. §S., Vol. XXII.,

p. 14.

¢ 1317. Kardibetta Forest, N. W. Mysore.

I have adopted the name ‘ obscure’ Bat to mark the contrast with its

congener the ‘ painted’ Bat.

“A late flyer, probably rare.”—G. C. 8S.

TAPHOZOUS MELANOPOGON, Temm.

The black-bearded sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

3S 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077,

1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, in al. 1086.

Jog, N. Kanara.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4.)

“Two colonies found in rocky caves at the foot of Jog Falls, high up in

the middle of hed of the River, both of these colonies had deserted on

being visited a second time. There were no females.”—G. C. 8.

TAPHOZOUS LONGIMANUS, Hardw.

The long-armed sheath-tailed Bat.

1823. Tuphozous longimanus. Hardwicke. Trans. Linn. Soc. XIV.,

p. 525.

1841. Taphozous fulvidus, Blyth. J. A.S.B X. p. 975.

1841. Taphozous brevicaudus, Blyth. 1. c. p. 976.

1842. Taphozous cantori, Blyth. J. A.S. B. XI p. 784.

1891. Taphozous longimanus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 220.

3. 842, 844, 846, 854, 866, 868. 2.816, 843, 845, 855, 856, 857,

858, 859, 860, 867, 869, 870, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885,

in al. 861, 862, 863, 885, 887, 886. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

6. 1251, 1258, 1255, 1370, 1272, 1287.

©. 1252, 1254, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1271, 1273, in al. 1288, 1289,

1290, 1291, Sagar, N. W. Mysore.

The type locality of longimanus is Calcutta. The names fulvidus, brevi-

caudus and cantori were based by Blyth on specimens from Darjiling (?),

Malabar, and Calcutta, respectively. The exact type locality of fulvidus

is not known, it may well be identical with longimanus, but in both the

other species Blyth distinctly points out the very pale bases of the fur,

which character is absent in this specie. Until we obtain topotypes, how-

ever, I propose to leave both names in the synonymy of longimanus.

“Plentiful at Sirsi and Siddapur, where they hang up in rows, under the

eaves of the larger houses, quite exposed to the light, merely shifting their

position if the sun shines directly on them, often creeping into cracks and

crevices on dull or windy days. Their eyes are much larger than those of

most bats. They can evidently see very well by day and display a certain

amount of cunning, as they take no notice of persons walking beneath

them, but if any one stands still and watches them they will either take

flight or creep away out of sight. Taphozous is quite unlike other bats in

the way it can run about on rough surfaces.”’-—G. C. S.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 39

TAPHOZOUS CRASSUS, Blyth.

The pouch-bearing sheath-tailed Bat.

1844. Taphozous crassus, Blyth. J. A. 8. B. XIII. p. 491.

1844. Taphozous pulcher, Elliot, 1. c.,p. 492.

1891. Taphozous saccolaemus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 222.

goles 2 914 2... Sirsi,N. Kanara.

Los OVE Lis... (Gersoppa, N. Kanara,

Temminck describes saccolaimus from Java; a series from that country

in the British Museum collection tally closely with his description. The

present series exactly fit Blyth’s description of crassws from Mirzapore,

and differ constantly from true saccolaimus in having dark under parts,

and in their smaller size all round, I have therefore adopted Blyth’s name

for the Indian form. Blyth quotes Elliot as authority for pulcher, which

being practically from the same country as the present series ought also to

have been erassus, but the limited description quoted in no way agrees.

Elliot himself records (Madr. Journ. L. & S. X. p. 99) that his description

was lost. For the present I accept it as a synonym of crassus.

“An early flyer, observed frequently around Sirsi and Gersoppa (below

ghats), but I did not find its roosting place.”—G. C. 8.

PACHYURBA, Sp?

Shrews.

552 (in all) Potoli, N. Kanara.

566 Barchi, N. Kanara.

993, 1082, 9 982 Hulekal, N. Kanara.

1296, 1303, 1310, 9 1297, 1301, 1802, 1809. Sagar, N. W.

Mysore.

1344, 1348, 1850. Kardibetta Forest, N. W. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 5, 4 and 5.)

“Widely distributed, but nowhere very common in Kanara, usually

found near villages or huts.”—G. C. 8.

tO OO 0,404+0

CROCIDURA HORSFIELDI, Tomes.

Horsfield’s Shrew.

1856. Sores: Horsfieldi, Tomes. A. M. N. H. 2 XVII p. 23.

1870. Crocidura retusa, Peters. M. B. Ak. Berl. p. 585.

1888. Croctdura horsfieldi, Blanford. Mammalia No. 127.

Only one species of this Genus has hitherto been found in India proper,

viz., Croc. fuliginosa, but a second was known from Peradenia, Ceylon

(20u0'). It is most interesting to find this latter form in Kanara. The

type and other specimens in the National Collection are in alcohol.

FELIs TicRIs, L.

The Tiger.

(Synonymy in No. 5).

3 1050 Jog, N. Kanara.

Hebbuli; Huli (Kanarese); Bagh, Wahg (Mar).

(See also Report No. 5).

FELIs parpus, L.

The Panther.

(Synonymy in No. 5).

40 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX11.

3g 555 Potoli, N. Kanara.

(See also Report No. 1).

“ A less noisy animal in India than in Africa. In Pondoland, where it is

by no means plentiful, it may be heard in the Forests on most nights,

throughout the year.”—G. C. 5S.

FELIS AFFINIS, Gray.

The Jungle Cat.

Synonymy in No. l.

3 1020.... Hulekal, N. Kanara.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4 and 5).

Canis INDICUS, Hodgs.

The Indian Jackal.

(Synonymy in No. 1, under C. aureus.)

3 951 (imm.) 9 916 (imm).... Sirsi N. Kanara.

(See also Reports Nos. J, 3, 4 and 5).

PETAURISTA PHILIPPENSIS, Hl.

The South Indian Flying Squirrel.

1839. Pteromys philippensis, Elliot. Madr: Journ: L. S. X.

p. 217.

1843. Pteromys griseiventer, Gray. Cat : Manm : B. M., p. 133.

1891. Pteromys oral, Blanford. Mammalia No. 227 (partim).

3 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024. @Q@ 1015. MHulekal, N.

Kanara.

6 1028, Q 1027, 1051, 1133. . Jog, N. Kanara.

I have dealt with this synonymy in this Journal (Vol. XX, p. 1015.)

Vernacular name :—Kori Kar (Mahrathi) ; Hansexxu (Kanarese).

“Hssentially a forest animal, it is most plentiful in the deciduous forests

and on the edges of the evergreen. It does not usually become active or

call until quite late inthe evenings after which it may be frequently heard

throughout the night. During the day hides in hollow trees, at a con-

siderable height, among thick foliage.

When gliding from one tree to another they are able to steer themselves

with considerable accuracy. They apparently guide themselves by alter-

ing the position of their limbs, and the membrane uniting them, the long

tail being merely a balancing organ. The interfemoral membrane can slide

up and down the tail for one-third of its length, the skin on the distal two-

thirds being firmly attached to the vertebree.

The usual call is a monotonous note, uttered at regular intervals, which,

although not loud, can be heard at night for a considerable distance. It

has, however, a ventriloquial quality, and furnished little or no help in

locating the animal’s exact position. When frightened or angry it has a

different and louder call and a low chatter rather like that of other

squirrels. When caught it is savage and occasionally makes a curious

screaming noise, which causes great excitement among any others within

hearing, besides attempting to bite it will strike out with its claws, in these

ways exactly reproducing the methods of Galeopterus, an insectivore super-

ficially resembling, but not in the smallest degree related to it.

Comparatively sluggish in habits, when in a tree where there is plenty of

food it will frequently remain, or return, there for several nights.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 4]

Although so conspicuous in flight, when it appears much larger than it

really is, when motionless in a tree it is absolutely invisible, even in the

brightest moonlight. ’—G. C. S.

RatuFa InpDicA, Hrxl.

The Bombay Giant Squirrel.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

6 9504, Potoli, N. Kanara.

@ 1089. Jog, N. Kanara.

3 1208, 1227. Gersoppa, N. Kanara.

Q 1312. Kardibetta Forest, N. W. Mysore.

(See also Report No. 5.)

Vernacular names :—Kapatatu or Kempararu (Kanarese) ; KnesHat

(Mahrathi).

“ Very plentiful throughout Kanara. When the leaves are off the tree

they, and their large nests, built of small sticks, generally among the

upper branches of high trees, are very conspicuous, and although rather

shy as a rule, may be seen, in the hot part of the afternoon asleep, lying

lengthways on the thin topmost branches, with the tail hanging down on

one side.

They seldom climb up and down the trunks of trees and probably never

come willingly to the ground, but move about from tree to tree by a series

of astounding leaps from branch to branch.

They are at all times noisy animals, constantly indulging ina loud

chatter. They share with the monkeys the habit of raising an alarm on

the approach of an enemy.

They were breeding in March. ’—G. C0. 8.

FUNAMBULUS TRISTRIATUS, Waterh.

The jungle striped Squirrel.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

505, 506, 514, 9 513, 515, 517, 549. Potoli, N. Kanara.

825, 826, 831 juv., 953 juv., 942 juv. 9 832. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

983, 1013. 9 998. Hulekal, N. Kanara.

1163, 1185. Gersoppa, N. Kanara.

1237, 1238. Honawar, N. Kanara.

1276, 9 1274, 1275. Sagar, N. W. Mysore.

1321, 2 1316. Kardibetta Forest, N. W. Mysore.

( See also Report No. 5,)

Vernacular names :—Zani (Mahrathi); Azapu (Kanarese).

“This species entirely takes the place of palmarum in Kanara. In the

Forest Towns and Villages it is even found living in the roofs of houses.

It generally, however, makes its nest in clumps of bamboo, This is usually

a more tidy structure than that of palmarum, often made entirely of moss

and fine grass.””—G. C. S.

Oy A140 A, 0,

TaTERA INDICA, Hardw.

The Indian Gerbil.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

2 507, 508 juv., 509 juv. Potoli, N. Kanara.

S 930, 931. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

42 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

2 986. Hulekal, N. Kanara.

6 1165, 1168, 1169) V7 USO) LS, ea lS Orson 2s Mote

Q 1164, 1166, 1167, 1170, 1184, 1203, 1224. Gersoppa, N..

Kanara.

3 1259, 1260; 2 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269. Sagar, N. W. Mysore.

6 1314, 1815, 13389, 135); 2 1318, 1319, 1325, 1826, 1327,

1328, 1329, 1331, 1339, 1352. Kar dibeten Forest, N. Ww.

Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4 and 5.)

“ Quite plentiful i in all open cultivated areas throughout Kanara, but not.

living actually in forest. Equally common below Ghats, and observed

near the sea coast at Honawar.’—G. C. S,

Mus mAngsI, Kel.

The common Indian House Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

824 (skull only). Sirsi, N. Kanara.

1225; 2 1218, 1219, 1220, 1226. Gersoppa, N. Kanara.

1300, 1305, 1311. Sagar, N. W. Mysore.

(See also Report No. 5.)

Oy Ay Oy

Mus Boopuea, Gray.

The Southern Field Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

560. Dandeli, N. Kanara.

815, 827. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

1298. Sagar, N. W. Mysore.

1330, 1336, 1341, 1346, 1347. Kardibetta Forest, N. W..

Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4 and 5.)

“Apparently rare in forest country, though occasionally trapped near

villages. One specimen trapped in thick forest near Sirsi.””—G.C.S.

Os Os +O Oy

EPIMYS RUFESCENS.

The common Indian Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

551. Potoli, N. Kanara.

820, 823, 830. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

1049. Jog, N. Kanara.

1195; 1197 OMI a. ISG. IS. OO. OMe Oats a

1196, 1198, 1201, 1211, 1212, 12138, 1217. Gersoppa, N. Kanara,,.

in al. 1249. Honawar, N. Kanara.

2 1299, 1806, 13807, 1308. Sagar, N. W. Mysore.

Oy Oy Os +O

Var.—with white underparts.

S 821, 822, 829, 878, 913, 943. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

1194, 1223. Gersoppa, N. Kanara.

1286. Sagar, N. W. Mysore.

1318, 13238, 1324, 1338, 13835, 1849; 2 1820, 1334, 13465.

Kardibetta Forest, N. W. Mysore.

(See also all former Reports.)

Qy Oy

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 43

EPIMys BLANFORDI, Thos.

The white-tailed Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

9 5388. Potoli, N. Kanara.

6 828; 9 864,865. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

(See also Report No. 2.)

“ Confined to thick forests, well in the interior of Kanara, apparently

not occurring far from permanent water. To a great extent arboreal,

making a large, untidy nest, inside a hollow tree, around the bases of

which their presence can easily be detected, where they probably also

collect stores, and remain during the monsoon. Very local and nowhere

plentiful, soon getting trapped off.”—G.C.5.

BANDICOTA MALABARICA, Shaw.

The Malabar Bandicoot.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

Q 550 (imm.) Potoli, N. Kanara.

‘$ 1183. Gersoppa, N. Kanara.

3 1295, 1304; 9 1285. Sagar, N. W. Mysore.

(See also Report No. 5.)

“Widely distributed throughout Kanara, although never trapped far

from villages, apparently as much a domesticated species as /. rufescens.

Not found in large numbers anywhere.”—G. C. 8.

GOLUNDA ELLIOTI, Gray.

The Indian Bush Rat.

(Synonymy ir No. 1.)

¢ 1342, 1348. Kardibetta Forest, N. W. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.)

“Not readily trapped, occurring in open patches, “or among scrub

surrounded by forest, probably occurring in suitable localities throughout

N. Kanara, feeding largely on the berries of the Lantana.’’—G. C. 8.

LEPUS NIGRICOLLIs, Cuv.

The Black-naped Hare.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

6 891. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

Q 1097. Jog, N. Kanara.

(See also Report No. 5.)

“Occurring equally frequently in every kind of country, nowhere very

plentiful and nowhere scarce.”—G. C. S.

Bizos gaurvus, H. Sm.

The Gaur.

1827. Bos gaurus, H. Smith. Griff. An. Kingd. IV, p. 399.

1828. Bos your, Hardwicke. Zool. Journ. III, p. 233.

1828. Bos gayoeus, Hardwicke. 1. c.

1837. Bibos subhemachalus, Hodgson. J. A. 8. B. VI, p. 49.

1837. Bibos cavifrons, Hodgson. 1. c., p. 747.

1891. Bos gaurus, Blanford. Mammalia, No. 538.

44. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

¢ 570. Donshet, N. Kanara.

6 797. Togarhalli, N. Kanara.

MuntTIAcus VaGINAatis, Bodd.

The Barking Deer. _

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

@ 905. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

¢ 1096. Jog, N. Kanara.

Vernacular names.—Chale, Kondhwori (Kanarese); Jungli-Bekri

(Marathi).

(See also Report No. 2.)

“Occurring well in the interior of Kanara, in thick forest, both ever-

green and deciduous, much more frequently heard than seen.”’—G.C.S.

Axis axis, Erxl.

The Spotted Deer,

1777. Cervus avis, Erxleben. Syst. Regn. Anim., p. 312.

1827. Cervus axis ceylonensis, H. Smith. Griff. An. Kingd. IV, p. 117.

1831. Cervus nudipalpebra, Ogilby. P. Z. 8., p. 136.

1841. Axis major et minor, Hodgson. J. A. S. B. X., p. 941.

1843. Axis maculata, Gray. Cat. Mamm., p. 178.

1891. Cervus axis, Blanford. Mammalia No. 368.

3 562; 9 561. Maulinga, N. Kanara.

(See also Report No. 5.)

The collection of skulls of Axis in the Natural History Museum is very

poor. Ihave compared the present male specimen with the only buck’s

skull available, one unfortunately without recorded locality, but can find

no single difference of any importance. As pointed out by Blanford, there

has always been a suspicion that there are two forms of Avs, varying in

size. I have met many natives who maintained this, but I have no

material to enable me to record an opinion on the subject.

TRAGULUS MEMINNA, Erxl.

The Indian Chevrotain or Mouse Deer.

1777. Moschus meminna, Erxleben. Syst. Regn. An., p. 322.

1841. Tragulus mimenoides, Hodgson. J. A.S. B. X., p. 914 (nomen

nudum).

1836. Meninna indica, Gray, P. Z. 5., p. 36.

1891. Tragulus meminna, Blanford. Mammalia. No. 371.

3 903, 904. Sirsi, N. Kanara.

3S 980, 981, 985; 2 984,997. Hulekal, N. Kanara.

Vernacular name.— Burka (Kanarese) ; Pisei (Marathi).

“Solitary and skulking in their habits, found chiefly in Evergreen

Forests, probably largely nocturnal. Their sharp tushes are held by the

natives to be poisonous, a belief which also prevails in Java.

One of the specimens was obtained from a poreupine’s burrow.’’—G.C.S.

Manis oRAssicaupata, Geoff..

The Indian Pangolin.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

¢ 565. Barchi, N. Kanara.

Alawa (Kanarese) ; Kowli-Mah (Marathi).

(See also Report No. 3.)

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 45

Repvort By R. C. WROUGHTON, F.Z.S., AND KATHLEEN V. RYLEY.

COLLECTION hk Pe NGS) 7 «

LocaLiry uae ... Central Provinces.

WATE. ... oe ... January-June 1912.

COLLECTED BY ... any lr Ce A.” © rum ps

HARLIER REPORTS.. f. No. LR. Khandeish, Voly xh p:

392; No. 2, Berars, Vol. XXI, p. 844; No. 3, Cutch, Vol. XXI,

p. 286; No. 4, Nimar, Vol. XXI, p. 844; No. 5, Dharwar, Vol.

XXI, p. 1170; No: 6, Kanara, Vol. XXII, p. 29.

The specimens in this collection were obtained in the western

half of the Central Provinces: from the Damoh and Saugor

districts in the extreme north, Hoshangabad District in the west

and from the Balaghat and Chanda Districts in the south. The

Damoh and Saugor Districts are in the Jubbulpore Division of

the Central Provinces, lying between 23° and 259 N. Lat. and

78° and 80° H. Long., practically along the tropic of cancer.

Damoh is a part of the Vindhyan plateau and joins Saugor on the

west, the latter forming an extension of the Malwa plateau above

the Nerbudda valley ; the two districts are bounded on the north

by the United Provinces. The country is undulating and broken

by ranges of hills ; the most striking feature being the sheer scarp

of the Vindhyan range; some of the hills are stony and bare,

others are covered with trees. The chief rock formation is Vin-

dhyan sandstone. ‘The trees are mostly teak, bamboo and the

usual scrub. The annual rainfall averages about 50 inches.

The Hoshangabad District is situated immediately east of

Nimar and north of the Berars, between 229 and 23° N. Lat.,

and 779-799 EH. Longitude. It comprises a narrow strip of open

black soil country along the bank of the Nerbudda, and of a

southerly and easterly portion of mountainous broken country,

composed of the Mahadeo and other hills which are outliers of the

Satpuras. The vegetation of these hills is of the same character

as that of Nimar and the Berars, but the forests are much more

luxuriant and continuous, as is only to be expected, with a rain-

fall exceeding 50 inches.

The Balaghat and Chanda Districts are in the Nagpur Division

of the Central Provinces, between 18° and 23° N. Lat. and 78°

and 81° EK. Long., anid bounded on the west by Berar, and

Bastar on the east.

The country is hilly and forms part of the Satpura plateau,

it is covered with thick forests and the soil is generally sandy.

The rock formation is chiefly granite. Teak is general but not

abundant, bamboo is also general, but the forest vegetation is of

a mixed character. Wheat and rice are grown. Balaghat has

an average rainfall of 62 inches, which is high for the Central

Provinces ; Chanda has about 50 inches.

46 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X X11.

Mr. Crump gives the following notes on the actual parts of the

district in which he obtained the specimens :—

Damoh. —‘‘ The surroundings are more or less flat with ex-

tensive cultivation of cotton, rice and wheat. A few miles out

are some low hills covered with scrub and thin jungle, at this

time of year, the only water near the hills is in a tank.”

Narsingarh.— The country here is all under cultivation and

is, as a rule, almost devoid of cover; the place contains the ruins

of a fort.”’

Ouda (Balaghat District) ‘is a small village at the foot of the

hills and just on the forest line, the forest is mixed and vege-

tation fairly thick, the grass being very long and plentiful; the

rock is trap; a good stream rises in the hills and flows past the

village ; cultivation is mostly rice and wheat, there is no jowari

cultivation here.”

Chinchpali (Chanda).—‘‘'The country for some distance round

Chinchpali is either flat or undulating, Heavy “mixed forest on

trap rock. ‘There is a good tank near the village.”’

Ohanda.—‘ The surroundings of the city are entirely flat, to

the north and west very extensive cultivation of jowari, rice and

wheat, interspersed everywhere with patches of babhul jungle.

Government Forest commences within a couple of miles to the

south, it is of the heavy scrub type, large trees being the ex-

ception, no water except in a tank alongside the high road.”

The collection consists of 828 specimens, divided between 46

species in 36 genera.

As was to be expected, the Fauna is of the same general type

as that of Nimar and the Berars. ‘The following names, however,

are new to the list of this survey, viz.—Suma rhesus, the common

Bengal Monkey ; Cynopterus sphinw gangeticus the northern form

of the common short-nosed Fruit Bat ; Mungos smithi, a rather rare

mungoose, recognisable by its black tail-tip, Lwtra macrodus, the

smooth Indian Otter (93 of Blanford, vide also p. 601 of the

Mammalia); and the eastern form of the common giant squirrel

(Ratufa indica), which Blanford separated (Journal of this Society,

Vol. XI, p. 303) from the western form, under the subspecific

name of bengalensis.

The distribution of the Hedgehogs so far as it is known is a

curiously interrupted one. Hedgehogs have been obtained by this

survey in Cutch, and have been otherwise authentically reported

from Rajputana (at least the northern half) and Delhi, but

between this and the extreme south of Madras, where they have

been often taken, there is no record of any hedgehog—Mr. Crump

records frequently in his notes that he has made enquiries, but has

found no one who knew them. They have been recorded from the

lower Himalayas, but the record is somewhat doubtful.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 47

Specimens of Mouse Deer were heard of but not obtained.

Very little is known of the distribution of the Tree Shrews

({Tupaia). Blanford only recognises one species the type locality

of which is the Coromandel Coast. The British Museum has some

specimens from Guzerath which, it is understood, Mr. Lyon of

the Washington Museum, U. S. A., who is monographing the

Genus, proposes to separate specifically, if not generically, from

T. elliotibut the whole country between these two points has so

far yielded no Yupaia. Mr. Crump writes; “An unstriped

squirrel, about the size of a Palm squirrel, is reported from the

Alopalli Range.” This is almost certainly a Tupaia.

A series of Hares has been obtained from the Mahadeo Hills,

which proves to be different from L. simcoxi, the ordinary hare of

this area. This hare has been described (antew p. 5) under the

name of L. mahudeva.

We venture to point out the following three directions in which

Members may render valuable assistance by furnishing the

Honorary Secretary of the Soceity with notes, accompanied

wherever possible by specimens, viz :

1. Records of the existence of hedgehogs in (a) the area

between Rajpootana and the Carnatic, (b) the Himalayas.

2. Records of the existence of Tree Shrews anywhere.

3. Records of the Hares to be found between the Godavery

River and the Carnatic.

SIMIA RHESUS, Audeb. ~

The Bengal Monkey.

1797. Simia rhesus, Audebart. Hist. Nat. Sing., p. 5, pl. 1.

1800 (? ) Stmea erythraa, Wagner. Schreb. Saug. Sup., pl. 8. C.

1840. Macacus (Pithex) oinops, Hodgson. J. A. 8. B. IX., p. 12.

1888. Macacus rhesus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 3.

Q. 1114. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

go. 1320. Karkara, Damoh.

Audebert’s Plate is quite recognizable, which is more than can be said

for Wagner’s. The date of publication of this latter cannot be exactly

fixed, lymg between 1792 and 1802. The name rhesus has always been

used and must be given the benefit of the doubt over erythrea. Both, as

well as ornops, evidently refer to the same animal.

PRESBYTIS ENTELLUS, Dufr.

The Langur.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

g. 916. Bori, Hoshangabad.

Q. 975. Rorighat, Hoshangabad.

g. 13824. Ouda, Balaghat.

( See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 4.)

These specimens do not seem to differ in any way from those obtained

earlier by Mr. Crump.

48 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

PrEROPUS GIGANTEUS, Brunn.

The Common Flying-Fox.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

1086, 1037, 1039, 1041, 1042,

1034, 1035, 1040.

1818, 1314, Narsingarh, Damoh.

1837, 1338, Ouda, Balaghat.

1339, Sonawanee, Balaghat.

1528, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1591. 9. 1368, 1531. Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 5.)

The colour variation in this species is very unusual in an animal so

strongly and distinctively coloured.

} Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

Os QQ 4004

CYNOPTERUS SPHINX GANGETICUS, K. And.

The Northern Short-nosed Fruit Bat.

1891. Cynopterus marginatus, Blanford. Mammalia No. 1388 (Pt.)

1910. Cynopterus sphinx gangeticus, K. Andersen, A. M. N.H., p. 623.

3g. 1874, 1875, 1424, 1447, 1448, 1556, 1570, 1584.

©. 1872, 1878, 13876, 1445, 1446, 1571, 1572, 1573. Chanda.

This geographical race has been fully dealt with by Dr. K. Andersen in

the Catalogue Chiroptera British Museum (1912) p. 604.

Dr. Andersen has most courteously examined the present series and

accepts them as his C.s. gangeticus.

LYRODERMA LyRA, Geoff.

The Indian Vampire Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

©. 891, Dhain, Hoshangabad. |

3. 1070, 1071, 1076, 1086, 1087. 2 1075, 1082, 1083, 1084,

1085, 1090, 1092, in al. 1079, 1101, 1106, 1107. Sohag-

pur, Hoshangabad.

3. 1191. @ 1218, 1219, 1220, 1222 in al., 1247. Mundra,

Saugor.

dS. 1258. 2 1256, 1257, 1259, L260. Damoh.

©. 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1303. Narsingarh,

Damoh.

3d. 1887, 1888, 1397. 92 1389. Chinchpali, Chanda.

S. 1427, 1431, 1433, 1434, 1436,1458, 1439. 2 1428, 1429,

1480, 1482, 1435, 1437, 1440. Bulapur, Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 4 and 5.)

These appear to be quite normal L. lyra.

RHINOLOPHUS LEPIDUS, Blyth.

The Little Indian Fonse aioe Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

3 1069, 1080, 1089, 1093 1094, 1104. 2 10638, 1064, 108], 1095,

1102, 1105, 1110, in a. 1061, 1065, 1189, 1147, 1148, 1149,

1150, 1153. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

3g 1290, 1296, 1299, 1300, 1302. Narsingarh, Damok.

(See also Report No. 6 )

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 49

HipposIDEROS LANKADIVA, Kel,

The Large Indian Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

@ 1059. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

dS 1189, 1202, 1218. 2 1190, 1199, 1200, 1201. Mundra,

Saugor.

(See also Report No. 6.)

HIPPOSIDEROS FULVUS, Gray.

The Bicoloured Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No, 38).

g 1808. 9 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1108, 1109 in al., 1078, 1120,

1121, 1122, 1128, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146,

1151, 1152, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161,

1163, 1162. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

(See also Reports Nos. 3 and 5.)

PIPISTRELLUS MIMUS, Wrought.

The Southern Dwarf Pipistrelle.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

In al. 771. Khapa, Hoshangabad. (Destroyed).

@ 1055, 1058, 1072, 1074, 1128. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

In al. 1238. Mundra, Saugor.

6 1390. Chinchpali, Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6.)

PIPISTRELLUS DORMERI, Dobs.

Dormer’s Pipistrelle,

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

3S 1054, 1073, 1112. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

6 1234. Mundra, Saugor.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 5.)

ScoOTOPHILUS KUHLI, Leach.

The Common Yellow Bat.

(Synonymy in No, 1.)

3 1062, 1067. 2 1066. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

6 1255. Damoh.

S 1425, 1426, 1442, 1518, 1519, 1557. YQ 1877, 1878, 1879,

1380, 1381, 1382, 13883, 1854, 1456, 1457, 1468, 1469, 1473,

1479, 1483, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500. Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3 and 5.)

ScoroPHILUs WROUGHTONI, Thos.

Wroughton’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

2 1091. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

50 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

dB 1450, 1495, 1512, 1575. 2 1470, 1478, 1505, 1506, 1507,

1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1561,

1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1574, 1580, 1581,

1582, 1583, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588. Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 5 and 6.)

TAPHOZOUS MELANOPOGON, Temm.

The Black-bearded Sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

Gg 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1211, 1217, 1221, 1223,

1225, 1226, 1240. @ 1212, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1239, im al.

1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246. Mundra, Saugor.

dg 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277,

1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1297, 1298, 1305, 1806, 1311, 1312.

@ 1262, 1282, 1283, 1304, 1307. Narsingarh, Damoh.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6.)

TAPHOZOUS LONGIMANUS, Hardw.

The Long-armed Sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

3S 1050, 1053, 1056. 2 1048, 1049, 1051, 1057, 1068. Sohagpur,

Hoshangabad.

@ 1488, 1494, 1555. Q 1484, 1485, 1486, 1489, 1490, 1491,

1492, 1498, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1576, 1577,

1578. Chanda.

(See also Report No. 6.)

RHINOPOMA HARDWICKII, Gray.

The lesser Indian Mouse-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

do 1270, 1272. 2 1269, 1271, 1295, 1809, 1810, 1315, 1316, in

al. 1317, 1318. Narsingarh, Damoh.

(See also Reports Nos. 3 and 4.)

PacHYURA.

Shrews.

3 796. 9 787,804. Khapa, Hoshangabad.

3 825, 835, 846. 9 826. Sakot. Hoshangabad.

5 936. 2 930. Bori, Hoshangabad.

2 970, 985. Rorighat, Hoshangabad.

3g 1052, 1119. @ 1060, 1096,1118. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

¢ 1184, 1186. Mundra, Saugor.

g 1451, 1487, 1520, 1533, 1545, 1548, 1549, 15538. @ 1464, 1472,

1480, 1521, 1522, 1529, 1541, 1546, 1547, 1560, 1592. Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6.)

“The natives state that Shrews come into their huts before the rains

and return to the fields in October.’”’—C. A. C.

PAacHYURA STOLICZKANA, Anders.

Stoliczka’s Shrew.

(Synonymy in No. 4.)

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 51

We deal with this specimen with great hesitation. The skull is too

badly damaged to be of any use in determining the genus. Crocidwira

fuliginosa is a Himalayan species and though this Survey has proved the

extension of C. horsfieldi, the Ceylon species, on to the mainland, a speci-

men having been obtained in Kanara, there is no record of any Crocidura

in the plains of India. In the circumstances we accept the probabilities

and rank this specimen as a Pachyura.

More than 20 species, of about the same size as this specimen, have been

described. The name stoliczkana was adopted, to represent this group

provisionally, in the Nimar Report (No. 4). This specimen does not

altogether agree with any of the published descriptions mentioned above,

nevertheless we propose for the present to list it as stoliczkana.

FELIS AFFINIS, Gray.

The jungle Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

& 777,780. Khapa, Hoshangabad.

3 856,857. Chimar, Hoshangabad.

3 858,878. Dhain, Hoshangabad.

2 915. Bori, Hoshangabad.

S 1028. Pachmarhi, Hoshangabad.

1236. Mundra, Saugor.

1593, 1595. Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4,5 and 6.)

Muneos munco, Gmel.

The common Indian Mongoose.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1116, 1117, 1130. 9 1132, 1133, 1138. Sohagpur, Hoshanga-

bad.

1210. Mundra, Saugor.

1249, 1254. Damoh.

1566, 1594. Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.)

Muneos sMiIrui, Gray.

The ruddy Mungoose,

1837. Herpestes smithit, Gray. Mag. Nat. Hist. I., p. 578.

1839. Herpestes thysanourus, Wagner. Munch. Gel. Anz. IX., p. 440.

1841. Crossarchus rubiginosus, Wagner. Schreb. Saug. Supp. II, p. 329.

1851. Herpestes elhott, Blyth. J. A. S. B. XX, p. 162.

1864. Herpestes yerdoni, Gray. P. Z.S., p. 550.

1867. Herpestes monticolus, Jerdon. Mamm., p. 135.

1888. Herpestes smithi, Blanford. Mamalia No. 61.

6 978. Rorighat, Hoshangabad.

3d 1023. Pachmarhi, Hoshangabad.

The type locality of Gray’s smithi is not known, but as it was presented

by Jerdon it was probably from 8. India, and was also very likely the

specimen on which jerdont was based, elliote and monticolus were also

based on specimens from the Madras Presidency, and these may well all be

synonyms. The names thysanowrus and rubiginosus were both given by

Wagner to a Kashmir animal. There is no Mongoose with a black tipped

tail from Kashmir in the National Collection, nor have we seen any record

of such elsewhere, so for the present these names may conveniently remain

in the synonymy of smthi.

tO+tO005; OY

52 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Voi, XXII.

VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS, Gmel,

The small Indian Civet.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

3S. 1125,1129. 92.1126. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

3. 1590. Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 3 and 5.)

PARADOXURUS NIGER, Desm.

The Indian Toddy Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

961, 974. Rorighat, Hoshangabad.

993, 1022. Pachmarhi, Hoshangabad.

1044. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

(See also Report No. 5.)

Oy Os Oy

Hymna Hymya, L.

The striped Hyena.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

6 1823. Ouda, Balaghat.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3 and 4.)

Canis InDIcus, Hodgs.

The Jackal.

(Synonymy in No. 1 under ‘ aureus’ and in No. 3.)

839. Sakot, Hoshangabad.

953. Rorighat, Hoshangabad.

1045,1115. @ 1127. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

1164, 1229 (imm.), 1230 (imm.), 1232 (imm.). 9 1228 (imm.),

1231 (imm.), 1233 (imm.). Munda, Saugor.

1325, 1336. Ouda, Balaghat.

1410, 1411. Chinchpali, Chanda.

1540. Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6.)

Os, Q,0, O;, 0, +0+0

CuoN DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes.

The Indian Wild-Dog.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

6 932. Bori, Hoshangabad.

(See also Reports Nos. 2 and 4.)

VULPES BENGALENSIs, Shaw.

The common Indian Fox.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1118, 1181, 1186, 1187. @ 1083, 1134, 1135. Sohagpur,

Hoshangabad.

1227. Mundra, Saugor.

1253. Damoh.

1334. Ouda, Balaghat.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3 and 5.)

rato GO

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 53

Lutra Macropvus, Gray.

The smooth Indian Otter,

1865. Lutra macrodus, Gray. P.Z.S., p. 128.

1878. Lutra elliott, Anderson. An. Zool. Res., p. 211.

1888. Lutra elliott, Blanford, Mammalia No. 93.

36 1319. Kakara, Damoh.

Though Blanford originally adopted ediotz as the name of this species, he

later accepted macrodus, as explained by him in his ‘ Appendix and errata’

at page 601 of the “ Mammalia. ’’—Very little is known of the representa-

tives of the genus Lutra in India. Many who are in a position to obtain

specimens are tempted to retain them on account of the pelt. We would

venture to point out that if any member will send the skin of the head in

front of the ears and the skull all that is essential for diagnosis will be avail-

able.

RaTUFA INDICA BENGALENSIS, Blanf.

The Central Indian Giant Squirrel.

1897. Sciurus indicus bengalensis, Blanford. Journ. B. N. H.S., Vol. XI.,

p. 303.

1910. Ratufa indica bengalensis, Wroughton. Journ. B. N.H.S., Vol.

XTX., p. 889.

3 866,886. 2 865, 867, 868, 876,877. Dhain, Hoshangabad.

3 902, 903, 904, 906, 909, 910, 929. © 907, 911, 925, 926, 927,

928. Bori, Hoshangabad.

“These animals were first found at Dhain, on a steep hill side sloping up

from the river. When disturbed they do not dash off and so betray their

whereabouts, but generally lie flat along a branch, and, notwithstanding

their brilliant colour, are almost invisible unless actually looked for. They

may often be found by following up their shrill whistling call. They can

take big leaps from one bough to another, but I have never seen them near

or on the ground. The nest is very large and composed of twigs and

placed high up in the topmost branches of a tree.””—C, A. C.

FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM, L.

The Palm Squrrel.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

@ 894, 898, 899. Dhain, Hoshangabad.

3 979, 984,991,992. © 972,980, 983. Rorighat, Hoshangabad.

3 994, 995, 998, 1002, 1021, 1029. ;

2 996, 997, 1C04, 1005, 1015, 1032. bp Bede Van EGS Oke ane

@ 1386. Chinchpali, Chanda.

(See also Reports No, 2, 4 and 5.)

“These squirrels were found high up on the hills and living amongst the

bamboos. They are not common, but seem quite fearless, in appearance

they are round and fluffy, the hair does not lie flat but stands on end. The

call seems to be a piping note, but not such a shrill note as that used by

the similar squirrels in open cultivated areas.”—C. A. C.

FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI, Wrought.

The common fire-striped Squirrel.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

6 775. Khapa, Hoshangabad.

So 845. © 838, 850. Sakot, Hoshangabad.

54. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

887. 864,900. Dhain, Hoshangabad.

6 1047. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

1827. 2 1328. Ouda, Balaghat.

g 1370, 1371, 1394, 1895, 1402, 1416, 1421, 1441, 1452, 1463,

1551. 9 1869, 1386, 1896, 1420, 1422, 1423, 1443.

Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4and 5.)

“The short-coated squirrel of the valleys differs entirely in its habits

from the last.

It is exceedingly shy and difficult to approach. It can be

fairly easily trapped, but the trap must often be left set for some days to

do so. Its call is a very soft twittering chirp.”—C. A. C.

Q,40t0 8 0,10+40100y

Qa AAA Os A+t0tOO

Q,0, Oto

TaTERA INDICA, Hardw.

The Indian Gerbil.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

808. Khapa, Hoshangabad.

869, 870, 882, 883. Dhain, Hoshangabad.

946, 947. Bori, Hoshangabad.

948, 951, 952. Rorighat, Hoshangabad.

1009, 1026. Pachmarhi, Hoshangabad.

1166, W169) 170; 1180; 118i, MSOs LoS eo icles

1182, 1194, 1224, 1237. Mundra, Saugor.

1273. Narsingarh, Damoh.

1474. Chinchpali, Chanda.

1474. @ 1496, 1527, 1554. Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6.)

VANDELEURIA OLERACEA, Benn.

The Dekhan Tree Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

1342. Sonawanee, Balaghat.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 4 and 5.)

EPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray.

The Common Indian Rat.

782, 783, 800, 801, 802. 9 776. Khapa, Hoshangabad.

807, 808, 817, 824, 853, 854.

818, 822, 823, 830, 831. \ Sakot, Hoshangabad.

884. 9 875. Dhain, Hoshangabad.

918, 919. Bori, Hoshangabad.

964. © 960. Rorighat, Hoshangabad.

1046, 1047. Sohagpur, Hoshangabad.

1340, 13849, 1854, 1359, 1362. @ 1341, 1355, 1360, 1361,

1863. Sonawanee, Balaghat.

1407, 1408, 1415. Y 1391, 1392. Chinchpali, Chanda.

1559. @ 1454, 1459, 1465, 1482. Chanda.

VARIETY with white underparts.

774. Khapa, Hoshangabad.

860, 871, 872, 874, 879, 880, 892, 897, 901. @ 861, 862, 873,

881, 885, 905, 908. Dhain, Hoshangabad.

938. 2 914,922. Bori, Hoshangabad.

957, 958, 962, 969, 987,988. 9 959, 965, 968. Rorighat,

Hoshangabad.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 55

3.1348. @Q 1350. Sonawanee, Balaghat.

3 1398, 1403. @ 1393, 1504, 1409. Chinchpali, Chanda.

g 1461. @ 1471, 1552. Chanda.

There is nothing in this series to cause us to make any change in the

view taken in earlier Reports. We adhere, therefore, to the plan of classify-

ang all the specimens as Epimys rufescens, indicating those with white

underparts as a variety. On the whole, however, we think that same

evidence is now coming forward to prove that there ae intermediates.

EPIMYS BLANFORDI, Thos.

The White-tailed Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

3 768. Q 769,772. Khapa, Hoshangabad.

¢ 920. Bori, Hoshangabad.

3 978, 982, 989, 990. 2 976, 977, 981, 986. Rorighat,

Hoshangabad.

3 999, 1000, 1008, 1006, 1010, 1011, 1016, 1018, 1019, 1024,

1025. @Q 1001, 1007, 1008, 1012, 1017. Pachmarhi,

Hoshangabad.

(See also Reports Nos. 3 and 6.)

“ One specimen was obtained in the sandy bed of a dried up stream

(at Khapa), but, subsequently, all individuals of this species were found

among rocks on hillsides. In this environment no burrows were found

and the rats appeared to live under rocks, around which were found quanti-

ties of nuts of the ‘ Harda’ (Zerminalia chebula). The shell is pierced at one

end and the kernel extracted.”—C. A.C.

Norr.—The nuts referred to have been identified by Col. K. R. Kirtikar,

I.mM.s. In the Bombay Forests it is the allied ‘Bheda’ (T. belerica) which

is habitually attacked by Forest rodents.

Mvs Boopuea, Gray.

The Southern Field Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

3 793, 794, 795. 2 770, 790, 805 in al., 791. ‘Khapa,

Hoshangabad.

813, 828, 829, 836, 851. © 812, 814, 837, 849 in al., 843...

Sakot Hoshangabad.

888. © 889, 895, 896. Dhain, Hoshangabad.

917, 923, 924, 931, 933, 937, 940, 942. 9 912, 913, 921, 934,

941, 944. Bori, Hoshangabad.

966. Q 955, 967 in al., 956. Rorighat, Hoshangabad.

1020. 2 1027. Pachmarhi, Hoshangabad.

11738, 1192, 1235. 2 1183. Mundra, Saugor.

1326, 1327, 1330, 1835. © 1331, 13832. Ouda, Balaghat.

1412, 1419 in al., 1405. Chinchpali, Chanda.

1344,1851. © 1343, 1356, 1357. Sonawani, Balaghat.

1449, 1455, 1528. © 1501, 1579 im al., 1542. Chanda.

(See also Reports 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6.)

OL (eulor [ONfon(hOn Cyter™ tox

LEGGADA PLATYTHIXx, Benn.

The Dekhan Spiny Mouse.

(Synonymy in No, 1.)

2 890. Dhain, Hoshangabad.

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4 and 5.)

MILLARDIA MELTADA, Gray.

The Soft-furred Field-Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

3 811, nae 827,832, 833, 834. 2 806,816. Sakot, Hoshang-

abad.

o 1168, 1185. & 1167, 1174, 1187. Mundra, Saugor.

3 1477, 1504. @ 1481. Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5 aud 6.)

BaNDICOTA MALABARICA, Shaw.

The Malabar Bandicoot.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

3 1858. 2 1847, 13852, 1358. Sonawanee, Balaghat.

$ 1400. Chinchpali, Chanda.

3 1460, 1503 (juv.), 1550, 1558. 2 1461, 1502, 1532, 1544,

1589. Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 5 and 6.)

These specimens are apparently quite typical malabarica.

GUNOMYS KOK, Gray.

The Southern Mole-Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

2 781. Khapa, Hoshangabad.

3 859. © 863. Dhain, Hoshangabad.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 4 and 5.)

GOLUNDA ELLIOTI, Gray.

The Indian Bush-Rat.

(Synonymy in No, 1.)

6 784, 785,786, 788, 789, 797, 798. 2 778, 778, 792, 799,

+q e@ Khapa, Hoshangabad.

3 819, 840, 841, 844, 847, 852. © 815 820, 842, 848, 855.

Sakot, Hoshangabad.

3 939. Bori, Hoshangabad.

3 950, 963. Rorighat, Hoshangabad.

2 1014. Pachmarhi, Hoshangabad.

6 1172,.) 1195.) A198 Kamm.) 1248 ea 2) OG, | T1O 7a oee

Mundra, Saugor.

3 1845, 1865, 1367. 9 1366. Sonawanee, Balaghat.

3 1476, 1543. Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.)

Leprts stmcoxi1, Wrought.

The Khandeish Hare.

(Synonymy in 1.)

3 pe as 1111 (imm.) @ 1038, 1124. Sohagpur, Hoshang-

abad.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 57

¢ 1401. Q 1417, 1418. Chinchpali, Chanda.

G 1462, 1466. 9 1453, 1458, 1475, 1530. Chanda.

( See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 4.)

The present series enables us to define, to some extent, the distribution

of LZ. simcoxt. It was first taken at Edlabad in East Khandeish and has

since been obtained in Nimar, the Berars, Balaghat, Chanda and Hoshang-

abad (inclusive of the Mahadeo Hills).

Some specimens in the British Museum point to the below-Ghat hare

asa distinct form so that the Ghat line is apparently a western

boundary.

A series presented to the National Collection by Capt. C. H. T. White-

head, from Sehore, in Central India, and the specimens in the present

Collection from Saugor and Damoh show that it does not cross the

Vindhyan Mountains and the Nerbudda River.

Tts range to the eastward is at present quite an open question, while,

though it probably ranges at least as far south as the Godavery River, we

have no specimens to show that it is so.

We take this opportunity to point out to Members of the Society that

the hare fauna of the whole country between Khandeish and Dharwar 1s

unknown.

LEPUS MAHADEVA, Wrought.

The Pachmarhi Hare.

1912. Lepus mahadeva, Wroughton. Journ. B. N.H.S. antea.

3 779, 810. 9 809. Khapa, Hoshangabad.

2 893. Dhaim, Hoshangabad.

3 1031. 9 1030. Pachmarhi, Hoshangabad.

gd 1822. Ouda, Balaghat.

This series from the Mahadeo Hills is quite constant in its colouration

and consistently differs from simcozi. It may be that further material

will show that it is merely a local race of s¢mcoxz, but the absence of inter-

mediates negatives that view for the present.

Lervs, sp.

S 1175.1176, 9 1165 (imm.), 1177, 1178. Mundra, Saugor.

Q 1251, 1252, 1253. Damoh.

3d 1291. 1301 Q 126], 1292, 1293, 1294, 1808. Narsingarh,

Damoh.

L. ruficaudatus was described by Geoffroy from ‘ Bengal.’—Blanford

accepts it as ranging right across India from the N. W. Frontier to Assam.

If this is so, this series may possibly belong to that species. We cannot

think that any species is likely to range unchanged through such very

different climatic and physiographical conditions. Until material is

available to enable us to compare it with similar series from neighbouring

areas, we do not feel justified in dealing with it.

TETRACEROS QUADRICORNIS, Blainv.

The four-horned Antelope.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

@ 945. Bori, Hoshangabad.

3 1413. 9 13899. Chinchpali, Chanda.

(See also Report No. 2.)

58 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XX112,

GAZELLA BENNETTI, Sykes.

The Indian Gazelle.

(Synonymy in No. ).)

Y 1408. Chinchpali, Chanda.

(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 3.)

MountTiacus vaGINALIs, Bodd.

The Rib-faced Deer.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

3 18338. Ouda, Balaghat.

G 13841. Sonawanee, Balaghat.

(See also Reports Nos. 2 and 6.)

Axis axis, Erxl.

The Spotted Deer.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

3 1321. Ouda, Balaghat.

(See also Report No. 6.)

REPORT BY R. C. WROUGHTON AND KATHLEEN V. RYLEY.

COLLECTION he «++ INOS.

Locauiry 8 ... Vijayanagar, Bellary.

Date ai ... July-August.

COLLECTED BY ... ee iG Ce Shortridee,

HARLIER REPORTS .. .. No. 1 E. Khandeish, Vol. XXI, p.

392; No. 2 Berars, Vol. XXI, p. 820; No. 3 Cutch, Vol. XXI,

p. 826; No.4 Nimar, Vol XXI, p. 844; No. 5 Dharwar, Vol.

XXI, p. 1170; No. 6 Kanara, Vol. XXII, p.29; No. 7, Central

Provinces, Vol. XXII, p. 45.

This collection was made at Vijayanagar, an ancient city,

situated on the right bank of the Tungabhadra river, in the

Bellary District of Madras, about Lat. 15°20' N. and Long.

76-28' HE. It was a famous capital in the 17th century; now it

consists chiefly of ruined palaces and temples, only a small part

of the city beimg inhabited. Numerous fortifications surround the

city and the whole area is covered with rocky granite hills,

weathered to every shade of colour; these hills are very barren,

no vegetation or even grass growing upon them. The Tunga-

bhadra is narrow and rapid. luge boulders are scattered over

the entire district.

The Bellary District lies on the Northern slope of the Dekhan

Plateau. The country suffers much from droughts, the rainfall

varying from 19 to 39 inches, the Western part having the lowest

rainfall. The flora consists largely of drought resisting plants;

some date palms flourish in the damper hollows of the West. The

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 59

above account is taken from the Gazetteer. The following de-

scription is sent by Mr. Shortridge :—

«Vijayanagar (Hampi)—Six miles to the North of Hospet

Station on the South bank of the Tungabhadra river, which forms

the southern boundary of the Nizam’s Territory. Altitude 1,500

feet.

There are several small villages on the site of the old city, the

chief of which are Kamalapur and Hampi. The country consists

partly of flat patches of land where rice and sugarcane are grown.

Well irrigated by canals, which were originally cut during the

existence of Vijayanagar city. A large part of the country con-

sists of rocky hills, entirely composed of huge masses and boulders

of granite, which afford almost impenetrable cover for panthers,

jackals, porcupines, etc.

The trees are chiefly ‘ Babhul,’ while there are numerous hedges

and patches of milkbush and prickly pear. The country is very

suitable for grazing, and the villagers keep enormous numbers of

cattle and goats. The rivers themselves as well as the numerous

rock crevices afford shelter for countless numbers of bats.””—G. C. 8.

The Collection includes 330 specimens, belonging to 28 species,

in 21 Genera.

The Monkeys are represented, as was to be expected, by the

Bonnet Monkey and the Malabar Langur. The Bats constitute

more than half the Collection, and belong, for the most part, to

forms already taken in Dharwar and Kanara; one species, however,

the Cutch sheath-tailed Bat, until this Survey commenced, was only

known from Cutch ; we have now had it from Khandeish and Bellary

as well as from the type locality. The Jnsectivora are represented

by four specimens of a Pigmy Shrew, which we have provisionally

identified as the Indian Pigmy Shrew of Blanford’s ‘‘ Mammals. ’

This whole Genus, which includes the familiar Musk Rat, is a most

dificult one to deal with; the material available for study is

comparatively scanty, while a great number of species have been

described in it on characters very difficult of diagnosis. Until

much more material is available, if not, indeed, until this Survey

is complete, at any rate for the Peninsula, we cannot hope to arrive

at any definite taxonomic conclusions. The Carnivora are repre-

sented by only two specimens, the Common Mongoose and equally

common Toddy Cat. Among the 10 species of Rodents represent-

ed, it is most interesting to find that the Cutch Rock Rat re-

appears, practically unchanged, while it is somewhat surprising to

find a southern representative of Phillips’s Spiny Mouse, which was

discovered by the Survey in Nimar. The Ungulates are represent-

ed by two specimens of the Indian Wild Pig and the Edentates by

a specimen of the Indian Pangolin.

In addition to the animals actually collected, Mr. Shortridge, in

60 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

his Field Notes, mentions the following, with their vernacular

names as having been seen by, or reported to him, no specimens

however being obtained :—

Felis pardus.—CHIRUTALI or CHIRUTAPULI (Telegu); WANIGA or

SIRSA (Kanarese).

Felis affinis.—aDIvVIPILLI (Telegu) ; ADNIBEKKU (Kanarese).

Canis indicus.—NAKKA (Telegu); Nari (Kanarese).

Vulpes bengalensis.—GUNTANAKKA (Telegu).

Bandicota malabaricw.—PUNDIKOKKU. (Telegu) ; YEGNA (Kanarese).

Golunda elliot. “‘ Observed among Prickly Pear.”

Hystrix. sp.—MUNDLAPUNDHI or MEKUM (Telegu) YEDHU, MULLHUN-

DHI, MULLFUNDHI (Kanarese). 3

Finally Mr. Shortridge gives the following list of animals for

which he has obtained a definite vernacular name, but no evidence

that they occur within the area covered by his Survey :—

Hycena hyaena.—KATAGORUKU (Telegu).

Canis pallipes.—THODELI (Telegu) : THOLA (Kanarese).

Antelope cervicapra.—GINnKA (Telegu) ; CHIGERI (Kanarese).

Gazella bennettii.-—BURIDIGADU or BURIGINKA (Telegu) CHANNACHI-

GERI (Kanarese).

Simia sintoa, L.

The Bonnet Monkey.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

3 1573, 1574. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

- (See also Reports Nos. 5 and 6.)

Vernacular names—Kothi (Kanarese) ; Kot: (Telegu).

‘Plentiful in the vicinity of Hampi Temple.”—G. C. 58.

PRESBYTIS HYPOLEUCOS, Blyth.

The Malabar Langur.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

@ 1572. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 5 and 6.)

Vernacular names—Karikoti (Kanarese) ; Kewmdamuchu (Telegu).

“Fairly plentiful among the hills around Vijayanagar. The specimens

obtained here were unusually large; a male, which was nearly 53 feet high,

in entire length, weighed 35 Ibs. and a female 27 lbs. Where it occurs in

the open country this species is very much less shy and suspicious than in

forest districts.’””—G. C. 8.

PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS, Brunn.

The common Flying Fox.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

3 1654; 9 1642,1655. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7.)

Vernacular name—<Sttava (Telegu).

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 6]

HiIpposiDEROS LANKADIVA, Kel.

The large Indian Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

3 1372, 1378, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1469.

@ 1871, 1374, 1459, in al. 1389, 1390, 1454, 1455, Vijayanagar,

Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 6 and 7.)

Vernacular name—Gabbilum (Telegu) for all bats,

“Plentiful in Pattabhirama Swami Temple, but on being shot at on

several occasions the colony entirely deserted. Ihave noticed elsewhere

that H. diadema, and its closely allied forms, are frequently high flyers, and,

unlike other leaf-nosed bats, may frequently be seen, in the early evenings,

hawking high up in the air, in company with Pprstrellus and other early

high flyers.”—G. C. 8.

HIPPOSIDEROS DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes.

Sykes’ Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

3 1365, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1369, 13870, 1437, 1439, 1449, 1500.

Q 1899, 1435, 1486, 1488, 1446, 14738, 1498, 1499, 1501, 1502,

1503, 1598, 1599, 1600, in al. 13879, 1380, 1881, 1882, 1393,

1394, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1421, 1549, 1550, 1598,

1594, 1595, 1596, 1597, 1637, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684.

Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 5 and 6.)

“ Around Vijayanagar this bat occurs in enormous numbers, being

probably more plentiful than all of the other species put together. Im-

mense colonies roost in many of the ruins and in numerous crevices among

the hills. They are low flyers. The hedges in the district are chiefly com-

posed of milk bush and prickly-pear which are not very high, and in the

quite early evenings these bats fly backwards and forwards along these

hedges in a most peculiar manner, following each other in endless proces-

sions at short intervals.”—G. C. 8.

HIPPOSIDEROS FULVUS, Gray.

The bicoloured Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

9. 1472. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 6 and 7.)

‘A stray specimen was obtained in a recently excavated, semi-under-

ground temple, close to the “Palace buildings,” in company with a

colony of H. dukhunensis. A colony of this species probably existed some-

where in the neighbourhood.” —G.C.8.

LyRopERMA LyRA, Geoff.

The Indian Vampire Bat.

(Synonymy in No, 1.)

6 1537, 1539, 1542; 9 1536, 1538, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546

1547, 1563, 1564, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, in al. 1422, 1423,

1424, 1425, 1426, 1427. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7.)

62 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

« A particularly late flyer, never appearing until well after sunset. On

moonlight nights it may often be recognised, flying low and hawking over

a small area for a considerable time. Probably on account of its habit of

preying when it has an opportunity on the smaller bats, its roosting places

seem always to be avoided by other species, even by those as large as

itself. Occurring here in a small Temple to the east of Pattabhirama, in

Izara Temple, near Vittalaswami, and in Krishnaswami’s Temple. Although

two other species of bat, viz., Taphozous kachhensis and Hipposideros

dukhunensis also occurred in Krishnaswami, they roosted in the ‘ambula-

tary’ while this species occurred in the inner shrine, where they were

quite isolated.”—G.C.S.

PIPISTRELLUS CEYLONICUs, Kel.

Kelaart’s Pipistrelle.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

( See also Reports Nos. 1, 2,3, 5 and 6.)

PIPISTRELLUS DORMERI, Dobs.

Dormer’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

@ 1639, 1640, 1658, 1666, 1667, 1679. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

This species was originally described from Bellary by Dobson in 1875.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7.)

PIPISTRELLUS MiIMuUS, Wrought.

The Southern dwarf Pipistrelle.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

3d 1641, 1653, 1657, 1665, 1685; 2 1632, 1664. Vijayanagar,

Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7.)

TaPHOZOUS LONGIMANUS, Hardw.

The long-armed Sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

Q 1678. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 6 and 7.)

“‘ Shot on the wing, roosting place not discovered.”—G. C. 8.

TAPHOZOUS MELANOPGON, Temm.

The black-bearded Sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

6 1674. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7.)

“Shot on the wing, roosting place not discovered.”—G. C. 8S.

TAPHOZOUS KACHHENSIS, Dobs.

The Cutch Sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

6 1475, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1579, 1580, 1582.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 63

Q 1474, 1476, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487,

1488, 1489, 1553, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1581, In al. 1490,

1491, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590, 1591,

1592. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 3.)

“ Very plentiful in Krishnaswami, the large Ganesha, Vittalaswami, and

Achyutariswami Temples. All the specimens obtained were enormously

fat and when disturbed never attempted to leave the temple.’’—G. C. S.

RHINOPOMA HARDWICKII, Gray.

The lesser Indian Mouse-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

& 1364, 1407, 1408, 1430, 1435, 1434, 1494, 1495, 1537.

@ 1409, 1428, 1429, 1431, 1432, 1447, 1448, 1528, 1529, 1530,

1531, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1604, 1605, 1660, In al. 1375, 1376,

1377, 1878, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1496, 1497,

1557, 1558. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5 and 7.)

“ Rhinopoma is very easily recognised on the wing, it comes out rather

early and is a high flyer. Its flight, which is comparatively slow, is accom-

panied by a peculiar fluttering of the wings. On windy evenings they

appear to make headway against the wind with the greatest difticulty.

This is remarkable because the other Genera of the Lmballonuride are

among the swiftest and strongest flying of all bats. This species is very

plentiful and generally distributed here, occurring, not only in many

Temples, but also in crevices and caves in the surrounding hills. When

roosting they sometimes hang from the roof, but they can creep over the

walls, crab fashion, like Taphozous, when disturbed.” —G. C. 8.

PaCHYURA PERROTTETI, Duvern.

The Indian Piymy Shrew,

(Synonymy in No. 4.)

3d 1505, 1638,

Q 1456,1677. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Report No. 4.)

Vernacular names :—Sunpvuyatvuka (Telegu) ; Exicur (Kanarese.)

“Two of these specimens were caught by natives on different occasions

(although near the same spot) among heaps of road-metal, near Malavanta

Ragunda’s Temple, where the road crosses some rocky country, One of

the females contained four young.” —G. C. S.

Muneos munco, Gmel.

The Common Indian Mongoose.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

3 1440. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

( See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7.)

Vernacular names :—Muneisa (Telugu) ; Munerut (Kanarese).

PARADOXURUS NIGER, Desm.

The Indian Toddy Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1627 (Skull only). Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 5 and 7.)

Vernacular names :—Punvueurpitui (Telegu) ; PUNaGINBEKKU (Kanarese).

64 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,

FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM, L.

The Palm Squirrel,

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

$ 1358, 1360, 1861, 1362, 13863, 13896, 1397, 1504, 1601.

2 1859, 1398, 1603, 1663. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos, 2, 4, 5 and 7.)

Vernacular names :—VuputHa (Telegu); Vurcur (Kanarese.)

“Very plentiful. Much more numerous among the ruined Temples and

rocky hills than in trees. This species, as well as Tatera indica, almost

invariably have their mouths and feet stained by the fruit of the Prickly-

Pear, on which apparently they feed very largely.”—G. C. S.

TaTERA INDICA, Hardw.

The Indian Gerbil.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

S 1884, 1385, 1387, 1404, 1405, 1441, 1443, 1444.

Q 1888, 13886, 1406, 1442. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7.)

Vernacular names:—Yatuk (Telegu for all field-rats); BupprILcHI

( Kanarese ).

“When kept alive, even when first caught, these Gerbils will never

attempt to bite, unless actually handled, while they will live on quite

friendly terms with squirrels and other small mammals.”—G. C. 8.

Mus mawnet, Kel.

The common Indian House Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 5, and in No. 1 under M. musculus.)

g 1676. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

( See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 5 and 6.)

Mus soopuaa, Gray.

The Southern Field Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 1 under Leggada booduga.)

g. 1586, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1559, 1560, 1602, 1622, 1623, 1630

1631.

@. 1517, 1521, 1535, 1561, 1562, 1617, 1620. Vijayanagar,

Bellary.

( See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7.)

“These mice are great cannibals, and ifa number are confined together

alive, even when given plenty of food, several will be found killed and

partly eaten every day.”—G.C.S.

Gray in establishing the Leggada indicated as the chief generic character

the presence of an additional “ eunate lobe ” or cusp on the anterior face of

the first molar, as we have explained in detail earlier in this issue. (p. 16.)

We have on the advice of Mr. Thomas substituted for this as the primary

generic character the presence of lateral crests or ridges on the frontal ;

consequently booduga must be transferred to the Genus, Mus, its skull beg

entirely smooth, without any vestige of a ridge laterally bounding the

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 65

frontal. The presence of the “ lunate lobe,’ however, is a useful character

for separating it together with dunni (vide Report No. 3) from Mus manei

and other forms allied to M. musculus.

LecGapa suRKHA, Wroughton and Ryley.

The grey Spiny Mouse.

19. Leggada surkha, Wroughton and Ryley.

WVolextt, p. 17.

3d 1635, 1651.

“ In the females examined there were only 10 mammz.—G. C. 8

Our reasons for separating this species from Leggada phillipsi ( = Mus

phillipst of Report No. 4), as well as for including it in the Genus Leggada

are given in detail earlier in this issue (p. 16).

The mammary formula 3—2—10 places it in the second section of the

Genus as there indicated.

Journ. B.N.H.S.,

CremNomys curcHicus, Wroughton.

The Cutch Rock Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

3 1470, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1522, 1524, 1540, 1541,

1610, 1612,

1614, 1616, 1619, 1621, 1625, 1628, 1643, 1648, 1650, 1656,

1661.

1552, 1565, 1609, 1611, 1613, 1615, 1618, 1620, 1624, 1633,

1634, 1644, 1645, 1649, 1662, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, i al

1608, 1646, 1647. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Report No. 3.)

“ Nocturnal. Very plentiful among the rocky hills in the district.

Readily trapped with cocoanut or cheese as bait. Several specimens had

their mouths stained by the fruit of the Prickly Pear.”—G. C. 8.

EPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray.

The Common Indian Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

o 1675, 1686, Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also all earlier Reports.)

Vernacular names :— VurayaLuKa (Telegu) , Inu1 (Kanarese.)

GUNOMYS KOK, Gray.

The Southern Mole-Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

3 1400, 1451, 1471, 1570, 1571, 1607.

@ 1888, 1391, 13895, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1468, 1606.

nagar, Bellary.

(Sve also Reports Nos. 1, 4, 5 and 7.)

Vernacular names :—Koxxv (Telegu).

“Tf kept in a cage this Rat is particularly savage, and will even dash

itself against the wires in its attempts to reach any moving object

outside.”—G. C. S.

Vijaya-

66 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXIT.

LEPUS NIGRICOLLIS, Cuv.

The Black-naped Hare.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

3 1452.

2 1329, 1453 (skull only), 1458, 1493. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 5 and 6 )

Vernacular names:—KunpuHitt or CuHEvunapittt (Telegu); Mona

(Kanarese).

Sus cristatus, Wagn.

The Indian Wild Boar.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

3 144.

Q 1551. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Report No. 5.)

Vernacular names:— Punpui (Telegu); Mixxa (Kamarese ).

Manis crassicaupata. G. St. Hel.

The Indian Pangolin.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

3 1687. Vijayanagar, Bellary.

(See also Reports Nos. 3 and 6.)

Vernacular names:— Atava (Telegu); Atavi (Kanarese ).

“Occurring in both forest and open country, although in the latter it

probably only occurs in the neighbourhood of rocks in broken country.

On- account of its nocturnal and burrowing habits, it would be very seldom

seen.’—G. C.S.

Journ, Bompay Nav. Hist, Soc. Pratt Xi.

A Youne Dougie Coconut Paum (Lodoicea Seychellarum, Labill.)

IN THE BoTANICAL GARDEN OF PERADENIYA,

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON,

INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED

Hi BoaTTER: S.J:

Parr VoEiI

(With Plates XL—XLVIII, and teat-fiqures 28—31.)

(Continued from page 968 of Volume X XI.)

LODOICEA, LABILL. Ann. Mus. Paris, [X, 140, t. 13°.

(** Lodoicea”’ is said to be altered from ‘“ Laodicea,”’ so called

after Laodice, the daughter of Priam.)

Willd. Sp. Pl. 402.—Kunth Enum. Pl ITI, 225.—Mart. Hist.

Nat.) Palm. PET, 221,-t. 109; 122.—Baker ‘Fl. Maurit. 379:—

Benth. et Hook. Gen. Pl. ITI, IL. 939,117.—Lurs. Bot: IT, 338.

A tall dioceious palm. Flowers in axillary spadices, sur-

rounded at the base by several obliquely truncate spathes. Male:

spikes cylindrical, the flowers in subreniform clusters in hollows

of the axis, imbricated in two rows, each flower subtended by a

bracteole. Outer segments of the perianth spathulate-cucullate ;

inner obcuneate. Stamens about 36; filaments monadelphous ;

anthers linear; rudimentary pistil represented by 1-3 subulate

processes. Female: flowers fewer than in the male spikes, con-

tained in cups formed by a pair of bracteoles; ovary ovoid, 3-

rarely 2-or 4-celled; stigmas sessile; stamens represented by

minute staminodes.

Fruit adrupe, large, olive-green ; usually 1-seeded ; mesocarp

thick, fibrous ; pyrene large, bony, firmly attached to the meso-

carp, usually 2-lobed; albumen homogeneous, cartilaginous ;

embryo placed between the lobes.

SPECIES— 1.

DISTRIBUTION.—NSeychelles.

LODOICEA SEYCHELLARUM, Uabill. in Ann. Mus. Paris. UX, 140

t. 13; Spreng. Syst. Veg. II, 622; W. J. Hooker in Curtis, Bot. Mag.

2734-38; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 221, t. 109, 122, t. X, fig. II et t.

Z. V. tig. VIIL; Brandis For. Fl. 545; Baker, Fl. Maurit. & Seych. 380.—

Cocos maldivica, Gmel. Syst. Nat. LI, 69 ; Willd. Spec. Pl. [V, 402, n, 6.

‘“—Borassus sonnerati, Giseke Lin. Prael. Ord. Nat. 88.—Lodoicea callipyge

sive Cocos maritima, Commers, Ms. II et Palmarium volum. t. 1-15.—

Lodoicea maldivica, Pers. Enchir. II, 630.—Nux medica, Clusius Exotic.

libri decem (1563).

NameEs.—Tavacarre, Coquinko (Seychelles).

1 *“ Giseke (Prael. 1792, p. 88) correctly divined its affinities, naming it Borassus

Sonnerati. Labillarditre created for it the genus Lodoicea. But this, though

maintained, is only distinguished technically from Borassus by the numerous

stamens and large fruit.”—W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.

68 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XX1I.

Double Coconut Palm, Sea Coconut Palm, Ccconut of the

Maldives (English).

Coco de mer, Coco de Salomon, Double Coco, Cul de Négresse,

Coco des Seychelles, Coco de l’ile Praslin, Cocotier des les

Séchelles, Cocotier des Maldives, Cocotier des Seychelles, Lodoice

des Maldives, Lodoicée, Lodoicée des Séchelles (French).

Coco das Maldivas (Portug.).

Meercocos, Seecocos, Doppelte Cocosnuss, Wundernuss Salomons,

Maldivische Nuss, Kokosartige Lodoicee (Germ.)

Dubbele Cocosnoot van de Seychelles, Dubbele Klapper, Male-

divische Noot, Seychellennoot, Zeeklapper (Dutch).

Darya-ka-naryal (Hind.).

Darya-ka-narel (Decc.).

Jahari-naral (Bomb.).

Kadat-rengay (T'am.).

Samudrapu-tenkaya (Tel.).

Katal-tenna (Malay.).

Darya-nu-nariyal (Guz.).

Mudu-pol (Sing.).

Penle-on-si (Burm.).

Narjile-bahri (Arab.).

Nargile-bahri (Pers.). c

Calappa Laut (called so by the Dutch in the Indian Archipelago).

Djenggi, Djenggli, Kelapa Laut, Kepo djenggi, Pelok djenggi

(Java).

Description.—Trunk 60-100 feet high, straight, apparently des-

titute of bark, annulate, about | foot in diameter, with scarcely

any difference in size to the very top. Leaves 12-20, large, 8-10

feet long, 5-6 feet broad [sometimes up to 20 feet long and 12

broad], the youngest rising from the centre, at first folded like a

shut fan, and then clothed with a downy substance, later on

broadly-ovate with a central rib and regular folds diverging from

it; margins more or less deeply cut, especially at the extremity ;

the colour bright yellow green ; texture thin and dry.

Spathes sheathing at the base of the spadices, small. Male and

female flowers on different trees. Male spadix from the axils

of the leaves, amentaceous, from 2-4 feet long, 3-4 inches

in diameter in the thickest part, cylindrical, tapering towards

the apex, closely covered on all sides with densely imbri-

cated, semicircular, slightly convex scales. When looking exter-

nally at these scales, a small aperture will be perceived, from

which the stamens issue ; and this aperture, though near the base,

is not in the centre of each scale, but constantly on one and the

same side ; and as the scale laps over with that side the one next

above it, so the aperture and the stamens will be found to pass

through both. The flowers in subreniform clusters in hollows of

TA ws

"4 J ve

nat

Cie

z a ‘ s0,4 (

eg,

a ;

+ y

4 of

Baek et 2

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats XLI.

A Dovustz Coconut Patm (Lodoicea Seychellarwm, Labill.) in the Jungle of Praslin Island.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 69

the axis, imbricated in two rows. Sepals and petals oblong,

yellowish-brown ; the sepals rather larger and more angular than

the inner. Filaments united at the base into one body ; anthers

linear, 2-celled, opening longitudinally, each cell terminating in

two globular heads. Female spadix rising from the axils of the

leaves, pendent, 2-4 feet long, thick and woolly, tortuose, clothed

with large sheathing, red-brown scales, which are singularly

fimbriated, or more generally erose at the margin, and support

several, more or less distantly placed, female flowers of different

ages, at the same time, and of various sizes. Sepals and petals

almost hemispherical and 1 inch thick at the base; ovary almost

concealed by the perianth, broadly ovate, narrow at the base above

the insertion of the perianth.

As we had no opportunity of dissecting the fruit of this palm

we borrow the following notes fram the interesting paper on the

“Germination of the Double Coco-nut” by W. T. Thiselton-

Dyer’. |

“Tt is not a little remarkable,’’ he says, ‘“‘ that our detailed

knowledge of the morphology of a plant with so singular a history

and such striking characteristics should still be very imperfect.

But that this is the case is evident from the description given by

Bentham and Hooker in the Genera Plantarum, III, 939.

As long as the Coco-de-mer was only known from sea-borne

specimens it was of course assumed that the Double Coco-nut, as it

was called, was the entire fruit. As soon as the palm producing

it was discovered, it was at once obvious that this was not the case.

The Coco-de-mer is in fact the stone of a gigantic drupe with a

fibrous mesocarp. The complete fruit is rarely to be seen in

Museums’; but Kew possesses one, as well as a plaster model

which the late General Gordon had made in the Seychelles and

presented to it. The fruit is poorly figured by Sonnerat, but the

best representations are in the fine series of pictures (Nos. 474-7

and 4.79) in the North Gallery at Kew, by Miss North who visited

the Seychelles in 1883 for the purpose of painting. According to

Sir William Hooker, it is ‘often a foot and a half in length,

weighing twenty or twenty-five pounds.’

Sonnerat figures the drupe as ellipsoidal. This, if it ever occurs,

except in the youngest stage, must be exceptional. The Genera

Plantarum, no doubt correctly, describes it as ‘ oblique obovoideus.’

Miss North, quoted by Sir Henry Yule (Hobson-Jobson, p. 178)

says: ‘The outer husk is shaped like a mango.’ It is clearly

therefore usually unsymmetrical ; one side is somewhat flattened,

and the other rounded. This arises from the fact that in the

maturing ovary one carpel only usually develops.

1 Annals of Botany, Vol. XXIV, No. XCIII, January 1910.

There is a good specimen in the Museum of St. Xavier’s College, Bombay.

70 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX11.

Fic. 28.—The first leaves of a Double Coco-nut Palm, the nut being still

visible to the right of the plant.

(Photograph supplied by Major Gage, I. M.S.)

One poimt which seems to require further investigation is the

number of primary component carpels, or, at any rate, of cells in

the ovary. The Genera Plantarum says it is ‘3—rarius 2-4—

loculare.’ The whole symmetry of the flower is ternary, with

——

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pratt XLII.

A Mate Dovusie Coconur Patm (Lodoicea Seychellarum, Labill.) in flower

in the Botanic Garden of Peradeniya.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 71

three stigmas in the female. This would imply three component

carpels, and therefore a three-celled ovary. It is possible, though

the point requires further investigation, that the discrepancy

has been produced by the misinterpretation of sections containing

the bilobed seed. Sir William Hooker figures in the Botanical

Magazine (tab. 2737, fig. 1) a transverse section of an ovary which

clearly points to a normal tricarpellary structure.

The stone or nut, as it is sometimes called, is, as is well-known,

deeply bilobed...... The outline of the putamen in a longitudinal

section is roughly that of an exaggerated dumb-bell. The cavities

of the two lobes communicate in the middle. The upper parts of

the lobes are separated by an open sinus, but the lower are more

or less united, and if a cross-section be made at this point, the nut

would show, as in one of Sonnerat’s figures, a bilocular structure.

Another point which has not been ascertained is the number of

ovules in each ovarian cell. Analogy and such evidence as is

valuable suggest there being only one. The ‘nut,’ therefore, if

developed from one carpel, would be only one-seeded. W. B.

Hemsley, in the ‘Catalogue to the North Gallery’ (p. 74), refers

to ‘the two-lobed nut, which usually contains only one seed. ’

But I am not aware of any proof of its ever containing more. It

seems probable that the bilobed form of the nut has suggested that

it might consist of two coalescing carpels, but there is no evidence

of this.

Juglans affords a familiar instance of ingrowths from the peri-

carp into the seed cavity. The purpose of such spurious dissepi-

ments, especially when they intrude on the developing seed and

modify its form, is difficult to account for. The separation of

the cavities at the base of the seed of Lodoicea is apparently due

to such an ingrowth. But this can only be ascertained by follow-

ing the development. The free lobes themselves are only lateral

inflations in order to provide space for the enormous endosperm.

They are much more distended on the dorsal than on the ventral

surface, which is somewhat flattened; this produces the corres-

ponding difference in the two surfaces of the fruit which has

already been mentioned. In this case, which seems the most usual,

the fruit contains only one nut and one seed. The Genera Plan-

tarum describes the fruit as ‘ I—V. imperfecte 2-3—locularis.’ The

latter condition can be only due to the more or less complete

development of one or both of the other carpels.

The endosperm is voluminous. According to the Genera Plan-

tarum it is hollow, ‘late cavo.’ My recollection of a specimen

examined at Kew, though unfortunately I made no note at the

time, is that it was solid. The account given by Sir William

Hooker seems to confirm this. He says: ‘The cavity is filled

by the almond, which is very hard, white, and corneous, so that it

72 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

may be rasped with a file, but is with difficulty cut with a knife.’

I can only conjecture that this must have been described from an

old and desiccated nut. A fresh one which afforded Dr. Walter

Gardiner material for a study of the histology of the endosperm must

have been immature, for sections were easily cut with a razor, and

the consistence was not much harder than that of a turnip.

Apparently in an earlier stage of development, the endosperm is

unconsolidated and gelatinous. Sir William Hooker says: ‘Before

the fruit has attained its perfect maturity, the interior . . . . contains

a substance like a white jelly, firm, transparent, and sweet to the

taste. A single Coco-nut holds, perhaps, three pints of this

substance; butif kept a few days, it turns sour, thick and un-

palatable, giving out a very disagreeable smell.’ Miss North gives

amore graphic description : ‘The outer shell was green and. heart-

shaped ; only the inner shell was double, and full of white jelly,

enough to fill the largest soup tureen.”’ And elsewhere, as quoted

by Sir Henry Yule: ‘I ate some of the jelly from inside... . of the

purest white and not bad.” The late General Gordon, who, as is

well-known, was deeply interested in the palm, on somewhat

mystical grounds, informed me in a note: ‘The nut. when ripe is

black and falls from the tree; the gelatinous jelly is then hard

like ivory.’ It would be extremely interesting to trace the his-

tological changes which accompany that of the texture...

According to the Genera Plantarum Liodoicea has the ‘ embryo

basilaris, sinum spectans.’ But unless I am mistaken the sinus is

the apex of the nut, and the embryo is therefore apical. In any

case the sinus being open affords the embryo a free path for emer-

gence.”

GERMINATION :—According to William Hooker, a year elapses

from the period of its falling from the tree before the nut begins to

germinate. Button, however, says, that it germinates four or five

months after falling from the tree, and sometimes even before.

Thiselton-Dyer gives the following description: ‘The germina

tion morphologically is of an ordinary monocotyledonous type. The

apex of the cotyledon remains immersed in the endosperm and

develops into a vast suctorial organ, while its petiole, which is about

an inch in diameter, emerges from the nut carrying with it the

plumule and ‘radicle’’’. According to Button, the petiole “‘ enters

the ground to the depth of about one or two feet, then continues

underground nearly parallel to the surface for a distance of four,

five, six feet, sometimes more.” ‘‘ A note of General Gordon’s is

that it ‘comes to sprout out of the ground twelve feet from nut.’

Mr. Button subsequently informed me that it ‘runs in the ground,

1 Recollections of a happy life, II, 289.

2 Hobson-Jobson, 178.

Pratt XLITI.

Journ. Bompay Nat, Hist. Soc.

A DovstEe Coconut Paum (Lodoicea Seychellarwm, Labill.) in fruit, growing on Praslin Island,

bas |

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON,

sometimes to a distance of several yards before coming to the

surface.’”’ (Thiselton-Dyer).’

Fauvel’ draws the attention to an interesting fact which came to

his notice through Mr. R. Dupont, Director of the Botanic Station

of the Seychelles.

On examining a number of fruits one will discover that they

show a distinct dimorphism (cf. fig. 28). Those which have a deep

sinus in the middle of the two lobes (which gives them a nasty’

appearance) are said to be female by the natives of the Seychelles,

whilst those with two parallel lobes and not having a sinus are

called male. ‘The former are supposed to produce female trees, the

latter male.”

J. Stanley Gardiner of the Exploring Mission Sealark, examined

over 300 nuts and found that both kinds of fruit are of about the

same number.”

FLowrers.—Lindley and Moore’s “ Treasury of Botany’, states

that only 30 years after germination the first flowers are produced.

Waby reports’ that in March 1907 a thirteen year old speci-

men, kept in the Botanic Gardens of Georgetown, produced a spadix

with seven pistillate flowers. Two more spadices were produced

in the same year, two during the next, two more in 1909, and

one,in 1910."

+ On the chemical side of germination cf. :

Thiselt on-Dyer, 1. ¢., p. 228-229.

Gardiner, in Phil. Trans., R. 8., 1883, p. 848.

2 Fauvel, A. A. Note sur quelques points nouveaux de l’anatomie du Cocotier de

Mer, Lodoicea Seychellarwm. In Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. XII (1906), 585-592.

* Clusius, in his ‘ Opusculum de Nuce Medica ’ (Amstelodami, 1634), says of the

fruit :—“ Facies nucis Medicae extrema pudendum muliebre et podicem

refert non impare magnitudine.”’

Fauvel tells us that the King of Bantam, who wished to make a present of a

nut to the Dutch Admiral Wolfart Harmansen, took care to remove the

upper part of the fruit in order not to offend the modesty of the famous

officer (p. 586, 1. c.).

+ Dupont, R., Curator of the Bot. Garden, Port-Victoria Mahé des Seychelles.

Lettre du 22 mai 1906, a son Excellence W. R. Davidson, Governor of the

Seychelles, transmise par ce dernier a M. Fauvel le 26 juin 1906.—

Published in Fauvel, 1. c. 591.

- *° Nature, No. 1891, vol. 73, January 25, 1906. The Percy Sladen Expedition

by H. M. S. “ Sealark ” to the Indian Ocean. The Seychelles Archipelago.

A letter in J. 8. Gardiner, Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge, January 15,

1906.

For further notes on the fruit, vide :—

(a) Swinburn Ward, in Gardner’s Chronicle (1864), p- 294.

(b) W. Watson, eod. loco, (1886), p. 557. *

(1862-65), p. 168, No. 1427: Le Cocotier des Seychelles, aver

2 figures.

Kew Bull. (1910), p. 256.

Short notices of the flowering of these palms have been published in the

Reports of the Botanic Gardens, British Guiana, for the years 1906-7, p. 11,

1907-8, p. 10, 1908-9, p. 4.

74 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII

We do not know the source of Seemann’s statement which is

to the effect that Lodoicea bears only one spadix in each year; but

what he adds, viz., that.it has often above ten spadices in bloom at

once, becomes intelligible from Waby’s observations."

Fruits.—-The statement as to the time which the fruit takes to

reach maturity vary a good deal. William Hooker writes: ‘Twelve

months elapse, from the time of the appearance of the germen,

before the fruits are fully ripe ; and they have been known to hang

three years on the tree before falling to the ground.”

C. Button informed Thiselton-Dyer in aletter that the period

was much longer: ‘It remains seven years before arriving to its

perfect maturity and falls to the ground. This experience has

been several times made by me personally ; but the proprietors of

Coco-de-mer trees generally break the fruit at about four years of

age for commercial purposes,.as the shell at that time is sufficiently

hard.”’* The same period for ripening the fruit is assigned by

Gordon and K. Wald,* whilst others, v. g. 'rimen, state that from

the time of flowering to the maturation of the fruit, a period of

nearly 10 years elapses.

Thiselton-Dyer thinks that “the discrepancy had arisen from

a confusion between the time at which the fruits are gathered and

that at which they are really mature.”’

Hasitat.—Seychelles : on the Isles-of Praslin and Curieuse and

Round Island. Endemic.

R. W. Plant, the well-known explorer of Port Natal, has the

following note about the native country of the Double Coco-nut,

in a letter, dated Port Natal, April 16, 1855, and addressed to

John Smith at Kew.*

‘““In the Seychelles I more nearly realized my preconceived

ideas of tropical vegetation than at any other place ;—the beach

fringed with common Coco-nuts; the ravines and watercourses

overhung with Bananas, Bamboos, and three or four indigenous

palms; the open ground full of Pine-apples—miles of them run

wild; the tops of the mountains covered with forests of Ebony

and Rosewood, interspersed with Tree-Ferns of some twenty to

thirty feet high; and then these glorious Lodoicea with their

leaves of fifteen to twenty feet span, and trunks reaching to the

sky; to say nothing of Cinnamon and Cloves and Bread-fruit all

new to mein this their natural wildness and beauty : you may

believe that I enjoyed it; so much so that I nearly forgot the

errand that brought me there. We have many beautiful scenes

1 Cf. ad hoc: Wald, K., Lebensbaeume. Regensburg, 1906, p 60, Rothe, K.

C. Palmen-Studien. Wien, 1910, p. 34.

2 Thiselton-Dyer, W. T., 1. c., p. 226.

* Wald, K., Lebensbaeume. Regensburg, 1906, p. 60.

Also : Rothe, K. C. Palmen-Studien. Wien, 1910, p. 34.

* Seemann, B. History of the Palms. London, 1856, p. 241.

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate XLIYV.

A Fruiting Sreciven of the Douste Coconut Pam (Lodoicea Seychellarwm, Labill.)

from Praslin Island.

« THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 75

in this country (Natal), and there is much excitement in travelling

over it, but it is altogether of a different character; a savage

sternness or monotonous sameness marks the two principal divi-

sions of it, and the really beautiful spots look small by comparison

with the vast extent spread around of another character.”

On the Seychelles ‘‘ the tree grows on all kinds of soil, from the

sandy shore to the arid mountain-top, but the finest are found in

deep gorges, on damp platforms, covered with vegetable soil; in

such situations, the great height and slender diameter of the trunk,

and the length of its enormous leaves, produce a fine effect, though

near the seashore, its leaves, torn by the storms and hanging in

long strips, give it a desolate appearance. It is to be regretted

that the tree is not cultivated, and that a practice has prevailed

of cutting it down in order to get at the fruit and tender leaves. In

fact, it is feared that the species will be, ere long, entirely lost.’’

This danger of complete destruction of the once famous palm

has been removed in the meantime. Owing to the suggestion of

John Horne, then Director of the Botanic Gardens of Mauritius,

the Lodoiceas are, since 1875, under the protection of Government.*

It is a striking fact that the seeds, although capable of a wide

oceanic dispersal which must have continued over a long period of

time, in no case established themselves spontaneously in any new

territory. This forms a strange contrast with the ordinary coco-

nut, which probably originally a native of South America, is now

widely distributed throughout the tropics. (W. T. Thiselton-Dyer.)

CULTIVATION.”

ILLusTRaTIoNs.—Plate XL shows a young Double Cocoanut Palm

in the Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya. We called it ‘‘young’’, but

as a matter of fact, it must be about 40 years old. Cave figures the

same specimen in his ‘“‘Book of Ceylon” (Pl. 576) and the palm has

about the same size as the one reproduced in our plate. He took it

in 1892, “when it was already 40 years old and had not begun to

form its stem.” The strong stout leaf-stalks are very remarkable.

The following photographs of the Double Cocoanut Palm (except

Pl. XLII which was supplied by Mr. Macmillan) were kindly

presented by Mr. Nigel Kerr.

Plate XLI.—A comparatively young palm growing in the jungle

of Praslin Island. The age is between 50 and 60 years. It will

be noted that the leaves are not very numerous.

+ Seemann, I. c., p. 245.

* Rothe, K. C., Palmen-Studien. Wien. 1910, p. 34.

Cf. etiam: Ward, Swinburne. On the preservation of the Coco-de-mer.

Journ. Linn. Soc. IX (1867), p. 119-120, 259-261. Page 119-120 contains

an answer toa letter of Sir H. Barkly relative to the preservation of the

Coco-de-mer. Barkly’s letter is printed on p. 118-119 of the same volume.

* The paragraphs on Cultivation and Fig. 29 have been omitted by mistake

but will appear in the next Number.—[Eps. ]

76 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Plate XLII.—This photograph, taken in the Botanic Gardens of

Peradeniya, shows a male specimen of Lodoicea. From between

the stout petioles arise six flowering spadices. The flowers are

distinctly visible.

Plate XLIII.—A. fruiting specimen of the Double Cocoanut Palm

growing on Praslin Island. The spadices are bent down and rest

on the stem on account of the heavy weight of the numerous

gigantic fruits. ‘The palm seems to develop a much denser crown

of leaves when not pressed on all sides by a luxurious vegetation as

is the case on Plate X LI.

Plate XEIV.—-The central part of the crown with several female

spadices bearing fruits at different stages of development.

Plate XLV.—A grove of Lodoiceas in the Coco-de-mer Valley

of Praslin Island. The stems are straight and uniformly thick up

to a few yards below the crown.

IV—CEROXY LIN Ai.’

Spadix simple or one or several times branched; flowers

diclinous, usually dimorphic; when dicecious, solitary with rudi-

mentary bracts, when moncecious usually in cymes of 3 flowers, 2

being male and | female, or rarely 8 males and one at the end of

the row being female; carpels 3, 3-2-1-locular ; fruit smooth, not

scaly ; feather leaves.

6. ARECINEA.

Berry of 3 carpels, united or separating after fertilization ;

exceptionally a fibrous woody endocarp is formed.

* DistrisuTion.—In the tropics of all the continents; little

represented on the African continent, increasing on the Hast-

African islands, with the greatest number in the Indian region

from Assam and Malacca tothe south-eastern islands of the Malay

Archipelago, the north-eastern coast of Australia and New Zealand ;

with different sub-tribes in America from Mexico and the Antilles

to Rio de Janéiro and Juan Fernandez.

A. Sub-tribe: Caryotew.

Spadix in the axils of living or dead leaves; peduncle clothed

with several tubular, incomplete spathes (except Orania which

has got 2 spathes) ; flowers free on the slender branches of the Ist

and 2nd order. Male flowers symmetrical, usually with many

stamens. Calyx of 3 sepals, imbricate. Corolla deeply 3-

partite, valvate. Female flowers with a corolla of 3 leaves or

1 According to the systematic arrangement of the palms, the Lepidocaryime

would be the next sub-order to be described after the Borassine. But as we have

not been able up to now to procure a sufficient number of good photographs of that

sub-order, we decided to deal with the Lepidocaryine at the end of our series, vis,

aiter the Ceroxyline.

ae wg 2 nme

JouRN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 77

_ d-partite, valvate. Ovary of 1-3 united carpels, 1-3-locular. Berry

with 1-3 seeds; remains of stigma apical (except Orania). Embryo

dorsal.

DistripuTiIon.—India, Malay Peninsula.

Caryota , L., Avrenga, Labill., Didymosperma, W. & Dr., Wal-

lichia, Roxb., Orania, Zipp.

KEY TO THE GENERA DESCRIBED BELOW. '

Male sepals 3. Stamens many. Albumen

ULEIUIEARE a. A ee a an Caryota.

Male sepals 3. Stamens many. Albumen

5:1 JIGS Pe Ree Ce et Arenga.

Male calyx cupular. Stamensmany. Albu-

IH eA eL Ae eee Ate sce enee cis eeu eee Didymosperma.

Male calyx tubular. Stamens 6. Albumen

PPR Sete OR EM ttc vier ste sd cntis'se ya Wallichia.

Reus a a etre as cle ve ade Sns e+e Caryota.

Micaves stMply plnmatec. s,s deste ete even.

IDEM Ss =SCCO CU Maw al ueiaaieds ced an ati do Arenga.

Fruit 2-seeded ........... PRON Cane 3 Didymosperma.

Bruanch Ieseededsiaeue usenet te cielo lcs Wallichia.

CARYOTA, L. Gen. Nat. 1228.

(from the Greek ‘‘ Caryotos,”’ nut-like, on account of the shape

of the fruit; the Greeks first applied this name to their cultivated

Date.

mead Hist. Nat. Palm. ITT., 193, 315, t. 107, 108, 162.—BI1.

Rumph. I7., 134, t. 162, 163.—Kunth Enum. Pl. I1I., 198, 504.

—Griff. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V., 477.—Migq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIT.,

3¢.—Kurz For. Fl. I1., 5830—Benth. Fl. Austr. VII., 134.— Wendl.

Linn. 39, 191.—Drude Bot. Zeitg. 1877, 638, t. 6, fig. 25, 26.—

Becc. Males. I., 69.—Bot. Mag. 5762.—Trim. Journ. Bot. 1879,

174.-_Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. III., II., 918, 73.—Hook. FI. Brit.

Ind. VI., 422.

Tall, unarmed palms with annulate, naked or sheathed trunks,

soboliferous or not, flowering when full grown from the axils of

the leaves, beginning at the upper and then successively down-

wards, after which the plant dies, usually a male and a female

spadix alternately.

Leaves few, very large, broad, bipinnatisect or decompound ;

leaflets very obliquely dimidiately flabelliform or cuneiform,

preemorse or rounded at the tip, their bases swollen at the inser-

tion ; nerves and veins flabellate.

Spathes 3-5, inclompete, tubular. Spadices interfoliar, shortly

peduncled, much fastigiately branched ; branches slender, pendu-

78 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

lous. Flowers moncecious, solitary and nude, or ternate with the

central flower female. Male flowers symmetric: sepals ; 3, short,

rounded, coriaceous, closely imbricate; petals 3, larger tnan the

sepals, linear-oblong or ovate-oblong, valvate ; stamens very many;

filaments very short ; anthers long; pistillode O. Female flowers

subglobose, smaller than the male; sepals 3, ovate or orbicular,

concave, closely imbricate; petals 3, rounded, valvate; ovary

obovoid, 3-gonous, 3-celled; ovule in each fertile cell solitary ;

stigma sessile, 3-lobed ; staminodes 3 or 6 or O.

Fruit globose, 1-2-(rarely 3-) seeded, crowned by the stigma ;

sarcocarp full of raphides. Seed erect, albumen ruminate ; embryo

dorsal.

Species about 12. ‘Tropical Asia, Malaya and Australia.

CULTIVATION IN HuroprE.—The species of this genus form very

noble stove’ palms. When in a young state, Caryotas serve as

excellent ornaments for dinner tables, etc. They thrive well in a

compost of loam and vegetable mould in equal parts, to which a

little sand may be added. Perfect drainage and much water during

the growing are necessary. Propagation is easily effected by seeds

or by suckers.

* INDIGENOUS SPECIES.

CARYOTA URENS, U. Fl. Zeyl. 187; Gaertn. Fruct. I., 20, t. 7 ; Roxb.

Fl. Ind. III., 625; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III., 193, t. 107 and 108, and

162; Griff. in Caleut. Journ. Nat. Hist. V., 479; Palms Brit. Ind. 159;

Thn. Enum. 329; Dalz. & Gibbs Bomb. FI. 278 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III., 41;

Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI., 422 ; Brandis Ind. Trees, 654; Trim. Fl. Ceyl.

IV., 824; Talb. Trees Bomb. ed. 2, 341; Prain Bengal Pl. 1093; Cooke

Fl. Bomb. Pres. IJ. 805.—Rheede Hort. Malab. I., t. 11.

Names.—Fish-tail Palm, Hill Palm, Indian Sago Palm, Bastard

Sago Palm, Hast Indian Wine Palm, Jaggery Palm, Kittul Tree,

Toddy Palm, Wine Palm, Mhar Palm (English).

Caryote brilant, faux sagonier de |’Inde, palmier céleri (French).

Bastardsagopalme, Ostindische Brennpalme, Sagopalme (Ger-

man.)

Jagerieboom, Nieboom, Sagueerboom, Wilde Sagueerboom

(Dutch).

Mari (Hind.).

Bherawa, berli, bhirli mahad, berli mad, bherla mada, berli mhar,

ardhi supari (Mar.).

Birli mhad, birli mhar (Bombay).

Shiwajata, shankar jata (Guj.).

Birli mad (Konk.).

Baini, bagni, beina, bhyni (Kan.).

Mari-ka-jhar (Dec.).

Mhar mardi, mari, jirugu, jilugu, goragu, gorrega (Tel.). —

Conda-panna, erin-panna, utalipanna, kundal-panai, thippali

(Tam.).

JourRN. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Puate XLVI.

FisH-Tain Patm (Caryota urens, L.) anp Youna Pants oF Oreodoxa regia, Mart.,

in Victoria Gardens, Bombay.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 79

Shunda pana (Mal.).

Minbo, minbaw, kimbo (Burm.).

Bara flawar (Assam.).

Rungbong, simong (Lepcha).

Salopa (Uriya).

Kittul, nepora (Sing.).

Hlyamban (Magh.).

Names of the Sago.—Bastard sago or sago (English).

Sagon d’Assam (French).

Palmenstiirke, Sago (German).

Sago (Dutch).

Names of the Fibre. —Black fibre, Indian Gut, Kitool, Kittool fibre,

Kittul fibre, Salopa fibre (English).

Crin végétal (French).

Kitoolfaser, Siamfaser (German).

Kitoolvezel, Kittoelvezel’ (Dutch).

Names of the Sugar.—Jagery, Jaggory, Palm sugar (English).

Jaggery, sucre de palme, sucre de palmier (French).

Palmzucker (German).

Palmsuiker (Dutch).

Names of the Wine.—Palm wine, toddy (English).

Toddi, vin de palme, vin de palmier (French).

Palmwein, Toddy (German).

Palmwijn, Toddy (Dutch).

Descriprion.—-Trunk 40-60 feet high, 1-14 feet in diameter ;

cylindric, annulate, not or scarcely soboliferous, smooth, grey,

shining, covered witb long shallow cracks with corky edges. The

crown is rather thin, consisting of several ascending, gracefully

curved bi-pinnate leaves, of great size, being 18-20 feet long and

10-15 broad ; the primary divisions 5-6 feet long, arched and droop-

ing; leaflets 4-8 inches long, fasciculate or alternate, cuneiform,

obliquely truncate, irregularly serrate-toothed on the truncate

margin, the upper margin produced beyond the leaflets into a tail,

flabellately veined, glabrous, bright green, shining, the margins at

the base recurved. Petiole very stout, at the base measuring about

3 inches across, the lower foot in its length is naked, and the margins

of the sheath continued upon it as an elevated confluent line. Rete

moderate and coarsely fibrous.

Spadix very large, 10-12 feet long. Peduncle curved, stout,

entirely covered with large, greyish, coriaceous spathes, one or one-

and-a-half foot long, and closely imbricated ; branches simple, very

long, pendulous, level-topped, resembling a htige docked horse-tail.

Flowers very numerous, placed in threes, the central and lowermost

being female, and later than the others in development. Male

flowers: Buds narrowly cylindric, 4 inch long; sepals 3, roundish,

cordate, ciliate imbricate ; petals coriaceous, concave, reddish ; sta-

80 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

mens about 40 ; filaments short, white ; anthers about as long as the

petals, linear, acuminate; pistillode O. Female flowers much the

same as the male, but the sepals broader, more ciliate, the corolla

shorter, and of greenish colour ; staminodes usually 3, placed oppo-

site the sepals and angles of the ovarium, resembling young

anthers. Ovary subtrigonal, roundish, 3-locular; ovule solitary,

erect ; stigma sessile, 3-lobed.

psa <a

Fig. 30.—A Fishtail-Palm CCaryota wrens) in flower and fruit.

(Photograph taken at Khandala by Rev. M. Maier, S.J.)

Fruit 2-2? inch in diameter, reddish ; pericarp thin, yellow, acrid ;

seeds one or two; albumen ruminate, embryo dorsal.

FLOWERS during most of the year (during the hot and rainy

season, according to Brandis).

Hasitat.—Sub-Himalayan tract from Nepal eastwards, ascend-

ing to 5,000 feet; Assam; Khasi Hills; Manipur; Chittagong ;

Upper Burma; Pegu ; very common in the evergreen forests of the

Konkan and Northern Kanara; Coimbatore; Nilgiris; Malabar ;

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 8l

Madura ; Orissa; the Circars; shady valleys on the east side of

the Peninsula; Ceylon ; Malaya.

Usss’.—The most important product of this palm are the fibrous

cords or fibro-vascular bundles found naked at the base of the leaf-

sheath and within the petioles, flowering stalks and even the stems

as well. These constitute the strong kittul-fibre of Ceylon and the

salapa of Orissa, a fibre which also comes from Burma and Bombay.

It is manufactured into ropes, brushes, brooms, baskets, caps, and

similar articles. It has been shipped as a brush fibre from Ceylon

to England since 1860. It has been found that five or more

strands, fastened together by special machinery, make an excellent

substitute for whalebone in corsets. It has further been discovered

that the kittul-fibre is superior to the Bahia piassava (fibre of

Attalea funifera) being less brittle. Kittul-fibre, therefore, is in

much request, in India as well as in Europe, where it is used in

brush-making ; some of the finest qualities have been substituted

for bristles. For this purpose the fibre is steeped in linseed-oil

in order to make it so pliable that it can be used either with or

without bristles in the manufacture of soft, long-handled brooms.

These have the advantage of being extremely durable and much

cheaper than ordinary hair-brooms. According to Dodge it is also.

made up into machine brushes for polishing linen and _ cotton

yarns, for cleaning scutched flax, brushing velvets, etc. In Ceylon

and India fishing-lines are made of the fibre, and strong wiry

ropes which are used for tying wild elephants. Watt gives the

following quotations of the London Market on April 20, 1901:

For long quality 83d to 9d per Ib; for No. 1, 64-7d; No. 2, 23d

to 84d; No. 3,1d. The exports from India are unimportant, whilst:

from Ceylon they are considerable. The maximum till 1909 was

for the year 1898, viz., 3,794 cwt.

The pith or farinaceous part of the trunk of old trees is consider-

ed to be almost equal to the best sago of commerce; the natives.

bake it into bread and boil it into a thick gruel. ‘‘ These form, ”’

says Roxburgh, ‘‘a great part of the diet of these people; and

during the famine they suffered little, while those trees lasted.

I have reason to believe this substance to be highly nutritious.

I have eaten the gruel and think it fully as palatable as that made

of the sago we get from the Malay countries.”’

Toddy is also prepared from these palms. This juice is either

fermented and distilled into an alcoholic liquor or boiled down into a.

dark syrup which solidifies into palm-sugar or jaggery, which is an

important product, especially in Bombay and Ceylon. Sawyer,’ des-

cribing the process of ‘‘training’’ and “‘ tapping ”’ in North Travan-

core, says that at the end of the first five days of tapping the yield is

+ We follow Watt, Comm. Prod. of India, 1908, p. 286-87.

* Ind. For. (1896), XXI, 134-8.

82 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

about 4 quarts per day, increasing by degrees to 6, 8 and 12 quarts.

In strong,healthy individuals even 18 or 20 quarts may be obtained at

the end of the course. Sometimes, in an unusually prolific palm,

three or even four spathes, may be seen tapped at the same time,

while others in spite of the most careful training, yield no toddy

whatever. An average-sized spathe is tapped in about four months,

and all the spathes of one palm are exhausted in about two years.

Roxburgh mentions that the best trees give as much as 100 pints

in 24 hours.

The ‘“‘ cabbage’ or terminal bud is edible, like that of most

palms. The woolly substance or scurf scraped from the leaf-stalks

is used in Burma for caulking boats; it also serves as tinder.

The timber, being strong and durable, is much used for agricul-

tural purposes, water-conduits, beams and rafters.

Sometimes it is cut into walking sticks.

The seeds are used as beads by the Mahomedans.

According to Commelinus’ the pulp of the fruit is bitter and

irritates the tongue. It is probably this circumstance which

suggested the specific name of the palm ‘ urens,’ 2.e., ‘ burning.’

Watt remarks: ‘“ The fruit is certainly very pungent and insipid,

but I cannot recollect having observed the tingling property just

mentioned, though I have eaten it.”’

I never tasted the fruit, but I remember that, some years back,

I asked my students in Botany to dissect the fruit of Caryota.

After a few minutes they gave it up, showing me their hands

which looked, indeed, as if they had been handling nettles. The

victims of science felt the irritation for about two hours. Unfortu-

nately I do not remember whether the fruits were fully ripe at the

time or not. All I know is that they were still on the tree when

I gathered them. ;

Wald’ gives quite a different explanation of the name ‘ urens,’

but he does not say on what authority. He says that the bark of

the tree when wetted, causes a distinct irritating sensation.

CuLtivation IN Iwnp1a.---This palm thrives in gardens with

ordinary border treatment. It reaches its full size in about 15

years, and about 7 years more are occupied in producing its flowers

before it becomes unfit for the garden. The first flowering panicle

is of immense size and pendulous from the axil of one of the

upper leaves. The second is from a lower axil and somewhat

smaller, and so on downwards until the tree is exhausted (Wood-

row).

CULTIVATION 1N HurRope.---This species is frequently employed

in subtropical gardening from June till September.

1 Rheede, Hort. Mal. I, 16, n.

° Wald, K. Lebensbeume. Regensburg, 1906, p. 74.

Pratt XLVII.

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc.

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THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 83

ILLUSTRATION : PLATE XLVI.---The photograph, taken by Mr,

Phipson, shows a beautiful group of palms in Victoria Gardens,

Bombay. The centre is occupied by a Fish-tail Palm. From the

axils of the leaves there rise three gigantic spadices; the largest of

them (to the right) is the youngest and has the flowers not open as

yet, whilst the one to the left bears fruit. The stem below the

petioles of the leaves is ringed.

_ The Fish-tail Palm is surrounded by several young plants of

Oreodoxa regia, Mart.

CARYOTA OBTUSA, Griff., in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist., V.,480. Palms

Brit. Ind., 170 ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm., ITI, 195 ; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind., VI,

422; Brandis Ind. Trees, 654.—C. obtusidentata, Griff., Palms Brit. Ind.,

236, A, B.

Name.—Bura Suwar (Ass.). This is also the name for C. wrens.

Description.—This palm has got the habit and stature of C.

urens, from which it can be at once distinguished by the more

rounded and crenate apex of the leaflets and by the shorter, un-

expanded male flowers.

Trunk tall, stout, 14-2 feet in diameter, not soboliferous. Leaves

very large; leaflets cuneate, very unequal-sided, coriaceous, when

dry, remarkably ‘striato-plicate, the upper margin not caudate;

the teeth short and very obtuse.

Branches of the male spadix long, flexuose, scurfy. Flowers

distant, 3 together, the central (female) are later in development.

Male buds about as long as broad. Male flowers about 5 lines

long; sepals rounded, scurfy, and ciliate; petals 24 times longer

than the sepals ; stamens indefinite ; anthers linear, slightly mucro-

nate. Female flowers: Calyx as in the male; petals much smaller,

valvate. Staminodes 3, opposite to the sepals. Ovary 38-celled ;

ovules solitary, erect; stigma 3-lobed.

Fruit 3-1 inch in diameter, base not apiculate.

Hasitat.—Upper Assam; Mishmi Mountains about Yen, 3,400

feet.

Usrs.—The inhabitants of the Mishmi Mountains use the

central soft portion of the trunk as food.

CARYOTA MITIS, Lour., Fl. Cochinch. II, 569; Mart. Hist. Nat.

Palm. III, 195 ; Kunth. Enum. III; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 423 ; Brandis

Ind. Trees, 654.—C. sobolifera, Wall, Cat. 8594; Mart. 1. c. III, 194, t.

107, f. 2; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 481; Palms Brit. Ind. 171, t.

236, C ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IT], 41; Kurz Far. Fl. II, 530—C. urens, Jacq.

Fragm, 20,t. 12, f. 1.—C. nana, Wall, Cat. 8595.—C. furfuracea BI. in

Mart.1. c. 195; Rumphia IJ, 141 (exel. var. caudata).—C. propingua

Bl. in Mart. 1. c. 195; Rumphia 1. c. 138 t. 155 (partim), 162.—C. grifithii

Bece. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. III. 15.

Names.—Tookkus (Malay); Doodoor (in Penang.)

DeEscription.—A very elegant palm, stem 12-40 feet high, 4-5

inches in diameter, soboliferous, forming very thick compact tufts,

greenish, distinctly annulate. Petioles, leaf-sheaths and spathes

84 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

scurfily villous. Leaves 4-9 feet long, spreading, nodding

towards the apex, glaucescent greenish; leaflets 4-7 inches long,

very obliquely cuneiform erose and toothed, the upper margin

acute, regularly and rather obtusely jagged.

Spathes concealing the whole peduncle, almost boat-shaped,

at length deciduous. Branches of spadix very numerous, about

J foot long, the whole resembling the spadix of CU. wrens, but much

Fie, 31.—Caryota mitis, Lour., in flower in Victoria Gardens, Bombay.

(Photograph by Rev- M. Maier, S.J.)

smaller, with fewer unequal scurfy branches and much smaller

flowers. Male flowers very numerous, about i inch long, oblong,

flesh-coloured, with reddish points; calyx cup-shaped, sepals

broad, imbricate; petals 8, coriaceous, striate, almost distinct ;

Pratt XLVIII.

JOURN. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Caryota Rumphiana, Mart,, in the Botanic Garden of Peradeniya,

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 35

stamens many, 17 according to Brandis, filaments very short,

united at the base; anthers linear, adnate, generally slightly

mucronate ; pollen ovate-lanceolate, l-or 3-plicate. Female flowers

at the time of expansion of the males, minute, rudimentary, not

developed until after the males of the same spadix have fallen off,

smaller than the males, not always solitary, but sometimes 2 or 3

together, or solitary with a scar of one male only ; sepals rounded,

with a brown intramarginal line, and ciliate edges ; petals 3, twice

as long as the sepals, valvate, coriaceous, brown; staminodes 3,

yellowish, tips glandular; ovary roundish ovate, with 3 obtuse

angles.

Fruit 4 inch in diameter, red’, surrounded at the base by the

perianth, depressed, rather round; epicarp brittle, sub-fibrous.

Seed globose ; albumen horny, ruminate ; embryo dorsal.

HasiraT.—Burma; from Arakan southwards ; Martaban ; Malay

Peninsula; Penang; Andaman Islands; Malay Archipelago.—

(De Kerchove de Denterghem’ says, that the original home of

Caryota sobolifera, Wall. (=C. mitis, Lour.) is Tibet and the

Malacca Peninsula. Has this palm ever been observed in Tibet ? )

InLusTRATION : PuaTE XLVII.—The photograph, supplied by

Major Gage, shows a clump of Caryota mitis, Lour., growing in the

Botanic Garden of Calcutta. If not disturbed by the gardener’s

knife, this palm will always form a thick compact tuft.

* INTRODUCED SPECIES.

CARYOTA RUMPHIANA, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III (1850) 195;

Blume Rumphia, IT, 140; Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. ITI, 40; Becc. Malesia I, 70;

Koorders Exkursionsfl. Java (1911) I, 237.—Caryota mazima, Blume in

Mart. 1. c. (1850) 195; Miq. 1. ¢. 39.—Caryota furfuracea B caudata BI.

Rumphia II, 136, tab. 163, C; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III, 39.—Caryota N6é,

Becce. in Nuovo Giornale Bot. Ital. III, 12.—Caryota Alberti, F. v. Muell.

in Wendl. et Drude, Palm. Austr. in Linnza (1875), 219.

Names.—Rumph’s Caryota, Albert Palm (English).

Suwangkung, Suwangkung gede, (Sunda Isl.), after Koorders.

Description.---A fine tree, growing more than 60 feet high.

Stem columnar, up to 12 feet in diameter, unarmed, not soboli-

ferous. Crown of leaves broad. Leaves doubly pinnate, 13-20

feet long ; leaflets very oblique, half fan-shaped, much plicate, up

to 14 feet long, only 2-3 inches broad at the base, thick-leathery

rigid, irregularly and obtusely toothed, the lower margin sometimes

produced into a long obtuse point, sometimes shorter than the

next fold.

Spikes often above 2 feetlong. Male flowers about 5 lines or

rather more. Stamens above 30.

1 Hooker describes the fruit as bluish black, Griffith as greenish red or red. Mr.

Burkill informs me that a specimen in his garden bears red fruits.

? Les Palmiers. Paris, 1878, p. 329.

86 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

Fruiting spadix up to 10 feet long. Fruit more or less spherical,

more than 1 inch in diameter.

HasiraT.— Western Java between 3,300 and 4,200 feet above

seain shady evergreen mixed forests (Koorders) ; Malay Archipe-

lago (New Guinea, Borneo, etc.); N. Australia.

ILLUSTRATION : PLaTE XULVIII.—The photograph, taken by

Mr. Macmillan, shows a fine specimen of Caryota Rumphiana

growing in the Botanic Garden of Peradeniya. This palm is much

more ornamental than the species described above. Unfortunately

it is very rare in Indian gardens.

ON A REMARKABLE NEW FREE-TAILED BAT FROM

SOUTHERN BOMBAY.

OLDFIELD ‘T'’HOMAS.

WITH A PLATE.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

Among the numerous mammals recently obtained by the col-

lectors employed by the Bombay Natural History Society, there

occur three specimens of a most remarkable and conspicuous new

Free-tailed bat, which Mr. Wroughton has been good enough to

refer to me for description.

The specimens, were obtained by Mr. 8S. H. Prater, assistant

in the Society’s Museum, in a large cave near Talewadi, about 25

miles north of Castle Rock, on the Ghats between Belgaum and

Goa. The cave contained large numbers of bats, most of which

proved to be Megaderms, but among them were three specimens

of the species here described.

I propose to call it :—

NYCTINOMUS WROUGHTONI, sp. n.

A large dark-coloured Nyctinomus, with large ears and a con-

spicuous patch of whitish across the shoulders.

Size very large, the forearm slightly exceeding in length that

of the largest previously known species, NV. martienssent, Matschie.

Fur fine and velvety, hairs of back about 3°5 mm. in length;

_ mostly limited to the trunk, but there is a patch of fur on the

anterior external base of the ears, a line of fur along the upper

and under sides of the forearm, a patch on the membrane between

the base of the fifth metacarpal and the forearm, and the base cf

the interfemoral is hairy; beneath, the fur of the body extends

outwards as far asa line joining the elbow and knee. General

colour above dark rich chocolate brown, with a strongly contrasted

greyish drabby-white mantle across the shoulders, the back behind

it also mixed with whitish. Under surface duller brown, the

lower side of neck greyish ; fur on under side of wing membrane

lighter than that of the body. Top of head dark glossy brown,

but minute patches of white present on the dorsal side of the

inner bases of the ears. lars very large, oval, rounded, connected

with each other at their inner base, inner margin convex, dotted

with a dozen or more small horny points, tip broadly rounded,

outer margin flattened above, evenly convex below ; no antitragus

present, but the extra lobe on the inner side of the conch, opposite

to the tragus, unusually well developed. Tragus practically

88 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

obsolete, minute, triangular, its height not more than half the

breadth of its base.

A small, shallow and inconspicuous gular sac present in the

male.

Skull long, smooth and rounded, in general shape not unlike

that of NV. teniotis; quite different from that of “ Cherephon ”’ ;

ridges much reduced, upper profile sinuate, a marked concavity

passing across the fronto-parietal suture; antero-external corners

of braincase unusually prominent ; upper side of zygomata with an

immensely developed postorbital plate, far exceeding that of any

other member of the family. Premaxillary region essentially of

the ‘“‘Cherephon’”’ type, the narrow notch between the pre-

maxillaries not reaching to the level of the hinder edge of the

incisor roots, and not communicating with the very small anterior

palatine foramina. Posterior edge of palate level with m’.

Distinct, deep, and sharply defined basisphenoid pits present, with

overhanging edges, and high mesial septum. Tympanics very

large, their antero-internal halves projected forwards nearly to the

pterygoids.

Teeth as in typical Nyctinomus. Small upper premolar in the

centre of the considerable space between the canine and large

premolar. M* normal, broad, with four well-marked cusps and

their connecting commissures. Lower incisors 4 in number.

Anterior lower premolar about half the height and nearly equalling

the area in cross section of the posterior premolar, from which it

is separated by a narrow space.

Dimensions of the type, the italicized measurements taken in

the flesh :—

Forearm 68mm.

Head and body 99mm.; tail 46; ear 33; third finger, metacarpus

66, first phalanx 25, second phalanx 47; fifth finger 62; lower leg

and hindfoot (c. u.) 32mm.

Skull, greatest leneth 25; basal length 21:7; zygomatic

breadth 13-7; intertemporal breadth 4:2; breadth of braincase

11-5; palatal length 9-2; front of canine to back of m* 9-2 ;

breadth between outer corners of m’* 9:3.

Hapitat.—Barapede Cave, near Talewadi, 8. India.

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc.

ag fon eek

Dare SS OAL 7p Sts No. /6

EA ee ee

Bs Ayer,

*e ALT. COLL. G/F

ce man

A REMARKABLE NEW FREE-TAILED BAT. 89

Type.—Adult female, B.M., Nos. 12, 11, 24, 1. Collected

15th October 1912 by S. H. Prater. Presented to the National

Museum by the Bombay Natural History Society.

This handsome bat forms one of the most showy and striking

discoveries of recent years, so far as Indian Mammalogy is con-

cerned, and it is with great pleasure that I attach to it the name

of my friend Mr. R. C. Wroughton, the prime-mover and manager

—at least at the English end—of the Bombay Society’s Mammal

Survey, and the author of the reports that have appeared on the

results. Mr. Wroughton’s keen co-operation in all the Mammal

work that has been done in the British Museum has been of the

greatest service to us, and his coming temporary absence will be

greatly felt by those who have been wont to rely with confidence

on his knowledge and labours for anything connected with either

Indian or African Mammalogy.

Nyctinomus wroughtoni as a species is readily distinguishable

by its great size, its strikingly contrasted coloration, its large ears

with aborted antitragus and by the various cranial and dental

peculiarities above enumerated.

In size, as gauged by the forearm, it is the largest of the genus

Nyctinomus, and of the Family Molosside is only exceeded by

Cheiromeles torquatus and Promops perotis and trumbulli. The

nearest approach to it in Myctinomus is made by NV. martiensseni,

Matschie, of German East Africa, which has a forearm of 66mm.,

somewhat similar coloration and similarly aborted antitragus.

Indeed when the cranial characters of this bat are known we may

find it is really the nearest ally of NV. wroughtoni, just as the Hast

African Yaphozous hildegardee is related to the Indian JT.

melanopogon.

But the most important feature about the discovery of N.

wroughtont is the upset it causes in the current grouping of the

bats which were formerly included in Nyctinomus, but which have

of recent years, notably by Miller, been divided into two genera,

Nyctinomus and ‘‘ Cherephon,”’ according to the characters of the

premaxille, those with these bones separated being put into

Nyctinomus and those with them undivided into ‘ Cheerephon.”’

It may first be noted that if this grouping were followed the

name of Cheerephon (1874) should be replaced by that of Mops,

(Lesson 1842), the type of the latter, Dysopes mops, F. Cuv., being

amember of “Cherephon,”’ with united premaxille and all the

other characters of the most typical members of that group.

But secondly the peculiarities of N. wroughtoni convince me that

this character of the premaxtiize is not here one of generic value,

for while the new species has the closed premaxille of Mops, all

its other characters are those of typical Nyctinomus, and it is

evident that either Nyctinomus and Mops must be united, or some

90 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX11,

other character found for their distinction. I may note also that alli

sorts of intergradations are found in the premaxille and that it is often:

almost impossible to decide whether a given specimen should be re-

ferred to one genus or the other by this character of the premaxille..

A typical Nyctinomus has a long, smooth, flattened skull, with

asinuate upper profile, aborted sagittal and reduced lambdoid.

crests, open premaxille, well spaced premolar region, palate

ending level with the last molar, and with normal, unreduced m*

provided with four cusps and their connecting commissures.

Looked at from its inner side such a tooth shows (above the inter-

nal lobe) two well developed main cusps side by side, the posterior:

often (as in N. wroughtonz) but little smaller than the anterior.

Of the Indian species NV. tragatus corresponds with this descrip-

tion in all respects, while, with the one exception of the pre-

maxille, N. wroughtont and N. plicatus are equally referable to-

the genus Nyctinomus.

On the other hand typical species of the Mops group have the:

premaxille closely united, the skull shortened, convex above, with

well developed sagittal and lambdoid crests, shortened premolar:

region, the large p' commonly almost or quite touching

the canine; and, most important of all, a reduced m’*, which is

compressed antero-posteriorly and has nearly or quite lost its.

posterior cusp and commissures.

Of Mops as thus defined the following are typical in all respects =

mops, miarensis, demonstrator and midas, while various others may be:

assigned to the genus on what I consider its most important char--

acter, the reduced m*, even when they diverge in other respects.

P. S.—February 1913.—Since writing the above I have been

able to make the more complete examination of the African

members of this group demanded for its proper arrangement into:

genera. As I expected, the character of the structure of the last

upper molar (m*) proves to be far more important than that of the

junction or separation of the premaxille, and may be used for the:

primary division of the group. The premaxille and other charac-.

ters are then available for a natural division into genera, of which

I should now recognize four, one, formed for Nychinomus wroughtona,

being new. ‘Their characters may be briefly put as follows :—

A.M’ complete, its ridges forming a Z of which the posterior

limb or commissure extends inwards as far as the

anterior angle.

a. Premaxille separated ... ... Nyctinomus, Geoff.

b. Premaxille united.

a. Basi-occipital pits well defined, with

overhanging edges.

A prominent vertical projec-

tion on zygoma. ... Otomops, g.n.

A REMARKABLE NEW FREE-TAILED BAT. 91

b.* Basi-occipital pits scarcely

defined. No projection on

zygoma ... ahs ... Cherephon, Dobs.

B. M* reduced, its posterior commissure

obsolete, or at most extending less

than half as far inwards as the

anterior angle.

Premaxillz open or closed fe .- +) Maps, less:

The chief species which fall into these several genera are as

follows :—

1. Nyctinomus

Indian species... tragatus.

African ... ... teniotis, aegyptiacus (type), afri-

canus, fulminans lobatus,

bocaget, brunneus, anchiatee,

cisturus.

All American and Australian species.

2. Otomops

‘indian’ ©... ... wroughtoni. (type).

PAs Calt oe ... martienssent.

3. Cheerephon—

Indian ... _... plicatus, johorensis. (type).

ATLA 1) a, ... bwittatus, and all pumilus group.

4. Mops—

linda) ... mops (type).

Auiricam\ 25 ... midas, miarensis, demonstrator,

angolensis, thersites, leonis,

brachypterus.

It will thus be seen that the striking new bat named after

Mr. Wroughton proves to represent a new genus, to which I should

also provisionally assign the African martiensseni. This new genus

is readily distinguishable by the obsolescence of the tragus and

antitragus, the peculiar shape of the skull, the projections on the

zygomata, the elongated ‘tympanics projecting forwards to touch

the pterygoids and the deep and partly covered in basi-phenoid pits

in addition to the combination of complete m* with united pre-

maxille which it shares with the otherwise very different

Cheerephon. .

lis alliance, as indicated in the earlier part of the paper, is, no

doubt, most close with true Nyctinomus, but its many peculiarities

amply justify its erection as a special genus.

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS

OF INDIA

(INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS

OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY).

Ron. ol. b Se

Pann Xo,

[Continued from page 1157 of Volume XX.)

Famity—PIERIDA,

92. Pieris brassice.— 5. Upperside: Creamy white with a somewhat

farinaceous appearance. Forewing: an irroration of black scales at base

and along costa for a short distance ; apex and termen above vein 2 more

or less broadly black, the inner margin of the black area with a regular

even curve; in one or two specimens a small, longitudinally narrow, black

spot in interspace 3. Hindwing: uniform, irrorated with black scales at

base, a large, black, subcostal spot before the apex and in a very few

specimens indications of black scaling on the termen anteriorly. Under-

side : forewing: white, slightly irrorated with black scales at base of cell

and along costa, apex light ochraceous brown ; a large, black spot in outer

half of interspace 1, and another quadrate, black spot at base of inter-

space 3. Hindwing light ochraceous brown closely irrorated with minute,

black scales ; the subcostal, black spot before the apex shows through

from the upperside. Antennz black, white at apex; head, thorax and

abdomen black, with some white hairs; beneath: whitish.— 9 . Upperside:

similar to that of the d, but the irroration of black scales at the bases of

the wings more extended ; the black area on apex and termen of forewing

broader, its inner margin less evenly curved ; a conspicuous large, black

spot in outer half of interspace 1, and another near base of interspace

3. On the hindwing the subcostal black spot before apex much larger,

more prominent. Underside: similar to that of the ¢ but the apex of the

forewing and the whole surface of the hindwing light ochraceous yellow,

not ochraceous brown; the black| discal spots on forewing much larger.

Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male. Expanse: 62-78 mm.

The larva and pupa of this butterfly do not seem to be known;

at least records are not available. The butterfly is said to have

* By mistake the block of Aporia agathon was given. as Fig. 21 on page 1133,

Vol. XXI, instead of that of Pierie brassice which is now reproduced.

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 93:

been caught at Umballa and other places in North India but it is

merely a struggler and hardly should come into these papers. It

is found in Europe; Northern and Central Asia; the Himalayas

from Chitral to Bhutan, up to 10,000 feet; descending in North-

West India to as low as Umballa (fide Land) as given by Colonel

Bingham.

93. Pieris canidia—¢. Upperside: white to pale cream-colour. Fore:

wing : base and basal portion of costa, and base and upper margin of cell

irrorated with black scales ; apex and terminal margin to about the middle,

decreasingly black, on the latter the black extended for a very short.

distance triangularly along the veins ; a round, black spot in inter-space 3.

Hind wing : a subcostal, black spot (as in P. rape, but generally larger and

more conspicuous) and a series of four or five terminal, black spots that

vary in size at the apices of the veins. Underside: fore wing white; cell.

and costa lightly irrorated with black scales; apex somewhat broadly

tinged with ochraceous yellow; interspaces 1, 3, and 5 with conspicuous,

subquadrate, black spots, the spot in interspace 1 sometimes extended into

interspace la, that in 5 ill-defined. Hind wing: from pale, almost white,

to dark ochraceous, thickly irrorated all over (with the exception of

longitudinal streaks in the cell, and in the darker specimens similar

longitudinal streaks in the interspaces) with black scales; costa above

vein 8 chrome-yellow. Antennz black with minute white specks ; the long

hairs on head and thorax greenish-grey; abdomen black; beneath: head,

thorax. and abdomen white.— ° .Upperside: similar to that of the ¢ but

the irroration of black scales more extended and prominent, the black on

the apex and termen of the fore wing and the black spots on the termen

of the hind wing broader, more extended inwards; on the fore wing there:

is an additional spot in the interspace 1, and both this and the spot in

interspace 3 in many specimens are connected bya line of black scales.

along the veins to the outer black border; also the spot in interspace 1

often extends across vein | into the interspace below. Underside: similar

to that in the g¢. Expanse: 32-60 mm.

Larva and Pupa.—The larva has not been described. Colonel Bingham

says of the pupa: “as represented in Mackinnon’s figure is a light ochrace-

ous brown with the wing-cases prominent, and with some tubercular

darker brown spines midway on the abdominal side.” This means that

the pupa is of the angulated type of Appias, as would be supposed from

those of its relations in Europe.

Habits.—The butterfly is altogether confined to the hills but

has been brought in here as it exists both in the Himalayas

and the hills of Southern India. It certainly does not exist

in the Bombay Presidency. Its distribution is the Himalayas

from Chitral to Sikhim and Bhutan from 2,000 to 11,000 feet;

the hills of Southern India; Assam; Upper Burma; the Shan

States; extending to China. Nothing is known to the author

of its habits.

94. Pieris glauconome.— ¢. Upperside: white. Fore wing: basal half of

costa narrowly irrorated with black scales; a broad, irregularly quadrate,.

black spot over the discocellulars ; apex and termen anteriorly above vein

3, broadly black, with a subterminal series of spots of the ground-colour,

prolonged as fine lines to the terminalmargin. Hind wing; uniform, the

markings on the underside showing faintly through; a costal spot before-

the apex indicated by irrorated black scaling ; a series of four, small, black,.

94 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

terminal spots at the apices of veins 3 to 6, the anterior three joined on

the inner side by black loops. Upperside: white. Fore wing: the form of

the markings as on the upperside, but the base of the cell with an irrora-

tion of green scales, the black, discocellular spot extended to the costa,

often washed with green or with a green centre to the black; an apical

green patch including the termen anteriorly which is broadly traversed by

short lines of white that extend to the terminal margin and are faintly

lined with yellow. Hind wing: white with the basal area dusky green with

large, pyriform spots of the ground-colour in cell and interspace 7; beyond

this a subterminal series of green loops continued along the veins to the

margin, leaving a broad, white, curved, discal band and a series of large,

white, terminal spots in the interspaces; the veins conspicuously lined with

yellow. Antennz ashy brown; head, thorax and abdomen whitish.— 9.

Upper and Undersides: similar to those of the ¢, but the markings larger

and more clearly defined. Expanse: 40-50 mm.

Larva.—Greenish yellow, with two longitudinal yellow bands and five

transverse lines of minute, black dots on each segment; head yellow-green

with black dots.

Pupa.—Brown ; head with a beak-like, curved process ; thorax somewhat

compressed, with a large tubercle on the ventral side and two smaller post-

erior tubercles on each side.

The descriptions of larva and pupa are from Colonel Bingham’s book.

The larva is probably like that of an Appias ; the pupa likewise as it has

the lateral points and the head-process.

Habits.—The author knows nothing about the butterfly except

that a few specimens were caught in Karachi in Sind. It is

certainly not common there. Its distribution is given as “ with-

in our limits recorded from the North-West of India, the Punjab

and Baluchistan. Found also in Arabia; Persia; the Pamirs ;

HKgypt and North Africa.”

95. Synchloe lucilla,— 3. Upperside: lemon-yellow ; base of wings irrora-

ted by black scales. Fore wing: discocellulars with a broad, short trans-

versely oblique bar that does not extend to the costal margin, apex

from above the apical third of the costa in a curve (angulate at middle) to

the tornus, black, traversed obliquely by a more or less obscure, maculate,

narrow band of ground-colour ; cillia yellow, alternated with black. Hind

wing: uniform immaculate. Underside: duller, paler yellow. Fore wing:

the black discocellular mark shorter, the apical, black area of the uprerside

showing through by transparency and irrorated with minute, black scales,

often an obscure, pink line along the costal and terminal margins ; the costa

towards apex with a series of small white spots, each spot inwardly defined

by a minute black dot. Hind wing: densely irrorated with black scales ; a

small, white discocellular spot and a series of white transverse spots along

the costal margin as in fore wing, but more distinct. Antennz yellowish

brown, head fuscous, collar pinkish, thorax fuscous, abdomen black on sides,

yellow beneath. ¢. Upperside: very pale sulphur-yellow. Fore wing:

black, markings as in the male but the discocellular bar broader and longer ;

the preapical, maculate band of the ground-colour in the black area more

distinct. Hind wing uniform,immaculate. Underside: ground-colour and

markings as in the male. Antenne, head and thorax, abdomen similar to

those of the male. HExpanse : 33-42 mm.

Habits.—Larva and pupa unknown, or at least not chronic-

led. The insect exists in the Punjab where it has been taken

at Cambellpore; Attock; Khairabad. Perhaps it should not

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 95

have been mentioned here. There is another species, S. daphalis,

Moore, from the Western Himalayas, Chitral, &c., in both sexes

of which the ground-colour is white.

96. Huphina nerissa.— Wet season brood— 3. Upperside: white,a greyish-

blue shade at base of wings and along the veins, due to the dark markings

on the underside that show through. Fore wing: veins black; apex and

termen black, the inner margin of that colour extended in an irregular

curve from middle of costa to base of terminal third of vein 4, thence con-

tinued obliquely outwards to the tornal angle; interspaces 6 and 9 with

short narrow greyish-white streaks of the ground-colour that stretch into

the black apical area but do not reach the margin; a short black, subter-

minal bar between veins 3 and 4 and another, less clearly defined, between

veins 1 and 2, Hind wing: veins 4to7 with outwardly-dilated, broad,

black edgings that coalesce sometimes and form an anterior, irregular,

black, terminal margin to the wing. Underside: fore wing: white, the veins

broadly margined on both sides by dusky black ; costal margin broadly and

apex suffused with yellow; subterminal black bars between veins 1 and 2

and 3 and 4 as on the upperside but less clearly defined. Hind wing:

entirely suffused with yellow, the veins diffusely bordered with black; a

more or less incomplete, subterminal series of dusky spots in interspaces 1

to 6; more often than not the spot in 5 entirely absent; a conspicuous

ehrome-yellow spot on the precostal area. Antenne black, obscurely

speckled with white ; head and thorax bluish grey ; abdomen dusky black ;

beneath : the palpi and abdomen white, the thorax yellow. © similar to

the g but very much darker. Upperside: veins more,broadly bordered with

black ; in many specimens only the following portions of the white ground

colour are apparent :—Fore wing: a broad streak in cell and beyond it a

discal series of streaks in interspaces 1 to 6, 9 and 10; the streak in inter-

spaces | and 3 very broadly interrupted by the transverse black bars ; that

in 6 more or less obsolescent. Hind wing: broad streak in cell, a discal

series of streaks in interspaces 2 to 7, and a posterior, more or less obsoles-

cent, subterminal series of greyish-white, double spots. Underside: similar

to that of the g, only the veins much more broadly margined with diffused

black scaling. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢.

Dry-season brood.— 3 Q : differ from the wet-season brood as follows :—

3S. Upperside: fore wing: the apical and terminal black area much restrict-

ed; veins concolorous; black, subterminal bars less clearly defined; the

lower one often obsolete. Hind wing: the black markings on the termen

represented by short triangular irrorations of black scales at the apices

chiefly of the anterior veins. Underside: asin the wet-season specimens,

but the yellow much paler and somewhat ochraceous in tint.— differs

less from the wet-season 9, but the black markings on both the upper and

undersides are narrower and less pronounced,‘and on the latter the yellow

suffusion is paler and ochraceous in tint. Expanse: 64-76 mm.

Variety phryne, Fabr.—Can be distinguished from the typical form as

follows :— ¢ Q. Invariably smaller. Wet-season brood—Upperside: fore wing:

in addition to the subterminal black bars between veins 1 and 2, and 3

and 4 another black bar above vein 5, that joins on to the black in the

apex and completely isolates the short, narrow, preapical streaks of the

ground-colour, that in the typical form are merely continuations of the

colour at the bases of the interspaces in which the streaks lie. Underside :

the above noted black markings or bars very conspicuous, especially between

veins 5 and 6. Hind wing: the subterminal transverse series of dusky

spots in the interspaces replaced by a nearly continuous prominent, dusky

black band, interrupted only in interspace 5.

96 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Dry-season brood— $2. Upperside : fore wing : the black on apex and

termen much restricted, the lower, subterminal black bar generally absent ;

the veins white, concolorous with the ground-colour, so that the bar

between veins 3 and 4 does not coalesce with the black on termen, In

the extreme dry-weather broods, this bar becomes obsolete. Hind wing:

uniform dead white, sometimes the apices of one or two of the anterior

veins with a little black scaling. Underside: the veins, except those that

limit the cell of the fore wing, not bordered with black; the suffusion of

yellow along costal margin, on apex of fore wing, and over the whole surface

of the hind wing pale yellow, with a tendency in the extreme dry-season

specimens to become almost white ; on the fore wing, the black, transverse

subterminal bars between veins | and 2, and 3 and 4 are sometimes indi-

cated by mere diffuse small patches of scales; at other times they are

absent. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen in both seasonal broods much

as in the typical form, but paler. Hxpanse: 44-56 mm.

Typical H. nerissa does not seem to have been bred; itis found in

Nepal, Sikhim, Bhutan, Bengal, Assam, Upper and Lower Burma, Tenas-

serim; also in Siam and China. There is a race or species called

H., lichenosa, Moore, inhabiting the Andamans which is distinguished from

Hi nerissa by the fact that the dusky black markings along the veins on

the underside of the hindwings occupy more of the area than the ground-

colour, while in nerissa, it occupies less.

The Bombay form of Huphina nerissa is phryne. It has been bred and

the history is as follows :—

Larva.—The first two stages are oily yellowish green with a black head,

all the tubercles prominent and comparatively large to what they become

later on.

Third stage.—Body cylindrical, ending somewhat narrowly at anal end

in two rounded knobs which bear longish white hairs, one on each side of

dorsal line. The head is round, as broad or slightly broader than segment

2, the surface rough with minute tubercles, each one bearing a brown or

white bristle-like hair, 2 or 4 tubercles on each lobe larger than rest and

bearing each a longer hair which points forwards and slightly down. The

surface of the body is transversely impressed, lined with 7 fine parallel lines

to each segment, each interval between every two lines having a single,

central row of minute white tubercles, each tubercle bearing a short hair

or bristle ; the main tubercles (one subdorsal, one dorsolateral and one

supraspiracular as usual ) being very little larger than others but bear each

a somewhat longer hair which often bears a globule of transparent, clear

liquid at its tip; the whole surface is, besides, clothed with extremely

minute, brown, erect hairs; the bristles on segment 2 perhaps longer than

on other segments ; a fringe of rather long, fine, white hairs all round the

body on the subspiracular and lateral ventral regions. Colour of body dark

green ; belly much lighter, grey-green.

Fifth stage.—Nearly the same as the 4th. Body cylindrical; anal segment

narrow behind, slightly thickened at extremity, the extremity being coarsely

bilobed, each lobe short, rounded. Head rounded, face somewhat flattened,

slightly less in diameter than segment 2; surface finely rough with many,

small, white, conical, glassy, setiferous tubercles which are most numerous

on the upper portion, the setze erect, brown; one, dorsolateral, longer than

rest, just below vertex of each lobe; lower part of face sparsely covered

with fine, white, erect setze. The surface of body is transversely lined as in

last stage, the intervals with a central row of small, white, conical tuber-

cles, bearing each a brown, short hair; whole surface covered with minute,

red-brown tubercles, each bearing a short brown bristle; subspiracular

regions set with long, fine, erect, white hairs forming a fringe round body,

eee. fre eee

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 97

the ones on knobs of anal segment slightly longest. Spiracles small, oval,

white with thin, shiny black margins. Colour of larva dark bluish green,

light greyish green on ventrum; true legs glassy green; prolegs yellowish

with wedge-shaped, lobed feet. L: 27mm; B: 4 mm.

Pupa.—Is of the agulated type of Appias (vide Pl. 1, fig. ). Head short,

as broad as segment 2 by which it is nearly completely hidden; produced

into a long snout in front, which snout is cylindrical, rounded at end,

slightly down-curved and rugose as to surface; eyes slightly prominent.

Segment 2 flat on dorsum, keeled in dorsal line and produced into two

sharp points, one subdorsal, on each side, which lie separated by a rounded

sinus, close together over the base of the snout. Thorax broader than

segment 2, the wings (lateral outline of pupa) run back from the shoulders

parallel to longitudinal axis of pupa and to each other as far as segment

6; the dorsal portion of thorax slopes up from the wings to a dorsal carina

occupying its whole length, the lateral outline of which is triangular, the

somewhat thickened apex being the highest part of pupa; the hinder margin

is straight on each side between dorsal line and wing, the two halves

meeting in a wide angle, the half on each side meeting the wing in a

rounded right angle. Segment 4 dorsally somewhat convex, short, also

slightly carinated in dorsal line. Segment 5 is dorsally flat, short. Seg-

ment 6 and the anterior half of segment 7 are dorsally quite flat and are

produced thinly laterally out over the wings into a ledge; this ledge is

continued thinly above spiracles to the cremaster along abdomen; this flat

part is bordered posteriorly by a slight, straight ridge across pupa at centre

of segment 7, the ridge being produced out at each end into a strong, re-

curved, angular tooth, the tooth being flattened above and below, its front

margin formed by the anterior margin of segment 7; the lateral ledge of

segment 6 is also toothed slightly but to a far less degree at the anterior

ecrners ; and there is small, rounded tooth besides, between these two, at

common margin of segments 6, 7 in the same plane. From the posterior

base of the large teeth the abdomen tapers off to the cremaster in converging

straight lines, the dorsal abdominal line being rather convexly curved and

slightly carinated, the carination rising into a small tooth at the anterior

margins of segments ; cremaster narrow, square at extremity, very shortly

bifid; the bead snout, abdominal, supraspiracular ledge and the ledge in

continuation anteriorily with a covering of very short, bristle-like hairs ;

surface of pupa besides is somewhat roughened by pitting with the excep-

tion of wings ; segment 4 with a somewhat raised, small, roughened, dorsal

patch. The wings are only slightly convex ventrally. Spiracles of segment

2 indicated by an oval, flat surface facing forward formed by the raising,

convexly, of a small portion of the front margin of segment 3 above the

hinder margin of segment 2; the rest rather large, oval, white, situated

below the ledge or segments 6, 7 and a yellowish line along abdomen.

Colour of body a darkish bluish green or grass-green, wings greenish white

as also ventrum of abdomen; segment 2 as well as top of snout whitey-

brown ; the carina of thorax the same whitey-brown with a fine, double,

black line along summit which is not continued anteriorly beyond apex;

carina of segment 4 similar in colour with similar black line; flat portions

of segments 6 and 7 whitey-brown ; the points of all teeth black ; a yellow,

supraspiracular, abdominal line along the narrow ledge. L: 20 mm.; L. of

snout 1-5 mm.; B: 7 mm. between points of teeth of segment 7; 4-5 mm. at

shoulders ; H: 5 mm. at apex of thorax.

Habits.—Huphing phryne is a very common butterfly in nearly

the whole of its range. The larve are easy to find wherever it

exists. The eggs are always laid singly anywhere upon the

98 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

foodplant, sometimes even on a dead stick close by it; a favour-

ite place is the top of a thorn. The caterpillar always lies in

the centre of the upperside of a leaf, of a young one when

very small, of an old one when full grown, clothing the surface

with a covering of glistening silk for its bed. The pupa is

formed on the upperside of a leaf, sometimes on the underside

also, upon a perpendicular surface as that of a tree-trunk or

stone, or anywhere else that is convenient. It is fixed firmly

by the tail to a pad made by the larva and the body-string is

short, so that the ventrum of the chrysalis touches the surface

of suspension. The perfect insect emerges in about ten days

and remains quiescent for several hours afterwards if left un-

disturbed. It is a fairly active butterfly once it gets on the

wing, flies fast and fairly strongly in, generally, a more or less

straight line, is fond of the sun and likes open spaces in the

vicinity, however, of vegetation. It is frequently found at flow-

ers, often rests on the ground or on the upperside of a leaf or

a blade of grass low down near the ground and hardly ever

rises any distance from the earth. When at rest the wings are

closed over the back, the front ones drawn into the hinder

ones; but sometimes it sits in the sun with them half open.

It is not difficult to catch with a net. The foodplants of the

larva are all capers and it has been bred upon Capparis sphylla,

O. sepiaria, O. heyneana, and C. horrda; it will probably eat any

caper. These foodplants being found in all sorts of country,

dry, wet, open, jungle-covered ; the butterfly also exists there.

It is distributed over the N. W. Himalayas, up to 4,000 feet ;

Nepal; Sikhim; Bhutan; Bengal; Central, Western and South-

ern India; Ceylon.

97. Huphina remba, Moore.— Wet-season brood.— 3. Upperside: ground

colour white. Forewing: outer half from the middle of costa obliquely, to

before the tornal angle, intense black, the base with a bluish shade. Hind-

wing: base, terminal margin broadly below vein 5 and costal margin above

vein 6, irrorated with black scales ; termen anteriorly from apex to vein 4

decreasingly black. Underside: white, costal margin and apex broadly

suffused with greenish-yellow ; a large, prominent, bright yellow, preapi-

cal spot, below which is a larger, black, irregular patch, angulated at,

and touching, the lower apex of cell. Hindwing: greenish-yellow, the

veins black; a dense irroration of scales across the middle of wing, its

anterior margins sharply defined and extended from costa through cell to

vein 1; the lower discal and tornal areas less densely covered with the

irrorated black scaling ; a bright, greenish-yellow, irregular spot in middle

of interspace 6. Antennz dark brown ; head and thorax anteriorly with

greenish-yellow pile; thorax medially and posteriorly with long, bluish-grey

hairs ; abdomen black ; beneath: palpi and thorax yellow, abdomen white.

Q. Upperside: dark brownish black. Forewing: base of cell and upper

basal half of interspace 1 white, densely irrorated with black scales ; the

apical half of cell, base of interspace 3, basal two-thirds of interspace 2,4

subterminal, large, round spot in interspace land a pretornal, short stripe

on the dorsum, white. Hindwing: a more or less triangular, central area

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 99

white, its lower margin abruptly transverse, its base and posterior half

irrorated with black scales. Underside: much as in the male, but on the

forewing the dusky, purplish-black patch below the preapical, yellow spot

larger and more prominent. On the hindwing the dark, irregular, discal

area alsomore prominent. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the

male.

Dry-season brood.— $. Upperside: similar to that of the male of the wet.

season brood, but the black area on the forewing much restricted so that

it occupies little more than the apical third instead of the apical half of the

wing. On the hindwing the terminal black edging much narrower.

Underside: forewing: white; the costal margin and apex broadly dull

ochraceous with a yellow tint, this colour on the apex margined on its

inner side by an irregular dusky, blackish, subtriangular patch. Hindwing ;

dull ochraceous with a yellow tint as on the costa and apex of the forewing;

an irregular transverse dusky discal band that does not reach the costa

or the dorsum, somewhat sparsely irrorated with black scales.— 92. Similar

to the male but darker, the black markings on both fore and hind wings on

the upperside similar but slightly broader ; on the underside all the mark-

ings paler and duller than in the male. Expanse: 52-62mm.

This is a more or less variable insect. Ceylon specimens differ in the

relative width of the black markings and in the general paleness and

dull tint of the greenish-yellow on the underside; these Moore has

separated off as cinyala. Colonel Bingham writes the above and considers

this species as a race of H. nadina,Lucas. He also mentions H. anda-

mana from the Andamans, a much blacker insect than any of these, as

another race.

Egg.—Spindle-shaped, truncated at base where fixed; with 12 longi-

tudinal ridges, every two anastomosing before apex and ending together

in a single small tooth, the teeth forming a small ring round the top of

egs. Surface shiny. L: 1:25 mm.; B: *30 mm. Colour light yellow mottled

with rosy red.

Larva.—Cylindrical, narrowing to the anal end, very slightly to head ;

the anal segment ending squarely, slightly indented in centre of terminal

margin. Head round, very nearly the same diameter as segment 2, the

surface covered with some white tubercles and longish, white hairs. Sur-

face of body as in H. phryne; a fringe of fine, rather long, white hairs along

the subspiracular and lateral ventral region; covered all over with small,

white tubercles, each bearing a short hair. L.32 mm.;B:4mm. The

larva is very like that of H. phryne.

Pupa.—tLike that of H. phryne. Head quadrate, previded with a long, por-

tect beak, slightly down-curved; this beak consists of two parts : one, the

basal, cylindrical with the end triangularly cut out from which end the top

piece, also cylindrical, springs and ends in a rounded extremity. The

front margin of segment 2 is produced forwards into a subdorsal, small point

on each side these points separated by a narrow sinus at base and ending

over base of snout. Thorax quadrate seen from above, broader than pupa at

segment 2, highly carinated in dorsal line and with a small tubercular point

on each shoulder.. The dorsa of segments 6 and 7 are flat as in H. phryne

and dilated into a ledge that overhangs the wings and a ridge running

along centre of segment 7 at right angles to pupal length ends in a sharp

tooth in the same way, the flat portion is limited in front by the anterior

margin of segment 6 where the ledge is also produced out laterally into a

smaller, sharp tooth. Segment 4 is short and carinated in dorsal line.

Segment 5 is flattened on dorsum. The abdomen is carinated in dorsal

line behind segment 7, gradually decreases to cremaster in width and is

somewhat laterally compressed ; the carina is toothed on segments 8, 10, 11.

100 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1I.

Colour of pupa is green or brownish green, the flat dorsal portions yellow

or brown as are the vertex of head and the snout; the carina of thorax is

tipped with brown and a thin black line runs from hinder margin up to the

apex along its top (the carina is triangular from lateral view as the apex

is angled) ; teeth of abdomen white, tipped with black; ventrally the promi-

nent eyes and the somewhat bulged wings are light green. L: 17°5 to 20

mm; B: 7 mm. between the points of teeth of segment 7; 4°5 mm. at

shoulders ; in fact the same measurements as H. phryne.

Habits.—The egg is laid on a thorn, on-a leaf, anywhere on

the plant; the larva eats the young leaves at first and les in

the middle of a leaf, always on the upperside along the midrib,

clothing the surface with silk. The pupa is formed on a leaf

either on the upper or underside, on a branch, a stone or a

tree-stem, pretty nearly anywhere; the tail-fixing is strong and

the body-string short. The egg is laid in a shady place in the

underwood and the larva avoids the sun. The butterfly is confined

tothe hills and regions of heavy rainfall but is plentiful where

it occurs, especially in the monsoon months. It will be found

allalong the Western Ghats in Bombay. It is very active and

somewhat devious in its line of flight, keeping a good deal to

the thick underwood in the large jungles. It does not frequent

flowers very much and. rests on leaves but rarely in open places

so that it is not easy to catch. It is found mostly in the ever-

green jungles and does not rise to any great height from the

ground. The resting position is the same as for H. phryne. The

foodplant of the larva is Capparis heyneana, C. moon, OC. rou-

burghii; all the capers, in fact, that are found in its habitat. The

egos are laid generally low down on the plant, rarely at any

height from the ground. The insect is limited in its distribution

to Southern India and Ceylon.

(To be continued ).

101

TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA (NEAR BOMBAY,

IN GUJERAT AND BANGALORE) COLLECTED

BY Dr. J. ASSMUTH, S.J.

Nits HOLMGREN (STOCKHOLM).

Pan

(With Plates H, f, G.)

(Continued from page 793, Vol. X XT.)

I have again received two consignments of termites (43 tubes

in all) from Dr. Assmuth to work them out for publication in the

Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, the one coming

from Bombay, Hubli, Bangalore, and Krishnarajapuram, the other

from Borivli (near Bombay), and the province of Gujerat (Anand,

Godhra, Vadtal, Tuwa).

Hubli is situated in 15°-20' N. and 75°-9' E., 2,500 feet above the

level of the sea, and about 470 km. south of Bombay.

Bangalore is situated in 12°-58' N. and 77°-35' E., 3,500 feet

above the level of the sea, and 850 km. south of Bombay.

Krishnarajapuram is the first station after Bangalore on the line

Bangalore-Madras, about 13 km. east of Bangalore.

The province of Gujerat is for the greater part lowland ; thus

Anand is but 135 feet above the level of the sea and the elevation of

the other places in Gujerat mentioned above is more or less the same.

The greater portion of the province is cultivated land (‘‘ the garden

of India’), jungle occurs but sporadically (e. g., between Godhra and

Tuwa). Anand, one of the most important places in the Kaira

District, is situated in 22°-33' N. and 72°-58' K., 435 km. almost

directly north of Bombay, Vadtal (Wartal) is nearly 15 km.

north-west of Anand, Tuwa about 70 km. and Godhra 80 km.

east of the same place.

The special value of both collections consists in this that they

are the first more extensive ones from the said parts of India. Our

knowledge of Indian termites was up to now based on collections

made in Bombay and its environments, in the Wallon district, in

Sind, and near Madras. From Bangalore I had so far seen only

one species (Odontotermes bangalorensis), and from Gujerat none at

all were known.

The Gujerat collection was rather poor; this was due to the

remarkable drought of 1910 and 1911 which had forced the

termites to repair to greater depths in the soil. In spite of this,

Assmuth was able to procure no less than 16 tubes from there.

102 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

The Bangalore collection is much richer ; it is specially valuable

on account of the detailed collecting notes referring to the single

nests. The same is true of the Gujerat collection.

The two collections contain the following species :—

PROTERMITIDA : Calotermes (Neotermes) Assmuthi, n. sp., from

Bangalore.

MESOTERMITIDA : Leucotermes indicola, Wasm., from Borivli.

Coptotermes parvulus, n. sp., from Anand and

Vadtal.

METATERMITIDE : Odontotermes obesus, Ramb., from Borivli,

Godhra, Vadtal, Anand, and

Tuwa.

" bangalorensis, Holmgr., from

Hubli, Bangalore, and Krish-

narajapuram.

is wallonensis, Wasm., from Bene

galore, Krishn: arajapuram,

and Tuwa.

Re Fee, Wasm., from Bombay

and Borivli.

a Assmuthi, n. sp., from Borivli.

Microtermes anandi, n. sp., from Anand.

Hremotermes paradowalis, n. sp., from Banga-

lore.

Microcerotermes tenuignathus, n. sp., from

Tuwa.

In addition to the species just mentioned, I propose to discuss

two forms of Microtermes belonging to the East Indian fauna, viz.,

M. incertoides, n. sp., and M. anundi f. curvignathus. The former of

these was reported by Wasmann as M. incertus from Wallon, while

the latter which had been sent to me by Assmuth on a former

occasion (cf. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. XXI, No. 3), had

been considered by me as belonging possibly to the same species

(M. incertus).”

Fam. PROTERMITIDAZ, Holmer.

Calotermes (Neotermes) Assmuthi, n. sp.

Imaco.—Very close to C. Greent from Ceylon, but somewhat

bigger, with broader pronotum, a little larger facetted eyes and

ocelli, 3rd joint of antennz a trifle longer than 2nd, 4th shorter

than 2nd.

Length with wings ... Boe, deans cay an

os a Wa OMG 4.5, see Uoeuehae

+ Assmuth wishes to thank all who have helped him in his work, sqnsenle the

Fathers of the Catholic Mission in Gujerat and the Sisters of the Good Shepherd in

Bangalore who generously gave permission to examine all nests on their grounds.

TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 103

Length of fore wings ... be) , am.

Breadth of head “oe replies eB es

Oh PROM OnUMs . Sect Leon ee

Length of . SRM acts wee

SOLDIER. Oe eilen than that ue C. Gr een.

Head relatively longer and thinner than that of OC. Greent, just

beyond the middle slightly constricted so that the posterior part of

the head is somewhat narrower than the anterior. Mandible

larger than that of Greeni. Inner teeth of left mandible stronger

than with Greent. Antenne same as in Greent.

Pronotum broader than head, much shorter than half jts width,

posterior margin distinctly excavated in the middle.

Length of body ... ... 9°59-9°8 mm.

Head with mandibles... 4°6-4°85_,,

= without ,, 2 OOS 12). 4,

Width of head ae 98-2-05) 0:

of pronotum Bae AU ee 3

Length of fs 1-08-95 ,,

W ORKER.—

Length of body yas Jeera) Woaaniiale

Width of head wee dis On iti,

of pronotum ... ATED) Oa

Geog graphical Distribution. —Hast India: Bangalore.

Collector’s Report :-—

BANGALORE, 8-11-1911.—‘ Termites in dry trunk of tree in

garden of Convent of the Good Shepherd. Few soldiers in pro-

portion to workers. Tunnels built irregularly in wood and these,

strange to say, altogether without inner lining of earthy RECT

as is usually the case with termites.” (Assmuth.)—The said

lining of tunnels is very often wanting with Calotermes, a species

frequently found even on live trees.

Fam. MESOTERMITIDAZ, Holmer.

Subfam. LEUCOTERMITIN Ai, Holmer.

Gen. LEUCOTERMES, Silv.

Leucotermes indicola, Wasm.

A couple of workers which are of a strikingly dark colour, are

present.

Locality.—Borivli, near Bombay.

Collector’s Report :—

BoRIvii JUNGLE (SAaLseTTE IsLanp), 13-12-1911.—“ In pillars of

mound of Odontotermes obesus, in middle of nest, quite close to

royal cell. ’ (Assmuth,)

104 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1I,

Subfam. COPTOTERMITIN 41, Holmer.

Gen. COPTOTERMES, Silv.

Coptotermes parvulus, 0. sp.

Imaco.—Not known.

Souprer.—Closest to C. travians, Hav. ; on an average however

smaller, with relatively shorter and broader head. Submentum in

the middle considerably constricted.

Length of body ... ies 3°5-4 mm.

Head with mandibles Pai /O-1- 98a hs

» Without Be Pel B= Dos.

Width of head — See OGH1e 1 ae

,, of pronotum to 68-42 ame

WorkKER.—Similar to that of C. travians, but with broader head

and narrower pronotum.

Length of body ee .. 3&3 mm.

Width of head bd at Ale OOnetaes

of pronotum ... 57

Geographical Distr tbution.—Guyjerat : Anand and Vadtal.

Collector’s Report :---

ANAND, 21-12-1911.—* Termites on trunk of tree, in tunnels like

those of No. 127 (Odontotermes Assmuthi, n. sp.). Nest itself at foot

of tree among roots, inaccessible. ’ (Assmuth.)

VapraL, 31-12-1911.— In tunnels in dry fire-wood. The

tunnels of these termites were for the most part simply cut in the

wood just below the bark ; no inner lining (of earthy material) to be

seen.’ (Assmuth.)--Some Ooptotermes dwell in live trees ; these

species do not line their galleries.

Note.—This species is well separated from the Bombay form,

C. Heimi Wasm., but is rather close to the Indo-Chinese C. travians,

Hav.

Fam. METATERMITIDA:, Holmer.

TERMES SECTION.

Gen. ODONTOTERMEHES, Holmer.

Odontotermes obesus, Ramb. -

Specimens from Bombay, Anand, Godhra, Vadtal, and Tuwa are

present.

The soldiers vary rather considerably in size, as previously stated.

Collector’s Report :—

Borivui JuNGLE, 13-12-1911.—“ Typical hillock-nest. Royal cell

in middle of mound, slightly higher than surrounding ground. 1

king and 1 queen taken. Nest abounding i in guests : though hardly

JouRN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats H.

Fig. 2.—Fungus beds of Odontotermes bengalensis Holmer.

Fig. 3.—Mound of Odontotermes bengalensis Holmgr., more than 8 feet high.

TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA.

TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 105

one-third of fungus beds examined, yet more than 550 guests

taken.’ (Assmuth).

GopHra, 28-12-1911.—* Termites on trunk of tree in covered

galleries. No trace of nest rising above ground to be seen, but

underground between roots of tree several holes with small bits of

fungus-beds found.” (Assmuth.)—This is the first time when

Assmuth saw fungus-growing termites in galleries on tree. It

seems, however, not to be quite so rare an occurrence, for I previ-

ously received such termites from Ceylon, Malacca, and Java.

Fungus-growing termites are met with as noxious insects on india-

rubber trees in Java as well as Malacca (DANNEMANN, VON BurTEL-

-REEPEN). Moreover, Odontotermes Assmuthi described below, is un-

doubtedly a fungus-grower, yet the specimens were collected in

galleries on a tree.

GopHra, 28-12-1911.—‘“ In dry cow-dung hollowed out by

termites.’ (Assmuth.)

GopHra, 28-12-1911.—Tall mound abandoned by termites.

Fungus-beds found only in portion of nest below level of surround-

ing ground. ‘ There big hole divided into chambers by thin par-

titions like folding screens ; I looked in vain for some definite plan

in arrangement of chambers in which fungus-beds were stored. ”

(Assmuth.)—Build of nest same as in O. bangalorensis.

VapTaL, 31-12-1911.—In logs of fire-wood ; tunnels coated ik

earthy material.

Awnanp, 4-1-1912.—*: Nest under well developed shrub in Cactus

hedge, by side of foot-path. No overground structure, which seems

to be wanting everywhere in cultivated districts of Gujerat. That

such is really the case I have repeatedly been told by persons well

acquainted with the country. (See also Haviland. Observations

on Termites, Linn. Journ. Zool. Vol. XXVII, p. 368, “.... the

appearance and shape of the nests are much modified by conditions ;

thus the mound-builders can live without a mound in cultivated

ground, where mounds are not permitted.’’) Fungus beds under-

ground from about 2 feet downwards. Guests the same as with

Odontotermes obesus generally. Shrub as well as Cactus above the

nest covered with galleries and extensive coatings of earthy mate-

rial, under which surface of bark had been gnawed by termites. ”’

(Assmuth.)

Tuwa, 4-1-1912.—“In galleries of earthy material, on pipul

tree. ’’ (Assmuth.)

Tuwa, 4-1-1912.—‘In half dried cow-dung, hollowed out by

termites. ’’ (Assmuth.)

Odontotermes bangalorensis, Holmer. (nec bengalensis, Holmgr).

Imaco.—Very similar to O. Redemanni from Ceylon, but much

lighter in colour: yellowish brown to pale yellow. ‘T-shaped mark

of the pronotum broader ; light-coloured parts otherwise about the

106 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

same. Wings slightly yellow or completely hyaline, with faint

yellowish ‘‘subcostal line”’. Basal portion of clypeus hairless in

the middle . [For the rest, hair somewhat shorter.

Structure of body as in Redemanni. Last third of mediana

(towards tip of wing’) divided.

Length with wings 29-30 mm.

sy) Aimelavoruiin ste 13

5 Of fore-wings 24

» head 2°93

Bresduhh sie) 2:93 ,,

i » pronotum 2:47 ,,

Length ,, x QOS s

(JUEEN.—Sides of abdomen pigmented.

SOLDIER.—Very similar to those of O. obesus and Redemanni,

differing only in size.

Length of body 3°8-4: mm.

Head with mandibles 1:75-1:79

Se witout. O31 ey y

Width of head OO Oe Mae

as of pronotum ‘76 +

Big WorKER.—As in O. obesus and Redemanna.

Length of body 3°8 mm.

Width of head ISS» 5

Sy OLE jOrRonavoymu mea 7(Oye ee

SMALL WoORKER.—

Length of body 3-4 mm.

Width of head IS AN Pi

Ds as ROROvUMAN art

Geographical Distribution.—Bangalore, Krishnarajapuram, Hubli.

Collector’s Report :—

BANGALORE, 4-11-1911.—“ Nest lying by itself in garden of

Good Shepherd Convent. Solid superstructure, rather smooth,

not showing the slightest external aperture. Mound broad at base,

tapering towards top, and ending in a few separate massive

pointed peaks ; total height 4'-2''". No fungus-beds whatever had

been constructed in overground portion of nest; they began only

level with the surrounding ground and continued downwards for

a considerable depth. King and queen (the latter rather thick but

only 6 cm.long) in cell almost at bottom of superstructure, 1.e.,

nearly level with surrounding ground, in centre of nest. In block

of red soil containing royal cell no chambers, neither for eggs nor

larvas, only some widened galleries (see photo 1). Strikingly

great number of soldiers in royal cell. The bite of the soldiers. -

is not excessive, but their secretion stains very strongly.

JourN. BomBay Nav. Hist. Soc. Puate F.

Fig. 4.—Low, but rather broad, mound of Odontotermes bengalensis Holmer.

Fig. 6.—Fungus beds of Odontotermes bengalensis Fig. 7.—Fungus beds of Odontotermes wallonensis |

Holmer. with remarkable indentations. Wasm.

TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA.

TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 107

Fungus-beds (photo 2) separated from each other by thin layer

of earthy material forming a sort of loose cover surrounding the

different lumps, after the manner of a folding screen. Fungus-

beds of this species, therefore, not in excavated hollows of ground

as with O. obesus and other kinds. The space below overground

structure of nest’ in question was but a single big hole which

had its roof supported by some few fairly strong pillars of red soil

and was divided by thin partition walls, into a great many irregu-

larly arranged smaller compartments. Overground mound to

all appearance merely the accumulation of earthy material (rendered

extremely hard by secretions) brought up by termites from below

when widening the underground portion of nest.

The tallest mounds I have so far seen belong to this kind. At

Krishnarajapuram I measured one about 7, and another more than

8 feet high (photo 3).” (Assmuth.)

BANGALORE, 11-10 and 2-11-1911.—* Nest in enclosure in front

of Convent of the Good Shepherd. Mound leaning against wall,

several feet distant from a big tree. At first only some fungus-beds

examined from upper portion of nest, later on whole nest dug out.

Rather extensive but not very high overground structure crowned by

blunt peaks (photo 4). Outside appearance of mound more like that

observed at Kirkee (O. brunneus); peaks, however, not perforated

like those of the just mentioned species, nor smooth and turret-like

as at Khandala (0. obesus), but with rough and warty surface." As

many as siz queens yet only one king taken. All the queens some-

what smaller in size and less bulky than common fullgrown

specimens of this kind, their length being hardly 6 cm.; king, on

the other hand, more powerfully developed than usual. Groundfloor

of royal cell exceptionally large, 20°5 x 25 cm., with very many

small holes for passage of termites. In the clodof earth containing

royal cell, a number of egg—as well as nursery-chambers.”’

(Assmuth.)

Assmuth’s observation that egg and nursery-chambers (‘“ Ki-und

Brutkammern”’) are arranged round the royal cell, is of great inte-

rest ; it perfectly agrees with my view, viz., that the typical nursery

zone which is of common occurrence, v.g., in the Syntermes series, is

likewise found with the different species of Termes and Odonioter-

mes. The zone is, however, in the majority of cases rudimentary

in the Yermes-series since its importance has been lessened by the

fungus-beds which largely serve as nursery quarters (against

Escherich, Termitenleben auf Ceylon).

BANGALORE, 28-10-1911.—*‘ Mound built against garden wall

1 Tt would be interesting to know whether the roughness of the surface was not

perhaps due to repairs consequent upon partial destruction of the mound; for in

such cases rough and warty surfaces of nests are observed also with other species.

This would, at the same time, well account for the different form of the nest.

108 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

of St. Martha’s Hospital ; construction same as preceding one, but

nest bigger and overground structure higher. 1 king and 1 queen

(the latter 7-5 cm. long) taken, 1-2 feet below level of surround-

ing ground. Hgg—as wellas nursery-chambers in clod of earth

containing royal cell (photo 5).” (Assmuth.)

BaNnGAaLorE, 30-10-1911.—“ Nest lying by itselfin grass-grown

part of garden of St. Martha’s Hospital. Neither mound, nor

cupola, turret or the like visible. The only sign that made me

suspect presence of termites, was a portion of ground which in the

midst of a luxuriant growth of grass was absolutely bare.. Further

examination of this area showed several well marked, clay-brown

spots, of the size of a saucer to a plate, the surface of which was

conspicuously smooth, very slightly convex, and perforated all over.

All these sieve-like patches proved to be the outer coverings of under-

ground tubes which led downwards either perpendicularly or more

or less obliquely, growing gradually broader towards their base

like sugar-loaves; their depth varied from 1-4.' Fungus-beds

had been constructed at the base of all the tubes, the biggest of

them in central tube having the comparatively enormous height

of 2’. Nearly all the fungus-beds showed laterally curious, deep

indentations (photo 6). Royal cell about 3' underground.”

(Assmuth.)—The strange outer structure of this nest was probably

due to its being situated on cultivated ground which would

naturally bring about the repeated destruction of any mound

raised above ground.

BANGALORE, 20-10-1911.—<“ Nest with open chimneys if I am

not mistaken (workmen had already destroyed upper part of nest

when I arrived). Small nest; fungus-beds 2-3’ below ground.”

(Assmuth.)

BaNGALorE, 23-10-1911.—‘“‘Termites coming probably from

underground nest; they had during night covered with friable

crust of red soil and eaten up dry leaves and bits of wood. Galleries

built round about foot of big tree on road outside garden of

St. Martha’s Hospital.” (Assmuth.)

BANGALORE, 27-10-1911.—‘ Nest under small parapet of bridge

built of masonry work, by side of dry drain in garden of

St. Martha’s Hospital. Build of mound same as in nests examined

11-10 and 2-11-1911. Small nest. 1 king and 1 queen taken

in royal cell about 2’ underground.” (Assmuth.)

Husu, 7-10-1911.—“ Low mound with open chimneys if I

remember right. Stopped only a couple of hours at this station ;

therefore no time to dig up whole nest, could take but a small

number of termites from upper portion of it.”” (Assmuth.)

KRISHNARAJAPURAM, 7-11-1911.—‘‘ Termites in mound, the

common superstructure of which was scarcely more than 1-2’ high ;

on it were raised many, in all about 30, blunt cones projecting

TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 109

more or less 1 foot above surface. Outside of cones not smooth but

warty. Took only a few fungus-beds out of nest.’” (Assmuth.)

KRISHNARAJAPURAM, 7-11-1911.—‘ Construction of nest same

as that examined, 4-11-1911, but mound very low, hardly more

than 1 foot high. Whole nest taken out; in it 1 young queen

(3:5 em. long, with slender abdomen) but 2 kings which is, I

believe, quite remarkable ; it is certainly the first and only experi-

ence of this sort I ever had. Not more than two separate fungus-

beds in nest, neither of them big but both containing numerous.

egos.” (Assmuth.)

Odontotermes wallonensis, Wasm.

Habitat.—Tuwa (Gujerat), Bangalore, Krishnarajapuram.

Collector’s Report :—

Tuwa, 4-1-1912.—‘ Mound fully 4' high, leaning against

small babul tree or rather built round its trunk. Nest similar to.

those of O. brunneus yet cupolas not so regular nor perforated, but

solid. King and queen (the latter about 8-25 cm. long, the

longest I have so far seen) found, curious to say, 2' above ground..

Perhaps originally in this place a heap of mud or earth on which

the pair alighted after the flight from the parent colony, thus

giving rise to the unusual position of the royal cell. Overground

portion of mound almost completely desiccated, only royal cell

and its near surroundings still moist. In consequence of this,

fungus-beds (photo 7) of mantle region nearly all deserted; the

larvas had been taken down to lower portions of nest where they

were found in great numbers. The reason for this strange occur-.

rence is, | believe, to be found in the fact that the rainy season

of last year (1911) was very poor in Gujerat. I experienced a

similar state of things in nearly all the nests I saw in this pro-

vince; their mantle was much decayed, and the upper portion

of the mound was more or less abandoned by the termites which

had withdrawn to the deeper and damper parts of the nest.’”

(Assmuth.)—The drought seems to explain sufficiently the abnor-

mal structure of this nest as compared with others of the same

species.

BANGALORE, 30-10-1911.—*“ Nest with open chimneys, lying by

itself in garden of St. Martha’s Hospital, surrounded on all sides:

by high grass, but upper portion of nest quite bare (photo 8).

Measured depth of one of the chimneys which reached as far as 4’

below ground ; lumen of mouth of chimney 10-12 cm. in diameter;:

chimney extending nearly vertically downwards. 1 king and 1

queen (the latter 7-5 cm. long, several workers as well as soldiers

fastened to her abdomen by their mandibles) taken in cell more

than 2’ below ground. These are the fiercest termites I have so

far come across in India: their bite drew blood.’ (Assmuth.)

110 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

BANGALORE, 20-10-1911.—‘“ Nest with typical open chimneys

(photo 9) in garden of Convent of the Good Shepherd. 2 kings and

2 queens in royal cell about 2' below surface. Here, as in all

nests with open chimneys observed in Bangalore city, a common

overground mound was scarcely apparent. The cause of this is

in all probability the repeated destruction of the superstructure of

nests which are undesirable in gardens; in the open country,

however, the nests have well defined (2-3' high) overground

mounds with projecting chimneys (photo 10).” | (Assmuth.)

BANGALORE, 25-10-1911.—Nest as above. ‘Round about royal

cell, in hard block of soil, numerous small chambers with eggs and

larvas. ’ (Assmuth.)

KRISHNARAJAPURAM, 6-11-1911.—‘“ Termites in tunnels and

galleries constructed on surface of ground over dry wood and

leaves.” (Assmuth.)

Note. —This species has been identified by comparison with a

type specimen from Wasmann’s collection. Though the latter is

not yet quite fully coloured and consequently appears somewhat

lighter as well as smaller than Assmuth’s specimens, still in all

other respects they are both so strikingly alike that I take the

identification to be correct. Nevertheless, to settle this point

beyond all doubt it would be necessary to make a close study of

the respective imagos.

WASMANN considers wallonensis to be a subspecies of O. obesus.

I cannot agree with him in this but am more inclined to group

O. wallonensis together with O. brunneus ; the former might in my

opinion be taken as a subspecies of the latter rather than of obesus.

This view is confirmed by the structure of the nest of both types

(wallonensis and brunneus).

Odontotermes Few, Wasm.

Habitat.—The species was taken in Bombay and surroundings:

St. Xavier’s College grounds, Borivli, Khandala.

Collector’s Report :—

Bompay, 20-11-1911.—* Termites taken in garden of our

College. ‘The imagos were just swarming from their nest, at 6°30

p-m., about sunset. On a space of 4-5 m. in diameter I observed

from 15-20 holes in the surface of the ground, to all appearances

newly opened, the biggest of them about as large as a shilling

piece. I had so far not had the slightest idea that at this parti-

cular spot a termite nest was to be found; there had been nothing

to indicate its presence: the ground was perfectly smooth, and no

trace of a mound or any other superstructure was to be noticed.

Now I saw the whole area teeming with termites and, strange to

say, apart from the winged individuals, they were exclusively

—

JourN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PLATE

Fig. 10.—High mound of Odontotermes wallonensis Wasm., with ‘“ chimneys.”

TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA,

TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 111

workers moving actively about in all directions. l[mago after

imago emerged in close succession from the holes; after running

about for a very short time, they took wing and disappeared in a

westerly direction following, I believe, the drift of the breeze.

Towards 7-15 o’clock the number of imagos coming out of the

openings grew gradually smaller, at last it stopped altogether and

the workers began to return into the holes; at 7-25 they started

closing the apertures. Shortly before this the soldiers, not a

single one of which—as stated above—had till then been noticed

‘in spite of the most careful search, had made their appearance. A

good many of them were to be seen in every hole, lining the

circular opening, and protruding their heads just above its margin

without, however, coming out completely. The workers wedged

their way through them and by and by covered up the mouths of

the different tunnels with thin convex lids of earthy material.

Towards 7-30 all was over: the termites had disappeared and. all

the holes were closed. It had become quite dark by this time ;

the last part of the observations had to be made by lamplight.”

(Assmuth.)

Note.—There are males as well as females among the winged

individuals taken from this nest, a clear proof that the swarming

of the two sexes takes place simultaneously. It goes without

saying that inbreeding is thereby greatly favoured.

The fact that this species of termites closes the nest-openings

with a convex cover, is interesting because the South American

Hutermes do the same when walling up the exits of their dwellings.

The nests of the latter often present a warty surface after the

swarming of the imagos, a peculiarity brought about by the mode of

closing the openings ; later on, when dry, the surface appears quite

flat. Had the coverings been made level at the very outset, they

would burst during the process of drying.

Kauanpaua, 22-10-1911.—“Imagines of O. Fece swarming at

sunset ; taken by Fr. Dreckmann.’’ (Assmuth.)

Bompay, 30-9-1911.—“ Taken in compound of our College

near wall of house. A big dry leaf of a fan-palm lying there had

been partly plastered over with tunnels of friable earthy material

and eaten up, as far as covered, by termites. I observed (as I

have done repeatedly before) that the soldiers of this species are

not nearly so numerous as the workers, the proportion in the pre-

sent case being about 1: 8 or 10. The soldiers are not so

nimble either as the workers, they bite however most readily.

The workers bite likewise (though not so frequently as the soldiers);

such is hardly or not at all the case with other Indian termites, as

far as my experience goes.’ (Assmuth.)

Borivii JUNGLE, 13-12-1911.—“ Termites in half dry cow-

dung completely hollowed out by them.”” (Assmuth.)

112 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Odontotermes Assmuthi, n. sp.

Imaco.—Not known.

SoupieR.—Belongs to the ceylonicus-oblongatus group but is

smaller than either of these two species.

Head yellow. Mandibles of a dark colour, with the exception of

the light basal portion. Antenne yellowish. Abdomen white

to whitish yellow.

Head with short scattered setze. Abdominal tergites with rather

setaceous hair. .

Head quadrate with posterior rounded angles; the part in

front of antenne somewhat narrowed, considerably longer than

broad, slightly arched. Fontanelle fairly distinct, but without

fontanelle-gland. Basal portion of clypeus rather short. Labrum

tongue-shaped, somewhat triangular, pointed. Mandibles rather

short and strong. Tooth of left mandible placed at anterior limit

of second third of mandible, heel-shaped ( ‘‘ absatzfcermig’’).

Tooth of right mandible rudimentary, a trifle in front of the middle

of mandible. Antenne of 16 (?) joints, 2nd as long as 3rd and

4th together, 4th much shorter than 3rd and a little shorter

than 5th.

Pronotum saddle-shaped, narrower than head, distinctly in-

dented in front.

Length of body... ... 5°5 mm.

Head with mandibles. 2°47 ,,

» Without ,, 1:6

Width of head ... (ged Saale

5) PROMO GUNA ys ae, GON ers

LarGe WorKER.—Head yellow (somewhat rusty). Antenne

growing gradually darker towards the tip, brown.

Head slightly hairy. Hair of abdominal tergites rather dense.

Head quadrate, with strongly rounded posterior angles, a little

longer than broad. Fontanelle small, placed in the middle of

the head. Basal portion of clypeus shorter than half its own

width, lentiform, rather convex. Antenne of 17 joints; 2nd

joint nearly as long as 3rd and 4th together, 3rd shorter than

Ath.

Pronotum somewhat excised in front.

Length of body... .. d5—3'7 mm.

Width of head ... he L298

Ol PLOnOvUI i... Gotu ae

SMALL WorkeER.—Colour and hair as above.

Head oval. Base of clypeus relatively longer than in large

worker. Antenne of 16 joints; 2nd joint nearly as long as 3rd

and 4th together, 4th shorter than 3rd.

TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 1138

Pronotum excised in front.

Length of body... Je yore mie

Width of head ... SEM OOM) 5s

Sot pronoumi: \:.).y70e, 1s,

Habitat.—Borivli Jungle near Bombay.

Collector’s Report :—

BoRIvLI JUNGLE, 13-12-1911.—‘‘ Termites on trunk of tree,

in tunnels and covered galleries built of friable greyish-black

material. Not many specimens taken, termites seem to have

quickly retreated to subterranean nest when galleries were

opened.” (Assmuth.)

Note.—The species appears to be a representative of the ceylo-

nicus-group. Whether this kind, however, lives in obesus-nests

like ceylonicus in those of Redemannt, is to be seen.

Gen. MICROTERMES, Wasm.

Microtermes /ncertoides, 1. sp.

(Syn. M. incertus, Wasm., from Wallon.)

ImaGo.—Not known.

SotpierR.—Head yellow. Outer half of mandibles brown.

Abdomen whitish.

Head with scanty fine hair. Abdominal tergites rather densely

hairy.

ad oval, distinctly narrowed in front. Fontanelle-spot

( ‘‘ Fontanellplatte”) placed a little behind middle of head. Basal

portion of clypeus somewhat obliquely quadrate, small. Upper

lip lancet-shaped, reaching heyond two-thirds the length of man-

dibles, somewhat pointed in front. Mandibles relatively short,

slender, slightly curved. Antennz 14-jointed; 2nd joint about

as long as drd and 4th together, 3rd and 4th of equal length.

Pronotum narrow, anterior margin slightly excavated.

Length of body ... ..o4—3'5 mm.

Head with mandibles a i en ee,

wo without ee SOAr i;

Breadth of head ... re 68

of pronotum Hi “A6

LarGE Worker.—Head light yellowish. Abdomen whitish.

Hair same as in soldiers.

Head quadrate-oblong. Base of clypeus relatively large. Con-

dyles of mandibles large. Antenne 14-jointed, of same structure

as in soldiers.

Pronotum excised in front.

Length of body ... ans 377 mm.

Breadth of head ... ae Gt ihe

i of pronotum Li cAGii biG

114 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

SmaLL WorKER.—Colour and hair as above.

Head oval. Base of clypeus large. Antenne same as in large

worker.

Length of body ... Mi 2-9 mm.

Breadth of head ... We OOM Le

a of pronotum ai “Ae

Geographical Distribution.—Wallon (Heim), found together with

Odontotermes wallonensis, Wasm.

Note.—WasMANN regarded this species as identical with

Microtermes incertus ; 1t is however smaller.

Microtermes anandi, 0. sp.

Imaco.—Not known.

SOLDIER.—Very close to M. incertoides. Labrum, *however,

broader, rounded at the tip. Mandible straight, with but slightly

curved extremity.

Length of body ... ath 3 mm.

Head with mandibles 1:25—1-33_,,

> without. ,; oe OAn.

Width of head... meer a 10 3

is of pronotum Ae SAO Fe

WoRKER.—Scarcely different from that of M. incertordes.

Small worker. | Large worker.

Length of body .. Fe ue ais 2°5 mm. 3 mm.

Width of head... ae m o TRO oe 99,

3 pronotum i se $i "AD 3 AO

Geographical Distribution.—Anand (Gujarat).

Collector’s Report :—

Awnanp, 6-1-1912.—‘ Termites together with OU. obesus in some

half-burnt boards of deal-wood lying on ground in garden. Boards

covered by termites (whether by O. obesus or the other species

[Microt. anandi] or both, I cannot say) with tunnels of earthy

material.”” (Assmuth.)

Microtermes anandj, forma ; curvignathus, n. f.

Imaco.—Not known.

SoLprerR.—Mandibles more strongly curved than in principal

form, with very long, inwardly bent tip.

WoRKER.—Same as in principal form.

Geographical Distribution —Bombay.

TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA. 115

HAMITERMES SECTION.

Gen, EREMOTERME, Silv.

(Syn. PSEUDOMIROTERMES, Holmer. in litt.)

Eremotermes paradoxalis, n. sp.

ImaGo.—Not known.

SoLpiER.—Head yellow. Outer half of mandibles brownish

black. Thorax yellowish. Abdomen whitish.

Head as well as abdomen with rather dense fine hair.

Head seen from above quadrate, somewhat longer than broad,

almost imperceptibly narrowed in front, rather thick, frontal

torus (“ Stirnwulst’’) Cubitermes-like, hairy. Beneath the torus a

very large fontanelle with a big gland. From fontanelle, fore-

head sharply receding (more so than with Hremotermes indicatus,

Silv., from Tunis). Clypetis relatively large, obliquely quadrate,

basal portion of it anteriorly slightly bilobed. Labrum short, trian-

gular. Mandibles of same length as head, nearly rod-shaped

(‘‘ staebchenfoermig”’), their outer margin slightly depressed in

the middle (as in Synhamitermes quadriceps). Basal part of both

mandibles strongly developed, distinctly heel-shaped, apical part

slightly bent inward. In the middle of inner margin of mandibles

a small tooth pointing inward. Antenne 13-jointed; Ist joint a

little longer than 2nd and 3rd together, 2nd as long as 3rd, 4th

a trifle shorter than 3rd.

Pronotum narrow, distinctly saddle-shaped, anterior margin

barely excised.

Abdomen short and stout, its sides bulging out inshape of

little bladders (‘‘bleschenartig ausgestuelpt’’) as in Globitermes

globosus.

Length of body ... ... 93-3'25 mm.

Head with mandibles Haid HO

Gem by Je QOat-OOa ey,

- Width of head As Bue AS Ge

“ of pronotum “Me Paha

W oRKER.—'T wo sizes.

Whitish, with yellowish head.

Hair fine and rather dense.

Head quadrate, with rounded angles. Basal portion of clypeus

large, its length equal to half its width, flat. Antennz of 13-14

joinis ; the entire antenne as well as the single joints are very

short with the small, longer with the large workers. 2nd joint of

antennee at least as long as 3rd and 4th (both of which are short)

together, 5th as long as 4th; joints from 5th onward gradually

increasing in length.

Pronotum saddle-shaped, slightly indented in front.

116 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Abdomen short and stout.

Small worker. | Large worker.

Length of body .. ue ste ae 2°5 mm. 2°5 mm.

Width of head... a uf ae SOS) mae BO as

x pronotum ae 56 Be PBA) gs "A6)"

Nympu.—Long and slender, white. Basal portion of clypeus

large, flat. Ocelli distant from the eyes by more than their

diameter. Antenne 14-jointed. Pronotum narrower than head,

its posterior inargin somewhat excavated.

Length of body... ... o7o-6 mm.

Width of head ... HE geome

PP LOU LOMO HUTT hs OO’ p

Geographical Distribution,—British India: Bangalore.

Collector’s Report :—

BANGALORE, 30-10-1911.—“ In remarkably flat tunnels (trans

verse section oblong-ovate) constructed in pillars of mound of

O. bangalorensis. 'The tunnels extended further into solid ground

beyond bangalorensis-mound ; there also the main nest apparently-

situated.’ (Assmuth.)

Note.—Hremotermes belongs to the Hamutermes-series and is,

apart from the species just described, represented only by one other

species, viz., Hremotermes indicatus, Silv., from Tunis. It would be

interesting to know whether this genus—like Mirotermes—contains

forms jumping by the aid of their mandibles; in this case the

parallelism with Mirotermes would be nearly complete.

MICROCEROTERMES SECTION.

Gen. MICROCEROTERMES, Silv.

Microcerotermes tenuignathus, n. sp.

Imaco.—Not known.

SOLDIER.— Head yellow, slightly tawny towards the front. Mandi-

bles brown. Abdomen white.

Head very sparsely covered with hair. Abdominal tergites

rather densely hairy.

Head rather thick, quadrate, with rounded angles, longer than

broad. Forehead sloping, slightly impressed. Fontanelle in hori-

zontal portion of head. Basal portion of clypeus lense-shaped.

Labrum tongue-shaped, rounded at tip. Mandibles rather long,

slender, somewhat falcate, with barely perceptible serrate teeth.

TERMITES FROM BRITISH INDIA, DEF

Antenne slender, 13-jointed ; 2nd joint somewhat shorter than

3rd and 4th together, 3rd much shorter than 4th.

Pronotum saddle-shaped, slightly excised in front.

Length of body _... w. 4-45 mm.

Head with mandibles ose ifr

Soe WwibhouUt, . 2, Sey a at Aces

Width of head nee ia co aes

Ml) 24) pLOnoLuM:,. ‘39

LARGE WORKER.—Head yellowish. Abdomen whitish.

Head very sparsely covered with hair. Abdominal tergites

finely hairy.

Head thick, quadrate-oval, longer than broad. Facetted eyes

present as brownish spots. Fontanelle indistinct. Basal portion

of clypeus nearly as long as half its breadth, moderately arched.

Antenne 13-jointed: 2nd joint as neg as 8rd and 4th together,

drd very short.

Pronotum very slightly excised in front.

Length of body B, eine On mm,

Width of head oh at sal hamcls

sos PLOMOLUME 5. dae = Dona:

SmaLL WorKER.—NSimilar to large worker.

Length of body ue pean e qoreh aerial

Width of head yy: Lag CAT alter

», pronotum ... Da SA na

Geographical "Distribution. —Gujerat: Vadtal.

Collector’s Report :—

VapTaL.—31-12-1911.—* In dry fire-wood.”’ (Assmuth.) *

1 This article as well as the other in Vol. XXI, No. 3, by Dr. Holmgren, have

both been translated from the German.—Ed., Journ. B. Nat. Hist. Soc.

118

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB.

A BRIEF DESCRIPTIVE KEY TO THE FLORA OF THE PUNJAB,

NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE AND KASHMIR.

Colonel C. J. BAMBER, F.L.S.,

Indian Medical Service.

Parr XT.

(Continued from page 1059 of Volume XXI.)

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Arabis glabra,

Arabis nuda,

Notoceras canariense,

CRUCIFERZ.

F. B. 1. 1. 140.

The Plains.

Baluchistan (Stocks).

Alyssum minimum,

CRUCIFERA.

BB re Lag.

Kashmir, 4-6,000 ft.

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Sisymbrium mollissimum,

CRUCIFERA.

F. B. I. i. 147.

Himalaya, 8-10,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Lear Mareins ENTIRE.

Perats UNUNITED.

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, LExstipulate,

Simple.

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Exstipulate,

Simple.

small, covered with flattened gray hairs, stiff;

leaves small, linear-oblong ; flowers white in short,

many-flowered, leaf-opposed racemes, sepals 4,

equal below, covered with flat-laid hairs, petals 4,

small linear-oblong stamens 6, 4 inner longer in

opposite pairs, style short, stigma round ; capsule

1 in. long, nearly sessile, erect, linear-oblong,

valves with a keel ending at the tip in a horn,

seeds 4-8.

small, grey with star-shaped hairs or scales ex-

cept on the petals and pods, stems and branches

many ; leaves linear-oblong or ovate with a broad

tip, entire; flowers small, yellowish or white in

many-flowered bractless racemes, sepals 4, short,

equal at the base, petals 4, linear, minute, with

short stalks, stamens 6, 4 inner, longer in opposite

pairs, all winged, style very short, pointed; pod

short, smooth orbicular, slightly notched, seeds

2-10, flattened.

small to medium size, biennial or perennial,

branched or not, smooth or hairy; leaves 1-2 in.,

lanceolate-ovate with a broad tip, shortly stalked,

entire or toothed, stem leaves oblong, stem-clasping,

shaped like an arrow-head, flowers small, purple or

white in long racemes, minor flower stalks. 4-3 in.,

erect, slender, sepals 4, short or long, equal at the

base; or two-pouched, petals 4, long-stalked, sta-

mens like the last species, style short, stigma 2-20

bed ; pod 3-12 in., erect, slender, straight, smooth,

valves convex, veins indistinct, stalk slender, seeds

many, l-seriate, not margined.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 119

Herss, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExstIpuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Sisymbrium Thalianum,

Sisymbrium rupestre,

Erysimum repandum,

Erysimum odoratum,

Diplotaxis Griffithii,

Moricandia tortuosa,

CRUCIFER®.

Beebe. i; 158.

Salt Range,

The Plains of N. W. F.

Province (Fleming).

Tha laspi alpesire,

Neslis paniculata,

CRUCIFER.

Beers. to, LGA.

Himalaya 5-6,000 ft.

West of the Beas River.

Hazara (Stewart).

Kashmir.

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Euclidium syriacum,

CRUCIFERZ.

Peel ne 164.

The Plains west of the

Jhelum to 6,000 ft.

Peshawaur, Rawalpindi

Kashmir, Baluchis-

tan (Boissier).

Physorhyncus brahvicus,

Chorispora tenella,

CRUCIFERE.

ees i. 1.66;

The Salt Range, Kash-

mir, 5-6,000 ft.

Lear Marains ENTIRE.

Prrats UNUNITED.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Ex-

stipulate, Simple.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

medium size, perennial, smooth with a bluish-

green waxy gloss, stem below thick, woody, some-

times twisted ; leaves lower 3-5, with a broad

stalk, oblong with rounded ends, thick, entire or

toothed, stem-leaves sessile; flowers large, pink,

few erect in a long raceme, sepals 4, erect, lateral

pouched below, petals 4, nearly twice as long as

the sepals, stalked, stamens as in the last species,

style short, pointed conical ; pod linear, erect or

turning upwards, beak 3 in. cylindric, one-seeded,

valves convex, with minute lines, margins

prominent, seeds many, nearly round, in one

series.

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exsti-

pulate, Simple.

medium size, annual, slender, branched above ;

leaves 3-2 in., lanceolate-oblong, stem leaves arrow-

head-shaped ; flowers small, yellow, many on long

slender spreading smooth stalks in branched

racemes without bracts, sepals 4, spreading, equal

at the base, petals 4, entire, stamens as in the last

described species, style slender, sharp ; pod nearly

round, a little broader than long, slightly flat-

tened, smooth, seed solitary.

small, annual, velvety with forked hairs, bran-

ched, branches stout, stiff when old; leaves 1-4 in.,

oblong lanceolate, stalked; flowers small, white

in terminal or lateral bractless racemes, sepals,

petals and stamens as in the last species, pod +

in., nearly round, erect, nearly sessile, hairy,

pitted, crowned by an awl-shaped oblique beak,

septum thick, seeds 2, oblong.

see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple.

small, annual, hairy or rough glandular, rarely

smooth, much branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate

or broad narrowed to the base, shortly stalked,

lower leaves sometimes lobed; flowers small,

purple on short stalks in long bractless racemes,

sepals 4, erect, lateral pouched below, petals 4,

stamens as in the last species, pod 13 in., hardly

constricted, ascending, curved, slender, cylindric,

seeds many, 2-series.

120 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE HxsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Cieome papillosa,

CAPPARIDACEH.

F. B. I. i. 168.

The Plains West of

the Ravi.

Karana Hills (Douie)

Baluchistan (Boissier)

Cleome quinquenervis,

CAPPARIDACEA.

RUB. Li. 168.

The Plains West of

the Ravi.

Linum usitatissimum,

Flax, linseed.

Alsi

INACES.

¥, B. 1.1. 410.

The Plains to 6,000 ft.

Baluchistan (Hughes-

Biller).

Linum perenne,

LINACEs.

Hy Beta 401.

Himalaya 9-13,000 ft.

Lahoul (Jaeschke)

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Linum strictum,

LINACcEs.

1a dee is LIE

The Plains 1-6,000 ft.

Peshawaur, Rawal-

pindi, Baluchistan

(Lace).

Lear Mareins ENTIRE.

Prtrats UNUNITED.

small to medium size, strongly scented, hairy,

often glandular; leaves 3-14 in., ovate-heart-

shaped penninerved, blunt, with nipple shaped

projections and flattened stiff hairs, lowers,

long-stalked, upper nearly sessile ; flowers very

small, pinkish to dirty yellow in racemes

lengthening in fruit, with oblong small bracts,

sepals 4, spreading, petals 4, stamens 6, sessile,

style short; capsule 1-14 in., nearly sessile, very

slender, 2-valved, seeds many, kidney-shaped,

granular.

small to medium size, woody, stiff, sticky,

strongly scented; leaves 1 in. diam., nearly

circular, blunt or short-pointed, base heart-shaped

or rounded, stalks and edges glandular, softly

velvety, palmately 5-nerved; flowers small in

racemes, lengthened in fruit, bracts leafy nearly

sessile, sepals and petals asin the last species,

stamens 4 or 6; capsules 1-14 by + in., sharp at

both ends, narrowly oblong, sessile hairs short,

stiff with broad bases with soft black glandular

hairs, seeds minute, smooth.

medium size, annual, stem cylindric; leaves

narrow, nearly 3-nerved; flowers 1 in. diam.,

blue in broad terminal clusters, sepals 5, ovate,

long-pointed, 3-nerved, margins white, without

glands; petals 5, twistad, soon falling off,

stamens 5, alternating with 5 small stamino-

des, united below, styles 5; capsule 5-celled,

scarcely longer than the sepals, seeds 10,

brown, flattened, polished. This plant is widely

cultivated for its seeds, from which linsed oil

(alsi ka tel) is extracted, in India it is not grown

for the fibre, flax, from which in Europe linen

i8 Woven.

medium size, perennial, stems many ; leaves 3-2

in., all lanceolate, or lower oblong blunt and

upper linear short-pointed ; flowers 1 in. diam.,

blue in few-flowered racemes, sepals ovate with

glandular margins, capsule much larger than

the white margined sepals; otherwise like the last

species. -

small, annual, or biennial, slender, smooth

or slightly velvety ; leaves 4-3 in. linear,

linear-oblong, or lanceolate, long-pointed, 1-

nerved; flowers 1-2 in. diam., yellow shortly

stalked in flat-toped terminal clusters, sepals

with long green rigid points, margins glandu-

lar, capsule + in., round, much shorter than

the sepals ; in other characters like the last

species.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 121

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExstTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Linum mysorense,

LINACES.

mee. 1. i, 411.

Himalaya 3-5,000 ft.

Dharmpur.

Crotalaria albida,

Sedum Rhodiola,

CRASSULACES.

Beets. Eo ip. 417.

Himalaya 12-17,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Sedum tibeticum,

CRASSULACER.

Rebel. 418:

Himalaya 12-14,000 ft.

Lahoul (Jaeschke).

Sedum qudrifidum,

CRASSULACEA.

F. B. I. ii. 418.

Himalaya 11-18,000 ft.

Kashmir. 5

Sedum elongatum,

CRASSULACEA.

F. B. fT. in. 419.

Himalaya 10-12,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Sedum linearifolium,

CRASSULACES.

F. B. I. ii. 420.

Himalaya 7-10,000 ft.

Matiana,

The Chor (Collett),

Jaku, Simla.

Sedum Jaeschkei,

CRASSULACER.

Heese EH, 421,

Lahoul, Kangra Dist.

Lear Mareins ENTIRE.

Prerats UNUNITED,

small, annual, smooth, slender; leaves 3-3 in.,

oblong with rounded ends, or short-pointed, 3-

nerved ; flowers } in. diam. yellow in large branch-

ing flat-topped clusters made up of one-sided

zacemes, sepals short, petals longer than the

sepals, stamens and styles united below, stigmas

round, capsule round, equal to the sepals, other-

wise like the last species.

see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate,Simple.

small to medium size, rootstock perennial thick

smelling of roses crowned with scales, stems thick ;

leaves 3-11 jn. long, ovate with broad tip or broadly

oblong, often toothed towards the tip, green with

a waxy gloss ; flowers small, male or female, yellow

in close terminal often brancled clusters, calyx 5,

often 4-fid, lobes narrow, oblong, petals 5, often 4,

long in males, short in females, stamens twice as

many as the petals, long, projecting, styles 5-4

short, recurved in fruit, carpels 5-4, $ in. long, not

narrowed at the base, seeds many oblong with

rounded ends, flattened.

small, smooth ; leaves 3-3 in., loosely overlapping,

upper oblong, lower often ovate, flowers often

in fives as petals and sepals, pink or purple, sepals

on fruit triangular long-pointed, other characters

like the last species.

very like the last species, but stems many;

leaves nearly cylindrical, flowers red, often with

four petals and sepals, the latter oblong, styles

short, sometimes straight.

like the last species, but larger; leaves 3-2 in.

oblong, narrowed at the base or oblong with round-

ed ends, sessile, clusters large, sepals lanceolate-

linear, petals black-purple lanceolate, carpels

hardly + im. each; flowers both male and

female.

small, smooth or nearly so, rootstock thick, stems

tufted ; leaves 3-2 in., sessile, narrowly oblong,

rarely a few teeth, blunt radical leaves few, stem

leaves many ; flowers } in., white, in 2-8 flowered

clusters, sepals oblong-lanceolate, petals 3 in.

long, broadly lanceolate; otherwise like the last

species.

small, annual, branches crowded; leaves, lower

crowded, upper scattered or crowded at the end of

branches, oblong prolonged into the stalk, short-

pointed ; flowers nearly 3 in. long, golden yellow

solitary at the end of branches or in small plants

clustered, sepals 3-1 in. long, green fleshy, petals

twice the sepals, lanceolate, blunt, stamens half as

122 JOURNAL, BOMBAY. NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Heres, Erect, witrH ALTERNATE EXxsTIpULATE SIMPLE LEAvEs.

Sedum multicaule,

CRASSULACES.

F. B. I. 1. 422

Himalaya 4-7,000 ft.

Simla (Collett) Kash-

mir.

Drosera peltata, var. lu-

nata.

DROsERACEA.

F. B.I. ii. 424.

Himalaya 4-8,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Ammania baccifera,

Epilobium latifolium,

Epilobium origanifolium,

ONAGRACES.

BeBe tL, io 86:

Himalaya 9-14,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Lear Marcins ENTIRE.

Pxrrats UNUNITED.

long as the petals, follicles erect in fruit, 5 ; other-

wise like the last species.

small, smooth, much divided from the base ;

leaves 3-1 in. long, linear-oblong, short-pointed,

flowers yellow, nearly sessile in clusters, follicles

spreading in fruit, not rough, seeds rough, ovate

with a broad top ; otherwise like the last species.

small to medium size, perennial, sometimes.

unbranched, slender, glandular ; leaves } in. across,

semi-lunar, covered above and on margins with

sticky glandular hairs, radical leaves smaller, soon

falling-off ; flowers } in. diam., white interminal

branching racemes, calyx 5-toothed glandular,

petals 5, stamens 5, styles 3, stigmas min-

utely fringed ; capsule 3-valved, enclosed in the

calyx and petals, seeds many, minute, united to.

the valves. This plant is allied to the English

sundew and is an insectivorous plant, the remains

of insects are found sticking to the leaves.

see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

small to large, stem cylindrical with 2 lines of

hairs, sometimes velvety all over; leaves vary

much, mid stem leaves opposite, sessile or shortly

stalked, ovate or ovate-oblong, 1 in. long, some-

times 3 in.; flower usually few, at the end of

branches, petals less than 3} in.; stigma club-

shaped, capsule 14-3 in., seeds narrow, long, some-

what narrowed at the top, seeds minutely dotted ;

otherwise like EH. latifolium.

BurLEvRUM—FLowers on STALKS FORMING THE RADII OF A

Bupleurum lanceolatum,

Buplever or Hare’s ear,

UMBELLIFERZ.

EB nS674:

Himalaya 4-9,000 ft.

Fagu (Collett).

The Galis (Douie).

Kashmir.

CirncLe (UMBELS).

medium size to large, perennial, smooth ; leaves,

lower lanceolate, long-stalked middle stem-ones

3-5 by 4-3 in., ovate, long-pointed, bracts none or

only one, + in., linear, bracteoles 2-6, narrowly

lanceolate, much shorter than the umbels, soon

falling-off; flowers very small, yellow on short

stalks 5-6 combined on 5-8 unequal rays forming

a compound umbel, calyx teeth none, petals 5,

ovate with a broad tip, the latter inflexed, the

outer petals of an umbel enlarged, stamens 5,

styles 2 ; fruit 4 in. of 2 one-seeded carpels hang-

ing on to a central undivided stalk (carpophore),

each carpel, which is convex externally, has 5

longitudinal obscure ridges with 3 oil canals.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1238

Heres, Erect, with ALTERNATE ExstiputaTE SimpLe LEAVEs.

Bupleurum Candollii.

UMBELLIFERZ.

mb. 1. 1. 674.

Himalaya 8-12,000 ft.

Simla, Mahasu Matia-

na (Collett).

Bupleurum jucundum,

UMBELLIFERS.

F. B. I. ii. 675.

Kashmir 7-10,000 ft.

Budrawur(C.B.Clarke).

Lahoul (Jaeschke).

Bupleurum Thomsoni.

UMBELLIFERS.

feed 1. 675.

Himalaya 7-9,000 ft.

Sonamerg(C.B.Clarke).

Bupleurum divorsifolium,

UMBELLIFERS.

Himalaya 7-9,000 ft.

Kashmir 9-12,000 ft.

Bupleurum faclatum,

UMBELLIFERS.

F. B. I. ii. 676.

Himalaya 3-12,000 ft.

Kashmir

Simla

Mashobra (Collett).

Baluchistan (Lace).

Bupleurum longicaule,

UMBELLIFERA.

ees ti. 677.

Himalaya 8-13,000 ft.

_ Kashmir.

Lear MaroGins ENTIRE.

Prrats UNUNITED.

(vittz) in each furrow ; seeds plane, or concave on

the inner side.

leaves, lower stem 2-5 by 3-3 in., linear-oblong,

upper J-4 by }-? in., oblong or ovate, nearly sessile

and stem-clasping, bracts 2-3 or none, 4-11 in.

ovate or oblong, short-pointed, leafy, angular,

bracteoles 2-5, 1-3 in., leafy, oblong with or with-

out, rounded ends, as long as the flowering minor

umbel (umbellule), carpel } in., ridges on ripe

carpels distinct; otherwise like the last species.

medium size; leaves, lower stem 1-12 in., cir-

cular, very shortly stalked, upper stem-ones ovate,

deeply heart-shaped, stem-clasping, bract one or

none, 7-# in., ovate, leafy, often stem-clasping, or

heart-shaped, bracteoles 4-5, 4 in., often none,

oblong short-pointed, usually shorter than the

umbellule, fruit 4 in., otherwise like the last

species.

large ; leaves, stem linear, upper stem 2-4 in.,

lanceolate, long-pointed or ovate stem-clasping,

heart-shaped, bracts none or 1-2, lanceolate, brac-

teoles 5-9, lanceolate long-pointed or linear, as

long as the flowering umbellules, rays of the

umbels 6-10, 1-24 in., rays of the umbellule often

20, fruit $in., oblong, carpels cylindrical, with a

bluish green waxy gloss, 5-winged, furrows con-

taining 4-3 oil canals, carpel stalk divided, very

thin ; otherwise like the last species.

medium size to large; leaves, upper stem lan-

_ ceolate long-pointed, base ovate nearly stem-

clasping, hardly heart-shaped, middle stem quite

stem-clasping, lower stem linear, bracts none, or

one, small, lanceolate, bracteoles 5-8, narrow lan-

ceolate, long-pointed, shorter than the fruiting

umbellules, rays of the umbel 8-14, fruit + in.,

ridges distinct, furrows with 3 oil canals; other-

wise like the last species.

leaves radical linear, broader upwards, stem

usually curved, half stem-clasping or sessile, long-

pointed, middle stem linear short-pointed, narrow-

ed at the base, more or less stem-clasping, bracts

usually none or 1-5 lanceolate, hardly + in., lan-

ceolate, branches 4-5, narrowly lanceolate, dis-

tinctly shorter than the fruiting and not longer

than the flowering umbellules, rays 5-8, 14 in;

fruit 4-4 in. brown ; otherwise like the last species.

small to medium size; leaves very variable, lower

stem leaves linear or lanceolate, short-pointed,

upper often wider at the base, ovate, bracts 1-3,

bracteoles 5-8 oblong, long-pointed, leaflike, longer

than the flowering or fruiting umbellule, rays 3-8,

124 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Heres, Erect, WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Bupleurum tenne,

UMBELLIFERS.

BB en Giie

The Plains to 9,000 ft.

Simla, Mashobra (Col-

lett).

Murree.

Bupleurum Maddeni,

UMBELLIFERZ.

F. B. I. i. 678.

Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Bupleurum setaceum,

UMBELLIFERA.

F. B. I. ii. 678.

Kashmir, 4,500 ft.

Kishtwar (C.B. Clarke).

Commelina coelestis,

Spider wort,

COMMELINACES.

F. B. 1. vi. 369.

Himalaya, 6-7,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Commelina Hasskariii,

CoMMELINACES.

F. B. I. vi. 370.

The Plains, east of the

Sutlej, Delhi.

Commelina obliqua,

COMMELINACES.

F. B. I. vi. 372.

Himalaya, 1-6,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Kasauli.

Lear Mareins ENTIRE.

Perats UNUNITED.

1-22 in., stoutish, streaked, petals usually black ;

otherwise like the last species.

leaves, lower linear, sessile 1-3 by +in., upper

linear-oblong round tipped, bristle-pointed, base

narrowed, bracts 1-4, + in., lanceolate, short-point-

ed, bracteoles 4-5, lanceolate-ovate with a broad

tip, longer than the umbellules, rays 3-8, less than —

an inch, never stout, fruit 3,-3 in., broadly oblong,

yellowish-brown, ridges distinct, furrows with

one or no oil canals; otherwise like the last

species.

medium size, stems several, leaves small, linear,

long-pointed, bracteoles few, not prominent, furrows

of fruit with 2-3 oil canals ; otherwise like the last

species.

annual, slender; leaves 1-23 in. uppermost { in.,

bristle-like, umbels simple, few-flowered bracts 1-

4, 2-4 in., narrowly linear-lanceolate, usually

longer than the fruiting umbel, fruit +, in., rough

between the ridges, one large oil canal in each ©

furrow ; otherwise like the last species.

medium size, annual, robust, succulent, velvety

or felted ; leaves 2-5 in. long, lanceolate long or

short-pointed, nerves parallel, bases sheathing ;

flowers 2 in., sky-blue in a small cluster, flowering

in succession, enclosed in a leaf-like, folded bract

(spathe), spathe broadly ovate, 3-3 in. long, heart-

shaped, pointed, sepals 3, green, thin, free or |

united at the base, persistent, petals 3, bright

blue free, longer than the sepals, one larger blade

circular, spreading, stamens 6, not hairy, anthers

bright yellow, style spirally twisted, stigma small;

capsule 3-valved, seeds few, usually angular wrink-

led. A native of Mexico, cultivated in flower

gardens and found as an escape.

small, much branched, rough or smooth, leaves

-3 by 4-2 in., narrowly lanceolate, nearly short-

pointed or blunt, spathes 3-1 in., axillary, stalked,

folded, clusters velvety, upper branch 2-4, lower

1-2-flowered, seeds cylindric, smooth, abrupt at

one end, almost pointed at the other; for other

characters see the last species.

medium size to large, stem stout, branched,

leaves 4-7 by 1-2 in., lanceolate, sessile or stalked,

short or very long-pointed, smooth or woolly

beneath, sheaths 2 in. margins often bearded,

spathes 2-13 in. sessile or stalked, solitary or

crowded, funnel-shaped, capsule, three angled,

seeds lead-coloured; for other characters see

Commelina co-elestis.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB, 125.

Heres, Erect, witH ALTERNATE ExstTIpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Lear Maroins ENTIRE,

Perats UNUNITED.

Juncus bufonius, small, annual, pale green, smooth, stems tufted,.

Toad rush slender, branched from the base upwards; leaves.

JUNCACES, bristle-like, ME channelled above, base sheathing,

F. B. I. vi. 392. pale, flowers 2 z-x In. long, pale green in axillary or

The Plains to 13,000 ft. terminal clusters, sepals 3 with a thickened midrib,

In wet places. long-pointed with a broad thin margin, persistent,

petals 3, like the sepals but without the midrib,

stamens 6 or 3, half as long as the sepals, 6 in the

open lateral flowers, 3 in the closed terminal

flowers ; capsule ovoid with a broad top, blunt, pale,

shorter than, and enclosed in, the persistent sepals.

and petals, seeds very minute, finely net veined,

tips almost rounded.

Perats UNITED.

PotygaALA—FELOWERS SOMEWHAT LIKE THOSE OF A PBA.

Polygala triphylla, small, annual, slender, smooth; leaves 3-22 in.,

Milkwort. Circulars or oblong nominewiedl into the stalk, cfale

POLYGALACES. often winged, membranous, smooth, blunt ; flowers.

ie, 0,1. 201. 4 in., pink in slender many-flowered terminal

Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft. racemes 14-2 in., bracts 3, soon falling off, sepals 5,.

Simla, Syree (Collett). unegual 2 ; inner, petal-like, in colour equal to the

Dharmpur. petals, 3 outer smaller, green, failing off after

flowering, petals 3, unequal, united at the base,

2 upper small, the lowest (keel) longset, concave,,

2-lobed at the tip, not crested at the tip with

a fringed brush, stamens 8, united in two sets of 4

each, jomed to the petals, style long, incurved ;

capsule 75-3 in., 2-celled, round, narrowly winged,

membranous, seeds black, hairy, one in each cell,

prolonged at the base by 2 minute appendages.

Polygala crotalarioides, perennial, densely hairy, rootstock woody, often:

PoLYGALACEs. tuberous, stems short, thick, sometimes reclining ;

Bee ai, 201. leaves 3-2 in., ovate or oblong-ovate, tip rounded

Himalaya 4-7,000 ft. with or without an abrupt point, with few scattered

east of the Ravi. hairs; flowers 4-3 in. long, purple, very shortly

Simla (Collett). stalked in very short, dense-flowered, rarely termi--

nal racemes, bracts minute, awl-shaped, sepals

persistent, inner wing sepals ovate with a broad

tip, twice as long as the capsule, keel petal crested,

capsule heart-shaped, broader than long, fringed

with bristles, seeds with 2 small appendages;

otherwise like the last species.

Polygala abyssinica, small to medium size, smooth, branches many;

POLYGALACER. leaves 3-2 in., narrow linear, long-pointed, almost

F. B. I. i. 202. sessile, flowers 4 in. long, pink on one side of long

Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft. terminal slender loose-flowered racemes 2-6 in.

Simla (Collett). long, bracts ovate, soon falling off, wing sepals

Matiana Multan yellowish green, capsule narrowly winged near the

(Edgeworth). top, seeds densely hairy, not appendaged; other-

wise like the last species.

126 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Herss, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SimpLte LEAVES.

Polygala leptalea,

POLYGALACEA.

eB ela 202s

Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Polygala Hohenhackeri-

ana,

POLYGALACE.,

KF. B. 1.1, 202.

The Plains west of the

Jhelum to 3,500 ft.

in Waziristan (Ste-

wart).

Attock (Vicary).

Baluchistan (Stocks).

Poiygala _persicariz-

folia,

PoOLYGALACES.

F. B. I. 1. 202.

Himalaya east of the

Sutlej, 5-9,000 ft.

Valleys below

Simla (Collett).

Dharmpur.

Polygala erioptera,

POLYGALACES.

HY Bo iea 203.

The Plains.

Polygala chinensis,

Polygala sibirica,

PoLYGALACES.

F. B. I. i. 205.

Himalaya, 1-6,000 ft.

Cotyledon Oreades,

CRASSULACEA,

Ha releenier alia

Kashmir.

Pir Panjal (Jacque-

mont) Marbul Pass,

(C. B. Clarke).

Lrar Mareins Entree.

Perats Unitep.

very much like the last species, but the stem

deeply furrowed, the lower leaves often oblong-

lanceolate, racemes 1-2 in., dense-flowered flowers

smaller, seeds silky.

very small, with grey hairs or velvety, stems and

branches many from a perennial stock ; leaves 3-2

in., grey hairy, thin smooth, oblong-lanceolate or

lanceolate-ovate with a broad tip, blunt or nearly

short-pointed ; flowers 4 in., drooping on short

stalks in nearly sessile dense-flowered terminal

racemes j-3 In. long, bracts small, sepals with

broad thin margins, upper outer one much the

largest, linear-ovate with a broad tip, 2 lateral

very small oblong blunt, wings white; capsule 4

in. circular smooth witha broad membranous wing,

seeds densely silky with 2 appendages; otherwise

like the last species.

small, annnal, slender, much branched, slightly

velvety ; leaves 1-2 in., linear or lanceolate-oblong

with rounded ends, nearly sessile flaccid, bracts

awl-shaped, stalks curved, racemes 1-2 in., slender,

loose flowered, terminal and extra axillary, flowers

pink, wing sepals yellowish grey, capsule notched,

ovate, minutely fringed, narrowly winged near the

tip, seeds woolly with the 2 appendages; other-

wise like the last species.

like the last species, but the leaves 2-1 in.,

racemes axillary or extra-axillary, wing sepals

oblong witha strong green midrib.

see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Hxstipulate,

Simple. :

small to medium-size, velvety, stems many,

slender from a perennial stock; leaves 3-2 in.,

circular or lanceolate-oblong with rounded ends or

linear, shining and netted above, margins turned

down, wing sepals oblong or ovate with a broad

tip, capsule broadly winged, smooth, seeds hairy

with 3 appendages ; otherwise like the last species

described above.

very small, annual, fleshy, smooth, stems many

curved, branches leafy; leaves + in., radical ar-

ranged in a rosette narrow lanceolate bristle-

pointed flowers small, white nodding in small

clusters at the top of branches, sepals 3 in., oblong

short-pointed, petals 5, united at the base, a

little longer than the sepals, stamens 5, styles 5;

carpels 5, tapering into the thread-like styles,

seeds many oblong with rounded ends, covered

with minute tubercles.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 127

Heres, Erect, witH ALTERNATE ExstIpuLATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Vernonia Cinerea,

Conyza viscidula,

Conyza stricta,

Filago germanica,

OCudweed.

CompPosiITz.

ew, 11. 277.

The Plains to 8,000 ft.

Valleys below Simla,

Suni (Collett).

Kashmir.

N. W. F. Province.

Baluchistan (Lace).

‘Filago arvensis,

CoMPosiIT&.

Peep. Lui. 277.

Kashmir, 7-9,000 ft.

Quetta. (Hughes-

Buller).

Ifloga Fontanesii,

Composir=.

ee. 0, 11. 277.

The Plains.

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Anaphalis araneosa,

Composit x.

F. B. I. iti. 283.

Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Murree.

Lear Mareins Entire.

Prerats UNITED.

Frowrers Minute in Heaps.

FLowERS ALL TUBULAR.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Hxstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed, Inner tubular, outer ligulate.

small, annual, woolly, widely branched from the

base, sometimes prostrate; leaves 3 in., oblong

ovate with a broad tip, staJked or sessile, flowers

minute, yellow tubular in clusters of heads 3-3 in.

sessile in the forks of branches, surrounded by

leaf-like bracts, heads 6-20, 3 in. long, glistening,

discoid, calyx of hairs (pappus) corollas inner 2-3

toothed, outer 4-5 toothed, little concave scales

at the base passing into bracts round the heads

of 2-many series, long pointed, thin, anther bases

forked, style-arms oblong or linear blunt; seeds

(achenes) minute crowned by the pappus, rough.

very like the last species, but leaves linear-

lanceolate, leaflike bracts round the clusters of

heads are shorter, bracts of the heads not long-

pointed.

small, annual, branched from the base, woolly

or smooth, densely leafy, leaves narrowly linear,

short-pointed, spreading, margins rolled in; flowers

all tubular in reddish heads % in. long, glistening,

smooth, sessile in the axils of the leaves, forming

leafy spikes, bracts of the heads reddish, few,

bristle-pointed, thin, pappus red, corollas, inner

barely, outer 5-toothed,. anther bases forked ;

achenes (seeds) oblong, smooth.

large, perennial, much branched, velvety and

glandular, or white felted, leafy, the leaf-bases

running down the stem as wings; leaves, radical

leaves lanceolate with broad tips, stem leaves

13-2 by 3-4 in. linear, short-pointed. Margins

turned down; flowers minute, white in nearly

globose heads $-1 in. diam. in nearly round or

broad much branched flat-topped clusters, bracts

of the heads 4-4, in. blunt, white, erect in flower,

spreading in seed, pappus white, corollas of inner

flowers 5-toothed, of outer 2-4 toothed, anther,

bases forked ; achenes (seeds) minute, oblong

smooth.

128 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XXII.

Heres, Erect, witH ALTERNATE HxsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs.

Anaphalis contorta,

CoMPOSIT A.

F. B. I. i. 284.

Himalaya, 7—10,000

ft. Simla (Collett).

Kashmir.

Phagnaion niveum,

CoMPosITaé.

F. B. I. iii. 288.

Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Gnaphalium iuteo-album,

Jersey cudweed,

ComposiTz.

1s 1834 dl4 vhs ASisie

The Plains to 10,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Kashmir.

Baluchistan (Lace).

Gnaphalium hypoleucum,

CoMPOSITA.

FE. B. I. ii. 288.

Himalaya, 3-7,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Kashmir.

Gnaphalium indicum,

CoMPOSITA.

F. B. I. ii. 289.

The Plains to 1,000 ft.

Lear Marecins ENTIRE.

Perazts UNITED.

Frowers MInvutE In Heaps.

FLOWERS ALL TUBULAR.

small to medium size, branches often prostrate;

leaves 3-1 by 3 in., linear, heads 3 in. diam. in

dense terminal flat-topped clusters, outer bracts of

the heads often purple ; for other characters see

the last species.

small, annual, snow-white with dense cottony

wool, branches short and leafy or slender and less

leafy ; leaves 1-J3 in., ovate with a broad tip to

oblong with rounded ends or linear-oblong some-

times toothed ; flowers minute, yellow and tubular

in axillary solitary or clustered heads 4-2 in.,

diam. on slender stalks, 1-3 in., bracts of the heads

awl-shaped, straight ending in a needle-like point,

purplish, outer smaller, grey cottony, pappus hairs

slender rigid, corollas, inner 5-fid, outer 2-3-tooth-

ed, anther bases forked or entire ; achenes small,

not ribbed.

small, annual, very variable, woolly, much branch-

ed; leaves 1-2 by 4in., oblong with blunt tips,

base often 3 steam-clasping, both surfaces woolly,

upper leaves lanceolate short-pointed ; flowers

minute whitish, yellowish or brownish in heads,

+ in., diam. in leafless dense glistening flat-topped

clusters, bracts of the heads oblong, blunt, trans-

parent, yellowish glistening, pappus hairs scanty,

short, outer corollas 3-4-toothed, inner larger

5-toothed, anther bases forked, cells with slender

tails ; achenes oblong, slender, rough with tuber-

cles or minute curved bristles.

very like the last species, but taller and stouter,

leaves longer, long-pointed only woolly beneath and

often with widely projecting bases.

annual, slender, more or less covered with white

wool, stems many, leafy branches slender ; leaves

4-14 in., linear-ovate with broad tips or oblong,

narrowed to the base with rounded tips and an

abrupt point, woolly on both surfaces, lower leaves

shortly stalked, heads 3in., diam. in simple or

branched leafy spikes or in ovoid clusters, bracts of

the heads linear-oblong, short-pointed, pale red-

dish-brown or yellow, inner nearly smooth, achenes

minutely rough ; for other characters see the last

species.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB.

129

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Pulicaria folioiosa,

CoMPosiT Zz.

F. B. I. i. 298.

The Plains.

Baluchistan (Lace).

Pulicaria glaucescens,

ComPosiITz&.

HeoB. 11. 300:

The Plains west of the

Jhelum.

The Salt Range.

Waziristan.

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Carpesium trachelifolium

Carpesium abrotanozdes,

CoMPosIT &.

Bee. Ti. 801.

Himalaya, 4-6,000 ft.

Kashmir, Valleys be-

low Simla (Collett).

Artemisia Dracunculus,

Arctium Lappa,

Burdock.

Composit &.

He. 111.309).

Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft.

Saussurea candicans,

Saussurea albescens.

Lear Mareins Entire.

Prrats Unrirep.

Fiowers Minute 1n Heaps.

FLOWERS ALL TUBULAR.

medium-size, annual, velvety or felted, much

branched ; leaves 1-6 in., linear-oblong, or lanceo-

late with a broad tip, tips recurved short-pointed,

base broad or contracted, 4 stem-clasping ; flowers

minute, yellow, all tubular in solitary woolly

glandular heads, + in. diam.,on very slender stalks,

bracts of the heads narrow almost bristle-like,

double pappus inner of hairs, very few, white, equal

to the achenes, outer consists of short-gagged teeth,

outer corollas 2-3-toothed, inner 5-toothed, achenes

hairy, minute.

medium size, woody, saline succulent ; leaves

1-23 in., linear fleshy, margins flat or rolled in, tips

recurved ; flowers in heads 3 in diam. shortly

stalked, shining from the pale yellow pappus, bracts.

of the heads lanceolate, smooth, short-pointed, stiff,

pappus long, achenes short, oblong, silky ; for other

characters see the last species.

see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

large, velvety or smooth, branches leafy, long,

slender ; leaves 3-5 by 3-1 in. lanceolate, long-point-

ed, nearly sessile, flowers yellow in many heads

; in. diam. along the branches or in short axillary

racemes, strongly scented, bracts of the heads

many, inner broad, blunt, outer green, leafy,

margins white, corollas imnex 5-toothed, outer

3-toothed, pappus hairs none, anther bases forked ;

achenes smooth, long, ribbed, beaked. The flowers

are used in Kashmir to dye silk.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate,

Lobed.

large, rough; leaves 3-12 in. across, broadly

ovate-heart-shaped, margin wavy or wavy-toothed,

smooth or grey or white-cottony beneath ; flowers

purple in cottony or smooth terminal globose clus-

tered heads 3-12 in. diam., bracts of the heads

stiff, angled, spreading, hooked, receptacle flat,

very bristly, corollas 5-toothed, anther-bases fork-

ed, style-arms white, united, pappus hairs many,

short, minutely barbed; achenes large smooth,

finely ribbed, angled.

Exstipulate,

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, LExstipulate,

Lobed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Lobed.

130 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE HxstTIPULATE Simple LEAVES.

Saussurea Jacea,

CoMPOSITA.

FE. B. I. iii. 375.

Kashmir, 9-15,000 ft.

(Falconer).

Jurinea modesta,

CoMPOSITA.

F. B. LI. ii. 378.

N. W. F. Province.

Peshawar (Vicary).

Volutareila divaricata,

Centaurea Cyanus,

Centaurea depressa,

Centaurea polycephala,

Carthamus tinctorius,

Dicomma tomentosa,

ComPposIT@.

FH. B. I. iii. 387.

The Plains.

Lear Marcins Entire.

Perats Unitrep.

Frowrers Minute 1n Heaps.

FLOWERS ALL TUBULAR.

large, stiff, stem cylindrical, not grooved, bran-

ches very leafy ; leaves 3-4 by 14-21 in., ovate or

oblong, blunt or short-pointed, sessile, half stem-

clasping, rough on both surfaces or pinnately divi-

ded, terminal lobe largest; flowers purplish 2 in., in

heads 3-3 in diam. solitary, terminal on straight

rather slender stalks or in flat-topped clusters,

bracts of the heads few, stiff, broad, margins pur-

ple, outer bracts ovate, blunt or short-pointed,

inner lanceolate, receptacle flat with long flattened

bristles, curved, stiff, corollas 5-toothed, pappus

hairs 3 in. brown, anthers forked ; achenes } in.,

smooth, shining, ribs slender, tops abruptly cut

off.

small, annual, cottony, branched from the base,

branches short ending in very long leafless slender

one-headed stalks; leaves 2-3 in. lanceolate, short-

pointed, sessile running down the stem, sometimes

widely toothed ; flowers 4 in. purple in solitary

heads 1 in. diam., bracts of the heads in many

series, overlapping, inner narrow, erect, sometimes

red, outer shorter, ovate, long-pointed, green with

thin margins, bristles of the receptacle 4 as long

as the flowers, corollas slender, 5-toothed, anther

bases forked, pappus hairs 4 in., white, shining,

inner hairs stiff, two much longer, flattened, ache-

nes + in. flattened angles thickened, pale, smooth,

shining. .

see Herbs,

Lobed.

see

Lobed.

see

Lobed.

see

Lobed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Hxstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

small to medium size, annual much branched,

covered with white cottony wool; leaves 1-3 in.,

linear, blunt or short-pointed ; flowers } in. white

or pale yellow, in many solitary, nearly avillary

and terminal heads 3-1 in. diam., bracts of the

heads 3-2 in. linear-lanceolate, spinous, shining,

tips yellow, stiff, corollas 5-toothed, anther-bases

forked, bearded, pappus hairs 4 in., pale brown,

outer slender, inner lanceolate-awl-shaped, ribbed,

Erect, Alternate, EHxstipulate,

Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Hxstipulate,

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 131

HERBS, ERECT, wItH ALTERNATE ExstipuLaTE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Lear Marcins Entree.

PEerats UNITED.

Frowrers Minute 1n Heaps.

Fiowers, Inner Tusuiar, Outer Ligure.

Solidago Virga-aurea,

Rhyncospermum verticil-

latum,

CoMPOsIT#&.

F, B. I. iii. 248.

Himalaya 5-6,000 ft.

Valleys below Simla

(Collett).

Kashmir.

Aster Pseudamellus,

Composit z&.

F. B. 1. iii. 249.

Himalaya, 8-9,000 ft.

Lahoul (Jaeshke).

Aster Amellus, Michael-

mas Daisy,

ComposiTz.

Bees, Ii. 249.

The Plains to 8,000 ft.

Cultivated.

Aster molliusculus,

ComMPosiItz.

BeBe Lr 25,

Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Kashmir.

Aster altaicus,

ComMPosIT&.

eee. ti, QoL,

Himalaya, 9-13,000 ft.

Kashmir, Lahoul,

Baluchistan.

margins wavy, achenes 2 in., short, broad, top-

shaped densely silky.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

medium-size to large, velvety, branches slender,

spreading ; leaves 1-3 in., lanceolate, long-pointed

thin, narrowed into a very slender stalk, some-

times toothed, flowers all white or inner pale

yellow, very minute in small heads, 3 in. diam.,

on short stalks or one in every axil of the

branches, bracts of the heads few lanceolate,

edges thin, dry receptacle flat, bare, corollas,

outer in 2-3 series, white, shortly ligulate,

male, inner short, tubular bell-shaped, 4-5-tooth-

ed, anther-bases blunt or 2-lobed, pappus hair

3-5 or none soon falling off; achenes flattened,

beaked.

small to medium-size, rootstock perennial, stems

many, undivided below, branched above, slender

leafy, rough ; leaves 1-24 by 3-2 in., green, oblong,

short-pointed or blunt, sometimes toothed, sessile ;

flowers outer 12-16, 3-3 in., purplish, inner yellow,

in heads 1? in. diam., forming flat topped clusters,

bracts ot the heads few, outer large, blunt, green,

anther-bases blunt, entire, pappus hairs longer than

the achenes, white, slender, few; achenes ,1, in.,

flattened, velvety, one to three ribbed.

very like the last, but with smaller outer bracts.

This plant may be found as an escape near gardens

medium size, velvety or hairy, rootstock peren-

nial, woody, stem many, leafy, slender, stiff ;

leaves 3-lin., linear or lanceolate, sometimes

toothed, nearly sessile, flowers like the last species,

the heads smaller 3-2 in., solitary, long-stalked,

bracts of the heads long-pointed, ligules very

many pappus reddish; otherwise like the last

species.

very like the last, but much larger, stem

grooved, much branched leaves sessile.

1382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Lear Mareins ENTIRE.

Perats Unite.

Frowrers Minute in Heaps.

Inner Tusutar, Ourer LicguLate.

Brachyactis umbrosa,

CoMPOSIT&.

F, B. I. ii. 258.

Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft.

Kashmir, Lahoul,

Baluchistan (Lace).

Brachyactis robusta,

Erigeron linifolius,

Erigeron canadensis,

CoMPOSITZ&.

FB. B. I. i. 254.

The Plains to 3,000 ft.

Ergeron asteroides,

Erigeron alpinus, var-

multicaulis.

CoMPosIT a.

F. B. 1. ii. 255.

Himalaya, 3-10,000 ft.

Simla (Collett.)

Erigeron multiradiatus,

Composit z&.

F. B. L. iii. 256.

Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft.

Hattu (Collett).

Kashmir.

small, annual, glandular and softly hairy, branch-

ed from the base, leafy ; leaves 3-2 in., ovate with

a broad tip, or with small lobes or wedge-shaped ;

flowers pale blue or pink in many sessile or long-

stalked heads 3 in. diam., one in nearly every

leaf-axil, bracts of the heads 3 as long as the

flowers in 2-3 series, narrow, outer often leafy,

corollas inner tubular, 5 toothed, outer ligulate

minute in one to many series, anther-bases blunt,

entire, style-arms narrow, flattened, tips lanceolate,

pappus hairs } in., reddish, scanty ; achenes +

in., quite flat.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple.

Toothed.

small to large, annual, slender, much branched,

velvety, hairy or nearly smooth, leafy ; leaves 1-3

in., narrowly linear, or linear lanceolate. long-

pointed, sometimes remotely toothed, smooth or

hairy ; flower, inner OR, outer pink or purplish

in stalked heads, 3-2 + in. diam. in long-branched

racemes, bracts of the heads narrow, long-pointed,

smooth, or hairy, margins thin, corollas, imner

tubular 5-toothed, outer ligulate, in several series,

hardly longer than the pappus ; anther-bases blunt,

pappus hairs white, becoming reddish; achenes 4

in., narrow, flat, smooth.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

small to medium-size, biennial or perennial, hairy

or velvety, stems many, often tufted, much bran-

ched from the base, branches slender, leaves,

radical oblong stalked spreading, stem leaves

sessile, lanceolate 1-24 by 4-3 in. or ovate with a

broad tip 2 by #2 in sometimes toothed, short-

pointed or blunt, heads long-stalked, solitary or in

flat-topped clusters 1-2 in. diam., bracts of the

heads velvety or woolly ; otherwise like the last

species,

very like the last species, but the heads are

much larger, 2-3 in. diam., ligules purple, very

many, much longer than the pappus.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB, 133

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE, ExsTIpuLATE, SIMPLE LEAVEs.

Lear Marcins ENTIRE.

Perats UNITED.

Fiowers, Minvurz, in Heaps.

InNER TusuLAR, OvteR LIGULATE.

Conyza viscidula,

Conyza stricta,

Inula graveolens,

ComposiIT za.

HK. B. I. iii. 292.

N. W. F. Province,

Peshawaur (Stewart).

Vicoa auriculata,

CoMPOSIT&.

Ff. B. I. iii. 297.

The Plains to 6,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Dharmpur, Thanesar,

Lahore.

Pulicaria vulgaris,

CoMPosiIT&.

HEB. Loin. 298:

N. W. F. Frovince.

Peshawaur (Stewart).

Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft.

(Falconer).

Pulicaria dysinterica,

Flea bane,

CoMPosiIT&.

Bb: T. ui. 298.

Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft.

(Falconer).

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

medium size, annual, slender, much branched,

velvety and sticky; leaves 1-14 by ;4-¢ in. linear,

short-pointed, one-nerved, sessile, spreading ;

flowers yellow, inner tubular, outer ligulate in

top-shaped heads 3 in. diam., terminating

many slender branches, bracts of the heads

few, linear, short or long-pointed, erect, outer

green, vclvety, and glandular, corollas inner

tubular, 5-toothed, outer ligulate, 3-toothed,

anther-bases forked, long-tailed, pappus hairs

1-2 series, coarse, on the edge of the cup-shaped

top of the achenes ;achenes 3 in., hairy, sticky,

usually ribbed.

medium size, annual, stiff, stems often red, much

branched, velvety and sticky, or almost smooth,

leafy ; leaves 2-7 by 1-liin., narrowly lanceolate,

sessile, base stem-clasping, prolonged into 2

processes, sometimes toothed, long-pointed; flowers

yellow, in long-stalked terminal or leaf-opposed

heads 1-2 in. diam., bracts of the heads many,

narrow, edges thin, corollas inner tubular, 5-

toothed, outer ligulate, 1 or 2-toothed, short,

broad, recurved, anther-bases forked, tails slen-

der, pappus hairs scanty ; achenes small, cylin-

dric, silky.

medium size, annual, velvety or softly felted,

much branched towards the top; leaves 3-l

in., oblong-lanceolate, sessile, base half-stem-

clasping, lower leaves stalked; flowers yellow,

inner tubular, outer ligulate in short stoutly

stalked heads, i-} in. diam., bracts of the

heads woolly, narrow, awl-shaped, erect, or

nearly turned back, corollas inner, 5-toothed,

outer erect, narrow, very short, anther-bases

forked, tails very slender, pappus hairs dirty

white, +, in., outer of jagged scales; achenes

very minute.

like the last species, but perennial, more robust,

woolly, leaves oblong-heart-shaped, ligules much

longer, pappus more copious and much longer,

134 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE, ExsTIpuLATE, SIMPLE LEAvEs.

Lear Mareins ENTIRE.

Perats UNITED.

Fiowsrs, Minutz, in Heaps.

Inner Tusutar, Ovrer LicuLateE.

Pulicaria angustifolia,

CoMPOSsiIT a.

F. B. I. ii. 299.

The Plains.

Delhi.

Baluchistan.

Calendula officinalis,

Marigold.

CoMPOSIT&.

1a od lee bb es

The Plains.

Peshawaur (Aitchison).

Calendula arvensis,

CoMPOSIT#A.

F. B. I. ii. 258.

Kashmir (Stoliezka).

Keelpinia linearis,

Grepis acaulis,

Hieracium crocatum,

Hieracium prenanthoides,

Lactuca dissecta,

Lactuca longifolia,

Lactuca rapunculoides,

Lactuca decipiens,

Lactuca macrorhiza,

Lactuca Lessertiana,

Lactuca sagittariodes,

Lactuca polycephala,

Prenanthes Brunoniana,

Prenanthes violzfolia,

Sonchus asper,

Sonchus oleraceus,

Sonchus maritimus,

Tragopogon pratense,

like Pulicaria, vulgaris, but leaves linear-oblong,

tips blunt or abruptly pointed and recurved, bracts

of the heads green, lanceolate, long-pointed,

achenes nearly smooth.

medium size, annual, velvety; leaves 1-5 in.

lower oblong narrowed to the stalk, upper lanceo-

late, base heart-shaped stem-clasping toothed or

nearly entire, short-pointed, hairy on both sur-

faces; flowers bright orange yellow, inner tubular,

outer ligulate in heads 1-2 in. diam. terminal-

stalked, bracts of the heads in., incurved and

pressed against the ripe achenes, linear, long-

pointed, corollas, inner tubular, 5-toothed, outer

ligulate, many, 3-toothed, anther-bases forked,

pappus hairs none; achenes long, not hairy, curved;

boat-shaped, rough, not beaked. This plant is

hardly indigenous.

very like the last species, but the flowers are

sulphur-yellow, and the achenes are beaked, the

outer ones prickly.

FLOWERS ALL LIGULATE.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exsti-

pulate, Simple.

see Herbs, Erect Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB.

135

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE, ExsTIPULATE, SIMPLE LEAVES.

Lear Marcins ENTIRE.

Perats UNITED.

Fiowers, Minute, 1n Heaps.

Tragopogon porrifolium,

Scorzonera divaricata,

CoMPosIT&.

KF. B. 1. ni, 418.

Himalaya, 9-15,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Scorzonera purpurea,

Composit Zz.

BeBe en 418. | 2

Kashmir, Banahal,

8,000 ft.

Cephalostigma hirsutum,

Wahienbhergia gracilis,

Codonopsis ovata,

CAMPANULACE.

RY By in. 433.

Himalaya, 8-12,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Sphenoclea zeylanica,

CAMPANULACES.

Wee, 10.437,

The Plains in swamps.

Phyteuma Thomsoni,

FLOWERS ALL LIGULATE.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

small to medium size, perennial, smooth, root

woody, stem slender, rarely unbranched, grooved,

branches very divergent, leaves 2-6 by 4,2 in.,

linear, slender, curved, margins incurved ; flowers

yellow in large long-stalked cylindric heads 1-13

in. diam. 5-8 flowered, bracts of receptacles 4-8 in

several rows, outer short, broad, inner long, linear,

smooth or velvety, achenes 2 in., very slender, pale,

smooth, not winged, longer than the pappus, pap-

pus hairs feathery below.

like the last species, but sometimes woolly,

flowers purple, achenes angled, shorter than the

pappus.

FLOWERS NOT IN Heaps.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

small, perennial, root woody, spindle-shaped

leaves 4-2 by $-3 in., ovate, blunt or short-pointed,

hairy on both surfaces, stalk 3-+ in.; flowers sky-

blue, 1-14 by 3-3 in., on long, terminal stalks, 3-6 in

long, calyx lobes 5d, 4 by % in., oblong with rounded

ends, minutely hairy; corolla widely bell-shaped,

5-toothed, stamens 5, style 3-lobed; capsules 4-3

in. broad, depressed, conical with the broad base

above, beaks 3 in. long, seeds very many, slightly

flattened, smooth, brown.

medium size to large, annual, smooth, branched,

or unbranched, stout; leaves 2-3 in., lanceolate,

narrowed at both ends, sessile or shortly stalked,

smooth, flowers small, greenish-yellow in dense

bracteate and bracteolate, spikes 3-2 in. long on

stalks 1-2 in. long, calyx lobes 5, 7 in. in fruity

in., triangular, closely-bent in, corolla bell-shaped,

5-lobed, stamens 5, on the corolla and alternate

with its lobes, style short, hardly 2-lobed; capsule

+ in diam. wedge-shaped and angled below crown-

ed with the calyx-lobes, seeds minute, rough with

very minute pappille or scales.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

136 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII

Heres, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE, HxsTIPULATE, SIMPLE LEAVES.

Lysimachia lobelioides,

PRIMULACES.

F. B. I. iii. 502.

Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Kashmir.

Lysimachia pyramidalis,

PRIMULACES.

F. B. I. ii. 5038.

Himalaya, 5-8,000 ft.

Kast of the Sutlej,

Simla (Collett),

Lysimachia chenopo-

dioides,

PRIMULACES.

FE. B. I. iii. 508.

Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft.

Valleys below Simla

(Collett).

Centunculus tenellus,

PRIMULACER.

F. B. I. iii. 506.

Himalaya, 1-6,000 ft.

Dalhousie.

Samolus Valerandi,

Brookweed.

PRIMULACES.

F. B. I. iii. 506.

Himalaya, 3-4,000 ft.

Sutlej Valley Suni on

marshes (Collett.)

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Lear Mareins ENTIRE.

Perats UNITED.

FLOWERS NoT IN HBEADs.

medium size, annual, smooth, stem angular,

branched from the base; leaves 1-13 in. ovate-

lanceolate, tapering into a short stalk, short-point-

ed, margin gland-dotted ; flowers 4-3 in. long,

pale purple or white, sweet-scented, solitary, or

pairs in the axils of leaves or bracts forming termi-

nal racemes 3-6 in., calyx 5-lobed, nearly as long

as the corolla, margins thin, bracts awl-shaped,

corolla 1 in. diam., funnel-shaped, segments 5, ovate

with a broad tip, longer than the calyx, stamens

5, ununited, without glands, anthers oblong, pro-

truding, style thread-like; capsule $ in. diam.

round, splitting by 5 valves, seeds many, minute.

medium size, annual, smooth, much-branched ;

eaves 1-21 in., linear-lanceolate, minutely gland-

dotted and margined sessile or nearly so; flowers

white or pale purple, + in. long, in long terminal

racemes 6-10 in., bracts linear, lower 1 in., sepals

narrowly lanceolate with slender thin margins,

corolla lobes toothed, stamens shorter than the

corolla, capsule opens irregularly; for other

characters see the last species.

medium size, somtimes prostrate, leaves 3-1 in.,

ovate-lanceolate, short or long pointed, tapering

into a rather long stalk; flowers j in., pale purple

sessile or nearly so, solitary, axillary, calyx equal

to the corolla, long glands in series down the

sepals, stamens short ; for other characters see the

last species.

small, annual, sometimes unbranched ; leaves 7

in., sometimes nearly opposite. ovate, short-pointed

sessile; flowers minute, white or pink, solitary,

axillary, stalks shorter than the Jeaves, lengthen-

ing in fruit, calyx 4-5-lobed, corolla pitcher-shaped,

lobes 4-5, wheel-shaped ovate-lanceolate, stamens

4-5, on the corolla throat, anthers protruding,

style thread-like; capsule globular, opening by a

circular fissure round the middle, seeds many,

target-shaped.

small to medium size, perennial, rootstock short,

smooth, sometimes prostrate, rooting at the base ;

leaves 1-4 in., ovate with a broad tip or narrowed

to the base, lower crowded, spreading, stalked,

upper smaller, nearly sessile; flowers 3 in. diam.,

white in terminal racemes or flat-topped clusters,

afterwards lengthening, stalks bracteate about the

middle, calyx-tube half spherical, lobes 5, triangu

lar, corolla-tube bell-shaped, deeply 5-lobed, lobes

spreading, stamens 5, on the base of corolla, short

alternating with 5 minute scales, style short ; cap-

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 137

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE, ExstIPULATE, SIMPLE LEAVES.

Swertia alternifolia,

GENTIANACES.

F. B. I. iv. 128.

Himalaya, 11-12,000 ft.

The Chor (Collett).

Heliotropium Zeylanicum, ,

BoRAaGINACES.

F. B. I. iv. 148.

The Plains.

Heliotropium dasycarpum,

BoRAGINACES.

HEB. Liv. 148.

N. W. F. Province.

Peshawar (Stewart).

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Heliotropium Eichwaldi,

BoraGINACcEs.

F. B. I. iv. 149.

The Plains.

Kashmir, Srinagar.

Baluchistan (Lace).

Heliotropium rariflorum,

BoraGINacEs®.

feet. iv. 152.

The Plains.

Jhelum (Aitchison).

Baluchistan (Boissier),

Lear Mareins EnTIRe.

Petats UNITED.

sule } in. diam., ovoid, crowned with the calyx

teeth, splitting from the top in 5 valves, seeds many,

minute, wrinkled.

medium size to large, rootstock only perennial,

stems angled, hollow, 4in. thick; leaves 5 by 2 in.,

radical long-stalked, stem leaves oblong-lanceolate,

stem-clasping, flowers 13 in. diam., bright grey,

sometimes said to be yellow, in branching racemes,

sepals 5, 4 by 21in., ovate, short-pointed, toothed,

corolla-lobes 5, 2? by 4 in., oblong narrowed to the

base, short-pointed, two glandular depressions at

the base of each lobe, long-fringed, stamens 5,

style short, stigma 2-lobed; capsule 3-3 by 2 in.,

sessile oblong, seed 3 in. diam., smooth.

medium size to large, annual, roughly hairy ;

eaves 14 by i in., narrowly-lanceolate, sessile,

nearly entire; flowers 1 in. diam., white sessile in

long bractless spikes 2-6 in., often branching in

twos, curled up as it lengthens, flowers 1-2-ranked,

calyx 5-lobed, lobes +, in., ovate, short-pointed,

corolla-tnbe %in. wider above, minutely bristly

without lobes 5, 4, in. spreading, long pointed,

stamens 5 on the corolla tube, short, style longer

than the stigma, stigma short oblong, very hairy,

not protruding ; fruit # in., of 2-wrinkled pitted

2-seeded nutlets.

small to medium size, perennial, woody, stiff,

roughly hairy ; leaves 2 by 4 in., wedge-shaped at

both ends, nearly entire, sessile, flowers 4 in.,

whitish in short few flowered spikes, calyx lobes

7 in., oblong-lanceolate, corolla 4 in., cylindric,

stamens longer than those of the last species,

style short, stigma rough; fruit small, sometimes

silky ;-for other characters see the last species.

small, perennial, woody, branching from the base,

softly hairy ; leaves 3-liin., ovate with a broad

tip or oblong with rounded ends, silky, nearly entire,

stalks 3-1 in., flowers J in., in 2 ranks on dense

bractless spikes, 2 in. long, calyx lobes 14, in., ovate-

lanceolate, hairy, narrow, not covering the fruit,

corolla lobes slightly toothed, small, round, style

short, nutlets ;, in. not spreading, forming an

ovoid 4-pointed mitre-like fruit with a small

hole at the top ; for other characters see the last

species.

small, annual; leaves 1 by 3 in., linear, nearly

entire, rough, hairy ; flowers sessile in spikes 1-3

in., bracts scattered, leaflike, stigma a very depres-

sed cone, fruit four-lobed, bristly ; for other cha-

racters see the last species.

1388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

HERRS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE, ExsTIPULATE, StmMPLE LEAVES.

Heliotropium indicum.

Cynoglossum furcatum,

BoRAGINACES.

Ke Bi dsiv.loo:

The Plains to 9,000 ft.

Simla Mashobra (Col-

lett).

Cynoglossum micranthum,

CGynoglossum lanceolatum,

Gynoglossum denticula-

tum,

Cynoglossum Wallichii.

Cynoglossum microglo-

chin,

BoRAGINACES.

BE. Bo LavsL5s.

Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft.

Kashmir, Dalhousie.

Cynoglossum nervosum,

BoRAGINACES.

Te 18h IL, vhs Ilse}

Himalaya, 10-12,000 ft.

Jalouri, Pass Kulu.

The Chor Pangi.

Lindelofia spectabilis.

BoRAGINACEA.

Re Beli ty lag:

Himalaya, 10-12,000 ft.

Kashmir, Pir Panjal.

Lear Mareins ENTIRE.

Prrats UNITED.

see Derbs, Erect, Alternate, Hxstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

medium size, biennial or perennial, hairy with

hairs flat to the stem, hairs often bulbous based ;

leaves radical long-stalked, large, present when

flowering, stem-leaves 4 by 1 in., narrowly lanceo-

late, or oblong, sessile, smooth or very minutely

rough above; flowers 4 in. diam., pale blue or

white in long-forked one-sided racemes without

bracts, calyx deeply 5-lobed, persistent, enlarged

in fruit, corolla-tube short with 5 scales at the

mouth, lobes 5, blunt, spreading, ‘stamens 5,

within the corolla-tube, style short; nutlets 4,

small, l-seeded, covered with minute hooked

bristles.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple.

Toothed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

medium size, softly velvety; leaves 4 by 2 in.,

ovate short-pointed, upper surface with long white

bulbous-based hairs, lower with soft white, velvet;

flowers 4-3 in. diam., dark blue in dense racemes,

calyx lobes 4 by 4, in., blunt, hairy, ccrolla tube

shorter than the calyx-lobes, lobes +4 in., nutlets

bristly on the margin; for other characters see

Cynoglossum furcatum.

very like the last species, but leaves more nar-

rowly lanceolate, looser racemes, larger flowers,

nutlets more densely bristly on the margins.

medium size, perennial, hairy, leaves, radical 2-4

in., long-stalked lanceolate, lower stem leaves

stalked 3 in., nearly heart-shaped, upper stem

leaves oblong, sessile, stem-clasping, hairy on both

surfaces; flowers + in. deep blue in dense long

bractless racemes, calyx-lobes 5, 4 in. blunt or

nearly short-pointed, slightly hairy or woolly,

corolla tube + in., one to 3 times as long as the

calyx, lobes 5, 4 in., crowned with scales in the

mouth forming a cone, lobes blunt round spread-

ing, stamens 5, scarcely protruding above the

mouth scales, style long, stigma small; nutlets

4, depressed, rounded at the base, margins

bristly. ;

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 139

Heres, BRECT, WITH ALTERNATE, ExsrreuLaTE, SIMPLE LEAVES.

Lindelofia Benthami,

BoRAGINACEZ.

F. B. I. iv. 159.

Kashmir, 11-15,000 ft.

Solenanthus circinnatus,

BoraGINACEZ.

F. B. I. iv. 160.

Himalaya, 12,000 ft.

Pangi (Watt).

Paracaryum heliocarpum,

BoRAGINACEZ.

ees. f. iv. 16L.

Himalaya, 7-9,000 ft.

Kashmir, Lahoul

Spiti (Thomson).

Paracaryum glochidiatum,

BoRAGINACEZ.

eB. tiv. 161.

Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft.

Matiana Hill.

Hattu (Collett).

Kashmir.

Paracaryum microcar-

pum,

BoraGINAcEs.

F. B. I. iv. 162.

Himalaya, 8,000 ft.

Pangi, Kashmir.

Echinospermum mini-

mum,

BoraGINAcEs.

Re. Liv. 162).

N. W. F. Province.

Peshawar.

(Vicary).

Kashmir Valley.

Lear Mareains Entire.

Pretats UNITED.

very like the last species, but the leaves narrower ;

flowers on branching racemes, corolla lobes nearly

erect.

medium size, perennial, hairy ; leaves, radical 6

by 23 in., heart-shaped, thin, stalk 8 in., stem-

leaves 3 by 11 in., oblong-lanceolate almost stem-

clasping ; flowers blue, } in., in branching terminal

racemes, calyx lobes 5, 4 by 7s in., oblong, corolla-

tube + in., scales in the mouth, lobes 5, 3 in.,

nearly erect, stamens 5, long, protruding far, style

long, threadlike, stigma small, nutlets 4, forming

a pyramid i-i in diam., densely bristly, especially

at, the margins.

medium size, perennial or biennial, softly hairy ;

leaves, radical long-stalked, 6 by 1 in., lanceolate

prolonged down the stalk, stem-leaves 23 by } in.

oblong or lanceolate, softly hairy on both surfaces :

flowers i-+ in., blue in long loose bractless racemes

4-10 in., calyx lobes 5,3 in., narrowly oblong

silky, little enlarged in fruit, corolla-tube closed

by scales, 4-2 in. lobes 5, % in., almost erect,

blunt stamens 5 under the mouth scales, style

iin. in fruit, nutlets 4, 4-3 in. forming a pyra-

mid with stiff persistent style, bristly, strongly

margined.

like the last species, but radical, leaves ovate,

heart-shaped, not prolonged down the stalk, stem-

leaves ovate, or orbicular, only hairy on the nerves

beneath, corolla-tube much shorter, style only {

in., nutlets forming a larger pyramid, hooked

bristles much longer, linear.

like the last species, but much smaller, spread-

ing, flowers much smaller, leaves oblong, much

smaller, nutlets very small, forming a pyramid,

with only minute hooked bristles on the disc, not

on the margins of the nutlets.

small, stiff, bristly; leaves 14 by 4 i. linear-

oblong, lower leaves with the blade prolonged

‘into the stalk; flowers 4 in., blue on stalks

2 in. in racemes 2-3 in. with bracts 3-3 im.,

leaflike, often reaching to the end of the race-

mes, calyx-lobes 5, 3-1 in., linear corolla-tube

short, mouth closed by 5 scales, lobes 5, blunt,

spreading a little longer than the calyx-lobes,

stamens 5 within the corolla-tube ; nutlets 4, erect,

1-1 in., forming a pyramid, margin thickened

with one row of hooked bristles, nutlets firmly

united.

140 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX11I.

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE, ExsTIPULATE, SIMPLE LEAVES,

Echinospermum _ barba-

tum,

BoRaGINACES.

eS leniiven Gas

Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft.

Eritrichium strictum,

BoRAGINACEA.

F. B. I. iv. 164.

Himalaya, West of

Sutlej, 7-13,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Eritrichium basifixum,

BoRAGINACEA.

F. B. I. iv. 165.

Himalaya, 13-15,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Rochelia stylaris,

BoRAGINACES.

F. B. I. iv. 166.

The Plains above 1,000

ft.

Kashmir Valley.

Bothriospermum _ tenel-

lum,

Gastrocotyle hispida,

BoRAGINACES.

F. B. I. iv. 168.

The Plains at 1,000 ft.

Baluchistan.

(C. B. Clarke ).

Lycopsis arvensis,

BoraGINACE&.

F. B. I. iv. 168.

Himalaya, 3-8,000 ft.

Near Peshawar,

Kashmir.

Lear Marcins Entire.

Perauts UNItep.

like the last species, but leaves oblong 3-2 in.,

racemes longer, bracts smaller, usually none at the

top of the raceme, calyx lobes ;4, in., oblong, nut-

lets ;4-} in., forming a pyramid of which the nut-

lets can be separated, two rows of hooked bristles

on the margins.

small, perennial, rootstock woody, stems many,

white silky, stiff; leaves 14 by 3 in., linear, lower

stem leaves larger, hardly stalked, radical leaves

stalked, whithered when flowering, flowers + in.

diam., blue on stalks 3-$ in. in branched race-

mes, 1-3 in., bracts minute in the upper part

of the racemes, calyx lobes 5, oblong, corolla-

tube short throat with 5 scales, lobes 5, blunt,

spreading, stamens 5 in corolla-tube, nutlets

4, erect, 3-7, in. pyramidal, margins thin with

the minute hooked bristles which are united

at their bases, apices of most nutlets divided,

hooked.

annual, stems one or two, leaves 3 by j in.,

broadly lanceolate with long weak hairs, sessile

lower tufted, upper apart, flowers purplish blue,

racemes 1 in., with many bracts, 3 in. long, nut-

lets #, in., thin smooth.

small, annual, with long weak hairs pressed to

the plant surface; leaves 1 by # in., narrowly

oblong prolonged into the very short stalk ; flowers

iby, in., blue or white on stalks bent down

in fruit in racemes 2 or 12 in. in fruit, bracts

leaflike ; smaller upwards, calyx lobes 5, linear,

j,in.,in fruit 3 in., corolla-tube with or with-

out scales, lobes 5 small, spreading, stamens 5

within the corolla tube, style much longer than

nutlets, nutlets 2, white, rough with minute

processes.

see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

small, spreading with bristly hairs, leaves 1-2 in.

oblong, lowest prolonged into the stalk ; flowers

small, solitary and shortly stalked or in small

axillary racemes, calyx lobes 5, 3-3 in., coarsely

bristly, corolla 1-5 in. diam., tube short closed with

scales, lobes 5, blunt, spreading, stamens 5 within

the corolla tube, nutlets 4, 3- in., ovoid, in-

curved, rough, apex with 4 ridges.

medium size, annual, bristly ; leaves 2 by 3 in.,

oblong, short-pointed, upper stem-clasping, lower

stalked ; flowers + in. white, less commonly blue,

on stalks 1-5 in. in terminal racemes, bracts

2 in., lanceolate or lower leaf-like, calyx lobes

5, linear, bristly, in., in fruit, + in., corolla-

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 1AL

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Monea Pulla,

BoRAGINACEA.

F. B. I. iv. 169.

The Plains.

Mertensia elongata,

BoRAGINACEA.

Beep le avs 170:

Kashmir, 5-8,000 ft.

Mertensia moltkioides,

BorRAGINACER,

Beebe iv. 170:

Himalaya, 8,000 ft.

Pangi (Dr. Watt).

Kashmir.

Mertensia echioides,

BoRAGINACES.

Beis lhety;. 01670:

Kashmir, 5-12,000 ft.

Mertensia racemosa,

BoRAGINACES.

Pepe Ll, iv. 171.

Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft.

Simla.

Mashobra (Collett).

Moltkia parviflora,

BoRAGINACES.

F. B. 1. iv..171.

Kashmir, 6-8,000 ft.

Lear Mareins ENTIRE.

Perats UNITED.

tube j in., curved, lobes 5, nearly equal, 3 in., blunt

spreading stamens 45, nearly atthe bottom of the

corolla tube ; nutlets 4, 3-4 in., ovoid, wrinkled.

medium size, much branched, hairy and bristly ;

leaves 2 by 3 in., oblong, short-pointed, upper

nearly stem-clasping, lower stalked ; flowers } in.,

blackish-purple, on stalks 3-} in., in racemes,

dense-flowered, 2-5 in., bracts 1 in., leaflike, calyx

;in.,in fruit $i. nearly globular, enclosing the

nutlets, lobes 5, long-pointed, corolla-tube + in.,

straight without scales at the mouth, lobes 5,

in., blunt, half spreading, stamens 5 enclosed in

the corolla-tube; nutlets 4,4 in. curved inwards,

ovoid, wrinkled in a network.

small, rootstock stout, perennial, stems annual,

hairy with the hairs laid against the stem and with

broad bases ; leaves oblong radical 2 by in., long-

stalked with the ae prolonged into the stalk,

stem leaves 2 by 3 in., sessile; flowers + in., pur-

plish blue on stiff eee erect stalks 2 in. in race-

mes many-flowered long-stalked lengthened i in fruit,

to 34 in., calyx lobes 5, + in. linear, in fruit, + in.,

corolla 3 in. diam., tube 4 in. long, lobes spread-

ing, a little longer than the calyx, scales in the

throat very small, stamens 5, included in the

corolla-tube, style thread-like, very long, nutlets 4,

75 in., ovoid-oblong, smooth, slightly angular,

white or pale, shining.

like the last species, but with hairs not pressed

to the stem, corolla-tube twice as long as the

calyx, nutlets 3 in., brown-black.

small to medium size, perennial, softly hairy,

leaves 14 by 3 in., nearly blunt, racemes 1-5 in. on

long stalks corolla-tube, 4 in. longer than the

calyx-lobes, corolla-lobes erect, no scales in the

throat, stamens protruding beyond the throat of

the corolla-tube ; otherwise like the last species.

nearly smooth, or minutely hairy, stems small,

weak, leaves ovate radice1 long-stalked, stem leaves

often stalked, lanceolate, racemes nearly sessile,

TRG e08, few-flowered, corolla 3-2 in. diam., tube

4 as long again as the calyx, scales in the throat,

stamens not protruding, otherwise like the last

species.

very like Mertensia echioides, but leaves linear-

oblong, 2 by 4+ in., minutely hairy, racemes without

bracts ; flowers all on one side, corolla hardly pro-

jecting beyond the calyx, no scales in the throat.

142 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExstIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Myosotis czespitosa,

Forget-me-not.

BoRAGINACE,

KF. B. I. iv. 173.

Himalaya, 9-13,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Myosotis sylvatica,

Wood forget-me-not. °

BoRAGINACES.

F. B. I. iv. 173.

Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft.

Simla, Fagu (Collett).

Kashmir.

Myosotis arvensis,

BoRAGINACES.

BBs leave iv.

Kashmir Valley.

Myosotis stricta,

BoRAGINACES.

FE. B. 1. iv. 174.

Kashmir, 5-6,000 ft.

(Falconer).

Pangi (Dr. Watt).

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Lithospermum arvense,

BoRAGINACE.

F. B. I. iv. 174.

Kashmir.

N. W. F. Province.

Peshawaur.

Baluchistan (Lace).

Lithospermum tenui-

florum,

BoRAGINACES.

BBs ave Lira:

Kashmir, 5-7,000 ft.

Rawalpindi (Aitchison)

Baluchistan (Lace).

Lithospermum officinale

BORAGINACES.

FE. B. I. iv. 175.

Kashmir, 5-8,000 ft.

Lear Mareins Entire.

Prrats UNITED.

small to medium size, hairy, or nearly smooth,

hairs pressed against stem; leaves 13 by 2 in.,

oblong, lowest with blade prolonged into the stalk ;

flowers 7 in. diam., bright blue with a yellow centre,

on stalks longer than the calyces in racemes 2-8

in., flowers all on one side, calyx lobes triangular-

lanceolate as long as the tube, hairy, corolla-tube

short, mouth closed with scales, lobes 5, blunt,

spreading, stamens 5, enclosed in the corolla tube,

style shorter than the calyx-lobes, nutlets 4,

ovoid-oblong, smooth.

small to medium size, hairy, hairs spreading ;

leaves 13 by i in., oblong but narrower, lowest

broader, and stalked, racemes often divided,

corolla 4 in. diam., lobe flat, calyx smaller, teeth

lanceolate longer than the tube, hairs erect and

spreading; for other characters see the last species.

very like the last species, but corolla smaller

4-4 in. diam., lobes concave, calyx teeth curving

over nutlets.

very like the last species, but smaller, leaves nar-

rowed at both ends, lower nearly sessile, flowers

often crowded on racemes which hook like spikes.

medium size, annual, bristly ; leaves lanceolate,

stem-leaves 1 by + in., lower stalked oblong-ovate

with a broad tip; flowers in. long, white rarely

blue, on stalks 4 in. in racemes 4-10 in., bracts

leaflike smaller upwards, calyx-lobes 5, linear,

corolla hairy upwards, tube not longer than the

calyx, lobes 5, blunt, spreading, stamens 5,

enclosed in the corolla-tube, stigma usually 2-fid ;

nutlets 4, 1 in., stony, rough, narrowed upwards.

very like the last species, but smaller, lower

eaves scarcely stalked; flowers usually blue,

nutlets more pointed.

medium size to large, perennial, roughly hairy;

leaves 2 by 4 in., oblong-lanceolate, roughly hairy,

nerves somewhat prominent; flowers } in., white

turning yellowish on stalks 3 in. in racemes 1-4 in.,

bracts leaflike, smaller upwards, nutlets shining

white, smooth ; otherwise like the last species.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB.

143

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExstrpuLATE SIMPLE LuEAvEs.

Arnebia hispidissima,

BoraGINaces.

fee. L. iv. 176.

The Plains, Lahore.

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Arnebia Griffithii,

The Prophet’s flower,

Panjakka paghambri

phul.

BoraGINnacEs.

oF. B.T. iv. 176.

_ The Plains.

West of the Jhelum.

Pindigheb.

Futtehganj (Douie).

Campbellpur. —

Peshawaur.

Baluchistan

Clarke).

Arnebia Thomsoni,

BoraGINACE.

eee. 1, iv. 176.

Spiti Valley, Ladakh.

Arnebia tibetana,

BoRAGINACES.

Ree. 1. iv. 176.

Northern Kashmir,

7-12,000 ft.

Onosma echioides,

(COTE:

Onosma Thomsoni,

Onosma bracteatum,

Luar Marcins Entire.

Perats UNITED.

small, annual or biennial, very roughly hairy as

the specific name implies; leaves 2 by 3 in,

lanceola, hairs white from prominent bases;

flowers + in., yellow, nearly sessile on one-sided

spikes, 2-4 in. long, bracts 4-3 1n., linear, calyx-

lobes 5, linear, o in., stamens 5, in some plants

short, included in the corolla tube, in others long,

just protruding, style long or short the inverse to

the length of the stamens; nutlets 4, 35-7, in.,

conical, sharply-pointed, prominences on all sides.

very like the last species, but a little larger,

hairs softer, calyx lobes 3-3 in., corolla-tube 3-1

by 3-3 in. lobes yellow with a brown spot at the

base of each fading during the day, nutlets much

larger, more triangular and blunter, prominences

on all sides.

very like A. hispidissima above, but often

perennial, softer, leaves narrowly oblong, bracts

oblong, blunt, longer than the calyx, nutlets larger

and smoother.

very like the last species, but hairs more bristly,

spikes longer, nutlets rougher.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

see-Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

(To be continued.)

144

THE FUNGI OF INDIA.

F. THEISSEN, S. J.

Ame ile

With Plates V to LX.

(Continued from page 1303 of Vol. XXT.)

10.—TUBEROIDE Ah.

Trichocoma paradoxa, Jungh. Syll. X, p. 82.

Syn.: Trichoscytale paradoxum, Corda.

On rotten wood, Neilgherries, Nepal, Himalaya, New Zealand, Java

11.—HEMIASCINEE.

Protomyces macrosporus, Ung. Syll. VII, p. 319.

Syd., p. 372, on Coriandrum sativum, Pusa.—Known from Europe, North

America, Africa.

Exoascus deformans (Berk ), Fuck. Syll. VIII, p. 816.

Syd., 1. cit., on leaves of Prunus Persica, Shillong, Assam.—-_Known from

Europe and North America.

Exeascus Pruni, Fuck. Syll. VIII, p 817.

Syd., p. 373, on fruits of Prunus Padi., (Tadi,) Murree. BS enairi from

Europe, Siberia, "North America.

Taphrina Cornu-cervi, Giesh. Syll. XI, p. 437.

On leaves of Aspidium aristatum, Nepal, Ceylon.

Taphrina ? Laurencia, Giesh. 1. cit.

On leaves of Pieris quadriaurita, Assam ; Pie

Taphrina rhomboidalis, Syd. et Butl, —Syd., p. 373.

On leaves of Pteris quadriaurita, Kumaon, Eraaleya.

Taphrina aurea (Pers.), Fr. Syll. AVISUIT, ee 812.

Syd., p. 378, on leaves of Populus ciliata, Murree.—Known also from

Kurope and North America.

Taphrina maculans, Butl.

Syd., p. 373, on leaves of Curcuma longa, Dehra Dun; on Cureuma

Amada, Saharanpur; on Curcuma angustifolia, Kumaon, Himalaya; on

leaves of Zingiber Casumunar, Rangpur; on Zingiber zerumbet, Behar.

12.—LABOULBENIACE.

Sphaleromyces indicus, Thaxt. Syll. XVI, p. 692.

On Pinophilus, Malabar.

Ceraiomyces Selinz, Thaxt. Syll. XVII, p. 918.

On Selina Westermanni, India ; (locality unknown).

Enarthromyces indicus, Thaxt. Syl. XIV, p. 726.

On Pteropsophus sp.; locality unknown.

Dichomyces hybridus, Thaxt. Syll. XVI, p. 678.

On various species of Philonothus, India, China, Ceylon, North America,

Hurope.

Laboulbenia Kunkelij, (Giard), Thaxt. Syll. XI, p. 451.

Syn.: Thavteria Kunkel, Giard.

On the elytre and thorax of Mormolix phallodes; locality unknown.

Laboulbenia assamensis, Thaxt. Syll. XVI, p. 685.

On Catascopus (? ), Assam.

Journ. BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PratTe VY.

A.—Simblum sphaerocephalum. C.—Jansia truncata.

B.—Clathrus chrysomycelinus. D.—Lycoperdon nigrescens.

THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 145

Laboulbenia coarctata, Thaxt. ib.

On Orectochilus, Bengal.

Laboulbenia Dineutis, Thaxt. ib., p. 684.

On Dineutes subspinosus, India, Bengal, Ceylon, Madagascar.

Laboulbenia distincta, Thaxt. ib.

On Pericallus ceruleo-virens, Singapore.

Laboulbenia finitima, Thaxt. Syll. XVI, p. 685. ,

On Pericallus guttatus, Singapore, Java.

Laboulbenia fissa, Thaxt. ib. »

On Pericallus guttatus and (flavoguttatus,) India (locality unknowa ) ;

Java.

Laboulbenla maculata, Thaxt ib., p. 686.

On Serrimargo guttiger ; locality unknown.

Laboulbenia malayensis, Thaxt. ib.

Singapore.

Laboulbenia microsoma, Thaxt. ib.

On Serrimargo guttiger ; locality unknown.

Laboulbenia Serrimarginis, Thaxt. ib., p. 688.

On Serrimargo guttiger, Penang.

Laboulbenia tenuis, Thaxt. ib., p. 689.

On Catascopus, India (locality unknown), Java, New Guinea,

Laboulbenia tuberculifera, Thaxt. ib.

On Serrimargo guttiger, Penang.

Laboulbenia acanthophora, Thaxt. Syll. XVII, p. 918.

On Pericallus ; locality unknown.

B.—BASIDIOMYCETES.

PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES.

Auricularia tremeilosa, Fr. (Laschia) Syll. VI, 407.

Hast India, Ceylon, Java, Mexico. (Cfr. T. Petch. Revisions of Ceylon

Fungi II, p. 416.)

Auricularia subvelutina, Berk. (Laschia) Syll. VI, p. 410.

Darjeeling.

Auricularia epitricha, Berk. Syll. XI, p. 143.

Bombay ; Neilgherries.

Hirneola porphyrea (Lév.) Fr. Syll. VI, p. 768.

Singapore.

Hirneola blepharistoma, B. et C.

Grevill. VIII, p. 96, Belgaum.

Hirneola nobilis (Lév.), Fr. Syll. VI, p. 765.

Mussoorie, Dehra Dun.

Exidia bursiformis, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 773.

Darjeeling.

Guepinia ramosa, Curr. Syll. VI, p. 810.

Arracan and Howrah District ; P. Henn., F. Ind. or. I, p. 328, Saharan-

pur Garden.

Tremella protensa, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 782.

Sikkim and Darjeeling.

AUTOBASIDIOMYCETES.

1.—THELEPHORACE.

Corticium incarnatum (Pers.), Fr. Syll. VI, p. 625.

P. Henn. F. Indix or II, p. 323, Mussoorie, Arnigadh, Europe, North

America, Australia, Ceylon.

146 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX11,

Corticium ceruleum (Schrad.), Fr.

Theissen, F. Bombay. Khandala. ;

Corticium ? (Coniophora) indica, Mass. Syll. IX, p. 241.

Bombay.

Corticium (Coniophora) membranacea (DC.), Syll. VI, p. 649.

Grevill. VIII, p. 93, on walls of gaol, Simla.—Huropean species.

Thelephora Sowerbyi, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 522.

P. Henn. II, p. 324, Saharanpur Garden, on roots and trunks.—Oceurs

also in Europe and Australia:

Theiephora sparassoides, P. Henn. II, p. 324.

Mussoorie, Arnigadh (5,500 ft.)

Thelephora ? aurantiaca, Pers. Syll. VI, p. 526.

P. Henn. 1. cit. on the ground, Saharanpur.—The species is known only

from Cuba and South America.

Thelephora pusilla, Curr. Syll. VI, p. 532.

Sikkim, Himalaya.

Stereum rimosum, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 568.

Darjeeling ; Ceylon.

Stereum scytale, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 573.

Sikkim ; Khasia; Cuba; Brazil.

Stereum medicum, Curr. Syll. VI, p. 582.

Sikkim.

Stereum lobatum, Fr. Syll. VI, p. 568.

Theissen, F. Bombay. Khandala; Syll. 1. cit.: Ceylon India, Java,

Malacca, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, North America, Cuba,

South America—Cfr. Theissen. Hymenomye. riogr. n. 99 (Broteria, 191%), —

Brazil.

' Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Fr. Syll. VI, p. 563.

Cosmopolitan; Theissen, F'. Bombay. Khandala; P. Henn. II, p. 323,

Mussoorie.

Stereum purpureum, Pers. Syll. VI, p. 563.

P. Henn. II, p. 323, Mussoorie, f. Jaeves.—Known from Europe, N. Ameri-

ca, Australia, Java, Patagonia.

Stereum elegans, Mey. Syll. VI, p. 553.

P. Henn. II, p. 328, Saharanpur Garden, on roots; Theissen, F. Bombay.

Khandala; Syll. 1. cit. ; Ceylon, Australia, North America, Cuba, Brazil,

Africa—Cfr. Theissen, Hymenom. riogr. n. 97 (Broteria, 1912).

Stereum nitidulum, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 552.

P. Henn. I, I, p. 323, Saharanpur Garden, on roots and trunks of Cas-

uarina equisetifolia, known from Ceylon, Australia and Brazil.

Stereum annosum, B. et Br. Syll. IV, p. 586.

Theissen, F. Bombay. Santa Cruz on Salsette near Bombay ; Syll. 1. cit.,

Neilgherries ; Ceylon; Malacca.

Lioydella bicolor, (Pers.) v. Hohn. et L.

Syn. : Sterewm bicolor (Pers.), Quél. Syll. VI, p. 565.

Lloydella fusca (Schrad.) Bres.

Cosmopolitan ; cfr. Theissen, Hymenom. riogr. n. 89 (Broteria, 1912)—

Sikkim.

Hymenochaete cacao, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 572.

Khasia ; Cuba; Venezuela.

Hymenochaete Carteri, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 603.

Grevill. VIII, p. 150, Bombay.

Hymenochaete tenuissima, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 593.

Syn. : H. elegantissima Speg. Syll. VI, p. 594.

Grevill. VIII, p. 146, India (locality unknown); cosmopolitan, cfr.

Theissen, Hymenom. riogr. n. 88 (Broteria, 1912).

THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 147

Hymenochaete strigosa, B. et Br. Syll. VI, p. 1592.

Theissen, F. Bombay. Khandala—Known from Ceylon, Malacca and

Australia.

Hymenochaete rubiginosa, (Schrad.), Lév. Syll. VI, p. 589.

East India, Borneo, Australia, North America, Patagonia, Europe.

Hymenochaete depallens, B. et C. Syll. VI, p. 596.

P. Henn. ii, p. 324,- Saharanpur Garden.—Known from Ceylon and

Singapore.

Cladoderris mussooriensis, P. Henn. II, p. 324.—On the ground, Mussoorie,

Arnigadh (5,500 ft.)

2,—CLAVARIACEAN.

Clavaria Gollani, P. Henn.

P. Henn. I, p. 151, II, p. 824—Saharanpur Garden.

Clavaria pyxidata, (Pers.) Syll. VI, p. 698.

P. Henn., ibid, Mussoorie, Arnigadh.—Known from Europe, N. America

Cuba, Australia.

Lachnocladium Hookeri, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 738.

Khasia.

Lachnocladium mussooriense, P. Henn. II, p. 324.

Mussoorie, Arnigadh, on the ground.

Calocera viscosa, Fr. Syll. VI, p. 732.

Grevill. VIII, p. 96, Belgaum—Occurs in Europe, N. America and

Malacca.

3.—HYDNACEA.

Lopharia mirabilis, (Berk.) Pat.

Syn.: Radulum mirabile, B. et Br. Syll. VI, p. 496.

Thwaitesiella mirabilis (B.) Mass.

P. Henn., II, p. 325, Saharanpur Garden. Cfr. T. Petch. Revisions of

Ceylon Fungi, IT, p. 410—Ceylon, Borneo.

Radulum Emerici, Berk, Syll. XI, p. 111.

Neilgherries.

Radulum neilgherrensis, Berk. 1. cit.

Neilgherries.

Radulum spongiosum, Berk. 1. cit.

Nepal.

Sistotrema ochroleucum, Lévy. Syll. VI, p. 481.

See Lenzites (Polyporacee).

Hydnum delicatulum, K1. Syll. VI, p. 458.

East India; Australia.

Hydnum gilvum, Berk. 1. cit., p. 459.

Darjeeling.

Hydnum Thwaitesi, B. et Br. 1. c., p. 433.

Neilgherries ; Ceylon.

Hydnum Vespertilio, Berk. 1. c., p. 442.

Nunklow (Khari Hills).

Hydnum repandum, L. Syll VI, p. 435.

P. Henn. II, p. 325—Mussoorie, Arnigadh, Europe, North America,

Tasmania.

Hydnum Aitchesoni, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 454.

Grevill. IV, p. 137, Gulmarg (8,500 ft.) during the rains, September.

Esculent ; vernacular name “ Ryle-gub.”

Hydnum flabelliforme, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 457.

Sikkim; North America; Cuba.

148 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI1.

Hydnum lachnodontium, Berk. Syll. XI, p. 108.

Neilgherries.

Hydnum analogum, Berk. 1. cit., p. 108.

Neilgherries.

Irpex flavus K]. Syll. VI, p. 486.

Syn.: Polystictus flavus Jungh.

P. Henn. I, II, p. 325, Bilaspore; Saharanpur Garden.—Theissen, F.

Bombay. Khandala et Salsette—The species is also found in Africa, Aus-

. tralia, Ceylon, Java, Samoa, North America.

Irpex canescens, Fr. Syll. VI, p. 485.

Theissen, F. Bombay. Khandala—Often quoted as the forma canescens

of Irpex lacteus Fr., cfr. Theissen, Hymenomye. riogr. n. 36 (Broteria,.

1912). It occurs also in Kurope and Brazil.

Irpex vellereus, B. et Br. Syll. VI, p. 489.

Theissen, F. Bombay. Khandala. Type from Ceylon.

Irpex zonatus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 489.

F. minor, Sikkim ; Nepal.

4,—POLYPORACEZ.

For practical reasons we follow the alphabetical order in the enumeration,

of the genera and species. Where not otherwise stated, the habitat is —

always ‘on wood, or branches. ’

The following abbreviations are used when referring to the chief litera-

ture.

Lloyd, Polyst.—C. G. Lloyd, Synopsis of the sections Microporus, Taba-

cinus and Funales of the genus Polystictus, August 1910.

Lloyd, Hexag.—C. G. Lloyd, Synopsis of the genus Hexagona, June

1910.

Murr. I-XIJJ—William A. Murrill, The Polyporaceze of North America.

(contributions from the New York Botanical Garden, No. 29, ete., 1902-

1906).

Romell—L. Romell. Hymenomycetes Austro-Americani I (Bihang K. Sv.

Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 26, III, No. 16).

Theissen, Polyp. F.—Theissen 8. T., Polyporacez austro-brasilienses.

(Denkschr. K. Akad. Wissensch. Wien 1911, Vol. 85).

Boletus areolatus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 44, Kala Panee, Khasia, on the

ground.

Boletus delphinus, Berk. Syll., p. 28, Darjeeling, on the ground.

Boletus emodensis, Berk. Syll., p. 20, Darjeeling, on the ground.

Boletus flavipes, Berk. Syll., p. 28, Myrong, Khasia, on the ground.

Boletus fragicolor, Berk. Syll., p.29, Khasia, on the ground.

Boletus furfuraceus, Berk. Syll., p. 28, Moflong, Khasia, on the ground.

Boletus gigas, Berk. Syll., p. 33, Lachen river.

Boletus pusillus, Berk. Syll., p. 46, Khasia, on the ground.

Boletus scrobiculatus, Berk. Syll., p. 37, Moflong, Khasia, on the ground.

Boletus ustalis, Berk. Syll., p. 20, Darjeeling, on the ground.

Boletus verrucarius, Berk. Syll., p. 33, Sikkim, on the ground

Cyclomyces fuscus, Kze. Syll. VI, p. 389.

Gfr. Lloyd, Mycol. Notes No. 36, East India.—Type from Mauritius.

Cyclomyces turbinatus, Berk., 1. cit., p. 390.

Syn.: Cyclomyces javanicus, Pat. Syll. XIV, p. 195, from Java. Nunklow,.

East India. Lloyd, 1. cit., thinks this species might be identical with Cyclo-

myces Greenti, Berk., from North America, whilst Murrill VIII takes the:

latter as the type of quite a different genus Cycloporus.

Dedalea emodensis, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 374, Lebong.

Favolus intestinalis, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 400, Darjeeling.

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“mnaonano wnssopbo.oupyy—' g

‘snsoousaa snyymho— Vy

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‘LSI[ ‘LVN AVaWOg ‘“Nunof¢

a mn a | ;

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Y ie : “D ei, igh

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THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 149

Favolus tenerrimus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 396, Darjeeling.

Favolus tesselatus, Mont. Syll. VI, p. 393, Darjeeling.

P. Henn. II, p. 327, Saharanpur Garden, on wood of Barringtonia acu-

tangula.—Ceylon, East India, Borneo, Central and South America, Africa.

(Cfr. Theissen, Polyp. No. 16.)

Fomes adamantinus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 204, Khasia, Sikkim and Darjeeling.

' Fomes applanatus, (Pers.), Wallr. Syll. VI, p. 176.

P. Henn. II, p. #25, Saharanpur Garden ; Theissen, F. Bombay, Khan-

dala. (Cfr. Synonyms, Theissen, Polyp. No. 18.)—Hurope, Siberia, North

and South America, Africa, Australia, East India.

Fomes australis Fr. Syll. VI, p. 176.

P. Henn. II, p. 325, Mussoorie, Arnigadh (5,500 ft.) ; Saharanpur Garden,

on Casuarina. (See Synonyms, Theissen, Polyp. No. 18).—Kurope, Africa,

South America, Australia, East India, New Zealand, New Guinea.

Fomes cinereo-fuscus, Curr. Syll. VI, p. 205, Pegu.

Fomes cornu-bovis, Cooke Syll. VI, p. 164, Khasia; Malacca.

Fomes endophzus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 178, Khasia.

Fomes hemitephrus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 199, Coromandel Coast.

Fomes inamenus, Mont. Syll. VI, p. 191, Nilgherries.

Fomes introstuppeus, B. et C. Syll. VI, p. 170, East India and Malacca on

JSuglans.

Fomes peguanus, Mont. Syll. VI, p. 179, Pegu, on Nauelea.

Fomes pudens, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 162, Khasia.

Fomes rimosus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 181.

P. Henn. I, Kalsia, on Dalbergia Sissoo. For synonyms see Theissen,

Polyp. No. 28.—Kast India, Australia, New Guinea, South Africa, South

America.

Fomes scopulosus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 201, Sikkim and Australia.

Fomes semitostus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 200, Khasia.

Fomes spadiceus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 198, locality unknown.

Fomes Thomsoni, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 170, Simla.

Fomes zelandicus, Cooke Syll. VI, p. 181, Coromandel.

Ganoderma lucidum (Leys.), Fr. Syll. VI, p. 147.

P. Henn. I, Kalsia; II, p. 325, Saharanpur Garden ; Theissen, F. Bombay.

Victoria Garden, Bombay; forma resinaceum (Bond.) Andheri, Salsette

and Bandra. (For synonyms, see Theissen, Polyp. No. 63), Cfr. Murrill I;

Petch, Circulars “ On Cocoanut-root disease’”’—Cosmopolitan.

Gloeoporus corrugatus, Berk. Syll. XI, p. 103, Neilgherries.

Hexagona apiaria, Pers. Syll. VI, p. 358.

Syn.: H. Wight, K1., ib. p. 357.

Lloyd, Hexag. p: 6: Philippines, Ceylon, East India, Australia, New-

‘Guinea, Guadeloupe, Borneo.

Hexagona glabra, Lev. Syll. VI, p. 364.

Reported from Bombay. This species is not an Hewvagona, but an hexa-

gonal form of Lenzites ochroleuca. (Cfr. Lloyd, Hexag., p. 44.)

Hexagona Kurzii, Curr. Syll. VI, p. 360.

Mutlah. Cfr. Lloyd., p. 21.

Hexagona macrotrema, Jungh. Syll. VI, p. 369.

Syn.: H. Molkenboeri, Léev. Syll. 1. cit.

Reported from Java and “ various points’ of East India; localities

desired. Itis but a form of H.albida, Lloyd knows only three speci-

mens, from Java, New Guinea, and tropical Africa.

Hexagona polygramma, Mont. Syll. VI, p. 367.

Theissen, F. Bombay. Khandala. This species is a form of H. tenwis

with larger pores; it occurs also in Ceylon, Borneo, Australia, South

Africa, Mexico, Cuba and South America.

150 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Hexagona scutigera, Fr. Syll. VI, p. 362.

Reported from Brazil, Paraguay and East India. I doubt, whether

the latter statement is quite certain; for scutigera is only a form of

H. variegata, which is an exclusively American plant. (Cfr. Lloyd,

Hexag., p. 18.)

Hexagona sinensis, F'r. Syll. VI, p. 357.

Reported from China, Mauritius and Hast India. “This species in

reality is merely a change of name of Boletus favus of which no type exists.”

(Lloyd, Hexag., p. 45).

Hexagona subtenuis, Berk. Syll. XI, p. 99.

Hast India, Central America, Australia. Lloyd (Hexag., p. 26) considers

it as a form of H. tenuis.

Hexagona tenuis, Hook. Syll. VI, p. 366.

P. Henn. II, p. 327, Saharanpur Garden; I, f. minor, Bilaspore on dead

branches of Mangifera indica; Theissen. F. Bombay. Khandala and

Bassein. “Widely distributed plant in most warm countries of the world.”

(Lloyd, Hexag., p. 23.)

Lenzites acuta, Berk. Syll. V., p. 643, Khasia, Himalaya, Philippines.

Lenzites betulina (L.), Fr. Syll. V, p. 638.

P. Henn. II, p. 328, Mussoorie, Armigadh (5,500 ft.), Europe, Siberia,

North America, Australia.

Lenzites eximia, Berk. Syll. V, p. 648, Sikkim and Himalaya.

Lenzites ochroleuca, Lev.

Syn. : Ststotrema ochroleucum, Lév. Syll. VI, p. 481.

Dedalea Hobsoni, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 379.

Trametes lobata, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 348.

Dedalea ochracea, Kalch. Syll. VI, p. 372.

Dedalea flabellum, Berk. Syll. IX, p. 200.

Lenxites ochrophylla, Berk. Syll. V, p. 650.

Hexagona glabra, Lév. Syll. VI, p. 364.

Hexagona picta, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 361.

Cfr. Lloyd, Hexag., p. 31, where the other synonyms of this most poly-

morphic species may be found. It is very common in East India, Ceylon,

Australia, Philippines, etc. Theissen, F. Bombay. Bombay, Khandala and

Salsette.

Lenzites repanda (Mont.), Fr. Syll. V, p. 650.

Syn. : Lenzites applanata, Fr. Syll. V, p. 644.

Lenzites Palisoti, Fr. Syll. V, p. 650.

Lenzites pallida, Berk. Syll. V, p. 650.

Lenzites polita, Fr. Syll. V, p. 649.

Lenzites deplanata, Fr. Syll. V, p. 644.

Theissen, F. Bombay. Dehra Dun and Simla. In Syll. ll. cit. repanda,

reported from Sikkim (India), Ceylon, Borneo, New Zealand, North America,

Cuba; applanata, from Brazil, Guyana, Ceylon, Perak, Mauritius ; Palsote

from South Africa and Australia; pallida from Khasia (India) and Philip-

pines ; polita from Brazil and the Isle of Bourbon ; deplanata from Ceylon,

Nepal, Australia, Cuba, Brazil, Guinea and South Africa. (Cfr. Theissen,

Polyp. No. 38, Romell, p. 11, Murr. X.)

Lenzites rugulosa, Berk. Syll. V, p. 649, Darjeeling.

Lenzites subferruginea, Berk. Syll. V, p. 648, Khasia, Himalaya.

Merulius lignosus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 420, Darjeeling.

Merulius pseudolacrymans, P. Henn. II, p. 328.

Saharanpur Garden, on roots of trees.

Polyporus adustus (Willd.), Fr. Syll. VI, p. 125.

Sikkim, Europe, North America, Cuba, Australia, New Zealand, East and

South Africa, Brazil, Patagonia, China. (Cfr. Theissen, Polyp. No. 42.)

THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 151

Polyporus anthelminticus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 79.

On culms of Bambusa, Pegu ; “vulgo, ‘Wamo’ or, ‘Jhan-mo’ ; ab indigenis

ut anthelminticus adhibetur.”

Polyporus arcularius (Batsch.) Fr.

P. Henn. II, p. 326, Mussoorie, Arnigadh, Europe, Siberia, North and

Central America, Ceylon, Australia, New Zealand.

Polyporus bambusicola, P. Henn. II, p. 326.

Saharanpur Garden, on roots of Bambusa.

Polyporus campbellii, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 61.

On the ground, Poona. i

Polyporus cochleariformis, Cooke, Syll. VI, p. 91.

Malacca.

Polyporus corium, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 111.

Sikkim (4,000 m.).

Polyporus cremoricolor, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 71.

Darjeeling.

Polyporus cubensis, Mont. [Trametes].

Theissen, F. Bombay, Dehra Dun. (Cfr. Synonymy, Theissen, Polyp.

No. 80.)— Cosmopolitan species.

Polyporus digitalis, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 123.

Sikkim.

Polyporus elatinus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 141.

Sikkim and East Nepal.

Polyporus flammans, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 103.

Sikkim and Darjeeling.

Polyporus gilvus, Schw. Syll. VI, p. 121.

Syn : P. isidioides, Berk., ibid.

P. Henn., I, II, p. 325, Kalsia, on Shorea robusta ; Mussoorie, Arnigadh.

Theissen, F. Bombay. Khandala. Ell. et Ev. (Syll. IX, p. 188) ascribes

it to Mucronoporus, Romell, p.14, to Chatoporus. Polyporus scruposus Fr. is

said to be merely a form of Polyporus gilvus. Cosmopolitan. For synonymy

and distribution, see Theissen, Polyp. No. 54.)

Polyporus grammocephalus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 92.

P. Henn. I, I, p. 326, Kalsia ; Saharanpur Garden ; Theissen, F. Bombay.

Poona, Ceylon, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, Cuba, South America,

Africa. Cfr. Theissen, Polyp. No. 56.

Polyporus hispidus, (Bull.) Fr.

P. Henn. II, p, 326, Saharanpur Garden.—Europe, N. America.

Polyporus Hobsoni, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 135.

Bombay.

Polyporus medullaris, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 140, Behar.

Polyporus nodipes, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 57, Khasia.

Polyporus Persoonii, Fr. Syll. VI, p. 272.

Rather omes, Cfr. Theissen, Polyp. No. 27, with synonymy and

distribution. Cosmopolitan.

Polyporus platyporus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 83, Darjeeling.

Polyporus resinosus, (Schrad.) Fr. Syll. VI, p. 137.

P. Henn. II, p. 325, Saharanpur Garden. Europe, N. America.

Polyporus rubricus, Berk. Syll. V1, p. 98, Sikkim.

Polyporus saharanpurensis, P. Henn. II, p. 325.

Saharanpur Garden, on the ground near roots.

Polyporus satpoorensis, de Beck Syll. XI, p. 85.

Satpoora mountains.

Polyporus senex, N. et Mont. Syll. VI, p. 164.

Theissen, F. Bombay. St. Xavier’s College, Bombay—Sikkim (Syll.1. cit.),

Ceylon, Malacca, Cuba, Venezuela, Brazil.

152 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Polyporus squamosus, (Huds.) Fr. Syll. VI, p. 79.

P. Henn. I, N. W. Himalaya, Pangi District (6,000 ft.), Europe, N.

America.

Polyporus squamoso-maculatus, Berk. Syll. IX, p. 161.

Syn.: P. maculatus, Berk. nec Beck.

Locality desired.

Polyporus sulphureus, (Bull.) Fr. Syll. VL, p. 104.

Sikkim, Europe, Siberia, N. America, Cuba, Ceylon, Tasmania.

Polyporus tubulzformis, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 76; locality desired.

Polyporus umbilicatus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 68.

Tonglo and Sinchtul; St. Xavier’s College, Bombay (Theissen, F.

Bombay.).

Polyporus vallatus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 77, Khasia.

Polyporus vivax, Berk. Syll. IX, p. 171; locality unknown.

Polyporus zonalis, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 145.

P. Henn. I, Kalsia, on dead trunks of Cedrela Toona; Ceylon, Borneo,

Australia, Mexico, Cuba, Brazil. Cir. Romell, p. 36; Theissen, Polyp. n. 85,

Polystictus affinis, Nees Syll. VI, p. 219.

Syn: Polystictus icmophorus, Mass. from India.

Cfr. Lloyd, Polyst., p. 53, 57.—Philippines, Hast India, Java, Sumatra,

Australia, Brazil.

Polystictus albidus, Mass. Syll. XI, p. 92.

Bonhomme valley.

Polystictus beharensis, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 289, Soane River, Behar.

Polystictus cichoriaceus, Berk. Syll. TX, p. 188.

Syn.: Polystictus intybaceus, Berk. “‘The most common species (of this

genus) in the Hast Indies” (also Samoa and Philippines), Lloyd Polyst.,

. 62.

fi Polystictus cingulatus, Fr. Syll. VI, p. 268, reported from India and

Brazil.

Polystictus cineraceus, Lév. Syll. VI, p. 261-~Neilgherries.

Polystictus cinnamomeus, Jacq. Syll. VI, p. 210.

Syn.: Polystictus oblectans, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 211.

P. Henn. II, p. 327. Mussoorie, Arnigadh (5,000 ft.); Europe, Ceylon,

Tasmania, New Zealand, Australia, N. and South America. Cfr. Murrill

VIl.

Polystictus coriaceus, Lev. Syll. VI, p. 270—Neilgherries.

Polystictus cupreus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 272; locality desired.

Polystictus elongatus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 231.

India, Ceylon, Java, Philippines, Japan, N. America, Mexico.

Polystictus flabelliformis, KI. Syll. VI, p. 216.

Sikkim ; Pegu; Perak.—Ceylon, Borneo, Australia.

Samoa, Cuba, South America, Cfr. Lloyd. Polyst., p. 55.

Polystictus flavidus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 278, Hast Nepal.

Polystictus florideus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 215.

Sikkim ; Pegu; East Nepal. According to Lloyd, Polyst., p.51, a dark

form of Polystictus vanthopus.

Polystictus floridanus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 251.

Theissen, F. Bombay. Dehra Dun., N. and South America, Australia

Polynesia-—Cfr. Theissen, Polyp. No. "96 ; Romell, p. Sah Murrill XIII.

Polystictus Gollani, P. Hence. II, p. 327.

Siwalik Range, on trunk of Ter rminalia tomentosa.

Polystictus inquinatus, Lév. Syll. VI, p. 270, Neilgherries.

Polystictus leoninus, K]. Syll. VI, p. 285.

Syn.: Polytictus funalis, Fr. from Africa.

Polystictus mons veneris, Jungh. from Java.

Journ. BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats VII.

;

wie ee NS eee? i eee ye

pA yee Fike

PE EHS EM

Lae

A.—Meliola amphitricha (natural size and a single spot enlarged).

B.—Phyllachora Balanse (natural size and a single spot enlarged).

C.—Nummularia diatrypeoides.

THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 1538

East India, Ceylon and Africa.—P. Henn. II, p. 327, Saharanpur Garden;

Theissen F. Bombay. Anand.—It occurs also, but rarely, in America. Cfr.

Lloyd, Polyst., p. 64.

Polystictus licnoides, Mont. Syll. VI, p. 281.

Sikkim—East India, Ceylon, Java, Cuba, N. and South America. Cfr.

Romell, p. 15 (as Chetoporus); Theissen, Polyp. No. 99.

Polystictus nepalensis, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 228, Hast Nepal.

Poiystictus nigro-cinctus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 268; lccality desired.

Polystictus nilgherrensis, Mont. Syll. VI, p. 231.

Neilgherries; also in N. and Central America.

Polystictus occidentalis, K1. Syll. VI, p. 274.

P. Henn. II, p. 327, Mussoorie (5,500 ft.) ; Theissen, F. Bombay. Bandora

and Bombay.—It occurs throughout the tropics; Cfr. Theissen, Polyp.

No. 107.

Polystictus ozonioides, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 236, Darjeeling.

Polystictus pectunculus, Lévy. Syll. VI, p. 261, Neilgherries; Cuba.

Polystictus Peradeniz, B. et Br. Syll. VI, p. 269.

Neilgherries ; Ceylon, Borneo, Australia, Brazil. Cfr. synonymy Theissen,

Polyp. No. 109.

Polystictus pinsitus, Fr. Syll. VI, p. 262.

Throughout the tropics. Cfr. Lloyd, Mycological Notes, Aug. 1910,

p. 47; Murrill XIII; Theissen, Polyp. No. 111.

Polystictus russogramme, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 229.

Theissen, F. Bombay. Khandala.—Moluccas, New Guinea.

Polystictus sanguineus, (L.) Mey. Syll. VI, p. 229.

P. Henn. I, II, p. 327, Bilaspore on Shorea robusta; Saharanpur Garden,

on roots; Theissen, F. Bombay. Dehra Dun. Throughout the tropics.

Polystictus setiporus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 402.

“Common species in the East Indies and the East in general” (Lloyd,

Polyst., p. 60, who considers it to be a form of Polystictus cichoriaceus).

Polystictus tabacinus, Mont. Syll. VI, p. 280.

(not tabacinus Lév., which is = cichoriaceus).

Syn.: Polystictus barbatulus, Murr.

Polystictus microcyclus, Lev. .

Polystictus xerampelinus, Kalch.

Cfr. Lloyd, Polyst., p. 59; Theissen, Polyp. No. 81; Romell, p. 15.

Distribution: Chile, Brazil, Africa, East India, Australia, New Zealand,

Java, Philippines.

Polystictus tephroleucus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 275, Nangki and Hast Nepal.

Polystictus tomentosus, Fr. Syll. VI, p. 208.

P. Henn. I, Kalsia, on dead wood of Shorea robusta—Huropean species.

Polystictus versatilis, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 244.

Syn.: Trametes Zollingeriana, Lév, (Bresadola in litt.)

Polystictus cilicioides, Fr.

Polystictus Spegazziniti Bres. (Polystictus Drummondi, Speg.)

Cfr. Theissen, Polyp. No. 83, 140; Romell p. 35.

P. Henn. I, Bilaspore—Philippines, Borneo, Australia, Java, South

America,

Polystictus versicolor, (L.) Fr. Syll. VI, p. 253.

P. Henn. II, p. 327, Mussoorie—Cosmopolitan species.—Cfr. Theissen,

Polyp. No. 119; Romell, p. 35; Murrill XIII.

Polystictus virgineus, Schw. Syll. VI, p. 224.

P. Henn. I, Bilaspore.—North America ; Malacca.

Polystictus xanthopus, Fr. Syll. VI, p. 215.

Syn.: Polystictus crassipes Curr.

Polystictus cupreo-nitens, Kalch.

154 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII..

Polystictus Katut Khrb.

Polystictus saccatus, Pers.

Cfr. Lloyd, Polyst., p. 50.

Theissen, F. Bombay, Simla —East Indies, Australia, Ceylon, Java,.

Polynesia, Africa, Itis said (Syll. 1. cit.) to oceur also in N. and 8.

America, but according to Lloyd (1. cit.) there are only two species of this.

section (Microporus) known from America, viz. pterygodes and porphyritis.

Polystictus xerantheus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 279, Lebong.

Polystictus zeylanicus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 271.

Theissen, F, Bombay. Khandala.—Type from Ceylon.

Polystictus zonatus (Koen.), Berk. Syll. VI, p. 260.

Theissen, F. Bombay. Bombay.—Cosmopolitan species. (Cfr. Theissen,,

Polyp. No. 120.)

Poria arenaria, K]. Syll. VI, p. 331; locality unknown.

Poria Carteri, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 309, Bombay.

Poria cerea, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 320, Hast Nepal.

Poria gallo-grisea, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 306, Neilgherries.

Poria hypolateritia, Berk, Syll. VI, p. 297; locality desired.

Poria porriginosa, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 318, Bombay.

Strobilomyces montosus, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 50, Sikkim.

Strobilomyces nigricans, Berk. Syll. VI, 50, Khasia, Kala Panee, Aus-

tralia.

Strobilomyces polypyranus, Hook. Syll. XI, p. 81, Jillapahar.

Trametes Carteri, Berk. Syll. TX, p. 196, Bombay.

Trametes cinnabarina, Jacq. Syll. VI, p. 358.

Syn.: Polystictus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) Fr.

Kurope, Siberia, China, Hast Indies, Ceylon, Sumatra, Australia, Tasma-

nia, New Zealand, North America, Brazil (Romell, p. 37).

Trametes crenulata, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 336, Darjeeling.

Trametes Hookeri, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 336, Darjeeling.

Trametes immutata, Berk. Syll. VI, p. 343, Khasia.

Trametes serpens, Fr. Syll. VI, p. 355.

Syn.: Trametes bombycina, Quél.

Polyporus stephensti, B. et Br.

P. Henn. II, p. 327, Saharanpur Garden.—Europe, North and South.

America, Africa, Malayan Archipelago, East Indies, Ceylon. (Cir. Theissen,,

Polyp. No. 141.)

5.—AGARICACE A,

Agaricus exaltatus, Berk. Syll. V, p. 993, Darjeeling (2,100 m.).

Agaricus fulvipes, Berk. Syll. V, p. 1010, Sikkim.

Agaricus latipes, Berk. Syll. V, p. 1000, Nunklow, Khasia (1,200 m.).

Amanita czsarea, Scop. Syll. V, p. 8, Himalaya.—Europe, North America..

Amanitopsis Berkeleyi (Hook.), Sacc. Syll. V, p. 24, Darjeeling (2,400 m.).

Amanitopsis eriophora (Berk.), Sacc. Syll. V, p. 26, Darjeeling (2,400 m.).

Amanitopsis fritillaria (Berk.), Sacc. Syll. V, p. 26, Khasia.

Amanitopsis regalis (Berk.), Sacc. Syll. V, p. 25, Himalaya (2,300 m.)..

Jillapahar.

Armiilaria adelpha, Berk. Syll. V, p. 84, Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

Armillaria dichupella, Berk. Syll. V, p. 83, Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

Armillaria duplicata, Berk. Syll. V, p. 83, Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

Armillaria horrens, Berk. Syll. V, p. 82, Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

Armillaria mellea, Vahl. Syll. V, p. 80, India, Australia, Europe, North and’

South America.

Armillaria multicolor, Berk. Syll. V, p. 84, Jillapahar, Himalaya (2,300 m.)..

Armillaria omnituens, Berk. Syll. V, p. 84, Darjeeling (2,590 m.).

JourN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats VIII.

A.—Cordyceps Klenei on a Caterpillar.

B.—Daldinia exsurgens.

C.—Xylaria anisopleura.

THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 155

Armillaria vara, Berk. Syll. V, p. 83, Sinchul, Himalaya (2,600 m.).

Anthracophyllum nigritum, (Lév.), Kalch. Syll. V, p. 1139.

Syn.: Panus melanophyllus, Fr.

Aerotus nigrita, Lév.

Anthracophyllum Beccarianum, Ces.

Known from Ceylon, Borneo, Philippines, South Africa, Cuba, North

America.—According to Lloyd (in litt.) it is probably the same as Xerotus

lateritius (Cfr. the same below which occurs in Kast India.)

Cantharellus cibarius, Fr. Syll. V, p. 482. ba si

P. Henn. II, p. 328, Mussoorie, Arnigadh (5,500 Pee Hurope, Bk

and South America, ustralia. a

Chalymotta campanulata, (L.), Karst. Syll. V., p. 1121. mY De ER

Syn.: Panaeolus campanulatus, L. —Hurope, Gevicwe North Agneta

South Africa.

P. Henn. I, II, p. 329, Saharanpur Garden.

Clitocybe laccata (Scop.), Sacc. Syll. V., p. 197.

P. Henn. II, p. 335, Mussoorie, Arnigadh (5,500 ft.).—Kurope, North

America, Asia, Africa, Australia, common.

Collybia antitypa, Berk. Syll. V, p. 230, Darjeeling (2,600 m.).

Collybia blandula, Berk. Syll. V, p. 219, Sikkim (3,300 m.).

Collybia camptopoda, Berk. Syll. V, p. 231, Darjeeling (2,200 m.).

Collybia macra, Berk. Syll. V., p. 236, Sikkim (5,300 m.).

Collybia macrura, Scop. (radicata, Batch).

P. Henn. II, p. 325, Mussoorie.—European species.

Collybia napipes, Berk. Syll. V, p. 201, Darjeeling, Brazil.

Collybia papaveracea, Berk, Syll. VB: ‘225, Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

Collybia podagrosa, Berk. Syll. V, p. 211, Sinchul (2,400 m.).

Collybia raphanipes, Berk. Syll. V., p. 202, Jillapahar (2,200 m.).

Collybia rhodella, Berk. Syll. V, p. 237, Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

Collybia stipitaria, Fr. Syll. V, p. 216.

P. Henn. I, Il, p. 335, Saharanpur Garden on culms of grasses ; Theissen,

F. Bombay. Simla, on wood.—Europe, North America, South America,

Brazil. (Cfr. Rick S. J., Contributio ad monogr. Agaric. et Polyp. p. 72

Broteria 1907.)

Collybia triplicata, Berk. Syll. V, p. 221, Sikkim.

Collybia undabunda, Berk. Syll. V, p. 201, Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

Collybia ustipes, Berk. Syll. V. p. 234, Darjeeling (2,400 m.).

Cortinarius flammeus, Berk. Syll. IX, p. 127, Sikkim.

Cortinarius vinosulus, Berk. Syll. [X, p. 121, Sikkim.

Crepidotus applanatus, Pers. Syll. V, p. 878.

P. Henn. II, p. 331, Mussoorie, Arnigadh (5,500 ft.), Europe, Africa.

Crepidotus alveolus, ibeeie Syll. VY, p. “877,

P. Henn. ib., Saharanpur Garden. —Kurope, North America.

Eccilia Blanfordii, P. Henn. I, p. 153.

Kalsia ; IT, p. 333, Saharanpur Garden.

Eccllia griseo-rubella, Lasch. Syll. V, p. 730.

P. Henn. 1. cit., Saharanpur Garden—Huropean species.

Entoloma cystopodum, Berk. Syll. V, p. 698, Darjeeling (2,500 m.).

Entoloma euthelum, Berk. Syll. V, p. 694, Sikkim (3,400 m.).

Entoloma goliath, Berk. Syll. V, p. 680, Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

Flammula chrysomyces, Berk. Syll. V, p.. 826; Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

Flammula macroptala, Berk. Syll. V, p. 817, Darjeeling (2 ‘300 m.).

Fiammula phlegmatica, Berk. Syll. v, p. 815, Sikkim (3, 400 m.).

Flammula sapinea, Fr. Syll. V, p. 824.

Simla, P. Henn. II, p. 833, Saharanpur Garden.—Europe, North America,

Cuba, Australia, New Zealand, Ceylon.

156 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXTI,

Galera lateritia, Fr. Syll. V, p. 860.

P, Henn. II, p. 331, Saharanpur Garden.—Europe, Ceylon.

Hebeloma catervarium, Lév. Syll. V, p. 804, Neilgherries, Madras.

Hebeloma Thomasianum, Cooke Syll. LX, p. 102, Belgaum.

Hygrophorus fulvus, Berk. Syll. V, p. 420, Sikkim (3,500 m.).

Hygrophorus Hobsoni, Berk. Syll. V, p. 390, Central India.

Hypholoma appendiculatum, Bull. Syll. V, p. 1039.

Syn. : Stropharia spintrigera, Fr.

Agaricus stipatus, Pers.

P. Henn. II, p. 330, Saharanpur Garden.—Europe, South America.

Hypholoma atrichum, Berk. Syll. V, p. 1035, Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

‘Hypholoma condensum, Berk. Syll. V, p. 1042, Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

Hypholoma hemisodes, Berk. Syll. V, p. 1035, Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

Hypholoma castanophyllum, B. Syll. V, p. 1035, Jillapahar.

Inocybe echinata, Roth. Syll. V, p. 773.

P. Henn. II, p. 332, Saharanpur Garden.—EHuropean species.

Lactarius princeps, Berk. Syll. V, p. 448, Kullung, Khasia.

Lentinus alopecinus, Fr. Syll. V, p. 589: locality unknown.

Lentinus Berteri, Fr. Syll. V, p. 572 ; locality unknown.

Lentinus coadunatus, Hook. Syll. V, p. 601, Darjeeling.

Lentinus Decaisneanus, L vy. Syll. V, p. 610, Bombay.

Lentinus hepaticus, Berk. Syll. V, p. 603, Darjeeling (2,500 m.).

Lentinus Hookerianus, Berk. Syll. V, p. 573, Darjeeling and Ceylon.

Lentinus inquinans, Berk. Syll. V, p. 583, Sikkim, Pegu, Hast Nepal.

Lentinus melanophyllus, Lév. Syll. V, p. 575.

P. Henn. I, Bilaspore, on Shorea robusta ; type from Sumatra.

Lentinus pergameneus, Lév. Syll. V, p. 600, India, Malacca, Australia.

Lentinus prerigidus, Berk. Syll. V, p. 587, Behar, Soane River.

Lentinus squarrosulus, Mont. Syll. V, p. 585, Neilgherries.

Lentinus subdulcis, Berk. Syll. V, p. 611, Darjeeling.

Lentinus subnudus, Berk. Syll. V, p. 583.

Theissen, F. Bombay. Khandala, Ceylon, Australia.

Lepiota alliciens, Berk. Syll. IX, p. 7, Masulipatam.

Lepiota anax, Berk. Syll. V, p. 28, Nunklow.

Lepiota Badhami, Berk. Syll. V, p. 35, India, Europe, North America.

Lepiota cepzstipes, Sow. Syll. V, p. 438, common; also in Europe and

Brazil.

Lepiota clypeolaria, Bull. Syll. V, p. 36.

P. Henn. II, p. 335, Saharanpur Garden.—EKurope, North America, Aus-

tralia ; Brazil (Rick S. J., Contr. ad Monogr. Agaric., p. 67, Broteria 1907).

Lepiota cristata, A. et Schw. Syll. V, p. 39.

P. Henn. 1. cit., Saharanpur Garden. Europe, North America, Tasmania.

Lepiota deliciolum, Berk. Syll. V, p. 44, Darjeeling (2,400m.).

Lepiota excoriata, Schaeff Syll. V, p. 31.

Punjab.—P. Henn. II, p. 336, Saharanpur Garden—Europe, Australia,

S. Africa ; Brazil (Rick 1. cit., p. 67).

Lepiota holosericea, Fr. Syll. V, p. 42.

P. Henn., 1. c. ibid., Europe.

Lepiota implana, Berk. Syll. V, p. 41, Mofiong, Khasia.

Lepiota longicauda, P. Henn. I, p. 153.

Kalsia ; II, p. 335, Saharanpur.

Lepiota malleus, Berk. Syll. IX, p. 3, Masulipatam.

Lepiota mammosa, P. H. II, p. 335, Saharanpur.

Lepiota meleagris, Sow. Syll. V, p. 36.

P. Henn, 1. cit., Saharanpur. Europe; Brazil (Rick. 1. c.)

Lepiota montosa, Berk. Syll. V, p. 41, Sikkim.

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist.

Soc.

Xylaria turgida.

Prats IX,

THE FUNGI OF INDIA. 157

Lepiota procera, Scop. Syll. V, p. 28.

P. Henn, |. c.—Europe, N. America, Ceylon, Australia, S. Africa.

Lepiota rhacodes, Vitt. var. puellaris, Fr.

P. Henn. I, Kalsia.—The type (Syll. V, p. 29) occurs in Europe, North.

America, Brazil (celebia, 1. Henn., cfr. Rick. 1. c., p. 67).

Lepiota seminuda, Lasch., Syll. V, p. 50.

P. Henn. II, p. 335, Saharanpur.—EKuropean species.

Lepiota sistrata, Fr. 1. cit.

P. H., 1. cit. ibid. European species.

Lepiota sordescens, B. et C. Syll. V, p. 66.

Theissen, F. Bombay, Salsette.—Type from Cuba; also in Brazil (Rick.

contrib. ad Mon. Agar., p. 69, Broteria, 1907).

Marasmius (not considering some species reported by Hennings of

doubtful identification).

Marasmius graminum (Lib.), Berk. Syll. V, p. 542.

P. Henn. I, II, p. 329, Saharanpur garden on culms of grasses.—Hurope,

N. America.

Marasmius hzematodes, Berk. Syll. V, p. 529, Sikkim (3,500m.).

Marasmius Hookeri, Berk. Syll. V, p. 514, Khasia (1,700m.).

Marasmius ramealis, (Bull.) Fr. Syll. V, p. 5381.

P. Henn., II, p. 328, Saharanpur.—Europe, N. America.

Marasmius rotula, (Scop.) Fr. Syll. V, p. 541.

P. Henn. 1. cit. ibid., on culms of grasses.—Kurope, Australia, South.

Africa.

Marasmius spaniophyllus, Berk. Syll. V, p. 568.

Theissen, F. Bombay, Khandala.—Type from Brazil.

Marasmius subomphalodes, P. Henn., IJ, p. 329, Saharanpur.

Marasmius urens, Fr. Syll. V, p. 504.

P. Henn., 1. cit., Mussoorie.—European species.

Mycena arata, Berk. Syll. V, p. 269, Sinchul.

Mycena bicrenata, Berk. Syll. V, p. 279, Jillapahar.

Mycena Broomeiana, Berk. Syll. V, p. 281, Darjeeling.

Mycena colligata, Berk. Syll. V, p. 271, Sikkim (3,400m.).

Mycena conocephala, P. Henn., II, p. 334, Saharanpur.

Mycena dentosa, Berk. Syll. V, p. 282, Sikkim (3,400m.).

Mycena discors, Berk. Syll. V, p. 264, Sikkim (3,400m.).

Mycena flavo-miniata, Berk. Syll. V, p. 289, Sikkim (3,400m.).

Mycena incommiscibilis, Berk. Syll. V, p. 281, Sikkim (3,400m.).

Mycena macrothela, Berk. Syll. V, p. 294, Khasia.

Mycena manipularis, Berk. Syll. V, p. 272, Sinchul (2,500m.).

Mycena myriadea, Berk. Syll. V, p. 271, Sikkim (3,400m.).

Mycena nubigena, Berk. Syll. V, p. 269, Darjeeling (2,200m.).

Mycena prasia, Berk. Syll. V, p. 264, Sikkim.

Mycena puberula, Berk. Syll, V, p. 284, Sikkim (3,400m.).

Mycena rubiaetincta, Berk. Syll. V, p. 291, Darjeeling (2,600m.).

Mycena rufata, Berk. Syll. V, p. 272, Darjeeling (2,400m.).

Mycena rufo-picta, Berk. Syll. V, p. 294, Darjeeling (2,400m.).

Mycena russulina, Berk. Syll. V, p. 272, Darjeeling (2,600m.).

Mycena xanthophyila, Berk. Syll. V, p. 272, Darjeeling (2,100m.).

Naucoria descendens, Berk. Syll. V, p. 849, Sikkim (3,400m.).

Naucoria fusispora, P. Henn. II, p. 332, Mussoorie (5,500 ft.)

Naucoria khasiensis, Berk. Syll. V, p. 837, Khasia.

Naucoria micromegala, Berk., Syll. V, p. 833, Khasia.

Naucoria pediades, Fr. Syll., p. 844.

P. Henn. II, p. 332, Saharanpur Garden,—Known from Europe, Siberia,.

Ceylon, Australia, S. Africa, N. America.

158 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Naucoria scrupea, Berk. Syll. V, p. 851, Darjeeling (2,250m.).

Omphalia calycinoides, P. Henn. II, p. 334, Saharanpur.

Omphalia radiatilis, Berk. Syll. V, p. 323, Sikkim (3,400m.).

Omphalia ranunculina, Berk. Syll. V, p. 525, Lachen (4,200-47,800m.).

Panus rudis, Fr. Syll. V, p. 616.

Syn.: Agaricus hirtus, Secr.

Panus Hoffmanni, Fr.

Lentinus Lecomte, Fr.

Lentinus Swainzoni, Lev.

Lentinus Martianoffianus, Kalch.

Grevillea IV, p. 137, Kashmir on decomposed wood during rain. Eaten

by the natives. The specimen sent in its dry state is about 22 inches

across, but it is stated to grow in large masses, and is sometimes twenty

times as large. The vernacular name is Sibry. The species occurs in

Europe, Siberia, N. America, 8. America (cfr. Theissen, Hymenomyc. riogr.

No. 7; Romell, p. 18), Cuba, South Africa, Ceylon, Australia.

Paxillus chrysites, Berk. Syll. V, p. 986, Darjeeling.

Paxillus pinguis, Berk. Syll. V, p. 987, Darjeeling.

Paxillus sulphureus, Berk. Syll. V, p. 986, Darjeeling.

Pholiota examinans, Berk. Syll. V, p. 742, Darjeeling.

Pholiota Gollani, P. Henn. II, p. 333, on Tamarindus indica, Saharanpur.

Pholiota granuloso-verrucosa, P. Henn., 1. cit. ibid. on the ground.

Pholiota microspora, Berk. Syll. V, p. 742, Darjeeling.

Pholiota proecox, (Pers.) Fr. Syll. V, p. 738.

Syn.: Ph. candicans, Scheff.

P. Henn. 1. cit., Saharanpur.—EKurope, N. America, Siberia, Australia.

Pleurotus anserinus, Berk. Syll. V, p. 362, Jillapahar (2,300 m.).

Pleurotus cous, Berk. Syll. V, p. 361, Sikkim.

Pleurotus hapalosclerus, Berk. Syll. V, p. 351, Darjeeling (2,300 m.),

Pleurotus placentodes, Berk. Syll. V, p. 359, Sikkim (3,400 m.).

Pleurotus ninguidus, Berk. Syll. V, p. 361, Sikkim.

Pleurotus verrucarius, Berk. Syll. V, p. 351, Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

Pleurotus subpalmatus, Fr. Syll. V, p. 343.

P. Henn. II, p. 334, Mussoorie, Arnigadh (5,500 ft.),—Huropean species.

Pluteus cuspidatus, Berk. Syll. V, p. 677, Khasia.

Pluteus palumbinus, Berk. Syll. V, p. 677, Darjeeling (2,300 m.).

Psalliota (Agaricus), campesiris, (L.), Fr. Syll. V, p. 997.

P. H.I, N. W. Himalaya, Pangi (6,000 ft). Occurs all over the world.

Psalliota comosa, P. Henn. II, p. 331, Saharanpur.

Psalliota rimosa, P. Henn. II, p. 381, Saharanpur.

Psathyra calvescens, Berk. Syll. V, p. 1067, Darjeeling (2,100 m.).

Psathyra flavo-grisea, Berk. Syll. V, p. 1063, Darjeeling.

Psathyra Nassa, Berk. Syll. V, p. 1061, Darjeeling.

Psathyra obtusata, Fr. Syll. V, p. 1066, Saharanpur. Known from Europe

and Ceylon., P. Henn. I, p. 329.

Psathyrella, P. Henn. II, p. 329. Three species of doubtful identification.

Psilocybe atrorufa, Scheeff. f. menor P. Henn. II, p. 330, Saharanpur.

Psilocybe cespiticia, Berk. Syll. V, p. 1053, Darjeeling (2,250m.).

Psilocybe tristis, P. Henn., |. cit., Saharanpur.

Russula alutacea, Fr. Syll. V, p. 479.

Grevill. IV, p. 137, Gulmarg, Kashmir, in the woods during the rains.

Known from Europe, N. America.

Schizophyllum alneum, (L.) [Sch. commune, Fr.] Syll. V, p. 655. Occurs all

over the world—P. Henn. IJ, p. 328.—Saharanpur and Mussoorie; Theissen,

F, Bombay, Poona and Bombay.

Stropharia aureo-fulva, Berk. Syll. V, p. 1015, Jillapahar (2,300m.).

aoe

THE FUNGI OF INDIA, 159

Stropharia Gollani, P. Henn. I, p. 1538, Saharanpur ; II, p. 330; ibid.

Stropharia Mephistopheles, Cooke Syll. IX, p. 139, Belgaum; reported also

from Brazil (Rick, contrib. Monogr. Agar., p. 80, Broteria, 1907.)

Stropharia pygmza, P. Henn. I, p. 152, Saharanpur Garden.

Tubaria asperata, P. Henn. II, p. 331, Saharaypur Garden.

Tubaria furfuracea, (Pers.) Sacc. Syll. V., p. 872.

P. Henn., 1. cit., Saharanpur; known from Europe, N. America, Ceylon,

Australia, Tasmania.

Tubaria saharanpurensis, P..Henn., 1. cit. ibid.

Volvaria liliputana, P. Henn. II, p. 333, Saharanpur.

Volvaria media, (Schum.) Fr. Syll. V, p. 662.

P. Henn. 1. cit. ipid.—EHuropean species.

Volvaria Thwaitesii, Hook. Syll. V, p. 656, Darjeeling (2,200 m.).

Volvaria volvacea, Bull. Syll. V, p. 657.

P. Henn., 1. cit., Mussoorie, Arnigadh (5,500 ft.). Known from Europe,

N. America, Ceylon.

Xerotus cantharelloides, Berk. Syll. V, p. 630, Jillapahar.

4 Xerotus lateritius, B. et C. Syll. V, p. 634.

Theissen, F. Bombay, Khandala. Known from Cuba, N. America, Chile,

ns Brazil (Theissen, Hymenomye. riogr. No. 9, Broteria, 1912). According to

4 Lloyd Xerotus nigritus, Fr. [Anthracophyllum nigritum (Leév.) Kalch] is

i probably the same species.

SS ee ee a ee

160

DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

EK. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.

XVI.

(Continued from page 877 of Volume X XT.)

GELECHIADS.

Tituacia, Walk.

Characters of Chelaria, but forewings with 3 and 4 stalked from angle

of cell; hindwings with 3 and 4 connate. Stomylia, Snell, is a synonym.

Tituacia deviella, Walk.

(Tituacia deviella, Walk., Cat. XXIX, 812; Stomylia erosella, Snell., Tijd.

v. Ent. XXII, 14, pl. VIII, 1-6.)

Maskeliya and Madulsima, Ceylon (Pole, Green) ; in March, April, and

September. Also from Java and Borneo.

Palintropa, n.g.

Head with appressed scales; ocelli absent ; tongue developed. Antennz

4,in ¢ serrulate, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi very

long, recurved, second joint thickened with dense scales above, beneath

with broad rough tuft of projecting scales, terminal joint longer than

second, thickened with scales, posteriorly with dense rough projecting

scales except at apex, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform,

appressed to tongue. Posterior tibize with rough scales above. Forewings

with 2 from angle, 3 absent, 6 to apex, 7 and 8 stalked, 11 from middle.

Hindwings 3, narrowly elongate-trapezoidal, apex pointed, produced,

termen beneath apex bisinuate, very oblique, cilia 3; 5 absent, 4 and 5

connate, 6 and 7 stalked.

A development of Chelaria.

Palintropa hippica, n. sp.

¢. 13-14mm. Head and thorax fuscous irrorated with whitish. Palpi

clothed with series of grey white-tipped scales, tuft of second joint mixed

with grey and whitish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous irrorated with fuscous

and brownish. Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa slightly arched,

apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; fuscous

irrorated with whitish; a dark brown patch irregularly irrorated with

blackish extending along costa from 3 to near apex, and reaching more

than half across wing, limited beneath before middle by a large tuft of

scales on fold; a silvery-grey-whitish line crossing wing at 4, on lower

half dilated into a spot preceded and followed by light brownish-ochreous

spaces and margined anteriorly by a dark fuscous tuft of scales; a silvery-

whitish angulated transverse line immediately before apex: cilia fuscous

irrorated with whitish, towards base tinged with whitish-ochreous. Hind-

wings dark grey, thinly scaled and semi-transparent in disc anteriorly ;

cilia fuscous, suffused with whitish-ochreous towards base on lower 2 of

termen.

Maskeliya and Madulosima, Ceylon (Pole, Green); in December and

March, two specimens.

Chelaria, Haw.

Labial palpi with second joint clothed beneath with single or double

tuft of scales, rarely with scales appressed beneath but rough above,

terminal joint longer than second, thickened with scales usually forming

a more or less distinct projection posteriorly, acute. Forewings often

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 161

with tufts of scales, 2 and 3 remote, 6 to apex or termen, 7 and 8 stalked,

or 7 and 8 out of 6, or rarely 7 absent. Hindwings elongate-trapezoidal,

termen beneath apex more or less bisinuate, oblique; 3-5 more or less

approximated at base, 6 and 7 stalked.

I have extended the essential characters of this genus as above; from

a careful study of considerable material 1 am convinced it is justifiable.

It is exceptional to find the origination of veins 7 and 8 of forewings

out of 6 an insufticient character for generic distinction from forms

with 6 separate (though the origination of 6 from the stalk .of 7

and 8 is seldom if ever of generic value), but in this instance the

transition is practically complete, vein 6 in certain forms being very

closely approximated to 7; the reason seems to be due to the frequently

apical termination of 6 (an unusual structure). By this extension of

characters the Australian and African genera <Allocota, Deuteroptila, Semo-

dictis, and Cymatomorpha become synonyms of Chelaria. The species are

often very similar in general appearance, and the structural distinctions

must therefore be carefully noticed; a tabulation into groups based on

these is given below, which may assist determination. Besides the

seventeen species described here there is another, indica, Wals., which I

have not yet been able to identify.

Tuft double, 7 and 8 out of 6 — anguinea.

Tuft double, 6 separate, 7 and 3 stalked—zsoptila, ericta, corynetis,

tophana, lactifera.

Tuft single, 7 absent—scriniata.

No tuft, 6 separate, 7 7 and 8 stalked—ftonsa.

Tuft single, 7 7 and 8 out of 6—caryodora, silvestris.

Tuft single, 6 separate, 7 and 8 stalked—scopulosa, spathota, vertieosa,

phacelota, tortuosa, paroctas, particulata.

Chelaria anguinea, n. sp.

6.16mm. Head and thorax whitish, irrorated with grey and fuscous.

Palpi whitish irrorated with grey and dark fuscous, second joint with two

moderate rounded tufts beneath tinged with ochreous, terminal joint

with median band of dark fuscous suffusion and strong median projection

of scales posteriorly. Abdomen whitish irrorated with grey and dark grey.

Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa gently arched, with scales rather

prominent at 3, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded;

7 and 8 out of 6; scattered tufts of scales, and a large tuft on fold at 2

of wing ; light brownish irrorated with white, and irregularly sprinkled

iv with dark fuscous; a short black dash beneath costa near base; a narrow

dark fuscous patch extending along costa from 4 to 3, cut by two oblique

white strigulz ; some indications of irregularly scattered small undefined

dark fuscous marks; two or three black dashes towards apex: cilia grey

irrorated with whitish. Hindwings pale grey, paler and ely scaled

anteriorly ; ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

Khasis ; in May, one specimen.

Chelaria lactifera, n. sp.

36.14mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, patagia brewn. Palpi

whitish, second joint with long rough projecting basal and apical tufts

beneath and ochreous-brown bands sometimes sprinkled with blackish

traversing these, terminal joint with indistinct fuscous oblique subbasal

and median rings, and projecting scales posteriorly towards middle.

Abdomen dark grey, anal tuft ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate,

narrow, widest at i, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen extremely

obliquely rounded ; 6 separate, bo apex, 7 and 8 stalked ; chocolate-brown,

becoming deeper towards costa and apex; an ochreous-whitish patch

162 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

on base of costa, including a small dark brown spot on base of costa, and

a black subcostal dot near base; a streak of ochreous-white suffusion

along dorsum from base to tornus; stigmata represented by undefined

blackish dashes, plical rather before first discal, preceded by a blackish

dot on fold; a black dot on tornus ; some irregular pale grey irroration

on apical third; a black dash resting on termen beneath apex: cilia

fuscous, towards base mixed with dark fuscous and sprinkled with whitish,

on costa brownish. Hindwings grey, thinly scaled and iridescent anteriorly,

veins and termen darker ; cilia grey.

Khasis ; in June and October, two specimens.

Chelaria iophana, n. sp.

3 Q.14-16mm. Head and thorax whitish irrorated with dark grey.

Palpi whitish irrorated with dark grey, second joint beneath with two

moderate rounded ochreous-tinged tufts, terminal joint ochreous-tinged

towards middle, posteriorly with projections of dark fuscous scales above

and below middle. Abdomen whitish-ochreous irrorated with dark grey.

Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa gently arched, with scales rather

prominent at 3, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; 6 separate,

to apex, 7 and 8 stalked ; brownish mixed with grey and raised whitish

scales, strewn with irregular black longitudinal marks on veins; some

irregular tufts of scales, especially a large tuft in disc at 2; a triangular

blackish blotch occupying median third of costa, and reaching 2 across

wing; cilia fuscous sprinkled with whitish points. Hindwings fuscous,

thinly scaled and subhyaline anteriorly, with strong violet-blue irides-

cence ; veins, apical area, and termen suffused with dark fuscous; cilia

grey.

Central Provinces, Ceylon (de Mowbray) ; in December, three specimens.

Chelaria corynetis, n. sp.

3 Q. 15-16 mm. Head grey suffusedly mixed with white. Palpi

brown irrorated with whitish, second joint with moderate rounded basal

and apical tufts beneath, lower portion of each crossed by a band of black

irroration, terminal joint with well-marked median and subapical projec-

tions of blackish scales posteriorly. Thorax fuscous irrorated with whitish

and sprinkled with blackish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous irrorated with

grey. Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa gently arched, with scales

rather prominent at 3, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; 6

separate, 7 and 8 stalked; brown, sometimes tinged with ferruginous in

disc, variably mixed and sometimes posteriorly wholly suffused with dark

fuscous ; basal area irregularly mixed or suffused with white, with some

irregular dark fuscous marks, and a black subcostal dash; a narrow

elongate black patch extending along costa from 4 to 2, cut by three

oblique white strigule ; an irregular outwardly oblique transverse black

patch from dorsum before middle, nearly reaching costal patch, edged

with raised whitish scales ; an irregularly triangular fuscous blackish-edged

spot on tornus, reaching half across wing, surrounded with white suffusion

extending to costa; some irregular whitish irroration towards apex: cilia

fuscous, towards base sprinkled with whitish, with indications of dark

fuscous bars round apex. Hindwings light fuscous, thinly scaled and

semihyaline, darker along termen and towards apex, veins rather dark

fuscous ; cilia fuscous.

Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, de Mowbray) ; in June, six specimens.

Chelaria ericta, n. sp.

@2. 15 mm. Head and thorax whitish. Palpi whitish, partially

sprinkled with grey, second joint with moderate rough basal and apical

tufts beneath, lower part of each crossed by a blackish band, terminal

joint with upper 2 blackish except apex, with submedian and supramedian

eS ee ee

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., 163

projections of blackish scales posteriorly. Abdomen greyish, anal tuft

ochreous-whitish, in ¢ with two long expansible whitish genital hair-

pencils above. Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa gently arched,

apex tolerably pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; 6 closely

approximated, 7 and 8 stalked; light fuscous, suffusedly irrorated with

whitish points; a black dot beneath costa near base; a dark fuscous

streak along costa from } to 3, cut by two oblique whitish strigule ; an

elongate dark fuscous spot in disc at 5, and another at #, representing

discal stigmata; a similar spot representing plical, rather before first

discal, connected with a black subdorsal dash beneath it ; a blackish dash

on fold beneath middle, and another at tornus beneath second discal; an

oblique whitish strigula edged with dark fuscous from costa beyond ?;

a black dash resting on termen beneath apex: cilia fuscous sprinkled with

whitish. Hindwings iridescent-grey, paler and semihyaline anteriorly,

veins and termen darker grey ; cilia grey.

Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole); in March, May, and October, three

specimens.

Chelaria isoptila, n. sp.

369. 16-21 mm. Head and thorax whitish sprinkled with fuscous.

Palpi white somewhat mixed with fuscous, second joint with moderate

rounded basal and apieal tufts beneath, lower portion of each crossed by a

dark fuscous band, terminal joint with rough scales posteriorly forming

median and subapical projections, mostly suffused with dark fuscous

except base. Abdomen whitish-fuscous sprinkled with dark fuscous.

Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa gently arched, scales rather

prominent at 2, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; 6 separate,

7 and 8 stalked ; fuscous, much mixed and suffused with white, with some

scattered dark fuscous scales, and small tufts of raised scales; a blackish

dash near base above middle; a streak of blackish irroration along basal

fourth of dorsum; a very irregularly triangular dark fuscous blotch mixed

with blackish occupying median third of costa and reaching half across

wing ; a rather inwardly oblique narrow streak of dark fuscous suffusion

from tornus reaching more than half across wing, and a spot of dark fuscous

suffusion on costa beyond this; a slender dark fuscous streak along termen :

cilia fuscous irrorated with whitish, towards base whitish-ochreous. Hind-

wings grey, thinly scaled and subhyaline anteriorly, veins, apical area, and

termen suffused with dark fuscous; cilia grey.

Kandy, Ceylon, in February (Mackwood) ; Khasis, in October; three

specimens.

Chelaria scriniata, n. sp.

36. 17mm. Headand thorax whitish sprinkled with dark fuscous,

thorax with light brownish expansible posterior crest. Palpi dark fuscous,

second joint with apical margin and a fine submedian ring white, with

moderate triangular apical tuft beneath, terminal joint thickened with

scales somewhat projecting posteriorly beneath apex, white with four dark

fuscous oblique rings. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate,

very narrow, costa gently arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse,

termen obliquely rounded; 6 separate, 7 absent; fuscous much mixed

and suffused with white; three elongate dark fuscous marks on costa

anteriorly, two posteriorly, a flattened-triangular spot in middle, and three

small spots towards apex ; some scattered blackish scales on margins of

eell anteriorly ; slender black interrupted plical and median streaks on

posterior half of wing, and two or three black dashes towards costa

posteriorly : cilia fuscous irrorated with whitish. Hindwings grey, paler

and thinly scaled anteriorly, veins dark grey; cilia whitish-grey.

Pundaluoya, Ceylon (Green) ; in May, one specimen.

1644. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X_X11,

Chelaria tonsa, n. sp.

@. 14-15 mm. Head and thorax pale glossy whitish-ochreous, shoulders

brownish sprinkled with dark fuscous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second

joint with scales appressed beneath, expanded towards apex above, with

basal and supramedian bands of dark fuscous irroration, terminal joint

thickened with projecting scales posteriorly except at apex, with two rings

of blackish irroration. Abdomen ochreous-whitish irrorated with fuscous.

Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen

extremely obliquely rounded ; 6 separate, 7 and 8 stalked; light brownish,

faintly purplish-tinged, sprinkled with fuscous; a dark purplish-fuscous

triangular blotch with indigo-blue reflections occupying nearly median

third of costa, reaching more than half across wing, edged anteriorly with

whitish-ochreous suffusion ; a small blackish dot on fold at } of wing, one

towards dorsum beyond this, one below middle at 3, and one obliquely

beyond and above this; some minute ill-defined blackish dots round

posterior part of costa and termen: cilia pale ochreous tinged with

brownish, more brownish round apex. Hindwings grey, paler and thinly

scaled anteriorly ; cilia pale ochreous.

Khasis ; in October and March, two specimens.

Chelaria caryodora, n. sp.

&@@. 15-16 mm. Head and thorax greyish-ochreous more or less

sprinkled with dark fuscous. Palpi pale whitish-ochreous, second joint

with whorls of fuscous pale-tipped scales, with long rough broad tuft of

projecting scales beneath, terminal joint with apical 3 fulvous, thickened

posteriorly with projecting scales to near apex. Abdomen whitish-

ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, very

narrow, costa gently arched, with scales rather prominent at 3, apex

round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; 7 and 8 out of 6;

pale fulvous irrorated with dark fuscous ; costa, fold, and dorsum irrorated

with whitish towards base; two dark fuscous dots beneath costa near

base; a triangular dark fuscous blotch occupying median third of costa,

reaching half across wing, partially edged with whitish suffusion; four

violet-whitish oblique strigule on costa posteriorly ; a pale violet inwardly

oblique mark from tornus, an outwardly oblique mark from termen below

middle, and two small marks in dise above these ; a black dash resting on

termen beneath apex: cilia light fuscous, mixed with darker and sprinkled

with violet-whitish towards base. Hindwings whitish-ochreous, veins,

apex, and termen suffused with fuscous; cilia pale ochreous-yellowish,

round termen tinged with fuscous.

Khasis; in June, eight specimens.

Chelaria silvestris, n. sp.

@ ¢.15-16 mm. Head and thorax whitish-fuscous, face whitish. Palpi

whitish, second joint with whorls of fuscous white-tipped scales, with

subbasal and median blackish bars, beneath with moderate tuft of long

loose rough projecting scales, terminal joint with blackish subbasal ring,

and supramedian band clothed with projecting scales posteriorly.

Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow,

costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely

rounded; 7 and 8 out of 6; fuscous, irrorated with whitish points; two

blackish dots towards costa near base; a dark fuscous triangular blotch

occupying nearly median third of costa, reaching half across wing,

preceded on costa by a small dark fuscous spot separated by a whitish

strigula ; costa posteriorly dark fuscous, with several fine whitish oblique

strigule; a short. black dash in disc at #, one resting on termen

beneath apex, and a minute one just above tornus: cilia light fuscous

irrorated with whitish. Hindwings grey, lighter and thinly scaled

St eS

—

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 165

towards base, veins darker; cilia whitish-ochreous, tinged with fuscous

round apex.

Khasis ; in August and November, three specimens.

Chelaria spathota, n. sp.

@. 15-17 mm. Head and thorax pale whitish-ochreous, patagia blackish-

fuscous. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint with lower 3 fuscous with

two suffused blackish-fuscous bands, apical portion with whorls of fuscous

whitish-tipped scales, beneath with very long broad rough tuft of project-

ing scales, terminal joint with oblique blackish ring towards base and

three towards middle, posteriorly with median projection of dark fuscous

scales. Abdomen grey, anal tuft ochreous. Forewings elongate, very

narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely

obliquely rounded; 6 separate to apex, 7 and 8 stalked; dark purple-

fuscous longitudinally streaked with black; a dark brown streak above

fold from base to + of wing; a rather broad ochreous-whitish streak along

dorsum from base to tornus, thence attenuated almost to apex, including

short blackish dashes on each side of tornus, its upper edge with a short

ochreous-whitish dash adjacent at 2, and a similar but transverse mark at

2; afine white longitudinal line above apical portion: cilia pale fuscous,

basal half suffused with ochreous-whitish, above apex suffused with dark

fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, paler and thinly scaled anteriorly, veins and

termen suffused with darker; cilia light fuscous.

Konkan (Young); Khasis; in August, two specimens.

Chelaria tortuosa, n. sp.

6.14mm. Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous sprinkled with

whitish, shoulders mixed with fuscous. Palpi whitish sprinkled with

fusecous, second joint suffused with dark fuscous except towards apex,

beneath with long dense projecting brownish scales throughout sprinkled

with dark fuscous, terminal joint thickened with scales except towards

apex, with broad median dark fuscous band. Abdomen whitish-ochreous

sprinkled with fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, widest near

base, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely

obliquely rounded ; 6 separate, 7 and 8 stalked ; brown, sprinkled with dark

fuscous; undefined irregular longitudinal streaks of ochreous-whitish

suffusion above and below fold throughout; a streak of dark fuscous

suffusion along fold throughout; rest of wing irregularly marked with

broken logitudinal streaks of dark fuscous suffusion; costa suffused with

dark fuscous from before middle to +: cilia fuscous sprinkled with whitish.

Hindwings grey, thinly scaled and subhyaline anteriorly, veins and termen

dark fuscous ; cilia pale ochreous-fuscous.

Matale, Ceylon (Pole) ; in December, one specimen.

Chelaria scopulosa, n. sp.

¢6.12mm. Head and thorax brownish mixed with dark grey and

sprinkled with whitish. Palpi brownish, second joint irrorated with dark

grey, with moderate rounded tuft beneath, terminal joint clothed with

dense rough dark grey scales posteriorly almost throughout, with five

blackish rings. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa

gently arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen very

obliquely rounded ; 6 separate, 7 and 8 stalked ; four strong conical erect

tufts along costa, a small tuft near base in middle, and a large one in disc

at 2; brown irregularly mixed with fuscous and sprinkled with whitish; a

small darker brown basal patch, and two small spots transversely placed

in disc beyond this; a suffused dark grey triangular blotch occupying

median third of costa and reaching 3 across wing, its apical portion

with several irregular black marks; a short black mark resting on

termen in middle: cilia brown sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings grey,

166 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

paler and thinly scaled anteriorly, darker towards apex and termen;

cilia grey.

Karwar, Kanara (Maxwell) ; in August, one spceimen.

Chelaria verticosa, n. sp.

6. 14mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish slightly sprinkled with

grey, shoulders blackish. Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint with basal

half dark fuscous, with long rough projecting scales beneath throughout, ter-

minal joint with median fuscous band, and projection of scales posteriorly.

Abdomen grey, sides blackish-fuscous, anal tuft fulvous-ochreous. Fore-

wings elongate, very narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed,

termen extremely obliquely rounded ; 6 separate, to apex, 7 and 8 stalked ;

ochreous-whitish, irrorated with light brownish and fuscous; a black

white-circled dot near base above middle; a blackish white-edged triangular

patch occupying more than median third of costa, its costal extremities

cut off by fine oblique white strigulz, apex truncate and reaching half

across wing; a black elongate mark resting on termen beneath apex: cilia

ochreous-whitish tinged with brownish, round apex sprinkled with dark

fuscous. Hindwings grey, thinly scaled and subhyaline anteriorly, veins

and termen suffused with dark fuscous; cilia pale fuscous.

N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; in June, one specimen.

Chelaria phacelota, n. sp.

@.12 mm. Head and thorax grey irrorated with whitish. Palpi

whitish sprinkled with dark fuscous, second joint dark fuscous except

towards apex, with moderate rounded apical tuft beneath, terminal joint

with three blackish rings, with slightly projecting scales posteriorly

towards middle. Abdomen ochreous-whitish irrorated with grey. Fore-

wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very

obliquely rounded ; 6 separate, to apex, 7 and 8 stalked; grey irrorated

with whitish, withsome scattered black scales; a slender black dash

beneath costa near base; a blackish semioval spot on middle of costa ;

three small blackish-grey spots on costa posteriorly: cilia grey sprinkled

with whitish. Hindwings grey, paler and thinly scaled anteriorly, veins

and termen darker; cilia pale grey tinged with ochreous towards

base.

Peradeniya, Ceylon (Green) ; in February, one specimen.

Chelaria paroctas, n. sp.

g.13-14mm. Head and thorax grey irrorated with whitish. Palpi

whitish irrorated with grey, second joint with blackish subbasal and

median bands, with short projecting apical tuft beneath, terminal joint

rather thickened with scales except towards apex, with three oblique

biackish bands. Abdomen dark grey sprinkled with whitish, anal tuft pale

whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa gently arched,

with projecting scales at 4, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ;

6 separate, 7 and 8 stalked ; grey irrorated with whitish ; a series of small

ochreous-brown spots mixed with black along costa, one before middle

rather larger; an ochreous-brown spot beneath costa near base, and some

blackish irroration towards base; a transverse series of three blackish

marks at 4, and another at +; an irregularly 8-shaped mark outlined with

blackish in disc at 34, and another at 3; some small ochreous-brownish

spots between these, and a larger one in disc beyond second; a blackish

spot on dorsum beneath first, touching it; an ochreous-brown streak just

before termen, touching a terminal series of small blackish spots: cilia grey

sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings grey, thinly scaled and subhyaline

anteriorly, veins and termen dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous.

Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, de Mowbray) ; from August to October, and in

February, five specimens.

wats

tPA PR aE ney

“fe SR ee

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 167

Chelaria particulata, n. sp.

6. 10-12 mm. Head and thorax grey irrorated with whitish. Palpi

whitish, second joint blackish except apex, with short projecting apical tuft

beneath, terminal joint somewhat thickened with scales except apex, with

three blackish rings. Abdomen grey, anal tuft greyish-ochreous. Fore-

wings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex tolerably pointed, termen

extremely obliquely rounded ; 6 separate, 7 and 8 stalked ; grey, irrorated

with whitish; a series of small dark fuscous spots along costa, one before

middle rather larger and elongate ; an elongate dark fuscous mark on fold

at 2 of wing; a small dark fuscous spot in dise at #; some brownish

suffusion and irregular dark fuscous irroration towards apex: cilia grey

sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings dark grey, thinly scaled anteriorly ;

cilia grey.

Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole) ; in January, February, May and September,

five specimens.

Encolapta, n. g.

Head with appressed scales ; ocelli absent ; tongue developed. Antennze

4,in 3 simple, basal joint moderately elongate, without pecten. Labial

palpi long, recurved, second joint with short apical tuft beneath, terminal

joint longer than second, somewhat thickened with scales except at apex,

acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior

tibize clothed with long hairs above. Forewings with 2 from towards angle

3 absent, 4 from angle, 6 and 8 stalked, 6 to apex, 7 absent, 11 from

middle. Hindwings 4, elongate-trapezoidal, apex round-pointed, termen

beneath apex somewhat bisinuate, oblique, cilia 14; 3-5 closely approxima-

ted at base, 6 and 7 long-stalked.

Allied to the early forms of Chelaria, but differing essentially in the

absence of vein 3 of forewings.

Encolapta metorcha, n. sp.

dg. 14-15 mm. Head and thorax dark grey irrorated with white. Palpi

whitish, second joint dark fuscous except apex, terminal joint with

subbasal and supramedian blackish rings. Abdomen grey, anal tuft

whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched,

apex pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; grey or fuscous

irrorated with white, with some scattered blackish scales ; a series of small

blackish spots along costa, one in middle rather larger and elongate ; some

irregular scattered groups of dark fuscous scales in disc ; a preemarginal

series of cloudy dark fuscous spots round posterior part of costa and

termen: cilia grey sprinkled with whitish, basal half barred with dark

fuscous. Hindwings grey, paler and thinly scaled anteriorly, veins and

termen darker ; cilia grey.

Maskeliya, Ceylon (de Mowbray, Pole); in January and April, two

specimens.

Anarsia, Zell.

_ Ihave referred Stainton’s Anarsia candida to the genus Dactylethra, but

I have described one true Indian Anarsia, ephippias, Meyr.; I now describe

eight more, and refer one of Walker’s species here.

Anarsia phortica, a. sp.

36 @. 13-15 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, variably irrorated

with grey. Palpiin ¢ dark fuscous, in 9 whitish, second joint irrorated

with dark fuscous, terminal joint with blackish subbasal ring and submedian

and supramedian subconfluent bands. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate,

rather narrow, widest at 3, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen

very obliquely rounded; white, irregularly mixed with grey; a dark grey

median band extending from + to 3, widest on dorsum, posterior 3 of this

band occupied by a black blotch reaching from costa to fold ; an irregular

168 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

dark grey apical patch: cilia grey sprinkled with whitish, round apex

obscurely barred with blackish on basal half. Hindwings grey, iridescent-

hyaline in disc and towards base, veins and termen dark grey ;in ¢ an

expansible tuft of very long grey hairs in disc near base; cilia grey.

Undersurface of forewings in ¢ with an expansible tuft of very long grey

hairs in dise near base.

Maskeliya, Kegalle, Haldamulla, and Undugoda, Ceylon (Alston, Green,

de Mowbray); N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome); Kuching, Borneo (Hewitt);

in May, and from August to October, ten specimens.

Anarsia tricornis, n. sp.

3. 11-14mm. Head and thorax ochreous-white, sides of face mixed

or suffused with blackish, shoulders black. Palpi white, second joint black

except towards apex, terminal joint with black submedian and suprame-

dian bands. Abdomen grey, anal tuft in 3 ochreous-whitish. Forewings

elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen

extremely obliquely rounded; a triangular black blotch occupying nearly

median third of costa, and reaching 2 across wing; several variable small

spots of blackish irroration round posterior part of costa and termen: cilia

grey sprinkled with white. Hindwings grey, thinly scaled and semihya-

line towards base, darker towards apex ; cilia grey.

Maskeliya, Peradeniya, and Haldamulla, Ceylon (Pole, Green, Alston) ;

in January and May, three specimens.

Anarsia stylota, n. sp. ;

6. 15-16 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-white, shoulders black.

Palpi blackish, towards apex whitish. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-

ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-

pointed, termen very obliquely rounded, ochreous-white ; markings black ;

five spots at equal distances along costa, and one at apex ; three subdorsal

spots on anterior half; a three-lobed mark in disc before middle, tending

to be connected with third costal and subdorsal spots; an inverted

V-shaped mark in disc beyond 2; a spoton dorsum at 2, and one on termen

above tornus : cilia pale grey irrorated with whitish. Hindwings grey,

lighter and thinly scaled anteriorly ; cilia grey, paler and ochreous-tinged

towards tornus. Undersurface of forewings with a long expansible sub-

dorsal hairpencil from base lying beneath costa of hindwings.

Maskeliya and Patipola, Ceylon (Alston, Pole); in February and April,

two specimens.

Anarsia patulella, Walk.

(Gelechia patulella, Walk. Cat. X XIX, 635.)

Maskeliya and Peradeniya, Ceylon (Pole, Green); Nilgiris, 3,500 feet

(Andrewes) ; in March, and from June to August. Walker’s typeisa 2,

not ¢ as stated.

Anarsia pensilis, n. sp.

36 Y. 14-17 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, sprinkled with

light grey. Palpi whitish, second joint blackish except towards apex,

terminal joint with blackish median and supramedian bands. Abdomen

dark grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa

gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ;

whitish irrorated with light grey, with a few scattered black scales ; two

slight blackish marks on costa anteriorly, and one beyond middle; a black

triangular spot on middle of costa, whence a black streak runs to dorsum

before middle, and is slenderly extended along dorsum towards base ; a

small irregular grey spot with some black scales in dise at 3 ; indications of

grey spots with some black scales round posterior part of apex and termen :

cilia light grey sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings rather dark grey, almost

hyaline in disc towards base; cilia grey. Undersurface of forewings with

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 169

along expansible median hairpencil from base lying beneath costa of

hindwings.

Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, Green) ; in May and September, two specimens.

Anarsia acrotoma, n. sp.

6. 10mm. Head and thorax light greyish-ochreous irrorated with

whitish, shoulders narrowly blackish. Palpi blackish, towards apex whitish.

Abdomen grey, anal tuft ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate, narrow,

costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely

rounded ; light greyish-ochreots irrorated with whitish, with a few scat-

tered fuscous and blackish scales ; a short black dash beneath costa near

base; a triangular blackish patch occupying median third of costa, apex

truncate, reaching more than half across wing; a very small dark fuscous

spot on costa at ?, anda black dot or dash beneath it; indications of

blackish dots round posterior part of costa and termen : cilia grey sprinkled

with whitish. Hindwings grey, becoming iridescent-hyaline anteriorly ;

cilia light grey. Undersurface of forewings with expansible tuft of very

long hairs from disc near base.

N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; in May, one specimen.

Anarsia tsogona, DQ. sp.

3. 12 mm. Head and thorax light greyish-brown irrorated with

whitish, shoulders narrowly blackish. Palpi blackish, towards apex whitish.

Abdomen grey, anal tuft ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate, very

narrow, costa gently arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen

very obliquely rounded ; greyish-ochreous irrorated with whitish, with

some scattered fuscous and blackish scales ; several slight blackish marks

on costa ; a triangular blackish blotch occupying median fourth of costa

and reaching more than half across wing; obscure small spots of dark

fuscous suffusion in disc towards base, near dorsum at 3, on dorsum at 3,

and at tornus: cilia pale greyish. Hindwings grey, becoming hyaline

anteriorly ; cilia pale greyish.

Nilgiris, 3,500 feet (Andrewes) ; in April, one specimen.

Anarsia acerata, 0. sp.

6. 10-12 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish more or less mixed

with fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, towards apex whitish. Abdomen dark

grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous sometimes mixed with fuscous. Forewings

elongate, narrow, widest ati, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed,

termen extremely obliquely rounded; fuscous irregularly mixed and irro-

rated with whitish ; about six small dark fuscous spots or marks along

costa, one beyond middle larger; dorsal area irregularly suffused with

dark fuscous throughout, especially a transverse dark fuscous spot at +

edged posteriorly with whitish suffusion ; an undefined elongate patch of

dark fuscous suffusion in middle of disc; some irregular brown or fuscous

marking towards apex : cilia fuscous sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings

subhyaline, suffused with fuscous along termen and towards apex, veins

dark fuscous; cilia fuscous. Undersurface of forewings with expansible

tuft of very long whitish hairs from disc near base.

N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; in May, September, and October, three

specimens.

Anarsia trienota, n. sp.

¢. 12mm. Head and thorax grey irrorated with whitish, shoulders

narrowly black. Palpi white, second joint blackish except apex, terminal

joint with three blackish bands. Abdomen whitish irrorated with grey.

Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-point-

ed, termen very obliquely rounded ; grey irregularly sprinkled with white ;

markings black partially edged with white suffusion ; two oblique strigule

from costa anteriorly, an oblique spot in middle, and several small marks

170 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

posteriorly; subcostal, median, submedian, and subdorsal longitudinal

streaks, each broken irregularly into about three segments ; some black

scales along termen : cilia pale grey sprinkled with whitish and on basal

half with black. Hindwings grey, thinly scaled anteriorly, veins and

termen darker ; cilia whitish-grey.

Gooty (Campbell); one specimen. Allied to the European lineatella,

Paraspistes tabellata, n. sp.

3S. 14mm. Head and thorax grey sprinkled with whitish, shoulders

dark fuscous. Palpi whitish, second joint dark fuscous except apical edge,

above with scales broadly expanded towards apex, terminal joint shorter

than second, with a few dark grey scales towards apex. Abdomen dark

grey, two basal segments pale ochreous, anal tuft ochreous-whitish. Fore-

wings elongate, very narrow, costa anteriorly gently arched, posteriorly

straight, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded; grey

irrorated with white, with scattered black scales, towards costa suffused

with white ; costal edge finely black anteriorly; a narrow elongate dark

brown patch extending along costa from 4 to near apex, attenuated to

extremities ; a dark fuscous spot on tornus; a fine irregular dark fuscous

streak along termen not quite reaching this: cilia grey sprinkled with

whitish. Hindwings dark grey, thinly ‘scaled in dise anteriorly ; a hyaline

space in cell, but covered by a fringe of grey hairs ; cilia grey.

N. Coorg, ’3,500 feet (Newcome) ; ‘in August, one specimen.

Paraspistes aprica, n. sp.

6. 10mm. Head and thorax deep yellow-ochreous. Palpi whitish

ochreous, second joint ferruginous-ochreous except apex, above with scales

shortly expanded towards apex, terminal joint hardly shorter than second.

Antennal ciliations 1. Abdomen dark grey, anal tuft pale ochreous. Fore-

wings elongate, narrow, widest at 4, costa anteriorly slightly arched,

posteriorly almost straight, apex round-pointed, termen extremely oblique-

ly rounded ; yellow-ochreous, tinged with ferruginous ; several shorrt ©

oblique blackish strigulzee on costa between 3 and 2; dorsal half obscure-

ly suffused with ferruginous and irrorated with fuscous: cilia ochreous-

yellowish. Hindwings dark grey, lighter and thinly scaled anteriorly ;

cilia grey.

N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; in November, two specimens.

Nothris citharista, n. sp.

6 2. 12-14mm. Head and thorax pale whitish-ochreous more or less

tinged with grey, shoulders narrowly dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations in

g 5. Palpi whitish, second joint brown except towards apex, with long

rough projecting tuft beneath and scales roughly expanded above,

terminal joint much longer than second, anterior edge dark fuscous.

Abdomen grey, anal tuft pale whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, very

narrow, costa gently arched, apex acute, termen extremely obliquely

rounded ; pale whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with grey or fuscous ; costa dark

fuscous towards base ; an indistinct dark fuscous dot on fold beyond 4, and

one obliquely beneath and before this ; stigmata small, black, accompanied

with some ferruginous or fuscous scales, discal approximated, plical beneath

first discal, second discal placed on a slender transverse fuscous sometimes

ferruginous-mixed fascia, expanded anteriorly on costa; posterior area of

wing more or less streaked longitudinally with dark fuscous: cilia whitish-

fuscous. Hindwings grey, thinly scaled anteriorly, veins and termen

darker-suffused ; cilia grey.

N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome); in May, October, and November, four

specimens.

Nothris incondita, n. sp.

36 2. 14-18 mm. Head and thorax whitish, sometimes with a few black-

ee Stet Mea =

PR OS Ia OO ae

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. Aig

ish-grey scales. Palpi whitish, second joint with blackish subbasal and

median bands, with long rough projecting tuft beneath, terminal joint

with three blackish rings. Abdomen in ¢ whitish-ochreous, in Q whitish.

Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely

rounded ; whitish, irregularly sprinkled with blackish scales, veins streaked

obscurely with pale ochreous; a black dot towards costa near base ;

stigmata obscurely indicated by some irregular grey markings, variable

and undefined, plical beneath first discal; apical area clouded with grey ;

several very small dark grey marks on costa posteriorly : cilia ochreous-

whitish, with several grey lines. Hindwings and cilia ochreous-whitish.

Madulsima, Ceylon (Vaughan); in May and August, four specimens.

Nearly allied to the South African sicezfoli, Wals.

Hypelictis, Meyr.

Founded on a single species, acrochlora, Meyr.; the four additional species

here described are clearly congeneric, but require some enlargement of the

generic characters as under, viz., terminal joint of palpi varying from as

long as second to much shorter, variably thickened with scales sometimes

roughly projecting posteriorly, rarely slender : forewings with 6 to termen

or apex, 7 to costa, 8 out of 7 orabsent, 9 seldom out of 7. Notwithstand-

ing these differences they have a peculiar and characteristic facies, and

are nearly related together.

Hypelictis thyrsicola, n. sp.

. 16-17 mm. Head and thorax greyish-ochreous sprinkled with

whitish. Palpi greyish-ochreous sprinkled with dark grey and whitish,

second joint very long, straight, porrected, above with long rough project-

ing white-tipped scales, terminal joint much shorter, obliquely ascending,

slender. Abdomen grey, anal tuft mixed with ochreous-whitish. Fore-

wings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly somewhat dilated, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate, rather oblique ; 6 to termen,

8 absent, 7 and 9 stalked ; greyish-ochreous, with a few scattered black

scales; costa suffused with dark grey except towards apex, where it is

tinged with crimson ; stigmata indicated by small indistinct spots of grey

suffusion, discal approximated, plical rather before first discal ; cilia whitish-

ochreous tinged or suffused with pale crimson except towards tornus, tips

dark fuscous except towards tornus. Hindwingsrather dark grey ; cilia

greyish-ochreous, with light fuscous subbasal shade.

Khasis ; in August and November, two specimens.

Hypelictis frengera, n. sp.

oY. 13-14 mm. Head and thorax dark violet-fuscous. Palpi dark

bronzy-fuscous, second joint with scales somewhat rough above towards

apex, terminal joint moderately thickened with scales. Abdomen dark

fuscous, anal tuft in ¢ whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, bent down, termen very obliquely round-

ed; 6 to apex, 8 absent; dark violet-fuscous, with slaty-grey reflections ; a

very fine whitish curved or bent line from 2 of costa to tornus ; an ochreous

yellow or orange apical patch, anterior edge somewhat convex, enclosing

two or three fuscous wedge-shaped spots on termen; a more or leas

developed fine black line round apex and termen: cilia light ochreous-

yellowish, on costa and round apex dark violet-fuscous with basal half

ochreous-yellow cut by a fuscous bar beneath apex, beneath termen

infuscated. Hindwings rather dark fuscous; cilia whitish-ochreous, more

or less suffused with fuscous.

Khasis; in May, three specimens.

Hypelictis lupata, n. sp.

“$2. 16-18 mm. Head and thorax rather dark violet-fuscous, head with

strong purple-blue gloss. Palpi bronzy-fuscous, second joint with scales

172. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX11,

somewhat rough above towards apex, terminal joint slightly thickened with

scales. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow,

costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, bent down, termen faintly sinuate,

in ¢ rather strongly oblique, in 9 less oblique; 6 to apex, 7 and 8 stalked ;

glossy dark violet-fuscous; an oblique ochreous-whitish strigula on costa

at 3, and faint line from this to tornus; an ochreous-yellow streak along

termen from apex to near tornus, attenuated downwards, with three acute

projecting teeth anteriorly: cilia rather dark violet-fuscous, basal third

ochreous-yellow on apical part of costa and termen. Hindwings dark

fuscous ; cilia fuscous, darker towards base.

Khasis ; in June, four specimens.

Hypelictis charonea, n. sp.

3 Q. 13-14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark purplish-fuscous, second

joint of palpi densely scaled, somewhat rough at apex above, terminal joint

as long as second, clothed with rough projecting scales posteriorly except

at base. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa

slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen almost straight, rather oblique ; 6 to

termen, 7 and 8 stalked; dark purplish-fuscous, with a leaden gloss

sprinkled with blackish, without defined markings: cilia purplish-fuscous

-with rows of blackish points, extreme base ochreous-whitish. Hindwings

fuscous ; cilia light fuscous.

Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole) ; in November, two specimens.

Dichomeris Hb.

{ agree with Durrant and Busck that it is advisable to adopt this name

for the genus which I have hitherto called Ypsolophus. I have recorded four

Indian species, viz., ianthes, Meyr. (== ochrophanes, Meyr.), decusella, Walk,

(= alternella, Walk.), eridantis, Meyr., and Jdistynella, Snell. (=deltaspis.

Meyr.), and now describe twelve more.

Dichomeris summata, n. sp.

6. 12-16mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, shoulders fuscous..

Palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint more or less suffused with fuscous.

except towards apex, above with triangularly projecting scales, beneath

with very long projecting apical tuft, terminal joint with anterior edge

blackish. Antennal ciliations of ¢ 1. Abdomen grey. Forewings elon-

gate, very narrow, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen

extremely obliquely rounded, whitish-ochreous or yellow-ochreous, some-

times strewn with strigule of fuscous irroration ; a streak of dark fuscous.

suffusion or irroration along costa from base to + ; a black dot beneath costa.

near base, in one specimen enlarged into a black dash; stigmata black,

discal approximated, plical often little marked, beneath first discal; a

small apical spot of dark fuscous suffusion: cilia ochreous-yellowish,

Hindwings pale grey, thinly scaled anteriorly; cilia whitish-ochreous,

round apex tinged with grey.

Khasis ; in June, July, and October, seven specimens.

Dichomeris metrodes, n. sp.

@. 10-12mm. Head whitish-ochreous, forehead anda central line of

erown irrorated with grey. Palpi white, second joint blackish except

apex, with long triangular apical tuft beneath, terminal joint with anterior

edge black. Thorax light yellow-ochreous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous.

sprinkled with grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched,

apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded; whitish-ochreous,

partially suffused with pale yellow-ochreous tinged with grey; a black

mark on base of costa, and several black dots between this and 2 ; a spot

of blackish irroration towards dorsum ati; stigmata black, discal ap-

proximated, plical obliquely before first discal; a grey spot towards costa

before middle, one beneath first discal stigma, and some suffusion along:

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA., 173

median portion of dorsum, sometimes confluent; a patch of dark grey

suffusion on costa at #, and one on dorsum beneath second discal stigma ;

a streak of dark grey suffusion along termen: cilia pale yellow-ochreous,

at apex with a grey bar. Hindwings whitish-grey, thinly scaled anterior-

ly ; cilia ochreous-grey—-whitish.

Hambantota, Ceylon (Fletcher); Bombay (Fletcher); in March and

October, two specimens.

Dichomeris ferrugiosa, n. sp.

d. 15-16 mm. Head ochreous, sometimes brownish-tinged. Palpi

whitish, second joint brownish except apex, above clothed with very long

fine expansible whitish hairs, beneath with very long projecting apical

tuft, terminal joint with anterior edge blackish. Antennz sinuate towards

base, ciliations 13. Thorax ochreous, shoulders suffused with dark fuscous.

Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, very

narrow, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely

rounded ; yellow-ochreous ; costa and dorsum suffused with ferruginous

and strigulated with dark leaden-fuscous irroration ; stigmata black,

moderately large, discal approximated, plical beneath first discal ; an

oblique narrow transverse fascia of ferruginous suffusion and dark leaden-

fuscous irroration crossing wing between first discal and plical stigmata;

a streak of ferruginous suffusion and dark leaden-fuscous irroration along

termen: cilia yellow-ochreous. Hindwings grey, thinly scaled and irrides-

cent-semihyaline, veins and termen suffused with darker ; cilia light grey,

towards base tinged with purplish-ochreous.

Khasis ; in July and August, five specimens.

Dichomeris intensa, n. sp.

@¢. 11-14mm. Head and thorax bronzy-fuscous irrorated with pale

ochreous, face shining grey, shoulders dark fuscous. Palpi with second

joint dark bluish-fuscous, above with triangularly projecting scales,

beneath with long broad rough projecting tuft, terminal joint whitish,

anterior edge black. Antennal ciliations of ¢ minute. Abdomen dark

grey, faintly purplish-tinged. Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa

moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded ; brownish,

variably sprinkled or irrorated with dark fuscous ; costa more or less

broadly and irregularly suffused with dark leaden-fuscous from base to

near apex, sometimes marked with several fine oblique pale strigulz

towards middle; a narrow dark leaden-fuscous terminal fascia, preceded

on costa by a small ‘pale ochreous patch, these markings limited anteriorly

by an angulated pale ochreous or brownish transverse line sprinkled with

dark fuscous : cilia light fulvous-ochreous, with a fine dark grey median

line, on tornus with a patch of grey suffusion. Hindwings dark grey, in

¢ thinly scaled and violet-subhyaline in disc, cilia dark grey.

Maskeliya and Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole); Cuddapah, 4,000 feet (Camp-

bell); N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; in March, May, November, and

December, five specimens.

Dichomeris crepitatrix, n. sp.

6. 15mm. Head rather dark bronzy-grey. Palpi dark grey sprin-

kled with minute whitish points, second joint with strong dense projecting

tuft beneath and scales triangularly expanded towards apex above,

terminal joint whitish, anterior edge blackish. Antenne sinuate above

base, ciliations 3. Thorax brown, dorsally suffused with grey, shoulders

dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings elongate, very narrow, costa

slightly arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, termen slightly

rounded, oblique ; ochreous-brown, with scattered dark fuscous scales; a

blackish streak irregularly interrupted and spotted with ground colour

extending along costa from base to ? ; stigmata undefined, fuscous, discal

174. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

approximated, plical rather before first discal ; a streak of blackish irrora-

tion along termen, suffused with grey anteriorly : cilia light ochreous, base

dotted with dark fuscous, on tornus with a grey patch. Hindwings

iridescent-grey ; cilia light fuscous.

N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; in December, one specimen.

Dichomeris ferrata, a. sp.

6 @. 15-17 mm. Head shining grey, back of crown whitish-ochreous

Palpi dark fuscous, second joint slightly sprinkled with whitish points,

especially on anterior edge, with long broad tuft beneath and scales trian-

gularly expanded above towards apex, terminal joint white, with anterior

edge black. Antennal ciliations of ¢ 2. Thorax ochreous-yellowish,

shoulders dark grey. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa

gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, oblique ; yellow-

ochreous, with scattered dark fuscous scales ; markings dark shining leaden-

grey irrorated with blackish ; a thick streak along costa from base to

middle, posterior portion dilated into a triangular blotch reaching nearly

half across wing; a small elongate-triangular patch on costa about 2; an

inwardly oblique wedgeshaped spot on dorsum before tornus, reaching half

across wing ; stigmata minute, dark fuscous, discal approximated, plical

rather before first discal; a narrow streak along termen: cilia grey, on

costa yellow-ochreous, basal half yellow-ochreous on termen. Hindwings

grey, thinly scaled anteriorly ; cilia grey.

Khasis ; in October, three specimens.

Dichomerts clarescens, 0. sp.

go. 22mm. Head bronzy-grey. Palpi dark fuscous, second joint

whitish-sprinkled on apical edge, with long strong tuft beneath and scales

_triangularly expanded towards apex above, terminal joint whitish with

anterior edge blackish. Antennal ciliations 14. Thorax rather pale fuscous,

apex of patagia brown. Abdomen dark grey, beneath ochreous, anal tuft

pale ochreous, with two long expansible projecting pencils of scales above.

Forewings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen

nearly straight, oblique ; ochreous-brown, suffused with fuscous except

towards costa before apex, where it is brighter ochreous ; median fourth of

costa obscurely strigulated with dark fuscous ; stigmata obscure, dark

fuscous, discal approximated, plical elongate, slightly before first discal;

an undefined triangular spot of dark fuscous suffusion on costa at 2; a

suffused dark fuscous streak along termen: cilia ochreous, with a fuscous

postmedian shade, on tornus mixed with fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous

rather thinly scaled in disc anteriorly ; cilia pale ochreous, basal half tinged

with fuscous.

Maskeliya, Ceylon (de Mowbray) ; in October, one specimen.

Dichomeris excoriata, n. sp.

go. 22mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous partially suffused with

light brownish. Palpi with second joint dark fuscous with apical edge

rather broadly ochreous-white, with strong acute-triangular apical tuft

beneath and scales triangularly expanded towards apex above, terminal

joint whitish, towards apex blackish, anterior edge sprinkled with blackish.

Antennal ciliations 2. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Fore-

wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, slightly sinuate in middle,

apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, oblique ; 7 to just above apex; pale

ochreous, suffusedly strigulated with brownish except towards costa

anteriorly, with a few blackish scales ; about ten black marks on anterior

half of costa, anteriorly remote, posteriorly closely approximated ; a

spot of brownish suffusion in disc at }; an undefined triangular patch of

brownish suffusion extending on costa, from about middle to 4, its apex

formed by dark fuscous second discal stigma; some dark fuscous dots on

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 175

termen : cilia pale ochreous partially tinged with brownish. Hindwings

iridescent-grey, veins darker; cilia light grey.

Khasis ; in November, one specimen.

Dichomeris olivescens, n. sp.

3 @. 21-22mm. Head grey. Palpi with second joint blackish, apical

edge dark grey irrorated with white, with strong acute-triangular apical

tuft beneath, and scales triangularly expanded towards apex above, termi-

nal joint whitish irrorated with blackish anteriorly, Antennal ciliations of

¢ minute. Thorax pale ochreous with a faint greenish tinge, shoulders

narrowly blackish. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate, rather

narrow, costa gently arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex round-pointed,

termen sinuate, rather oblique; 7 to apex; pale ochreous, with a faint

greenish tinge, indistinctly stcigulated with brownish except towards costa

anteriorly ; anterior 2 of costa closely marked with black dots or short stri-

gule ; stigmata datk brown more or less edged with white posteriorly, discal

approximated, plical rather before first discal ; a small dark brown spot on

costa at 2, and one on dorsum towards tornus;a series of dark brown or

blackish dots on termen and posterior part of costa: cilia light brownish-

ochreous. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia grey, with dark fuscous subbasal

shade.

Kandy and Maskeliya, Ceylon (Green, Alston) ; in May, two specimens.

Dichomeris imbricata, n. sp.

69. 19-20 mm. Head dark fuscous, slightly sprinkled with whitish

points, lower part of face and back of crown brownish. Palpi with second

joint blackish sprinkled with whitish, with long broad projecting tuft

beneath and scales triangularly expanded towards apex above, terminal

joint whitish, anterior edge black. Antennal ciliations of ¢ 13. Thorax

brown mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen dark grey, anal tuft ochreous-

-yellowish. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-

pointed, termen sinuate, oblique; brown somewhat mixed with whitish-

ochreous, with a whitish-ochreous patch occupying apical fourth of costa ;

anterior 2 of costa suffused with blackish, obliquely strigulated with pale

ochreous ; stigmata blackish, ill-defined, discal approximated, plical near

beyond first discal; some blackish suffusion on dorsum towards tornus; a

blackish dot on tornus, and one on termen beneath apex: cilia pale ochreous.

Hindwings grey, veins and termen darker; cilia greyish-ochreous. _

N. Coorg, 3,500’ feet (Newcome) ; in May, August, and November, three

specimens. |

Dichomeris ptychosema, n. sp.

6 Q. 14-17mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, shoulders narrow-

ly dark fuscous. Palpi with second joint dark fuscous, apical edge white,

with moderate triangular brown projecting tuit beneath, and scales

triangularly expanded towards apex above, terminal joint white, anterior

edge black. Antennal ciliations of ¢ 1. Abdomen whitish-ochreous irro-

rated with grey. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen straight, rather oblique ; 7 to apex, 8 and 9 out of 7;

whitish-ochreous, strigulated with fuscous and dark fuscous irroration; a

small dark fuscous spot on base of costa, a short mark in middle, another

beyond 2, and several dots between these ; a small blackish-fuscous spot on

fold at + of wing; second discal stigma moderate, dark fuscous, plical and

first discal minute or obsolete, plical beneath first discal: cilia whitish-

ochreous or pale fulvous-ochreous. Hindwings iridescent-grey; cilia

greyish-ochreous.

Khasis ; in November, two specimens.

Dichomeris ampliata, n. sp.

36 Q. 22-23mm. Head and thorax fuscous, faintly violet-tinged, sides of

176 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

crown ochreous-tinged or whitish-sprinkled. Palpi with second joint dark

brown, apical edge ochreous-whitish, with rather short triangular apical tuft

beneath and scales triangularly expanded towards apex above, terminal

joint whitish, anterior edge suffused with dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations

of ¢ 4. Abdomen dark grey, anal tuft of ¢ pale ochreous. Forewings

elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate, little

oblique; 7 to apex; violet-fuscous; extreme costal edge pale ochreous

except towards base ; stigmata obscure, dark fuscous, discal approximated,

plical slightly before first discal; a series of dark fuscous dots round pos-

terior part of costa and termen: cilia fuscous, sometimes tinged with och-

reous. Hindwings fuscous; cilia light fuscous, with darker subbasal shade.

Eppawela and Puttalam, Ceylon (Green, Pole); Khasis; from July to

» October, five specimens.

Holaxyra, n. g.

Head with appressed scales, sidetufts loose; ocelli present; tongue

developed. Antenne ?, in dg ciliated, basal jomt moderately elongate,

without pecten. Labial palpi very long, porrected, second joint expanded

with dense rough projecting scales above and beneath, longest towards

base above and towards apex beneath, terminal joint much shorter than

second, obliquely ascending, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very short,

filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiz rough-haired above.

Forewings with 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa or apex, 11

from middle. Hindwings over 1, trapezoidal-ovate, apex obtuse, termen

rather sinuate beneath apex, cilia 2; 5 and 4 connate, 5 approximated, 6

and 7 approximated at base or short-stalked.

Type H. ampycota. Allied to Dichomeris and Trichotaphe, but with labial

palpi differing from both.

Hi. isoclera, n. sp.

gd. 17-18 mm. Head and thorax fuscous sprinkled with whitish..

Palpi dark fuscous slightly sprinkled with whitish, terminal joint whitish

with dark fuscous supramedian ring. Antennal ciliations 2. Abdomen

grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, ~

slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen

slightly rounded, rather oblique; fuscous finely sprinkled with whitish;

stigmata rather large, blackish, plical somewhat beyond first discal, an

additional dot beneath and slightly before second discal: cilia whitish-

ochreous mixed with grey, towards base spotted with grey. Hindwings

erey ; cilia light greyish.

Maskeliya, Ceylon (de Mowbray, Pole);in January and April, three

specimens.

Holaxyra ampycota, n. sp.

gd. 26mm. Head and thorax purplish-fuscous tinged with ferruginous.

Palpi with second joint dark fuscous, upper and apical edges sprinkled

with whitish, terminal joint whitish, anterior edge darkfuscous. Antennal

ciliations 2. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, narrow at base and

posteriorly dilated, costa moderately arched, rather bent at ?, apex obtuse

termen slightly rounded, hardly oblique ; purplish-fuscous, suffused with

ferruginous-brownish except towards costa anteriorly; costal edge and

cilia ferruginous from 3 to apex; stigmata obscure, dark fuscous, each

marked with a grey-whitish dot, discal approximated, plical smaller, rather

before first discal; a spot of dark fuscous suffusion on dorsum rather

beyond second discal: cilia ferruginous. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Hakgala, Ceylon (Green) ; in April, one specimen.

Trichotaphe, Clem.

I have described two Indian species, sandycztis and planata, and now re-

cord sixteen more.

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, Era

Trichotaphe lissota, n. sp.

Q. 22mm. Head and thorax lilac-brown. Palpi dark fuscous, termi-

nal joint ochreous-whitish except towards base and on anterior edge.

Abdomen grey, apex whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa gently

_ arched, sinuate in middle, appearing slightly bent at ?, apex nearly rectang-

ular, termen straight, rather oblique ; glossy lilac-brown; an obliqueoval

_ dark ochreous-brown spot in dise at 3, obscurely whitish-edged ; a small

round blackish-fuscous whitish-edged spot representing second discal stigma;

a dark fuscous mark along costa from middle to 2, whence a slender dark

—ochreous-brown fascia crosses immediately beyond second discal stigma

_ to dorsum before tornus, edged posteriorly by a pale ochreous slightly

bisinuate line ; a dark brown line along posterior part of costa and termen :

cilia pale ochreous. Hindwings rather dark fuscous; cilia fuscous.

Khasis ; one specimen.

Trichotaphe fungifera, n. sp.

Q. 22mm. Head and thorax fuscous, coppery-tinged. Palpi brown,

_ terminal joint whitish, anterior edge dark fuscous. Abdomen dark grey,

apex yellow-ochreous. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa strongly arched

_ on anterior half, sinuate in middle, rounded-prominent at 2, apex rounded-

_ obtuse, termen slightly rounded, little oblique ; fuscous, partially tinged

_ with reddish-brown ; a pale whitish-green dot on fold near base, and a

_ spot on dorsum at 4; discal stigmata pale whitish-green, approximated,

plical larger, rather dark fuscous mixed with pale whitish-green, very

obliquely before first discal ; a very obscure pale obtusely angulated shade

crossing wing from 3 of costa to dorsum before tornus ; some minute dark

fuscous dots on posterior part of costa and termen: cilia brownish. Hind-

wings rather dark grey ; cilia grey.

Khasis ; in December, one specimen.

Trichotaphe procrossa, n. sp.

©. 22mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi brown irrorated with

_ dark fuscous, apical edge of second joint ochreous-whitish, terminal joint

_ ochreous-whitish, anterior edge sprinkled with blackish. Abdomen rather

dark fuscous, apex pale ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa gently

arched, somewhat sinuate in middle, cilia forming a strong rounded pro-

minence at 3, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, rather oblique; brown

mixed with fuscous ; costal edge yellow-ochreous from base to a narrow

blackish spot extending along median fourth of costa; stigmata small,

blackish, discal approximated, plical very obliquely before first discal;

a very obscure brownish-ochreous obtusely angulated line crossing wing

from posterior extremity of blackish costal spot to dorsum before tornus ;

some small indistinct dark fuscous dots on posterior part of costa and

_termen: cilia ochreous. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly ; cilia pale

ochreous, suffused with grey towards base.

Palni Hills (Campbell) ; one specimen.

Trichotaphe corniculata, n. sp.

dQ. 21-23 mm. Head and thorax bronzy-brown or fuscous. Palpi

dark fuscous, terminal joint whitish-ochreous except base and anterior

edge. Antennal ciliations of g 1. Abdomen fuscous, anal tuft pale

ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, slightly sinuate in

- middle, somewhat bent at 2, apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate, rather

oblique; fuscous or brownish, sometimes slightly reddish-tinged ; costal

edge yellow-ochreous from base to an elongate-triangular black spot on

middle of costa, of which the lower part is sometimes brown; an oblique

_ dark fuscous or ochreous-brown spot on fold before 2, often nearly obsolete

_ second discal stigma small, ochreous-brown or dark fuscous, sometimes

accompanied by a few whitish scales, first discal sometimes also indicated ;

178 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HISI, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI.

a pale ochreous line from costa beyond black spot to dorsum before tornus,

curved inwards beneath costa, sometimes almost obsolete, or edged

anteriorly with ochreous-brown suffusion; some ill-defined dark fuscous.

dots round posterior part of costa and termen: cilia brownish-ochreous..

Hindwings and cilia fuscous.

Khasis; in April, and from July to October, ten specimens. Very like

procrossa, but without the strong rounded prominence of costal cilia, and

the pale line of forewings differently formed.

Trichotaphe chartaria, n. sp.

@. 16-17 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, face tinged with

grey, posterior extremity of thorax blackish. Palpi ochreous-white,

second joint dark fuscous except apical edge. Abdomen rather dark grey.

Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen almost.

straight, somewhat oblique; 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to apex ; ochreous-whitish,

slightly infuscated except towards costa; stigmata black, ringed with

white, first discal large, round, plical moderate, obliquely beyond it, some-

times united with it, second discal small; a dark fuscous mark on costa at

2, and two or three small subconfluent marks towards apex: cilia yellow-

whitish. Hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia grey.

Peradeniya and Kandy, Ceylon (Green, Mackwood); in July, two

specimens.

Trichotaphe immerita, n. sp.

Q 17-18 mm. Head and thorax light fuscous. Palpi with second joint.

dark fuscous, apical edge whitish, terminal jomt ochreous-whitish,

anteriorly irrorated with dark fuscous. Abdomen light fuscous, apex pale

ochreous. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, ©

termen hardly sinuate, little oblique; fuscous; costal edge whitish-

ochreous; a very obscure darker oblique spot in disc before 3, partially

edged with some whitish scales, lower extremity representing plical

stigma ; discal stigmata indicated by a few whitish scales; a slightly

bisinuate very obscure darker fuscous line from a spot on costa at 3 to

dorsum before tornus, accompanied by a few pale ochreous scales; some

indistinct darker dots on posterior part of costa and termen: cilia whitish-

fuscous, base whitish-ochreous. Hindwings fuscous; cilia light fuscous.

Puttalam and Maskeliya, Ceylon (Pole, Alston); in November, two

specimens.

Trichotaphe crambaleas, n. sp.

3 Y. 20-21 mm. Head and thorax light brownish. Palpi brown mixed

with fuscous, apical edge of second joint ochreous-whitish, terminal joint.

ochreous-whitish, anteriorly infuscated.’ Antennal ciliations of ¢ 3.

Abdomen light fuscous, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate.

rather narrow, costa slightly arched, slightly sinuate in middle, apex

round-pointed, termen sinuate, rather oblique; pale brownish-ochreous.

sometimes strewn with strigule of blackish irroration, sometimes partially

suffused with feruginous-brown in disc and towards dorsum, and on veins.

posteriorly ; sometimes a round spot of blackish suffusion in dise at 3, and

an oblique spot from dorsum at } directed towards 1t; stigmata blackish or

dark ferruginous-brown, discal approximated, plical rather before first

discal; a small blackish mark on costa at 3; some blackish dots round

posterior part of costa and termen: cilia pale brownish-ochreous, on costa.

sometimes barred with fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, darker towards apex ;

cilia light fuscous.

‘Khasis ; in March, three specimens.

Trichotaphe pseudometra, nN. sp.

3 9. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous, face grey, sides.

blackish, shoulders blackish. Palpi blackish-grey, terminal joint whitish

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 17>

except base. Antennal ciliations of ¢ §. Abdomen grey. Forewings

elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen very

obliquely rounded ; pale ochreous, with some scattered fuscous or blackish

scales or traces of strigule; costal edge blackish at base; about eight

very short black strigulz on costa between base and an elongate black

mark at 3; a blackish dot in dise at 7, sometimes little marked ; stigmata

blackish, discal approximated, first discal minute, plical obliquely before

first discal; a dot of blackish suffusion on dorsum before tornus; some

indistinct dark fuscous dots round posterior part of costa and termen:

cilia pale ochreous. Hindwings grey ; cilia light grey.

N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; in March, May, and November, five

specimens.

Trichotaphe malachias, n. sp.

Q. 16-18 mm. Head and thorax light greenish-ochreous. Palpi with

second joint brown, apical edge white, terminal joint whitish, anterior

edge dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, apex light ochreous. Forewings.

elongate, costa slightly arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex round-

pointed, termen sinuate, rather oblique ; 8 and 9 out of 7; light greenish-

ochreous, towards costa whitish-ochreous with scattered dark fuscous

scales ; costa edge blackish towards base; a dark fuscous dot in dise at };

stigmata dark fuscous, discal moderately large, whitish-ringed, plical

smaller, beneath first discal; two or three small-marks of dark fuscous

irroration on costa posteriorly ; a very undefined narrow fascia of faint

brownish suffusion with dark fuscous irroration from + of costa close before

termen to tornus; some dark fuscous terminal dots: cilia brownish-

ochreous or whitish-ochreous. Hindwings grey; cilia ochreous-grey.

Khasis; in June and October, two specimens.

Trichotaphe pelitis, n. sp.

36 Q. 17-19mm. Head and thorax pale brownish-ochreous. Palpi

with second joint brown, upper half suffused with dark fuscous, apical

edge whitish, terminal joint ochreous-whitish, anterior edge finely fuscous.

Antennal ciliations of g 1. Abdomen grey, anal tuft pale-ochreous.

Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen

somewhat sinuate, rather oblique; pale brownish-ochreous ; costal edge

pale ochreous-yellowish ; stigmata blackish, discal moderate, plical small,

rather beyond first discal; a small dark fuscous mark on costa beyond

middle, and a row of dark fuscous dots round posterior part of costa and

termen ; a faint pale curved subterminal line, slightly indented opposite

apex: cilia pale ochreous. Hindwings fuscous, cilia pale fuscous, with

darker subbasal shade.

Khasis; from July to October, six specimens.

Trichotaphe cocta, n. sp.

Q. 17-18mm. Head and thorax light ochreous-fuscous. Palpi with

second joint brown, upper half suffused with dark fuscous, apical edge pale

yellowish, terminal joint pale yellowish, anterior edge fuscous. Abdomen

light fuscous, apex pale ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa

gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen almost straight, oblique; och-

reous-fuscous, costal edge suffused with yellow-ochreous ; stigmata dark

fuscous, discal approximated, plical obliquely before first discal ; some dark

fuscous dots round posterior part of costa and termen: cilia ochreous.

Hindwings grey ; cilia light ochreous-grey, with darker subbasal shade.

Khasis ; in April and May, two specimens.

Trichotaphe siranta, v. sp.

3 Q@. 16-17 mm. Head bronzy-fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, terminal

joint ochreous-whitish except base and anterior edge. Antennal ciliations

of ¢ 3. Thorax light fuscous tinged with ochreous, shoulders dark

180 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

purplish-fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft of g -ochreous. Forewings

elongate, costa gently arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex round-

pointed, termen slightly sinuate, rather oblique; 9 tolerably remote from

“stalk of 7 and 8; ochreous, sometimes tinged with fuscous; costal edge

fuscous; stigmata dark fuscous, first discal conspicuous, others little

marked, plical somewhat beyond first discal; a narrow fuscous terminal

‘fascia, widest beneath apex and narrowed to tornus; an interrupted dark

fuscous terminal line: cilia ochreous, towards tornus with indications of

fuscous bars. Hindwings dark grey; cilia light greyish.

Khasis ; in October and November, two specimens.

Trichotaphe cellaria, n. sp.

@. 10-15 mm. Head and thorax light bronzy. Palpi bronzy-fuscous,

apical edge of second joint white, terminal joint white, anterior edge dark

fuscous. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, slightly

dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen

faintly sinuate, oblique ; light bronzy-fuscous, with faint purplish reflec-

tions; a suffused ochreous-white streak along costa from base to 3; first

discal stigma rather large, blackish, plical hardly indicated, below first

-discal, second discal obsolete ; a nearly straight or slightly curved white

line from 2 of costa to dorsum before tornus, edged anteriorly with darker

fuscous suffusion, and followed by a band of whitish-ochreous suffusion; a

white line marked with dark fuscous dots running round posterior part

of costa and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings rather dark

grey ; cilia light fuscous.

Khasis ; in November and December, three specimens.

Trichotaphe macrovyla, n. sp.

3 Q. 18-20mm. Head light shining grey, sides of crown ochreous.

Palpi blackish-grey, terminal joint whitish except base and anterior edge.

Antennal ciliations of ¢ 14. Thorax whitish-ochreous, with broad central

‘brown stripe. Abdomen dark grey. Forewings elongate, rather narrow,

costa gently arched towards extremities, otherwise straight, apex obtuse,

termen almost straight, somewhat oblique; whitish-ochreous ; posterior

2 of costa, and dorsum and termen throughout rather broadly suffused

with brown, darkest on margin of wing, cut at apex by a fine streak of

ground colour; stigmata minute, blackish, plical slightly before first discal ;

a black line round apex and termen: cilia brown, outer half dark brown.

Hindwings grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous, more or less tinged with grey.

Khasis ; from June to August, six specimens.

Trichotaphe cerulescens, 0. sp.

G. 14-15-mm. Head and thorax bronzy-fuscous, with prismatic

reflections. Palpi dark fuscous, apical edge of second joint whitish,

terminal joint whitish with anterior edge blackish. Antennal ciliations

14. Abdomen dark fuscous, anal tuft ochreous-fuscous. Forewings

elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ;

dark fuscous, with strong bluish-leaden reflections ; stigmata rather large,

blackish, plical somewhat before first discal; an ochreous-whitish dot on

costa at 2; a terminal series of blackish dots: cilia bronzy-fuscous.

Hindwings grey ; cilia light bronzy-fuscous.

Khasis ; in August, two specimens.

Trichotaphe plutelliformis, Snell.

(Ceratophora plutelliformis, Snell. Tijd. v. Ent. XLIV, 84, pl. VI, 4.)

Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole); N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome); in January

and May. Occurs also in Java and Australia.

Phatnotis, n. g.

Head with appressed scales; ocelli present; tongue developed. Anten-

me almost 1, in @ ciliated, basal joint moderately elongate, without

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 18¥

pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, second joint with dense rather

rough scales beneath and scales roughly expanded towards apex above,

terminal joint longer than second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very

short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiz rough-sealed above

and beneath. Forewings with 2 and 3 long-stalked, 7 to termen, 8-10 out.

of 7, 11 from beyond middle. Hindwings somewhat over 1, trapezoidal,.

apex obtuse, termen somewhat sinuate beneath apex, cilia 3; 3 and 4

connate or stalked, 5 approximated, 6 and 7 stalked.

Type P. factiosa. Perhaps more nearly related to Brachmia and

Lecithocera.

Phatnotis factiosa, n. sp.

3 Q. 21-22 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous, thorax partially

suffused with light fuscous. Palpi brownish, second joint whitish-ochreous.

towards apex, terminal joint whitish-ochreous, anterior edge fuscous..

Antennsz white ringed with dark fuscous, ciliations of g #. Abdomen

whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa

slightly arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex round-pointed, termen

sinuate, rather oblique; light greyish-ochreous more or less tinged with

fuscous, costal edge pale yellow-ochreous, suffused beneath with whitish-

ochreous ; an indistinct slender irregular fascia of dark fuscous suffusion.

at 2, interrupted above middle; second discal stigma dark fuscous; a.

slender rather incurved fascia of dark fuscous suffusion from 3 of costa to:

dorsum before tornus, dilated on costa, edged posteriorly with ochreous-

whitish: cilia whitish-ochreous tinged with fuscous, with rather dark

fuscous postmedian shade. Hindwings pale ochreous, termen tinged with

fuscous ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

Palni Hills, 6,000 feet (Campbell) ; two specimens.

Phatnotts legata, n. sp.

Q. 21-23 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, crown pale fuscous except on

sides. Palpi with second joint ochreous-yellowish, upper longitudinal

half suffused with fuscous, apex whitish, terminal joint whitish, anterior

edge fuscous. Antenne white. Thorax light fuscous, with a whitish-

ochreous stripe across shoulder. Abdomen yellow-ochreous. Forewings.

elongate, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate, some-

what oblique; fuscous, with a faint purplish tinge; costa slenderly

Cheesy s edge dark fuscous towards base ; small fuscous spots.

on costa at 2 and +; a whitish-ochreous irregular nearly straight line cros-

sing wing from immediately beyond second costal spot to close before:

tornus, terminal area beyond this paler and more or less suffused with

whitish-ochreous, except terminal line: cilia pale ochreous somewhat

tinged or mixed with fuscous. Hindwings pale fuscous suffused with

whitish-ochreous anteriorly ; cilia whitish-ochreous tinged with fuscous.

N. Coorg, 3,500 feet (Newcome) ; Cuddapah, 4,000 feet (Campbell); im

May, six specimens.

Carbatina, n. g.

Head with appressed Seles, side-tufts somewhat raised ; ocelli present ;.

tongue developed. Antenne +,in ¢ ciliated, basal joint moderate, with-

out “pecten. Labial palpi long . recurved, second joint clothed with dense:

appressed scales rather roughly expanded above towards apex, terminal

joint shorter than second, thickened with appressed scales, acute..

Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibize:

rough-haired above. Forewings with 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked,,.

7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hindwings over l, trapezoidal, apex rounds

pointed, termen somewhat sinuate beneath apex, cilia 2; 3 and 4 connate,

5 approximated, 6 and 7 stalked.

Type C, pierocarpa.

182 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,

Carbatina picrocarpa, n. sp.

@¢. 15-18mm. Head light bronzy-ochreous, with violet reflections.

Palpi fuscous, second joint sometimes pale ochreous beneath, apex of

terminal joint pale ochreous. Antennal ciliations of g¢ 13. Thorax pale

ochreous, shoulders narrowly dark violet-fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal

tuft of $ whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, slightly

dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen

faintly sinuate, rather oblique; light yellow-ochreous, sometimes with

violet reflections, slightly sprinkled with fuscous points ; costal edge dark

fuscous except towards apex, dorsum also sometimes infuscated ; stigmata

dark fuscous, plical slightly beyond first discal ; a narrow, rather dark

fuscous fascia along termen, narrowed at apex, terminal margin dark

fuscous, sometimes edged with white : cilia light yellow-ochreous with two

or three indistinct whitish lines, on turnus light greyish. Hindwings

grey ; cilia light grey.

Khasis ; Hakodate, Japan (Fletcher); in July and August, three speci-

mens.

Carbatina levigata, n. sp.

$9. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax pale yellow-ochreous. Palpi fuscous,

terminal joint ochreous-whitish towards apex. Antennal ciliations of ¢ 3.

Abdomen whitish-grey, anal tuft of g whitish-ochreous. Forewings elon-

gate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen

hardly sinuate, oblique ; pale yellow-ochreous ; a very small dark fuscous

spot on base of costa, and an elongate dark fuscous mark at $, costa

between these obscurely dotted with dark fuscous ; stigmata dark fuscous,

plical rather large, slightly before first discal ; a narrow rather dark purplish-

fuscous terminal fascia, widest at apex and narrowed to tornus : cilia pale

ochreous, with a purplish-fuscous tornal patch. Hindwings grey ; cilia

pale greyish.

Puttalam, Ceylon (Pole); in January, three specimens.

Zomeutis, n. g. ;

Head with appressed scales ; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antenne

4, pasal joint moderately elongate, without pecten. Labial palpi very

long, recurved, second joint clothed with dense appressed scales expanded

above towards apex, terminal joint longer than second, slender, acute.

Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue. Posterior

tibize rough-scaled above. Forewings with 2 and 38 stalked, 7 to apex, 8

absent, 11 from middle. Hindwings over 1, oblong-ovate, apex obtuse,

+ermen not sinuate, cilia2; 3 and 4 connate, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 approxi-

mated towards base.

Zomeutis dicausta, n. sp. ,

@. 19-21mm. Head and thorax slaty-fuscous. Palpifulvous-ochreous,

terminal joint ochreous-whitish, anterior edge fuscous. Abdomen dark

fuscous. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa anteriorly moderately arched,

posteriorly straight, apex rounded-obtuse, termen slightly rounded, little

oblique ; slaty-fuscous; a narrow fulvous-brown streak along costa from

middle to near apex, its costal edge dark fuscous ; irregular narrow

fulvous-brown streaks above and below middle from near base to 2; plical

and second discal stigmata represented by a few green-whitish scales,

latter preceded by a short obscure oblique longitudinal streak of fulvous.

brown suffusion: cilia pale ochreous, witha faint brownish antemedian

shade, on tornus suffused with fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia

fuscous, darker towards base.

Khasis; in April and October, two specimens.

(To be continued.)

Map showing the districts already worked and tr process of beri.g worked by the

Colleclors for the Manual Serr vey of lrdia, Burma, ard Ceylon.

HNDEAN EMPERIS

ose 0 fasted Bes — a00

HYDERABAD

Ayderchud. |.

a. Kr

eae

The whote colours represent Fhe districts finished and the lined areas where the Collectors

arealpresentatuctk. Blue, MICA Crump. Red. MEG C. Shorbridge Yellow Mazor EW. Maya:

ee ee ee ee ES

er a pe rant:

at = 40

pen. ©

185

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA,

BURMA AND CEYLON,

In the last number of the Journal we reported that the Survey

_ collectors were in Kathiawar and Mysore where good collections

were being made. Mr. Crump, who went to Kathiawar in October,

is still there and has collected at Junagadh, Keshod, Verawal,

Tala, Sasan, Kudia, Rajkot, Dhrangadhra, and at the present

“2

“moment at Wadhwan, from where he probably will make a move

to Guzerat. He has made a fine collection of the Mammals

of the District, and up-to-date three consignments have been

sent home containing over 800 specimens. Mr. Shortridge, when

we last wrote, was finishing off Mysore and was in camp at

Sivisamudrum. From there he proceeded to Mercara in Coorg,

and while we write is still in that Province and has obtained or

sent in about 800 specimens.

The specimens at present being taken by him are of special

interest as he is just on the border line of some of the South

India species. From the specimens sent in and his letters we

learn that he has obtained a number of species which have not

so far been represented in the Survey.

As the rate of progress of the Survey is slower than was at

first expected, owing to the thoroughness with which the collectors

work each district, it has been decided to get out a third man.

To do this a further sum of money is required which is estimated

at Rs. 20,000, and of thatsum Rs. 13,000 having been promised, it

was decided to engage a third collector. Accordingly, on the

recommendation of Mr. Oldfield Thomas, Major Mayor has been

engaged and is expected to arrive here in the first week in March.

Mr. Shortridge, having a greater experience of Hastern countries

than either of the other two collectors, it has been decided to

move him to Burma, and we hope to send him there in March.

He will begin in the South and gradually work his way North,

ultimately we hope ending up in Assam. While working out

Mr. Shortridge’s last collections, great difficulty was experienced

from the want of Ceylon specimens, since in the Synonomy of

South Indian Mammals are many species described by Kelaart,

Blyth and others from Ceylon, of which either no or very poor

Specimens are in existence. It was therefore thought advisable,

before doing any further collecting in South India, to move the

collector from there to Ceylon; and accordingly, as Mr. Shortridge

is going to Burma, Major Mayor is taking his place and going to

Ceylon. With the co-operation of the Colombo Museum and

members of the Society resident there, it is hoped to make a

thoroughly representative collection of Ceylon Mammals.

Arrangements are being made for the distribution of a large

184 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

number of specimens to different Museums in this country, and it

is hoped that in the next Journal we shall be able to report that

this has been done.

Some misconception appears to still exist as to the Survey and

the reasons for which it was commenced, and we should like to take

this opportunity of further explaining its object. The Survey was.

started so that a complete collection, as far as possible, could be got

together of specimens, prepared in an up-to-date manner with

skulls and full data, to enable the species and races of our Indian

Mammals to be carefully worked out both as regards their dis-

tribution and relation to one another, and also to supply different

Museums here and at home with sets of specimens of which they

were much in need. When Dr. Blanford wrote his excellent

Volume on the Mammala in the Fauna of British India, he was

much handicapped by the want of specimens, and in consequence:

overlooked certain distinct species and races. In many cases he

had only spirit specimens to work with, which can hardly be called

satisfactory. Should at any time a second edition of the Mammalia

be brought out, there will be at hand a large collection of speci-

mens which will enable the author to revise the work in a most

up-to-date manner.

We have been told that some members consider that the Survey

is encroaching on the field of the private or amateur collector, and

taking away the hobby of a man who has to spend his life in the

districts. This is a great mistake, and members can rest assured

that even after our collectors have been in a district there is still

a large amount of work to be done. It is impossible for our

collectors to visit every part of the differevt districts and to make

an absolutely complete collection of the species to be found. At

some seasons it is very difficult to obtain specimens in traps and at

others certain kinds leave the district, which means that it is very

difficult to obtain a representative collection. As it is impossible

to arrange to visit all places at the best time some districts are

bound to be much better collected in than others. Again, im

many districts it is almost impossible to get any assistance from

the jungle tribes, while in others they come forward readily with

specimens in return for rewards. From this it will be seen that

it is very difficult or practically impossible not to miss things in —

some places. ;

In the present number of the Journal there is an excellent

instance of how easy it is just to miss even a very distinct new

species. Mr. Shortridge, when working in Dharwar District,

collected on the Belgaum border, and some months later one of the

Society’s Museum assistants was sent to Castlerock on a holiday

with instruction to make a general collection of specimens of all

kinds. While there he by chance heard of a cave, about 15 miles

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 185.

away near one of the Salt posts in the Belgaum District. Through

the kindness of the Range Officer of that beat, he was able to visit

it and stay there a couple of days obtaining some bats from the

cave. These bats included three specimens of the new species

Nyctinomus wroughtoni, described and figured in the present number.

The cave happened to be in the Belgaum District, about 40 miles

away from the nearest part of the Dharwar District Mr. Shortridge

collected in, and so as he was not working in that direction he

did not come across it, and even had he worked in that district, it

is quite possible that he might not have visited the particular cave

and come across this bat.

It is hoped that this explanation will remove any objection that

some members may feel, and that the co-operation of all members

of the Society may be obtained, as it is only with the co-operation

and help of members that this Survey can result in success.

EDITORS.

15th February 1913.

MAMMAL FUND.

FURTHER LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS UP TO 28rH MARCH 1913.

NaMeE. Amount.

Rs. Ayu lbs

Amount previously acknowledged in Journal

Nowa Vol Xex ds ix: 53 ie ue 34,492 Ord

Alston, G. P: Ss so HP 15 OTe

Alwar, "H. H. The Maharaja a oF He 500 0») .0

Balston, Capt..G. RB. 2. on a be 15 0; 0

Baroda, H. H. The Gaekwar, G.C.S.I. (2nd

Donation) a 1,000 OF eae

Bhavnagar, H. H. The Maharaje, KeC Se Ke 500 Os) 40

Brandon, J. A. (2nd Donation) . oF i 25 On 2d

Brooke, A. Rt: a 5 44 4 8

Culbertson, T. M.S. (Qnd Donation) be aes 10 0/0

Dhrangadhra, H. H..The ais Saheb... ie 300 0| 90

Fitz Gibbon, E, Ae re 10 0 |,.0

Fraser, Donald is ae as 50 0; O

Fry, John T. (2nd Donation) es 3 os 10 ee

Fyson, Prof. P. F. (8rd Renn) Ss en 10 Or e50

Government of India .. ae a 7,900 OQ: SHOr

Graham, J. H. se oO: ot: 50 OnE 30

Hawley, Capt. W.G. B. sy nF, of 14 S00

Kemp, Stanley a a Ke ue 50 0} O

Kinloch, A. P. cs aa: a So >) OOF

Carried over .. 44,601 te 3

186 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Names. Amount

Rs. AS ees

Brought forward 44,601 1| 6

Kotah, H. H. The Maharao Sahib 500 0; 0

Mackwood, F. M. 150 0; O

Macmichael, N. (L.C.8. i 100 0| O

Mandlik, N. V. 100 0; 0

Mayne, Major iskleg 30 4; 0

McNeale, ak Isls 10 0; O

Millard, W. S. (8rd Donation) . 200 0; 0

Morvi, eh H. The Thakor Sahib of F 200 0, 40

Mosse, Capt. A. H. E. (1.A.) (2nd Donation) 25 Oo ROM

Moysey, EH. L. 15 Os ene)

Nizam of Hyderabad, H. H. The, G.C, B., G.C.8.1.

(2nd Donation) : 1,000 0; O

Norman, Major H. H. C AMC. ) 15 01 0

Ogilvie, (CLiet 5 0.) 40

Oliver, A. W. L. 15 07),30

Phipson, H. M. (2nd Donation)... 500 OoNeG

Pickersgill-Cunlifie, J. C. ; 50 0; 0

Powell, Tei. s 10 0; 0

nee H. H. The Raja Saheb, K. C.S8.1. 100 0 0

Ryan, G. MO.E.S.) ~. : 100 Ole ke)

Simeox, A. H. A. (1.C.8.) ai 15 0| 0

Sinclair, R. L. (2nd Donation) .. 15 OF ea0

Sladen, J. Cree ae 25 0| O

Stables, Alex. 31 4| 2

Stanton, Ww. Cc. 15 0; 0

Sulivan, Col. G. D. F. ( 3rd Donation) 65 OO: a0

Tweedie, A. G. (3rd Donation) 10 Dil pre

Wallace, 133 50 OU sO

Ward, Major C. H. ( (3rd a Donation) 10 One

Wood, ree) OG : 15 is en

Total 47,977 ONG

PROMISED.

Rs.

Mr. Ratan Tata om A LOOU

H. H. The Rao of Cutch 2 nd Donation) .. 1,000

H. H. The Maharaja of Jodhpur ee, LOU

Government of Burma .. Me .. 1,000

Zoological Society of London

aa 4,750 Oreo

Total 52,727 SI Me 7

187

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. 1—A HYBRID BETWEEN A LION AND A PANTHER.

So far as I am aware there is no published description of a hybrid lion

and leopard. Iam greatly indebted, therefore, to Mr. W. 8. Millard, the

Honorary Secretary of the Bombay Natural History, for sending me a skin

of a specimen, which, according to the testimony of Col. F. W. Wodehouse,

was bred inthe gardens at Kolhapur between a male panther, ¢.c., a large

leopard and a lioness. There were two cubs in the litter. One, whose

skin is here figured, died when about two and a half months old, whereas

the other, now about two years old is, I believe, still living.

At first sight this skin recalls that of a leopard in being covered with

spots ; but those on the sides of the body are much smaller and closer set

than in typical Indian leopards, and also browner and altogether less dis-

tinct, as if beginning to disappear with age, as is the case with lions. On

the head, down the spine, on the belly and the legs, they are however quite

black and distinct. The tail is very confusedly spotted above, but striped

below, and has a blackish tip covered with longer hairs. Another leonine

feature is the dirty white—rather than clear white—tint of the underside,

while the ears are fawn with a broad, black bar, but are without the white

spot seen in leopards.

———EeEeEeEeE—EeEeE———————EEEe—eee

rom

a owen eee Y

188 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI.

The nearest approach to this hybrid hitherto recorded is the one bred at

Chicago between a male lion anda female cross between a jaguar and a

leopard, the true story of which, accompanied by a good figure by

Mr. Frowhawk, may be found in the Field for April 18 and 25, and May 9,

1908. The final episode in the history of that animal has, I believe, not

yet been told. After being exhibited in the Zoological Gardens and at the:

White City it went to Glasgow, where, according to a sensational Press.

notice, it was killed by a lion, which broke down the partition between the

cages and made short work of its opponent. That this story was of a piece-

with the original account of the hybrid given out when it first appeared on

the market may be inferred from the condition of the dressed skin, which

had no sign of a tear or scratch upon it in London shortly after the:

alleged tragedy.

The chief difference between this hybrid of three species and the lion-

leopard born at Kolhapur lies in the size of the spots, those of the former

being large and jaguar-like, as might be expected, while those of the latter’

are small and more leopard-like.

R. 1. POCOCK:

ZooLocicaL GARDENS, ReGENT’s Park, Lonpon, N. W.

[The above note appeared in the Field of 2nd November 1912, and is reprinted by

the kind permission of the Editor.

The skin was presented to the Society by Colonel F. W. Wodehouse and is now

in the Society’s Museum,—EDs. ].

No. I1.— VITALITY OF A TIGER.

When passing through Bombay recently Mr. Clifford Batten gave us for

reproduction the above photograph of a tigress’ skull. A note in regard

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 189

‘to the killing of this animal and the long time it lived after being shot

has already appeared in the Indian Field. All we need now say is that

the animal was fired at by Mr. Clifford Batten, while sitting over a kill near

Mussoorie, at 8 o’clock on Monday night and the last time she was heard

alive was 4 o’clock on Tuesday morning. On Wednesday morning the

‘tigress was found lying dead over half a mile from the place she was

fired at. To quote Mr. Clifford Batten :—“She was struck with a 500 solid

bullet (400 grains, 55 grains cordite, low velocity), this passed through her

arm breaking the humerus* causing a compound fracture, entered her

head above the left eye and passed through the brain, and ultimately came

-out of skin on the right side of the neck.

The bullet entered the front part of the J/eft half of the brain, passed

obliquely through and broke off the »ght mastoid process, the nasal por-

tions of the skull were not touched, but the parietal bones were broken into

four pieces ; in fact, the whole of the cavity containing the brain was

smashed and what was left of the brain was a pulp. Still with these fright-

‘ful injuries she was, to my certain knowledge, alive eight hours, then (not

taking into consideration the compound fracture of her left foreleg)

was afterwards able to travel half a mile. Surely this is a record of

vitality.”

Eprirors.

No. II[.—NUMBER OF CAUDAL VERTEBRA IN PANTHERS

(FELIS PARDUS) TAIL.

On page 1319 of Vol. XXI I notice Captain Mosse has shot a small

panther with 24 bones in the tail. On the 22nd of December I shot a

small female panther measuring 5/-6” at Bhatkal in North Canara. The

number of her caudal vertebrz was 23. It was a full grown panther.

W. W. KEYS, Mavsor, 1.m.s.

Karwar, December 1912. .

No. IV.—A FIGHT BETWEEN A JACKAL (CANIS INDICUS)

AND AN IMPERIAL EAGLE (AQUILA HELIAC4A).

An encounter between a jackal and an Imperial eagle Aquila heliaca, which

I had the good fortune to witness some days ago while riding across the

Samilzai plain, Hangu Valley, may perhaps be of interest to record. As I

rode up, the eagle was on an open flat piece of ground defending itself

vigorously with beak and tallons against the assaults of a jackal which was

-cireling rapidly round it, first one way then the other, snapping at its

neck the while but evidently fearing to put itself within reach of the

powerful tallons.

Thinking the eagle must be injured, I rode up closer whereupon the

jackal made off, but the eagle, after running and flapping along the ground,

.soared into the air and showed that it was quite unhurt. What the end of

this unnsual combat would have been had no one appeared on the scene is

hard to say. But the odds seemed in favour of jackal. The eagle, which

must have been surprised and rushed by the jackal before it could take

to flight, was obviously pinned to its ground by the superior mobility of its

assailant. For, if for an instant it had abandoned facing its adversary,

which it would necessarily have had to do in order to get on the wing,

its seizure and discomfiture were a quick certainly. In all probability the

190 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX11.

jackal, who, in addition, had all the advantages of the offensive, would

by the rapidity of its movements have eventually exhausted its opponent

and obtained the opening it so hungrily sought.

H, A. F, MAGRATH, Lizvr.-Cot.

Kouat, December 1912.

No. V.—TSAING (BIBOS SONDAICUS) FOUND WITH

VILLAGE CATTLE.

The Tsaing will be noticed above with a small white cross above, the fourth

animal from the left.

With reference to Mr. Hauxwell’s letter, dated 26th February 1912,

about a Tsaing found with village cattle, page 1072 of Vol. XXI, I herewith

send you a photograph which I took after Mr. Hauxwell left Bammauk.

This time the animal allowed me to get up to within 70 feet of hm. He

is absolutely harmless, and often sleeps quite near the village. He has

been known even to have slept within the village fence. On one occasion,

when he was paying marked attention toa particular cow, the owner, to

keep him off, built a fence round his pen. The Tsaing was not to be

daunted. He cleared the fence and got in. On another occasion, an

aggressive village bull attempted to make a stand against the Tsaing, but

one heave was sufficient to convince the foolish bull that he was no match

to the Tsaing.

The belief in the village is that this Tsaing is the re-incarnation of a

Phongyi (Buddhist priest) who used to cure people of ailments with the

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 191

aid of evil spirits, a practice which is strictly against the tenets of the

Buddhist religion.

. This Tsaing has been continually visiting the village for the three past

hot seasons. During the rainy season he is never to be seen.

J. W. ADAMSON.

Fatam Cuin Hitt, 19th September 1912.

No. VF.—LARGE OORIAL HEADS.

With reference to my note on Oorial in Vol. XXI, No. 3, page 1065, and

your sub-note, I have been told that the Shapoo have practically no beard

or only a small tuft under the chin. All Oorial I have shot both in the

Salt Range and Trans-Indus (across Indus from Punjab) on the contrary

had magnificent beards extending right down to between their forelegs, in

spite of their living in warmer climates than the Shapoo.

I think Major Taylor’s head of 393” came from the Tochi Valley. Unless

I am mistaken two heads of exactly of this size were obtained there in

1897 or 1898, one picked up and the othershot. If so, these would be

Trans-Indus heads, though they would have then been correctly described as

from the Punjab, since the N. W. F. Province had not then been formed

and that part of the frontier was then under the Punjab Administration.

I hear the latest record is 403” obtained near Wave last (1911) hot weather.

Heads run much bigger there than Cis-Indus, 35” to 37” being by no

means uncommon in Waziristan, but itis of course at present a closed

country to the ordinary sportsman.

H. V. BIGGS, Coronet.

RawALPInnti, 8th September 1912.

_ [The 5th Edition of ‘ Records of Big Game” which we quoted in our editorial

note was published in 1907. We have now seen the latest edition, the 6th published

in 1910, and init Major Taylor’s head is said to have been killed in Waziristan.

Up to about August 1910 the following were the records of the different races of

Oorial.

Shapoo or Ladak :—

Oorial, Ovis vignei typicus.

39 ins., locality unknown, Major-General Sir H. 8S. Rawlinson.

Kelat Oorial, Ovis vignei blanfordi.

374 Kelat Mr. A. O. Hume.

Punjab Oorial, Ovis vignei cycloceros.

39% no locality 27th Punjabis.

393 Waziristan Major F. H. Taylor.

Kopet Dagh Oorial, Ovis vignet arkal.

454 N. Persia Capt. C. T. Daukes.

Eps.

No. VII.—FLYING SQUIRRELS AND WALNUTS,

Many years ago* correspondence appeared in the Journal, 7e empty walnut

shells picked up by the writer in the Forest which had small holes bored

through the shell. It was surmised in the absence of occular proof that some

strong-billed bird like a woodpecker, crabs or rats had perforated the holes.

When in the Himalayan Hills North of Simla, I picked up a number of

empty walnut shells perforated in the way described in correspondence and

J had occular proof in bright moonlight night that Flying squrrels were the

# Vol. XV, p. 712

192 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

operators. I was staying at a Dak Bungalow near Chini-Bushahr State,

Himalayas, and saw the performance from the Dak Bungalow verandah. The

noise made by the squirrel when boring the hole was like that of a minature

steam saw. The Dak Bungalow Chowkidar pointed out the squirrel to me

as it sat on the branch of a large walnut tree and told me that the holes in

the walnuts were made by flying squirrels only. No other kind of rodent

eat walnutsin that way. I could see the squirrel with a nut in his forepaws

rasping away like a sewing machine, but I could not see well enough to

notice whether the teeth or tongue extracted the nut. I think the tongue,

because it is only a flexible tongue that can go round corners for removing

the whole of the nut. I picked up a shell just as it dropped from the

squirrel’s paws and found it most thoroughly cleaned out.

I was told by the Dak Bungalow Chowkidar that flying squirrels come

round for walnuts only on moonlight nights when they can see and choose

their nuts. Jam afraid this information is very belated.

A. CONLEY.

Jamacta, 12th September 1912.

No. VIII.—RECOVERY OF ANIMALS FROM INJURIES.

Having seen the article on ‘Recovery of animals from injuries” by

Mr. W. G. H. Ballantine in your Volume XXI, No. 3, if it will be of any

interest to your readers, I may mention that I was present at the bagging

of a Sambur with at least half a dozen slugs embedded under the skin, the

result of an old shot. The skin had completely healed over the lead pellets,

showing no external marks of any kind, and the beast did not seem in the

least inconvenienced and was going very strong before being bagged.

Another instance I can remember is of a boar I bagged last year. He

was also quite game. On mascerating his skull for the purpose of mounting

I discovered that he had a slug embedded in the nasal bone a few inches

from the tip. When properly mascerated the pellet and a piece of bone

dropped out. The outer skull and the tissues had completely healed shewing

no external injury before the masceration. I have the skull and the piece

of bone but I have lost the pellet.

SYDNEY A. CHRISTOPHER.

Raneoon, 4th September 1912.

With reference to the notes on “Recovery of animals from injuries”

appearing in the Society’s Journals the following may be of interest. Last

December, I spent some days after Markhor (Capra falconeri) at Sheikh

Budin, and my shikari informed me that there was a one-horned Markhor

on the hill. Sure enough while stalking another animal one day my shikari

pointed out a one-horned animal on the opposite side of a deep but narrow

nullah. Although he was scarcely of shootable size, I killed him thinking

him to be a “freak.’’ On closer inspection, however, I found that one horn

and standard was broken off on a level with the general surface of the skull

having a still suppurating wound on the bone of skull, rather larger in

diameter than the base of the horn. The animal appeared to be quite

young and was very active. One would have thought a blow of sufficient

force to cause this injury would have knocked the beast out altogether.

Possibly the original mjury caused a suppurating wound with subsequent

sloughing of the horn and bone. Since then while shooting in Baltistan I

have seen a one-horned ibex. In place of the second horn was a stump, a

ding

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 193

few inches long, just visible with the aid of field glasses at about two

hundred yards’ distance.

LOUIS H. L. MACKENZIE, Carr,, I.M.S.

Dera Ismain Kuan, 14th September 1912,

No, Ix.—NOTES ON THE DRINKING HABITS OF WILD ANIMALS

* AND BIRDS.

These were all collected during 1910-1911 in the Central Provinces.

Tiger, Felis tagris. Inever saw one actually drinking, but on two occasions

from his tracks, he must have drunk between sunset and 7 p.m.

Panther, Felis pardus. Once observed at about 7-30 p.m. at a water hole

at the bottom of a pit.

Hyena, Hyena hyena.

fo observed.

Wolf, Canis pallipes.

Wild Dog, Cuon dukhunensis. Observed at a tank one evening about 5 p.m.

also 3 were seen drinking from a river at midday. The villagers said they

drank twice a day: in the middle of the day and in the late afternoon.

From all accounts they are very local and will drink regularly at one tank

for some days and then move off to a fresh piece of jungle.

Jackal, Canis indicus. Usually fairly soon after dusk.

Sloth Bear, Melursus ursinus. I once saw two drinking at 5 p.m. from

a tank half mile away from a village; and it was at that hour broad day

light. I have often seen them drinking, or rather I should say sucking up,

the water from a small pool at the bottom of a pit either just inside or at

the edge of the jungle. The usual hours for visiting these are either from

8 to 10 p.m. or from 3 to 4 a.m.

Wild Boar, Sus cristatus. The Jungle Pig in the hot weather is usually

to be found by water at all hours of the day; but this I fancy is more for

“ Wallowing ” purposes than for drinking. I have watched them wallow

at all hours of the day and night, and have often seen them come down in

droves to drink at tanks about midnight and once at about 6-30 in the

evening.

Gaur, Bibos gaurus. I saw a herd drink at about 3 in the afternoon and

a solitary bull one day at midday.

Sambhur, Rusa unicolor. Nearly always drink in the early morning

between midnight and 3-30. They are usually the last of all animals to

come and drink.

Cheetal, Avis axis. Usually drink in the early morning between day

break and 7-30: sometimes go down in immense herds to the water. I

once saw one of about 300 coming up from a brook at the bottom of a deep

ravine at about 7 in the morning.

When shooting in the Chanda District, C. P.,in May and June 1911,I

made rather a study of the drinking habits of various animals, and the

following extracts may prove interesting to Mr. Dewar.

Black Buck, Antilope cervicapra. On the 24th December 1910,1 saw a

herd of about 40 does drinking at a river in the Hinganghat District, C. P.,

at about 8-30 in the mornirg. In 1911 on 9th, 10th, and 11th May I saw

small herds of Bucks and Does drinking in the river Wainganga, S.

Chanda, in the early morning, and also at about 4-30 in the afternoon.

The villagers all used to tell one of the favourite spots where they went to

drink ; as native shikaris used to sitin “hides”? by the water in order to

shoot them,

194 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Nilghai, Boselaphus tragocamelus. In 8. Chanda, in 1911, on 13th May,

I saw a Bull come and drink at a tank just after dawn. At one village

I was shewn a tank where “Nila” or “ Nil,” as the villagers called them,

used to drink at about 5 p.m., but I never saw any there, and I was also

told that the “Nil” did not drink regularly. On the night of 23rd May,

at the tank of another village I watched two Bulls drinking within a few

yards of me at about 8-30. Ihave never seen the Does drinking: and from

all accounts the Nilghai of the jungle is not a heavy or regular drinker.

Four-horned Antelope, Tetracerus quadricornis. I have come across these

little animals drinking at tanks in S. Chanda any number of times. They

do not drink at night and have no fixed drinking hours by day, as I have

seen them coming to water at any time between dawn and sunset. I will

quote a few instances from S. Chanda, May 1911 :—

5th May 1911, when in camp by a roadside tank: watched a Doe

drinking on the far side, through my glasses about 4-30 p.m.

N ext day several came down singly and in pairs between 9 and 12 in

the morning.

12th May, came on 4 Does drinking at a village tank at 8-30 in the morn-

ing and got within 30 yards of them. During the next ten days saw them,

both Bucks and Does, drinking at this tank at all hours between 8 a. m.

and 4 p.m. ; in one instance a very fine Buck came down.

12th—23rd May while in camp by another tank, a party of three, a Buck

and 2 Does, came twice daily at about 9a.m., and 3p.m., and drank not

more than 80 yards from my tent: odd ones used to wander down to this

tank and drink at all hours of the day and my servants used to call my

attention to them, when I used to watch them with my glasses.

23rd and 24th May. Ata tank by a different camp I saw some small

parties drinking about midday and others late in the afternoon. I could

quote many more instances but these should suffice.

Chinkara, Gazella bennettz. I will not repeat my notes about these animals:

nor will I attempt to assert that these Gazelles cannot live without water:

for Iam perfectly convinced that quite 80 per cent. or more of these Gazel-

Jes roam in such places where they cannot get any water. Any moisture

that they then require may possibly be obtained periodically from their

food plants. But on the other hand, from whatI have seen on three

occasions in Chanda, I am quite certain that the “Chink” does drink

water when it is plentiful in its habitat, and in such cases may even get

into a regular habit of coming to drink.

Langur, Presbytis entellus. Seemed to drink when they wanted it: but

usually once a day. -I saw them drinking at various hours in the day.

They drink like Deer and cattle with their mouths down to the water and

do not lap like Canines or Felines.

Pea Fowl, Pavo cristatus. Used to drink every evening just before dusk:

sometimes a few came out in the early morning.

Green Pigeon, Crocopus chlorogaster. Used to drink at dawn and

occasionally in the evening about 4-30 or 5 p.m.

Dera Ismain Kuan, C. R. 8. PITMAN,

September 1912. 27th Punjabis.

No. X.—THE NUMBER OF TAIL FEATHERS IN THE

GENUS CRYPSIRHINA.

In the Avifauna of British India, one of the characteristics of the Cor-

vides mentioned is the possession of twelve rectrices or tail feathers, and no

mention is made of any exception among any of the sub-families or genera.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 195

On 2nd December 1911,1I obtained a specimen of the Hooded Racket-

tailed Magpie (Crypsirhina cucullata), which had only ten tail feathers.

On 12th of the same month I shot another specimen of the same bird for

examination and found the same number of tail feathers. The bird 1s not

very common here, and it was not till 24th December 1912 that I obtained

a third example and this showed the same condition. In none of these

three cases could I find any traces of any of the rectrices being lost, so

that I am brought to the conclusion that this species has only ten rectrices.

I am forwarding a specimen for the Society’s collection and shall look out

for further specimens for examination. I don’t know whether this charac-

teristic has been recorded previously, but I am satisfied that there is no

mistake in the counts made by me in these three cases.

F. KE. W. VENNING, Carr.

PyawBweE, 28th December 1912.

No. XI.—NESTING OF THE CHESTNUT-BELLIED NUTHATCH

(SITTA CASTANEIVENTRIS, Franxt.) AT FEROZEPORE, PUNJAB.

As but little appears to be on record regarding the distribution and

habits of Sitta castaneiventris in the Punjab, the following note may be

of some interest.

On March 4th, I met witha pair of this species in a grove of trees—chiefly

Cirus, Shisham, and Kikus—bordering a road near Ferozepore Cantonments.

As it was the first occasion on which I had met with any Nuthatches in

the plains I watched them fora time feeding. On March 27th, I was

passing the same way and heard a pretty rippling whistle which on inves-

tigation proved to be the call ofthe male Nuthatch who was alone; I

suspected the presence of a nest and accordingly watched the bird who

was suddenly joined by the female; both birds started feeding, visiting

the different species of trees impartially. A storm came up and drove me

home before I had located the nest; the cockbird when alone had, it is

true, paid a hasty visit toa smallhole ina large wart like excrescence

about 10 ft. from the ground on the trunk of a large Cirus, but that might

have been merely in the course of insect hunting.

The next day I went to the spot and soon found the Cock Nuthatch,

who was again alone, but after watching for a time lost him. I then tock

up @ position opposite to the small hole he had visited on the previous day

and waited. The Nuthatch soon appeared flying in my direction and I

was delighted to see him go straight to the hole in the “wart” and put

something in. This shewed that the nest was in the hole and the manner

of his visits seemed to indicate that he was feeding the hen bird who was

incubating her eggs; asif there had been young, the visits to the nest

would have been more frequent and both birds would have taken part

in the work.

Accordingly next morning, March 29th, I went to cut out the nest and

found that the tiny hole on the top of the wart was really the entrance to

a largish chamber. The entrance hole had been partly plastered up with

mud; and the chamber was half filled with fragments of Shesham seed

cases which formed a loose nest in which the female was sitting upon five

half incubated and one addled egg.

The eggs were white speckled with dull lilac and brick red, the markings

being somewhat thicker towards the largerend. They measure 1°75 x

1:35; 1:70 x 1:30; 1:70 x 1:30; 1°65 x 1:35; 1:70 x 1:30 cmm. [Egg

Reg. Nos. 1378-1382]. As this was the only occasion I met with the

species in the district I preserved both birds [¢ S. R. 567; 2 8S. R. 568),

196 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

The use of fragments of seed cases of the Shisham is remarkable as likely

to have some connection with the English Nuthatch’s habit of using pine

bark in the construction of its nest; at any rate both materials would seem.

to have the same characteristics and presumably therefore the same:

(unknown) advantages.

H. WHISTLER,

Indian Police, Punjab.

No. XII.—OCCURRENCE OF PRATINCOLA LEUCURA, BuytH,

IN THE PUNJAB.

When collecting in the grass jungle on the banks of the River Sutlej at.

Ferozepore on April 6th, I secured a Chat which proved on examination to:

be The White-tailed Bush-Chat, Pratincola leucura, Blyth, F. I. No. 611.

It was a male with the testes well developed. A few days later on April

17th I was in the same jungle and noticed a Chat that shewed a flash of

white each time it fluted its tail; accordingly I shot the bird and found

that, as I expected, it was a second Jeucura—a male in good plumage

although the sex was not dicernible by dissection. On the same ground

Pratincola maura was abundant at the time. Unfortunately I left the district.

at the end of the month without being able to settle the status of the

bird which may prove to bea resident in the riverain area and moderately

common. This species does not appear to have been recorded from the

Punjab although Sind and the Terai are given in the Fauna as localities.

for it.

H. WHISTLER,

Indian Police, Punjab.

‘No. XIII.—OCCURRENCE OF THE RED-TAILED CHAT (SAXICOLA

CHRYSOPYGIA, De Fitipr1) IN THE VICINITY OF SIMLA.

My friend, Mr. Alec. Jones, has just sent me a specimen of the above

which he shot on the 29th September last near Sairee (about 9 miles from

Simla), Hitherto this species does not appear to have been recorded from:

the Punjab east of the River Jhelum.

P. T. L. DODSWORTH.

Simua, 2nd October 1912.

No. XIV.—ON THE NESTING OF HODGSON’S GRANDALA

(GRANDALA CCELICOLOR).

It will be of interest to some of your readers to hear that the eggs of the:

Grandala have been at last secured. I recorded in the journal of May

20, 1911, the finding of the nest with two young and in June of that year

my collector got a nest with two slightly incubated eggs from the same

locality, securing both the parent birds. The eggs are distinctly meru-

line in appearance, being greenish white, spotted and marked with reddish

brown and with purplish undermarkings: they measure 1:06x°‘81 and

1:12 x°75 of an inch and there is some dissimilarity between the eggs, the

shorter one being greener and the more heavily marked. The markings are

distributed all over, there being no zinc or cap. The nest and its position

was similar to that formerly described by me.

S. L. WHYMPER.

Eneptann, December 1912.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 197

No. XV.—ROCK THRUSH AT LAHORE.

Through the kindness of Captain A. Cruickshank the Society has

received the skin of the Rock Thrush, Monticola sazatilis, shot at Lahore.

The bird was shot on 18th September and is in first plumage. As far as 1

know this bird has not been obtained so far south in India before, though

Major Marshall shot one in January and another in April 1902 at Quetta.

Captain Whitehead has enly once met with this bird near Kohat, vz., on

September 6th, 1909.

N. B. KINNEAR.

BomsBay, January 1913,

No. XVI.—SOME NOTES ON THE NESTING AND PLUMAGE

OF THE SHAHIN FALCON (FALCO PEREGRINATOR), VEL.

THE BLACK-CAP FALCON (#FALCO ATRICEPS.)

The question whether the Falco peregrinator of Sundevall is identical

with the Falco atriceps of Hume, or whether the latter is a geographical

race of the former is still, I understand, a moot point. Hume was empha-

tic (Rough Notes, pp. 55-62 and 8. F. Vol. VII, pp. 326-327) that his bird,

which was confined to the central section of the Himalayas, was quite

distinct, and was the northern representative in India of the Shahin.

Assuming for the moment that the two birds are identical, I give below

the following particulars relating to the nesting and plumage of a pair of

these Falcons, in the hopes that these may be of some use hereafter to

systematists, and also as an inducement to ornithologists in India general-

ly to try and obtain skins (and if possible in various stages of plumage)

of this somewhat rare species and to send them to our Society for com-

parison and note.

At the beginning of this year, one of my hunters reported that he had

noticed a pair of “ Neela Shahins” haunting a huge precipice in the

vicinity of the Shogi Railway Station, K. 8. Railway, elevation about

6,000 feet, and about nine miles from Simla, N. W. Himalayas. On the

18th March I visited the spot, and saw both the birds, which I at once

identified as belonging to this species. From the noise the female made—

her note was a prolonged “ chir-r-r-r every now and then when the male

flew close to her, and from other signs, there seemed no doubt that they

intended nesting on the cliff. Between the 18th March and 19th April

(the nest was discovered on the latter date), the locality was frequently

visited, but though there must have been eggs at least by the first

week in April (on 21st April 2 eggs had hatched), the strange

thing was that both the old birds were always seen sitting on the cliff!

And it was this behaviour on their part which misled us. However, on the

19th April the cock gave away the show by betraying the position of the

nest. I mention these details because it seemed strange that these Falcons

never appeared to sit on their eggs. The only way I can account for this

is that during the middle of the day, the time. we usually visited the spot,

the birds deserted their nests, and trusted to the heat from the rocks as

sufficient for the incubation of the eggs.

On the 21st April I laid siege to the nest, which was placed in a niche

on the cliff. On my arrival the female was sitting on the precipice, and as

she flew, I knocked her over. Shortly after this the male arrived on the

scene, and flew straight into the nest. With a great deal of stone throw-

ing and noise we got him off, and I shot him also.

The nest was a loose irregular platform of sticks, with a central depres-

sion, a few pieces of string, rope, some rags, and other odds and ends

198 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

were mixed up in the structure. It contained two young, about a couple

of days old, and one egg on the point of hatching off. This ege, which

was saved after a deal of trouble, measured 2°02” x 1°53”. The ground

colour was a deep reddish-brown, heavily spotted and blotched with brick-

red. In addition to these markings, thé large end had a few bold blotches.

and splashes of deep liver-colour.

The two young were clad in white down: their beaks and legs were

creamy white ; irides, light brown.

On laying the two adult birds side by side, the differences in their

plumage and dimensions were so great that, anyone not acquainted with

their history would certainly assign them to different species. I sent this.

unique pair of Falcons, shot off the same nest, to Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker,

for comparison with specimens in Kurope, and he returned the skins with

the remark that he could make nothing of them !

‘Hume thought that the Himalayan birds constituted “a very distinct

race’ owing to their cheek-stripes being fused into a black cap with the

black of the crown and nape. Now in my specimens the chief peculiarity

is that, while in the female the cheek-stripe is absolutely fused with the

black of the head and nape, in the male zt 7s guite distinct. His ear-coverts,

which bridge the cheek-stripes and nape on either side, are a light sooty-

brown, with a good deal of white showing through. It is not safe to dog-

matise on the strength of a single case, but nevertheless with the

evidence before me, I cannot help thinking that the clear “ homogeneous.

unbroken black cap” on which Hume laid so much stress, 7s due entirely to

age, and is not a peculiarity of these birds. The cheek-stripe in the female

measures 1°7”, while in the male it is only 1”.

Then again the colouration of the under and upper surfaces of the two

birds is totally different. The female is a deep ferruginous, especially

about the crop and sternum, and, excepting the crop, conspicuously barred

throughout some of the bars on the underwing coverts are fully ‘15” in

width. The male, on the other hand, has the corresponding parts a light

salmon, slightly darker on the sternum, and only very faintly barred,

except on the under wing-coverts, where these bars are darker. The upper -

parts of the female (excluding head, nape, and upper back) are a dark

slatey-blue, and conspicuously barred with dusky slatey ; while these parts.

in the male are a light slatey-blue, especially the rump, and only faintly

barred. The female has only three or four very faint traces of fulvous on

her nape, a sign of age (Blanford, F. B. I. Aves, Vol. III, p. 415) ; while the

male has practically a rufous collar on the neck, indeed, the rufous.

feathers extend in regular lines from the nape almost to the back of the

eyes, a sign of immaturity (Blanford, F. B. I. Aves, Vol. III, p. 415).

Lastly, the dimensions of the two birds compare as follows :—

o L. 14:7"; Ex. 34:7; W. 11:25"; Tl. 6”; Bill from gape 1-05";

Ts. 1:85” ; Hind toe (without claw) 1:9” ; weight 1 lb.

9 Tay 17-1": Ex. 89:57) We 13°30"; 11) 7" >) Bill 1327) Us, 2%) ie,

toe 2”; weight 2 lbs. :

Colours of soft parts (both male and female): Bill, pale leaden blue,

blackish at tip, greenish-yellowish at base; cere, yellow; orbital skin,

yellow; irides, dark-brown; tarsi and feet, bright yellow; claws, dark-

brown horny. .

In conclusion, it may be of some interest to mention that, from the iliac

regions of the bodies of these two Falcons, I removed an enormous mags of

parasitic worms resembling thin crumpled wire, and yellowish-white in

colour.

P. T. L. DODSWORTH, F.z.s., M.B.0.U.

Simza, W., 21st December 1912.

-—

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 199

No. XVII.—EARLY NESTING OF THE INDIAN PIED KINGFISHER

(CERYLE VARIA) IN BURMA.

It is interesting to record that I have to-day (7-12-12) taken the eggs

of this kingfisher here. The nest was the usual tunnel about two feet long

situated from twelve to fifteen feet high ina sandy river bank. My

attention was drawn to it by the two birds scolding and by one of them

settling on the flat sand of the river bed close by. Iwatched and saw

one of the birds enter the hole. At the end of the tunnel was a large

chamber, measuring some 18 inches in length by 12 inches broad and high.

In the middle of this were three eggs lying on soft sand mixed with tiny

fish bones, among which I found the minute pharyngeal teeth of some

species of carp. I was much surprised to find these teeth as the stream

is merely the shallow outflow of a large tank here and has a sandy bottom

and is far from any hills or rocks. The eggs were in an advanced stage

of incubation, except one which was addled or infertile. These eggs must

have been laid some time in November, surely a very early ( ? or late)

date for this species to nest !

F. E. W. VENNING, Carr.

PyawsweE, 7th December 1912.

No. XVIII.—PATRED OVARIES IN THE GENUS ASTUR.

On 21st December 1912, I shot a specimen of the Shikra (Astwi badius)

which on dissection proved to be a female with a well-developed pair of

ovaries. In a recent communication to the Zoological Society* Mr. T. E.

Gunn, F. L. 8., has shown that this is by no means an uncommon con-

dition in the Falconidx, especially in the genera Circus and Accipiter. In

the present case the two organs are symmetrically placed, one on either

side of the vertebral region, parallel to each other and containing

approximately an equal number of ova of even size. The questions

whether both ovaries are functional or not, and the oviduct in use I have

left to the examination of those more competent than I to decide. The

dorsal wall of the body with the ovaries has been preserved in spirits and

is sent herewith for the Society’s Museum.

F. E. W. VENNING, Capr.

PyawBwe, Burma, 28th December 1912.

No. XIX.—OCCURRENCE OF THE CRAB-PLOVER

(DROMAS ARDEOLA) IN THE MALAY PENINSULA.

The very abnormal Limicoine bird, the Crab-Plover (Dromas ardeola, Payk,)

has never apparently been recorded from the Malay Peninsula, or indeed

from any locality east of the Andamans where it appears to be fairly

common. It may therefore be interesting to note that Mr. E. Seimund

of this museum, while shore shooting at Pulau Pintu Gedong, a mangrove

isiand at the entrance to Klang Straits on the Coast of Selangor, midway

between Penang and Singapore, observed a flock of six individuals on

. *See P. Z.S., 1912, Part I, pp. 63-79.

[It may perhaps be as well to note that some ornithologists consider that the

genera Astur and Accipiter are inseparable. The bird Captain Venning has kindly

sent is an example of the dark Assam and Burmese form Astur badius poliopsis

(Hume.)—Ebs.]

200 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX11,

September 24th, 1911, of which he secured three, two adults and a some-

what younger bird. The shores in the vicinity are mostly deep mud,

overgrown with various species of mangrove, but there are here and there

sandy patches, while at low tides large mudfalts of various degrees of

firmness are exposed. In the same locality several specimens of Parus

cinereus (Parus atriceps, Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, Vol. I, p. 46) were obtained.

This tit is also known from the extreme north of the Peninsula and from

Java, but does not appear to have hitherto been obtained south of Penang.

H. C. ROBINSON, c.m.z.s., M,B.0.U.,

Director of Museums, F. M.S.

Kvuata Lumpovr, F. M.8., October 1912.

—

No, XX.—TURNSTONE (CALIDRIS ARENARIA)

IN LOWER BURMA.

In August 1912, Mr. A. W. Ogilvie sent for identification a flat skin of a

Turnstone, which had been shot at Himuclongyi, Papun, in the Salween

District. As this bird has only, I believe, been recorded in Burma from

the Coast Line, [ think it is worthwhile putting this occurrence on

record, though it is not to be surprised at since the Valley of the Salween

is probably a migration route of considerable importance.

N. B. KINNEAR.

Bompay, August 1912.

No. XXI.—GREY QUAIL (COTURNIX COMMUNIS) AT SEA.

To-day in lat.18:1 and long. 66°42, 356 miles W. of Bombay, a

common grey quail, Coturnix communis, flew abroad. He was fairly tired

and allowed himself to be caught without resistance. After a rest of half

an hour on the smoking-room table during which, though surrounded with

sightseers he remained quite unconcerned, he flew off southwards, going

strong.

I do not know whether other instances are recorded of migrating quail

being found as far from land as this. The weather has been free from any

storms these last few days, which might have blown the bird out to sea.

LEONARD BETHELL, Capr.,

S. S. SaLsErre, 1l0ra G.R.

13th October 1912.

No. XXII—COMMON GREY QUAIL (COTURNIX COMMUNTIS)

BREEDING IN THE LYALLPUR DISTRICT.

At the end of last April and beginning of May some 60 eggs of the

common grey Quail were sent to me from the Lyallpur District. These eggs

were all found in wheat fields during the harvesting operations within an

area of some 50 acres and were nearly all hard set. It is impossible for

me to say how many clutches there were, but the man who sent them said

he found about 8 nests, one nest containing 20 eggs!!! Now there is

nothing unusual about finding Quails’ eggs in the Lyallpur District, I used

to find numbers of them when I was stationed there some years ago, but

what does appear to me extraordinary is the total disappearance of the

Quail after the young have been hatched. Personally I have never seen a

Quail between the latter end of May and the autumn migration. What

—.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. ; 201

therefore happens to the young birds? It is hardly possible that they follow

the migration of those that passed through earlier in the year and did not

remain to breed in India, they would not be strong enough to undertake

any such prolonged journey. Yet where do they go? The Lyallpur

colony is practically all wheat and when this is cut there is not a blade of

cover anywhere for them till the kharif crops grow up some months later.

Do any of them reach maturity or do the bulk of them fall victims to beasts

and birds of prey or die from the want of protection from the sun? I

have discussed the matter with several sportsmen but none of them can

throw any light on the subject, but as once the shooting season is over

the ordinary “ shikari”’ seldom goes out into the fields, this is not to be

wondered at. Perhaps you will be able to give me some information on

the subject or invite discussion through the medium of the Journal.

It is not as if there were only a few Quail bred in the Punjab, there must

be some hundreds of thousands hatched out every year, and there must be

some method of account for the total disappearance of such large numbers

before they are much more than a month old.

Of course in other districts of the Punjab, where cultivation has not been

brought to such a high pitch as in Lyallpur, there is probably plenty of

cover for the young birds after the crops are cut.

Native zamindars all tell me that they frequently see young Quail when

cutting the crops, but they all agree that they disappear entirely once the

erops are cut.

I might also add that I have had every opportunity of studying the

question as during the 5 years I was in Lyallpur I was touring practically

the whole of May and June and as 1 am a keen egg collector I was out

practically every day hunting for eggs.

J. LINDSAY SMITH, Capr., 1. a.

DatnovusteE, 15th September 1912.

No. XXIII._THE GREAT INDIAN BUSTARD

(EUPODOTIS EDWARDSD).

As to the Indian Bustard, I am sorry your article does not contain the

description of the way in which Bhils catch the hens. ‘I remember telling

Mr. C. A. Crump about it. The hen bustard is very devoted to her egg or

newly hatched chick. The Bhils set out and find an egg or newly hatched

chick, and the mother is never far off. They make acircular ring of dry

grass and sticks round the egg or chicks, and set it on fire. The old bird

sees this, comes up and tries to beat out the fire with her wings, the Bhils

being in hiding. She may or she may not beat out the fire, but any how

she singes her wings and cannot fly. The Bhils then run her down. I

have not seen this done (or I should have stopped it) but have often been

told of it.

A. H. A. SIMCOX, 1.c.s.

Duoviia, E. Kuanpssu, April 1912.

No. XXIV.—LESSER FLORICAN (SYPHEOTIS AURIT4A)

IN BHUTAN DUARS.

In Vol. XXI, No. 3, page 728, Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker in his article on

the Game Birds of India, Burma and Ceylon, states that Sypheotis aurita,

the Lesser Florican, has never been obtained in any district east of the

Teesta river. It may be of some interest to note that it does occur, some

distance to the east of this river.

202 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXU.

The Hasimara Tea Estate is situated ‘on the east bank of the Toorsa.

river, some 50 miles east of the Teesta. I have in the course of the last.

three years seen this bird on several occasions near the garden. The only

specimen I secured—a young male—was obtained in June 1911 when out.

shooting with a friend who knocked it over as it rose out of some grass. I

unfortunately did not preserve the skin, as ] was then under the impres--

sion that the bird had already been recorded from these parts.

The only months I have seen them in are April, May and June. They

are decidedly uncommon and appear to be somewhat irregular in their:

visits to these parts.

Hasimana, T. EH. Buoutan Dvars, H. V. O’DONEL.

10th December 1912.

No. XXV.—LESSER FLORICAN (SYPHEOTIS AURITA)

IN THE KONKAN.

Through the kindness of Mr. C. D. Baker, the Society has received a.

Lesser Florican shot on 16th December 1912 between Mandwa and Alibag.

The bird was a female.

The Lesser Florican is an uncommon cold weather visitor below ghats,

and there are only some three or four records of its occurrence. Mr. Stuart

Baker in his account of this species in the Journal, Vol. XXI, p. 728, men-

tions that “Mr. N. 8. Symons reports two birds shot near Panwell in the

S. Bombay Presidency.”” As will be seen from the original note in the

Journal, Vol. XIX, p. 261, this is not quite correct as only one bird was

shot at Panwell in January 1909, the other mentioned being obtained some

twenty years earlier at Mahalaxmi. It might also be as well to point out:

that the gentleman who shot and recorded the birds was Mr. H. 8. Symons

and not his brother Mr. N. S. Symons.

Since writing the above I have heard from Mr. G. S. Hardy, I.C.S., that.

he put up a Florican onthe 7th February, near Chiplun in the Ratnagiri

district. Mr. J. W. Vidal during seven seasons in that district only saw

and heard of three Florican.

Bompay, 10th February 1913. N. B. KINNEAR.

No. XXVI.—OCCURRENCE OF THE BRONZE CAPPED TEAL

(EUNETTA FALCATA) IN OUDH.

Records of the occurrence of the Bronze Capped Teal in Peninsular India.

are sufficiently uncommon to justify reporting further instances. Among

the bag shot at Darziakna in the Gonda District on the 13th January I

identified a fine male specimen, the first I have ever seen in India.

F. WALL, Masor, 1.M.S., C.M.Z.8.

Camp BareEiuty, 17th January 1918.

[We have received a specimen of this duck from Mr. H. W. Waite, who shot a

young male on the Najatgarh jhil near Delhi on 26th January and another from

Captain G. W. Burton, who obtained it and saw two others on Jogiwala jhil near

Llaksar U. P., quite recently.— EDs. ]

No. XXVII._VORACITY OF A PYTHON (PYTHON MOLURUS).

On the 10th November 1912, during the Dewali holidays, while shooting

at Popatpura near Bavla, in the Ahmedabad District, I was walking after

snipe, in company with Mr. J. H. E. Tupper, I.C.S., when one of the beaters:

called out that there was a big snake. We found that it was a large python,,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 203

lying torpid. We proceeded to shoot it, and as it was lying half coiled up,

its body was naturally a good deal injured in the process. Seeing a fea-

ther sticking out of a wound, we told one of our men to extract the

bird to which it belonged. He pulled a duck out of the wound, and took

out five others one after the other, six duck in all. They were all quite,

orrecently fresh, their feathers being complete, and none far gone in

digestion. They looked as if they had all been swallowed at about the

same time. There were gadwall and spotbill among the duck, but we did

not note the description of all the duck. All had been swallowed head fore-

most. The python, when stretched out and roughly measured was fully

eight feet long. Is not this an unusually heavy meal fora python to

make P

Shortly after, while wading in the water after a wounded duck, [ saw

a snake swimming nearme. It made little attempt to avoid me, and I

shot it through the head. It was a python about six feet in length.

Bompay, P. R. CADELL, 1.c.s.

11th December 1912.

No. XXVIII.—EFFECT OF A BITE FROM SCHNEIDER’S

WATER SNAKE (HYPSIRHINA ENHYDRIS.)

The subject, a healthy man of about 36, while attempting to catch the

snake, which had previously been irritated, was bitten on the back of the

right hand between the thumb and forefinger. There were two distinct

punctures and the parts got inflamed at once though scarcely two drops

of blood were shed. Fifteen minutes later the hand began to throb and

the throbbing lasted for about an hour, after which no ill effects were felt.

The snake was a little over a foot in length, and the place of occurrence

was Parbatipur, Bengal.

This snake was dealt with in the last journal, but as nothing seems to

have been recorded of the effect of its bite, I thought this case might be of

interest.

CrentRAL Museum, Nacpur, EK. A. D’ABREU, F.z.s.

231d September 1912.

No. XXIX.— RUPTURE OF THE EGG-SHELL IN THE

GENUS CALOTES.

On page 1099, Vol. XXI, No. 3, of the Society’s Journal referring to the

method adopted by the young Calotes to rupture its egg-shell, Dr. Annan-

dale expresses the opinion that the young lizard’s claws are used for the

purpose, a suggestion which is on the face of it so probable that it must be

accepted in the absence of evidence to the contrary. My own note on the

subject was certainly much too positive, and I am glad Dr. Annandale has

drawn my attention to a careless piece of writing. Itis obvious that no

reliance can be placed on a hurried examination of a living specimen, and I

ought to have stated expressly that no dissection was made and that I had

no opportunity of extracting the “white point” which I took to be the

foetal tooth. I had intended to make a further examination of the spirit

specimens, but on my transfer from Haka my specimens were lost. !

The whole subject is one of absorbing interest closely connected with

the evolution of the Reptilia. Perhaps one of our members can tell us what

data are available or supply answers to the following questions: In what

species or genera is a foetal tooth known to exist? Major Wall has

reported its existence in Ophisaurus gracilis* and one would expect it to

* Vol. XVIII, p. 504, B. N. H.S. J.

204 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,

occur in all the Reptilia, whose young are enveloped in a tough shell. Is

the foetal a relic of some tooth which in other Reptilia has ceased to be

functional, and if so do any traces remain in any other representatives of

the class, or is it possibly a vestige of two anterior premaxillary teeth

fused together and surviving for the present purpose? Major Wall has

shown thatin Tropidonotus piscator it is ‘ bidentate”* which perhaps

lends some slight support to the latter view.

On the other hand is it a lately evolved structure, and if so at what

period in the evolution of the Reptilia and from what source has it been

evolved ?

There must be many among our members who, like myself, having been

for years in the jungle away from any reference libraries would welcome a

little enlightenment on the question and this must be my apology for

referring to the subject again.

F. E. W. VENNING, Capr.

Pyawewe, 27th November 1912.

No, XXX.—CONGENITAL ABNORMALITY IN THE BONES OF

THE BULL FROG (RANA TIGRINA).

The bones reproduced in the above figure were obtained while pre-

paring a skeleton of the frog last year for the students of the Agricultural

* Vol. XVIII, p. 504, B. N. H.S. J.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 205

College, The Frog has in the hind limbs the ankle bones elongated to

form an additional segment. These elongated bones are two and are

called astragalus and calcaneitim. They are normally apart from each

other so as to form a spindle-shaped aperture between them. In the

specimen reproduced they were so in the right leg, but in the left the two

were united together along their whole length, looking very much like the

normal cannon bone of cows.

H. M. CHIBBER.

AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE, Poona, October 1912.

No. XXXI.—_THE NEW WILD BIRDS AND ANIMALS ACT.

We give below the text of the New “ Act tomake better provision for the

protection and preservation of certain Wild Birds and Animals” in case some

of our Members may neither have seen it norknow of it. The Act received

the assent of the Governor General on the 18th September 1912.—(Eps.)

An Act to make better provision for the protection and preservation

of certain wild birds and animals.

WHEREAS it is expedient to make better provision for the protection

and preservation of certain wild birds and animals, it is hereby enacted

as follows :—

1. (J) This Act may be called the Wild Birds and Animals Protection ghort titie and

Act, 1912; and extent,

(2) It extends to the whole of British India, including British Baluchis-

tan, the Sonthal Parganas and the Pargana of Spiti.

2. (1) This Act applies, in the first instance, to the birds and animals application of

specified in the Schedule, when in their wild state. Act.

(2) The Local Government may, by notification in the local official

Gazette, apply the provisions of this Act to any kind of wild bird or animal

other than those specified in the Schedule, which, in its opinion, it is

desirable to protect or preserve.

3. The Local Government may, by a notification in the local official qiose time.

Gazette, declare the whole year or any part thereof to be a close time

throughout the whole or any part of.its territories for any kind of wild bird

or animal to which this Act applies, or for female or immature wild birds

or animals of such kind ; and, subject to the provisions hereinafter con-

tained, during such close time, and within the areas specified in such

notification, it shall be unlawful—

(a) to capture any such bird or animal, or to kill any such bird or ani-

mal which has not been captured before the commencement of

such close time ;

(2) to sell or buy, or offer to sell or buy, or to possess, any such bird

or animal which has not been captured or killed before the com-

mencement of such close time, or the flesh thereof ;

killed during such close time, to sell or buy, or to offer to sell or

buy, or to possess, such plumage.

4. (Z) Whoever does, or attempts to do, any act in contravention Penalties,

of section 3, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to fifty

rupees.

(2) Whoever, having already been convicted of an offence under this

section, is again convicted thereunder shall, on every subsequent conviction,

be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one

month, or with fine which may extend to one hundred rupees or with

both.

‘Confiscation.

Cognizance of

offences,

Power to grant

exemption.

Savings.

Repeal.

XX of 1887.

206 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

5. (1) When any person is convicted of an offence punishable under

this Act, the convicting Magistrate may direct that any bird or animal in

respect of which such offence has been committed, or the flesh or any

other part of such bird or animal, shall be confiscated.

(2) Such confiscation may be in addition to the other punishment pro-

vided by section 4 for such offence.

6. No Court inferior to that of a Presidency Magistrate or a Magistrate

of the second class shall try any offence against this Act.

7. Where the Local Government is of opinion that, in the interests of

scientific research, such a course is desirable, it may grant to any person a

license, subject to such restrictions and conditions as it may impose,

entitling the holder thereof to do any act which is by section 3 declared

to be unlawful.

8. Nothing in this Act shall be deemed to apply to the capture or

killing of a wild animal by any person in defence of himself or any other

person, or to the capture or killing of any wild birdor animal in bond jide

defence of property.

9. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1887, is hereby repealed.

THE SCHEDULE.

(i) Bustards, ducks, floricans, jungle fowl, partridges, peafowl,

pheasants, pigeons, quail, sand-grouse, painted snipe, spur-

fowl, woodcock, herons, egrets, rollers, and king-fishers.

(ii) Antelopes, asses, bison, buffaloes, deer, gazelles, goats, hares,

oxen, rhinoceroses and sheep.

No. XXXII—ON THE LEAF-FALL OF THE INDIAN

WILLOW. (SALIX TETRASPERMA, Roxb.)

Salix tetrasperma is a much branched tree about 30 feet high with narrow

acute leaves which are silky on the underside with silvery hairs. The tree

occurs in this Presidency along the rivers. Several specimens of it can be

seen at the Sangam river in Poona from the Wellesley Bridge.

During the rains, when‘ every other tree on this side is clothed with green

leaves, this tree presents its bare twiggy frame-work to passers-by.

Another point to be noticed in connection with leaf-fall is the way it

takes place. In most trees the top or crown is first to lose the cover, the

tree appearing stag-headed for such time as the leaf-fall takes to extend

to the lower branches. With this tree it is just the reverse. The leaf-fall

begins with the lower branches and gradually works upwards. The first

appearance of new leaves in all cases begins with the crown.

With our present stock of knowledge on Field-biology, or Ecology as it

is termed, it is difficult to give a definite explanation. However the follow-

ing conditions under which the plant ordinarily occurs may have a bearing

on the facts observed. The natural habitat is brinks of rivers. It is

subject to innundations during the rains. The submersion of roots under

several feet of water for several days together consequently takes place.

This may have an inhibitive action on the activities of the roots. If the

transpiration current is thus interfered with either leaf-fall should occur,

unless the leaves have any mechanism to stop evaporation to any consider-

able extent, or the tree should wither up. ‘The roots of this tree are of the

aquatic type as they form a tangle of filiform growth. Similar masses of

roots have been observed by me in Ipomoea aquatica, aquatic grasses, the

water-chesnut and other similar plants,

The accompanying photogragh was taken on the 14th October 1912 by

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 207

Mr. K. R. Tilak, Artist to the Department of Agriculture, Poona. A part

of the Wellesley Bridge, Poona, forms the background. The tree on the

left hand with broad foliage is Pongamia glabra ( Karanj) of which there is

a whole clump. The small stray shrubs are those of <Asclepias curasavica.

H, M. CHIBBER.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

Poona, 30th October 1912.

208 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

No. XXXITI.—ON VARIATIONS IN THE SIZE OF THE

LEAVES OF CALOTROPIS GIGANITA, R. Br.

Dr. Cooke in his Bombay Flora gives the leaves 4-8 by 13-4 in., nearly

sessile. The maximum limits set here were exceeded in the following two

specimens found within the Presidency. One was collected by me at

Jhund in Ahmedabad District in February 1909, which measured 11 by 8

inches. Another was recently collected at Dohad in Panch Mahals in

July 1912, which measured 91 by 72 inches.

H. M, CHIBBER.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

Poona, 29th October 1912.

No. XXXIV.--SOME FOSSILS IN THE SOCIETY’S COLLECTION.

It is just one year since we first started arranging our collection of

Indian fossils, and in that time we have got together a good and very

interesting number of specimens, mostly from the Jurassic formations of

Cutch’' round about Bhuj, found and presented by Mr. J. H. Smith, who

has been most untiring in his efforts to procure us a good selection of the

most characteristic fossils from the Jurassic beds of Fakirwadi, Samatra,

Keera Hill, Charwar Range, Hamandra and Hast and West Ler, and

he has succeeded beyond doubt; for we can now show many very

fine ammonites of the following species, Oppelia, Phylloceras, Harpoceras,

Perisphinctes, Stephanoceras, Macrocephalites, Peltoceras, Aspidoceras, Lyto-

ceras, Amaltheus and several Nautilus. Of Belemnites there are many

kinds, though small, none however showing the phragmocones with the

exception of one which is broken. We have hopes of more and better

specimens of this family: Of other fossils from the same beds we

have good Terebratula, Rhynchonella, Cleriostreon, Trigonia, <Alectryonia,,

Pholadomya, one very fine Ceromya inflata which has been examined by

the British Museum: several corals and parts of a Jurassic Crinoid.

Mention also should be made of two specimens of Aptychus, the lid or

operculum of the ammonite. Of other formations, we have a few Productus

from the carboniferous limestone of India, but should be glad of a few

- other species (perfect, small specimens), if any member would send some ;

in fact, we also require specimens from all the older formations from

Cretaceous downwards to Cambrian. From Perim Island, Gulf of Cambay,

we have a few good fossil teeth and bones of extinct animals. From Raipur -

some fossil plant remains. Of the Tertiary formations we have fine

specimens of Kchinordea, Corals, Crustacea, Lamellibranchs, etc.,etc. The

whole collection, with the exception of a few large specimens, being now

placed in a good dust-proof cabinet to be seen in our Museum.

A few words on fossils may not be out of place here; for itis extra-

ordinary how few people know what a fossil is or anything about them,

and when seen on the ground, or in the rock path, are only kicked out of

the way, the culprit little knowing perhaps the great scientific interest that.

little bit of stone has. A fossil (from Latin fossilia, things dug up) is

really the remains or traces of remains, of the once living animals and

plants, which have become fossilised or petrified during the long ages they

have been covered up in the rocks or earth. Each successive formation

in the long history of the earth is characterized by fossils peculiar to

itself : shells, fishes and other animals, are buried in the mud or silt of the

lakes and estuaries, rivers carry down carcasses of land animals, the trunks

of trees and other vegetable drift; and earthquakes submerge plains and

islands, with all their vegetable and animal inhabitants. These remains

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 209

become enveloped in the layers of mud, sand or gravel formed by the

waters, and in the process of time are petrified, that is, converted into a

stony matter. By comparing fossil remains with existing races we are

enabled to determine many of the past conditions of the world. Hach

period in the earth’s history is marked by the existence of an animal and

a vegetable creation peculiar to itself, and,so characteristic of certain

formations are certain fossils, that the Geologist can very often determine

the exact age and place in the Geological sequence of a formation he may

never have seen if a collection of that formation’s fossils are placed before

him.

Fossils enable us to investigate conditions of climate and of life of

ancient times, even to the food the animal ate as in the case of specimens

of the Ichthyosaurus found in the Lias clay, the intestines of which show

half digested parts of other Ichthyosaurus it had eaten.

As to climate, if we find a deposit containing palms, bones of elephants

or tigers we infer that that deposit was formed in tropical conditions, or

again if a deposit has remains of the reindeer, musk-ox or lemming, it

would be evidence of a cold climate.

But where shall we find fossils, this is the question so often asked. In

the first place it is not much good looking in the vulcanic rocks such

as the Deccan trap, basalt, &c. round Bombay, they are not there; we

must hunt for stratified rocks, some of which are wholly made up of fossil

shells, crinoids, &c., such as the carboniferous limestone, oolites, clays, etc.

Where a stratified rock is found, look at the weathered surface of the rock,

and owing to the fossil in most cases being harder than the rock it stands

out; some clays have very perfect fossils and are easy to get out. Cutch

is a very hot bed for fossils, Jurassic and Tertiary, and so are most parts

that are not formed by volcanic action, they only want looking for.

As a pastime, fossil hunting is one of the best, it leads you into the

wilds of the mountains and to the plains; the scenery, the fresh air, the

change from whatever your business is, perhaps shut up in an office all day

or overworked ; it grows on you, and once taken up is never dropped again,

for no matter whatever part of the world you go to, you will always have

an interest in finding out what the rock before you contains. You may even

one day find something, an animal, shell, fish or plant that has never been

found before, there are still many such to be found, the rocks of the world

are far from exhausted yet. In hunting for fossils keep the different

fossils from each strata separate and label them at once with name (if you

know it) and locality if possible. When using a chisel, never point the

chisel towards the fossil but away from it. Don’t try and trim off all the

rock from the fossil if you think you may break it, one perfect fossil is

better than a hundred broken ones, and besides we should like to see a bit

of the rock too.

F. H. 8S. STONE.

Bompay, 9th February 1913.

No. XXXV.—NOTES ON CUTCH AMMONITES.

ITJI—KEERA HILL.

Keera Hill stands on the North “Coast’’ of Cutch proper, overlooking

the great flat Runn. Its exposures range from Katrol beds down to

Macrocephalus, z.c., from Kimmeridge to Lower Kelloway. |The hill has,

I believe, not been touched for 40 years: hence I was not surprised at

picking up many good specimens of Ammonttes—to say nothing of the

great quantity of other molluscs, &c., which were to be had for nothing.

210 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

About 40 miles N.-W. of Bhuj there is the village of Charee: if you

camp between that and the wattle huts of Phule, an easy ride of 4 miles

across a bay of the Runn brings you to the foot of a high conical hill,

which is Keera, but not Keera of the Ammonites. This latteris the wide

dome of hills lying to the south of the Cone, the Cone being merely trap.

The dome is some two miles across. Mr. Wynne has described its petro-

logical features ; but I have found no description of its various Ammonite

layers. Dr. Stoliczka must have written one from which Dr. Waagen was

enabled to mention the beds in which his various specimens were found :

but that description has not been published. Soa few notes may be not

out of place.

The Dome reproduces one great feature common to other hills (Habay

and Javria) of the North Coast, and to the hills along the edge of the

Cherwar Fault: its dip to the south is a good deal less steep than its dip

on the north side. Originally it was probably like this :—

Denudation has worn away the softer and higher parts and left the

various beds exposed thus :—

But between some of the south side strata, intensive trap sheets have

forced their way and shoved the upper Ammonite strata further afield.

Thus Dhose Oolite, the last on the left is separated from the last but one

(Anceps) by Trap: and again beyond the Dhosa Oolite comes a great ridge

of Trap which has pushed the Katrol beds still further out—at least one

presumes it has: time failed me to reach the Katrol beds which Waagen

says are found here. From the north point in the sketch, it is roughly

1,000 yards to the top of the Dome: and I should judge it to be more than

2,000 yards from the summit to the outer south ridge.

The ideal way of working these beds would be to take circle by circle,

and collect the specimens of each. But the circles are wide in extent and

numerous, Again one must allow for denudation having weathered many

specimens from higher beds into lower ones. Thus on the top I found a

neat little Stephanoceras with golden oolite particles stuck on it: now

I could not see any golden oolite rocks iz situ on the top: so this

specimen most probably was left here when the upper layers of golden

oolite got worn away. An expert in facies would probably have little

difficulty in stating the bed to which each loose specimen owed its

origin.

I have been warned by an eminent authority not to dream of having

identified any specimen from books and illustrations : each specimen should,

he says, be compared with its type. The warning is discouraging, but

sound: and I hope that means may be found of getting these fossils

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 211

compared with their types in Calcutta. If I do wander into naming any

finds, the name must be taken with this pinch of salt.

The following then is the result of my search :—

Starting from the brown rocks at the N.-E. foot of Keera Trap Hill

and walking up to the highest point of the Dome visible from here, I

find the following succession of ridges :—

NORTH ; 8 C “SOUTH

Caidc tateird 6 5 4 ry 2 7

—

ge) Sys} Q 9 5S) 9

Q Ss

BRE Gp Re kus [St

The ridges are, of course, not persistent in this shape all round the Dome:

one ridge will further to right or left vanish into flat ground or split into

two or three ridges. On reaching B, you find that the highest point (C) is

a bit to the S.-W., the whole top being a saddle of about 400 yards by 150.

The distances given are only judged by eye.

No. 1 is of shale with thin flags of cold purple and yellow, the highest

point, C, being of dark purple rock containing molluscs. I extricated one

ball-shaped Stephanoceras from the rock, which may be taken as a native of

the earliest bed here exposed. A gold speckled Stephanoceras was also

found, probably a waif from later beds ; a largish hair-ribbed Phylloceras in

bad preservation was also found, and a great bulky specimen of 17” dia-

meter, much weather-worn: its lobes being visible may help to its identity.

No. 2 is of hard light-yellow flags, very nasty for walking over. It is

free from golden oolite : small molluscs are fairly frequent, but Ammonites

appear to be few. A Stephanoceras and an apparent Parisphinctes were

my only finds.

Nos. 5 and 4 are golden oolite, so called because of the glittering gold

colour of its grains. This belt of golden oolite is rich in Stephanoceras. A

flat Oppelia with median ridge also turned up; its lobes may identify it.

There were a few Harpoceras and many Belemnites, Trigonie and other good

molluscs. As to the Belemnites—plentiful enough in some beds—I found

not one good specimen, they being either tight in rocks or else lying loose

in small fragments.

No. 5. Loose flat slabs of yellow-brown stone—a compact mass of shells :

good Trigonie, Ostraee, Rhynconelle, &c., with some corals. Several Stephan-

oceras, | believe Macrocephalus, were found in this level and in the next

one. This bed and in the next I suppose are the ones which constitute

Mr. Wynne’s ‘Thick belt of shales,’ and Waagen’s ‘“ Macrocephalus

Shales.”

No. 6. Yellow-brown stone, rather softer than No. 5, and not nearly so

full of molluses. This bed proved to be the richest in Ammonites. On the

S. E. side of the Dome it swells out into a broad belt with three separate

ridges and interior slopes. What strikes one at once is the great number

of fragments of an Ammonite extraordinarily like Waagen’s Congener

But Waagen attributes his Congener only to Putchum (Bath) beds. The

broad-rimmed plates of this Ammonite can be picked up every five steps:

212 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

nor can | see in Waagen’s work any other similar fossil. Several pretty

little Phylloceras (disputabile, I believe) were found together with fragments

of large specimens of the same. Not a few fragments of a Lytoceras are

there, but unfortunately only very broken fragments, none with sutures

visible, fellin my way. One fine big Rehmanni (?) had his top edge

showing: a patient excavation brought it up to the surface, in 9 bits: but

it makes a fine show now that it is patched together. Its 15 inches

diameter have sutures to the end.

No. 7. The hard rock of this ridge is a mixture of brown, crimson and

yellow, much like the facies of Dhosa oolite: but the beds lying outside

No. 6 on the east and south sides are of soft dark crimson stuff. Some

Omphalodes and fragments of others like those found in Fakirwadi Anceps

beds join these lower beds on to the Charwar Series. On the south-east

side, where the Anceps beds are worn down to a flat broad plain, you

will find quite a good number of Anceps, several fairly complete and plenty

of fragments. Pseudorion (?) Lalso found in the beds on the south. One

specimen like an Anceps of some 33” diam., has spines only on the inner

whorls: none on the body chamber.

No. 8 seems to be of Dhosa oolite: its facies appears like that of the

Charwar D. O.: and a few specimens of Perisphinctes rota (?) add to the

probability, on its inner face [on the N. side of the hill.| Here is a thin

belt of white stone, just as in places along Charwar : anda small fragment

of an Athleta adds further evidence. But whereas the Charwar D. O.

bears on its slab back numerous large circles of Stephanoceras and Aspido-

ceras, | saw none such in this broken belt of D. O.

No. 9 is a slight slope of softish crimson brown and yellow stuff,

containing many molluscs. Seeing how closely the hard brown lower

Katrol beds lie on the D. O. of Charwar, one would have expected this

outer bit to be Katrol, but I saw no Katrol friends there: in fact the

beds held an Anceps—probably a washdown. One very deeply umbilicated

and globular Stephanoceras, which I cannot find in Waagen, also lay here,

but this too was probably a washdown.

No. 10 would be Katrol beds, but they do not appear on this north

side: and on the south side, they must lie a@ good long way out. The Keera

Hill stands out on a peninsula stretching out into the Runn. A big ‘ bay’

runs along its eastern base, and another one on its western. On its south-

west side the succession of ridge behind ridge stretches out to the main

line of hills of the coast: and here I expect will be found the whole

succession of these upper *Jurassic beds.

As you ride eastwards from the hill to your Camp, you will note the

occasional outcrop from the flat “bay ” of ridges of rock, all dipping away

from the dome and evidently once a part of it—one ridge is over a mile

away from it. The sea which once covered the Runn has here eaten

away all the softer strata and left only these hard ridges standing.

Another interesting point (geologically) is the question whether there

has been another great fault all along the base of these north hills of

Cutch. Mr. Wynne suggests it (Mem. J. S. I. ix, Art. i.,p. 208). The Hubbye

Jooria, Keera, Nurrha and Soorha hills are all folded into anticlines—

much like the folds of the front hills of Charwar. Mr. Davies’ letter on

this subject in our last number helps to show that this is probable. Two

areas of Tertiary beds let in on the north—one you cross on your ride to

Charee—suggest some such event. If so, the Runn rests on the upturned

is obviously divisible into two great groups.

——

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 215

edges of all the succession of beds from Tertiary through Trap, Cutch,

Upper and Lower Jurassics, down to the Bathonian, which emerge and

form the high hills of Putchum Island, 25 miles north. If there is not

a fault, the long line of the north anticlines are followed by a broad and

oradual syncline, curving up to the north,

I have remarked above that the Keera exposures range from Kimmeridge

to Lower Collovian. There is some doubt about the Kimmeridge belt

being findable here. Dr. Waagen has in one place remarked that the

Dhosa oolite is the highest bed of the Charee group: yet in locating the

great Lytoceras rev found by Mr. Wynne on the south side of Keera, he

assigns it to a Katrol bed (p. 216), in a third place remarking that its bed

appears to be below Tithonian and above Oxfordian. No other fossils

having been sent to him from this bed, it was not so easy to specify the

horizon of the same. My reason for saying that Kimmeridge beds exist

here is a deduction from the above, for the Sequanian beds of Kantkot

(East Cutch) are not known to exist in this western half (p. 230). il

didn’t myself strike any Katrol (or Kimmeridge) beds, though it is not

improbable that they do appear to the south of Keera. To make things

clearer, it may not be out of place to give a list of the Cutch beds as far

as at present subdivided (refer to Vredenburg’s Summary of the Geology

of India, 1910, p. 87, and to Waagen in Pal. ae )

Aptian.

(aeeres 3,0 iy Barremian.

sa Neocomian.

Portlandian.

Katrol. (Katrol Proper) .. ) 1.000 ( Kimmeridge.

(Kantkot) Raa | ~~ Sequanian.

Charee. (Dhosa oolite) .. a 50 Oxfordian.

(Athleta) f oo 25

(Anceps) Callovian.

Cai par \ ee

Patchum. a) 1,000 Bathonian.

lf an expert. were to spend a few months here, he would probably be able

to subdivide the thicker belts of the above into several sub-zones, which

might be found to correspond with the latest-marked zones of European

Jurassics, ¢.7., there is the zone in which Waagen’s Harp. ignobile and

crassefaleatum were found a zone of yellowish marl. Waagen places this

bed as Anceps or a little lower and yet not Macrocephalus. I believe a zone

between Anceps and Macrocephalus has been recognized in Europe (Koenzgz,

I think). Investigation might show this Keera bed (No. 6) to correspond

to this European bed. I found a Harpoceras very like to ignobile here. By

the way the Zytoceras which I found in this same bed prove to have the

sutures of adeloides,

J.H. SMITH.

Buus, Curcen,

3rd January 1912. }

214

PROCEEDINGS.

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 5ru DECEMBER 1912.

An “At Home” of the Members of the Bombay Natural History

Society took place on Thursday, the 5th December 1912, Mr. Reginald

Gilbert presiding.

New MemBers.

The election of the following 52 members since the last meeting was

announced :—

Mr. Hamid A. Ali, Sind; Mr. G. N. Bignell, Baluchistan ; Capt. C. T.

Daukes, Kashmir; Mr. B. R. Hutchinson, Shwegyin ; the Honorary Secre-

tary, Abu High School, Rajputana; Mr. W. G. Ponsonby, Purnea; Mr. H.

A. Goll, Bombay; Mr. B. D. Barnes, Bombay; the Mess Secretary, 5th

Ammunition Column R.F. A., Deesa ; Lt.-Col. R. H. Elliot, I.M.S8., Madras;

Lt.-Col. Thos. Jackson, I.M.S., Ahmedabad; Major H. A. Forbes Knapton,

1.M.S., Poona; Major G. E. Stewart, I.M.S., Mahableshwar; Major J. L.

Marjoribanks, I.M.S., Nasik; Major C.S. Lowson, I.M.S., Poona ; Mr. Ratan

Tata, Bombay; Mr. E. Herbert Kealy, Rajputana; Mr A. B. Knowles,

I.C.S., Amraoti ; Major A.B. Dew, Baluchistan ; Dr. D.B. Stewart, Rangoon;

Mr. G. B. Winter, Bombay ; Mr. A. D. Sanders, Ramandrug ; the Director

of Fisheries, Punjab; the Mess Secretary, 90th Punjabis, Nasirabad ; Prof.

D. Rosenstock, Germany ; Mr. J. M. Mackenzie, Bihar; Mr. T. A. White-

head, Madras; Mr. Frank L. Friedlander, Insein ; Mr. H. G. Nash, Bulsar;

Mr. C. Gimson, I.C.S., Assam ; Major W. R. Walker, Cawnpore ; Capt.

C. A. Rocke, Montgomery ; Mr. W. J. Greener, Burdwan ; Mr. H. Dow,

1.C.8., Sind; Capt. E. G. Longford, Jubbulpore ; Major C. E. Davidson-

Houston, Quetta; Mr. R. Lean, Madras; Mr. Rh. C. C. Yates, Madras ;

Major F. A. Greer, Quetta; Capt. W. H. Boalth, I.M.S. Baroda; Mr. A.

Williamson, I.C.S., Shwegyin; Mr. F. P. Tomson, Shwegyin; Mr. A. J.

Page, 1.C.8., Nyaunglebin; Mr. J. G. Cattel, Karachi; the Principal,

Thomason College, Roorkee ; Mr. H. L. Cooper, Rangmati; Mr. Donald W.

Chambers, Calcutta; R. H. Nisht, Siam; Mr. P. Wyndham, I.C.8., Mirza-

pur; Mr. G. W. Gilchrist, Bombay ; Mr. G. F. Chalk, Bombay, and

Mr. Julian Gut, Thana.

The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W. S. Millard, acknowledged the following

contributions to the Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. Locality. Donor.

12 Panther (Felis pardus) Skulls .. | Berar, C. P. ..| Col. R. G. Burton.

Horns and Mask of Cheetal (Aas | Central Provinces ..| Mr. E. H. Blake, I.C.8.

axis) in velvet.

17 Bats, (Otomops wroughtoni) | Castle Rock ..| Mr. 8. H. Prater.

1 Mungoose (Mungos mungo),

1 Palm Civet (Paradoxurus

niger.)

Head on Mask of a female Oorial.| Garhwal .. ..|Capt. Bagnall.

(Ovis vignet.)

Skin of Indian Marten (Martes| Abor Country ..| Major Sweet.

flavigula.)

Skin of Marbled Cat (Felis nebu-| Taunggyi .. ..| Mr. 8. St. Lightfoot.

losa), Malayan Palm Civet

(Paradoxurus hermaphroditus),

and Slow Loris.

PROCEEDINGS.

915

Contribution. Locality. Dono.

2 Tibetan Marmots (Arctomys| Chamba .| The late Major G. 5S.

himalayanus (Mounted.) Rodon.

3 Kokla Green Pigeons (Spheno- Do. Do.

cerus sphenurus) \ceotaaweae

47 Bird Skins. . i v..

37 Bird Skins.. ie Taungeyi .| Mr. 8. St. Lightfoot.

2 Florican (Sq ypheotis aurita) Eggs... Satara .| Assistant Surgeon

W. E. Kirkpatrick,

I.S.M.D.

2 Rock Sparrows (Carpospiza| Charbar Mr. W. D. Cumming.

brachydacila.)

Indian Koel (Hudynamis honorata.)| Bombay » A. D. Bingham.

2 Great Indian Hornbill (Dich-| Kanara > -. R. Bell.

oceros bicornis) Eggs.

Purple Heron (Ardea manillensis)| Panvel ,» BR. Dos Remedios.

Coot, (Fulica atra) Pheasant-

tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus

chirurgus. )

Several Birds’ Nests and Skin of

Blossom headed Paroquet

(Palaeornis cyanocephalus.)

Macclelland’s Coral Snake (Callophis| Burma .| Capt. S. Pershouse.

macclellandi.)

John’s Earth Snake (Hryx johni).| Kirkee ..|Major W. B. Walker,

R. A.

Indian Monitor (Varanus bengalensis.)| Matheran .|Mr. 8. A. Alli.

A number of Snakes,

Fishes.

Frogs and

Cobra (Nia trupudians) .. Chamba : ..| Rajah of Chamba.

Rufus Cylinder Snake (Cylindrophis Lower Chindwin,| Mr. 8. St. Lightfoot.

rufous), 13 Snakes. Taungeyi.

A number of Beetles. . Bangalore .. ..| Capt. C. D. Gregson.

Do. af ah .. | Kashmir .-| 5 H. &. Burke.

22 Slides of radulee of Bombay land| Bombay .| Major A. J. Peile, R.A.

and marine shells.

Chin Hills ..

Dera Ismail Khan. .

Castle Rock

.| Capt. W. R. Carey.

> C. R. S. Pitman.

Pl Ss He Prater:

MINOR CONTRIBUTIONS.

Dr. Suter; Mr. H. B. Hand; Mrs. McBain; Mr.S. H. Prater ; Mr. C.

D. Baker; Mr. O. V. Donnell ;

Mr.

Mr. W.S. Millard; Mr. R. Lowndes.

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

T. H. Jhanim ; Mr.

E. C. Reid;

Mr. Crump is still collecting in Kathiawar, having camped at Junagadh

on the outskirts of the Gir Forest, and is now at Rajkot. The Society is

greatly indebted to Mr. L. Robertson, I.C.S., for his help in arranging the

various camps, etc.

Mr. Shortridge went from East Mysore to Seringapatam and then to the

Cauvery districtin South Mysore. Heis now commencing to collect in

Coorg.

Money is still urgently required for the third collector for Burma. In

addition to the Rs. 7,500 promised by the Government of India, Mr. Ratan

Tata has given a further sum of Rs. 1,000 and H, H. the Rao Saheb of

Cutch a second donation of Rs. 1,000 towards this object ; but that still leaves

some Rs. 10,500 to be obtained, as it is estimated that to bring out a third

collector and employ him in Burma for 2 years will cost Rs. 20,000.

216 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

EXHIBITS.

The Secretary exhibited the fruit of Munstera deliciosa (delicious

fruited) grown in Bombay, a native of Mexico.

“ Radulee of Molluses.”” Through the kindness of Major A. J. Peile, R. A.,

who was formerly stationed in Bombay, the Society has received a number

of miscroscopic slides of the “ teeth ”’ or racdule of some of the commoner

marine, land and fresh water shells found in this neigbourhood.

These were exhibited at the meeting, miscroscopes being kindly lent by

the Rey. J. Assmuth, 8.J.

In a future number of the journal a paper by Major Peile will be publish-

ed on “ Snails’ Teeth” illustrated by enlarged drawings made from the

specimens presented to the Society.

Lt.-Col. K. R. Kirtikar, I.M.S. (Retd.), exhibited some beautiful speci-

mens of algze from the Coast of Australia, which were greatly admired, and

which he explained to the members present.

MEETING HELD ON 30tH JANUARY 1913.

A meeting of the members of the Bombay Natural History Society took

place on Thursday, the 30th January 1913, Mr. H. M. Phipson presiding.

The election of the following 27 members since the last meeting was

announced :—Count Thurn, Bombay; Capt. J. C. G. Kunhardt, I.M.S.

Bombay ; Mr. H. R. Harris, Bombay; Mr. EH. F. A. Hay, Pyinmana; H.

EK. the Right Hon’ble Lord Pentland, G.C.I.E., Madras; Mr. Nel G. B.

Kirwan, Chikmagalore ; Mr. ‘W. Lawton, Rangoon; Lt.-Col. J. Maxwell,

R.F.A., Jubbulpore, C. P.; Mr. J. Wilson Johnston, 1.C.8., Dera Ghazi

Khan; Mr. J. Caldwell, Calcutta; Mr. W. E. Wait, Colombo; Mr. A. F.

Slater, Aligarh, U. P.; Mr. C. F. C Beeson, Rawalpindi; Lieut. G. EH.

D. Learoyd, Rawalpindi; Lient. T. W. D. Evans. Rawalpindi; Mr. P. R.

Wilson, Bombay ; Mr. Thomas Parkin, M. A., F.L.S., F.Z.8.,M. B.O. U.,

J. P, England; Mr. C. H. Atkins, I1.C.8., Patiala; Mr. G. T. Boag,

Palamcottah ; Major H.J. Shipman, A.O.D., Bombay ; Capt. B.G. Channer,

Kohat; Mr. W. EK. J. Dobbs, I. C. S., Bulandshahr; Mr. R. N. Gilbert,

Dongri P. O., va Tumsar, B.N. Ry. Mr. EH. M. VanIngen, Mysore ;

Mr. 8. H.Cole, Bangkok; Mr. K. G. Gairdner, Bangkok; and Mr. T. M.

Bostock, Mardan, N. W. F. P.

The Honorary Secretary, Mr. W.S. Millard, acknowledged the following

specimens to the Society since the last meeting :—

eA hy : |

Contribution. | Locality. Donor.

Belgaum ..| Mr. T. J. Spooner.

Ropes between jungle cat (felis

affinis) and domestic cat.

10 Mammal skins and 4 bird skins..| Bhutan Duars : oe H. V. O’ Donel.

Smaller Kashmir Flying Squirrel | Malakhand .| Major R. L. Kennion.

| (Sciwropterus fimbriatus).

|5 Skulls of Wild Pigs (Sus cristatus). | Ahmedabad ..|Mr. F. B. P. Lory.

| 4 Squirrel Skins and a number of| Abor Expedition,&c.| Indian Museum, Cal-

| Snakes, Lizards, Frogs and Ticks. cutta.

| 27 Skulls of Tigers (Felis tigris) ..| Hyderabad, Deccan.| Col. R. G. Burton.

| Desert Fox (Vulpes leucopus), Jun-| Thar and Parkar ..| Mr. P. O’Brien.

gle Cat (Felis affinis) and several

Lizards.

' PROCEEDINGS,

Contribution.

Locality.

Donor.

3 Squirrels and one Tree Shrew (Tu-

paia belangeri).

Abor Expedition ..

Dr. J. M. Falkiner.

Palm Civet (Paradoxurus niger) Bharatpur -|Major J. W. Watson,

; I.M.S.

|2 Red-crested Pochards (Netia ru- | Mandalay .| Mr. E. N. Bell.

§ fina). r

Shikra (Astur badius poliopsis),| Pyawbwe, Burma ..|Capt. F. E. W. Ven-

Hooded Racket-tailed Magpie ning.

(Crypsirhina cucullaia), and

three fishes.

Green-billed Malakoa (Rhopodytes| Maymyo -| Capt. S. Perehouse.

tristis).

Coot (Fulica atra) Chitral ..|Capt. R. Hill.

10 Bird Skins. . Taunggyi ..|Mr. 8. St. Lightfoot.

Indian Tawny Eagle. (Aquila vindhi- Motipur, C. P. ..|Mr. F. A. Simpson.

anda).

Common Snipe (Gallinago celestis), | Thayetmyo .| Mr. G. Clarke.

: variety.

_|5 Snakes é Kollengode, 8. I. ..|Mr. A. M. Kinloch.

1 Snake (Zamenis fasciolutus) Jalgaon .|Mr. A. H. A. Simcox,

| IUGR E

14 Snakes, ete. S .. | Jhelum ..| Capt. F. L. Hughes.

15 Snakes and some land crabs Coimbatore .|Mr. C. E. C. Fischer.

1 Common Krait (Bungarus ceru-| Malabar Hill .| Rev. R. M. Gray.

leus).

1 Iridescent Earth Snake (Xenopel- | Thayetmyo -|Mr. A. Bayley de

tis unicolor). Castro.

Several butterflies and other insects. | Lahore ..| Capt. C. W. Watney.

A small collection of Termites Various .| Revd. J. Assmuth, S.J.

Minor contributions from Messrs. C. H. Donald, L. H. Savile, Mr. F. H.

S. Stone and H. Bulkley.

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

The Secretary said that members would be interested to hear that Mr,

Shortridge, who has been collecting steadily in Coorg for the last two months,

has obtained an excellent lot of specimens—thanks to the assistance given

to him by Mr. F. Hannyngton, I1.C.S., and Mr. J. Graham of Mercara,

Coorg. After completing Coorg, Mr. Shortridge goes to Burma where

doubtless members of the Society will assist him in the same way as they

have done in other parts of India.

Mr. Crump is now at Dhrangadhra, where H. H. the Maharaja has ren-

dered much help. Before this he collected at Rajkot, where Mr. J. Sladen,

1.C.8., Major W. M. P. Wood and Major C, F. Harold all kindly assisted him.

The third collector, Major Mayor, will, it is expected, arrive from

England next month and will at once proceed to Ceylon which it is con-

sidered necessary to work before Southern India is completed. More

money is still required to finance the survey, and it is hoped that members

will help by sending in further donations. So far only about Rs. 12,000

has been received or promised towards the Rs. 20,000 required for the

third collector, and more funds are, therefore, urgently needed,

. EXHIBITS.

Mr. N. B. Kinnear, the keeper of the Museum, exhibited a large number

of skins of specimens returned from identification by the British Museum.

Among some of the more interesting were the hares, of which three different

218 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT1,

species were exhibited, wz., the black naped hare of Southern India,

the Sind hare of the dry regions west of Gujarat, and the Khandesh hare

from Khandesh and parts of the C. P. Of the large red squirrels, two

races were shown, the Bombay giant squirrel, a beautiful deep maroon

coloured animai with a yellowish tip to its tail and the Central Provinces

race, which is much darker in colour with blackish legs, feet and tail.

When Mr. Crump was in Cutch he discovered a new rat of a greyish brown

colour. On being examined at home, this rat was found to belong not only

to a new species but also to a new genus. Since then Mr. Shortridge col-

lecting near Bellary and in Mysore obtained specimens of the same rat and

-examples were on view from the different localities.

Two large trays containing a selection of the smaller rats and mice were

shown. These, though common, are not often noticed and though diiferences

are very marked are generally classed as ‘mice’ by most people. Among

them was the pretty little Deccan tree mouse which is of a reddish brown

colour above and white beneath. The mole rats, which are responsible for

the mounds of earth like mole hills seen everywhere in both cultivated

ground and jungle, were represented by the southern mole rat which has been

‘sent in from all the localities so far collected in except Cutch. Skins of the

big Malabar bandicoot from Dharwar and the C. P., which is generally found

about villages and not so much in the jungles as the previous rat. Many

specimens of the common Indian gerbil, one of the commonest rats in India

and frequently appearing as small plagues, were on view from all the loca-

lities except Cutch, where the Indian desert gerbil takes its place.

Among the carnivora, skins of the common Indian fox from Dharwar and

the C. P., the desert fox from Cutch, the common mongoose and the ruddy

ms a

A}!

‘mongoose from the C. P. were all onview. The last named mongoose is °

not so common as the former, which is darker with reddish brown feet and

tail and larger in size. Cats were represented by a desert cat from Cutch,

jungle cats from both the dry open and jungle districts and the beautiful

little rusty spotted cat from Dharwar.

A large number of bats of many djfferent kinds and sizes from the tiny

southern dwarf pipistrelle to the flymg fox were shown. These included

several of the small fruit bats, vampires, leaf-nosed and pipistrelles. The |

beautiful painted bat, which was reproduced in colour in the last number

of the Society’s Jowrnal, called for some attention, though unfortunately

the brilliant colouring fades soon after death. This bat is not uncommon,

and has been recorded from many parts of India. During the day it

frequently rests under a plantain leaf. A series of skins showing the

various colour phases of the Rufous horse-shoe bat and Sykes’ leaf-nosed

bat, which vary from bright golden bay to dusky brown, were of consider-

able interest, since at one time some were described as different species.

The cave and temple aunting sheath-tailed bats were represented by several

species, including the Cutch sheath-tailed bat which before the survey was

started was supposed to be confined to Cutch, but since then has been

-obtained from the C. P., Hyderabad, Dharwar, and Mysore.

The Secretary showed a specimen of the pagoda tree (Plumeria acuminata)

with 2 seed pods. This tree for some reason seldom produces seed pods and

‘the malee caste allege that the seed pods are eaten irom the tree by cobras.

It is also said that the seeds are also sometimes boiled in milk and used as

an antidote for snakebite.

PAPER READ.

The Rev. J. Assmuth, S.J., read a paper on “The Wood-destroying

Termites’ and showed specimens of wood which had been attacked and

destroyed by white ants or termites.

sant) ae

(assitost: destin) ‘

ae ae a9 at

fessor BAVA 13

Nay ries thik 0m eT Oae)

itt vi ak ait > vil eae bt. Jn)

“eg yoliod . h xl Pes a| bak’

“ate

Apis | EY eon

fila ORD NR ag OE

MS : nf

is ey Rw NA) Waele hk Rw be NN de eS

{

Oe eo, Weir er © ef cio We We, eke ee Se Ot me ae

CONTENTS OF THIS NUM BE R—conid.

PaGe

MISCELLANEOUS NoTES—contd.

IV.—A Fight between a Jackal (Canis indicus) and an

Imperial Eagle (Aguila heliaca). By Lieut.-Col.

EEA Ma pea Gh ek ac. yaoi ean ieee aan cae eae 189:

V.—tTsaing (Bibos sondaicus) found with saiaes cattle.

Byrd cay eeNGamsOn.t 6. <). ism ascent 190:

Vi.—Large Oorial Heads. By Col. H V. Biggs........ 191

VIl.—F lying Squirrels and Walnuts. By A. Conley .. 191

VIIl.—Recovery of Animals from injuries. By Sydney A.

Christo puermsrmitisita rd <..< ci). wales ete eee 192:

Do. Do. By Capt. L. H.

Ih: Mielcenzie, mans 32). v.06 cis wees lelens ye eedetenees 192:

IX.—Notes on the Drinking Habits of Wild Animals and

Birds > oBy 20 Mey ot mE ICMAT 5 5.2.4) s eps) <x detectors 193.

X.—The Number of Tail Feathers in the Genus Criyp-

sirhina, By Capt. F. E. W. Venning............ 194

XI.—Nesting of the Chestnut-Bellied Nuthatch (Sitta

castanewentris, Frankl.) at Ferozepore, Punjab.

By: EL Witistle rai tei or, io.c Gusielaan eatin Sema 196.

XII1.— Occurrence of Pratincola leucura, Blyth, in the

Punjab, By siieywihistlen fc... ee ou os et elecenate 196.

XITI.—Occurrence of the Red-Tailed Chat (Saxicola chryso-

py: Sa De Filippi) in the Vicinity of Simla. By

IPE a Dogs Worth Meee wef ois ce ss 5s. co eee 196.

XIV.—On the Nesting of Hodgson’s Grandala (Grandala

celicolar), ayes ay yA Per ... .....)- 0 qeieineeee 196

XV.—Rock Thrush at Lahore. By N.B. Kinnear ...... 197

XVI.—Some Notes on the Nesting and Plumage of the

Shahin Falcon (Falco peregrinator), Vel. the Black-

Cap Falcon (Falco atriceps). By P. T. L. Dodsworth,

E78... McBtO RG IMTS 05, ssks.<.0 012) ROR ee ee 197

XVII.—Early Nesting of the Indian Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle

varia) in Burma. By Capt. F. E. W. Venning.... 199:

XVIII.—Paired Ovaries in the Genus Astwr. By Capt. F. H.

MEN Rereheniaers) - 4 Seep pPMI EN yin ny 3 Eker Ginna cic a 199.

XIX.—Occurrence of the Crab-Plover (Dromas ardeola) in the

Malay Peninsula. By H. C. Robinson, ¢.M.z. 8

NAR OSU: eh SOPMEMMED RSG Sos. she. cca ke everctiane teense eae eis eRe 200.

XX.—Turnstone (Calidris arenaria) in Lower Burma. By

IN Barriers repent 0205 si ue ee 1 A eabshtetcnat eaten : 2OO.

GONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER-~coneld.)

a PaGEe

__- Misceitangous NotEs—coneld.

4 XXI.—Grey Quail (Coturnix communis) at Sea. By Capt.

; RU EOEHON Gar lame ciate sVe.'«i 0's wr vid pve » colle nd Sart ahs 200

; XXITI.—Common Grey Quail (Coturniz communis) breeding

1 in the Lyallpur District. By Capt. J. Lindsay Smith 200

BS XXIII.—The Great Indian Bustard (Eupodotis edwardsi).. By

: PAT Els errs HUD CME OES nh cad ea leté s Kies oro Kine al ake 201

§ XXIV.—Lesser Florican (Sypheotis aurita) in Bhutan Duars.

By pel AVEO MOls SOO Re A ok, aces sanrd Lidar we 201

XXV.—Lesser Florican (Sypheotis aurita) in the Konkan.

MI SOIN ibs MOUTON Ye eal ocal sis Care Wasolacaes 202

XXVI.—Occurrence of the Bronze Capped Teal (Eunetta

Jalcatta) in Oudh. By Major F. Wall, 1.m.s.,

PME SPE Naaciaia ss Wile sista | RN ME Trin: tat eee ee 202

XXVII.—Voracity of a Python (Python molurus). By P. R.

ADRGOME TAGES the sain tpe ebm) settel hots eet shan Sew Sie oom 8 202

XXVIII.—Effect of a bite from Schneider’s Water Snake

(Hypsirhina enhydris), By KE. A. D’Abreu, F.z.s.. 2038

XXIX.—Rupture of the Egg-shellin the Genus Calotes. By

Capt. ssc His, WV CHM? fects 2 teed Pe alece Ns 2038

XXX.—Congenital abnormality in the bones of the Bull Frog

(Rana tigrina)., By H. M. Chibber.............. 205

XXXI.—The New Wild Birds and Animals Act ....... ae 205

XXXII.—On the Leaf-fall of the Indian Willow (Salix tetras-

merma: Roxb.) ‘By. HM. Chibber, 2%. =. 00.04 0.6. . 206

XX XIII.—On variations in the size of the leaves of Calotropis

gigantia.- By TH. Mi Chibber 2. sco ocean od ee ca 208

XXXIV.—Some Fossils in the Society’s Collection. By F.H.S.

SSR ULEL ely ee Cary MRR i yi Aen Nargis tsa tyre OE Sm a aR 208

XXXV.—Notes on Cutch Ammonites. [I]—Keera Hill. By

GIEPEMS ULE eat ieee A Ht Ser ore ee ale ha Ghee seal agela’y a 209

EOC EIIDENG Sine vaiehe crete Sictssone Ssiedste: NOES Late Wiphevastle deevate: sueihin hatin shone 914

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Toe GaMeE Birps or INDIA, BuRMA AND CEYLON. Part

X. (With Plate X.) By HE. C. Stuart Baker, F.L.S.,

FPG eM ES MOLT Sate ble are wip agewiniole Cpe ASG tien > Pleat gales #ialaininieitis nineties ey

A Stupy oF EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION IN Felis Pinan By

R. W. G. Hingston, LM. 8S. (With Plates A and B)....

Nores on A CoLLecTING Tour aT RAaMTEK, C. P. By R. J. D.

Gram awn NAS RUSE ios, ee NAG d ae ting etiele vada wiklovdine orks cee te

ScienTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. By

O. Thomas, F.R.S., and Kathleen V. Ryley ..............

A’ PopuuaR TREATISE ON THE Common INDIAN SNAKES.

- ILLUSTRATED BY COLOURED PLaTES AND DiaGRAams. By

Major F. Wall, L.M.s., C.m.z.s. Part XXI. (With Plate .

DRT OY NGS Ser alee NN AesRteteet ace a) el piers corp teet a ote

A List or KaLaw Birps with Brrp-NeEstine fou By

dies (Dyayalreny eerrmina ON N e UT Le tini Shee pee na ea vaairg rs A Sis bt

Tae TrerH or Snaits. By Major A. J. Peile, R.A. (With

Oy elaine W Mice ESP BNY ls ei¢/0 3) 55) oc ha era EPMA SANS 9 Xe

Nores on Inpian Butrerruns. By Capt. W. H. Evans, r.n.

Bompay NaruraL History SOCIETY’S MAMMAL SURVEY OF

Inpia. By Kathleen V. Ryley (With one Plate) ......

THE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH INDIA AND THE

Srraits SETTLEMENTS. By R. I. Pocock, r.R.s. Part

Il. (With 3 Colowred and 4 Uncolowred Plates).........

THE Common BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLaIns oF INDIA. uy

AD GRE Bee th Parti ONION coe let decisis disks bona a adecsdiahe cola RRO

A List, oF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED BY Capran F. M.

BAILEY IN WESTERN CHINA, SouTH HASTERN TIBET, »

AND THE Misami Hits, 1911. By Richard South,

PAIGE AMM coe crc Nee LOM da MeMere AHN. 8G SU aE a Ua a eRe

Some Notes oN MamMALS AND BIRDS IN SOUTH reais

Tper:; By Captain Wo M. Bailey oi. s ae at

A Turrp List or Mosses From WESTERN Inpia. By L. J.

Sedewick, 1.0/5.1 su cute teed: + SR NRENOR LS SRM ie NI

Woop-DESTROYING WHITE ANTS OF THE BomBAy PRESI-

pency. By J. Assmuth, s.J. (Wath Bs Phates iene sas ois

PROGRESS OF THE ot SURVEY OF InpIA, BURMA AND

COR VION lt Rar cE ae eo SRG a oe Nea ead Maine ntice. Bin Ear

Reviews, Inpian Museum ReEcoRDS; THE GROWTH OF

GROUPS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM........ PREM IO ele Waa

PAGE

283

296

320

‘xX Ig "20G ‘ISTHT "JeN Avqmog ‘uinof

POISONOUS SNAKES OF INDIA.

A New Edition of Major Wall’s “ Poisonous Terrestrial Snakes

of our British Indian Dominions (including Ceylon) and how to

recognize them” has just been issued. This edition has been:

enlarged and brought up to date and a second part has been added

giving a full account of the action and treatment of the poisons of

different snakes.

Price to members Rs, 2-3-0 post free, to non-members Rs. 3-3-0.

cansonian Insti¢y

ow M% Me

NOV 12 1941

; &

Slonay Zoviwg ied x

JOURNAL

OF THE

Bombay Natural History Society.

Sept. 19138. Voi, SX. No.2,

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON

H. C. Sruart Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.8., M.B.O.U.

PAR ke

With Plate X.

(Continued from page 12 of Volume XXII.)

PTEROCLES FASCIATUS.

The painted Sand-Grouse.

Indian Grouse.—Latham, Gen. Syn. ii, p. 752 (1788).

Tringa fasciata.—Scop., Del. Flor et Faun., pt. ii, p. 92 (1786).

Pterocles fasciatus.—Gray, List B., 11, p. 49; Blyth, Cat. B. As.

Soc. Mus., p. 249; Jerdon, B. of Ind., ii, p. 498; King, Jour.

Peo. | SXKVil pi. wip, 2165 Blantord, sid, xxxvill, pt. u,

p. 188; Hume, ibid, xxxix, pt. 11, p. 189; McMaster, ibid., xl.,

pt. u., p. 214; Stoliczka, ibid, xli, pt. u, p. 249; Hume, Nest

and Heggs, p. 511; Adam, Str. Feath., 1, p. 391; Ball, ibid, ii,

p- 426; id, aid, ii, p. 293; Butler, ibid, iv, p. 4; Fairbank,

ind, p. 262; Butler, ibid, v, p. 231; Davison and Wend., ibid, vii,

p. 86; Hume, wid, p. 162; Ball, cid, p. 225 ; Hume and Marsh.,

Game Birds, 1, p. 59 ; Hume, Cat. No. 800; Butler, Cat. B. Sind,

etc., p. 52; MclInroy, Str. Feath., viii, p: 492; Tufnell, ibid, ix,

p. 201; Heaviside, iid, p. 202; Butler, ibid, p. 421; id., Cat.

B. 8. Bombay, p. 67; Davidson, Str. Feath., x, p. 316; Barnes,

B. of Bombay, p. 295; id, Jour. B. N. H. Soc., v, p. 834; Laurie,

wid, vi, p. 94; Oates in Hume’s Nests and Eggs, 2nd. Edit., iii,

peo04 Nurse, Jour. B..Ni iH. Soc. xiv, p:, 172; Major Bi di, N-

Barton, ibid, p. 606; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. M., xxii, p. 27.; Oates,

Game B. Ind., i, p. 45; LeMess, Land and Water B. of Ind., p.

56; Barnby Smith, Avicultural Mag. 1910, p 313.

Pterocles fasciatus —Sharpe, Hand-l. i, p. 51; Oates, Cat. Egos

Bah iy p. 79.

220 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Pterocles quadricinctus.—Jerdon, Madr. Jour. L. S., xii, p. 4;

id, iii. M. Orni, plo. 10 and 36.

Vernacular names.—Pahari Bhat-Titur, Bhat-ban, Dongar Row-

rie (Hin. N. W. P.); Palki (Belgaum); Handeri (Southern India) ;

Kal-Goujal Haki (Can. Mysore); Sonda Polanka (Tamil).

Description—Adult male.—Forehead white followed by a black

band, then by another white one, each band being about 2" wide;

remainder of crown reddish buff spotted with black or deep choco-

late brown; hind neck olive-yellow or olive-buff; upper and lower

back, upper tail coverts and rectrices a rather chestnut buff,

barred with black, the black bars increasing in width and becoming

V-shaped on the last, which with a few of their outer tail coverts

are tipped yellow buff. Scapulars like the back but more boldly

marked, many of the bars being somewhat grey and most of the

feathers being broadly tipped with yellow-buff. Wing coverts

buff, the innermost being tinted like the nape and gradually

changing to an ochreous buff on the outer; a small patch next the

scapulars marked in the same way as those feathers. Winglet,

primary coverts and primaries dark brown, the last margined paler ;

inner secondaries like the scapulars, their coverts barred white and

slate-colour with deep buff edges and with the margins of the slate

bars black. Under aspect of wing a grey brown, inclining to buff

near the shoulders. Chin, throat, side of head, fore neck and

upper breast ochreous-buff, bordered by a broad, bright chocolate

band, this is succeeded by a band of whitish buff and both these

bands run right up under the shoulder of the wing to the back ;

rest of abdomen, flanks, thighs and vent banded deep brown, or

chocolate-black and white; below the white breast band the bars

are obsolete giving here the appearance in some birds of a definite

deep brown or black band; under tail coverts banded buff and black.

«The colours of the soft parts vary somewhat. I have recorded the

feet as dirty yellow, pale reddish olive, pale dingy brown, pale orange

brown; the irides as brown, the skin round the eyes as yellowish

green, and again bluish yellow; the bill as brown, reddish brown,

reddish horny, dingy orange red, and dark orange red.”” (Hume.)

« Bill red; orbital skin lemon yellow; irides dark brown; feet

dull yellow; claws reddish.” (Jerdon.)

Wing 6:25" to 7:25" averaging 6-7"; bill at front -49" to 58,"

averaging ‘52; tarsus -88"' to 1:01" averaging -95''. As regards

wing measurements it should be noted that only four birds out of

over 100 measured had a wing exceeding 7'' and only some half

a dozen wing of under 6:5".

«The sexes differ but little in size. From a very large series of

measurements taken in the flesh I find that—

“‘ Males.—Measure: Length 10:5 to 11:25; expanse 19°75 to

22:5; wing 6:4 to 7-0; tail from vent 3°25 to 3:75; tarsus 0°88 to

—

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 22

1:0; bill from gape 0:58 to 07. Weight 6 to 7:5 ozs.” (Hume.)

Jerdon gives the weight of the male as from 7 ozs. to 8 ozs.

Variation in the colour of individual adult males consists princi-

pally in the depth and tone of the tinting of the upper surface.

This in some birds is deeper and more reddish and in other birds

paler and more buff. There is also considerable difference in the

grey markings on the scapulars, etc., in some there being quite a

french, or slate grey, in the centre of the bars, whereas in others”

the centre of the bar is almost concolourous with the margins.

Adult female.—Whole crown as in the male but the forehead

without the black and white bars; nape more yellow buff and

with the spots smaller than those on the head; whole remaining

upper surface a reddish or chestnut buff, paling to ochreous buff

on the rectrices and marked throughout with very deep brown or

black bars, those on the tail being broadest; scapulars and inner-

most secondaries broadly tipped with pale yellow-buff, winglet,

primaries, primary coverts and outer secondaries, as in the male,

brown; inner secondaries like the back but with broader bars and

often with a vinous tint on the outer webs; lores and sides of the

head fawn with black striz; chin and upper throat fawn-buff,

immaculate in old birds, finely spotted in young ones; whole lower

surface barred buff and deep brown, the buff bars becoming more or

less white on the abdomen, where the brown bars deepen to black.

Females of this species vary almost more than the males and the

difference in tint on the back is very great, varying from a rich,

almost rufous bay, which, however, is very rare, to a pale sandy buff

which is very common. ‘The colours of the lower parts vary less,

but birds are sometimes met with which have the breast bars almost

white, the buff tint being quite faint and irregularly distributed.

The colours of the soft parts do not differ from corresponding

parts in the male.

Wing 6:0" to 6-9" averaging 6:55"; bill at front -47'" to -56"

averaging °51"'; tarsus °85'' to :98'' with an average of about -94".

Hume gives the measurements as follows :—‘‘ Length 10 to 10°5 ;

expanse 19-5 to 20-5; tail from vent 3°25 to 3°75; tarsus 0°88

to 1-0; bill from gape 0°55 to 0-6; weight 6°38 to 6°75 ozs.”

It will be seen, therefore, that Hume's measurements practically

agree with mine and show that, age for age, males are a trifle big-

ger and heavier than females.

Young male-—The young bird acquires the plumage of the

adult first on the wings and upper plumage, but this is much broken

up with dark brown vermiculations; the tips of the quills and

sometimes the inner portions of the inner webs are marked with

pale buff vermiculations and the plumage of the upper back, hind

neck and head are more like that of the female but these parts also

are everywhere profusely vermiculated. On the under surface the

222 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY; Vol. XXII.

deep breast band is either obsolete or indefinite and much mixed

with buff. From the breast downwards the lower surface of the

body is banded black and white as in the adult bird, but the bars

are narrower and not so perfect. The white forehead seems to be

one of the last parts of the adult plumage to be acquired.

Ata still earlier age, the whole of the back is vermiculated buff

_ and black and the general colour varies through as wide a range ot

tints as in the adult. On the under parts the breast and abdomen

are still more weakly barred than in the stage just described and the

bars on the centre of the abdomen and about the vent often merge

into a blurred patch of black or dark brown.

“Young females resemble young males, but the under parts are

like those of the adult female. ’’ (Ogilvie Grant.)

The nestling is said to be covered with a uniform earth-brown

down, the same colour as the soil on which the eggs are laid.

Distribution.—The habitat of this beautiful Sand-Grouse is given

as follows by Blanford : «‘ Peculiar to India and resident. Found in

suitable places throughout the greater part of the Peninsular, but not

on the Malabar or Bombay Coast, nor in the Forest Region North

of the Godaveri and Hast of Raipor, Mandla, etc., nor in the low

erounds of the Carnatic. This Sand-Grouse is fouund throughout

the Deccan and the Central Provinces and as far South as Mysore,

and is common in parts of Guzerat, Cutch, Rajputana, the N. W.

Provinces and amongst the Siwalik Hills of the N. W. Punjab, but

does not occur West of the Indus, nor on the Gangetic alluvium.”

Its range has now to be carried considerably further Hast and

also North-west across the Indus. In the Santhal Parganas I shot

two birds out of a small flock, which for some days frequented some

ravines close to the Birbhum Road between Nya Doomka and Suri.

I have records of its appearance both in Ranchi and Hazaribagh

and in Gya, further Hast than recorded by Hume, in the plains at

the foot of the Ranga Hills. All these places are very dry and

stony and are situated in amongst, or near hills, which are broken

up with ravines and dry water-courses, but at the same time have a

growth of jungle, scrub for the most part, but in others stunted tree

and short coarse grass. None of the districts mentioned come with-

in the area described by Hume as the “ low, rich, unbroken alluvial

| CUES CUSHIONS as a MRE Metin A the whole of the Lower Bengal and Assam.”

As regards the N.-W. Major F. J. K. Barton records in the

Journal that P. fasciatus has been shot every year, almost since

1895, at Rustom, some 20 miles from Mardan in the Buner foot

hills. He says: ‘‘ Painted Sand-Grouse are found near Rustom in

low stony hills with a fair quantity of jungle growing on them.

They are generally put up in pairs or small flocks. ‘The natives say

they are always there, but that the numbers vary, some years there

being more than others.”

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 223

It has also been procured near the Orakzai, about half way be-

tween Bannu and Peshawar, and it is probable it will be found all

along the foot of these hills. Mr. H. G. O. Bridgeman, in writing

to me, says that they are comparatively common on the “ Kala Chitta

and neighbouring hills just South of Campbellpore during October

> Ae itis difficult to believe that they never cross the River

Indus, as opposite to where the Kala Chitta Hills meet this river,

exactly similar ground is almost within stone’s throw.”

The habits of the Painted Sand-Grouse are very different from

those of the Common Sand-Grouse, our one other Indian resident

which can compare with it in numbers. It is essential for this bird

that it should have a certain amount of cover, and where this is

absent, so will the bird be. Its favourite resorts are low rocky hills

and the country immediately surrounding them, but the soil must

be comparatively dry and the cover must be neither too dense nor

too sparse. Tree and evergreen jungle it seldom enters and it pre-

fers low scrub jungle, especially such as is rather sparse and

scattered and which is broken up by numerous stoney ravines and

dry, or nearly-dry, water-courses.

They are seldom found in large flocks, more often in pairs than

anything else, and, according to Hume, seldom in packs of over ten,

which is the largest pack he has personally seen.

Mr. Bridgeman writes that he always found the birds in small

parties of four or five, thatis to say, in small family parties consisting

of the parent birds and their last brood.

Occasionally, however, it does collect in much larger flocks and

some of my correspondents mention packs of over one hundred.

Mr. EK. Phythian Adams says: ‘‘ When marching through the Berars,

at one of our halting places, we put up about 200 from a scrub

covered hill. At other times I have only seen a few together.”’

So, also, Nurse in this Journal (in loc cit) records: “It is usually

found only in small flocks, but this morning when shooting over

some ravines covered with a little grass and a few bushes, I came

across a large number, not less than two or three hundred. They

were chiefly in flocks of from two to six, but there were several

packs of ten or a dozen, and one flock of sixty or eighty birds.

They were very wary and I seldom succeeded in getting within

thirty yards of them. However, I managed to shoot twenty one,

which is the largest number of this species I have ever killed in a

day, chiefly by standing behind a bush and having them driven to-

wards me. I could certainly have got more if I had cared to stay

later, as they did not fly to any great distance and could generally

be marked down.”’

Capt. A. H. Mosse sends me a very interesting account of this

Sand-Grouse’s habits, which shows well the many ways in which it

differs from the majority of its relatives. Captain Mosse writes:

224 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

“Tt is common enough in all the less cultivated and more jungly

parts of Guzerat, preferring more or less hilly country where the

jungle is not too dense, and rarely, if ever, resorting to the open

plains beloved of the Common Sand-Grouse. During the monsoon

months, however, it does sometimes visit the more civilized parts,

but only where there are trees, for instance, I have seen it at Baroda

in the month of June.

“Tt does not ordinarily collect.in large numbers like the Common

Sand-Grouse and, as far as I can recollect, | have never seen more

than seven or eight together, except when the flocks meet ata

common drinking place. It differs, too, from the common species,

and from the Imperial Sand-Grouse in its drinking habits. These

two, as is well-known, drink in the morning after the sun has

become hot and sometimes also, at least in the case of P. ewustus, a

couple of hours or so before sunset. P. fasciatus, on the contrary,

always drinks at dusk, never in my experience before the sun

is well below the horizon.

“Tt is a much more silent bird than P. ewustws and, unlike the

latter, it fles always within a few feet of the ground, so that it

rarely shows up against the sky line and is not too easy a bird to

shoot in the fading twilight. It does not, however, take as much

killing as its notoriously tough relative, falling when hit, to smaller

shot at greater distance.

‘On one occasion, when I was sitting up for a panther near a

pool in a river bed, in the North of the Mahi Kantha Agency, the

Painted Sand-Grouse kept coming to drink in the gathering dusk

in small parties until there were, at a rough estimate, about 150

birds collected at the water’s edge in a patch of some thirty yards

in length. This is the only time I have seen so large a number

together, and quite a noise they made with their chattering, both as

they arrived and on the ground before drinking. The single note,

softer and lower than that of the Common Sand-Grouse, I have

never heard except at dusk. When they alight on the ground

they drop very suddenly and then squat like a nightyar.

‘“‘ Although I have never personally seen this Grouse drink except

at dusk, it is not impossible that, in the hot weather, it may also

sometimes drink at dawn before the sun is up. I have more than

once seen it on the wing at this time of the day.”

Hume mentions the fact of their drinking in the morning and

Blanford also says that they fly to water before sunrise and after

sunset, but neither of these writers give any further details as to

their watering in the early dawn.

Mr. Adams, as quoted by Hume, gives a rather similar account of

the visit of these birds to a small pond in an Acacia grove, and in

this says that his attention was first drawn to the birds by the

“peculiar cluck, cluck which fasciatus makes when rising, ” he also

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 225

adds that on alighting the birds “ lay perfectly still for two or three se-

conds and then all of them commenced a rapid run down to the water.”’

Mr. Adams also states that ‘“‘the Painted Sand-Grouse entirely

leave the forests and jungle in the early part of the rainy season and

then live in the open country, all through the rains, exactly as

P. ewustus does.”’

Although distributed over a very wide area and comparatively

common in many parts of it, nowhere does this bird appear in the

enormous numbers that P. arenarius, P. exustus and P. alchata do,

consequently the huge bags which are sometimes made of these

Sand-Grouse are never equalled by the bays. made of P. fasciatus.

Hume writes: ‘‘ Where they are abundant they afford extremely

pretty shooting, and 20 to 25 brace is by no means an out-of-the-

way bag for two good guns. Even though at first flushed in parties

of 7 to 10, they break up into pairs and singles after the first shot, and

lie well. I have never seen them wild or rise at greater distances

than 30 or at most 40 yards, and very often they whir up within a

few feet. They rise with a chuckling chirp, fly.low, and soon alight

again, however, running a considerable distance after they have

alighted. ‘They run extremely well, compared with other Sand-

Grouse, as I have repeatedly noticed when standing above whilst

others were shooting below. For a moment I have often mistaken

them for Grey Partridges.

“ Although their flight is strong and tolerably fast, they offer an

easy shot, and can be dropped with charges, and at distances that

would afford little prospects of a kill in the case of ewustus.

“ Their plumage is very delicate, and half the feathers of the back

and breast are often knocked out by the fall when they are shot.

The aural orifices are very large, and being only partially covered

with feathers of which the webs are very far apart, are conspicuous ;

but the birds do not appear to hear particularly well, or if they do,

they are very tame or stupid, for they continually rise at one’s feet,

and’if much disturbed lie so close that they are almost as hard to

raise as Button Quail.

‘“* Their crepuscular habits are undoubted, though I cannot say that

I myself have often noticed them after dusk.”’

Nearly all sportsmen agree with Hume in considering that they

are far less wild and smart than most Sand-Grouse and that they

are also easier to kill. Col. Fenton remarks, in epistola, ‘‘ When

flushed they do not fly very far before pitching again. By marking

them down and flushing them again one can go on shooting at them

over and over again, until one or all the birds in a covey are bagged.”’

Lieut. Pythian Adams says just the same and Jerdon, Thompson,

Adams and other writers all give similar accounts.

Mr. Bridgeman points out that these Grouse when flying keep

much closer together than the other species do, so that frequently

226 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

more than one bird gets knocked over by the same shot and that he

himself has once dropped three birds out of four and several times

two out of four and this without in any way being euilty of

“ browning.”

The Painted Sand-Grouse appears to be almost exclusively a

vegetarian and the crops of those examined by Hume and others

have so far contained practically nothing but grain and seeds of

various kinds. They seem, also, to keep very much to a hard diet

and only one or two of my correspondents mention their indulging

in green food, though they undoubtedly do eat such sometimes.

They certainly eat White-ants—but squirrels even, as well as doves

and similar vegetarian eaters will all tackle and swallow them with

greediness—and one correspondent says that he found them feeding

on ants. Probably they eat small insects fairly regularly as they

come across them, though they may not go out of their way to hunt

for them when grain is handy.

Captain Heaviside records a curious habit he observed in these

birds in the Nerbudda Valley where he noticed them ‘in the even-

ings on the cart tracks, where they were probably dusting them-

selves as there is no grain traftic on these roads.”

These Sand-Grouse suffer to a certain extent from snarers and

bird catchers, but owing to their habits and to the fact of their not

going about in large flocks, they do not fall victims to anything like

the extent that P. arenarius and P. exustus do. Adams says that

‘‘ Large numbers of the Painted Grouse are taken during the rainy

season by bird catchers, who approaching under cover of a screen

made of green leaves and twigs, drop a circular net, suspended to a

hoop and held out horizontally at the end of a long bamboo, over the

birds, which as a rule never seem to suspect that danger is at hand.”

The most common means adopted to snare them is by nooses

laid at the regular drinking places, in the same way that all the

other Sand- Ghieras are taken.

An excellent account of these birds in captivity is given by

Mr. Barnby Smith in the Avicultural Magazine who writes:

“The habits. of the Painted Sand-Grouse were from the first

strikingly different from those of the Pintail. When the latter were

frightened their instinct was to fly, whereas the Painted Sand-Grouse

crouched all together in a corner as though it was their nature to

seek cover ; although as a fact, there was no cover there.

“‘ T accordingly provided them with another enclosure very similar

to the first, except that nearly all the floor space was covered with

tussocks of grass, small box bushes, dwacf juniper, etc., of course

with sandy spaces at intervals. I found the birds always loved to

lie in the sun near a tussock of grass, and would be seen to have

moved their position several times a day so as to get full sunshine.

This surprised me, as they are said to be erepuscular and nocturnal

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 227

in habit. Their large staring black eyes would quite give one this

impression. Whatever they do by night their habits by day are

most unexpected, and they justify their common name of “painted”

in an extraordinary manner, for they might as well be merely

painted birds as far as any movement can be observed in progress.

One might go to look at them half a dozen times a day for weeks

without seeing them making any movement. The seed put down

vanishes, and the birds keep a good gloss on their feathers and

appear to be in excellent health. Very occasionally one may be

seen moving, but the same instant the bird will catch sight of you

and draw in its head and remain squatting motionless, however long

you remain to watch. If approached within a couple of feet, how-

ever, the bird will attempt to fly, with its wild alarm note of ‘‘ Yek-

yek-yek,” and land behind another tuft of grass. After one attempt

to fly, if again approached, it will permit itself to be handled.

Jt is said that bird-catchers in India take these Sand-Grouse by

approaching them under cover of leaves and dropping a net suspend-

ed at the end of a bamboo. Having seen the birds themselves I can

readily imagine the possibility of such a method of capture.

“To make up for their uninteresting habits, it must be conceded,

however, that the Indian Painted Sand-Grouse have most exqui-

sitely marked plumage, the markings on the cock especially being

most striking. Hven in rough grass they are very difficult to see

at short distance, but our English grass is too green to hide them

perfectly. I should imagine that in their native haunts they will

form a perfect example of obliterative coloration.”

Nidification.

Wherever the Painted Sand-Grouse occurs it is a resident and

breeds and young birds or eggs have been taken from all parts of

the tract of country it frequents.

The principal breeding season is probably April to early June,

but eggs have been taken at all times of the year, and it is difficult

to say with any certainty that these are the favourite laying months.

It is also probable that very few breed during the height of the

rainy season, 1.¢e., from July to the early part of October.

Amongst others who have reported the time eggs have been taken

are the following :—

Pythian=A dam, Davidson! os... ..uih..is0e January.

Butler, Col. RY ‘Bingham...:.).20.....:..)... February.

Mosse, Davidson, Wenden .............:.... March.

Hume, Adam, Pythian-Adams, Bulkley... April.

Nunn, Hume, Davidson, Bulkley, C. T.

EP impee aK Loa siessie ds tabla « wisiiois + wa wewee’s deer May.

are eel G ON anihs f)o% «au Yheete do wisls Big slckoand aa June.

Mbomipsene Wanddson.:.. st.) ise da vewtesees November.

AE yb ALIN I .: . .1ih'slsicill ae aiabapaanvad be etait December

228 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

As one would expect from its habits the Painted Sand-Grouse de-

posits its eggs, as a rule, in ravines, broken ground, etc., where

there is certain amount of cover and, in the Central Provinces actually

in forest land. As a rule it makes no nest at all, though a few odd

pieces of grass may, perchance, collect in the hollow it scratches

out in the earth before depositing its eggs. Sometimes, however,

it does make some pretence of a nest, collecting a few bents and

grasses and fashioning these, by pressure only, into a hollow cup,

fitting the depression already made in the earth. Mr. R. Thomp-

son also describes a nest which would appear to have been yet a

further advance in architectural skill. ‘The nest contained three

egos, of which one unfortunately got broken. It was placed on

the ground on a slight rise; neatly and well put together saucer

like, made of dried grass, bits of dried leaves of bamboo and other

plants. The soil was sandy, with a thin forest growing on it, and

the nest was placed under the shade of a small tree. ‘There was no

cover in the immediate vicinity of the nest; in fact, for three or

four yards all round there was nothing but short thin grass. I

accidentally arrived at the spot, and whilst talking to a friend, the

female bird got up close at our feet, and I saw the nest immedi-

ately.” (Hume.)

Ordinarily, however, it makes no nest at all and nearly all obser-

vers write to this effect. Capt. Mosse gives me an interesting

account of some young birds found by him. He writes: “I have

only once come across a nest. This was on the 14th March 1904,

in Kathiawar. I was at the time riding through a Bastard Teak

jungle and dismounting to investigate the cause of a slight tempo-

rary lameness of my pony, caught sight of a pair of bright eyes fixed

upon me afew feet away. The owner of the bright eyes being

approached still nearer, rose and shewed herself to be a Painted

Sand-Grouse. The nest which was merely a slight depression,

unlined, contained two young ones a few days old. They were

quaint little objects, which flattened themselves down as close to the

ground as possible, and they had a peculiarly flattened out shape

which enabled them the better to do so. Their covering was of a

peculiar flaky character, neither down nor feathers, but something

between the two, and their colour was a uniform brown, the exact

shade of the surrounding earth. ”

The normal number of eggs in a clutch is undoubtedly three,

though very often two only are laid and very rarely four may be

found ; such a clutch having been taken by Mr. R. M. Adam. They

are in shape elliptical, both ends being equal, as is the case with the

eges of all Sand-Grouse, and they are much the same in size as

those of the Common Sand-Grouse (P. exustus) but average a shade

longer and a trifle less broad. Hume thus describes the large series

which have passed through his hands. ‘As a body they are very

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 229

regular, obtuse-ended, cylindrical ellipsoids, the shell very smooth

and glossy, the ground colour a delicate pale salmon pink, with a

good many somewhat widely scattered specks and tiny streaks of

brownish red, very generally much more numerous towards one or

other end, and with a good many small pale inky purple spots and

clouds almost exclusively confined to that end where the markings

are most numerous. ;

“Specimens are occasionally met with in which the markings

are very sparse, and | have one specimen in which they are absolutely

and entirely wanting.

“Not unfrequently the markings form a pretty perfect zone

towards one end, and here and there an egg is met with exhibiting

six or eight large deep brownish-red blotches. Pale pinky white,

and somewhat buffy stone-colour grounds are also met with.

“Dr. Jerdon remarks: ‘I have had the eggs brought me, very

cylindrical in form, of a.dull earthy green with a few dusky spots;

but these most assuredly were eggs of P. exustus and not of our

present species fasciatus. ’

“In length the eggs vary from 1:3 to 1:62, and in breadth from

0-93 to 1:05; but the average of forty eggs is 1:42 De Das keel

These figures i in millimetres are, roughly, 35 to 40, 23:5 to 27 and

36 by 25 mm.

In my own collection I have but a poor series of these eggs, but

they all agree with Hume's eggs except one pair which have the

ground colour a pale dull sea green witha few faded grey and brown

blotches and spots sparsely put evenly distributed over the whole

surface. These eggs were taken by a good sportsman who knew

both the Painted and the Common Sand-Grouse well and I have no

reason to doubt their identification, though I cannot guarantee it.

Jerdon, notoriously, cared little for eggs and was constantly incorrect

in this particular, so little reliance can be placed on the identification

of his eggs referred to by Hume above. Nor do my eggs agree

with Jerdon’s, which seem to have been coloured much like those of

exustus, whereas the eggs in my collection are very pale and weakly

coloured, far more so than any I have seen of that bird.

The season during which the Painted Sand-Grouse should be

protected might be taken as from the Ist April to 1st October,

by which latter date the great majority of young would be well able

to take care of themselves.

The descriptions of the adult male and female given in this paper

were taken from the birds from which the artist painted the plates

and they depict average well coloured adult birds, but, as I have

already mentioned, there is a considerable range of colouration in

this as in most Sand-Grouse, and this must always be born in mind

by the sportsman and collector when identifying his birds.

A STUDY OF EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION IN

FELIS PARDUS.

R. W. G. Hineston, I. M. 8.

(With Plates A and B.)

As we ascend the animal scale from that stage at which the

nervous system has become so concentrated and elaborated as to

be capable of weaving the external bodily stimuli into an emotion-

ary sensation, we find that the corporal changes by which that

emotion is made manifest have become more differentiated and

more complex. Although when the surroundings are unfavour-

able or possibly directly dangerous, the tiny amceba may check its

creeping motion, the coelenterate may retract its tentacles, the

mollusc may firmly close its shell or the crustacean hastily scramble

away, yet such movements must be considered as of direct service

to the creature, as endeavours on its part to shield the body from

the source of danger and not as external evidence that any emotion,

such as fear of the danger or anger towards the object producing

the danger, has been experienced by those minute atoms of living

tissue which go to compose its nervous system.

But when we consider those animals higher in the scale of

Nature and which, from the greater development of their nervous

apparatus, might be expected to possess mental faculties higher

than those necessary to protect them from some immediate danger ;

we find that their internal emotions are expressed in such a man-

ner as to make it difficult for us to determine what actual service

those expressions may really be. Thus that inoffensive and

harmless little snake the Buff-striped Keelback, when irritated, is

described as erecting itself, flattening its forebody and distending

itself until it brings into view its blue or vermilion colourations.

The painted snipe, when slightly alarmed, is said to raise the wing

furthest from the intruder ; if pressed this wing is fully expanded,

while in desperation the bird faces its adversary with both wings

and tail spread so that their beautiful spotted markings are fully

shown. Everyone has seen the domestic hen cackling with pride

over the egg which it has laid or the domestic. cock crowing with

triumph over his defeated antagonist, yet few would attempt to

explain why such sounds should have been evolved or what benefit

they are to the creatures which make them or would prefer to give

any more satisfactory explanation than that they are the outward

manifestations of the internal emotions which at that moment

excite the animal.

But in mammals the outward expression of emotional disturb-

ances has reached a high pitch of differentiation. The horse forcibly

‘reSuy “¢ “Sh j a ‘Ivo °Z SlaT

‘qUOTIYUOJUOH poysorejuy

‘y BLvIg ‘009 ‘LSIET “LYN AVaNWog ‘Nunor

STUDY OF EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION IN FELIS PARDUS. 231

throws back his ears and presses them firmly against his head

when he is alarmed. The dog wags its tail and throws its body

into flexuous movements when it is affectionate. The cat

raises its upper lip, exposes its canine teeth, retracts its ears,

stiffens its body and forcibly spits and snarls when it is angry ; and

in man the emotions are so highly developed and expressed with

such distinctiveness that his temper, cunning, his strength of will,

his qualities of hatred and of love, his greed, sensuousness, vanity

and many other emotions may be portrayed even on his apparently

placid countenance.

We cannot expect to see those higher emotions such as shame, sur-

prise, disgust, contempt delineated in the features or attitude of any

wild mammal we attempt to study, though they can be discerned in

some of the higher ones ; and, undoubtedly, in asimple and elemental

condition occur in all. But we can and should be able to detect

internal evidence of those emotions ; such as fear, anger, rage, atten-

tion, distress, eagerness and affection, which are so much more gross

and simple in character and which play so prominent a part in

every stage of the animal’s life. From the point of view of emo-

tional expression, the Felidze form an interesting group, and I have

endeavoured to obtain records of Felis pardus while experiencing

those emotions which are outwardly most distinctive and most

capable of recognition.

ConTENTMENT (Fig. 1. Plate A.—Interested Contentment).

In the contented and restful state when, after a satisfying meal,

the animal lies partly curled upon the ground and the body and

mind are calm and quiet or when the mental faculties are in com-

plete abeyance during sleep; there is no rigidity of trunk and

limbs, no twitching of muscles or changes in facial expression: the

whole animal is limp and supple, its voluntary musculature is in a

condition of physiological rest in complete unison with the calm

and inactivity of its mind. Occasionally while coiled in this con-

tended state the sight of some passing object may excite the

interest of the animal. It raises its head, opens wide its eyes and

looks steadfastly towards the object producing this mild excite-

ment ; the lower jaw drops and the mouth opens but not in anger ;

the whole countenance alters and the blank expressionless facies

which characterised the animal in its state of pure contentment is

changed instantaneously to one of interested intelligence.

FEAR (Fig. 2. Plate A.— Fear).

Fear in a wild animal must be frequently associated with anger

and perhaps preceded occasionally by astonishment, though the latter

would be difficult, if not impossible, to detect. It does seem possible,

however, to obtain the expression of fear distinct from that of anger,

if the object causing the fear is so powerful as to overawe the

animal to such a degree as to prevent it from displaying its anger.

232 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII

Felis pardus when enduring the emotion of fear produced in such

a manner, lowers itself into a crouching posture and throws its

ears well back. Both these movements tend to lessen the apparent

bulk of the animal and as many of the lower creatures in such con-

ditions of danger, as would create the sensation of fear in the

higher ones, do diminish markedly the volume of their bodies and

by such diminution obtain definite protection ; it is probable that

these movements are instinctive tendencies inherited throughout

a long ancestry, but which now display little, if any, serviceable

manifestation.

The head during fear is often turned in the opposite direction

to that from which the danger is expected to arrive. ‘The eyes are

partially closed, and tightly so if the fear amounts to terror.

The nostrils are pinched so as to give the face a characteristic

expression. It is a natural instinct in the higher animals to

turn away the face if any special injury is directed towards

it and to close the eyes either partially or completely and

contract the nasal orifices in order to give protection to the delicate

organs contained within, and this instinct seems to be so highly

developed and so easily called into action as to occur in general

states of fear, even when the danger is not specially directed to the

sensitive organs of sight and smell. The limbs and tail are held

stiff and the body loses its great muscular laxity. The corners of

the mouth are raised, the upper lip elevated, the lower jaw depress-

ed, the mouth is partially opened and the canine teeth displayed.

The general facial expression is one of fierceness, and when a wild

carnivorous animal is in fear or terror it must undoubtedly be fierce.

The domestic cat when terrified has been described as arching

its back and erecting the hair over the whole body, especially on the

tail, and as raising the basal portion of the tail upright and bending

the terminal extremity to one side. I have never noticed this

attitude in Felis pardus, nor by experiment have I been able to

obtain anything resembling it; and it is possible that owing to the

great strength of this animal it would not, in its native haunts, expe-

rience fear to any great extent, and would therefore not have the

emotion so highly developed and exhibited in a manner exactly simi-

lar to that seen in the weaker and domesticated creatures of its kind.

ANGER, RaGE (Fig. 38. Plate A.— Anger).

Anger and rage, so frequently associated with fear, are expressed

in avery similar manner. The body again crouches and, if the

animal is savage, may be lowered completely to the ground. ‘The

trunk and limbs are rigid, the claws excerted and the tail usually

stiff, though it may be curled from side to side. These are charac-

teristics of an animal about to struggle for its prey. The crouching

and rigidity maintain every muscle tense and ready instantaneously

for the spring. The claws are projected for the fatal blow. Possibly

STUDY OF EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION IN FELIS PARDUS 233

no cause excites the anger of a carnivorous animal so intensely and so

frequently as the prospect of a coming battle and consequently those

characteristics, which are of direct service to an enraged animal about

to fight, have become so engrained into its nature as to be instinct-

ively associated with its anger under all conditions, even when there is

no suggestion of a fight. The rigidity of the tail is due to the

muscles of that organ acting in harmonious contraction with those

of the rest of the body, and.the occasional curling motion may be

an involuntary liberation of that great excess of muscular energy,

which must be effervescing through its bodily system.

The angles of the mouth are elevated, the nostrils drawn together,

but the whole face appears less contracted and pinched than when

the animal is expressing true fear. The canine teeth are displayed

in an open mouth and when the anger amounts to rage the whole

row of teeth becomes clearly seen. The face is directed towards the

object which excites the anger and the animal hisses or emits a deep

eutteral snarl. These marked changes of facial expression and

utterance of sound give to the animal a fierce and savage appearance,

and are therefore of service to it by causing it to strike terror into

the mind of the creature against which its anger is directed. I

have never seen the hair erected during astate of rage, nor could

I be certain that distinct hair movements ever occurred or were

definitely associated with any emotion.

When the animal is enduring displeasure, but not amounting to

anger, the above expressions are made manifest to a slight degree,

but when the anger amounts to rage or savagery they are pro-

nounced in a more exaggerated manner.

Although on analysis the emotions of fear and anger seem to be

very similarly expressed, yet a comparison of the illustrations

immediately shows that in the former the animal appears cowed

into submission and ready to retreat from rather than advance to-

wards its enemy, while in the latter he appears to be full of anger

and spoiling for the fight.

Distress (Fig. 4. Plate A.— Distress).

Pain, though a most powerful sensation, can scarcely be con-

sidered as an emotion, its presence, however, gives rise to forcible

emotionery outbursts so tangibly associated with those of fear and

rage as to be incapable of separate recognition. An animal in

pain must be in distress and this certainly is an emotion. It must

also be terrified or enraged, and it is therefore not possible to de-

scribe any series of characteristics solely distinctive of a pained or

distressed animal. A leopard in pain resembles almost identically a

leopard in a state of anger, but the face displays a distressful appear-

ance, and it is difficult to determine what individual muscles are

brought into play in the production of it. The mouth is sometimes

widely opened and the body may conform to almost any attitude.

934 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX.

HAGERNESS (Fig. 5. Plate B.—Hagerness).

When felis pardus feels intensely eager as when it is stealthily

creeping towards its prey or crouching low with the intention of

springing on it, the attitude and expression again become charac-

teristic. It is not reasonable to infer that under these conditions

pure eagerness is alone manifest. It would be a matter of great

difficulty to conclude that, when an animal is about to seize

another for food and is probably anticipating a battle before that

food is obtained, no other emotion, such as hatred of, or anger

towards, the prey or subdued excitement at the prospect of an

expected struggle or fear as to the consequences of that struggle is

not at the same moment influencing the mind of the animal and

converting what at first sight appears a simple emotion into one of

extreme complexity. Intense eagerness, however, must be a very

strong, if not the prevailing emotion under these conditions. If

the other emotions of fear, anger, hatred or excitement were

expressed in their unadulterated state, the sudden muscular move-

ments and alterations in countenance associated with them would

be in direct antagonism to the stealthy motion of the animal and

fatal to the success of the object in view. Wemay conclude that

if they are present, and no one can say that they are not present,

they must be kept in a state of suppression or subdual by a higher

and more powerful nervous control.

When intensely eager Felis pardus lowers its body completely to

the ground. The hind limbs are flexed beneath the trunk ready to

be instantaneously extended when the animal springs. The fore

limbs are stretched forwards and the head which is lowered on to

them is so fixed that the jaws rest on the dorsal surface of the feet

and the chin is firmly pressed on the ground between them. By

this depression of the head the apparent bulk of the animal is

diminished and this gives him a greater opportunity of reaching his

prey. The tail is curled, the ears are tilted forwards and the aural

aperture enlarged to catch the slightest sound. The eyes are fixed

and staring to note the gentlest movement. The mouth is tightly

shut so that the teeth are completely covered. There is no twitch-

ing of the muscles or alterations in the countenance. . The hair is

occasionally erected but not often. No vocal sounds are emitted.

The nostrils are slightly dilated and the whole body is absolutely

motionless and in a state of rigid muscular tension, while the face

expresses that earnest determination which at times must be so

necessary for the successful accomplishment of the animal’s desires.

Intense eagerness is also expressed when the animal is in motion

as when it is endeavouring to discover the whereabouts of its food

or is creeping with stealth towards another animal. The general

attitude is precisely similar to that of an animal about to spring, but

the head and body are lowered less completely to the ground and

JouRN. BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats B.

Fig. 5. Eagerness.

Fig. 6. Attention,

Fig. 7. Playfulness.

EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION IN FELIS PARDUS.

STUDY OF EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION IN FELIS PARDUS. 235

the animal moves forward with extreme quietness. When the

_ sense of smell is brought into action in association with this move-

_ ment, the nostrils are dilated, the nose depressed to the ground and

_ the animal sniffs with vigour as it moves silently and rapidly from

_ place to place.

ATTENTION (Fig. 6. Plate B.—Attention).

When Felis pardus distinguishes in the distance an object, the

nature of which it does not clearly recognise or hears a sound which

it does not understand, the attitude which I have designated as

“ attention ’’ is immediately assumed.

_ Itmay be considered with much truth that the two emotions

of attention and curiosity so frequently associated and exercised in

combination would not in the lower animals be sufficiently difteren-

tiated as to cause the gestures resulting from the influence of those

emotions to be displayed in a different and individually characteris-

tic manner. If the animal is lying in a calm and contented state

and suddenly, on the hearing of an unusual sound, springs into the

attentive posture, it is difficult to determine, with any degree of

accuracy, whether the fixed position of body and the intent

expression of the facies then assumed is due to a sense of curiosity

manifested by a desire to discern ‘the cause and nature of the

sound or by a less complex sense of attention without any desire to

make such an analysis.

In the attitude of attention the trunk is raised, so that the body is

supported sometimes on the two front limbs and sometimes on all

four. By this movement the animal’s range of vision is greatly

increased. ‘The ears are directed forwards and the eyes widely

opened. The mouth may be partially open or closed. The head

is usually craned a little forwards and occasionally moved from side

to side as though it was endeavouring to obtain in different direc-

tions a further explanation as to the cause of this excitement.

There is no puckering of the features, no tightening of the angle of

the mouth or exposure of the teeth. The hair over the shoulders

may be slightly ruffled, but not markedly erected. The intent

appearance of the countenance, produced mainly by the fixed and

staring expression of the eyes, can scarcely be mistaken.

AFFECTION (Fig. 7. Plate B.—+£layfulness).

The emotions of affection and love are diametrically opposed to

those of anger and hatred, and are associated with external expres-

sions equally distinct in their antithesis.

When Felis pardus is affectionate, the hody is always limp and

supple and the face calm and placid. There is no pricking of the

ears or pinching of the nostrils. ‘The teeth may be exposed by a

uniform opening of the whole mouth, but never by a raising of its

angle or by a wrinkling of the upper lip or associated with any

muscular tension which might suggest a snarl. The eyes are

236 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

dilated and express docility. The claws are ensheathed. In this

happy temperament [Felis pardus resembles the domestic cat in its

desire to lick or rub its head and trunk against the object towards

which it is displaying its affection and to pat or pound it gently

with the soft pads of its extended feet. This latter peculiar habit is

most probably in origin the same as that pounding which young

kittens may be seen to perform on the teats of their mother when

they are suckling and at that time they are no doubt affectionate.

When we contrast the expression of the emotions of affection

and anger it is clearly evident that they are in direct opposition to

each other. Compare the supple trunk, the elevated ears, the

dilated eyes, the ensheathed claws and the happy countenance of

affection, with the rigid body, the depressed ears, the half closed

eyes, the projecting claws and the fierce and pinched expression

of anger. All these characteristics associated with anger are, to a

greater or less extent, of some service to the animal if it be con-

sidered that its anger is directed towards some other animal which

it is about to attack; and in its native haunts there can be no other

cause which so frequently and acutely excites its anger.

But on the other hand it does not seem possible to detect any

serviceable asset in the opposed expressions associated with affection.

They can only be explained on the Principle of Antithesis which ©

states that any action or series of actions which have for long periods

of time been directly associated with any sensation or emotion will

be immediately suppressed under emotions of a directly opposing

nature and that an antagonistic set of muscles will be brought into

play so as to produce an opposite action or series of actions, though

they may be of no use. ;

During play the animal may assume almost any posture. It may

roll on its back on the ground and wave its paws in the air and with

its claws completely ensheathed endeavour to grasp the object with

which it is playing. It may spring towards its playmate and leap

upon him. It may seize him between its teeth, but will never injure

him or express in its attitude or countenance any desire to do so.

Just as man has his hates and loves, so have the lower animals

their hates and loves also. Wonderful is the mind of man and

great is the gulf which divides it from that of the very highest of

the brutes, yet every impulse of its will, every sensation it receives,

every emotion it excites is, in a fundamental manner, experienced

in the minds of those very brutes whose ignorance we so despise.

REFERENCES :—

(1) B. N. H.S8. Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3.

(2) B. N. H. 8. Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4.

(3) Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, by Charles Darwin.

237

NOTES ON A COLLECTING TOUR AT RAMTEK, C. P.

R. J.D. GRanam, M.A... B.Sc.,

Economic Botanist, C. P.

General.—The following note is the result of a collecting tour

made in the first week of September last year. The object with

which the tour was undertaken was that of comparing the flora of

the transition formations with that of the Deccan trap. So far as

the comparison is concerned, the tour was a failure, for with few

exceptions both formations showed a more or less common flora.

As however no list of Central Provinces plants has been published,

I propose to give the list of plants collected at Ramtek. From a

botanical point of view the Central Provinces form a particularly -

interesting area as they furnished the meeting place of the Bombay

or Western flora and the Bengal or Hastern flora. Nagpur may

practically be taken as the Hastern limit of the Deccan trap

and with it of the Deccan flora. Hastwards through Bhandara and

Chatisgarh the Bengal flora commences.

Situation.—The town of Ramtek, the headquarters of the tahsil

bearing the name, is situated in 219-24' N. and 79°-20' H., 28 miles

north-east of Nagpur by road. A mile and a half east of the

town isthe hill of Ramtek. Crowned with its white temples it

forms a conspicuous object rising abruptly 600 feet above the

almost level Wainganga plain. The hill itself is about 1,400 feet

above sea level.

Topography.—The hill is a detached hog-backed spur forming

almost the last link in the chain of hills known as Amnagar Range

of Bhandara. On the east the range is continued by the low-lying

hillocks of Mansar and Kandri with their famous manganese

deposits. Four miles east the Sur river has broken through the

range in a narrow gorge. In 1909 this gorge was closed to form

the Ramtek Reservoir, giving a spread of water, when full, of nine

square miles to the north of the hill. The hill terminates on the

west in the form of a horse shoe or V, the inner sides enclosing the

Ambala tank near which is a fair sized village. On the south and

west sides the hill ends abruptly in lofty natural scarps. No

springs were found on the hill sides.

Geology.— The Ramtek Range consists of quartzites often

slightly micaceous. The strata are inclined at 50°-55° dipping

towards the south. The freshly fractured stone appears red in

sunlight doubtless giving rise to the old name for the hill Sindu-

ragiri, ‘“‘ the vermillion mount.” The high elevation of the strata

accounts for the absence of any springs.

238 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,

Climate.— Figures for temperature are only available for Nagpur.

The maximum recorded during the hot season of March to June is

117-°8° F. though as a rule the maximum temperature lies between

110° F.-115° F. During the cold weather months of December

and January, the temperature in the day varies between 80° F.-90°

F. dropping at night to 52° F. and occasionally in January to 48°

F. Ramtek being higher than Nagpur is probably slightly colder.

The average rainfall recorded over the past forty years at Ram-

tek is 50:29 inches, mostly received from the middle of June to

the end of September.

General characters of flora.—The heavy rainfall confined in a short

period furnishes the climate essentially suited for woodland. The

forest belongs to the monsoon type of the tropics and is leafless

during the dry months. Thus Sterculia wrens is leafless from Noy-

ember to June, Boswellia serrata leafless from January or December

to June. Chloroxylon Swietenia from February, Wrightia tomentosa

from March to May. Tectona grandis is leafless from December

to June. The leaf fall is preceded by a severe attack of Uncihula

tectonce (Teak mildew) and this probably accounts in part for the

early leaf fall. Many trees show xerophyllous adaptations in addi-

tion to the periodic leaf fall, e.g., the thick almost fleshy leaves of |

Gymnosporia montana, a plant common throughout the area. The

trees are without exception low growing with thick stems and

relatively small leaves. In some, e.g., Zizyphus jujuba, an umbrella

shape is well developed while pinnately or bipinnately compound

leaves are extremely common. A noticeable feature is the red

colouration in the young leaves of many trees and shrubs especially

in Woodfordia floribunda and Combretum valifolium. A further

point of interest is the light position occupied by the young leaves.

Practically all hang vertically downwards, exposing only their basal

edge to the rays of the mid-day sun. Only when the leaf tissues

have matured do the leaves take up a fixed light position.

Special featwres.—The most notable absentee from the trees on

Ramtek were Acacia arabica, Acacia leucophlea, Phoenix sylvestris

and Mangifera indica.

The occurrence of the same herbaceous plants in both situations

is accounted for by the fact that these plants are more dependent

on climate (rainfall) than edaphic (soil) conditions. The most

striking group of plants on the hill was perhaps the flame coloured

Cesalpinia pulcherrima to the N. E. of the temple and the under-

growth of Nyctanthes about three-quarters of the distance to the

gorge of the Sur river. The undergrowth was confined to the ridge

extending only a short distance on the slopes.

The influence of man is seen on the slopes round the village

where the ground is carpeted with Cassia occidentalis. Its fetid

leaves are avoided by the village cattle. Bamboos (Dendrocalamus

NOTES ON A COLLECTING TOUR AT RAMTEK. 239

strictus) occur only on the northern slopes. Their survival is pro-

bably due to their distance from human habitation, and their dis-

appearance from the inner slopes is very typical of the way in

which excessive demand has abolished this species over large areas

of Central Provinces forests. The presence of a large number of

thorny bushes and small trees is no doubt in part a response to the

ecological conditions but must not wholly be attributed to this

Cause.

The villagers in their search for firewood naturally chose

the most easily procurable material and avoid those armed with

thorns.

count of their thorns.

The seedlings also of these plants escape grazing on ac-

The absence of grasses in the list is due to the time at which

the collection was made and to the late arrival of the rains last

year.

Only the earliest grasses were in flower and on inner slopes

of the hill they were grazed level with the ground.

Anonacez.

Anona squamosa, Linn.

Menispermacee.

Cocculus villosus, D. C.

Cissampelos Pareira, Linn.

Capparidez.

Cleome monophylla, Linn.

Cleome viscosa, Linn.

Violacez.

Tonidium suffruticosum, Ging.

Bixinee.

Cochlospermum Gossypium, D.C.

Polygalez.

Polygala erioptera, D, C.

Caryophyllez.

Polycarpea corymbosa, Lamk,

Portulacez.

Portulaca oleracea, Linn.

Malvacez.

Sida humilis, Willd.

Sida mysorensis, W. & A.

Sida carpinifolia, Linn.

Sida cordifolia, Linn.

Urena sinuata, Linn.

Hibiscus Solandra, L’Herit.

Thespesia lampas, Dalz. & Gibs.

Bombax malabaricum, D.C.

Sterculiacez.

Sterculia urens, Roxb.

Helicteres Isora, Linn.

Melochia corchorifolia, Linn.

Waltheria indica, Linn,

Tiliaceze.

Grewia levigata, Vahl.

Grewia salvifolia, Heyne.

Triumfetta rhomboidea, Jacq.

Triumfetta rotundifolia, Lamk.

Corchorus trilocularis, Linn.

Malpighiacee.

Aspidopterys cordata, A. Juss.

Geraniacez.

Biophytum sensitivum, D. C.

Impatiens Balsamina, Linn.

Rutacez.

Aigle marmelos, Corv.

Burseracez.

Boswellia serrata, Roxb.

Meliacez.

Chloroxylon Swietenia, D. C.

Olacinez.

Olax scandens, Roxb.

Celastrinez.

Eleodendron glaucum, Pers.

Gymnosporia montania, Laws.

Rhamnez.

' Ventilago calyculata, Tulasne.

Zizyphus jujuba, Lamk.

Zizyphus enoplia, Mill.

Zizyphus xylopyrus, Willd.

Ampelidez.

Vitis latofolia, Roxb.

Vitis setosa, Wall.

Sapindacez.

Cardiospermum Halicacabum, Linn.

Schleichera trijuga, Willd.

Anacardiacez.

Odina Wodier, Roxb.

Leguminose.

Crotalaria hirsuta, Willd.

240 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Indigofera enneaphylla, Linn.

Indigofera hirsuta, Linn.

Indigofera pulchella, Roxb.

Tephrosia tenuis, Wall.

Tephrosia Purpurea, var. pumila,

Baker.

Tephrosia villosa, Pers,

Zornia diphylla, Pers.

Smithia gemniflora, Roth.

Aischynomene indica, Linn.

Alysicarpus rugosus, var, styraci-

JSolius, Baker.

Desmodium gangeticum, D. C.

Desmodium latifolium, D. C.

Desmodium rotundifolium, Baker.

Abrus precatorius, Linn.

Erythrina suberosa, Roxb.

Galactia tenuiflora, W. & A.

Butea frondosa, Roxb.

Phaseolus trinervius, Heyne.

Atylosia scarabeoides, Benth.

Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb.

Dalbergia paniculata, Roxb.

Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb.

Cesalpinia pulcherima, Sw.

Cassia Fistula, Linn.

Cassia occidentalis, Linn.

Cassia Tora, Linn.

Cassia absus, Linn.

Cassia pumila, Lamk.

Cassia nuimosoides, Linn.

Bauhinia purpurea, Linn.

Mimosa hamata, Willd.

Acacia Catechu, Willd.

Acacia pennata, Willd.

Albizzia procera, Benth.

Combretaces.

Terminalia belerica, Roxb.

Anogeissus latifolia, Wall.

. Combretum ovalifolium, Roxb.

Lythracez.

Woodfordia floribunda, Salisb.

Lagerstremia parviflora, Roxb,

Onagracez.

Ludwigia parviflora, Roxb.

Cucurbitaceze.

Trichosanthes cucumerina, Linn.

Luffa acutangula, Var. amara,

Roxb.

Momordica Cymbalaria, Fenzt.

Citrullus Colocynthes, Schard.

Mukia seabrella, Arn.

Zehneria umbellata, Thwaites.

Ficoidez.

Trianthema monogyna, Linn.

Mollugo Spergula, Linn.

Mollugo stricta, Linn,

Cornacez.

Alangium Lamarckii, Thwaites.

Rubiacez.

Stephegyne parvifolia, Korth.

Oldenlandia aspera, D.C.

Oldenlandia nudicaulis, Roth.

Gardenia latifolia, Ait.

Hamultonia suaveolens, Roxb.

Spermacoce stricta, Linn.

Spermacoce hispida, Linn.

Compositee.

Elephantopus Scaber, Linn.

Pulicaria angustifolia, D. C.

Echipta alba, Hassk.

Blainvillea latifolia, D. C.

Bidens pilosa, Linn.

Chrysanthellum indicum, D. C.

LTridax procumbens, Linn.

Emelia sonchifolia, D. C.

Companulacez. ‘

Lobelia trigona, Roxb.

Ebenaceze.

Diospyros montana, Roxb.

Diospyros tomentosa, Roxb.

Oleaceze.

Jasminum angustifolium, Vahl.

Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn.

Apocynacese.

Vinca pusilla, Murr.

Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall.

Wrightia tomentosa, Roem and

Schultes.

Asclepiadese.

Hemidesmus indicus, Br.

Gentianacee.

Hoppea dichotoma, Willd.

Canscora decurrens, Dalz.

Boraginez.

Trichodesma ampleaicaule, Roth.

Convolvulacez.

Argyreia sericea, Dalz. and Gibs.

Ipomea hederacea, Jacq.

Ipomea pes-tigridis, Linn.

Ipomea eriocarpa, Br.

Evolvulus alsinoides, Linn.

Cuscuta refleca, Roxb.

Cuscuta chinensis, Lamk.

Scrophularinez.

Linaria ramosissima, Wall.

LIimnophilla gratioloides, Br.

Vandellia crustacea, Benth.

NOTES ON A COLLECTING TOUR AT RAMTEK.

Bonnaya brachiata, Link. and Otto.

Striga euphrasioides, Benth.

Sopubia delphinifolia, G. Don.

Lentibulariez.

Utricularia stellaris, Linn.

Bignoniacez.

Sterospermum chelonoides, D, C.

Pedalinez. ?

_Sesamum indicum, D, C.

Acanthacez.

Elytraria crenata, Vahl.

Ruellia prostrata, Lamk.

Ruellia Beddomi, Clarke.

Hemigraphis latebrosa, Nees.

Blepharis boerhaaviefolia, Pers.

Barleria Prionitis, Linn.

Andrographis paniculata, Nees.

Andrographis echioides, Nees.

Haplanthus verticillaris, Nees.

Justicia diffusa, Willd.

Verbenaceze.

Lippia nodifiora, Rich.

Tectona grandis, Linn.

Labiate.

“Ocimum canum, Sims.

Plectranthus incanus, Link.

Anisochilus carnosus, Wall.

Anisomeles ovata, Br.

Leucas stricta, Benth.

Leucas aspera, Spreng.

Amarantacez.

Celosia argentea, Linn.

Alimania nodifiora, Br.

Pupalia lappacea, Moq.

Aerua Monsonia, Mart.

Achyranthes aspera, Linn.

Alternanthera sessilis, Br.

Polygonacez.

Polygonum plebejum, Br.

Aristolochiacez.

Aristolochia indica, Linn.

Euphorbiacez.

Euphorbia hypericifolia, Linn.

Euphorbia pilulifera, Linn.

Bridelia retusa, Spreng.

Phyllanthus reticulatus, Poir.

Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn.

Phyllanthus simpler, Retz.

Phyllanthus Nirurt, Linn.

Flueggela microcarpa, Bl.

Acalypha indica, Linn.

Acalypha malabarica, Muell.

Sebastiana Chamelea, Muell.

Urticacece.

Ficus bengalensis, Linn.

Ficus religiosa, Linn.

Streblus asper, Lour.

Orchidez.

Habenaria digitata, Lindl.

Habenaria platyphylla, Spreng.

Scitamines.

Curcuma montana, Rosc.

Amaryllidee. ,

Curculigo orchiodes, Geertn.

Dioscoreacez.

Dioscorea demona, Roxb.

Liliacez.

Scilla indica, Bak.

Gloriosa superba, Linn.

Commelinacee.

Commelina bengalensis, Linn.

Commelina attenuata, Koenig.

Commelina obliqua, Ham.

Aneilema nudifiorum, Br.

Cyanotis fasciculata, Schultes.

Cyanotis cristata, Schult.

Aroidez.

Theriophonum crenatum, Bl.

Amorphophallus bulbifera, Bl.

Graminez.

Paspalum sanjuinale, Lamk.

Chameraphis spinescens, Poir.

Axonopus cimicinus, Beauv.

Setaria glauca, Beauv.

Apluda varia, Hack.

Andropogon monticola, Schult.

Aristida Adscenscionis, Linn.

Sporobolus diander, Beauv.

Microchloa setacea, Br.

Gracilea Royleana, Hook.

Eleusine indica, Gaertn.

Eragrostis tenella, Roem & Sch.

Eragrostis amabilis, W. & A.

Eragrostis pilosa, Beauv.

Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees.

Polypodiacez.

Adiantum lunulatum, Burm.

Adiantum caudatum, Linn.

Cheilanthus tenuifolia, Swartz.

Cheilanthes farniosa, Kaulf. °

Actinopteris dichotoma, Bedd.

Marsilea quadrifoliata, Linn.

Lycopodiacez.

Selaginella pronifiora, Bak.

241

242

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

O. THOMAS, F.R.S., AND KATHLEEN V. RYLEY.

ID.

A New Species oF LEGGADA From Mysore.

LEGGADA SIVA, sp. n.

A Leggada most nearly resembling cinderella, but differing from

that species in having a longer muzzle and more rufescent coat.

Size medium. Fur soft and mixed with spines. General colour

of fur above drab grey with rufescent tips, base of hair ashy grey.

Head, face and ears the same colour as back. Feet as usual white.

Tail of average length, about equalling the body without the head,

dark above and white below. Under surface white, the hairs grey

to their bases; line of demarcation on flanks sharply defined.

Skull rather longer than in cinderella, the muzzle, as indicated by

the lengths of the nasals and diastema, distinctly longer.

Palatal foramina shorter and not extending so far backwards, their

end opposite the middle cusp of the first laminee of m’.

Dimensions of the type. (recorded by the Collector). Those of

Li. cinderella placed in brackets.—Head and body 81 (85); tail

56 (65); hindfoot 16 (16); ear 14 (13).

Skull.—Condylo-incisive length 22°6 (21-8); zygomatic breadth

12 (12); nasals 10 (9:1); breadth of braincase 11-0.

Habitat.—Sivasamudram, 8. Mysore. Altitude 2,500 feet.

Type.—Old female. B. M. No. 13. 2.16. 1. Original number

2070. Collected Nov. 20th, 1912, by Mr. G. C. Shortridge.

Presented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural His-

tory Society. One specimen only.

“No. 2070 was trapped among rocks, all of the other kinds of

Leggada being obtained among patches of scrub jungle.” G.C.S.

“OurIody) ‘use8ay |

ie:

RYSLIOSRf Uva e BIBI UMA? “BIIGA} wwa | ‘snNoUosI0a ‘SUSIPNAIdy Brey] “eSAQoy) su]

CieM)’SAMYNS NVIGN!I NOWINOD SAHL

ee ee “1p Jpseyasy |

4 es is wr

As YOu ye

; 506 Sty YEN Aequio CG UALLO Le

i Ber ata. ties: o :

Part XX, with Plate XX, read Part XXI, with Plate XX1.

243

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN

SNAKES.

ILLUSTRATED BY COLOURED PLATES AND DIAGRAMS.

Major F.*Watu, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S.

Part XX with Plate XX.

(Continued from page 28 of this Volume.)

Proteroglyphous colubrines or snakes with canaliculate fangs in

the front of the maxille, are divided into two sub-families, viz.,

Hydrophunce the sea snakes, and Hlajyince, the poisonous land

colubrines. The latter included 29 genera when Mr. Boulenger’s

catalogue appeared in 1896, one of which—Nata—contains the subject

of this paper.. As classified by Mr. Boulenger the genus Naia

comprises ten species, seven African, one peculiar to the Philippines,

and two viz., tripudians and bungarus denizens of Malayasia.

NAIA TRIPUDIANS (MERREM).

THE COBRA.

CEARa oT, )

HMistorya—As one would expect the cobra is one of the very

earliest snakes to receive mention in scientific literature. Long

before the inauguration of scientific nomenclature it was referred to.

Seba in 1734 appears to have been the first to describe, and figure

it. Laterin 1754 Linné figured it, and from him it received its

scientific baptism under the name Colober naja. Laurenti was

the next to refer toit under the name Naja lutescens in 1768,

and then Russell described and figured it in both his volumes

which appeared in 1796 and 1801. In addition this authority

wrote much on the effects of its poison, and reported many cases

of cobra bitten subjects. In the 19th century it is referred to under

a host of names by every herpetologist who has written on the

Indian snakes.

Nomenclature—(a) Scientific.—The generic name introduced by

Laurenti, was borrowed from the specific title bestowed upon it

by his predecessor Linné.

“Nag,”’ the Sanscrit word for snake, is most probably the origin

of Linné’s “ Naja,”’ but why the “j’’ has been substituted for the

“9” it is difficult to understand. It is still more difficult to under-

stand why the word once latinised as ‘ Naja,” and accepted by

every herpetologist as such for over a century, should appear as a

244 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

‘‘Naia’’ in Mr. Boulenger’s works.* I notice Professor Stejneger in

his more recent workt adheres to the original rendering of the

word, and I also prefer to accept this.

The specific title ‘“‘tripudians’” bestowed by Merrem is from the

Latin meaning literally “dancing on the toe.” This is obviously

in allusion to the cobra’s characteristic attitude when excited.

(b) English.—To Europeans generally the snake is known as

‘the cobra ’”’.a word however applied in Portuguese to any snake. The

Portuguese always referred to it as the “‘ cobra de capello”’ or “ hooded

snake,’’ and for many years subsequent to their occupation of India

the qualifying adjective, now obsolete, was retained to distinguish

it from the ‘cobra monil”’ or ‘necklace snake’’ (Russell’s viper),

the ‘‘cobra de aqua, or ‘‘ water snake,”’ etc., etc.

(ec) Vernacular.—In most parts of India the cobra is known to

the natives as ‘‘nag,”’ ‘nag samp,” or some variation of “nag.”

The varieties that natives pretend to recognise, and to which they

apply special names are endless. Hvery juggler has a dozen qualifying

terms, at his command, and no two jugglers will agree in the name

they apply to a given individual. One hears of “‘arege nagoo,”

‘“‘coodum (wheat) nagoo, “jonna nagoo,”’ based on colours resembling

that of various cereals, ‘“‘chinta”’ or ‘“‘scinta (tamarind) nagoo,”

“malle jasmine) nagoo”’ and ‘“‘mogla nagoo”’ based on the names

of plants, ‘‘cowri nagoo” and ‘“sankoo nagoo”’ based on the

names of shells, ‘kala nag,” ‘‘sata nag,” and a host of other

‘““nags.’’? Such names mostly emanate from professional snake men,

and are of little or no interest, but there are many other local names

that deserve mention. “Naya” is the name applied to the

cobra by the Singhalese in Ceylon, but in this Island where so much

Tamil labour is employed, South Indian names are frequently

heard, such as ‘“‘nalla pambu”’ (good snake), and ‘‘naga pambu.”

On the West Coast I heard “ murukan”’ literally ‘“ cruel,” and “ sair-

poom,” both Malayalam words applied to it. In Mysore the

Canarese call it “‘nagara hava.” In Bengal where the two forms,

aiz., the binocellate and the monocellate are associated, the former

is known as “naga gokurra,”’ and the latter as ‘ keauthia’,

according to Fayrer, Ewart, Nicholson and others with “kala” or

other qualifying prefixes ‘“‘ Gorhmon”’ is another name used in Bengal

for pale varieties according to Simson.t Mr. D’Abreu tells me that

in Behar “ goh-manna”’ and “nag” are in use. In the North-West

about Rawal Pindi “chajli” or ‘“ chajliwalla’’ is the common name

for the cobra. ‘“ Chaj,’’ I understand, is the Pushtu for a winnowing

fan, which its dilated hood is somewhat fancifully held to resemble.

Another Pushtu name in allusion to the hood is, I am told, common

* Faun. Brit. Ind. Reptilia and Batrachia and Cat. Snakes, British Museum.

t+ Herp. of Japan.

{ Letters on Sport in Eastern Bengal, p. 239.

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 245

about Peshawar, viz., ‘“‘ chamcha-mar”’ (spoonsnake). The compari-

son to a flattened spoon is quite a good one, and has been noticed by

natives in other parts. ‘“‘mywe howk,”’ the usual name for the

cobra in Burma implies “hissing snake.” In the Chin Hills,

Venning* tells us, the vernacular name is “tlua-kan.” Flowert

writing of Siamese snakes says, the cobra in Siam is called “ngu

how.” The same authority mentions ‘‘toodong sta” as the name

for itamong the Malays at“Kedah. Cantor, however, gives the Malay

name for itas “ular mata -ari”’ (sun snake), and Annandale and

Robinsont “ular tedong sendok kunyit”’ meaning “turmeric ladle

hood snake.”’

Varieties.—I think it wisest in this paper to adhere to the arrange-

ment of the varieties contained in Mr. Boulenger’s catalogue (Vol.

III, p.380). Though my notes are voluminous and I have examined

many hundreds of cobras I do not consider the material I haye

worked upon adequate to justify the introduction of another system

yet. Ihave appealed through this journal to our readers to assist

our Society in procuring specimens from every part of India, and this

may be possible hereafter{.

* Bomb. N. H. Jourl., Vol., XX, p. 335.

7 P: Z. S. 1899; p. 690:

t Fasci., Malay, 1903, p. 168.

“| From the available literature at my disposal, and the much larger materia

contained in my note-books I realise that the classification of the cobra (N. tripudi-

ans) is a very complicated matter. Stejneger (Herp., Japan, p. 394) suggests that a

method based on lepidosis, 7.e., scale rows, ventrals and subcaudals is more scientific,

and might be productive of a better grouping of the varieties than the scheme laid

down by Boulenger which gives primary attention to colour, and hood markings.

My own views accord completely with those of Stejneger, and I think that most

herpetolegists would unhesitatingly allow that lepidosis is of far greater importance

than coloration. A scheme based primarily on lepidosis however does not pan out

as satisfactorily as Stejneger anticipated, still complicated though it remains it is

less so than Boulenger’s scheme, and it groups the specimens much more satis-

factorily in accordance with geographical areas.

I find that in many localities the variations in colour and hood marks are very

numerous, whereas there is a very close agreement in scale characters. According

to Boulenger’s method a specimen from South India (where the scale rows in

midbody are invariably 23 to 25) which has no mark on the hood, is grouped with

a specimen from the Punjab without a hood mark, though in the Punjab all the

cobras have but 21 scales in midbody!. Into the same group falls the oxiana of

Hichwald, a variety witha range of ventrals and subcaudals distinct from the

cobras of the East of Asia, and with a distinct geographical distribution restricted to

the North-Western part of our Indian Empire, and beyond. An anocellate cobra

from Burma, Java, or even the Philippines falls into the same group, viz., variety B.

ceca.

It seems to me this method is as unscientific as it is unsatisfactory. The fact

is the colour and hood marks of individuals in many localities are too varied to

permit of their being grouped satisfactorily on these characters. As an example,

take the cobra referred to usually as the black ceca. A _ typical specimen

is black, and bears a hood mark. In Fyzabad, U. P., a uniform black

or blackish cobra was the commonest form. Many of these had a_ perfect

“‘ spectacle” mark on the hood, many had a modified or disintegrated ‘“ spectacle,”

some had one or more spots which however were placed in the situation usually

occupied by the ‘‘ spectacle’ and some rare individuals had no indication of even

a spot. The marks in many of these black specimens are obscure, often so much so

246 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

that they escape notice unless specially looked for, and even then are often but

obscurely visible or suggested. In Almora again the prevalent cobra is a black

one. Just asin the Fyzabad specimens I find some with perfect spectacles, some

with disintegrated spectacles, and some with no trace of a mark. Mr. Mackinnon

some years ago told me all the cobras in the Dun were black, and without

spectacles, but while I was in Mussoorie he sent me one from the Dun on which I

found a very perfect and distinct spectacle. Colonel Bannerman sent me specimen

of a black cobra with no hood marks from the Central Provinces All his first

specimens, I discovered, showed obscure but unmistakable indications of a dis-

integrated spectacle, and he had some trouble to eventually find a specimen without

any mark at all on the hood. Major O. A. Smith told me the common cobra in

Multan is a black one with no hood marks. One that he sent me however had a

very perfect “spectacle.” From this it appears to me conclusive that the form

“* ceca” does not deserve recognition as a variety apart from “ typica,” and only a

few deserve the name “ceca” as hitherto understood, many being typically

spectacled, and a host of intermediate forms cannot be placed in either category,

(.e., cacea or typica as previously defined).

The only form I saw in Chitral where it was common was the oxiana of Hichwald.

One specimen however was uniformly blackish instead of being an olivaceous-brown

with darker cross bars anteriorly, breaking up later into an irregular variegation. This

specimen however accorded well with the ranges of ventrals and subcaudals found

peculiar to variety oxiana, and not with those characteristic of the black Indian

form called ceca, which it so closely resembled. Similarly a specimen from Duki, N.

Baluchistan without any trace of dark cross bars anteriorly showed a range of

ventrals and subcaudals typical of oxiana, and not of the Indian forms, and this

should thus, I hold, be classed as an aberrant colour variety of oxiana.

Mr. Boulenger arranges the varieties as follows :—

‘“A.—Forma Typica (C0. naja, L. ; N. lutescens, fasciata, brasili-

ensis, siamensis, Laur.; C. rufus, Gmel.). Yellowish to dark brown

above, with black-and-white spectacle-mark on the hood anda

black-and-white spot on each side of the lower surface of the

hood. 25 to 35 scales across the neck, 23 to 25 across the

middle of the body.

(a) One or two dark brown cross-bands on the belly behind

the hood.

(b) Body variegated with darker, and lighter; belly with

several dark cross-bands which may extend across the

back.

B.—Var. Caca (N. non-naja, Laur.; C. ccecus, Gmel.; 7’. oxiana,

Hichw.).—Uniform pale brown or grey to blackish; no marking

on the hood; one or more dark cross-bands on the anterior

part of the belly; young sometimes with dark rings. 25-31

scales across the back, 21-25 across the middle of the body.

C.—Var. Fasciata, Gray (NV. kaouthia, Less. ; N. larvata, Cant.;

var. scopinucha, Cope).—Brown, olive, or blackish above, often with

more or less distinct light, black-edged cross-bars; hood with a

whitish, black edged ring or U, or with a mask-shaped figure ;

a black spot on each side under the hood. 25-31 scales across

the neck, 19 to 21 across the middle of the body.

(a) Body dark brown behind, with light variegations; two

to four blackish cross-bars under the anterior part of

the body.

(>) Olive to blackish above, the skin between the scales black ,

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 247

lower surface of neck white, with a black cross-bar,

rest of lower part dark brown or blackish.

D.—Var. SpuTaTRix (JN. sputatriz, Boie; var. nigra, Gray; N.

atra, Cantor).—Black or dark brown above and beneath, with some

yellow or orange on the sides of the head, and neck; young with

a pale U or O-shaped marking on the hood, and the chin and

throat whitish. 25 scales across the neck, 19-21 across the

middle of the body.

E.—Var. Leucopira.—Brown or blackish ; no marking on the

hood; lower surface of neck yellowish white, followed by a black

cross-band, and usually with an azygos black spot anteriorly and

one or two on each side. 21-25 scales across the neck, 17 to 19

across the middle of the body.

F.— Var. Mro.eris.—Dark brown or black; sides of head and

throat yellowish, whitish in the young ; no marking on the hood ;

young with whitish rings completely encircling the body and

tail, and with the white of the sides of the neck extending back-

wards towards its fellow to form an angular band behind the

hood. 21-28 scales across the neck, 17 to 19 across the middle of

the body.”

To these varieties I can add the following which I cannot

place in the above scheme.

In Shillong (Khasi Hills, Assam) I was told by three people

independently of a bright green cobra that was in the possession

of a juggler shortly before my visit. Unfortunately the man

had evidently left the station as I could not trace him. Curiously

enough talking to Mr. W. Tottenham, Commissioner of Forests

in Dibrugarh, a few days before this he mentioned a bright green

cobra that he had encountered in North Siam, at a place called

Nan on the Mekong River, but which for want of spirit he could

not preserve. On my publishing this information in this Jour-

nal * I heard from Mr. H. Hampton from the Ruby Mines, Burma,

that the natives there report the existence of a green cobra, but

though he has tried for years he has failed to procure a: specimen.

The Burmans call this snake “ indaing-mwe-howk.”’ Further two

Europeans told him they had seen this snake, but described it as

a bright blue. Shan visitors to the menagerie confirm these

statements, and report the snake asrare. Variety viridis would

be a suitable name for it.

I have examined a curious variety of the cobra from the Anda-

mans submitted to me by Dr. Annandale from the Indian

Museum. It differs in colouration from anything I had previously

seen, and does not conform to anything I have read of. It is

fawn coloured and has well defined, broad, black, chevrons running

*Vol.. XVIII, p. 331.

248 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

down the back, the apices directed forwards, and the arms

ending low in the flanks. The intervals are about one-third to

one-fourth the width of the chevrons. Also in the flanks between

each chevron is a small black triangular spot. The hood bears

a light monocellus. The ventrals and subcaudals are 175 and 65,

the scales in midbody 21, and the lepidosis as in a normal cobra

except that the preocular shield fails to touch the internasal.

If not already christened I suggest for this the name sagittifera.

Dimensions.—The cobra when adult measures usually from four

and ahalf to five and a half feet. Larger specimens are rare,

and six-footers extremely rare. Dr. Nicholson*, who for some time

distributed the rewards for poisonous snakes on behalf of the Mysore

Government, says that out of 1,200 specimens that passed through

his hands at Bangalore only 4 exceeded 5 feet 6 inches, and the

largest of these measured 5 feet 8 inches. I have probably

examined 500 cobras from various parts of Asia between Baluchis-

tan and Chitral to South China. I have only once seen a six footer

and this was sent to me by Mr. P. W. Mackinnon and was

killed in the Dun. It taped 6 feet 4 inches. Mr. H. Hampton

writing to me from Mogok, Ruby Mines, Burma, early last year,

told me he had obtained a specimen of a precisely similar length,

which he had sent to the British Museum. He further stated

that Mr. Boulenger in acknowledging the specimen told. him

it was the largest received in that Institution where there

are upwards of 70 examples. Mr. Millard has told me of

two specimens he has seen, one 6 foot from Khandalla, and

another 6 feet 54 inches, locality not specified. Mr. C. Bateman

wrote to me in 1909 that he had killed one of the mono-

cellate variety in the Jalpaiguri District that measured 6 feet

54 inches unstretched. Writing to Mr. Millard in 1906, Mr. S.

H. Pearless said that the four largest examples he had killed at

Badulla, Ceylon, measured respectively 5'-11'', 6'-04", 6'-6", and

6'-104"', and he believed specimens running to 7 feet were on

record. The Pioneer of the 12th February 1908 contained an

account of a 7 foot cobra, quoted from the Times of Ceylon. It

appears that on the 31st January 1908, Mr. Webster whilst motor-

ing Sir Thomas Lipton in Colombo saw a crowd of natives collect-

ed on the road. These proved to be watching a hole in which a

snake was partly visible. Mr. Webster by means of a noose of

rope managed to extract the snake, and kill it, and it was found to

be a cobra of unusual length which when taped measured 7 feet.

The account further stated that a local taxidermist set up the

specimen. On writing to Sir Thomas Lipton he repeated this

story to me, and gave me permission to see the specimen in his

* Indian Snakes, pp. 106 and 173.

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 249

residence at Osidge. It is set up in the erect posture with open

mouth, showing the fangs. I measured it, and found it taped 6

feet 74 inches. *Our Society has recently acquired a specimen,

from Shamshirnagar, 6 feet 7 inches unskinned. Lyddeker f+ says

one has been recorded 7 feet 3 inches in length, but gives no

details of the locality where it was found nor the authority who

measured it.

General characters.—The head is depressed, the snout rather

short, with no canthus, and broadly rounded as seen from above.

The nostril is rather large, and occupies the full depth of the

suture between the nasal shields. The eye is moderate in size,

and the round shape of the pupil can usually be well seen in life.

In some specimens however the usually distinct arc of gold at the

pupillary edge may be so faint that the pupil does not show up

against the iris. There is a more or less obvious swelling in the

temporal region over the underlying poison glands. The tongue

is blackish at the tips.

The shields on the head are highly polished. A neck is scarcely

if at all evident. Just behind the neck the hood commences, and

is discussed later. The body is depressed, and there is a more or

less distinct narrow groove down the spine. The scales over the

back like those on the head are highly polished.. The body

maintains a fairly uniform girth throughout. The tail is short,

and accounts for from one-fifth to one-ninth the total length.

It is very interesting how much the relative length of the cobra’s

tail differs in various localities, and I wish in my earlier days I had

been more careful to record this, for it may, I think, assist in the

difficult question of the classification of the varieties. I find that

in Cannanore the tail in ¢ ¢ was one-eighth the total length, and

in @ 2 about one-ninth. In Fyzabad and Almora the tail is

about one-sixth in both sexes. In Chitral it was also about one-

sixth, and often in males only two-elevenths. In the Punjab it

was aS much as one-fifth in some males, and from one-fifth to one-

sixth in females. In Burmah it was usually one-sixth in males,

and varied from one-fifth to one-seventh in females.

Identification.—This is easy if attention is paid to the lepidosis.

The presence of the little ‘“‘cuneate’”’ scale between the 4th and

Sth infralabials (see + Diagram Cun.) will declare the snake

a cobra among all land snakes. It is found in many of the sea

snakes however. Rarely two such scales exist in the cobra, but it

is very rarely absent on both sides. Another important relation-

ship is that of the preocular with the internasal shield. (Vide

figure Pra. and Int.) This is only seen in the snail snake, Ambly-

* Jour. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. X XI, p. 718.

+ Royal Nat. Hist. Reptilia and Fishes, p. 223.

t Will be published in the second part.

250 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

cephalus monticola peculiar to the Eastern Himalayas, the Assam

Hills, and Nicobar Islands, and as an abnormality in the little

Xylophis perroteti known from the hills of Southern India. In

neither of these does the 3rd supralabial shield touch the eye as it

does always in the cobra.

Ifa typical hood mark is present either of the monocellate, or

binocellate type the diagnosis is also easy, butin many specimens

there is no hood mark at all, and in death rigor mortis stiffens the

joints so that the hood is not easily demonstrable. It is for this

reason that attention to shield characters is recommended. If the

hood is seen dilated in life there should not be any doubt about

the snake, but it must be remembered, that the hamadryad (NV. bun-

qarus) has a well developed hood and that other snakes flatten the

neck to a more limited degree. The cobra has been confused

by Europeans and natives with the Pseudoxenodon macrops inthe

HKastern Himalayas, and Assam, and Burmese Hills, and with the

Zamenis fasciolatus a snake common in the Western Ghats, but

also known from the Hastern Ghats, and the Ganges Valley.

Disposition.—The cobra is usually not an aggressive snake.

When flushed in its native haunts it nearly always tries to escape,

and usually succeeds in doing so, but is often shot before it gets

to a place of safety. I have encountered many, and find that at

close quarters if suddenly disturbed, or it may be if stepped upon,

it quickly erects itself, hisses loudly, sways backwards and for-

wards and awaits its opportunity to strike. If one keeps still, the

menace is quickly over, and the snake drops its head, and slinks

off. An incautious movement however causes it to turn, erect

itself once more, and challenge the intruder again. Many good

observers have remarked on its timid nature. Mr. Phipson even

went so far as to describe it as an exceedingly timid snake.

Elliot* says: ‘‘ Of one thing I feel certain, the cobra is a timid snake,

that it is not at all inclined to bite, and unless assailed, and so

infuriated will not bite, even if trodden on by accident so long as

the snake is not hurt.’ He cites two cases known to him where

a cobra was actually stepped on, but in neither case did it inflict

a bite. Wall (A. J.) remarks that a full grown cobra can be

handled with perfect safety, and Flower mentions one that was

picked up in his garden by a servant, and brought to him alive

not having attempted to bite him.

In Chitral one day an adult passed right through my pony’s legs,

whilst I was walking along the road with another mounted officer.

The snake did not even erect itself though in danger of being trod-

den upon, but glided through the pony’s feet, and then when three or

four yards distant turned, half erected itself for a second, and then

* Gold, Sport, and Coffee Planting in Mysore, p. 164.

wa a = Bi

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 251

glided off down a bank. I could quote many more incidents and

opinions illustrating the unaggressive temper of this snake, but

on the other hand I have certainly witnessed many incidents of a

completely contrary character. The cobra is sometimes very fierce,

and when disturbed may be a very dangerous snake to encounter.

Whatever spirit and aggressiveness may be natural to it in the

early days of captivity, I think all will agree that it is very easily

tamed. This is evident to anyone who has seen jugglers, and pro-

fessional snake-men with their captive specimens. If a specimen

has been on show for long, it will often require a good slap on its

back to provoke it to erect itself and hiss. The cobra that will do

so without such treatment one may depend upon it has been but

recently deprived of its liberty.

Young cobras are much more dangerous than adults as a rule.

They seem more on the alert, more easily excited, and strike

repeatedly and with much malice. Wall (A. J.) speaks in similar

terms when he says: ‘‘ When the young cobra is hatched, it is very

small, very irritable and exceedingly dangerous. A full grown

cobra can be handled with perfect safety, but a young one, ten

or eleven inches long, is so active, and its body is so small, that

it can be scarcely touched with impunity.” It is certainly signi-

ficant that one never sees a young cobra in the hands of jugglers.

The cobra’s effective striking range is a very limited one. I

believe the erection of its forebody and the expansion of its hood are

invariable preliminaries, and the height to which it can erect itself

forms the radius of its stroke. This radius when the snake is erect

is very deceptive, appearing much greater than it proves to be when

measured along the ground on the completion of its stroke. Jug-

glers from long practice estimate this range wonderfully, and

contrive to evade their captive’s menace, with remarkable precision,

withdrawing their hands often only a few inches from the spot

where the stroke is delivered.

The bite is often a mere snap of the jaws, and the bitten part

immediately released, but sometimes the snake will fasten itself

tenaciously, necessitating a forcible opening of the jaws to effect

release. Mr. Donaghy told me of an incident witnessed by him

where a young sampwalla was bitten, and the snake hung on to

him so that it had to be removed by forcibly prizing open the

jaws. Sometimes after a bite a drop or more of venom may be

seen on the skin of the bitten subject which may be wiped off

without gaining access to the punctures inflicted. More rarely

poison is shaken off in the form of a spray or jet by the forcible

thrust forward of the snake, which may fail to reach the object

of its attack.

I have on more than one occasion witnessed this with jugglers

who unconcernedly wiped away the poison emitted. In our

252 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI1

Journal* Mr. Goring Jones reported a cobra at Mandalay striking

at Lieut. Gibson who was bending down near the snake. He

was not actually struck, but had poison ejected into his eye, much

swelling and pain following. <A Hospital Assistant of mine,

whilst trying to dislodge a cobra that had taken refuge in the

wall of his garden, had a jet of poison ejected into his face.

Mr. Kinnear tells me that in our Society’s rooms it is a matter of

common observation that cobras ‘‘spit’’ at spectators and leave

a spray on the glass. One may presume that some such incident

caused Boie to christen one variety of our Indian cobra sputatrix

(spitter). The habit is well known among certain African cobras,

notably NV. flava, N. mgricollis, and perhaps N. melanolenca +

1 believe the venom ejected is shaken off the fangs, and carried

forward by the vehemence of the thrust. In some instances,

however, where a shower of spray is reported it is more probably

caused by the explosive expiratory blasts from the glottis which

occur while the snake is hissing, and to which I refer again

later.

Haunts.—The Cobra may be found almost anywhere. I have

encountered it in heavy jungie, and in open country far removed

from forest growth. The ryot disturbs it in his crops, the mali

in Cantonment gardens, and the sportsman when quail, partridge

or hare shooting. It is a common snake in almost every populated

area, and I have had it sent to me frequently from within Canton-

ment limits, from the regimental and other bazaars, from Artillery

and other lines, the suburbs and actually in the gardens of our

largest towns, from inside jails, the godowns of the Supply and

Transport Corps, and the Telegraph and such like departments,

from the warehouses of various mills, and such like situations.

No amount of bustle or disturbance seems to deter it from taking

up its abode in man’s immediate vicinity. It was sent in to me

several times in Rangoon from timber yards, where hundreds of

men were working daily, elephants pounding up and down moving

timber, engines vibrating and throbbing and circular saws

screeching through boles of teak. Hven in such scenes of turmoil

it will establish itself beneath a stack of wood, or convenient drain,

and escape dislodgment for long periods.

Old masonry invariably harbours cobras among other snakes.

In Delhi the old walls of the Fort were always a safe draw for the

snakeman whom I saw every week bring in his bag—some half

dozen or more—to be robbed of their poison, which was being

collected for the Government of India. Similarly old cemeteries,

and ruined habitations, mosques, etc., furnish ideal quarters for

* Vol. xiii., p. 376.

+ The spitting snake of 8. Africa is usually admitted to be Sepedon hamachates

the “ringhals” of the Dutch.

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 258

this snake. Another favourite haunt is the loose brick work of

old wells. The basements of many houses in Cantonments and

bazaars can boast a cobra tenant, and it is not surprising therefore

that this snake is so frequently encountered inside bath-rooms,

and dwelling rooms, besides stables and servant’s habitations.

Further afield an ant’s nest is often a specially favoured resort,

or it may be any hole in the ground, or at the basement of a tree

among its roots. Itis frequently found near water, and often

actually in that element, in which it swims with facility and

strength.

A few cases of cobras climbing trees are reported, the object

usually being the plunder of some bird’s nest.

It has been occasionally reported in the sea, perhaps carried

thence by rivers in flood time, but sometimes no river being in

the vicinity it must have taken to the sea of its own free will. In one

instance a four footer is said to have managed to board a man-of-

war, viz., the Wellington, lying off the Coast of Ceylon at Aripo.*

Another account of the incident ¢ however, says that the sailors

saw the snake in the sea swimming vigorously towards the ship,

and assailed it so successfully with billets of wood and other

missiles that it returned to land. Bassett Smith inthis Journalt{

mentions one fourteen inches long trying to board the flagship

at Trincomalee when lying out about half a mile from land.

Food.—The cobra feeds principally on rats, frogs, toads, and less

frequently on birds and it seems to show no special preference for

any of these creatures. Its choice in batrachians is largely

determined by their size, the most bulky individuals being appar-

ently those most sought after. Thus among frogs it is the bull

frog, Rana tigrina, which is most usually victimised, and among

toads Bufo melanostictus, and B. andersoni receive special attention,

and internal accommodation. Rats and mice are very frequently

taken, and I think there can be no doubt the numbers of these

vermine are materially checked by this snake. I was astonished

in Bangalore some years back to see with what avidity the captive

cobra belonging to a juggler, accepted dead mice which he with-

drew from his pocket. The man offered them as one would a

morsel to a dog andone of his cobras nosed its snout into his hand,

and took three mice, swallowing them one after another in a

couple of minutes or so. Other creatures are taken as circumstances

dictate. The Rev. C. Leigh, 8.J., writing from Trichinopoly of

his captive specimens told me that after eating two small frogs,

and then three middle sized ones, one cobra finally disposed of two

squirrels (Sciwrus palmarum). Sometimes birds are attacked, and

* “Ceylon” by an Officer late of the Ceylon Rifles, Vol, Il, p. 89.

t Tennants’ ‘“ Ceylon,” Vol. I, page 193-4,

t Vol. XI, p. 547.

254 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

killed, especially poultry. In Fyzabad one got under a hen coop

one night in a native hut, and killed the hen and six chicks.

The snake met its death the next night, swallowing a frog bated

ona hook. On another occasion one got into a quailery in

Fyzabad, and accounted for 18 birds in the night. One only of

these had been swallowed, and it seems to me likely that some or

all the rest may have died from fright. Only recently in Almora.

an officer whilst quail shooting flushed a cobra which he shot in

attempting. to escape down a hole. The snake was cut in half by

the shot and a freshly swallowed quail fell out of the stomach.

Ferguson* mentions one in this Journal, that was brought in to

him at Trivandrum enormously distended. It measured four feet,

and contained a monitor lizard (Varanus bengalensis) two feet

long. Phipson mentions lizards being taken by the young in our

Society’s rooms. Occasionally the cobra exhibits ophiophagous.

tastes. Mr. Millard tells me that one in our Society’s rooms ate

another with which it was caged, both snakes having seized the

same frog, and commenced eating from opposite ends. On ano-

ther occasion one was observed to eat a wolf-snake (Lycodon.

aulicus). Mr. Frere recently sent me a young example measuriug

143 inches, that was eating a Lycodon aulicus measuring 134

inches. I saw one once in a well in Trichinopoly in the act of

devouring a gamma snake (Dipsadomorphus trigonatus). Colonel

G. H. Evans found one in Burma eating a young snake of the

genus Simotes. Mr. Kinlock wrote to me of one he encountered

at Kil Kotageri. It measured 5 feet 7 inches, and was engulfing

a dhaman (4amenis mucosus) 6 feet long. Flowerft again men-

tions one in Siam swallowing a snake (Macropisthodon rhodomelas.)

Here I may mention that the cobra itself sometimes falls a victim

to its larger and more confirmed eee) relative the King

cobra (Naja bungarus).

Some interesting accounts have appeared in this Journal of

cobras eating the eggs of poultry. Mr. C. P. George recovered the

egg of a guinea fowl from a cobra’s interior, which he set, and in

due course hatched out. Miss Hopley in her book on snakes (p.

60) records an exactly parallel incident.

In this case however the egg was a hen’s. It was marked after

extraction and placed under a guinea fowl, and _ successfully

incubated. Mr. Brook Fox records a cobra that had got into a.

guinea fowl’s nest, and had eaten 6 of the 15 eggs. It was

photographed in this state. The eggs were subsequently removed,

and set and 3 eventually hatched out. After the publishing of

these events Colonel Bannerman experimented on cobras in the

Parel Laboratory, to ascertain how long it took for the egg shell

(Nol: Xen

+P.Z.8. 1896, p. 894, Vol. XVI, pp. 174, 363, 369 and 395.

————.

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 255

to dissolve under the influence of the gastric pieces, and he found

that it required about 48 hours. Inspection of the subsequent

excrements showed in one case that a few pieces of egg shell were

discharged 16 days after the experiment.

In captivity many specimens feed eagerly, and thrive well. Mr.

Phipson wrote that those in the Society’s rooms ‘“‘ fed freely on rats,

birds, and toads.”’ Similarly Ferguson said those at Trivandrum

took large frogs “ with avidity.”” The Rev. C. Leigh wrote to me that

one of his captive specimens ate ‘“‘ rats with relish,” and two others

“took frogs with avidity.’’ On the other hand Dr. Nicholson speak-

ing of cobras in captivity says ‘“‘I have never seen a cobra feed

and I think that unless fed by force he will starve himself to

death.” This statement coming from such an authority is remark-

able, but it would appear from the methods of some professional

snake-men that they too find some of their specimens difficult

to tempt with food, for many carry with them a small natural fun-

nel which appears to be part of the shaft of the tibia of a goat,

which they insert into some cobras’ throats, and into which they

break a fowl’s egg, or pour milk.

Halits.—The most notable habit in the cobra is the very re-

markable pose it adopts when alarmed and which has gained for

it world-wide renown. Not only does it erect the forebody to a

remarkable degree, but it flattens its neck in a very remarkable,

and characteristic way to form the so called ‘‘ hood.”’ The height

to which a cobra can erect itself is usually very much overestimat-

ed by the casual observer. I have taken careful measurements

on several occasions, marking off the height on a stick when the

snake’s attention was engaged by a juggler. The measurement of

the whole snake in life is not easy, and the lengths given must

not be taken as very exact. I found the degree of erection com-

mensurate with the degree of excitement or provocation. One

snake measuring 5 feet 24 inches poised vertically to a height of

13 inches, another 5 feet 4 inches long sat up 154 inches, a third

6 feet and 4 an inch raised itself 14 inches, and a fourth 5 feet

1 inch, only 74 inches. On the 20th August 1904 in Bangalore

I found a 5 footer just sat up 15 inches, but on the next day in

the presence of a mongoose that was causing him much agitation

the same snake erected itself 21 inches. Another cobra 14 inches

less in length raised itself just 21 inches under similar provocation.

It may be taken then that the maximum limit of erection is about

one-third the length of the snake.

The so called ‘‘ hood” is formed by the action of muscles opera-

ting upon the ribs in the region behind the neck. I have examin-

ed askeleton in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons,

London, which is well set up in the erect position, and with the

ribs fixed as they would be in the expanded hood in life. The

256 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

atlas (1st vertebra), axis (2nd vertebra), and the 3rd vertebra have

no ribs, but the 38rd has an elongate rib-like transverse process.

The succeeding 27 vertebree have ribs attached to them that

are involved in the production of the hood. These ribs are much

less bowed than those in the rest of the body, and enjoy a range

of movement greatly in excess of the other corporeal ribs. The

9th is the longest on the left side, and. measures 41 mm., and the

10th measuring 42 mm. is the longest on the right side. The

preceding and succeeding ribs progressively diminish so that an

oval outline is given to the hood. The ribs are set obliquely

forming an angle of 40° to 45° with the long axis of the spine.

In the prone state they are directed backwards, outwards, and

downwards, and give a contour to the body almost like that in

other parts. In the erect pose the corresponding direction of the

ribs would be downwards, outwards, and forwards, but any forward

tendency is entirely obliterated by the action of a set of dorsal

muscles that not only draw the ribs back till they are completely

transverse, but also fully straightens them. During full expan-

sion judging from freshly dissected hood, I think the ribs are also

slightly elevated, and the angle made with the spine thereby

rather increased. As the overlying skin is but loosely attached

it does not in any way hamper the movements of the ribs within,

which by their backward extension and elevation enormously

stretch it in a lateral direction, at the expense of the ventro-ver-

tebral diametre. The oval shape of the hood, and the flattening

produced has been well compared to a shallow spoon, or skimmer.

The hood originates high up in the nape, and the head bent strong-

ly at the atlas joint is carried at right angles to it when spread.

The arching of the forebody and general pose and movement of the

cobra when erect remind one very forcibly of the carriage of a

swan’s neck. The dorsal skin is very much stretched when the

hood is expanded, so that the scale rows are widely separated (see our

plate) and as the hood marks are almost entirely confined to the skin,

they become very conspicuous. The curious poise adopted can be

sustained for a considerable time, certainly many minutes if sufficient

stimulus is offered, and continued. Whilst poised with expanded

hood the snake sways restlessly forwards and backwards and can

be made to bend backwards to an extraordinary degree before

losing its equilibrium. It hisses in a fierce explosive manner

whilst erect and I have carefully observed caged specimens at this

time. I noticed that hissing occurs both during inspiration, and

expiration. The inspiratory is the shorter act, and its note higher

pitched than the expiratory. It is quavering in quality, reminding

one of a knife on a grindstone. The expiratory effort is the longer,

louder and lower pitched and intermittently explosive in character.

The tongue is emitted during both inspiration and expiration. The

ee ee eee a ee ee ee ae FY

ee a ae

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 257

throat is very distinctly pouched during both acts, but is far more

marked during expiration. The inflation extends as far forwards

as the chin shields. Whilst erect the snake inflates its body

independently of its hood action, and the inflation affects nearly the

whole body length, declining posteriorly till finally lost a few

inches before the vent in an adult. :

One of the most interesting matters in connection with the

cobra affects that ever fruitful subject of discussion ‘“ charming.”

It is clear that many very competent authorities disbelieve

in the practice. Mr. Phipson says “it is the constant movement

of the musical instrument in front of the snake that keeps it

erect and not the noise produced,” and this is precisely what

many other good observers state. I certainly take this view

myself, and came to this conclusion very early in my Indian

career. One thing puzzled me at first and aroused my suspicion,

viz., why is it that in all the stories one reads of “ charming,”’ it is

invariably the cobra that withdraws from its snug retreat, whilst other

snakes apparently are not susceptible to the captivating (?) sounds of

the juggler’s pipe? I know of no anatomical difference in the auditory

apparatus of cobras from other snakes. I experimented frequently in

Delhi in my verandah with cobras. I cut narrow strips of sticking

plaster, sufficiently broad to cover the eyes completely. These strips

had a double purpose. Not only did they blindfold the subjects of

‘experiment, but being carried right round the head they locked

the snake's jaws, and so prevented any chance of my being bitten.

This done the snake was released, and in a very short time

it relaxed its hood, and assumed a completely recumbent

attitude. The verandah in which the first of these experi-

ments was carried out was a crazy wooden structure, and if

one moved a chair, or even if a servant walked along the

room inside, the snake immediately erected itself as if conscious

of danger. On the cement verandah downstairs, it was also noticed

that the snakes immediately got up when any one walked along in

the near neighbourhood. I had a kerosine oil tin at hand, and

when the snakes were recumbent I beat this with a stick close to

their heads without their taking any notice whatever. Similarly

I blew a bugle close beside them, and if an amateur’s attempt at

bugling failed to rouse them they must indeed be deaf. The

greatest care is necessary in conducting such experiments, to

eliminate all other possible means of rousing the snake. For

instance if a rusty tin is beaten over the snake, particles will fall

on it, and rouse it to attention. Similarly if the blast of air emitted

from the bugle, impinges ever so little on the snake, it is roused

to action, and erects itself.

Many people suppose that a snake is deaf, but this is not the

case. Snakes hear well though they have no external ears. Many

258: JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

people are not aware that there are two ways in which the essential

auditory apparatus may be stimulated, and sounds heard. If one

strikes a tuning fork, and places the stem on any part of the skull,

or even the spine to its lowest part, the vibrations can be heard

distinctly. If the head is in contact with a table, and the tuning

fork struck, the sound is audible when the stem is placed on the

table at some distance though inaudible when not touching the

table. This is due to the conduction of vibrations through solids

and such vibrations are better heard, and for a longer time than

those conducted by waves of air which strike upon a membrane

‘the drum,” situated at varying depths (according to the parti-

cular animal) in a canal in the skull (the external auditory meatus).

The drum set vibrating acts through a chain of tiny bones in the

middle ear, so as to affect fluid contained in semicircular canals in

the internal ear, the fluid in its turn communicating the vibrations

to highly specialised sense organs at the termination of the

filaments of the auditory nerves. These nerves carry the impulses

received to the brain centres where they are interpreted as sounds.

This latter method of conduction, viz., by means of the air is the

predominating one in mammals, birds, and many reptiles, but is

entirely wanting in all snakes, there being no external orifice, and

no drum to receive impressions. Conduction by solids is however

good in snakes, perhaps for all we know more highly sensitive

than in man.

Now it is obvious that if snakes have no ear openings and no

drums they cannot hear sounds conducted by air, such as those

emitted by musical and other instruments. This accounts for the

cobras taking no notice of the noises I made at close quarters,

though they were keenly alive to sounds such as footsteps commu-

nicated through the ground. If one is to believe the wonderful

stories, told in good faith I have no doubt, about “‘ charming,” one

must explain it by assuming that snake charmers are possessed of

some occult force not apparent to the spectators, for it cannot be

explained through the agency of sound conducted by air. Asa

matter of fact a snake charmer in Bangalore with whom I had

become very familiar admitted to me that snake-men knew that

snakes were deaf, and that the whole of their “‘ charming ’’ was a

hoax. It is most certainly the incessant movement of the man’s

arms while piping, or the restless movements of his knees while

squatting that affords the necessary stimulus, and keeps the

cobra excited, and erect.

It is very curious how all absorbing movement is to the cobra.

Mr. Phipson says “ you have only to attract its attention with one

hand, while you seize it in the middle of the body with the other

and the snake is yours. It strikes in every direction especially at

any moving object, but it never seems to occur to it to turn, and bite

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 259

the hand that is holding it as almost all other snakes would do at

once.” I fully agree with all Mr. Phipson says on this subject,

and consider this strange trait argues a very great lack of intelli-

gence.

The cobra seems to show a decided tendency to a social life.

Many writers have remarked upon its habit of lving in couples,

and this is specially true during the breeding season. It appears

however to seek society apart from sexual impulses for on one

occasion in Rangoon two were brought to me found coiled together

beneath a stack of wood, and both proved to be females. On

another occasion, also in Rangoon, a Burman dug out a hole where

he had seen a snake make good its escape. The result was the

discovery of three cobras. Two of these were males, and one a

female which showed ovarian follicles obviously fertilised and

enlarged. This leads one to ask the question does the cobra on

occasion practice polyandry ? Mr. Fitzgerald once told me that he

saw three large snakes go into a hole in his compound within a

few minutes. He had possessed himself of his gun as speedily as

possible, and shot the third snake before it had quite disappeared,

and this proved to be acobra. He assumed the others to have been

of the same species but unfortunately did not verify his suspicions.

The cobra is frequently abroad during the day. I have several

times met one when bird nesting, shooting or out after butterflies.

Many of these were obviously not roused from a siesta, but were

roaming about I suppose in search of food or drink. In populated

areas it is perhaps more frequently encountered at night. Mr.

Hampton tells me his captive specimens did not usually show them-

selves until mid-day, or the early afternoon, and remained out till

about 10 p.m.

Like other snakes it suffers from thirst, specially in the hot

weather, and I daresay that many of its intrusions into bath-rooms

and its lodgment in catch-pits and wells may be accounted for in

this manner. I saw one in the possession of a snakeman in Can-

nanore that dipped its head into a tin of water presented to it, and

drank greedily, each gulp being plainly visible in the throat.

(To be continued.)

260

A LIST OF KALAW BIRDS, WITH BIRD-NESTING

NOTES.

J. P. Coox.

My collection and observations were made during the month of April

1912. The area covered was in the immediate vicinity of Kalaw, with

exception of two days’ collecting at Wetpyuye, about eight miles to the

west, with an elevation of 3,200 feet.

Kalaw is situated about 60 miles to the south-east of Thazi, a railway

town of the Meiktila District, Upper Burmah. It is a small village of the

Southern Shan States, but will shortly become a rather important station

on the Southern Shan States Railway, and also probably a popular Hill

Station.

The country round Kalaw, with exception of one or two abrupt ridges,

is undulating, and is wooded for the most part with pines. There is a

certain amount of scrub and secondary jungle between the plots of

cultivation, consisting chiefly of longish grass, wild raspberry bushes, and

a sprinkling of secondary bamboo. The ridges are rather rocky, the

vegetation consisting mostly of long grass and oak trees.

Colonel Rippon contributed a list of the birds he and Mr. E. W. Oates

collected at Kalaw to “ The Ibis” for July 1896 and January 1897, which

he has very kindly given me permission to quote. I have decided there-

fore to include all the birds he records in the following list in addition to

those which I myself collected. Colonel Rippon’s list numbered 109

species. The following list contains 129, or 20 additions.

I should like to take this opportunity of thanking Colonel Rippon for

the help and encouragement he gave me in my collecting, and for forward-

ing to the Natural History Museum specimens of a species, the identifi-

cation of which we were doubtful. This has now been identified as

Chrysomitris ammbiguus, The Yunnan Siskin.

I think it probable that the following list of Kalaw birds is far from

complete, and that there is still plenty room for additional discoveries.

There are many birds recorded by Col. Rippon from the Southern Shan

States as being found at elevations corresponding with that of Kalaw, but

which neither I, nor does Col. Rippon appear to have, found at Kalaw itself.

For example, Col. Rippon records the following Laughing Thrushes from

Southern Shan States in “Ibis,” Vol. I, page 529, October 1901 :—

Garrulax pectoralis (72)—“ Reaches up to 4,500 feet.”

Trochalopterum melanostigma (86)—“ Fairly common above 3,500 feet.”

Trochalopterum rippont.— This is the commonest of all the Laughing

Thrushes found in the Southern Shan States at elevations from 4,000 to

6,000 feet. ”—Rippon, “Tbis,” page 629, Vol. It

(Note—Numbers in brackets correspond to numbers in Fauna, B. I.

(Birds).

List oF Kataw Birps. ‘

1. Corvus macrorhynchus (4)—The Jungle Crow.

2. Corvus insolens (8)—Burmese House Crow.

Note—I include this as doubtful. I did not actually shoot bird.

The former of the above pests is much the commoner at Kalaw. I found

a nest placed at the very top of a high pine tree, close by the house I was

occupying. According to Oates, it is unusual for this crow to nest close

to human habitation. But Corvus marcorhynchus is a very bold bird at

Kalaw usurping the place of its congener Corvus insolens.

A LIST OF KALAW BIRDS. 261

3. Pica serica (10a).—Chinese Magpie.

I did not observe this bird myself, although Col. Rippon records ‘ Pica

rustica,” but probably referred to above species, as Pica sezica at the time

he drew up his list had not been distinguished as a sub-species.

I found what I took to be at the time Pica rustica (now Pica serica) very

common east of Taungyi some years ago, and I think the occurrence of

Pica serica as far west as Kalaw is rare.

4, Urocissa occipitalis (12)—Red-billed Blue Magpie.

Extremely common birds at Kalaw, and, if a poacher, must be respon-

sible for the destruction of many nests. They are, however, I found, very

fussy where their own family arrangements are concerned, the present

bird of a nest, containing apparently young, being very pugnacious and

fainting attacks at a party, of whom I was one, and at the dog accom-

panying us, when the nest was approached.

5. Garrulus leucotis (25)—Burmese Jay.

I met with this bird several times in the Oak country. I was

fortunate in finding a nest with a nice clutch of 5 eggs on the 21st of

April, on an isolated hill, about 5,000 feet elevation, sparsely wooded

with oak. The nest was situated about 10 feet from the ground and

built on the fork of a lateral branch, close to its extremity. The

parent bird sat very tight, and had to be driven from the nest. The

eggs were slightly incubated. In colour they corresponded with the

uniform pale green type, with a dark zone round the larger end, and with

very fine black streaks, as described by Major H. H Harington (J. B. N.S

Vol. xx., page 1004). The nest, although rather bulky and outwardly

roughly constructed, was not very conspicuous, owing to the twigs of which

it was built harmonizing very closely with its surroundings. I found another

Jay’s nest on the 28th of April, situated in a very similar site, and of the

same construction, containing two young birds and an egg.

6. Parus commirtus (32c).—Chinese Grey Tit.

Col. Rippon recorded Parus minor from Kalaw, but as the sub-species was

described since he compiled his list, I fancy the bird he refers to is

identical with abovenamed sub-species.

I found this bird very common at Kalaw in the pine woods, but I failed

to find any nests until just a day or two before the end of my stay. This

nest was, however, deserted after one egg had been laid. It was com-

posed of a pad of moss and a few feathers, and situated in a deep crevice

of a partially rotten and much charred pine stump, about a foot from the

ground.

7. <Afgithaliscus pulchelius (36a).—Rippon’s Tit.

Recorded by Col. Rippon from Kalaw, but I failed to find any birds.

8. Machlolophus spilonotus (41)—Black-spotted Yellow Tit.

Recorded by Col. Rippon, but I myself did not observe it.

9. Dryonastes sannio (67)—White-browed Laughing-Thrush.

An extremely common bird. I found many nests, all situated in thick

bushes. April seems to be the chief breeding month, as all the nests I

found contained fresh eggs, and with one exception the clutch was three

eggs. The exception contained four eggs. All eggs were very pale blue in

colour, the average measurements being 1:1” x 3°8’. Thedates on which

I took clutches were April 8th, 12th, 15th, 18th, 22nd and 27th. The nests

were very compactly built, being composed externally of rough grass and

bracken. The inside cup-shaped, roughly formed of leaves, and neatly

finished off with fine grass.

10. Pomatorhinus nuchalis (117)—Tweedale Scimitar Babbler ?

I record this bird from Col. Rippon’s lists. I shot several birds which

I took to be P. nuchalis, but decided, on examining them, that they were

262 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

P. olivaceus. On comparing my skins with series in the Natural History

Museum, however, I found they differed from the series of skins labelled

“ P. olivaceus” in museum, but exactly corresponded with series label-

led “ Pomatorhinus olivaceus rippont,”’ and I think it is just possible that the

bird Col. Rippon records may belong to this species.

11. Pomatorhinus ripponi (118a)—(Bull, B. O.C., Vcl. XXXII, page (9).

Common on the grass lands. I found two nests—the first on the 7th

of April containing three eggs on the point of hatching ; the second nest,

with also three eggs, but quite fresh, I found on the 28rd. Both nests

were globular in shape, and composed of coarse grass loosely woven. The

former was placed on sloping ground between the stems of a clump of

tall grass; the other nest was placed on flat ground, but amongst thin

grass. The nest was somoulded intoa little depression that the top of the

nest was little above the surrounding ground level. The eggs were pure

white and elliptic in shape, and measured—one egg 1” x °70", two eggs,

"99 x 69.

12. Pomatorhinus imberbis (129a).

Fairly common, but not so common as last species, although being found

inmuch the same sort of country.

Curiously enough, I found this bird’s nest within a few feet of the nest

of P. rippont, although on a different date. Both were found on a small

patch of thin grass and a little scrub-jungle, one of the few of such like

that had not been burnt. Cattle were regularly grazed over it, and much

of the grass had been trampled down. It is a marvel the nests had not

been destroyed before I had the good fortune to find them.

The nest of P. imberbis was constructed very much like that of P.ripponz,

but larger and rather more clumsily built of coarse broad grass stems and

lined with fine grass. When first found, the nest contained only one

egg, which I left in the hopes of obtaining a full clutch; but, although I

waited until the solitary egg was almost incubated, no more were added,

much to my disappointment. The egg was in shape similar to eggs of

P. rippont, and pure white, measuring 1:05 x ‘80. Date, 13th April.

The parent bird was very cunning in its attempts to elude detection on

leaving its nest. The first occasionon which I approached the nest I saw

something brown scuttle away from the spot through the grass, which I

mistook for a squirrel, but this, after it had gone some distance, I

discovered was the bird, its tail trailing on the ground. I made a

second attempt to shoot the bird off its nest, but it eluded me, and I

eventually had to wait and shoot it as it stealthily and cautiously returned.

On the 28th of April I shot a nestling, which was at the time in com-

pany with its parents, and just able to flutter from tree to tree. As the

plumage of the immature bird does not appear to have been hitherto

recorded, I append a description of it.

Upper Plumage similar to that of adults. Also colour of soft parts.

Lower Plumage differs from adult in the extreme point of chin only

being white, a few adult white feathers appearing on the throat. The

remainder of plumage bright rusty, paling to whitish on the abdomen.

Measurements of immature P. imberbis compared with adult bird :—

Adult. Immature.

Bill @ she 1:4” ne ats iW

Wing |.) nS s! Lil AUG LEER Dn

Tarsus .. At 1:4" a ve ihe

Length .. Est 88" A - 6:8"

Tail ae 3°5" 4 8:2!

13. Pyctorhis sinensis (139).—Yellow-eyed Babbler.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

= a

A LIST OF KALAW BIRDS. 263

14. Pellorneum minus (143).—Sharpe’s Spotted Babbler.

I had some doubts as to the identification of the parent bird of a nest I

found. The bird differed from P. subochacheum, in having pronounced cream

edges to the feathers of the side of the neck, almost forming a complete

necklace, and on comparing the skin with series of skins in South Kensing-

ton Museum of both P. minus and subochacheum, 1 found my specimen cor-

responded with P. minus.

The nest was placed on the edge of a path across a slope, where dried

leaves had accumulated. The roof of the nest was covered with leaves,

and as it was almost flush with the leaf-strewn ground, was very difficult

to see ; indeed had not the bird flown out of the nest at my feet I probably

should never have found it. The nest was domed in shape, constructed of

coarse grass, and lined with fine grass. The eggs, three in number, were

quite fresh. Colour white, densely marked with purplish and reddish-

brown spots. Date—25th April.

15. Stachyrhidopsis rufifrons (173)—Hume’s Babbler.

Not observed at Kalaw, but shot at Wetpyuye, 8 miles to the West, in

low bamboo jungle. Elevation 3,200 feet.

16. Mixornis rubricapillus (176).—Yellow-breasted Babbler.

Not found at Kalaw. Fairly common on the Ghaut, 1,200 feet, where I

found two nests on May Ist containing hard set and fresh eggs respec-

tively.

17. Myiphoneus eugenit (188).—Burmese Whistling Thrush.

Only one seen at Kalaw along a small wooded stream, one of the two in

the neighbourhood. This bird is very common on the road up the Ghaut,

where it runs along a fairly large stream.

18. Inoptila melanoleuca (206).—Tickell’s Sibia.

Col. Rippon records having once obtained this bird at Kalaw. I did not

observe it.

19. Lioptila castanoptera (207).—Fea’s Sibia.

Very common in the scrub jungle, and although from examination of

specimens I shot they appeared to be breeding, I failed to find a nest.

20. Actinodura ramsayi (212).—Ramsay’s Bar-wing.

Occasionally met with in the thickets. Breeding in April, but did not

find nest.

21. Zosterops aureiventris (227).—Hume’s White-eye.

22. Zosterops simplex (228).—Swinhoe’s White-eye.

Col. Rippon records both of above species from Kalaw. I obtained

birds, the parent birds of nests, which I at the time took to be, of each

above-named species respectively. Col. Rippon remarks (‘Ibis,”’ Vol. I,

page 534) that the former “‘ appears to me to grade into the next species.”

This is exactly what I found. Certainly the amount of yellow on the

abdomen of one of my specimens was rather conspicuous, and this I named

aureiventris, but on comparing the skins with the series of skins named

“ Z, aurewventris” in the South Kensington Museum, I found my bird had not

the very decided band down the abdomen of the Museum series, also

the colour of the back much more resembled semplex, being of olive instead

of yellowish green, the tail also being longer. I therefore came to the

conclusion that my specimens were Z. simplex.

23. Pteruthius eralatus (238).—Tickell’s Shrike Tit.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

24, Atgithina tiphia (243).—Common Iora.

The only bird of this species I met with was carrying nesting materials.

25. Chloropsis hardwickit (249).—Orange-billed Chloropsis.

I obtained this bird at Wetpyuye, 3,200 feet, eight miles from

Kalaw.

264 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

26. Psaraoglossa spiloptera (261).—Spotted-wing.

Recorded by Col. Rippon. ‘

27. Hypsipetes concolor (270),—Burmese Black Bulbul.

Fairly common. While at Kalaw I tried to find a nest of this bird, but

only succeeded on the last day of my stay—the 30th of April. The parent

birds gave the nest away. I was attracted by their excited behaviour, as

they kept flying to and fro, erecting the feathers of their head and calling

the while. After watching for some time, I saw one of the birds hop along

the branch of a huge pine tree and suddenly squat, and I then realized she

was on her nest, which I had not till then been able to see. It

was a great height up, some 50 or 60 feet, and situated towards the

extremity of a branch, just on a small fork. It appeared to be very

shallow and covered with cobweb, which harmonized with the colour

of the branch. In order that the nest might be examined, it was neces-

sary to erect a scaffolding up to it, as the branch at the site of the nest

would not have borne aman’s weight. Fortunately some carpenters were

close by building a house, and from them I borrowed some bamboos, ropes,

etc., and my Burman pluckily managed to reach the nest, to find it

contained alas! young birds. The finding of the H. concolor’s nest had

often defeated me previously, as I never imagined they nested at such a

height from the ground.

28. Hemixus tickelli (276).—Tickell’s Bulbul.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

29. Alcurus striatus (277).—Striated Green Bulbul.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

30. Molpastes nigripileus (280).—Tenasserim Red-vented Bulbul.

Seems to take the place at Kalaw of WM. burmanicus, but not so common,

as burmanicus is on the plains. I found two nests, both in wild raspberry

bushes—one with 2 eggs dated 13-4, the other with 3, dated 24-4, The eggs

in the latter nest were almost identical to M. burmanicus, but the eggs of

the former clutch were pinkish, thickly mottled with red, and with no

purple markings.

31. Xanthivus flavescens (287).—Blyth’s Bulbul.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

32. Otocompsa emeria (288).—Bengali Red-whiskered Butbul.

Not common in the immediate vicinity of Kalaw, its place being taken

by Pycnonotus vanthorrhous, but fairly common close to the stream and

marshy land about two miles out.

33. Otocompsa flaviventris (290).—Black-crested Yellow Bulbul.

Very common at Wetpyuye and up to about four miles West of Kalaw.

Elevation about 3,800 feet, but not noticed at Kalaw. I found a nest, a

rather untidy structure, in a raspberry bush at Wetpyuye on the 2nd

April, containing two fresh eggs.

34. Pycnonotus vanthorrhous (298a).—Anderson’s Bulbul.

Very common in the scrub jungle round Kalaw. I found several nests.

These were cup-shaped and very neatly built of grass and bracken, and

lined with fine grass. The usual site chosen for the nest was a raspberry

bush, but I found several nests built in thick clumps of grass close to the

round.

: The eggs are of two types, one being richly and thickly marked with

purple and dark red-brown; the other pinkish, thickly marked with

pinkish red. The date of the first nest found was April 3rd and of last

nest April 28th, containing fresh eggs. P. xanthorrhous suffered terribly

from some nests-robber, human or otherwise. Nor was it the only bird.

D.sannio was also in a like plight. Over and over again eggs were

removed from nests I had been watching. I tried hard to find some signs

A LIST OF KALAW BIRDS. 265

as to how the depredations had been committed, such as egg-shells lying

about, but failed to do so. I strongly suspect the magpies, of which

there were so many at Kalaw. The little Shan boys might also have been

responsible, but I doubt it. At any rate, in no locality in which I have

been bird-nesting, have I noticed such a mysterious disappearance of eggs

as occurred at Kalaw.

35. Sitta neglecta (317).—Burmese Nuthatch.

Col, Rippon records this bird, but I did not meet with any, although

finding the next bird (Sitta nagensis) very common, which Col. Rippon

does not record.

36. Sitta naganeis (318).—Austen’s Nuthatch.

Found three nests, but all with young. Dates—April 12th, 15th, and

16th. Two of the nests were in holes made on the upper side of large

branches, and could only be found by seeing the parent bird going in.

The entrance to nest hole was in every case plastered up with mud,

37. Sitta magna (819).—Giant Nuthatch.

Only seen twice. One male specimen procured.

38. Sitta frontalis (325).—Velvet-fronted Blue Nuthatch.

Recorded by Col. Rippon, but not observed by myself.

39. Dicurus cineraceus (333).—Grey Drongo.

Common among the pine trees. Found five nests, three situated

towards the extremity of pine boughs, one of which was quite inaccessible.

I was most unfortunate over the eggs. The only full clutchI obtained on

April 30th was quite hard set. Another nest was destroyed after two

eggs had been laid. The other two nests were disturbed owing to the

difficulty in reaching the nests, which were found to contain incomplete

clutches of one and two eggs respectively. Dates—15th and 27th April.

40. Bhringa remifer (339).—Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo.

Saw a bird and its nest on my way up the Ghaut, April lst, elevation

3,000 feet. On my return the young birds could be seen moving about,

over the top of the nest, which was at the extremity of a branch of a huge

tree and quite inaccessible.

41. Orthotomus sutorius (374).—Indian Tailor Bird.

One specimen only obtained—a young bird.

42. Megalurus palustris (389).—Striated Marsh Warbler.

Seen about a swamp about two miles to Hast of Kalaw.

43. Herbivocula schwarz (404).—Radde’s Bush Warbler.

Fairly common in the scrub and grass land. I mistook the specimens

for Phylloscopus fuscatus until I compared them with skins in South Kensing-

ton Natural History Museum.

44, Phylloscopus affinis (405).—Tickell’s Willow Warbler.

One specimen obtained.

45. P. superciliosus (417).—Recorded by Col. Rippon.

46 <Acanthopneuste davisoni (430).—Tenasserim White-tailed Willow

Warbler.

Occasionally seen on the grassy hills. Found a nest built into a bank,

containing young, date 8th April.

47. Cryptolopha tephrocephala (432).—Anderson’s Flycatcher Warbler.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

48. Suya crinigera (458).

I found this bird common, and obtained nest with four eggs, date 24th

April.

49. Suya superciliaris (461).—Anderson’s Hill Warbler.

I did not shoot any for identification, but Col. Rippon records them,

although, curiously omits the former bird, 8S. evimigera, whichI found

common.

266 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

50. Lantus colluricides (474),—Burmese Shrike.

Common, Found three nests. Two were built in the fork of saplings,

one in the fork of a branch of an oak tree. Two nests contained clutches

of five eggs, one nest of four. Dates—April 12th, 17th, 27th.

51. Lantus niyriceps (475).—Black-headed Shrike.

Only once seen, the parent bird of a nest built in a wild raspberry bush

on the edge of a paddy field. Clutch four eggs fresh. Date—14th

April.

52. Lanius tephronotus (477).—Grey-backed Shrike.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

53. Tephrodornis pelvicus (486).—Nepalese Wood Shrike.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

54. Pericrocotus speciosus (490).—Indian Scarlet Minivet.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

55. Pericrocotus fraterculus (491).—Burmese Scarlet Minivet.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

56. Pericrocotus brevirostris (495).—Short-billed Minivet.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

57. Pericrocotus solaris (498).—White-throated Minivet.

Two specimens obtained.

58. Pericrocotus peregrinus (500).—Small Minivet.

Observed, but not collected.

59. Campophaga melanoptera (506).—Pale-grey Cuckoo-Shrike.

Several times seen.

60. <Artamus fuscus (512).—Ashy Swallow-Shrike.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

61. Oriolus indicus (514).—Black-naped Oriole.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

62. Oriolus tenuirostris (515).—Burmese Black-naped Oriole.

Common, but I was unsuccessful in finding nests. Capt. Venning, who

was at Kalaw at the time, found two or three towards end of April. They

appear to have just begun nesting at the latter end of the month.

63. Orsolus trailit (522).—Maroon Oriole.

Fairly common, but not so much so as the last species. I only collected

one of the Mynas (Graculipica nigricollis), but Col. Rippon records the

following :—

64. Graculipica nigricollis (546).—Black-necked Myna.

65. Graculipica burmanica (547).—Jerdon’s Myna.

66. <Acridotheres tristes (549)—Common Myna.

67. Athiopsar grandis (553).—Siamese Myna.

68. Athiopsar albicinctus (554).—Collared Myna.

69. Cyornis melanoleucus (569).—Little Pied Flycatcher.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

70. Cyornis unicolor (574).—Pale Blue Flycatcher.

One specimen obtained. Only once seen.

71. Cyornis rubeculoides (575).—Blue-throated Flycatcher.

Common.

72. Cyornis tickelli (576).—Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

73. Stoparola melanops (579).—Verditer Flycatcher.

One specimen obtained—a breeding male.

74. Culcicapa ceylonensis (592) —Grey-headed Flycatcher.

Very coramon.

75. Rhipidura albicollis (605).— White-throated Flycatcher.

Common. One nest found with three fresh eggs. Date—25bh April.

Nest a beautiful little cone-shaped structure, composed of soft grass, and

A LIST OF KALAW BIRDS. 267

well plastered over with cobwebs, built in a cluster of forks of a thin dried

overhanging bamboo.

76. Pratincola caprata (608).—Common Pied Bush-Chat.

Very common. Found several nests. One had young birds at the

beginning of April. Two nests contained cockoo’s eggs. Cuculus canorus

or Cuculus canorus bakers (Hartert Vogel der palaarktischen, Vol. 2,

page 948).

77. Oreicola ferrea (615).—Dark-grey Bush-Chat.

Only saw one, the parent bird of a nest. This was situated under a

tuft of short grass on the upper edge of a small path along a grassy slope.

The nest contained four fresh eggs, very pale green in colour, sparingly

marked at the larger and with rusty brown. Date—2I1st April.

78. Copsychus saularts, (663)—Magpie Robin.

Very common. Nests found April.

79. Merula protomomelena (679). Seen Ouzel.

Met with several times. Appeared to be breeding from dissection of

specimens obtained.

80. Uroloncha topela (735a).—Chinese Munia.

Fairly common, Found two unfinished nests, end of April.

81. Chrysomitris ambiguus (Oustalet) (773a).—The Yunnan Siskin.

Ido not think this bird has been recorded previously from Burmah. I

found it fairly common among the pine trees, especially so close to the

house I was occupying. They were usually seen in small parties, and were

conspicuous by their yellow and black plumage as they flew from tree to

tree. They appeared'to be feeding on the young shoots of the pine trees.

I was especially fortunate in finding the nest on the day that I first be-

came acquainted with the bird. I had shot one in the morning and on

returning home, close to the house, I was attracted by a similar bird flying

from a pine sapling. On investigation I found the nest. It was well

- concealed, being built into the pines that clustered at the head of the

sapling, which was about six feet high. The nest was composed of

dry pine needles, mixed with a little moss roughly bent into a cup

shape and lined sparingly with wool and feathers, the whole rather

loosely put together, and it came almost to bits on my removing it from its

site. The eggs, four in number and quite fresh, were very pale greenish-

blue, sparingly spotted with black, chiefly at the larger end, with one or

two hair-like streaks. Measurements—'70 x ‘53, there eggs; ‘73 x °55,

one egg.

82. Passer domesticus (776).—House Sparrow.

Common round the village.

83. Passer cinnamomeus (780).—Cinnamon House Sparrow.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

84. Emberiza pusilla (791).—Dwarf Bunting.

Seen up to about middle of April amongst the wild raspberries. Later

on they seemed to have migrated

85. Emberiza aureola (797).—Yellow-breasted Bunting.

One specimen obtained on the Ghaut, 12 miles West of Kalaw, elevation

about 3,000 feet.

86. Melophus melanicterus (803).—Crested Bunting.

Very common on the open grass land two miles East of Kalaw.

87. Htrundo smithii (818).—Wire-tailed Swallow.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

88. Hirundo striolata (820).—Japanese Striated Swallow.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

89. Motactlla oeularis (828).—Streak-eyed es

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

268 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

90. Anthus maculatus (841).—Indian Tree Pipit

Very common up to nearly end of April.

91. <Anthus striolatus (846).—Blyth’s Pipit.

One specimen obtained.

92. <Alauda gulgula (861).—Indian Skylark.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

93. Athopyga sanyuinipectus (891).—Walden’s Yellow-backed Sunbird.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

94. <Arachnecthra asiatica (895).—Purple sunbird.

Seen on several occasions.

95. Diceum ignipectus (915).—Fire-breasted Flower-pecker.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

96. Psarisomus dalhousie (944).—Long-tailed Broadbill.

I saw this beautifully plumaged bird occasionally, generally in thickly-

wooded ravines. Obtained one specimen.

97. Gecinus occipitallis (950).—Black-naped Green Woodpecker.

Shot one specimen, the parent bird of a nest containing four fresh eggs.

Date—18th April. The nest hole was in a stump and in height about three

feet from the ground.

98. Hypopicus hyperthrus (960).—Rufous-bellied Pied woodpecker.

This was one of the commonest woodpeckers at Kalaw I found three

nests, but was very unfortunate with the eggs. The first nest hole I found,

16th April, contained one egg. Next day when I visited the spot the parent

bird flew off nest. On the 19th I went to take eggs, but found all the

chips scattered on the ground and their place taken by some dried pine

needles shaped in the form of anest. Of eggs I could find no trace. Was

a Magpie Robin the culprit? The nest-hole was in a rotten pine stump

about three inches in diameter, and was situated about two feet from the

ground.

The second nest-hole was in a high rotten pine stump about fifteen

feet from the ground. On cutting into it, I found only one egg.

This was curiously shaped, quite unlike the other eggs obtained, being very

elongated. At the bottom of the tree was a broken egg, perhaps dropped

while the bird was in flight.

The next day, April 27th, I found another nest in a very rotten pine

stump, about two feet from the ground. On approaching it, the parent

bird flew out, but when I cut into the nest I found four eggs, of which two

were slightly damaged and two broken. This had obviously occurred

some time previously, as the yolk was all caked, and yet parent bird had

been sitting on four broken eggs! Measurements—‘94 x -64. Abnormal

egg measured 1” x -60.

99. Dendrocopus cabanisi (962).—Chinese Pied Woodpecker.

Found nest-hole on the 2nd April and in a rotten pine stump about ten

feet from the ground, and could hear young birds crying within. On the

5th found another nest-hole containing three fresh eggs. In this case a

decayed branch of an oak tree had been utilized for nesting purposes. A

natural hole from decay led to the egg chamber, but notwithstanding this

the woodpecker had excavated another hole for its entrance, just of sufti-

cient size to allow of its passing in. Measurements of three eggs—tl:1”

x °74,

100. Dendrocopus atratus (968).—Stripe-breasted Pied Woodpecker.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

101. Lynyipicus canicapillus (975).—Burmese Pigmy Woodpecker.

Found nest-hole in tke hole of a fairly large green tree. The aperture

was nearly as large as the nest-hole of H. hyperthrus just allowing of

one’s four fingers to fit in. There was a hollow in the interior of the tree

A LIST OF KALAW BIRDS. 269

and into this the hole led. I found a single egg on the floor of the hollow

chamber. It was quite fresh, and though I could not wait to see the

_ parent bird as it was on the last day of my stay—from its size I am pretty

_ confident it belonged to above species. The egg was of the regular wood-

_ pecker type and measured °72 x ‘52.

— 102. Chrysocolaptes yutticristatus (992).—Tickell’s Golden-backed Wood-

- pecker.

Only one pair seen. ,

— 103. Megalema virens (1007).—Great Chinese Barbet.

Only one seen and obtained.

104. Coracias affinis (1023).—Burmese Roller.

Very common and in April were making much noise over their nesting

operations. Three eggs taken April, 25th.

105. Merops viridis (1026) —Common Indian Bee-Eater.

Recorded by Col. Rippon. I found them up to 2,000 feet only, on the

Ghaut, West of Kalaw.

106. Ceryle varia (1033).—Indian Pied Kingfisher.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

107. Upupa indica (1067).—Indian Hoopoe.

Common.

108. Caprimulgus macrurus (1093).—Horsfield’s Nightjar.

This appeared to be the common Nightjar of Kalaw I found no other.

A specimen I obtained contained an unformed egg.

109. Cuculus canorus baker? (1104a) (Hartert, Vol. P.F.Vol. 2, page

945.)— Hartert has subdivided C. canorus into sub-species, telephonus and

bakeri ; bakert being the non-migratory bird and presumably the bird found

breeding at Kalaw. I have therefore adopted Hartert’s nomenclature.

110. Cuculus mieropterus (1107),—Indian Cuckoo.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

111. Hierococeyx sparverioides (1108). SESE Hawk-Cuckoo.

Common and noisy in April.

112. Merococcy2 nisicolor Gito)—Hédesen’ s Hawk-Cuckoo.

One specimen obtained.

118. Cacomantis merulinus (1113).—Rufous-bellied Cuckoo.

One specimen obtained.

114. Fudynamis honorata (1120).—Indian Koel.

Fairly common.

115. Rhopodytes tristis (1123)—Large Green-billed Malkoha.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

116. Palzornis torqguatus (1138)—Rose-ringed Paroquet.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

117. Paleornis finschi (1142).—Burmese Slaty-headed Paroquet.

Fairly common and seen close to the houses in the settlement.

118. Otogyps calvus (1191).—-Black Vulture.

‘Seen on several occasions.

119. Milvus govinda (1229)—Common Pariah Kite.

Found close to the village.

120. Columba intermedia (1292).—Indian Blue-Rock Pigeon.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

121. Turtur orientalis (1304).—Rufous Turtle-Dove.

Very common. Found several nests. One with young. One of the

mests found was built on the hole of a fallen tree amongst rather tall grass.

122. Turtur trigrinus (1308).—Malayan Spotted Dove.

Common and nests found.

123. (CEHenopopelia tranquebarica (1311).—Red Turtle-Dove.

Only met with once.

270 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

124, Phasianus humie (1331).—Mrs. Hume’s Pheasant.

Recorded by Col. Rippon. Isaw this beautiful bird or it may have

been P. burinanicus, 133la, several times, and generally in the open

jungle on rocky grass hills. On one occasion I put up five birds singly

at intervals of about a minute or two. At one time I thought I had found

a nest, as a hen bird rose at my feet, but I hunted everywhere without

success. These Pheasants do not seem to be quite so gregarious as

G. lineatus, nor so partial to the proximity of water. I should have

liked to have shot one or two, but when I saw them I always had my

little ‘410 with me only, which would not have been sufficient to have brought

them down. One one occasion I put up a Pheasant out of some wild rasp-

berry bushes amongst long grass, the fruit of which it.was perhaps feeding

on.

125. Francolinus chinensis (1374). —Chinese Francolin.

Common

126. Turnia pugnax (1382).—Bustard-Quail.

Saw a few on the open grass land, two miles Hast of Kalw.

127. Grus antigone (1409).—Sarus.

Recorded by Col. Rippon.

128. Sarcogrammus atrinuchalis (1432).—-Burmese Red-wattled Lapwing.

Common.

129. Gallinago stenura (1485),—Pintail Snipe.

I believe there is good snipe shooting close to Kalaw in the cold weather.

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Se saan er

camaernnga tet

15g ARATE HOre se,

1. ARIOPHANTA L&yipes—Miiller. Part of Radula x 29.

2. JaNTHINA FRaGinis—Lamarck,. Radula x 123.

, 3. Potnyponta Raprara—Gmelin. Part of Radula x 29.

271

THE TEETH OF SNAILS.

Mayor A. J. Pemue, R. A.

(With one Plate.)

Almost all the moallusca, except the bivalves ( Pelecypoda ) possess

in the mouth and throat an organ which is sometimes referred to

as the palate or the tongue, but which is better called the “ radula”’

or ‘‘ odontophore.”” Only a few genera do not possess this apparatus

and these are mostly parasitic in their habits and obtain their food

by suction of the juices of their hosts.

The radula consists of a band of chitin studded with rows of

teeth, each row generally bilaterally symmetrical on either side of a

centre tooth. The band lies on the floor of the mouth and is flat in

the forward part, but further back often forms almost at tube. The

shape, number’ and arrangement of the teeth differ enormously in -

different families and even in different genera, so that a study of

these beautiful objects is of great interest as affording ,an insight

into the natural affinities of the group.

An excellent account of the organs in question is to be found in

the Cambridge Natural History, Volume ‘“ Mollusca.”” These few

notes, which + are based on the arrangement given in that volume,

are explanatory of some of the types which have been ‘mounted | for

the Society’s collection. These were obtained, with one exception,

from spirit specimens furnished by the kindness of some of the

members. ‘The illustrations are from photographs and drawings of

the actual specimens.

A. SCAPHOPODA.

The collection does not as yet possess a radula of this class. Some

of the Dentatiide (tusk shells) are found at Bombay, notably the

small Cadueus gadus, Soyerby,. common as dead shells in shell sand.

The living animals burrow in sand and mud. .

B. GASTEROPODA.

1. Order Pulmonata.—This order contains the inoperculate

land and freshwater snails. These possess a radula consisting of

numerous rows of minute teeth each on its own basal plate, so that

the whole structure resembles the surface of a rasp. Example: Ario-

phanta levipes, Miller, the common striped snail of Bombay with a

sinistral shell. Plate, fig. 1, shows a portion of the radula; at

the edge on the left side, where the membrane has been doubled on

itself, the hooked form of the teeth may be discerned. Text, fig. 1,

shows the form of the central tooth of each row and the adjoining

laterals ; fig. 2 shows the change in form of the teeth as the edge

of the dala is approached, the lateral passing into so-called

marginals.

272 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Another species in the collection is Macrochlamys pedina, Benson

also a common Bombay snail, belonging, with Ariophanta, to the

family Limacide. . |

Other well-known families of the order, as yet umrepresented, are

Helicide, Stenogyride and Pupide (land), Lamneide (freshwater)

and Awriculide (brackish).

While most of the radule of tke pulmonates have a general

resemblance one with another, an infinite variety of detail will be

found on comparing the different genera. Some of the carnivorous

- genera possess sickle-shaped teeth, somewhat resembling those of the

marine genus lanthina (see fig. 10). |

The non-carnivorous genera possess, in addition to the radula, a

curved mandible placed behind the upper lip of the mouth; this

is used for biting their food, while the radula would appear to be

used for grating up the particles as they are swallowed.

2. Order Opisthobranchiata.—This order which includes amongst

others the nudibranchs, the limpet-like Siphonaria and the Bulloidea

is not represented in the collection.

3. Order Prosobranchiata.—The families in this order, to which

most of the better known marine molluscs and the land and fresh-

water operculates belong, may be conveniently classified by their

radule as follows :—

(a) Toxoglossa (ro€ov = arrow)

THE TEETH OF SNAILS, 273

Our example is Conus achatinus, Chemnitz, which possesses from

50 to 60 long slightly curved shafts, each having a poison gland at

the base. Hach tooth is wonderfully barbed, see fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

The barbs in our species are more remarkable than those of many

of the other species of the Comde. On the other hand some of

them (e. g., Conus textile) have a serrated edge to the shaft.

(6) Rachiglossa (payis = ridge).

Our examples are Hburna sprrata, Lamarck (fig. 4), belonging to the

same family as the British “‘whelk”’ (Buceinide), Nassa ornata, Kiener

(fig. 5), Columbella terpsichore, Leathes (fig. 6), and Purpura blanfordn,

Melvill (fig. 7). A few complete rows are illustrated in each figure.

x'38

274 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

‘ X213

Fig. a

These radulae may all be given the dental formula 1.1. 1., the figures

denoting one central with one lateral on each side. It is interest-

ing to notice the difference in shape of the centrals.

Eburna has about 40 rows, Nassa about 65 and Purpura about

200. These ‘species are all. carnivorous. Purpwra preys upon

other molluscs, vores holes in. thou Shells in ons to get at the

contents.

Other species in the ate are Sistrum tuberculatum, de Blain,

and Purpura tissoti, Petit ; both belong to the ae Murivide.

Examples: Planawis sulcatus, Born (fig. 8), marine, and Ampularia

nux, Reeve (fig. 9), freshwater, from streams in the ‘ghats.

= Ne

a —

= -

ies :

THE TEETH OF SNAILS. 275

These species have two marginals in each row as well as the

central and laterals and may be given the formula 2.1.1.1. 2.

Planazis has many rows and Ampullaria about 40. Another species

in the collection is Paludomus obesus, Phil. (freshwater) belonging

to the Melannde, and the Cyclophoride (land operculates) are

represented by Leptopoma halophilum, Benson, a small species from

Ceylon. Belonging to the Teenioglossa are many other well-known

families as yet unrepresented, notably Cypreide (the “ cowries’’),

Inttorinide (the “winkles”’) and Naticidew. Of all these families

Bombay has several species, those of the last named inhabiting the

sandy bays. The Littorinide are remarkable for the extraordinary

length of their radule, usually many times longer than the animal,

the part not in use being coiled up like a watch spring.

es Many of the Tvenioglossa are provided with

two lateral jaws, sculptured with elaborate

patterns and file-like projections.

(d) Ptenoglossa (arnvos = winged).

Example: lanthina fragilis, Lamarck, Plate,

fig. 2, shows the whole radula which is formed

in two divisions with a gapin the middle. Text,

fig. 10, shows a few teeth more highly magnified.

Formula oo-0-co

The lanthinide float on the surface of the

ocean and are reputed to’ feed on jelly fish.

' One other family, the -Scalariide, is placed

doubtfully with the Ptenoglossa’; in habits and

appearance it is very unlike Janthina. Bombay

has a few small and rather rare species, not yet

represented in the collection by-their radule.

(e) Twofamilies (Hulimide and Pyramidel-

lide), in which the radula and jaw are absent,

are Classed as Gymnoglossa (yuurds = bare).

(f) Bhindoglossa ( piris = fan)...

Ny)

276 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXIT

Examples: Nerita oryzarum, Récluz. (fig. 11); Astralium stellatum,

Gmelin, belonging to the Turbinide (fig. 12) and Polydonta radiata,

Gmelin, belonging to the T'rochide (Plate, fig. 3, and Text, fig. 13).

Fig. 13.

The formula for Nerita may be stated as Co-3-1.3-co if the

large capituliform tooth next the marginals be regarded as a lateral.

That for Astralium and Polydonta is in each case co-5-1-5-co All

these radulze consist of a large number of rows, only a couple of

rows are illustrated in the figures.

Other species in the collection are Turbo elegans, Phil., Claneulus

scabrosus, Phil., and Huchelus indicus, A. Adams. The two latter

belong to the Vrochide.

THE TEETH OF SNAILS. 277

All our species are vegetable feeders and are-

common on rocks, between tide marks, on the

Bombay beaches.

Some of the Rhijidoglossa possess jaws.

(g) Docoglossa (Soxds—=beam).,

Example: AMelcioniscus aster, Reeve, family

Patellide (the “limpets’’?). The radule of the

limpets are of great length, that of Melcioniseus,

when stretched out straight, is much longer than

the body of the animal. A few rows are shown

in fig. 14. The formula may perhaps be written

as 3. 1. (1.0. 1.) 1. 3. where the outer figures

denote some obscure plates not shown in the

drawing and the inner figures denote a pair of

identical centrals.

4, Order Amphineura. |

Example: Chiton burmanus, Carpenter (fig. 15). The Chitonide

are creatures, with the habits of limpets, protected by a compound

shell of eight overlapping plates connected by a leathery margin.

When detached from the rock they have the power of rolling them-

selves up like a woodlouse. The radula is very large and massive

compared with the size of the animal and is very complicated in

structure compared with the types we have already examined.

Formula for this species may be written 4. 4. 1. 4. 4.

Fig. 15.

The drawing does not show the first lateral on each side which is

rather like the central; owing to the manner in which the laterals

overlap it is very difficult to distinguish them under the microscope

and depict them in a drawing.

C. CEPHALOPODA.

The members of this class, Octopus, Nautilus, &c., are distinguish-

ed by the possession of powerful jaws as well as a small radula.

There are no examples in the Society’s collection.

278 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

In order to mount the radula as an object for the microscope it

may be obtained from a large species by dissection and then cleaned .

by boiling in a not too strong solution of caustic potash. A word of

warning is necessary, however, that the largest species do not val

possess the largest radule. |

With small species the proboscis or buccal mass, or even the

whole animal, may be boiled until nothing is left but the -clean

radula. The radula can then be washed and mounted, the best

medium for the purpose being glycerine jelly, which should be run

in under the cover-glass after the latter has been clipped. over the

specimen. Air bubbles can be removed by a momentary «boiling

and the specimen should then be left for some weeks. after which

the superfluous jelly may be cleaned away and the slide finished --by

ringing, first with microscope cement and then with gold size. ~

The author.would be glad to furnish further notes on preparing

and mounting specimens to anyone who should be interested in the

subject or to prepare examples for the Society from any fresh

material that may come to hand. The material cannot be too

common or apparently insignificant, for instance, Planams sulcatus,

which is very common and has a most unattractive shell, furnishes

us with one of the most beautiful radulee.

It should be noted that many of the radule are particulary

beautiful objects when viewed with. the polariscope.

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES.

Captain W. H. Evans.

In the following notes, which will appear in the Journal from time to

time itis proposed to give brief notices of any information published re-

garding Indian butterflies, also the results of my own observations and

those communicated to me by other Collectors.

1. Occurrence of Una usta, Dist. in Burma. Mr. E.V. Ellis obtained three

raales of this insect in November 1912 at Maymyo. Una usta was descri-

bed from Malacca, vide De Nicéville’s Butterflies of India, Vol. III, footnote,

page 51. Col. Tytler has recorded it from the Naga Hills.

2. Azanus ubaldus, Cr. and uranus. But. Bingham thought that these two

butterflies would prove to be seasonal forms of the same species. Major H.

F. Thuillier at Ahmednagar in November 1912 and Major H. D, Peile at

Peshawar in December 1912 found the two forms flying together commonly.

There is, I think, no doubt that the two forms are perfectly distinct.

3. Parhestina jermyni, Druce, Trans, Hnt. Soc, 1911, page 187. This new

butterfly is described from two examples caught by Col. T. Jermyn during

June 1906 in the Tons Valley near Mussoorie at 4,000 and 7,000 feet eleva-

tion. The butterfly is a striking mimic of Aporia agathon phryxe, Bdv.

It is greenish white with black veins; the black colouring over the veins

increases in width towards the termen amalgamating to a row of elongate

subterminal spots between veins 4to 7 on the forewing. The hindwing is

angled at vein 4 and cut square to the dorsum. ‘The butterfly is probably

a form of mena, Moore, if itis not the same insect: the habitat of mena

is unknown. The Chinese widis, Leech is no doubt conspecific with mena,

but certainly represents a distinct race. Nicevillet, Moore is also conspecific

with mena and differs chiefly in the far greater extent of the black colour-

ing on the hindwing ; it has only been recorded from Dalhousie. It seems

probable that we have to deal witha very variable insect, wherein it resem-

bles its prototype agathon, and that the Indian forms will eventually stand

under the name mena with two races, viridis and nigrivena, Leech from

China.

4. A revision of the genus Lycenopsis (late Cyaniris), based on an exa-

mination of the male genitalia. Dr. T.A. Chapman, P.Z,S., 1909, Vol. I,

page 419. As the type of Cyanirts is Lyecna semiargus, Rott, the name

must be abandoned and Felder’s Lycenopsis, type haraldus, Fab., adop-

ted. Moore gives the type of Cyanivis as argiolus; it seems a pity to

abandon the well established name of Cyani7is on the grounds given. It

is remarked that though the facies above of the various species affords no

reliable indication of identity, yet the spotting below, when not obsolete,

differs constantly in the various species. Attention is drawn to the remark-

able mimetic variation in imbata and argiolus.

Three Indian species are separated from Lycenopsis under the name

Notarthrinus, type vardhana, M. as the male organs possess the movable

hook present in most Lycenide but absent in Lycenopsis. Besides vard-

hana this new genus comprises musina, Snell and binghani, Chap. The

Indian form of the Javan musina has been separated by Swinhoe as mus?-

noides ; it has been found commonly by Col. Tytlerat Manipur. Binghami

has been described from Assam ; it closely resembles the wet season form

of yynteana, but the dark border at the apex of the forewing is about as

wide as in puspa and continues at the same width throughout the outer

margin of both wings. Col. Tytler obtained a specimen, of what I identify

as bingham, in the Naga Hills.

280 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Chennellii, DeN. is placed in the new genus Bothrinia, first called

Bothria, but the name was found to be pre-occupied. In Bothrinia the

clasp is as in Jveres, the neuration as in Zzera and the facies as in

Lycenopsis.

The Indian species of Lycenopsis are given as: (1) transpecta, M. (2)

oreas, Leech, (3) puspa, Hors. (= cyanescescens, DeN.), (4) argiolus, L.(=

huegeli, M. coelestina, Koll., victoria, Swinh, and stkkima, M. (5) albidisca, M. (6)

marginata, DeN., (7) limbata, M. (= placida, DeN. and jynteana, DeN.), (8)

dilecta, M. (9) lanksa, M. (10) akasa, Hors. (11) melaena, Doh., (12) singalensis,

Fd., (18) albocerulea, M. Lilacea, Hamp. is not mentioned.

Oreas is a Chinese insect and the Indian form, of which there are a few

specimens from the Khasi Hills in the British Museum, has been separated

by Swinhoe as oreana. Itis equal in size to huegeli and singalensis and may

be recognized by the four discal spots on the underside of the hind-

wing being in a regular line, large, prominent and well separated from the

others.

Huegeli, celestina and sikkima are saidto be paralleled by limbata, placida

and jyynteana: limbata forms can always be separated by the thira spot on

the underside of the forewing being slightly oblique. The following argiolus

forms are described ; puspargiolus from Assam mimicking puspa ; bothrinoides

flying with and mimicking chennellit ; alboceruleoides, locality not given,

mimicking albocerulea. These all appear to be dry season forms; the

last named agrees with the dry seoson form from the Naga Hills. In my

list of Indian butterflies, J.B. N. H. 8. XXI, 982, I have pointed out

that jynteana, De Nicéville’s and Moore’s types, are forms of argiolus and

not of limbata.

Singalensis is said to only occur in Ceylon, Java and Sumatra.

The paper is illustrated with excellent photographs of the genitalia of

the various species dealt with.

I have generally followed Dr. Chapman’s arrangement in my list, but

have retained the name Cyaniris and have placed his new genera as sub-

enera.

; 5. Revision of the Zizeeriid# based on an examination of the male genit-

alia. Dr. T. A. Chapman, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1910, 479. Moore in describing

Zizera gave as his type asus though intending the genus for karsandra, gaika

and indica. Dr. Chapman states that alsus is very different to these three

forms and, as the name Zzera must therefore be abandoned, proposes to

replace it by Zzeerra, type karsandra, M. In Seitz’s Palearctic Lepidop-

tera, minima, Fuess ( =alsus, W. V.) still figures under Zzera and so Dr.

Chapman’s reasons for abandoning the name are not altogether clear.

The group included heretofore under Zizera are called the Zzeeriide and

are split up as follows :

(1). &zeeria, type karsandra, M.; other species lysimon, Hub., maha

Koll, ossa, Swin. Clasps soldered together for some distance basally

extremities broad and furnished with bold teeth.

(2). £zina, type lJabradus; other species sangra, M. and indica. Mur,

Clasps only slightly soldered ‘together, terminal teeth anne, a solitary

hair, thick and clubbed arising close to the base.

(3). fizula, type and only known species gaika, Fab. Forewing vein

11, joining vein 12 and not again separating from it, 2.e., it forms merely a

bar from the cell to vein 12. Clasps as Zzina.

Lysimon is the European and African form: karsandra the Asiatic form.

On the forewing below the discal row of spots in lysimon are small, even and

slightly curved ; in karsandra these spots are large, of varying size and in a

much bent row.

Maha=diluta, Fd., chandla, M. squalida, But., opalina, Pouj, marginata,

—— ee

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 281

Pouj., alboceruleus, Rob. argia, Men, japonica, Mur., alope, Fenton. Perhaps

some of these may=ossa and even be prior to it. The distribution of maha

and ossa is not given: according to Swinhoe ossa is the form from South-

ern India and Ceylon, while maha is the form from the remainder of the

region inhabited by the species. The genitalia are very similar, but in

maha the clasps are longer and more slender.

Sangra is a form of labradus from South Polynesia and Australia. The

identification of otis, Fab., is doubtful and it may equal indica or sangra.

' Sangra is the form from North India, Burma the Andamans and Nicobars ;

indica from Ceylon and India South of Lucknow. The spots on the forewing

below are small and uniform, while in zmdica they are large and irregular.

On the hindwing below in sangra the second spot from the costa is so

placed that a line joming the first and second spot would, if continued,

pass close to the discal line and strike the sixth spot ; in zmdica these spots

are less basal and this line would meet the fourth spot.

It is worthy of note that, as regards the markings below, indica differs

from sanyra in exactly the same way as ossa does from maha and lysimon

from karsandra.

I had not seen this paper when compiling my list of Indian butterflies.

I consider that the name Zzera should be retained and possibly Zizina and

Zizula adopted as subgenera; the Indian form of lysimon should be

regarded as lysimon karsandra: there seems no reason why, at any rate,

until Fabricius’s type is PHS EO EL the name otis should be discarded in

favour of sangra.

6. A note on certain butterflies in the collection of Mr. Ollenbach of

Dehra Dun.

Mr. Ollenbach has very kindly sent me an oil painted plate from which

the following notes are taken. Amongst them are three species new to

India. Itis, of course, dangerous to attempt to identify insects from

figures only, but in this instance there is no room for doubt as to the

particular species represented, though whether they happen to be local

races of the first named form is another matter.

(az) Papilio alexanor, Esp. A male and female obtained in April 1905 at a

height of 4,500 feet on the road between Quetta and Nushki in Baluchistan,

flying in company with Hypermnestra helios. The specimens do not appear

to differ from typical alevanor, which flies in Southern Europe and is

certainly nearer to it than to the Persian race, orientalis, Rom. The

butterfly belongs to the same sub-genus as machaon and resembles it as

regards the yellow ground colour; the wings are crossed by broad black

bands, vz., a sub-basal band across both wings, beyond which are two sub-

costal bands on the forewing and one at the end of the cell on the

hindwing, followed by asubmarginal and narrow marginal band; the base

of the forewing and the dorsal margin of the hindwing for two-thirds of

its length are narrowly black.

(6) Papilio neptunus, Guer. caught at Tavoy, Burma, in June 1912. The

butterfly was described from Malacca and inhabits also Borneo, Sumatra

and Nias. It is a member of the coon group, possessing the ‘spatulate,

slender shafted, tail characteristic of the group, of which the Indian

doubledayi and rhodifer are members. It is black above with paler patches

between the veins of the forewing as in the forms of coon; the hindwing

bears a discal series of somewhat elongate red spots in interspaces | to 4.

The breast is red at the sides and the abdomen greyish yellow from the

middle.

(ec) Hypolimnas antilope anomala, Wall a female caught in the Nicobars in

June 1912. Antilope, Cr., was described from the Moluccas, but the butter-

fly occurs in a number of forms from Sumatra to the Fiji Islands. The

282 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Westerly race is anomala and to this form belongs the female in

Mr. Ollenbach’s collection. The butterfly resembles the dry season female

form of Jolina, but is somewhat smaller; the ground colour is black with,

on both wings, a subterminal row of small white spots in each interspace

followed by a terminal row of two minute white spots in each space; there

are also three obscure long white dashes between the cell on the forewing.

The female is shot with brilliant blue all over the forewing. This is one of

the few species in which the female is more brilliantly coloured than the

male.

(Z) The following records of butterflies caught in Chinese Turkestan

may prove of interest :,

Mesapia peloria, Hew, a rather pale form and Coenonympha sinica, Alph.

Suchow, 9,500 feet, August 1907.

Parnassius actius caesar, Stg., near ab actinobolus, Stg., and szechenyi, Friv.

Uch Turfan, 9,000 feet, July 1907.

Colias cocandica, Ersch, a rather dark specimen, Hindutash Darwan

14,500 feet, July 1907.

(e) A specimen of Papilio memnon agenor, L., female form agenor with all

the white markings much developed ; the whole of the hindwing and the

lower portion of the forewing are entirely white. It resembles the form

venusia described by Dr. Jordan from Borneo. The specimen was caught

in the Khasi Hills in September 1906.

(f) A specimen belonging to the genus Euthalia (Dophla), probably a

female. The forewing resembles exactly the forewing of sahkadeva female

while the hindwing isan exact copy of the hindwing of duda female.

Were this the only specimen known, one woald take it for a hybrid, but

Colonel Tytler has obtained, in the Naga Hills, several males and females

similarly marked and so it may be taken to represent a new species inter-

mediate between duda and sahadeva. Colonel Tytler has informed me that

he intends to describe his specimens. Mr. Ollenbach’s specimen was taken

in the Khasi Hills in October 1906.

(g) Two aberrations or possibly extreme dry season forms of Pareronia

hippia, Fab., males taken near Dehra Dun in October 1909. The marginal

band on the fore wing is very reduced and there are no spots on the ground

colour enclosed. Mr. Ollenbach informs me that the head, thorax and

abdomen are covered with white down and the veins and marginal

markings are pale brown.

7. Occurrence of Ypthima philomela, Joh. in lower Burma. Mr. H. V.

Hillis has just sent me a long series of the dry season form of this species

caught at Yetho near Tharrawaddy during February 1913. In size the

specimens resemble the South Indian form; above the bi-pupilled ocellus

on the forewing and the two ocelli on the hindwing are bright and clearly

defined as in race indecora from the Western Himalayas. Below they

resemble the dry season form of imica, but, when visible, the ocelli are

arranged as in philomela; there are traces ‘of a discal band on the fore-

wing and of a discal and sub- basal band on the hindwing.

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. —

KATHLEEN V. RYLEY.

With Field Notes by the Collector, G. C. SHORTRIDGE.

COLLECTION |... ie a ONO.)

Locality ad ae ... MYSORE.

DATE ote hee ... SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 1912.

COLLECTED BY phe ... Mr. G. C. SHORTRIDGE.

EARLIER REPORTS i No. 1, E. Khandesh, Vol. XXI,

p. 392, 1912; No.2 , Berars, Vol. XXI, p. 820, 1912; No. 3, Cutch,

Vol. XXI, p. 826, 1912 ; No. 4, Nimar, Vol. XXL, p. 844, 1912;

No. 5, Dharwar, Vol. XXI, p 826, 192s No.Gs Kanara, Vol.

MX, p, 29; 1913 ; No. 7, Cones Provinces, Vol. XXII, p. 45,

£913; No. 3 Bellary, Vol. XXII, p. 58, 1913.

‘The State of Mysore lies between 11°-38' and [15°-2' N. lat. andl

74°-4.2' and 78°-36' H. long. ‘ This collection however was principally

made in the South and Hast of the State as a camp had been made

before in the North at Shimoga, the result of which was included

in the Kanara collection and therefore this collection may practi-

cally be said to have been made South of about 13°-20' N. lat.

«Mysore can be divided in two natural areas, the ‘“‘ Mulnad’’ or

hill country on the west, bordering and on the Western Ghats, and

the “* Maidan” or open country which is roughly that area lying to

the East of a line from Shikarpur to Periyapatna. The ‘ Mulnad”’

consists of hills covered with forest, principally evergreen, which

gives place higher up to open downs and scattered trees topped fre-

quently by bare craggs. On the hill sides much clearing has been

done for Coffee plantations and in the valleys, rice, &c., is “cultivated,

The ‘‘ Maidan”’ country is more varied and is heavily cultivated to

the valleys, where the black alluvial soil is found. On the higher

parts the red soil takes the place of the black and various grain

crops are grown there, but much of it is under grass and on the

es parts a considerable area is covered with scrub jungle.

“The following descriptions are sent by Mr. Shortridge:—

‘* Bangalore.—Altitude 3,113 feet’; average rainfall “36 inbhese

mean’ temperature 76°2. Flat,’ red, sandy country, entirely andes

cultivation. The city: itself'covers an area of 20 square miles, the

residential part being composed largely of detached bungalows sur-

rounded by well timbered grounds. The present collection’ was

obtained ‘in the compound of the Deccan Horse Mess.

Kolar Town.—About 11: miles to the North of Bowringpet: Sta

tion, near the Kolar Gold Fields, in the district of the same name.

Altitude 2,786 feet with rocky granite hills rising up behind the’

284 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX.

town to an altitude of 4,026 feet, with the exception of these hills,

which form quite an isolated patch, the country is quite flat, with

red sandy soil. The district is naturally almost treeless, but trees

have been planted very extensively in the district, and besides

fringing the roads, there are a considerable number of ‘ casuarina’

and other plantations. The rainfall is less than around Bangalore.

Malur.— About fifteen miles West of Kolar Town, Kolar District.

Nundydroog.—About 35 miles North-West of Kolar Town.

Coromandel.—About 10 miles South-Hast of Kolar Town. Kolar

Gold Fields.

Seringapatam.—About 10 miles from Mysore City. Altitude

2,338 feet, situated on an island between two branches of the

Cauvery river. The island is almost flat and entirely under culti-

vation, which consists chiefly of rice, well wooded with cocoanut

palms, wild fig, mango trees, etc.

“ French Rocks.”—A group of bare rocky hills about two miles

to the North of Seringapatam.

Sivasamudram (Cauvery Falls).—About 40 miles to the Hast of

Mysore City, on the North bank of the Cauvery river, which here

forms the boundary between Mysore State and Coimbatore. Alti-

tude about 2,500 feet. Country very hilly and rocky in places, and

except where there are patches of cultivation, very evenly covered

with thick scrub jungle. On the Coimbatore side of the river the

scrub is higher, while there are also patches of big forest and bam-

boo jungle.

Among the larger mammals occurring in the district are Sambar,

Chital, Four-horn Antelope, Bear, Panther, Tiger (rare) and Pig.

Simia sinica was fairly plentiful, and a ‘ Langur’ said to exist on the

Coimbatore side of the river, is very probably ‘ Presbytis priamus;’

otters occur in the river but are said to be rare and seldom seen.

While in Mysore State, I received much assistance from the local

officials, while H.H. the Maharaja was kind enough to grant me a

free license as well as permission to shoot in State forests.” —-G. C. 8.

The Collection includes 458 specimens, belonging to 37 species

in 27 genera.

A large and representative series of the Mysore Slender Loris

was taken, also a great number of Bats representing 16 species.

Six Domestic Cats were obtained and it will be interesting to com-

pare the specimens from different villages in various parts of the

country. The Rodents include a large series of Funambulus

palmarum and a number of Cremnomys cutchicus, which appears

to be very common in Mysore State. There was also one Leggada

which does not seem to agree with any of the previously described

forms; it resembles L. cinderella in some respects, but has rather a

longer nose and redder fur, and as cinderella was collected in Cutch,

this one is probably a different form.

—— = —-

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 285

Simra sintca, L.

The Bonnet Monkey.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

d 1898. Kolar, E. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6 and 8.)

“ Very plentiful at Kolar. Here, as in many other places, owing to the

protection afforded them by the Hindoo villagers, they have practically

lost all fear of men, hardly making way for people when in the streets.

Large numbers of them live in the towns and villages, where they often do

a lot of damage to houses by pulling off the tiles, for which reason the

roofs are frequently covered with thorny branches to keep them off; while

they constantly raid shops where food is kept, but apart from this they

do not, in a free state, seem to develope the same inquisitive and

vicious habits, that caged specimens so often do. It is noticeable that

in forest country both this Monkey and the Langur are comparatively

much shyer animals. No species of Langur occurs in Hastern Mysore go

that I may have crossed the South-Eastern limit of Presbytis hypoleucus.’”’—

COs

Loris LYDEKKERIANUS, Cabr.

The Mysore Slender Loris.

1888. Loris gracilis Blanford. Mammalia No. 27. (Partim)

1904. Loris gracilis (typ. var.), Lydekker, P.Z.S.; p. 345.

1908. Loris lori lydekkerianus, Cabrera. Bol. R.S. Espan; Hist.

Nat. p. 211.

1899. 2 1900, 1901, 1902. Kolar, Kast Mysore.

HORE SOS, LOM Olas TOLGs POETS +) 1918, 1923,

1912, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, Malur.

1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980. @ 1976, 1977, Nun-

dydroog.

Vernacular names:—Kapa-Papa, Apavi-Papa (Kanarese); Wanur-

ManusHya (Marathi): Araws-Papa (Telegu); Katru-Papa, Kartu-

PuLLAYE (Tamil); SHERMiINDA (Dekhani and Hindustani).

“ Loris tardigradus is not the Nycticebus tardigradus of the “ Mammalia”’

No. 26, which is the slow Loris of Malaysia, Mr. Thomas has shown in the

A.M.N.H. for 1908 (p. 468) and again in the P.Z.S. for 1911 (p. 129) that

the name tardigradus was undoubtedly given by Linnzus to the Ceylon

Lemuroid.

Blanford, in common with most systematists of the 19th Century, is in

error in following Geoffroy, who in 1796 (Mag. Encycl., Vol. I., p. 48.)

transferred the name, without authority, from the long-armed Slender

Loris, to the short-armed Slow Loris, and established the name gracilis

forthe former. The name gracilis, as well as lori, ceylonicus, zeylanicus, all

having been given to the Ceylon animal, must rank as synonyms of far-

digradus.

The earliest name for the Slow Loris, as shown by Stone and Rehn

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 141) is coucang, Boddaert,

(Elench. Anim., p. 67, 1783) with the type locality ‘Bengal.’ In the same

paper they propose to adopt also Boddaert’s name Tardigradus for Loris, but

Palmer has pointed out (Ind. Gen. Mamm. 1904) that that name is preoc-

cupied by Brisson for an Edentate. The name Nycticebus coucang, Bodd,

must therefore be used for the animal dealt with under No. 26 in the

‘ Mammalia.’

Oy +O O05 OY

286 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

In 1904, Lydekker (l.c.) separated the Ceylon and Mainland forms, on

colour differences, and four years later Cabrera (l.c.) gave the name

lydekkerianus to the Madras form. The mounted specimen, mentioned by

Lydekker, is the only one from Ceylon available to us for examination, so

that unless, and until, a series from Ceylon is obtained to show that the

colour differences, relied on by Lydekker are not constant, the name we

have here used must stand for the Madras Slender Loris, and all the

names mentioned above except those in the synonymy, must be relegated

to the synonymy of the Ceylon Slender Loris.”—R. C. W.

“ Pupils vertical and almost perpendicular. The upper points inclining '

slightly inwards, in a strong light they contract, to a very small size. At

night when the pupils are fully expanded they shine with a very bright

golden-copper light. Irides bright chestnut; bare skin on snout deep

reddish flesh colour ; insides of ears bright yellow. All of these specimens

were kept alive for various lengths of time; in some respects they showed

very little intelligence and if irritated one would generally make for and

bite its nearest neighbour ; some that were kept in a small room if teased

would even walk across to the other side in order to attack another that

might be in an other corner; while an angry female would even vent

its rage on its own young, which would chatter and bite back

but never let go its hold. Even when first caught they do not appear

much frightened, and if carefully handled, would seldom attempt to bite

unless their faces were touched. When in a cage, dogs would occasionally

come up and bark at them, when they would get up close to the wires of

the cage and growl back apparently without any fear whatever. If

watched closely they would generally crawl away, or, if ina tree, attempt

to conceal themselves among the leaves, or if that were impossible, they

would occasionally hide their faces between their forepaws, which was

their usual position when asleep; on account of this habit, it has got its

Hindustani name Sherminda (shy animal).

When in a tree, especially among foliage, they bear a striking

resemblance to the spotted owlet (Athene brama), which was very plentiful

in the district, and they have the owl-like habit of swaying their heads

from side to side, besides the noise they make, especially when fighting,

is almost identical to the screech of this owl, except that it is perhaps not

quite so loud. The only other sounds I have heard them make is a faint

chattering noise rather like that of a monkey, and a kind of low growl

that is uttered when irritated. The young, even when three parts

grown, would cling by day to the female so tightly that she would

often appear half suffocated. The pale, silky appearance of the

fur on the hind parts of the females is probably due to the constant cling-

ing on of the young; at other times it is probably similar in appearance

to that of the males. Several females were found carrying two young, so

that two at a birth are probably quite usual. If placed on a branch, three,

or four feet from the ground, they would occasionally drop to the ground,

but were quite incapable of jumping even the shortest distance from one

branch to another. They have a very strong power of grip, and when

caught would grab at anything within reach. Although their movements

were as a rule slow and deliberate, they were much less so, than those of

Nycticebus, and at night when on the ground they could run about at qute

a respectable pace, displaying a considerable amount of cunning in trylin

to escape or hide away when they were not being watched ; their move-

ments on the ground being exactly like those of a monkey when walking

slowly. They must frequently travel considerable distances. on the

' ground, as they must have done to have existed around Kolar, where most

of the trees have been planted, while there are large stretches of quite

‘(smumrsayyaphy svsorf) SLOT tepueys

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDLA, 287

open country between that town and any real forest country. From its

evident abundance in the Kolar district it would seem to be an animal

that is not confined at any rate to heavy forests. They appear quite

unable to swim and when placed in water would strike out alternately

with each leg ina helpless way without making any headway. They are

extremely pugnacious, and when several were kept together, would fight

and keep up a continual squeaking throughout the day and night, while

every day one or more would get killed, probably more from exhaustion

than anything else. Their method of fighting was very peculiar; it

consisted of gripping each other by the fur of the head, in order to keep

the other’s head away, and then biting each other on the feet and

hands, drawing blood freely. If kept alive for any length of time they

would have to be kept separately, or in a very large enclosure. They fed

freely on cooked rice and bananas, and were especially fond of grasshop-

pers, which they would hold in one hand and take bites from. They are

said also to feed largely on small lizards and other insects.”—G. C. S.

These Lorises and those received later from Coorg indicate that, besides

the grey form described as Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus to which these

belong, there is also in S. India a representative of the form JZ. tardi-

gradus. The two forms differ not only in colour, as hitherto supposed, but

also by the size of their skulls; and I, therefore, think they should be

recognised as distinct species, a conclusion in which Mr. Thomas agrees

with me.

The following are the dimensions of good examples of Loms lydekkerianus

(No. 1922) and of Loris tardigradus from Coorg (No. 2586), the latter is

perhaps rather less aged than the former.

Dimensions.—Head and body 245 (216); hind foot 52 (45) ; ear 31 (25).

Skull.—Greatest length 55 (48), Condyle to front of canine 45°5 (40:3) ;

back of m* to front of canine 18 (15°5); combined inter-orbital breadth

33°4 (32°4); breadth across m* (from the outside) 17 (15°5); mastoid

breadth 33°8 (29°4).

Dimensions of Coorg specimens in brackets.

PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS, Bruenn.

The Common Flying Fox.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

6 1769, 1770, 1772, 1773, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1868.

Q 1768, 1771, 1774, in al Q 1794 (head only). Kolar, E. My-

sore.

3g 2000, 2081. Seringapatam, 8. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8.)

CYNOPTERUS SPHINX, Vahl.

The Southern Short-nosed Fruit Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

Q 2043. Seringapatam, 8. Mysore.

(See also Report No. 6.)

‘Not very plentiful at Seringapatam. This species, unlike the large

‘Flying Fox’ seldom clings to the trees while feeding ; nearly always bit-

ing at a fruit while in flight, and devouring it on the wing. Its presence

in a district is not always easy to detect as it appears late inthe evenings

and its flight, which is comparatively swift, is not unlike that of the larger

insectivorous bats.’”’-—G. C. S.]

288 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

LYRODERMA LYRA, Geoff.

The Indian Vampire Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

3 1854, 1885. 2 1851, 1852, 1853, 1855, 1883, 1884, 1886,

1887, 1888, 1889, 1890. Kolar, E. Mysore.

3 1930, 1932, 1933. 9 1931, Seringapatam, S. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.)

The Kanarese name ‘Kanxapata’ or ‘Kapata’ means ‘deceit’ or

“something that appears to be what it is not.”

“T have been given the following Kanarese legend about the temple

dwelling bats—from Kolar. According to the legend, bats were once

birds, but becoming dissatisfied they began coming to temples in order

to pray that they might be made like men; and one day they actually did

change, but only partly so, becoming nondescript animals, still partly like

birds, but with the teeth and faces of men. Being then ashamed to meet

other birds, they only went about by night, but still they come to the

temples by day, although now to pray that they may once more be changed

into birds again.”—G. C. 58. :

RHINOLOPHUS ROUXI, Temm.

The Rufous Horse Shoe-Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

3 1924, 1942. 9 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941,

1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952,

1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962,

1963 1964, in al. 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970. Ser-

ingapatam, S. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 5 and 6.)

“Tn the ‘ Report’ on the Dharwar collection, it was suggested that the

solour ‘phases’ of some bats might be analogous to the white and dark

bellied forms of ‘‘ Epimys rufescens.’’ The present series, however, shows

pretty clearly that the bright rufus colouring of the fur of this species at

least is not peculiar to individuals, but a temporary coat which is in all

probability seasonal. (I doubt if it has anything to do with the breeding

season.) Ina large number of this series, the red fur is evidently being

‘ moulted.’ ;

IT think that there is very little doubt that the red and grey bats re-

present the hot and cold season moults; in the present series the grey

coat, that is being assumed, would seem to belong to the coming ‘ hot

season.’ I suggest, however, that the cold season moult, although nor-

mally of a varying shade of rufus is not invariably assumed, which would

account for rufus or grey individuals of either sex occurring at all

seasons.” —G. C.S.

HIPPOSsIDEROS LANKADIVA, Kel.

The large Indian Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

3 1747, 1875, 1903, Kolar, E. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 6, 7 and 8.)

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 289

HIPPOsIDEROS DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes.

Sykes’ Leaf-nosed Bat,

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1862, 1863, 1865, 1866, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1879, 1880.

1783, 1784, 1864, Kolar, E. Mysore.

2014, 2015, 2016, 2118, 2019, 2022. 9 2017, 2020,

2121, 2123. Seringapatam, 8S. Mysore.

2069, 2145, 2186, 2139. Sivasamudram, 8. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6 and 8.)

“ Plentiful around Seringapatam and Sivasamudram. A low but not a

particularly late flier.’”—G. C. 8.

Qs Ato

HiIPPOsIDEROS FULVUS, Gray.

The Bicoloured Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

6 1909. Coromandal, E. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8.)

PIPISTRELLUS CEYLONICUS, Kel.

Kelaart’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1729. @ 1698, 1709, 1728, 1731. Bangalore, E. Mysore.

2034. Seringapatam.

2075, 2076, 2080, 2081, 2087, 2089, 2091, 2139.

2074, 2077, 2078, 2079, 2099, 2100, 2101, 2105 2106, in al,

2059, 2060, 2061, 2062, 2063, 2064, 2065, 2066, 2067, 2068,

2107, 2108. Sivasamudram, 8. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 8.)

+0 Gy Os O45

PIPISTRELLUS MIMUS, Wrought.

The Southern Dwarf Pipistrelle.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

6 1696, 1727. Bangalore, E. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1,2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8.)

PIPISTRELLUS COROMANDRA, Gray.

The Coromandel Pipistrelle.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1697. Bangalore, E. Mysore.

2131. @ 2129, 2130,imm. Sivasamudram, 8. Mysore.

(See also Report No. 5.)

O30,

KERIVOULA PicTa, Pall.

The Painted Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

2051 inal. Sivasamudram, 8. Mysore.

(See also Report No. 1.)

“ Without doubt a late flier. In an immature specimen from Java, the

interfemoral membrane, as well as the wings, was mottled with black.

290 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI.

The Southern Indian specimens differ considerably from the Javanese in

colour, the bright orange red of the wings being in Java of a deep yellow

with hardly a trace of orange.”—G,. C. 8.

ScoOropHILUS KUHLI, Leach.

The Common Yellow Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

36 1882. 2 1881. Kolar, HE. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7.)

ScOTOPHILUS WROUGHTONI, Thos.

Wroughton’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

g 1858. Kolar, EH. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 5, 6 and 7.)

“Fairly plentiful around Seringapatam. An early and a very swift

flier.”,—G. C. 8.

TaPHOZOUS KACHHENSIS, Dobs.

The Cutch Sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

6 20538. 2 2052, 2054. Sivasamudram, 8. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3 and 8.)

“A small colony of this species was discovered in the roof of the Electric

power station at Sivasamudram.”—G C.S8.

TAPHOZOUS LONGIMANUS, Hardw.

The Long-armed Sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

3g 1817, 1849, 1850, 1859, 1860, 1895. Kolar, E. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 6, 7 and 8.)

NycrinoMus TRAGATUS, Dobs.

Dobson's Wrinkle-lipped Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

¢ 1812, 1840. Kolar, E. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 38 and 5.)

PACHYURA, Sp.

Shrews.

¢6 1700. @ 1699,1701. Bangalore, EH. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.)

Frtis parpus, L.

The Panther.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1815, 1904. Kolar, E. Mysore.

* (See also Reports Nos. 5 and 6.)

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 291

“No. 1815 must have been an exceedingly large panther, and, although

apparently not much stretched, its head and body alone measures 5 ft.

9 ins., its entire length is 8 ft. 6 ins., but at least a foot of its tail has been

broken off. Itis considered remarkably large here, and it would have been

interesting to have known its measurements in the flesh.

No. 1904 is said, by the natives who caught it, to have been adult, and

an example of the small, so called dog-panther, but it appears to me to be

without doubt an immature specimen.’’—G. C. 8.

Fruis (domestic).

3 1816, 1838, 1869, 1891, 18938. © 1892. Kolar, EK. Mysore.

“ These specimens are the typical domestic village cat of the Dekhan.

There seems to be very little variation in their markings, except as to the

extent of white on their limbs and underparts.’”—G. C. 5S.

Canis InpDiIcus, Hodgs.

The Common Indian Jackal.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.)

Munecos munco, Gmel.

The Common Indian Mongoose.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

d 1973, 1998. 91972,1997. Seringapatam, S. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8.)

“The common mongoose around Seringapatam; this species was also

identified at Sivasamudram.”—G,. C.S.

FUNAMBULUS PALMARUM, L.

The Palm Squirrel.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

2 1708. Bangalore, EK. Mysore.

6 1861. 2 1785, 1896, 1897. Kolar, E. Mysore.

g 1906,1907. 2 1907, 1908. Kolar Town, EK. Mysore.

3 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993, 2003,

2004, 2005, 2007, 201%, 2018. 9 1983, 1989, 1992, 2902,

2006. Seringapatam, S. Mysore.

3d 2145. Sivasamudram, 8. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 4, 5, 7 and 8.)

“ Not very plentiful around Bangalore, but it is said to have died off in

large numbers during the last Bubonic plague epidemic, although it is curi-

ous that it does not appear to die off in all plague striken localities. Very

plentiful around Kolar.”

Existing in what appeared to be abnormal numbers around Seringa-

patam.”—G. C. 5S.

TatTeRA INDICA, Hardw,

The Indian Gerlul,

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

292 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

3 1797,1799. 2 1798, 1800, 1830,1831. Kolar, E. Mysore.

g 1994, 2011. 2 1995, 1996, 2098, 2009, 2010, + 2024.

Seringapatam, 8S. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.)

Kanarese (of Kolar) Kardilli.

CREMNOMYS cuTCHICUs, Wrought.

The Cutch Rock Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

6 Wor, 1759, 176), 1763, 1764, 1765, 1876, OV 7as slate

1762, 1877, 1878, 1894. Kolar, E. Mysore.

6 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2033, 2037, 2039. 9 2029, 2085,

2036, 2038, 2040, 2041, 2042. French Rocks, Near Seringa-

patam.

S 2046, 2072, 2082, 2083, 2095, 2116, 2125, 2185. 2 2044, 2045,

2047, 2048, 2049, 2071, 2084, 21238 in al. G 2096.

@ 2050. Sivasamudram, 8S. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 3 and 8.)

“ Very plentiful among the rocky hills near Kolar, and from the number

of bones foutd in their pellets, this species must be preyed upon by owls.

The granite hills, on which this species was obtained, cover a considerable

area to the West of Kolar Town, and are quite isolated, although there are

several similar but smaller patches visible to the North and North-East.

They are quite similar to the rocky hills around Vijayanagar. I think

this may be the South-Hastern limit of Cremnomys, as to the South, the

grass and jungle covered slopes of the hills, that culminate in the Jawadi

hills and Shevaroys, are visible, the country between being quite flat, but

it may occur a little further South, in a Western direction.”—G. C. 5S.

“Plentiful at ‘ French Rocks’— the hills are bare and rocky, very similar

to those around Kolar. Occurring on Chamandi hill close to Mysore City.

I was very much surprised to find Cremnomys in large numbers at Sivasa-

mudram, as although the hills are rocky, the country (including the hills

themselves) is everywhere covered with dense scrub jungle, quite unlike the

dry open localities where I had previously obtained this species, while here

it was by no means confined to rocky localities. It is astonishing that

such a plentiful and widely distributed species as this should have remained

so long undiscovered.”—G. C.S.

EPIMYs BLANFORDI, Thos.

The White-tailed Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

G 2141. Q 2134, 2140, 2143, 2144. Sivasamudram, 8. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 6 and 7.)

“JT was surprised to find, what in South India is such a typically forest

species as this, existing in scrub jungle, side by side with ‘ Cremnomys.’

In North Kanara, I found this rat building nests in hollow trees, often at

some distance from the ground. At Sivasamudrum, where the jungle is

almost entirely composed of large bushes, its habits are without doubt

different.”—G., C.S.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 293

EpIMys RUFESCENS, Gray.

The Common Indian Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1692, 1694, 1695, 1706, 1713, 1716, 1720, 1721, 1736. 9

1689, 1702, 1707, 1730, 1733. Bangalore, E. Mysore.

1786, 1838, 1887. 9 1798, 1819, 1836. Kolar, E. Mysore.

1910, Coromandel.

1929, 1971. @ 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928. Seringapatam, S.

Mysore.

2098, 2114. @ 2073, 2097. Sivasamudram, 8. Mysore.

VARIETY with white underparts.

6 1698, 1704, 1705, 1724, 1734, 1735. Q 1712, 1715, 1723.

Bangalore, E. Mysore.

6 1779, 1780,1781, 1814, 1818, 1835, 1846, 1856. 2 1766,

1782, 1834. Kolar, E. Mysore.

6 2056, 2057, 2058, 2113. Sivasamudram, 8. Mysore.

(See also all previous Reports.)

“T consider the grey and white bellied varieties, obtained around these

and other camps near towns and villages, are undoubtedly one species—the

Indian domestic form (at one time imported). The frequent appearance

of white below makes it probable that the original white bellied jungle form

(of which specimens obtained in Kardibetta Forest, Shimoga, are typical)

crosses freely with the grey bellied when they meet, and that the pure

white bellied form has quite disappeared in the populated districts, those

with white bellies merely retaining a persistent character derived from

crossings probably of many generations back.’”’—G. C. §.]

“ Numbers 2113 and 2114, large specimens with extremely long tails,

were trapped in jungle, one specimen has white underparts, and the other

dark.”—G.C.8

Gig Tevleniemy (oh

Mus soopuea, Grey.

The Southern Field-Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

g 1718. Bangalore, EK. Mysore.

Q 2127. Sivasamudram, S. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. I, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.)

Mus Manet, Kel.

The Common Indian House-Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

S 1745,1746. 2 1739,1740, 1742, 1748, 1744. Bangalore,

E. Mysore.

3S 1750, 1751, 1752, 1791, 1804, 1805, 2 1748, 1749, 1753, 1787,

1788, 1789, 1790, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1806, inal. ¢ 1807.

Q 2109, 2110, 2111, 2115, 21387. Juv. 2118, 2120, 2121, 2122.

Sivasamudram, S. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6 and 8.)

A peculiar thing about Mus manei is that it is distinctly local, and

although plentiful, and occasionally swarming in most towns and villages,

it is sometimes unaccountably rare or even entirely absent.’’—G. C. S.

294 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

LEGGADA PLATYTHRIX, Benn.

The Dekhan Spiny Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

36 1842. 9 1841. 1843 juv. Kolar, E. Mysore.

S 2132, 2137. 2 2128, 2142. Sivasamudram, S. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2,4, 5 and 7.)

“‘ The several species of Leggada trapped at Sivasamudram may have

been plentiful enough, but I found it impossible to get a satisfactory

series of any of them, as the enormous numbers of Cremnomys, in the

ee Se ana got into the traps to the exclusion of everything else.”

Lre@eapa siva, Ryl.

The Mysore Leggada.

1913. Leggada siva, Ryley. Journ., B. N. H.S. Vol. xxii, p. 241.

GUNOMYs KOK, Gray.

The Southern Mole-Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

S 1820, 1822, 1827, 1829. 9 1796, 1821, 1824, 1825, 1826,

1827, 1828, 1847, 1848. in al. 9 1844, 1845. Kolar,

E. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 4, 5, 7 and 8.)

BANDICOTA MALABARICA, Shaw.

The Malabar Bandicoot.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

3 1688, 1690, 1691, 1738 juv. 2 1703, 1710, 1711, 1714, 1719,

1722, 1732, 1737 juv. 1741 (skull only). Bangalore, E.

Mysore.

3 1767, 1792, 1818, 1867, 1870. @ 1754, 1755, 1756, 1809,

1810, 1811, 1832, 1839, 1857 im al. 1795, 1874. Q Kolar

K. Mysore.

@ 2055. Sivasamudram, 8. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6 and 7.)

“ More plentiful in Kolar town than in any place I have yet visited,

also numerous in Bangalore. A number of the specimens obtained at

Bangalore, had the hair on the back curiously worn away. I think it is

due to those particular specimens having made their tunnels between

bricks and hard masonry which they had been unable to enlarge sufficiently.

The reddish hairs on the backs of many bandicoots are probably due to

insufficient colouring matter in hairs that are continually being worn

away.”—G.C.S.

Hystrix LEvcURA, Sykes.

The Indian Porcupine.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

ee ee ee

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

6 2133. Sivasamudram, 8. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 5.)

Not plentiful, chiefly among rocky hills.’’—G. C.S.

LEPUS NIGRICOLLIS, Cuv.

The Black-naped Hare.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

juv. 2030, 2031, 2032. Seringapatam, 8. Mysore.

3 2119. Sivasamudram, S. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6 and 8.)

Manis crassicaupata, G. St. Hil.

The Indian Pangolin,

(Synonymy in No, 3.)

6 2126. Sivasamudram, S. Mysore.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 6 and 8.)

295

296

THE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH

INDIA AND THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

Reb. Pocock i RES.,

Superintendent of the Zoological Society’s Gardens, London.

Pt. II. On the Serows (Capricornis) and Gorals (Neemorhedus).

With 3 colowred and 4 uncoloured Plates.

In the February issue of the Journal of this Society for 1910,

pp. 807-812, I explained briefly that the Serows, Gorals and

Takins, which are confined to Asia, constitute with the Chamois

of Europe and the so-called Rocky-Mountain Goat of North

America a special but not easily defined group of ruminant ungu-

lates known as the Rupicaprine. 1 also pointed out in greater

detail the principal characters, both external and cranial, by which

the Gorals, Serows and Takins may be distinguished from each

other. It may, however, be useful and save a back reference to

my former paper if I recapitulate the chief features by which

Gorals (Nemorhedus) and Serows (Capricornis) may be separated

from one another.

It is a remarkable thing that although Gorals and Serows are

very much alike superficially, so much so indeed that they have

often been referred to the same genus even by experienced zoolo-

gists, they differ nevertheless profoundly in the structure of the

skull. The skulls of Gorals approximate those of Takins in several

particulars, and suggest a kinship between these two animals which

no one would suspect from an examination of living specimens.

The skulls of Serows, on the contrary, are very distinct from those

of the other genera. Since, however, I am not now concerned

with Takins, I will confine my remarks to the main differences

between Gorals and Serows. By their cranial characters they may

be briefly distinguished as follows :—

(a) Maxille in contact with the nasals for a

long distance in front of the lacrymal

bone; lacrymals with a large pit like

depression ; nasals forming a transverse

or slightly arched suture with the fron-

tals; upper rim of orbits not at all

POLOMANEINiaee qestecnccr ocean irene etes Capricornis.

(b) Maxille separated from nasals by a nar-

row fissure and only a very short area

of the lacrymal touching the nasals;

COT.

Canr

JAMRACH’S SmHROW

JouRN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

THE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH INDIA. 297

lacrymals without any deep pit; nasals

forming an angular union with the

frontals ; upper rim of orbits prominent. Ncemorhedus.

Although the above mentioned cranial differences are very

marked, and do not suggest close relationship between Gorals and

Serows, they are nevertheless to a certain extent bridged over in

the skull of the small thick coated Japanese Serow formerly called

Capricornis crispus, but more recently separated as a distinct genus

Capricornulus. Further evidence that Capricornulus crispus is

related to the Gorals is furnished by the structure of the foot

glands, which resemble those of Gorals, as I have shown in a paper

on the cutaneous glands of Ruminants (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910,

pp. 853-855).

Another point of interest about these glands is their close resem-

blance to those found in the feet of sheep, both wild and domesti-

cated. These glands open by asmall orifice in the front of the

pastern, above the hoof, and each consists of a short narrow duct

and a more voluminous glandular sac which is bent upon itself.

For want of material, I have not been able to ascertain whether

exactly similar glands are present in Serows or not. To settle

this, fresh or unskinned feet are necessary for examination. A

living Serow from Darjeeling, now living in the Zoological Gardens,

appears to have such glands, judging from the size of their orifices

in the forelegs, but I could not find them on the skin of the feet

of a specimen of a Chinese species (Capricornis sumatraensis argy-

rocheetes), and according to Bosc an example of the typical Suma-

tran Serow had no foot glands. In the present state of our know-

ledge, therefore, it is impossible to affirm anything definite about

the foot glands of Serows. Serows, nevertheless, have a well deve-

loped facial gland opening in front of the eyes by a small orifice,

which is not closed by a flap of skin as in sheep and gazelles.

In the Serow in the Zoological Gardens, London, referred to

above, the secretion of this gland is a clear fluid which soon dries

to a substance of the consistency and smell of gum arabic, and the

animal itself has a strong smell something like human perspiration,

but this, like the smell of goats and sheep, appears to come from

the surface of the skin and not from any specially localised

glands. It is the presence of this face gland in the Serows

that constitutes one of the main external differences between these

animals and Gorals, which have no face gland; and this gland in

the Serows is lodged in the hollow of the lacrymal bone mentioned

above in the brief description of the skull. Apart from this

character Serows are much larger than Gorals and have much

longer legs. The tail, however, is very much shorter.

The main external differences then between the two animals

may be briefly epitomised as follows :-—

298 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

(a) A distinct gland on the face in front of the

eye; tail very short; height at withers

| about three! feet i. i. /28 Juss Uae. oa daenles Capricornis. -

(b) No gland in front of the eye ; tail longish or

long ; height a little over two feet at the

RAL NULSlHS a eae EMER RTS ce ORs Aaa S Ane Nemorhedus.

In the first portion of this paper (Journal Bo. Nat. Hist.

Soc. XIX, No. 4, pp. 810-811). I gave briefly the reasons

which compel me to adopt the name Capricornis for the Serows

and Nemorhedus for the Gorals; andit is needless, I think, to

repeat them here.

Genus Oapricornis (Serows).

Neemorhedus.—H. Smith, Griffith’s Animal Kingdom V, p. 352,

1827 (an part).

Capricornis.—Ogilby, P. Z. 8., 1836, p. 138 (type bubalinus-

thar) Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus., XX VI. 166, 1843; and subse-

quent works; Heude, Hist. Nat. Chinois II, pp. 222-234, 1894 ;

Pocock Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 1, pp. 183-188, 1908; dd.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, pp. 174-175.

Nemorhedus.—Blanford, Fauna of British India, Mammalia

p- 512, 1891; Lydekker, Great and Small Game of India, p. 128,

1900, and subsequent works.

It would serve no useful purpose in a paper of this kind to

follow in detail the progress of our knowledge of the Serows of

British India and the Straits Settlements. It will be sufficient

to say that until about three or four years ago zoologists,

‘naturalists and sportsmen who wrote about these animals adopted

the nomenclature and identifications set forth by Dr. Blanford in .

his classical work on the Mammalia of the Fauna of British India,

pp. 512-515, 1891. This author referred the Serows of these areas

to two species, the distinguishing characters of which he epito-

mised as follows :—

“Legs white or grey near the feet.................. bubalinus.

Meg's LULOUS sec ere gsr cee h peli issneal sumatrensis.

The range of the first was said to be from Kashmr to the

Mishmi Hills; of the second from the Eastern Himalayas,

Yunnan and Moupin to Sumatra, through Assam, Burma and

the Malay Peninsula. |

| Without entering upon further criticisms of Dr. Blanford’s

results, it is necessary to point out here that he deliberately

refrained from’ adopting the oldest available and therefore correct

name for the species he named bubalinus and that from not

consulting the ‘older natural histories he fell into the error of

believing that the Sumatran Serow has the legs red below the

knees and hocks: _ If he had known, as he might very easily have

known from literature and from a spécimen'in the British Museum

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Puate A.

Fig. 4.

SKULLS OF SEROWS.

(Copied with modifications from P.Z.S., 1908.)

Fie. 1.—Skutt oF Nepan SERow (Capricornis swmatraensis thar).

Fig. 2.—Skutt oF Ropon’s SrrRow (Capricornis swmatraensis rodoni). ;

Fie. 3.—Skutt or Hume’s Serow (Capricornis swmatraensis hwmei) from Pir Punjal.

Fic. 4.—SkuLL oF Roprinson’s Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis robinsoni) from Selangor.

THE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH INDIA, 299

that the limbs of the Sumatran animal are black to the fetlocks,

he would have seen that Burmese specimens could not carry the

name sumatrensis in a restricted sense.

There is no reason to think that Dr. Blanford included more

than one race of Serow under the name bubalinus. But, setting

aside the true sumatrensis which he evidently did not know, the

synonymy he quoted under that specific named embraced two kinds

of Burmese Serows, namely, the red form named rubidus by Blyth,

and a blackish form with red legs named milne-edwardsu by

David. If he had known the typical swmatrensis and had excluded

it as doubtless he would have done, from the British Indian

fauna, he would have been compelled to adopt the title rwbidus for

the Burmese Serows. He was quite evidently, however, full of |

doubt as to the true status of the Serows he discussed, for he

wrote: “I am far from satisfied that this goat-antelope (sumatrensis

so-called) and bubalinus are really distinct, or, if they are, whether

the Arakan rubidus belongs to this form. I follow Blyth in uniting

rubidus and swmatrensis.”’

The doubts expressed by Blanford on this head were taken up

by Mr. Lydekker nine years afterwards * and practically express-

ed by the relegation of the British Indian forms to one species

for which the name swmatrensis was adopted. A further modifi-

cation of Blanford’s classification was the recognition of rubidus as

a race, so that three races of swmatrensis were admitted in British

India, namely, bubalinus and sumatrensis, sensu stricto, and rubidus.

The only criticism of this classification that need be offered concerns

the acceptance and propagation of Blanford’s mistake regarding

the colours of the legs in the typical sumatrensis. ‘This was repeat-

ed in the second edition of Great and Small Game of India, etc.,

issued in 1907.

Dr. Blanford also put Mr. A. L. Butler quite off the scent as to

the true affinities of the Serow from the Larut Hills, Perak, which

he described as Nemorhedus swettenhami, regarding it as a new and

quite distinct species mainly on account of its having the legs

‘below the knees and hocks black. If Mr. Butler had known the

characters of the Sumatran Serow, he would have seen at once that

his Malaccan animal was closely allied to it (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900,

p. 675), the two differing, not in the colour of the legs, but in the

colouring of the mane.

The above given summary will show the accepted views of the

characters and names of the Serows of British India and the Straits

Settlements down to 1907. Inthat year the necessity for iden-

tifying some examples that had been acquired by the Zoological

Society of London forced me to take up the question of these

pe ee = eee

1 Great and Small Game of India, pp. 128—135, 1900.

11 '

800 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI1.

interesting animals. Some of the results arrived at were set forth

in a paper published by the Society in 1908 (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908,

pp-173—190). The rest are embodied in the following pages.

The first fact that speedily came to light was the characters of

the typical Sumatran animal and the discovery that no such race

exists, so far asis known, in British India. From the available

material, moreover, consisting of skulls and skins mostly preserved

in the British Museum, I found reason for thinking that there

were no fewer than four races of Serows inhabiting the Himalayas

north of Hindostan, namely, one in Kashmir, one in Chamba, one

in Nepal and one in Darjiling; that there were two in the Straits

Settlements, one coming from Selangor, the other from Perak.

To these have now to be added two from different localities in

Burma.

Apart from the two from Malacca which are very possibly based

on dimorphic phases of one and the same race, the races above

mentioned seem to be valid and distinguishable forms in the sense

that they appear to be determinable both by cranial and integu-

mental characters. Nevertheless I do not think their distinctive

features are sufficiently rigid and invariable to justify us in giving

these forms full specific rank, for I have a strong suspicion that

when Serows are better known, that is to say, when more material

has been collected in the localities whence the types were obtained

and in localities from which skins have not yet come to hand, gra-

dations will be traced from one to another and thus justify the

view I now hold that all the Serows ranging from Kashmir

to Burma belong to one locally variable species.

Although in my previous paper, as in the present one, the

known Serows of the Straits Settlements have been also referred

to the same species as the Himalayan and Burmese forms, I

am not sure that future discoveries will not show that they should

rank together with the Sumatran animal, as specifically distinct.

This suspicion rests more upon the characters of the skull than

upon the colour of the coat, for the skull of the animal from

Selangor can be at once singled out from those of the Himalayan

animals by its general characters and dimensions, the profile

of the nose and forehead being markedly convex, the horns inclin-

ing much more strongly backwards, and the cranial region sloping

more abruptly backwards and downwards, but in another and

younger skull of apparently the same animal, these characters

are much less marked. Until, therefore, a good deal more

material in the way of properly localised skulls, accompanied by

entire skins, has been examined, it seems to me that no final

settlement of the exact status to be accorded to the different

described forms of Serows can be reached.

Sportsmen who shoot these animals not unnaturally think that

THE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH INDIA, 201.

there is nothing fresh to be found out about them and are con-

tented with the frontlet or the entire skull and at most the skin

on the head. But through the medium of the pages of this

Journal I should like to be permitted to appeal for entire skins

and skulls accompanied by full particulars as to dates, locality

and altitudes. By this means alone can we hope to learn more

than we know at present about the variations exhibited by

Serows in different localities and the changes, if any, they may

show in connection with sex, age and season in the same district.

Our existing knowledge on these important points amounts

to very little.

The characters of the races of Serows that have been described

from different localities within the areas to which this paper

is restricted may be briefly tabulated as follows :—

a. Legs below knees and hocks mostly black;

horns inclined backwards in the plane of

the forehead.

a', Mane composed of black and white hairs.. robinsont,

64, Mane with a considerable amount of red

Slop) iat care een Ee Sea eee RAED BAe Lear Pa) swettenham.

b. Legs below knees and hocks rusty red or

white; horns more uptilted.

a, body, head and limbs all red ...........- rubtdus.

6°, Body, head and limbs not all red.

a’. Head and body brownish-black or black.

a*. Legs with a considerable amount of

rusty red or yellow below knees and

hocks.

a’. Legs below knees and hocks all

rusty ; body brownish black...... milne-edwardsit,

6°. Legs below knees and hocks rusty

fawn; knees and fetlocks white;

bodypjet blacker. acoso as, vi Jamrachi,

b*. Legs white or dirty white below knees

and hocks.

a°. Belly only a little paler than the

sides, their colours blending ; much

less white on the jaw and throat

EN 010 lel Os (or: 5) eee nes HUM ets ORS eae ne thar.

6°. Belly white and sharply contrasted

with the rufous-brown of the sides;

much white on chest and along

IOWOEMIAW 1.8: Si Neale h. Sohal We es rodont.

6° Head pale chocolate-brown, body probably

that colour also and legs probably

Wintetbelowy eam ek teen tae cree es humet.

Capricornis sumatraensis.

Typical sub-species swmatraensis, Bechst.

The Cambing Outan, Marsden, Sumatra, ed. 1, p. 93, ed. 3,

wll S) ple XLV; TSit.

302 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

The Sumatran Antelope Pennant, Quadrupeds, ed. 3, II

pe acl oae

Antilope sumatraensis, Bechstein; Uebersicht-vierfuss. Thiere

I, p. 98, 1799 (based on Marsden’s Cambing Outan).

Antilope sumatrensis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. I, pt. 2, p. 354, 1801;

F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. IV, No. 377, (fig.) 1821; Ranies

ie! Giron Soc ees pa 266: 1821.

Nemorhaedus swmatrensis, H. Smith in Griffith’s An. Kingdom

IY, ee 277, (fig.) 1827; Jardine Nat. Libr. Mamm. IV, p. 97,

pl. 2, 1836.

Capricornis sumatraensis, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1908, p. 176.

Prevailing colour black, with a thick grey mane on the neck

and withers. Areas of the legs below the knees and hocks black

turning brown only on the fetlocks.

Distribution. Sumatra.

Although this race of Serows occurs geographically outside the

localities indicated by the title of this paper, I have thought it

wise to include a brief description of it, with full synonomy, on

account of the erroneous conception of its characters conveyed by

most of the hterature dealing with Indian and Burmese Serows.

There is very little material available for description; but

judging from the skin of a young specimen ticketed Sumatra in

the British Museum (Raffles), the animal has a considerable quan-

tity of brown on the face between the eyes and nose ; but the fore-

head and cheeks are black. The upper lip is whitish, there is a

whitish area extending from the lower lip along the edge of the

jaw on each side and a dirty grey patch on the throat. Ears

brown at the back, noticeably paler than the black of the neck.

The occipital crest is almost all black, but the mane becomes pro-

gressively greyer posteriorly and forms a large greyish crest on

the withers. The general colour of the body is black intermixed

with brown and there is no white or dirty white in the chest,

belly or inside of the legs. The legs are blackish brown, the fet-

locks being rather browner than the upper parts, but there is no

abrupt change of colours at the knees and hocks.

Subspecies robinsoni, Pocock.

Capricorms sumatraensis robinsoni, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soe.,

1908, p. 185, text fig. 35, (living animal), 86 (skull).

Closely related to the typical Sumatran race, but differing appa-

rently in that the mane is crest-like instead of mat-like and com-

posed of a mixture of black and white hairs.

Distribution.—Selangor and ? Perak in the Malay Peninsula.

This race of Serows was based upon the skin and skull of an

example presented to the Zoological Society by the Government

i; ivy o gu

ye ree en fhe

Journ.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.

d.Green del.et Chromo hth.

4 SEROWS FROM BURMA AND MALACCA.

1. Capricornis sumatraensis rubidus. 2. Capricornis sumatraensis robinsoni.

THE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH INDIA, 303

of Selangor. ‘The animal was actually captured near Batu on the

Coast of Selangor ; but according to Mr. H. C. Robinson, it must

have wandered thither either from the range of hills between

Selangor and Negri Sembilan to the south of it, or possibly from

the main range of the Malay Peninsula.

In 1908 a second specimen was forwarded to the Society by Mr.

Robinson’s Assistant, Mr. Boden Kloss. This resembled in colour

the first example from Selangor. It was said, nevertheless, to have

been captured in Perak. It was to this specimen that belonged the

skull, mentioned above, as differing in certain particulars from the

skull of the type of robinson.

Subspecies : swettenhani, Butler.

? Nemorheedus sumatrensis, Cantor, Journ. As. Soc., Bengal XV.,

pp. 272-278, 1846.

Nemorhedus swettenhami, Butler,Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 675.

Nemorhedus sumatrensis swettenhanr, Lydekker. The Game

Animals of India, Burma, Malay and Tibet, 1907, p. 147.

Capricornis sumatraensis swettenhann, Pocock. Proc. Zool. Soc.

1908, pp. 186-187.

General colour black. The back strongly, the sides slightly

erizzled with grey, the bases of the hairs being white. Mane

black, mixed with whitish hairs on the forepart of the neck and

with reddish hairs towards the withers. Inside of thighs rusty

red. Neck, chest, belly, legs and tail black. Head black, but

the lips whitish grey, with some red on the upper lip, posteriorly

a patch of red on the lower jaw beneath. A rusty red patch on

the throat. Skull unknown. Horns from 6 to 84 inches long.

Distribution.—The Larut Hills in Perak; Biserat in the Malay

Peniusula.

There are two specimens of this animal in the Perak Museum,

an adult and young, which, according to Mr. Butler, are alike in

colouration, except that the kid had a narrow rufous band above

the hoof. A third specimen also resembling them, has been seen

by that gentleman ; and there is a skin from Biserat in the British

Museum which seems to be of exactly the same type.

The evidence supplied by these skins of the apparent constancy

of the colouration of the Larut examples justified the view that

the Selangor example above described as robinsoni represented a

distinct race intermediate between swettenham and typical swmat-

raensis. But this evidence was weakened by the arrival of the

robinsoni form from Perak. I have, moreover, seen a skin in the

British Museum from the Siamese frontier of Malacca which seems

to me to be indistinguishable from typical suwmatraensis. From

these facts I now incline very strongly to the opinion that the

Serows from South Malacca, named swettenhami and robinsoni are

304 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

probably racially identical with typical swmatraensis as Hamilton

Smith long ago thought. It would, however, be premature, I

think, to unite them before craniological proof of their identity is

forthcoming. Whether the Serows from Tenasserim mentioned

by Dr. Cantor belong to this black-legged race or to rubidus or

milne-edwardsii or are different from all three, remains to be ascer-

tained.

Subspecies : rubidus, Blyth.

Capricornis rubida, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Asiatic Soc., p. 174,

1863 (foot-note). ;

Capricornis sumatrensis, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Burma, p. 46, 1875.

Nemorhceedus sumatrensis, Blanford, Fauna of British India :

Mammalia, pp. 514-515, 1891 (in part).

Nemorheedus rubidus, A. L. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1900,

(DV OD.

Nemorhedus sumatrensis rubidus, Lydekker, Game Animals of

India, p. 143, 1907.

Prevailing colour red all over, paler beneath, a blackish spinal

stripe extending to the tip of the tail; white on the chin, lower

jaw and upper end of the throat; whitish on the fetlocks and

sometimes also on the knees.

Distribution.—Assam (Shillong), Chittagong, Arakan, Salween.

LT am indebted to Dr. N. Annandale, the Director of the Indian

Museum, Calcutta, for the following information about the type

and other examples of this race of Serows preserved in the Museum

under his charge. ‘“ The type of C. rubida appears to have been

destroyed, judging from an old annotated copy of the Asiatic

Society's Catalogue, over 30 years ago, before the Society’s collec-

tion was transferred to the Indian Museum.” ‘There are two

other examples, however, in the collection, one from Shillong, the

other, a young one, from Chittagong. Dr. Annandale’s tempo-

rary Assistant Mr. T. Bentham, kindly supplied the following par-

ticulars about these in answer to some inquiries I made with regard

to points Blyth had omitted to mention. ‘‘ The individual hairs

are white at the base and red distally and have no black in them;

the knees and fetlocks are white and the white of the chin extends

along the lower jaw to join the white patch on the throat. The

underside is not white but dirty greyish fawn which extends only

on the extreme underside of the body and reaches the knee joints

on the inside of the legs; the whorls of hair at the base of the

forelegs in front, are not white but light golden brown with white

bases to the hair.’’ Blyth’s original specimens, namely, a mounted

head and two flat skins, it may be added, came from Arakan.

Of this race I have only seen two skins. One is in the British

Museum but unfortunately has no locality. It is that of an adult

zee

THE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH INDIA, 305

animal and belonged to Hume’s collection. The other skin is that

of a young animal from Arakan, shot by the late Mr. C. HE. Mum-

ford. For the opportunity to examine this I am indebted to Mrs.

Mumford. These differ in some interesting particulars from each

other and also to a certain extent from the Shillong and Chittagong

specimens in the Calcutta Museum.

In Mr. Hume’s specimen the upper lip, rim of the muzzle, chin,

interramal area of jaws and the throat patch are white. The head,

neck and body are covered with fiery-red hairs, the head and neck

being much redder than the body, the grey basal portion of the

hairs of the body showing to a great extent and imparting a hoary

aspect to this region. The hind quarters are darker than the

body. There is a distinct but narrow black spinal stripe and the

tail has a black tip. The hairs of the mane are red distally, black

basally. The legs are reddish brown throughout, showing no

decided change of colour at the knees and hocks, but are patched

with white on the fetlocks. The lower surface of the body and

the insides of the limbs at the base are greyish-red, not white.

The skin of the young specimen shot by Mr. E.G. Mumford on

Kyauk-pin-daung mountain in the hill tracts of northern Arakan

resembles the last described specimen ina general way. ‘The

sides of the neck are a uniform rusty yellow, the hairs being white

basally but having no black inthem. The shoulders and the rest

of the body are darker owing to a noticeable quantity of black in

the middle of each hair, the base being white and the distal end

red. The hairs of the mane show the same three colours, but

along the spine the encroachment of the black over the red in the

hairs forms the dark spinal stripe. The upper portions of the

limbs are rather darker than the body (the lower portions, like the

head, have been cut away), but at the base of the forelegs on the

inner side, the whorl of hairs, present in all Serows and Gorals,

is quite white, and this colour extends for a short distance up the

throat in front and backwards on to the inner side of the legs.

There is also a white patch on the inner side of the thigh in front.

In the presence of the white upon the chest this specimen

differs markedly from Mr. Hume’s specimen and also from the two

in the Calcutta Museum. It is also considerably darker than the

former owing to a greater amount of black in the hairs of the

body. The Calcutta specimens from Shillong and Chittagong it

may be noted again, have no black in the hairs. Finally in

Hume’s specimen the hairs of the mane are black at the base and

red distally, whereas in Mr. Mumford’s example the extreme bases

of the hairs of the mane are white. I suspect, however, that these

differences in Mr. Mumford’s specimen are attributable to

immaturity.

It may be added that the presence of black in the hairs of some

306 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1I,

of the red Serows serves to connect these animals with Serows of

the ordinary type in which the black prevails.

In response to my inquiry concerning the habitat of these goat-

antelopes, Mrs. Mumford kindly furnished me with some particular

which I venture to quote verbatim from her letter :—

‘“‘ Both species of goat (Red Serow and Grey Goral) were shot

during Xmas-week, 1900, upon a mountain in the Arakan hill

tracts called Kyauk-pin-daung. The mountain is of very curious

formation for it rises abruptly out of the hills to a great height,

being in the form of a horse-shoe. It is sheer both on the convex

and coneave sides of the horse-shoe. The top is a tableland at

its widest (say) a mile across, sloping up gradually to the highest

point and overgrown with a fine variety of coarse garss which

sparsely covers the slabs of rock and boulder of which the moun-

tain is formed. The convex side of the mountain presents a stern

and weather-worn aspect; and there is only scrub vegetation

consisting of bushes and coarse grass with some few deciduous

trees on its face. Here the goats live. On the concave side there

is little or no bamboo on the rock, but all up its face there are

plenty of small deciduous trees. The undergrowth here is so thick

that it is impossible to see anything except at close quarters,

whereas the convex side of the mountain is comparatively bare.

The sloping surface of the mountain leading on each side from its

extremity up to the shoulder where the tableland begins is covered

like all the hill tracts, with a maze and jungle of fine bamboo,

which, however, ends abruptly at the edge of the tableland, which

in addition to the coarse grass already mentioned bears the common

English bracken. Both bison, tzaing (the Burmese wild cattle)

the black Honey Bear and a species of deer range this tableland,

also tiger and elephant; but they do not live there as it is only

after the rains that the grass springs up and attracts the elephant,

bison and tzaing up to feed. There are no monkeys so high up,

though from the highest point late at night or early in the

morning their chattering may be heard hundreds of feet below.

I well remember the day the red goat (Serow) was shot. My

husband and a friend and I were out after brown goats (Goral)

and while peering with glasses over the precipice we saw far below

a large reddish goat lying up. She was lying sunning herself

under a bare tree, the trees being leafless at that time of the year,

and did not seem to hear us. I fired at her, but whether I hit her or

not we never knew, for she jumped up and plunged away; but my

husband fired immediately after I did and one of us must have hit

her young one which was lying between her and the tree and

which we had not seen. Hearing it cry she came back again,

calling to it, but a third shot frightened her, and she plunged down

the cliff helter skelter followed by a shower of stones and shale.

THE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH INDIA. 307

The little one was recovered by the coolies who went after it by

being let down the face of the cliffs by ropes. These red goats

were very shy indeed. It was difficult to get within shot at all

and though we were on the ground some days we never saw them

in groups but singly or a female with her young one almost

invariably.”

For the record of the red Serow from Salween we are indebted

to Mr. G. W. Bird, who says it is common in the limestone hills of

the Salween Valley (Field, Jan. 9th, 1909, p. 62).

Sub-species : milne-edwardsti, David.

lapricornis milne-edwardsi, David, Nouv. Arch. Mus. V, p. 10,

1869.

Antilope (Nemorheedus ) edwardsii, M. Edwards, Rech. Mamm.,

p. 364, pls. LXXII-LXXIIT.

Nemorheedus edwards, Anderson, An. Zool. Res., p. 335.

Nemorheedus sumatrensis, Blanford, Fauna of British India:

Mammalia, pp. 514-515, 1891 (an part).

Colour brownish-black or blackish with some reddish hairs in-

termixed on the outer side of the thighs, the legs below the knees

and hocks rusty-red throughout both externally and internally.

Distribution.—Moupin in Eastern Tibet; Yunnan; Burma,

Moulmein and Pegu.

Evidence for, but not proof of, the existence of this race in

British Burma is supplied by Beavan who described a specimen

from Zwagaben, a limestone hill near Moulmein, and declared he

had seen Serows like it at Thayet-mayo in Pegu. ‘The prevailing

colour was black with a tinge of hoary, the belly and tibiz [sic]

being rufous; the throat was rufous and white tipped, the buttocks

rufous and white; the inside of the ears white with black tips and

edges. It may be inferred that by ‘‘tibize”’ the writer meant the

area of the legs below the knees and hocks, and presumably the

expression ‘“ white-tipped’’ as applied to the throat referred to

the ends of the hairs. The upper lip, lower lip and chin, a narrow

band behind the muzzle and the whole of the inferior edge of the

lower jaw as far back as the throat whitish.

The description of these animals (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 4) is

not sufficiently detailed to make their identification absolutely

certain ; but so far as it is possible to judge, they seem to resemble

the Moupin and Yunnan form more nearly than any other.

At all events the evidence that a blackish Serow with red

legs inhabits the southern portions of British Burma is complete

and its coloration serves to affiliate it with the Moupin race

rather than with those inhabiting the Straits Settlements and

Sumatra.

A closely allied form apparently resembling typical milne-

308 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

edwardsvi in colour except that the fronts of the cannon bones

appear to be black has been recorded by Mr. H. Shaw Dunn from

Kyonklongyi and other localities in the North Shan States of

Upper Burma where it lives mostly in evergreen forests at alti-

tudes of from 4,500 to 6,000 feet. (Hield, Jan. 9th, 1909.)

Sub-species : janvrachi, Pocock.

Capricorms sumatraensis jamrachi, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908,

p. 183, text fig. 84 (living animal).

Prevailing colour coal black with the hairs basally white, upper

lip, chin and a stripe from the latter running backwards

along the lower jaw beneath white. Underside of body dirty

greyish-brown. Hairs of the foreleg above the knee and of the

outer side of the thigh down to the hock mixed with brown and

black ; area of legs below knees and hocks rufous yellow exter-

nally, with the fetlocks and knees white and the inner side whit-

ish. The coat is shortish at all seasons of the year and has little

or no underfur.

Mstribution.— Kalimpong near Darjiling.

Two specimens of this sub-species, both imported by Mr.Jamrach

from the above mentioned locality, have been seen by me.

One is a mounted example in the British Museum, the other is

living in the Zoological Society’s Gardens. Col. Kinloch, how-

ever, shot a Serow near Darjiling, which according to Blanford

was intermediate between the species Blanford named bubalinus

and sumatraensis. Since these two are the same as those here.

named thar and milne-edwardsii, between which jamrachi occupies

a middle place, it is practically certain that Kinloch’s specimen

belonged to the race now under discussion.

The skull characters of this race are unknown.

A special point of interest connected with this Serow is that an

example purchased when about six months old by the Zoological

Society of London in August 1906 has not changed appreciably in

colour or other characters down to the present time (Dec. 1912),

when she is nearly seven years old. From this it may be inferred

that there is to all intents and purposes no seasonal colour change

in this race and that the young is like the adult.

Sub-species: thar, Hodgson.

The Bubaline Antelope, Hodgson, Gleanings in Science III, p.

122, 1831.

Antilope thar, Hodgson, Gleanings, etc., III, p. 324, Oct. 1831,

wd. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 105.

Antilope bubalina, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 12.

Antilope (Nemorhedus) thar, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p.

86.

Journ.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.

J.Green del.et Chromo lth.

SEROWS FROM THE HIMALAYAS.

1.Capricorms sumatraensis Jjamrachi. ¢.Capricornis sumatraensis rodom.

THE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH INDIA. 309

Capricornis thar, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1836, p. 138.

Nemorhcedus proclivus and thar, Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Ben-

gal, X, p. 913, 1841.

Nemorhedus or Capricornis bubalinus, Adams, Blyth, Jerdon,

Blanford and others.

Nemorhedus bubalinus typicus and N. swmatraensis bubalinus,

Lydekker.

Capricornis sumatraensis thar, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1908, p.

176, fig. 30, id. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., XIX, No 4, p.

823, 1910.

Closely allied to the last described race, but with the legs whit-

ish or greyish-white below the knees and hocks and without the

very decided rusty fawn tint on the outer side of the cannon bones.

The lower surface is at most dirty greyish-brown and not clear

white as in the Chamba race which follows.

Distribution.—Nepal, Sikhim, Chumbi.

There are a few old and mounted skins of this animal in the

British Museum procured by Hodgson in Nepal and one from

Sikhim presented by Blanford. Oapt. Bailey recently shot a

specimen in Chumbi, as recorded in this Journal Vol. XIX,

p. 823, 1910.

Skulls of this Serow sent by Hodgson from Nepal are less con-

vex in the frontal and nasal region than are the skulls of the two

Himalayan races described below.

The synonymy of this animal has been quoted somewhat fully

to show that thar and not bubalinus is the earliest name given to

it, and therefore the one that must be adopted irrespective of fre-

quency of use and the quite unimportant predilections of indivi-

dual authors.

Sub-species : rodoni, Pocock.

Capricornis sumatraensis rodoni, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1908, p.

180, text figs. 32 (skin) and 33 (skull).

General colour brownish-black, the black portion of the hairs

tinged with red. Upper lip, lower lip and chin white, the white

from the chin running along the lower jaw and joining a con-

spicuous patch at the upper end of throat. Sides of body,

shoulders and thighs browner than the back. Chest, belly, inside

of thighs and of upper portion of forelegs and the whole

of the outer side of the legs from above the knees and hocks white,

the white of the belly and chest sharply defined from the brown

of the flanks and neck.

Distribution.—Chamba in the Punjab.

This race of Serows is at present known from a skin and skull

sent tome by the late Major G.S. Roden, F.Z 8S. It may be

310 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

distinguished from the Nepalese race (thar) by the characters set

forth in the table (p. 303). In addition to the characters there

enumerated, it may be added that the coat is long and shaggy,

and has a plentiful supply of underfur, whereas in C. s. thar the

coat is more scanty and has little or no underfur so far as is known.

This indicates that the Chumba Serows live at a higher altitude

than those of Nepal. There are also differences of the skull, the

nasal bones of C. s. rodoni being extremely short, much shorter

in fact than in C. s. thar and the following race C. s. humei.

Sub-species: huwmei, Pocock.

Capricorms sumatraensis humet, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1908,

p. 178, text fig. 31 (skull.)

Distinguishable from the previously described races of Serows

by the uniform pale chocolate brown colour of the head.

Distribution.— Kashmir.

This race is represented in the British Museum by a mounted

head belonging to Mr. Hume’s collection. Apart from this noth-

ing is known of the pelage, but since the head is approximately the

same colour as the neck and body in all Serows hitherto described

it may be inferred that this Kashmir race is pale brown all over.

Moreover, if the law of the progressive change in the colour of the

legs from nearly black in specimens from Southern Malacca to

white in examples from Chamba holds good to the west of the

last named district, the Kashmir animal will also prove to have

white legs. To sportsmen in Kashmir we must look for the

settlement of these questions. If it may be urged as a criticism

of basing a race of Serows on a single mounted head that the hairs

may have faded from black or dark brown to pale brown, it must

be replied that one of Hodgson’s Nepalese specimens has been exhi-

bited for at least the same length of time without turning to the

pale shade seen in Hume’s example.

Further evidence for the distinctness of Kashmir Serows from

those further east is also supplied by a skull in the British Museum

from Pir Punjal, formerly belonging to Mr. Lydekker. It is, of

course, not certainly known that this skull resembles that of

Hume’s specimen, but until there is evidence to the contrary, this

may be assumed to be the case. This skull differs from that of

the Chamba race (rodoni) in having much longer nasal bones and

much shorter frontal bones, the suture between the two being near

the middle of the upper edge of the lacrymal bone. The length

of the nasal bones far exceeds the length of the frontals measured

from the naso-frontal suture to the posterior rim of the orbit. In

the skull of the type of rodoni the nasal bones when so measured

fall short of the posterior rim of the orbit.

a pe a et

i) Errata.

ine 2 after “ table,” read (p. 801).

THE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH INDIA. 311

Genus: NEMORHZDUS (Gorals).

Nemorheedus, H. Smith, Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, V, p. 352,

1827, (in part); Gray, List Mamm., Brit. Mus., p. XX VI, 1843, id.

Ann. Mag. Nat., Hist. XIII, p. 232, 1846, and later works (type,

goral) ; Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) I, pp. 183-188, 1908;

id. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1908, p. 190.

Kemas, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1836, p. 138 (type, goral) ;

Blanford, Mamm. Brit. India, pp. 513-516, 1891 (nec Cemas, Oken,

Hehbrb. Zool. II, p. 727, 1816).

Caprina, Radde, Reisen in Siid. Ost. Sibirien I, pp. 262-270,

1862-1868 (type, raddeanus).

Urotragus, Grey Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) VIII, p. 371, 1871,

(type, caudatus) ; Lydekker, Zoologist, 1905, p. 83; id. Great and

Small Game of India, 1900, p. 136 and subsequent works.

The essential characters of this genus are enumerated above

icf.p. 300).

Distribution.—Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim and Bhotan

Assam, Arakan in Burma, and northwards through China to Corea.

The synonymy of this Genus which was long ago settled by Gray

has neen quite needlessly confused by authors who followed him.

Hamilton Smith included both Gorals and Serows under Nemor-

hedus and this name must stand either for the one genus or the

other. Neglecting this law Ogilby ignored Nemorhedus and called

the Serows Vapricornis and the Gorals Kemas. Gray, who followed

him, put the matter right by reserving Capricornis tor the Serows

and keeping Nemorheedus for the Gorals. He dropped Kemas, very

wisely, because Oken had previously employed the name, spelt

with a ‘ C ’ instead of a ‘ K, ’ in a totally different sense, that is

to say, for a number of Antelopes in which the Goral was not in-

cluded. Kemas was, however, resuscitated for the Gorals and

Nemorheedus transferred to the Serows by Blanford, who either did

not know of Gray’s settlement of the question or thought he could

set it on one side. Then came Mr. Lydekker who, seeing quite

rightly the inadmissibility of Kemas and not being aware presum-

ably of what Gray had done, followed Blanford in using Nemor-

hadus for the Serows and introduced for the Gorals the name

Urotragus which had been given by Gray in 1871 to a long-tailed

species inhabiting north China, namely, caudatus of Milne-Edwards.

But Radde in 1863 had cited another north Chinese species as

Antilope (Caprina) crispa*; so that even if Blanford and Lydek-

ker were right in calling the Serows Nemorhedus the claims of

Caprina would have to be considered before Urotragus was adopted

for the Gorals. But as I have said, Gray had straightened the

+ 'I'nis species being wrongly identified as crispa of Temminck, was correctly re-

named raddeanus by Heude.

312 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

matter strictly in accordance with the rules of nomenclature long

before all these difficulties, initiated by Blanford, arose and I can

see no excusable pretext for ignoring his decision unless each

author has the right to choose the name he pleases for an animal

irrespective of the work of his predecessors.

he three species of Gorals now recognised from British India

and Burma may be distinguished as follows :—

a Tail shorter, about three inches long exclusive of the hair :

black stripe on foreleg passing over the knee down the

middle of the cannon bone to the fetlock (Himalayas).

b Grey or fawn-grey, more or less suffused

with black ; spinal stripe absent or not

passing beyond withers ; no stripe down

middle of tail and none up back of thigh... goral.

b' Brown suffused with black ; spinal stripe

reaching at least to croup ; a black stripe

down tail ; blackish up back of thigh ... hodgsons.

w Tail longer, about 5 inches without hair ;

black stripe on foreleg not passing over knee

put turning and running down outer side of

cannon bone (China to Arakan) ... we. GTISeUs.

The Himalayan Gorals.

in Blanford’s Mammals of British India, pp. 516-517, the Gorals

of the Himalayas were assigned to a single species to which the

name Cemas goral was given. But in 1905 Mr. Lydekker pointed

out that there are two types of this animal in that mountain range,

namely, a ‘ grey ’ type and a ‘brown’ type. ‘To the grey one he

gave the new name bedfordi and restricted the old name goral to

the ‘ brown’ one. That these two kinds of Goral exist is undeni-

able, but Mr. Lydekker’s selection of the technical names was most

unfortunate, because Hardwicke, the original describer of Antilope

goral, expressly stated that the animal to which he gave the name,

a specimen living in the Barrackpore menagerie whither it had

peen sent from Katmandu, was of a ‘grey mouse-colour,” the

Latin diagnosis running ‘ corpore supra colore murino canescente !

Since it is quite impossible to believe that Hardwicke could have

applied those epithets to an animal which was independently

described by Hodgson as ‘rusty and brown’, by Blanford as

‘brown, more or less rufous’ and by Mr. Lydekker as ‘rufous

brown’, there is no logical escape from the conclusion that Mr.

Lydekker’s ‘grey’ goral is the same as Hardwicke’s goral and

must take the technical term goral, with bedford. as _ its

synonym.

Clearly, therefore, it was the ‘brown’ Himalayan Goral that

reyuired a new name and not the ‘grey’ one. This name I

JouRN. BompBay Nav. Hisr. Soc.

ZS. Lond

THE GREY Himarayan Gorat (Nemorhedus goral).

TRE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH INDIA, 313

supplied in 1908, when I dedicated the species to Brian Hodgson

who was the first to discover and misname it.

The available evidence shows that the grey goral which ranges

at least from Chamba to Nepal, is a more westerly form than the

‘brown’ one which extends from Nepal to Sikhim. They may

prove to be merely local races of one species ; but since we have no

actual proof that they intergrade even in Nepal where both types

occur, it is better perhaps to regard them as distinct species. At

the same time it cannot be claimed that the differences between

them have the same value as the differences which distinguished

the Burmese Goral from both of them.

Neemorhedus goral, Hardwicke.

Antilope goral, Hardwicke, Tr. Linn. Soc. Zool. XIV, p. 518., pl.

XIV, 1825; H. Smith, Griffith’s An. Kingdom IV, p. 279, 1827;

Jardine, Nat. Library, Mammalia IV, p. 98, 1836.

Urotragus bedfordi, Lydekker, Zoologist 1905, p. 83, id. Game

-Animals of India p. 151, 1907, cd. in Rowland Ward’s Records

of Big Game p. 343, fig. 1907.

Nemorhedus goral, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 192, fig.

37.

Nec Nemorhcedus goral, Hodgson; Cemas goral, Blanford; Uvro-

tragus goral, Lydekker.

Colour yellowish-grey suffused with black, varying considerably

in tint individually but the pale area of the hairs never rufous or

brown ; forehead and sides of nose suffused with rusty yellow ; chin,

upper lip, underside of jaws and throat patch white, the latter

sometimes yellowish and darkedged. Occasionally a darker spinal

Stripe on the nape and withers, but usually none, although this

area often appears darker owing to the dark basal portion of the

hairs showing when they are erect. Tip of tail black. No black-

ish stripe running up back of thigh from the hock to the root of

the tail. Legs below knees and hocks varying from grey to rich

fawn; the foreleg usually but not always black down the middle

over and below the knee, the hindleg usually darker, often blackish,

behind from the hock to the fetlock. Ventral surface and inside

of thighs whitish.

Distribution.—Chamba, Dharmsala; Nepal, ? Kashmir.

On general grounds it seems probable that Kashmir Gorals are

specifically the same as those that occur at Chamba; but I am

not acquainted with any description of Gorals from Kashmir, nor

have I seen any skins. Of Gorals from Chamba, I have examined

eight examples shot by H. H. the Rajah and kindly sent to me

through the late Major Rodon. ‘The type of NV. bedfordi, an exam-

ple that lived at Woburn, came probably, as I learnt from Mr. Jam-

rach, the importer, from Dharmsala. Evidence for the extension of

814 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

this grey goral into Nepal is furnished by a skin shot by Maha-

rajah Dhuleep Singh and now preserved in the British Museum.

This skin has an important bearing on Hardwicke’s statement that

the grey goral he described as Antilope goral came from Nepal.

I may add that Major Rodon was strongly of opinion that both

the ‘ grey ’ and ‘brown’ Gorals occur at Chamba and to convince

me of this he forwarded to me the series of specimens above

mentioned, which were shot by the Rajah. Clearly, however,

these all belong to the ‘ grey’ type.

A living male example of this species was presented as a young

animal to the London Zoological Society in 1904 by Major G. 8.

Rodon and is still living. It is important to record that this

specimen has not changed appreciably in colour during its eight

years’ sojourn is England. It has shown no tendency whatever

to assume the brown coloration of the species next described.

Neemorhedus hodgsoni, Pocock.

Nemorhedus (Antilope) yoral, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834,

pace: ;

Cemas goral, Blanford, Fauna of British India; Mammalia

p- 516, 1891 (in part).

Urotragus goral, Lydekker, Zoologist, 1905, p. 83; id. Game |

Animals of India, etc., 1967 p. lol.

Nemorhedus hodgsoni, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 199.

Nec. Antilope goral, Hardwicke, H. Smith, Jardine, Pocock.

Colour varying in tint but always golden or rufous brown

speckled with black; forehead and nose darker, cheeks paler;

chin, lower side of jaws and throat patch generally yellower than

in N. goral. A black spinal stripe extending from the head to

the root of the tail but tapering away and almost evanescent on

the croup. Tail black above. A dark, often ill defined stripe

running up the back of the thigh from the hock. Legs below

knees and hocks golden brown, generally with a median black

stripe. Belly and inside of thigh greyish yellow.

Distribution.—Nepal and Sikhim.

Of this Goral there are in the British Museum complete skins

obtained by Hodgson in Nepal and one, the type, shot by Blanford

in Sikhim.

The Burmese Goral.

Neemorhedus griseus, Milne-edwards.

Antilope (Neemorhedus) griseus A. M. Edwards, Nouv. Arch. Mus.

VII, Bull, p. 93. ; 7d. Rech. Mamm. I, p. 361, pl. 71, fig. 2-2a, pl.

71a, fig. 1, 1874.

? Antilope (Nemorhedus) cinerea, A. M. Edwards, Rech. Mamm.

p. 862; pl 70) plo7t, tie. Wy pl 72, ite ee te

Jdourn.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc.

J.Green delet Chromo lth.

DIA AND BURMA.

dushodgsom. 3.Nemorhedus goral

GORALS FROM IN

l. Nemorhsedus cinereus. 2.Nemorh

Bek be

Be Ais f

THE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH INDIA, 315

Kemas henryanus, Henry, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 98.

Urotragus evansi, Lydekker, Zoologist (4), IX, p. 83, 1905; id.

The Game Animals of India, etc., p. 1535, 1907; Evans, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1905, p. 311.

Nemorhcedus griseus, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, pp. 199-202.

Distinguishable from the two Himalayan forms above described

by two main characters ; the skin of the tail is about five inches

long in the adult and the black stripe on the foreleg instead of

passing over the knee and running down the middle line of the

cannon bone to the fetlock, turns aside at the knee and usually

passes down the outer side of the cannon bone to the false hoof

and spreads thence on to the back of the fetlock and pastern.

The colour varies considerably individually from a dirty yellow

or greyish-brown to a rich dark brown and a black spinal stripe

may be distinctly defined or scarcely traceable. The hairs of the

tail are black above and below and the entire tail with its long

fringing hairs may reach a length of ten inches. The pale patch

on the throat is tinged with yellow, especially marginally. The

lower portion of the foreleg is blackish externally and behind, the

knee and the inner side of this part of the limb being pale. The

corresponding area of the hind leg is brownish behind and fawn

or greyish fawn in front. The fetlocks and pasterns themselves |

vary in colour from ferruginous to fawn or white irrespective of

season and sex.

Distribution.—Hastern Tibet (Moupin) Szechuen and Ichang in

Southern China to Arakan in Burma. ? Assam.

Nemorheedus griseus was based upon a specimen from Moupin in

Eastern Tibet. Subsequently Milne-Edwards described under the

name cinereus, another species from the same locality, regarding

the two as distinct because of certain differences in the skull and

teeth. But since theexample of grisews was a comparatively

young animal with the teeth unworn and the last molar not

entirely erupted, while that of cinereus was quite old with the teeth

much worn, it isin the highest degree probable, in my opinion,

that the differences relied upon were due to age.

In the British Museum there are several specimens of Gorals

from Southern China which seem to be inseparable from JN.

griseus. Some of these are from Szechuen and others from Ichang.

These exhibit very instructive individual variation in colour. One

male example shot in Ichang on September 9th has a poor coat

of a dirty yellow brown colour, with a very distinct black spinal

stripe and the feet rusty yellow. Another, also a male, shot on

the same day, has the coat mixed brown and grey, no distinct

spinal stripe and the feet white. A third, also a male, shot in

December, has the coat richer brown with the spinal stripe less

distinct than in the first specimen, the feet fawn, that is to say,

316 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

paler than in the first and darker than in the second, and the

throat patch yellower than in either. Again in one of two

examples from Szechuen the feet are fawn, in the other they are

nearly white. They were shotin January and the colour of the

coat is like that of the example shot in December in Ichang.

Since the type of N. henryanus.came from Ichang, there is very

little doubt that it was identical with the above mentioned

examples from that locality in the British Museum.

Now as to the form from Arakan described by Mr. Lydekker as

Urotragus evanst. Inthesummer of 1903 Mrs. Mumford sent me

for identification the incomplete skins of some Gorals shot by the

late Mr.G. E. Mumford at Kyauk-pin-daung in the Arakan Hills.

(see supra p. 307). These I was unable to distinguish specifically

from the above mentioned skins in the British Museum from

Szechuen andIchang and I consequently identified the Arakan

Goral as Nemorhedus griseus. The late Col. Bingham to whom I —

showed them told me he had long been aware of the existence of

Goral in Burma, but supposed them to be identical with the

Himalayan animal.

Two years later Major Evans brought the skins and skulls of

two young specimens from Mt. Victoria in the Pokokku district

of Arakan. These fell into the hands of Mr. Lydekker, who

noting certain differences between them and Nepalese Goral and

overlooking the likelihood of their resembling Goral from

Southern China, described them as a new species which was

dedicated to Major Hvans. I cannot distinguish these skins

specially from those from Ichang and Szechuen and even if the

latter are wrongly referred to NV. griseus, the name henryanus must

be adopted for them in preference to evans.

The existence of a Goral in the Naga Hills, Upper Assam, was -

recorded by Capt. Butler (Journ., As. Soc., Bengal, XLIV, pl. 1,

p- 332). The characters of this Goral are unknown to me; but

since the Naga Hills are separated from the Himalayas by the

Valley of the Brahmaputra, it is probable that this Goral will

prove to be identical with IV. griseus.

According to Major Evans who has given an interesting account

of the distribution and habits of Gorals in Arakan and the

neighbouring districts, the animal occurs at an elevation of 3,500

feet in the Chin-Luchai Hills and extends, he believes, on to the

Siamese side of the Thaungyin River and about the hills at the

headquarters of the Me-Ping. Their habits appear to be exactly

the same as those of the Himalayan species. They live in small

flocks numbering from four to about a dozen and frequent steep

precipitous ground, which combined with their keenness of

vision, makes them exceedingly difficult to approach except by

expert cragsmen. ‘They feed in the early morning and evening

JouRN. BomsBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats B

“bey,

Gilli

TERT

y ae

: TY

Peer iens

s/ Uy

wee zz aly

aainill WG

3 Wy

pit iisiy Ip

iy l

De ———

Hie. 2:

SKULLS OF GORAL AND TAKIN.

(Copied from Milne Edward’s Rech. Mamm.)

Fic, 1.—SkuLL oF THE BurMESE Gora (Nemorhedus griseus).

Fic. 2.—SkuxLu oF TakIN rrom Eastern TisEt (Budorcas taxicolor tibetanus).

THE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH INDIA, 317

on grassy patches near their favourite haunts and spend the day

resting on inaccessible ledges of rock on the precipitous hill-sides.

Their note of alarm is ashort sharp hissing or sneezing noise

which is immediately taken up by others of the party near by.

Their flesh is not bad eating; and the best season to shoot them

is from December to May. According to this same observer they

stand from 25 to 27 inches at the shoulder; the average length of

the horns, which are only slightly longer and thicker in the male

than in the female, being about 4 inches or rather over.

Supplementary note on the Takin (Budorcas).

In the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XIX,

pp. 812—821, 1910, I gave an account of the described forms of

Takins from North India and China. Since then Mr. Oldfield

Thomas has described as representing a new species some speci-

mens procured at Tai-pei-San in Shen-si, a province of northern

China, naming it Budorcas bedfordi, in honour of the Duke of Bed-

ford.

It may be remembered that the prevailing colour of the

Assamese and Bhotan Takin (B. tavicolor) is blackish brown with

the whole of the upper side of the body, apart from the dark

spinal stripe, suffused with greyish yellow. At least in the case of

old animals it seems that there is considerable variation in colour,

possibly of a seasonal nature. The new coat, when it first appears,

is brown, and the old coat, when it is ready to be shed, nearly grey.

The Bhotan Takin was regarded by Mr. Lydekker as a geogra-

phical race distinct from the typical form from the Mishmi Hills,

but whether this view prove to be well founded or not, the Takins

hitherto discovered in the two districts in question are to all intents

and purposes identical.

North of the Eastern Himalayas, in Moupin and Sze-chuen, the

Takin just mentioned is replaced by a lighter form (B. tibetanus)

which is mostly yellow or grey in colour, but retains a blackish

patch on the muzzle, black ears and tail, a short dark spinal stripe,

and blackish or iron-grey legs. ‘Thus the main characters in

which this Southern Chinese animal differs from the Assamese one

in the extension of the pale coloration over the greater part of the

head, and its intensification everywhere.

In the Shen-si form (B. bedfordi) the obliteration of the pigment

is carried a stage further. The dark coloration has disappeared

from the spinal area and from the tail; but on the muzzle, ears

and legs, a varying amount of black persists, at least in some skins

as tell-tale marks of affinity between the Shen-si and Sze-chuen

318 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X_XU1,

types. Where the pigment is least apparent the Shen-si Takin is

a beautiful golden yellow colour almost throughout.

It cannot be doubted that the evanescence of the pigment is a

derivative and not a primitive character and this view receives the

strongest support from the uniformly brown colour of the young

both of the Assamese and Sze-chuen animals, the pale colour being

added later in life. This being so we may conclude that the

comparatively dark North Indian Takin is the least specialised -

and the Shen-si Takin the most specialised representative of the

genus Budorcas hitherto discovered.

From what has been said it will be clear that although the Shen-

si Takin was described as a new species, it does not differ from

previously described Takins in characters of any great moment :

and that gradual evanescence of pigment can be traced from the

southern to the northern forms.

Speaking of B. tawcolor and B. tibetanus in my paper quoted

above, I said (p. 817): ‘The two forms indeed are not nearly

so distinct from one another as Mr. Lydekker’s descriptions would

lead one to suppose, and it is quite possible that Milne-Hdwards

was after all quite right in regarding them merely as local races of

one and the same species.”

This suspicion arose from the fact that several of the characters

relied upon by Mr. Lydekker were shown by the literature of the

subject to have no existence in reality and from the impossibility of

laying hold of any convincing and definable differences in the skull

and horns; the differences of colour, in fact, are practically the

only differences to rely upon in distinguishing the animals.

And in the Field, May 6th, 1911, p. 866, I suggested that there

were no logical grounds for regarding the Shen-si and Sze-chuen

Takins other than as local races. Quite recently Mr. Lydekker

adopted this suggestion (Meld, October 26th, 1912, p. 860) when

writing of some Takins obtained by Mr. Fenwick Owen in Kansu,

he said these ‘‘ Specimens suggest that all the Chinese Takins are

local forms of a single specific type.” He also said of this Kansu

Takin that it ‘‘ appears to be a whole coloured animal very similar

to the Golden Takin (B. bedfordi) from Shen-si, but darker in

colour.”’ But we know from the typical B. taaicolor that the exact

shade of colour has no systematic value. Hence it probably has

none in the case of the Chinese forms. A further point to be

noticed is this. A ‘Takin from Kansu was described by Mr.

Lydekker (in Rowland Ward’s Records, p. 350, 1907) as Budaras

sinensis, as I have already pointed outin this Journal (Vol XIX, p.

820). But this animal was subsequently regarded by its describer

as identical with the Sze-chuen form B. tibetanus.

The position then appears to be this. Two kinds of Takins are

alleged to exist in Kansu, namely, tiletanus which ranges southwards

—T-

THE SEROWS, GORALS AND TAKINS OF BRITISH INDIA, 319

to Sze-chuen and bedfordi which ranges eastwards to Shen-si. The

possibility of this must be admitted : but, however strong a sus-

picion one may have that sinensisand bedfordi will prove to be

indistinguishable the available material does not warrant their sys-

tematic fusion; but the inference that they are merely racially

separable is quite justifiable.

If then we regard all the described Takins as belonging to one

species, Budorcas taaicolor, the races may be tabulated as follows :

Sub-species tamicolor, Hodgson, 1850, Mishmi Hills.

§ white, Lydekker, 1907, Bhotan.

4" tibetanus, M. Edwards, 1874, Sze-chuen.

* sinensis, Lydekker, 1907, Kansu.

ny bedfordi, Thomas, 1911, Shen-si.

EXPLANATION OF COLOURED PLATES.

N. B.—The illustrations on the coloured plates representing

Serows and Gorals have all been traced from photo-

eraphs. The shapes and attitudes of the animals are

therefore correct. The coloration is not however in all

cases quite accurate.

SEROWS FROM BuRMA AND MALACCA.

. 1.--The red Burmese Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis rulidus).

In this figure the white on the throat is overdone and

the area above the nostrils should have been black.

Fig. 2.—Robinson’s Malayan Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis

robinsont). ‘lhe colour of the eye is doubtful and there

should have been more black above the nostrils.

ele)

SEROWS FROM THE HIMALAYAS.

Fig. 1.—Jamrach’s Serow (Capricornis swmatraensis jamrachi)

from Darjeeling.

Fig. 2.—Rodon’s Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis rodoni) from

Chamba.

The Nepal Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis thar) is intermediate

between these two in colour.

GORALS FROM INDIA AND BurRMA.

Fig. 1.—The Burmese Goral (Nemorhedus griseus not) N. cinereus

as labelled on plate.

Fig. 2.—The Brown Himalayan Goral (Nemorhedus hodgsoni)

from Nepal and Sikkim.

Fig. 3.—The Grey Himalayan Goral (Nemorhedus goral) from

Chamba. ,

320

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS

OF INDIA.

(INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS

OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY).

(0) Rost BGT © Tense

Pari’ Xavi

[Continued from page 100 of Volume XXIT, |

98. Ixias pyrene.—(Pl. J, figs. 653, 65a9)—Dyry season brood.—Male

upperside: deep sulphur-yellow. Fore wing: base and basal half of costa

thickly irrorated with black scales ; apical half of the wing black, with an

enclosed, large, irregularly triangular, orange-coloured patch, the apex

of which is more or less broadly rounded and blunt; the orange colour

extends into the apex of the cell but is interrupted there by a black,

discocellular spot that spreads diffusely imwards and joins the black,

oblique bar which forms the base of the orange patch; veins that traverse

this latter, black. Hind wing: uniform with a little black scaling at

extreme base; termen with a dusky-black, somewhat narrow border

(sometimes entirely absent) which decreases in width posteriorly. Under-

side: a darker yellow, sparsely irrorated with fusco-ferruginous short

strige and minute spots. Fore wing: base and posterior area broadly

similarly irrorated, with a whitish pale virescent tint; the strigze and

minute spots most numerous towards the apex and along the termen ;

interspaces 4, 5, 6 and 8 with a curved, subapical series of small, rounded

dull-ferruginous spots and a similar spot on the discocellulars. Hind

wing also with a ferruginous spot on the discocellulars, followed by a

postdiscal series of similar spots in interspaces 3 to 8, all or most of them,

centred with white ; the spots in interspaces 5, 6 and 8 the largest, those

in 5 and 6 often coalescent. Antennze and thorax anteriorly dull-ferrugi-

nous ; thorax posteriorly and abdomen above, fuscous black ; head, thorax

and abdomen beneath: yellow. Female upperside: white, faintly tinged

with yellow. Fore wing: apical half black, with an enclosed, irregular, broad,

oblique patch of the ground colour that extends into the upper apex of

the cell; on the innerside of this the black is reduced to a short, oblique

bar broadened at the lower apex of the cell, from whence it is continued

asa somewhat slender, diffuse, oblique streak to the tornus, where it

broadens again abruptly and meets the black on the termen; the outer

margin of the oblique, white patch is irregularly crenulate, sometimes

triannulate ; the black colour on the apex often forms a right angle on

vein 4; on the white patch posteriorly there is a black spot in interspace

2 and another in interspace 8. Hind wing: uniform, a few subobsolete,

slender, fuscous, transverse strigze posteriorly ; the terminal margin some-

times with (more often without) a narrow, dusky-black edging, broadened

anteriorly at the apices of the veins. Underside: similar to that in the

male, with similar markings, the ground-colour a dark, dull ochraceous,

the fusco-ferruginous strigee more numerous. Antenne, head, thorax and

abdomen as in the male.

Wet-season brood.—Male and female upperside: differs in the broader,

more pronounced, black, terminal edging to the hindwing which is often

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 32)

remarkably broad ; and in the female by the ground colour which is pale

yellow. Underside: the fusco-ferruginous strigze and spots often sub-

obsolete, occasionally entirely absent in the male. Expanse 43-62 mm.

Col. Bingham says that the species was described originally from a dry-

season male, probably from China. He states that the insect is most variable

in size and colour locally and seasonally; and that the characters peculiar

to the dry and wet-season forms are most unstable. It isnot uncommon

to find specimens with the wet-season character of the broad, black

border to the hind wing on the upperside and on the underside

with the prominent, fusco-ferruginous, transverse strigze and spots

usually associated with the dry-season forms. Again in the male,

the width of the orange patch of the fore wing is very variable. Broadly

speaking, however, he says, the males of J. pyrene can be divided into two

groups mentioned here at the end of “ Habits.”

Egg.—An egg was laid at about 1 p.m. on the 14th September 1912. on

a partly eaten leaf of Capparis sepiwia at Pachchapur in the Belgaum

District of the Bombay Presidency ; it was pearl-white in colour and

shiny ; it turned pale cream-colour the second day; pale pink blotches

and spots appeared all over it on the 16th, but these were not very dense.

The little larva emerged about 7 o’clock on the morning of the 18th. The

egg is more or less bottle-shaped as in the margin has 12 longitudinal

ridges or ribs from top to bot-

tom, of which the lst and 4th

sometimes, or the lst and 3rd

sometimes, anastomose before the

top, finishing then, thus joined,

in a littlefree tooth; the teeth

forming a narrow ring or crown

to the egg; the intervening rid-

ges, when two, run into each

other or into one of the ones that

reach the top. Always 6, or half the number, seemingly, reach the top

as teeth. The ridges are thin, round-edged, and the intervals between,

double the breadth of the ridges, are concave and finely, transversely

striated with some 30 or more parallel, fine, low cross-ridges. The points

or teeth are fairly long, the intervals between them rounded. L: 1°5

mm.; B: 0°6 mm.

Larva—tThe little larva emerged about 7 a.m. on the 18th of September

and finished the egg-shell by about 10 a.m. as its first meal. Then it

began to wander about the leaf. The 2nd stage was 2 mm. in length by

0-5 mm. in breadth and of a translucent ochreous tint, the spines from

the subdorsal, dorsolateral, and supraspiracular, large, conical, slightly

opaquely white tubercles nearly as long as the larva is broad; those on

segment 2, indeed, slightly longer and curved forwards ; those on the anal

segments somewhat shorter but longer than the majority ; all these with

little globules of liquid on their ends; other hairs there are also in the

subspiracular region but not as stout as those from the above main tuber-

cles. The head more or less round in shape, of the same colour as the

body, with dark eyes and jaws and a slight red apical blotch; surface

shiny, smooth except for some long, slightly curved (as long as or very

little shorter than the majority of the body hairs) hairs in the usual

positions. There is a more or less distinct neck, the long tubercle hairs

of segment 2 making a very prominent collar behind it. The colour is, as

said above, a translucent ochreous-yellow before feeding on the leaf

substance, with a red subdorsal shade on segment 9 and on head-vertex ;

all tubercles slightly opaque-white, the hairs all light except those on the

322 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

head which are nearly black and one, subspiracular, on segment 2 also black.

3rd stage.—The little larva finished moulting on the night of the 23rd

of the month. It had become green before it moulted from eating vege-

table matter. It was still green when it finished moulting though slightly

less opaquely so. On the 25th morning it was 11 mm. long by something

over 1 mm. in breadth; it was shiny green in colour, the head being tinged

with yellow; on segments 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,11 and 12 there were spiracular,

dark, chocolate-brown marks, just little spots on the first 3 segments, a

good deal larger on segments 5, 6, still larger and nearly coalescing at

margins on the last two, including the spiracle on the last four. The tail-

points well accentuated, short, diverging, separated narrowly at bases,

conical, covered with little erect hairs like the body though slightly longer,

proceeding from the somewhat flattened cremastral segment out backwards

and in the same plane withit. The head is round, though of course

truncated across jaws and that, indeed, somewhat broadly ; the clypeus

is large, triangular and somewhat depressed ; the surface shiny, bearing

many, little, brown, erect hairs or bristles all over its surface as well as some

few (the usual subdorsal, dorsolateral and lower ones) longer hairs from,

each, a light-coloured, conical tubercle ; the jaws and eyes dark in colour,

the labrum and liguia perhaps lighter than the rest. The surface of body

transversely lined as usual, covered somewhat profusely with short, erect,

brown hairs which do not, however, hide the surface in the least when

viewed from above, these hairs being disposed without order on the inter-

vals between the depressed lines; there are also the prominent white,

conical subdorsal, dorsolateral and supraspiracular tubercles of this type

of larva, each bearing a longer, erect dark hair with the usual drop of

liquid at its tip, though this drop may be wanting occasionally (its presence

seems to depend upon the state of health for it is mostly wanting in such

larvee as are stinted in their food) ; some fine hairs subspiraculary which

are light in colour and aslong as the main-tubercle ones; there are two

less conical, yellowish tubercles below the spiracles; there is a distinct

“flange ”’ running the whole length of larva below the spiracles and these

are situated upon it. Spiracles oval, of ordinary size, flush, whitish in

colour ; those of segments 11, 12 larger than rest ; those of segment 2 also,

of course, larger. The colour of the larva is light grass-green, the ventrum

and legs and claspers somewhat lighter still, all shiny; the chocolate

spiracular markings very conspicuous, seemingly prominent-convex, shiny.

4th stage -—This was successfully accomplished in the night of the 25th

September ; the larva was eating the cast skin on the morning of the 26th.

On the 28th mid-day it was full grown and then measured 17mm. by 2mm.

The head semi-elliptical, the lobes fairly well marked, the vertices of

lobes rounded; the surface minutely shagreened, covered with short,

semi-erect, sharply and slimly conical, brown hairs, all of the same length,

distant one from the other about their own length (no longer vertical or

facial ones except a few, very slightly longer, about base) ; clypeus large,

triangular, same colour as rest; labrum same colour also; ligula whitish ;

jaws tipped dark brown ; eyes glassy, sometimes partially suffused brown ;

antennal basal joint green; 2nd joint colourless translucent. Surface of

body as in last stage, the main tubercles rather less prominent compara-

tively with rather (also comparatively to the minute hairs) shorter brown

hair to each; the whole surface similarly transversely lined and covered

with similar, dark brown, short hairs; the anal segment with the points

rather more widely separated by an even rounded sinus in continuation

with the inner, lateral outline of each, the points shortiy haired with white

and brown hairs, the subspiracular region shortly light-haired. The

spiracles light, thinly bordered with black, surrounded by body-colour

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 3238

somewhat broadly in the chocolate spiracular blotches; the spiracular

chocolate line more or less along the whole larva, turning white along

segments 13, 14; spiracles of segments 2 and 11, 12 very slightly larger

than rest ; all oval, flush. Colour of body grass-green, the tops of trans-

verse ridges dotted alternately white and brown not affecting the

depressed lines; the main tubercles white; true legs watery-green;

prolegs light green, marked slightly with brown; the subdorsal, tubercles

of segments 6—1] suffused brown for some distance round bases, forming

spots. The above is the end of the stage; the larva has just settled down

to begin preparing for the moult which will bring it into the 5th stage; it

is 2 o’clock p.m. of the 28th.

5th stage.—The larva cast its skin on the morning of the 29th at 8

o'clock. Onthe 1st of September it was as follows:—24 mm. long by 3 mm.

broad. Head round, the lobes less distinctly indicated ; surface similarly

shagreened, covered with minute, shiny, deep-brown, slightly raised

points, each bearing a short pointed bristle a little longer than itself, all

pointing downwards towards the jaws; clypeus large, triangular, pointed

bearing a few brown points with bristles like the rest in its upper half;

eyes very prominent ; colour of head rather dark grass-green; the labrum

green, longitudinally crinkled; the ligula shiny, smooth, light green,

antennal basal jomt green, 2nd suffused-brownish ; jaws dark-tipped ; eyes

suffused brown; a beginning of a white band through eyes, bordered

above and below brown-red representing a continuation of the spiracular

band of the body. Surface of body as in the last stage, the main tubercles

white, comparatively smaller, with the surmounting hair comparatively

even more minute; the rest of body bearing similar, still more minute

hairs than in last stage; the tail-poimts comparatively rather shorter,

more widely separated, perhaps blunter ; the anal segment well overhang-

ing the anal claspers. The spiracles oval, flush, yellowish-white, thinly

dark-bordered, those of segments 2 and 12 much larger than the rest, that

of segment 11 slightly larger. Colour of body dark grass-green covered

with little dull-red dots; a more or less interrupted,spiracular, white,

narrow band, bordered above and below by brownish-red, this brownish-red

subsisting, where the white is wanting (on some segments in this parti-

cular larva) as an interrupted line broadening and darkening in colour

on segments 5, 6, 7; the white band very distinct

on segments 10 to end of 14 and along its hinder

margin ; belly, true legs and prolegs somewhat

purer green, the true legs slightly suffused with

pink, the prolegs more liberally as regards the

extremity of their cylindrical portion, the feet

lobed and nearly colourless. The length was Foot of Larva.

27mm. by 4:5 mm. just before pupation when the larva became semi-

translucent looking. When full grown it sits with the front segments 3, 4,

somewhat hunched and the belly resting flat on the surface and then

reminds one of the larve of Hebomoia glaucuppe.

Pupa.—The pupa is very like that of vias marianne ; the general shape

as to the wide bulge of the ventral wing-outline and snout to head is the

same ; the inclination of the portion composed of segments 1-4 is generally

at an angle of 45° to the rest, sometimes at a much greater angle, up to

75°, The head is mostly composed, as far as visible from above, by the

widened base of the “snout,” the cylindrical end-half of which, sometimes

straight, sometimes turned up, is as long as the widened basal half; the

transversely convex segment is not quite as long as this half and both front

and hinder margins curve towards each other in dorsal line of pupa, each

reaching the dorsal line in an angle, not a curve and this dorsal line is in the

324 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

same plane as vertex of head, that is, slightly ascending from the longitud-

inal axis towards thorax ; the thorax itself is rather prominently humped,

the front slope rather less (though much more than segment 2) inclined

away from longitudinal axis than hinder slope is towards it, the curve of

the two slopes being wide and even: about an angle of 125° if it might be

expressed as an angle; the hinder margin of thorax is a considerable

curve meeting the wing-lines on each side in a rather deep, rounded angle

of not far off 90° (say 80°) ; the dorsal line of abdomen is very slightly con-

vexly curved thence to cremaster ; the lateral outline of head and segment

2 is a semi-ellipse (apex produced into the snout) placed on the thoracic

. portion of pupa which is somewhat suddenly broader, sloping shortly to

the shoulder bosses where the short, lateral wing-edge ridge takes its

origin ; the lateral outline of pupa then curves, gently and evenly, slightly

inwards (the breadth of pupa decreasing) to about segment 4, then out

again as evenly to segment 7, whence the pupa narrows gradually to the

eremaster ; the ventral outline is slightly convex at head, then very slightly

concave (nearly quite straight) up to where it curves largely and widely

over the apex of wing-bulge back again to abdomen at segment 8, after which

the ventral line of abdomen is a straight line to cremaster ; if the line from

cremaster to shoulder-point is considered to be the longitudinal axis of pupa,

the straight front slope of the wing-bulge curve is at 45° toit; the cremaster

is a rather small, square piece with the extreme end a wide rounded

sinus leaving a blunt point at either angle, the sinus perhaps about the

depth of + or 4 of the square piece; this square piece is slightly con-

cave down the middle and is continued along sides of segment 14 (and

pupa) in a broad, well-defined, prominent, round-ended extensor-ridge ;

the ventral surface of cremaster is concave, the whole piece thin dorso-

ventrally and there are also two slight ventral, extensor ridges on the

undersurface of segment 14, curved towards each other and ending in a

little free, blunt point or knob. Spiracles of segment 2 are linear, point-

ed at ends, flush, rather long, lighter in colour than the pupa; the rest

are greyish white, with lighter, narrow, central, raised line and with a.

fine, raised, green border-line ; they are not large, that of segment 11,

however, is much larger than the rest, that of 12 is blind. Surface of

pupa is very finely punctate on abdomen, imperceptibly corrugate-rough.

elsewhere, the intervals between the lower parts flat and very little raised;

the snout transversly, deeply lined, often seemingly composed of two:

pieces, one narrower than the other, end to end. Colour light green mottled

darker in round dots and spots ; the snout, lateral cremastral extensor ridges,

dorsal line of thorax (generally carinated slightly), shoulder points, a lateral

dot or spot at front margin of each segment (most prominent, sometimes a.

little patch) on segments 4 and 9, a more or less obsolescent, dorsal,

spiracular and central, ventral line, some ventral, abdominal dots, a fascia.

along inside edge of apical orange wing-patch orange (the area occupied by

the orange patch, in the imago that is), a discocellular spot, some powder-:

ing on wing-surface: all these some shade of brown, some nearly black

others quite light. As often as not the pupa is bone-coloured with the

markings black or dusky when the change takes place where the green of

the leaves does not affect it. The antennz only reach to just before apex

of wing-bulge curve. L: 20 mm.; B: 5mm. at middle; H: about 9 mm. at

apex of wing bulge, 5 mm. at thorax-apex ; L. of snout: 1 mm.

Habits.—The egg is laid single on a leaf, dead stick or withered

part of the plant in any position and the laying is done rapidly;

most generally a shaded place is chosen low down on the plant and

often right inside amongst the stems and branches, for the plant

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. _ 3:

grows in thickets andvery often amongst prickly-pear and Lantana.

The little larva always eats the egg-shell as its first meal and emerges

through the side and generally near the top. It then wanders

away and takes up its position on a leaf, either above or below,

making a bed of silk to rest on; it is never found on young leaves

and always eats fully mature ones, often, indeed, those that are

partially withered. At first it eats the surface in little round holes

which do not penetrate the whole substance; later on it starts at

the side, always lying along the edge of the eaten part. This

position is well chosen for the larva is then very difficult to see; and

it has the habit of falling off when violently disturbed, keeping,

however, an anchor in the shape of a single silk thread by which it

climbs back when the danger isover. Although, where the butterfly

occurs, it is always plentiful, the larvee are not easy to find; and

when found, they are generally ichneumoned and die like most of

those of this type; or, indeed, like most of the larvee of the

typically plain-country butterflies. The pupation takes place in a

secluded place, well hidden from outside and the chrysalis is attach-

ed very strongly by the tail and hangs in a loop just long enough

to allow the ventral surface of the abdomen to move without touch-

ing the branches or object wherefrom it is suspended. The larva is

somewhat sluggish, always moving slowly and haltingly; the pupa

wriggles slowly from side to side in a jerking manner when disturb-

ed. The butterfly is a fairly fast flier and delights in the sun; it

goes readily to flowers and rests on leaves of bushes and trees at

rather long intervals. In the evenings or in dull weather it retires to

places low down among the leaves in the thickets which characterise

its haunts ; it then sits with the wings closed over the back and the

front ones drawn into the hinder ones. The flight is generally

hurried, more or less straight and varies little from an even, strong

fluttering motion of the wings. The butterfly is, as a rule, found in

the open country and about the bases of hills in scrub-jungle where

there is much tangled vegetation ; it seems to be particularly partial

to places where prickly-pear ( Opuntia dillenti ) abounds. It is not

found in the Bombay Presidency in Kanara on the coast; but is

common in Bandra near the city of Bombay close to the sea and is

plentiful throughout the Dharwar, Sholapur and Bijapur Districts,

and in Belgaum east and north. The foodplant of the larva is

Capparis sepiaria, L., and it will not readily eat any other Caper.

The distribution of the butterfly is given by Colonel Bingham as

“nearly throughout our limits, but not in desert parts; extends to

China and the Malayan Subregion.”” By “our limits” is meant

British India. Colonel Bingham says that the insect is so variable

that it can be divided into two groups as follows :—

(1) Pyrene group.—Forewing with the orange patch on the

upperside broad, extended right across the apex of the cell, but in

326 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

typical pyrene interrupted there by a black discocellular spot. To

this group belong ewppe, Drury, rhemia, Fabr., sesia, Fabr., and

latifasciata, Butl.

(2) Pirenassa group.—Fore wing : with the orange patch on the

upperside narrower, extending only into the upper apex of the cell.

To this group belong kausala, Moore, satadra, Moore, moulmeinensis,

Moore, frequens, Butl., dharmsale, Butl., watti, Butl., cangalensis,

Moore, jhoda, Swinh., alana, Swinh.

99. Ixias marianne.—(Pl. I, fig. 62)— Wet-season brood.—Male, upperside:

chalk-white ; apical half of fore and terminal margin of hindwing broadly

black, the black on the latter broadest anteriorly. Fore wing: a broad,

rich-orange patch obliquely across the black area extended to the upper

apex of the cell, narrowed posteriorly and spread above the tornus into

interspace 1; opposite the apex of the cell this orange patch is very broad

and leaves only the apex of the wing anda comparatively narrow band

along the termen and costa black; base of the wing irrorated with black

scales. Underside: rich sulphur-yellow as in most of the forms of the genus,

irrorated with fusco-ferruginous, short, transverse strigee and minute dots.

Hore wing: the orange patch of the upperside plainly seen by transparency

on the disc ; a broadly triangular area below the cell white ; discocellular

spot large and prominent, centered with white. Both fore and hind-

wings with a discal, transverse series of reddish brown spots, in other forms

characteristic of the dry-season broods, present and more or less conspi-

cuous, the spots always centred with white; on the fore wing the patch

above the tornus prominent and in some specimens very large. Antenne

reddish-brown, head and thorax anteriorly with reddish-brown hairs,

thorax above with white hairs, abdomen black ; beneath: head, thorax and

abdomen white.—Female wpperside: similar. Fore wing: the orange

patch on the black apical area narrower, posteriorly truncate, not

extended below interspace 2; an outer transverse series of four black

spots on the orange patch in interspaces 2 to 5. Underside as in the

male, the markings slightly larger. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen

similar.

Dry-season brood.—In both sexes this differs less from the wet-season

form than it does in I. pyrene. The characteristic dry-season markings on

the underside are more pronounced, sometimes remarkably so. Expanse:

54-56 mm.

igg.—Is of the usual shape, that is, shaped like a bottle, with a very

short neck; rather slight, with 11 longitudinal, fine ridges, the intervals

between them concave; some 6 of these ridges, reaching the somewhat

thickened ring round the narrow top as little white teeth; the neck of

the bottle affecting } of the height; surface finely, tranversely striated

paralledly, shiny. Colour light yellow when laid, turning flesh-coloured.

H: 1‘5mm.; B: nearly 0-5 mm.

Larva.—First stage—1:5 mm. in length when born, ochreous in colour the

head black or yellow, round, with black tubercles and short black hairs.

Body cylindrical, anal segment bifurcated ; surface more or less sparsely

covered with erect bristles, each with a drop of liquid at its extremity.

Colour yellowish with sign of a dark-purplish, spiracular band.

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF 1HE PLAINS OF INDIA, 327

2ud stage.—Head shiny, bristled, green, speckled with brown; body

with rows of little bristles transversely across each segment, mottled with

brown, otherwise green ; tail points well developed.

3rd stage—Head same as in last stage; body covered densely with

smal] bristles of a brown colour; reddish-brown spiracular band, darker

round the spiracles which are placed on it; otherwise the colour of larva

is green.

4th stage —The head is round, somewhat rugose as to surface, covered

with short bristles which are brown on upper part, longer and white

around base. The body is broadest immediately behind the head : about

segments 3 and 4, narrowing to the narrow anal segment which ends in two

contiguous, short, triangular teeth thickened at ends and set with small,

brown bristles; these teeth transparent at ends and red-brown at base.

The surface of body 1s covered with very minute, brown bristles nearly all

of onesize. The colour is grass-green with a spiracular, yellow, narrow

band bordered narrowly by red-brown below and more faintly above,

stretching from end to end of larva; abdomen bluish green.

5th stage.-—The same as above; head and body covered with very

minute, brown bristles amongst which the main-tubercle bristles are

hardly perceptible by their slightly greater length; anal segment trapeze-

shaped, the cremaster itself or the part that becomes the cremaster in

the pupa being nearly square, the tail-points short but very evident.

Spiracles small, nearly flush (perhaps sunk a little), oval, light in colour.

L: 28mm.; B: nearly 5mm.

The larva is somewhat broadened out in segments 3, 4 and sits with the

ventrum closely applied to the resting surface at times in the manner of

that of Hebomoia glaucippe.

Pupa.—ts of the same shape as that of I. pyrene described above having

the same large parabolic wing-bulge ; the head process slightly curved back

(sometimes straight), rather long, cylindrical with conical base. Segment

2 straight as to front margin, the hinder margin concave towards the head ;

the piece composed of head and segment 2 is trapeze-shaped from above

and triangular from side view; the front part of pupa, composed of seg-

ments 1-3, is thrown back at an angle of about 75° to the plane of the

abdominal axis, so that the hinder dorsal slope of the humped thorax is

inclined to segment 4, 5 at an angle of, say, 110°; the front slope of thorax

less steep, the apex broadly rounded; sides of thorax (lateral outline of

pupa there) very slightly convex ; wings slightly expanded behind shoulders

where the pupa is broadest; dorsal line of abdomen

slightly convex, ventral line slightly concave. The

cremaster is square, bifid, the depth of sinus separating

the two points being i the length of it; each point

is bluntly rounded; the ventral extensor-ridges are

parallel and end each in a small free point. The

antenn reach to just before the apex of wing-bulge.

NI Surface of pupa like that of J. pyrenne; the shoulders

with a slight tubercle. Spiracles of segment 2

indicated by a flat, narrow, light coloured surface let in

between the margins of segments 2,3; the others nearly flush with a

medial, raised, narrowly oval, lighter centre which has got a depressed line

down its longer diameter but posterior to the middle of it; spiracle of

segment 11 not larger than rest; that of segment 12 blind. Colour of

pupa livid bone-colour, speckled, dotted and slightly blotched with

ochreous brown ; the lateral line from shoulders to end of cremaster (sub-

spiracular to hinder margin of segment 5, thence supraspiracular to end)

is very much darker, especially along segments 3-5 and 10-14; the snout

328 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

also, and apex of thorax, dark; a darkish, dorsal line; a black speck in

front of each spiracle and another, lateral, near front margin of each

-segment; cell-spot on wings deep brown ; the broad, square-ended strong,

lateral extensor-ridges of cremaster as well as snout pinkish, dotted with

black. The colour may be green marked with dark reddish-brown. L: 19°

mm.; B: 5 mm.; H. at wingbulge: 9 mm.; L. of ventral line from tip of

snout to apex of wing-bulge: 14 mm.; from apex of wing-bulge to end at

segment 9: 6mm.

Habits —The egg is laid on the wood or on a thorn, or on a

leaf, either on the upper or under surface ; and always singly. The

larva lives generally on the upperside of a leaf in the normal

manner but feeds lying along the side or along the part previously

eaten, like I. pyrene and the Pareronia larve. In the last two

stages, it wanders about a good deal and rests on stalks and

branches ; it feeds on tender leaves; it is sluggish in its move-

ments. The pupa is formed under a leaf or from a leaf and stalk,

the tail attached to the stalk, the body-band to the underside of

the leaf; the attachments are strong, the body-loop rather lax. The

position chosen for pupation is generally fairly open, not amongst

thick foliage and branches as preferred by J. pyrene. The butter-

fly is on the whole much more of an open-space insect than J.

pyrene and may be seen right away from jungle in the open country

flying along the “bands” ( boundary-ridges ) between the fields

in the black-soil plains, though it is also found with the other

species in scrub-jungle areas. It is never as plentiful as the other

species where they are found together but is plentiful where it

occurs. It is a better flier than the other on the whole and is

fond of the sun, often goes to flowers and is easy to catch when

so engaged. The female is never nearly so plentiful as the male;

out of every dozen caught perhaps one will be of that sex. The

flight is the same as that of I. pyrene though, as said before, per-

haps stronger and faster; the butterfty rests in the same way. The

foodplants ave all Capers: Capparis sepiaria, Capparis divarieate,

C. aphylla, C. grandis are plants it hasbeen bred upon. Its distribu-

tion is N. W. Himalayas as far east as Kumaon; Punjab; Bengal;

Central, Western and Southern India; Ceylon.

100. ixias nola.—Very closely resembles J. marianne in both sexes, but the

few specimens Colonel Bingham has seen, he states, are constant in coloura-

tion, and differ from marianne as follows: Male upperside, for wing : orange

patch on black apical half narrow, not extended to the discoidal cell at

all, the black that borders it on the inner side subobsolete below vein 4.

Hind wing: the black, terminal border is much restricted and occupies in

some specimens only the anterior third of the terminal margin, in no

specimen is there more than a mere indication of it on the posterior

portion of the termen. Underside: similar to the underside of J,

marianne. Female upperside, fore wing: the orange patch on black

apical half still narrower; the black that borders it on the inner side

completely interrupted between veins 3 and 4; the outer series of

black spots on the orange so conspicuous in marianne reduced to one in

interspace 8 and another in interspace 4. Hind wing: as in the male.

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 329

Underside: similar to that in I. marianne female. Antenne, head, thorax

and abdor.en as in that form.

Expanse 50-55 mm.

The insect has not been bred and it is very doubtful whether it is really

a good species ; or whether it is not a mere variety of Jvias marzanne. It

has only been recorded from Mahableshwar, a high peak of 3,500’ to 4,500’

of the Western Ghats in the Satara District of the Bombay Presidency.

As Colonel Bingham remarks a local observer is wanted who will devote

his attention to the breeding of this form, and to that of J. marianne,

which probably occurs with it.

GENUS APPIAS.

As already once remarked, this genus is in a state of considerable

confusion and no two authors are quite agreed even as to the num-

ber of species that really exist within the limits of British India.

The group Appias has been divided

v into several sub-groups or sub-genera

€ known as Lachyris, Appias, Catephaga,

+ Hyposcritia and Lade, based upon

r 3 general faceis or appearance, coloura-

tion, &c., and each type is very easily

recognizable at sight or by the relative

length of the discocellular veinlets. In

British India Lade contains a single

species (lalassis) from Burma, Malay,

&c., differing from all other members

of the group by the falcate apex to the

fore wing. TYachyris is sufficiently

distinguished by being coloured from

vermillion to deep crimson-red in both sexes, the only species is nero

which is found in Sikhim and Assam and eastwards through Burma to

the Philippines. The typical Appias (consisting of the two species,

hippo and libythea and their local races and varieties) are characterized

by the black outer margin not being produced inwardly in interspace

3 on the upperside of the fore wing. These three groups present no

difficulty even though the amount and intensity of the black mark-

ing may vary greatly according to season : the general pattern of a

species always remains the same. The Hyposcritia species indra

and lalage with their races or varieties (indra with shiva, statilia

and varendra and lalage with durvasa, argyridina and lagela) can

seemingly be separated from all others by the relative lengths of the

discocellular veinlets and by the fact that they have either a minute

black dot on the discocellular veinlets of the fore wing on the upper-

side (indra) or a large black spot in the lower apex of the cell on

the same wing (lalage). These last two species are rather like the

Catophaga lot to look at and it isthis Calophaga group or sub-genus

in which the confusion exists. Colonel Bingham, in the Fauna of

British India, gives five species of Catophaga: paulina, galathsa,

Appias hippo, venation.

330 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

albina, leis and wardi. Captain W. H. Evans has just published a

‘«‘ List of Indian Butterflies” in this Journal (March 31st and July

30th, 1912), in which he reduces these to two: albina and melama

(= leis), lumping paulina, wardi and galathea under the latter.

He may be correct in keeping albina (= darada, neumbo) as a good

species. Leis and wardi are probably the same insect, for the bred

series of Kanarese Catophaga as also a considerable number of

caught males and females are distinctly all referable to one or

other of these two forms as described in Colonel Bingham’s book,

though the Kanarese form does not always agree in every detail

with either. Galathea and paulina, the one from the Andamans

and Nicobars, the other from Ceylon, may well be local races of the

same melania-leis. There is one somewhat suspicious fact connect-

ed with the name of venusta which is one of the recognized races or

varieties of albina: where did the name come from? Why was it

given? When it is noted that the foodplant of the larva of leis-

wardi is H. venusta it would seem that the butterfly venusta must

have been named after the plant, although there is nothing on

record to show that this is the case; therefore also, it is probable

that either this form or its larva was found at the tree or feeding

on it. That is the probabilities would be that the larvee of wardi-

leis and of albina feed upon the same plant, and might therefore

possibly be one species or, at least, the forms might be much more

nearly related than hitherto has been supposed. It is a pity that

only afew species of the genus Appias have been bred or are

known to have been bred; these are, two belonging to the sub-

genus Appias and one belonging to Catophaga; the former from

larvee feeding upon Capparidec, the latter upon Hemicyclia venusta,

a euphorbiaceous tree. If, for example, Cutophaga albina larva

were to be found feeding upon a Caper it would go far towards

fixing its status as a good species. As regards the distribution of

the different insects and the inferences to be drawn therefrom, it

might be taken for granted that forms widely separated and charac-

teristic of the regions they are found in should be entitled to the

status of distinct species; or, at least, distinct races. But the

localities given for several of the forms in Colonel Bingham’s work

are, nearly certainly, not correct and are due to mistakes having been

made originally in the determination of particular insects. For

example, the locality ‘“‘ Kanara” for Appias albina is certainly a

mistake ; it is based upon de Niceville’s faulty determination of a

specimen of leis-wardi as neumbo (one of the recognised albina

forms) ; in all probability ‘“‘ Poona” and ‘“ Guzarat ” for the same

species are based upon a similar mistake. It is only natural, when

the different insects have been so confused in the past by even the

best known authorities, that localities mentioned should also be

looked upon with suspicion ; and the writer refuses altogether to

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA. 331

rely upon “ Poona” as given by Captain Evans (probably upon the

authority of Colonel Swinhce) as a possible habitat of A. indra

(form shiva, Swinhoe). On the whole evidence seems to point to

the fact that the Group Catophaga consists of four Indian species

paulina, galathea, albina and Colonel Bingham’s leis-wardi. We

shall only be able to get at definite truth by breeding the different

forms.

This has been a somewhat long digression from the strict limits.

of the subject insects of this paper, but the matter seemed worth

considering even though no definite result is reached; every

little helps.

101. Appias libythea.— Wet-season brood.—Male, upperside: pure white.

Forewing : costa, apex and termen anteriorly very narrowly shaded with

dusky black scales, the black colour produced very finely along the veins

for a short distance; the rest of the veins white. Underside: pure white,

the black colour merely indicated along the costa and at apex. Female,

upperside: white. Forewing: costa, the apex and termen very widely and

the discoidal cell dusky black, the black in the cell produced ina broad

streak to the black on the termen so as to leave only a short, oval, oblique

bar of the ground-colour beyond the cell; the black on the terminal por-

tion of the wing narrows posteriorly and has its inner margin irregular ; on

the posterior, inner portion of the wing also there isa somewhat diffuse,

dusky black streak from base, narrowed outwardly and not extended to

the black on the terminal margin. Hindwing, terminal margin more or

less broadly black ; a shading of dusky black scales that forms a diffuse,

sub-costal streak from base and another, more diffuse, obscure streak across

the disc that leaves between it and the dark, terminal margin, a series of,

posteriorly, very ill-defined markings of the white ground-colour which

decrease in size up to interspace 6. Underside: white with similar mark-

ings that are, however, more diffuse. Forewing with the black along the

terminal margin interrupted by a series of streaks of the white gound-

colour in the interspaces. Hindwing with the black scaling along the

terminal margin very faint, the dusky ‘shading on the basaland discal areas

of the wing as on the upperside, but more or less obsolescent ; a faint tinge

of yellow on the humeral angle. Antenne in both sexes dusky-black,

obscurely spotted with white ; ; head, thorax and abdomen above bluish

white ; beneath white.

Dry-season brood.—Male: similar, but the narrow, black markings on the

forewing still more restricted. Female also similar, but the black mark-

ings on the upperside on the forewing restricted to the upper part of the

cell, and the markings on the costa, ‘the apex of the wing and the termen

altogether much narrower than in the wet-season form. On the hind-

wing the markings are restricted to a narrow, macular band along the

termen with mere indications of a dusky, detached streak in the middle

of the disc. Underside: white in both sexes ; apex of the forewing and

the whole of the hindwing with an ochraceous tint. In the female the

black markings of the upperside show through by transparency. Anten-

ne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the wet-season form. Expanse

54-66 mm.

Egg.—I\s of the usual pierid type, like a short-necked bottle. The longi-

tudinal ribs are 10 in number, thin and distant from each other about 3 the

width of the somewhat concave intervals between them: every two an-

astomose just at their upper ends and reach the top of the egg as a minute

single point ortooth, there being thus a narrow ring of. five teeth as a

382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

crown ; the surface between the ribs is finely transversely striated. The

colour is pearl-white when first laid, and shiny, becoming later on a fine

orange.

Larva,—The body is sub-cylindrical, thickest in middle, fining down

somewhat to both ends, though very little forwards; the anal end is

produced beyond the anal claspers, shortly bifid, the points thus formed

being set with colourless, translucent, conical tubercles, each bearing a

fine hair. Head is round from the front view, slightly narrower than seg-

ment2 when the larva is full grown, rather thick, covered with small,

green, shortly cylindrical tubercles, each bearing a fine hair ; yellowish

green in colour. The surface of body is, as usual, lined transversely by

fine, impressed, parallel lines, about 7 to each segment; itis covered all

over with minute, short, erect, hairs; the main tubercles represented by

small, white spots each bearing a slightly longer, fine hair ; some longer,

fine, whitish, sometimes slightly curved hairs along the dorsoventral line

beneath spiracles. Spiracles situated above the longitudinal sub-spiracular

white line or narrow band, not small for the larva, oval, flush, light’ in

colour. Colour of the body isa rather light yellowish-green, blotched all

over closely with light purplish spots with the exception of the head and

belly. L: 30mm; B: 4mm.

Pupa, Is of the angulated type of Huphina. The head istucked under

seoment 2 and has a moderately long snout which is generally only slight-

ly curved. Itis very similar to that of A. hippo described below. The

snout is not so long nor so much curved asin hippo ; the largest lateral

teeth, those of segment 7, being broader and equilaterally triangular

while those in hippo are narrowed at points, conical, that is, ; segment 2 is

not produced backwards into a lateral tongue on each side as in that

species, but has instead asmall lateral rounded knob. The spiracles of

segment 2, hidden by the tongue in dppo, are linear, light and incon-

spicuous ; other spiracles are large, oval, flush, of the same colour as

the body. Colour is light green, often with a brownish shade, there

is a lateral, abdominal row of black spots and a subdorsal row of yellow

ones, one spot on each side to each segment ; otherwise the pupa is marked

as in hippo. L: 18mm; B: 6mm at shoulders; at apex of thorax : 6 mm.

Habits.—The butterfly always lays its eggs singly and nearly al-

ways on a young shoot or the upper surface of a leaf. The larva

eats the shell on emerging, as usual and takes up its quarters im-

mediately afterwards along the midrib on a bed of silk spun by

itself. It continues this habit all through its life though later on

it of course chooses larger leaves. It is sluggish but will wriggle

and fall when disturbed, keeping, however, a silk anchored to the

place whence it has fallen. The larvee are much subject to parasi-

tism, principally from small hymenopterous insects. They eat

much and continuously and grow fast. The pupation takes plant

after a short wandering and generally somewhere on the foodplate

on a leaf or branch, either on the upperside or underside; the

body-string is short and tight, the tail-fixing strong. Like the

larva of hippo, this larva also often rests with its true legs bunched

and the fore part of the body held in the air. It is, however, often

found high up on trees while hippo seems to choose much

smaller plants whereon to oviposit. The growth is rapid, as said, and

from the laying of the egg to the emergence of the imago is

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INPIA. 333

sometimes not more than twenty days. The imago is a

strong flier and quick, likes the sun, comes sparingly to flowers

compared to other Pieride and generally rest on a leaf some dis-

tance from the ground. It keeps its wings closed over the back

and, when really at rest, the front ones drawn somewhat into the

hinder ones. ‘The flight is the normal, pierid flight: fairly straight;

rather busy and always rapid.. The males sometimes come to wet

places in nallas in numbers, the females hardly ever; indeed, lke

it is with many butterflies, the females are not seemingly, at first

sight, nearly as plentiful as the male; though, on the whole, when

a number of insects are bred from caterpillars, the former

generally outnumber the latter. Appias lhbythea is typically an insect

of the Plains, though it is by no means confined to the open coun-

try; it is often, locally, very plentiful from the sea-level upwards

in the most jungly parts of hilly forest country on the west coast

in the Bombay Presidency where the rainfall amounts often to as

much as 200", perhaps more. The females are very much affected by

season and vary from white with little black marking on the upper-

side in the dry weather to nearly black—a dusky black, never intense—

in the seasons when the foodplants offer much juicy nourishment,

that is when the leaves are budding and very tender. The hot weather

is the season when the duskiest females are commonest. The

butterflies like the sun and open spaces and are generally found, in

forest country, in the beds of rivers and along their banks where one

of the commonest foodplants of their larvee, Cratcea raligiosa, is most

plentiful. This small tree seeds copiously and, where it exists, is

always abundant in individuals; it is often planted round Maho-

medan grave-yards and is considered holy by the followers of the

Prophet. It belongs to the Capparidz. ‘The larva also feeds upon

members of the genus Capparis as, for example, upon C. seynaria;

but has not been actually bred upon others. Colonel Bingham

gives the distribution as Panjab; Mussoorie; Delhi; Plains of Ben-

gal; Orissa; Western and Southern India; Ceylon. it also exists

in Sind.

102. Appias zelmira.—Male and female differ from <Appias libythea as

follows :— Wet-season brood.— Male, upperside, fore wing : base with an obscure

bluish tint, costa more broadly black ; apex and termen with a series of short

black streaks along the veins that are dilated along at their inner apices

and thus form a more or less, incomplete, transverse, postdiscal, excur-

ved band that is not extended below vein 3. Hindwing with a terminal

series of triangular spots at the apices of the veins. Underside: pure

white. Forewing: markings as on the upperside. Hindwing: all the

veins except the basal portion of the median and of veins 5 and 6, cons-

picuously bordered with black; this gives the appearance of a series of three

transverse, black lines that cross the wing, from the posterior one of

which other black lines radiate to the termen; humeral angle tinged with

yellow :—Female, upperside: much as in libythea, but the black markings

broader, more clearly defined. Forewing: an anterior, subterminal,

transverse, series of three or four elongate spots of the white ground

3384 JCURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

colour is conspicuously apparent on the black margin of the wing. Hind-

wing: the white ground-celour much restricted and appears merely as a

comparatively large, upper-discal patch and four or five postdiscal spots,

Underside: white; the black markings of the upperside show well through

by transparency ; the areas covered by them are more or less densely

irrorated on the hind wing with yellow scales, which are also less densely

scattered over the apex of the forewing.

Dry-season brood.—Male, upperside: differs from the wet-season form

chiefly in the black streaks at the apex and along the anterior portion of

the termen on the fore wing which do not extend so far inwards, although

the streaks are themselves broader. Hind wing: the series of connected

triangular, black spots along the termen reduced to incomplete series of

terminal spots, or altogether absent. Underside: white with an obscure

yellowish tinge on the apex of fore wing and the whole of the hindwing.

Forewing with an irroration of black scales along the base of the costa

which spread into the cell. Hind wing with a short, diffuse cross-bar of

like scales on the disc.—Female, upperside: as in the wet-season form but

the black markings are more restricted and allow more of the white

ground-colour to appear. Underside: similar to the underside in the

day-season form of the male, but the irroration of black scales on the

forewing fills the cell, extends in a narrow streak in interspace 4 and

meets an oblique, postdiscal, lunular band of like scales; on the hind-

wing the discal cross-bar of black scaling broader. Antenne, head,

thorax and abdomen in both sexes and in both seasonal forms as in

labythea. Expanse 54-68mm.

Habits.—No information as to the br eeding of this species is

available; but the foodplant of the larva is sure to be a Caper of

some sort. The species (Colonel Bingham treats it as a race of

libythea) is easily distinguished from libythea by the border of

conspicuous black vein-streaks all round both wings on the upperside

in the male. The two species meet in Bengal in the plains. This

is broadly speaking, the eastern representative of the western and

southern libythea. It’s distribution, is Sikhim at low elevations;

the plains of Bengal; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; extending into:

Siam.

103. Appias hippo.— Wet-season brood:—Male, upperside: white ; along the

costal margin of the forewing and the terminal margin of the hindwing

somewhat broadly bluish, due to the black colour of the underside that

shows plainly through ; costal margin of forewing irrorated densely on basal

half, more sparingly on apical half, with black scales; terminal margins of

both fore and hindwings edged with black, this colour produced triangular-

ly inwards along the veins for a short distance ; veins of both wings white,

subcostal vein and veins above vein 6 on forewing black. Underside, fore-

wing: white ; extreme base of costa irrorated with black scales, sometimes

condensed into a broad edging along the costal margin which is widened at

the apex and continued along the terminal margin in a gradually narrow-

wing border to the tornus, the terminal edging inwardly produced along

the veins as on the upperside ; a large yellow or white oval spot superposed

on the black area at apex in interspace 6. Hindwing: sulphur-yellow ;.

veins concolorous ; terminal margin with a black edging as on the upperside

but much broader though not so prominently produced inwards along the

veins. Antennze black, sparingly dotted with minute, white dots ; head,

thorax and abdomen white with a bluish tinge. Female, upperside: dusky

blackish-brown, variegated more or less with white on the forewing in

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 338

short, somewhat broad streaks in interspaces 1, 2,4 and 5; these streaks

very variable in width and length. Hindwing on the basal, half and

along the dorsum broadly white ; the extent of the white is very variable

and very ill-defined shading imperceptibly into the dusky-brown. Under-

side, fore wing: similar, the white streaks much broader and longer ;

an additional dusky-white, longitudinal streak along the middle of the

cell ; base of wing dusted with yellow scales; apex witha large, diffuse,

purplish patch. Hindwing: basal two-thirds pale sulphur-yellow; apical

third dusky brownish black, the margins of the two colours fairly

sharply defined ; veins crossing the disc black. Antennze as in the male;

head, thorax and abdomen above with greenish pubescence; beneath:

white.

Dry-season Brood.—Male and female: similar to the wet-season form

but smaller; in the male, the black edging to the wings both on the upper

and undersides is narrower, often markedly so. In the female the differ-

ences are more conspicuous in the extreme forms. Specimens captured in

the height of the hot weather in specially dry localities resemble the

male of the wet-season form except that the irroration of black scales

along the costal margin in the latter is replaced by a broad, continuous

streak, widened at the apex and continued in a similar manner as in the

male along the terminal margin to the tornus, the inward prolongations of

the black colour along the veins more marked. On the underside the

dry-season female very closely resembles the wet-season male, the only

marked difference is the absence of the elongate, oval spot in interspace 6

of the forewing. This form is the Appias hippoides; var. epicena, Swinhoe.

Between it and the dark wet-season form of the female many intermediate

individual specimens can be found in almost every large collection. Ex-

panse 54-82mm.

Race taprobana, Moore.— Wet-season brood ( latifasciata, Moore).—Male

closely resembles the wet-season form of typical hzppo, but the colours are

brighter ; the black, terminal bordering to the wings on both upper and

undersides broader, especially on the underside of the hindwing; the

yellow also on this wing is of a deeper, more vivid tint. It can, moreover,

be discriminated from /ippo male at once by the subcostal vein and

veins 6, 7 and 8 where they cross the yellow ground-colour, which are not

concolorous but conspicuously edged with black scales, these latter often

form a broad streak along the basal half of vein 7. Female does not differ

materially from the wet-season form of the female of Aippo; but the dusky

brown-purplish on the terminal half of hindwing on the underside is

always broader than in females of typical hippo.

Dry-season brood.—Male can be separated from the typical form as

follows :—Upperside forewing: vein 6 more or less broadly edged or

defined with black. Underside hindwing: terminal, black border much

broader ; subcostal vein and veins 7 and 8 black, not concolorous with the

yellow ground-colour. Female differs from the female of hippo only by the

greater width of the purplish-black, terminal wargin of the hindwing on

the underside. Antennz, head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes as in

typical hippo. Expanse 64-76mm.

The distribution of /ippo is given as Sikhim, Lower Bengal, Orissa.

Assam, Burma, Tenasserim, extending into Siam and China to the east

and southwards to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Taprobana is

chronicled as from Southern India, Malabar, Travancore, Ceylon.

Another race is recognised, inhabiting the Nicobars (also known from

the Philippines), which is characterized in Colonel Bingham’s key to the

species as “‘ male, underside hindwing: pale yellow, veins concolorous

with wings at all seasons”. This is known as andrea, Esscholtz. He says,

336 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

however, that it is “a slightly differentiated form scarcely established, even

as a local race, as yet.”

The insect existing in North Kanara District of the Bombay Presidency

is not taprobana, but hippo; many hundreds of specimens have been bred,

the majority of them approaching very close to taprobana, but not quite

agreeing with the description. Specimens bred from larvz fed on fairly

old leaves have the veins on underside of hindwing concolorous with the

ground-colour. The males can always be distinguished from the females

by the sharp apex to forewing.

Egg.—Cylindrical from base to three-quarters the way up, whence it

narrows gradually to the truncated end, 11 or 12 longitudinal ribs which

are finely transversely striated ; half the number reaching the top where

they appear as small teeth, forming a crown; the interspaces between the

ribs are also striated transversely and very finely. The colour of the egg

is very light green when laid but quickly changes to orange. L: 1'°2mm;

B: 0-6mm.

Larva. —(P1. 1, fig. 18).—The body is subcylindrical, narrowing more to

anal end than to head ; the anal end overhangs the anal claspers and is

narrowly and shortly bifid, the poimts thus formed being conical and

covered with conical, colourless, translucent tubercles. Head round,

rather thick, somewhat narrower than segment 2 when the larva is fully

grown ; studded with shiny, black, pointed, conical, tubercles, each sur-

mounted by a short seta or hair, these sete, or some of them, often

carrying a single globule of transparent liquid at the point; some fine,

white, longer hairs at base round jaws; colour yellow-green. Surface of

body thinly impressed-lined transversely, 7 parallel lines to each segment,

the interspaces between each two being occupied by a single row of shiny

black tubercles, each row reaching down each side as far as the subspira-

cular yellow line or narrow band ; the tubercles on head, segments 2, 3, 4

being larger than the rest; the body is, besides, covered somewhat

profusely with minute, erect, fine hairs, longest in subspiracular region

where they are less numerous and lighter in colour. Spiracles rather large,

oval, white, situated on the upper margin of the subspiracular yellow

band. Colour is dark yellowish-green; there is a yellow, dorsal line

and subspiracular, yellow, narrow band; ventrum light watery green.

L: 30 mm. ; B: 4mm.

Pupa. (Pl. 1, fig. 18a.)\—Of the type of Huphina; head tucked under

segment 2, that is, nearly quite hidden under it from above; with a long,

laterally compressed snout, which is much turned up and attenuated at

tip. Segment 2 is triangular seen from above, convex and carinated in the

dorsal line; the dorsal line produced into two short points anteriorly,

these points close together and produced over the base of the snout; the

lateral posterior corners of the segment produced into, each, a tonguelike

process of circular transverse section which embraces the shoulder and

lies along it: this is very characteristic. Thorax high, convex, humped,

carinated in middle along dorsal line, the side view thus being triangular,

and this apex is situated just behind a line joining the shoulder-points ;

this carination.extends to segment 4, but not beyond it; the shoulders

are slightly angled and the pupa is broadest at them; segment 5 dorsally

somewhat convex, ségment 6 dorsally flat and this flat part is produced

out laterally into a narrow ledge overhanging the wing-surfaces and em-

bracing segment 5 slightly with its lateral corners, segment 7 is similar,

the ledge being produced out at front margin into a triangular, slightly

up-curved tooth of which the base extends, broadened, to the middle of

the segment, the end of the tooth being narrowed and conical. The ledge of

segments 7 and 8 looses itself in addomen at hinder margin of segment 8.

‘

COMMON BUTTERFIIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, — 337

Segment 6 is somewhat broader in front than behind (because of the lateral

ledge). The front lateral corners of segment 8 are also slightly pointed.

Segments 7 and 8 are dorsally very slightly convex. The abdomen finishes

off posteriorly rather narrowly, the dorsal half-segments are triangular in

transverse section because of ‘a abdominal dorsal carination; the ventral

half segments are semi-circular in section and meet the dorsal halves in a

slight angle or carination; the cremaster is short, triangular, truncated,

not or hardly bifid. Surface nearly smooth except for the usual fine,

very shallow, irregularly disposed aciculations. Spiracles of segment 2

hidden by the tongue-like process; other spiracles longly oval, white

slits. Colour of pupa light green or brownish, with a lateral row of black

dots ; top of carina of thorax yellow ; top of snout black; a black dorsal

mark near front margin of segments 9 to 12 ; underside whitish. L: 18 mm.;

B. at shoulders: 6 mm. ; H. at apex of thorax : 6°3 mm.

Habits —The eggs are laid in batches of from 4 to a dozen

and more on young shoots or the upper sides of leaves ; the larve are ©

gregarious until they reach full size when they gradually separate,

each one, then, lying in the centre of a leaf along the midrib in

the usual style. They eat voraciously, and grow fast in conse-

quence; from the egg to the imago takes only a matter of three

weeks. The pupz are formed in the same way and in similar loca-

lities or situations as those of A. labythea described above. The

larvee are parasitized in the same way. The butterfly is not quite

so much an insect of the plains as libythea; it is not quite so

common, though, where it is found, it is quite as numerous in

individuals as the other. It inhabits similar localities in the jun-

ele countries and hills of Bombay that libythea does; but is nct

nearly so common in the plains, indeed is there rather scarce. It

is probable that it is really confined to coast districts throughout

its habitat and to beds of rivers, generally preferring wooded loca-

lities, eschewing the immediate sea-side, but occurring up to

2,000 or 3,000 feet. The eggs are generally laid upon very low

bushes or young plants, on the tender shoots; the butterflies keep

low down mostly, near the surface of the ground, often resting on

it; but are strong fliers all the same, perhaps even stronger than

libythea. They do of course rise occasionally above the usual level

of flight, but not often, for the female’s sphere lies near the

eround and males are generally engaged in seeking these. They

are not often seen at flowers, but collect at wet spots on the sand

or mud in nalla beds in the hot weather and sometimes in such

numbers as to nearly obscure the landscape when put up sud-

denly in a narrow stream; there are always a few lbythea

Catopsilia and an odd Papilio or two among these drinking parties.

Asa rule the flight is straight ahead, barring the frequent circling

round trees and in amongst the branches in search of females ;

and is of the usual, jerky, undulating type usual with nearly all the

members of the pierid family. The resting position is the same as

for libythea: wings closed over the back and the forewings drawn

3388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

into the hind ones, leaving only the yellow under surfaces of the

latter and apices of the former exposed. The only plant the larvee

have been bred upon is Crateva religiosa belonging to the botanical

family Capparide. The distribution of the butterfly has been

given above both for hippo and the form taprobana.

104. *Appias indra.— Wet-season brood.—Male, upperside: white. Fore-

wing: base and basal half of costa thickly irrorated with black scales; a

minute, black spot on the discocellulars ; the apical half of the costa, and

the termen above vein 2, broadly black ; the inner margin of the black

colour broadly produced inwards in interspace 3; three obliquely-placed

spots of the ground-colour on the apical area. Hindwing: uniform white

with a minute black speck on the discocellulars. Underside, forewing:

white ; costa at base pea-green ; beyond with a broad black stripe that

curves round and crosses the wing postdiscally to the terminal margin

above vein 2; this black band produced prominently inwards in inter-

space 3; apex of wing beyond the black band yellowish, obscurely dusted

with black scales. Hindwing pale yellow, with very obscure postdiscal

patches of white ; the whole wing irrorated somewhat sparsely with minute

black scales; discocellular, lst black spot more or less conspicuous.—

Female upperside: white. Forewing: basal area up to nearly the apex of

the cell densely irrorated with blackish scales; remainder of the wing

black except lower apex of cell, basal two-thirds of interspace 2 and

basal third of interspace 3, which are white: apex of wing with two (not

three as in male) obliquely-placed, white spots. Hindwing: dusky black,

fading inwardly on basal half of wing to diffuse, dusky grey ; two or more

upper subterminal, white spots. Underside: similar to that of the male.

Forewing: the yellowish green colour at base more extended; the curved

black band that crosses the wing very much broader and produced inwards

along the dorsum for a short distance ; apical area greenish yellow, with an

obscure series of pearly-white patches between it and the black band, a

similar short streak on the tornus. Hindwing differs from that of the male

in the deeper yellow of the ground-colour, which, however is similarly

irrorated with black scales and bars; a conspicuous subterminal series

of pearly-white patches. An intermediate form of the female is common,

in which the black area on both fore and hindwing is reduced, to a simple

terminal edging that spreads diffusely inwards and obscurely encloses a

subterminal series of white, diamond-shaped spots. Antennzein both

sexes black, checkered with white spots; head and thorax with. bluish-

grey hairs; abdomen black with sparse white scaling ; beneath: head,

thorax and abdomen white.

Dry-season brood.—Male upperside; similar to specimens of the wet-season

form, but the black colour on costa, apex and termen very much reduced in

extent. Underside: the black, curved band on forewing very short, often

diffuse and obscure ; apex of fore and entire hindwing light earthy brown,

more orless densely irrorated with black scales that on the hindwing

run together in places and form ill-defined, zigzag markings.—Female

upperside; similar to that of the male the black on forewing of somewhat

greater extent; termen of hindwing obscurely irrorated with black scales.

Underside: similar to that of the male ; the oblique, black band on forewing

broader. Antenne in both sexes dark brown ; head with ochraceous-brown,

thorax with bluish-grey, hairs; abdomen blackish; beneath: head, thorax

and abdomen white. Expanse 54—74 mm.

* For drawing showing the difference between (a) indra & (6) narendra, see

Vol XXI, p. 1133

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, — 339

Race narendra, Moore.—A slightly differentiated and more or less local

form, notwithstanding that a few specimens from Assam, which should

properly belong to A. indra, more closely resemble typical narendra from

South India and Ceylon.

Wet-season brood.— Male, upperside : differs chiefly from that of male indra

in the hindwing, which is bordered narrowly with black along the termen.

Underside: a8 in indra, but the yellow colour more vivid and the black,

bisinuate band that crosses the forewing notably broader.—Female.

Differs from female ixd7a on the upperside in the restriction of the black

colour, which has also its inner margin more clearly defined. No female

narendra {according to Colonel Bingham) is ever so dark above as the

extreme rain-season form of female izdra. Underside: similar to the under-

side in zndra female, but more closely sprinkled with black scales on the

hindwing.

Dry-season brood.—The difference between the seasonal forms is less

marked than in A. indra.—Male, upperside: differs in the hindwing which

is always margined along the termen, though often very narrowly, with

black; his colour also extends shortly ina few lines along the veins.

Underside: as in A. indra, but the shade of brown on apex of forewing and

over the whole of the hindwing is darker, the irroration of black scales

more dense, the black, bisinuate band that crosses the wing broader.—

Female upperside : differs from the wet-season from only in the width of the

black on the terminal margin of the hindwing, which band is about half as

wide as in rainy-season specimens. Underside: similar to the underside in

female of the wet-season form. Expanse 58-70mm.

Neither Apjnas indra nor this race narendra have been bred as

far as is known. ‘T'he former is distributed over ‘“‘the Himalayas,

Nepal, Sikhim, Bhutan, Lower Bengal, Assam, Burma, Tenasse-

rim, extending tothe Malay Peninsula, Cochin China and China.”’’

Narendra is confined to Southern India, Ceylon and Assam.

It is extremely doubtful whether it exists in the Bombay Presidency

at all.

105. Appias albina.— Wet-season brood:—Male, upperside: pure chalk

white. Forewing costa, apex and termen irrorated, not very densely,

with black scales ; this irroration narrowed on termen posteriorly and

not extended to tornus. Hindwing: a much lighter irroration of black

scales along posterior portion of termen. Underside: apex of forewing

and the whole surface of hindwing pale, dull ochraceous, sometimes

with a faint pinkish tint, never pale yellow. Female dimorphic; Ist

form upperside forewing: white, irrorated at base and up to as far as

two-thirds of the cell with blackish scales which give that part a bluish-

grey appearance; costa broadly and apical half of the wing jet-black ;

the inner margin of this black area is irregularly curved, extended

inwards and forms a right angle on vein 3; thence the black area is

diffuse and bounded by a straight line terminating on the dorsal margin

just before tornal angle and has three, rarely four, yellowish spots,

placed in an outward curve preapically up on it. Hindwing: pale

yellow, the terminal margin broadly black, this colour extended triangular-

ly up the veins for a short distance; base and interspaces 1, 2, irrorated

with black scales. Underside forewing: as on the upperside but the

apex a beautiful, nacreous, bluish white ; the oblique curved, black band

not broad, its outer margin irregularly zigzag, never evenly curved.

Hindwing : the whole surface the some beautiful nacreous, bluish white as

the apex of the forewing.

340 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

2nd Form: markings as in the jst form but the ground-colour on

the upperside entirely pale yellow. Underside: apical half of cell and

dise of forewing up to the black band pale sulphur-yellow; the oblique,

curved, black band as in the Ist form ; interspace a whitish; the rest

of the forewing and the entire surface of the hindwing rich chrome-

yellow.—Male and female: antennze dusky black speckled with minute

white dots ; head in front with dusky greyish-green hairs; abdomen

blackish ; beneath : thorax yellow in female, white in male, the abdomen

white in both sexes.

Dry-season brood.—Male and female upper and undersides: similar to the

same in the wet-season specimens, but in the male the dusting of black

scales on the upperside has almost, in some specimens completely, disap-

peared, while on the underside the ochraceous colouring is much paler.

Female: both dimorphs differ but little from the dimorphs of the wet-season

form, only on the upperside the black on the apical half of the forewing

and on the terminal margin of the hindwing is more restricted, while on

the underside the oblique, curved, black band that crosses the forewing

is distinctly narrower with a tendency to become diffuse. Expanse

60-74 mm.

Habits.—Nothing is on record as to the habits. The distribution

is said to be “‘Sikhim up to 4,000 feet; Bengal; Western and

Southern India as represented by Guzerat, Poona, Kanara, Tra-

vancore ; Ceylon; the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim ;

also found in Malacca, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and the Philip-

pines.’ Now de Nicéville named the Kanara specimens sent to

him, newmbo and that is the only authority for the above ‘‘ Kanara”’

being given as a locality where albina (—neuwmbo) occurs; as

remarked already, the insect that occurs in Kanara is leis or ward

and not albina. The locality ‘Poona’ is probably upon

Swinhoe’s authority; but Swinhoe has made so many mistakes

about butterflies and moths occurring in Poona, where he kept

his collections and employed collectors, that it is quite probable

this is another; although, of course, it is possible that leis-wardi

may again have been mistaken for newmbo (it is the males that are

so alike). Guzerat simply must be a mistake for both one and

the other, leis-ward: feeds upon, a fact also already mentioned, a

tree that is only found in the evergreen forests in Bombay; and

these exist as far north as Khandala which is in the Poona

District, but there are none further north, certainly not in Guzerat.

That tree is the euphorbiaceous Hemicycha venusta. It is just

possible, of course, that albina, leis and wardi may be one variable

species occurring from Ceylon right through India wherever there is

forest of the requisite description, up through Bengal to Sikhim,

and Assam and down through Burma and the Malay Peninsula,

and right away across the Archepelago to the Philippines. Some

rare individuals have been caught in Kanara of female leis-wardi

which have the apex of the forewing, and the whole hindwing, on

the undersides, bright chrome-yellow, nearly orange.

106. Appias leis —)Vet-season brood.—Male, upperside: white. Forewing :

base and costa broadly and somewhat thickly irrorated with black scales ;

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA, 341

apex broadly black; termen with a series of inwardly pointed, triangular,

black spots at the apices of the veins; these spots confluent along the

extreme margin; between veins 3 and 6 a short, postdiscal, black line

that ends posteriorly in a large black spot in interspace 3; this line con-

fluent along the veins with the black on the termen, the two thus enclosing

between them a vertical series of three prominent, white spots. Hind-

wing: a terminal series of black spots at the apices of the veins, these

spots elongate and prominent anteriorly, posteriorly diffuse. Underside,

forewing: white, apex from above an oblique line that passes through

base of vein 6, ochraceous ; a very diffuse, black-irrorated, curved, oblique

band from costa to termen borders the ochraceous apex; in most

specimens this is obsolete or only a trace of it is to be seen; a prominent,

large, quadrate, postdiscal spot in interspace 3 and a greenish-yellow

tinge at base of wing. Hindwing: entirely ochraceous yellow.—Female,

upperside: white. Forewing: base up to and a little beyond middle of

cell thickly irrorated with black scales which gives these parts a dark

grey appearance ; costa and a little more than the apical half of the wing

jet black; the inner margin of the black irregular, formed into a square,

angular projection on vein 5, thence it extends outwards along that

vein, crosses transversely to vein 2, below which it projects inwards

diffusely in interspace 1 and thence extends obliquely outwards

to the dorsum; finally there is an oblique, preapical row of four

white spots in pairs enclosed within the black area. Hindwing:

the base and a broad band to the tornus thickly irrorated with black

scales ; terminal third of wing black, the inner margin of the black area

curved and diffuse ; a slight yellowish-green tinge on dorsal margin and at

base. Underside forewing ; similar to upperside but the cell, except at his

lower apical portion, yellowish green ; apical area broadly nacreous blue

tinged at the extreme apex with greenish. Hindwing; nacreous blue,

sometimes pink, the vains and the terminal margin narrowly and diffusely

bordered by greenish yellow; curved postdiscal and subterminal, ill-

defined and irregular, broad bands purplish black. Antennze black speckled

with white; head and thorax in male with bluish-grey, in female with

greenish-grey, long hairs; abdomen greyish black ; beneath: thorax yellow,

abdomen white. Anal tufts in the male brown.

Dry-season brood.—Male, upperside: similar to the wet-season specimens

but the black markings on forewing much restricted and often diffuse;

the postdiscal, short, black band and the black spot in interspace 3 often

only indicated by a few diffuse scales. On the hindwing the terminal

series of spots is much less prominent. Underside: as in the wet-season

form but of the black markings only the square spot in interspace 3 is

left. Female, upper and wundersides: very similar to those of the wet-

season male. Extreme dry-season specimens lose the postdiscal, short,

black bartd on the forewing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen in

both sexes as in the male of the wet-season form. Expanse 48—66mm.

Habits—There is no record of the breeding of this species, as

such. The distribution of leis as given by Colonel Bingham is

“Burma and Tenasserim.” He says he has “seen specimens

from Siam, the Malay Peninsula, Java down to Lombok ”’ also.

107. Appias wardi.— Wet-season brood.—Male, upperside: White. Fore-

wing: base densely and broadly irrorated with black scales which gradually

merge, along the costa, into the black, apical area that occupies about one-

third of the wing; the inner margin of this area irregular, passing in a

curve from costa to vein 4, thence vertically to vein 3 outwards in inter-

space 2 and irregularly to dorsum; a curved, preapical series of four or

342 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

five white spots superposed on the black area. Hindwing: slightly

irrorated with black scales at base which leave a terminal series of large,

somewhat diamond shaped, black sports at the apices of veins 8 to 7.

Underside, forewing: white, apex butter-yellow; a somewhat narrow,

zigzag, curved, irregular, black band from middle of costa to tornus.

Hindwing: uniform butter-yellow.—Female, upperside: somewhat similar

to that in the male but differs in the much greater extent of the

black area which occupies the outer apical half of the forewing and

on the hindwing forms a broad, continuous, terminal band: the super-

posed spots on the black area of forewing reduced to two and the irro-

ration of black scales at the bases of the wings more dense; on the hind-

wing this extends subdorsally to the black, terminal margin. Underside:

forewing white, basal half of cell suffused with sulphur-yellow; a very

broad, curved, black band crosses the wing from costa to tornus, the

inner margin of this irregular, the outer margin fairly even; apex pearly

bluish-white. Hindwing uniform, pearly bluish-white.

Dry-season brood.—Male, upperside: similar to the wet-season form but on

the forewing the irroration of black scales at the base and the black on

apical area much restricted, the latter in most specimens has a more or

less rubbed appearance ; the white, preapical spots very ill-defined. Hind-

wing entirely white, in some specimens with a faint yellowish tinge.

Underside: forewing white, with a bluish tint broadly along the basal two-

thirds of the costal margin; apex butter-yellow ; in a few specimens the usual

black, curved band that crosses the wing is indicated by a few detached,

black scales, but in most is entirely absent. Hindwing uniform butter-

yellow. Female, upperside: similar to that in the wet-season form but

the black area on both wings much restricted just asitis in the male.

Underside: also similar to that in the wet-season form but on the fore-

wing the curved, black band is very much narrower and the nacreous sur-

face of the hindwing has more or less of a yellowish tinge. In both

sexes and in both seasonal forms the antenne are black minutely speckled

with white, the tufted hair on the head and thorax anteriorly greyish-

green, abdomen white beneath; head and thorax pale yellowish white,

abdomen white. Expanse 65 to 76 mm.

Habits.—This has always been supposed to be the species that

is characteristic of the District of North Kanara in the Bombay

Presidency, but, as already remarked, the specimens caught and

bred there do not tally with the description in all respects, some of

them resembling leis. But enough has been said about the matter

already and, until further experience is gained, the subject will not

repay further consideration. The distribution is given by Colonel

Bingham as “ Kanara and the Nilgiris.”

Larva of leis-wardi.—The larva is very like that of A. hippo, Cramer, in ap-

pearance but is, as a rule, more thickly covered with black tubercles.

The body is more or less cylindrical but narrows somewhat in segments

2 and 3, and still more in the anal segments; the anal flap is thick,

semicircularly rounded and inclined at an angle of 45 ° to the longitudinal

axis of the larva, and has a small, very slightly developed, conical tuber-

cle before the extremity on each side of the dorsal line; the front half

of the flap is shiny and black and has some conical tubercles of different

sizes all over it, each surmounted by a single, fine hair, there being one

subdorsal tubercle larger than the rest; the posterior half is green and

smooth except for the tubercle just before the extremity just mentioned ;

the body is somewhat stouter in the middle ; the head is broader than the

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.

343

body at segment 2. Head round, shiny, oily-yellow all over with a rather

large, narrow, triangular clypeus; the labrum and antennee coloured like

the rest; the surface covered with small, conical, setiferous, black

tubercles, three subdorsal on vertex, two subdorsal on each side of clypeus-

apex and one above that apex, about eight besides on each lobe, and a few

small, cylindrical points ; all tubercles and points surmounted by a fine hair;

the eyes are only four in number on each side and are arranged in an are

above the base of the antennez and are shiny, of the same colour as the rest

of the head, generally bordered with black. Surface of body rugose with

six transverse rows, from above the spiracular region over the dorsum, of

small, shiny, conical, setiferous, black tubercles to each segment ; seg-

ments 2, 12 and 13 have only a few transverse rows of such tubercles, the

front row of each segment is generally composed of larger tubercles than

the others and especially the subdorsal tubercle of that first row is gene-

rally large, the tubercles of segment 2 nearly render the whole segment

black; the surface is shiny as well as the tubercles and has, besides, a

few cylindrical, setiferous, black points. Spiracles of the ordinary size,

flush, oval and white. The colour of the body is a rather light green,

sometimes with a tinge of lilac, with a yellow-white, narrow, spiracular

band from segment 2/3 to segment 12 where the band expands somewhat.

The black tubercles may sometimes be very small: just black specks.

L.: 30 mm; B.: 3°75 mm.

Pupa of lets-wardi.—The pupa is also like that of A. hippo, the head

process or snout is long, flattened laterally, slightly curved, pointed at

the extremity and directed upwards and forwards, sometimes straight

out in a line with the axis, sometimes inclined to it; it is as long as

segments 4 and 5 together (in the dorsal line); and the edges of the

ventral surface are minutely serrated. The front margin of segment 2 is

produced into a small eubdorsal tooth and the dorsal line is rather strongly

carinated ; the thorax is highly carinated in the dorsal line, the lateral

outline of the carina being a curve which is slightly broken at the apex

just before which the carina is double and the edges somewhat minutely

serrate ; the lateral teeth of segments 6, 7 and 8 are all the same size and

pointed ; the dorsal line of the abdomen from segment 6, 7 somewhat

carinated, the carination splitting down the sides of cremaster on segment

14; the cremaster is rather small, square as seen from above, slightly bifid

from the ends of the lateral carina running out behind, this carina

continued forwards on to segments 13, 12, 11. The spiracles of

segment 2 are thin, yellow lines; the other spiracles are oval, flush

and white. The surface of the pupa is shiny, smooth except for a super-

ficial wrinkling, the carina and the teeth; there is a round, blunt, low

production of the shoulder. he colour of the pupa is dirty whitish

with a pink shade on segments 4-14; the same but transparent-looking

on the rest; the snout, the points on segment 2, the teeth of seg-

ments 5—7 sometimes and the extremity of the cremaster are black—

only the top and lower edge of the snout however; there is a black

spot on the hinder margin of segment 2 dorsally, one just behind the

shoulder, one lateral on segments 3-12 and one dorsal on the front mar-

gins of segments 9 and 10; there is always a semi-circle of 6 darkish,

dorsal spots on segments 6 and 7. The colour of the pupa when formed

under a leaf is probably green with the markings more or less as above.

The ventrum of pupa is always light in colour. L. 21:25 mm.; of which

the snout is 2°75 mm.; B. at shoulders: 5 mm.; B. atsegment 7 from

tip to tip of teeth : 7-5mm.

Habits. —Eges are laid on the tender leaves, probably singly

though there are generally many larvee on each tree which looks as

344 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

if the eggs might be laid in clusters. The larvee have no habits

that distinguish them in any way from those of A. hippo. The pupa

is generally attached to the underside of a leaf by a strong tail-

fixing and a close body-band, or to the trunk of a tree or branch

either horizontally or upright. The caterpillars are quick growers,

eating continuously ; and the pupal stage is of short duration. The

butterflies are fast, strong fliers like the rest of the genus and

frequent the evergreen parts of the North Kanara District in the

Bombay Presidency from sea-level up to 2,500 or 5,000 feet. They

are not found in the plain country being seemingly confined to the

hill jungles where the rain is heavy. They like the sunshine and

may be found drinking in nalla-beds and on muddy roadsin the hot

weather in great numbers at times, though they do not seem to

frequent flowers much ; they fly very high and round the tops of

the highest trees.

ee et

345

A LIST OF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED BY CAPTAIN

F. M. BAILEY IN WESTERN CHINA, SOUTH-

EASTERN TIBET, AND THE MISHMI

BL US. bolt.

RicHarp SoutH, F. E. S.

With the exception of some twenty-eight species, the butterflies

enumerated in the following list (about two hundred and forty

species) were collected by Captain Bailey last year when journeying

through a previously unsurveyed portion of South-Hastern Tibet

and the Mishmi Country.

The collection as a whole is of very great interest, but of course

it is to the butterflies from the newly explored region that scientific

value more especially attaches.

A number of species new to science, and some new forms of des-

eribed species, were obtained. In many cases our knowledge of

the distribution of species, described from Western China, is much

extended.

As some of the localities mentioned may not be shown on maps

it may be well to state that between June 6th and June 10th

Captain Bailey was Hast of the Mekong, marching from Batang to

Yer-ka-lo. From June 11th to 15th he was between the Mekong

and Salween, marching from Yer-ka-lo to Menkong. His route in

South-East Tibet, June 16th to July 7th, was Menkong, Drowa

Gompa, Sanga Chu-Dzong, Shiuden Gompa, back to Drowa Gompa,

thence down to Rima. From July 8 to August 7 he was in the

Mishmi country, Rima to Sadiya.

Famitry—NYMPHALIDA.

Sub-Family.—Saryrin&.

1. NEOPE sIMULANS.

Neope simulans, Leech, Entom. xxiv., Suppl. p. 66 (1891); Butt., China,

Japan and Corea, p. 49, pl. viii, fig. 2, ¢ (1892).

Two male specimens.

Drowa Gompa (10,00 ft.), June 21 and 22.

Var. confusa, nov.

Similar to typical szmulans, Leech, but the general brown colour is some-

what redder in hue ; the black markings, especially those of forewings, are

more or less obscured, and the yellow markings are more ochreous in tint ;

the lower yellow spot on the forewings is completely divided, and there is

an ochreous spot at the outer extremity of cell of hindwings. On the

underside the yellow spot on forewings is not black centred; the pattern

on the hindwings is less clearly defined, the neuration is not paler, and the

second ocellus is less elongate.

Expanse 70 mm.

One male specimen.

Liu Yang (7,000 ft.), May 9.

346 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol: XXII,

2, NEOPE AGRESTIS.

Satyrus agrestis, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ii, p. 27, pl. ii, figs. 3a, 5

(1876.)

Neope agrestis, var. albicans. Leach, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. (54,

pl. vii, fig. 7, ¢ (1892).

Several specimens, some of which vary in the direction of var. albicans,

Leech.

La Gong (10,000 ft.), June 13; Tondu-la (9,000 ft.), June 14; Menkong

(1,000 ft.), June 16.

3. NEOPE MUIRHEADII.

Lasiommata muirheadi, Felder, Wien. ent. mon. vi, p. 28 (1862).

Neope muirheadu, var. felderi, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p.

54, pl. viii, fig. 4, ¢ (1892).

Two specimens; one closely approaching var. felderi, Leech, Shing Ting

Hsien (1,800 ft.), April 27.

4, TATINGA THIBETANUS.

Satyrus thibetanus, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ii, p. 28, pl. ii, fig. 4 (1876).

Pararge thibetanus, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 63 (1892).

Ab. albicans, nov.

A female specimen in which all the fulvous markings of the type are

replaced by white.

Polu (9,653 ft.), July 2.

The typical form of 7. thibetanus was not obtained.

5. LeEtrHE BAILEYI, sp. n.

6. Forewings fuscous brown, clouded with blackish on terminal area ;.

a paler spot in the cell, preceded and followed by blackish marks ; postmedial

band blackish from costa to vein 4, thence velvety black and inwardly

oblique to dorsum, slightly contracted below vein 2 ; three obscure whitish

spots on costal area before apex. Hindwings fuscous brown, rather paler on

outer third ; postmedial line black, outwardly oblique to vein 4, thence

curved and dentate to dorsum ; subterminal line whitish, inwardly edged

with blackish ; terminal line ochreous, edged with blackish; fringes pale

grey checkered with darker. Underside greyish, slightly ochreous tinged,

a pale spot in cell of forewings, edged on each side with dark brown ; post-

medial line dark brown, obtusely angled above dorsum, area beyond paler,

clouded with greyish brown; three white spots towards apex ; subterminal

line whitish ; hindwings traversed by two dark brown lines, the first almost

straight from about middle of costa to median nervure along which it turns

inwards to base of vein 2, thence. curved and dentate to dorsum ; the

second line rather broad, oblique to vein 4 then incurved, angled at vein

3 and slightly bent at vein 2; a series of seven black spots, each centred

with white and ringed with yellowish white, subterminal line and shading

as on upper side.

Expanse 60 mm.

Allied to Z. nigrifascia, Leech.

1 $, Loma (11,000 ft.), July 1.

6. LETHE MARGARIT#.

Lethe margurite, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 405, pl. 25, fig. i. ;:

Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt. i., p. 83 (1905).

Dionana margarita, Moore, Lep. Ind. 1., p. 271, pl. 86, figs. 1-] 6 (1892).

—

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8S. EE. TIBET AND MISHMI HILIS. 347

One male specimen agreeing with Sikkim examples, but the oblique fascia

of forewings is obsolescent.

Ta Shian Liang (5,000 ft.), July 29.

7. LETHE KANSA.

Debis kansa, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i, p. 220 (1857): Lep. Ind. i, p.

241, pl. 78, figs. 1-10 (1892).

Lethe kansa, Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt. 1., p. 92 (1905).

One female specimen.

Panye (2,000 ft.), July 26.

8. LETHE VERMA.

Satyrus verma, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kashmir, iv, p. 447, pl. xvi, figs. 1-2

(1844).

Lethe verma, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 23 (1892); Bingham,

Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 84 (1905).

Tansima verma, Moore, Lep. Ind.1, p. 278, pl. 86, figs. 3-3b (1892).

One male specimen.

Ding (2,000 ft.), July 27.

9, LETHE CHANDICA.

Debis chandica, Moore, Cat. Lep, EH. I. C.i, p. 219 (1857), Lep. Ind. i,

p. 247, pl. 79, figs. 2-26 (1892).

Lethe chandica, Leech., Butt., China, Japan, and Corea, p. 19 (1892) ;

Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 94 (1905).

One typical male specimen.

Salam Gam (1,000 ft.), July 28.

10. LETHE CONFUSA.

Lethe confusa, Aurivillius, Ent. Tijdsk., 1897, p. 142 ; Bingham, Fauna

Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 82 (1905).

Three specimens.

Rima (5,500 ft.), July 7; Kahup (5,000 ft.), July 15.

ll. MycaneEsIs PERDICCAS.

Mycalesis perdiccas, Hewitson, Exot, Butt. ii, (Mycalesis) pl.iii, fig. 15,

(1862) ; Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 13, pl. ii, fig. 6, 9 (1892).

Gareris perdiccas, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 157.

Two specimens.

Lu Ku Pa, Szechuen (3,000 ft.), May 2 (3); Pangam (2,500 ft.), July

24(Q).

12. MeEQLANITIS BELA.

Melanitis bela, Moore, Cat. Lep. EH. I. C. i, p. 228 (1857) ; Lep. Ind. ii, p.

128, pl. 126, fig. 1, ¢,d, e, 3, 9 (1894).

Cyllo aswa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 769.

Melanitis aswa, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 108 (1892).

Three male specimens and one female.

One example of each sex, referable to bela, the dry season form of the

species.

Minzong (3,500 ft.), July 19; Muku (8,400 ft.) July 21; Panye (2,000 ft.),

July 26.

13. YPTHIMA BALDUS.

Papilio baldus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. App. p. 829 (1775).

Thymipa baldus, Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, p. 58, pl. 106, figs, 1-1 i (1893).

uy/

348 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. AXITI,

Ypthima philomela, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 90 (1892).

Ypthima baldus, Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt. i., p. 184 (1905).

Two specimens.

Minzong (38,500 ft.), July 19; Salam Gam (8,000 ft.), July 28.

14. YPproHIMA SAKRA.

Ypthima sakra, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i, p, 236 (1857) ; Leech, Butt.,

China, Japan and Corea, p. 83 (1892) ; Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt.

1, p. 187 (1905).

Thymipa sakra, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, p. 69, pl. 109, figs. 2-26 (1893).

Several specimens agreeing in the main with those from Western China.

One example (Giada) has four large ocellion the upper side of hind-

wings.

Giada (9,500 ft.), July 3; Tsachung (7,000 ft.), July 4 ; Rima (3,500 ft.),

July 7 ; Kahap (5,000 ft.), July 8.

15. YPproHimMA NEWARA.

Ypthima newara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 567 ; (chinensis)

Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 89, pl. x, fig. 5 (1892); Bingham,

Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 139 (1905).

Pandima newara, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, p. 87 (1893).

Several specimens.

Salam Gam (4,000 ft.), July 29.

16. YPTHIMA BEAUTEI.

Ypthima beautei, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ix, p. 18, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1884) ;

Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 85 (1892).

Three male specimens.

Ridong (12,000 ft.), June 17.

17. YPTHIMA PUTAMDUI, sp. n.

6. Very closely resembling Y. deaute:, Oberthiir, on upper side, but on

the underside the linear markings are different. The antemedial line is

barely traceable, the postmedial line is strongly projected outwards between

veins 3 and 6, the subterminal line runs in towards the projection thence

to termen below costa ; all the lines are darker, narrower, and more cre-

nulate than in beauter.

One male specimen.

Nya Chuka (10,000 ft.), May 25.

18. YPTHIMA BAILEYI, sp. n.

In size, and in colour and marking of the upperside similar to Y.

beauter, Oberthiir, but the yellow ring of apical ocellus of forewings some-

what narrower ; the hindwings have two yellow ringed ocelli on terminal

area towards tornus, the upper ocellus smaller than the lower. On the

underside the transverse lines of hindwings are reddish brown, the middle

line is inwardly angled between veins 2 and 4, outwardly angled between

veins 4 and 6, and there is a pale greyish patch below the lower angle.

One male specimen.

Batang (10,000 ft.), June 2.

19. YPTHIMA INSOLITA.

Ypthima insolita, Leech, Entom., xxiv, Suppl., p. 66 (1891); Butt., China,

Japan and Corea, p. 86, pl. ix, fig. 1, ¢ (1892).

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8S. £. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS. 349

Two ¢ specimens. These are smaller than the type, the termen of fore-

wings straighter, the subapical ocellus smaller, and there is no ocellus bet-

ween veins 2 and 3.

Tondu la (9,000 ft.), June 14.

20. YPTHIMA DROMONIDES.

Ypthima dromonides, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xv, p. 15, pl. ii, fig. 14

(July 1891).

Several specimens; ocelli small, tending to complete absence.

Ching Chi Hsien (6,000ft.), May 3; Nyachuka (10,000 ft.), May 25;

Batang (9,000 ft.), June 6 ; Gera (9,000 ft.), June 7; Nun Chou (12,500 ft.),

June 9; Trong ze (10,000 ft.), June 11 ; Menkong (8,000 ft.), June 16.

21. YPrruHiImMa IRIS.

Ypthima iris, Leech, Entom. xxiv, Suppl. p. 57 (June 1891) ; Butt., China,

Japan and Corea, p. 84 (1892).

Five male specimens.

Leng Chu (4,500 ft.), May 7; Ta pen ba (5,000 ft.), May 8.

93. CALLEREBIA MEGALOPS.

Callerebia megalops, Alphéraky, ‘“ Iris” 1895, p. 184; Rom. Sur. Lep. ix,

p. 108, pl. ix, fig..2 ¢ (1897).

One example of each sex. As the female appears to be unnoted the

Gera specimen is here described.

Q. Paler brown than the male on the upperside; the medial area of

forewings tinged with fulvous ; the subapical ocellus is larger and set in an

ashey-grey cloud. Four ocelli on terminal area of hindwings, each with

distinct fulvous ring and white pupil, the 2nd ocellus largest; a fifth

ocellus, represented by a white point between veins 6 and 7; the subter-

minal line more distinct and the fringes paler. Underside similar to that

of the male, but the wavy postmedial line of hindwings is inwardly suffused

with fulvous and the ocelli are much more distinct.

Nun Chou (12,500 ft.), June 9 (3d); Gera (9,000 ft.), June 7 (Q).

23. CALLEREBIA POLYPHEMUS.

Eehia polyphemus, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ii, p. 33, pl. ii, fig. 2 (1876).

Callerebia oriva, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 104 (1892).

One male specimen.

Menkong (8,000 ft.), June 16.

24, CALLEREBIA INNUPTA, p. 0D.

2. Smoky brown with a slight greyish tinge on the outer third of all

the wings. A diffuse tawny streak on subcostal area of forewings, extending

from the base to the tawny ringed black subapical spot ; the latter subovate,

oblique enclosing two white dots; a much smaller tawny ringed black

spot, with a white central point, between veins 2 and 3; a blackish shade-

like postmedial band is bluntly angled below middle; subterminal band

blackish, rather narrow, interrupted by the veins. Hindwings have three

white centred black spots between veins 2 and 5, all are ringed with tawny

and vary a little in size, the white centre of the upper spot larger than that

of either of the other two; subterminal band blackish, interrupted, narrowed

towards tornus. Fringesof all the wings pale grey, blackish at ends of

veins, preceded by a black line. Underside of forewings reddish tawny on

basal two-thirds, greyish marked with black on outer third; postmedian

line brownish; ocelli as above but rings yellowish; hindwings greyish,

350 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

darker freckled; postmedian line dark grey indented near costa coarsly

serrate between veins 2 and 6; followed by a grey-clouded yellow band on

which are two ocelli, one between veins 2 and 3, the other between veins 4

and 5 ; subterminal line dark grey, crenulate.

Expanse 56 mm.

Twu female specimen.

Near C. albipunctata, Leech.

Menkong (8,000 ft.), June 16 ; Ruta (8,500 ft.), June 16.

In the specimen from Ruta the lower ocellus on forewings, and the

middle one on hindwings, are rather larger than in the specimen described.

25. CALLEREBIA BAILEYI, sp. n.

¢. Blackish, terminal area of all the wings whitish sprinkled with

blackish brown; this area on hindwings broad and thinly sprinkled ; traces

of a wavy blackish, subterminal line towards costa ; subapical ocellus, mar-

gined with tawny, enclosing two white dots set obliquely: tornal ocellus

of hindwings ringed with tawny, white pupilled ; frimges white. Underside

of forewings as above but the apical area is whiter and the ocellus is larger;

hindwings white freckled with brownish chiefly on costal half; a small

yellow ringed ocellus, with white centre between veins 6 and 7, a smaller

one without white centre between veins 5 and 6; two larger ocelli, faintly

ringed with yellow and centred with white, before tornus; traces of a

brownish subterminal line.

©. Similar to the male but browner in colour; on the hindwings the

upper ocellus is almost, and that between veins 5 and 6 entirely absent;

two diffuse brownish lines, the outer bluntly dentate, represent margins

of a medial band.

Expanse 60—64 mm. 3, 60—67 mm. 9.

Six male specimens and three females.

Allied to C. annada, Moore.

The ocelli of upperside vary in size and those of the underside of hind-

wings vary in number. Where the subapical ocellus of forewings is much

reduced in size on the upperside it looses one white pupil, although re-

maining bipupilated and of normal size on the underside. The brown

sprinkling is heavier in some specimens than in others, and in one male

(Dichu) it extends over most of the wing.

Drowa Gompa (10,000 ft.), June 26 and July 3(¢ type); Giada (9,500 ft.),

July 2 (¢ type); Chikung (9,000 ft.), July 3 (7 00 ft.), July 4; Dicuh

(6,000 ft.), July 8.

26. CALLEREBIA PHYLLIS.

Callerebia phyllis, Leech, Entom. xxiv., Suppl. p. 57 (1891); Butt., China,

Japan and Corea, p. 101, pl. ix, fig. 9 (1892.)

One male specimen.

Gera (9,000 ft.), June 7.

27. CALLEREBIA INCONSTANS, Sp. n,

S$. Brownish or sooty black with a diffuse, reddish fulvous band on

outer area of each wing, not reaching costa or dorsum on either wing ;

subapical spot black, enclosing two white points. Underside of forewings

reddish fulvous, terminal border greyish brown, sprinkled with whitish

grey on apical area; an undulated darker transverse line before the apical

spot which is rather larger than above; underside of hindwings greyish

irrorated with darker ; antemedial line brownish, irregular, not distinct;

postmedial line brownish, bluntly dentate, outwardly bordered with

ochreous ; a subterminal series of white points.

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8. E. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS. 351

©. Rather paler. Ocellus larger,

Expanse 46 mm.

Closely allied to C. phyllis, Leech, but distinguished by the reddish

fulvous on terminal area of the wings and by the smaller and much less

oblique subapical spot on forewings. On the underside the hindwings

are greyer, the postmedial line and the white points on outer area more

distinct. ,

The subapical spot in one specimen (Sanga Chu Dzong) is without white

points, and in two specimens (Shiuden) the spot, which is small and round,

has only one white point and this central.

Polu (10,000 ft.), June 22 (Typed); Loma (11,000 ft.), June 23; Sanga

Chu Dzong (12,000 ft.), June 25 and July 1; Shiuden Gompa (13,500 ft.),

June 27.

28. HREBIA DISCALIS, sp. n.

3. Blackish brown, forewings, costa yellowish; a reddish tawny dash

in the cell extending beyond the black discocellulars to a yellowish patch ;

subapical ocellus black, minutely white centred; fringes yellowish check

ered with blackish towards apex. Underside similar to above but the

ocellus of forewing ringed only with yellowish; hindwings tinged with

yellowish and mottled with black.

©. Similar, but the ocellus very small and the reddish tawny in cell

does not extend beyond the discocellular.

Expanse 50 mm.

_ W. of Rong se la (14,000 ft.), June 1, (2) ; Kiala (14,700 ft.), June 10(¢)

Allied to Z. herse, Gr.-Gr. (Hor. Ross. 1891, p. 457).

29. PARARGE MAJUSCULA.

Amecera majuscula, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 67, pl. xii,

fig. 6, g (1892).

One male specimen. The fulvous colour in subapical ocellus very pale.

Gera (9,000 ft.), June 7.

30. AULOCERA PADMA.

Satyrus padma, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kashmir, iv, pt. 2, p. 445, pl. xv, figs.

1, 2 (1848).

Aulocera padma, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 71 (1892).

One specimen.

Kahao (6,000 ft.), July 8.

31. AULOCERA IOLE.

Oeneis pumilis, var. tole, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 75, pl.

xi, fig. 2, ¢ (1892).

Satyrus sybillina, var. bianor, Grum-Grshimailo, Hor. Ent. Soc. Ross.

xxv, p. 458 (1891).

Several male specimens, intermediate in form between typical iole and

var. bianor.

Ridong (12,000 ft.), June 18; Dokong (13,500 ft.) June 19; Poda

(12,000 ft.), June 25.

32. OENEIS BUDDHA.

Oeneis buddha, Grum-Grshimailo, Hor. Ent. Ross. 1891, p. 458 ; Leech,

Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 76 (1892).

352 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY , Vol. XXII,

Five male specimens and one female. Three ‘males and the female

(Litang) all exceed the normal size of the species ranging up to 56 mm.

in expanse.

Litang (13,800 ft.), May 28; Toutang (14,500 ft.), May 29; Pugo (14,900

ft.), June 29.

33. C@NONYMPHA SINICA.

Cenonympha sinica, Alphéraky, Rom. Sur. Lép. v., p. 118.

Cenonympha typhon, var. tydeu;, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p.

Ofo pl. xi, feos leo).

Four specimens (3 ¢,1 Q).

Shiuden Gompa (13,500 ft.), June 29.

Susp-FamMity—AMATHUSIN A.

34. NANDOGEA DIORES.

Thaumantis diores, Double day, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1845, p. 234; Bingham,

Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 190, pl. iv, fig. 82 (1905).

Nandogea diores, Moore, Lep. Ind., ii, p. 182, pl. 148, fig. 1, la, 16, 5, 9

(189-4).

One male specimen.

Panye (2,000 ft.) July 26.

85. STICHOPTHALMA HOWQUA.

Thaumantis howgua, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon1., 1851, p, 174,

vol. iv, p. 178, pl. 18, figs. 2, 2a (1858).

Stichopthalma ihovaenacn, Leech, Butt. Chira, Japan and Corea, p. Lia van.

suffusa, pl. i, fig. 3 (1892) ; Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind. Butt.,1, p. 193 (1905).

One male specimen of a form intermediate between typical examples from

India and var. suffusa, Leech, from Western China.

Pangam (2,500 ft.), July 24th, 1911.

Susp-FAMILY—DANAIN A.

36. CADUGA TYTIA.

Danais tytia, Gray, Lep. Ind. Nepal., p. 9, pl. ix, fig. 2 (1846) ; Leech, Butt.

China, Japan and Corea, p.i (1892); Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt., 1,

p. 13 (1905).

Caduga tytia, Moore, Lep. Ind., p. 61, pl. xv, figs. 1, le, #, 2 oa

One specimen.

Drowa Gompa (10,000 ft.), June 21.

37. CADUGA MELANEUS.

Papilio melaneus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1, pl. xxx, fig. d. (1775).

Caduga melaneus, Moore, Lep. Ind., p. 60, pl. xiv, fig. 2, 26 (1890) ;

Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 3 (1892).

Danais melanea, Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind, Butt. i, p. 14 (1905).

One specimen.

Maku (3,400 ft.), July 21.

38. TIRUMALA SEPTENTRIONIS.

Tirumala septentrionis, Butler, Ent. Mo-Mag., xi, p. 163 (1874) ; Marshall

and de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. i, p. 48, pl. vi, fig. 8 (1882); Leech, Butt.

China, Japan and Corea, p. 3 (1892.)

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8S. EE. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS. 353

Danais septentrionis, Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 17 (1905).

One specimen.

Minzong (8,500 ft.), July 20.

39. TREPSICHROIS MULCIBER.

Papilio mulciber, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, pl. 127, figs. ¢., d. (1779).

Trepsichrois linnet, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 7 (1892).

Euplea muleiber, Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 45 (1905).

Five male specimens.

Gabu (4,000 ft.), July 17; Tinai (4,000 ft.), July 16; Tulang (8,500 ft.),

July 18; Minzong (3,500 ft.), July 20.

40, PAaRANTICA MELANOIDES.

Parantica melanoides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 247; Lep.

Ind. i, p. 54, pl. 12, fig. 3, 3a, ¢,2 (1890).

Danais aglea, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind. Butt. i, p. 18 (1905).

Three male specimens.

Minzong (3,500 ft.), July 20; Tila (3,100 ft.), July 23; Khupa

(2,500 ft.), July 25.

4). DANAIS PLEXIPPUS.

Papilio genutia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, pl. 206 (1779).

Danais genutia, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 6 (1892).

Salatura genutia, Moore, Lep. Ind. 1, p. 45, pl. 10, fig. 1-1la (1890).

Danais plexippus, Linn., Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 10 (1905).

Several specimens.

Minzong (3,500 ft.), July 20.

SuBp-FaAMiny—ACRAICIN A.

42, PAREBA VESTA.

Papilio vesta, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii, p. 14 (1787).

Pareba vesta, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 114 (1892) ;

Moore, Lep. Ind. v, p. 31, pl. 387, figs. 1-1 (1901); Bingham, Fauna,

Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 469 (1905).

One male specimen.

Dichu Nullah (6,000 ft.), July 8.

SuB-FAMILY—N YMPHALIN A.

43. ARGYNNIS NIPHE.

Papilio niphe, Linn, Syst. Nat. xii, 785 (1767).

Argynms niphe, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 243 (1892).

Acidalia hyperbius, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv., p. 282, pl. 373, figs. 1-1 6 (1900).

Argynnis hyperbius, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind. Butt. i, p. 488, pl. v, fig.

36 (1905).

Several specimens, including both sexes.

Kahao (5,300 ft.), July 7 ; Minzong (8,500 ft.), July 20; Khupa (2,500

ft.), July 25.

44, ARGYNNIS LATHONIA.

Papilio lathonia, Linn, Syst, Nat. xii, p. 786 (1767).

Argynnis lathonia, Leech, Butt. China, Japan, and Corea p. 227 (1892).

Argynnis lathonia, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. 1. p. 441 (1905).

One female specimen.

Ridong (12,500 ft.), June 18.

854 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX1.

45, ARGYNNIS GONG.

Argynms gong, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ix, p. 15, pl. ii, fig. 9 (1884);

Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 224 (1892).

Several specimens.

Ridong (12,000 ft.), June 18; W. of Tsongla (13,500 ft.), June 19;

Zhashala (14,500 ft.), June 20 ; Shiuden Gompa (14,000 ft.), June 29.

46, ARGYNNIS ADIPPE.

Papilio adippe, Linn, Syst. Nat. xi, p. 786 (1767).

Argynnis locuples, Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vii, p. 134 (1879).

Argynnis adippe, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 232 (1892).

Four male and two female specimens, all referable to locuples.

Drowa Gompa (10,000 ft.), June 4 ; Chikung (7,500 ft.), July 4.

A7. MrLitraa JEZABEL.

Melitea jezabel, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi, p. 17, pl. u, fig. 14 (1886) ;

Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 217 (1892).

Four male specimens.

Pugo (14,000 ft.), June 27 ; Shiuden Gompa (13,500 ft.), June 29 ; Poda

(15,000 ft.), June 30.

48. MeELniraa SIKKIMENSIS.

Melitea sindura, var., Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. Ind. 1888, p. 336.

Mellicta sikkimensis, Moore, Lep. Ind. vy, p. 5, pl. 380, figs. 4, 4 a (1901).

Melitea sindura, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 451 (1905).

Fourteen male specimens and one female. ‘Three of the males (Tsongla)

have the hindwings almost entirely black.

Ridong (12,000 ft.), June 18 (2) ; West of Tsongla (12,500 ft.), June 19 ;

Zhashala (14,500 ft.), June 20.

49, CYNTHIA EROTA.

Papilio erota, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii, p. 76 (1793).

Cynthia erota, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, p. 188, pl. 354, figs. 1, la, b, ¢ (1900) ;

Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 406 (1905).

Three male specimens.

Tashianliang (1,500 ft.), July 31; Dze Pani (1,500 ft.), August 1.

50. KANISKA CANACE.

Papilio canace, Linn, Syst. Nat. xii, p. 779 (1767).

Vanessa canace, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 255 (1892) ;

Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 371 (1905).

Kaniska canace, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, p. 92, pl. 315, figs. 1-la (1899).

Two specimens.

Dabla (8,000 ft.), July 4; Kahao (4,800 ft.), July 15.

51. EUVANESSA ANTIOPA.

Papilio antiopa, Linn, Syst. Nat. x, p. 476 (1758).

Vanessa antiopa, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 256 (1892) ;

Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind, Butt. i, p. 370 (1905).

Luvanessa antiopa, Moore, Lép. Ind. iv, p. 83, pl. 316, figs. 1, 1a (1899).

One female specimen.

Ta Chien lu (8,400 ft.), May 17.

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8S. £E. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS. 355

52. PYRAMEIS CARDUI.

Papilio carduwi, Linn, Syst. Nat. x, p. 475 (1758).

Pyrameis cardui, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 251 (1892) ;

Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, p. 105, pl. 320, figs. 2, 26 (1899) ; Bingham, Fauna,

Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 365 (1905).

Several specimens.

Chin jih ho (Szechuan) (2,000 ft), April 21; Ramala (15,000 ft.), May

26; Shiuden Gompa (13,500 ft.), June 27 ; Rima (5,500 ft.), July 7.

53. PIRAMEIS INDICA.

Papilio atalanta indica, Herbot, Naturs. Schmett. vii, p. 171, pl. clxxx,

figs. 1, 2 (1794).

Pyrameis indica, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 452 (1892) ;

Moore, Lep. {nd. iv, p. 103, pl. 320, fig. 1 (1899) ; Bingham, Fauna, Brit.

Ind., Butt. i, p. 366 (1905).

One male specimen.

Minzong (3,500 ft.), July 20.

54. VANESSA URTICE.

Papilio urtice, Linn, Syst. Nat. x, p. 477 (1758).

Vanessa urtice, var. chinensis, Leech, Butt.. China, Japan and Corea,

p. 258, pl. xxv, fig. 1, 2 (1892).

Vanessa ladakensis, Moore, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i, p. 227 (1878).

Several specimens all but one are referable to chinensis. The exception, a

male, agrees with specimens of ladakensisfrom N. H. Tibet in the British

Museum. c

Liu Yang (7,000 ft.), May 9; Nyachuka (9,000 ft.), May 25; Ponghamo

(12,000 ft.), June 2; Batang (9,000 ft.), June 6; Tsong-en (11,000 ft.), June

9; Sangachu Dzong (12,000 ft.), June 30.

55. POLYGONIA AGNICULA.

' Grapta agnicula, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1872, p. 559.

ao agnicula, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, p. 99, pl. 319, figs. 2, 2a, b, ¢

(1899).

Vanessa calbum agnicula, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt.i., p. 372 (1905).

Three specimens.

Shentsang (12,500 ft.), June 1; Panghamo (12,000 ft.), June 7; Sanga-

chu Dzong (12,000 ft.), June 25.

56. ARASCHNIA DAVIDIS.

Araschnia davidis, Poujade, Bidd, Soc. Ent. Fr. 1885, p. xciv; Leech,

Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 274 (1892).

Five male specimens.

Ponghamo (12,000 ft.), June 2; Tondula (9,000 ft.), June 14; Menkong

(10,000 ft.), June 16.

57. ARASCHNIA LEVANOIDES.

Vanessa prorsoides, var. levanoides, Blanchard, Comptes Rend. Acad. Sci.

Ixxil, p. 810 (1871).

Araschnia prorsoides, Leech, Butt., China, Japan ad Corea, p. 273 (1892).

Three male and one female specimens.

Liu Yang (7,000 ft.), June 9.

356 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

58. JUNONIA ORITHYIA.

Papilio orithyia, Linn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 473 (1758).

Junonia orithyia, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 279, pl. xxv,

figs. 8-10 (1892) ; (ya) Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 258 (1905).

Seven male and three female specimens.

Chikung (7,500 ft.), July 4 ; Rima (5,500 ft.), July 7; Kahao (5,000 ft.),

July 15.

59. JUNONIA IPHITA.

Papilio iphita, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, pl. ecix, figs. c, d (1779).

Precis iphita, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 276 (1892) ; Moore,

Lep. Ind. iv, p. 64, pl. 309, figs. 1-le (1899).

One specimen.

Khupa (2,500 ft.), July 25.

60. SYMBRENTHIA SILANA.

Symbrenthia silana, de Nicéville, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 117.

pl. 2, tig. 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, p. 12], pl. 329, figs. 2, 2a, 3 (1899).

Symbrenthia niphanda, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 379 (1905).

One male specimen.

Tulang (8,500 ft.), July 18.

61. SyYMBRENTHIA HYPOSELIS.

Vanessa hyposelis, Godart, Enc. Mith. ix, Suppl., p. 818 (18283).

Symbrenthia hyposelis, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 878 (1905).

One male specimen.

Kahao (4,800 ft.), July 18.

62. SYMBRENTHIA HIPPOCLUS.

Papilio hippoclus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, p. 46, pl. cexx, figs. ¢,d, 5 (1779),

Papilio lucina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv, pl. eecxxx, figs. E, F (1780).

Symbrenthia hippoclus, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 284

1892).

Symbrenthia lucina, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, p. 111, pl. 321, figs. 1-ly (1899) ;

Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 376 (1905).

Several specimens.

Tulang (8,500 ft.), July 18; Minzong (3,500 ft.), July 19; Panye

(2,000 ft.), July 26.

63. CETHOSIA BIBILIS.

Papilio, bibilis, Drury, Ou. Exot. Ent. i., pl. iv., fig. 2 (1770).

Cethosia bibilis, Leech, Butt., China, Japanand Corea, p. 120 (1892); Moore,

Lep. Ind. iv, p. 184, pl. 352, figs. 1-1d (1900) ; Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind.,

Butt. i, p. 402 (1905).

One male specimen.

Khupa (2,500 ft.), July 25.

64. KALLIMA INACHIS. :

Paphia inachis, Boisduval, Cuv. Régne Anim., Ins. ii, pl. 139, fig. 3 (1836).

Kallima inachis, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 122 (1892) ;

Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, p. 165, pl. 340, figs. 1-le (1900) ; Bingham, Fauna,

Brit. Ind., Butt., i. p. 394 (1905).

Four male specimens.

Pangam (2,500 ft.), July 24 ; Khupa (2,500 ft.), July 27 ; Paiyan

River (1,000 ft.), August 6.

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8. E. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS. 357

65. APATURA NAMOUNA.

Apatura namouna, Doubleday, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1845, p. 178.

Potamis ambica, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, p. 4 (1896).

Apatura ambica, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 230 (1908).

One male specimen.

Khupa (2,500 ft.), July 25th, 1911.

66. NAIAS POPULI.

Papilio popult, Linn, Syst. Nat. x, p. 476 (1758).

Limenitis populi, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 187 (1892).

Three male specimens, all of the typical form.

Latrong (10,000 ft.), June 13 ; Menkong (10,000 ft.), June 16.

67. REHANA PARISATIS,

Apatura parisatis, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i, p. 305 (1850) ; Bingham,

Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 233 (1905).

Rehana parisatis, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, p. 17, pl. 194, figs. 2-2c. (1896).

Three male specimens. ;

Tila (3,000 ft.), July 22; Khupa (2,500ft.), July 25; Ding Manon

_ (2,000 ft.), July 27.

68. PATSUIA SINENSIUM.

LTimenitis sinensium, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ii, p. 25, pl. iv, fig. 8

(1876) ; Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 179 (1892).

Four male specimens.

Menkong (10,000 ft.), June 16.

69. BHAGADATTA AUSTENIA.

Lebadea austenia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 560.

Bhagadatta austenie, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii., p. 155, pl. 251, figs. 2, 2a

(1898).

Auzakia austenia, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. 1, p. 301 (1905).

One male specimen.

Tashianliang (5,000 ft.), July 29.

70. DicHORRAGIA NESSEUS.

Dichorragia nesseus, Grose Smith, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xi, p.

217 (1893) ; Rhop. Exot. vol. iii, Euthalia, pl. v, figs. 3,4 (1898); Leech,

Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 653.

Two male specimens.

Menkong (10,000 ft.), June 16.

71. LITINGA COTTINI.

Limenitis cottint, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Eniom. ix, p. 17, pl. ii, fig. 5 (1884) ;

Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 180 (1892).

Four male specimens.

Menkong (10,000 ft.), June 16; Drowa Gompa (10,000 ft.), June 21.

72, NEPTIS ASPASIA.

Neptis aspasia, Leech, Entom. xxiii, p. 37 (1890) ; Butt., China, Japan

and Corea, p. 198, pl. xviii, fig. 5, ¢ (1892).

A female specimen.

Rima (6,000 ft.), July 5.

—

358 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

73. NEPTIS ANANTA.

Neptis ananta, Moore, Cat. Lep. EH. I. C. 1, p. 166 (1857) ; Bingham, Fauna,

Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 340 (1905).

Stabrobates ananta, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, p. 22, pl. 297, figs. 1-1 g (1899).

Two male specimens agreeing in form with W. China examples.

Chikung (7,500 ft.), July 4; Dichu (6,000 ft.), July 8.

, 74. NEPTIS MIAH.

Neptis miah, Moore, Cat. Lep. EH. I. C.i, p. 164, pl. iva, fig. 1 (1857) ;

Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 198, pl. xix, fig. 3 (1892); Bin-

gham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 341 (1905).

Two male specimens.

Khupa (2,500 ft.), July 25; Pangam (2,500 ft.), July 27.

75, NEPTIS EXTENSA.

Neptis mahendra, var. extensa, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p.

202; pl. xix, fig. 5 (1892).

Two male specimens both referable to ertenga, Leech.

Drowa Gompa (10,000 ft.), June 22.

76. NEPTIS COLUMELLA.

Papilio columella, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv (1782).

Andrapana columella, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, p. 218, pl. 271 (1899).

Neptis ophiana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond. 1872, p. 561.

Neptis columella, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 326, pl. ix, fig.

66 (1905).

One male of the ophiana form.

Kobo (500 ft.), October 15.

(7, NEPTIS SANKARA.

Limenitis sankara, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kashmir, iv, 2, p. 428 (1844).

Bimbisara sankara, Moore, Lep. Ind., iv, p. 4, pl. 289, figs. 1-lg (1899).

Neptis sankara, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 332 (1905).

A male specimen.

Mango (4,000 ft.), July 16.

78. NEPTIS sOMA.

Neptis soma, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1858, p. 9, pl. xlix, fig. 6,9 ;

Lep. Ind. iii, p. 241, pl. 284, figs. i-if (1899).

Neptis nandina, Moore, (pt.), Cat. Lep. H. I. C. i, p. 768 (1857).

Three specimens agreeing with a specimen from Darjeeling, labelled

“ nandina, Moore, type,”’ in the British Museum Collection.

The true type of nandina, Moore (Cat. Lep. E. I. C.i., pl. iva, fig. 7) is

from Java.

Khupa (2,500 ft.), July 25; Ding Manon (2,000 ft.), July 27; Salamgam

(3,000 ft.), July 28.

79, NEPTIS PSEUDOVIKASI.

Bumbisara pseudovikasi, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, p. 7, pl. 291, figs 1-le (1886).

Neptis vikast pseudovikasi, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 338

(1905).

Three male specimens.

Khupa (2,500 ft.), July 25 ; Ding Manon (3,000 ft.), July 27.

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8S. E. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS. 359

80. NEpris INTERMEDIA.

Neptis intermedia, Pryer, Rhop. Nihon, p. 24, pl. vi., fig. 1 (1886).

Neptis aceris, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 203 (1892).

A number of specimens, chiefly males.

Lengchu (4,500 ft.), May 7 ; 4 aa (5,000 ft.), May 8 ; Liu Yang (7,000

ft.), May 9; Menkong (10,000 ft.), June 16; Tondula (9, 000 ft ), June Oe

Drowa Gompa (10, 000. ft. ), June 22; Kahao, July 8.

81. NuEpris EURYNOME.

Limenitis eurynome, Westwood, Donovan’s Ins. China (2nd Ed.), p. 66, pl.

395, fig. 4 (1842).

Neptis astola, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1872, p. 560; Lep. Ind. iii,

| 7p. 227, pl. 274, figs. 1-lg (1899).

Neptis eurynome, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt., i, p. 325, pl. ix, fig.

64 (1905).

Several specimens of the astola form.

Kahao (5,000 ft.), July 8 ; Kahao (5,000 ft.), July 15 ; Minzong (3,500 ft.),

July 19; Pangam (2,500 ft.), July 23.

82. ATHYMA JINA.

Athyma jina, Moore, Cat. Lep. H. I. C. i, p. 172 (1857) ; Leech, Butt.,

China, Japan and Corea, p. 172 (1892).

Thar asia jinordes, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, p. 181 (1899).

Two male specimens of the jinordes form.

Tila (3,000 ft.), July 22; Ding Manon (2,000 ft.), July 27.

83. STIBOCHIONA NICEA.

Adohas nicea, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, p. 13, pl. xii, fig. 1 (1846).

Stibochiona nicea, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 133 (1892);

Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. 1, p. 250, pl. vi, fig. 46 (1905).

Several specimens including both sexes.

Tulang (4,000 ft.), July 17 ; Minzong (8,500 ft.), July 19; Muku

(3,400 ft.), July 21.

84. ADOLIAS DIRTEA.

Papilio dirtea, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii, pl. i, p. 59 (1798).

Adolias dirtea, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, p. 68, pl. 215, figs. 2-2a@ (1897).

Symphedra dirtea, Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. 1, p. 253 (1905).

One male specimen.

Khupa (2,500 ft.) July 25.

85. CIRROCHROA AORIS.

Cirrochroa aoris, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i, p. 157, pl. 21, fig. 2

(1847-8) ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, p. 212, pl. 364 (1900) ; Bingham, Fauna,

Brit. Ind., Butt. 1, p. 427 (1905).

Five male specimens and one female.

Minzong (8,500 ft.), July 2; Pangam (2,500 ft.), July 22; Ding Manon

(2,000 ft.), July 27; Tashianliang (1,500 ft.), July 31; Habong River

(1,700 ft.), August 2.

86. CHARAXES MARMAX.

Charazes marmaxz Westwood, Cat. Or. Entom., p. 453, pl. 21 (1848):

Bingham, Founa, Birt. Ind., Butt. i. p. 211 (1905).

3860 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Haridra marmax, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, p. 2338, pl. 170, figs. 1-le (1895).

One male agreeing with Sikkim specimens.

Tashianliang (1,500 ft.), July 31.

87. CHARAXES POLYXENA.

Papilio polyxena, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, pl. liv, figs a, b (1779).

Charaxes pleistonax, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii, p. 443 (1867).

Charaxes yalinder, Butler, Lep. Exot., p. 98, pl. xxxvii, fig. 4 (1872).

Charaves polyxena, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. 1, p. 216 (1905).

Two male specimens, one referable to pleistonar, Felder, the other two

jalinder, Butler ; also a female of the typical form.

Panye (2,000 ft.), July 20 (pletstonar); Dze River (1,500 ft.), August

1 CHI) Sadiya (500 ft.), October 25.

88. CHARAXES NARCAUS.

Nymphalis nareeus, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. i, pl. 1, figs. 1, 4 (1854).

Charaves narceus, Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 126 (1892).

One specimen.

Liu Yang (6,000 ft.), May 9.

89. CHARAXES ATHAMAS.,

Papilio athamas, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i, p. 5 (1770.)

. Eulepis athamas, Moore, Lep. Ind. u1, p. 252, pl. 184, figs. 1—1d (1896) ;

Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. 1, p. 220 (1905).

Four male specimens.

Minzong (3,500 ft.), July 20; Khupa (2,500 ft.), July 25; Tashianliang

(1,500 ft.), July 31.

90. HUTHALIA CONFUCIUS.

Adolias confucius, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 290 (1850).

Euthalia confucius, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 135, pl. xxi,

fig. 6, g (1892).

Two male specimens.

Tulang hills, (4,000 ft.), July 17; Minzong (3,500 ft.), July 19.

91. HuTHALIA DURGA.

Adolias durga, Moore, Cat. Lep. H. I. C. 1, p. 196 (1857.)

Labranga durga, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, p. 159, pl. 246, figs, 1, la, b, 3, 9

1896

Die durga, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 260 (1£95),

Two examples of each sex.

Miinzone (3,500 ft.), July 19; Muku (8,400 ft.), July 21; Tila (38,000 ft.),

July 22; Panye (2,000 ft.), July 26.

92, SEPHISA CHANDRA.

Castalia chandra, Moore, Cat. Lep., H. I. C.i, p. 200, pl. 6, a, fig. 4, 3g

(1857) ; Lep. Ind. ii, p. 298, pl. 198.

Sephisa chandra, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 246 a

A male specimen.

Ding Manon (2,000 ft.), July 27th, 1911.

93. ABROTA GANGA.

Abrota ganga, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i, p. 178, pl. 6, a, fig. 1, ¢ (1857);

Lep. Ind. iii, p. 81, pl. 219, figs. 1, la, (1897); Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind.,

Butt. i, p. 251 (1905).

One male specimen.

Muku (8,900 ft.), July 21.

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8S. £. Ti1BET AND MISHMI HILLS. 361

94, Mopuza PROCRIS.

Papilio procris, Cramer, Pap. Exot., ii, pl. 106, figs. KE, F, 2 (1777).

Moduza procris, Moore, Lep. Ind., iii, p. 161, pl. 253, fig. 1 (1898) ; Bing-

ham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. i, p. 291 (1905).

One female specimen.

Kobo (500 ft.), October 15.

°95. AUZAKIA DANAVA.

Limenitis danava, Moore, Cat. Lep. H. I. C. i, p.180, pl. vi, a fig. 2, (1857);

de Nicéville, Butt. Ind., ii, p. 157 (1886) ; Leech, Butt. China, Japan and

Corea, p. 188, pl. xiv, fig. 1, d, 1892.

Auzakia danava, Moore, Lep. Ind., iii, p. 149, pl. 249, figs. 1-le (1896).

One specimen.

Tulang (4,000 ft.), July 17th, 1911.

96. CYRESTIS THYODAMAS.

Cyrestis thyodamas, Boisduval, Cuvier’s Régne Animal, Ins. ii, pl. exxxiii,

fig. 4 (1836) ; Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 248 (1892) ; Moore,

Lep. Ind. iv, p. 48, pl. 306, figs. 1-le (1899); Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind.,

Butt. i, p. 349 (1905).

Cyrestis chinensis, Martin, Iris, xvi, p. 87 (1903).

Two male specimens.

Tulang (4,000 ft.), July 17.

97. CHERSONESIA RISA.

Cyrestis risa, Doubleday and Westwood, Gen. Diur. Lep. ii, p. 262, pl. 32,

fig. 4 (1850).

Chersonesia risa, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv., p. 55, pl. 307, figs. 3, 8a, b, ¢, Q

(1899).

One specimen.

Panye (2,000 ft.), July 26.

Sub-fam.—PSEUDERGOLIN A.

98. PSEUDERGOLIS WEDAH.

Ariadne wedah, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kashmir, iv, pt. 2, p. 437 (1848).

Pseudergolis wedah, de Nicéville, Butt. Ind. ii, p. 120, pl. xxiii, fig. 109

3 ; Leech, Butt., China, p. 275 (1892),

Two male specimens.

Minzong (3,500 ft.), July 20; Tila (3,000 ft.), July 22.

Sub-fam.—LIBYTHEIN At.

99. LipyrTHEA LEPITA.

Libythea lepita, Moore, Cat. Lep. HE. I. C. i, p. 240 (1857) ; Leech, Butt.

China, Japan and Corea, p. 288 (1893).

Three male specimens.

Menkong (10,000 ft.), June 16; Chikung (8,200 ft.), July 11.

Sub-fam.—CALINAGIN A,

100. CALINAGA SAKA.

on davidis, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, pl. xx, fig. 1

(1894),

362 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL UIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Calinaga saka, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, p. 49 (1901).

One male specimen, in worn condition.

Menkong, (10,000 ft.), June 16.

Famity—PAPILIONID A.

Sub-family—TuHaipiInz&.

101. ARMANDIA THAIDINA.

Armandia thaidina, Blanchard, Compt. Rend., xxii, p. 809 (1871) ; Leech

Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 489 (1893).

A male specimen.

Liu Yang (77,000 ft.), May 9.

Sub-family—PARNASSIIN 4.

102. PARNASSIUS SZECHENYII,

Parnassius széchenyu, Frivaldszky, Term. Fiz. x, p. 39, pl. iv, figs. 1, la,

(1886) ; Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 501 (1893).

Several specimens representing both sexes.

Drika la, (15,000 ft.), May 27; Tizu (13,800 ft.), May 21; Litang

17,000 ft.), May 28.

103. PAaRNASSIUS ORLEANS.

Parnasstus orleans, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom., xiv, p. 8, pl. i, fig. 2 (1891);

xvi, p. 3, pl. ii, fig. 14, 2 (1892) ; Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea,

p. 502 (1898).

Four male specimens identical with those from Ta-chein-lu (Ex coll.

Leech) in the British Museum.

Kia la 17,000 ft.), June 10 ; Tsema la (15,500 ft.), June 17; Zhasha la

(15,000 ft.), June 20.

104, PARNASSIUS ACCO BAILEYI, nov.”

Generally larger in size, more strongly marked with black, the red spots

richer in colour, and the tornal pair of sub-terminal spots frequently

enclose some bluish scales; the fringes of the forewings are always

checkered at ends of the veins, and sometimes the fringes of the hindwings

are slightly marked in this way.

In expanse the male specimens from Litang range from 62-69 !millim,

and the females from 60-66 millim. The only specimen, a male, obtained

at Rama La measures 76 millim in expanse.

Sixteen specimens (9 6 d;7 2 Q).

Rama la (15,000 ft.), May 26; Litang (13,800 ft.), May 28.

Sub-family—LEPTOCIRCIN 4.

105. LEprocircus cURIUS.

Papilio curius, Fabricius, Mant. Ms. ui, p. 9 (1787).

Leptocircus curius, Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. Papil, p. 73 (1852) ;

Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 509 (1893).

Two specimens.

Panye (2,000 ft.), July 26; Tashianliang (1,500 ft.), July 31.

* Smallest specimen from S. W. Thibet in Mus. Coll. is only 50 millim. Type

P. acco measures 62 millim. :

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8. E. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS. 363

106. LeprocitrcUs MEGES.

Papilio meges, Zinken-Sommer, Nov. Act. Accd. Nat. Cur. xv, 1831,

p. 161, pl. 45, fig. 8.

Leptocircus meges, Moore, Lep. Ind. v., p. 136, pl. 417, figs. 2, 2 b, (1902) ;

Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 6, pl. xi, fig. 8 (1907).

Leptocircus virescens, Butler, Cat. Fab. Lep. B. M., p. 259 (1869) ; Moore,

Lep. Ind. v, p. 136, pl. 417 (1902).

One specimen referable to virescens, Butier.

Pangam (2,800 ft.), July 29.

Sub-family—PAPILIONIN 4.

107. ORNITHOPTERA ACACUS.

Ornithoptera acacus, Felder, Wein. Ent. Mon. iv, p. 225 (1860).

Ornithoptera (Trovdes) acacus, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, p. 148, pl. 422, figs. 1,

Hast, 2. (1902).

One male specimen.

Salam Gam (3,000 ft.), July 29.

108. PAapmLio VARUNA.

Papilio varuna, White, Entom. 1, p. 280 (1842).

Papilio astorion, Westward, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ix, p. 37 (1&42).

Pomgerana astorion, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, p. 153, pl. 423, figs. 1, 1b (1902).

Papilio varuna astorion, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind. 11, p. 25 (1907).

One male specimen.

Tila (8,100 ft.), July 25.

109. PApiILio GANESA.

Papilio ganesa, Doubleday, Gray’s Zool. Misc., p. 73 (1842).

Sabaria ganesa, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, p. 56, pl. 487, figs. 1, la (1903).

Papilio polyctor ganesa, Bingham, Fauna, Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 83 (1907)

Two male specimens similar to Assam examples.

Tulang (4,000 ft.), July 17 ; Kukfea (2,500 ft.), July 25.

110. PAPILIO MACHAON.

Papilio machaon, Linn, Syst. Nat. i, 2, p. 750 (1767); Leech, Butt.,

China, Japan and Corea, p. 516 (1893).

Several specimens, two of which (June 22 and 23) agree with Yatung

example ; all others are similar to specimens from Western China.

Tizu (13,500 ft.), May 21; Tilang pass (14,000 ft.), May 28; Gera

(9,000 ft.), June 7; Drowa Gompa (10,000 ft.), June 22; Sanga Chu

Dzong (11,000 ft.), June 23 ; Chikung (8,500 ft.), July 3.

lll. Papinio TAMERLANUS.

Papilio tamerlanus, Oberthiir, Etud. d’ Entom. ii, p. 13, pl. ii, fig 1,.

(1876) ; Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 521 (1893).

Several specimens.

Oroshi (10,000 ft.), May 22; Puda (14,000), June 30.

112. Papinio xuTHUS.

Papilio xuthus, Lina, Syst. Nat. i, 2, p. 751 (1767); Leech, Butt., China,

Japan and Corea, p. 514 (1893).

Three specimens, all males.

One specimen agreeing with Western Chinese examples of the species.

Rima (6,500 ft.), May 7; Kahao (4,800 ft.), July 15 ; Giada (10,000 ft.),

July 2.

364 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

113. PaPpiLio xUTHULUS.

Papilio vuthulus, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Petr. iii, p. 463 (1861); Lep.,

Ost. Sib., p. 4, pl. i, fig. 2 (1864).

Papilio vuthus, Leech, Butt., China, p. 514.

One example of each sex, similar to specimens from Western China.

Batang (9,500 ft.), June 2.

114. Papitio saRPEDON.

Papilio sarpedon, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 2, p. 747 (1767); Leech, Butt.,

China, Japan and Corea, p. 524 (1898).

One male specimen.

Tila (3,100), July 23.

115. Paprnio BIANOR.

Papilio hianor, Cramer, Pap. Exot., ii, pl. ciii, fig. c, (1777); Leech, Butt.

China, Japan and Corea, p. 527 (1893).

Papilio syfanius, Oberthiir, Htud. d’ Kntom, xi, p. 13, pl. i, fig. 8 (1886)

Leech, 1. c. p. 532.

A male specimen referable to ab. syfanius, Oberth.

Nyachuka (15,000 ft.), May 23.

’

116. Papinio PARIS.

Papilio paris, Linn., Syst. Nat. i, 2, p. 745 (1767); Leech, Butt., China,

Japan and Corea, p. 535 (1893).

One male specimen.

Pangam (2,500 ft.), July 24.

117. PAapitio PHILOXENUS.

Papilio philoxenus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 32 (1831); Leech, Butt., China,

Japan and Corea, p. 537 (1893).

Papilio dasarada, Moore, Cat. Lep. E.I. C.i, p. 96 (1857); Lep. Ina.

v., p- L6l, pl. 427, figs. 1; 6 1a, b, 9 (1902).

One male referable to the typical form of philoxenus, and one female of

the desarada forn..

Tsachung (7,000 ft.), July 4; Panye (2,000 ft.), July 26 (dasarada).

118. PApmILio PLUTONIUS.

Papilio plutonius, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom ii, p. 16, pl. iii, fig. 2 (1876) ;

Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 541 (1893).

Two male specimens.

Gera (9,000 ft.), June 7.

119. PAaPpinio CHIRON.

Papilio chiron, Wall, T. L. S. xxv, p. 66 (1865).

Zetides chiron, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, p. 6, pl. 469, figs. 1, 1 ec (1903).

One male specimen.

Dze River (15,000 ft.), August 1.

120. PApiLio DEMETRIUS,

Papilio demetrius, Cramer, Pap. Exot, iv., p. 196, pl. 385, figs., EH, F.

(1782); Leech, Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 546 (1893).

Three male specimens.

Minzong (3,500 ft.), July 19; Muku (3,900 ft.), July 21; Sanpura

(1,000 ft.), August 8.

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8S. E. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS, 365

Papilio helenus, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. i, 2, p. 745 (1767); Leech, Butt.,

China, Japan and Corea, p. 548 (1893).

Two specimens.

Minzong (3,500 ft.), July 19; Khupa (2,500 ft.), July 25.

122. PAPILIO POLYTES.

Papilio polytes, Linn., Syst. Nat. i, 2, p. 746 (1767); Leech, Butt.,

China, Japan and Corea, p. 552 (1893).

Two specimens.

Cheng tu (Sze-chuen) (1,700 ft.), April 22,

123. PAPILIO ALCINOUS.

Papilio alcinous, Klug, Neue Schmett, p. i, pl. i, figs., 1—4 (1836) ; Leech,

Butt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 539 (1893).

One male specimen and two females.

Leng chu, Sze-chuen (4,500 ft.), May 7.

124,. PAPILIO MEMNON.

Papilio memnon, Linn,, Syst. Nat. i, 2, p. 747 (1767); Leech, Butt.,

China, Japan and Corea, p. 544 (1893).

One male specimen.

Chin-jih-ho (2,000 ft.), April 21.

(To be continued.)

366

SOME NOTES ON MAMMALS AND BIRDS IN

SOUTH EASTERN TIBET.

Carr. F. M. Battery.

The following notes were made on a journey made last year from Ta

Chien lu to Rima wa Batang and Menkong onthe Salween, with a diver-

sion North-West to Shiuden Gompa. A good deal of the country had

not been collected in before, so that, though only two new species were

found the geographical distribution of others will, I think, be interesting.

A collection of butterflies and moths was also made, and a paper on the.

former appears in this number of the journal.

MAMMALS.

Specimens of the following were collected and presented to the British

Museum and have been identified by Mr. Oldfield Thomas :—

1. Mustela siberica—One specimen obtained near Tachienlu at about.

9,000 feet. Tibetan name—Surz or Se Tong; Chinese name—Huang Shi.

2. Lepus kozlovt.—This hare was found near Tachienlu at about 11,000 ft.

and at many places on the road as far as Shiuden Gompa where it was very

plentiful. Tibetan name—Regong. One shot near Shiuden Gompa on

27th June was about to give birth to six young.

3. Myospalax baileyi—One specimen obtained at Rama-Song-Tu, 50:

miles west of Tachienlu at 12,000 feet.

4, Marmota robusta.—Seen at several places between Tachienlu and

Batang and also on the Jo la at altitudes from 14,000 to 16,000 feet.

Eastern Tibetan name Shu-A. Central Tibetan Chi-wi.

5. Ochotona roylec chinensis —New variety. One specimen obtained at

Yara-Tsa-Ga 20 miles south of Tachienlu, at 13,000 feet. Eastern Tibetan

name Ara. Central Tibetan name Abra.

6. Ochotona tibetana.—One specimen at Tasho, 30 miles east of Batang

at 18,000 feet. Tibetan names dAdra 2nd Ara.

7. Dremomys pernyt.

8. Sciurus castaneoventris michianus.—Tibetan name for both these

squirrels Tong-Le and Ka-ji-ra. Chinese name T%ao-lin-tzu, Squirrels were

plentiful in the forests at altitudes of 10,000 to 13,000 feet.

In addition to the above small mammals, Takin and Goral were shot.

One of the latter which was obtained at Ho-kou was of a greyish colour,

while near Rima the Goralisafoxy red and skins of these animals.

are used for making coats. I also saw foxes and musk deer and traces.

of serow. Burhel are also found locally and I saw skins and horns

in the villages. Bears and leopards were also said to oeeur but none

were seen. A considerable trade in stag horns is carried on at Litang

and Tachienlu. Mr. Elwes had asked me to look out for these and to

bring back some horns if possible. The horns which I did buy I was

obliged subsequently to throw away owing to transport difficulties.

I give the following notes obtained from natives for what they are

worth :—

There are 3 varieties of stag whose horns are brought for sale to Tachi-

enlu called in Tibetan (1) Sha-na, (2) Sha-me (3) She-jia.

(1) The Ska-na is said to be dark in colour and to have only 6 points

to the horns. I saw horns of this stag which appeared to be those of a.

Sambur. Their stages are found 2 days march to the south of Litang.

(2) The Sha-me is reddish brown and has 12 points in the horns. It is

found at a place called Yara-Tsurong-Kar, 2 days’ march to the north-

west of Tachienlu.

SOME NOTES ON MAMMALS AND BIRDS IN TIBET, 367

(8) The Sha-ja is grey with 12 to 16 points to the horns. It is found

3 days west of Tachienlu at La-li-shi.

BIRDS.

The following specimens of birds were also collected and have been

identified by Mr. Ogilvie Grant :—

1. Hodgson’s Eared Pheasant (Crossoptilun tibetanum.)—This very con-

spicuous and noisy pheasant was seen at many places between Tachienlu

and the Tong la, the pass at the head of the Irrawady Valley. They move

about in the thin forest near the tree level in flocks of from 6 to 10. They

were nesting at 12,000 feet near Tachienlu in the middle of May but I did

not succeed in finding a nest. Tibetan name near Tachienlu Cha-kong.

Tibetan name further west Cha-kai. Chinese Machi.

2. Lady Amherst’s Pheasant (Thaumalea amherstie )—These pheasants

were plentiful on the Fei-yueh-ling, a pass three days south-east of

Tachienlu and a few were seen at Tachienlu itself. They live at altitudes

from 7 to 9,000. The cocks are noisy birds and will not fly. I did not see

a single hen. Tibetan nameJa. Chinese name Sen-chi.

3. Himalayan Snow Cock (Tetrogallus tibetanus).—This bird was found

on the passes west of Tachienlu above tree level. I did not see any west of

Litang. Tibetan name Kongmo. Chinese name Pe-mo-chi.

4. Stone’s Pheasant (Phasianus elegans).—I shot a specimen of this on

the Fei-yueh-ling pass south-east of Tachienlu. It was plentiful at

Tachienlu itself and a few were seen in suitable places up to Batang and

again in the Yangtse Valley, two days’ march south of Batang and near

the Kia-La which is on the watershed between the Yangtse and the Me-

kong, but I did not see it west of the Yangtse Valley. Tibetan name

Tso-ka.

5. Szechenyi’s Pheasant-Grouse (Tetraophasis szechenyi)—A few were

seen about 14,000 feet in the forests on the Ka-ji-la and Rama-la, two

passes between Tachienlu and Litang. Tibetan name Kwa-kwa-dz.

Chinese name Hua-we-tzu.

6. Prjevalsky’s Partridge (Perdir sifanica)— Found at heights of

between 12,500 and 15,000 at suitable places from Litang to Dokong in the

Upper Irrawaddy Valley. Eastern Tibetan name Sakpa. Central Tibetan

name Khak-pa.

7. ‘Geoffroy’s Blood Pheasant (Ithagens geoffroyi.)—Plentiful near

Tachienlu between 11,000 and 13,000 feet. This bird lives in the highest

forest and I have seen it in snow. It is very easy to approach and shoot

but seldom flies. Tibetan name S277. Chinese name Sung-chi.

8. Woodcock (Scolopax rusticula).—I shot one Woodcock near Tachienlu

at 10,500 feet. Tibetan name Chi-chia.

9. White-bellied Pigeon (Columba leuconota.)

10. Lord Derby’s Poroquet( Paleornis derbyanus) was found up to 12,000

feet from the Yangtse Valley south of Batang up to Sangachu Dzong at

the head of the Lohit Valley, where this parrot was nesting in holes in

trees at about 11,000 feet atthe end of June. Tibetan name Na-dzo.

11. Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canoris).—One specimen shot at Tachienlu.

Cuckoos were heard at many places along the road and on the Gara-la at

16,000 feet. I also heard them at Sangachu-Dzong. The Tibetan name

is the same as the English.

12. Great Black Woodpecker ( Picus martius ).—Shot at Hsi Ngolo, 12,000

feet. Tibetan name Nak-po Tung-ta. Tibetans valued the flesh of this

Woodpecker as medicine.

13. The Hastern Jackdaw (Coleus neglectus)—Sangachu-dzong, 13,000

feet. Tibetan name Paya.

368 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,

14. Blyth’s Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus lugubris)—Liang Ho Kao, 2

days south of Tachienlu, 13,500 feet.

15. Kamtschatka Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus homeyeri) —Poda, 14,200

feet, near Sangachu Dzong.

16. Rusty-breasted Blue Flycatcher (Poliomyias hodgsoni)—Ta Sho

(near Batang) 13,000. feet. Tibetan name Paon-Pali.

17. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Chelidorhynx hypoxrantha)—Michi (in

Upper Lohit Valley, 12,000 feet).

18. Sooty Flycatcher (Hemichelidon siberica)—Sanga-chu-dzong, 11,000 ft.

19. Robin Accentor, (Accentor rubeculoides).—Gara La, 16,000 feet (west

of Litang).

20. Eastern Alpine Accentor (Accentor nipalensis)—Tsema la, 15,600

feet (Irrawaddy-Salween watershed).

21. Black throated Accentor (Accentor atrigularis)—Pugo, 14,900 feet,

between Sangachu-dzong and Shiuden Gompa. A nest on the ground in

a tuft of dwarf rhododendron, containing 3 eggs on 27th June.

22. Blue-fronted Redstart (Ruticilla frontalis)—Tsema-La, 15,600 feet.

23. Daurian Redstart (Ruticidla aurorea)—Two nests containing 3 and

4 eggs were found. One was on the ground under a root at Kong Se Ka,

12,500 feet, on 8th June and the other ina hole ina wallat 11,000 feet

between Yen ching and the Kia La, 11,000 feet, on 10th June.

24. Tibet Ruby-throat (Erithacus tschebaiewi)—Poda, 14,200 feet. Nest

on ground in dwarf rhododendron with 3 eggs, 26th June.

25. Whitehead’s Redstart (Chimarrhornis bicolor).—Hills, south-east of

Rima, 10,000 feet; nest under stone with 4 eggs.

26. The large Laughing Thrush (Lanthocincla mazima).—Two specimens,

one at Nenda, 13,500 (between Litang and Batang), and the other at Poda,

near Sangachu Dzong at 13,500 feet. Tibetan name Gya Tra.

27. KElliot’s Laughing Thrush (Tvochalopterum ellioti).—Two specimens,

one at Batang, 9,000 feet, and one at Lagyap in the Upper Irrawady

Valley at 13,000 feet. Tibetan name G'yamo.

28. Hodgson’s Grandala, (Grandala celicolor)—Boi-la-To pass, 13,500

feet, near Tachienlu.

29. Rock-Thrush (Monticola cyanus)—Fuchuang, 4,000 feet, east of

Tachienlu

30. Gould’s Thrush (Turdus gouldi)—Yulung Kung, 10,500 feet, one

march from Tachienlu. Nest of twigs and moss lined with grass, situated

in a bush 6 feet from the ground. The nest contained three eggs of a pale

greenish ground colour with reddish brown markings. The eggs varied

very little in size and averaged 2°95 c. m. x 2-01 c. m. Tibetan name Chiama

Gunka.

31. Red-billed Liothrix (Liothrix luteus)—Tsa Chung, 7,000 feet, one

march north of Ria.

32. Yunnan Nutcracker, (Nucifraga yunnanensis)—Below Sanga Chu

Dzong, 11,000 feet, Tibetan name Tong-she-sha-ga.

33. Dabry’s Yellow-backed Sun-bird (thopyga dabryi)—north of Ta-

Hsiang-ling, 7,000 feet, 5 days east of Tachienlu.

34. Godlevski’s Meadow Bunting (Emberiza godlewski)—Two specimens,

one at Ta-Pen Ba, 5,000 feet, one day’s march east of Tachienlu, and one at

Batang, 9,000 feet.

35. Grey-backed Shrike (Lanius tephronotus).—Two nests found, one at

Rama Song To, 11,000, 50 miles west of Tachienlu on 21st May and one at

Bamutang, 13,000 feet, 8th June. There were four eggs each.

36. White-faced Wagtail (Motacilla leucopsis)—One nest at Nenda,

13,500 feet between Litang and Batang, on 3lst May. The nest was in a

hole in a wall and contained five eggs.

—

———— a

37.

SOME NOTES ON MAMALS AND BIRDS IN TIBET. 369

White-winged Grosbeak (Nycerobas carneipes),—Lagyap. 13,500 feet,

Upper Irrawaddy Valley. ~

38.

39.

Alauda celivor.—Lagyap, 13,000 feet, Tibetan name Chu-Te.

Long-billed Calandra Lark (Melanocorypha maxima)—Gara La,

16,000 feet (near Litang).

40.

41.

Kozlowi’s Babler (Babax kozlowi).—Shiuden Gompa, 13,500.

Indian Bush Chat (Pratincola maura).—A nest with five eggs on De-

Ri-Ka-La, 14,000 feet, between Tachienlu and Litang on 27th May.

370

A THIRD LIST OF MOSSES FROM WESTERN INDIA.

L. J. Sepewicr, I1.C.8.

Reference is invited to the first and second lists published in this

Journal on 28th February 1910 and 20th May 1911 respectively. Since the

latter date I have had hardly any opportunities for collecting, and the

mosses mentioned below belong almost entirely to the collections, made by

me in 1909 at Mahableshwar and Panchgani, in 1908-09 at Lonavla and in

1910-11 at Purandar Fort. Mr. Dixon has published two more articles in

the Journal of Botany (for May 1911 and May (?) 1912) describing both

mosses sent by me, and mosses sent by several other collectors from

various parts of India. Two more new genera have been founded, one in

the family of Pottiacee, to which the name Hyophilopsis has been assigned,

and one in the Entodontacee which has been named Bryosedgwickia. The

former, if maintained, will fall naturally between Pottia and Hyophila. The

latter, belonging as it does to a family of pleurocarps which it is difficult

to break up satisfactorily into genera, may or may not be accepted by

other bryologists. Mr. Dixon differentiates it from Pylasia, to which genus

he was at first inclined to refer the moss, on the ground of structural

peculiarities of the endostome only. This moss appears to be very common

on trees throughout the Western Ghats. -Hyophilopsis on the other hand I

have so far only found on the chunam of one house at Purandar Fort. In

addition to these two new genera Mr. Dixon describes two new species of

Bryum with one variety, and one new variety of an already known species

of Bryum. Bryum ghatense, and B. ghatense, var. Satarense, both appear to be

common mosses of the Ghats, as I have gathered the type at Mahableshwar,

Lonavla, and Purandar, and the variety at the first and third of the places

named. On Purandar they are especially common on dry banks and

rock faces. The type and the variety frequently grow together. Bryum

Sahyadrense also grows in similar situations ou Purandar Fort, which appears

to be a locality particularly suitable to this group of Bryum, called on

account of the lax areolation of the cell-structure of the leaf Arcodictyon.

Bryum pseudo-alpinum var. latifolium also grows in damper places on earthy

banks on the Fort, but is only found sterile.

New genera and species are marked with an asterisk. Unless otherwise

stated all mosses mentioned below were collected by me.

Philonotis heterophylla, Mitt. Purandar, on earthy banks in shady

places, st.

* Hyophilepsis entosthodontacea, Card. and Dix. gen. et. spec. nov. (Dixon

in J. of B. for 1911, p. 187), on wall of a house, Purandar Fort, c.fr.

* Bryum Sahyadrense, Card. and Dix., sp. nov. (Dixon in J. of B. for 1911,

p. 144), on rocks, Purandar Fort, c.fr.

* Bryum ghatense, Broth. and Dix., sp. nov. (Dixon in J. of B. loc. cit.

p. 146), on stones of a wall, and on a stone pillar, Mahableshwar, on stone-

work of a bridge, Lonavla, on earth banks, and on the face of a quarry,

Purandar Fort, all c.fr.

* Var. Satarense, Broth. and Dix., var. nov. (Dixon loc. cit.), in the same

localities, c.fr.

Bryum argenteum, var, Australe, Rehm. ms. in sched. (= B. oranicum,

C. M. in Hedwigia, 1899, p. 68), Castle Rock, Western Ghats, October 1892,

C. A. Gammie (in Herb. of Agricultural College, Poona), st.

* Bryum pseudo-alpinum, var. latifolium, Card. and Dix., var. nov.

(Dixon in J. of B. for 1911, p. 149), Purandar Fort, on earthy banks, st.

Entodon Thomsoni (Mitt.) Jeeg. on banks and rocks, Purandar Fort, c.fr.

io |

A THIRD LIST OF MOSSES FROM WESTERN INDIA. 3

Entodon plicatus, C. M., on trees, Lonavla, C. A. Gammie, 1903 (in Herb.

of Agricultural College, Poona).

* Bryosedgwickia Kirtikarii, Card. and Dix., gen. et spec. nov. (Dixon in

J. of B. for 1912, p. 154), on trees, Mahableshwar, Panchgani and Purandar

and on stems of Euphorbia, Purandar.

In addition to the above I have to correct several names mentioned in

the earlier lists.

Diaphanodon procumbens (C. M.), Ren. and Card., is the latest name for

the moss mentioned in the first list a8 7rachopodiopsis blanda, Fleisch.

Neckeropsis Andamana (C. M.), Fleisch, for Neckera Andamana, C. M., in the

first list.

Symphyodon (?) angustus (C. M.), Broth, for Symphysodon angustatus (C.M.),

Jaeg., in the first list.

Orthomnium crispum, Wils., for O. subcrispum, C. M., in-ed. in the second

list.

372

WOOD-DESTROYING WHITE ANTS OF THE

BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. |

JOSEPH ASSMUTH, S.J.

With Plates I—V.

The following notes were first read, in a much condensed form,

as a paper before the Bombay Natural History Society. They are

now published, revised and enlarged, at the suggestion of Mr. H.

V. R. Kemball, Secretary to Government, P. W. Dept., whom I

cannot thank too much for the continued practical interest he has

shown in my work. It was he who induced Government to order

a large number of copies of this article for distribution among the

cfiicers of the P. W. D., to grant facilities for the further prosecu-

tion of my studies of the White Ants, who applied to the Railway

Companies for co-operation, etc. | take this opportunity of

tendering my sincerest thanks to the Agents of the G. I. P.,

B.B.& C. L., and M. & S. M. Railway Companies, who generously

granted free passes for travels in connection with my investiga-

tions. My thanks are likewise due to my faithful assistant, Mr. J.

P. Mullan, M.A., without whose help it would have scarcely been

possible to obtain the many photographs illustrating this article,

and whose services have been invaluable to me in many other

ways. lam under special obligations to Professor Dr. Holmgren

of Stockholm for his kindness in checking the determination of the

Termites mentioned in this paper. Moreover, I have experienced

kind assistance from many others, too numerous to mention ; to

each and all of them I give my heartiest thanks.

As the title of this paper implies, wood-destroyers of the Bom-

bay Presidency only are dealt with*—-seven species in all. This

number is most likely incomplete, but it is at present impossible to

treat the subject exhaustively. The reason for this deficiency is

not far to seek. Incredible as it may seem, it is nevertheless a fact

that up to now deplorably little attention has been paid to the

investigation of the Termite Fauna of India in general; and as to

the discussion of the wood-destroyers in particular, the following—

as far as I am aware—is the first venture altogether. Consequently

I have to rely almost exclusively on my own observations which

have as yet been hardly extended beyond the borders of this

province. They comprise the following areas Some and Salsette

Island; Hubli and Bangalore in the south; the Bhor Ghats

(especially Khandala), Poona, Kirkee and the Ahmednagar Dis-

tricts in the east; lastly the Kaira District (Gujarat) in the

* One of the species mentioned below, Calotermes Assmuthi, has so far been found

only at Bangalore ; it is however very probable that it occurs also in the southern

forests of this Presidency.

WOOD-DESTROYING WHITE ANTS. * 378

north. Since large tracts of country are thus left out of considera-

tion, this paper can only be regarded as a preliminary treatise on

the wood-destroying Termites of the Bombay Presidency.

We start with a few introductory remarks intended for the

benefit of those not yet familiar with the natural history of the

Termites. ‘‘ White Ants” have nothing todo with common ants

as their popular name seems to imply. Their nearest relations in

the insect world—-so science tells us—are the Blattids, the best

known representative of which is our common cockroach. (Real

ants, on the contrary, are closely allied to wasps and bees, together

with which they form the order Hymenoptera.) The scientific

name of the White Ants is ‘“‘ Termites,’ and they form the

natural order, Isoptera, which means “‘ insects, having wings (viz.,

fore as well as hind wings) of equal length.”

In each fully developed colony of Termites, we always find a

queen, 1.¢., an egg-laying female, usually of much larger propor-

tions than the other individuals of the colony, a king or male, and

numerous workers and soldiers.* Workers as well as soldiers are

‘“neuters,”’ i.¢., their reproductive organs are not developed and

consequently functionless. The workers, as their name implies,

do all the work that is required for the maintenance of the colony,

viz., building the nest, procuring food, nursing the offspring, etc.

The soldiers are responsible for the defence of the nest; for this

reason they are, as a rule, provided with specially strong and

pointed mandibles, a sort of small pincers protruding from the

head. At certain seasons of the year (not all the year round)

winged individuals, usually in large numbers, are found in the

Termite nests; they are males and females. As soon as they have

reached their full development, they fly out of the nest (‘‘ swarm-

ing” of Termites), then shed their wings, unite in pairs, and

settle on some suitable spot to form a new colony of which they

become king and queen respectively.

So much for the general introduction: we now proceed to

discuss our special subject and first ask the question, ‘‘ What

about the wood-destroying propensities of White Ants? Do all

Termites, indiscriminately, attack wood ?”’ The wiseacres, specially

such as have never thought it worth their while to look attentively

at these ‘unsightly creatures,” are at once ready with their

answer. They put it tersely thus: “A White Ant is a White

Ant,’’ meaning thereby that all White Ants are alike or of the

same species; consequently, if one is found to be fond of wood it

goes without saying that all without exception are of the same

disposition. Now nothing could be more remote from truth than

such an opinion ; a glance at plate I must convince everybody of

* Only one Indian species, Anoplotermes cyclops Wasm., is destitute of soldiers.

374 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX11.

this fact. This plate shows photographs of 10 soldiers, and

certainly each of them is so different from all the others (except

Nos. 2 and 3 which are closely related members of the same genus)

that there can be no doubt but that they belong to really distinct

kinds.* As it is wrong, then, to believe that all White Ants are

alike, it is likewise wrong to suppose that all of them are injurious

to wood. A good many of them, no doubt, are wood-eaters, but

others are not.

A close observation of facts shows that Termites may be divided

into three classes: first those that make wood their staple diet in

preference to anything else; second those that feed occasionally

on wood and then only to a smaller extent; and third those that

never touch wood at all. The first class are truly noxious insects,

the second are more or less indifferent, and the third are altogether

harmless (7.e., as far as wood is concerned). To the first class

belong Leucotermes indicola Wasm., the genuine Indian ‘house

termite ” (see plate I, fig. 1), Coptotermes Heimi Wasm. (pl. I, 2),

Coptotermes parvulus Holmer. (pl. I, 8), and Odontotermes Fece

Wasm. (pl. I, 4). These four are the most important wood-

destroyers ; Termites occurring in houses or dry timber of any sort

will in a large majority of cases be found to belong to one of these

kinds. But they are not our only noxious species, three others

have to be added which, however, are of decidedly rarer occurrence ;

they are not, as a rule, present in houses but only in beams, logs

and the like in the open: Calotermes (Neotermes) Assmuthi Holmer.

(pl. I, 5) Microtermes anandi Holmer. with the distinct forma

curvignathus (pl. I, 6), which is usually met with in the central

parts of the Presidency, and Microcerotermes Heim Wasm. (pl. I, 7).

The second class—occasional wood-eaters—is rather large and

comprises a great many different species. Especially noteworthy

among them are the mound-builders, i.e., all those Termites that

build overground structures above their nests. The real nest is,

as a rule, situated in holes excavated underground, the mounds are

merely an accumulation of earthy material brought up from below

when enlarging the nest quarters. All our mound-builders are

“fungus growers, ”’ that is to say, they prepare within their nest-

holes a kind of porous structure looking somewhat like a honey-

comb or sponge, on which they grow the chief item of their diet,

a certain fungus. Consequently they venture but rarely out of

their nests in search of other food, and this apparently only when

about to ameliorate the old, or construct fresh, fungus beds. For

this purpose they are commonly satisfied with small fragments of

wood (dry branches and the like) and dry leaves or grass lying

* There are, of course, many more different species of White Ants to be found in

India ; but the ten photos represent Termites either more nearly concerned with the

subject in question or of more common occurrence in the Bombay Presidency.

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hisr. Soc. Prater 1.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE l.

AND

Snort DescrirprivE Norges OF THE WOOD-DESTROYING SPECIES.

(All photos taken with Zeiss’ Combined Horizontal and Vertical Camera,

and Micro-Planar 75 mm.)

Fie. 1.—Leucotermes indicola. (Indian White Termite.)—Head elongate,

Fic

Fie

Fic

Fie

parallel-sided, cylindrical; yellow, bronzed in front; scantily

covered with hair.—Mandibles brown, strongly built, slightly

curved ; left mandible with a few rudimentary teeth at base.—

Antenne (feelers) of 15 joints.—Body whitish, rather densely

hairy.

3. 2,—Coptotermes Heim. (Heim’s Cutting Termite.)

.3.—Coptotermes parvulus. (Small Cutting Termite.)—Both species

very much alike, the latter a trifle smaller than the former.—

Head oval, arched, narrowed in front, much longer than broad.—

Forehead with comparatively large circular opening on slightly

raised tubular prominence, midway hetween feelers.—Mandibles

brown, curved inwards and slightly upwards; left mandible little

indented at base.—Antennze of 13-14 joints. (N.8.—The left

antenna of No. 2 is broken off and lies, in inverted position, just

behind its basal joint.)

.4,—Odontotermes Hew. (Fea’s Toothed Termite.)—The biggest of

our Odontotermes—species.—Head somewhat rectangular, rounded,

slightly narrowed in front.—Mandibles strong; left with a promi-

nent sharp tooth near middle.—Antenne of 17 joints.—Abdomen

rather densely covered with strong setze (stiff hair).

.5.—Calotermes (Neotermes) Assmuthi. (Assmuth’s Fair [Fresh]

Termite.)—Head big, arched, somewhat flattened towards front,

nearly parallel-sided.—Mandibles strongly built, both of them with

several strong, rather blunt teeth ; right mandible somewhat more

curved than left.—Antennze of 15 (-16) joints.

:. 6—Microtermes anandi f. ewrviqnathus. (Small Termite of Anand,

form “‘ with curved mandibles.”)—The smallest of our wood-

destroyers.—Head yellow, oval, distinctly narrowed in front:

scantily covered with fine hair.—Mandibles slender, in the main

straight, but the long tip bent strongly inwards; outer half dark-

brown.—Antennee of 14 joints, gradually thickening towards the

tip.

.7.—Microcerotermes Heimi. (Heim’s Small-horned Termite.)—Head

yellow, slightly brown in front; rectangular, much longer than

broad, truncated anteriorly ; with two tiny protuberances (horns)

near base of feelers.—Mandibles dark-brown, slightly curved,

inner margin distinctly but irregularly serrate.—Antennz of 13

joints, pale yellow.

. 8.—Odontotermes obesus. (The Fat Toothed Termite.)—Mound-

builder.

. 9.—Capritermes incola. (The Inquiline Goat-Termite.)—“ Inquiline,”

because it is usually found associated with other Termites;

“ Goat-Termite,’ because of its twisted mandibles.

.10.—Lutermes biforimis. (The Double-formed Fine Termite.)—

“Double-formed,” because of the two forms of soldiers—bigger

and smaller—found in each colony.

WOOD-DESTROYING WHITE ANTS. 375:

round about the mound. Since, therefore, the Termites forming

the second class are of little consequence as wood-destroyers, only

one species is given as a representative of them, viz., Odontotermes

obesus Ramb. (pl. I, 8) which is the common mound builder in the

Bhor Ghats, Salsette Island, etc.

The third class—harmless Termites—is by no means small and

insignificant, as many will be inclined to believe; the species it is

composed of are, in fact, fairly numerous. Some of the kinds

included in this class are well characterised and easily recognisable

by the peculiar build of their soldiers, v. g., Hutermes biformis Wasm.

(pl. I, 10) where no biting mandibles are developed, but instead of

them a nose-like outgrowth from the head, through which a sticky

secretion is discharged as a means of defence, and Capritermes

meola Wasm. (pl. I, 9), where the mandibles are curiously twisted

and unfit for inflicting any bite. Other kinds belong to what may

in a certain sense be called ‘‘parasitic Termites,’ for they build no

separate nests of their own, but, as a rule, take up their abode in

the nest quarters of the mound builders, like Synhamitermes quadri-

ceps Wasm., and others.

Now the question arises, how are we to know one species of

White Ants from the other? That some such knowledge is extre-

mely useful for the practical engineer, the architect, etc.—so as at

least to enable them to tell a noxious from an indifferent or harm-

less kind—need hardly be emphasised. But for the man who is

going to try experiments whether such and such a kind of wood,

either in its natural state or treated with certain preservatives

(creosote, carbolineum, or the lke), is termite-proof or not, it is

not only useful but altogether indispensable. This is evident to

anyone who reads the sometimes rather voluminous reports on these

matters. Or, what can be the decisive value of experiments of

which but the following scanty information is given: ‘pieces of

different kinds of wood buried in the nests of White Ants” or ‘placed

in ant-hills,” and ‘“ found intact when dug up after three months,”

etc.’ The principal point is completely left out of consideration,

viz., which were the Termites made use of for this trial? If the

experimenter put his pieces of wood in nests of the third class

of Termites mentioned above, it was not at all remarkable that he

found them safe after the three months or so they had been in the

nests ; even if he had left them there for double the time and more

the Termites would not have cared for them. But let the timber-

be exposed to the attacks of the species of the first class, and the

result will probably be altogether different from what it has been.

Even experiments carried on with species of the second class,

the mound-builders (and this is apparently the usual course taken,

though no scientific name of a single species is mentioned in any

of the reports), are bound to be misleading. Logs of wood buried.

3876 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

in, or driven into, mounds will, I believe, in the majority of cases,

be attacked only when the pieces obstruct nest holes or passages

built by the White Ants; for it is quite natural that the Termites

should try to remove the obstacle by destroying the wood. I,

however, the wood put into the mound does not block any passage,

it is quite probable that the White Ants will not go out of their

way to feed on it. Real test experiments can only be brought

about by giving the wood to genuine wood-destroyers (Termites

mentioned under class 1); if they leave it alone after sufficient trial,

it may be said to be “‘ termite-proof,’”’ but not otherwise.

What has been said so far seems sufficient to make good our

previous statement that some knowledge of the specific differences

of White Ants is required from all who by their professional work

are brought in contact with them. But how far is this knowledge

to extend? Ought everyone to be able to find out the scientifi-

cally correct name of any given specimen? This seems clearly to

be asking too much, since even the experienced specialist often

finds this by no means an easy task. Opinions on this point may,

of course, be divided, but to my mind it is quite sufficient for the

practical purposes of the architect or engineer, if he is able to tell

the really noxious Termites from the others.

To accomplish this minimum, a careful study of the photo-

graphs on plate I and their detailed comparison with actual speci-

mens is all, i believe, that is required ; the photos alone will, it is

hoped, prove more serviceable to the practical man than lengthy

scientific descriptions or elaborate determinative tables. All our

wood-destroyers, as far as at present known to the writer of this

paper, are represented on plate I, * magnified to the same scale, viz.,

about ten times their natural size (the latter is indicated by the

hair-line accompanying each figure). Their chief distinctive marks—

peculiar build of head and mandibles, and natural size—come

out with sufficient clearness, so that with a judicious application of

a common pocket lens (not to mention a good amount of patience

and perseverance, so indispensable for this rather trying work) every-

one ought to be able to say, with a fair degree of certainty, whe-

ther a specimen examined by him belongs to the kinds injurious

to wood, or otherwise. Since the mound-builders and several other

equally easily recognisable forms need not be taken any special

notice of—their tendencies for destroying wood, as has been

pointed out, not being of any great importance,—only seven species

remain for exact identification. This task ought not to appear so

difficult as to discourage one from trying to master it.

* Photographs of soldiers only are given because they alone have such conspi-

cuous peculiarities of form as to mark off sufficiently well one species from the

other. The workers of the various kinds look all more or less alike save that they

differ in size.

WOOD-DESTROYVING WHITE ANTS. 377

It will be rendered yet a good deal more easy if attention is paid

to some noteworthy facts—chiefly of a biological nature—which I

propose to discuss in the following pages. In doing so I limit

myself in the main to the more important noxious forms Lewco-

termes, Coptotermes and Odontotermes (Lew).

In the first place I mention a feature which is not just very

striking, but yet must not be passed over in silence, as it is, in a

higher or lesser degree, found in all true wood-destroyers—Odonto-

termes Fee alone excepted—viz., the opaque white appearance of

the body or abdomen of soldiers as well as workers. The whitish

colouring of the latter is specially noteworthy : for the workers of

almost all non-wood destroying species have their abdomen coloured

distinctly dark and blackish, owing to the earthy material contained

in the intestinal canal.

As regards Coptotermes, it is to be noted that the colour of the

head is a very pronounced brown red, which is much deeper than

in any other kind of Termites. Still more characteristic of this

form is the large amount of milky white fluid which the soldiers

give off from their mouth when irritated (v. g. when squeezed with

a pincette, or disturbed in any other way). When the soldiers are

put in alcohol, this fluid rapidly coagulates and forms a little

white ball of the size of a pin-head or so, fixed between the

mandibles. No other termite shows this phenomenon in like

manner.

It may here be added that the soldiers of Microtermes—the most

conspicuous feature of which is their small size—are likewise dis-

tinguished by their giving off a relatively large drop of secretion.

But in their case the fluid is transparent, and when placed in

alcohol, turns into a sticky, semi-transparent, jelly-like mass to

which everything rather firmly adheres which comes in contact

with it.

When Termites are found actually feeding on wood, the task of

identification is considerably lightened by a close study of the

peculiar way in which each species attacks wood. It is a well-

known fact that the bark-boring beetles (Scolytide and others),

and specially their larvas, mine the bark in such a manner that the

ensuing figure is quite characteristic of the species by which it

has been made. Thus by examining the said figures an expert

will be able to ascertain the name of the particular species to which

they are due. Now I believe that something quite similar is to be

observed with regard to our wood-eating White Ants. They also

produce what I propose to call ‘“‘ feeding-figures ” (from the German

‘“‘ Frassbild ”) characteristic of the several noxious species. Plates

II, I1I, and LV give photographic representations of the different

feeding-figures. I add detailed descriptions of those of our chief

wood-destroyers.

378 JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Leucotermes indicola always attacks first—and in many cases

(especially as regards dealwood) exclusively—the soft portions of

wood, leaving intact the harder parts, 2. ¢., the annual rings and

knots. Thus a very striking feeding-figure results which is shown

in the first photo of plate Il. There we see the annual rings

stand out as well marked parallel lines, each two adjacent ones

being separated by a deep groove. In such kinds of wood, where

the annual rings are not so weil developed as in dealwood, the

feeding figure is, of course, not quite so striking, yet it is in all

cages constructed on the same lines.

Where Leucotermes meets small empty spaces such as in little boxes,

it fills them up in a peculiar way. Broad patches of a rather thin

greyish material—consisting apparently for the greater part of the

excrements of the Termites—are arranged in more or less horizontal

layers one above the other, with vertical partitions between them,

go as to form a number of irregularly built chambers of different sizes.

The chambers are connected by a good many smaller or bigger holes

to enable the Termites to pass from one into the other. ‘The gene-

ral appearance of such a structure is made evident by the second

photo of plate II which shows a small dealwood box attacked by

Leucotermes. ‘The inner space of the box (lower portion of photo)

gives a picture of the just described “‘fillings”’ of Lewcotermes, while

the lid (upper portion of photo) exhibits the abovementioned lines

of the annual rings with grooves between them.

Similar fillings—commonly on a smaller scale but after the same

pattern as detailed above—are constructed by Leucotermes in any

sufficiently large hole forming in the wood as a result of prolonged

feeding in a limited area. We are sure to find them in such places

where the annual rings are close together and, at the same time,

their hard portions greatly reduced, as is the case with timber cut

from near the bark of a tree. In wood of this sort the Termites

devour everything between the upper and lower surface of the

board, plank or the like, leaving only two sheets—sometimes as thin

as card-board—above and below; in the empty space between they

build their peculiar fillings.

Something akin to these structures we find also on nearly every

piece of wood on which Leucotermes have been allowed to feed

undisturbed for a long while, even if larger holes as mentioned

above are missing. The fillings are then constructed on quite a

simple plan showing only the ground—or predominant form of the

more elaborate pattern, viz., a ribbon or sheet-like structure. They

are easily recognised on the first photo of plate Il as a sort of

small ridges or broader patches built across the deep grooves cut

into the wood.

Coptotermes—as appears from the deal-board represented in the

first photograph of plate I1I—has a feeding figure similar to that of

Puare II.

Journ. Bompay Nar. Hist. Soc.

re ~ “Se

Fig. J. Board of deal-wood attacked by Leucotermes.

Fig. 3. Block of ‘*‘ pukka’’ teak-

wood attacked by Leucotermes.

Fig. 2, Lower part: small deal-wood box,

with fillings of Leucotermes.

Upper part: lid of box partly destroyed by

Leucotermes.

WOOD-DESTROYVING WHITE ANTS. 379

LTeucotermes. But there is this difference that the soft woody

tissue is not completely destroyed; larger or smaller bits of it

have been left intact together with long strands of harder tissue

(‘the late summer-wood”’ of the annual rings). These strands

do not, therefore, stand out like parallel clear-cut lines which

are so conspicuous a feature in the feeding figure of Leucotermes ;

but their appearance is more like that of strips of varying breadth

placed irregularly side by side. The Termites make not unfre-

quently eross-cuts even through the hard tissue of the annual

rings; this is marked on our photo by the short transverse lines by

which neighbouring grooves ( represented by the long black lines)

communicate with each other.

The fillings of Coptotermes are altogether different from those of

Leucotermes, and quite characteristic of this kind. They are not

made up of broad thin ribbons or sheets as. described above, but of

a wire or string-like material intertwined in such a way as to form a

sort of irregular network. Sometimes the “strings” of the network

appear rather flattened and coarse as in the upper part of the left

half of the first photograph of plate III, sometimes their shape is

more slender and roundish as in the lower portion of the photo.

The fillings of Coptotermes ave a good deal tougher and not so

easily breakable as those of Leucotermes.

Yet another curious habit of Coptotermes must here be mentioned.

Wherever these Termites come across very smooth surfaces they

cover them with their excrements, probably to facilitate the

passage over them; they often do the same also on the inner walls

of the holes and tunnels they have eaten into the wood. ‘The

first photograph on plate IV shows a wine bottle* taken from a

nailed-up box into which the Termites had found their way. The

coating of excrements on the surface of the glass comes out quite

distinctly ; it forms, as usual, an unequally spread cover: in some

places it appears rather thick, in others it is scanty or altogether

wanting. Leucotermes makes a similar coating on smooth surtaces,

but it is somewhat more fine-grained and “lacks the numerous

whitish dots so clearly visible all over the layers deposited by Copto-

termes (unfortunately not appearing on our photo).

With regard to the last of our common wood-destroyers, there is

one peculiar feature to be noted which marks them off at once and

quite unmistakably from the two kinds already mentioned:

Odontotermes Iece invariably destroys wood from the surface inwards,

whereas Leucotermes as well as Coptotermes attack the inner tissues

leaving the outer layer almost entirely intact. The latter. forms are

* My grateful acknowledgments for this valuable present are due to Mr. R. A.

Spence of Messrs. Phipson & Co.—I call special attention to a very remarkable

fact clearly appearing on the photo: even the tinfoil capsule of the bottle has in

wome places been destroyed by Coptotermes which is, perhaps, the most formidable

of our wood-destroyers.

880 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

consequently not so easily noticed when feeding in wood, while the

presence of the former can at once be detected. This is rendered

all the more easy for the following reason. Nearly all Termites—

except the grass-feeders, like Mutermes, etc.—avoid light and

air as much as possible. Now Odontotermes Fece feeding on the sur-

face of a board or so, would necessarily be exposed to these two

from the termite-standpoint undesirable elements ; so to guard

against them the White Ants build a cover of mud taken from the

surrounding ground over the space chosen for the attack, and then

start eating the wood underneath the shelter. These coatings of

mud—which are either red or black or greyish according to the

colour of the soil—form at times patches of considerable extent over

the surface of the wood, and cannot be possibly overlooked by any

tolerably attentive observer.

It should be noted that both Leucotermes and Coptotermes con-

struct covered passages as well when for some reason or other they

are forced to appear on the surface, v.g., when trying to get at

wood some distance away from their underground nests. But these

passages have always the appearance of lines, never of broad sheets

as with Odontotermes Few. They are just large enough to allow

the Termites to pass each other when meeting in the tunnel.

Moreover, these passages are constructed of the same material as the

fillings, that is to say, they consist for the most part of excrements

of Termites ; in no case are they made of earthy material taken from

the ground near by. The tunnels of Coptotermes are slightly larger

and their building material looks somewhat more coarse, than with

Leucotermes.

The feeding figure of Odontotermes Mec is represented in the

second and third photographs of plate IV. Its characteristics are

that the wood of the whole area on which the Termites have been

feeding, is destroyed from the surface inwards, not even the hard

portions of the annual rings being left intact. It is, moreover, a

striking fact that usually not the entire surface is attacked by

Odontotermes Few, but only certain portions of it (cp. especially the

last photo). Thus the wood presents the view of an irregular

arrangement of holes—some deep, some shallow—interspersed with

narrower or broader patches of untouched wood.

In the second photo we see parts of three deal-wood staves taken

from a cement-barrel. The middle piece is an instance of a rather

exceptional case: the entire surface of the wood has been attacked

and eaten up to various depths. The other two pieces show what

commonly happens: in some places the surface area has been left

intact (the dark patches appearing in the picture), in others it

has been destroyed together with portions of the wood-tissue

underneath (light patches of picture).

On the third and last photo a big branch cut down from a live

Jounn. BomBay Nav. Hist. Soc. Puare Iii.

Fig. J. Deal-wood attacked by Coptotermes. To the left: fillings of Coptotermes.

Fig. 2, Block of yarra-wood attacked by Coptotermes.

WOOD-DESTROYVING WHITE ANTS. 381

fio-tree (Iicus religiosa) is represented*. The heart-wood of the

branch has not been touched by the Termites, but otherwise a good

many holes varying in depth have been made from the bark inwards.

The fillings of Odontotermes Kee are quite distinctive of this

species. ‘They invariably consist of coarse earthy material—red,

black, or grey, as the case may be—taken from the surrounding

ground. The Termites are in the habit of stuffing with this

material any cavities in the wood, no matter whether already

existent as v.g., in hollow bamboo-poles, or made by the Termites

themselves. Small tunnels traverse the frequently large masses of

mud piled up in the holes; here and there widened chambers are

constructed where usually a great many Termites may be found

together. The inner surface of the tunnels as well as the chambers

is rather rough, hardly any polishing being noticeable. The mud

seems scarcely to be impregnated with special secretions to make

it hard as most of our mound-builders are wont to do with the

building material of their nests; consequently the fillings of Odonto-

termes Fece are easily broken especially when they are dry.

Beside the characteristic feeding figures and fillings, there is an-

other very noteworthy means to find out the three just mentioned

kinds of wood-destroyers, viz., their particular time of swarming.

As has been said before, numbers of freshly reared winged forms

(males and females) leave the nests at certain seasons of the year.

These swarming periods are the same every year, and more or less

different for the different species—or, at least, genera—of White

Ants. Now with regard to our common wood-eaters, I have been

able to ascertain the following through observations extending

over a couple of years: Leucotermes swarm in the morning (8 o’clock

and later) during the first showers of the monsoon; Coptotermes

leave the nest towards sunset at various times during the dry season,

specially in January, February and March; Odontotermes take wing

before nightfall shortly after the close of the rainy season, usually

in the last third of September. So, when we see winged Termites

coming out of an underground nest at the said periods, we may be

sure that they are either Leucotermes, or Coptotermes, or Odontoter-

mes, as the case may be.

Concerning the other less frequent, and therefore less important,

kinds of wood-destroying Termites, I regret to be for the present

unable to give reliable details about their feeding figures and fillings ;

the investigations I have so far been able to make are not sufficient-

ly numerous to allow of general conclusions. However I doubt not

that also with regard to these kinds similar characteristic features

will be brought to light by further studies. For the time being we

* IT have to thank Mr. J. W. MacKison, Executive Engineer to the Bombay

Municipality, for this fine specimen now in the Biological Museum of St. Xavier’s

College.—None of our wood-eaters destroy live trees, but only dry portions of them -

382 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

must be satisfied with the facts furnished in the preceding lines, 1.¢.,

that our common noxious wood-eaters construct, and may be known

by, their quite distinct feeding figures as well as fillings. ;

IT add some few remarks about the localities in which wood-

destroyers are known to exist. Leucotermes is frequently met with

in houses in Bombay; I have also found it occasionally as an inqui-

line in nests of mound-building Termites in Salsette Gin the jungle

along the Tulsi river, east of Borivli village, about 20 miles north of

Bombay), and Khandala (Bhor Ghats). Coptotermes abounds in

houses and all sorts of timber in Bombay; I have also taken speci-

mens from logs of firewood in Gujarat (Anand and Vadtal, Kaira

District) ; another lot was sent to me from Karachi.* Odontoter-

mes Hee is of common occurrence in all kinds of dry wood in

Bombay, Borivli Jungle, Khandala and Poona. Once I observed

them feeding on railway sleepers piled up at Karjat Station (G.I.P.R.).

Oalotermes was found in a big branch of a He tree at Bangalore ;

Microtermes in dry wood (board, logs, and the like) at Valan

(Ahmednagar District), Anand, Bombay and Khandala (in the

latter place as ‘an inquiline in mounds of other species) ;

Microcerotermes in dry bamboo stumps in Borivli jungle, in a pole

stuck into the ground at Poona, in logs of firewood at Vadtal, and

at Valan. Other habitats of the different kinds of wood-destroyers

will no doubt be added in course of time if more general attention

is paid to these matters.

-It is as yet impossible to give an answer to the burning question,

“Which woods are undoubtedly termite-proof?” Teakwood is

often mentioned as such, and more recently the Australian Jarra-

wood is time and again praised for possessing this quality. That

such assertions are not altogether in harmony with facts is evident

from the third photograph on plate Il showing a_ piece of

“pucka’”’ teakwood attacked by Leucotermes, and the second photo

on plate III representing a block of Jarra-wood partly destroyed

by Coptotermes.t Experiments so far made to ascertain which

different kinds of wood—treated as well as untreated—are safe from

the attacks of White Ants, are in my opinion largely unreliable,

because it has been left out-of consideration whether the Termites

made use of for these trials were genuine wood-destroyers, or not.

Further investigations are, therefore, necessary, if the question is to

be settled definitely.

Before concluding this paper, I beg to add a few remarks on

an all-important desideratum in relation to widening our know-

ledge of the various noxious White Ants. This desideratum is:

* My sincere thanks are due to Mr. Kundanmal Utamsing, 8. D. O., who was kind

enough to collect these specimens for me in a house badly infested with them.

+A present to my collection from Mr. L. H. Savile, Executive Engineer to the

Bombay Port Trust, to whom I am greatly indebted,

Jounn. BomsBay Nar. Hist. Soc. Puarte IV.

ity scores

NE.

Fig. J. Wine-bottle covered

with excrements of

Coptotermes. Fig. 2. Staves of deal-wood destroyed by Odontotermes.

Fig. 3. Dry branch of live banyan tree attacked by Odontotermes.

WOOD-DESTROYVING WHITE ANTS. 385

co-operation. What we know so far of Indian Termites in general,

and of the wood-destroying forms in particular, is deplorably little,

and this, in spite of the fact that the ravages of White Ants are so

well known to every resident in the country, and that nearly every-

one has had, and has still, tocomplain of them. All wish, of course,

to get rid of the pest, but nobody appears to be prepared to take

his share in the necessary investigations into the subject. And yet,

if we want to succeed in protecting ourselves from the damage

caused by White Ants, our first and foremost endeavour must be

to study them, so that we may know as much as possible of their

various habits. To try to fight the Termites without this in-

dispensable information is just as useless as to attempt combating

a disease without knowing anything of its nature and _ specific

symptoms.

But what of the many “ Termiticides’’ now offered for sale as

so many “infallible means to utterly exterminate all White Ants ?”’

If a single one of them would fulfill what is claimed for it, further

studies of the Termites would, of course, seem superfluous from the

practical or economic point of view. But this is, unfortunately,

not the case; all Termiticides have so far been found unavailing

when put to the test. The reason why is clear. At present we

know only how to get at single Termites found outside their

nestS; we are altogether ignorant of the Biology of the White

Ants, 1.¢., of their mode of life, the structure and position of their

nests,* the dwelling-place of their queen. Yet with all this—and

especially the last—we must be well acquainted before we can

destroy Termites effectually. As long as a reproductive female

(a queen) remains in the nest, the colony will survive, because the

loss of some workers or soldiers will soon be made good by the fertile

female.

This, then, is our task for the future: to find out which species

are true wood-destroyers, and study their Biology. But even the

most strenuous efforts of one man—or a few—are altogether in-

sufficient to solve this problem for so vast a country as India. The

generous co-operation of all who are interested in the war to be

waged on the White Ants, especially of the Officers of the Public

Works Department, Railway Engineers, etc., is an imperative

necessity. If everyone would make a point of helping to, the best

of his power in clearing away the darkness still prevailing regard-

ing our knowledge of the noxious Termites, great things could, no

doubt, be achieved within a short time.

And what is required of the co-operator in this great plan is,

after all, but little: whenever and wherever you come across

White Ants in wood or near it, drop as many as you can get hold of—

* All our wood-destroyers seem to have their nests underground, not in the wood

attacked by them.

384 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

especially soldiers—in a tube or small bottle filled with common

methylated spirit (such as used for burning purposes) ; write locality,

date and any other remark you have to make, with lead-pencil (not

with ink) on a slip of paper and place it into the tube; secure, if

possible, a bit of the wood attacked; pack both—tube and wood—

securely in a box, and send it to the writer of this paper (Rev. Joseph

Assmuth, Professor of Biology, St Xavier’s College, Bombay [ Fort ]).*

That is all you are requested to do. If advisable I am perpared

to go personally to places badly infested with Termites to make

investigations on the spot.

Thus—by the active co-operation of all concerned—it will be pos-

sible to gain, in course of time, a clear insight into what must be our

first and foremost endeavour to know about the White Ants:

which species are genuine wood-destroyers, which districts are free

from and which are infested with them, which is their mode of

living, nesting, breeding, etc. Then, and not till then, the further

and final step may, with a fair chance of success, be taken: the

finding of suitable means to combat the White Ants.

* My friend, Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Imperial Entomologist, Agricultural

Research Institute, Pusa, Bengal, is also ready to receive specimens and answer

inquiries,

385

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA,

BURMA AND CEYLON.

Since the last report of the progress of the Survey was made,

some very interesting collections have been received. From the

north Mr. Crump has sent in an interesting collection from Ka-

thiawar including several specimens not before obtained by the

Survey. He is now at Danta in Mahi Kantha, having worked up

through Palanpur to Mount Abu. It is proposed now to shift

him right away to Kumaon from which district a number of new

species were described by the older authors.

When writing in the last Journal we mentioned that Mr. Short-

ridge was busy in Coorg and from there we received, just before

the Journal was published, one of the finest collections so far

received and numbering some 800 specimens. The collection con-

tained a number of Southern Indian specimens new to the Survey.

Mr. Shortridge tells us that a large number of specimens were

collected for him by Mr. Graham. Other people besides Mr.

Graham, whose names will appear in the report on the collection,

rendered great assistance to Mr. Shortridge but we specially wish

to mention Mr. Graham’s name because, not only while Mr. Short-

ridge was there did he collect, but also after he left he has conti-

nued and when his specimens are sent here, it will in all probabil-

ity be found that he has added one or more species to the Mammals

of Coorg. Mr. Shortridge when he had finished Coorg was sent

to Burma where, after interviewing different people in Rangoon

and Maymyo, he started collecting in the Northern Shan States

and a collection is shortly expected from him. He has received

great assistance from the officials of the Burma Government, and

the British India Steam Navigation Company have kindly

promised to carry specimens and materials free of freight for which

we are mest grateful.

Our third collector, Major Mayor, arrived in Bombay in the mid-

dle of March and after a short stay here went to Ceylon, starting

at Kottawa in the Southern Province. There unfortunately the

weather conditions turned out to be most unfavourable but in spite

of many difficulties a small collection was made and which we have

since received and seems to contain several specimens of considerable

interest. He is at present at Hambantota which is right in the

South-East corner of the Colony. Major Mayor has received great

help from the Ceylon Government who amongst other concessions

have granted him a free pass for himself and his servants on the

railways. It should also be mentioned that Dr. Pearson of the

Colombo Museum has kindly consented to allow Major Mayor to

use the Museum as his headquarters and has arranged to forward

on specimens to us.

386 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

A set of specimens from the Central Provinces has been sent to the

Nagpur Museum and a general set to the Indian Museum at Calcutta.

As regards finance, money is, we are sorry to say, coming in but

slowly. The Government of Ceylon have however promised

ts. 2,500 and the Government of the Central Provinces a similar

sum. The Hxecutors and Trustees of the will of the late Mr. N. M.

Wadia, C.I.H., have given us Rs. 500 and promised us a further

sum of Rs. 500: Another member of the Tata family, Sir Dorab

Tata, Bart., has generously helped us by a second contribution of

Rs. 1,000, and one of the Burmese Nobles gave us Rs. 250. We

must however look to the members of the Society for further

contributions and we hope that every member will see his way to

contribute at least Rs. 10 per annum.

MAMMAL FUND.

FURTHER LIST OF SUBSCRIPTIONS UP TO 2isr JUNE 1913.

NAMEs, Amount.

Kis a. | p

Amount previously acknowledged in Journal No. 1,

Wools xoxo oe, -, Ae sie AT, 907 Sn Nl 7

| Bridgeman, The Hon’ ble Ei. G. On viet me ae 30 OF a8

| Burma Gamenminent i td ay eh en Beto 1,000 OOF ww)

| Conley, A. ne Es ae zi 15 OM

Crawford, W. M. ae OS. ) Ne te i a 30 Oy t0

| | Executors and Trustees of the late Mr. N. M.|

Wadia, C.LE. We se a oh ys 500 Oo 2G

| Hay, Capt. G. W. aN se sf ae as 15 Sule)

| Kemball, H.V.R. a ed i 18 0; O

London Zoological Society if oF as Ee 748 Sul ea

' Radhanpur, H. H. The Nawab ne RY ihe 200 OO

| Saw Bwa Hke ee ke Re ot ie 250 O10

Tata, Sir Dorab J., Tait. x ate My i 1,000 Online

Minor Subscriptions - bf me he Hs 9 eho 0

Dota 51,794 Di ae

PROMISED.

Mr. Ratan Tata (2nd donation) . . Ks. 1,000

i. H. The Rao of Cutch (2nd donation). 37 5000

| H. H. The Maharaja of Jodhpur sy hes F000

Government of Central Provinces ie skye BDUU

Government of Ceylon .. », 2,000

| The Executors and Trustees of ‘the late

IND ME Wadia: shine Be Rome ee e. 3K0)0)

| = 8,500 OO

| Potalwieee 60,294 2 vee

387

REVIEWS.

INDIAN MUSEUM RECORDS.

Mr. Kemp of the Indian Museum accompanied the Abor expedition as

Naturalist, and Volume VIII of the ‘Records’ is being devoted to the

Zoological results.

So far two parts have been published containing eleven papers on

different groups by various specialists.

Mr. Kemp is to be congratulated on his collections which have given

wonderful results considermg the adverse conditions under which they

were made,

In the first part Dr. Annandale deals with the Batrachia, the Reptilia

and the Porifera (sponges), describing a number of new species. The paper

on Batrachia is divided into three parts, a systematic, a biological and a

geographical. In the second part he discusses the habits of tadpoles and

the way in which they cling to rocks, &c., to prevent themselves being

carried away by floods. Owing to the time of the year at which it was

made, the butterfly collection, reported on by Capt. Evans, contains little

of interest. Writing on the Scolopendride Mr. F, H. Gravely describes

two out of the eight specimens of Centipedes collected as new.

In part II Mr. H. C. Robinson writes on the Mammals, Mr. Malcolm

Burr on Dermaptera (earwigs), while various foreign specialists report on

the Coleoptera and Mr. Brunetti on the Diptera.

The Mammals are distinctly disappointing, the collection consisting of

26 species.

Mr. H. EH. Green continues his notes on the Coccide (scale insects) in

the Indian Museum in Part I of Vol. IX and Mr. E. Brunetti describes

some new Empide. Part II of the same Volume is a specially valuable

number. There is an important contribution by Signor Silvestri on

some Thysanura (bristle-tails, fish-insects, etc.) in the Indian Museum, and

in ‘ Notes from the Bengal Fisheries Laboratory.” Mr. S. Southwell

writes on Trematode and Cestode parasites found in fish. The collection

of Tortoises in the Indian Museum is a very complete one and for some

time past Dr. N. Annandale has been occupied witha full revision of the

Indian Chelonia. In the present number he has a paper dealing with

Tortoises of the Chota Nagpur District.

THE GROWTH OF GROUPS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. *

In his introductory chapter, Capt. R. E. Lloyd tells us that “although

most biologists regard natural selection as a creative agency, yet there are

dissenters from the accepted opinion” and in the following pages he

brings forward some facts in support of the dissenters.

While studying the rats sent into the Indian Museum from all parts.

of the country, Capt. Lloyd had exceptional opportunities of investigat-

ing the great variation to which the black rat Mus rattus is subjectto. From

the material he has seen he shows that the variation in colour of the

ventral surface and tail—characters used to distinguish species—are to be

found amongst ordinary coloured districts. In Naini Tal, for instance, he

caught two rats in the same house, the one answering to the description of

Mus vicerex and the other that of M. beardmoret. Capt. Lloyd writes at

considerable length on the appearance in certain towns of the white-

bellied rats, the variety which in Plague Commission’s reports is called

* The Growth of Groups in the Animal Kingdom by R. E. Lloyd, M.B., D Se.—

Longmans, Green & Co., 1912, price Rs. 5.

3888 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY Vol. XXII.

Mus alevandrinus. He mentions a case at Poona where a small colony

of these rats was discovered. They were confined to nine houses, and

apparently no other white-bellied rats were found in Poona amongst the

45,000 caught between 26th May 1908 and 22nd May 1909. In Capt.

Lloyd’s opinion there are only two possibilities to account for these rats,

the one that they were mutants and the other that they had migrated

in from outside. ‘

On page 74 a table is reproduced, giving the number of whole coloured

and white-bellied rats caught in different towns throughout India to show

how rare (?) this variety is supposed to be.

It is interesting to compare some of these figures with the Mammal

Survey Results and as the town of Belgaum is no great distance from the

Dharwar and Kanara Districts, it may well be compared with them.

Whole coloured White-

rats. bellied.

Belgaum.. = 39,460 .. Plague Commission.

Dharwar and Kanara

Districts dh is 52 43 Mammal Survey Col-

lector.

It might also be added that out of 84 rats caught by the Survey Collector

in the Central Provinces 39 were of the white-bellied variety.

Of course to a certain extent the survey specimens may be selected, but

even then it shows that the white-bellied variety is commoner than Capt.

Lloyd supposes. Perhaps the whole-coloured M. ratius may be more of a

domestic animal than its white-bellied cousin. *

The origin of species from mutants is discussed, and Capt. Lloyd is of

the opinion that species have arisen in that way without the help of

natural selection.

Towers, work on the potato beetles in America is quoted and compared

with the Author’s work on rats and a coloured plate is reproduced from

that paper showing the different sports and mutants found amongst these

beetles. In Chapter X the author points out the bearing of the mutation

theory in practical matters and its connection with certain branches of

pathology, especially in regard to diseases.

We can recommend this book to any one interested in evolution: it is

well printed and nicely got up, but it is unfortunate that there is no index

or table of contents, so that it is almost impossible to find anything without

going through the whole book.

389

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. I.— BOLDNESS OF PANTHERS.

In February 1912 at Jamalpur in South Bihar, I was informed that near

the village of Abhyapur an exceptionally large male panther was killing

cattle every few nights on the outskirts of the village, and had killed a

valuable bullock the previous night. I had recently had an electric lamp

given me and was anxious to try it, so went out to the spot. I found the

kill near a small mango tree within 100 yards of the village and 300 yards

from the foot of a range of stony hills covered with thorny scrub.

I had a pole driven into the groundand hung the lamp directly over the

kill, and erected a machan in the mango tree about 15 feet above the

ground; the lamp switch was a cumbersome arrangement which required

two hands to work, so I decided to take my shikari into the machan and

get him to turn on the light when I gave the signal; unfortunately this

shikari was not staunch and had lost his nerve. On two occasions I had

lent him to other sahibs to assist them in following up wounded panthers,

and on both occasions he had been mauled. I warned the villagers against

making any noise or movement after dusk, and climbed into the machan ;

just as the sun was going down a dog came and started feeding on the

kill but just after dusk he bolted back to the village barking and seemingly

terrified, sol knew the panther was not far off; in ten minutes or so I

could just dimly discern a long low shadow creeping up to the kill, and

when all was comfortable I gave the sign to turn on the light but to no

effect; the shikari was terrified and for some time helpless. I turned to

look at him and he switched on, the panther immediately bounded 20

yards outside the circle of light, and stood looking at the lamp; I had a

shot and missed and then put out the light; in half an hour the panther

returned, the light was again bungled, 1 had another fleeting shot and

missed again.

At nine o’clock a hyzena came along uttering the most unearthly yells

and screams, and circled the scene of events several times, the panther

was sitting directly under my machan growling and muttering, and made

several rushes in the direction of the hyzena when he aproached the kill,

drove him off, and then returned to his position under my tree; this con-

tinued for about two hours when the hyena gave it up as a bad job and

went off ; the panther then came on the kill and was again missed; this and

_ the succeeding shots were taken in the dark as the shikari by this time

was absolutely incapable of holding the switch at all; after this a small

panther (apparently the female) appeared on the scene, but the male would

not allow her to feed; several times she approached the kill and each time

the male darted out and drove her off; once she took refuge in the lower

branches of my tree where she sat whilst they snarled at one another,

this reduced my poor shikari to a jelly. Occasionally, at half hour inter-

vals the panther would go to the kill and start feeding; I took the switch

into my own hands and turned on the light, but each time directly the

light appeared the panther bounded off without a moment’s hesitation and

stood just outside the illuminated circle. In all I had six shots, the last

at about half past two in the morning, after this the panther went away

altogether. The next night he did not return, although I had the kill care-

fully preserved on the same spot.

The night was intensely dark and I was using a high velocity rifle with

a nineteen inch barrel and very straight in the stock, and I found that all

my shots had gone high. This panther would not come out of the jungle

on moonlight nights, but in the dark of the moon was very destructive,

890 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,

pulling goats and calves out of the huts. I eventually bagged him on a

pitch dark night with a lethal bullet using a radium foresight; he had

killed a quarter of a mile from the edge of the jungle within 30 yards of a

village and was killed half an hour after dusk. He taped seven feet four

as he lay and was a very heavy beast.

EK. BROOK-FOX.

JUNAGADH, May 26th, 1913.

No. IL—THE BROWN PALM-CIVET IN NORTH KANARA.

While collecting near Castle Rock in the middle of October last Mr. 8.

H. Prater, assistant in the Society’s Museum, shot an example of the brown

Palm-Civet (Paradoxurus jerdoni). According to Blanford in the “ Fauna of

British India” this species has only been found for certain in the Palni

and Nilgiri Hills. It was not obtained by Mr. G. C. Shortridge in North

Kanara which points to it only being a rare straggler in that district.

N. B. KINNEAR.

Bompay, 28th May 19138.

No. II]. _CHINKARA SUFFERING FROM GUINEA-WORM.

Early last March I shot a chinkara (Gazella bennettc) buck : the first shot

struck him rather far back, the second through the shoulder; he was in good

condition but the coat was staring and patchy. On examining him closely

I noticed that the blood flowing from the wounds contained half a dozen

thread-like semi-transparent worms varying in length from 2 to 5 inches

all alive and vigorous; the animal was hallaled and eaten by the Mohamed-

an forest guards.

In Junagadh State—particularly in the south—guinea-worm is a common

complaint amongst all classes, occurring chiefly in the families of those who

draw their drinking water from step wells or Vaos.

Dr. Dave of Junagad tells me that from my description the Chinkara was

undoubtedly suffering from guinea-worm.

This fact may be of interest to the medical members.

EK. BROOK-FOX.

JunaGaD, May 12th, 1913.

No. IV.—THE COLOURATION OF THE EYES OF THE

DOMESTICATED BUFFALO.

While I was shooting in the Central Provinces during March this year,

I was very much struck by the number of buffaloes I met which had the

abnormal pale blue iris to the eye. Not only this, but some animals had

one eye normal and the other of the abnormal colour, while others had

both eyes a sort of mixture of the two, a small segment of the eye only

being of the normal or abnormal colour in such cases. I have often

noticed this abnormal colouring of the buffalo’s iris before, but never to

such an extent and never before as partial or in only one eye.

C. R. PITMAN,

Camp, C. P., 27th Punjabis.

5th April 1918.

JOURN.

BOMBAY NAT.

HIST. SOC.

PLATE A

Large Samber Head from Panna C. I.

ica) on Peepul Tree,

is of Bees (Apis 4

Swarm

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 391

No. V.—LARGE SAMBAR HEAD.

I send herewith a photograph (Plate A.) of a Sambar (Rusa wnicolor) which

you may like to reproduce in the Journal. I shot the Sambar in His

Highness the Maharaja of Panna’s jungles, and the trophy is an interesting

one from the fact that there are three complete tines on the right side.

The measurements can be seen from the photo reproduced. The greatest

length round the curve, as can be seen from the photo, is from the burr to

the tip posterior right tine which is 41 inches,and I should like to know

your opinion and that of other members of the Society as to whether these

horns can be in anyway regarded as a record, taking into consideration the

fact that there are three tines on the right side and that one of these

measures 41 inches from burr to tip.

F. D. S. FAYRER, Masor, 1.m.s.

Suna, H. T. Ry.,

June 3rd, 1913.

[The measurements are not shown on the block but the principal ones, not

given on the table below, are as follows :—

Length of left horn 38’, length of brow outters R. 19/’, L. 1734”.

According to the latest edition of Rowland Ward’s “ Records” the record

head measures 503” along the outside curve. There are many heads longer than

that of Major Fayrer’s,and in no measurement does his excel heads already

obtained. Two heads with extra points are mentioned, and the measurements are

as follows :— }

Length on outside Circumference Tipto Widest Points.

curve. above brow tine. tip. inside.

43 63 : 33 35 4+3

423 63 15 27% 444

41 ser 22 263 4-+3 Major Fayrer’s head.

Eps. |

No. VI.—HOW WILD BOAR FIGHT.

On the 2nd April at about 8-30 in the morning I was walking through

grass jungle in tlhe Chanda District of the Central Provinces where I was

shooting.

Suddenly two Wild Boar rose out of the grass on their hind legs and

fought in this position, with fore legs locked for more than half a minute.

At first they were about 60 yards off, but I got much closer and saw them

on the ground rolling over and over each other, squealing and hacking at

each other with their tusks.

When they eventually separated the smaller of the two came my way

and I shot it. It had a very deep gash in its near shoulder as a result of

the fight. The wound was nearly 4 inches long and made the pig limp.

C. R. PITMAN,

Camp C. P., 27th Punjabis.

5th April 1913.

No. VII—NOTES ON THE CHESTNUT-HEADED SHORTWING.

The following notes on the Chestnut-headed Shortwing, Oligura castanei-

coronata, may be of some interest. Oates in the Fauna of British India,

Birds, Vol. I, states that this bird is found from 3,000 ft. to 6,000 ft., and

also mentions it as a bird of the higher ranges of the Himalayas. It would

appear to be subject to a seasonable movement, as here in the Bhutan Duars

392 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

it comes down as low as 500 ft. in winter, leaving us again about the 15th

of March. It is fairly common in suitable localities such as ravines, the

thick brushwood on whose sides afford it ample cover. In habits it some-

what resembles the Slaty-bellied Short-wing, Tesia cyaniventris, but is slight-

ly more active than that bird in hopping about and flying from bush to bush.

Its loud and piercing note “seek” usually repeated twice in succession is

not altogether unmusical. The following are the measurements and notes

on the soft parts of a male specimen I secured: length 3/-6”; wing 1/-9”;

tarsus ‘92"”; tail 1”; bill 5.” Iris dark-brown, upper mandible black, lower

yellow. legs pale reddish-brown.

EV). O;DONE TE:

Yastnara, T. E., Bhutan Dvuars,

18th February 1915.

No. VIII.—MISSLE THRUSH NEAR LAHORE.

Early in the year Captain C. A. Rocke sent in for identification the skin

of a Missle Thrush which had been shot in the beginning of January by

Mr. Joseph, 1.c.s., at a place called Gugera on the banks of the Ravi,

about 60 miles from Lahore. This Missle Thrush was an example of the

large Hastern race Turdus viscivorus bonaparte: which inhabits Transcaspia,

Turkestan, Central Asia, Afghanistan and the Himalayas. In India this

species breeds in the Himalayas and Kashmir, and is aiso found in the

Kurram Valley and near Quetta but seldom visiting the plains.

BomBay. N. B. KINNEAR.

No. IX.—THE RUFOUS-BACKED SPARROW, PASSER DOMESTICA

PYRRHONOTA, BuyrTe.

In continuation of my note in the Society’s Journal (Vol. XX, p. 1151), I

have now to add that this species is abundant at Ferozepore, Punjab.

About 5 miles from Ferozepore Cantonments, the main line of the railway

crosses the River Sutlej into the Kasur Subdivision of the Lahore District.

On both sides of the river large bunds have been constructed, and about

them is a variety of swamp and grass jungle, broken by large Shisham and

Kikur trees which grow in patches or along the bunds. This is the chosen

haunt of the Rufous-backed Sparrow, which is ‘found in fair numbers,

usually in flocks, which perching among and feeding on theseeds of the tall

pampas grass. They roost in parties in the thorn bushes on the bunds. I

did not remain at Ferozepore long enough to ascertain whether the birds

are residents, but I obtained several specimens in November and January.

HUGH WHISTLER,

JHELUM, InpIan POLIcE.

13th May 1913.

No. X.—THE OCCURRENCK OF THE HIMALAYAN YELLOW-

BACKED SUN-BIRD, #THOPYGA SHHERLZ IN THE

CENTRAL PROVINCES AND EXTENSION OF ITS HABITAT.

In the “Fauna of British India” Birds, Vol. II, page 348, the range of

this species is given as follows :—

“The Himalayas from Gurhwal to Dibrugarh in Assam up to 7,000 feet in

summer, Cachar; Sylhet; the Khasi hills; Manipur. This species is also

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 393

found in the plains, having been recorded from Seheria in Borabhoom by

Tickell and an Athopyga was seen in Singbhoom by Ball.” It may, there-

fore, be worth recording that on the first of April 1913 I secured a male of

this species at Laugher (1,935 feet ) in the Balaghat District of the Central

Provinces.

My specimen agrees with Oates’ description except that the middle

tail-feathers are only ‘25” longer than the rest, and there is a slight

difference in the colouration of the tail, due probably to immaturity.

HK. A. DABREU, F.z.s,

Tue Museum, Naepur,

17th June 19138.

No. XI.—THE PALE SAND MARTIN, RIPARIA RIPARIA DILUTA,

(SHARPE AND WYATT.)

So little is known about the distribution of this bird, that the following

facts seem worthy of record, While camping along the River Sutlej in the

Jellalabad Haquah of Ferozepore District last year I came upon large

numbers of Sand Martins that were nesting in the sandy bank of a

tributary channel of the river. I accordingly dug out many of the holes

but only found 2 eggs in two nests, and 3 eggs in another, the majority

of the nests being unfinished. I secured a couple of the parent birds

(S. R. 547 and 548—23-2-1912) and found them to belong to this race—

an identification kindly confirmed by Dr. C. B. Ticehurst. Two eggs were

unfortunately broken, but the others measure as follows :—c/3, 16x13;

15°5 X13; 15°5 x 12°5 and ¢/2, 17:5 x13; 17x«12°5.

On re-examination of a Martin obtained in September, when there were

several about (8S. R. 459—24-9-1911, 9 ad.), I find it also belongs to

the above race.

HUGH WHISTLER,

JHELUM, Inpian Pouce,

13th May 1913.

No. XIJ—NOTES ON THE NESTING OF THE BROWN-NECKED

SPINE-TAILED SWIFT, CHATURA INDICA AND THE WHITE-

RUMPED SPINE-TAILED SWIFT, CHZATURA SYLVATICA.,

It may interest some membersto know that the Brown-necked Spine-

tail roosts and breeds in large hollow green trees on the Travancore hills.

Ihave on several occasions seen colonies of 30 to 50 birds roosting in

trees, but have only just succeeded in finding them breeding. On the

12th instant I discovered a tree in which the birds were popping out and in,

at the only entrance which was at a height of about 45 feet; the tree was

hollow from top to bottom, and, on cutting a holein it nearthe ground, I

found 2 nests, each containing 2 fresh eggs. The nests were mere depres-

sions in the earth at the foot of the tree lined with dry leaves and straw.

The eggs are pure porcelain white with very hard shells, the average size

of the 4 eggs is 1:28” x 1”,

I have since tapped another tree in the same way and found three nests

at the foot of it, two nests were empty and the third contained two young

birds.

All the trees I have seen occupied by this Swift have been at elevations

of 1,000 to 2,000 feet in heavy forest,

394 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Since sending the above notes last month on the habits of this swift,

I have been fortunate in obtaining a considerable number of their eggs.

Although the birds roost in trees at times in large colonies, I have not

found more than 2 pairs breeding in one tree, in most cases only one pair of

birds breeds and occupy a tree during the breeding season. Ihave found

as many as 5 eggs in a clutch but 3 or 4 seem to be the usual number.

The white-rumped Spine-tail (Chetura sylvatica) also breeds on the

Travancore hills in open forest at elevations of about 2,000 feet. It

hawks about during the dayin parties of about a dozen birds, but does

not breed in colonies. The nest is made of vegetable fibre, strongly

attached to the inside of a hollow tree with saliva. The eggs are white

and glossy, and are usually 4in number, the average size of 15 exgs

is *64” x °40".

J. STEWART.

Kattuunrittry P.O., TRavancorg,

10th April 1913.

No. XIII.—EGGS OF THE MALAY EAGLE OWL, HUHUA

ORIENTALIS (Horse),

As the eggs of this species are seldom seen in authentic cabinets, it may,

perhaps, be as well to give a short description, etc., of two clutches, which

were generously presented to me the other day by Mr. H. C. Stuart-Baker,

Hein. pk ZeSe

The eggs in question were taken on the 24th and 26th January 1912 in a

range of hills, about 16 miles inland from Perak, Federated Malay States.

The normal number in a clutch appears to be 2.

The colour is, of course, spotless white. The shape of one of the clutches

of eggs is a broad oval, verging almost into spherical, slightly pointed to-

wards the small end. The shape of the other clutch is a longish oval,

slightly pointed towards one end.

The shells exhibit little gloss. The texture is rough, and several white

pimply lumps are scattered here and there over the large ends of the

specimens. They measure:

(a) Dou s< 1:7" (c) SOU We Loe

1st clutch. 2nd cute}

(OC) 2a Seo" (d) 2°22" 1:67"

Average mersurements of 4 eggs=2:17" 1:7".

P. T. L. DODSWORTH,

F.Z.8., M.B.0.U.

Sima, 21st May 1913.

No. XIV.—TAKING OF THE NEST OF THE CINEREOUS VULTURE.

Last year I received a request from a gentleman, who is an enthusiastic

egg collector, to obtain for him, if possible, one or more eggs of the Cine-

reous Vulture (Vultw monachus). Major Marshall, Royal Garrison Artillery,

who was then still quartered in Quetta, kindly gave me the name of a

Pathan, whose home is in the Urak Valley, who would be able to show me

nests of this vulture. Apparently this is the only part within Indian limits

where this species is known with certainty to breed, and specimens of the

eggs were obtained by Major Marshall last year. On March 31st the

Pathan, Haji Nur Mahommed, came and brought me news that he had

found a vulture’s nest with an egg init. I accordingly went to Urak and

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 395

put up in the dak bungalow there on Friday, April 4th. The next day

I started at9a.m., witha Pathan named Shah Nur Khan, deputed by

Haji Nur Mahommed, for the vulture’s nest. It was along climb, and it

took me 4 hours to reach it. The nest was an enormous collection of

sticks on the top of a Juniper tree about 25 feet high, and was close up

under the highest crags of Zarghun Mountain, at an elevation of at least

10,500 feet, if not more. Wherever it was not too steep for snow to lie,

there was a foot of snow on the ground all round and the air was very fresh

and pure. Although I felt pretty sure that the bird was Vultur monachus,

I decided to shoot it, if possible, so as to make certain of its identity

beyond any doubt. As I approached the nest the bird flew off, and I,

misjudging the distance, failed to bring it down, though I saw that a

couple of its large wing feathers were broken by the shot. It was, however,

none the worse for this, as it swept across the valley, and then commenced

to soar in ever-widening circles till it had reached a point so far up in the

blue above us, that it appeared a mere speck in the sky. Isat down to

take a little refreshment after my climb, and for about 20 minutes the

vulture remained sailing about like an aeroplane at an immense height above

us. I saw that it had no intention of coming down, while we were in

view, so I sent Shah Nur Khan away, with orders to hide himself com-

pletely at some distance, while I hid myself at the very foot of the tree

on which the nest was, where I had complete cover. After waiting for

about an hour, J had the satisfaction of hearing the swish, swish, swish,

of the vulture’s wings, as it flew up and settled on the nest. After

giving it a few minutes to settle down, I emerged cautiously from my

hiding-place, and as the bird flew off, had no difficulty in dropping it dead,

as it was quite close. It proved, beyond any doubt, to be Vultur monachus

and measured 8 feet 11} inches across the wings. I kept the wings, tail,

head and feet, for identification purposes, if required. The egg measured

3°63 inches by 2°75 inches and is dull white, thinly splashed with dark

chocolate brown, principally at its narrower end. On my way back to

the Urak bungalow I discovered a nest, in the course of construction of the

Eastern Rock Nuthatch (Sitta tephronota). These curious little birds were

very busy carrying large lumps of mud from the bed of the streams to the

nest, which they were building against the face of a large wall of rock.

H. DELME-RADCLIFFE, Lr.-Cot.,

R.W.F., F.Z.S.

QuETTA, BALUCHISTAN,

10th April 19138.

No. XV.—VORACITY OF VULTURES IN THE GIR FOREST.

In December last whilst travelling in the Gir with Mr. Boyd, Superinten-

dent of Police, we came across a buffalo freshly killed by lions near a Ness

or a buffalo camp; as it was half moon we decided to sit up and watch the

lions feed. As the surrounding trees were full of vultures the forest Guards

suggested our waiting till it was fairly dark, otherwise the vultures would

leave nothing for the lions; two men were left to guard the kill and they

had to exert the utmost vigilance,to prevent it from being devoured, seve-

ral vultures being killed by sticks on the kill. When driven off they did not

fly away but ran into the thick underbrush; after dusk we sat up in

machans. When we were comfortably seated all vultures were driven out of

the neighbouring trees and the men went away. Soon after they had gone

hundreds of vultures ran out of the underbrush and in a few minutes the

kill was a seething mass of birds; we whistled up the men who came up

396 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL BIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

and pulled the birds off by their wings and necks and clubbed them right

and left, killing several of them in the melee; the birds made no attempt to

fly away but merely ran into the jungle. This continued until 11 o’clock

when the men were tired and our patience worn out. We then went away

and abandoned the kill which was finished off in a few minutes.

I have sat over hundreds of kills and have never known vultures to des-

cend after dusk, the forest men of the Gir however inform me that vultures.

here feed at night and kills must be very carefully screened if one wishes

to sit up.

EK. BROOK FOX.

JUNAGADH,

12th May 1913.

No. XVI.—_THE LUGGER FALCON (FALCO JUGGER, J. HE. GRAY.)

10th April 1913, Camp Chakwal Tahsil. Seeing a pair of Lugger Falcons

haunting a low earth cliff above a dry watercourse near a village, I went to

investigate. The birds kept on perching on various points along the cliff

edge, thence launching forth in pursuit of passing Kites ; from time to time

they would settle in small hollows on the cliff face, behaving in such a way

as to make me feel sure of the presence of a nest. There were two rather

battered looking stick nests near together on the face of the cliff, one in

a fissure and the other on aledge. The ledge nest was so situated as to

be visible from the top of the cliff, so sending my orderly round to look into

the nest I sat and watched the graceful movements of the Falcons as they

“stood on” in the air above the cliff or wheeled round to take up a fresh

position near by ; occasionally they would settle for a short time on the cliff.

While 1 was waiting a pair of Ravens, who had appeared once or twice

before, settled on the ledge by the nest and proclaimed their ownership so:

loudly that I thought they must have young—however the nest was empty

as also proved to be the one in the fissure. While I was waiting for ropes

for the investigation of the second nest I had been much amused by the

way the Falcons had treated the Ravens. I saw the Falcon making several

stoops in the direction of a heap of debris at the bottom of the cliff some

little way from the nests I was examining. The glasses shewed that the

object of these stoops was the pair of Ravens who cowered down in crevices.

amongst the debris every time the falcon swished close above their heads.

My attention was temporarily diverted and I returned to the falcons to

find that one Raven has escaped but the other was still under fire. It

was trying to hurry away from the forbidden spot (which afterwards proved

to be hard by the Falcon’s nest), shambling along uneasily on foot along

the base of the cliff, and croaking most dismally. Every few seconds it

had to cower against the cliff to escape the indignant Falcon who was

making a succession of splendid stoops, passing every time within an inch

or two of the Raven’s devoted head. I could not make sure whether the

Falcon was in earnest and trying to strike the Raven or whether she was.

satisfied with giving him a good fright.

It was now growing late “and T had begun to despair of finding the nest

as there seemed no more likely spots on the cliff; there was a hole, it is.

true, in one place from which one of the birds had ‘dashed out but this was

only a roosting place. However just as I was leaving I saw a stick or two

in a norrow vertical crack eaten out by rain water “down the face of the

cliff, and the glasses revealed the existence of a small chamber in the cliff

behind the sticks—here was the nest. A boy went down on a rope next

morning and brought out the solitary young bird which was in down.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 397

and only a day or two old. As the down plumage is not described in the

Fauna of British India I append a description.

13th April 1913, Camp Chakwal Tahsil. I found a nullah near my camp

which ended in a miniature cliff basin—the sides being formed of low

sandstone cliffs worn into ledges. As I looked down into the basin from on

top of the cliff a Lugger tiercel dashed away from one of the ledges below

me ; however the only nest I could see was an untidy Neopheon’s on which

the old bird was brooding a single egg. Walking round the cliff on one side

of the basin I caught sight of the Lugger Falcon squatting on a ledge of

the opposite cliff. I could not make out what she was doing as there

was no nest and beside her was something white. Field glasses were

taken out and shewed that she was brooding young birds in down;

crossing over I was able to walk up the debris at the base of the cliff

to within a few feet of the ledge—the bird not moving until a stone

was thrown up. The ledge was then reached and 5 young birds in

down but with the quill feathers sprouting well were found lying on the

sand and pebbles that strewed the ledge. There was no vestige of a

nest and there was no nest in the nullah from which they might have

been removed. The nestings were noisy when moved and inclined to

resent being touched. I took one of them and reared it successfully,

so for purposes of reference I have recorded below a full description

of the Ist plumage.

17th April 1913, Banks of R. Jhelum. Went to examine a nest of Halietus

leucoryphus which had been reported. I arrived to find it an enormous

structure at the top of a large cotton tree which was only scaled with the

greatest difficulty. When I arrived a Lugger Falcon was perched near the

nest and she kept on coming back to the tree and perching and calling,

or making vicious stoops at the Parrakeets and doves that were in the tree.

Indeed I felt sure that she had a nest near and would have suspected her

of appropriating the EHagle’s nest, had not my informant assured me that

he saw the Eagle at the nest daily—so much for the veracity of the native !

When the nest was reached it was found to contain the Lugger’s two

eges—moderately incubated. She had not troubled to remove various

Telics of the real owners of the nest—a fish skeleton, and the beak and

portion of the leg bones of a Heron.

For the sake of completeness in describing the various nesting sites used

by this faleon I include the following nest though it was not found in

Jhelum District.

25th February 1912. Jellalabad, Ferozepore District.—Close to my camp

there was a nest of the Lugger Falcon in a kikm tree; this was a large

bulky structure placed on a sloping bough at no very great distance from

the ground; contained 3 fresh eggs. The male was caught in a net baited

with a live bird; the female continued to haunt the nest after the eggs

were taken.

Description of Down Plumage.—Colour of skin plumbeous bluish-grey ;°

moderately well covered with white down, very slightly tinged with grey ;

young quills contained in blue black cases. Iris, brown; bill, cere, and

eyelids, dull plumbeous blue; tarsus and feet, dull plumbeous grey ; claws

blackish, egg tooth, very small, white.

Description of first plumage.—Age about one month. The entire head

and neck are pale buff with a creamy almost pinkish tinge and marked

with dark-brown as follows :—the forehead with very narrow shaft streaks ;

the crown with broad shaft streaks, the feathers being almost entirely

brown in two patches above the supercilia; a narrow line above the eye

below the bare ledge; a slight patch below the front of the eye, continued

below the gape in moustachial streaks that meet the dark breast; a broad

398 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

line from the eye, above the earcoverts, produced to meet the dark colour

of the back. The earcoverts, chin, and throat are tipped with arrow marks

of a lighter brown; the feather bristles of the lores have black ends.

The upper parts from the lower neck including the tail and wings are

dark sooty brown with a dark bluish sheen, all feathers edged with pinkish

brown, the edges growing more pronounced on the wing coverts and rump;

the tail with a terminal bar of pale buff, about half an inch wide, and with

some pinkish buff markings on the basal portion of the inner webs. The

wing quills spotted with pinkish buff. The edge of the wing pale buff.

The underwing coverts dark-brown with buff and rufous edges, the larger

feathers, being only tipped with those colours, and with a spot on each side

of the shaft near the base. Avxillaries similar but wanting the basal spot.

The underparts from the throat are very dark-brown with the base of

the feathers, buff in varying degrees—the buff being more or less visible ;

the flanks edged with buff. Vent and undertail coverts very dark-brown

with buff tips, the brown being partly concealed.

H. WHISTLER, m.z.0.0.,

JHELUM, 12th May 1913. Indian Police.

No. XVII.—OCCURRENCE OF THE EMERALD DOVE, CHAZCO-

PHAPS INDICA (Linn) IN THE SIMLA DISTRICT.

Last February, I came across this species on several occasions, in a

wooded ravine, about 30 miles east of Simla, elevation 5,000 feet. Strange

to say, however, I found it nowhere else in these parts. It is possible I

may have overlooked it, and that it extends throughout the lesser ranges

of the Punjab Himalayas. Its extreme western range is still doubtful—it

is apparently not Kashmir proper, as Ward is emphatic that it does not

occur in that country.

Pet. DODS WORDLE, rz:S-) i.e ous

Simia, 21st May 1913.

No. XVIJI.—MIGRATION OF FULL SNIPE.

As I was riding along the left bank of the old bed of the Raviat Sundhar

Chak at 5-30 p.m. on the 10th May, I saw a full snipe Gallinago celestis

flying due north up the millstream. A half gale and dust-storm was

blowing from the north at the time, and the bird seemed to find some

difficulty inmaking headway. I saw himrise and make a flight of about

50 yards, then flushed him, and sent him another 50 yards. He went away

quite silently and my first impression was that he was a wounded bird.

But when I flushed him a second time he went away very strong indeed

right in the teeth of the wind and almost straight. I then concluded that

he was flighting to the hills. Sundhar Chak is about seven miles below

Madhopur where the Ravi debouches from the hills. The Ravi water is

barely 60° F. at this time of year and never rises above 76°, so perhaps

migrants who frequent land watered by it are enabled to make better

weather of the heat in May here than in other places. Snipe were about

in the Permanand jazl on April 5th, but had by then evidently started to

migrate ; and I suspect that my friend of May 10th was very belated in his

movements.

G. C. L. HOWELL.

Matixpur, Upper Bart Doras Cana,

13th May 1918.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 399

No. XIX.—BAER’S POCHARD, NYROCA BAERI AND OTHER

RARE DUCKS IN MANIPUR STATE.

I am sending to you by registered post two duck skins, one is undoubtedly

a male specimen of Baer’s pochard, or the Eastern White-eye Nyroca baeri.

It is, as far as I know, the first specimen obtained in Manipur and was

shot on Ekop jhil, some 12 miles south of Imphal, on 15th March 1913, by

Col. W. Campbell of the. Black Watch.

The second specimen I believe to be a female Baikal or Clucking Teal

Nettium formosum. I have consulted Oates, Stuart Baker, Hume and

Marshall, Finn and LeMesurier and the plumage seems to me to leave no

doubt that the bird belongs to this species. But a keen and expert Orni-

thologist up here holds the opinion that it is not a clucking teal on the ground

that the feet and legs are not of the colour usually given in the text books.

I shall be grateful if you will kindly confirm my identification or inform

me what the bird really is. I shot it out of a flock of 8 or 10 on Ekop on

16th March 1915. The skin is unfortunately not in good condition as the

bird dived and was somewhat damaged by the boatman killing it with his

addle.

: The following other rare or locally rare birds have been accounted for

since I have been here :—

(1) Mallard, Anas boscas—Mr. Stuart Baker only records one instance of

Mallard having seen in Manipur. This year, however, Col, C. E. Nichol,

R.A.M.C., saw one on the Logtak Lake on 20th Febriiary 1913, Mr. F.

B. Blackie saw 4 on a jhil a little south of the Logtak on 38rd March 1913,

and Mr. R.E. Forrester of the Black Watch shot a single drake on Ekop

on 16th March 1913.

(2) Pinkheaded Duck, Rhodonessa caryophyllacea.—l saw a pair with a

flock of Spot Bill on Senaput, 10 miles S. W. of Imphal on 23rd October

1910 and shot the male.

(3) Nukhta, Sarcidiornis melanonotus—Mr. A. H.D. Barron of the 17th

Infantry shot a pair last year.

(4) Common Sheldrake, Tadorna cornuta.—A shikari shot one in 1910.

(5) Bronze-capped Teal, Eunetta falcata —Col. H. C. Tytler has a beauti-

ful specimen of a male in his Tealery, which was brought in two or three

months ago, having been caught in a net,

(6) Hume’s Bush Quail, Microperdix manipurensis—Mr. F. B. Blackie

shot two specimens in the 8. W. corner of the valley on 24th February

1913. The skins of one has already been sent to the Society by Col. H. C.

Tytler. Both were males, but must have been immature as the plumage

of one exactly resembled the description given of the female, while the

second had the characteristic bay marking of the face only very slightly

developed.

J. C. HIGGINS, t.c.s.

ImpHat, Manipur Stare,

28th March 1913.

[The Baer’s pochard was a very fine specimen and the teal was un-

doubtedly a Backal Teal. Both birds are welcome additions to the

Society’s collections—Eps. |

No. XX.—DUCK IN BURMA.

On page 1085 of the Journal, Vol. XXI, No. 3, Major Harington gave a

list of the bags recorded from Tongyi and Nyaungwun at Christmas 1912.

400 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

The attached list will serve as an appendix to his note, and gives the bag of

two parties at Tongyi and Nyaungwun respectively :—

Tongyi Nyaungwun.

Gray Lag Goose (Anser rubirostris) .. Ma 14 22

Bar-head Goose (Anser indicus) A. ae vy

Brahminy Duck (Casarea rutila) .. Sis i I

Nukhtas (Sareidiornis melanonotus) .. 2 2 ee.

Burmese Grey Duck (Anas haringtoni) ie 12 8

Chinese Grey Duck (Anas zonon Pee@ 1) os

Pintail Duck (Dajila acuta) .. a fi 13

Gadwall ( Chaulelasmus streperus) c ff oF

Wigeon ( Mareca penelope) : ihe a i if

Shoveller (Spatula clypeata) oh a 6 4

Tufted Duck (Fulzgula fuligula) * a 15 36

Common Pochard (Nyroca ferina) ; a0 ate i

White-eyed Pochard (Nyroca hoe be 5 as

Common Teal (Nettiwmn on ‘ecca) : oh 26 68

Garganay Teal (Querquedula circia) ° ; 39 7

Cotton » (Nettopus cor omandelianus) . 1! 5

Whistling ,, (Dendrocycna javanica) s 15

At Nyaungwun this year there was a lot of water and birds were not

plentiful, except Tufted Duck who were in flocks on the open water.

C. N. BELL, t.c.s.

Manpatay, 22nd March 1913.

No. XXI.—A RARE SNAKE EZACHISTODON WESTERMANNI

FROM THE JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.

Our Society’s collection of snakes has been enriched by a specimen of

this rare snake sent by Mr. W. L. Travers among many interesting species

collected in the Jalpaiguri District. The species was described in 1863

from a specimen obtained at Rungpore which is preserved in the Copen-

hagen Museum. A second specimen is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,

and was found at Purneah. The Jalpaiguri specimen is the third known.

I have examined the last two specimens, and have notes furnished me by

the Superintendent of the Copenhagen Museum on the type specimen, so

that I feel justified in giving further details of the species. The Jalpaiguri

specimen may be described as follows: Length 2 feet 6 inches, tail 5 inches.

Ventrals 213. Anal entire. Subcaudals 62, divided. : Costals two heads-

lengths from head 20, midbody 15, two headslengths before vent 15; the

rows become 19, about two headslengths behind the head and reduce to

17 ; three headslengths behind the head by afusion of the 3rd and 4th rows

above the ventrals; they further reduce to 15 by a fusion of the two rows

next to the:vertebrals on each side, about four to four-and-a-half heads-

lengths behind the head; vertebrals are yery distinctly enlarged, the

breadth being subequal to the length, and as broad as the last row of

costals; the scales other than those in the vertebral and ultimate rows

are slightly oblique and smooth.

Rostral.—Large, touches 6 shields, the rostro-internasal sutures being

as long as the other two sutures taken together. Internasals—The suture

between them equal, the inter-prefrontal suture about three-fifths the

internaso-preefrontals. Prefrontals.—The suture between them is about

two-thirds the preefronto-frontal suture; touch the internasal, postnasal,

loreal, preeocular and supraocular. Fyontal—Touches 6 shields, the pre-

fronto-frontal sutures rather longest, the preefronto-parietals rather shortest.

Jour Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate G

To show distribution of 15 scaled Kraits—Ventrals 195-222, subcaudals

36-52, (From records referring to 137 specimens i my note books.)

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 401

Hlachistodon westermanni (Slightiy enlarged).

Supraoculars.—Length about three-fourths the frontal, breadth less than

half the frontal along a line connecting the centres of the eyes. Nasals.—

Divided in contact with the lst and 2nd supralabials, a dimple in the

posterior shields. Zoreal.—In contact with the eye. Pre@ocular.—One small

above the loreal. Postoculars.—Two. Temporals.—Two anterior, the lower

touching the 5th, 6th and 7th supralabials. Supralabials.—7th, the 3rd and

Ath touching the eye, 7th much longest. Jnfralalials—seven, very narrow ;

the 5th, 6th and 7th, touching the posterior sublinguals. Sublinguals—Two

large and broad pairs, with no mental groove separating them. Eye mode-

rate with vertically eliptic pupil. Headrather elongate. ody compressed.

Colour—Black above, with a conspicuous light-brown vertebral stripe from

the neck to tail tip, and a few short variegations of the same colour costally.

Head light brown with a large black sagittate mark, a black stripe passes

through the lore to well behind the eye. Chin, throat and belly uniform,

yellowish with some black basally on each side of the ventrals. No mavxil-

lary teeth, but one (two ?) large grooved fangs at the posterior limit.

Four (?) small palatine teeth witha long edentular internal before and

behind. No (?) pherygoid teeth.

The specimen in the Indian Museum agrees except Costals, two heads-

lengths behind head 19. The two steps from 19 to17 and from 17 to 15

are intermixed but the fusion ‘of rows is as above. Ventrals 208, Subcaudals

63. Supralabials 6 on the right side.

In the type specimen the costal rows are 19 at a point two headslengths

behind the head. The ventrals are 217 and subcaudals 59 (Gunther).

F. WALL, Mavsor, 1.M.s., c.M.z.s.

Atmora, 4th June 1913.

No. XXIIT.—ON THE COMMON (BUNGARUS C4RULEUS) AND

SIND KRAITS (BUNGARUS SINDANUS.)

Among other specially interesting specimens sent to me by our Society

recently are two kraits which it seems to me justify the conclusion that

Bungarus sindanus cannot in future be considered a species apart from

Bungarus ceruleus. Specimen No. 1 was obtained by Captain F. L. Hughes

at Jhelum.

402 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

It is peculiar in that the scales are in 17 rows in the whole bodylength.

The scales in the vertebral row are decidedly broader than long, the

ventrals 206, subcaudals 43, and the 2nd supralabial is not narrower than

the lst and 3rd. The body is as faras I can judge not compressed. In

all particulars excepting the scale rows, the specimen agrees with typical

Ceruleus. This is the first krait | have any knowledge of with 17 rows of

scales from the Punjab.

Specimen No. 2 is still more interesting. It was collected at Sholapur

(Lat. 17° Long. 75°) by Mr. R. E. Macpherson. This specimen also has

17 scale rows in the entire body. The scales in the vertebral row are as

broad as long, the ventrals 194, subcaudals 44, and the 2nd supralabial is

very slightly narrower than the Ist and srd. If anything the body

is depressed rather than compressed. It is among other things remarkably

coloured and is perhaps a melanotic specimen, being quite black dorsally

except for aseries of white distant vertebral spots. Low in the flanks

corresponding with some of these spots are very short indistinct indica-

tions of a cross bar which is otherwise suppressed. Here again the most

important characters in identification are in agreement with ceruleus, the

scale rows being the only exception.

Hitherto I have never seen a Bungarus south of the Ganges basin and

Rajputana with 17 scale rows. Again I have only seen one Bungarus from

Baluchistan with 15 scale rows, they all have 17 usually. The new concep-

tion of the species finds a very good parallel in the case of the Cobra

(Naia tripudians). Specimens of variety typica from the south part of the

Peninsula usually have 23 to 25 scale rows in midbody, whilst those in

the Punjab and the Western Himalayas have usually but 21.

T have 5 skulls of ceruleus in my collection from Fyzabad and Almora,

ard 2 of kraits. I have hitherto called semdanus from Indore, and Fort

Sandeman. A very critical examination of these side by side reveals

to me nothing distinctive in the cranial osteology or dentition that

might lead one to suppose they were different species. The dentition is

as follows ;—

Teeth.

Pay ; ; = p

Scale rows. | -=#4S | 2S 5 € 2 re Era:

op ab = Ss ne}

as ® & a = Sy

ss og Ee g Ss

rH i a oy =

Rai alente oe y) A ello e 1! eal

19 “aia... 9h Mig ih ae | Ryzabad. |

ibettse 3 2 Ap eau OM NG \

Lor eiond) oo am eA a | 9 | eI oes

Mek br nass 2 4 12 10 16 t

Be uiehet |) yO eemess| ae. eal Des

see (Teast 2 Ba) 8 dese Deane ye

Right 2 2 LT Valera tts |

BV Pberes (5 2 3 14 11 14 :

t Right .. 9 3 12 10 15 Almora.

filets Venlmia. 2 AG ih VOi\\. aceite ? }

12 FoRiphte. jnlh Oley ain o Aiaulelcala fl) otied Seana cne

Hee Wibient fi eclapa we Aakers! allie! Mls }

ity \ Right . D) 4 aA 16 19 Fort Sandeman.

Jour. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc. Plate D -

uncertain limits,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 403

A summary of all the kraits upon which I have notes, which have been

referred by me to the two supposed species (now united) may prove instruc-

tive to others, and I have shown their distribution on the accompanying

maps :— ;

LOCALITIES ON MAPS.

Map C.

1. Ceylon. 13. Sambalpur. 25. Umballa.

2. Trichinopoly. 14. Kalna. 26, Jullundur.

3. Cannanore. 15. Gaya.* 27. Bakloh.

4, Madras. i Gs AGodda. 28. Ferozepore.

5. Bombay. 17. Champaran. 29. Lahore.

6. Khandwa. 18, Fyzabad. 30. Multan.

7.. Wardha. 19. Sitapur. 31. Saugor.

8. Bhandara. 20. Bareilly. 32. Bhuj.

9. Pachmarhi. 21. Almora. 33. Sukkur.

10. Raipur. 22. Agra. 34. Dera Ghazi Khan.

11. Bilaspur. 23. Delhi. 35. Bannu.

12. Berhampore. 24. Dehra Dun. 36. Sharigh.

Map D.

1. Sholapur. 4, Jodhpore. | 7. Sukkur.

2m Lndore « 5. Jessalmere. | 8. Fort Sandeman.

3. Marwar. 6. Umarkot. | 9, Jhelum.

F. WALL, c.m.z.s., Magor, I.M.s.

Aumora, 4th June 1913.

No. XXIII.—AN UNUSUALLY LARGE SEA-SNAKE

(DISTIRA BRUGMANST),

Whilst at anchor in Penang Harbour last year, I was leaning over the

rail watching some small fish, when my attention was called to a large

sea-snake swimming by the ship. I immediately called two lascars and

sent them away in a boat with sticks, to try and catch it; they however

were afraid to go close toit, but managed, after a lot of bad shots to

strike it on the head with a stick, which stunned it; by this time I had

a line ready, with a slip knot at the end, and by good luck, flung the loop

just over its head, and we hauled it up on deck. The moment it was

on deck though it came to life again and got out of the loop of the line.

The boatswain and carpenter arrived by this time with more sticks, and

we had quite a lively time, owing to there being not much space to jump

about in; we struck atit several times, missing of course, much to the

delight of the passengers, who were collected along the hurricane deck

rail, watching the sport and giving advice. At last I got in a blow, which

again stunned it, we then quickly tied a stout piece of logline round its

neck ; the boatswain and myself pulled together with all our might and

tried to choke it. The snake however refused to be choked in this way,

so after about half an hour we hauled it on to the forecastle head and

hung it up in the rigging, so that its whole weight came on the cord round

its neck ; even then If regret to say it took a very long time to die.

The same evening after leaving Penang we cut it down and with the

assistance of the ship’s surgeon started to skin it, as | had no means of

preserving the whole specimen, which was a great pity as this was the

largest sea-snake I have ever seen. It measured 9 feet from snout to tip

404 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

of tail, its colour was black, with yellow bands on back and bright yellow on

belly ; it had a flat tail, something like an eel; it had plate shields on the

head and two large fangs in the upper jaw; these I removed and kept;

it was evidently poisonous as the fangs were hollow.

We made rather a bad job skinning it, as the butcher came along and

would help, which made too many cooks; the surgeon also wanted the

heart to examine and in his hurry to get it, made several bad cuts in the »

body, just where the heart wasn’t, it not being in the place he thought it

would be.

Its scales were very thin and during the process of skinning nearly all

came off. When skinned we nailed it on to a 10 feet board and dried it.

I have the skin and fangs now, but very much regret not being able to

have kept the whole specimen for proper examination.

F. H. 8. STONE.

P.& O. 8.8. Ancapta,

Bompay, 15th February 1913.

Mr. Stone very kindly submitted the skin of the snake referred to above

for my examination. It measured 8 feet 9 inches, part of the head being

imperfect. With a certain degree of doubt I am of opinion that the

specimen is Brugman’s sea-snake Distira brugmansi (Boie). The various

details I observe agree with those of that species. The costals two head

lengths from the head are 30, midbody 33, two head lengths before vent

32, imbricate. The ventrals are entire everywhere, and are about 366.

I think I see a single temporal on the left side, and two cuncate scales

after the 5rd infralabial.

Dorsally it is olive-green, each scale being heavily bordered with black

to form a reticulate pattern (skin varnished). The subcosta is of a paler

hue, and the reticulation fainter, becoming entirely lost in the last five

rows. There are 53 bands on the body, black dorsally where they involve

2 or 3 rows in the body length, fading at midcosta, and indistinct below

this. The intervals involve from 5 to 7 scales. There are intermediate

black spots in five consecutive spaces on the vertebral region, in the

- middle of the body, in the last interval, and the first two intervals on the

tail. The bands are not connected ventrally.

This is much the largest genuine sea-snake I have any knowledge of.

F. WALL, c.m.z.s., Mason, 1.M.8.

Amora, 4th June 1913.

No. XXTV.—ON THE HABITS OF THE ROCK LIZARD

(AGAMA TUBERCULATA).

As Boulenger in his “ Reptilia and Batrachia,”’ Fauna of British India,

makes no mention of the habits, etc., of this species, the following parti-

culars may be of some interest :—

This Agama is the common Rock Lizard of these parts, and is usually

to be seen either solitary or in pairs. It lives entirely in holes, crevices

of rocks, and stone-walls, over which it crawls with great facility, Its

diet consists of ants, butterflies, and other such like insects. My friend,

Mr. J. Fairley, informs me that these lizards are very destructive to

plants, and that he has frequently seen them nipping the petals off the

flowers in his garden.

During the cold weather it hibernates, but a few are occasionally to be

seen basking in the sun on bright days. In the summer months it

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 405

becomes very abundant. I have frequently noticed it drinking water

from the streams; though some of these lizards, inhabiting the tops of

dry hills, must never drink.

It breeds during May, June, July, and perhaps the first half of August.

A female killed in May was found, on dissection, to contain 7 eggs, which

were ready for expulsion. Another killed on the 30th June had 9 eggs.

During the breeding season the males are very pugnacious, and are

often to be seen fighting and chasing each other. One of these battles,

which I happened to witness some years ago, lasted for several minutes,

and both the combatants appeared to have suffered, and were much

exhausted. I have frequently seen these lizards going about with only

the stumps of their tails—the rest of the appendages having come to grief

in some way—and it is very possible that these injuries, to a large extent,

are due to love encounters.

P. T. L. DODSWORTH, F.z.s., u.3z.0.0.

Siuta, May 1913.

No. XXV.—SIZE OF BARILIUS GUTTATUS.

In the Fauna of British India Day gives Barilius guttatus as known up

to 7 inches. It might be of interest to record that I caught one of this

species in the Gunzalin River (Salween District) weighing 3 lb. and measur-

ing 92 inches from the fork of the tail or 10? inches from tip to tip. This

fish, a female, contained ripe ova on the 3rd February, a full month

earlier than I have known any species ofcarp to be ready to spawn in

this river. ,

J. B. MERCER ADAM, Fc.n., Ls.

Movuitmain, Lower Burma,

16th February 1913.

No. XXVI.—RECENT OBSERVATIONS ON THE MURRAL

(OPHIOCEPHALUS STRIATUS),

Definite information as to the spawning habits of Indian fish is hard to

come by. And the average Indian angler, keen observer though he fre-

quently is, is neither a subscriber to scientific journals nor conversant

with the somewhat specialised language of icthyologists. No apology

therefore is needed for introducing to his notice an interesting discovery

relating to the nidification of one of the best of the Indian sporting and

food fishes.

Those who wish to read up the subject in full detail should buy “ Spolia

Zeylanica”* Vol. VI, Part XXIII, December 1909.

The article is headed “ Observations on the Nests, Eggs, and Larvze of

Ophiocephalus striatus,” and the author, Dr. A. Willey, has a world wide

reputation as an accurate observer.

It is necessary at the outset to issue a warning. Dr. Willey’s observations

were confined to one only of some 30 known species of Ophiocephaloid

fishes, viz., Ophiocephalus striatus. It is not proved that the other species

———

+ Colombo. H. C. Cottle, Government Printer, Ceylon. Copies may be obtained

from the Director, Colombo Museum, post free, for R. 1°25; or from Messrs. Wyman

& Sons, Ltd., Fetter Lane, EH. C., for 2s. 74d.

406 JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

have the same or even similar habits. And there is, therefore, a wide field

for further observation by sportsmen and naturalists, for three species occur

in Africa, and the others “in Southern and Eastern Asia and the islands to

the southward. Inthe Philippine Islands are found at least 5 species. ’’'

There are six species in India which grow to three feet and over and are

known as “ Murral’’ among Europeans, and “ Saul” in the vernacular of

Northern India: with three smaller species called Black Caboose in English

and Dhok or Dhaula in Hindustani. The locus classicus for the habits of the

fish from the angler’s point of view is Chapter XVI of Thomas’s “ Rod in

India.’”’ Generally speaking, the fish is to our sportsmen the oriental

counterpart of the pike and is fished forin the same way and with the

same tackle. They “inhale the atmosphere direct.’ They will in

fact suffocate if they are prevented from rising to the surface to take in

oxygen. Their capacity for surviving is almost unlimited. They can bury

themselves in the mud of a rain fed tank, estivate through the longest

drought when the tank dries up and come up smiling and hungry with the

burst of the monsoon. ‘In China they are often carried alive in tubs or

pails of water, and slices are cut for sale as wanted, the fish selling

dear while it retains life, while what remains after death is considered

as of little value.’”* These unfortunate fish, be it noted, are disembow-

elled before this dreadful process begins ! Finally they can travel consider-

able distances on land in the rains when both the ground and air are moist,

using their pectoral and caudal fins alternately in a manner which renders

the progression a true ‘‘crawl;’’ and their migrations from pond to

pond—generally at night—are matters of common knowledge throughout

India.

Their flesh is really excellent: and they can be served without bones.

And it is thus evident that the “snakeheads” have two characteristics

valuable from the fish culturist’s point of view, edibility and extreme hardi-

hood. Accordingly in the days before British rule, when fish culture was

(alas!) a less neglected science than it is now, “murral’’ were freely —

used to stock ponds of all kinds. Probably our Mussalman predecessors

knew a good deal about their spawning habits. But until 1909 we knew

very littleindeed. Day (1883) recorded that one species O. striatus made

a nest andthat the male of the species guarded the young. But of the

actual form of the nest—oviposition—and development to the fry stage we

had no written account until Dr. Willey published his paper in Spolia

Zeylanica. And even now—the warning can hardly be repeated too

often—our knowledge is confined to one species.

Like a wise man Dr. Willey went to a local fisherman for his first

information: an old “poacher” (he deserves the name) who lived by the

manufacture of the basket traps in which murral are caught on their nests

in Ceylon and in the Punjab. This man showed him five nests on the first

day of investigation. Apparently the nests were built near the margin of

the Minneri tank and were constructed with the parent fish’s tail. The

nest is unfortunately not figured in the journal. But it consists of a more

or less circular patch cleared of weeds at the water’s edge : this is filled

with a mass of eggs which, unlike the eggs of most fresh water fish, float

on the surface. These Dr. Willey found to be “characteristic translucent

golden yellow and amber coloured eggs some newly hatched, spread

like a sheet flush with the surface in a subcircular area behind a tussock

1 Parental Care among Fresh Water Fishes, by Dr. Theodore Gill, Annual

Report. Smithsonian Inst. 1905. Washington. 1906, page 490.

* Thomas’s Rod in India, page 227.

3’ Thomas, op. cit. page 233.

+ Gill, op. cit. page 192.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 407

of rushes which partly served to filter the direct rays of the sun.

Amongst and around the eggs were scattered the usual detached

fragments of herbage consisting ‘chiefly of aquatic plants.”

Dr. Willey “ did not see the adults, but the man said both parents

had been near the nest, the smaller of the two aggressively protecting

it: he called this one the female, not knowing that amongst fishes the

male is smaller than the female.’

The paper is based on the observation of four separate broods. The

egg had a diameter of about 1:25* mm. = 048” and over 100,000 to the

quart : nothing is said as to whether they float individually ° or in agglutinat-

ed masses but apparently they are non-adhesive. They “lie immediately

below the surface film of water exposed to the quickening influence of

air and sun,’ and accordingly hatch out quickly. Dr. Willey thinks

“within three days after oviposition and perhaps within twenty-four

hours.”

Gill mentions (op. cit. page 492) that the ophiocephalids mostly breed

twice a year: and the fact that the ovawere found by Dr. Willey in

Ceylon on February 21st, May 28th and June* lst seems to bear out

this theory. At any rate it is an indication of the fecundity of the

species and its adaptability to piscicultural methods.

It is unfortunately impossible to reproduce the drawings Dr. Willey

has made to illustrate his researches. The eggs “owe their buoyancy to

the presence of a-single large oil-globule which occupies the greater part

of the ovum and is immersed in the golden yellow yolk.’ From this

condition ‘as seen with a simple lens at 5-30 p.m. we reach overnight

the stage * * * * * where the body of the embryo encircles

about two-thirds of the yolk like a belt. The surface view shows that

while the head is still oppressed to the yolk, the tip of the tail is

becoming folded off: the eye and the auditory vesicle are also present.

A few hours later the heart begins to beat and the tail to twitch.”

And in a short time the embryo breaks the outer covering or vitelline

membrane and emerges as a larva or as trout breeders say an alevin

measuring 3°5 mm. or 0°137."

“For three days the larvee remain at the surface of the water, resting

on one side of the yolk-sac up,’ and exhibiting when they swim

the helplessness usual in fish at this period of their development.

During the first day or most of it “the eyes are clear and devoid

of pigment ” which makes it difficult at the first glance to distinguish

the fact that the fish have hatched out. But black pigment appears

in the eyes on the second day and by the third day the larve are

5 mm. (0°196”) in length. They are still incapable of resting at the bottom.

On the fourth day the larve are 6°75 mm. (‘265’) in length and can swim

freely at all levels : and on the fifth, the yolk-sac is absorbed. Dr. Willey

has recorded his observations in very full and lucid detail : he kept his fry

in a small enclosure in a glass tank and his records will be of the greatest

value to the biologist and fish culturist. For the purposes of this paper

* The generalisation is not quite justified by facts. ‘‘In most fishes whose

males are differentiated by. marked secondary characters, so far as is known,

the male is larger than the female.” Dr. T. Gill. Bull. Bur. Fisheries, U. 8. A.,

Vol. XXVIII, 1908, page 1062 et seq.

? Salmon eggs=5 mm. The largest pelagic eggs are that of the plaice =

1-65 to 1:95 mm.

* Pelagic eggs are always non-adhesive and free (Camb. Nat. Hist., page 412.)

* February is one of the coolest months in Ceylon: May the hottest up to 25th

when the rains are due.

408 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,

however his summary of the chronological data available will suffice. This

reads :—

Days after Total

Pra 5 >

fancies Daou Principal events.

il 3°5 mm. Yolk-sac circulation established: pigment

cells develop their black colouration :

pigment begins te appear in eyes.

2&3 45to5mm. Pectoral fins arise : mouth opens and res-

piratory movements commence.

ie : Oa

4 6°75 mm. Larvee leaving the surface and swimming

freely at all levels.

7 7 mm. Larvee swimming and turning in unison at

the slightest concussion. Caudal car-

tilages appear.

12 & 15 6°75 mm. Posterior end of notochord bends up.

28 8tol0 mm. Caudal rays jointed and articulated with

the basal cartilages. lLarvee rise to the

surface to take air.

37 10 mm. Primordia of dorsal and anal rays.

4O 10:25 to 13 mm. Rudiments of central fins appear. Dorsal

and anal fins separating from caudal.

oe pif \ The fry now hide in the mud.

73 25 mm,

The yolk-sac is absorbed and the fish get on the feed on the fifth day

after hatching.

Here then is a fish which, as Dr. Willey rightly concludes, “ could be

reared with comparative ease in protected ponds and could be distri-

buted subsequently as required.” It is prolific : extraordinarily hardy :

adaptable in its habits to extremes of climate: very good to eat: easily

brought fresh to market: and finally by no means contemptible as a

sporting fish.

There is a tardy but distinct tendency nowadays to recognise the re-

sponsibility of Government with regard to the maintenance and replenish-

ment of the stock of food fishes. And sportsmen will be doing a service

not only to their “ brethren of the angle”’ but to the public generally if they

will collect and record data as to the breeding habits, not only of Ophio-

cephaloid but of all useful fish.

Even Dr. Willey’s invaluable paper does not answer all the questions

which a fish culturist would ask before undertaking to stock waters with

Ophiocephalus striatus: and this point is easily illustrated.

The species is plainly adapted for pond culture. Thatis, pairs of fish

should be turned into breeding ponds at the beginning of the spawning

season and left to nest as ina state of nature. Ponds must be supplied at

the shallow edges with reeds in which the ‘small rounded clearings”

forming the nests may be cleared. Bushes for shade: “other aquatic

plants” whose “small leaves” are used apparently for purposes of

concealment of the floating ova: tussocks of grass to conceal and shade the

young fish: all these forms of plant life are evidently essential in order to

supply suitable spawning conditions. Dr. Willey does not tell us what

plants he found round his nests and the first point to emphasize is the

necessity for discovering these. Species would vary no doubt in different

parts of India. But native fishermen sometimes possess considerably more

extensive and more accurate knowledge of these matters than is generally

accredited to them, and with proper co-operation data applicable to any

district in India should be easily obtainable.

eS a

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 409

Secondly, as to the spawning period. We know that spawn is obtainable

in Ceylon in February, May and June, that is just before the beginning

of and throughout the Ceylon hot weather. How far do these periods

vary in the different parts of the Indiar Empire ?

Thirdly, the male guards his nest and eggs for some time and is known

to develop subsequently cannibalistic tendencies. What are the chief

enemies which threaten the spawn, larvee and fry? At what period does

the parent drop the vole! of protector and develop that of destroyer ?

Fourthly. The spawning habits of the American basses are in some

respects analogous to those of the ‘“‘murral’”’. It has long been customary

in the United States to protect the bass, nest with “a light cylindrical

“frame of iron covered with cheese cloth, one end of which protrudes

“above the water. This prevents the young fishes from wandering away

“from the nest and makes it possible for them to be removed to nursery

“ponds with the dip net,” * where they are safe from all enemies includ-

ing the voracious parents. How can similar precautions be taken in the

ease of “murral’’? Here is obviously a fine field for experiment by

sportsmen and naturalists all over India.

Fifthly, how many pairs of “ murral”’ should be turned down to breed in

(say) one acre of water under ordinary conditions ?

Sixthly. Can the ova be handled and transferred before they reach the

larval stage P

Seventhly, or is it more economical to stock by transferring young fish P

Eughthly, if so is it better to put them into the waters in which they are

to remain immediately after the absorption of the umbilical sac? Or at

some later period ? On this point Dr. Willey records that on the seventh

day thirty of his ‘surface hatchlings” were eaten up by older fry of an

allied species. This indicates clearly the necessity for adequate protection

during the helpless period when the fish are suspended at the surface by

their buoyant sacs. And it will be particularly interesting to ascertain

whether parental care continues up to and beyond this time of extreme

danger. Our author has described the feeding of murral fry with

mosquito eggs and larve. Fishes of the seventh day would not touch

the culicine egg rafts but would take detached eggs, and also the

“minute larve’’ as they hatched out. For practical purposes outside

of aquaria however it would be impossible to depend on a sufficient supply

of culicine larvee to feed large quantities of fish. And if artificial feeding

were resorted to, as it would be in nursery ponds, some other form of food

would no doubt be efficacious. Finally, what has been done for Ophioce-

phalus striatus should be done for all the other Ophiocephalids, and for all

valuable food fishes. Dr. Willey’s method should as far as possible be

followed. The local poacher par evcellence in India if properly handled

will generally produce much valuable information. If this is followed up

whether with Dr. Willey’s thoroughness by daily observations in aquaria,

or by observations in the field aided by a water glass ‘knowledge of the

breeding habits of fishes under natural conditions,” knowledge which

Dr. Willey rightly describes as fundamental to economical and sound

methods of culture, will soon be collected. A passage occurs in a report

by an eminent official writer on Indian fisheries which would no doubt

interest Dr. Willey and should be usefulin the lhght of his paper to

naturalists in Bengal. He writes :—‘‘ The second method (of propagation)

“is only found in the suburbs of Calcutta and in the neighbouring districts

1 Thomas says “till about 2’ long.” Rodin India. Chapt. XXIII.

2 The Cultivation of Fishes in Natural and Artificial Ponds. Charles Huskins

Townsend, Sc. D., Eleventh Annual Report, New York Zoological Society.»

410 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX11,

‘of 24 Parganas, Howrah and Hooghly. The impregnated eggs float in

‘small lumps near the shallow edges of rivers and are collected ina piece

‘of cloth by certain low caste people and also by fishermen. They are

“bought by the rearers at the rate of Rs. 5 to Rs. 8 for a handful and

“nut in shallow ponds where they hatch ina few days. In about a

‘month's time it becomes possible to distinguish the various kinds. The fry

“are then caught with fine nets, sorted and put in different tanks: at the

‘same time some are disposed of to hawkers who carry them about for

‘sale to stockers of tanks. Eggs and spawn are largely caught in the

‘‘ Hooghly from above Cossipore and in the Rupnarayan, Amta in Howrah

“being considered one of the largest centres.”’ *

It is unfortunate that the report should have omitted to name the

species dealt with in this manner: but the sentence italicised shows that

Bengali fishermen know of more than one species which produces floating

spawn. And should this paper meet the eye of the Commissioner of

Fisheries, Bengal, or of the authorities of the Calcutta Museum, we shall no

doubt be told the names of the species indicated, whether their eggs float

of their own buoyancy or otherwise and other details. Meantime the

methods described strike a fish culturist as wasteful and crude. For spawn

floating down rivers must be subject to the attacks of innumerable

enemies from whom it would be easy to protect it at inconsiderable expense

in such a way as to double (at least) the percentage of successful hatchings.

Undoubtedly however there exists in India an ancient and deeply rooted

love of fish culture. This,as Dr. Day and Mr. Thomas pointed out to deaf

ears many years ago, only needs direction and encouragement along simple

lines to solve the question of the exhaustion of inland fisheries. It is not

too late. And Government is apparently at length awake to the necessities

of the situation. May it never forget that the success of its efforts will

depend on “knowledge of the breeding habits of fishes under natural

conditions,’ and that such knowledge will be available to all anglers who

will cultivate the good will of the professional fishermen. It is perhaps not

too much to hope that time will see the establishment of some central office

which will collect, sift and diffuse in popular form the data collected for it

by the many good naturalists who explore the waters of the Empire.

G. C. L. HOWELL, F.z.s.

GurRDaAsPuR, 30th April 1913.

Since the above was written (I understand) Mr. H. C. Wilson, Piscicul-

tural Expert to the Madras Government, has carefully investigated the

breeding habits of Ophiocephalus punctatus at the Sankesula Fish Farm.

Those interested in Natural History in India will look forward with interest

to an account from the pen of this able naturalist.

CC yee

No. XX VII.—NOTES ON THE HABITS OF SOME

COMMON BUTTERFLIES, ETC.

As it appears from the article on Butterflies in Vol. XXII, Part I of the

Journal that the habits of some species mentioned have not yet been

recerded, the following notes may be of interest.

Pieris brassice nepalensis.—Many larvee closely resembling those of P.

brassice—though like the butterfly averaging [ should say a little larger

*K. G. Gupta, I.C.8S. Bengal Report No. 39. Revenue Department, dated 20th

February, 1907. Calcutta 1908, para. 101 (obtainable from Messrs. Constable & Co.

10. Orange Street, Leicester Square, W.C.)

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 411

than the English form—were noticed by me on cauliflower plants at Pesha-

war and Bannu.

Pieris canidia.—Abundant at Peshawar, common also at Bannu and

Mussoorie, seems out here to largely take the place of the small cabbage

white—P. rape—at home, but the flight of canidia is more rapid, parti-

cularly if the butterfly is alarmed, and more graceful than that of the

‘ cabbage whites.’ It is I consider a very graceful butterfly.

The female of canidia may often be seen hovering quite close to the

ground, around a small low growing plant, presumably ovipositing.

Noticing the small size of many females of canidia both at Naini Tal and

Peshawar and measuring 20 consecutive captures of each sex I found the

average expanse to be—

Male 56-4 m.m. Female 53:1 m.m.

Two males taken on one day measured 41 m.m. and 61 m.m., one being

under and the other over the limits given by Col. Bingham. What is the

reason for females of canidia in the N. W. of India so often being smaller

than males, for a friend tells me this is not the case among specimens

examined by him from further Kast ?

Synchle lucilla—This pretty little butterfly is common on the N. W.

Frontier in early spring, about rough stony undulating ground with small

scattered bushes, and owing to its size and markings escapes notice until

it is close. I have secured a number of good specimens by knocking them

over with a stick, for want of a net, though the loose stones and uneven

nature of the ground coupled with the erratic flight of the butterfly some-

times make the chase dificult. It has an obliging way, when much

harrassed, of settling for a moment or two on the ground or on a leaf as

some colias occasionally do and so affords an opportunity of covering it

with the net. The green underside—deeper green in the female—assists

concealment of the butterfly among the yellowish green leaves of the little

bushes so common where it occurs.

Neope (Lethe) pulaha and Hestina nama both exhibit such attachment to

a particular spot that they will often allow repeated attempts at capture,

until, becoming too occupied with some rival, they are taken easily on the

wing.

A Sephisa dichroa, settled about 20 feet up on an oak-tree, allowed me to

throw handfuls of shale and stones over it from below without its leaving

the tree. Sometimes it would remain on the leaf in spite of the stones

showering on and around it, or it would fly up towards a passing stone ;

until after about half an hour of this, its hind wings much torn by the

stones, it came down lower and was captured. Leech gives a very similar

account under this genus in his “ Butterflies of China.”

On a bright sunny day early last spring I saw a small bat flying at noon

close above me about a stream, evidently enjoying the sunshine. It

settled on a tree and flew off when I was about 10 feet away and soon

settled again somewhere about the bank overhanging the stream.

When after butterflies one day in Surrey not long ago, on scraping

some sand I came upon a good specimen of a paleolithic flint instrument

and an unexpended Lee-Metford (blank) cartridge, two curious

companions !

H. D. PEILE, Mason, 1.M.s.

Mussooriz, 21st May 19138.

XXVIII.—NOTE CONCERNING ZEPHYRUS ATAXUS.

In the Murree Hills Zephyrus atavus appeared last year (1912) about

June 21st, and from that date to the end of June was out in considerable

412 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

numbers. I only found it in the thickly wooded valleys which go down

to the Jhelum ata height of about 4,500 to 5,000 feet. Itis a shade

loving butterfly and seems to spend most of its time sitting on the

branches of a shrub which has been kindly identified by Colonel Bamber

as. Sarcocca pruniformis of the Euphorbiacez (see Journ. B.N.H.S.,

Vol. XTX, page 959). This shrub grows in great quantities along the

- sides of the nullahs, being in some places the only undergrowth under

large trees. When Zephyrus atavus was not sitting on the above shrub

it was usually sitting on the shady sides of large rocks in as dark a place

as possible in company with Luaspa milionia, which was also to be found

there in large numbers. Zephyrus ataxus was difficult to distinguish against

its background. in the shade, but once seen was easy to capture, as it

would sit still with the greatest patience. One day my wife and I caught

seventy within a space of one or two hundred yards square.

June 30th was the last day I went down to that valley just then, sol am

unable to say how long they remain out; but I found one worn and

battered 2 at the same height on 2lst September after the rain had

stopped.

C. W. WATNEY, Captain,

S. and T. Corps.

PrsHawar, 3rd March 1913.

No. XXIX.—NOTE ON ZEPHYRUS ZIHA.

Last year (1912) I took 5 specimens of Zephyrus ziha in the Murree Hills

at heights of 6,000 to 5,000 feet. ‘‘ Murree Hills’ should therefore be added

to the list of localities given for this butterfly by Captain Evans in his

List of Indian Butterflies, Vol. XIX, p. 988.

C. W. WATNEY, Carprain,

S, and T. Corps.

PrsHawar, 37rd March 1913.

No. XXX.—MIMICRY IN SILKWORM MOTHS.

With reference to the article in the last Number of the Journal on the

serpent-like apices possessed by some moths— and the case of an owl’s face

being simulated—it may be interesting to turn to a letter by H. H. Aitken

in Vol. XVI, No. 1 (1904), headed “The Enemies of Butterflies.” In this

“‘Hha” is speaking certainly of butterflies alone, but it seems probable that

the protective resemblance to a snake’s head shown by the wings of some

of the Atlas Moths may be not so much a guard against birds as lizards.

A lizard will not walk into the jaws of a snake, if he can help it, and he

certainly will not try conclusions with an owl. Imake the suggestion with

all reticence and stand open to correction ; but from the comparative

number of (a) lizards, (6) birds, found in the stomachs of snakes would one

not infer that for one bird scared, a good many lizards would be driven off.

And again it would be a bird of some size that would tackle an Atlas Moth

anyway, whereas one knows well what an extraordinary large moth or

insect even the little wall gecko will go for.

C. BEADON.

Tayoy, L. Burma,

21st May 1918.

No. XXXI.—-ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF

COPTOSOMA CRIBRARIA, FABR.,

This Pentatomid bug is one of the commonest insects found attacking

Dolichos lablab, Tt does not however confine its ravages to this plant alone

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 413

it has been found to infest agathi, red gram, indigo and cluster bean

plants also. The insect enjoys a wide distribution, and it has been noted

in several districts in the Madras Presidency.

Infe History.—The whole life history of the bug from egg to imago is spent

on the plant itself. As is usualin bugs, coupling takes place in opposition.

This process was noted in some cases and found to occupy a period ranging

from 50 to 70 minutes,

Tigg.—\n from 4to7 hours after union, egg-laying takes place. After

coupling, the female crawls about the tender shoots and leaves evidently

on the search for a suitable spot to deposit the eggs; they are generally

laid on the leaf-surface but they are also often found on the tender stems

andthe beans. One bug lays from 10 to 40 eggs, the commonest number

being 35. The eggs are’ laid invariably jin two parallel rows arranged

back to back. Each egg when laid is cemented to the plant surface by a

sticky fluid secreted by the bug. The eggs are very soft on being laid, but

soon harden when exposed to air. Hach egg is a tubular object measuring

2mm. along its long axis. In colour it is creamy white showing

iridescent colours in certainlights. That endof an egg whichis away

from the adjacent parallel row is circularand hasa toothed rim; it is

covered up by a circular lid-like structure. The long axis is faintly

sculptured and granular. The eggs hatch onthe sixth day after being

laid. As the hatching time approaches the egg group appears

darker in colour. Just before hatching the lid at the end of the egg shell

is pushed open from inside and the young insect slowly emerges out along

the passage made. The young nymph takes a long time to extricate itself

completely from the egg shell. The lid when open remains like a door on

its hinge. (See Plate B.)

lst Instar.—The just-hatched nymph is a tiny oval object, having a shin-

ing orange colour. From head to the tail end it measures 2 m.m. and

across the body transversely m.m. The antenne are fairly long: the

small eyes are bright red. The dorsal and lateral portions of the body are

hairy, being covered by short setz. The insect at this stage is not active,

a number of them remaining gregariously at one spot. Owing to its minute

size the insect 1s easily overlooked at this stage. (See Plate B.)

2nd Instar.—The period of the first stage occupies 8 days, at the end of

which the first moult takes place. The insect now measures 13 m.m. long

and has a pale brownish colour. The body is as before hairy with set.

The wing rudiments appear as very faint dark spots. The mid-dorsal

region of the abdomen has a pinkish patch (probably the beginnings of

the stink glands), The eyes turn paler from their original bright red

colour.

3rd Instay.—Six days after the first moult the insect casts its skin for

the second time and gives rise to the third instar. The nymph is now

decidedly bigger, being 2} m.m. long. The colour becomes pale-green.

The wing pads appear clearer and of a darker green than before. The

pinkish patch on the mid-dorsal region of the abdomen now appears as two

or three small oblong patches.

4th Instar.—The third instar lasts 9 days, after which the 3rd moult takes

place. The insect now measures 22?m.m. The body is light whitish-green

in colour. The wing pads form dark olive patches slightly lengthened

backwards. The setz around the abdomen on the lateral plates (?) are

brownish green. Body and head hairy. Two small black spots are found

on the middorsum of the abdomen.

5th Instar—Another 9 days pass and the skin is cast by the nymph

for the fourth time. This is the last stage in the nymphal period of the

life of the bug. It is now 4 m.m. long. The body is oval in shape

414 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

and slightly convex above. Antennze fairly long and setose. Colour of

head and thorax olive-green. Abdomen greenish ; wing-rudiments dark ;

the region corresponding to the wing pads on the ventral side of the body

is also dark. The spines on the lateral edges of the abdomen are borne in

groups on light-green patches (plates). The ventral side of the abdomen is

greyish-fuscous. The two black spots on the middorsum of the abdomen

appear clear. The proboscis extends a little beyond the second pair of

legs. In ten days more the insect sheds its skin for the last time and

assumes the adult stage. (See Plate B.)

Nymphal habits..-In the first two stages in the nymphal period, being

minute in size the creatures crawl about gregariously on the leaves and

tender stems and easily escape detection. The later stages, especially the

fourth and fifth instars, display their hiding habits remarkably. During

these periods they are almost always found hiding under cover of the small

stipules or leaflets found at the junction of one stem with another or at the

nodes. Their colour is also so similar to that of these structures, that

the nymphs appear very well-hidden in such situations. The younger

nymphs often collect ina group on the undersurface of the short thick

stalks of the tender leaves. Of all the stages the last instar is the most

active and displays the habits of the adult to a great extent. It crawls

along the tender vines and leaves and when touched or detected either

drops down or crawls along the lower surface of the stem or leaf. The

nymph in the different instars differs from the adult so much in external

features that the immature bug is liable to be mistaken for an entirely

different insect. The body of the nymph is more or less flat and clearly

covered with hairs and setz, while the adult has a smooth convex body

and a pale ochraceous green colour. So far as observations in nature and

in captivity were made, the nymphs have been found to remain on the

plant only and not in soil. (Compare p. 672, Lefroy, Ind. Ins. Life.)

The whole life period of the insect from egg to imago occupies roughly a

month and a half, the periods passed in the various stages being approxi-

mately as under :—

Egg iy “4 6 days.

Ist Instar So) 5

Dr 45 Gales

Sigole fas, Onis;

abi | 4; ie Ones

rays) OW es us a LOS

The adult was found to live in captivity for a week. Thus the life cycle

of one generation extends roughly over a period of two months.

T. V. RAMAKRISHNA ATYAR,

Asst. in Entomology, Madras.

[ Coptosoma cribraria is a common small green bug, about one-fifth of an inch in

length and of a stout squat build, which is very liable to be mistaken for a beetle

by a non-entomological eye. The species is described and figured in Vol. I,

pages 22-23, of Mr. Distant’s “ Rhynchota” in the Fauna of India Series —T.B.F. |

(See Plate C.)

No. XXXTI.—LARGE SWARMS OF BEES.

I send herewith a photograph (Plate A) of a peepul at Jullundur which

has 21 swarms of wild bees on it, the largest being six feet long and thirty’

inches in depth. There were 19 swarms on the same tree last year,

probably on account of its being near several large gardens. The photo was

JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC, PLATE B

One eggshell

showing open lid

(enlarged).

1st Instar (enlarged).

A batch of eggs of

Captosoma (enlarged).

Perfect insect:

5th Instar (enlarged). Life history of Coptosoma cribraria, Fabr.

Mastax sp. from Macao, China,

male, female and ege.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 415

taken on the 21st April, the peepul being bare of leaves at this season

for about a fortnight. The bees were Apis indica.

H. FOOKS, Lr.-Cot., 1.m.s.

JULLUNDUR, PUNJAB,

25th April 1913.

No. XXXITI.—ANT-MIMICRY BY A FORMICOMUS (COLEOPT.,,

ANTHICIDA).

One evening about the end of July 1912, I noticed a small ant swarming

from its nest below ground under a grasslawn at Coimbatore. For some

days previously there had been heavy rain and the ants were probably

busy in clearing out their galleries after the wet weather. There were no

winged individuals amongst them and the workers seemed to be doing very

little excavation-work, but were pouring inand out of the three or four

entrances to the nest (mere holes in the ground, without any embankment

of any sort) and were running about over the adjacent ground in an appa-

rently aimless but excited manner. At such times myrmecophilous beetles

may sometimes emerge fromthe nest and I therefore looked to see if I

could find any. Sure enough, several small beetles were soon found to be

present. They were running about over the ground intermingled with the

ants, which in life they mimicked so exactly that (particularly as dusk

began to fall) I caught an antin mistake for a beetle, and vice versa

on several occasions. The beetles did not seem to be in any way pets of

the ants. Generally they took little notice of one another and, if an ant

and a bettle met, they usually avoided one another mutually, but occasion-

ally the ant attacked the beetle and both rolled over and over in a rough-

and-tumble struggle which always ended by the ant letting go its hold and

running off in precipitate retreat. It seemed to me (thongh I could

neither see, smell, nor hear the explosion) that the beetle, when thus attack-

ed, discharged some volatile liquid highly disagreeable to the ant.

I could not see a beetle emerge from the nest nor enter, and those I

caught and dropped into the entrances were at once expelled. But

the beetles were so common amongst the ants—and only on that area

where these ants were swarming ; I could find none on other parts of the

lawn beyond the radius of this particular ants’ wanderings—and mimicked

the ants so exactly that I supposed there must be really some association

between them.

Father E. Wasmann, S.J., has kindly examined these beetles and writes

that they belong to the family <Anthicide genus, Formicomus, and has

returned a few specimens labelled F’. zndicus, Wasm MS., the species being

undescribed and the name as yet unpublished. He says further: “You

are right in supposing that there is no friendly relation between these

beetles and the ants. The species of Pormicomus live in the neighbourhood

of ants-nests, probably devouring isolated ants. The ant-mimicry in these

beetles is very high.” The ant is Monomorium salomonis indicum, Forel,

a common species in India.

Probably readers of the Jowrnal, who will observe ants when they are

swarming, may find this and probably several other quite new cases of

beetles which mimic ants and live either with them or on them.

T, BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER.

CoIMBATORE,

18th February 1913.

416 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

No. XXXIV.—LIFE-HISTORY OF EUMASTAX, sp.

Dr. David Sharp, in the Cambridge Nat. Hist., Insecta, Pt. 1, p. 301,

says of the tribe Mastacides of the Family dAeridiide that nothing seemed

to be known at that time (1901) of their habits or development. In 1906-7,

therefore, since a sp. of Mastar or Eumastax was common near Macao in

South China, I worked out the life-history and sent the paper and figures

to Dr. Sharp, but unfortunately it was lost. I have recently found some of

the principal rough notes from which the paper was written, and send the

following brief account, as I believe very little is even yet known of the

habits of these insects.

This species is usually very common but exceedingly local near Macao, and

is only abundant in a small patch of wood at Pak-sa-liang village. It is

not found except in wooded districts, and appears to browse entirely on

shrubs and woody plants; I have never seen it feed on grasses. One of

the favourite food-plants is Pavetta indica, L., N. O. Rubiacee. The males

much outnumber the females, and are very brilliantly coloured with vivid

yellow-green and two spots of blue-green on one of the abdominal seg-

ments, There are afew hyaline spots in the wing and one spot of green.

The general ground colour is very dark brown and black, the tegmina

being black. The female is larger than the male, and sombrely coloured

with various shades of brown and dusky black. The parts left white on

the figure of the male are chiefly bright, almost metallic, green. The few

spots left white on the figure of the female are dull ochreous. (See Plate C.)

Eggs were laid on September 14th, 1906. They are slightly curved,

smooth, rather shiny and of a darkish yellow.* They are deposited in

small batches in the ground in the usual manner, except that very little

collaterial fluid is used, though the eggs are slightly cemented together.

One pair of the insects remained in copula about three hours in the early

morning, and the eggs were laid in the afternoon. The first nymphs

hatched out on the morning of April 8th, 1907.

Summary of life-history :—

Eggs laid, September 14, 1906.

co)

» batched, April fey LEO

Ist moult, May 26 “fs

QAMGL a. June 6 53

Siedl 55 si pu) erent

Abel ele) EN July 5 FP

oth ” ” 24 ”

Gtheea August 2 5 to adult.

After the final moult the male takes about five days to arrive at full

adult colouring, passing through various brown and ochreous colouring

before the green tints become gradually visible.

From these few notes it will be seen that there is nothing special about

the development of this insect, except that the eggs seem to be deposited

in a careless and rough manner, with very little protection from collaterial

matter, no real covering over the egg-batch being formed. The batches

seem to always contain few eggs, and there is but one brood a year; about

the beginning of November all the Mastav seem to have died off. The

females appear to live about a month longer than the males. There are

periods of really cold weather in'S. China from November to March, and

this is also the dry season.

The great difference of colouration between the sexes is unusual in the

Acridiuide.

* The eggs are large compared to the size of the insect.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 417

In S. China, where I observed them several years, these insects never

increased noticeably in any season ; they are slow breeders and their eggs

are probably often destroyed. They are also somewhat restricted in their

food, and exposed in their habit of sitting on leaves of shrubs, and are

inactive compared to most of the dendiide. In countries like China where

every form of woody vegetation is cut for fuel; it is probable that the

Mastacides are rapidly diminishing in numbers, and their place taken by

other forms of Aecridiide which can better adapt themselves to altered

conditions of life. J much regret having done no anatomical work on the

Mastacides when I had plenty of material: they appear to me to be a very

ancient form of the deridiide.

J. C. KERSHAW.

Trinipap, B.W.L.,

7th January 1913.

No. XXXV.—NOTES ON THE CUTCH AMMONITES.

IV.

THe Ler-Hamunpra HLLIPse.

After digressing to Keera on the 8. edge of the Great Runn I return to

the line of the Charwar Fault. While calling it a fault in obedience to

Blanford and Wynne, one cannot help having a secret desire thatit may not

be a fault so much asacrumple. I know itis heresy to say so, and I am

prepared for the stake: but the fascination lies in this, that if it isa

erumple, the whole scheme of Cutch simplifies itself into three crumples,

caused | suppose by the drift or suction of land towards the North. The

following sketch would represent a section from Putchum Island due

South :-—

6 8 jo Mu

SEA LEVEL SSN oe omearan ene

1. Gulf of Cutch. ! 8. Jooria Hills (Kim., Oxf.

2. Alluvium. Callov.)

3. Tertiary. 9. Runn—overlying out-crops of

4. Trap—of Cretaceous Era. Jure.(Kim., Oxf. and Up-

5. Cretaceous and highest Juras- Callov.).

SICS. 10. Putchum: Gora Donger,

6. Jurassics (Kimeridge, Oxford Low-Callov. and Bath.

and Callovian). 1l. Putchum: Kala Donger,

7. Highest Jurassics, Plain of Bathonian.

Bhuj.

The question at present is this:—Is No. 6, the Katrol-Charwar range,

faulted or not along its N. side: or does it curve under No. 7, the Bhuj

plain. As said before, the N. scarp of the ‘ Vanguard’ hills of the

Fakirwadi section looks as if faulted: there is no sign of any N. slope of

an anticline. But in many other parts of the range—Samatra, Bharasar,

parts of Fakirwadi, and the Ler-Hamundra section, the last that one sees

of the range of hills before one gets down on to the Bhuj plain, is the

N. slope of an anticline, with E. and W. axis. Hence though faulted in

parts by extra strong folding or crushing, Iam inclined to believe that

the beds of No. 6 do curve under No.7, to reappear at 8 (the Jooria-

418 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Habye-Keera line). From 8 the beds do undoubtedly curve down; and

though it seems that their next rise and out-crops is covered by the Runn,

yet the beds below them are found in Putchum Island. The highest

(latest) beds of Putchum are as a fact the same as the lowest beds of

Keera (see Waagen’s note on Steph. grantanum) : and the northerly

out-cropin Putchum (No. 11) shows the lowest and earliest Cutch beds.

But after all to fight over the question of No. 6 being faulted or curved is

not so very interesting, and I dare say I am wrong.

Ler lies 7 miles S.-E. of Bhuj at the foot of the Charwar Hills. Hamundra

is a tank 33 miles 8. of Bhuj at the foot of the same hills. The distance

nn Bry

HamundrS?

from Ler to Hamundra is 5 miles. As 14 miles E.S.E. of Hamundra the

great Ellipse begins. Its length is 33 miles: its breadth across the middle

about 14. Its ends off in a fine curve of hills steeply dipping outward,

just S. of Ler village ; a nulla and broad valley separate it off from the

wider moss of hills behind, so that it forms acomplete unit. The backbone

of the Ellipse is a range of ridges, flat topped or slightly domed, perhaps

300 feet above the plain, set a bit south of the long diameter, their crest

and slope to the North being eroded.

The South side of the Hllipse can fairly quickly be dismissed: it is a fairly

steep slope of 8. dipped hills ranning down to the nullah. The nullah bed

first drains the white grey shales of the higher Katrol beds: soon it is

found flowing over the smooth floor of the hard brown pavement of the

lower Katrol. Presently it has cut down to the yellow crimson pitted

pavement of Dhosa Oolite with its swarms of Belemnites and other

Molluses standing out in relief. Further west it reaches Athleta beds, and

leaves a cliff on its right of D. O., and, over it, Katrol. On gaining Anceps

beds, it scours the soft shale well out, and the cliff on the right shows a

good exposure of the white muddy shales and big white nodules of the

Athletas, below the D. O. belt. And on this Anceps floor 1t sweeps round

the curve to Ler, leaving the Sub-Anceps or “‘ Vanguard” hard brown

sheets upstanding on its left. The beds of Katrol, D. O. and Athleta curve

round too on the right and run up in a tongue to Ler: but their back only

dips down slightly to the east, soon rising again to form the back of

another Ellipse which starts just beyond Ler and runs east. Besides being

an excellent means of following out the succession of strata, the nulla is a

perfect mine of fossils. The characteristic fossils of the Katrol beds—

torquatus, katrolensis, bathyplocus, chloroolithicus, &c.—stand out in relief

on the hard brown rocks. Thorny Aspidoceras and worn Stephanoceras

may be found amid the mollusc swarms of the D. O. slabs: while lower down,

there is a regular jumble of all sorts: big ironstone Katrol specimens, D. O.

Belemnites, Athleta Hanpoceras, Anceps Omphalodes, and large plate-shaped

Ammonites of the Vanguard slabs—like Paramorphus or Congener. In such

a medley a new fossil’s origin cannot easily be traced. One fragment of a

huge Oppelia has a whorl of the following dimensions:—height 97 mm.,

height from preceding whorl 60: breadth 41: with a series of 8 lobes

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 419

visible from siphon to umbilical edge ; but I cannot say from which bed it

came. So with some others. Katrol beds have produced three specimens

of what looks like Phylloceras mediterraneum, of which Waagen says:—“ In

Europe this species has a very large vertical distribution and ranges from

the Bathonian to the uppermost Jurassic group: not so in Kachh, where it

seems to be limited to upper Callovian beds” (Athleta). My specimens from

Katrol beds (Kimeridge) agree very closely with Dr. Waagen’s description

except that the second lateral lobe is almost as long as the first: and in the

one specimen which is almost (ad hoc) complete there are 6 furrows to the

half whorl.

The hills at the east end of the Ellipse—inside the nullah bend—are of the

Sub-Anceps or “ Vanguard” type, hard crimson brown rock in great sheets.

At one place they hold a swarm of small white 7?igoniae: in other slabs

some big Ammonites like Paramorphus or Congener can be found: they

seem like some of the numerous plate-shaped fossils of Belt 6 (Sub-Anceps)

of Keera, but the 1st lateral lobe prevents their being Paramorphus, nor do

they quite agree with Congener.

The hills at the west end also curve (or nose) round in the same way,

but are more difficult to trace, nullahs having broken through westwards

and left much debris. At this end, a high point on the south side shows

a protruding ridge of rock, which can be traced for some distance W.,

eradually sinking. This belt is of D. O., and the rocks capping it are of

the Katrol beds, of the black-grey quartz-speckled variety. The slope

below the D. O. is of Anceps with many Terebratula biplicata? a few Anceps

fragments, Rhynconellae and other Molluses common to Anceps beds.

The north side of the Ellipse varies. For some distance at each end

(E. and W.) we have the outer rocks all dipping very steeply N. Towards

the west, the relics of this wall are seenin four great humps, at the top

of which Katrol beds, with fragments of Per. torquatus, lie ; a bit lower

on their inner face (S), the D. O, belt crops out ; and below it the crimson

and white Anceps beds. On the similar hills at the east end (N. side)

the Katrol, D. O. and Anceps beds have been worn down almost to the

level of the Bhuj plain, the high upstanding hill being of Vanguard or

Sub-Anceps type.

But for about a mile in the middle, we find that the outermest rocks

(N.) are dipping S., leaving a scarp exposed to the north. This seems to

be due to a secondary anticline, pushed up by the mass of hills behind

and faulted, or more probably sea worn, for by following out the top of

this ridge eastwards, a complete anticline, running parallel with the main

anticline, is observed. A. N.and 8S. section of the east and west ends,

and of the middle appear thus :—

420 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

The N. syncline shown in Fig. ii is very conspicuous at a point S. of the

village Bajodi. Here the Dhosa Oolite and the superjacent red Katrol

beds come to an end in the form of the end of a paper boat with steeply

inwardly-dipping sides; and 200 yards from its upstanding curved end

rises a biggish cone of Katrol beds, just like the “mast” of a paper boat—a

similar but much wider basin appears at the west end of the syncline.

The D. O. along this syncline is very hard and tough: few Ammonites

have weathered out, but I have found what I believe to be Pelt. arduen-

nense, Per. rota, and Asp. babeanum, all known to be natives of D. O.

seas. The Athleta beds are here covered up with debris: but an Athleta

fragment was found on its expected level. Fragments of Per. anceps

and Per. obtusicosta were picked up on the Anceps beds.

So far I have described the outer shell of the Ellipse. Now for the

kernel, which is interesting. The west end of the Ellipse shows the

subjacent beds best, for there I have found the best-preserved fossils.

From under the ordinary Anceps beds, there emerges a great sheet

of hard brown Vanguard rock, running up to a crest. (Sub-Anceps 1):

next a mass of cold crimson shale, much like proper Anceps (Sub-Anceps

2): below that another flat expanse of slab rock (Sub-Anceps 3), much

like Sub-Anceps 1.; and below that nothing but weather-blackened cold

grey sandstone, in places impregnated with lime, to a considerable depth.

Sub-Anceps 1 is not a good fossil field: at the east end I have found some

small white Tirigonie: also the large plate-shaped Congener? or Para-

morphus? In the shales, Sub-Anceps 2, a lcng hunt only unearthed two

small broken Harp. crassefalcatum (?).

In Sub-Anceps 3 a fairly good crop was gathered :—fragments of Steph.

fissni 3 Steph. opis; Perisph. Perdagatus, Balinensis and one ke Congener ;

Naut. calloviensis; and others that might be Perdagatus and Fissum

except for lobes. Now these finds show the similarity of these beds to

the highest Sub-Anceps beds at Keera: but there the rock is of light yellow-

brown: here it is of dark crimson-brown. Nearly all the specimens found

in these Sub-Anceps beds here have brothers in the Keera highest Sub-

Anceps or top-Macrocephalus beds. At the east end on a long transverse

ridge running up to the highest cane, these lower Sub-Anceps beds—there

of a coarse yellow-grey—contain worn fragments of what was not improba-

bly Per. altiplicatus, another Macrocephalus-bed fossil: and also a Bel.

sub-hastatus which. Waagen confines to Macrocephalus beds.

Thus far down these Sub-Anceps beds here seem to agree with the outer

Macrocephalus ring of Keera. But here comes the rub. At Keera below

this outer ring, comes the inner, lower, ring of crowded molluscs and of

corals: then thick belts of golden oolite; and then yellow and purple

shales, all stocked full of Ammonites, chiefly Stephanoceras. Here on the

other hand below the Sub-Anceps bed, we get nothing but the cold grey

weather-blackened sandstone, without the sign of a fossil. Black, grey

and grim these beds extend from east to west of the Ellipse, forming the

whole kernel of the range. They dip conformably, it seems, with the dip

of the shell, but Lam not satisfied about this. The mass it is impossible

to describe without instruments. Roughly there seems to be a series

of concentric semi-circles, thrown out from the main backbone ridge

like onions with peeling layers, curving ridge separated from ridge by

deep hollows. Three such onions take up 2 miles. If the beds are

conformable with the beds of the shell, one would have looked for the

same beds as at Keera where conformity is clear; whereas the actual

beds are so essentially different from the Keera ones. If they are

conformable, one must seek for the explanation of the difference of the sub-

beds of this anticline from those of the parallel (15 miles north) anticline

— ee

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 421

of Keera and Jooria in the theory of deep and shallow water having existed

in the two latitudes.

Anyhow you could not want a better hunting ground for the Cutch upper

Callovian, Oxfordian and Kineridge fossils than is to be found in this

Ellipse.

J. H. SMITH.

Buvs, 20th March 1913.

(Where Ammonites are named in the above, it should be understood that thew

identity is not yet established. They merely appear to Mr. F. H. Stone and

myself to agree with those described and illustrated by Dr. Waagen.)

No. XXXVI.—CUTCH AMMONITE BEDS.

Writers on Cutch Paleontology have followed Dr. Stoliczka’s classifica-

tion of beds. Summarized, it comes to this—

No. 0 Trap Rocks.

(No. 1 with Crioceras es 508 .. Aptian a

Umia = 5 2 3 Cyeadaces ... 200 _..=Barremian... 3,000 feet.

> 2 .» Ler. eudichotomus ... ...<=Neocomian... }

No. 4 Phyll. ptychoicum ... ...==Kimeridge... |

Saigo ee eet i Steph. maya ... BRE ...==Sequanian... { ee:

No. 6 ,, Asp. babeanum i: ...—=Oxfordian... ms

. aT, Pelt. athleta . aes .-.==Callovian ... 2 3

parece =» : 8. 2 Per, anceps ... ...==Callovian ... a 1.000

oe Steph macrocephalum ...=Callovian . : mi

\ No: 10 ~,, Opp. serriger __=Bathonian.. 0) 6

OOM See Trigonie. Corbule, Cucullee—=Bat honian.. 500

Mr. Vredenburg (Sum. Geo. Ind. ) has given the above depths. What

strikes one at first sight is the great disparity inthe “ Zoning”: Why

should Athleta beds of 25 feet have as great a standing as the 500 feet of

No. 10. Probably with the modern recognition of more numerous Zones,

an expert could sub-divide several of these beds into more minute divisions.

I should fancy from what I saw of it that the No. 9 bed as exposed at

Kéera might well be found to consist of definite zones of various forms of

Stephanoceras.

I do not know where the line between the Umia and the Katrol beds is

drawn. Umia beds are classed as Cretaceous, Katrolas Jurassic. Waagen

is of opinion that the higher beds which here lie under the stratified traps

are cretaceous: but as yet the few cretaceous fossils found come only from

Umia, some 50 miles W. N. W. of Bhuj. Now between No. 6 and No. 0

lies a very great depth of beds—mainly flaky shale below, and sandstone

slabs and rock above. To cross this extent of Katrol and Umia

beds, you drive 11 miles along the Bhuj-Mandvi road, pretty well at

right angles to the strike ; and as you go the exposed rocks are all dipping—

more or less—to the south : and the road is fairly level. The 6th milestone

is just at the upper edge of Belt 6 : and the 17th marks the change to Belt

No. 0. And Belt No. 5 does not exist here : so if you allow Belt 4,500 feet

depth, the eleven miles carry you through only 3,500 feet of uptilted strata.

Descending from No. 4 to No. 9 the beds are mainly of shales with thin

sheets of rock of various natures laminated among them. These harder

beds serve to mark the distinctions of the lower Ammonite beds, Some

kinds of Ammonites managed to struggle through from one bed to the next,

but the majority of species are confined each to its own layer. The Katrol

beds proper (No. 4) along the Charwar out-crop lie flat on the Dhosa Oolite

(No. 6). [No. 5 is a local bed, and its claim to rank as intervening here

422 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

was decided on palzontological grounds (Waagen p. 230), Anyhow it is

absent in the western half of Cutch. Its chief appearances are noted at

Kuntkote in N. E. Cutch and the Island of Gangta Bet in the Runn:

it appears to be of a red sandstone,) The layers of Katrol rock are of a

very hard red-brown sandstone ; in places, a black grey with minute

quartz pebbles. In one spot (N. W. of the tank on the Bhuj-Bharapur

road) the layers succeed one another closely with hollows where the inter-

vening shales have been washed flat. They seem to be here of a depth of

about 300 feet. They contain very numerous specimens of Per. torquatus,

katrolensis, bathyplocus, Pottingert, chloroolithicus: also Asp. Iphiceroides,

binodiferum and several of the Hybonote group (not supplied to Dr.

Waagen) ; Phyll. mediterraneum (?), and others (not given by Waagen) ;

Opp. hachhensis, trachynota and others, some being very big.

No. 6. (Dhosa Oolite) is a very marked and easily recognizable layer,

quite distinct from the Katrol beds above and the Athleta and Anceps beds

below. The main layer of rock is of a very hard crimson and yellow

caleareous sandstone. It forms long ridges, often protruding distinctly

from a hillside or froma plain. The underlying shales which complete

the bed are of a yellowish grey. Where a stream has run along the back

of D. O., it leaves the rock exposed in great sheets, pitted but very compact

and unworkable. Big Aspidoceras (perarmatum and babeanum) and big

Stephanoceras (Transiens and others) may be found protruding, but have

to be abandoned because of the hardness of the rock. Belemnites and hosts

of other molluses swarm in the rocks. If anywhere you come across an

angular cube of yellow green rock with a steely blue Belemnite inset, you

may be pretty sure that D.O. is not far off. Hven away from water,

where wind and decay have swept clean the back of a sloping D. O. layer,

you will find a great pavement of slabs with big Stephanoceras preserved

in fairly good condition and more broken-up discs of large Aspzdoceras,

Judging from big fragments often picked up, some kinds of Aspidoceras

must have been huge. At Bharasar where the ledge of D. O. protrudes

from under the side of the Charwar hills, one can collect great numbers ;

being dry-weathered they come out of the rock much more easily than

they do from a watercourse. Of other species, Pe. 70tais very common ;

some good Phylloceras can also be had, and not a few Harpoceras. One

Hecticum (verified by Mr. Burton of Calcutta) was a welcome find. The

50 ft. assigned by Mr. Vredenburg fairly represents the average depth of

the D. O. bed.

No. 7. (Athleta beds) has been estimated at 25 feet. In many parts

of the Charwar line, the beds do not appear, but are perhaps only covered

by debris. Where they occur in a nulla, they are of a white clay shale with

layers of big rounded white nodules. In the Fakirwadi ‘ Bowl” thoy

seem to me to alternate fora bit with the crimson Anceps layers. At

Samatra the prevailing tone of the beds isa golden colour or a greeny

yellow; and perhaps there they are deeper than 25 feet; but it is not easy

to draw the line of the beds. elt. athletais found in this level only:

even where the beds are apparently non-existent between D. O. and Anceps

a fragment of Athleta may be found here and there. But the soft nature

of the bed shale has left no full specimen of this kind findable. To find

anything beyond the fragment of one whorlis rare. .But other specimens

are not so bad. Excellent Harp. dynastes and lairense, and fairly com-

plete Asp. ponderosum are obtainable. The absence of Stephanoceras is to

be marked. This family swarmed in Macrocephalus times and again in

D.O., but it seems to have been in abeyance in Anceps and Athleta

eras.

No. 8. Anceps beds. The matrix is of white, soft, often gypseous

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 423

shale: seams of crimson iron nodulelets or cubes thread the shales, and the

exposed surface is a mass of small crimson debris, soft to walkover. A

similar belt also occurs in the shales above the Katrol brown rocks ; so one

cannot be sure of being on Anceps ground until one has noted the overlie

of the D. O., or found ‘ Anceps’ fossils. The thickness is not given: I

should put it down as about 200 feet, varying of course. You can be

pretty sure of picking up something nice in a belt of Anceps rock. Pervsp.

omphalodes is fairly common and in good preservation. Perzsph.

obtusicosta is not infrequent, but seldom complete. Waagen says Ler.

anceps is rare: but on the S. E. side of Keera Hill, they are fairly plenti-

ful. Here too I found two pretty Per. pseudorion. Phylloceras of the feddeni

type occur: also Lytoceras adeloides.

No. 9. Macrocephalus beds are best seen at Keera Hill, as recently

described. The sub-Anceps beds in the Ler-Hamundra Ellipse (along

Charwar) contain many specimens of the same species as are found in the

upper Macrocephalus beds at Keera. Steph. jissum and Opis: Perisph.

Balinensis, Perdagatus, &c.: so though the two beds have a different

colour and structure, yet they belong to the same period. Waagen has

divided the Keera beds roughly into golden oolite below and Macr.

shales above: but where the thickness is so great, quite 1,000 feet, I should

say, this seems capable of improvement. In my previous notes, I gave a

rough description of the succession of beds there, but it needs expert

diagnosis to mark out actual zones. The upper layers at Keera contain

Lyt. adeloides, Phyll. disputabile; Harp. ignobileand Crassefalcatum, and Steph.

Jissum ; the beds below it numerous other species of Stephanoceras.

No. 10. Putchum beds. Waagen says that Opp. ef. Serrigera marke

this upper Putchum bed: however his 3 specimens came from Nurrha,

which is on the Cutch mainland, not from Putchum island. I suppose beds

lower than Callorian are found at Nurrha as well as in Putchum. Putchum

itself produces, it seems, only very badly preserved specimens: and no

Ammonites have been found yet in the lower Putchum Stratum, No. 11.

Waagen calculated the main Putchum beds to be Bathonian, chiefly or.

the character of Molluscs other than Ammonites. The upper-most

Putchum beds are Callovian (see his note on Steph. Grantanum).

But though at Keera the Macrocephalus beds full of Ammonites come in

regular succession below the Anceps beds, yet in the Ler Hamundra

Ellipse only the top Macrocephalus beds appear, to be succeeded by con-

siderable depths of grey sandstone without the sign of an Ammonite. Of

this I write above.

J. H. SMITH.

AQA

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 18tH MARCH 1918.

An “At Home” of members and their friends of the Bombay Natural

History Society took place on Tuesday, the 18th March 1913, H. H. the

Rao of Cutch, G.C.1.H., presiding.

NEW MEMBERS.

The election of the following 24 members since the last meeting was

announced :—

Mr. E. R. Stakelum, Bombay; Mr. C. C. Garbett, I.C.S., Lahore ; Mr.

EK. Alban Williams, Bombay ; Mr. H. J. Godfrey, B.Sc., Bangkok; Capt.

G. A. Nevill, Sadiya, Assam ; the Honorary Secretary, Upper Burma Club, -

Mandalay; Miss E. A. Montgomery, Broach; Mr. B.C. Rake, Burma;

Mr. M.P. Walsh, Bar.-at-Law, Akola, Berar; the Mess President, 98th

Infantry, Saugor, C.P.; the Librarian, Students’ Library, St. Xavier’s

College, Bombay; Mr. J. H. Sanders, I.C.S., Ahmednagar; Mr. W. E.

Copleston, I.F.S., Belgaum; Mr. R. E. Haslam, Travancore ; Capt. H. W.

de B. Prescott, Bombay; Mr. R. Trevor Jenkin, I.F.S., Saugor, C.P.; the

Honorary Secretary, Library, Peshawar Club, Ltd., Peshawar, N.W.F.P. ;

Mr. H. D. Coggan, Kamptee, C.P.; Major J. H. Barbour, R.A.M.C.,

Kamptee, C.P.; Director of Agriculture, Federated Malay States, Kuala

Lumpur; Mr. D. D. Nanavati, I.C.S., Burma; Mr. P. A. R. Barron,

Bangkok; Mr. Charles 8. Prince, Travancore, and Capt. T. R. H. Keppel,

Bombay.

ELECTION OF OFFICE BEARERS.

The following gentlemen were elected as office bearers for the present

year :—President, H. E. the Right Hon. Lord Sydenham, G.C.M.G.,

G.C.1.E., G.C.8.1., F.R.S.; Vice-Presidents, Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A.,

LL.B., Rev. F. Dreckmann, 8.J., and the Hon. Mr. Justice N. C. Macleod;

Honorary Secretary Mr. W. 8S. Millard; Honorary Treasurer, Mr. L. H.

Savile; Managing Committee, Rev. J. Assmuth, 8.J., Mr. T. Bainbrigge

Fletcher, F.E.S., F.Z.8., Mr. T. R. Bell, 1.F.S. Mr. C. L. Burns, Mr. E.

Comber, F.Z.S., Lt.-Col. G. H. Evans, F.L.S., C.1.H., Capt. W. H. Evans,

R.E., Prof. G. A. Gammie, Mr. E. E. Green, F.E.S., Mr. F. Hannyngton,

I.C.8., Mr. G. 8S. Hardy, 1.C.8.; Mr. N. B. Kinnear, Lt.-Col. K. R.

Kirtikar, 1.M.S. (Retd.), Major W. G. Liston, C.1.E., 1.M.S., Mr. McNeill,

I.C.8S., Dr. A. Powell, Mr. HE. L. Sale, LC.8., Mr. R. A. Spence, Major

F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.8., and Mr. John Wallace, C. E.

THE ACCOUNTS FOR 1912.

Mr. L. H. Savile, the Honorary Treasurer, said in presenting the

accounts for the year ending 3lst December 1912 :—'TThe opening balance

at the beginning of the year was Rs. 3,540, the closing balance being

Rs. 3,120, showing a deficit on the year’s working of Rs. 419. The expen-

diture during the year was Rs. 37,489, an excess over last year of

Rs. 5,947, while the receipts were Rs. 37,019, which is Rs. 4,822 in excess

of 1911. So that in spite of a very fair increase in the receipts, the expen-

diture has exceeded the income. The amount paid in subscription by

members during 1912 was Rs. 24,783. The amount actually received for

1912 subscriptions including those paid in 1911 was Rs. 22,431 and there

will probably be about Rs. 1,000 still to come in 1913. So we may take

it that the amount of subscriptions for the year under review is Rs. 23,500

representing 1,560 members, in addition to 106 life members. The cost

of the Journal, plus postage, printing, and stationery and salary of staff

(less that of the Keeper of the Museum), amounted to Rs, 24,705 and as

PROCEEDINGS, 425

this represents the cost of the production and issue of the Journal it shows

that the subscriptions received from the members does not cover the cost

of the production of the Journal in its present form. The number of new

members this year as shown by entrance fees was 195, a good increase

over last year. As I intimated last year I think the time has now come

if we are to maintain the work of the Society in the efticient manner that

it is now being carried on, to seriously consider the question of an increase

in the annual subscription of members and I would suggest that after the

end of the current year the subscription be increased from Rs. 15 to

Rs. 20 per annum which would place the Society ona sound financial

basis and J hardly think that members, taking into considertion the value

they now get in the Journal will object to this small increase.

Mammal Survey Fund.—The opening balance of this fund was Rs. 17,090

and the closing balance Rs. 15,517, showing an expenditure over receipts

of Rs. 1,572. Donations received during the year amounted to Rs. 11,541.

We have had two collectors, Mr. Crump and Mr. Shortridge, working during

the year, and it has been decided that the receipts justified our obtaining

a third collector ( Major Mayor ) who will start work early in 1913. The

total amount received towards this fund up to the end of 1912, including

interest on deposits, amounted to Rs. 35,703 and it is hoped that sufticient

further donations may be forthcoming to enable the Society to complete

the Mammal Survey of India, Burma and Ceylon.

EXHIBITS.

Mr. G. C. Shortridge exhibited a collection of mammals from Coorg.

While there he received a very large amount of assistance from Mr. J. A.

Graham, Mr. F. Hannyngton, I.C.S., Mr. H. Cuthell and others, the

consequence being that the collection is an exceptionally fine one, com-

prising a large number of species not hitherto obtained by the Survey.

Among the most interesting of these were, the black langur—not pre-

viously known to occur North of the Nilgiris—the large short-tailed fruit

bat, the leopard cat, Jerdon’s toddy cat, the striped necked mongoose

—the largest representative of its genus in Asia—the Nilgiri brown

mongoose, the hill and clawless otters, the South Indian marton, the

pigmy striped squirrel, and the Malabar spiny rat. The others include

a very interesting series of three forms of the large Malabar squirrel and

the flying squirrel. Besides the species not represented in previous

collections—many of the others obtained show very striking variations

from those collected further north. ;

Mr. Mahaluxmiwala exhibited the flowers of the following trees and

shrubs grown in the Victoria Gardens, Bombay :—“ Cochlospermum

gossypium,”. ‘‘ Brownea ariza,” ‘“ Brownea coccinna,’” and “ Pachira

insignis.”

H. H. the Rao of Cutch congratulated Mr. Shortridge on the interesting

collection of animals which he had made in Coorg and which they saw

before them and expressed a hope that his work in Burma and Major

Mayor’s efforts in Ceylon would result in further valuable collections.

His Highness said that he took great interest in the work of the Society

and particularly in the Mammal Survey.

A vote of thanks was passed to His Highness for presiding and the

meeting terminated.

Owing to the large numbers of specimens exhibited by Mr. Shortridge

no specimens presented to the Society since the previous meeting were

exhibited.

A full acknowledgment list will however appear in the account of the

next meeting.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R-econtd.).

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :—

I.—Boldness of Panthers.

By E. Brook-Fox ..........

II.—The Brown Palm-Civet in North Kanara. By N. B.

WGUNTIB ATE 7, Pooh at hed MATAR dela 'als muailaosd 2 Awl ae he

{Ii.—Chinkara Suffering from

Guinea-

Worm. By E,

BrookoW ox by gel, SLR 2) ata Ses bch Nol oe

IV .—The Colouration of the Eyes of the Domesticated

Buffalo. By C. R. S. Pitman

diye efece eee Bis eyete wee e 6

V.—Large Sambar Head. By Major F. D. S. Fayrer,

TIME os HB Vee lie¥s)aienefa el soon ebaaha MEM Tate ASE ae ud Be RA

VI.—How Wild Boar Fight.

VII.—Notes on the

H. V. O’Donel

Vill.—Missle Thrush near Lahore.

Chestnut-Headed

By Oo hi. feitmans He. Sy a. wee

Shortwing. By

CAC Wi COR TE J) OAGhOnT aC

By N. B. Kinnear ...

IX.—The Rufous-Backed Sparrow, Passer domestica pyr-

rhonota, Blyth. By Hugh Whistler ..............

X.—The Occurrence of the Himalayan Yellow-Backed

Sun-Bird, thopyga seherte in the Central Pro-

vinces and the extension of its habitat. By EH. A.

TEA DEBAM CHOBE ciutitevn das te Mec pate Glee HAN cyto

XI.—The Pale Sand Martin, Riparia riparia diluta. (Sharpe

and Wyatt.) By H. Whistler

_ XII.—Notes on the Nesting of the Brown-Necked Spine-

Chetura indica, and the White-

Tailed Swift,

Rumped Spine-Tailed Swift,

By J. Stewart

Chetura sylvatica.

Co ee

XITI.—Eggs of the Malay Hagle Owl, Huhua orientalis

(Horsf), By P. T. L. Dodsworth, F.z.s., M.B.0.0...

XIV.—Taking of the nest of the Cinereous Vulture. By

Lt.-Col. H. Delme-Radcliffe, F.z.s.

XV.—Voracity of Vultures in the Gir Forest. By E.

BOO WOK ei ue sah actuate ake RSs eS

XVI.—The Lugger Falcon, Falco jugger (J. E. Gray). By

EL OM isthe ty oe Bo eee a ik seal caaeeN gence a euellans

XVII.—Occeurrence of the Emerald Dove, Chalcophaps indica

(Linn) in the Simla District.

By P. T. L. Dods-

WORTH VAS. MBO, a4 cls 9 as ghee tst Skate! s Weber Ae

XVIII.—Migration of Full Snipe. By G. C. L. Howell, 1.0.5...

XIX.—Baer’s Pochard, Nyroca beri and other rare Ducks

in Manipur State.

XX.—Duck in Burma.

By C. N. Bell, 1.c.s

By J. C. Higgins, t.c.s. ..

creative ‘9g fed e:ta) is 6 aa)

Pace

389

390

o91

391

392

393

399

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER—~(concld.)

PAGE

MisceLLangous Nores—coneld.

XXI.—A_ rare Snake, lachistodon westermanni from. the

Jalpaiguri District. By oe Hy OWally 3.082,

Oi el ee ae ae Baa aes Seance, Weir M Sicha AuAldah IPE 4.00

. XXII, —On the Common (Bungarus eruleus), and Sind Kraits

(Bungarus sindanus). By. Major F. Wall, 1.m.s.,

SUIS NN SN aN AY fo Slee aT ME PAL uc atari ee 401

XXIII.—An unusually large Sea-Snake (Distira brugmansi).

_ By F. H.8. Stone. With additional Note by Major F.

NVC TNS. Be uct ahh weds Mee teen il guchey busine 403

XXIV.—On the Habits of the Rock ied (Agama tuber aa

By P. T..L. Dodsworth, F.z.s., M.B.0.U. ..... . A04 .

XXV.—Size of Barilius guttatus.. By J.B. Mercer Adam,

ST Ta Se, ae Yc ca isch em Ue ah ee 405

XXVI. —Recent observations on the Murral ( Ophrocephalus |

striatus). By G. C. L. Howell, 1.¢.8., F.2.8. ...... 4.05

XXVII,—Notes on the Habits of Some Common Butterflies,

ete, By Major/H, 1D. Peile, tas: 5.4) ieee obec A

XXVIII.—Note concerning Zephyrus ataaus, By Capt. C. W.

Wattiiess ca aati oe a tac kame ue Ito cts age coe gage oes aa

XXIX, —Note on Zephyrus ziha. By Capt.C. W. Watney.... 412

XXX.—Mimicry in Silkworm Moths. By C. Beadon ...,..° A12

XXXT. —On the Life History of Coptosoma cribraria, Fabr.

By 2.7V). Ramkrishnia’ Atyar, See e. me ernie 412

MRK, —Larpe Swarms of Bees. By Lt.-Col. H. Fooks,1.ms. 414

XXXTIT.—Ant-Mimicry by a Formicomus (Coleopt., Anthcide).

By Bambripge: Fletcher; gyH.Ss../)0 ahs esta’ pelea at 415

XXXIV .—Life History of Eumastax, Sp. . By J. C. Kershaw . . A16

XXXV.—Notes on'the Cutch Ammonites. By J. H. Smith . 417

XXXVI.—Cutch Ammonite Beds. By J. Smithy, viens ioral 421

PRHOQHEDINGS ()oisious sep huere ice otas late olen ol age apple nos lke NAMM Nal exe feb ols ada At 424.

— Ce -

Printed by EH. G. Pearson for the Proprietors of the Times Press, Bombay, and

published by W. S. Millard for the Bombay Natural History Society.)

sea ase

ar ace et

OF a

Zautneonian lustity, ”

; Ms

: NOV 12 1949

THE : ey ¥

Ong, Zuoiwgic® er

JOURNAL

OF THE

Bompay Natrurat History Socrery.

EDITED BY

w. Ss. MILLARD,

R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR.

NA ree

; VOL, ><>. ie Ee No. is alg

Date of publication, 20th Dec. 1913.

Price to Non-Members aD ae ty Bis) 10-0.

mean Sawn Gey Rte

PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS,

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

THe GAME Birps oF InpIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. Part XI.

Mate Plate XI.) The. Coronetted Sand-Grouse. By

B.C. Stuart’ Baker, «F.Las3, ¥12.8:5° M.B.0.U. sd. sc saben ee

SciENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MamMaL SuRVEY. v. By

Kathleen: Vy Ryley qo 0.8 nce one ies, en ae

THE PauMs OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, INDIGENOUS AND

INTRODUCED. Part IX. (With Plates XLIX to LVI,

and text-figure 29.) By H. Blatter, S.J. 0.0.0...

Tue Bomsay Naturat Hisrory Society’s MammaL Sur-

vEY OF InpIA. Report No. 10 (Kathiawar) and

Report No. 11 (Coorg). By Kathleen V. Ryley ......

SomE New SNAKES FROM THE ORIENTAL ReGion. By

NW EY TMS OURS. ce lacing le A le Soe

‘THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS oF InpIA. Part

XV. (With Plates K and L.) By T: R. Bell, tr.s....

‘THE Birgps or GorakupurR. By A. HE. Osmaston, LF.s...

A PopuLaRk TREATISE ON THE ComMON INDIAN SNAKES. Part

XX continued. (With Plates A and Band Diag gan)

The Cobra. By Major F. Wall, 1.M.s., C.M.z.s.

PLANTS OF THE PunJaB. Part XII. By Colonel C. J.

Barn bem see Sireie Ware saut conan CF Ake oh tes. oe oe asta

A List oF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED BY CapTaiIn F’. M. BaILEy

IN WESTERN CHINA, SouTH-HasTERN TIBET AND THE

Misumi Hitis, 1911. By Richard South (Continued).

PROGRESS OF THE MamMMAL SuRVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND

TY [[CEYLON...2....., reeset ete veusceegenetseeeveceeeeeestereauebane

MISCELLANEOUS NoTES :-——

I.—Tiger taking off carcase of Sloth Bear (Welursus

UNSURUS)., DY AC. Ev, Se AUINAI 0 afeieie sce Se vivre Me mele

II.—A Poreupine.—Tiger Tragedy. By G. E. C. Wakefield

III.—Notes on the habits of the small Indian Mungoose

(Mungos auropunctatus). By. J. EK. Powell........

IV.—Hedgehogs in Gujarat. By E. A. Montgomery.....

V.—Photograph of a Wild Gaur (Bibos gaurus). By A.

As Dunbar Brander yy. Sv eee oia eto taeiyaeane epst aie

VI.—Record Cheetal (Azis avis) head. By S. J. Martin...

PAGE

427

434

569

598

616

Plate XI.

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

— oe Instituse

Si Mp

NOV 12 1943

ie a

Sionay Zoo\ogic® v

JOURNAL

OF THE

Bombay Natural History Society.

Dec. 19138. VoL. XXII. No. 3.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

; BY

E. C. Stuart Baxer, F.L.S., F.Z.8., M.B.0.U.

Part XI.

With Plate XI.

(Continued from page 229 of Volume XXII.)

PTEROCLES CORONATUS ATRATUS (Hartert.)

The Coronetted Sand-Grouse.

Pteracles coronatus.—Lich Verz. Doubl., p. 65, (1823) Hume abid.,

1872, p. 468; id. Str. Feath, 1, p. 224; Wise «ibid., iii, p. 267;

Hume ibid., p. 41; Wise, wid., p. 230; Blanford, Hast Persia, ii,

p. 272; Hume, Str. Feath, vii, p. 161; Hume and Marshall, Game

Birds, 1, p. 57; Butler, Cat. Birds of Sind, etc., p. 53; Tufnell,

Str. Keath. ix., p. 200; Barnes, ibid., pp. 219, 458, Lean, ahid., p.

296; Barnes. B. of Bombay, p. 209; id. Jour. B. N. H. Soc. v., p.

336; Ogilvie Grant, Cat. B. M. xxii, p. 23; Blanford Fauna of

B. I. Birds iv., p. 37; Oates Game Birds of India, i., p. 41;

Ogilvie-Grant, Game Birds, 1., p. 18; Le Mess. Game Birds, p. 57,

Pteroclis coronatus.—Sharpe, Hand List, p. 51 ; Oates, Cat. Eggs.

gpl? taspsoL.,

Pterocles coronatus atratus.—Hartert Bulletin, B.O.U., February

1902,

Vernacular name.—Katinga. (Sin.).

Adult male.—Centre of forehead white, a broad patch of black on

either side carried round the base of the bill and down the centre of

the throat as a broad streak ; crown dull vinous grey or vinous buff,

surrounded by a pure French grey which forms a broad supercilium

428 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

and divides the crown posteriorly from the bright, deep ochre of

the collar on the neck; lores and next the anterior black of the chin

and throat, white merging into the yellow ochre of the side of the

face, throat and neck. Rest of the upper parts is abelline, the

feathers of the inter-scapulary region and the lower back and upper

rump with pale centres giving a faintly mottled appearance to these

parts; scapulars the same but with a bar of grey below the pale

spot produced on either side towards the tip. Primary coverts and

bastard wing brown, primaries brown, the fifth edged pale buff on

the tip of the inner web, this buff tip increasing in width on each

succeeding feather and forming abroad buff band obliquely across

the inner primaries, secondary coverts buff, median coverts rufous

buff or vinous buff, with pale centres and oblique grey patches on

the outer visible webs; small shoulder coverts vinous buff gradually

changing into the same as the median coverts, as these are approach-

ed. Lesser and median underwing coverts and axilliaries white ;

under-primary coverts brown. Body below buff, greyish on the upper

breast next the head and more ruddy buff on the abdomen. Feathers

round vent dull chestnut brown, undertail coverts white, the bases

chestnut brown; feathers of thigh and tarsus buff, the latter often

marked with chestnut brown. ‘Tail isabelline, the central rectrices

faintly tipper paler, the other feathers rufous-buff broadly tipped

white and sub-tipped dark-brown.

The principal variation in the colour of the upper parts of the

male bird is in the extent of the pale markings to the scapulars and

dorsal plumage ; in some birds these are very large and make the

upper part appear paler and brighter in tone. The general tint

of Asiatic specimens varies a good deal in depth but there are

none so pale as the same bird beomes in North Africa and Spain.

There are but three males in British Museum Collection other than

those from India or adjacent countries, but these can be separated

at a glance from the rest by their very pale vinous isabelline of their

upper parts.

The colour of the forehead between the two black patches varies

from pure white, which is rare, to the same colour as the crown.

Below the birds vary in purity of colour and extent of white on

the abdomen, but Asiatic and other specimens vary equally inter se

in this respect.

Asiatic birds in the British Museum Collection average; wing

7°30" (=185°4 mm.); tarsus -89"" (= 22°6 mm.) and bill -43"

(= 10-9 mm.) and the three African birds, wing 7°81" (= 198-3

mm.); tarsus 1:00" (= 25:4 mm.) and bill -50" (= 12:7 mm.).

Weight 84 ozs. (Lean).

“In the immature male the tips of the primaries, centre pair of

tail-feathers and some of the secondary coverts and scapulars are buff

vermiculated with black.” (Ogilvie Grant).

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 429

Adull female.—Crown vinous buff, each feather with a central

streak of black; lores, supercilium and round, the eyes grey, with

fine black striz; chin, throat, foreneck and sides of the head ochreous

yellow, less vivid than the male and spotted with black, much so in

young birds, scantily so in those fully adult; the yellow is produced

round the hind neck asa rather indistinct collar. Whole upper

surface dull, sandy buff, each feather barred with black, those of the

upper back being also sub-edged black, and having a small black

centre spot. Inner secondaries and coverts like the back but with

the ground a clearer buff; primaries and primary coverts coloured

like those of the male; underwing coverts and axillaries white.

Breast dull buff, each feather sub-edged black forming crescentic

bars which gradually become less and less defined, becoming mere

dots on the stomach and thighs and disappearing altogether on the

undertail coverts and tarsi, the feathers round the vent and the

extreme bases of the undertail coverts are dull reddish-brown.

The extent of the yellow on throat and neck varies equally in both

sexes, otherwise Asiatic females vary above very little inter se and

this only as regards the general tone, some birds being darker than

others, caused by the amount of black marking being more numerous,

and again some birds being very lightly marked on the abdomen.

Western female birds are distinguishable as easily as the males hav-

ing a beautiful vinous pink tinge above and below with fewer black

bars and spots.

The females in the Tring Museum shew the differences, if any-

thing more than the males.

The females average slightly smaller than the males. Asiatic spe-

cimens, wing 7:24'' (= 21:8 mm.); tarsus -87'' (— 183-8 mm.)

and bill at point -44"" (= 11 mm.). African specimens have these

parts averaging 7°41'" (= 18-8 mm.), 1:01"" (= 25°6 mm.) and

-49'' (= 12:1 mm,) respectively. Ogilvie-Grant gives the average

of the wings of the females in the British Museum as 6:6" (= 167:3

mm.) only.

The Tring Museum has more African specimens of the Coronetted

Sand Grouse than the British Museum and these have been placed

at my disposal by the Hon. Walter Rothschild for examination.

In 1902 Dr. Ernest Hartert described, in the bulletin of the

British Ornithologist’s Club for February, our Indian bird as a sub-

species of Pt. coronatus and gave it the name of Pt. coronatus atratus,

and this is the name our bird will have to bear.

An examination of all the material available to me seems to ho

that this species is divisible into three races or sub-species. I have

examined in Tring and the British Museum 39 Asiatic birds and

15 African birds, besides a further considerable series in India of

both sexes, for the difference in the three races is as marked in the

females as in the males.

430 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

The Asiatic birds, with the exception of three from Palestine, are

birds with the dominant tone on the upper plumage buff and with

the dark markings very profuse and therefore the general aspect of

the bird decidedly dark.

The African birds, with the exception of one from the Nile, have

the back a most beautiful vinous isabelline tint, the markings very

sparse and the general aspect altogether paler than the Asiatic form.

A single specimen from the Nile and three specimens from

Palestine are intermediate between these two races having the

upper parts vinous as in Pf. c. coronatus but of a deeper tint and

also rather more marked with black. The bird from the Nile per-

haps more nearly approximates the African specimens whilst the

three from Palestine are nearer the other Asiatic sub-species.

The African birds, as I have already said, are also decidedly larger

than the Asiatic, the birds from Palestine and the Nile being

intermediate in size as well as colouration. Thus all the African

birds examined have a wing averaging ¢ 7°92 9 7:48. The

Nile and Palestine birds g¢ 7°56 ¢ 7:31 and the Asiatic includ-

ing the Indian birds measured which not in the British Museum

Collection g 7:28 9 7:05.

Ogilvie-Grant has noted in reference to the differences above

referred to “‘ in some African specimens, the whole of the upper

parts are washed with vinacious, and the black marks and bars on

the upper parts and chest are very much reduced, nearly absent on

the scapulars, while the throat, breast and belly are immaculate.”

Distribution.—Coronetted Sand-Grouse are found throughout

North Eastern Africa from Algeria and Tunis in the North-West,

through the Sahara and parts of the Soudan, Egypt, Nubia the

Hastern Soudan and parts of Abyssinia, Arabia, Palestine, Persia,

Afghanistan, Baluchistan and so into India.

Within Indian limits our sub-species atratus it is found in the

extreme North West from Fort Jamrud at the mouth of the Khyber

Pass in the North-West Provinces all along the country between

the Indus and Afghanistan and Baluchistan in that Province and in

Sind. Outside this comparatively narrow slip it has hardly ever been

obtained although there are three specimens in the British Museum

Collection obtained by Colonel Swinhoe in the Mhow district, which

is in Dhar, to the south of West Central India.

As far as can be ascertained from the scanty records now in

existence, we find that the Coronetted Sand-Grouse enters Indian

limits during the latter part of October and remains until about

the end of March; as, however, it undoubtedly breeds in both

Baluchistan and Afghanistan it may be found to occur in India in

auitable places in almost any month of the year, even if it is never

sctually proved to breed in this country.

There is very little on record about this beautiful little Sand-

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 481

Grouse as to its habits, etc., when in India, Lieut.-Colonel J. M.

Anderson informed Mr. EH. Oates that he ‘shot several Pterocles

coronatus in October in the Western desert near the hills of Karachi:

they were in flocks of from six to twenty and were very tame:

very different to P. arenarius, which was found one of the most

difficult birds to approach.”’

St. John in the Ibis for 1889 speaking of this grouse writes:—

“This is the only small Sand-Grouse of Southern Afganistan, and is

very generally diffused, though nowhere numerous. It is commonly

seen in small parties of a dozen or so, and is more active on the

ground than other Sand-Grouse, running about and picking up seeds

like a Partridge, whereas P. alchata and P. arenarius are leisurely

and stayid in their gait.”

“Tt breeds in the Helmund Desert, for I found it common be-

tween Kandahar and the river in July.”

Mr. R. H. C. Tufnell has a rather curious note on this bird’s

flight; he says ‘Sir William Merewether tells me that the flight and

ery of P. coronatus is quite different from those of all the other

species. They have a curious fluttering flight, and appear often to

hover in the air, especially before settling, and their cry is a twitter-

ing one.” This, however, does not agree well with Whitaker’s

account of the same bird’s flight. This is contained in the best and

fullest account of the habits of the Coronetted Sand-Grouse I have

come across, and I, therefore, though it is written of the African sub-

species, quote it 7n eatenso.

First in his “ Birds of Tunisia,” p. 248, he says of P. coronatus

that it is ‘‘ not at all uncommon in Southern Tunisia, and it also

occurs in the Algerian Sahara and in Tripoli.”

‘It’s range in the Tunisia appears to be confined to districts south

of the Atlas, where, however, it is in some parts abundant.”

“Then, in the Ibis for 1894, Whitaker writes in the article to

which I refer, ‘‘ During my journey I met with it at only one place,

viz., at Oglet Alima... where it was plentiful, coming in flocks of

from ten to fifty birds to drink at the water holes made by the Arabs

in the dry river-beds. I saw it first on March 12th, when the flight

commenced about 7 a.m., and lasted till nearly 10 o’clock, after which

hour the birds disappeared. During the remainder of the day I only

met with an occasional straggler in the plains near Oglet-Alima, and

think the bulk of the birds must have gone further south towards the

desert, nor did they return to drink herein the evening. The following

morning, however, they were at the water-holes again in full force.

They are very strong on the wing and fly at a considerable height,

uttering a loud clucking note all the time, something like that of

the Common Fowl. So loud is the note and so high do the birds

fly, that they can often be distinctly heard when scarcely visibly to

the naked eye. Though very shy and difficult to approach they do

432 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

not leave the neighbourhood when disturbed but return to the water

holes or their immediate vicinity till the hour arrives for their

departure. As in P. arenarius, their feathers lie very closely together

necessitating heavy shot to bring them down. The flesh of this Sand-

Grouse is excellent eating and not at all tasteless, the breast having

dark and light meat the same as the Black Game.”

Later on in the same chapter he adds: “On the ground its walk

resembles that of a Pigeon. Its note is very different from that of

the two above species (P. arenarius and P. alchata) and may be very

fairly well rendered by the syllable “Ka” or “Kla” repeated

several times.”

‘‘In the stomachs of those which I have examined I never found

anything but seeds and vegetable matter.”

‘“T have never been fortunate enough to discover its eggs, but

apparently this species is a late biecden and does not lay until the

middle of May.”

‘“‘Loche states that he has taken the eggs of this species and that

they are of a pale greyish colour, covered with indistinct violet grey

and dull rufous markings and measure about 44 x 32 mm., but

these measurements seem more applicable to eggs of the larger

species of the Sand-Grouse.”

Nidification.— Lieut. E. Barnes found the Coronetted Sand-Grouse

breeding in Chaman in Afghanistan. In this place he flushed a

pair of the sand-grouse both of which he shot, and at the spot from

which he flushed them he found three eggs, unfortunately too hard

set to preserve, so we have no description of them beyond the fact

that they measured 1-5" by 1-06" (88:1 x 27: mm.)

There is another egg taken by the same Collector which is now in

the British Museum. In colour the specimen is a very pale yellow-

ish stone colour, rather than cream as described by Oates; the

superior markings consist of small blotches, spots and specks of pale

vandyke-brown, whilst the secondary or underlying spots are of pale

lavender grey. Both are fairly equally distributed over the whole

surface of the egg, perhaps rather more numerous in the central

portion where they also seem to average darker in tint. The shape

is, of course, the usual elliptical one of all Sand-Grouse, and the

texture is smooth and fine with a strong gloss.

It measures 1°62" x 1:07" (41 x 27-3 mm.) and was taken at

Chaman on the 27th May 1908. Elsewhere Barnes records the

fact that these Sand-Grouse breed during May and June in Chaman,

South of Afghanistan.

Tristram found it breeding in the South Sahara. He says: “I

found it only in sniall companies of four or five, but this may have

been owing to the extreme scarcity of plants in the district where

it roams. The egg is of anashy white, with a few almost obliterated

pale-brown markings. ”

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON, 433

The only other egg I know of this Sand-Grouse is an oviduct egg,

in my collection which I owe to the generosity of Mr. Chas. M. Inglis.

This egg is a pale grey, or pinkish grey stone-colour and the mark-

ings consist of small blotches of pale sepia disposed in a thin ring at

one extremity and scattered here and there over the rest of the egg.

The secondary markings are of very pale lavender and consist of

blotches, a good deal larger than the primary markings though still

fewer in number and confined entirely to the ring-marked half of

the egg.

The surface of this egg is very smooth and decidedly glossy;

the shape is the usual ellipse and it measures 1-63!’ x 1-09"

(41:4 x 27°6 mm.)

(To be continued.)

454

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

By KATHLEEN V. RYLEY.

Vv.

In working out these results, Mr. O. Thomas, F.R.S., has very

kindly given me the advantage of his help and advice.

A.—Two New SPECIES oF Sprny-MIckE or THE GENUS LEGGADA

FROM CoorG.

The Leggads collected in Coorg must be divided into two species ;

those taken in Wotekolli, at an elevation of 2,000 feet, differing from

those obtained at Makut, at an altitude of only 250 feet. Ifthe large

series from Dharwar described as L. platythria by Mr. Wroughton,

is true plutythriw (and if not absolutely the true platythrix, they are

at least nearer to it than anything else we have), then neither of the

series from Coorg can be classified as LD. platythrix, but must be

described as new species.

LEGGADA GRAHAMI, sp. n.

The Coorg hill Spiny-Mouse.

A Leggada resembling L. platythri« in size, but differing from

that species in having a greyer undersurface and slightly different

skull characters and coarser spines. General colour dark-brown,

decidedly darker than platythrix (the Dharwar specimens are taken

for comparison, as the type is in spirit and the locality, being simply

“ Dekhan,” is vague) which has a more buffy appearance; the

spines, which are coarser and more numerous, are grey with brown

tips, intermixed with grey hairs tipped with light-brown. The

belly is white in the centre, but there is no distinct line of demar-

cation, the grey of the flanks gradually shading into white, the

spines being white and the underhair grey, the underside of the

legs is greyish also, and the feet are grey. The tail, which is

thinly covered with short hair, is very dark above and slightly

lighter below.

Mammary formula 3—2 = 10.

Skull like that of platythriz, according to measurements, but the

mesopterygoid fossa opens squarely just behind the third molars,

whereas in platythri it commences further back and then is very

much narrower. ‘The palatal foramina are considerably shorter,

only extending as far back as the first root of m’, in platythria they

reach the second root of m’; m°* is also slightly smaller.

Dimensions of type (measured in the flesh).—Head and body

109mm; tail 72 ; hindfoot 18:5; ear 15.

Skaull.—Condylo-incisive length 26mm.; basilar length 22:3 ;

zygomatic breadth 13°5; nasals 10; diastema 8; upper molar

series 0.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 485

Habitat.—Wotekolli, South Coorg, altitude 2,000 feet.

Type.—Old female. B. M. No. 18.6.21.1; original No. 2202.

Collected by G. C. Shortridge. The adults are very constant in

colour, but the young present a lighter and more speckled appear-

ance, as they have a larger number of buff hairs and also have a

fawn lateral line of demarcation. The very young are dark, ashy

grey, all over, and as they grow the fawn colour commences on the

shoulders and gradually extends down the back.

I have pleasure in naming this species after Mr. J. A. Graham,

who helped the survey most materially by, himself, collecting 100

specimens in North Coorg.

LEGGADA HANNYNGTONI, sp. n.

The Coorg lowland Spiny-Mouse.

A Leggada exactly like the last species in general colour, but

with a pure white undersurface and a larger hind foot.

General colour dark-brown, speckled with some buff.

.Fur composed of grey spines with dark tips, intermixed with

hairs tipped with buff. Undersurface composed of pure white

spines and hairs with a distinct line of demarcation ; feet white,

tail dark-brown above and paler below, thinly covered with hairs.

Mammary formula 3—2 — 10.

Skull like that of graham in all its characters.

Dimensions of type (measured in the flesh).—Head and body

120 (average of five specimens 110); tail 88; hindfoot 22:5 ;

ear 17-5.

Skull.—Condylo-incisive length 29; basilar length 25 ; zygoma-

tic breadth 15; nasals 12 ; diastema 9; upper moral series 5.

(The above measurements were taken on a very old specimen, the

others being either young or having broken skulls, so that the

dimensions given may be rather above the average.)

Habitat.—Makut, South Coorg; altitude 250 feet (below Ghats.)

Type.—Old female. B. M. No. 18.6.21.2; original No. 2297.

Collected by G. C. Shortridge, 12th January 1913, and presented to

the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society.

Mr. Shortridge obtained 5 specimens of this mouse, but unfortu-

nately the skulls were all damaged except two.

I have named this species after Mr. F. Hannyngton, I.C.8., a

member of the Society, whose keenness and assistance helped

Mr. Shortridge in obtaining such good results in Coorg.

B.—RaATUFA.

The fine series of Giant Squirrels received in this collection are

of remarkable interest and add very materially to our knowledge of

the group. As indicated by Mr. Shortridge in his field notes, they

» }

436 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

belong to three different forms, of which two require new subspecific

names.

There is firstly a series of a red-tailed form, like the Dharwar

and N. Kanara f. indica, but so considerably larger as to need

distinction.

Secondly, ten specimens from Kutta and Nagerhole are like the

form described by Blanford as being that of W. Bengal, and, in fact,

absolutely agrees with his type, which was unfortunately a specimen

without locality and may have come from Coorg. Whether this

form really occurs in Bengal still remains to be proved, but there is

no question that the Coorg squirrel must bear the (possibly in-

appropriate) name of bengalensis.

Thirdly, one specimen taken across the Mysore boundary belongs

to the form of which about twenty skins were received with the

Central Provinces collection, and were provisionally referred by

Mr. Wroughton to bengalensis but with the suggestion that it would

probably have to be separated later, as I now find to be the case.

The descriptions of the new forms are as follows :—

RATUFA INDICA SUPERANS, subsp. n.

Like the Ratufa indica of Dharwar but much larger, as indicated

by the skull and foot measurements. Colours absolutely as in that

animal.

Dimensions.--Head and body 410-440 (340-380); tail 440-505

(370-446) ; hindfoot 87-92 (73-77) ; ear 31-38 (25-33).

Skull measurements.—Greatest length 77-5-82 (68-74); basilar

length 61°5-64 (53°5-59) ; tooth row 16-17 (14:3-15-5) ; diastema

17-18-2 (14-16) ; nasals 25-28 (22-8-25) ; zygomatic breadth 4.7-3-

50 (425-45).

Figures in brackets refer to Dharwar and N. Kanara specimens

of Ratufa indica.

Habitat.—W otekolli, South Coorg; altitude 2,000 feet.

Type.—Old female. B. M. No. 13.6.21.3; original No. 2219.

Collected by G. C. Shortridge on December 28th, 1912, and present-

ed to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History

Society. )

A series of 14 of the above specimens were obtained at Wotekolli

and Makut.

RATUFA INDICA CENTRALIS, subsp. n.

Like Ratufa indica bengalensis, but with black shoulders. In size

it is rather smaller than bengalensis, and in many cases the black

extends on the hind quarters; the yellow tip to the tail is very

short. The skull characters are similar.

Dimensions.— Head and body 309-343 (365-420); tail 382-433 —

(400-455); hindfoot 72-79 (80-88) ; ear 25-30 (30-34).

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 487

Skull measwrements.—Greatest length 69:5-74 (74-81); basilar

length 50-58 (59-64°5); tooth row 14-15 (15-16°5); diastema

14-16 (15°5-18); nasals 21°5-24 (245-26); zygomatic breadth

42-46 (46-49°5).

Figures in brackets refer to specimens of bengalensis.

Habitat.—Hoshangabad, Central Provinces. Type from Bori,

1,600 feet.

Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 12.11.29.85 ; original No. 902.

Collected 13th February 1912 by C. A. Crump, and presented to

the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society.

C.—FUNAMBULUS WROUGHTONI, sp.n.

The Coorg Jungle Squirrel.

The Funambulus from Coorg differs considerably from all the

forms of F. tristriatus previously obtained, but is clearly an ally of

that species. Hxamples from N. Kanara and Dharwar are decided-

ly smaller, and have a different general colour and are nearer to

the type of F. tristriatus (Waterhouse) which has only Southern

India as a locality ; very probably it came from Travancore as it

agrees best with a small series from that district.

The series of 35 specimens from Coorg is very constant in colour-

ing, only three out of the whole number having any black on the |

back, whereas the type, four of the five from Travancore, and about

half of the specimens from N. Kanara have a black saddle. The

tails-also differ, the Kanara and Travancore examples having a

more nondescript speckled appearance, while the Coorg ones have

longer hair and are more bushy throughout and the general impres-

sion given is black with very white tips; when opened out, the

base of the tail hairs is bright tawny yellow, followed by a narrow

black, and another narrow yellow band, then a wide black band

with a white tip of from 3 to 4 mm.

General colour greyish brown finely speckled with pale yellow

and black ; three pale yellow longitudinal stripes on the back, the

middle one being much narrower and shorter than the lateral ones.

On the whole the stripes do not extend so far on to the shoulders

and rump as in the Kanara and Travancore specimens. Saddle

rich chestnut, this being one of the most striking characteristics

of the species. Face rufescent, but not so deep as the dorsal fur.

Shoulders, legs and feet of the same general grey-brown speckled

colour as the flanks. Base of fur dark slate grey. Undersurface

dirty white, rarely clear white, the base of the hairs is usually grey-

ish and the ends white or yellow ; the type happens to be particularly

white on the underside and is also rather a lighter colour on the

flanks, the majority being ashade browner. Tail tawny yellow

underneath.

438 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,

Dimensions of type-— (Figures in brackets represent a typical

specimen of F. tristriatus from Kanara.) Head and body 195 (170)

mm.; tail 172 (147); hindfoot 46 (40) mm.; ear 18 (17).

Skull.—Greatest length 48 (42) mm. ; condylo-incisive length 4.4°2

(37-9); Basilar-length 38-8 (83:3) ; length of upper molar series 9-5

(8:2); BES 11-6 (10-2) ; zygomatic breadth 26°7 (23-7); nasals

15°5 (18).

In the ieee series there are five specimens with a head and body

length of over 200 mm. and fifteen over 190 mm.; unfortunately

most of the largest skulls are too damaged to take many measure-

ments on them, but at least nine have a condylo-incisive length of

44 mm.; this measurement on the Travancore specimens is about

39°5 mm. The type skull of F’. tristriatus is broken, but such

measurements as can be taken on it, agree pretty closely with those

of Travancore specimens.

Hatitat.—Coorg (Srimangala). Alt. 2,782 feet.

Type.—Old female B.M. Number 13. 8. 22. 48. Original number

2467, collected by G.C. Shortridge, 6th February 1913, and pre-

sented to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History

Society.

The fine series of 35 specimens was obtained in various ae of

Coorg, Mr. Shortridge collected some in 8. Coorg and Mr. Graham

sent others from the Haleri Estate in the north.

This Squirrel can be distinguished by its large size, the con-

spicuous chestnut colour of the dorsal fur andthe black and white

appearance of its tail.

I have much pleasure in naming it after Mr. R. C. Wroughton

who has taken a great interest in these Indian Squirrels and has

done much towards working out their systematic arrangement.

D.—WUoRIs LYDEKKERIANUS, Cabr.

Another interesting result is that Loris lydekkerianus has been

made a separate species from Loris tardigradus; this fact has been

discovered by means of the fine series of Loris obtained in Mysore

and Coorg.

Hj.—NovTEs ON THE LAaNGURS (Preszyris) OF CENTRAL AND

SOUTHERN INDIA.

Mr. Dollman has very kindly made a thorough examination of

all the Langurs received since the survey commenced. The follow-

ing are his notes on the subject :—

‘“‘T have recently examined the large series of Langurs collected

by Messrs. Shortridge and Crump during their work in connection

with the Bombay Natural History Society’s Survey of the Mammals

of India; the following notes may help to add to our knowledge of

the general characters and distribution of these Langurs.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 4389

Presbytis entellus, Dufresne.

Simia entellus, Dufresne, Bull. Soc. Phil. 1797, p. 49.

Semnopithecus entellus, Blyth, J.A.S.B., Vol. xii, 1843, pp. 169,

172; Vol. xiii, 1844, pp. 470, 476.

The description given by Dufresne is very brief, but there is no

doubt that it refers to the monkey we know as Presbytis entellus.

“Queue trés-longue, corps d’un blanc terne ou couleur de paille

salie, les mains et les pieds noirs, de larges callosités sur les fesses.

L’Entelle habite au Bengale; il a beaucoup de rapport, par sa

forme et sa taille, avec le Douc (simia nemeus). Debout, il est haut de

3 pieds et demi, et mesuré du bout du museau 4 |’origine de laqueue,

il a deux pieds six pouces. La queue excede la longueur du corps;

elle a un peu plus de trois pieds; elle est terminée par un petit

floccon de poils plus longs que les autres, et d’une teinte tirant davan-

tage sur le blanc. Ce singe doit entrer dans la division générique

établie par les CC. Cuvier et Geoffroy, sous le nom de guenon.”’

There are no skins from Bengal available for examination, but in

the Museum Collection are two Langur skulls from Bengal, and

these undoubtedly represent true entellus; the skulls of the speci-

mens collected by Mr. Crump in the Central Provinces are quite

similar to these Bengal skulls; and, therefore, we may consider the

Central Provinces Langur to also represent entellus.

The following description is founded on an old male individual

collected by Mr. Crump at Ouda, Balaghat, Central Provinces.

Size considerably less than in the large Himalayan Langur,

P. schistaceus ; Blanford’s statement that schistaceus is distinguished

from entellus “‘by being somewhat larger, though there is probably

no great difference between large individuals of both species,”’ is now

shown to he incorrect, old individuals of schistaceus are very much

larger and more massive than specimens of entellus of similar age.

The tail is usually very long, in this Ouda specimen it is given as

1078 mm. in length, nearly 450 mm. longer than the head and body

dimension. ‘The ears are large and prominent, not hidden by the

long hair on the head and neck; in schistaceus the ears are almost

entirely concealed. Supraorbital line of black hairs well developed,

projecting from forehead without mixing with the white hairs on

the crown ; in schistaceus these black supraorbital hairs are almost

hidden by the long white hairs of the crown. Hairs of body long,

especially so on the shoulders and flanks, in some skins the hair on

the shoulders and neck is so long that it forms a kind of mane.

Crown of head and nape pale creamy white washed with a pale ashy

grey tint, the colour gradually becoming darker posteriorly and

passing without any sharp demarcation into the darker colouration

of the shoulders and back. General colour of back between “light

drab ” and ‘mouse gray” (Ridgway, 1912), darkening on the

hind quarters (between “ quaker drab” and “benzo brown’’)

440 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,

and becoming ‘“‘drab gray ’’ towards the flanks; shoulders in some

individuals covered with long creamy white or silvery hairs. Long

hairs on flanks pale creamy white or yellowish, in some cases pro-

ducing quite a silvery effect, owing chiefly to the glossy nature of

the hairs. Whiskers, sides of face and neck pale creamy white.

Arms pale greyish liver colour, mixed with white, darkening gradu-

ally towards the hands, which are black or very dark brown. The

amount of white on the arms is evidently a very variable character ;

in one of the skins the entire limbs are creamy white with a brown-

ish wash on the hands. ‘The hind limbs are very similar in colour,

the tibial portion is usually clothed with rather long white hairs

which extend, in some cases, as far as the metatarsal region; in a

pale specimen from Nimar, C. P., the feet are almost entirely cover-

ed with long dirty white hairs, the toes alone being slightly tint-

ed with brown. Entire undersurface of body creamy white or

yellowish ; hair on anterior portion of belly and inner sides of limbs

thick and long, remainder of ventral surface sparsely covered with

rather short hairs. Beard, in old males, fairly well developed, but

never to such a marked extent as it is in P. schistaceus. Tail similar

in colour to hind quarters, gradually paling towards the terminal

portion ; in some specimens the tail terminates in a creamy white

tip, the hairs rather longer towards the tip but not forming a con-

spicuous bushy termination. The general appearance of the entellus

tail is much slighter than that of schistaceus, where the hairs are all

very much longer and of nearly equal length throughout the entire

tail, giving it a thick cylindrical appearance.

As regards the cranial characters we meet with considerable

variation in individuals of the same sex and age. As in schistaceus

the males possess far heavier and larger skulls than the females,

and any comparison between specimens of different sexes is useless

for systematic purposes. Before dealing with individual variation

it will be of interest to consider the general cranial characters of the

true entellus; the following description is taken from the Bengal

skulls already mentioned compared with a skull of schistaceus.

Skull fairly large and stoutly built, but not approaching in size

that of schistaceus. Anderson* comparing the two skulls writes :—

“The skull of S. schistaceus is somewhat larger than that of

S. entellus ;’ it is obvious that this statement is founded on im-

mature material. This new series of skulls shows that the skull

of entellus is very much smaller than that of schistaceus, the greatest

length of an old male entellus skull is only 150 mm., whereas the

same dimension in an old male schistaceus is fully 150 mm. The

most striking difference between the two skulls, apart from size, is

in the shape of the facial region, schistaceus possessing a very elong-

*Ann. Zool. Res. p. 17.

——

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 441

ated muzzle, more so than in any other member of the genus,

while in entellus the facial region is not markedly prolonged, the

nasals lying in a more vertical position. The orbits are large in

diameter, almost equal to those of the Himalayan species, the inter-

orbital breadth being considerably less. The brain case is relatively

large and not so constricted in the temporal region as schistaceus.

The zygomatic arches are widely spread and stoutly built. The

palate is broad and rather deeply sunk, almost as much as in the

larger species; the palates of these two monkeys are, however,

strikingly distinct: in entellus it is flat without any conspicuous

depressions, while in schistaceus the anterior and posterior palatal

depressions are most marked, so much so that the palate is raised

into a well-defined ridge down the mid-line. The teeth of entellus,

though of good size, are considerably smaller than those of schistu-

ceus; in old males the canines appear almost as long, but not so

massive, aS in the mountain species.

Concerning the question of individual variation, the specimens

collected in Bengal, the Central Provinces and Kathiawar exhibit

some astonishing differences in size, both as regards teeth and general

cranial dimensions. The cheek teeth in the males show a maximum

length of 37-2 mm. (Bengal), and a minimum of 32:5 mm. (Hosh-

angabad). At first sight this difference would appear of specific

value, but when the other skulls are taken into consideration it is

evident that such variation must be looked upon as individual.

Thus from Kathiawar, the Hanuman’s Western limit, Mr. Crump

collected an old male which possesses teeth intermediate in size

between those of the Bengal and Hoshangabad specimens, measuring

385 mm. in length from the front of the first premolar to the

back of the last molar. In anold male from Ouda, Balaghat, Central

Provinces, the teeth are exactly similar in size. Accompanying

this dental difference we find a corresponding variation in the length

of the palate :—48°4 mm. (Hazarebag) and 42-5 mm. (Berar). The

other cranial dimensions would appear to be very much more

constant, the basilar length, zygomatic breadth, and orbital breadth

only varying a few millimetres throughout the series.

In the case of the female individuals we are met with a much more

general variation, not only are the cheek teeth and palate subject

to great differences in size but the entire skull in one of the Berar

specimens shows similar variations. The following is a comparison

of the cranial measurements (in millimetres) of this Berar Langur

with females of similar age from Khandesh and Hoshangabad :—

Berar. Khandesh. Hoshangabad.

Basilar length “a2 64 775 72°6

Zygomatic breadth .. 79°3 93 87°5

Orbital breadth re 62°3 70°7 65°5

Palatilar length BE 33°2 40°5 37°5

Cheek teeth .. ws 29 32°5 36

442 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

The general skin dimensions exhibit a less striking variation, the

most, conspicuous difference is found in the length of the tail; the

following are some of the tail measurements (in millimetres) of

adult individuals :— g, 1078, 1065, 1055, 940; 9. 900, 935.

In general colouration the skins show a very considerable range of

variation, from the pale liver coloured form as described above to

the light creamy white colouration of the Nimar example. The

geographical distribution has, in this case, little to do with. the

colour variation as the old male from Balaghat is exactly similar in

colour to specimens collected in Kathiawar.

It is not possible yet to define the general distribution of entellus,

but we now know that it extends across India from Bengal to Kathia-

war; as regards its northern limit it is very doubtful if the

Hanuman extends further than the Jumna and Ganges, such

Langurs as occur to the north of these rivers probably belong to

the schistaceus group. The localities represented in the British

Museum Collection and the series collected by Mr. Crump are as -

follows :—‘“ Bengal,” Hazarebag, Balaghat, Seoni, Hoshangabad,

Berar, Khandesh, Gujerat.and Kathiawar.

The Langurs collected by Mr. G. C. Shortridge in Southern

Bombay, Bellary and Coorg all appear rather different in colour and

possess for the most part smaller skulls than the Northern speci-

mens collected by Mr. Crump. It seems advisable to consider this

series as representing a Southern race of entellus and for this pur-

pose it will be necessary to revive the name ‘“ anchises”’ bestowed

by Blyth in 1844 on the Deccan Langur. This Southern race must

be known as

Presbytis entellus anchises, Blyth.

Semnopithecus anchises, Blyth, J.A.8.B., Vol. xiii, 1844, pp. 470,

476.

The distinguishing characters given by Blyth are now shown to

be of little value, especially those relating to the length of the hair

on the body and feet. There isso much individual variation, both

in size and colour amongst the series collected by Mr. Shortridge

that it is a matter of great difficulty to decide what characters are

really of importance, and in the following brief diagnosis the con-

clusions are for the most part derived from the series as a whole

rather than from any individual specimen.

In general size this Southern race averages rather smaller than

the Bengal Langur; this feature is more conspicuous in the cranial

than in the skin dimensions.

Blyth in his description of anchises observes that ‘‘ the coat gene-

rally is much longer than in S. entellus, the hairs on the sides

measuring four, five, and even six inches in length, and those which

grow upon the toes, and in a less degree those of the fingers, which

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 443

are very copious, are also remarkably elongated, extending consider-

ably beyond the tips of the toes, which thus present a Spaniel-like

appearance.” ‘The skins now before me do not differ to any marked

extent from the entellus series as regards the length of the coat,

many of the true entellus skins would seem to have longer hair on

the body, especially on the crown of the head, shoulders, and flanks,

than the Southern series, the hair on the feet of the two forms is

almost of equal length.

In general colour anchises appears as rather a darker monkey,

without the silvery shine so evident on the coat of the Bengal

spesies. The light coloured crown is rather more yellowish and

more sharply cut off from the general dark colour of the neck and

body, in this respect resembling, to a small degree, the large Hima-

layan schistaceus. The general colour of the back and hind

quarters is rather darker, and the flanks are more strongly tinted

with yellow. The limbs are, in the majority of cases, darker,

especially the arms, which in the Kanara specimens are nearly

black like those of the Malabar Langur, P. hypoleucus. The hands

and feet are black or dirty brown. ‘The ventral surface of the body

is much as in entellus, on the average rather richer in colour. The

tails all show a greater tendency to become bushy in the terminal

portion, more so than in any of the Northern specimens; the

terminal third is, as a rule, pure creamy white in colour.

The skulls are on the average considerably smaller than those of

true entellus. The following is a comparison of the cranial dimen-

sions (in millimetres) of old male specimens of these two forms :—

P. entellus. P. e. anchises.

Basilar length .. os 88, 85°3, 90°5, 84 69°8, 78, 71:6, 69:4

Zygomatic breadth .. 102, 103, 101:°5, 100 | 87°5, 92°4, 82°7, 83°5

Orbital breadth. . Pe Gp Or SO eS OG 65, 74, 66:2, 62°9

Palatilar length .. 48°4, 46:2, 47, 43°3 37, 40, 37, 35°5

Cheek teeth .. Sp BISRY CGE a) sea) | 29°3, 34, 30°3, 29-2

At Bellary Mr. Shortridge collected a very large immature male ;

the teeth in this specimen are as large as in the largest of the true

entellus skulls. There appears to be a very large amount of varia-

tion in the size of these Southern Langurs, and the only conclusion

that I can come to at present is that large and small individuals

exist In every community.

As regards colour variation we find an equally large range, some

of the specimens from the Gersoppa District, N. Kanara, are almost,

as dark as the Malabar Langur, while others from Potoli, N. Kanara

are nearly as light in colour as some of the specimens of true,

entellus from the Central Provinces.

Mr. Shortridge collected this Southern race of entellus at the

following localities :—Alvanar, E. of Dharwar; Hawsbhari, S. W.

of Dharwar; Devikop, 8. of Dharwar; Potoli, N. Kanara; Jog,

Gersoppa, N. Kanara; Bellary and S. E. Coorg.”

444

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CHYLON,

INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED

EK. Buarrer, 8.J.

Part IX.

(With Plates XLIX-—LVI, and teat figure 29.)

( Continued from page S86 of Volume XXIT).

LODOICHA SHYCHELLARUM. (The paragraph on cultivation

vf this palm, which was omitted in the last paper, is now reproduced

along with text figure No. 29.)

CULTIVATION IN INDIA.—Mr. W. S. Millard has supplied the fol-

lowing notes :—~

There appears to be very little recorded on the cultivation of the

Coco-de-mer in India.

From information recently received from Major Gage, I.M.S.,

there is only one plant living at present in the Royal Botanic

Garden, Sibpur, Calcutta, from nuts introduced in 1894.

In Bombay, thanks to M. Dupont, the Director of the Botanic

Garden, Seychelles Islands, a number of nuts were introduced in

1908, but although two or three germinated by placing them in a

damp dark situation, no specimen survived when planted out. In

most cases one leaf was thrown out, but before the second leaf appear-

ed the plant expired, possibly owing to the soil not being suitable.

In 1911 M. Dupont forwarded me some more nuts, and out of

these five germinated, but cockroaches attacked the shoots of two

whilst in the dark, and these subsequently died. The remaining ©

three are alive. One of them was planted last year on the Queen’s

Road, Bombay, in the vacant plot next to the B. B.& C. I. Railway

Offices, and this plant has now thrown out a second leaf. The

soil is very sandy having been reclaimed from the sea, and it is

hoped that this plant will survive.

The second nut was planted in the garden of the Ladies’ Gym-

khana, Malabar Hill, and is growing slowly.

The remaining nut I still have in a tub in my garden where it is

thriving and is now making its second leaf.

Some of the nuts were given to the Victoria Gardens, Bombay,

and I hear that one is growing there.

In consequence of so many failures I wrote to M. Dupont asking

for his opinion and advice as to their cultivation in India, and I

cannot do better than reproduce his remarks on this subject :—

“ T am afraid I cannot tell you much about your failure to grow

successfully our Coco-de-mer. The symptoms you describe are,

however, such as to warrant excess of moisture and subsequent

Puate XLIX.

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Saco Pat (Arenga saccharifera, Labill.) in the Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 445

fungoid attack being the cause of the failure of the plant to pro-

duce more than one leaf. I saw here the same thing happened in a

friend’s yard where he planted a germinating nut onthe very spot

where he had insutficiently removed a huge stump of a jack tree.

The plant died after the first leaf and after subsequently planting

a second nut, the same thing happened. He then dug a very

large hole, removing all dead organic material and putting lime

and good friable soil. He succeeded the third time and the Coco-

de-mer is now producing its third leaf. I know little of Bombay

soil and rainfall, but I noticed that many parts of the town are

water-logged. If you can, avoid clayey soil for Coco-de-mer, but

here we succeed in stiff laterite where particles of quartz reach a

large percentage. Have you got any other soil than the clayey

soil I came across at the Victoria Gardens? Perhaps not, and this

will handicap, with a heavy rainfall, the growth of some of the

palm trees. There is no reason oot you should not prepare an

artificial soil with coarse sand and small stones and allow the tree

tomake its proper growth during the first three or four years, when

it will become Very, hardy. Here it grows in any stiff soil on

mountain slopes.”

In a postscript M. Dupont adds an important suggestion:

* Avoid putting the nuts deep and flat on the ground, but plant

superficially in a slanting or even vertical position to avoid the young

stem getting bruised against the nut in sprouting.”

Mr. G. T. Lane, the Curator of the Sibpur Botanic Garden, in a

letter, dated 26th February 1913, to Dr. Gage, refers to this danger

thus :—‘‘ ] remember also that one or more of these seedlings were

strangled through the radicle turning round and trying to push its

way through between the lobes of the nut, and thus preventing the

plumule from developing. This seems to be the only difficulty

about germinating these nuts; ifthe point of the long radicle be

injured, it dies.”

Farmer wrote to Thiselton-Dyer :—‘“ It may interest you to know

that in 1890, when I was at Peradeniya, there was a young plant

(of Lodoicea) growing in the Gardens which Trimen told me had

been planted about five years previously. The ‘nut’ was still in

the ground and connected by the sucker with the plant. The latter

bore, [ think, about five leaves; the later formed ones were very

large, somewhat resembling those of Corypha wmbraculifera.’”*

Wald mentions a specimen growing in the Botanic Gardens of

Buitenzorg, which in its thirtieth year had not yet begun to form a

stem.”

H. W. Cave has an interesting note in his “‘ Book of Ceylon” :—

“T first secured a photograph,” he says, “of this specimen (a

1 Thiselton-Dyer, |. c. p. 230. ? Wald, 1. c. p. 62.

446 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

9,—FRUITS OF DOUBLE COCOANUT (Lodotcea Seychellarwm.)

Text F

Lodoicea in the Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya) in 1892, when it

was already forty years old and had not begun to form its stem. In

1907 I took the photograph reproduced in plate 377, which will

give an exact idea of the fifteen years’ growth. The slower growth

would appear to characterise its extreme youth, as, after taking forty

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 447

years to begin exhibiting a stem it has grown since that time ati

the rate of about seven inches a year. Unfortunately this specimen

is a male, and therefore bears no fruit; but several young plants of

the same species are placed so as to form an avenue which may

interest future generations. It should certainly be a grand spectacle

for posterity in about five hundred years when the trees reach

maturity. It is to be hoped that the public of the year 2400 will

be acquainted with the Peradeniya records of our time and _ feel

grateful to the present Director and Curator as in flying machines

they inspect the noble fruit with which they are provided through

the kindly foresight of their ancestors.”

CULTIVATION IN HKuRopE.—The cultivation of this palm in Hurope

is still attended with difficulties. Seemann wrote in 1856 :—

“ After many unsuccessful attempts to introduce this palm into

our conservatories, one has at last met with complete success, and

the plant is now to be seen in the Royal Gardens at Kew. Ger-

minating nuts were disposed of in 1854 at public sales in London

for £ 10 apiece, but all of them have since died.”

The same disappointing difficulties were experienced in the

Botanic Gardens of Georgetown. Only three plants survived of

three dozen nuts which were imported from the Seychelles in the

vear 1893. ‘The first dozen,” writes Waby, ‘arrived dead ;

eight had germinated en route, and the others failed to germinate ;—

having passed by way of England during the winter was probably

the cause of the failure. Of the second dozen four germinated in

transit, and six did so afterwards, making 10, which arrived in good

condition ; of the third dozen only five germinated. In 1898 eight

were alive, but were reduced to six during the next year. In 1902

five remained, and two subsequently died, leaving only the three

present plants.”

‘‘ Frequent attempts have been made to cultivate the Coco-de-mer

in Kuropean Botanic Gardens, but with little success. For some

years a plant, which, I think, was imported, existed in the Liverpool

Botanic Garden. And a young plant was raised and perhaps still

exists in the Jardin des Plantes. In 1889 I began a prolonged

attempt to add it to the rich collection of palms at Kew. I was

energetically assisted by Mr. C. Button, who sent us repeated con-

signments of mature nuts. Many failed to germinate at all: others

did so, but only imperfectly ; others again sprouted satisfactorily,

but only to end their existence by disaster almost suicidal

“At Kew the nuts were buried in coco-nut fibre in a hot-bed.

Germination once commenced, proceeded rapidly. Unfortunately

in at least one instance it proved abortive. Before the proceeding

could be detected, the growing apex managed to insinuate itself in

1 H. W. Cave. The Book of Ceylon, London, 1908, p. 269.

2 Kew Bull. (1910), p. 256.

448 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

some crevice, with the result that it was irretrievably injured. In

a subsequent attempt the petiole did not grow to so great a length,

and it was possible to guide its course, and finally establish the

young plant in a pot. This grew pretty rapidly, and in 1892 was

exhibited in the Victoria Regia House at Kew, still drawing nutri-

ment from the parent seed, a process which may apparently continue

for some years.”+

This palm thrives best in a compost of rich loam and leaf mould

in equal parts. Thorough drainage, an abundant supply of water,

and very strong heat, are essential elements to success in the culture

of this plant. The seeds being very large, one of the chief difficul-

ties in establishing this palm is its peculiar manner of germination.

If the first long outgrowth be checked or injured in anyway, success

cannot be hoped for. The heavy seed can be kept on or in one pot,

and the growing radicle allowed to push into another, keeping the

whole dark until the development of the young plant, from which

the seed should not be separated until the connection between the

two falls naturally. (Nich. Dict. of Gard.)

History, Uses.—Cf. our paper:—‘“‘ History of the Sea Coco-

nut’ in Vol. XIX, p. 925-937 of this Journal.

ARHNGA, Labill. Mém. Inst. Paris, IV, 209.

(From the vernacular name used in the Moluccas.)

Roxb. Fl. Ind. III, 626 (Saguerus).—Spreng. Gen. Nat. 2222

(Gomutus).—Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. ITT, 191, t. 108, 147, 148.—

Kunth. Enum. Pl. II, 196.—Bl. Rumph. IT, 124, t. 95, 123-125

(Saguerus).—Griff. Palms Brit. Ind. 163, t. 235.—Miq. FI. Ind.

Bat.” Tl, 34.——Bece. “Males! 1 073) Kurz “Hor la ioe an

Benth. Fl. Austr. VII, 143.—Drude Bot. Zeitg. 1877, 658, t. 6.—

Wendl. & Drude Linn. 39, 229 (Saguerus).—Benth. & Hook.

Gen. Pl. III, UJ, 917, 72.—Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 421.

Tall stout palms, flowering first from an upper leaf-axil and suc-

cessively from lower; trunk densely clothed above with fibrous

remains of the leaf-sheaths. Leaves terminal, long, pinnatisect ;

leaflets long, linear, usually preemorse, with a midrib and numerous

longitudinal nerves and one or two auricles at the base.

Spathes many, clothing the peduncle of the spadix. Spadices

. interfoliar, large, much-branched; branches slender, pendulous ;

peduncles short, decurved. Male and female flowers usually solitary

and in separate spadices, rarely 3-nate, a female between 2 males.

Male flowers symmetric ; sepals 3, orbicuiar, imbricate ; petals oblong,

vulvate ; stamens numerous; filaments short ; anthers apiculate ; pis-

tillode O. Female flowers subglobose; sepals accrescent; petals

+ Thiselton-Dyer, W. T., 1. c., p. 226, 227.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 449

triangular, vulvate; staminodes many or O; ovary subglobose,

3-celled ; stigmas conic.

Fruit obovoidly globose, 2-3-seeded; stigmas terminal. Seeds

compressed or plano-convex ; albumen equable ; embryo dorsal.

Species about 10. Tropical Asia, Malaya, Australia.

Leaflets 4-fariously fascicled oF ... A. saccharifera.

Leaflets bifarious ... es a: ... A. obtusifolia

Leaflets alternate ... af ae .. A, wightir

* INDIGENOUS SPECIES.

ARENGA SACCHARIFERA, Uabill. in Mém. Inst. Fr. IV, 209 ; Mart

Hist. Nat. Palm. 191, t. 108 and 161, £. 4; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III, 36;

Kurz For. Fl. II, 5384; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 472; Palme

Brit. Ind. 164, t. 185 A.; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 421; Brandis Ind. Trees,

648.— A. grifithii, Seem. ex H. Wendl. in Kerchov. Palm. 232.—Saquerus

rvumphii, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III, 626.—S. saccharifer, Wurmb. Verh. Bat.

Genootsch, I, 350; Blume Rumphia II, 128, t. 123, 124.—Gomutus saccna-

rifer, Spreng. Syst. II, 622.—Borassus gomutus, one Fl. Cochinch. 11,

759.—Caryota onusta, Blanco, Fl. de Filip. ed. I, 741.

Names of the tree.—Sago Palm, Malay Sago Palm, Sugar

Palm, Gomuti Palm, Areng Palm (English).

Arbre au sagou, Aren 4 sucre, Areng, Gomonto, Gomuti, Lantar,

Lontar, Palmier areng, Palmier condiar, Palmier a sucre, Rondier

(French).

Echte Zuckerpalme, Gomutipalme, Sagwirepalme, Zuckerpalme

(German).

Aren, Arenboom, Areng, Arengboom, Arengpalm, Arenpalm,

Gamoetoeboom, Gomoetipalm, Gomoetoepalm, Sagoeweerpalm,

Sagueer-boom (-palm), Saguweerpalm, Suikerboom (Dutch).

Taung-ong (Burma).

Anan (Malay).

Aren, Duk, Lirang, Kolang kaling, Buwah atap (J ava).

Ditele Edhuk (Madur).

Kawung (Sunda Isl.).

Names of the soft brown scurf at the base of the petioles.—Barum

(Malay).

Names of the Fibre.—Hjoo fibre, Gomuta fibre, Gomuti fibre,

Gomutie, Gomuto fibre, Vegetable bristles, Vegetale horsehair

(English).

Baleine végétale, Coir, Crin végétal, Gomoeti, Gomotuh, Gomuti

(French).

Eju, Ejufasern, Ejuh, Goafasern, Gomutifasern (German).

Doek (in Java).

Gemoeti, Gomoeti(e), Gomoeto(e), Plantaardig plantenhaar,

Plantaardige borstels, Plantenhaar (Dutch),

Names of the Sugar.—Jaggery. Gomuti Palm Sugar (English).

Gaulaitam (French).

Palmzucker, Sagueerzucker (German).

450 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Arensuiker, Bruine suiker, Jagerij, Javaansche suiker, ZAwarte

suiker (Dutch).

Names of the Sago or Sago Flowr.—Farine de Sagou (French).

Ostindische Graupen, O. Tapiocca, Ostindischer Sago, Palmen-

stiirke, Sago (German).

Bloem van sagoe, Oostindischesago, Palmensago, Sagoe, Sago,

Sagoemeel, Sagomeel (Dutch).

Names of Palm Wine or Toddy.—Vin de palme, Sagouér, Vin

de Saguére (French).

Palmenwein, Palmwein, Toddy (German).

Kolwater, Palmwijn, Sagoeweer, Sagoweer, Sagueer (Dutch).

Tuwak, Nera (Malay).

The liquor obtained by the maceration of the Fruit is called.—

Hell Water, Infernal Water (English).

Eau infernale (French).

Helsch Water (Dutch).

DEScCRIPTION.—A beautiful and magnificent palm, trunk 20-40

feet high, very stout. Crown oblong, very dense, of a sombre

aspect, leaves many and large, 20-28 feet long and 10 broad,

outline oblong-ovate, petiole very stout, channelled at the base,

sprinked with blackish scurf; leaflets up to 115 on each side,

3-5 feet long, subsessile, linear, 4-5-fariously fascicled, coriaceous,

variously toothed towards the tip, base 1-2-auricled, dark-green

above, white beneath, costa stout, scurfy beneath.

Spadices several, axillary, 6-10 feet long, branched, branches

attenuate at the apex, and then furnished with a few rudimentary

flowers, slender, pendulous. Male and female flowers together * on

most branches, one sex generally preponderating. Male flowers

very numerous, oblong, club-shaped, of a rich purple black colour

and a disagreeable smell, of considerable size, often 1 inch long;

sepals 3, rounded, broad, imbricate; petals nearly 3 times as long,

oblong, valvate; stamens numerous; filaments short, slender;

anthers nearly as long as the petals, apiculate ; pistillode O. Female

flowers solitary, large, 1 inch in diameter. Sepals 3, very broad;

petals 3, cordate-ovate, coriaceous. Staminodes O; ovary shortly

obturbinate,3-celled, apex 3-lobed, concave in the centre; stigmas.

3, tooth-shaped, triangular, erect ; down the back of the lobes which

are opposite the sepals, runs a slight keel.

Fruit 2-24 inches long, oblong-turbinate, surrounded at the base

by the perianth, apex flat or nearly concave, marked with 3 lines,

running from the backs of the persistent stigmas to the now nearly

+ Brandis (Indian Trees, p. 648) says, that most branches bear male and female

flowers, whilst Hooker (Flora Brit. Ind. VI, 421), speaks of the “male spadix.”

Does Hooker call it “male spadix” because the spadix bears only male flowers or

because the male flowers frezcrcerate ?—Drude (Palme, in Pflauzenfamilien I,

pt. 3, p. 54) when giving the general characteristics of Arenga, says that the

padices are unisexual by abortion This is often the case, but not always.

Pirate L.

JourgN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Gardens of Calcutta.

Wicut’s Saco Paum (Arenga Wightii, Griff.) in the Botanic

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 451

obsolete lobes; outer substance coriaceous, thick, inner gelatinous,

adhering for the most part to the seeds; seeds black, convex on the

outer, bifacial on the inner face, attenuate at the base; albumen

horny, cartilaginous ; embryo dorsal.

Haszirat.—Assam; Martaban and Tenasserim; occasionally on

the Pegu Yoma; commonly cultivated in India. Malay Peninsula

and Archipelago (in Java up to 4,600 feet).

FLowrrs.—The palm flowers about the tenth year. Flowers may

be seen throughout the year. Thes padices of the uppermost axils

flower first, and have often mature fruit when the lowest come into

flower. ;

Fruir.—Ripens during the year following the appearance of

the flowers. After all spadices have matured their seed, the

tree dies.

DissEMINATION.—Of the few animals which are able to eat the

corrosive fruit of this tree, there are two mammals in Java: the

Paradoxurus (Luwak) and Sus verrucosus. The Sago Palm seems

to owe its wide distribution in Java chiefly to these animals.

(Koorders c. I., 238).

Uses.—Arenga saccharifera is one of the handsomest and most

useful palms. The principal production of this tree is :—

(a) The Toddy.—According to Crawfurd it is obtained in the

following way :—One of the spadices is, on the first appearance of

fruit, beaten on three successive days with a small stick, with the

view of determining the sap to the wounded part. The spadix

is then cut off a little way from its root, and the liquor which pours

out is received in pots of earthenware, in bamboos, or other vessels.

The Gomuti Palm is fit to yield toddy when nine or ten years old,

and continues to yield it for two years, at the average rate of three

quarts a day. When newly drawn, the liquor is clear, and in taste

resembles fresh must. In a very short time it becomes turbid,

whitish, and somewhat acid, and quickly runs into the vinous

fermentation, acquiring an intoxicating quality. In this state

great quantities are consumed ; a still larger quantity is immediately

applied to the purpose of yielding :

(6) Sugar.—With this view the liquor is boiled to a syrup, and

thrown out to cool in small vessels, the form of which it takes, and

in this shape it is sold in the markets. This sugar is of a dark

colour and greasy consistence, with a peculiar flavour. It is the

only sugar used by the native population. The wine of this palm

is also used by the Chinese residing in the Indian Islands in the

preparation of the celebrated Batavian arrack. The Journal of

the Indian Archipelago (Nov. 1849) gives some further interest-

ing details with regard to the manufacture of sugar. ‘ Like the

cocoa-nut tree’’, it says, ‘the Gomuti Palm comes into bearing

after the seventh year. It produces two kinds of mayams or

452 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

spadices—male and female. The female spadix yields fruit, but no

juice, and the male vice versa. Some trees will produce five or six

female spadices before they yield a single male one, and such trees

are considered unprofitable by the toddy collectors; but it is said

that in this case they yield sago equal in quality, though not in quan-

tity, to the Cycas circinalis, although it is not always put to such a

requisition by the natives; others will produce only one or two

female spadices, and the rest male, from each of which the quantity

of juice extracted is the same as that obtained from ten cocoa-nut

spadices. A single tree will yield in one day sufficient juice for

the manufacture of five bundles of jaggery, valued at two cents each.

The number of mayams shooting out at any one time may be avera-

ged at two, although three is not an uncommon case. When sickness

or other occupation prevents the owner from manufacturing jaggery,

the juice is put into a jar, where, in a few days, it is converted into

excellent vinegar, equal in strength to that produced by the vinous

fermentation of Hurope. Each mayam will yield toddy for at least

three months, often for five, and fresh mayams make their appear-

ance before the old ones are exhausted ; in this way a tree is kept in

a state of productiveness for a number of years, the first mayam

opening at the top of the stem, the next lower down, and so on,

until at last it yields one at the bottom of the trunk, with which

the tree terminates its existence.”’

T'schirch observes “ that it is not worth while to grow the palm

for sugar, because its production per acre is insufficient. He gives

the yield for Java at about 8,000 lbs. per hectare (say 23 acres).

The estimate quoted by Simmonds is about 6,600 Ibs. to the acre.” *

(¢) Sago.—Like the true Sago Palm, Metroxylon sagu, Rottb., the

Gomuti Palm affords a medullary substance, from which a meal is

prepared. In the western and poorer part of Java it is used in

considerable quantity, and offered for sale in all the markets. It is

smaller in quantity than the pith of the true Sago Palm, more

difficult to extract, and inferior in quality. It has got a certain

peculiar flavour from which the meal of the true sago is free.

According to Jumelle,* about 400 trees can be planted to the acre,

and each tree yields about 154 Ibs. of sago. This gives the enormous

total of 61,600 lbs. to the acre. Roxburgh says that one palm gave

about 150 lbs. of good sago-meal.

(d) The Fruit.—The juice of the fleshy outer covering of the

fruit is highly stimulating and corrosive. If applied to the skin it

causes great pain and inflammation. It is said that the inhabitants

of the Moluccas were in the habit of using in the defence of posts

during the war a liquor obtained by the maceration of this fruit,

which the Dutch appropriately denominated “hell-water.”” From

1. Watt. Commerce. Prod. of India, (1908), p. 92.

2. Jumelle. Les Cultures Coloniales. Pl. (Aliment) 27 ; (1900).

Journ. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pirate LI.

Arenga obtusifolia, Mart., in the Botanic Gardens of Calcutta.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 453

the albumen of the seed, when free from this noxious covering, the

Chinese prepare sweetmeat.

(e) Hibre.—At the base of the petioles completely embracing

the trunk, is found a beautiful black horse-hair-like fibre, known as

the Eju or Gomuta fibre. This fibrous substance is superior in

quality, cheapness and durability to that obtained from the husk of

the coconut, and is well known for its power of resisting wet. It

has been recommended for ropes intended for use under water and

even as covering for submarine telegraph cables.

The coarsest fibre, according to Watt, is only fit for brush-

making. For this purpose the leaves are first washed and then

soaked in an alkaline solution. *

The natives of the Indian Islands use the fibre for every purpose

of cordage, domestic and naval :—‘‘ The coarser parts,’ says Seemann,

“found with this vegetable horse-hair, are used by all the tribes

who write on paper as pens, and they are the arrows used by others

to discharge, poisoned or otherwise, from blow-pipes or arrow tubes.

Underneath this material is found a substance of a soft gossamer-

like texture, which is imported into China. It is applied as oakum

in caulking the seams of ships, and more generally as tinder for

kindling fire; it is for this latter purpose that it is chiefly in request

among the Chinese.”

The fibrous material mentioned above is also used as a thatch, in

the same manner we do straw, and not unfrequently over the bamboo

thatch. In this case the roof isso durable as never to require removal,

the fibres, of all vegetable substances, being the least prone to decay.

For this reason, it is a common practice to wrap a quantity of the

fibres round the ends of timbers or posts which are to be fixed

in the ground. It is, besides, used, among other purposes, for

making ropes, and mixing with mortar. Low mentions that ‘‘ the

hairy filaments are plaited by the natives of Borneo into ornaments

for the arms, legs and neck, which are more pleasing in their deep

black hue and neat appearance than the heads and brass with which

these people are fond of adorning their persons. ”’

(fj) Varia.—When the leaves are very young they are eaten, like

those of the American Cabbage Palm (Oreodoxa oleracea, Mart).

Griffith writes that trees which have died after the ripening of

the whole crop of fruit, are almost hollow, and particularly adapted

for making troughs, spouts or channels for water, and that they last

extremely well underground.

From the leaf-sheath sandals are made.

GARDENING IN’ Kurore.—All the species of the genus Arenga

require a strong heat. Young specimens, it appears, do not last long

when kept fas in the drawing room. Much water, rich mould

and good drainage are absolutely necessary.

]. Morris, Contor. Lect. Journ. Soc. Arts, Oct. 18th (1895), p. 931

454 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

ILLUSTRATION : PLATE XLIX.—The specimen of the Sugar Palm,

figured on this plate, grows in the Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya.

This palm has usually a much denser crown than appears from our

illustration.

The photograph has been kindly supplied by Mr. Macmillan.

ARENGA WIGHTTHI, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 475, Palm Brit.

India, 167, t. 235, E; : Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 422, Brandis, Tad, "Trees 648.

NAMES -—Wight’s Sago Palm; Dhudasal (Kan.); Alam panei

(Tam.).

Description :—Monoecious. Trunk short, 3-30 feet high, as thick

as a man’s thigh, soboliferous, forming dense clumps. Leaves 20-28

feet long ; the lower naked part of the petiole is 6-8 feet long;

leaflets alternate, crowded, linear-ensiform, 3-3} feet long by 14-2

inches, white underneath, with 2 large auricles at the base, the

lower of which (13-2 inches long) obliquely overlying the petiole,

margins sparingly toothed from the middle upwards; apex narrowed,

unequally bi-lobed, erose; the terminal lobe is narrow-cuneate, 2-3-

lobed, base shortly 2-anricled, apex truncate, lobulose, coneate,

jageed- -dentate.

Sapdix decurved, pendulous, about 4 feet long; peduncle before

branching about 2 feet long, quite concealed by the sheathing imbri-

cate, lacerate spathes; male flowers strongly scented; branches of

the spadix about 2 feet long, subfastigiate, slender, with a scaly bract

at the base of each; flowers rather distant, rather large, in pairs,

with a vertical scale interposed ; buds acute; sepals 3, roundish, im-

bricate, with thick bases ; petals 3, oblong, very thick and cariaceous;

stamens numerous ; filaments short: anthers linear, adnate, apiculate,

pistillode O zero Female flowers: branches of spadix alternate towards

the ends, where they bear rudimentary flowers; flowers solitary,

each in a shallow, entire or bi-lobed cup; sepals small, broadly cor-

date; petals triangular, acute or cuspidate, valvate; staminodes

several (Griffith does not find any shortly after fecundation); ovary

roundish, 3-celled ; styles 3, short, recurved.

Fruit spirally arranged and crowded on the lower halves of the

branches of the spadix (the upper halves being naked), about the

size of a crab-apple, globosely turbinate, broader than long, much

depressed at the apex, crowned with the remains of the stigmas.

Seeds 38, convex on one face, unequally angular on the other, sepa-

rating easily except at the base, from the black papery endocarp,

brown, smooth, marked copiously with slightly branched veins,

converging at the apex of the seed. Albumen horny ; embryo dorsal.

Hasirat :—Deccan and Western Peninsula: Dense forests on hills

about Coimbatore, Nilghiri hills, alt. 5,000 feet; Ankola and Divi-

mana Ghats of Northern Kanara; common on the Mushki Ghat at

about 1,500 feet elevation; very common on the Ghats near the

falls of Gairsppa in evergreen forests. Travancore 500-3,000 feet.

Th T A . 1

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Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prater LIT,

Kala Aunsa (Kumaon); Takoru (Nepal); Ooh (Sikkim); Wallichia densiflora, Mart.,

in the Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 4!

FLOwERS—From November to January.

Usss.—The cut flower stalks yield toddy.

IuLustRATION: PLatE L.—A clump of Wight’s Sago Palm grow-

ing in the Botanic Gardens of Calcutta. This tree, if left alone,

never grows an isolated stem, but has a strong tendency towards

forming dense tufts.

The photograph was kindly presented by Major Gage.

* = INTRODUCED SPECIES.

ARENGA OBTUSIFOLIA, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 191, t. 147, 148-

161; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 36; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 421. A. Wester,

houtit Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 474; Palms Brit. Ind. 166, t. 235

B, C, D; Mart. 1. c. 192 ; Mig. 1. c. 37—Saguerus langkab, Blume Rumphia

II. 131, t. 96, 125.—Gomutus obtusifolius, Blume mss.

Names.—Langkap (Penang); Anooee kutaree (Malacca.)

Description :—Trunk tall, very stout. Leaves ample, linear-oblong-

in outline, 20 feet long, 10 feet across in the broadest part, leaflets

sessile, about 5 feet in length, 3 inches broad, alternate or subopposite,

solitary, bifarious, very spreading with deflexed points, alternate

towards the base, the upper ones alone auriculate at the lower side,

coriaceous, bright green above, white underneath, together with the

petiole scurfy towards the base; margins with irregular spinescent

teeth ; apex praemorse, dentate and erose, sometimes bilobed.

Spadix curved-pendulous. Spathes fibrous, coriaceous, often

split. Spikes about level-topped. Male flowers in pairs, without an

interposed rudimentary female, or solitary with a rudimentary female ;

calyx cup-shaped, petals oblong, fuscous-purple. Stamens numerous ;

filaments short, subulate ; anthers with mucronate or aristate ends.

Pollen hispid, with a longitudinal fold. Female flowers solitary,

sessile, sepals broad, petals 5; cordate, concave, obtusely carinate ;

ovary roundish, trigonal, depressed at the apex, and there marked

with 3 lines running from the angles to the stigma, which are 3 in

number, tooth-shaped, and connivent so as to form a cone.

Fruit roundish, about the size of a small apple, with a depressed

d-lobed, trigonal vertex, terminated by the sphacelated stigmas,

surrounded at the base by the perianth, 2-3-celled; outer substance

thick, fibrous-fleshy. Seed separating with the thick gelatinous

cellular endocarp, of black colour; when 3, convex-bifacial ; embryo

oblique, in the centre of the dorsal face of the horny albumen.

Hasirat.—Malay Peninsula at Naning ; Penang. Cultivated in

India.

ILLustRation: Puate L1.—Several specimens of Avrenga obtusi-

folia from the Botanic Gardens of Calcutta. The photograph has

been supplied by Major Gage.

DIDYMOSPERMA, Wendl. & Drude in Benth. & Hook. Gen.,

He ve ih, OU 7.

456 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

(From the Greek “ didymoi,” twins, and “sperma,” seed, alluding

to the frequently 2-seeded fruit.)

Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 190, t. 157 (Wallichia)—Mig. Fl. Ind.

Bat. III, 32. (Wallichia)—Griff. Palms Brit. Ind. 176, t. 238 A, B.

(Harina)—Hook. Fl. Brit. India., VI, 420.

Small, low palms. Leaves terminal, unequally pinnatisect ;

leaflets few, trapezoid, erose, unicostate ; nerves flabellate.

Spathes many, sheathing the peduncle of the spadix. Spadix

interfoliar, stout and simple, or slender and branched. Flowers

rather large. Male flowers symmetric ; calyx cupular, 3-fid, imbri-

cate; petals coriaceous, valvate ; stamens 10-30; anthers linear,

erect; pistillode O. Female flowers subglobose; sepals rounded,

coriaceous; petals thick, triangular, incurved, vulvate; staminodes

O; ovary depressed, 3-gonous, 2-3-celled; stigmas conical; ovules

basilar.

Fruit ovoid or oblong, 1-2-celled and-seeded ; stigmas terminal.

Seeds erect, oblong, plano-convex ; albumen equable ; embryo dorsal.

Species 8.—Indian and Malayan.

CULTIVATION IN EurRopE.—The species of Didymosperma are very

ornamental and graceful stove palms. ‘They grow in a compost of

loam, peat, and leaf soil, in equal parts, with a liberal addition of

sand. When they are fully grown, loam should preponderate to the

extent of about two-thirds, and some rotten cow-manure may he

added. Propagation is effected by seeds. These should be sown in

a compost similar to the one just mentioned, and placed in a moist

gentle heat.

Leaflets 1-3 pairs. ie Ps Mere Ul rR OC I:

Leaflets 6-8 pairs sos Se ... D. gracilis.

DIDYMOSPERMA NANA, H. Wendl. & Drude in Kerchoy. Palm.

243 ; Hook f. in Bot Mag. t. 6836; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 420; Brandis

Ind. Trees 655.— Wallichia nana, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 488 ;

Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 190, t. 316 ; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 34. —Harina

nana, Griff. Palms Brit. Ind. 176, t. 238 AL AB:

DESCRIPTION.—A small erect palm ; stem 3-5 feet high, slender,

throwing out roots from the base, covered with rusty leaf-sheaths.

Leaves pinnatisect, 18 inches to 2 feet long ; petiole short,

roundish, obliquely sheathing at the base, with a thin rete, above

produced into a bipartite liguliform body ; leaflets about 5 ; lateral

ones 7-10 by 38-5 inches, opposite or alternate, obliquely trapezi-

formly lanceolate, acuminate, irregularly lobed, toothed and spinous-

serrate ; the terminal one flabelliform, striately veined, above green,

underneath glaucous white.

Spadices erect, very stout, simple or sparingly branched, rustily

scurfy, dense-flowered. Spathes several, distichously imbricate,

rusty-furfuraceous, conduplicate, entirely concealing the peduncle.

Male flowers : calyx of 3 rounded submembranous sepals, imbricate,

; er

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Saingpa (Burma)

Chilputta, Belputta (Chittagong)

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 457

petals 3, coriaceous, valvate, with almost introflexed points,

furrowed inside from the pressure of the stamens. Stamens about

14, inserted on a small prominent torus, rather shorter than the

petals ; filaments very short ; anthers linear, erect ; no pistillode.

Female flowers white, crowded, calyx tripartite nearly to the base ;

segments rounded, coriaceous, greenish, spreading. Corolla of 3

broad, ovate, coriaceous petals ; no staminodes. Ooary trigonous,

2-celled, of a thick coriaceous substance ; no style ; stigma conical ;

ovules solitary, erect, basilar.

Fruit white, oblong, $ inch long, base surrounded by the perianth,

one-seeded, 2-celled, one cell being almost obliterated. Seed erect,

oblong, plano-convex ; albumen solid, radiating from a central line ;

embryo dorsal.

Hasirat.—Assam and the Khasia Hills, ascending to 4,000 feet.

FLowers.—In July and August.

DIDYMOSPERMA GRACILIS, Hook. Fl. Brit, Ind. VI. 420; Bran-

dis, Ind. Trees 655.

DescrIPTION.—Stem very slender, 2 feet high, about as thick as a

duck’s quill, leafy upwards. Leaves 8-18 inches long ; petiole and

rhachis very slender ; leaflets 6-8, 1-33 inches long and broad, white

beneath ; lateral leaflets broadly cuneate below the middle, above it

triangular or 3-lobed or truncate and acutely toothed.

Spadix slender, erect, 3-branched. Fruiting spadix 8 inches

long, sheathed below the middle with narrow long terete glabrous

striate spathes, lateral branches 3 inches, terminal 4: inches lone.

Fruit elongate, ? by #4 inch in diameter, ovoid, obtuse, base

rounded. Seed elliptic-oblong, 2 inch lone, concave-conyex,

equally narrowed at both obtuse ends ; raphe very obscure ; albumen

equable.

Hasirat.—Assam, Daphla Hills.

This palm was discovered by Booth, Nuttall’s Collector in

Assam.

WALLICHTIA, Roxb. Corom. Pl. IIT, t. 295.

(After Nathanael Wallich, Superintendent of the Bot. Gardens,

Calcutta, 1786—1854).

Ment. Eist: Nat. Palm. ii, 169. (excl. sp..3), 315, t. 36

(Harina)—Kunth. Enum. Pl. III, 198, (Harina).—Griff. Palms

Bripwlindat(Aaudwa, 2or, A. ib. OC. Kurz Kor, Pl ibook

(excl. sp. 3).—T. Anders. Journ. Linn. Soc. XI.—Bot. Mag. t.

4584.—Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. IIT, II, 916, 70.—Hook. FI.

Brit. Ind. VI, 418.

Stemless or caulescent, rarely simple-stemmed, often enipnlerene

palms. Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets linear or oblong, irregularly

toothed, base cuneate, unicostate, nerves flabellate.

458 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Spathes many, tubular, clothing the peduncle, of the spadix,

upper large cymbiform. Spadices interfoliar, monoecious or

polygamous ; males ovoid, excessively branched and dense-flowered ;

female looser-flowered. Male flowers symmetric, calyx cylindric or

cupular, membranous, truncate ; corolla cylindric, deeply 3-lobed,

lobes oblong, valvate; stamens 6 on the corolla-tube ; filaments

short, anthers large ; pistillode 0. Female flowers much smaller, sub-

globose, sepals orbicular, coriaceous, imbricate, petals triangular,

valvate, staminodes few or 0, ovary 2-3-celled, stipitate ; stigmas

conic, ovules sub-basilar. .

Fruit ovoid-oblong, 1-3-celled and -seeded. Seeds erect, plano-

convex, albumen equable ; embryo dorsal, conical.

Species about 3.

DISTRIBUTION. —Indian and Malayan.

CULTIVATION IN HuRopE.—Dwarf tufted stove palms, which must

be grown in strong, rich soil. They are propagated by seeds or by

suckers. These must be gradually separated in order that they may

make sufficient roots before they are quite detached.

1. Male spikes almost filiform ag: ... W. caryotoides.

2. Male spikes thick and rigid—

(a) Leaves placed in a 3 spiral ... W. densiflora.

(b) Leaves strictly distichous ... W. disticha.

WALLICHIA DENSIFLORA, Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. II, 190; Kurz

For. Fl. I], 532, Brandis. For. Fl. 549.— Wallichia oblongifolia, Griff. in Cale.

Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 486.—Harina oblongifolia, Griff. Palms. of Brit. Ind.

175, t. 237, A. B. C.— Wallichia caryotoides, Wall. Cat. 8596 B.

Names.—Kala Aunsa, Gor Aunsa. (Kumaon); Takoru (Nep.) ;

Ooh (of the Lepchas in Sikkim) ; Zanoung (Burma).

DescripTion.—An elegant palm, forming thick tufts, stems very

short or 0; trunk sheathed, scurfy, sheaths villous, resolving into

strong fibres. Leaves 8-10 feet long; leaflets 1-2 feet, very many,

alternate or often sub-opposite, or the lower 2-4-nate, oblong or

linear-oblong, sinuately lobed, acutely toothed, with a brown midrib

and many parallel nerves, bright green above, white beneath; the

terminal pinnules are broadly cuneate, 3-lobed, the central lobe

being itself 2-lobed and eroso-dentate ; sheaths scurfy.

Male spadices axillary, curved, often pendulous; the ends of the

lowermost touching the ground, about 14 foot long. Spathes

densed imbricated, the innermost almost membranous, striate,

tinged with dark purple, equalling the flower-bearing part of

the spadix. Spikes slender, very numerous, level-topped, pendulous,

their points projecting beyond the opening of the spathes. Flowers

very numerous, yellow, solitary, or the lower in pairs, with a

rudimentary female between. Calyx cylindric, nearly entire,

corolla as long as the calyx, tripartite nearly to the base ; segments

relexed. Stamens 6; filaments adnate to the petals; no pistillode.

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prats LIV.

fiat

WREPON \ mY

es, Say

“AN

4 POX et .

iN aX

Minbaw (Upper Burma); Zanaung, Letme (Lower Burma); Wallichia disticha, T.JAnders.

in the Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya.

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uy im Ata? prea &

levee lae

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 459

Spathes of female spadix brown, conduplicate, the outer one some-

times very long and accuminate. Branches very stout, green,various-

ly ascending, tapering at the ends, where they are caudiform and not-

ched, the notches bearing rudimentary flowers. Bracts 2, right and

left. Flowers purplish, crowded, occupying the lower part of a flattish

areola, bases somewhat immersed. Calyx very short, divided to the

middle into 3 broad rounded teeth. Corolla shorter than the ovary,

trifid, segments broadly half ovate, obtuse, depressed. Stigma an

indistinctly emarginate point.

Fruit oblong, about 4 inch long, dull purple, surrounded at the

base by the perianth, on the apex presenting a brown spot, the

remains of the stigma. Hpicarp tough, rather thin; flesh scanty

with a mucilaginous acrid juice. Seeds plano-convex. Albumen

horny and solid; embryo dorsal.

Hasirat.—Tropical Himalaya from Kumaon eastwards up to

4,000 feet; Assam, Khasia Hills; Chittagong.

(Assam, Sikkim, up the Teesta Valley to Chakung, at 4,400 feet,

erowing side by side with the birch, willow, alder, and walnut.

Kumaon, in shady and moist valleys, ascending to 3,500 feet, and

at times to 4,000 feet, forming extensive thickets in the valleys of

the Kali and Sarju; Bamauri Pass, below Naini Tal, and in the

Patli Dun, which seems to be its north-west limit. Brandis.)

FLOWERS. —May, June and July.

Usres.—In Kumaon the leaves are used as thatch and are wa to

be imperishable. In Darjeeling the leaves are used as fodder for

poneys.

ILLUSTRATION :—Plate LIIl. The photograph, taken by

Mr. Macmillan, shows a tuft of Wallchia cet a@ growing in

the Botanic Garden of Peradeniya.

WALLICHIA CARYOTOIDES, Roxb. Cor. Pl. III, t. 295; Mart. Hist.

Nat. Palm. III, 180, t. 186; Wall. Cat. 8596 A ; Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat.

Hist. V, 485; Kurz For. Fl. II, 532 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III, 34; Hook. FI.

Brit. Ind. VI, 419— Wallichia densiflora, Brandis, non Mart. ea Dammer

Palmenz, (1897) 81—Harina caryotoides, Ham. in Mem. Wern. Soc. V,

317; Griff. Palms Brit. Ind. 174, t. 237— Wrightia caryotoides, Roxb. Hort.

Beng. 68 ; Fl. Ind. III, 621—Harina Wallichia, Steud. ex Salomon, Palmen

(1887), 127.

Names.—Chilputta, Belputta (Chittagong); Saingpa (Burm.).

DEscRIPTION.—An elegant tufted palm, stemless or short-stemmed.

Leaves ascending curved, 8-9 feet long, oblong in outline. Petiole

naked and roundish throughout the lower four feet. Leaflets

oblong or linear-oblong, panduriformly excised and acutely toothed,

white beneath.

Male corolla half as long as the calyx ; mouth of calyx 3-toothed.

Female spadix terminal, shorter than the leaves, erect or almost

nodding, Spathes closely imbricated, concealing the peduncle.

460 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT1.

Spikes spreading, stout, marked under each flower with a distinct

areola, with attenuate points, bearing neuter flowers with 6 barren

stamens and no pistil. Next to these there are some nearly, if not

quite hermaphrodite flowers, with usually 3 full sized stamens and

apparently a well developed pistil. The other flowers are female,

with 3 bracts. Sepals 3, short and rounded. Petals 3, ovately

cordate, erect, acute, almost spinously pointed, about twice as long

as the ovary, greenish. No staminodes. Ovary with a conical

stigma.

Fruit as large as a nutmeg, ovoid-oblong, rarely 2-seeded.

Hasirar.—Chittagong; Upper Burma, hills west of Katha,

2-3,000. feet, in evergreen forests; Martaban and Tenasserim.

ILLUSTRATION: PuatTE LITI.—The specimen, photographed by

Mr. Macmillan, grows in the Botanic Garden of Peradeniya. It

forms dense tufts. A comparison of the leaflets of this palm with

those of the foregoing species will at once show the difference

between the two palms. A few fruiting spikes have been exposed

in front.

WALLICHIA DISTICHA, T. Anders., in Journ. Linn. Soc. XI, 6;

Hook FI. Brit. Ind. VI, 419.—W. yomae, Kurz For. Fl. Il. 533.—Caryota

mitis, Herb. Cale.— Didymosperma distichum Hook f.

Names.—Minbaw (Upper Burma); Zanaung, Letme (Lower

Burma) ; Katong (Lepcha).

DESCRIPTION.—An evergreen simple-stemmed palm ; trunk 10-20

feet high, 6-12 inches in diameter, naked, annulate. Leaves 8-10

feet long, distichous, erect ; leaflets narrowing from near the truncate

apex to the base and with a large tooth on each side about the

middle, 1-2 feet long, 2-24 inches broad, glaucous beneath ; petiole

and sheath short, scurfy.

Male spadix 3-4 feet long, very narrow, linear in outline, with

innumerable, recurved, slender, crowded branches. Male calyx

cupular, 3-lobed, corolla thrice as long. Female spadix 6-8 feet

long, pendulous; branches stout, simple. Female flowers disposed

in many spiral series, green ; corolla longer than the ovary.

Fruit oblong, top obscurely 2-3 lobed, reddish.

FLowrrs.— April.

Hapirat.—Gonda Hills, Oudh; valleys of Sikkim Himalaya to

2,000 feet; Makum forest, Assam; Upper Burma, ascending to

4,000 feet in the hills east of Bhamo; Pegu Yoma, chiefly on the

eastern slopes.

Usrs.—The Lepchas fell the tree to eat the pith of the stem near

its summit. Anderson remarks that the berries and perhaps the

leaves irritate the skin (Gamble).

Ittustration: PuatE LIV.—The photograph presented by

Mr. Macmillan, shows a well-developed specimen of Wallichia

veh

Bi A Jul

a | Fave

Journ. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Puate LY.

Cadda-panna (Teling.); Varu Kamavu (Mal.); Bentinckia coddapanna,

Berry, in the Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 461

disticha. The fact that the leaves arise on two diametrically opposite

sides of the stem and thus form two rows is a distinguishing

character of this species. Wallichia disticha is, besides, the only

species of its genus which grows a stem of some size.

B. Sub-trite : Geonomee,

Spadix between or rarely below the leaves, simple or branched.

Flowers ternate, sunk in cavities of the stout spadix or its fleshy

branches. Calyx of 5 narrow, free leaves, imbricate. Corolla

valvate, ovary 3-locular with 3 seeds, or by the abortion of

2 carpels unsymmetrical with 1 cell and 1 seed. Fruit by the abor-

tion of 2 carpels consisting usually of 1 carpel (rarely 3-carpellarv

with 3 seeds). Hmbryo basilar (except Sclerosperma) in the uni-

‘form albumen.

DistRiButTion.—Tropical America, tropical West-Africa, India.

Podococeus, Wendl. & Mann, Sclerosperma, Wendl. & Mann,

Bentinckhia, Berr., Manicaria, Geertn., Leopoldinia, Mart., Calyptro-

noma, Griseb., Geonoma, Willd., Asterogyne, Wendl., Calyptro-

gyne, Wendl., Welfia, Wendl. & Hook.

In India only 1 genus:

BENTINOKIA, Berry in Roxb. Fl. Ind. III, 621.

(After William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, Governor-General of

the Hast-Indies, 1774—1839.)

Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. II], 165, 228, t. 189.—Kunth Enum.

Pl. III, 227.—Griff. Palms Brit. Ind. 160, Append. XXVI.—

Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. Ill, II, 916, 69.—Hook. FI. Brit.

Ind. VI, 418.

Unarmed palms. Leaves terminal, equally pinnatisect.

Spathes many, 2 lower short, incomplete, upper 2-fid. Spadix

interfoliar, branched; flowers minute, moncecious or polygamous,

solitary or ternate with the intermediate female, clustered in spirally

arranged pits on the branches; bracts forming a 2-lipped mouth to

each pit; bracteoles 2. Male flowers subsymmetric, glumaceous,

often reduced to ciliate scales; sepals oblong, obtuse, connate below,

imbricate ; petals longer, connate below into a stipes, valvate;

stamens 6; anthers versatile; pistillode conical. Female flowers

ovoid; sepals broad, obtuse, imbricate; petals longer, convolute ;

staminodes 6, minute; ovary 3-celled, l-ovuled; stigmas minute.

Fruit small, subspherical; stigmas subbasilar. Seed pendulous

from the top of the cavity, sinuately grooved or ridged; albumen

equable.

Species 2,—Travancore; Nicobar Islands.

Leaves 3-4 feet long ... ree ... B. coddapanna,

Leaves 5-8 feet long ... is ... B. mecobarica.

462 JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

BENTINCKIA CODDAPANNA, Berry in Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 621;

Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 165, 228, t. 139 ; Kunth Enum. III, 228, Griff.

in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 467 ; Palms Brit. Ind. 160; Append. XXVI.

Wight in Madr. Journ. Nat. Sc. II. 385; Hook Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 418;

Brandis Ind. Trees 647.—Keppleria, Mart. Mss. ev Endl. Gen. Pl. 25.

Names.—Lord Bentinck’s Palm. Varu Kamavu (Mal.); Cadda-

panna (Teling.).

DescripTion.—Trunk slender, reed-like, about 20-30 feet high

and 6 inches in diameter, annulate. Leaves 3-5 feet ; leaflets 30-40

pair, 2 feet or more long, and 13 inches broad, linear, much acumi-

nate, rigid, closely inserted, generally split at the point into two

exceedingly narrow triangular portions, two to four inches long, the

fissure often bearing a thread ; above 2-keeled, keels paleaceous.

Spathes membranous, lower truncate, upper complete. Spadices

]-2 feet long. Common peduncle 2-3 inches long of violet colour

towards the base, branches few, each with a membranous broad

semi-amplexicaul bract, three or four times divided ; of the female

simple, generally only with two divisions. Colour of the male

spadices scarlet, of the female pale lilac or violet. Spikes 6-10

inches in length, subfastigiate. Male flowers arranged in rather

loose spires, immersed in pits, which are at first nearly closed, after-

wards opening vertically. In each pit there are 2, 3 or even 4

flowers, with occasionally a female in those towards the base of the

spikes, the upper ones opening first. An ovate-triangular bract

arises from under the lowermost flower; and a small bracteole

bearded on the upper margin is situated on the outer side of the

upper ones. Calyx about 1 inch long ; sepals glumacious, oblong,

concave, rather obtuse, connate below, imbricate ; petals nearly

twice as long as the calyx, purplish, ovate, rather acute, valvate.

Stamens 6, included ; filaments subulate ; anthers ovate, subcordate,

versatile ; pistillode conical, nearly as long as the stamens. [Female

flowers ovoid, sepals broad, obtuse, imbricate ; petals longer, con-

volute: staminodes 6, minute ; ovary ovate, three-celled, one-ovuled;

style almost wanting ; Gitenans 3, triangular. Fruit bright chocolate

coloured, when ripe ovate- -clobose, rather compressed, 4-2 inch in

diameter, surrounded at the base by the perianth bearing the stigmata

near the base. Seed subglobose, brown, with a rather deep

complete furrow, and several other shorter ones. Testa obscurely

chestnut-coloured, with veins arising from the groove. near the

embryo, and converging towards the base on the opposite face.

Albumen solid, horny. Embryo basilar, conical, nearly one line long.

Hasitrat.—Travancore, 2,500-6,000 feet on precipitous cliffs,

local, but very common within its restricted areas.

FLoweErRS.—In June: fruit ripens 8-9 months afterwards.

Iuuustration: Pirate LV.—The slender thin-stemmed palm,

photographed by Mr. Macmillan, grows in the Botanic Garden of

JouRN. BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc. Prate LYI.

Bentinckia nicobarica, Bece.

ee ee

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 463

Perandentya. In the lower part of the stem the mimes are not

visible owing to a thick crust of lichens.

BENTINCKIA NICOBARICA, Becc. Ilustraz. di ale. Palme viv. nel

Guard. di Buitenz. 165. Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 418; Brandis Ind. Trees,

647 .—Orania nicobarica, Kurz in Journ. Bot. IV, p. 331, t. 171, £. 19-25.

Descrirtion.—Trunk tall, 60-70 feet high, 9 inches in diameter,

annulate. Leaves 5-8 feet; leaflets 4-2 feet, sessile, linear, cria-

ceous, tip obtusely 2-lobed; petiole short; rhachis glabrous.

Spadix 13-2 feet long, decompound, glabrous, branches and

branchlets inserted in woolly grooves of the rhachis; bracteoles

densely villous within. Female flowers : sepals and petals subsimilar,

broadly ovate, obtuse, shining.

Fruits tristichously arranged, globose, 1 inch long, scarlet.

Seed ovoid-oblong, ventrally flat, dorsally convex, rugosely ribbed ;

albumen equable; embryo lateral and apical.

Hasitat.—Nicobar Islands, Kamorta. Common, associated with

Areca catechu, Pinanga Manu, and Ptychoraphis augusta.

IuLustRaTIoN: PLateE LVI —The photograph, taken by Rey.

M. Maier, S.J., shows a young plant of Bentinckia nicobarica,

growing at the Lower Gate entrance to Government House Gardens,

Malabar Point, Bombay. It was planted by Mr. Millard in 1903,

and has, therefore, 9 years growth by this time.

464

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

REportT No. 10.

BY KATHLEEN V. RYLEY.

With Field Notes by the Collector O. Ae Crump.

COLLECTION Panes. eke Noe dO:

LOCALITY at ... KATHIAWAR.

DAB piece ae ... SEPTEMBER 1912—FeEsRuary 1918.

CoLLECTED BY ... ... Mr. C. A. Crump.

HARLIER REPORTS No. 1, HE. Khandesh, Vol. XXI, p. 392,

1912; No. 2, Berars, :\Vol. XXI, p. 820, 1912; No. 3; Cuteh,

Vol. XXI, p. £26, 1912; No. 4, Nimar, Vol. XXI, p. 844, 1912;

No. 5, Dharwar, Vol. XXI, p. 1170, 1912; No. 6, Kanara, Vol..

XXII, p. 29,1913; No. 7, Central Provinces, Vol. XXII, p. 45,.

1913; No. 8, Bellary, Vol. XXII, p. 58,1913; No. 9, Mysore,

Viol) XOX py 290) 193:

The Honorable Mr. Claude Hill, C.1.E., late Agent to the

Governor-General in’ Kathiawar, has kindly written a general

description of the country as follows :—

“The Province of Kathiawar is perhaps more interesting prima.

facie from the point of view of political history than from the point

of view of its physical conformation, having been the battle ground

of invading hordes from the west and north-west at dates perhaps

even anterior to those when the Punjab was the scene of Aryan

immigration, and having not even escaped the influences of the

Greek invasion four hundred years before the commencement of our

era. The study of its political history is one of the most interest-

ing chapters of the history of India. In relation, however, to the

mammal survey of the Province, certain prosaic facts are perhaps of

greater importance, even if they be of lesser general interest, than

the mythological happenings of the pre-historic era.

It is an accepted hypothesis that the Province of Kathiawar, like

the State of Cutch, formed originally a portion of the delta of the

Indus, whose eastern branch in all probability is traceable at the

present day in the Nal which forms part of the eastern boundary of

Kathiawar. Within the Province itself there are, however, two well-

marked ranges of hills,one running from south-east in a north-westerly

direction which has eminences at the Gitnar Mountain rising to an

elevation of some 38,000 feet, while the more northerly range

running roughly north and south, rises to its extreme height at

Chotila. Fora description of the geological formation of the Pro-

vince, the inquirer should refer to the Kathiawar Volume of the

Provincial Gazetteer. But for present purposes it will suffice to say

that (as might be inferred from what has been said) the Province

varies in appearance from asandy desert in the north-easterly,

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 465

easterly and northerly areas to a congeries of rugged hills, running

roughly parallel with the southern and western coasts.

The most striking feature of the plains portion of the Province is

perhaps its treelessness. At what period and how and for what

reasons, if there ever existed trees, these were removed or destroyed

is not precisely known, but at the present day, if a cultivator is

asked why there is such a paucity of trees in the Province, he will

reply that they are not good for cultivation, because they harbour

birds which eat the crops; and the proposition is so far true that,

save for aquatic and other game-birds, chiefly ofa migratory character,

the Province is singularly poor in bird-life. That this absence of

trees is a result of human destructiveness, is rendered probable by

the knowledge we have that the lion, which used to be common

throughout portions of Rajputana, and has only become extinct

at Abu within the last half century, has now disappeared, except

in the sole remaining tract of forest in the Province, the Gir.

The level plains of Jhalawad in the north-east and east and of

Halar in the north of the Province, are roamed over now by

considerable herds of black buck, and in the rougher, wilder portions

chinkara are plentiful. Bordering on the Run, which again is

presumably a former mouth of the Indus, and on the islands in it—

desolate wastes of salt-land—are found the Indian wild ass, while

wolves follow the numerous flocks which graze nearly all over the

apparently barren stretches of this part of the Province.

The Gir Forest in the south-west and the Bardar hills in the

north-westerly corner of the Province are the only localities which

still harbour wild jungle-life. Mention has already been made of

the lions of the Gir which, it is to be feared, must, owing to the

encroachments of cultivation and the already straitened area within

which they can roam, shortly disappear; and in addition to these

are found in the hilly tracts numerous panther and samber, pig

and chital.

The Province of Kathiawar is almost the most northerly part

of Western India which is directly benefited by the rainfall con-

nected with the south-west monsoon. It is true that in Cutch to

the north they expect a rainfall averaging on the Coast not much

less than that which falls in Kathiawar, but it is far less regular in

its appearance in Cutch, and the State of which His Highness the

Rao is the Ruler, is consequently less dependant upon agriculture

than is Kathiawar. The desert-like appearance of the latter becomes,

on the other side of the Run, desert in grim reality, and though the

north-eastern portion of the Rao’s dominions boasts a celebrated

breed of cattle which grazes upon the salty grass-produce which

borders on the Run, in the direction of Suigam, those territories

approximate in their general desolate appearance to the desert of

Marwar and Thar and Parkar. This climatic feature, indeed, is also

466 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

present in the north-eastern part, or Jhalawad Prant of the Kathia-

war Peninsula, and if there were space for describing them, there

are several rather interesting features connected with cattle-breeding

which seem to be associated with the physical configuration of the

country, which in turn results, no doubt, from the original influence

of the Indus outflow and of the tidal creeks from which the sea

has, in later times, receded. For example, experience in the last

famine, in connection with cattle relief, gave one result of great

interest. The cattle hailing from Jhalawad and Northern Gujarat,

when driven for pasture to the south of Kathiawar, where grass,

in the Gir forest, was plentiful, suffered very severely. Casualties

were indeed as numerous among those which got plenty of Gir

grass to eat as. among those which remained behind to pick up

what they could in their native plains. Onthe other hand, cattle

from Southern Gujarat did very fairly well and found the fodder

which grew in the Gir not ill-adapted to their constitution. It

was already a fact known from the experience of the preceding

famine that cattle from the districts north to the Narbada did not

thrive upon the fodder growing to the south of that river and the

inference from the second experience is that there is some alimen-

tary property in the grass which grows on the salt lands in Northern

Gujarat which has become necessary for the proper sustenance of the

big-boned cattle which are there indigenous. It is, however, im-

possible in the space of this brief survey to enter upon a longer

discussion of the lessons to be learnt from the cattle famine of two

years back.

It is of interest, in connection with the mammal survey of this

part of India, to note, as briefly as possible, the extraordinary

diversity of human races which are either present in Khathiawar

or have left their traces upon the Province. What precisely

we re the original inhabitants it is now almost impossible to tell,

but that they were not very alien to the Bhils, who were indi-

genous in the Aravallisand the Vindhyas may perhaps be inferred

from the existence in the Province, insome numbers, of outcasts

calling themselves Bhils. On the other hand, it is, of course, equally

possible that these, who are in general, lighter skinned than the Bhils

of Malwa and Mewar, are only immigrants of comparatively recent

date. However that may be, we have, at all events, fair historical

evidence that Kathiawar was the point of arrival in India of at least

one of the solar races of the Rajputs, and that Valabhipura, now

known as Vala, was a thriving and important city, probably founded

and built by a highly civilized race of Aryans, is at all events one of

the usual postulates in connection with Kathiawar history. Again,

from a very early time, the Coast of Kathiawar, though it presents

to-day few facilities in the way of harbourage for large shipping, was

the point of objective for numerous piratical invasions from Arabia

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 467

and Hast Africa. There has indeed, from the earliest times, been .

direct and almost continual ocean traffic between Egypt, Arabia and

Kast Africa on the one hand and the Province of Gujarat on the

other, and, both in its population and in its customs, Kathiawar

shows very definite traces of Hgyptian, African and Arabian

influence.

But the sea-coast was by no means the only point of entry into

India from the outer world. Gujarat was presumably from very

early times famous for its fertility, and, in addition to those who

emigrated by sea from Arabia or Persia, the Province of Kathiawar

has suffered (or benefited) by numerous and successive incursions

overland through the deserts of Sind and Cutch. Sindies, Waghirs,

Mianas are, so to speak, the froth on the seashore, which has been

left after the advance of a wave. By no means numerous, these

have nevertheless set their mark by their predatory habits upon

the whole history of the Province. On the other hand, the tribes

who have given their name to the Province and who migrated from

Sind and have permanently settled there, namely, the two tribes of

Kathis, were of a far higher grade in civilization than those just

mentioned. How far they ever completely dominated the Province

may be doubtful. But they certainly were the people who ruled a

considerable part of the Peninsula for a very considerable period of

its history. ‘Then from Cutch, in the persons of the Jadejas, and

from Rajputana in the north, in the Jhalas and Ghoils, came

incursions of various Rajput clans which carved out kingdoms for

themselves wherever they found themselves strong enough to

establish any form of permanent rule.

Lastly the whole of the political situation in the Province was

subverted by the incursion, again from the same directions, of con-

quering Mahomedans. This does not purport to be even a bare

summary ofthe political history of the Province, but enough has been

said to show that the Peninsula of Kathiawar presents within a very

small geographical limit a greater variety of race, creed and place of

origin of its population than almost any other area of similar extent

on the surface of Asia.

It remains to give some description of the climatic conditions of

the Province, and these are, considering its area, unusually varied.

As has already been said, Kathiawar is approximately the northern

limit of the area of direct influence of the south-west monsoon, and

this of course to a great extent determines its climate so far as rain-

fall is concerned. But even in respect of that feature the Province

is the victim of large local variations. The hilly tracts to the south,

which are well covered with jungle, have the benefit of a fairly regu-

lar rainfall, and, even in years, such as 1899 and 1910, the Gir forest

and the Girnar Mountain—in fact, most of the Sorath Prant—

received a modicum of rain, and in 1911, in particular, the rainfall

468 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X X11,

received was sufficient, as already remarked in connection with cattle

preservation, to produce a good crop of grass and a fair harvest.

Whether the treelessness already referred to, which characterises the

rest of the Province, affects the rainfall or not; the fact that even in

normal years there is a very marked difference in the amount gauged

in the north of Jhalawad and that which is received in the Gur forest.

Taking the whole Province together, the rainfall perhaps averages

about 20 inches. But itis no uncommon occurrence, even in

otherwise normal seasons, for the north-eastern corner of Jhalawad

co receive half or even less than half that amount. As compared

with Gujarat from Ahmedabad southward, therefore, it will be seen

that the incidence of the monsoon in this Peninsula is an uncertain

and very variable factor, and a similar variation is also noticeable in

the temperature statistics. While the coast-line of the south-west

coast has a climate considerably cooler than Bombay or Karachi

during the hot weather and monsoon, the internal parts of the

Peninsula almost, and in some parts quite, equal the maxima record-

ed heat-temperatures of Deesa and Ahmedabad. At the same time,

being relatively drier, the heat is just as bearable as, and less

exhausting than, that in the more central portions of Gujarat, and

the climate generally of Halar and Jhalawad may be said to

resemble more closely that of Rajputana to the east of the Aravallis.

Frost is by no means uncommon in either December, January or

February, and is annually dreaded by the cultivator whenever the

monsoon has given favourable prospects for the cotton crop. It

may be mentioned that the Province is singularly devoid of perennial

rivers. It would be approximately true to say that there is not a

single perennial river in Kathiawar outside the range of the Gir

Forest Within that area, however, there are several streams, in

which by the way the fishing is by no means to be despised, which

never dry up, and water is there, as a rule, found very close to the

surface. Perhaps it is that circumstance, coupled with the decay of

vegetation which perennially goes on in a neglected forest area, such

as the Gir, which accounts for the virulence of the malaria which

characterises the forest area in the months of November, December

and January. It used to be almost certain death to camp from

November to March within the confines of the Gir area. Elsewhere

the health statistics of the Province would, if they existed, yield a

fairly favourable record.

The following notes and descriptions of the actual collecting stations

are given by Mr. C. A. Crump :—

“In making this collection in Junagadh State, my work has been enor-

mously simplified by the unfailing zeal of the Administrator, Mr. L. Robert-

son, I.C.S., who has throughout attended to every detail of the tour, also

placing at my disposal everything necessary to help my work.

Acknowledgments are also due to Mr. KE. Brook-Fox and Mr. Boyd, Super-

intendent of Police, for help in various ways.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 469

My first camp was made at Junagadh in the State Gardens, almost at the

foot of the Girna mountain and exactly in the line where cultivation ends

and forest begins, the latter here is almost entirely composed of stunted

teak. Being just after the rains, and the forest at its best, or for my

purpose, its worst, I confined my attentions to the cultivated land intending

to return to the neighbourhood of the Girna just before leaving the State.

Jowari and bajri are grown extensively here, and I was at once surprised

and disappointed to find absolutely no signs of rats or mice near the crops.

The natives informed me that there had been no rats for over a year, but

could give no reason. Mr. Brook-Fox suggested to me that the rats had been

exterminated by a recent ontbreak of plague. This solution is undoubted-

ly correct. for the conditions were ideal for Tatera, Gunomys, Epimys, etc.,

and in the more isolated parts of the State, such as the Gir Forest and

high up on the Girna Range, rats and mice were moderately plentiful.

After a short stay here, I moved on to the flat a mile or two below the city

where the soil is black cotton and very fertile, and almost every square

yard was covered with still standing jowari and bajri, but still small

rodents were scarce.

KzsHop.—Lies midway between Junagadh and Verawal. Here collec-

ting was carried on under difficulties, owing to the antipathy of the Jains

to the taking of life. The country to the east is flat and treeless, with

tracts of stony uncultivated land, otherwise cultivation is extensive. To

the west the ground is more broken and growth more abundant. Fig

trees being very numerous and from them I obtained a few specimens of

Epimys rufescens. Signs of rats were wanting in the fields, and though the

conditions were very favourable for Yatera indica, 1 could find only two

burrows from each of which an occupant was trapped.

Vrerawat.—A move was soon made to Verawal, which is on the coast.

Limestone begins to show a good deal here and the soil is lighter, signs of

small rodents began to appear, but several beats in the only good cover

showed a great scarcity of larger mammals, so it was deemed advisable to

move at once to Talala, which is just at the edge of the Gir Forest and

about 16 miles H.-N.-E. of Verawal.

TataLta.—From Verawal the country is under cultivation and is quite flat

until within a few miles of Talala, when a gradual change is observed, the

country becoming undulating, grass more abundant and large patches of very

stunted teak at more or less frequent intervals. The soil is black cotton

and very fertile, producing various crops, but vast areas are covered with

long grass. A fine river flows through this part of the country, the banks of

which are clothed with trees and bushes. The sub-soil is trap with lime-

stone showing in places. Very conspicuous are several groups of Palmyra

Palms which yielded a few bats.

Sasan, Gir Forzst.—Sasan is in the heart of the Gir Forest, and a stay of

16 dayswas made. This isthe western end of a long range of hills stretch-

ing away tothe east. Some of these hills are imposing in appearance,

though not particularly steep, the highest point being slightly under 2,000 ft.

Many are clothed with a succession of teak forests and larger areas of grass

which grows in great profusion. On the low ground the forest is mixed with

a fair sprinkling of large trees including a good deal of tamarin, though teak

still predominates. To the west the valley opens out and there is scanty

cultivation broken at intervals by nullahs and waterways, the banks of

which are invariably covered with dense jungle. The village of Sasan is

large but the majority of the inhabitants live by cutting grass and wood.

The game observed in the Gir near Sasan was practically mi; this may be

assigned to two causes, the first being the thickness of the cover owing

to the extraordinary growth of grass. The second is that last year during

470 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY Vol. XXII.

the famine many thousand head of cattle were turned into the Gir and

erass-cutting was organised on a large scale, by this means the whole

Forest tract was cleared of cover ; and it is probable that much game was

accounted for by the hungry workers. A frequent and very careful

inspection of paths and the sandy river-bed revealed remarkably few

footprints of any large animals, other than lions, panthers and pigs, and

as the two former take fair toll of the domestic cattle there is no difficulty

in accounting for how they obtain food. I hear that the shooting in the

Gir is very good, so in all probability, as I have pointed out, this is not a

normal year. In the small cultivation around andin the village, signs

of rats and mice were plainly discernable and trapping yielded fair results.

Barapia.—The country here is the usual type of fertile black cotton

soil, the principal produce being cotton, other crops here being irrigated by

water drawn from wells. The country is flat but intersected by deep

waterways, now dry. Hares were abundant and a good series was obtained.

Kupia, Ginna Rance.—tThis, my last camp in the State, yielded some

fine series of rodents and shrews, the former probably being peculiar to

the Girna Range above, say 1,000 feet. On my labels Ihave recorded

the altitude as 2,500 feet, but have since come to the conclusion that I

was working principally at 2,000 feet. Up to 1,500 the jungle is all teak,

above this the teak thins out and gives place to small and large leaf

bushes, many having the appearance of a laurel ; the leaf of one species, I

understand, is used for the outer wrap of Native cigarettes. A scanty

growth of babul is also found here.

Wherever the mountain side is steep there are great masses of trap

rock and piles of large boulders in the crevices of which sufficient soil lodges

to give sustenance to bushes and long flowering grass, the seeds of which

form an important item in the diet of Cremnomys cutchicus, for it 1s among

these rocks that this interesting rat is to be found. A good stream rises

much higher up the valley and finds its way to the plains below in a series

of cascades and pools.”—C, A. C.

“ Stnua rhesus does not occur in the State.

Lyroderma lyra. cannot trace this bat here ; have searched disused

wells, which are favoured by this species, also caves, without avail.

Felis leo (Vernacular name :—Sawacu Hawacu.)

The lion is found only in the Gir Forest in this State, I understand he

wanders into Baroda territory. I made many inquiries as to the numbers

now living in the Gir, but the estimates given by the local people varied so

vastly as to be quite unreliable, but by a good authority, I was told that

there might be fifty or sixty lions nowin the Gir. lions are exceedingly

noisy late in the evening, at night and in the early morning before day-

break. They kill a large number of domestic cattle and goats, but are invari-

ably driven off the kill by the villagers, who hope by this method to prevent

the lion stopping in their neighbourhood. Iwas informed that a lion will not

attack a buffalo from the front, but springs upon it from behind ; when two

or three are hunting together, one lion is said to draw the buffalo on, while

the remaining one or two attack from behind. Several cases were brought

to my notice of lions having lately killed men, but I think in each case the

man was asleep or alone in the jungle at night which is putting temptation

in the lion’s way. I subsequently received information that one lion turned

man-eater and was shot by Mr. Brook-Fox. The lion is very bold, I heard

one making a great noise in the village one night. The local people say

that three lions together are often met with, they are fond of sleeping

during the day in the shade of big trees, and may then, according to

report, be approached without difficulty. A tame iion in Junagadh has a

fair mane.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 471

Felis tigris is not found in this State.

Felis pardus. (Vernacular name :—Drpra.) Common in the Gir and about

the Girna.

Cynelurus jubatus, Cheeta (Vernacular name :—Cuiran). Most of the

shikaris are familiar with this species but all agree that it is now very

rare in the State.

Hyena hyena, Hyena (Vernacular name :—Jaraxk.) Not very common

in the places I visited.

Mellivora indica, Ratel (Vernacular name :—Basrora, GuHor-KHODIA.)

Found near the Girna, where it visits the Hindu burning ground and

is said to dig up human bodies from their graves. Isat up by moonlight

for this animal but had no luck.

Melursus ursinus, Sloth Bear. Unknown.

Boselaphus tragocamelus, Nilgai (Vernacular name :—Roos.) Found in

the Gir and about the Girna, is scarce.

Tetracerus quadricornis, Four-hornedAntelope( Vernacular name:—Guntta.)

Fairly plentiful in the Gir, | saw two but failed to bag the one at which I fired.

Muntiacus vaginalis, Barking Deer. Found in the Gir, [heard one barking in

the evening.

Rusa unicolor, Sambar (Vernacular name:—SaMBuHaR). Gir Forest

and Girna Range.

Axis avis, Spotted Deer (Vernacular name:—Passvu.) In the Gir

forest, I believe, plentiful.

Manis crassicaudata, Anteater. No information.

No large squirrel or flying squirrel is known in the Gir.

The second part of this Collection was made in Rasxort, RasKor Srarz,

Karutawar. Through the courtesy of the Thakur Sahib, I received much

assistance, and Major W. M. P. Wood, Political Agent, Halar Prant, kindly

interested himself in my doings and caused the local Vhagris to catch and

bring mammalstome. Mr. J. J. Turner, Acting Principalof the Rajkumar

College, and Mr. Lyon Scott, Manager of the Rajkot Branch of the Bank of

Bombay, spontaneously gave me the services of their shikaries, so that the

direct result of all this was a collection of 345 specimens during a stay of

27 days. Captain A. H. L. Mosse and Mr. F. Trotter also offered assistance.

RasKOT is situated in the midst of an extensive alluvial plain, quite flat

with the exception of a small group of low hills. Beyond the actual outskirts

of the town, the country is almost treeless and with only occasional patches

of.scrub, it is almost entirely under cultivation, a great variety of crops

being raised, the principal product is wheat. Frequently the only break

in a featureless landscape is a cactus hedge lining the road.

Bats.—A few specimens of Hipposideros fulvus were taken in Porcupines’

earths, otherwise the natives could not find any bats near or in Rajkot. I

noti ed very few flying during the evenings, the specimens of Rhimopoma

and Taphozous were brought from a fort some distance away.

Paradoxurus niger. A shikari said he saw two in the town.”

VANKANEER.—A stay was made from January 4th to January 16th and

a small collection made amongst the limestone hills which are a great

feature of the immediate neighbourhooa.

These hills rise to a height of 1,000 ft. and are covered with a scanty

growth of short grass, cactus and a few Babul trees.

The third part of the Collection was made in DHRANGADHRA, Bagana and

BHAVNAGAR States, Katuiawar. The following field notes were sent :-—

“My thanks are due to H. H. the Raj Sahib for the facilities he gave

me for collecting in his State, and I was also fortunate in having the keen

co-operation of Major C. F. Harold, Political Agent, Jalawad Prant, who

has kindly offered to collect the larger animals and fill up the deficiencies.

472 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X XII.

Juna Bowt1 is a village which was deserted some hundred years ago, and

only heaps of stones and the remnants of walls now exist to show where the

village once stood ; it lies about S. W. of Dhrangadhra and is on the edge

of a narrow belt of soft sand which follows the course of a small river the

water of which is quite brackish. This sandy tract broadens out in places

and is dotted with low bushes and tufts of grass, but many parts are quite

barren. A bush called Kora Jar grows here and constitutes part of the

food of small rodents.

With the exception Meriones hurmiane all the rats, mice and shrews be-

tween the Nos. 2512 and 2583 were trapped among the ruins of the village.

There were no Bats here or Flying-foxes.

Satapur lies north of Dhrangadhra and quite near the Runn of Cutch.

The subsoil here is all sandstone and the surface soilis of poor quality, shal-

low and very firm, a little bajri and cotton are cultivated, the rest of the dis-

trict being covered with short grass, cactus, babul and a bush which has the

appearance of a miniature babul, and bears the vernacular name of khijada.

. The country near Satapur 18 gently undulating, there are no hills; there is

a good stream of fresh water. Hares appear to be scarce, and the sane may

be said with regard to the carnivora. Porcupines occur, though not common.

Mvtt is the: principal town of the small State of Muli, and lies about

20 miles W. of Wadhwan. The surroundings are flat to undulating and

almost treeless. Over the sandstone the soil is good, producing very fine

cotton, which constitutes almost the entire cultivation of this State. The

rainfall is rather below the Kathiawar average.

Rising above Wadhwan, a river flows by the town of Muli and is bordered

on each side by belts of soft sand in which I found the desert forms. This

sand is either bare of cover or has in places a very thin growth of wiry

grass and occasional bushes.

Basana State is asmall State occupying part of the narrow neck of sandy

ground in the extreme N. EH. of Kathiawar. Two camps were made, the

first at Moti Mojiti, some 8 or 10 miles from Viramgam, and the second at

Sadla within a few miles of Patri and the Run of Cutch.

Sinor, BHAVNAGAR StaTE. Owing to unforeseen circumstances, I was

able to devote only a few days to collecting here. My thanks are due to

H. H. the Maharaja Sahib for great assistance.

A camp was made at Sihor, 14 miles from Bhavnagar, Rising from a flat

plain is a large range of lofty hills of igneous trap and occasional sand-

stone ; generally speaking the hills are almost barren, but a few are clothed

with heavy babul and other scrub jungle. With the exception of nilgai,

hares and porcupines, all mammals are scarce.”

The Collection consists of 1,068 specimens, spread over 44 species in 34

genera. Rodents are especially well represented, Dipodillus nanus and

Grypomys gleadowi (the latter consisting of a fine series of 75 specimens)

are new to the Survey.

PRESBYTIS ENTELLUS, Dufr.

The Langur.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

; 299. Talala, Kathiawar.

192. Sasan, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4 and 7.)

Vernacular name :—VANDRA.

“ Fairly well distributed in the Gir Forest; I did not meet withmany, I

am informed that there are great quantities on the Girna mountain where

they are fed and held sacred! "©, A.C.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF IND.A. 473

PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS, Bruenn.

The Common Flying Fox.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

2656;52Q. Junagadh, Kathiawar.

1g. Baradia, Kathiawar.

635; 4922. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9.)

Vernacular name :—WHORWANGA.

“In large numbers near Junagadh where I noticed it early in the even-

ing flying at a great height towards the Girna. Not observed in the Gir.”

HIPPosIDEROS FULVUS, Gray.

The bicoloured leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No, 3.)

12946; 322. 2linal. Junagadh, Kathiawar.

1g. Keshod, Kathiawar.

16; 19. Talala, Kathiawar.

236; 2292,6inal. Sasan, Kathiawar.

1g; 12,3inal. Rajkot; Kathiawar.

1°. Sadla, Bajana State, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9).

“Very common, often found in porcupine earths, frequently came into

bungalows where its flight appears very rapid ; after being struck at with a

net, has a peculiar habit of flying round the room, only a few inches above

the floor. When this bat is alarmed, the long ears are vibrated with great

rapidity. Will not live long in captivity.”

Local names (all hats) :—Kaw Kirria, CHEEPA.

PIPISTRELLUS CEYLONICUS, Kel.

Kelaart’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1g;29Q. Junagadh, Kathiawar.

5$636:429.1inal. Keshod, Kathiawar.

1go;12. Talala, Kathiawar.

6¢6. Sasan, Kathiawar.

1g inal. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9.)

“The Pipistrelles from Keshod, Sasan, Bagdu and Junagadh were nearly

all taken with a net in bungalows, verandahs and flying through gate-

ways. Favourite roosts during the day are under roof tiles, cracks in walls

and also porcupines’ earths.’”’—C. A. C.

PIPISTRELLUS DORMERI, Dobs.

Dormer’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1g. Keshod, Kathiawar.

1. Sasan, Kathiawar.

16;522. 2inal. Junagadh, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8.)

‘

474 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT1.

PIPISTRELLUS MINUS, Wrought.

The Southern Dwarf Pipistrelle.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

19. Keshod.

1 go. Sasan.

266;2 29.1imal. Bagdu.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.)

ScoroPHILUS WROUGHTONI, Thos.

Wroughton’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

21$66;11 2g. linal. Talala, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 5, 6, 7 and 9.)

“ All found at Talala in the Palmyra palms where theyjhidefin the dead

leaves which hang down the trunks after the style of closed umbrellas.

The presence of these bats can be detected by the droppings at the base

of the trees. Both sexes found together.”—C. A. C.

TAPHOZOUS KACHHENSIS, Dobs.

The Cutch Sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

4g¢; 1099. 9inal. Junagadh, Kathiawar.

Keshod, Kathiawar.

36; 1. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

6;429. Vankaneer, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 8 and 9.)

“Common in the old forts. I found it in company with Rhinopoma, it

moves about a wall or ceilling with fair rapidity and is noisy when dis-

turbed; some appeared to be copulating and ran about the walls without

separating. Enormous deposits of fat on the hind quarters.”—C. A. C.

Ih es

TAPHOZOUS MELANOPOGON, Temm.

The black-bearded sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

6922. (2172 skullonly.) S5inal. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8.)

RHINOPOMA HARDWICKII, Gray.

The lesser Indian Mouse-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

666; 1Q.45inal. Junagadh, Kathiawar.

1 2.10inal. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

3366;7 22. Vankaneer, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 7 and 8.)

“Found in old forts; sexes were not apart. This bat often hangs from

ceilings using feet and thumbs to obtain a hold, the body is kept well away

from the ceiling and the head and tail curved backwards in the form of a

crescent. Large deposits of fat on the hind quarters.”—C. A.C,

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 475

RHINOPOMA KINNEARI, Wrought.

The greater Indian Mouse-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

5 6 ¢.6inal. Junagadh, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 3 and 4.)

NyctTiInoMus TRAGATUS, Dobs.

Dobson’s Wrinkle-lipped Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

1 $. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

23646;1 92. Vankaneer, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5 and 9.)

PACHYURA, spp.

Shrews.

. Keshod, Kathiawar.

;1 2. Verawal, Kathiawar.

3d. Talala, Kathiawar.

5666;2 22. limal. Sasan, Kathiawar.

Bagdu, Kathiawar.

6;6 22. Kudia, Kathiawar.

Rajkot, Kathiawar.

Juna Bawli, Dhrangadhra.

. Satapur, Dhrangadhra.

Sadla, Bajana, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9:)

Vernacular name :—CHUCHUNDA.

ee Oe

“Two shrews were taken from under wood stacks at Talala, they appear-

ed unusually slender in build and their tails were very round and smooth.

Common at Sasan in the hedges near houses, they destroyed many mice

in my traps.

Common at Keshod, found on the same ground as Cremnomys cutchicus ;

they destroyed quite half the rats trapped, so that I was compelled to visit

all traps during the night.

Reported very rare at Rajkot, but I am informed that they are protect-

ed here which accounts for the fact that only one specimen was brought

to me.”—C. A. C.

PacHYURA sUBFULVA, And

8 6d;6 29. Juna Bowli, Kathiawar.

266;1 2. Satapur, Dhrangadhra.

1 S$: Moti Mojiti, Bajana.

1 g. Sihor, Bhavnagar, Kathiawar.

These small shrews agree fairly well with Croczdura subfulva (Andr. J. A.

S.B. Vol. XLVI, p. 278, 1877) collected by Dr. F. Stoliczka in Cutch,

but as his types were immature, it is difficult to say for certain that these

are P, subfulva, still this series has rather larger measurementsthan those

given of the type so that it would probably do. :

“The shrews were caught beneath walls.”—C. A. C.

476 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

ERINACEUS MicRoPuUS, Blyth.

The Northern Pale Hedgehog.

(Synonymy in No. 38).

3 1 Q. Junagadh, Kathiawar.

3 4 9 Verawal, Kathiawar.

14 3 a 7 2Q. Rajkot, ‘Kathiawar.

3 2 92. Vankaneer, Kathiawar.

3. Juna, Bowl.

OF avin

at et NS at NSN

li, Muli State, Kathiawar.

(See also Report No. 3).

Vernacular name.—SEVRA.

“Said to be fairly common where the soil is light orsandy. The natives

say they do not find it in the forest. The natives in Junagadh appear to

know of a dark hedgehog, but I could not obtain a specimen. Common at

Rajkot, some were dug out of holes in the ground, others found beneath

bushes. Nocturnal. The natives in Rajkot declare that they do not know

of a dark coloured hedgehog. Kept in confinement, hedgehogs voluntarily

abstain from food for many days.”—C. A. C.

FELIS AFFINIS, Gray.

The Jungle Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 1).

©. Junagadh, Kathiawar.

©. Baradia, Kathiawar.

©. Kudia, Kathiawar.

6; 12.juv. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.)

Vernacular names.—Muwnra, Juneta Bitia, June Brut.

“A common cat in the district, many varieties are described but much

exaggerated”’—C. A. C.

Fetis (DoMEsTICc).

Junagadh, Kathiawar.

Talala, Kathiawar.

Rajkot. Kathiawar.

Oy OQ, A

FELIs onNatTA, Gray and Hardw

The Indian Desert Cat.

(Synonymy in No, 8.)

1g. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

(See also Report No. 3.)

“‘ Not often observed here, this specimen was shot in a patch of grass

near a tank. The stomach contained a rat and some vegetable matter. ”

—C.A.C,

VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS, Gmel.

The Small Indian Civet.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

1g; 192. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5 and 7.)

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. AT7

‘‘ Fairly plentiful, is said to be very local, but is well known. The

stomach of No. 2326 contained the remains of a finch and many beetles

also the stones of the fruit ‘‘ Ber. ’—C. A. C.

Vernacular name.—Juspat. MuvsHK BILLA.

Muneos muneo, Gmel.

The Common Indian Mungoose.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

; 222. Keshod, Kathiawar.

Verawal, Kathiawar.

1Q. Talala, Kathiawar.

Sasan, Kathiawar.

Bagdu, Kathiawar.

Baradia, Kathiawar.

mre Kudia, Kathiawar.

Rajkot, Kathiawar.

Vankaneer.

Os Oy

m sueyoe

Juna Bowl}. .

Muli, Muli State, ee

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9.)

Vernacular name gay URLIA.

oe Oe ome

Os 40 +0 tO +0 +0 40 40 Os Os Os

“Common everywhere, particularly in or near villages.”—C. A. C.

CANIS PALLIPES, Sykes.

The Indian Wolf.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

1 g. Moti Mojiti, Bajana, Kathiawar.

(See alsv Report No. 3.)

Vernacular name.—Nowr, Nar.

“Two were observed near Talala ; is said to be common in the more open,

remote parts of the State. The shepherds tell me the wolves are very bold,

having little fear of man, and do much damage among the flocks during

both day and night ; at Moti Mojiti they frequently broke through a thick

fencing of thorns to get at the sheep and goats. I sat just outside one of

these sheep pens on several occasions when the moon served; about

midnight two wolves appeared, and I fired at the foremost, which when

wounded, howled exactly like a dog; thinking I had made a mistake, I

waited to have a smoke before following up. The animal had both forelegs

broken and made much noise in going away. I followed the sounds and

saw him lie down in some short grass, but though the moon was nearly full,

I was within ten yards before I could make out the wolf; he attempted

to charge.’”—C. A.C.

Canis 1npicus, Hodgs.

The Common Indian Jackal.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

¢. Junagadh, Kathiawar.

Keshod, Kathiawar.

©. Verawal, Kathiawar.

6;1 2. Vankaneer, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9.)

478 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Vernacular name.—SIYAL.

“Common about cultivation; I did not meet with it at Sasan or Kudia.”

—C. A.C,

VULPES BENGALENSIS, Shaw.

The Common Indian Fou.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1g. Bagdu, Kathiawar.

266;19. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

( See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 5 and 7.)

Vernacular name.—Loxri.

“ T saw several foxes at Veraual, but could not find their ‘bores,’ and

the lack of cover made it very difficult to stalk them. One fell twice to

shots from my gun, but eventually escaped.

I have heard foxes calling at Bagdu and Junagadh, they are also common

at Rajkot.”—-C. A. C.

FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI, Wrought.

The Common 5-striped Squirrel.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

5922. Junagadh, Kathiawar.

eshod, Kathiawar.

; 1 92. Verawal, Kathiawar.

Talala.

Talala, Kathiawar.

Sasan, Kathiawar.

Kudia, Kathiawar.

499. (2106 no skull). Rajkot, Kathiawe

2@2Q. Vankaneer, Kathiawar.

5 2°. Satapur, Dhrangadhra.

Moti Mojiti, Bajana.

. Sadla, Bajana.

@. Sihor, Bhavnagar, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7.)

Vernacular name :—KILKURI.

“Common everywhere, difficult to obtain at Kudia.

While having my tea one evening I saw a squirrel come down to the

place where I had been at work, and tow and wood were lying about, he

seized a piece of tow about a foot long, when without hesitation he deftly

rolled it into a tight ball and carried it up a tree, the rolling up of the ball

soe

* Q2A,Q44+040100,0,° a

BSPReSNoOnwwd ore or

Oy Oy Ay Os Qy O45 404010 O, O, 0, AY

wee

was accomplished with precision and neatness, one end being held by the

teeth while the rest was tucked up into the hollow of the neck.

At Rajkot they were very common about the bungalows and cactus

hedges.” —C, A. C.

The specimens from Satapur have a much yellower appearance, while

those from Sihor are greyer.

D1PoDILLUsS NANUS, Blanf.

The little Gerbil.

1875. Gerbillus nanus, W. Blanf., A. M,N. H. (4), XVI., p. 312.

1891. Gerbillus nanus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 267, p. 399.

2846;1 2. Muli, Muli State, Kathiawar.

—

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 479

These specimens bear a strong resemblance to some specimens in the

National Collection from near Aden; however they agree with the descrip-

tion of the type of manus taken at Gwadar, Baluchistan, so probably the

species extends from Aden to Kathiawar.

“These small Gerbils were dug out of the soft sand on the river bank.

The adult female was found in a burrow of simple construction, a single and

nearly straight run going to a depth of 2 feet and a second leading to the

surface again, the whole being about 6 feet in length; one entrance was

half closed, the other quite filled in with sand,-but whether this was

intentional or not I cannot say. Nos. 2560, 2661, 2662 were found ina

burrow with 3 entrances, two of which were filled in with sand, the third

left open. The runs in this burrow branched occasionally into blind ways

and there were several small accumulations of fine chopped grass. These

gerbils are wonderfully agile when on the surface, getting along in short

and rapid bounds. Very prominent in life are the four white spots, one

behind each ear and above each eye. These gerbils are exceedingly

difficult to find, there being little or no indication of their existence.”

—C. A. C,

MERIONES HURRIANS, Jerd.

The Indian Desert Gerbil.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

; 10 92. Juna Bowli, Dhrangadhra.

6. Muli, Muli State.

36 ;4222. Moti Mojiti.

cies

’

®. Sadla, Bajana.

(See also Report No. 3.)

“As anticipated, Meriones hurrine is moderately abundant in Dhranga-

dhra, the distinctive burrows with small heaps of sand just outside the

numerous entrances being met with in colonies at frequent intervals.

This is a most difficult rat to trap, for he refuses almost any bait and is

very cautious about treading on concealed traps, but as he can be shot at

any time during the day, it is not worthwhile spending time over traps;

digging out can also be resorted to, though this is sometimes a long job,

owing to the large area which is occupied by the numerous runs of a single

burrow.

In the burrows I examined very little similarity in the plan was notice-

able, except that nearly every run terminates with an opening on the

surface ; I found no nests but occasionally small collections of chopped

grass which might have been for food. The runs are generally not more

than a few inches to a foot below the surface. I watched some of these

rats chasing each other near their burrows and the speed with which they

get over the ground is remarkable.

In Muli it did not appear to be plentiful, their workings were to be found

everywhere in the neighbourhood of the river, but the majority of the

burrows were undoubtedly uninhabited, which in my experience is unusual.

Very common in Bajana, always in sand and very light soil, frequently

seen abroad in the early morning, rarely at midday.”’--C. A. C.

GRYPOMYs GLEADOWI, Murray.

The sand-coloured Rat.

1885. Mus gleadowi, Murray, P. Z. BS: p. 809.

1891. Mus gleadowi, Blanford, Mammalia No. 291, p. 420

30 dd; 34 299. Sinal. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

480 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

28d6;1 29. Juna Bowli.

3¢6;3 22. Muli, Muli State.

1g. Moti Mojiti.

1 @. Sadla. Bajana, Kathiawar.

There seems no doubt that this fine series is Grypomys gleadow, the type

locality of which is Karachee, Sind.

‘‘The very large series I have obtained may give the impression that the

country swarms with this species ; on the contrary I should only describe

it as fairly plentiful, the reason that so many were obtained being that a

burrow is rarely over two feet long and can be dug out in a few minutes.

Grypomys gleadowt is found on rather poor soil devoid of any cover

except short grass, the seeds and blades of which must constitute the

sole food of this rat. The burrows which are not in colonies are of most

peculiar construction (see sketch) comprising two short runs leading to a

circular chamber in which a nest of grass is placed about one foot below

the surface; the run which appears to be generally used is about 18

inches long, and slopes gradually down to the nest; the second run leaves

the surface vertically, and with a slight curve towards the bottom, also

enters the nest, this appears to be an emergency exit and is sometimes

obscured from view above by a pad of grass placed there by the rats.

There are no pathways in the grass and there is no deposit of earth

near the burrow. At this season nearly all the females were breeding

and were apart from the males. In one burrow I found a female No. 2313

with three almost newly-born young and also the previous brood of three,

three-quarter grown; when the mother bolted from the burrow, the new

born young remained adhering to the mamme ; these juveniles I preserved

in spirit and it will be noticed that the fur on their backs is nearly black.

From three to five young at a birth appears to be usual. Kept in

confinement these rats are very active and become tame in a few days ;

in a fortnight I allowed some to run about on the table and found I could

handle them. They can scarcely be called plantigrade, for the usual

mode of progression is on the toes with the body raised from the ground,

the back well arched and the head rather high. So far as my obser-

vations went, they do not move in bounds as Tatera indica does; when

———

a. ae

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 481

sitting, it is usual for them to assume an almost upright position with the

forefeet drawn up. The bare ground on which this species lives necessi-

tates very keen sense of hearing ; hence the very large ears, but as these

tend to make the rat conspicuous, Nature provides that the terminal third

or even half of the ears can be folded down, the orifice remaining open

Testes very large, measuring together 25 x 17 (measurements taken from

No. 2167). At Muli they were found under the same conditions as in

Rajkot and also in soft sand, when the latter, the burrows were longer and

deeper and usually had only one entrance and a single straight run.” —

CO A.C.

TATERA INDICA, Hardw.

The Indian Gerbil.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

Keshod, Kathiawar.

sul Oy. ‘Verawal, Kathiawar.

alala, Kathiawar.

2 2 9 . Sasan, Kathiawar.

RESO oO. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

2. Vankaneer, Kathiawar.

5 9

;192. Juna Bowli.

;1 2. Satapur, Dhrangadhra.

399

mane Oy

0, O,

©. Moti Mojiti, Kathiawar.

22. Sadla, Bajana.

2 299. Sihor, Bhavnagar, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.)

“‘T should say that in an ordinary year this would be a very common rat

in Junagadh State, itis now scarce. In Bajana it is very common in

hedges surrounding cultivation.”—C, A. C.

rt Or eo C8 Or LO OD Oo bO

G,'C, O46, Oo, 0,

VANDELEURIA OLERACEA, Benn.

The Dekhan Tree-Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

1 Q. Junagadh, Kathiawar.

1 2. Moti Mojiti, Bajana.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 4, 5 and 7.)

“No. 2691 was caught in the thatch of a house.”—C. A. C.

HPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray.

The Common Indian Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

5393;8 22 (1646 no skull). Junagadh, Kathiawar.

836;5 29. Keshod, Kathiawar.

HOON PSuean, Kathiawar.

9$66;10 299. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

1S 5 Se 2%) WVankaneer.

1g. Moti, Mojiti, Bajana.

1 Q. Satapur, Dhrangadhra.

1 Q. Sadla, Bajana.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.)

“Rather scarce now near Junagadh, common at Sasan where there

appears to be a pale variety in the fields.”—C. A. S.

482 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

VARIETY WITH WHITE UNDERPARTS.

1 $. Keshod, Kathiawar.

1o3;1Q. Talala, Kathiawar.

18 ¢6;10 22. Sasan, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 9.)

BaNDICOTA MALABARICA, Shaw.

The Malabar Bandicoot.

(Synonymy in No 5.)

266;7 29. Sasan, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 9.)

Vernacular name :—Gus.

“Very plentiful in Sasan village; from reports it has temporarily

disappeared from the neighbourhood of Junagadh.”—C, A. C,

LeecGapa sADHU, Wrought.

The ashy Spiny-Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 8.)

66;1392°2. Kudidela, Kathiawar.

6¢6:22929. Vankaneer.

636. Juna Bowli.

12 636;10 2. Satapur, Dhrangadhra.

12. linal. Mauli, Muli State.

1 2. Moti Mojiti, Bajana.

(See also Report No. 3.)

All the specimens from Kathiawar have been put into the ZL. sadhu group ;

some, principally the large ones, are of rather a darker colour, but there

seems no reason for not including them.

“Trapped sometimes with Cremnomys, but favouring ground with deeper

soil, the foot of a stone wall is a favourite resort; I took one in a tree,

three or four feet from the ground.”—C. A. C.

LEGGADA CINDERELLA, Wrought.

The smaller ashy Spiny-Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

56 $66;1 2. Kudia, Kathiawar.

(See also Report No. 3.)

Mus Boopuea, Gray.

The Southern Field Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

4$9463;4292,38inal. Sasan, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.)

“Taken on the same ground as the dark mice. Not particularly com-

mon at Sasan.”—C. A. C.

Mus punni, Wrought.

The Northern Field Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

—

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 483

966d6;19 9 9,6inal. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

8d66;1 2. Vankaneer.

236;4 2Q (2559 skull only.) Juna Bowli.

383o6d;1 2. Muli, Muli State.

oy @ Giga Qe Moti Mojiti, Bajana.

65646;8 QQ. Sadla, Bajana.

266;1 2. Sihor, Bhavnagar, Kathiawar.

(See also Report No. 3.)

These specimens from the more open country in the N. E. have the

drab colouration typical of M. durnit, while those from the forests at Sasan

have the usual appearance of M. hooduga; it would seem from this, that

they are not Northern and Southern forms but open country and jungle

varieties.

“ At Rajkot many of these small mice were taken on similar ground as

Grypomys gleadow?t , but 1+ was most noticeable that they invariably favoured

sites with adjacent cover, such as small bushes, banks and overhanging pieces

of rock; they appear to make shift with any crevive or ready made hole

with a sufficiently small opening. In captivity they are at first fearfully

wild and then quickly sulk and pine away. In Bajana they were in short

burrows under hedges and bushes or tufts of grass in any kind of soil and

even soft sand.”—C. A. C.

Mus Manet, Kel.

The common Indian House Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

Junagadh, Kathiawar.

; 299,1inal. Sasan, Kathiawar.

; 729. Sasan, Kathiawar.

;22 9 9,3inal. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

Vankaneer.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9.)

Os Os O, Os ”

“Most of these mice were trapped under hedges surrounding cultivation

in or near Sasan village, the chokras brought me afew and in some in-

stances said they had caught them in their houses, but this 1 do not know

for certain.”’

MILLARDIA MELTADA, Gray.

The soft-furred Field Rat.

(Synonymy in No. |.)

1 g. Sasan Kathiawar.

495;4 29. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

Gur On ee Satapur, Dhrangadhra.

466;229,1limal. Muli, Muli State.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5 ana 7.)

Vernacular name (all rats) :—Unpa.

‘“‘ Except for the plague I cannot account for having trapped only one

specimen in Junagadh. At Muli it was living in cracks in the ground, gene-

rally in cotton fields. At Satapur these rats were trapped among rocks and

tumble-down walls, not near cultivation ; they appear to be rare here, because

I could only get the above few specimens, though setting sixty or eighty

traps daily.”—C.A.C.

484 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIT-

CREMNOMYs cuTcHicus, Wrought.

The Cutch Rock Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

19 6 6;16 9 9;2inal. Kudia, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 8 and 9.)

“ This rat is common at Kudia, where I found it always among rocks; it is

evidently fond of climbing for I found little piles of droppings on the tops

of large boulders ; there were also small collections of droppings in hollows

under the rocks. Itis doubtless gregarious, for where one is caught it is

safe to expect to find others. Its food consists of a good deal of grass seed ;

all my specimens were taken at an altitude of about 2,000 feet ; during my

first camp above Junagadh, I was trapping on somewhat similar ground at

about 700 feet, but made no captures and saw no signs of the rat.”—C.A.C.

GUNOMYS KOK, Gray.

The Southern Mole-Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

Junagadh, Kathiawar.

$6;7 29. Talala, Kathiawar.

266;2 29. Sasan, Kathiawar.

18 6 6;16 92. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

1 2. Moti Mojiti, Bajana.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9.)

“From reports was undoubtedly common near Junagadh. Taken from a

large jowari field, some in the open, others from under some wood stacks.

In Bajana it was generally found in the beds of dried up tanks, rather

difficult to trap. A wounded mungoose took refuge in a burrow occupied

by a large female Gunomys kok; I went away for a spade, and later, after

digging some distance, found the rat in a dying condition, it having already

evicted the mungoose.’”’—C.A.C.

GOLUNDA ELLIOTI, Grey.

The Indian Bush Rat.

(Synonymy in No. ].)

1 g. Kudia, Kathiawar.

192. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

llgod. 62Q@. Juna Bowli.

1g;2292. Satapur, Dhrangadhra.

12. linal. Muli, Muli State.

13. Moti Mojiti, Bajana.

12. Sadla, Bajana, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.)

‘Tn other districts I had trapped, a fair number of this species on ground

identical with that of the Sasan cultivation ; I can confidently assert that

this rat was not in Sasan. The single specimen taken at Kudia was secured

on a grass covered bank, far from the cultivation. At Dhrangadhra it was

more partial to the Kora Jar bushes, and in the early evening I observed it

feeding on the leaves of this bush. The presence of G. elliott may be de-

tected by short pathways in the grass or under bushes, the pathways

are generally confined to the shelter of bushes or hedges and cannot be

mistaken for the well-worn straight tracks of Tatera indica, which may run

under the hedges or across the open ground.”’—C. A. C.

apace

—_—

MAMMAL SURVEY CF INDIA. 485

HystRix LRUCURA, Sykes.

The Indian Porcupine.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

13. Junagadh, Kathiawar.

1g. Talala, Kathiawar.

1 2. Keshod, Kathiawar.

1g; 19. Baradia, Kathiawar.

1. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

1g. Vankaneer, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2 and 5.)

Vernacular name :—SERDAI.

“Common in most parts of the State; I observed footprints at Kudia.

At Verawal there is a poreupine’s earth in a rocky hill, the foot of which is

washed by the sea. I watched this earth by moonlight but the Porcupine

failed to appear. I shot No. 1784 in teak jungle one hour before dark.

The flesh of a young porcupine is remarkably fine eating, but during skin-

ning operations on No. 1998, which appeared to be a very old individual, a

very rank and rather pungent odour emanated from the flesh. The Whagris

say the liver is bitter. I have noticed in young but full-grown animals that

the sexual organs of the male are very poorly developed and in the female

the mammary glands are invisible.””—C. A. C.

Lepus DAYANUs, Blanf.

The Sind Hare.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

Junagadh, Kathiawar.

©. Keshod, Kathiawar.

Verawal, Kathiawar.

Talala, Kathiawar.

Sasan.

Baradia, Kathiawar.

;8 22. Rajkot, Kathiawar.

3399. Vankaneer.

Juna Bowli.

; 1 2. Moti Mojiti, Bajana.

Sadla, Bajana.

6; 529. Sihor, Bhavnagar.

(See also Report No. 3.)

This series of hares presents considerable variation in size and in shade

of coat, but probably this is due to the age of the animal and also to the

newness of the coat, as the differences are not consistent ; they are left as

dayanus, which species they most resemble.

WHE DSH ORR REP owre

Oy +O Oy O, Oy O, +O Os C, +040 +O

OstOi See a d

Vernacular name :—SASALA.

“Hares may be common near Junagadh, but I could not find them owing

to the standing crops; I saw a few at Keshod and occasionally in the Gir;

scarce at Verawal; common at Baradia; no sign of them at Kudia; very

common in the more remote parts of Rajkot.”—C. A. C.

GAzELLA BENNETTI, Sykes.

The Indian Gazelle.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

486 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

1g. Bagdu, Kathiawar.

12. Juna Bowli.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3 and 7.)

Vernacular name :—CHIKARA.

‘‘ Very common, particularly on the edge of the Gir where there is light

cover.’”—C, A.C.

ANTILOPE CERVICAPRA, L.

The Black Buck.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1 3. Keshod, Kathiawar.

1 dg. Bagdu, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 1 and 5.)

Vernacular name :— KHatta.

“ Very common, not found in the Gir.”—C. A. C.

Sus cristatus, Wagn.

The Indian Wild Boar.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

13. Sihor, Bhavnagar, Kathiawar.

(See also Reports Nos. 5 and 8.)

Vernacular name:—Hvar.

“Gir and Girna range, common.’”’—C. A. C.

REPORT No. 11.

By Karsieen. V. RYLEY. |

With Field Notes by the Collector G. C. Shortridge.

COLLECTION... hans SIN Ogle

NOC ATI yy) ee me): ... COORG.

DatTE Lhe dake .... DECEMBER 16th 1912-FEBRUARY

LOLS:

CoLLECTED BY aed ... Mr. G. C. SHORTRIDGE.

HaRLIER REPORTS .. .. No. 1, E. Khandesh, Vol. XXI,

p. 392; No. 2, Berars, Vol. XXI, p. 820; No. 3, Cutch, Vol.

XXI, p. 826; No. 4, Nimar, Vol. XXI, p. 844; No. 5, Dharwar,

Vol. XXI, p. 1170; No. 6, Kanara, Vol. XXII, p. 29; No. 7,

Central Provinces, Vol. XXII, p. 45; No. 8, Bellary, Vol. .

XXII, p. 58;.No. 9, Mysore, Vol. XOGl, p. 28315) Nowa)

Kathiawar, Vol. XXII, p.

This collection was made in Coorg, a small British Province in

Southern India.

The following detailed description of the country and camps is

given by Mr. Shortridge : —

‘Coorg, which is the smallest province in India, is situated

chiefly on the slopes and summits of the Western Ghats. Bounded

on the north by South Kanara and the Hassan district of Mysore.

‘HUOSAT ‘(UotIOods omme4-jjeq B ATqeqoad) TIMNgq NOSIg DNOOX

‘00g ‘ISI “LYN AVaNOg ‘Nuno¢

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 487

On the west, north-west, and south-west the boundary runs

along the foot of the Ghats, some of the peaks of which rise to a

height of from 5,000 to 6,000 feet, overlooking the low lands of

South Kanara and Malabar. The Brahmagiri Hills constitute a

formidable harrier between South Coorg and the wooded tracts of

the Wynaad. On the north and east for a short distance the

Cauvery and Hemavati rivers mark the boundary between Mysore

and Coorg, but elsewhere (to the east) the country merges imper-

ceptably into the general tableland of Mysore.

Coorg lies geographically between north latitude 11°-56' and

12°-50' and between east longitude 75°-22' and 76°-12',

Area 1,582 square miles, greatest length and breadth 60 by 40

miles.

Average rainfall 124 inches.

Population (1911) 174,976.

General elevation between 3,000 and 3,500 feet.

The Fort of Mercara stands about 3,800 feet above sea level and

this elevation is maintained for a considerable distance towards the

north. Hastwards the country slopes down to the bed of the

Cauvery (which rises in North Coorg), the elevation at Fraserpet

being some 1,100 feet below that of Mercara. On the west where

the boundary extends to the foot of the Ghats the elevation sinks

almost down to sea level.

Geological formation chiefly granite, syenite and mica schist.

Coorg proper is entirely covered with heavy forest, save here and

there where there are coffee plantations, and rice or ragi patches.

Extensive evergreen forests clothe the mountain ranges almost to

their summits.

In the east and south-east there are long stretches of deciduous

and bamboo jungle. Further north near Fraserpet where the

Cauvery forms its eastern boundary the country becomes slightly

more open and the jungle rather more scrubby.

In many places, especially where the jungle is deciduous, or has

been partly cleared for coffee cultivation and then abandoned there

are stretches of dense lantana undergrowth.

The two prominent zones may be determined as evergreen and

deciduous forests. The former clothing the Ghats and the latter

the eastern hill tracts.

The evergreen forests in the Ghat region are so dense and tangled

with thorny undergrowth and creepers that they can be penetrated

only by beaten paths. They contain among other valuable tim-

bers :—The Poon (Calophyllun elatwn), Ebony ( Diospyros ebenas-

ter), Ironwood (Mesua ferrea), Cedar (Cedrela toonw) and Sampige

(Michelia champaca). Favoured by the constantly moist atmos-

phere, the stems and branches of many of the trees are covered

with orchids, mosses and other parasites. Festoons of wild pepper

488 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

and gigantic creepers which again support the more slender convol-

vuli, and other herbaceous vines stretch from tree to tree, while

the soil in many places highly favours the growth of moisture

loving plants such as the Indian arrowroot (Curcuma longa), Wild

ginger (Zingiber caswmwnar) and the Cardamom. Wherever on

their summits or windward sides the hills are denuded of forest

they are clothed with dense coarse grass.

On the east is the drier bamboo zone. The character of this

district is indicated by the prevalence of large clumps of bamboos,

interspersed with ‘Teak’ (Tectona grandis), Honné (Pterocarpus

marsupium), Biti (Dalbergia latifolia), Nandi (Lagerstreemia micro-

carpa), Matti (Lerminalia tomentosa), Sandal (Santalum album) and

other trees peculiar to the deciduous forests.

Coorg is best known as a coffee growing country, its other

products being chiefly rice, pepper and cardamoms.

There are about 600 square miles of forest reserve ; but owing to

the fact that all Coorgs are allowed to carry firearms, and the want

of a restriction in the number of yearly licences issued, the larger

game is rapidly being shot out, more so perhaps than any other

part of Southern India I have visited. Bison, Chital and Bear only

exist in a few of the more remote parts of the province, most of

which districts are well known and very much overshot by shikar

parties; while a good Sambur head from Coorg has for many years

been unknown.

These remarks are made at the special request of several Coorg

residents who deplore the yearly increasing rarity of every kind of

large game here and remark on the uselessness of attempts at

protection on their part, when outside shikar parties, careless of the

ultimate extermination they will cause, come here every year in

numbers that are out of all proportion to the amount of game in

the district.

In addition to the amount of help received, there was a great deal

of very keen interest taken in the object of the survey,and a general

desire that the Coorg collection should be a good and representative

one. On this account it is satisfactory that with the exception of

one or two stragglers and possibly a few bats, almost everything

likely to occur in Coorg is represented, which helps to show how

invaluable local assistance is to the work of the Survey.

Mr. F. Hannyngton, I. C. 8., the Commissioner of Coorg, a very

keen member of the Society, helped me in every possible way and

accompanied me on many of my camps. Owing to the thoroughness

of his assistance I was able to make a very wide tour through the

province.

While such facilities as ‘“‘ permission to shoot in reserves,” ‘ free

game license,” ‘‘free residence in travellers’ bungalows,” and

particularly ‘instructions to local native officials to assist while

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. » 489

travelling through their districts” tend to help the survey very

considerably on account of the time and additional expense saved. —

Mr. J. A. Graham, another member of the Society, assisted me in

the best way possible by making a very large and complete collec-

tion from around Haleri estate. It is entirely owing to this collec-

tion of over 100 mammals from North Coorg that I was able to

devote most of my time to the South. If there were more amateur

collectors throughout India as enthusiastic, and with such a thorough

grasp of systematic collecting, the distribution of Indian Mammals

would be better known than it is.

In South Coorg I received invaluable assistance from Mr. H.

Cuthell of Huvinakadu estate, and owing to his accurate local

knowledge was able to add to the collection several species that I

would not have got without his help.

The following are short descriptions of the actual camps visited :—

NortH Coore.

ZL. Mercara.—Altitude 5,809 feet. Population 6,730. The chief

town in Coorg, situated in a high valley, sheltered by the tops of

hills. Patches of evergreen forest that have been largely cleared in

the neighbourhood of the town, and again overgrown with lantana

and other scrub. Stretches of rough grass country on the slopes of

the hill tops. Very little collecting was done around the town

itself, but owing to the hospitality of Mr. Hannyngton I was able

to make Mercara my base camp.

2. Jambur.—Altitude 3,180 feet. A small village about eleven

miles to the north-west of Mercara on the banks of a tributary

of the Cauvery. Surrounding forests chiefly evergreen. Small

patches of rice cultivation in the valleys.

3. Halerr.—Altitude 3,555 feet. A large coffee estate surround-

ed by evergreen forest a few miles to the north of Mercara. Hilly

country. Nearly the whole of the large collection from this district

was made by Mr. Graham.

SoutH Coore.

4. Wotekolli.—A small village, altitude 2,000 feet. Very hilly

country, evergreen forest. Large stretches of rough grass country

on the summits and windward slopes of the surrounding hills.

d. Makut—Altitude 250 feet. 8 miles south of Wotekolli at

the foot of the Ghats—on the borders of North Malabar. Forest

chiefly evergreen with a belt of Teak to the south.

6. Virarajendrapet (Virajpet).—Altitude 3,000 feet. The se-

cond town in Coorg. Population 4,280. Situated in the most

thickly populated part of the province. Extensive patches of

cultivation. Surrounding forests—mixed evergreen and deciduous

with patches of bamboo.

490: JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

7. Srimangala.—Altitude 2,782 feet, small forest village situated

on the eastern slopes of the Brahmagiri hills, which rise to a height

of over 5,000 feet. I found some most interesting changes in the

fauna to the east and west of this range which practically forms the

boundary between the evergreen and deciduous forests in south

Coorg. Surrounding jungle deciduous, very largely intermixed

with bamboo.

S. Huwvinakadu Hstate—Kutta.—Altitude 2,843 feet. A coffee

estate on the borders of the Wynaad about 8 miles to the south of

Srimanagala—hilly country surrounded chiefly by deciduous and

bamboo jungle. .

9. Nagarhole.—Altitude 2,600 feet. A small forest settlement

in the extreme south of Coorg. In the middle of a large deciduous

and bamboo jungle. Lantana undergrowth very thick in many

places. Situated along the borders of the Wynaad and within a few

miles of the Mysore boundary.

Country undulating, but less hilly than in most parts of Coorg.

During my stay in this camp Mr. H. Tireman, I. F. 8., conser-

vator of Forests, was kind enough to lend me elephants as well as

providing me with every local assistance. If looked after for a few

years this district would become one of finest game spots in South-

ern India.

The following species were not obtained :—

Sima silenus.—This monkey occurs on the Ghats on the western

borders of Coorg and in South Kanara. The boundary between

North and South Kanara is the northern limit of its range, at which

point it is probably only a straggler. Said to become numerous in

South Malabar and Travancore.

Pteropus giganteus.—Seldom, if ever, found in heavy forest coun-

try (at least in Southern India). Hardly a resident of Coorg,

although said to be occasionally seen in the more open country in the

extreme north-east borders, becoming plentiful in the more open

part of Southern Mysore.

Vernacular names :—BOWLU-HUKKI. BAWALI-NURRASI.

* Hesperoptenus tickeli.—A specimen of this species in spirit was

obtained by Mr. Graham after I left Coorg but did not arrive with

the main collection.

Felis viverrina.—Doubtfully recorded from Coorg. If occurring

at all it is probably a rare straggler from the coast, being a dweller

in flat swampy country, rarely, if ever, found at any altitude, chiefly

frequenting coastal swamps and estuaries. Said to occur in the

neighbourhood of Mangalore (South Kanara) also recorded from the

coastal districts of North Kanara, although probably more plentiful

* Unfortunately this bat along with some others which Mr. Graham had kindly

collected after Mr. Shortridge left ,was spoilt in the spirit in which they were

being preserved—N. B. K.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 491

further south. In Java, I killed a specimen that had killed a

number of full grown imported chital in a park near Batavia; while

in Southern India, it is said to occasionally kill goats and to be very

destructive to poultry.

Viverra civettina.—Recorded from Coorg by Blanford but like Felis

viverrina it is probably a rare straggler from the coast. I could get

no information of it here, and it appears to be unknown locally.

Said to occur on the coast as far north as the northern boundary of

South Kanara, although probably more numerous from Malabar

southwards.

Hlephas maavmus.—Hlephants are at times fairly numerous in

North and East Coorg, although many if not all of them wander

backwards and forwards from Mysore and the Wynaad. ‘They are

not driven into ‘‘ Keddahs”’ here but occasionally captured in

pitfalls ; these pits are eleven feet square and about the same in depth,

and are filled in with dry grass to prevent the elephants from injuring

themselves when they fall in.

Vernacular name :—‘“ Ani.” —G. C.S8.

This collection, which is a particularly interesting and representa-

tive one, consists of 561 specimens, spread over 64 species in 45

genera. It is curious that this small province should produce the

largest number of species obtained in any one collection since the

survey was begun. As Mr. Shortridge mentions in his field notes,

the mountain ranges of Coorg are evidently the dividing line for

several species, as in the case of the Presbytes, Ratufa and Leggada

where there are different species and sub-species within a few miles

of each other; this is possibly due to the difference in altitude, and

in the vegetation on the Hastern and Western slopes of the Brahma-

giri hills. Besides two new species of mice and one new species and

two new subspecies of squirrels, there are fourteen species which have

been obtained for the first time in this survey, viz., Presbytis johni

and. Presbytis hypoleucus (the specimens previously obtained from

Dharwar, Kanara, etc., and provisionally put down as P. hypoleucus,

will probably prove to be the Southern form of entellus. Another

interesting result is that Loris tardigradus differs more than was

expected from Loris lydekkerianus, a series of the latter came from

Mysore and are larger throughout as well as being much greyer in

colour. ‘Two specimens of the fruit bat Rousettus leschenaulti were

also obtained and were especially welcome, as this bat appears to be

rather rare and local, and the National collection has only a few

specimens and none of recent date. A good series of Felis bengal-

ensis was procured for the first time and more are badly wanted from

other localities. Paradowwrus jerdon was obtained, also a fine

series of otters, including the common otter and the clawless otter.

The mungoose group is well represented, besides the common

mungoose, Mungos fuscus and the large handsome species Mungos

492 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXH.

vitticollis were taken. © Martes gwatkinsi was useful, as Bonhote

separated this species from M. flavigula a few years ago, and this

example exactly matches the solitary specimen in the British Museum

Collection. Melursus ursinus, Funambulus sublineatus and a large

series of Platacanthomys lasiwrus are all new to the survey.

The collection also contains many representatives of the cat

tribe and ungulates. It isa peculiar thing that in several cases the

specimens from Coorg are larger than examples of the same species

received from other parts, this is so among the Ratufas, Mus booduga,

Vandeleuria, etc.

(Since the collection was sent home Mr. L. Newcome, Mercara, has sent

in to the Society further skins of a panther, brown palm civet and por-

cupine from North Coorg—N.B.K.)

SIMia sinica, L,

The Bonnet Monkey.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

3 66d,1@. Haleri, N. Coorg.

1g. Wotekolli, 8. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 8, and 9.)

A monkey of medium size (the male described weighing 13 lbs.) General

colour greyish brown ; paler on the under side ; tail nearly as long as head

and body and of rather a darker shade. Head and body about 2]

inches, legs and arms the same colour as the body. Fur of moderate

length, smooth and soft, rather darker on top of the head and arranged

in two radiating flat partings ; face practically without hair.

« More or less abundant throughout Coorg ; sufficiently plentiful to be

very destructive in coffee estates, where they destroy large quantities of

the ripe berries. ’’"—G. C. 8.

Vernacular names:—Kapi, Korba.

PRESBYTIS JOHNI, Fischer.

The Nilgin Langur.

1829. Simia Johnii, Fischer, Syn. Mam., p. 25.

1834. Semnopithecus cucullatus, Is Geof ; Zool. Bél. Voy. p. 38, pl. 1.

1840. Semnopithecus jubatus, Wagner, Schrep, Saugeth, supp. 1 p. 305.

1844. Semnopithecus cephalopterus, (part) Blyth, J. A. S. B. XIII, p. 469.

1888. Semnopithecus johni, Blyth, Blanford, Mammalia No. 16.

1 g. Kutta, 8S. Coorg.

1 gS. Srimangala, S. Coorg.

A monkey with a black body and limbs ; hair on head and sides of face

longer and of a light yellowish brown colour; there is no radiating parting

on crown of head; face nearly bare with slight erect fringe above the

eyes; base of tail and rump ashy grey. Head and body about 24 inches,

tail rather longer. Weight of male about 21 lbs.

“In Coorg apparently confined to the southern slopes of the Brahmagiri

hills on the Wynaad borders, where it occurs in the ‘SHonas’ or patches

of jungle surrounded by grass country on the sides of these mountains.

This is almost certainly the Northern limit of the range of this species.

Langurs are sought after by some of the local jungle tribes, who besides

eating them, use their skins for making into drums .”—G.C.S.

Vernacular names :—Kari-Musuya.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 493

PRESBYTIS HYPOLEUCUS, Blyth.

The Malabar Langur.

Semnopithecus hypoleucus, Blyth, Journ., As. Soc. Beng., Vol. X, 1841,

p. 839; Vol. XII, 1843, pp. 170, 172; Vol. XII, 1844, pp. 470, 476; Vol.

XVI, 1847, p. 733, pl. XXVI, fig. 1, and p.1271; Anderson, Res. Zool.

Exped., Yun-nan, 1878, p. 29; Blanford, Mammalia, No. 15, 1888.

266,38 22. Wotekolli, S. Coorg.

366. Makut, S. Coorg.

Mr. Dollman has kindly examined this series and written the following

notes on the subject :-—

“The Malabar Langur is evidently most nearly allied to the entellus

group. Itis distinguished externally by its far darker colouration, the

back, shoulders and hind quarters washed with a dark greyish chocolate

tint and the entire limbs dark brownish black; the head, sides of face and

ventral surface a rich yellowish buff. The skull is equally distinct, being

considerably smaller with much smaller teeth.

As the existing descriptions of this little known Langur are for the most

part, founded upon old and faded individuals, it has been thought fit to

add the following account :—

Size and general proportions much as in the entellus group. Hair on

body comparatively short, without the long silky hairs of the northern

species. Hair on the head radiating in the same manner as in entellus, the

hairs considerably shorter, and not extending to any marked degree on to

the neck. Black supraorbital fringe less developed, hairs less numerous

and shorter. General colour of back greyish chocolate brown, gradually

merging into yellowish buff, the buff colour most prominent on the

temples ; in some individuals the buff colour on the head is almost hidden

by a dirty greyish brown wash. Limbs dark brownish black throughout,

the inner sides of the arms usually paler and tinted with buff. Hand and

feet dark black. Flanks pale yellowish buff or cream, the colour darken-

ing on the belly to a deeper tint, in some cases almost orange. Sides of

face and beard deep orange-buff, this coloration being far more conspicuous

in some individuals than in others. Tail similar in colour to limbs, gra-

dually becoming paler towards the tip.

Skull smaller than that of entellus, with much smaller brain case and

narrower zygomatic region. Teeth conspicuously small, especially the

canines in the adult males. Cheek teeth set almost in straight lines, the

two rows being nearly parallel ; in entellus the tooth rows bulge outwards

slightly.

Dimensions (measured in the flesh) of adult male and female respect-

ively :—Head and body 650, 630 mm.; tail 840, 895; hindfoot 180, 160;

ear 43, 36.

Weight of the same specimens 26 and 22 Ibs. respectively.

Skull (dimensions of old male and female specimens)—

Greatest length .. oe a lis: 110 mm.

Basilar length # a Er Ree Cees) 74:7 mm.

“It has been suggested that these reports on the survey collections should be

inade rather more descriptive, as hitherto they have been too largely scientific to

be of general interest ; so for the benefit of those who have not Blanford’s .

“Mammalia” or some such book of reference, a few lines describing the general

appearance of each species will be given. It must be understood that this is not to

be taken as a scientific description, but simply to give some idea of the colour, size

and weight of the animal, to help those, whodo not know them by name, to

recognise the animals. The measurements are not given on an average but of

a fairly typical specimen selected from the Coorg Collection.

494 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Zygomatic breadth Ys sf .. 845 86

Greatest width of brain case .. ey OW se 63

Width (outside) across orbital region ., 67:4 68

Interorbal constriction .. us By WLS) 11

Palatilar length .,. ma ae ol 37

Width of palate (inside m!) os 21°5 22

Length of upper tooth row (from front of

first premolar to back of last molar) . 30 32°3

In an adult male in which the canine teeth are folly up, but not worn,

the length from the front alveolar border to the tip of the canine is

18°6 mm.; in a skull of similar sex and condition of a specimen belonging

to the entellus group the canine measures 24°5 mm. in length.

The original locality given by Blyth is Travancore; this series from

Southern Coorg apparently represents the northern limit of the Malabar

Langur.”

These specimens having proved to be the true P. hypoleucus, those previ-

ously obtained in Dharwar, Kanara and Bellary must be relegated to the

entellus group, probably they will prove to be P. anchises, the southern repre-

sentative of entellus.

“Fairly plentiful on the slopes and at the foot of the Ghats around

Wotekolli and Makut. This species is replaced by the next to the East of

the Brahmagiri Hills, which appear ‘to separate the two species at this

point. I could get no information of any species of Langur existing in

North Coorg’’.—G. C. 8.

Vernacular name :—MuvsuHya.

PRESBYTIS ENTELLUS ANCHISES, Blyth.

The Southern Langur.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

236,292. Nagarhole, 8. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4, 7 and 10.)

A monkey with fine, smooth, silky hair of a pale creamy brown colour,

paler on the flanks ; limbs of a darker shade becoming almost black on the

hands and feet; tail about the same colour as the limbs ; hair on crown

of head short and radiating from a point on the forehead. Head and body

about 25 inches, tail considerably longer. Weight of a female 23 lbs.

For detailed description see “ Notes on the Langurs ” in the ‘Scientific

Results.”

“In Coorg this species seems to occur only on the Hast of the Brahma-

giris. Plentiful around Nagarhole, a single troup was observed to the

north of Srimangala. These specimens had conspicuous crests, similar to

“mriamus,’ which were not present in specimens from other localities.

P. priamus is recorded by Blanford (probably incorrectly) from the

Wynaad.”—G.C.8.

Loris TARDIGRADUS, L.

The slender Loris.

3 2. Virajpet, S. Coorg.

1 E.QOx Kutta, 8. Coorg

A small greyish brown lemur about 8 inches long with thick woolly fur;

some, chiefly the younger ones, have a decidedly red brown colour; the

eyes are large and round with a narrow white stripe which broadens out

above the eyes. No tail visible, paler on the under side; limbs the same

colour as body. Weight of the specimen described about 6 ozs,

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 495

I have given no synonymy in this case, as stated in a previous Report

(No. 9) on the Mysore Loris, it is difficult to make any definite statement

about the Slender Loris until some specimens are obtained from Ceylon

and as some are expected shortly, the subject is being left until the

Ceylon material arrives.

“Probably fairly plentiful in Coorg, although apparently rare on the

Western side of India as far North as North Kanara. Not easy to find in

thick jungle without the help of natives, owing to its sluggish and nocturnal

habits and powers of concealment by day among the thick foliage of high

trees.

Blanford records that this species has no tail which he gives as one of

the distinguishing features between this genus and WNycticebus, but al-

though short (averaging 7 mm. in length) and inconspicuous, a slender

external tail is at all events occasionally present.

Natives in South Coorg distinguish two kinds of Loris, one of them

having a distinét tail. I suggest from their descriptions that individuals

with more noticeable tails, than those I examined, occasionally occur.

Shortly after I left Coorg, Mr. Graham obtained a female together with

an apparently recently born young one (March 16th).”—G.C.S.

Vernacular name :—Hunimunna, SINGALIKA, Karp MuniIsHya.

RovusETTUS LESCHENAULTI, Desm.

The fulvus Frut-Bat.

1820. Pteropus leschenaulti, Desmarest, Encycl. Mith. Mamm. 1, p. 11.

1825, 3 amplexicaudatus, Temm, Mon. Mamm. 1, p. 200.

1835. - pyrivorus, Hodgs. J.A.8.B. IV, no. 48, p. 700.

1843. Cynopterus affinus, Gray, List. Mamm. B.M., p. 39.

1870. Hleutherura fuliginosa, Gray, Cat. Monk. etc., p. 119.

1870. Hleutherura marginata, Gray. Cat. Monk. etc., p. 119.

1873. Cynonycteris infuscata, Peters, M.B. Akad, Berlin, p. 487.

1g. Virajpet, 8. Coorg.

1g. Nagarhole, 8. Coorg.

A dull brown fruit bat about 5 inches long; very short tail. The

example taken weighed 34 ozs.

“Apparently very much less plentiful than Cynopterus. Two specimens

were shot while resting inside verandahs, on one occasion in company with

a number of Cynopterus sphinx.”—G.C.S.

CYNOPTERUS SPHINX, Vahl.

The Southern short-nosed Fruit Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

5¢6d,62°2. Virajpet, S. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 6 and 9.)

A fruit bat about 4 inches long of varying shades of brown, the shoulders

having a brighter yellowish brown tint. Very short tail, less than 4 inch

long.

“Very plentiful in Coorg. In the vicinity of houses, they have an un-

pleasant habit of resting inside verandahs throughout the night and

dropping quantities of half eaten figs. They can be driven away by

branches, which are hung up inside the verandahs, and which interfering

with their flight keep them away. I never observed this habit among any

of the small fruit bats that swarmed in Java.”—G.C.S.

Vernacular names :—‘ In1-NuRRASI’ (Flying rat), HaRA-NURRASI.

496 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

MEGADERMA SPASMA TRIFOLIUM, Geoff.

The Malay Vampire Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 @. Haleri, N. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 5 and 6.)

An ashy grey bat with large ears and no tail; a lighter shade of grey on

the under side ; fur fairly long ; a nose leaf nearly twice as high as it is

broad. Head and body about 3 inches long.

“ A small colony was found in a mud temple on Haleri estate.”—G.C.S.

RHINOLOPHUS BEDDOMEI, K. And.

The Great Indian Horse-shoe Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

iL Goll Y wa aily plete, he Croyoutee,

(See also Report No. 6.)

A brown bat speckled with grey; long fur; fairly large ears; a large

complicated nose leaf and a tail only just extending beyond the membrane.

Head and body about 3 inches long ; 2 oz. in weight.

“Found in a hollow tree; as noted in the North Kanara Report, this

species does not roost by day in colonies, but in pairs. J have noted at

different times that a number of other species are not gregarious.— Kerzvou-

la, Harpyiocephalus and Coelops always roost singly or in pairs.’”—G.C.8.

HIPPOsIDEROS FULVUS, Gray.

The bicoloured leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No, 3.)

1 inal. Haleri, N. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8,9 and 10.)

A small bat of a pale grey brown colour, fur white at the base and grey

brown at the tips; large ears; small nose leaf; tail extending to end of

membrane. Head and body not quite 2 inches long.

HiprosIDEROS DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes.

Sykes’ leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 6,1 imal. Wotekolli, S. Coorg.

( See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 8 and 9.)

A small bat which varies considerably in colour, ranging from yellow, red

brown to grey brown; a complicated nose leaf; tail just extending

beyond the membrane. Head and body a little over 2 inches long.

‘“< Insectivorous bats were less plentiful in Coorg than in most places

visited in Southern India. This may be on account of the altitude, as in

the East Indies, I found that bats began to get scarce above an altitude

of 3,000 feet.”—G.C.S.

PIPISTRELLUS CEYLONICUS, Kel.

Kelaart’s Pipistrelle.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

6 Mercara, N. Coorg.

66,8 22. Haleri, N. Coorg.

©. Wotekolli, S. Coorg.

bo bo Fe

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 497

436,622. Srimangala, 8. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10.)

A small brown bat; head and body a little more than 2 inches long,

tail extending just beyond the membrane,

“ Pipistrelles were the only bats observed to be really plentiful in Coorg.

Frequently hiding by day in the roofs of houses.”—G.C.S.

Vernacular name (all small bats) ‘ Sunpa-NurRast’ (Flying mouse.)

PIPISTRELLUS MINUS, Wrought.

The Southern Dwarf Pipistrelle.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

8 ¢6dg,15 2 9,12inal. Srimangala, 8. Coorg.

1 S$ (imm.),2 92. Kutta, S. Coorg.

( See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. )

A small dark brown bat, rather a lighter shade underneath ; head and

body slightly less than 2 inches in length; tail extending just beyond the

membrane.

“Very plentiful around Srimangala, apparently more local than P. cey-

lonieus.” —G.C.8.

ScoTOPHILUS WROUGHTONI, Thos,

Wroughton’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1. Haleri, N. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 5, 6,7, 9 and 10.)

A cinnamon coloured bat, paler on the under side; tail extending slight-

ly beyond the membrane. Head and body nearly 3 inches long.

“A swift and early flyer.—Not observed in any numbers in Coorg.’’—

G.C.S.

TYLONYCTERIS PACHYPUS, Temm.

The club-footed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 <¢ Srimangala, S. Coorg.

1 in al. Haleri, N. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 5 and 6.)

A very small bat of a yellowish brown colour above and below; tail

extending just beyond the membrane; head and body about 123 inches

long. It is easily distinguished by having suckers on its feet.

‘““T noticed in Java that this species invariably roosted inside the hollow

stems of bamboos, and it was very apparent that the sucker like appen-

dages of these bats enabled them to run up and down the smooth inner

surfaces of bamboos with great ease. An early flyer.’—G.C.S,

* PACHYURA PERROTTETI, Duvern.

The Indian Pigmy Shrew.

(Synonymy in No. 4.)

6,linal. MHaleri, N. Coorg.

1 ¢ Srimangala, S. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 4 and 8.)

*An additional specimen was lately received from Mr. Sprott from MHaleri

—N B.K.

498 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTII.'

A very small glossey dark brown shrew. Head and body about 2 inches

long, tail rather shorter.

The specimen in alcohol, no. 2617, is slightly larger than perrotteti and

has a much longer tail, but for the present I am leaving it as perrotteti as

it comes nearest to that species; when more material has been collected,

the complicated subject of the shrews will be worked out.

“‘Possibly not uncommon. Mr. Graham tells me that they are well known

owing to their habit of falling into tanks and wells ; one specimen was

found drowned in a well on Haleri estate.”—G.C.8.

PACHYURA, sp.

Shrews.

6,1 9,1llinal. Haleri, N. Coorg.

5,92. Virajpet, S. Coorg.

Nagarhole, S. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10.)

“ Plentiful, particularly around houses ’”’.—G.C.S.

Vernacular name :—MvcixI.

Fewis Tieris, L.

The Tiger.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 2. Haleri, N. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 5 and 6.)

“Very much less numerous than the panther”.—G.C.8.

Vernacular name :—HULI.

FELIS PARDUS, L.

The Panther.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1g. Wotekolli, 8. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6 and 9.)

“ Plentiful ’’.—G.C.S.

Vernacular name :—“ Kigrasa’”’ “ UppIBBA.”’

FELIS AFFINIS, Gray.

The Jungle Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1. Haleri, N. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 10.)

A cat varying in colour, chiefly of a brownish yellow grey; tail ringed

blackish brown and grey ; paws pale yellow, black underneath ; ears tipped

with black ; underparts paler, with remains of stripes on legs and under

side of flanks. Head and body about 25 inches, tail 9 inches.

“Not plentiful in Coorg. Often called the Tiger Cat to distinguish it

from Felis bengalensis which is known as the Panther Cat.

At the Mysore Zoo (October 1912) a large cobra got into a cage con-

taining a specimen of Felis affinis, the cobra was discovered the next day

killed and partly eaten ’’.—G.C.8.

Vernacular name :—‘ KEeBsuti.’

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 499

FELIS BENGALENSIS, Kerr.

The Leopard Cat.

466. 129. Virajpet, S. Coorg.

2 (no skulls) Haleri, N. Croog.

The yellow brown wild cat, with dark brown or black longitudinal stripes

and spots; underside white and spotted. Head and body about 21 inches

long, tail about half that length, weight about 6} lbs.

This series, which is very uniform, will be most useful in working out

the F. bengalensis group when more specimens from other parts of India

have been received, nothing can really be attempted in the way of sorting

out, or breaking up, this very difficult and complicated group until speci-

mens have been obtained from Bengal; these are the first examples of this

cat that have been collected during the survey, and the National Collection

is very badly off for specimens, those which it does possess are mostly poor

skins with very vague localities, therefore it is impossible to try to give

any sort of synonymy at present as more material is greatly needed.

“ Fairly plentiful in Coorg, apparently more so than Felis affinis which is

the common wild cat in most parts of Southern India. Particularly

numerous around villages, where they destroy large numbers of fowls. I

have seen specimens of this cat from as far North as Castle Rock (North

Kanara) where, however, they appear to be rare. In North Kanara and

Dharwar districts the vernacular name “ Wagati” is used indiscriminately,

_ both for this species and Felis rubiginosa”.—G. C. 8.

Vernacular name :—BorkKaA.

Fruis (domestic).

1. Haleri, N. Coorg.

Probably a hybrid cat. Grey with lateral stripes like an ordinary tabby

cat.

VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS, Gmel.

The Small Indian Civet.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

. Wotekolli, 8. Coorg.

, 32. Virajpet, S. Coorg.

. Kutta, 8. Coorg.

2,2 notsexed. MHaleri, N. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 7 and 10.)

A brownish grey civet with longitudinal black or brown stripes and

rows of spots on its back and a stripe down each side of the neck, brown

paws and a longish narrow head and pointed nose. Head and body about

22 inches, tail about 16 inches. Some specimens are lighter in colour and

the stripes and spots indistinct, the tail is rmged, grey and brown.

“ Very plentiful in Coorg. Blanford states that he has not heard of

any Civet Cat being kept in India for the production of Civet”’; but a

number of this species are kept for that purpose at Kolar in Eastern

Mysore. Civet is very largely produced from this species in Java, where

it is used very considerably for flavouring the tobacco smoked by the

natives.

Civets, Paradoxures and the Common Mongoose do not seem to be such

persistent raiders of poultry yards as the small felidae; not on account of

any shyness, as they all have the habit of collecting in large numbers

around human habitations. If such were the case, it would hardly be

possible to keep poultry at all in a district like Coorg, where these animals

iS,

3 2

500 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXT1,

exist in such quantities. They all, no doubt, kill fowls when opportunity

offers but it is probable that they prefer preying on rats, lizards and other

small animals that exist everywhere in such enormous numbers. They

are all fond of carrion, and a dead animal will invariably attract them. ”—

G.C.S.

Vernacular name :—PuLunquotay Punvueuv.

PARADOXURUS NIGER, Desm.

The Indian Toddy Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1g. Haleri, N. Coorg.

12. Makut, 8S. Coorg.

1g. (imm. skull only); 29 9. MHaleri, N. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 7 and 8).

A Civet Cat with yellowish white under fur, some of the hairs having

long, black tips; the limbs and end of the tail are black-brown; the

shoulders and back of the neck are darker, and in some cases there are

indistinct bands or rows of spots down the back. Head and body about

22 inches, tail about 18 inches.

“ Known throughout Indiaas the Toddy-Cat, which is said to be on

account of its habit of climbing palms and drinking the Toddy that

flows into jars put there by ‘‘ Toddy drawers.” The Paradoxure of Java is

called the Coffee Cat, owing to its habit of collecting in numbers around

coffee plantations for the purpose of feeding on the ripe berries. Para-

doxurus niger has the same habit in Coorg: when the berries are

eaten, only the pulp is digested, and the undigested beans are deposited

in heaps as they have a habit of coming continually to one place, generally

in open localities, such as paths or on tree stumps. When the regular

coffee picking is over, these heaps are looked for and collected. The Jackal

has exactly the same habit depositing the beans in similar heaps;

but, although both animals being very plentiful, devour a large amount of

coffee, a certain partis afterwards recovered, consequently they are not

considered such serious pests asmonkeys and birds (chiefly barbets). Hven

when existing away from coffee estates, Paradoxures appear to be largely

frugivious and seemingly not very destructive to poultry. They have a

well known habit of taking up their abode in the roofs of houses, where,

although not very desirable, owing to the noise they make by running

about overhead during the night, they doubtless destroy a large number

of rats. This species is very readily tamed.”’—G.C.S.

Vernacular name :—KULLIBEKKU.

PARADOXURUS JERDONI, Blan.

The brown Palm Civet.

1885. Paradoxurus jerdoni, Blanford, P.Z.S., pp. 618, 802. No. 54.

Mammalia.

3 66. Haleri, N. Coorg.

13g. 29. Virajpet, 8. Coorg.

A Civet Cat with deep brown on head, shoulders and limbs, but grizzled

on back and sides; tail grizzled with terminal end brown, sometimes

having a white tip. Fur radiating from a point on the shoulders. Head

and body about 22 inches, tail about 20 inches. Weight of a female 53 lbs.

“‘ Fairly plentiful in Coorg, although not nearly so numerous as P. niger.

The habits of the two paradoxures appear to be identical; they are found

side by side in the same localities, especially around coffee estates, and are

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 501

not recognized as being distinct by the natives. I have not noticed if jerdoni

has the same habit as niger of living in the roofs of houses. Both species

are largely arboreal and may frequently be observed in trees on moonlight

-nights.”’—G. C.S

Muncos munco, Gmel.

The common Indian Mungoose.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

222. Wotekolli, 8. Coorg.

(AT ei Ciel ee Virajpet, S. Coorg.

1 2. Srinmangala, S. Coorg.

266;322. Haleri, N. ‘Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10.)

‘Extremely plentiful in Coorg. Very often seen by day.”—G. C. 8S.

Vernacular name :—KERA HOU-KERA.

Muneos vitricouiis, Benn.

The stripe-necked Mungoose.

1835. Herpestes vitticollis, Bennett, P. Z.S., p. 67.

1839. Mangusta vitticollis, Elliot, Mad. Journ. L. 8. X., p. 105.

1888. Herpestes vitticollis, Blanford, Mammalia No. 64.

1 2. Wotekolli, $. Coorg.

1 3g. Srimangala, S. Coorg.

1g. Nagarhole, 8. Coorg.

Wg 2.2.97.) Haleri,sN. Coors:

A large handsome mungoose, brown with yellow red speckles ; head iron

grey ; lower part of the back and tail with long chestnut hairs ; a black

stripe on each side of the neck; limbs and end of the tail black. Head

and body about 20 inches, tail 13 inches ; weight about 7% lbs.

“ Not uncommon, although very much less plentiful and more local than

Mungos mungo. Unlike most of the small South Indian Carnivora, vittzcollis

seems to be less plentiful in the neighbourhood of habitations, and is pro-

bably a typically forest form that has not learnt to become parasitic on

village poultry and house rats. Like the common mongoose this species

hunts a lot by day, one specimen having been shot while crossing a jungle

track at midday.

Although recorded from North Kanara by Elliot, vtticollis is probably a

rare straggler as far North as that district. In life the shape of the head

differs from that of mungo, the snout having a slight upward curve, rather

like that of a Coati mundi. This is very accurately shown in Blanford’s

sketch of Mungos urva, which is probably similar in appearance.

Sack-like depression beneath tail, very large and conspicuous in vitticollis,

not so well developed in fuscus, and rudimentary in mungo.”’—G. C. 5.

Vernacular names :—QUOKI-BALU, KATI-KERA.

Mouneos Fruscus, Waterh.

The Nilgirt brown Mungoose.

1838. Herpestes fuscus, Waterhouse, P. Z.S., p. 55.

1888. Herpestes fuscus. Blanford, Mammalia No. 62.

296461 Q. Virajpet, 8S. Coorg.

A brown mungoose speckled black and yellow throughout ; paws almost

black. Head and body about 19 inches, tail about 12 inches, weight of a

male 6 lbs.

502 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

‘‘Apparently very much more local and less plentiful than vitticollis,

Virajpet being the only locality in Coorg where I heard of it occurring.

The specimens obtained were shot close to habitations.”—G. C. §S.

Vernacular name :—SENDALI-KERA.

Canis InDicus, Hodgs.

The Jackal.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

36;429Q. Virajpet, 8. Coorg.

@. Srinamgala, S. Coorg.

3. Kutta, 8. Coorg.

3, Juv.;2 29 (noskull). MHaleri, N. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10).

“Plentiful especially im the vicinity of villages. Like Paradoxrurus,

Jackals have the curious habit of devouring large quantities of ripe coffee

berries. In addition to being a scavenger, when the opportunity offers,

they are as great robbers of hen roosts as the English Fox ’’.—G.C.8.

Vernacular names:—Kurraka, Kurrinari, Nari, GULILAKKA,

GULINARI, GULIKUNKA.

CYON DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes.

The Indian Wild-dog.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

1 3 (skull only). Nagarhole, 8. Coorg.

1 2. Chamrajnagar, 8. Mysore. (Van Ingen)

3 (no skulls). Mercara, N. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 4 and 7).

A rich red-brown dog, with end of tail, black. Head and body 36

inches, tail 16 inches.

“Considered more or less numerous in those parts of Coorg where the

larger game has not been entirely driven away, but on account of their

wandering habits, their presence in any particular district can never be

made certain of.

Generally gregarious.

Specimen 2571 was sent by Mr. Van Ingen, who obtained it in the

extreme south of Mysore close to the Coorg border ”’.—G. C. 8.

Vernacular names:—KeEnNAI, CHENNAI.

MarreEs cwatxkinsi, Horsf.

The Southern Indian Marten.

1851. Martes gwatkinsw, Horsf. Cat. EK. Ind. Coll., p. 99.

1888. Martes favigula, Blanf. Mammalia, No. 77 (partim).

1 g. Virajpet, 8. Coorg.

General colour dark-brown; head, tail and limbs almost black ; white

under chin; yellow bands on each side of neck extending to underside of

neck and on to chest. Length of head and body 24 inches, tail 16 inches,

weight 43 lbs.

Bonhote (A.M.N.H., ser. 7, Vol. VII, 1901,) recognised Martes gwatkinst

as a distinct species from M. flavigula. Horsfeild’s type was a specimen

collected by Elliot in Madras, and it exactly agrees with the example from

Coorg, so that M. gwatkinsi may be accepted as representing the South

Indian species.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 50

“‘ Apparently rare in Coorg, the single specimen obtained was only re-

cognized by a very few of the local natives. Said to be largely diurnal in

habits, and although to a considerable extent arboreal, to hunt a great

deal on the ground, occasionally in small parties”.—G. C. 8

Lutra LutTra,.L.

The common Otter.

1758. Mustela lutra, Linnezeus, Syst. Nat. 1, 10th edn., p. 45.

W777. Lutra vulgaris, Erxl. Syst. Reg. An., p. 448.

1823. Lutra nair, F. Cuv. Dict. Sc. Nat. XX VII, p. 247.

1837. Lutra indica, Gray, Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. 1, p. 580.

1839. Lutra tarayensis, Hodgs. J.A.S.B., VIL, p. 319,

1888. Lutra vulgaris, Blanf. Mammalia, No. 92.

16,499. Virajpet, S. Coorg.

1 3g. Srimangala.

4 $6 (2683, no skull); 6 22 (2684no skull). Haleri,

N. Coorg.

General colour brown, under fur woolly, white at the base and brown

above ; hairs of a lighter brown colour and longer. Under surface greyish

brown, underside of neck especially light in colour. Head and body

about 20 inches, tail about 103 inches. Weight of a female 7 lbs.

“Very plentiful. Coorg is a celebrated Mahseer district, and a reward

is offered for the destruction of otters by the local fishing associa-

tion. It will be interesting to discover whether the estuary otter of the

West Coast is this species or macrodus, possibly they both occur there.

Lutra lutra would appear to be the common “hill otter” of Southern

India ”.—G.C.S.

Vernacular names:—Nirrnal. Nirunai (Water-dog).

AONYX CINERA, Illig.

The clawless Otter.

1815. Aonyx cinera, Illiger, Abh. Ak. Berl. 1811, p. 99 (pub. 1815).

1824. Lutra leptonyx, Horsfeild, Res. Java.

18389. Lutra indigitata, Hodgson, J. A.S. B., VIII, p. 320.

1888. Lutra leptonyx, Blanford, Mammalia, No..95.

1g. Virajpet, S. Coorg.

1 $. Haleri, N. Coorg.

General colour dark brown (rather darker than the common otter), under

fur woolly and paler at the base; underpart lighter, almost white under

the chin and on sides of face. Differs from the common otter in only

having rudimentary claws. Head and body 23 inches, tail 13 inches,

weight of a male 92 Ibs.

Blanford originally adopted the name Jleptonyx, but in his ‘ Appendix

and Errata’ on p. 601 of the ‘‘ Mammalia ”’, he accepts cznera as represent-

ing this species.

“In Coorg, occurring in the same waters as Lutra lutra, but in fewer

numbers. It is difficult to distinguish between the habits of animals

which are externally so alike, but I have been informed that the clawless

otter (known as the small otter) hunts in larger packs, although most

otters, wherever plentiful, are gregarious. As far as it is at present known,

this species in Southern India is a hill otter, but in Java and other parts

of the East Indies, it is equally plentiful in estuaries and even along the

sea coast. In Java I found this species breeding in the banks of paddy

fields .’—G. C. 8.

504 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI,

MELURSUS URSINUS, Shaw.

The Sloth Bear or Indian Bear.

1791. Bradypus ursinus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. II, pl. 58.

1817. Ursus labiatus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. p. 74.

1855. Ursus inornatus, Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool. VII, p. 392.

1888. Melursus ursinus, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 100.

2594 (skull only) .. Nagarhole, 8S. Coorg.

“Occurring in the thinly populated parts of Coorg, particularly in

the eastern districts close to the South Mysore borders where the jungle

is deciduous. Said to frequently lie up by the day ia dense lantana

thickets, or in thick clumps of bamboos.”—G. C. S.

Vernacular name :—KARaADI.

PETAURISTA PHILIPPENSIS, Ell.

The South Indian Flying Squirrel.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

3,12 992. Haleri, N. Coorg.

Virajpet, S. Coorg.

1S Se Kotha se oore.

6. Srimangala, 8. Coorg.

(See also Report No. 6.)

General colour grizzled grey, under fur ashy grey with white tips ;

shoulders, limbs and flanks rusty red; underside dirty white ; tail black

except at commencement which is grey. Fur, very soft. Head and body

about 18 inches, tail 20 inches, weight of a female 4 lbs.

“Plentiful, apparently more evenly distributed in Coorg than in North

Kanara, where, although fairly plentiful, they were distinctly local.”—

Guess:

Vernacular names :—HARABEKKU PARUMBEKKU.

RatuFA INDICA SUPERANS, Ry],

The Coorg Giant Squirrel.

1913. Ratufa indica superans.—Ryley. Journ. B.N.H.S8., Vol. xxii, p. 436.

736,322. Wotekolli, 8. Coorg.

366,12. Makut, S. Coorg.

General colour chestnut red; underside pale yellow which extends on

to the front of the fore paws and around the sides of the head and face,

becoming almost white on the top of the head; ears have tufts of chestnut

hair ; whiskers black ; terminal end of tail yellow, the underside of tail is

paler throughout. Head and body about 18 inches, tail 20 inches. Tail

hairs fairly long and bushy.

* With one exception, which was intermediate, the whole series of 14

specimens from Wotekolli and Makut to the west of the Brahmagiri hills

appear identical in colour with those from Dharwar and North Kanara, show-

ing no traces of black. A second series from Nagarhole and Kutta to the

east of the Brahmagiris, where the forests are entirely deciduous, differed

in all having black tails. While a single specimen, No. 2572, sent by Mr.

Van Ingen from Chamarajnagar (South Mysore), lessthan 30 miles to the

east of Nagarhole, differs again in having the shoulders and hind quarters

as well as the tail black. These three localities are all in the same latitude

and the amount cf black on individuals evidently increases here from west

to east. The black-tailed forms from Nagarhole, etc., being intermediate

between the two extremes; but it is remarkable to find such marked

Seis ial

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 505

variation in three districts so close together. The Brahmagiris appear to

form an abrupt barrier between the two Coorg forms, though there is ap-

parently nothing to prevent their meeting and inter-breeding around the

foot of that range. Mr. Van Ingen informs me that the red squirrels from

Eastern Mysore are similar to those from Southern Mysore. Specimens

from South Malabar and Travancore are also said to be very strongly

suffused with black.

Rare in North Coorg.’’—G.C.S.

Vernacular name :—KENJERI.

RatuFa INDICA BENGALENSIS, Blanf.

The Central Indian Giant Squirrel.

(Synonymy in No. 7.)

23d. 32Q. Kutta, 8. Coorg.

36d6;2 29. Nagarhole, S. Coorg.

General colour deep chestnut red, yellow underside and pale markings

on head and forelegs as in R. indica superans, but differing from that

species in having a black tail with a yellow tip, underside of tail still with

a narrow yellow stripe throughout. Head and body about 16 inches, tail

17 inches. Weight of a female 42 lbs. ,

The synonymy of the above sub-species was given in Report No. 7, it

was then applied to the Ratufas obtained in the Central Provinces, which,

however, have now been made into a new subspecies Ratufa indica centralis

(ante p. _) as the Coorg specimens agree more closely with the type of

Ratufa indica bengalensis.

RATUFA INDICA CENTRALIS, Ryl.

The black shouldered Giant Squirrel.

1913. Ratufa indica centralis, Ryley. Journ., B. N.H.S., Vol. xxii,

p. 436.

6 2572. Chamrajnagar, 8S. Mysore.

General colour chestnut red with pale markings as in swperans and

bengalensis, but differing from those species in having black on the should-

ers, rump and hindquarters, the tail is also black with a very small pale

yellow tip. This squirrel is also smaller, the head and body only measur-

ing about 133 inches ; tail 16 inches and weight about 23 lbs.

It is curious to find this one specimen agreeing so well with the large

series from the Central Provinces, and not with the Ratufas obtained so

near by in Coorg.

“The Southern and Eastern Mysore form.’—G.C.S.

FUNAMBULUS WROUGHTONI, Ryley.

The Coorg striped Squirrel.

1913. Funambulus wroughtoni, Ryley. Journ. J.B.N.H.S., Vol. xxii,

p. 437.

1g. Jambur, N. Coorg.

566,229. Haleri, N. Coorg.

666,422. Wotekolli, S. Coorg.

1g,1 2. Makut,S. Coorg. ‘

10 6d,2 29. Virajpet, S. Coorg.

3¢66,1 9. Srimangala, S. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 5 and 6.)

Speckled brown, black and grey with three longitudinal light yellow

stripes, the middle one being very narrow and shorter than the lateral

506 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

stripes; a red-brown head; grizzled tail, red on its underside; the back

sometimes has a black patch and often a rusty-red appearance. Under-

side greyish white. Head and body about 7 inches, tail 6 inches.

“Only locally plentiful in Coorg, in some places being distinctly un-

common; I have noticed this in many parts of Southern India, both with

Funambulus tristriatus and palmarum, and considered that they must die off

locally from time to time from some epidemic. Bubonic plague has been

suggested as the cause in some places. There appeared to be much varia-

tion in the markings and colouration of the striped squirrels from Coorg.

Sciurus macrurus is recorded by Blanford from Southern Mysore and

should be looked for in the deciduous jungles near the Coorg-Mysore

boundaries, although I received no information of its occurrence anywhere

in Coorg’”’.—G. C. 8.

Vernacular names:—Sunni, ALALU, ALUQUNSHA.

FUNAMBULUS SUBLINEATUS, Waterh.

The Dusky Striped Squirrel.

1838. Sciurus sublineatus, Waterhouse, P.Z.S., p. 19.

1842. Scrurus delesserti, Gervais, Mag. Zool., pl. 31.

1851. Sevurus trilineatus, Blyth, Soke S.B., XX, p. 163 (nom, nud),

1891. Scvurus sublineatus, Blanf., Mammalia No. 256.

236. Kutta, S. Coorg.

A small brown squirrel speckled with dull greenish grey, having four

dark-brown longitudinal stripes separated by three pale ones: under-

surface of a yellower shade: feet same colour as body; tail of a rather

darker speckled colour. Length of head and body about 5 inches, tail

rather less; weight of a male 13 ounces.

“ Apparently local and by no means plentiful in Coorg. Mr. Cuthell

informs me that these squirrels occur in pairs in damp gullies in the

thickest forest, particularly where the soil is favourable for the growth of

wild ginger and cardamoms. Said to be extremely shy and difficult to

discover among the creepers and tangled undergrowth that they frequent ;

hiding behind the trunks of trees and making off at the slightest sound.” —

G; CS.

Vernacular name :—Goopa-SuUNNI.

PLATACANTHOMYS LAsIuRUS, Blyth.

The Malabar Spiny Mouse.

1859. Platacanthomys lasiurus, Blyth., J. A. 8S. B., XXVIII, p. 288.

1891. Platacanthomys lasiurus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 268.

24 945,149 9,4inal. Virajpet, S. Coorg.

1 g. Near Mercara, N. Coorg.

General colour brown, underside dirty white. Fur on back mixed with

flat stiff spines, underfur grey white at the base becoming brown, with the

extreme tip of the spines white, tail dark-brown and bushy at the end;

whiskers long and black. Head and body 53 inches, tail 4 inches, weight

of a female 23 ounces.

“ Apparently very local, although extremely plentiful where it occurs.

The specimens were chiefly obtained by the natives, who smoked them out

of hollow trees around Virajpet: they discovered the trees these animals

lived in with wonderful accuracy, and when smoked they came out of the

hollow ends of dead branches, Platacanthomys is known to exist as far

north as the Kadur District in Western Mysore.

Said to be fond of feeding on Cardamoms, and to occasionally get into

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 507

toddy pots. Mr. Baker found this species among clefts in rocks as well

as in hollow trees; he observed that they were most abundant in elevated

vales and ravines and that like Gunomys and Tatera, they hoarded up

grain and roots.

Evidently entirely confined tothe Ghat region. Blanford’s sketch is

good, except that the tail is too long and the feet too slender, while in

life the ears are not usually carried in such an upright position. Hyes

small, eyelids frequently ofa dull pink. Snout and feet in some individuals

bright pink, in others whitish.

A specimen kept alive for a short time resembled a dormouse in habits.

It was very sluggish by day, and would feed freely on bananas and

biscuits, allowing itself to be handled without showing any signs of fear

and never attempting to escape. Although not savage, it would bite

inquisitively at a finger or anything placed near it. During life the

spines on the back are carried partly erect, but the tail does not appear

to be subdistichous as described by Blanford. Tails frequently tipped with

white ’.—G. C.S.

Vernacular name :—MULLILI.

TaTERA INDICA, Hardw.

The Indian Gerbil.

(Synonymy in No, 1.)

1 $ Virajpet, S. Coorg.

1 2 Srimangala, 8. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9:and 10.)

General colour varying from red-brown to fawn with sometimes a few

black tips to the hairs; underfur grey. Tail with dark stripe above and

below, having longer dark-brown hairs at the terminal end. Undersurface

white. Head and body about 7 inches. Tail 8 inches.

“Apparently comparatively scarce in Coorg, only existing in the culti-

vated districts.’”—G.C.S.

VANDELEURIA OLERACEA, Benn.

The Dekhan Tree Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

13$6;3 289. Kutta, S. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 4, 5, 7 and 10.)

A yellow brown mouse, white on the underside. Whiskers black,

tail very long, nearly 5 inches, head and body about 32 inches.

‘Probably not uncommon, especially in Bamhoo jungle, but owing to its

arboreal habits not easily trapped. It makes a rather conspicuous round

nest, like that of a dormouse of dry bamboo leaves, in shrubs and trees,

usually about 5 or 6 feet from the ground; but, although these nests are

plentiful, they are rarely found occupied, and are probably only used

by the female for bringing up her young. Vandeleuria recalls the African

genus Dendromys in habits.”—G. ©. S.

EPIMYs BLANFORDI, Thos.

The White-tailed Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

1 $. Wotekolli, S. Coorg.

1g. Nagarhole, 8. Coorg.

( See also Reports Nos. 2, 6, 7 and 9.)

508 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX11,

A brown rat, white below, with terminal half of the tail clothed with

white hairs. Fur fairly long and very soft. Head and body about 7

inches, tail rather longer.

“Probably fairly plentiful in Coorg, especially in heavy deciduous

forest.”— G. C.S.

Vernacular name :—“ Mura-inzt.”’

EPIMYs RUFESCENS, Gray.

The Common Indian Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

6 Jambur, N. Coorg.

366,12. Wotekolli, S. Coorg.

Variety.— With white underparts.

236,229. Jambur, N. Coorg.

436<d,5 22. Haleri, N. Coorg.

636d6,9 22. Wotekolli, S. Coorg.

13,12. Makut, S. Coorg.

6 gd. Virajpet, S. Coorg.

1g. Nagarhole, S. Coorg.

(See also all previous Reports.)

Brown with more or less rufous or yellow tips to the hairs; very long

bare tail. Usually grey below but there is a variety with white un-

derparts. Head and body about 7 inches, tail about 9 inches.

“The variety with dark underparts undoubtedly becomes scarce in forest

districts, particularly as one goes south. Nearly all of those from Coorg

were the white-bellied variety. Although the two forms interbreed indis-

criminately wherever they meet, there is no doubt that the white-bellied

variety is an older and probably indigenous stock that is gradually dis-

appearing in the more thickly populated districts in the course of inter-

breeding with the continually increasing numbers of dark-bellied imported

stock.”—G.C._5S.

Vernacular names :—Iut, Goop1ni, Munt-111.

Mus manel, Kel.

The Common Indian House-Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 9. Jambur, N. Coorg.

466 ;2 QQ. Haleri, N. Coorg.

1 2. Virajpet, S. Coorg, e

(See also all Reports Nos. 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10.)

The small brown house-mouse, rather lighter below. Head and body

about 33 inches and tail of the same length.

‘Very abundant around houses.”—G. C. S.

Vernacular name :—“Sunpa”

Mus Boopuea, Gray.

Lhe Southern Field Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

I ol 2) Heleri N- Coors;

1 2. Wotekolli, 8. Coorg.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 509

2473 (6 juv.) in al. Viratpet, S. Coorg.

464,19. Srimangala, 8. Coorg.

3.66. Nagarhole, 8. Coorg.

1 S$. Kutta, 8. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5,6, 7, 8,9 and 10.)

A small brown mouse of varying shades from red-brown to grey sandy-

brown. Sometimes grey and sometimes white on the underside. Varying

from 23 to 33 inches, tail about the same length.

“Although generally living in holes underground or among stones, I

found a round grass nest almost the size of a cocoanut under a fallen log at

Nagarhole containing young of this species.”—G. C. 8.

LEGGADA GRAHAMI, Ryl.

The Coorg hill Spiny-Mouse.

1913. Leggada grahami, Ryley. Journ. B. N. H.8. Vol. XXII, p. 434

Ors -

ALT ees

linal. Wotekolli, 8. Coorg.

A small dark brown mouse slightly speckled with buff; dirty white on

underside. Fur mixed with spines. Head and body about 42 inches,

tail pearly 3 inches.

“This mouse was very plentiful among the long grass on the summits

and slopes of the hills around Wotekolli at an altitude of from 2,000 feet

upwards.” —G. C. 8.

LEGGADA HANNYNGTONI, Ryl.

The Coorg lowland Spiny-Mouse.

1913. Leggada hannyngtoni, Ryley. Journ. B. N. H.S., Vol. XXII p. 435

366,222. Makut.

A small dark brown mouse, slightly flecked with yellow; pure white on

undersurface. Head and body about 43 inches, tail about 3 inches.

“This mouse, which differs from the preceding species chiefly in having

a larger hind foot, was trapped in thick jungle at Makut, at the foot of the

Ghats, altitude 250 feet.”—G. C. 8.

MILLARDIA MELTADA, Gray.

, My

The soft-furred Field Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

266,16. Kutta, 8. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 10.)

Dark-brown grey above; pale grey below. Fur very soft. Head and

body about 5 inches, tail 4 inches.

“Trapped in Huvinakadu estate in a small patch of thick scrub surrounded

by heavy deciduous forest, which stretches for many miles in every direc-

tion. If these specimens do not differ from Millardia meltada of the

Bombay Deccan, that species has a remarkable distribution. In the

Deccan I found Millardia strictly confined to the open black cotton plains,

which were bare of any kind of trees or even shrubs, living in holes and

sun-baked cracks in the ground and never extending beyond these areas,

even into the adjoining red soil districts; while, since leaving the Deccan,

I had not come across it anywhere.’—G. C. S.

Vernacular name.—MIrikI.

510 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX11.

GUNOMYS KOK, Gray.

The Southern Mole-Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1 2. Wotekolli, S. Coorg.

286;12,2inal. Makut, 8. Coorg.

1g¢;12. Virajpet, S. Coorg.

4946;429. Srimangala, 8. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10.)

Dark-grey brown slightly speckled with buff; paler on the underside.

Ta |practically bare; head and body 63 inches, tail 5 inches, weight 53

ounces. Hasily distinguished from Lpimys rufescens by its much shorter tail.

“ Plentiful both in thick jungle (deciduous and evergreen) and around

cultivation. In rubber estates Gunomys is very destructive to the young

trees. During the first few years of their growth rubber trees have tuberous

roots, which these rats attack; numbers of half-grown trees are killed in

this way, the trees wither and eventually fall. Owing to their subterranean

habits mole rats are very difficult to exterminate.’”—G.C.S.

Vernacular name :—“ TorpbaA. ”

BaNnDICOTA MALABARICA, Shaw.

The Malabar Bandicoot.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 3.3 2 9, (2650 no skull). Haleri, N. Coorg.

13,429. Virajpet, S. Coorg.

1 ¢g, Srimangala, S. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7,9 and 10.)

A large grey rat with long black-brown en on the back ; a rather

lighter colour on the underside. Tail thick afid bare. Head and body

about 12 inches, tail almost as long ; weight about 24 lbs.

“Plentiful. Never occurring at any distance from habitations. The

presence of bandicoots in a district is very easily discovered on account of

the large burrows they make around stables and outhouses.”—G. C. S.

Vernacular name :—HEGGANA.

GOLUNDA ELLIOTI, Gray.

The Indian Bush-Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

266. Wotekolli, S. Coorg.

SOEs Virajpet, S. Coorg.

1 (no skull), Kuta, 8. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.)

General colour greenish-brown with black and yellow speckles ; rather

lighter on the undersurface. Hair dark-grey at the base; tail dark above

and pale on underside. Head and body 5 inches, tail 4 inches.

“ Probably plentiful. Golunda is said to have been at times a great pest

in Ceylon, where it is known as the Coffee rat. In Coorg, although occur-

ring in Coffee plantations, where they without doubt feed on the ripe berries,

they do not appear to be sufticiently numerous to do an appreciable amount

of damage. The Indian Bush-Rat is diurnal and may often be seen or

heard among lantana thickets or other undergrowth-making a rustling

sound like a lizard as it moves about.”—G. C. 8.

Vernacular name :—Kootna.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 511

HystrRix LEUCURA, Sykes.

The Indian Porcupine.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1 ¢ (skull only). Makut, 8. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos, 1, 2, 5 and 10.)

Quils brownish black with white bands on them, quills of tail white; the

dark-brown crest bristles are also sometimes tipped with white. Weight

from 20-30 lbs.

“Fairly plentiful but not easy to find here in the thick hill forests that

they frequent. Porcupines are very destructive to rubber plantations, and

if they occur in a district where rubber is planted, unless the trees are

wired in, they get eaten down in large quantities.

Many fallen quills were seen but they were all normal in colour ’’.—

G.C.S.

Vernacular name:—MULLHUNDHI.

LEPUS NIGRICOLLIS, Cuv.

The Black-naped Hare.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

4 9 2 (1 imm) (2555 no skull), Virajpet, S. Coorg.

“1g. 5 2Q Haleri, N. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 8 and 9.)

General colour rich glossy rufescent brown interspersed with black, with

a distinctive black patch on the back of the neck, grey on the rump and

sides of the face, white on the undersurface; limbs rufous. Head and

body about 20 inches, tail 3 inches.

“ Plentiful both in forest and cultivated country”.—G.C.S.

Vernacular names:—Mora KuunpimitLt.

Bisos cgaurus, H. Sm.

The Gaur.

(Synonymy in No. 6. )

2 2 9, (skulls only ) Nagarhole, S. Coorg.

(See also Report No. 6.)

“Only occurring in the remoter parts of Coorg. Very much overshot in

the few localities here where they still exist.”—G.C.S.

Vernacular name :—Kart1.

ANTILOPE CERVICAPRA, L.

The Black Buck.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 (no skull) albino. Chamrajnagar, 8S. Mysore (Van Ingen).

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 5 and 10.)

“The black buck probably never wanders inside the boundaries of Coorg,

although together with the four-horned antilope it occurs in the more open

parts of Southern Mysore.

The specimen, sent by Mr. VanIngen, is a fawn of what would have

eventually become an albino. Albino black buck are bred in the Mysore

512 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,.

Zoo, where there is now a considerable herd; the young of which are in-

variably faintly marked as in the present specimen, only becoming pure

white after the first year’”.—G.C.S.

Vernacular name :—Huvuui-KurRaA.

MunvTIAcus VAaGINALis, Bodd.

The Barking Deer.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

1 2. Kutta, 8. Coorg.

13,19. Nagarhole, 8. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 6 and 7.)

A chestnut coloured deer, face and limbs brown, facial ribs, female

without horns but having a little black tuft where they would he. Partly

white below. Weight of Coorg female 41 Ibs. Length of head and body

38 inches ; height from shoulder to top of hoof 23 inches; height from

withers to tip of hoof, 26 inches, girth behind shoulders 21 inches.

“Fairly plentiful in many parts of Coorg. In Blanford’s “ Mammalia ”’

the weight of animals is frequently under-estimated, that of an adult

Muntjac stag is given as 38 lbs. In the present specimens a doe weighed

41 lbs. while a stag weighed down a 50 lb. scale, so heavily that I estimated

its weight at between 60 and 70 lbs.”—G. C. 8.

Vernacular names :—Katrul, KuRRANGI, KARDKURRI.

Rusa unicotor, Bechs.

The Sambhar.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 2. Wotekolli, 8. Coorg.

1 2. Makut, 8. Coorg.

1 S$. (skull only) Nagarhole, S. Coorg.

(See also Report No. 5.)

The largest Indian deer; uniform colour dark-brown, varying slightly in

shade ; hair coarse.

“Fairly plentiful in reserved forests, but as with the other large game in

Coorg, getting shot out to such an extent that good heads are very seldom

obtained.”—G. C.S.

Vernacular name :—KUDDAWAY.

Axis axis, Erxl.

The Spotted Deer.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

1 3g. Nagarhole, 8. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 6 and 7.)

“Local. Said to be fairly numerous in East Coorg, in deciduous jungle

near the Mysore borders.”—G. C. 8.

Vernacular name :—SARAGA.

TRAGULUS MEMINNA, Erxl.

The Indian Chevrotain or Mouse Deer.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

1 2. Wotekolli, 8. Coorg.

Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Doe Sambar swimming the Cauvery River, S. In:lia.

(Photo by E. F. H. Wiele).

Head of Barking Deer.—S. India.

(Actual head before being skinned).

(Phcto by E. F. H. Wiele).

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 518

3. Makut, 8S. Coorg.

6 36,2 29,1 imal. (juv.) Virajpet, S. Coorg.

Q. Chamrajnagar, 8. Mysore.

36d (juv.) Haleri, N. Coorg.

(See also Report No. 6.)

General colour, brown with greenish yellow speckles, pale yellow lateral

stripes and spots, top of head rather darker; underside almost white,

longitudinal stripes on undersurface of neck. A large female weighed

12 Ibs. Length of head and body 23 inches, tail 13 inches.

“Plentiful, chiefly frequenting heavy jungle, where it is not easy to put

up. Blanford gives the weight of an adult male as 6 lbs. Coorg speci-

mens average from 8-10 lbs., large individuals occasionally weighing as

much as 12 lbs., does as heavy, if not slightly heavier than bucks.’’—

Gy Cs.

Vernacular name :—Koora-HUNDHI.

to be

Sus cristatus, Wagn.

The Indian Wild Boar.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

229. Nagarhole, 8. Coorg.

1g; 1.2... Halen, N. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 8 and 10.)

“Plentiful. The village pigs of Southern India are probably descend-

ed from wild stock, while the variations in skulls of wild pigs from

various parts of India is very probably due to occasional interbreeding

with domestic pigs which would also account for the young of village pigs

being occasionally striped.”—G. C. 8.

Vernacular name :—KARrD-HUNDHI.

Manis cRASsICAUDATA, Geoff.

The Indian Pangolin.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

2702 juv. Haleri, N. Coorg.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 6, 8 and 9.)

Scales light-yellow brown throughout, undersurface bare.

“Well-known in Coorg, although, ‘as in most localities, not numerous,

and on account of its nocturnal and fossorial habits seldom seen.’’—G. C. S.

Vernacular names :—TiIrEGA, CHIPHUNDHI, CHIPBEKKU.

514 ,

SOME NEW SNAKES FROM THE ORIENTAL REGION.

F. Watt, C.M.Z.S., I.M.S.

Oligodon evansi, spec. nov.—In the year 1902 shortly after leaving

Burma, Major (now Colonel) G. H. Evans sent me the detailed notes of a

snake from Thandoung, Toungoo District (S. Shan States), which he was

unable to identify. I wrote to him in reply that it was certainly a species

of Oligodon or Simotes not known to science. When my collections were

sent on to me, this specimen was not forthcoming, and Colonel Evans was

never able to trace what became of it. 1 was much interested therefore

after the lapse of 11 years to have a snake sent to me by the keeper of the |

Society’s Museum, collected at Taounggyi (S. Shan States) which exactly

tallies with Colonel Evans’ description which I have kept by me, and have

frequently referred to when new species of the genera Oligodon and Simotes

have been announced.

I propose to call the species Oligodon evansi, which may be described

thus :—Length—133 inches, tail 12 inches. Rostral—Touches 6 shields,

the rostro-nasal, and rostro-internasal sutures subequal, greater than

rostro-labial. Internasals.—Two, the suture between them #? that

between the prefrontal fellows, 2 the internaso-preefrontal ; Prefrontals—

Two, suture between them 3 the prefronto-frontal; in contact with

the internasal, postnasal, loreal, przocular, and supraocular. Fiontal—

Touches six shields, the sutures subequal. Supraoculars—Length 2

frontal, breadth i frontal. Nasals—Two, in contact with the Ist

and 2nd supralabials. Zoreal—One, longer than high, about 43 the

length of the nasals. Preocular—One. Postoculars—Two. Temporal—One, in

contact with the 5th supralabial only. Supralabials—Six, the third and

fourth touching the eye, the fifth much the longest. Infralabials—Four,

Oligodon evansi. ( X 13)

fourth largest, third and fourth touching the posterior sublinguals. Sub-

linguals—Two pairs. Ventrals—131. Anal—Entire. Subcaudals—19, divided

Costals—Two heads lengths behind the head 15, midbody 15, two

heads lengths before the vent 16.

Colour—Deep olive-green dorsally, with black mottling forming indistinct

cross-bars posteriorly. Some variegation formed by short linear gamboge

edges to some scales. A broad, black, well defined saggitate mark on

the nape. Head almost uniform dark olive, the labial sutures black

on both lips. Belly yellow with elongate, transverse, black marks reach-

ing to the middle line, often on alternate or on two successive ventrals.

SOME NEW SNAKES FROM THE ORIENTAL REGION. 515

The shortness of the tail is one very noticeable feature.. Colonel Evans’

specimen measured 183 inches, the tail accounting for 12 inches. The

ventrals numbered 140, and the subcaudals 24 (25?). A row of dark

dorsal spots were present along each side. In other respects the two

specimens completely agree.

Typhlops venningi, spec. nov.—Among other interesting snakes from

Burma lately received from Captain F. KE. W. Venning is a blind snake

of the family Typhlopide which is new to science. I propose to associate

the discoverer’s name (wz. Mrs. Venning) with these specimens (two) which

have been lodged in the British Museum.

Hatbitat—Pyawbwe, Upper Burma circa 700 feet.

Description.—Rostral—About half the width of the head above. Pre-

frontal, frontal, and interparvetal subequal, rather larger than the body

scales. Supraocular—About as broad as the preceding. Anterior parietal—

Broader than the supraocular. Nasals—Not meeting behind rostral. Not

completely divided, the suture above the nostril failing to meet the rostral.

The suture below the nostril passes to the 2nd labial. Preocular—Touches

ZLyfehtojes VEPETLEWIL (- Xx Cz7ca =)

the 2nd and 3rd of the labial series. Ocular as large as the preeocular, in

contact with the 3rd and 4th labials. Temporal—One. Labials—Four

Scales in 18 rows in the whole body length.

516 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Eyes fairly distinct, beneath the preeocular, and ocular shields. Nostril

latero-inferior. Snout rounded. Tail ending in an obtuse cone. Length

73 inches. Breadth about one fifty-sixth to one sixty-fourth the total

length.

Colowr.—Dark purplish-brown dorsally, lighter beneath. A white spot

on the anal region, and at the tip of the tail.

Distira cyanosoma, spec. nov.rAmong a small collection of snakes

sent to me last year from the Philippine Islands, by Dr. Griffin was

a marine specimen which I have made the type of a new species,

incorporating it provisionally with the genus Dvzstira. I have presented

it to our National Museum at S. Kensington.

Description.—Rostral—Broader than high; in contact with 4 shielas.

Nasals—in contact with the fellow of the opposite side; suture from the

nostril passes to the 2nd supralabial. Prefrontals—a pair; in contact

with the 2nd supralabial. Frontal—Touches 6 shields, the fronto-parietal

sutures rather the longest. Parietals—Entire. Preocular—One. Postoculars

—Two. Temporals—Two on the right side, three on the left; longer

than high. Supralabials—Hight ; the third and fourth touching the eye,

sixth and seventh small, the eighth elongate. Sublinguals—Two pairs,

subequal ; the posterior quite separated by small scales. Infralabials—

Four, the fourth largest ; a cuneate scale wedged in between the third

and fourth. _Costals—Two heads lengths behind the head 33, midbody 37,

two heads lengths before the anus 35, subimbricate, faintly tuberculate.

Ventrals—213?, enlarged, entire, not quite twice the breadth of the

last row.

Colour.—Uniformly bluish, deeper dorsally, paler costally, and ventrally.

It bears a pronounced superficial resemblance to Enhydrina valakadyn.

(Boie).

JOURNAL, BOMBAY 2

Al; HIST. SOG: PLATE

nite

; THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.

Horace Knight, del. Hentschel-Colourtype.

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS

OF INDIA.

EXPLANATION oF PLATE L.

Figs. 72,73 . . . Catopsilia crocale g.

Ne gh ae oe i Beth tay:

(72b is the var. catilla).

CUPPA WC MOS Sas

ie)

Ta? ——

THE COMMON BUTTERELIES OF THE PLAINS

OF INDIA.

(INCLUDING THOSE MET WITH IN THE HILL STATIONS

OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.)

ita SWICK ILS:

(Continued from page 344 of Volume XXIT.)

Part XV.

Wirth Prates K. & L.

Genus CaToOPsiILia.

Besides the three species mentioned below there is a fourth from China

and Tenasserim extending to Australia, called C. scylla which can be dis-

tinguished by the forewing being white, the hindwing rich cadmium

ellow.

; The males have secondary sexual characters: on the forewing, on the

underside of the dorsal margin near the base, a tuft or fringe of long hairs

that is directed forwards. On the upperside of the hindwing: a small

patch, mostly oval in shape, of specialized scales, called androconia, situated

just above the subcostal vein.

108. Catopsilia crocale (Pl. L, figs. 72, 738, ¢ 3; 72a, g and 73a, g,2 2.)

—Male, upperside : chalky white, sometimes with a more or less broad and

clearly defined, basal, sulphur-yellow area on both fore and hindwings ;

this sulphur-yellow colour is at times diffused over the whole surface of the

wings, though generally it becomes paler towards the terminal margins.

Fore wing : the whole, or sometimes only the apical half, of the costa

narrowly black, this colour widened out irregularly at the apex , termen

widely black at the apex, narrowing posteriorly. This border in some

specimens almost reaches the tornus, in others terminates at vein 4 ; occa-

sionally it is continued posteriorly by a series of black dots at the apices

of the veins. Hind wing : generally uniform, unmarked ; some specimens

bear minute, black dots at the apicesof the veins. Underside: ground-

colour very variable: white with a slight to strong ochraceous tinge,

greenish white, or sulphur-yellow. Fore wing: typically without markings.

in some specimens with a patch of sulphur-yellow on either side ot base of

median nervure ;in the very yellow examples the tornal area is often

widely greenish white ; in others (C. catila, Cramer) it bears a spot, vari-

able in size, on the discocellulars : this spot has a pearly centre and an

outer reddish line. Again, many specimens have an irregular, angulated,

narrow, reddish, discal line (the colour varies in intensity) that runs from

the costa obliquely outwards to vein 7, and then obliquely inwards to vein

2, though this line is often absent in specimens that bear the discocellular

spot ; apex and termen sometimes very narrowly reddish. Hind wing :

typically uniform, without markings ; in var. catil/la there is a single small

spot at the end of the cell, similar to that on the fore wing, sometimes this

spot is much larger with a narrow, outer, reddish ring, sometimes it is

accompanied by a similar, reddish spot at base of interspace 5; when two

spots are present they may be entirely separate, or their outer rings may

coalesce ; again, some specimens have a highly irregular, discal, reddish

line (often reduced to a series of minute spots) that extends from the costa

to vein 1 ; finally, the majority of the specimens have a series of minute,

518 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL GIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXT1.

red, terminal dots at the apices of the veins. Female, upperside: ground-

colour varies as in the male, but sometimes it is chalky white at the bases

of the wings, with the terminal margins more or less broadly sulphur-

yellow. Fore wing: always with a round, sometimes quadrate, black,

discocellular spot variable in size; in some specimens the costa is black

only towards the apex of the wing, in others broadly black throughout and

opposite the apex of cell so widened out as to touch the discocellular spot.

In lightly marked specimens in addition to the discocellular spot

there is only an irregular, terminal, black band, dentate inwardly and

widest at the apex of the wing; in others there is in addition a more or

less diffuse, highly-curved, macular, postdiscal band that extends from

the costa obliquely outwards down to vein 7, where it often touches

the terminal, black band and thence is continued downwards and slightly

inclined inwards to interspace 1, getting gradually fainter and paler

posteriorly. Hind wing: a series of terminal, interspacial black. spots

that vary in size and, in the dark form, coalesce into a terminal

black band. Underside: varies from white with a yellowish, sometimes

ochraceous, tinge to deep chrome-yellow; markings as in the male

but still more variable ; in catilla the spot at the apex of the cell, in both

fore and hind wings, is enlarged into a large, reddish blotch, that on the

hind wing sometimes so much so as to occupy the apex of the cell, the

basal two-thirds of interspaces 4, 5, 6 and the middle third of interspace 7 ;

in some specimens it is continued posteriorly in a series of obscure lunules

to interspace la. Antennze red, obscurely dotted with black; palpi and

head above, red; thorax clothed with long, yellow, sometimes greenish

hairs; abdomen pale yellow; beneath: palpi and thorax pale to dark

yellow ; abdomen white. Expanse : 46-87 mm.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, of the same breadth from segment 5 to seg-

ment 12; anal end rather narrowed, roundly square at extremity. Head

round from front view and thick through; the clypeus triangular; the

surface of the whole head covered all over with fairly small, conical shiny-

black tubercles, each tubercle carrying a short hair; colour green, slightly

yellower than the body ; clypeus also green, and tubercled ; antenne white,

jaws tipped brown-red. The head is slightly broader than segment 2.

Segments 3 and 4 slightly tumid along dorsoventral line. Surface of body

rather deeply, transversely parallel-lined, 7 lines to each segment (there are

always some one or two less in all these pierid larvic on segments 2, 3, 4)

as usual; the intervals between these lines have, each, a single row of

conical tubercles, each surmounted by a tiny hair—these tubercles numerous

and often touching each other or nearly so; there are no tubercles on the

spiracular band or below it; ventrum clothed somewhat sparsely with fine,

short, white hairs. Spiracles oval, slightly convex, white, situated in the

white-band. Colour is a rather dark, bright-green with a dark, dorsal,

pulsating line and a spiracular, broad, white line suffused with yellow on

segments 2-5; belly shiny light green; the tubercles are green, frequently

dark metallic blue, increasing in size towards the spiracular region where

they often form a broad, supraspiracular band in some specimens; in the

blue-tubercled individuals the head-tubercles are also blue. L: 41 mm.;

B: 5mm.

Pupa.—tis of the normal, smooth type with slight ventral wing-bulge and

papilionid suspension. Head triangular seen from above, produced into a

conical snout which is continued smoothly and evenly into the outlines of

the head; this snout as long as segment 2 and slightly turned up;

segment 2 rather long, the dorsal line ascending at an angle of 30° to

longitudinal axis of pupa, convex transversely, the sides evenly continuous

with sides of head; thorax with the dorsal anterior slope, slightly more

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 519

melined to pupal axis and twice as long as the posterior slope, which latter

is also more steeply inclined in the opposite sense : the dorsal line is cari-

nated slightly ; lateral outline of thorax gradually widening to shoulders,

then the pupa quite parallel-sided to end of wings except for a very slight

constriction where the body-loop passes; there is also a slight

lateral constriction between segments 2 and 3; the dorsal line of abdomen

is nearly straight from thorax to cremaster; the lateral lines converging

gradually to same end; the ventral line from tip of head-snout gradually

diverges in a straight line from longitudinal axis of pupa, then curves

back in a parabolic curve, whose apex is opposite segment 5/6, to

meet the ventral, abdominal, straight line in an obtuse angle at the

hinder margin of segment 8. The cremaster is a truncated triangle as

broad at base as it is long, much hollowed out ventrally, with low, dorsal,

parallel, extensor-ridges. The transverse section of abdomen is circular

throughout. ‘The surface is finely transversely aciculate-striate. Spiracles

of segment 2 narrow, lightish; others oval, yellow, of ordinary size, situa-

ted below the yellow abdominal line. Colour is green, occasionally

glaucous green ; tip of snout, edge of cremaster, and supraspiracular line

along abdomen, yellow; a thin, black line round the eye. L.: 28 mm. ;

B: 7mm. at segment 7; L. of snout: 2mm; H. at apex of wing-bulge :

7°6 mm.; H. at apex of thorax; 7°55 mm.

Halits.—-The egg is rather slight, of the ordinary type, white

when first laid, turning yellow ; always laid singly on the upperside

of a leaf or on a bud or shoot. The larva always lives on the upper-

side of the leaf, lying along and over the midrib, making a bed of

silk; it generally lies with its head towards the point of the leaf ;

sits sometimes with the front legs bunched and held in the air ;

eats often and much ; grows, therefore, accordingly. The pupa is

formed after wandering for a short distance, the larva becoming

quite translucent-looking just before fixing itself up. The tail-pad

is copious and the fixture therefore strong; the loop in which the

pupa hangs is rather long; a favourite position for a pupa is to fix

the tail to a leaf-stalk and the body-loop to the underside of the leaf

on the midrib. The larvee are quite active creatures in their way

but are not easily dislodged from their beds on the leaves; they

will, however, occasionally fall when disturbed, always however keep-

ing at anchor in the shape of the usual silk thread to climb back by.

They are very muscular and can jump well; this they do by settling

themselves with the belly flat against a support, raising part of the

body slightly and then bringing it down suddenly ; one was obser-

ved once to clear a basin of water in which it was confined on a

bunch of the foodplant placed in a bottle in the middle. The jump

was quite a considerable one, quite 8 inches or more. ‘This parti-

cular individual had tried to get down the bottle several times—it

was about to pupate—but was prevented from getting away by the

water. This fact argues a certain thinking power in this particular

caterpillar ; most will walk straight into water and get drowned.

The larvae exude a green, rather strong-smelling liquid from the

mouth as a method of defence against enemies when attacked

violently and the possession of this odcur may be the reason why

520 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

they are less lable to parasitic attack than many others of the

family. The pupee can move the abdomen from side to side from

the junctions of segments 8 and 9, and 9 and 10; they do this slowly

when disturbed and produce a dull, knocking noise thereby. It

might alarm insect enemies. The imago is a, powerful flier, much

on the wing during sunny weather, active and fast, rising high into

the air and capable of covering long distances in continued effort.

It flies very straight in powerful, long, up and down curves, keep-

ing its wings well over the back for quite a space sometimes on

the downward grade ; it is fond of flowers on which it generally

rests, while feeding, with its wings closed; it chooses the

undersides of leaves when reposing and likes wooded places. The

habit of migrating has been alluded to in the general remarks upon

the family; that of coming to wet places in nallas and on roads

also exists ; clouds of insects may be put up from such spots in

years when they are plentiful. C. crocale is one of the commonest

butterflies everywhere in India except in the absolutely desert

tracts; in the heavy-rainfall parts, where the vegetation is exu-

berant, the individuals are exceedingly numerous in certain years,

whether at sea-level or on the tops of the highest hills. The food

plants are all belonging to the family Lequiminosece; larvee have

heen bred on most species of Cassia with a leaf large enough to

support their weight: fistula, siamea, tora ; upon Bauhinia racemosa

also and Butea frondosa; the favorite however is Cassia siamea

for the form crocale, C. fistula for catilla. These two forms are

so close together and grade so completely into each other in both

sexes that it is impossible to separate them absolutely. The distri-

bution is nearly throughout British India except in desert tracts;

through Siam to China and the Malayan Subregion to Australia.

109. Catopsilia pyranthe (Pl. J, figs. 64 3, 64a 9.)—Male, upperside ;

chalky white, tinted in some specimens with green. Fore wing: with or

without a discocellular, black spot that varies in size; costa and termen

sometimes without a black margin; occasionally the costa has its apical

third narrowly black, broadened slightly at the apex with black spots

between the anterior veins ; or again, the costa may be narrowly black, the

apex very broadly so and this colour continued down the termen, but

narrowed posteriorly. Hind wing: sometimes immaculate but generally

with narrow, terminal, black spots at the apices of the veins, these often

reduced to mere dots or again so broadened as to coalesce into a terminal,

black border. Underside: ground-colour similar, suffused over the anterior

half of the fore and over the whole of the hind wing with a greenish tint

that varies to an ochraceous yellow and, except in the very palest speci-

mens, is evenly irrorated over the greenish or ochraceous-tinted areas

with transverse, short, reddish-brown strigze; both fore and hind wings

with, generally, an obscure, discocellular, reddish-brown spot or indication

thereof. Female, upperside: as in the male but sometimes with a suffusion

of pale greenish-yellow on the terminal third or fourth only of both fore and

hind wings, rarely of that tint throughout. Fore wing: always with a

discocellular, black spot that varies very much in size; costa somewhat

narrowly black with the basel halt pinkish, in other specimens narrowly

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 521

black throughout, the black broadened at the apex and continued along

the anterior half of the termen in a series of inwardly-pointed, black spots ;

or again, the costa may be more broadly black, that colour widened consider-

ably at the apex and continued broadly down the termen to vein 3, then

suddenly narrowed to a slender line at the tornus ; in most specimens there

is an anterior, postdiscal, short, black, macular band; in the dark forms

this coalesces with the black on the apex and termen. Hind wing: some-

times immaculate, sometimes with a series of terminal spots at the apices

of the veins ; sometimes with a narrow, dusky-black, terminal band broadest

near the apex, narrowed posteriorly toa slender line at the tornus. In

very dark specimens there is, in addition, an ill-defined, short, anterior,

postdiseal, macular, black band. Underside: as in the male, with similar

variations ; but in addition, in most specimens, the discocellular spots are

well-defined with an outer red ring that encircles a silvery spot; on the

hind wing one or two similar spots on each side of the discocellulars ;

generally also both wings are crossed by a transverse, postdiscal line of

minute, red spots which, on the fore wing is confined to the anterior portion

but, on the hind wing, is nearly complete. Im both sexes: antennz red-

dish, head and thorax anteriorly brown, thorax clothed posteriorly with

long, white hairs, abdomen white; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen

white. Expanse : 52-66mm.

Egg.—Spindle-shaped, narrowly truncated at top ; 12 longitudinal ridges

which, however, do not show at top as teeth although they all reach

the edge ; interspaces finely and paralleledly striated. Colour white when

laid, yellow later. H: 1'5mm.; B: 0‘5mm.

Larva ( v. marginal figure )—Body cylindrical, of the same breadth from

segment 5 to segment 12; anal

end square at extremity, over-

reaching anal claspers. Head

round from the front view,

hardly broader than segment 2

at its front margin, with a

slightly depressed dorsal line

down face to the apex of the tri-

angular clypeus; surface cover-

ed with minute, conical, black

tubercles, each bearing a short

hair ; colour green, surface of body with the usual parallel, impressed,

transverse lines, 7 to each segment, the interval between each two set with

a single row of small, black, conical tubercles, each surmounted by a short,

black hair ; these tubercles increase in size as they approach the spiracular

white band generally and forma black, supraspiracular band above it ; the

sides of ventrum covered with smaller conical, black tubercles. The larva

is very similar to that of crocale except that there are tubercles on the

ventrum. Colour of body darkish grass-green;

head of a lighter green and belly of a green

which is between the two. L: 37. 5mm. ; B:

4mm.

Pupa (v. marginal figure).—Is the counter-

part of that of crocale. Head produced into a

short, perfectly straight beak or snout, short

and pyramidal in shape. Surface of body

finely transversely aciculate-striate. Spiracles

linearoval of ordinary size, brown-yellow in

colour. Colour darkish green, lighter on ven-

trum; a yellow, dorsal line on thorax; a

522 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

similarly yellow, supraspiracular line from end to end. L: 22°5 mm.; B:

nearly 6mm. at segment 7.

Habits. —The habits are the same as for crocale except that the

butterfly is not quite such a powerful flier and keeps nearer to the

eround as a rule. The commonest foodplant of its larva is Cassia

fora perhaps, a semi-herbaceous species; it feeds also upon other

leguminous plants. In the Deccan the chief species is Cassia

auriculata. Its habitat is throughout India; Assam; Burma;

Tenasserim ; extending to China, and as far as Australia. It does

not ascend the Himalayas above 7,000 feet.

110. Catopallia florella.—The male closely resembles some male specimens

of C. pyranthe that have the black markings on the fore wing reduced and

narrow. The female, however, shows a greater difference.

The late Mr. de Nicéville considered the two forms identical but whether

this is so or not can only be tested by careful breeding experiments.

After examining a long series of specimens from Africa, India and the

Malayan Subregion, none of which can be referred to C. crocale or C. scylla,

the only two other forms that occur within British India, Colonel Bingham

says, he found that he was able to separate them into two groups; the

specimens in one group agreed absolutely with C. florella in the Banksian

collection in the British Museum; the others differed. The two, he says,

if there are two distinct forms, cannot be considered geographical races as

in many localities their range is conterminous; nor are they seasonal

varieties one of the other as they have repeatedly been taken together

on the same day at the same spot. He says it is of course possible that

C. fiorella is a dimorph of C. pyranthe, but clear evidence of this is lacking.

He gives the chief points of difference between the two forms in parallel

columns as :—

C. florella.

Male and female, underside: the

ground-colour white, in female often

tinged outwardly with pale primrose-

yellow.

Male, upperside: markings on fore

wing brownish red, rarely dusky

black ; on termen always more or

less macular, the spots sometimes

connected slenderly along extreme

margin, the markings not narrowed

posteriorly. Hind wing generally

with a very. slender, terminal,

yellowish-pink line.

Female, upperside: markings as

in male, the terminal, macular band

on fore wing not broader.

The differences, Colonel Bingham

C. pyranthe.

Male and female, upperside : ground-

colour white, tinged with greenish,

sometimes in female tinged out-

wardly with greenish-yellow. .

Male, upperside: markings on fore

wing always black; on termen not

macular but formed into a continu-

ous, black band always _ sensibly

narrowed posteriorly. Hind wing

with no terminal line, or if present

black, sometimes macular, generally

ill-defined and diffuse.

Female, upperside : markings

always much broader than in the

male; terminal black band some-

times very broad down to vein 3,

then suddenly contracted and

narrowed to tornal angle.

says, as enumerated, are slight, but

they are constant, and give to the two insects a facies markedly different

one from the other.

Expanse: 52-74 mm.

Larva.—‘ Ground-colour pea-green, a black, inerrupted, but very distinct

lateral stripe and, below it, a broader stripe of an orange-yellow colour ;

the larva is rough but not hairy, the whole of the back and head covered

with minute, black spots.

L. when full grown about 37:5 mm.” (Nurse.)

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLALNS. 523

Pupa.— Pattern and colouring very like that of the larva; but the

green apparently more uniform and (except on the wing-cases), inclining

to glaucous; yellow lateral stripe paler; acute cephalic projection tipped

with reddish brown ; attached to various bushes, grasses, &c.”’ (Zrimen.)

Habits.—The above is all copied from Colonel Bingham. The

probabilities are against this form being a good species. It is

said to occur in the N.-W. Himalayas, it certainly occurs in Sind; it

is chronicled from Dharmsala; the Punjab; Sikhim; Bengal ;

Nilgiris; Western India; Mysore; Assam; Burma; Ceylon; it

occurstothe West through a great part of Africa to Sierra Leone in

the West, to Nyassaland in the Hast and in Aden; Socotra;

Persia and Afghanistan ; also further Hast, in China and Siam.

Genus TERIAS.

111. Terias venata (Pl. K, figs. 70, 70a, 6, ¢.).— Wet-season brood.—Male,

upperside: gamboge-yellow. Fore wing: aspical third black, this colour

extending along the costa in a gradually narrowing line to the

base; the inner margin of the black area irregular, oblique and

sinuate from the middle of costa to vein 4, thence continued outwards along

that vein for a short distance and vertically downwards to vein 2, thence

obliquely outwards to tornal angle; the portion of the area between veins

2 and 4 of even width, slightly produced angularly inwards at veins 2 and

3; basal two-thirds of the wing irrorated with black scales, most dense at

extreme base; a single, linear, black speck on the discocellulars. Hind

wing: terminal margin with an even, black band and a dusting of black

scales from base to tornal angle, parallel with, but not extended to, the

dorsum, nor spreading to the disc; a small patch of salmon-coloured scales

at base of interspace 7 (generally hidden by the dorsal margin of fore

wing). Cilia of both fore and hind wings pale yellow. Underside: ground-

colour similar but somewhat duller, both fore and hind wings evenly but

sparingly dusted with black scales which do not extend to the cell, disc or

dorsal margin of the forewing; the last paler yellow with a patch of

salmon-coloured scales below the median vein in interspace 2 (likewise

hidden ordinarily from view) ; a linear speck on the discocellulars of the

fore wing and a minute dot in interspace 7 of the hind wing black; the

dise of the hind wing transversely crossed by two parallel, very obscure,

short, blackish, lunular bands; all the veins of both fore and hind wings

with minute, black dots at their apices. Antenne, head, thorax and

abdomen dusky black; the antennze with a line of white dots beneath, the

palpi, thorax and abdomen there whitish. Female, similar, except of

course, the sex-marks are absent. Upperside: the dusting of black scales

more dense ; the black area on the fore wing and the terminal, black band

-on the hind wing broader; the former, however, narrowed generally

abruptly below the middle of interspace 1 and continued thence to the

tornal angle asa mere black line; the latter very broad anteriorly and

attenuated rapidly towards the tornus. Underside: as in the male.

Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those in the male.

Dry-season brood.—Ground-colour in both sexes clearer, brighter and more

free of the irroration of black scales. Upperside: the terminal, black band

on hind wing narrower, of even width in the male, obsolescent posteriorly

inthe female. Underside: similar but paler than in wet-season specimens.

Expanse : 36-42 mm ,

Habits.—There is no record of the breeding of this insect. It is

not by any means rare where it occurs in the Bombay Presidency :

524 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

this is generally in the drier parts and not in the hilly regions of

heavy rainfall. It is common round Belgaum, in Dharwar, Bija-

pur, Sholapur and Poona in grass lands. It always keeps close to

the ground and hardly ever flies far without settling which it

does on the underside of leaves or on a bit of dead grass, a twig, &c.,

always with the wings closed over the back. It is a weak flier like

others of the genus—none of them are strong—and flutters rather

than flies; like the rest also it is fond of flowers which the male

seeks amongst the grass: generally on the very surface of the

ground.

112. Terias lta (Pl. K, figs. 699, 69a2).—Male and female, fore wing :

much more pointed at apex than in 7’. venata ; termen sharply cut and

straight. Seasonal dimorphism in this form shows more definitely in the

markings of the under than in those of the upperside. The form differs

from 7. venata as follows :—

Male and female, upperside: a richer, brighter yellow. Fore wing :

basal half of costal margin broadly irrorated with black scales ; apical,

black area as in 7. venata, but stopping abruptly at vein 2; the tornus,

except for a very fine, black, anteciliary line, yellow. Hind wing : almost

uniform, the terminal black band, generally conspicuous in venata, reduced

to a black, subapical patch, and, posteriorly, to a series of black spots in

the wet-season specimens that are entirely absent in specimens taken in

the dry season. :

Underside. Wet-season brood.—Fore wing: dorsal margin broadly pale,

whitish yellow above ; the base, discocellular cell-area and disc of the wing

rich yellow ; costa narrowly edged pink ; costal margin and apex broadly

rusty brownish ; a single black speck at the apex of cell. Hind wing : buff-

yellow overlaid with a more or less dense irroration of rusty brownish-red

scales ; a minute dot at base of interspace 7 with a minute ring beyond ; a

series of four dark spots transversely cross the wing at middle of cell

followed by a transverse, dark bar from apex of wing to vein 1. This bar is

interrupted in interspace 2 and is succeeded by a much shorter, similar bar

in interspaces 2 and 3. Cilia of fore and hind wings pink. Intermediate form

as in the wet-season form but the rusty brownish-red tint replaced by a

pale fleshy buff, often with a mealy appearance.

Dry-season brood —Ground-colour of both fore and hind wings pale

yellow. Fore wing: apex very broadly and the basal half of the costal

margin above the costal nervure irrorated with fleshy-pink and brownish

scales. Hind wing : its whole surface densely shaded with similarly colour-

ed scales ; longitudinally the wing is crossed by two, somewhat diffuse,

straight, ferruginous-brown bars, the upper one the longer ; above these

bars are a few brown, somewhat obscure specks and dots on the upper

basal half of the wing. Antenne mealy yellow, with scattered dusky

scales ; head with pinkish pubescence ; thorax and abdomen black, with

scattered yellow hairs and scales ; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen

pale yellowish white. Expanse : 36-48mm.

Habits.—This species had not been bred either, it seems. Itis very

common throughout the Bombay Presidency in every place without

exception ; in the cold weather and later on it gets up under one’s

feet in scrub-jungle and grassy lands as well as along the borders of

_ paths and roads in the forest regions wherever there is grass and

fairly clear ground. It never flies high nor long and settles again

nearly immediately when disturbed, though, in the mornings and

CRMLAIS Bir NO BULInE TU aoI OD

ae.) EE a

A ORT WO MOAR IIE

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wat Paicinytt sang pry t

THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS.

OF INDIA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE K.

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Figs. GONG Dar iCam euler. a aa Oe

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oN ade Dea ob) i Soe erias necalbemrcn:

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OURNAL, BOMBAY NAT. HIST. SOC. PLATE K.

tae

RRS A PREIS

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THE COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS OF INDIA.

Horace Knight, del. Hentschel-Colourtype.

‘

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COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 525

afternoons, it may be found feeding at flowers growing close to the

ground when it takes frequent flights in course of its quest; it is

rather weak on the wing, but flies well when at it ; that is, it does

not flutter; it keeps to rather thick places, grass or weeds being

favourites, and is fond of sitting on dead grass-stems and blades

closing its wings over its back immediately it settles, the pinkish

yellowish colour of the undersides of which blend very well with the

withered surroundings; itis not easy to see if not disturbed. It

has been noticed in Kanara, a district where the monsoons are

very heavy, that lJeta only appears when these cease, about the

month of October; the little insect is quite common from Novem-

ber to June wherever there is grass and the shade overhead is not

_ too dense, but after the first rains commence hardly one is to be

seen. Unfortunately nobody has gone into the question at all and

so the reason for this is still a mystery ; but the fact is curious

and the explanation might possibly be that venata and lta are one

and the same species, the latter the cold-weather (dry-season)

form with distinctly marked underside and accentuated points to

the fore wings; it is known that the cold weather produces these

particular results in members of other families as, in the Satyrine,

shown in WMelanitis; in the Nymphaline, in Junoma (almana—

asterie) and Kallima ; and others. Venata has not been particularly

noticed as occurring in Kanara in any numbers, while, as remark-

ed, leta is abundant; but this does not go for much as the different

species of Terias are everywhere abundant, nobody bothers very

much about them and libythea is, cursorily, sufficiently like venata

for the latter to be passed over when not specially sought out. The

matter is under investigation and it is hoped will be settled in the

near future. The result will be published. Leta is found in the

Himalayas from the borders of Afghanistan to Bhutan; in the

Punjab; Western India: Ahmednagar, Karachi, Poona, Bombay,

Khandesh ; Southern India: the Nilgiris and Anamalai Hills; in

Assam, Burma and Tenasserim.

There is one thing that rather goes against the probability of

leta and venata being different forms of the same insect and that is

the absence (according to the books) of the former from Ceylon and

Ganjam on the Hast Coast of India; the latter, too, is not recorded

from Tenasserim, where the former occurs. Of course it is possible

that leta may occur in Ceylon but it seems very improbable as the

Island has been well worked by lepidopterists.

113. Terias libythea.—The form does not seem subject to seasonal dimor-

phism or polymorphism in so great a degree as some of the others belonging

to the genus Terzas,

Male, upperside: gamboge-yellow. Fore wing: the apical third black ;

the inner margin of the black area, more or less regularly concave, extends

from the apex of the basal third of the costa and curves round to a point on

the dorsum just before the tornal angle base of wing irrorated with black

526 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

scales. Hind wing: a black, terminal band that is broader anteriorly ;

basal area dusted with black scales. In specimens of the wet-season

broods the black-marked areas on both fore and hind wings are broader

than in dry-season specimens. Sometimes, in the latter, the terminal band

is broken into a series of linear spots posteriorly. Underside: ground-

colour similar. Fore wing: costa narrowly edged with pink; two well-

marked, discocellular, and some obscure, preapical, black specks. Hind

wing: a small spot at base followed by three transversely-placed spots and

an elongated, delicate loop-like discocellular spot black; above and

below the discocellular spot are small black-scaled, diffuse spots and

beyond the cell, on the disc, are short, transverse, diffuse, bands of black

scales placed en echelon. The apices of the veins in both fore and hind

wings with black spots; cilia salmon-pink. Antenne, head, thorax and

abdomen dusky black ; the thorax with some yellow hairs; heneath: the

palpi, thorax and abdomen whitish-yellow ; legs pink. Female, similar, but

the terminal band on the upperside proportionately broader in both wet —

and dry-season broods. Expanse: 32-44mm.

Larva.—tThe body is subcylindrical, narrowing more to anal end than to

head ; thickest possibly about segments 4, 5; anal end sloping somewhat

and finishing off square, slightly tumid at extremity. The head rather

small, round, very slightly bilobed, the vertices of lobes broadly rounded ,

shghtly narrower than middle of segment 2; surface covered somewhat

densely with semiappressed, stiff, longish, black hairs; colour green like

the body. Surface of body lined transversely with fine, parallel lines, about

7 to each segment; the intervals between each two with a single row of

erect, black, short bristles from spiracular line to spiracular line, each

bristle arising from a cylindrical, white tubercle ; the belly is also similarly

haired though not so densely. Spiracles oval, white, of ordinary size, placed

on the white band. Colour is grass green with a darker green, dorsal line

and a white, spiracular band, tinged with yellow, from segment 2 to

segment 12. L: 19mm.; B: 2:6mm.; B. of head: 18mm.

Pupa.—The pupa is of the type of that of Catopsilia ; the wing-bulge not

very prominent. The head is slightly narrower than segment 2 at middle,

but, at their common margin, they are of equal width; it is produced out

in front from between the eyes into a short, conical beak, the top side of

which is in the same plane as the top of the head which is again parallel to

the longitudinal axis of the pupa, the ventral line gradually diverges from

that axis and is continued by the ventral line of the pupa formed by the

juncture of the costal margins of wings as far as opposite segment 7 where

it curves round and back, in a short, straight line to abdomen at the

hinder margin of segment 8; eyes hardly prominent; segment 2 broaden-

ing backwards ; thorax only slightly humped, short ; abdomen circular in

transverse section, straight along dorsal line; the pupal lateral outlines

are parallel from shoulders to end of dorsal margin of wings; cremaster is

square at end, flat dorsally and slightly thickened at the extreme posterior

corners. Surface quite smooth and shiny. Spiracles are oval, white, of

ordinary size and situated in the white, spiracular band. Colour green

with a white, spiracular band on abdomen, a subdorsal and lateral brownish

spot on each segment, a large spot in front of spiracle of segment 7, a

group of 7 lateral spots in front of spiracle of segment 2; snout pink and

wrinkled. L: 16mm.; B: 2°7mm. at shoulders; H: 4mm. at wing-

bulge ; nearly 3mm. at thorax.

Halits.—The eggs are laid singly, generally on the uppersides of

the leaves, often on the young folded leaf-buds. The larve lie

on the uppersides of the leaves and the leaflets are often

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 527

closed nearly over them ; at least it so happens with the sensitive

Cassia upon which, only, the species has been bred. The pupa is

formed in the same way as those of the other Terias species ; there is

nothing distinctive about its ways. The plant upon which the

larva feeds or was found feeding grows generally in damp, even

swampy lands and the butterfly is most commonly found about

such places; it is very plentiful in the dry weather in the hot

rocky beds of rivers in Kanara where the willow-like Homoia

grows; underneath the shade of this the foodplant is sometimes

found growing. The insect keeps much to the bushes, close to the

ground though, on the whole, it is found more on the wing than

leta ; itis found in parties like this latter sitting low down

amongst undergrowth in localities that suit its taste; and many

of them get up at a time when disturbed. The flight is rather weak ;

not often sustained and of the usual type. The insects are fond of

flowers but only go to such as are low down near the ground or

actually lying on it: vetches, &c. The foodplant is Cassia kleinii,

a rather small, semiscandent annual found in damp places; it has

yellow flowers with some red markings on them, the leaves are

composed of many small leaflets which the larva eats, leaving the

midribs intact ; the plant is somewhat sensitive and the leaves

always close at night. The butterfly is distributed over the Hima-

layas from Kangra and Simlato Bhutan; Punjab; Bengal; Gan-

jam; Western India: Poona; Belgaum, Kanara; Southern India

the Nilgiris and Anamalai Hills; Ceylon; Assam; Burma; the

Nicobars.

114. Terias hecabe (Pl. K, figs. 71, 71a, 4, c.). Wet-season brood.—Male

upperside: yellow, variable in tint from sulphur to rich lemon-yellow

according to locality with a light or heavy rainfall. Fore wing: apex and

termen deep black, this colour continued narrowly along the costal margin

to base of wing, near which it often becomes diffuse ; the inner margin of

the black area from the costa to vein 4 very oblique and irregular, excavate

on the inner side between veins 2 and 4, this excavation outwardly

rounded between the veins and inwardly slightly toothed on vein 3;

below vein 2 the black area is suddenly dilated into a square which

occupies the whole of the tornal angle ; the inner margin of this dilatation

is variable, in the typical form it is slightly concave. Hind wing: terminal

margin with a narrow, black band attenuated anteriorly and posteriorly ;

dorsal margin broadly paler than the ground-colour. Underside: yellow,

generally a slightly paler shade than that of the upperside, with the follow-

ing reddish-brown markings :—Fore wing: two small spots or specks in

basal half of cell and a reniform spot or ring on the discocellulars. Hind

wing: a slightly curved, subbasal series of three small spots, an irregular,

slender ring or spot on the discocellulars followed by a highly irregular,

curved, transverse, discal series of spots or specks, some or all of which are

sometimes obsolescent. On both fore and hind wings the veins that attain

the costal and terminal margins end in minute, reddish-brown specks.

Antenne greyish yellow, the club black ; head, thorax and abdomen yellow,

shaded with fuscous scales; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen

yellowish white. The sex-mark seen from above appears asa thickening of

528 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY , Vol. XXII,

the basal half of the median vein of fore wing. Female very similar, the

sex mark of course absent; the black areas on both fore and hind wing

slightly broader with the inner edge of the black, terminal band on the

hind wing often diffuse. Underside: ground-colour and markings as in the

male. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen also similar.

Dry-season brood.—Male and female, upperside: ground-colour and mark-

ings much as in wet-season specimens, the emargination on the inner side

of the black area and the tornal dilatation on the fore wing similar ; on the

hind wing, in the great majority of individuals, the black, terminal band is

also similar, in a few it 1s narrower and diffuse inwardly in both sexes.

Underside: ground-colour similar to wet-season, but, in many specimens

with an irroration of black scales over the yellow parts of the wing ; the

reddish-brown marking on both wings also similar, but the spots are larger,

darker, more clearly defined and, therefore, more conspicuous. In addition,

on the fore wing, there is a preapical, very prominent, transverse, elongate

spot or short bar of reddish-brown extended downwards from the costa.

This spot is irregular in shape and of variable width but does not seem

ever to spread outwards to the actual edge of the termen. In a few

specimens there is also a small, reddish-brown spot in interspace 1, near the

tornus. Expanse: 40-55mm.

Colonel Bingham says :—Like all wide-ranging forms, J. hecabe varies

enormously and consequently has received a lot of names. The descrip-

tions above of the imago from specimens picked to match the figure given in

Hdwards’s ‘Gleanings of Natural History ,” which, according to Professor

Aurivillius (‘‘ Recensio Critica Lepidopterorum Musei Ludovice Ulricz ,”

1882, p. 60), represents the typical form of ‘‘ Papzlio hecabe ,”’ Linné.

Taking the varieties seriatim we have 7. swava, Boisduval, T. hecabordes,

Ménétriés, 7. nicobarensis, Felder, aud T. kana, Moore, all of which differ

so slightly from typical hecabe as to require no separate description. The

difference is chiefly one of the width or heaviness of the black markings on

the upperside. 7. simulata, Moore, and 7%. contubernalis, Moore, are the

dry-season forms of these.

He says further that merguiana, Moore, ervcavata, Moore, fraterna, Moore,

are the same, 7.c., varieties also very slightly different from the type ;

purreea, Moore, patruelis, Moore, fimbriata, Wallace, narcissus,, Butler, wrregu-

laris, Moore, asphodelus, Butler, simplex, Butler, and apicalis, Moore, only

differ in the width of the black terminal border of the fore-wing and the

shape of its inner edge.

In Kanara a pure white specimen of hecabe was once bred with the usual

black bordering and other marks ; several individuals had the yellow on the

uppersides of the wings more or less obscured by dark brownish suffusion.

iigg.—Spindle-spaped, bluntly pointed at top, flattened at the base on

which it rests ; the surface with many longitudinal ribes which are, however,

so fine even under the lens that they appear more like striz; there are

also many extremely fine, transverse striz. Colour white when laid,

quickly becoming yellow, somewhat shiny. L: 1:25mm.; B: nearly 05mm.

Larva,—Body cylindrical or nearly so, narrowing very slightly in segment

2 and again from segment 10 to anal end; the anal flap is sloping longly

‘semicircular, somewhat tumid. The head is more or less round, the clypeus

rather large, triangular, slightly depressed and somewhat shiny; the

surface is minutely rough and dull, set not very closely with short, thick-

ened, tubercular spines which are truncated at ends, those on the vertex

having dark extremities, these hairs or spines brown in colour, a few

whitish, some with globular drops of transparent liquid on their ends ;

colour light green reticulated with darker green, antennz green, labrum

green, jaws with dark brown tips. Surface of body lined as usual transversely

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS, 529

and paralleledly with some 7 impressed lines on each segment

(less on segments 2, 3,4), the intervals between each two lines

having a row of little conical, white tubercles, each one bearing a

cylindrical, short hair on top of it, some of these hairs carrying a globular

drop of clear liquid at the extremity; there are about 12-20 of these

tubercles in a row from spiracular line to spiracular line; the surface is,

besides, finely shagreened-looking under the lens; some finer hairs on

segment 2, longer, as also on ventrum, brown ; the extremity of anal flap with

some small, brown tubercles dorsally. The body tubercles may sometimes

be green instead of white. Spiracles are small, oval, very slightly convex,

situated in the white spiracular band and white like it. Colour of larva dark

green, mostly glaucous on sides with a spiracular, white narrow band the

whole length from head to end of anal flap. L: 22mm.; B: 3mm.

Pupa.—The pupa is like that of 7. lihythea, The head-point is conical

and not long, rather sharply pointed ; its axis is in contimuation with the

longitudinal axis of pupa; segment 2 is slightly shortest in dorsal line, the

front and hinder margin approaching each other at that place: looked at

from above it is semielliptical in shape more or less, narrower very slightly

at hinder margin than segment 3 (thorax); the thorax is only very slightly

convex in dorsal line and is rounded behind; the shoulders are hardly

prominent, the pupa is parallel-sided thence to the hinder margin of

segment 7, then narrows gradually to segment 12, thence more suddenly

to base of cremaster ; this cremaster is rather longer than broad, strong,

trapeze-shaped with its sides in even continuation with the body outlines,

the nearly square extremity set with short suspensory hooklets as well as

the adjacent ventral surface; the wing-bulge is a parabolic curve, the

longer side, from snout to just opposite segment 7 (this line gradually

diverging from longitudinal axis of pupa) being twice the shorter ; this

short side drops from the apex of the curve suddenly to the hinder margin

of segment 8. Surface of pupa is slightly shiny and nearly smooth—very

finely irregular—aciculate under lens. Spiracles of segment 2 hardly

noticeable ; the rest small, oval and white (especially white in the dark

specimens). Colour of pupa is generally green with a rather dark violet-

grey, dorsal line; the dorsal margin of wing also violet-grey continued

along abdomen above spiracles ; a faint, white, spiracular line; the line of

suture of wings near abdominal end dark. Some pupsz are much marked

with smoky-grey all over, especially on the surfaces of wings. The

snout annularly rugose, yellow, as well as the lateral edges of cremaster in’

green pup; In dark pupze both these latter are dark. L:17mm.; B:

3'omm.; H. at wing-bulge: 5 mm.

Habits.—The eggs are laid singly on young shoots and leaves;

the larva lives at first on a shoot or anywhere about a leaf, even

sometimes on the underside ; later on takes to the midrib on the

upperside of a leaf in the normal manner, spinning a bed of silk to

lie upon. The pupa is suspended in the ordinary way: as for

Libythea the body-string being long enough for perfectly free

motion ; it is generally formed upon the foodplant, often high up

and always on the underside of a midrib or twig. This is the

commonest of all the species of Indian Terias ; it is found every-

where and is equally plentiful at all seasons of the year. It is a

stronger fller than any of the others, keeps on the wing continu-

ously for quite a long time and has the normal style of flight; goes

freely to flowers; often rises quite high up in to the air; frequents

5380 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

damp places in nalla beds and on roads in the hot months of the

year in large numbers and is equally abundant in the shady ex-

tensive forests of the hills and in the open hot plains. The larva feeds

upon Legumninoseee: Cassia, Wagatea, Acacia, Sesbania, Ocesalpinia,

Albizzia, &c. From the variety of the foodplants existing there is

little wonder that the range is extensive and that the butterflies

vary as they do in colour, markings and size. he distribution is ;

throughout British India, eastwards to Siam and China; south far

into the Malayan Subregion; to the west into parts of the

Hthiopian Region.

115. Terias sylhetana.—The type specimen was of the dry-season brood

and can be described briefly as follows :—Male, upperside: rich citron-

yellow. Fore wing: markings very similar to those in TJ. hecabe, variety

patruelis, Moore. Hind wing : ground-colour uniform; a very narrow,

black, terminal line. In the type this is continuous, in other specimens

broken and interrupted, and in some large specimens intermediate between

the dry and wet-season forms, variable in width but distinctly broader

than in the type. Underside: the ground-colour very slightly paler;

markings much as in the dry-season form of hecabe, but in the fore wing

there is always an additional minute, reddish-brown dot in the extreme

base of the cell and in all typical specimens the apical reddish-brown patch

is much larger and spreads diffusely outwards to the termen.

Wet-season brood.—Male and female, upperside: citron-yellow. Fore wing :

markings very similar to those of 7. hecabe, variety merguiana, Moore, but

the black area broader, especially the dilated, posterior, tornal portion

which, though squarer, has its inner edge slightly sloped outwards as in

merguiana. ‘The width of the black area is, however, very variable as are

also the size and shape of the dilated, posterior portion that occupies the

tornal angle. Hind wing: a black band along the terminal margin, this

band variable in width and generally attenuated anteriorly and posteriorly.

Underside : ground-colour similar to those in wet-season specimens of

hecabe, but always with an additional reddish-brown spot or dot at the

extreme base of cell of fore wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen

and, in the male, the sex-mark, as in hecabe. Expanse : 41-53mm.

Terias sylhetana is a variable insect, nearly as variable as hecabe; dry-

season specimens can be distinguished from the corresponding forms of

hecabe by the much larger, outwardly diffuse, reddish-brown, apical patch on

the underside of the fore wing ; but the only constant difference distin-

guishing the wet-season forms (also the d ry-season ones) is the presence of

the extra spot in the cell of sy/hetana on the underside of the fore wing.

Larva.—Very similar to that of 7. hecabe, but is always found in com-

panies of many individuals. Head round from front view, flattened some-

what on face, with a slight, depressed, thin line down centre ; surface

- covered with minute, black tubercles bearing each a rather long, white

seta ; colour black ; clypeus very light yellow with similarly coloured jaws.

Segment 2 somewhat broader than head; anal end longly semicircular,

somewhat square at extremity, dorsally slightly sloped. Surface of body

transversely lined as in hecabe, each interspace between the lines with a

row of small, black, longly conical tubercles which are more pronounced

laterally asa rule ; many of the dorsal tubercles often have a transparent,

longly pear-shaped, blue top to them (the dried liquid-globule ?) ; the

main tubercles of eachsegment with a longer, black seta often surmounted

by a globular, blue drop of liquid ; abdomen with small, setiferous, black

tubercles. Spiracles large, roundly oval, light yellowish brown in colour.

COMMON BUTTERFLIES OF THE PLAINS. 531

Colour of body when full grown is a bluish, dark green dorsally, with a

whitish yellow-green, often somewhat indistinct, spiracular line ; belly

yellow-green ; when not quite fully grown the colour is greenish yellow all

over. L: 26mm. ; B: up to3mm. nearly ; the length may also be slightly

greater.

Pupa.—In shape indistinguishable from that of hecabe except by the

colour which is here dark yellowish green-brown with the top of beak yellow;

the beak is sharply pointed and often slightly turned up at end. Some of

the pupze are much greener than others. They are nearly invariably

found strung up in companies one behind the other along the under-side

of a twig or midrib of a leaf; they are of the same size as those of hecabe.

Habits.—The eggs are laid on the top of a leaf or on a young

shoot to the number of 20 or 30, in clusters. The larve are

gregarious right through their existence ; they are much subject to

attack by hymenopterous parasites. When about to pupate they do

not wander far and, as indicated already above, they hang themselves

up in rows, one behind the other, along the undersides of twigs and

leafribs, in which position the pupze are generally found; the sus-

pension being the same as for hecale. The butterflies are perhaps

the most active of all the Terias genus and may often be seen flying

high up in the air round trees—perhaps because their commonest

foodplant is one of the largest creepers in India which often grows

over the highest trees. This plant is Wagatea spicate, a climber

with a stem covered with sharp-pointed, thick-based, strong thorns,

shiny, small, hard-looking leaflets and long spikes of orange and

red flowers which form striking objects in the jungle-landscape of

the Bombay Western Ghats. It is belonging to the Leguminosee.

The larve have also been found on some species of Cassia and upon

Poinciana regia, the Gold-Mohur Tree. The butterfly exists in

Sikhim, Central and Southern India; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim ;

the Andamans ; extending into the Malayan Subregion.

The genus Terias is Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan; there are 9

species recognized as occurring in British India: those described

above, 7’. mooreit from the Nicobars; J’. andersont from the South

Andamans and Tenasserim and J. sari from South India in the

Nilgiri Hills, Ceylon, Burma, Tenasserim, extending far into the

Malayan Subregion, both distinguished from all others by the male

having, like hecabe, a sex-mark only on the fore wing but, unlike

any other species, by both sexes having only a single reddish-brown

mark in the cell of fore wing on the underside; and 7’. harina from

Sikhim, Assam, Burma, Tenasserim, Andamans, extending into the

Malayan Subregion, a species without any male secondary sexual

characters, with the underside quite unmarked and the upperside of

hind wing without any terminal black edging: it is a very clear,

pure, pale primrose-yellow in colour.

(To be continued.)

THE BIRUGS OF CORAKHPUR.

A. H. Osmaston, I.F.S.

Dring two-and-a-half years in the Gorakhpur District I spent

most of my spare time studying birds and for three-and-a-half years

Mr. Hope Simpson, I.C.8., has collected specimens from all over

the district. The list of birds we have now obtained seems to be

very fairly representative of the district, and though no list drawn

up in such a short time could possibly hope to be complete, yet it is

thought to be sufficiently so to be of interest. Some of the birds

obtained moreover are rare and in other cases it has been possible

to make short notes on the breeding or habits of the birds which

appeared worth recording.

Except in a very few instances of quite common or well-known

birds they were always shot to make sure of their identification and

when on leave last year I took the opportunity of comparing some

doubtful skins with those in the British Museum; so it is hoped that

no bird has been wrongly recorded. I should also add that several

skins were kindly identified forme by Mr. N. B. Kinnear of our

Society.

Mr. Hope Simpson had seldom the leisure to skin the specimens

he obtained and so several birds he shot, and in whose correct

identification there appeared a possibility for doubt, have been

excluded from this list. As examples of the above I may mention

Aithopyga horsfieldi, Sturnus minor and Calandrella tibetana. The

great slaty Woodpecker (Hemilophus palverulentus) was shot by

Mr. Hope Simpson about 10 miles over the Nepal border in the

forest below the Nepal hills, but I have never seen it in the Gorakh-

pur forests and I do not think it is found south of the border line.

As my work confined me almost entirely to the forest areas of

the north of the district my observations of birds are similarly

restricted, but Mr. Hope Simpson in his touring over all parts of

the district has been able to fill up the gaps which would otherwise

have existed in treating of the Gorakhpur District as a whole.

The Gorakhpur District les in the extreme north-east of the

United Provinces, being bounded on the north by Nepal and on the

east by Bengal. It is entirely a plains district, the Nepal boundary

lying some five to ten miles from the base of the hills. The north

of the District is in reality Tarai though it has lost much of its tarai

characteristics owing to the great extent of cultivation and better

drainage which has taken place within the last sixty years. The

south of the District is very heavily populated and the avifauna is

poor except along the banks of rivers such as the Rapti and Gogra

or in “ tals.”

THE BIRDS OF GORAKHPUR. 5383

The heavy rainfall and level character of the land has produced a

damp climate and numerous swampy depressions or ‘tals’’ which

are very favourable to waders, ducks, and water birds generally.

It is consequently not surprising to find that out of a total of 263

birds recorded below 68 belong to this class.

In the following list the numbers refer to those given in Oates’

and Blanford’s Fauna. ;

CorvID&.

Corvus macrorhynchus (4).—The Jungle Crow.

Common. Eggs taken on 11th March 1910 and 17th March 1910.

Corvus splendens (7).—The Indian House-Crow.

Common. Eggs taken on 6th June 1911.

Dendrocitta rufa (16).—The Indian Tree-pie.

Common. Eggs taken on 12th June 1909. On one occasion I watched

this bird pounce on a lizard which it caught and ate.

Parus atriceps (81).—The Indian Grey Tit.

Common. Eggs taken on 28th April 1909 and 2Ist April 1911. The

devotion of these birds to their nesting site was well shown in one of the

above nests. When I discovered it the bird was sitting on two eggs.

Thinking the mother was a young one I took out two eggs from under

her, the only two in the nest. She then escaped out of the hole. I did

not replace the eggs but revisited the nest after two days when I found it

again neatly tidied and containing two fresh eggs.

CRATEROPODID.

Argya earlit (104).—The striated Babbler.

Common in thick scrub and long grass in the north of the district. Shot

13th January 1911.

Argya caudata (105).—The common Babbler. I do not remember ever

seeing this bird in the tracts of sal jungle but elsewhere it is generally dis-

tributed.

Argya malcolmi (107).—The large Grey Babbler. Mr. Hope Simpson

shot a specimen on Ist February 1910, but it appears to be uncommon.

Crateropus canorus (110).—The Jungle Babbler.

Common.

Timelia pileata (134).—The Red-capped Babbler. I only once saw this

bird, in high swampy grass near the Nepal border. This was on 19th

July 1909 when I shot it. Mr. Simpson however has seen it in large num-

bers though I think it is restricted to the north of the district.

Pyctorhis sinensis (139).—The yellow-eyed Babbler. Not very common.

Zosterops palpebrosa (226).—The Indian White-eye.

Common.

Agithina tiphia (243).—The Common Tora.

Fairly common. Eggs taken on 9th June 1909 and 26th June 1910.

In Oates and Blanford it is stated that in winter the male loses all or most

of the biack on the upper parts except on the tail and wings and becomes

yellowish green. This “ winter’ plumage is however the only plumage I

have seen these birds wearing though I have-shot males on various dates

in May and June when the birds are breeding and should have donned

their summer plumage, if ever. All these males were purely green above

except one shot on 24th June 1910 which possessed two feathers on its

back tinged with black, thus resembling A. wridissima. This seems to

534. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII. .

suggest that the “ winter ”’ plumage may in certain localities be retained

throughout the year.

Chloropsis aurifrons (247).—The Gold-fronted Chloropsis. Not uncommon

in well-wooded parts.

Molpastes bengalensis (282).—The Bengal Red-vented Bulbul.

Common.

Otocompsa emeria (288).—The Bengal Red-whiskered Bulbul.

Common.

SITTIDZ.

Sitta castanerventris (821).—The chestnut-bellied Nuthatch.

Not very common, but well distributed.

DICRURID&.

Dicrurus annectens (326).—The crow-billed Drongo.

Fairly common in dense forest. Eggs taken on 10th June 1909, 14th

June 1909 and 28th June 1911. In Oates and Blanford the habits of this

Drongo are described as similar to those of D. ater. My observations

however in Gorakhpur showed little similarity beyond such general family

resemblance as would be bound to exist between two such closely allied

species. I found D. annectens inhabiting only the densest forest, where it

seldom perched on the tops of trees asin the caseof D. cerulescens which

occurs in the same forest, but remained amongst the undergrowth or lower

portions of the crowns of trees. It was thoroughly at home in dense sal

coppice five to fifteen feet in height. Unlike D. ater I found it shy

though not in any marked degree. Its notes are peculiarly clear and

loud. The nests I found were usually 15 to 30 feet from the ground and

placed in a terminal forkof a slender bough generally near the top of

some whippy young tree. They were composed of grasses, roots and

fibres bound together with cobweb, and in all the nests I found, one of

the chief constituents was the dead deciduous branchlets of Phyllanthus

emblica. At the time these drop from the tree they have a delicate curve

and the points of detachment of the leaves form rough protuberances

which are admirably adapted for fixing the twig where it is placed in the

construction and in keeping the whole strong and flexible. I have also

noticed these deciduous branchlets form an important factor in the nest

construction of D. ater, D. caerulescens, D. longicaudatus (in the Garhwal

District) and Dissemurus paradiseus.

One day when watching a pair of these birds building the bird continu-

ally dropped the fibrous threads with which it was binding the commence-

ment of its nest to a fork, but every time the thread dropped the bird

swooped down and caught it in mid air before it reached the ground.

The irides of this bird are described in Oates and Blanford as brown,

but I found them to be a deep lake.

Dicrurus ater (327 ).—The Black Drongo.

Common.

Dierurus caerulescens (330).—The White-bellied Drongo.

Common. Eggs taken on 5th May 1909 and 20th April 1910. These

Drongos appear to like rather an open forest best and they are very partial

in Gorakhpur to a form of forest in which there is a dense coppice overtop-

ped by scattered sal trees. They remain for the most part in the crowns

of these trees and select as their special outlooks the tallest amongst them.

The nests I found were mostly at a considerable elevation near the top of

the crown of some lofty tree; one nest however was only twelve feet from

the ground.

THE BIRDS OF GORAKHPUR, 539

Dissemurus paradiseus (840).—The larger Racket-tailed Drongo.

Not very common. Eggs taken on 14thJune 1909. This Drongo in-

habits similar dense forest to D. annectens.

SYLVIIDZ

Acrocephalus stentoreus (363 ).—The Indian Great Reed-Warbler.

Common in suitable localities. Eggs taken on 10th July 1909 and 26th

July 1909.

Acrocephalus dumetorum (366).—Blyth’s Reed-Warbler.

Shot by Mr. Hope Simpson on 26th November 1912, who records it as a

great skulker.

Orthotomus sutorius (374).—The Indian Tailor-bird.

Common.

Cisticola cursitans ( 881 ).—The Rufous Fantail- Warbler.

Very common in suitable localities. This bird can be at once recognised

by the way it utters a short sharp note (just like the click of a fly shuttle

in a silk loom ) whilst fying, each note corresponding with the position of

the bird when at the lowest point of one of the dips in its flight. The

flight being made up of a series of nearly vertical rises and falls.

Franklinia gracilis ( 382 ).—Franklin’s Wren- Warbler.

Common. Eggs taken 23rd June 1910.

Megalurus palustris (389 ).—The Striated Marsh-Warbler.

A single specimen shot on 22nd May 1911 in the north of the district.

Chetornis locustelloides ( 892 ).—The Bristled Grass-Warbler.

Not uncommon in dense patches of grass surrounded by forest. The bird

becomes most conspicuous at the beginning of the rains.

Phylloscopus affinis (405 ).—Tickell’s Willow- Warbler.

Mr. Hope Simpson has shot several specimens, one on 27th January 1910,

and the bird is probably fairly commen in suitable places.

Phyjlloscopus tytlert (406 ).—Tytler’s Willow-Warbler .

An uncommon bird, of which a specimen was shot by Mr. Hope Simpson

on 18th February 1910.

Phylloscopus tristis (407 ).—The Brown Willow-Warbler.

This is not a common bird. It sometimes frequents patches of “jhao”’

(Tamarix dioica) along the banks of rivers. Shot 27th J anuary 1910 and

8th January 1911.

Phylloscopus humii (418).—Hume’s Willow- Warbler.

Shot by Mr. Hope Simpson at Pharenda on 10th December 1912.

Prinia lepida (462).—The Streaked Wren-Warbler.

Mr. Hope Simpson has shot several specimens of this Warbler which is

probably not uncommon. One was shot on 2nd February 1910.

Prinia socialis (464) —The Ashy Wren-Warbler.

Only fairly common in jungle tracts, elsewhere scarce.

Prima sylvatica (465).— The Jungle Wren-Warbler. Fairly common.

Prinia inornata (466).—The Indian Wren-Warbler.

Common. Eggs taken in July and August.

LANIIDA.

Lanius lahtora (469).—The Indian Grey Shrike.

Generally distributed and very common in suitable localities, as for in-

stance, long narrow stretches of scrub jungle on the higher lands border-

ing wet nallahs.

Lanius vittatus ( 473 ).—The Bay-backed Shrike.

Not uncommon in certain localities.

Lantus nigriceps (475).—The Black-headed Shrike,

586 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Not very common.

Lanius erythronotus (476).—The Rufous-backed Shrike,

Common.

Lanius tephronotus (477).—The Grey-backed Shrike.

Shot on 14th November 1910.

Lanius isabellinus (479).—The Pale-brown Shrike.

A rare bird, shot on 21st January 1911.

Lanius cristatus (481 ).—The Brown Shrike.

Shot on 27th January 1911. This bird is fairly common.

Tephrodornis pondicerranus (488 ),—The common Wood-Shrike.

Common.

Pericrocotus brevirostris (495).—The Short-billed Minivet.

Mr. Hope Simpson shot a specimen on 29th January 1910 and says it is

not uncommon in cultivated parts and is to be seen travelling from mango

grove to mango grove in small flocks of six or eight.

Pericrocotus peregrinus (500).—The Small Minivet.

Common.

Graculus macit (510).—The Large Cuckoo-Shrike.

Fairly common. ‘These birds “become very noisy during the breeding

season. The cock bird at this time mounts some height into the air and

descerds on quivering wings whilst uttering his call. When sitting still

and uttering their call they invariably raise first one wing and then the

other alternately in unison with the notes of their call. They never raise

both wings simultaneously.

ORIOLIDA.

Oriolus kundoo (518).—The Indian Oriole.

Common.

Oriolus melanocephalus (521).—The Indian Black-headed Oriole.

Fairly common.

STURNIDA.

Sturnus menzbiert (532).—The Common Indian Starling.

Occurring sometimes in large flocks during the winter months.

Lemenuchus pagodarum (544).—The Black-headed Myna.

Fairly common.

ridotheres tristis (549).—The Common Myna.

Very common.

Acridotheres ginginianus (551).—The Bank Myna.

Fairly common but local. Eggs taken 16th May 1910.

LEthiopsar fuscus (552).—The Jungle Myna.

A very uncommon bird.

Sturnopastor contra (555).—The Pied Myna.

Common. Eggs taken on 6th June 1911.

MuSscIcAPIDa.

Cyornis tickelli (576).—Tickells’ Blue Flycatcher.

Fairly common in dense forest. Eggs taken on 18th June 1911, 21st

June 1911 and 25th June 1911.

This is a wary bird and not easily observed. When walking quietly

through the forest the bird will usually on first noticing one come up close

within a few yards as if to inspect the intruder and will as a rule give

vent to a short song ending abruptly which sounds like a defiant challenge.

Having thus delivered himself he disappears and is not easily approached

again. J found many old as well as new nests and every one of them was

THE BIRDS OF GORAKHPUR, 537

placed in a similar position, namely, within one of the numerous recesses

formed when a species of fig like Ficus religiosa or Ficus bengalensis ’ grows

upon another tree and encircles it in a network of anastomosing roots.

The nest is usually placed from 3 to 7 feet from the ground.

Culicicapa ceylonensis (592).—The Grey-headed Flycatcher.

Visits the district during the winter months and is then common in

certain localities in the north.

Terpsiphone paradisi (698).—The Indian Paradise Flycatcher.

Fairly common. Eggs taken on 26th March 1910, It does not appear

to be a permanent resident in Gorakhpur, but from what I observed it

arrives about the second week in April.

Hypothymis azurea (601).—The Indian Black-naped Flycatcher.

This is not nearly so common a species as Cyornis tickelli though

frequenting similar dense forest.

Rhipidura albifrontata (604).—The White-browed Fantail Flycatcher.

Fairly common.

TURDIDA.

Pratincola caprata (608).—The Common Pied Bush-Chat.

Fairly common.

Pratincola maura (610).—The Indian Bush-Chat.

Fairly common.

Ruticilla rufiventris (644).—The Indian Redstart.

This bird is not common in most parts of the district, it appears however

to be very common in certain localities, as for instance, amongst the babul

growth along the embankment leading to Chatai Bridge. Shot 15th

April Gas

Cyanecula suecica (647).—The Indian Blue-throat.

A bird of exceedingly retiring disposition, on account of which it appears

rare but is probably not so rare as it seems.

Thamnobia cambaiensis (661).—The Brown-backed Indian Robin.

Not very common.

Copsychus saularis (663).—The Magpie-Robin,

Common.

Cittocinela macrura (664).—The Shama.

Rather rare.

Merula atrigularis (677).—The Black-throated Ouzel.

This winter visitor appears in small flocks which are I think confined

to the north of the district.

Oreocincla dauma (698).—The Small-billed Mountain-Thrush.

An uncommon bird. Whether it is migratory or not, I am not sure, but

I shot a specimen as late as 30th March 1911. The bird is partial to

shady remote streams flowing through dense forest.

PLOCEIDA.

Ploceus haya (720).—The Baya.

Fairly common. Eggs taken on 4th August 1909 and 380th June 1911.

Munia atricapilla (726).—The Chestnut-bellied Munia.

Does not seem to be common.

Uroloncha malabarica (734).—The White-throated Munia.

Very common. Eggs taken 15th January 1911.

Carpodacus erythrinus (761).—The Common Rose-Finch.

Mr. Hope Simpson obtained several specimens of this birl. One was

shot on 24th January 1910.

Gymnorhis flavicollis (775).—The Yellow-throated Sparrow,

588 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Fairly common.

Passer domesticus (776).—The House Sparrow.

Emberiza aureola (797).—The Yellow-breasted Bunting.

A specimen was obtained by Mr. Hope Simpson near Lachmipur on

16th January 1911.

Melophus melanicterus (803).—The Crested Bunting.

Not at all a common bird. Shot 2nd February 1910.

HiIRUNDINIDA.

Cotile riparia (808).—The Sand-Martin.

Mr. Hope Simpson found this bird common in December 1911 on Bakhira

Tal and again in November 1912 on Chatai Tal, though Oates describes it

as rarein India. -

Cotile sinensis (809).—The Indian Sand-Martin.

Fairly common.

Hirundo rustica (813).—The Swallow.

Shot 28th January 1911.

Hirundo nepalensis (822).—Hodgson’s Striated Swallow.

Shot in November 1912 at Karmipatti where Mr. Hope Simpson found it

not uncommon.

Hirundo erythropygia (823).—Sykes’s Striated Swallow.

Not very common.

MOoTACILLIDZ.

Motacilla alba (826).—The White Wagtail.

Very common during the winter months.

Motacilla leucopsis (827).—The White-faced Wagtail,

Shot 30th January 1910.

Motacilia personata (829).—The Masked Wagtail.

Common during the winter months.

-Motacilla maderaspatensis (831).—The Large Pied Wagtail.

Shot 17th June 1911.

Motacilla melanope (832).—The Grey Wagtail.

Motacilla borealis (833).—The Grey-headed Wagtail.

Motacilla beema (835).—The Indian Blue-headed Wagtail.

Motacilla citreola (837).—The Yellow-headed Wagtail.

Anthus trivialis (840).—The Tree-Pipit.

A specimen was obtained by Mr. Hope Simpson on 29th January 1910

on the Nepal border.

Anthus maculatus (841).—The Indian Tree-Pipit.

A fairly common winter visitor.

Anthus rufulus (847).—The Indian Pipit.

Fairly common.

ALAUDIDZ.

Melanocorypha bimaculata (859).—The Eastern Calandra Lark.

Shot 30th January 1910.

Alauda guigula (861).—The Indian Sky-Lark.

Alaudula raytal (866).—The Ganges Sand-Lark.

Fairly common on the banks of the Gandak.

Mirafra assamica (870).—The Bengal Bush-Lark.

Thisis a fairly common bird in suitable localities, such as railway

embankments. Eggs taken Ist July 1910.

Mirafra erythroptera (871).—The Red-winged Bush-Lark.

Galerita cristata (874).—The Crested-Lark.

THE BIRDS OF GORAKHPUR. 539

A common bird.

Pyrrulanda grisea (879).—The Ashy-crowued Finch-Lark.

A common bird.

NECTARINIID 4.

Arachnechthra asiatica (895).—The Purple Sun-bird.

Fairly common.

DiczID&.

Diceum olivaceum (917).—The Plain-coloured Flower-pecker.

On 17th April 1910 I found a nest of this species containing a clutch

of three eggs. The nest was about 20 feet from the ground suspended at

the end of a leafy bough of a mango tree.

Diceum erythrorhynchus (919).—Tickell’s Flower-pecker.

Piprisoma squalidum (921).—The Thick-billed Flower-pecker.

A fairly common forest bird often associated in small flocks with

D, olivaceum.

PITTIDz.

Pitta brachyura (933).—The Indian Pitta.

Fairly common from April onwards. In 19091 first heard this bird on

29th April, and in 1910 on 6th May. I took eggs on 12th June 1909, 22nd

June 1910 and 23rd June 1910. ‘One of these nests was fully thirty feet

from the ground and placed on the top of a horizontal bough.

PIcIDz.

Liopicus mahrattensis (972).—The Yellow-fronted Pied Woodpecker.

Not very common.

Tyngipicus hardwicki (976). —The Indian Pigmy Woodpecker.

~ Rather scarce.

Micropternus pheoceps (983).—The Northern Rufous Woodpecker.

A rare bird. The few occasions on which I have seen it, it was in the

midst of dense forest. Once I watched it feeding on a mass of flying

ants collected on a rotten tree trunk.

Brachypternus aurantius (986).—The Golden-backed Woodpecker.

Fairly common everywhere. Eggs taken on 28th April 1909 and 29th

April 1910.

CAPITONIDZ.

Thereiceryx zeylonicus (1008).—The Common Indian Green Barbet.

Common. A pair in my compound brought up a brood in April 1910 and

again a second brood in July.

~ Xantholema hematocephala (1019).—The Crimson-breasted Barbet.

Common.

CoRACIADSE.

Coracias indica (1022).—The Indian Roller,

Common everywhere.

MEROPID.

Merops viridis (1026).—The Common Indian Bee-eater.

Very common. Eggs taken on 6th May 1909 and 18th April 1911.

Merops philippinus (1027).—The Blue-tailed Bee-eater.

540 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. AXT1.

Fairly common, but nearly always found in the vicinity of water. Hggs

taken on 21st May 1909 and 18th April 1911.

Melittophagus swinhovt (1030).—The Chestnut-headed Bee-eater.

A rather rare bird. I found a nest with young ones in a river bank on

3rd May 1911. This Bee-eater seems to prefer the vicinity of large

streams flowing through forest. 1 have never seen it away from forest or

near cultivation.

ALCEDINIDA.

Ceryle varia (1033).—The Indian Pied Kingfisher.

Very common.

Alcedo ispida (1035).—The Common Kingfisher.

Fairly common.

Pelargopsis gurial (1043).—The Brown-headed Stork-billed Kingfisher.

This is a very noisy and not uncommon bird in well-wooded parts. Its

notes are very loud and harsh.

Halcyon smyrnensis (1044).—The White-breasted Kingfisher.

Very common. Eggs taken on 13th May 1909 and 2nd May 1911. In

one nest I found an ejected pellet composed of the chitinous remains of

winged insects which no doubt largely constitute their food.

BucEROTIDA.

Anthracoceros albirostris (1053).—The Indo-Burmese Pied Hornbill.

Not uncommon in well-wooded areas, and Mr. Hope Simpson says they

are exceedingly common across the Nepal border. On 28th May 1909 I

cut out a nest of this bird which contained two unfledged young ones and

the mother. The slit, from which the mother’s beak protruded about an

inch and a half, was about 4 inches long by 1 inch wide, the original hole

of about five inches diameter having been narrowed to this size by the

application of plaster. The plaster in this nest as well as in a former one

was filled with fig seeds like carroways in a seed cake and from its

consistency appears to me more likely to be disgorged half-digested food

than droppings, to which in my opinion it bears noresemblance. From the

moment I appeared at the entrance the mother kept up an incessant and

deafening screaming and made vicious snaps at whatever came within her

reach. I finally drew her out of the hole and set her free but she nearly

fell to the ground being only just able to fly a little. This was probably

partly owing to weakness, but also to the fact that a large number of her

tail and wing feathers had dropped out in the hole, and the remainder

were badly damaged. She did not attempt to fly again but by using her

bill like a parrot she managed to reach the top of a tree close by. The dirt

at the bottom of the hole was mixed up with large quantities of

Melanoxylon seeds, the fruits of which tree they are evidently very fond of.

These hornbills seem to bear special hatred towards hawks as on two

occasions I have watched them pursuing large hawks with great

persistence. The hawk in one instance was Sprzetus limnetus and it had

some prey in its claws which might have been a young hornbill, but in any

case the old ones were giving him a very hot time.

Lophoceros birostris (1062).—The Common Grey Hornbill.

Fairly common.

UPUPID&.

Upupa indica (1067).—The Indian Hoopece.

Fairly common.

THE BIRDS OF GORAKHPUR, ( 541

CaPRIMULGIDA.

Caprimulgus mahrattensis (1089).—Sykes’s Nightjar.

Shot 11th June 1910.

Caprimulgus monticola (1090).—Franklin’s Nightjar.

Shot 9th June 1910. °

Caprimulgus asvaticus (1091).—The Common Indian Nightjar.

Fairly common locally.

Caprimulgus europeus (1092).—The European Nightjar.

A solitary male bird was shot by Mr. Hope Simpson on 16th January

TOS

Caprimulgus macrurus (1093).—Horsfield’s Nightjar.

Common.

CueuULIDS. »

Cuculus micropterus (1107).—The Indian Cuckoo.

Not very common.

Mierococeyx varius (1109).—The Common Hawk-Cuckoo.

Common.

Cacomantis passerinus (1112).—The Indian Plaintive Cuckoo.

An uncommon cuckoo.

Coccystes yacobinus (1118).—The Pied Crested Cuckoo.

Common all over the district.

Eudynamis honorata (1120).—The Indian Koel.

A common cuckoo. I took two eggs out of a nest of Corvus splendens on

6th June 1911.

Rhopodytes tristis (1123).—The Large Green-billed Malkoha.

A rather rare bird.

Taccocua leschenaulti (1129).—The Sirkeer Cuckoo.

Fairly common.

Centropus sinensis (1130)—The Common Crow-Pheasant.

Fairly common. Eggs taken on 4th July 1910, 5th July 1910 and 21st

June 1911.

Centropus bengalensis (1183).—The Lesser Concal.

Not uncommon, but restricted to stretches of high grass surrounded by

forest. Eggs taken on 8th June 1911.

PSiTTACID.

Paleornis nepalensis (1185).—The Large Indian Paroquet.

Common in the north of the district. Eggs taken on 9th March 1910

and 17th March 1910. I frequently found several pairs nesting in the

same tree, their favourite tree being Bombax malabaricum.

Paleornis torquatus (1138).—The Rose-winged Paroquet.

Very common. EHggs taken on 25th February 1910, 11th March 1910

and 13th March 1910. Two of the nests from which I obtained the above

eggs were cut into a day or two before I actually took the eggs but in

neither case did the birds forsake in spite of my cutting round the

entrance hole.

Paleornis cyanocephalus (1139).—The Western Blossom-headed Paroquet.

A ‘fairly common bird.

STRIGIDA.

Asio accipitrinus (1157).—The Short-eared Owl.

A specimen was obtained by Mr. Hope Simpson on 20th November 1911

whilst snipe shooting.

542 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

Syrnium ocellatum (1161).—The Mottled Wood-Owl.

This bird chiefly inhabits large mango groves and where such are to be

found the bird is not uncommon.

Ketupa zeylonensis (1164).—The Brown Fish-Owl.

Fairly common along the banks of forest streams.

Scops giu (1173).—The Scops Owl.

This is a not uncommon owl in dense forest. On 20th April 1911 I was

walking through the forest when I noticed an owl fly out of a hole close by,

I promptly shot it. I then looked into the hole from which it had flown

and saw another owl sitting inside. She was sitting on three eggs which

I removed from beneath her and then took out the bird herself and carried

her home. The bird I shot first was a male of this species in ordinary grey

plumage, but the interesting part is that the female I captured sitting on

her eggs was of the dark chestnut variety, all her upper plumage being a

beautiful rich chestnut. I kept her in captivity for a month ormore, but

she eventually died. She was very fond of grasshoppers and other insects.

The eggs, which were hard set, were rather curious since they were

all heavily and evenly spotted with dark redish-brown spots. These

spots were very quickly removed by water. I have noticed almost exactly

similar spots on a clutch of eggs of Halcyon smyrnensis,

Scops bakkamena (1178).—The Collared Scops Owl.

Not a very common owl.

Athene brama (1180).— The Spotted Owlet.

Common. On one occasion I came across one of these owls being mob-

bed by a couple of crows in broad day-light. The owl was on the ground

and the crows kept on opposite sides of it, so that whilst one drew its

attention by a feint, the other closed in and pecked at the bird from

behind. The owl kept his mouth wide open to frighten his tormentors

and made more or less of a fight, but seeing it was getting worsted lL

approached, when the crows drew to one side and the owl flew off.

One of the crows then swooped at the owl in flight like a hawk and

took out a lot of feathers but the owl succeeded in reaching some thick

trees where I left it safely hidden.

Glaucidium radiatum (1184).—The Jungle Owlet.

A common owl.

PANDIONIDS.

Pandion holictus (1189).—The Osprey.

Two pairs were found living on Bakhira Tal on the border between

Basti and Gorakhpur in the winter of 1911.

VALTURIDA.

Otoyyps calvus (1191).—The Black Vulture.

Not a very common vulture.

Gyps tenuirostris (1195).—The Himalayan Long-billed Vulture.

Not very common.

Pseudogyps bengalensis (1196).—The Indian White-backed Vulture.

Very common, and I found large numbers of nests in the north of the

district containing young ones in February 1910.

Neophron ginginianus (1197).—The Smaller White Scavenger Vulture,

Common,

FALCONIDA.

Aquila hastata (1206).—The Small Indian Spotted Hagle,

Not, I think, very common.

Spizaétus limnaétus (1212).—The Changeable Hawk Hagle.

THE BIRDS OF GORAKHPUR. 543

Not uncommon. On 30th April 1909 I found a single young one in a

nest. I took it two weeks later and tried to rear it but it died. On 9th

Juue I found another nest with a single young one. This bird I took and

kept for about a year. It was not a well-dispositioned hawk for hawking,

being of too sullen and stolid a character. The only unwounded bird or

animal it ever caught was a hare which it killed in its tremendous grip

instantaneously. The following year I obtained one egg from the same

nest on 9th March 1910. Both these nests were placed near the top of

exceptionally tall trees with dense forest on one side and an open grassy

forest glade on the other. The nest was about 23 feet in diameter.

Spizaétus nepalensis (1213).—Hodgson’s Hawk-Eagle. A rarer bird than

the last species. In Oates and Blanford this bird is described as a winter

visitor to the plains but in Gorakhpur it is certainly resident and breeds

‘there. On 31st March 1910, I found a nest fairly high up in a sal tree

which contained one egg. I shot the bird and thereis no doubt as to its

identification. The nest was lined with green leaves. On 23rd April 1911

a man brought me one of these birds which a month previously he had

picked up after an exceptionally heavy hail storm. A hail stone had hit

the bird on the head blinding one eye completely. This bird was probably

a year old as the lower plumage was white with large black drops. I was

told the hail storm referred to above did considerable execution amongst

water birds on some large open pieces of water in the forest.

Spilornis cheela (1217).—The Crested Serpent Eagle.

A fairly common eagle. Eggs taken 3lst March 1910.

Butastur teesa (1220).—The White-eyed Buzzard-Eagle.

A common bird. Eggs taken 16th May 1910 and 24th March 1910.

Hahaétus leucoryphus (1223).—Pallas’s Fishing Eagle.

A pair of birds frequents nearly every lake of any size. Eggs taken

27th January 1910.

Polioaétus ichthyaétus (1226).—The Large Grey-headed Fishing Eagle.

Fairly common wherever water exists.

Haliastur indus (1228).—The Brahminy Kite,

Common. Eggs taken on 30th March 1910.

Milvus govinda (1229).—The Common Pariah Kite.

Common. Eggs taken 3rd March 1910 and 11th March 1910.

Elanus ceruleus (1232).—The Black-winged Kite.

Not a very common bird, especially in the north.

Circus macrurus (1233).—The Pale Harrier.

Not uncommon.

Circus melanoleucus (1236). inne Pied Harrier.

A rather rare bird.

Circus eruginosus (1237).—The Marsh Harrier.

Not uncommon.

Buteo ferox (1239).—The Long-legged Buzzard.

Buteo desertorum (1242) —The Common Buzzard.

Astur badius (1244) —The Shikra.

Common. Eggs taken on Ist May 1909, 28th April 1910 and 20th

April 1911.

Accipiter nisus (1247),—The Sparrow-Hawk.

A young bird of this species was shot by Mr. Hope Simpson on 7th

January 1912 in the act of boldly attempting to take a wounded snipe

which a coolie was retrieving.

Pernis cristatus (1249).—The Crested Honey-Buzzard.

A not uncommon bird. EHggs taken on 4th June 1911.

Tinnunculus alaudarius (1265).—The Kestril,

Common.

514 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII

CoLUMBID&,.

Crocopus phenicopterus (1271).—The Bengal Green Pigeon.

Common. Eggs taken on 4th April 1910 and 24th April 1910.

Chalcophaps indica (1291).—The Bronze-winged Dove.

Not common. It is usually found in the damper portions of the forest

where cane brakes grow, such as occur in the north of the district. Eggs

taken on 14th June 1909.

Columba intermedia (1292).—The Indian Blue Rock-Pigeon.

Large flocks frequent certain chosen localities.

Columba eversmanni (1295).—The Eastern Stock-Pigeon.

One was shot on 27th January 1910 out of a large flock feeding on an

open rice plain.

Turtur orientalis (1304).—The Rufous Turtle-Dove.

A specimen was obtained by Mr. Hope Simpson on 8rd November 1911.

Turtur ferrago (1305).—The Indian Turtle-Dove.

Sometimes occurs in large flocks.

Turtur suratensis (1307).—The Spotted Dove.

Turtur risorius (1310).—The Indian Ring-Dove.

Common.

PHASIANIDA.

Pavo cristatus (13824).—The Common Pea-fowl.

Common in the north of the district. In Oates and Blanford it is stated

that these birds bred for the most part in the rainy season. This I think

scarcely applies to Gorakhpur where I have found eggs between 17th

April and 9th May.

Gallus ferrugineus (1328).—The Red Jungle-fowl.

The distribution of this bird is curious since it ‘is entirely absent from

all the Gorakhpur forests excepting a strip running down from Nepal on

the west bank. of the Gandak, and here the bird is fairly plentiful for at

least 20 miles south of the Nepal border. West of this strip of forest

is cultivation for a few miles and then forest again which runs up to

within 5 or 6 miles of the Nepal country and yet jungle fowl are not found

there. This is particularly curious when it is remembered that within

comparatively recent times the whole of the north of the district was under

forest in continuation of the Nepal forests.

Coturnix communis (1355).—The Common Quail.

Plentiful in favourable years.

Coturnix coromandelica (1356).—The Rain Quail.

Not uncommon.

Francolinus vulgaris (1872).—The Black Partridge.

Rather scarce in most parts.

Francolinus pondicerianus (13875).—The Grey Partridge.

Nowhere plentiful.

Francolinus gularis (1876).—The Swamp Partridge.

This bird is, I believe, restricted to the north-east corner of the district

where it is scarce.

TURNICIDA.

Turnix tanki (1384).—The Indian Button-Quail.

Not common.

RaLLipz,

Porzana pusilla (13893).—The Eastern Baillon’s Crake.

A rather uncommon bird. One I shot on 17th January 1910 in a sma

jheel had its gizzard full of several kinds of seed but no traces of animal lif

THE BIRDS OF GORAKHPUR. 645

Amaurornis phoenicurus (1401).—The White-breasted Water-hen.

A fairly common bird in suitable places, and it does not appear very

particular as to choice requiring very little water and sometimes being

found in sugarcane fields with no permanent water near.

Gallinula chloropus (1402).—The Moorhen.

This bird is, I think, not common as [ have never noticed it, but Mr. Hope

Simpson found it a common bird on a jheel at Gopalpur where several birds

were shot.

Gallicrex cinerea (1403).—The Water-Cock.

Uncommon, except in a few localities in the extreme north of the district.

Porphyrio poliocephalus (1404).—The Purple Moor-hen.

Fairly common on most of the larger jheels.

Fulica atra (1405).—The Coot.

Very common on all large jheels. I do not think it remains to breed.

GRUIDA.

Grus antigone (1409).—The Sarus.

Fairly common. On the Gandak river in January 1911 I twice saw a

large flock of these birds flying over-head. On the first occasion there

were 20 birds and they were flying in a V shape, 15 birds forming one arm

of the V and 5 the other. On the second occasion there were 24 birds and

they were spread out in a long diagonal line.

OrIDz.

Sypheotis aurita (1416).—The Lesser Florican.

I have only observed this bird during the early months of the rains and

1 think it probably only visits the district at this season and then only in

very small numbers.

OEDICNEMID&.

Cidicnémus scolopax (1418).—The Stone-Curlew.

Fairly common in suitable places.

Esacus recur virostris (1419).—The Great Stone-Plover.

A not uncommon bird along the banks of the Gandak.

GLAREOLIDZ.

Cursorius coromandelicus (1422).—The Indian Courser.

Not uncommon.

Glareola lactea (1427).—The Swallow-Plover.

This bird does not appear to be at all common, but was observed by

Mr. Hope Simpson on the Ghogra and on Bakhira Tal where it was

apparently picking insects off the water in the dusk of the evening.

PARRIDZ.

Metopidius indicus (1428).—The Bronze-winged Jacana.

Fairly common on suitable jheels. I took eggs on 30th July 1909 and

8rd August 1909. The birds frequently disclose the position of their eggs

by jumping up into the air near them, screaming and fluttering their

wings.

Fi dcp hnsianie chirurgus (1429).—The Pheasant-tailed Jacana.

Not quite such a common bird as the preceding species. Eggs taken

3rd August 1909.

CHARADRIIDE.

Sarcogrammus indicus (1431).—The Red-wattled Lapwing

Common.

546 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Sarciophorus malabaricus (1433).—The Yellow-wattled Lapwing.

Fairly common.

Hoplopterus ventralis (1435).—The Indian Spur-winged Plover.

A rather scarce bird.

Vanellus vulgaris (1436).—The Lapwing or Peewit.

Shot at Senduria by Mr. Hope Simpson on 2nd December 1912.

Aigialitis alecandrina (1446).—The Kentish Plover.

Very common along the Gandak river in January.

Agialitis dubia (1447).—The Little Ringed Plover.

Common along the Gandak river.

Himantopus candidus (1451).—The Black-winged Stilt.

Flocks of these birds are not uncommon.

Numenius arquata (1454).—The Curlew.

Not common, though a large number were seen in Bheura Tal in the -

extreme south of the district close to the Gogra.

Totanus hypoleucus (1460)—_The Common Sandpiper.

Very common.

Totanus glareola (1461).—The Wood Sandpiper.

Totanus ochropus (1462).—The Green Sandpiper.

Common. Mr. Hope Simpson notes that it has a smell just like that of

a mouse.

Totanus calidris (1464).—The Redshank.

Common on some of the large jheels.

Totanus glottis (1466).—The Greenshank.

Tringa minuta (1471).—The Little Stint.

Common.

Tringa temmincki (1474).—Temminck’s Stint.

Common.

Gallinago celestis (1484).—The Fantail Snipe.

Common.

Gallinago stenura (1485).—The Pintail Snipe.

* Common,

Gallinago gallinula (1487 ).—The Jack Snipe.

Not so common as the two preceding species.

Rostratula capensis (1488).—The Painted Snipe.

Not uncommon.

LARIDZ.

Larus ridibundus (1490).—The Laughing Gull.

Two pairs were seen on a “ tal’? on 10th January 1911 and one of the

birds was shot.

Larus affinis (1494).—The Dark-backed Herring Gull.

This bird was shot on the Gandak river on 24th January 1911. The

identification is not certain, but it was either this species or L. cachinnans.

Hydrochelidon hybrida (1496).—The Whiskered Tern.

Sterna seena (1503).—The Indian River-Tern.

Common.

Sterna melanogaster (1504).—The Black-bellied Tern.

Common.

PELECANID.

Pelecanus philippensis (1523).—The Spotted-billed Pelican.

This bird appears to visit the district in small numbers during the rains

only.

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“rae

THE BIRDS OF GORAKHPUR. 547

PHALACROCORACIDA,

Phalacrocorax carbo (1526).—The Large Cormorant.

Common.

Phalacrocorax yavanicus (1528).—The Little Cormorant.

Common.

Plotus melanogaster (1529).—The Indian Darter.

Fairly common. Eggs taken 16th July 1909.

IBIDIDz.

Ibis melanocephala (1541}.—The White Ibis.

Scarce.

Inocotis papillosus (1542).—The Black Ibis.

Not uncommon in suitable places.

PLATALEIDS.

Platalea leucorodia (1545).—The Spoonbill.

I have never shot this bird, but on one occasion I saw a small flock of

what I am sure were spoonbills. This was in the north-east of the district

near the Nepal border.

CICONIIDZ.

Dissura episcopus (1548).—The White-necked Stork.

Fairly common. Eggs taken on Ist July 1910.

Xenorhynchus asiaticus (1549 ).—The Black-necked Stork.

A rare bird in this district.

Leptoptilus gavanicus (1551)—The Smaller Adjutant.

In a “tal” near Nichlaul in the north of the district I saw about 30 of

these birds together at one time, otherwise it is not a common bird. One

bird I shot had just swallowed two water snakes, each 13 feet long.

Anastomus oscitans (1553 ).—The Open-bill.

Not very common. On 16th July 1909 I visited a rookery of these birds

in the north of the district in the midst ofa fairly large patch of forest. This

site was annually resorted to by the birds for breeding purposes. The place

was in the middle ofa large area of high “retwa” grass, thorny rose bushes,

and stunted trees of Hujenia jambolana and Barringtonia acutangula, at this

time of year under two or three feet of water. The birds had built

their nests over an area of ahout six acres and within this space nearly

every tree contained nests so that I estimated there were about 500 nests

altogether. The nests were usually about 25 feet from the ground and

were just a rough mass of sticks lined with a few green leaves or small

branches with green leaves attached. The birds took little notice of me

and one pair actually proceeded to place a leafy branch on its nest only

five feet above my head as I sat on the elephant.

Plotus melanogaster was also breeding here, but in more limited

numbers. There were perhaps some 30 nests of this species which were

chiefly placed in some trees apart from the open-bills’ nests though a few

were placed in the same trees with those of the latter. After I had fired

off my gun the openbills quickly returned and settled all round again, but

the snake birds were much more wary and kept circling round high up in

the air for half an hour or so before they dared approach the colony again.

The snake birds seem very fair flyers and when at a great height come

shooting down with half-closed wings like an arrow. They always fly with

their necks bent.

548 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

ARDEIDA.

Ardea manillensis (1554).—The Eastern Purple Heron.

Fairly common in suitable places.

Ardea cinerea (1555).—The Common Heron.

Fairly common. I found large numbers living on the open sand banks

of the Gandak river in December 1910.

Herodias alba (1559).—The Large Egret.

Bubulcus coromandus (1562).—The Cattle Egret.

Not very common,

Ardeola grayt (1565).—The Pond Heron.

Very common. Eggs taken 6th June 1911.

Ardetta sinensis (1571).—The Yellow Bittern.

Not uncommon where suitable places are to be found, but these are not

numerous. Eggs taken during July of 1909 and 1910.

Ardetta cinnamomea (1572).—The Chestnut Bittern.

I found several of these birds in a “tal” in the north of the district on

17th June 1911.

Botaurus stellaris (1574).—The Bittern.

Generally an uncommon bird though occasionally met with in fair

numbers in suitable places.

ANATID#.

Anser indicus (1583).—The Barred-headed Goose.

Occurs in large flocks on the Gandak and some of the larger jheels.

Sarcidiornis melanonotus (1584).—The Nukta.

A rare duck in this district.

Casarea rutila (1588).—The Brahminy Duck.

Very common, especially along the larger rivers.

Dendrocycna javanica (1589).—The Whistling Teal.

Not very common.

Nettopus coromandelianus (1591).—The Cotton Teal.

Fairly common.

Anas boscas (1592).—The snajlawi

Not seen in any large numbers.

Anas pecilorhyncha (1593).—The Spotted-hilled Duck.

A rather uncommon duck.

Chaulelasmus streperus (1595).—The Gadwall.

A common duck occurring in very large flocks.

Nettium formosum (1596).—The Clucking Teal.

A single male bird was obtained alive by Mr. Hope Simpson on 18th

March 1911. Jt had been netted by the natives.

Nettium crecea (1597) —The Common Teal.

Very common.

Mareca penelope (1599).—The Wigeon.

Mr. Hope Simpson found this duck plentiful on Bakhira Tal in Decem-

ber 1911, but it is not usually met with.

Dafila acuta (1600).—The Pintail.

A common duck.

Querquedula circia (1601).—The Garganey Teal.

Common.

Spatula clypeata (1602).—The Shoveller.

Not very common.

Netta rufina (1604).—The Red-crested Pochard.

Very common and occurring in immense flocks.

Vyroca ferina (1605).—The Pochard.

THE ; BIRDS OF GORAKHPUR. 549

This duck is generally seen in small parties or singly with other species

of duck.

Nyroca ferruginea (1606).—The White-eyed Duck.

Very common and inhabits every variety of pond and jheel.

Nyroca fuliguia (1609).-~The Tufted Duck.

This is an uncommon duck. I think it prefers pieces of water with

plenty of covering and weeds and those which are secluded amongst

forest, though Mr. Hope Simpson also found them in considerable numbers

in December 1911 on Bakhira Tal which is quite open except for rushes in

one part.

Clangula glaucion (1610).—The Golden-eye.

A pair of these birds were shot by Mr. Hope Simpson on Bakhira Tal on

22nd December 1911.

PoDICIPEDIDA,

Podicipes cristatus (1615).—The Great Crested Grebe.

Not uncommon in some of the large jheels.

Podicipes albipennis (1617).—The Indian Little Grebe.

Fairly common.

550

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN

SNAKEKS.

ILLUSTRATED BY COLOURED PLATES AND DIAGRAMS.

Mayor F. Watt, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S.

Part XX continued (with Plates A. and B. and Diagram.)

| (Continued from page 259 of this Volume.)

The Sewes.—I can discover no difference in the lepidosis of the

sexes, nor in the relative lengths of the tails. There is no constant

difference either in the ranges of ventrals, and subcaudals. The

male clasper is narrow and long and surmounted with very small

claw-like tentacles. It is not bifid. Females appear to. be more

numerous than males in Bangalore, as Dr. Nicholson found 410 of

the former against 308 of the latter in 718 cobras sexed by him.

In Cannanore, however, I got 8g g toasingle 9. In Chitral out

of 18 sexed 11 were 9 @ and7 ¢ g. Im Fyzabad I collected 18

3 Ge wy Qo

Breeding.—The mating season extends over several months of

the year. Flower in Siam hada gravid female with eggs fit for

discharge judging from their measurements in the month of

January. Nicholson had several gravid females with eggs about

an inch long in February at Bangalore, and I had one in a similar

condition at Cannanore in the same month. Mr. E. H. Green also

had a gravid female in Ceylon in the same month. Colonel Dawson

had captive cobras in Trivandrum, which were observed “ in copula”

in January. Mr. H. Hampton wrote. to me ofa pair he had in

captivity at Mogok, Ruby Mines, Burma, that were observed coupled

at the end of March. Hvans and I obtained gravid females in

Rangoon in July and August, one specimen in July showing but

little enlargement of the ovarian follicles. Mr. Foulkes told me

some years ago of a pair reported coupled in June at Rajamundry.

The act of mating has been witnessed by Colonel Dawson and

Mr. H. Hampton to whom I am indebted for the following details.

In Trivandrum the pair remained coupled from 11 a. m. uiuti

4-20 p.m. on the 17th of January. In Mr. Hampton’s vivarnl

coitus lasted intermittently for three days. He observed that thm

pair nodded their heads continually, and their bodies quiverede

They did not take the slightest notice of anybody in front of their.

cage. They did not expand their hoods, neither did they wrap

themselves around one another. Hach turned the vent upwards

and sideways to effect engagement.

Period of gestation.—The cobra is known to be oviparous, and the

period of gestation is accurately known in Colonel Dawson’s case.

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A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 551

Sixty-two days after coitus, v.e.,on the 20th of March, eight eggs

were deposited, the first at 8 a.m., six more almost immediately,

and then after the lapse of half an hour thelast. In Mr. Hampton’s

case the mating was observed towards the end of March, and eggs

were not deposited until the middle of August, nearly 5 months.

Season of Egg-laying.—The usual month for the deposition of

eggs is May. All the eight cobras that have laid eggs at Parel

Laboratory did so in that month. Nicholson, too, says that about

Bangalore they are laid in May and early June. Mr. Phipson

remarked that eggs are laid in the rains, and Fayrer, too, says that

his snakemen told him that about Bengal they laid eggs in the

rains. Two eggs sent to me from our Society’s collection were

deposited in June. Wall (A. J.) mentions eggs laid in July, and

Hampton’s eggs were laid in the middle of August at Mogok.

Size of Hggs.—The eggs are elongate, white, ovals with soft

shells, and similar poles. The two sent me from our Society measure

49x28 mm. (a shade under 2 inches in length). The almost

mature eggs extracted from the maternal abdomen by Flower

measured 03x 34mm. LEHgges sent me from Parel vary much, and

are much smaller, and it occurs to me they may have been infertile.

Two of these measured 41 x 20 mm., one 38x19, one 32x 20,

and a fifth 29 x 15 mm.

Number of Eggs.—From over a dozen records, I find that the

usual number of eggs laid is 12 to 22. I find one record of 8, and

the only record of over 22 is Mr. Hampton’s. In this case 45 eggs

were deposited, 36 seemingly good, and 9 apparently infertile.

Incubation.—Fayrer says on the evidence of his snakemen that

the cobra incubates her eggs, and that they frequently dug out

mother, and brood. ‘This is in accordance with the habits of other

snakes and receives direct confirmation from Colonel Dawson, who

told me that at first his dam coiled herself among her eggs. The

period of incubation has been ascertained at Parel. LHggs laid on

the 12th May hatched out on the 20th of July, 1.e., in 69 days.

The period that elapses then between coition, and the advent of the

young is rather over 4: months.

Hatchlings.—Mr. Phipson reported young measuring only 74

inches as they emerged from the eggs in our Society’s rooms. All

the other testimony at my command agrees in assigning to the

hatchling a length of 10 to 11 inches. Assistant Surgeon

Robertson told me the young he saw just hatched measured 11

inches. JI measured one of those that hatched at Parel, which was

bottled at once, and found it was 104 inches long. Nicholson

remarks that at birth they are less than one foot. Now Colonel

Bannerman extracted an embryo from an egg 43 days after

deposition, and found it taped 7 inches. Another that was removed

from an egg by me measured 9 inches ; but it is not specified at what

552 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXIT.

lapse of time after deposition. It is curious from these two last

specimens to account for Phipson’s hatchlings only measuring 74

inches. I have had young cobras brought to me measuring 104

inches in June at Cannanore and 113,124 and 122 inches at

Fyzabad in July. Nicholson remarked that out of 1,000 cobras

brought to him in May to August 1873, 230 were young of the

season measuring from 12 to 16 inches, and of 1,220 in the year

50 were from eggs deposited. It seems to be a common belief

that young cobras newly hatched are not poisonous. This is cer-

tainly a mistake, as Mr. Phipson reported that the young cobras

that hatched out some years ago in our Society’s rooms killed a small

Malay python (Python reticulatus) which was placed in their cage, a

few days after they were born. They attacked it at once, biting it

viciously across the back.

Growth.—Phipson referring to the hatchlings that were 74 inches

when they emerged from the egg, says they grew an inch and

a half in about two months, but as these specimens appeared to

have died of inanition, having refused all food, one may be certain

this underestimates the normal growth. Similarly, I have had

Specimens submitted to me from Parel which did not develop as

cobras usually doina state of nature. Four of these born on the 18th

July 1910 were consigned to spirit on the 2nd of November. I

measured these, and found them 11,%,, 12, 12, and 123 inches. A

fifth specimen born on the 20th July 1910 died on the 7th Decem-

ber, and I find it is 122 inches long.

Nicholson’s observation shows that young measuring less than a

foot at birth attain a length of from 25 to 3 feet by the end of their

first year of life. This rate of growth is out of all proportion to that

noted by me in connection with other snakes, and I expected to find

some error in his conclusions. My own notes, however, confirm

Nicholson’s statements. I find that young averaging 12 inches in

July, average 2 feet 6 inches by the next July. At the end of

their second year they average 3 feet 8 inches, at the end of the

third 4: feet 2 inches, and at the end of the fourth 4 feet 10 inches.

The growth, it will be seen, is especially rapid during the first year,

and progressively diminishes in subsequent years. In other snakes

I find it the rule that the young proximately double their length in

the first year.

Sloughing.—Fayrer* mentions a cobra that cast its skin on Octo-

ber 17th, and again on November the 10th, and December the 7th.

Another in his possession desquamated on the 15th of October and

on the 6th of November. In Trivandrum} a captive cobra shed its

skin on November 10th, 1902, andon February 19th, April 8th and

July 28th in 1903. I have been told by snakemen that ecdysis

* Loc. cit, pp. 144 and 143. { The Field, 16th April 1904.

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 553

occurs about once a month, and Vincent Richards gives about the

same period between successive moults from his observations. It will

be seen from the above that there is no regularity in this function,

which may occur atintervalsranging between three weeks, and three

months. [am informed by snakemen that specimens in captivity

sicken during this period, and that they are afraid to give them food

or drink as it upsets them. hey certainly appear very dull, and non-

captive specimens are most likely to meet with their death, if they

venture out of their holes at this time, the disc before the eye becom-

ing so opaque that the creature is virtually blind for some time.

Foes.—In a former Journal* I published a list of the enemies of

snakes in their natural haunts, any of which I take it may inciude

the cobra in their dietary. Among mammals, the Mongoose has

been conceded a special place as a destroyer of cobras. Personally

I always had the greatest difficulty to get my captive Mongooses, and

I have had three or four to face my captive cobras, much less attack

them. Mr. Stevens in Assam told me he once witnessed an

encounter between a Mongoose and a cobra. The snake managed

to evade the carnivore, in the tall grass and was killed by

Mr. Stevens. An interesting incident wasreportedto me by Mr. Reid

showing that some animals have an instinctive dread of the cobra, or

perhaps snakes in general. A herd of buffaloes that were standing,

feeding out of a row of ‘‘nands, ”’ suddenly became very excited, and

broke loose, stamping and snorting, and to all appearances were

terrified. On investigation a cobra was found close by which was

killed, one old cow when she saw it rushed upon its body, and

trampled it. This by the way is the method by which deer and

pigs are reported to attack and destroy snakes. Gunther says the

jungle fowl kills young cobras, and this seems probable, as domestic

fowls are known to kill and eat them; an event of this kind happened

before the eyes of the late Mr. P. W. MacKinnon in Mussoorie, his

fowl killing, and then swallowing the snake with no ill-effects. Both

Evans and Craddock have reported instances of the cobra being

victimised by the king cobra (N. bungarus) in this Journal.t+

Mr. Gleadow once wrote to me that he saw a large monitor lizard

(Varanus, spec.) running off with a live snake, 3 or 4 feet long, in

his jaws, which when released was shot, and proved to be a cobra.

Parasites.—Among entozoa, a very common parasite is the tick.

Aponomma gervaisi.-—When adult it is about the size of a split

lentil, fat, and of a dark plumbeous colour. I have picked as

many as a dozen off one snake. A less common parasite I have

not been able to get identified, but it is so like the English harvest

bug (Tromlidium holosericewm) in size, and appearance besides being

of the same scarlet hue, that I suspect it is a mite of the Trombidium

genus.

* Vol. XVI, p. 375. T Vol. XIV; pp. 143 and 416,

554 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

T have made no special observations on entozoa, but it is pretty

certain that both nematodes, and cestodes, similar to those in other

snakes, inhabit the alimentary canal.

A parasite known by the name of Hemogregorina naje is known

to inhabit the blood.

The fangs.—In Chamber’s Encylopeedia the article on the cobra

says that its fang is not canaliculate, but grooved. Mr. Boulenger

too in his catalogue refers to the fangs as being grooved

and they are shown with a deficiency in the anterior wall in the

figures in Fayrer’s and other works. This is most certainly not

correct. The fact that there is an indistinct line on the anterior

face of the fang does not affect the question of its being canaliculate.

The line referred to is a seam which marks the spot where the

circumflexed walls of the canal meet and blend. There is a con-

siderable opening at the base of this seam and a much smaller one

near its point, where the poison finds exit. It is not generally

known that it was this beautifully specialised instrument in the

jaws of a poisonous snake, that led a medical man to design the

surgical instrument used so freely in these days in the form of the

hypodermic needle. ;

The cobra’s fang is relatively small compared with viperine fangs,

and is a much more solid and stronger weapon. The length of my

largest cobra fang is 7 mm. and was taken from a large

adult. The length of the fangs in a fifteen inch Echis* in my

collection is 5 mm., and those ina 38 feet 4 inch viper (Lachesis

anamallensis) are 13 mm. My largest hamadryad (NV. bungarus)

measuring 11 feet 5 inches had fangs 10 mm. in length.

There are usually two fully operative fangs fixed in each maxilla,

but these are shed singly at intervals, and from Fayrer’s experiments

18 days was the shortest period that elapsed between drawing them,

and the fixation of a new one. ‘

The poison gland.+—This organ, which is really a salivary gland,

and the analogue of the parotid gland in mammals including man,

consists of a body and a neck. The body is much the shape and

size of an almond, and consists of (1) a thick fibrous capsule or

jacket, (2) the glandular or poison secreting substance proper,

and (3) aduct running centrally in the long axis of the gland. The

capsule gives off numerous fibrous septa which pass into the glan-

dular substance and divides the gland into numerous chambers or

pockets (the poison lakes of Bobeau). Hach pocket is lined with

* This was prepared from the snake that fatally bit an European, whose case

was published in this Journal (Vol. XIX, p. 226.)

+ Iam indebted to Dr. Pearson, the Director of the Colombo Museum, for per-

mission to incorporate the plate herein produced, which appeared in Spolia

Zeylanica, Vol. IX, Part XX XIII, and illustrated the interesting description of

the gland that accompanied it from the pen of Dr. Bobeau. My remarks on the

gland are largely drawn from this source.

ee ee ee eS

—

555.

poison—secreting cells, and carries in its walls blood vessels which

convey the blood upon which the poison cells depend for their

activity. After a period of activity, the pockets which converge

forwards and inwards towards the axis of the gland, become disten-

ded with poison, and this is poured into the central duct. At

the posterior pole the gland ends in a downward projecting lohe.

The fibrous capsule dips into the gland just in front of this lobe to

Be ccs a

Vi LAR

556 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

form a furrow for the attachment of an important muscle, the

masseter. This muscle originates from the postfrontal bone, and

the ridges on the parietal, and is somewhat fan-shaped. Its fibres

converge, and pass first backwards over the superior and internal

surfaces of the gland, then downwards behind its posterior pole, and

finally forwards to be attached to the furrow, or dimple in front

of the lobe. The muscle, in fact, embraces a large part of the —

gland surface, and in contraction squeezes it much in the same

way as the hand operates on a bicycle horn, the result being that

poison is driven forwards into the duct to pour finally into the

mouth. The neck of the gland consists of a sheath which is the

direct continuation of the capsule surrounding the body, but is

much thinner. Centrally is the poison duct, and intermediate

between the sheath and the duct a series of mucous glands. These

are placed at right angles to the axis of the duct, and discharge

their mucous into that channel where it mingles with the poison

proper. In section the gland appears to the naked eye much

like a sponge.

Our plate shows a vertical section in the length of the gland,

the diameter in this direction being more than twice that in a

transverse direction. In other words, the gland is markedly com-

pressed. The constricted portion or neck is the most anterior part.

The little lobe situated at the posterior pole, and directed down-

wards is well shown.

Physical characters of cobra poison.—Cobra venom when freshly

secreted, is a clear, amber-coloured, very viscid fluid with a specific

gravity of 1050. It resembles olive oil in appearance and consist-

ency and soon solidifies into an amorphous, brittle mass, fissuring

in all directions, and losing from 60 to 75 per cent. of its weight in

the process of drying.

Major Glen Liston has very kindly weighed me a drop of fresh

cobra venom in the balance at Parel Laboratory, and find it weighs

proximately 35 mgms. Allowing a loss of 68 per cent.in drying,

the residue of one drop would weigh 11 mgms. It is somewhat

remarkable that a drop of olive oil to which I have compared cobra

venom in appearance and consistency only weighs 6 mgms. in the

same balance at Parel. When dry the poison retains its trans-

parency and resembles gum or amber. In the dry state it keeps

well, and preserves its virulent character according to Vincent

Richards for at least 15 years. The same authority shows that

though there has been some difference of opinon among authorities,

poison is acid when fresh, and this, in spite of the fact that the

normal reaction of the cobra’s mouth is alkaline. Lamb has con-

firmed these observations. After the lapse of some hours the

venom becomes neutral. Dr. Nicholson says it is slightly bitter

to the taste and causes a feeling of frothy soapiness in the

eat aa*

—

ee ————EeeEeeoOowe ee

JourN. Bompay Nat. Hist. Soc. Pratt B

Pig ls He eA ee

Copras (Naa tripudians).

Pholographs from life by Major F. D. S. Fayrer I.M.S.

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 557

mouth, at the same time stimulating the flow of saliva. The same

authority remarks that the dried particles have a pungent action

upon the nostrils. Lamb describes the taste as very bitter and

astringent.

Quantity of poison secreted.—This, of course, varies with the size

of the cobra, but even in specimens of similar length other factors

affect the yield. Lamb says: ‘itis an observation of common

occurrence in this laboratory (Parel), that a cobra newly caught will

yield from 20 to 30 large drops of poison, while after he has been

a captive for some time this quantity will have diminished to from

6 to 10 drops and in time to nil.”” Dr. Nicholson observed that the

yield was more abundant in wet weather. Under the influence of

anger poison is secreted unduly copiously. Doubtless age, health,

and individual vitality also influence the quantity secreted.

The venom in its fluid state is found to vary a good deal in

concentration, a cobra’s yield is therefore calculated by the amount

of solid residue left after drying. Cunningham’s average for 9

cobras was 254 mgms. Lamb’s for 14 cobras 231, and Rogers’s

for 2 cobras 249 mgms. Lamb found that by provoking cobras,

so as to make them bite viciously, the yield collected in glasses

was considerably augmented, as compared with that collected by

simple pressure over the glands, and amounted to an average of

373 mgms. for 3 cobras. Cunningham obtained from one cobra

the enormous quantity of 726 megms. The amount of solid, it will

be seen, ranges between 200 and 726 mems. in healthy adult

cobras.

Tomeity of cobra poison.—Lamb has shown that even the dried

‘ product varies in its degree of toxicity, as he found the minimal

lethal dose for rats was (07 mgms. with one sample and -04 with

another.

Lethal dose of cobra poison in man.—It is a well established fact

that cobra venom may be swallowed in large quantities without

producing any baneful results. lliot gave a dog 10 drops—a dose

sufficient to kill 10 dogs, if injected into the tissues—without

producing any ill-effect. On another occasion he gave 20 drops to

a goat with the same result. Fraser by graduated doses internally

‘succeeded in giving a cat 1,000 times the lethal dose by injection

beneath the skin. Calmette repeated the experiment, giving 1,000

times’ the lethal subcutaneous dose to a cat internally, without pro-

ducing symptoms of poisoning. It is the access of the venom into

the blood stream that constitutes its extreme danger to all animals.

The lethal dose of the poison so introduced has been accurately

ascertained for many animals by experiment, but in man must

remain to some extent conjectural. Various estimates have been

made, based on experiments onthe loweranimals. Fraser's estimate

is 31 mgms. whilst Calmette made it about 10 mgms. Lamb,

558 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII, ~

however, finding that *25 mgms. is proximately the minimal

lethal dose per kilogram weight in monkeys, and postulating an

equal degree of susceptibility in man, concludes that the dose for a

man weighing 10 stone would be about 15 to 17-5 mems. If we

take Lamb’s estimate of the lethal dose for man, which is probably

nearest the mark and strike an average for the 25 cobras experi-

mented with by Cunningham, Lamb and Rogers, the average yield

of which amounts to 240 mgms., we may state that an average cobra

contains poison enough in its glands to kill 15 men. An excep-

tional cobra may even contain sufficient poison to kill 45 men!

Rapidity of absorption of cobra poison.—Blake found that a poison

injected into the jugular vein, reached the pulmonary circulation

of a dog in from 4 to 6 seconds, and the cardiac circulation in 7

seconds. A poison injected into the same vein was distributed

throughout the circulation in 9 seconds. It is this extreme rapidity

of transmission in the blood stream that accounts for the fatal issue

in experiments where a poisoned member is amputated or wound

excised almost immediately after being bitten. Russell* caused a

cobra after biting a dog twice, to inflict a wound in the leg ofa

pigeon, and amputated the member one minute later, but the bird

died in two hours. On dissecting up the limb the extravasation

peculiar to the local action of snake poison was observed half an

inch above the punctures and almost reached the point of

amputation.

Fayrer (Expt. 3 of Series 16) caused a cobra to bite a dog in a

fold of skin in the groin. The wound was entirely excised “at

once,’’ but death took place in 6 minutes. In another experiment

(No. 13 of Series 15), the same authority repeated the same perform-

ance, the part being “immediately ’’ excised within 2 seconds.

The animal died 2 hours and 35 minutes later. It appears probable

that the initial absorption of the poison is far more speedy in the

first few seconds (or minutes) than subsequently. (?)

When one considers all these facts, the extremely small quan-

tity that constitutes a lethal dose in man, the number of lethal

doses of venom available in a normal cobra, and the rapidity of

absorption into the blood, it is extremely remarkable tha any bitten

subject can escape receiving his death warrant however trivial the

injuries sustained. In spite of this it is a well established fact that

a certain number of bitten subjects, in which poison too has been

indubitably injected do recover, and without treatment. Of course

it is obvious in these cases that the dose absorbed was a sublethal

pne.

Uncertainty in the effects of cobra bite.—It seems to me very remark-

able how variable are the results of a cobra bite as testified by experi-

* Loe. cit. p. 73. Expt. XXVIII.

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 559

ment in the lower animals. Elliot* reports on the authority of

Surg.-Major Browning, I.M.S., that on one occasion “‘a healthy cobra

bit adog in two places with no results ; another bite from the same

cobra on the same animal resulted in death.” Fayrert records a

parallel case. ‘A Mongoose and a full-sized cobra were put into a large

wire cage at 1 p. m. The snakestruck at the Mongoose, and they grap-

pled with each other frequently, and apparently the Mongoose must

have been bitten, as the snake held on to it about the neck and

head. The next day at noon both were well.’”’ ‘Chere had been

two cobras with this Mongoose during the night “ both equally

fierce striking each other, and the Mongoose, but the latter was not

poisoned. He was scratched by the cobra rather severely on the

head.” But on being bitten in the thigh by the same cobra when

both were taken out of the cage ‘‘the Mongoose succumbed to the

poison and died very rapidly.”” Again Dr. Davy reports a case

where ‘a cobra, 5 feet long, bit a hen, fixing its fangs in the skin

covering the lower point of the left pictoral muscle, and keeping its

hold about two or three seconds.” ‘he hen died after eight hours.

Compare with this Fayrer’s* fowl that was bitten “ by a large cobra

in the thigh, fell into convulsions immediately and died in 50

seconds.’ ‘The literature on the cobra is full of similar conflict-

ing results following its bite; it is obvious that if such occur in

lower animals during experiment, they will occur also in the

human subjects bitten by accident. Speaking of this uncertainty,

Fayrer§ says ‘‘ snakes frequently strike, and even wound without

poisoning.”

There is abundant evidence to show that snakes like the cobra,

which are known to be capable of delivering a mortal wound, fre-

quently fail to do so, though they may inject poison in considerable

quantity. Vincent Richard** says ‘‘ aman or an animal may be

very seriously poisoned by a rattle snake, or indeed by any snake,

and yet recover under subjection to various or even no treatment. ”’

Weir Mitchell+} cites an experiment with a dog which he says

‘has especial value as showing how exceedingly grave may be the

signs of poisoning, and yet how rapidly and complete may be

the rally and escape.” At one stage the dog was lying on the

floor, scarcely breathing, and nearly pulseless.” I could multiply

instances ‘ad libitum.’ So far as the human subject is concerned

there are many cases of cobra bite recorded, where no ill-effects

were produced, or symptoms of varying severity, not ending in

* Trans. Brit. Med., Assoc., 8. Ind. Br., 1895, page 7.

+ Thanatophidia, p. 69.

t Ibed. p. 80.

§ Ibid. p. 64.

=* Landmarks of Snake lit, p. 71.

+t HssayonSnake Poison, p. 172.

560 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

death, though no treatment was attempted. Dr. Davy* after re-

marking that the effects of cobra bite ‘‘ vary a good deal according

to circumstances not easy to calculate, ’”’ says: ‘‘I have seen several

men who have recovered from the bite of the hooded snake, and I

have heard of two or three only to whom it has proved fatal. ”

Russell mentions a cooyy woman whom he saw 10 hours after be-

ing bitten by a cobra. P aralysis had advanced so far as to seriously

affect her throat, and he had difficulty in getting her to swallow

a Tanjore pill. She recovered completely. He mentions another

case of a drunken Irishmant who declared he was proof against

any snake owing to his nationality, and put a cobra into his shirt

before an assembled throng. ‘The snake bit him severely in the

breast, and he suffered not only great pain locally, but serious con-

stitutional effects, nevertheless he recovered. Dr. Nicholson§ re-

cords a case where two snakemen under the influence of drink got

bitten by one of their cobras. As some time had elapsed when he

saw them he coloured some water pink with his dentifrice which

he gave them to allay their fears. Both recovered, though one had

a swollen hand next day as a result of the accident. Calmette{

records another very interesting case where a man was profoundly

under the influence of cobra poisoning following a bite, but who

persistently refused antivenene which was to hand, took his

chance, and recovered completely.

These cases are most instructive, and serve to point two lessons.

One is that however serious the symptoms arising from a cobra bite,

there is always hope. The other lesson is that nobody is qualified

to assume that any given treatment adopted in a certain case

has been responsible for its favourable issue. There can be no

doubt that the failure to realise this latter truth, has been respon-

sible for the host of reputed antidotes, which have been vaunted

from time to time since the days of Celsus, all of which have proved

futile when subjected to scientific experiment. It is difficult to say

what percentage of cases of cobra bite would not prove mortal.

Dr. Davy, speaking of Ceylon cobras, says that recovery follows the

bite as often as death. In the article on Snake Poisons in

Allbutt’s system of medicine, Lamb and Martin say, ‘“ the mortality

in persons bitten by the larger snakes of India and South America

would not, from the scanty records available, appear to be more

than 30 per cent.”

Symptoms of cobra toxemia.—These may be divided into local

and constitutional.

Local.—The first, and perhaps invariable symptom, is pain,

* An Account of the Interior of Ceylon, 1821.

} Ibid. p. 78.

i Ibid p. 88.

§ Ibid. p. 160.

4] Snakes, Snake Venoms, etc.

= ee

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 561

which is of a stinging or burning character, out of all proportion

to the mechanical injuries sustained. It comes on immediately,

and persists, perhaps lasting for hours. If pain is experienced

only to the degree excited by ordinary pricks or scratches, and is

but transient, there is a justifiable presumption that poison has

not been introduced. Coincident with the pain, and almost as

speedy in its appearance is swelling which gradually increases

until perhaps the whole limb is puffy. “The third invariable sign that

venom has gained access to the wounds is the oozing of a blood

stained serum. If on the other hand the punctures are sealed with

clot as in ordinary wounds shortly after injury, there is every pro-

bability, if not actual certainty, that poison has failed to find entry

into the tissues. The fourth cardinal sign is one which cannot

be detected until the tissues in the site of the wound have been cut

into, though it may be inferred if rapidly ensuing swelling has

occurred, accompanied with the other signs. ‘The tissues assume

avery characteristic appearance, the parts become purplish cen-

trally, the colour fading to scarlet, and then pinkish, anda thin

serum exudes. In one case, Wali (A.J.) found this purplish effusion,

which is characteristic of the action of snake venom, within 30

seconds of the injection of the poison. When present, it is

absolute proof of the absorption of venom; if absent, it is probably

equally good proof of the failure of the poison to have reached the

tissues.

How intensely irritant the venom is locally is apparent from the

rapidity of the symptoms noted above, added to which is the fact

that in many cases where the bitten subject recovers, the tissues

involved actually mortify, and are thrown off as a slough.

Occasionally one sees natives with withered limbs stated to be due

to the effects of a snake bite.

The constitutional effects, are a gradual, but rapidly beaches

paralysis, due to the action of the poison on the brain and cord.

Sooner or later the bitten subject complains of weakness in the

legs, and is prompted to recline rather than walk or sit. This

weakness creeps up the trunk, and affects the muscles of the neck,

so that the head droops, the muscles of the tongue, lips and throat,

so that speech becomes difficult, the lips fall away from the teeth,

and allow the saliva to dribble, and swallowing becomes difficult

or impossible. The eyelids too droop giving a sleepy expression to

the face. While these paralyses are waxing, the respiratory func-

tion becomes affected, breathing becomes difficult, then laborious and

finally death from respiratory failure ends the scene. Among other

toxic symptoms may be mentioned, nausea, or actual vomiting, and

not infrequently heemorrhages from various orifices, as a result of the

action of the poison on the blood altering its composition, reducing

its coagulability, and dissolving the red blood cells.

562 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

An easy aid to remember the essential action of the poison is sup-

plied in the word COBRA. CO. stands for COrd and BRA for

BRAin, implying that it is the central nervous system that is in the

main affected. Again COBR stands for Coagulation Of Blood

Reduced, and the final A gives the mode of death, viz., by Asphyxia.

Cases of cobra.toxeemia are very seldom well reported even by

the medical profession, a great deal being often left to the imagina-

tion. I will give one example that was excellently recorded by

Dr. Hilson as follows : ‘‘ On a night in June, at about half-past 12

o'clock, Dabu, a Hindu punkah cooly, was bitten on the shoulder

by a cobra, whilst sleeping. On inspecting the wound, there were

found over the prominence of the right deltoid muscle, and about

three-quarters of an inch apart, two large drops of a clear serous-

like fluid tinged with blood, which had apparently oozed from two

small punctures, so minute that they could not be perceived by the

naked eye. A burning pain was complained of in the neighbour-

hood of the bite, which rapidly increased in intensity, and extended

so as to affect a circular portion of the integument of the size of an

ordinary saucer ; and judging from the description given of it, it

was very similar in character to that produced by the sting of a

scorpion.

« At 12-45 a.m., or about a quarter of an hour after being bitten,

he complained of a pain in his shoulder shooting toward his throat

and chest, and said he was beginning to feel intoxicated ; but there

was nothing in his appearance at this time to indicate that

he wasin any way under the influence of the poison. On the con-

trary, he was quite calm and collected, and answered all questions

indifferently, at the same time that he was fully alive tothe danger

of his condition. The pupils were not dilated, and they contracted

when exposed to the light of a candle ; his pulse was normal, and

there was no embarrassment of the respiration. About five minutes

after, he began to lose control over the muscles of his legs, and

staggered when left unsupported. At about 1 o’clock, the paralysis

of the legs having increased, the lower jaw began to fall and frothy

and viscid saliva to ooze from the mouth. He also spoke indistinctly,

like a man under the influence of liquor. At 1-10 a.m. he began to

moan, and shake his head frequently from side to side. The pulse

was now somewhat accelerated but was beating regularly. The

respirations were also increased in frequency. He was unable to

answer questions, but appeared to be quite conscious. His arms

did not seem to be paralysed. He continued to moan and shake his

head from side to side, as if trying to get rid of viscid mucous in his

throat. The respirations were laboured, but not stertorous. The

breathing gradually became slower, and finally ceased at 1-44 a.m.

while the heart continued to beat for one minute longer. ”

Rayidity of death in the hwman subject.—The interval that elapses

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 568

between a cobra bite and the death thereby occasioned varies con-

siderably. The shortest interval that I have any record of is half

an hour. Fayrer* reports one case that died in this short interval,

the bitten subject being an adult man. The Pioneer of the 27th of

April 1908, reported a European lady, Mrs. Cockely, succumbing to

the bite of a cobra in half an hour. The wound was inflicted on

the top of her toe, and the snake was killed there and then by her

husband. More often the interval that elapses amounts to hours,

from about two to six hours being perhaps usual. A woman men-

tioned by Fayrer died after & hours, and other cases have been

reported exceeding 24 hours.

Treatment of cobra bite.---From the voluminous literature on

experimental work, with the object of testing various reputed an-

tidotes to cobra or other snake venoms, and of testing the value of

mechanical contrivances for checking the absorption of these poisons,

one cannot escape the conviction that there is only one known

remedy, viz., antivenene. Fayrer’s work alone is convincing enough

and he spared no pains and gave every possible method a fair

trial. Drugs of all sorts, those vaunted by professional snakemen,

as well as those from the British Pharmacopiza were administered

by the mouth, by injection into the tissues at the site of the

wound, and introduced into the veins, with no benefit. The actual

cautery, strong corrosive liquids locally, and the introduction of

oxidising agents such as permanganate of potash, which are known

to neutralise and destroy the poisonous properties of cobra venom in

a vessel were employed at the seat of the wound without avail.

Ligature, excision and amputation were all tried, and proved futile,

and the so called “ snake stones’ were as useless as everything else.

Fayrer’s experiments have been repeated, and supplemented by

numerous conscientious workers in this field, and abundantly confirm-

ed. The resuscitated ‘‘ remedy ,” permanganate of potash, has

lately been the subject of an exhaustive investigation at the hands

of Colonel Bannerman at Parel and has proved to be completely un-

successful. The conditions of an accidental bite were imitated as

far as possible, and I had the privilege of witnessing some of the

experiments. A syringe charged with the lethal dose of poison was

fitted on to a Russell’s viper’s fang. A puncture in the dog’s skin

was made with a knife point, the fang introduced, and the poison

Injected. Within a couple of seconds or so, the puncture was cut

down upon and permanganate crystals well rubbed in. There was

no doubt of the thoroughness of the attempt to bring the salt into

relationship with the poison, but it signally failed to avert death.

I saw the previous day’s dead subject also dissected, and the typical

effects of the poison were seen to have been diffused as high up as

ee iE eee Ch HIND ee CT MU

* Loc, cit. p. 53.

564 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

the thigh, though the envenomed puncture had been made in the

foot. ‘These experiments merely confirmed those made by Vincent

Richards, who performed no less than 100 operations in the early

eighties of last century, and those of Fayrer reported in 1882.

After reading, and studying a copious literature on experimental

work, there seems only one conclusion to be drawn, and that is, that

no method of procedure, whether prophylactic, symptomatic, or

so-called antidotal, will avert the fatal issue in cobra _ bite,

where the dose injected is supralethal, except the injection of

antivenene. One might, I think, discard the consideration of treat-

ment altogether in cobra bite cases where antivenene has not been

injected, and arrive at a faithful estimate of the percentage of

fatalities.

Antwvenene.—The first steps towards the discovery of this antidote

appears to have originated with Sewall in 1886, who proved that an

animal could acquire a tolerance for snake poison, till a dose in

excess of the ordinarily fatal one carried no ill-effects. Kaufmann

in 1889, Kanthack in 1891, Phisalix and Bertrand in 1898, Calmetite

in 1894, and Fraser in 1895 confirmed. Sewall’s results, and Fraser

succeeded to the extent of conferring on rabbits a toleration to 50

times the usual minimal lethal dose. Calmette, and Phisalix and

Bertrand in 1894 and Fraser in 1895 proved that the serum of an

immunised animal possessed antidotal properties and Fraser called

the product antivenene. In Kasauli where antivenene is prepared

for issue in India, the horse is immunised, and when accomplished to

a high degree, the animal is bled and the serum separated.

One cc of the serum as issued is capable of neutralising 1 mgm.

of cobra venom, and the dose recommended for injection into the

veins by Lamb and Martin is at least 100 cc.*

Antivenene has been experimented with on the lower animals,

into which a known quantity of cobra venom in excess of the

minimal lethal dose has been injected, and the animals have been

saved from an otherwise inevitable death.

It is extremely disappointing however to find on studying the

statistics of snakebite fatalities published vearly in the Reports of

the Sanitary Commissioner, Government of India, that the mortality

in cases of ophitoxeemia cases has been scarcely reduced since the

introduction of this remedy. The figures available are allthe more

discouraging because the circumstances under which the cases have

been treated have been peculiarly favourable, the cases having

occurred in the British or Native Army, or in Jails where medical

assistance is available at all times, and within a few minutes,

and antivenene always to hand. ‘The three conditions laid down for

successful treatment are—(1) the injection should be made as soon

* Loc. cit.

———

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 565.

as possible after the bite; (2) it should be made intravenously ; and

(3) not less than 100 cc. should be injected. At least ten times.

this amount would be necessary to protect the bitten subject, if in-

jected into the tissues, and there is no comparison to the speed of

absorption in this compared to the intravenous method.

The antivenene now issued is reckoned to retain its virtue for a.

period of two years at least, after which it should be rejected as of

dubious efficacy.

It will be seen from the figures to which I have access that the

percentage of deaths from snake bite cases, all species included, for

six years previous to the issue of antivenene was 8°71, and for eight

years since the issue of this antidote, the percentage is 7-36 (vide

table appended) :—

BEFORE ISSUE oF ANTIVENENE.

British Army.'N ative Army. Jails. Total.

Year. : a cae = te a a

| 5 Ze

S 2m ie a o a o a

1896 2 2 13 1 15 a6 30 3

1897 1 15 3 37 if 53 4

1898 iH 8 i 21 30 1

1899 2 11 4 20 a 33 4

1900 u 12 1 14 1 27 2

1901 2 9 ill 3 22 3

Wotall.. 9 2 68 LOWS leks 5 | 195 ily

AFTER ISSUE OF ANTIVENENE.

1902° os 2 se 9 ae 13 1 24 il

SOS): Say oleae i 15 2 21 Bes 36 2

1904* .. NA 2 I gl ahi 25 iL 38 2

1905 .. bE alittion a 10 2 19 oF 29 2

TIOGRS y: Beale packs a 9 3 17 ae 26 3

MOOT is oof eS = ing a 30 2 A7 2 |

ESOS me 2 2 12 4 31 2 45 8

1909 3 : 13 24 lu 40 1

Total .. 9 3 96 1A 9) A) 7 |. 285 21

* Polyvalent Antivenene issued.

566 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Although cobra venom does not directly depress the heart, other

influences are very likely to affect that organ in cases of cobra

poisoning. Pain, fright, and cold are all powerful depressants

to cardiac activity, and may seriously endanger life. It is most

essential therefore in treating cobra poisoning to look for any

tendency to faintness, and treat this vigorously. Antivenene of

unquestionable activity, administered intravenously in adequate

doses cannot be expected to save a patient who is suffering from

cardiac weakness due to non-toxic causes. A feeble or rapid

pulse, with cold body surface, specially noticeable in the extremities,

and a subnormal temperature are though silent, vociferous appeals.

from an inarticulate subject for vigorous stimulation of the heart.

The non-professional attendant can do much in such cases. He

can subdue if not actually relieve pain by hot fomentations. He

can apply friction with powdered ginger or mustard to various

parts of the body in turn, whilst the rest of the body is covered up

with blankets, and can pursue this course until eight or a dozen

hot water bottles can be filled, when they should be wrapped in

flannel garments or blankets, and applied all round the patient.

He can give hot stimulating drinks, such as coffee, bovril, etc., if

the patient can swallow. ‘These should be given in small quantities

(half a coffee-cupful or so) every ten minutes. Alcohol should not

be given. He can further seek to gain the patient’s confidence,

allay his fears, and reassure him as to his fate. Possibly the

neglect of attention to syncope has been responsible for the dis-

appointing results of antivenene as shown in the table above.

Freaks.—Albinism is a very rare freak in reptiles, and the only

albined cobra I have heard of is the one mentioned by Tennent* in

his book on Ceylon. Melanism, on the other hand, is a common

condition in snakes, and, as already mentioned, I regard the black

cobras usually classified under variety ceca as melanotic specimens

of variety typica. Double-headed snakes are rareties, but a fair

number have been collected in various Institutions. The Indian

Museum owns a double-headed cobra (an example of anterior

dichotomy) presented by the Nawab of Dacca.

Lepidosis.—Rostral—Touches 6 shields; the rostro-internasal

sutures much 'the largest. Internasals—Two; in contact with pree-

oculars; the suture between them less than that between the

prefrontal fellows, much less than the internaso-preefrontals.

Preefrontals.—Two ; in contact with the internasals, preeoculars, and

supraoculars ; the suture between them greater than the preefronto

frontal. rontal.—Touches 6 shields; the fronto-supraocular

sutures about twice the fronto-parietals. Swpraocular— Longer than,

but about as broad as the frontal. Nasals—Two; in contact with

* Vol. 1. p. 192.

;

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 567

VORA Ope feee ea 7es (xX my)

A. §....Anterior Sublinguals. Pra. ...Preeoculars.

Cun. ...Cuneate. Prf. ....Prefrontals.

F. ... Frontal. P.S. ...Posterior Sublinguals.

Int. _... Internasal. R ... Rostral.

M. ... Mental. S .. Supraocular.

N. ... Nasal. T ... Temporals.

Pa. _...Parietals. ay ... supralabials

Po. _ ...Postoculars. I-V._ ...Infralabials.

the 1st, 2nd and 8rd supralabials. Preocular.—One. Postoculars—

Three usually (rarely two). Zemporals—Two; the lower touching

the 5th and 6th supralabials. Swpralabials—Seven ; the drd and

Ath touching the eye. Infralabials—Five ; the 4th and 5th subequal

568 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

touching the posterior sublinguals. A small cuneate scale (rarely two,

rarely none) between the 4th and Sth. Sublinguals.—Two pairs; the

anterior rather larger, the posterior quite separated by a single

scale. Costals—Very variable in number according to the variety

and the locality. In Tyica usually 23 (less commonly 25) in

midbody in South India; 21 or 23 in the Central Provinces; 23

(less commonly 21) in the United Provinces ; 21 in the Punjab and

Western Himalayas.

In fasciata usually 23 (rarely 21) west of Calcutta; 21 (rarely

19) east of Calcutta. In variety sputatrixv 19 or 21. In variety

oxiana 21. Usually 6 (sometimes 8) rows are absorbed before

the vent. The vertebral row subequal to adjacent scales, or

rather narrower, no keels. No apical pits. Ventrals variable in

number according to variety and locality. In tyyica from Ceylon

and South India 170 to 193, from other parts of India 176 to 200.

In fasciata from Assam and Burma 179 to 194. In omiana 195

to 213.

Anomales.—The head shields are wonderfully constant, and

except for the rare absence of the little cuneate shield, and the

presence of two instead of three posticulars I do not think I have

ever seen an abnormality. Two specimens killed by Mr. Bernard -

Cooke had, he told me, the 3rd supralabial divided into an upper

and a lower part.

Dentition.—Mawilla furnished with two operative canaliculate

fangs. One of these is often loose, not yet having become

anchylosed into the bone, or having functioned is about to be shed.

A single grooved tooth.in the posterior end of the jaw is usually

present, but when shed may not be replaced forsome days. Pala-

tine.—6 to 8 subequal teeth grooved on their inner faces. Pterygoid.

—In varieties Typica and Fasciata 11 to 15 grooved on their inner

faces, and diminishing in size posteriorly. In oxiana 20 to 22.

Mandibular, 13 to 15, grooved on their outer faces, reducing in size

behind.

Our coloured plate (page 243) shows three varieties of the cobra,

(1) typica, the binocellate or spectacled cobra of Europeans, and the

‘“‘ookurrah ” of natives: (2) cceca, the blind cobra with no hood

marks; and (3) fasciata, the monocellate cobra of Huropeans, and the

‘“‘keautiah” of natives in Bengal. Mr. Gerhardt is to be congratu-

lated on the excellence of these pictures which are most life-like.

Plates A and B are reproduced from Major Fayrer’s most success-

ful photographs. ‘The upper figure in Plate B shows the hood

expanded, and a very moderate degree of erection of the body.

Contrast with this the three specimens in figure A, all of which are

-seen erected to their full extent.

569

EPEANTS OH Shh SPUN a AB:

A BRIEF DESCRIPTIVE KEY TO THE FLORA OF THE PUNJAB

NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE AND KASHMIR,

Colonel C. J. BaMBER, F.L.S.,

Indian Medical Service.

Parr XII.

(Continued from page 143 of Volume XXIT.)

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE HXSTIPULATE SIMPLE J.uavEs.

Convolvulus Aitchisoni,

CoNVOLVULACES.

FE. B. I. iv. 218.

Jhelum, Salt Range

(Aitchison).

Sakesar.

Convolvulus microphyllus,

CONVOLVULACES.

F. B. I. iv. 218.

Bhera, Sargodha.

Baluchistan

(C. B. Clarke).

Convolvulus pluricaulis,

var. macra,

CoNVOLVULACEX.

HY Bel. iv. 218:

The Plains to 3,000 ft.

Rawalpindi.

Delhi.

Lear Mareins ENTIRE.

Perats UNITED.

small to medium size, white woolly root-stock,

woody, perennial, annual stems 1-4 in., leaves

clustered, linear, radical 13 in., linear or oblong

densely hairy on both sides; flowers 1 in., pinkish

white, in clusters, bracts 3 in., narrowly lanceolate,

calyx deeply 5-lobed, lobes linear, hairy i in.,

corolla wide-mouthed, 5-plaits hairy without,

stamens 5, within the corolla, stigmas 2, thread-

like, nearly equal to the style, capsule round,

4-seeded.

like the last species, but larger, flowers pinkish

yellow, smaller and axillary.

very like the last species, but corolla larger,

2.34

374 in.

570 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Heres, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPUTATE SIMPLE LuAvEs.

Convoivulus glomeratus,

CoNVOLVULACEZ.

F. B. I. iv. 219.

The Plains of the West-

ern Punjab and N.-

W. EF. Province.

Baluchistan

(C. B. Clarke).

Evolvulus alsinoides,

CoNVOLVULACES.

FE. B. I. iv. 220.

The Plains to 6,000 ft.

Valleys below Simla.

Syri (Collet).

Kalka.

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Breweria latifolia,

Solanum coagulans,

Solanum xanthocarpum,

Solanum gracilipes,

SOLANACEA.

F. B. I. iv. 287.

The Plains.

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Physalis minima,

SOLANACER,

Ae 183, 185 i Biel;

The Plains to 7,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Lear Marcins ENTIRE.

Petrats UNITED.

medium size to large, root-stock biennial or

perennial, spreading, leaves 3-13 in., oblong, nearly

sessile, sparingly hairy ; flowers 3 in., in heads on

stalks 4-2 in., with leaflike bracts sgl in., or heads

sessile on short, axillary branches, calyx-lobes 5,

iin. long, lanceolate, hairy, short-pointed, corolla

tubular, mouth narrow funnel-shaped, for other

characters see Convolvulus Aitchisoni above.

small, perennial, spreading, sometimes prostrate,

silky hairy more or less, white, yellow or rusty,

DRE, branches many ; leaves i-1 in., rarely 14 by

ae linear or oblong, sessile or nearly so ; flowers

4-3 in., blue or white, 1-3 together sessile or on

minor stalks 4 in. long clustrered on a main stalk

4-14 in., bracts linear, hairy, calyx-lobes 5, 3-; in.,

lanceolate, hairy, corolla funnel-shaped, tube very

short, barely 5-lobed, folding at the angles, stamens

5 attached near the bottom of the corolla-tube,

styles 2 branching into 2 linear stigmas ; capsule

#-§ In., round, 4-valved, seeds 4, smooth.

see Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Petals United.

see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, HExstipulate,

Lobed.

medium size, perennial, velvety with minute star-

shaped hairs, stem prickly prickles short, conical,

partly curved back; leaves 14 in. diam., ovate or

circular with a wavy edge often nearly heart-

shaped, not prickly ; flowers 3-in. sessile on short

axillary one-to three-flowered main stalks or on

nearly terminal minor stalks one to three together

on very short lateral branches, calyx lobes 5, +

in., linear, in fruit in., corolla tube short, deeply

lobed, lobes 5, folded in bud, wheel-shaped,

stamens 5,in corolla throat, tops meeting in a

‘cone ; berry 2 ¢ in., round, smooth, larger than the

calyx-lobes, seeds = in. diam... discoid,

smooth.

medium size, annual, velvety, atten spreading ;

leaves 2 by 14 in., ovate, angular, short-pointed,

stalk 1 in, flowers + in. diam., yellow or blue,

single on axillary stalks, calyx 5-lobed, 3- in.,

lobes lanceolate in fruit, calyx 3-1 in., ovoid ox

round, 5-10 ribbed, loosely enclosing the fruit,

corolla broadly bell-shaped, almost 5-lobed, folding

at the angles, stamens 5, berry 3 in. diam., round

green, seeds 7, in. diam., very many, discoid,

surface netted.

many

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 571

HERBS, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Physalis peruviana,

Cape gooseberry,

Teparz.

SoLANACES.

F. B. I. iv. 238.

The Plains to 5,000 ft.

Capsicum frutescens,

Chilli,

Lal mirch.

SoLANACEA.

FH. B. 1. iv. 2389.

The Plains to 5,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Baluchistan (Hughes-

Buller).

Capsicum minimum,

‘Bird’s-eye-Chilli,

SOLANACE.

HS Ba Ee ive 209.

The Plains.

Capsicum grossum,

SoOLANACES.

HH. B. I. iv. 239.

The Plains.

Withania somnifera,

SOLANACES.

N18}, Ih, tis BS)

The Plains.

Lahore.

Salt Range.

Baluchistan(Stocks).

Withania coagulans,

Datura stramonium, {

Datura fastuosa,

Physchlalna procaita,

SOLANACES.

F, B. I. iv. 244.

North Kashmir

12—15,500 ft.

Lear Marcins ENTIRE.

Perats UNIvreED.

like the last species, but more hairy, stouter,

fruit-calyx larger, corolla yellow with five large

purple spots at the base within, fruit yellow when

ripe. This plant is indigenous and cultivated in

Tropical America, cultivated widely in India for its

sweet acidulated berries.

medium size, annual, smooth or nearly so, stem

woody, much branched, bushy ; leaves 2-4 by 3-l

in., lanceolate margin entire or slightly wavy pro-

longed into the stalk, stalk 3-2 in., flowers 3 in.

across, white on solitary axillary stalks or 2-3

together, calyx bell-shaped, minutely 5-toothed,

ridges running into teeth, corolla wheel-shaped,

5-angled, stamens 5, anthers fringed with black,

style short, stigma round; berry 2-5 in., yellowish

red, tapering, long, skin loose, seeds many discoid.

This plant is not indigenous, it is probably

indigenous in America; it is widely cultivated

for its pungent fruit, which is used as a condi-

ment.

like the last, but smaller, flower stalks mostly

2-3 together, berry red, 13 by 4 in., or smaller,

nearly erect. This plant is only found cultivated

and is used as a condiment.

like the last, but the flower stalks are solitary,

nodding in fruit, berry 3 by 2 in, or smaller, red.

This plant is only found cultivated and is used as

a condiment.

medium size to large, greyish-green, branches

round ; leaves 2-4 in., ovate, thinly woolly, hardly

pointed, stalks 1-4 in; flowers 1-3 in., greenish

yellow axillary sessile or shortly stalked, solitary

or clustered, calyx 4 in. in flower, #2 in, in fruit,

bell-shaped, 5-6-toothed, in fruit papery, swollen,

enclosing the berry, corolla bell-shaped, lobes 3-6

short, stamens 5-6, on the base of the corolla,

stigma shortly 2-fid; berry 4-3 mn. diam., round,

seeds many, discoid.

see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

large, nearly smooth, branches clustered towards

the top; leaves 4-6 by 3 in., ovate-oblong, wavy

‘margins, stalk 1-4 in.; flowers 3-1} in., stalked in

a terminal flat-topped sticky velvety cluster 2-8 in.

diam., calyx 4 in., bell-shaped, lobes 5, } in.,

lanceolate, short, in fruit 12 by 4in., streaked

corolla 11 by 4 in., tubular funnel-shaped, lobes 5,

572 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,

Heres, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Hyoscyamus niger,

Henbane

SOLANACES.

Ry Blinn D44.

Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft.

Narkanda (Collett).

Quetta.

Hyoscyamus pusillus,

SoLANACEA,

Tmt, 18%, JE, ny, BAM,

Kashmir.

Ladak, 10,000 ft.

Baluchistan (Stocks).

Hyoscyamus muticus,

SOLANACEA.

HB seleniven 4a:

N. W. F. Province.

Baluchistan (Stocks).

Nicotiana tabacum,

Tobacco,

Tumaku,

SOLANACES.

Ke Ba lvives4to:

The Plains to 2,000 ft.

icotiana rustica,

SoLANACE,

F. B. I. iv. 245.

The Western Plains.

N. W. F. Province.

Baluchistan (Lace).

Lear Marcins ENTIRE.

Perats UNITED.

short, overlapping in bud, stamens (5, attached at

the middle of the tube protruding, style thread-

like, stigma barely 2-lobed, protruding ; capsule 3

in. diam., 2-celled, seeds ;} in., very many, net-

veined flattened.

medium size to large, sticky, hairy with an

unpleasant heavy odour, stem thick ; leaves, radical

leaves 6-8 in., entire or coarsely sinnate-toothed or

lobed, spreading, oblong-ovate, stem-leaves smal-

ler, sessile, ovate, lobed, changing into bracts

above ; flowers 1-11 in. diam., dark, yellowish-green,

veined with purple, sessile on one-sided spikes,

rolled back at first, then straight, calyx 2 in., tube

ovoid lobes, funnel-shaped, 5-toothed,corolla funnel-

shaped, lobes 5 spreading unequal, broad, short,

stamens 5, protruding style thread-like, longer

than the stamens, stigma nearly round, capsule

4 in. diam., enclosed in the swollen tube of the

enlarged calyx, lower part papery, upper hard,

opeving along the line between the two parts,

seeds sy IM. very many.

very like the last, but lower leaves smaller,

often lobed, stem leaves stalked often lobed, calyx

streaked smoothish, teeth lanceolate, corolla 3-3

in. yellow, not net-veined.

like Hyoscyamus niger, but leaves larger, some-

what woolly, stem leaves stalked entire or toothed,

calyx streaked, velvety, teeth triangular, not

sharp-pointed in fruit, corolla 1-14 in. dark yellow

or nearly white.

medium size to large, annual, velvety, sticky

leaves 4-10 by 2-5in., oblong, base wedge-shaped ;

flowers pink, 13 in. long, in terminal or nearly ter-

minal loose branching racemes, calyx ovoid, teeth 5,

triangular lanceolate, corolla-linear-funnel shaped,

lobes 5, stamens 5, in the lower part of corolla-tube,

thread-like, style thread-like, stigma 2-fid ; capsule

8 in., seeds numerous, small, hardly flattened.

This plant is a native of America widely cultivated,

sometimes found as an escape near villages.

very like the last species, but the leaves are

ovate with a blunt or heart-shaped base, flowers

yellowish in a close flowered branching racemr,

calyx teeth triangular with a blunt point, corolla

bell-shaped, cylindric, berry $in. This plant is a

native of Mexico, and only found here as a culti-

vated plant.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB.

573

HERBS, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPUTATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Verbascum Thapsus, .

Cyanotis cristata,

Cyanotis barbata,

Cyanotis axillaris,

Anticharis linearis,

SCRIOPHULARIACES.

P, B. I. iv. 250.

The Plains.

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Veronica anagallis,

Veronica verna,

Veronica serpyllifolia,

Lear Mareins ENTIRE.

Perats UNITED.

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exsti-

pulate, Simple.

see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

STAMENS Two.

small, annual, slender, velvety, sticky ; leaves

1-14 by 4,—i5 in. linear, short-pointed ; flowers

3 in. long, pink, axillary, solitary, on thread-like

stalks, much longer than the calyx, calyx 5-lobed,

lobes narrow, half as long as the capsule, corolla 4

in. long, tube dilating into the throat, lobes 5, flat

nearly equal, velvety, stamens 2, perfect, anthers

curved, placed cross-ways, style thread-like,

stigma blunt or notched ; capsule 4-4 in., oblong-

ovoid long-pointed, seeds many, minute, streaked.

see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple.

CoRoLLa TwWoO-LIPPED, STAMENS FOUR.

Linaria minor,

Toad flax.

ScROPHULARIACES.

Biv oe.

The Plains.

Antirrhinum Orontium,

Striga lutea,

Striga euphrasioides,

small to medium size, annual, glandular velvety,

branches ascending ; leaves 3-1 in. oblong or ovate

with a broad tip, narrowed into the stalk ; flowers

small, pale purple with yellow on the lower lip on

slender stalks arranged on stouter main stalks, as

long as the leaves, bractless, sepals5, linear, en-

larging after flowering, nearly equal to the corolla,

corolla two-lipped, tube spurred in front, upper lip

erect, 2-lobed, lower spreading 3-lobed, throat

nearly closed by the yellow palate, stamens 4, in

unequal pairs, within the corolla tube, style thread-

like, stigma minute ; capsule pouched, 2-celled,

seeds many, oblong, ribbed.

see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple.

574 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

HERBS, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Lear Maroins Entire.

Perarts None.

FLOWERS IN TERMINAL CHAFFY SPIKES.

Celosia argentea,

AMARANTACES.

F. B.D. iv. 714.

The Plains to 4,000 ft.

Valleys below Simla

(Collett).

Dharampur.

Celosia cristata,

Cocks comb,

AMARANTACE.

1 IB dls IS

The Plains.

Digera arvensis,

Amarantus spinosus,

AMARANTACES,.

ee Baele iva ualee

The Plains,

to 6,000 ft.

Choa Saidau Shah

(Douie).

Sainj.

Valleys below Simla.

Amarantus paniculatus,

Bathu.

AMARANTACES.

ESB aves.

The Plains to 9,000 ft.

Valleys below and

Hills above Simla.

medium size to large, annual, smooth, stem stout

or slender; leaves 1-6, linear or lanceolate, stalked

or sessile, flowers 3-3 in., white or pinkish, glisten-

ing in long-stalked, simple or branched, cylindric,

oblong or ovoid spikes, 1-8 by 2-1 in., looking like

the flowering top of a grass, sepals 5, thin, shining,

lanceolate, short-pointed, longer than the bracts,

petals none, stamens 5, united below into a tube,

style long, tip 2-lobed, fruit dry, ovoid, enclosed

in the sepals, short pointed, seeds few. This plant

is found in fields or near cultivation.

like the last species, but leaves broader and

longer, flowers much smaller, -; in., pink, red or

yellow, spikes often branched with flattened united

stalks. This plant is cultivated or found as an

escape.

see Herbs, Prostrate, Alternate, Hxstipulate.

Simple.

medium size to large, annual, green, sometimes

red, stem hard, spines 3 in. and less, straight,

leaves 14-4 by 2-2 in. ovate or oblong, blunt, long-

stalked, base wedged-shape, 5 spines in each leaf-

axil; flowers 4; in. long, male and female separate

in axillary clusters and in long dense or loose-

flowered spikes, bracket one bristle-like and bract-

eoles 2 at the base of each flower, longer than the

sepals, sepals of males long-poited, of females

blunt with a short point, stamens 4, stigmas 2, fruit

wrinkled, nearly as long as the sepals, dividing by

a circular fissure below the top, top thickened, and

divided into 2 or 8, seeds goin. diam., black,

shining, border blunt, not thickened. A weed of

cultivation.

large, annual, stout, stem streaked, smooth or

very slightly downy ; leaves 2-6 by 1-8 in., oblong

with the ends rounded or ovate-lanceolate, short-

pointed or finely long-pointed ; flowers like the last

species, but red or yellow in ovate branched

racemes, roughly scurfy with spreading recurved

bracts, bracts needle-like, very much longer than

the long-pointed sepals, seeds in. diam., yellow-

ish-white or densely black with a narrow thin

border. ‘This plant is widely cultivated as a rainy

season crop.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB.

HERBS, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Lear Marains Entire.

Petats None.

FiLowers In TERMINAL CHAFFY SPIKES.

Amarantus candatus,

Love-Lies bieeding,

Bathu.

AMARANTACER,

1), 1B, IS Sites CAUSE

The Plains to 9,000 ft.

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Amarantus gangeticus,

AMARANTACE,

1, 1835 40s she le

The Plains to 9,000 ft.

Amarantus viridis,

AMARANTACES.

Be Waiva 720:

The Plains.

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Amarantus polygamus,

Amarantus Blitum,

Amarantus tennifolius,

fErua javanica.

Arua lanata,

AMARANTACER.

RB. Live (28.

The Plains to 2,500 ft.

Kahuta, Rawalpindi

(Douie).

Baluchistan (Stocks).

Chenopodium album,

Atriplex crassifolia,

CHENOPODIACES.

HE eva)

The Plains to 8,000 ft.

Lahore.

Baluchistan]’ (Hughes-

Buller).

very like the last species, but the spikes are long

tail-like and drooping bracts shorter and sepals

ovate oblong. This plant is less commonly culti-

vated.

like Ammi‘antus paniculatus, but the leaves are

often pink or red, bracts and sepals with long

bristle-like points, sepals 38, stamens 3, seeds

larger, very black with a sharp border. This.plant

is cultivated and only found on cultivated

ground.

like the last species, but green, bracts shorter

than the 2 or 3 sepals, stamens 2 or 3, seeds smaller

with a sharp border. This plant is only found in

waste places.

see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, HExstipulate,

Simple.

see

Simple.

see Prostrate Herbs,

Simple.

see

Simple.

small to medium size, stock woody, much

branched, woolly, sometimes prostrate ; leaves 4-1

in. ovate or orbicular, stalked, woolly or smooth;

flowers minute, woolly not glistening in spikes, 1-2

in., crowded, forming nearly round clusters, all

axillary, sessile, sepals 4-5, short, blunt, all or inner

only, woolly, stamens 4-5, united below with inter-

posed linear staminodes into a cup.

see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

medium size, annual, stem and branches whitish;

leaves 1-13 in., oblong or ovate, tip-pointed or

blunt, base wedged, shaped or forked, stalked, not

thick ; flowers one sexual, male and female on the

same plant, male without bracts, sepal, 3-5, oblong,

blunt, stamens 3-5, in clusters on slender leafless,

long terminal interrupted spikes, female with 2

bracts, sepals none, stigmas 2, fruit enclosed by

the much enlarged leaflike bracts, each with a

Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Hxstipulate,

Alternate, Exstipulate,

Shrubs, Erect, Alternate, EHxstipulate,

576 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

HERBS, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Axyris amaranthoides,

CHENOPODIACES.

15 1B de we Se

Himalaya, &-13,000 ft.

Lahoul.

Kochia indica,

CHENOPODIACE,

VE see ave, dali

The Plains.

Halocharis suiphurea,

CHENOPODIACEA.

TH IBy dle Ae eS

The Plains of N. W. F.

Province.

Baluchistan (Aitchi-

son).

Phytolacca acinosa,

Lubar, rinsag, sarunga.

PHYTOLACCACES,.

10, Bs dls i Balls

Himalaya, 4-9,000 ft.

Hazara.

Kashmir.

Lear Mareins ENTIRE.

Petrarts None.

convex, smooth, thick, white, disk at its base,

female in small axillary clusters on the lower part

of the branches.

small, annual, with star-shaped hairs or smooth,

stem stout or slender, branched from the base ;

leaves 4-13 in., ovate or oblong, blunt or short-

pointed, stalk short or slender, when dry, pale

yellowish or reddish brown ; flowers minute with-

out bracts, male and female on the same plant,

male in terminal clusters with 3-5 thin transparent

sepals and 2-5 slender stamens, female axillary,

solitary or mixed with the males, with 3-4 unequal

thin sepals, fruit membranous, held by the sepals,

flattened or spherical, tip shortly winged or crest-

ed, stigmas hairlike, very long.

small, annual, softly hairy, branched from the .

base, branchlets long widely separating ; leaves

small, oblong with rounded ends or linear-oblong,

short-pointed, sessile; flowers minute, male and

female, sometimes separate, bractless, sepals 5

curved in, in fruit closing over leathery with 5 free

or united horizontal ovate, blunt, thick wings,

forming a broad triangular calyx, stamens 5,

anthers large, protruding, style slender, stigmas

2-3, thread-like, seed orbicular.

small, annual hairy with long, bristles ; leaves

4-1 in. long, linear, blunt-tipped, almost angled,

sessile in clusters at the end of branches, floral,

leaves equal to the hairy lanceolate bracteoles ;

flowers 4 in. diam., in headlike clusters, forming.

long spikes at the end of short branches, sepals 5,

lanceolate, thin, transparent, outer softly hairy,

stamens 5, on a fleshy disc, anthers linear con-

nected by a long sessile yellow appendage, much

longer and broader than the anther, capsule en-

closed by the sepals ovoid, flattened, stigmas 2,

slender, seed flattened.

large, stout, fleshy, nearly smooth; leaves 6-10

by 23-4 in., broadly lanceolate, long-pointed, nar-

rowed into a short stalk; flowers 3 in. diam., green

on stalks + in. long in leaf opposed cylinarical

racemes 2-6 in. long, bracts linear-lanceolate, thin,

sepals 4, broadly oblong, blunt, stamens, 8-10,

united below, anthers soon falling off, fruit of 8-10,

carpels, dark purple, fleshy, crowded in an erect

stout raceme 4-8 in. long, one seed in each carpel,

black, kidney-shaped, shining. This plant was in-

troduced from China, is cultivated and found as an

escape; the leaves are cooked and eaten, but is

otherwise poisonous.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB, 577

HERBS, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES

Thymelza arvensis,

THYMALDCES.

yee dev. 194.

The Plains below

Jammu.

Kashmir.

Ramu, 6,000 ft.

Wikstremia canescens,

Diarthron vesiculosum,

THYMELECES.

F. B. I. v. 196.

N. W. F. Province.

Peshawar (Vicary).

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Euphorbia Wallichii,

HUPHORBIACEA,

HR. Tv. 258:

Himalaya 6-12,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Chamba.

Jammu.

Euphorbia pilosa,

Hairy Spurge,

HUPHORBIACES.

18, Bo I, we AO:

Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Murree.

Lear Mareins ENTIRE.

Perats None.

small to medium size, annual, very slender,

smooth, straight, branches few leafy erect; leaves

3-4 In., linear-lanceolate long-pointed, nearly erect,

sessile ; flowers + in., sessile in all the leaf-axils,

forming long leafy very slender spikes; bracts

small, calyx urn-shaped or tubular, 4-lobed, lobes

erect, blunt, ovate, very short, stamens 8 in 2-

series, anthers nearly sessile ; fruit 7-3 in. long,

ovoid, dry, narrowed upwards.

see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple

small, annual, slender, much branched, leafy ;

leaves 2-2 in., linear, nerveless, somewhat waxy

bluish green, sessile, blunt or almost pointed ;

flowers minute, on very short stalks in slender

racemes, + in. long, lengthening to 1 in. in fruit,

calyx 4 in. long, urn-shaped or tube very slender,

closing over the fruit, bladder-like when the fruit

does not ripen, lobes 4, spreading, stamens 8,

in two series; anthers almost sessile, lower smailer

than the upper ; fruit ;4 #4, in. long, dry, narrowly

ovoid.

medium size to large, stock perennial, stems

annual, velvety above, branched or not, juice milky;

leaves 3-5 in., linear or oblong, with rounded ends

or ovate with a broad pointed tip, sessile, thin,

nerves many, spreading, floral leaves, 13 in. diam.,

clustered at the end of stem or branches, 3-4 large,

rounded or oblong, ovate, short-pointed ; flowers 4

in. diam., in compound umbels, rays and flower

stalks, few short, male and female organs in one cup-

shaped 4-5 lobed calyx, lobes almost concealed by

5 horizontal kidney-shaped glands placed in their

angles, glands smooth, rounded, fleshy, margins

woolly; stamens many; anthers globular surrounding,

a stalked orbicular 3-lobed capsule hanging down

on one side, styles 3 united tothe middle, dividing

into two; capsule 3 in. diam., consisting of 3 woody

one-seeded cells; seeds 4 in: smooth, grey-blue.

very like the last species, but smaller bracts

yellow-green, flowers smaller, glands yellow, styles

long, capsule + in. diam., covered, more or less

with small, often minutely, hairy tubercles, seeds

smooth.

578 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII

HERBS, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE EXsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Euphorbia dracunculoides,

Kang.

HuPHORBIACES.

F, B. I. v 262.

The Plains to 3,000 ft.

Baluchistan (Hughes-

Buller).

Euphorbia Maddeni,

HuUPHORBIACES.

F. B. I. v. 263.

Himalaya, 5-9,000 ft.

Mashobra.

Mahasu (Collett).

Murree.

Euphorbia falcata,

HUPHORBIACES.

1, TB IL, Ay AAG Sy

Rawalpindi

son).

Gilgit (Giles).

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Euphorbia prolifera,

HUPHORBIACEE

HK. B. I. v. 264.

The Plains to 6,000 ft.

Valleys below

Simla (Collett).

Kashmir.

(Aitchi-

Asparagus filicinus,

Asparagus gracilis,

Asparagus capitatus,

Asparagus adscendens,

Juncus bufonius,

Arabis glabra,

Lear Marcins Entree.

Prrats None

medium size, annual, smooth stems many, leafy

much branched, branches spreading ; leaves 1-14

in., linear-lanceolate, nearly short-pointed, base

generally pointed, rarely rounded or almost heart-

shaped, floral leaves 2 broader at the base, shorter,

flowers solitary, top-shaped, hairy within, lobes

ovate bristly, glands curved, styles short, free, cap-

sules j-3 in. diam., smooth, seeds patchy ; in other

respects like the last species. Oil expressed from

the seeds, has been found superior to linseed oil.

small to medium size ; stem leaves 2 by i in.

ovate with a broad tip narrowed into the stalk

floral opposite, flowers solitary in the axils of

branches or of the leaves of the branches or some-

times in umbels, lobes 4 or 5, glands yellow, curved,

with long horns, stylesnearly free, seeds smooth,

in other respects like the last species.

_ small, stems and branches stiff, pale ; leaves 1

in. or less, sessile, oblong with a broad tip, very

long-pointed ; flowers minute, top-shaped, lobes

fringed, glands very minute, capsule 1-10 in., thin,

ovoid, cells keeled, seeds transversely furrowed.

for other characters see the last species.

small, perennial, rootstock thick, . woolly ; leaves

3 by é-3 Im., very narrow linear or linear-oblong,

blunt or short-pointed, base rounded or short-

pointed, nerves 3 ; flowers 3 in. diam., shortly bell-

shaped, lobes triangular, fringed, glands stalked,

kidney-shaped or horned, or oblong, entire or tooth-

ed, bracteoles many, styles stout, rolled round,

deeply divided, capsule 4-4 in. diam., broad,

smooth, long-stalked, rather depressed, seeds

mottled or not ; for other characters see the last

species.

see Leafless Plants, Herbs.

see Leafless Plants, Herbs..

see Leafless Plants, Herbs.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

Lear Mareins ToorHen.

Perats UNUNITED

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Ex-

stipulate, Simple.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 579

Herss, ERECT with AtTeRNATE ExstTIpuLATS SIMPLE LEAVES.

Arabis auriculata,

Arabis aipina,

Arabis amplexicaulis,

Arabis tibetica,

Arabis nuda,

Draba muralis,

Malcolmia africana,

Pathra, chinaka.

CRUCIFERZ.

Be Lik 146.

The Plains to 13,000

ft.

Kashmir.

Rawalpindi.

Mianwali, District.

Baluchistan (Griffith).

Maicoimia toruiosa,

CRUCIFERZ,

eRedeste VAG,

N. W. F. Province,

Peshawar (Stewart).

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Malcolmia strigosa,

Sisymbrium mollissimum,

Sisymbrium himalaicum,

CRUCIFER.

Is dipsig ZA ye

Himalaya 10-12,000 ft.

Sisymbrium foliosum,

CRUCIFERA.

He Bates,

Kashmir, 5-7,000 ft.

(Thomson).

Lear Marcins ToorHeD.

Prrats UNUNITED.

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Ex-

stipulate, Simple.

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exsti-

pulate, Simple.

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exsti-

pulate, Simple.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulte, Lobed.

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exsti-

pulate, Simple.

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exsti-

pulate, Simple.

small to medium size, annual, stout, leafy rough

with stiff forked and simple hairs, branches many,

long, somewhat spreading ; leaves 1-6 in., oblong

or lanceolate, toothed stalked ; flowers many, small,

purple in loose racemes near the end of branches,

sepals 4, free erect, equal at the base, persistent,

petals 4, placed crosswise, oblong-ovate with broad

tip, twice the length of the sepals, stamens 6, the 4

inner longer and sometimes united in pairs, stigma

conical, short, tapering into a sharp point ; capsule

2-3 in. long, narrow straight, rough. This plant

supplies good fodder, and in the spring forms

bright patches of purple.

like the last species, but less stout, leaves 1-3 in.,

sometimes pinnatifid; flowers white, capsule 3-1 in.

usually curved or twisted with contractions.

see Prostrate Herbs, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple. :

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple.

~ small, biennial or perennial, stiff, much branched,

hairs simple or star-shaped ; leaves 1-2 in., lanceo-

late-ovate with a broad tip, waved and toothed,

radical leaves stalked, stem leaves clasping the

stem with aforked base; flowers small, purple or

white on slender erect stalksin bracteate racemes,

sepals 4, short, equal at the base, petals 44,

crosswise, stalks long, blade broad, stamens 6, all

free, style short, slender; capsule 1-13 in. long

eylindrical, straight, spreading, smooth or velvety,

stalk short, with a leaf-like bract at the base, seeds

many in one series, not margined.

like the last species, but less hairy, radical leaves

broadly toothed, shortly stalked, narrowed into the

stalk, stem leaves larger ; flowers without bracts ;

pods slender, curved, smooth, much flattened.

580 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

HERBS, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Sisymbrium Thalianum,

Thale cress,

CRUCIFERA.

F.B 1.1. 148.

The Plains to 10,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Kashmir.

Sisymbrium rupestre,

CRUCIFERS.

HB yl A482

Kimalaya, 8-14,000 ft.

Hashmir.

Sisymbrium alliar'a,

Hedge Garlic,

CRUCIFERZ.

ISB a be aha) SUSIL

Himalay, 6-10,000 ft.

Simla.

Matiana (Collett).

Kashmir.

Erysimum repandum,

CRUCIFERZ.

vb lea los.

Kashmir 5-7,000 ft.

Baluchistan (Lace).

Erysimum hieracifolium,

Erysimum odoratum,

Brassiea juncea,

Diplotanis Griffithii,

Morlcandia tortuosa,

Lepidium Draba,

Thliaspi arvense,

Penny cress,

Mithridate Mustard,

CRUCIFERZ.

EB selememlGoe

Himalaya, 1-10,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Lear Mareins TooruHen.

Pxrtats UNUNITED.

small, annual, branched, hairs simple and forked ;

leaves 1-3 in., toothed or entire, radical ovate with

broad tip, stalked, stem leaves few, sessile ; flowers

small, white stalked in slender long racemes ; cap-

sules 3-1 in. long, linear, smooth, flattened, style

short; seeds very small, flattened; for other

characters see the last species.

small to medium size, annual, branched, greyish

hairs simple or forked; leaves 3-1 in., radical

linear-oblong, waved and toothed, shortly stalked,

stem leaves sometimes heart-shaped at the base,

sessile, toothed or entire; flowers small, white or

purple, shortly stalked in few flowered bracteate

racemes, sepals velvety, capsules 14-13 in. erect or

spreading, slender, flattened ; for other characters

see the last species.

medium-size, annual or biennial, branches few,

smooth or slightly hairy below; leaves 2-3 in. long-

stalked, radical kidney-shaped, coarsely toothed,

stem leaves heart-shaped, toothed ; flowers } in.

diam., white in loose racemes, pods 13-2 in., stout,

smooth, nearly cylindrical erect; seeds oblong,

streaked and dotted ; for other characters see the

last species.

small to medium size, annual, widely branched,

grey hairs with close pressed forked haired; leaves

lanceolate, toothed with somewhat rounded notches,

or entire; flowers i-1 in. diam., yellow, rarely

purple, bractless, racemed, sepals 4, erect, petals

4, placed crosswise, long-stalled, stamens 6,

4 inner longer, capsule 14-2 in. long, linear-nearly

square, horizontal, nearly sessile; stalk stout;

seeds in one row.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

small,to medium size, annual, smooth, branched

or not; leaves 1-4 in., oblong-ovate with broad tip,

radical stalked, soon withering, stem leaves oblong-

lanceolate, stem clasping, forked at the base;

flowers small, white or pale pink, racemed ; sepals

4, erect, base equal ; petals 4, equal, long-stalked ;

stamens 6, 4 inner longer, capsule 4 - 2in. diam.,

——s-

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 581

HeERgs, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Thalaspi cardiocarpum,

CRUCIFERZ.

eee 1. 1162,

Kashmir, 5-9,000 ft.

Thlaspi alpestre,

Alpine Pennycress,

CRUCIFERA.

HeeBeelsi, 162),

Himalaya, 7-12,000 ft.

Simla.

Mahasu.

Narkanda (Collett).

Matiana.

Kashmir.

Neslia paniculata,

Physorhyncus brahvicus,

Goldbachia levigata,

CRUCIFERS.

He. tS 1. 166.

The Plains.

Kashmir, 5,000 ft.

Baluchistan (Boissier).

Chorispora tenelia,

Impatiens Balsamina,

Balsam or Touch-me-noi,

Gulmendi, tilphar.

GERANIACES.

BR. B. I. 1, 458.

The Plains to 5,000 ft.

Valleys below

Simla (Collett).

Lear Mareins Tooruen.

Prtrats UNUNITED.

circular, flattened, winged, seeds 5-6 in each cell

grooved.

like the last species, but less robust, leaves

broadly oblong, somewhat toothed, pod broadly

notched at the tip ; seeds 4-5 in each cell, smooth.

like the last species, but perennial, tufted ; radi-

cal leaves nearly circular, ¢tem, leaves oblong,

stem clasping, bases small, rounded ; flowers rather

large, always white, capsules triangular heart-

shaped, not deeply, but broadly notched, seeds

4-8 in each cell.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Kutire.

see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple.

small to medium size, annual, branched, smooth

with a bluish waxy tinge; leaves 4-5 in., radical

many, ovate-oblong, toothed, with rounded notches,

stem leaves lanceolate, base shortly forked, stem

clasping ; flowers small pale pink, in long bractless

racemes, sepals 4, erect, equal at the base, petals 4,

stamens 6, 4 inner longer; capasule 3in. long,

hanging down; curved, 4-angled 2-3 celled, like

a string of beads, tapering above into a broad

flattened beak ; one oblong seed in each cell.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

small to medium size, annual, succulent, velvety ;

stems usually hollow, joints more or less swollen;

leaves 13-23 in., narrowly lanceolate, stalked,

narrowed to the base, deeply toothed, stalk glan-

dular; flowers 4 in. long without the spur, pink

or nearly white, solitary on axillary, usually clu-

stered stalks ; sepals 3, two upper small, flat, usu-

ally green, the lower forming the lip, much larger,

petal-like, more or less tubular, produced at the

base in a hallow spur, 3 in. long, curved, slender,

eylindric ; petals 3, upper broad, somewhat concave,

tipped with a small green point, two lower smaller

forming wings, deeply 2-lobed ; stamens 5, clasp-

ing the ovary ; anthers round the 5-toothed ses-

sile stigma; capsule 3-3 in., oblong, narrowed at

both rounded ends, densely felted or woolly burst-

ing open when ripe, touched or not, by 5-valves,

which curl up and jerk away the many small

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII

HERBS, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE HxsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Impatiens racemosa,

Impatiens brachycentra,

Sedum Rhodiola,

Sedum heterodontum,

CRASSULACEA,

Thy Bh) 1, thi, ZL

Himalaya, 8-14,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Sedum tibeticum,

Sedum asiaticum,

CRASSULACER,

F. B. 1. 1. 419.

Himalaya, 11-16,000 ft.

Maral Kund, The Chor

(Collett).

Sedum linearifoiium,

Cnothera rosea,

ONAGRACES.

Ty, 1B dE, ly

Himalaya, 2-7,000 ft.

Simla.

Dharampur.

The Salt Range.

Epilobium angustifolium,

Epilobium hirsutum,

Great Willow herb,

CGodlins and cream,

ONAGRACER.

F. B. 1. 11. 5838.

Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft.

Kotgarh.

Sutlej and Giri Valleys

in wet places (Collett).

Lear Mareins ToorHen.

Petrats UNUNITED.

its beauty. It isemetic and purgative in its action.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate Simple,

Toothed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Stipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

small to medium size, perennial rootstock with

‘a crown of scales, stems annual leafy; leaves 1-12

in. long, ovate deeply toothed overlapping, base

broad sessile, heart-shaped or forked, margin white ;

flowers small, pink in terminal compound clusters,

calyx 4-5 lobed, lobes narrow oblong, petals 4-5,

much longer than the calyx lobes, stamens 10-8,

long, protruding, styles short 4-5; follicles 4-5,

seeds many, oblong with rounded ends.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Hxstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

like Sedum heterodontum, but smaller, leaves

smaller, narrow, toothed, flowers yellow.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Kutire.

small, annual, stem reddish, velvety; leaves 1-2

in., ovate, narrowed at both ends, prominently

veined, sometimes lobed; flowers 4-3 in. diam.,

pink, solitary,'in the axils of leafy racemes; calyx

tube 4-angled, club-shaped, produced above the

ovary, lobes 4, soon falling off; petals 4, pink

with darker veins, circular; stamens 8, equal or

alternate ones shorter, style thread-like ; capsule

4-3 in. long, club-shaped, 4-angled, 4-celled, split-

ting from the top into 4 valves; seeds many, small,

tipped with a tuft of long white hairs. A weed of

cultivation from Peru, lately established.

see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Entire.

large, annual, densely covered with white hairs ;

leaves 1-3 by 4-3 in., lanceolate, stem-leaves

usually opposite sessile, stem-clasping,teeth small

sharp ; flowers 4in. long, pink-purple axillary in

long or short leafy racemes at the end of stem and

branches ; calyx-tube linear, 4-angled, lobes 4 short-

pointed, soon falling off ; petals 4, erect, or spread-

ing notched; stamens 8, alternate ones longer

stigmas 4, distinct, erect at first, recurved after

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 583

HERBS, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE ExstIpULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Epilobium parvifiorum,

Hoary Eppilobe,

ONAGRACEZ.

F. B. I. ii. 584.

Himalaya, 5-7,000 ft.

Simla, Sutlej Valley

(Collett).

Epilobium roseum,

Vernonia cinerea,

Sahaderr.

CoMPOSITZ,

He Bale. 233.

The Plains to 8,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Dharampur.

Baluchistan (Hughes-

Buller).

Vernonia anthelmintica,

Bakchi, Kalazr.

CoMPOSIT&.

eee lin, 2a6,

The Plains to 5,000 ft.

Valleys below Simla

(Collett).

Dharampur.

Synj.

Vernonia cinerascens,

Sclidago virga-aurea,

Conyza japonica,

CoMPOsIT&.

F. B. I. ii. 258.

The Plains to 7,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Lear Mareins ToorHeD.

PETALS UNUNITED.

wards ; capsule 13-32 in., and seeds like those of

the Oenothera.

like the last species, but smaller ; flowers a little

smaller; leaves not stem-clasping ; stigmas ulti-

mately spreading, not recurved.

{

see Herbs, Erect, Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

Firowers, Minute, In Heaps.

FLOWERS ALL TUBULAR.

small to medium size, annual, grey velvety,

stem grooved ; leaves 4-3 in., ovate or lanceolate,

hairy blunt or short-pointed, teeth few, coarse,

thin, nearly sessile; flowers minute, pinkish-

purple in many heads j in. diam., forming rounded

or open and flat-topped clusters, main stalks

slender bracteate, bracts round heads _linear-

lanceolate, silky outside, inner longer than outer ;

calyx hairs (pappus) long, white; corolla tubes

slender, equal 5-lobed ; anther bases blunt; style

arms long, hairy, achenes ;% In., smooth, tipped with

the white or dirty-white pappus hairs, % in. long.

large, annual, stout, glandular, velvety near the

top, leafy and much branched ; leaves 3-5 in., ovate-

lanceolate, coarse-toothed, long-pointed, narrowed

into a short stalk, rough; heads 3-2 in. diam.,

barely clustered, stalks long, dilated above, bracts

of heads with broad purplish tips, nairy, inner

shorter than outer; pappus hairs tawny ; corollas

unequal; achenes 4in., ribbed; for other charac-

ters see the last species. This plant is found near

villages, planted or as an escape; the seeds are

used in skin diseases, and to drive away fleas and

as a vermifuge. ;

see Shrubs, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

small, annual, silky or woolly, stem often

unbranched ; leaves 1-3 in. (radical often longer,)

ovate with a broad tip prolonged into the short

stalk, or lanceolate, coarsely sharp-toothed cr

round-toothed ; upper leaves, half stem-clasping.

584 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

HERBS, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVEs.

Conyza viscidula,

CoMPOSIT.

F. B. I. ii. 258.

Himalaya 1-7,000 ft.

Mashobra (Collett).

Blumea amplectens,

CoMposiTz&.

195 184; Ly tert, AICO}

The Plains.

Rawalpindi (Douie).

Rohtak.

Gurgaon.

Blumea Wightiana,

CoMPOSITZ2.

F. B. I. ii. 261.

The Plains to 4,000 ft.

below Simla

Valleys

(Collett).

Biumea lacera,

Kakronda, jungli mult.

Composit z&.

125 1By, IL, thot, PGBS,

The Plains to

ft.

Blumea hieracifolia,

CoMPOSITA.

F. B. I. i. 2638.

The Plains to 2,000

ft.

2,000

Lear Mareins ToorHen.

Pretrats UNUNITED.

Fiowers, Minuts, 1n Heaps.

FLOWERS ALL TUBULAR.

oblong, or ovate oblong, often entire; flowers all

tubular, yellow in globose; heads 3 in diam. arrang-

ed in terminal flat-topped clusters, bracts of heads

narrowly lanceolate, short-pointed with transparent

edges; pappus ¢ in.; reddish; corollas 5-toothed;

anther-bases blunt, entire, style-arms flattened ;

achenes #, in., nearly smooth, margined.

medium size to large, sticky with glands, much

branched above ; leaves 2-4 in., lanceolate, narrowed

at both ends, nearly sessile, sticky on both sides,

sharply toothed, sometimes entire; heads in loose

clusters, bracts of heads long-pointed, pappus ;-

i in., for other characters see the last species.

small, annual, bushy, softly hairy; leaves 4-14 in.

long, oblong or ovate with a broad tip, blunt or

short-pointed, half-stem clasping ; flowers minute,

yellow in solitary long-stalked; heads 4-3 in. diam.,

bracts of heads very slender, inner hair-pointed,

base of head (receptacle) flat, naked; calyx hair,

(pappus) scanty, reddish; corollas tubular filiforms

2-3 toothed inner slender, 5-toothed: anther bases,

forked, tails small, slender; style arms short: ache-

nes oblong. A common weed.

small to medium size, silky or woolly, often

sticky with glandular hairs; leaves 13-2 by 32-1 in.;

lower ovate, stalked or nearly sessile, upper smaller,

linear or lanceolate, sessile ; flowers minute, purple

or a few yellow, in numerous heads, + in. diam.,

forming stalked terminal or axillary clusters; bracts

of heads few, short, inner many, narrow long-point-

ed, slightly longer than the flowers; achenes minute,

angled, slightly hairy ; for other characters see the

last species.

very like the last species, but smell of turpentine,

flowers yellow, achenes smooth, not hairy. The

root is used as a febrifuge and an astringent in

Indian medicine.

like the last species, but often unbranched or

with a stout stem; heads 3-3 in. diam. in tuft-like

or spike-like long branching racemes.

PLANUS OF THE PUNJAB,

585

» HERBS, ERUCT WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Laggera flava,

ComPosITz&.

eee 1. 11. 270.

The Plains to 3,000 ft.

Laggera alata,

CoMPosiTz.

ee Be leit ail.

Himalaya, 1-6,000 ft.

Simla.

Sutlej and Giri.

Valleys (Collett),

Laggera pterodonta,

CoMPosiItTz&,

eee yim: 2277 1!

Himalaya.

Kast of Sutlej, 4,000 ft.

Laggera aurita,

ComMPosiIT&.

1M, 1833 Iie snoly yale

The Plains.

Sphzranthus indicus,

Mundi, gorakmundi,

ComposiTz.

KE. B. 1. 1. 275.

The Plains to 5,000 ft.

in dry rice fields.

Lear Mareins TootHeD.

PrErats UNITED.

Fiowers, Minus, in Heaps.

FLOWERS ALL T'UBULAR.

small to medium size, annual, slender or slightly

velvety; stem cylindrical, branched at the top or

not, grooved ; leaves 1-3 in. long, lower stalked,

upper ovate lanceolate or with a broad tip, half

stem-clasping, not prolonged down the stem,

sharply toothed ; flowers minute, bright yellow all

tubular, on few heads } in. diam., on slender

branches of loose clusters, bracts of heads outer

ovate short-pointed, inner lanceolate, long pointed

all smooth or with scattered bristles on the mar-

gins; corollas, inner tubular, 5-toothed, outer

thread-like, minutely toothed; anther-basis 2-lobed

or forked; style arms as in Blumea above; pappus

white; achenes very minute, smooth.

medium size to large, perennial, much branched

velvety or felted, sometimes glandular; stem with

broad entire wings ; leaves 1-4 in. long, narrowly

oblong, short-pointed, rough above, woolly beneath;

sessile, prolonged down the stem ; flowers minute,

purplish in main heads 3 in. diam., in axillary

racemes, on winged branches often forming a large

terminal leafy cluster, drooping in fruit; bracts of

the head many, narrow, stiff, short-pointed, outer

shorter, green, often recurved, inner as long as the

flowers; pappus white; corollas as in the last species;

achenes small, hairy.

like the last species, but more slender ; smooth

wings of stem toothed or lobed; leaves often lobed,

heads 2 in. diam., on slender stalks at the end of

the branches; bracts smooth, stiff.

like the last species, but hairy, sticky, glandular;

stem not winged; leaves very little prolonged down

the stem, often lobed, heads 3-4 in. diam., in small

lateral or terminal clusters: flowers pink, bracts

soft, slender, silky. This plant smells of turpentine.

medium size, annual, glandular softly hairy,

aromatic, branches with toothed wings ; leaves 1-2

in. long, oblong-ovate with a broad tip, narrowed

to the toothed base, prolonged down the branches,

blunt or short-pointed, toothed, teeth often bristle-

pointed, glandular-hairy on both surfaces ; flowers

pink or purple in globose terminal solitary com-

pound bracteate heads 4 in. diam., consisting of

586 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

HERBS, ZRECT WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Phagnalon niveum,

Pulicaria crispa,

Carpesium cernum,

CoMPOSITA.

FE. B. I. i. 300.

Himalaya, 6-800 ft.

Simla, Mahasn, (Col-

lett.)

Carpesium trachelifolium,

CoMPOSITz.

F. B. I. iii. 301.

Himalaya, 4-6,000 ft.

Valleys below Simla

(Collett).

The Glen, Simla.

Carpesium abrotanoides,

Adenccaulon bicolor,

CoMPOSITs.

1a 183) dE. oobi BOA

Himalaya, 6-9,000 ft.

Narkanda (Collett).

Lear Marecins ToorHeD.

Perats UNITED.

Frowers, Minute, In Heaps.

FLOWERS ALL TUBULAR.

very small crowded heads, each with 12 flowers

bracts of small heads linear, hairy at the tip, as

long as the flowers; ee none; outer corollas

10-12, 4-5-toothed, inner 2-3, slender, straight 2-3-

toothed, style-arms thread-like or united ; ; achenes

oblong, stalked, smooth. This plant is used to

make a bitter tonic and a vermifuge in Indian

medicine.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple

Toothed, Flowers i in heads, outer ligulate.

medium size to large, annual, velvety to shortly

hairy ; leaves 2-5 by 3-13 in., lanceolate to ovate,

nearly sessile to long- winged ‘stalks, sharply point-

ed, toothed ; flowers minute, yellow in terminal

solitary nodding heads 3-1 in. diam. with large

leafy bracts at the base or on long naked stiff

stalks; bracts of heads many, outer green, more or

less leaf- like, inner shorter, dry broad, oblong,

blunt, margin white; pappus none; corolla ‘of outer

flowers 3-toothed, of inner, slightly larger, 5-tooth-

ed; anther bases forked; tails slender; style-arms

linear, blunt, converging at first; achenes long-

ribbed, not hairy, tip beaked, glandular.

like the last species, but more slender, more

hairy; leaves smaller, long stalked, sometimes lobu-

late-toothed with rounded notches, heads never

larger than + in. diam., solitary or in clusters at

the end of long axillary stalks.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple

Entire.

medium size to large, perennial; stem and bran-

ches covered with grey cottony hairs; leaves 2-4

in. diam., circular, toothed and angled with round-

ed margins, smooth above, white-felted beneath,

upper smaller, sessile, lower long-stalked, more or

less winged, wing often toothed; flowers small,

white or pale yellow in heads i in. diam., in

loose branching racemes; branches slender, sticky

from glands towards the ends; bracts of heads, 5,

ereen, spreading, bent back in fruit; flowers about

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 587

HERBS, ERECT WitH ALTERNATE, ExsTIPULATE, SIMPLE LEAVES.

Lear Mareins ToorHen.

PreTaLts UNITED.

Frowers, Minutez, In Heaps.

FLOWERS ALL TUBULAR.

10, 4-5-lobed, outer only fertile, pappus none,

anther-bases entire or minutely 2-toothed, style-

arms short, broad; achenes long, club-shaped,

covered with stalked glands.

Artemisia Dracunculus, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

Gynura angulosa, large, annual, smooth, thick, succulent, stem

CoMPOSIT&. deeply grooved and angled, as thick as the thumb

¥. B. I. iii. 334. below, much branched; leaves 6-12 in. long, basal

Himalaya, 4-7,000 ft. sometimes 24 in., lanceolate or oblong, irregularly

Valleys below Simla toothed, long-pointed, sessile, base contracted,

(Collett). simple or forked, upper oblong, sessile with broad-

Above Bhajjal, below forked bases; flowers orange-yellow in large

Chor. heads 2-2 in long in terminal bracteate flat-topped

clusters ; bracts of heads in one series, 10-12, equal,

margins thin, floor of head flat, naked; pappus

hairs white, slender; corollas 5-toothed ; anther-

bases entire or nearly forked ; style-arms slender,

long; achenes narrow, many-ribbed.

Senecio Levingii, _ see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

Senecio chenopodifolius, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed. |

Cousinia auriculata, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

Artemisia amygdalina, medium size, perennial, stem stout, smooth,’

CoMPoOSsIT#&. deeply grooved and many ribbed; leaves 4-6 by

Hebe. 325. 1-]1 in., lanceolate, long-pointed with sharp in-

Kashmir, curved gland-tipped teeth, gray hairy beneath,

Pir Panjal (Jacque- stalk very short with minute bristle-like appen-

mont, Stewart). dages; flowers in few-flowered ovoid heads ro in.,

nearly all on one side of dense short axillary race-

mes, bracts of heads oblong, blunt, thin, smooth,

outer with a green disk, floor of head naked, pap-

pus none, inner corollas 5-toothed, outer 2-3-

toothed, anther-bases blunt, entire ; achenes very

minute, faintly striped, oblong or ovoid with a

j broad top.

Saussurea candicans, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

Saussurea albescens, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

Saussurea Jacea, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

Saussurea Lappa, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Lobed.

Jurinea ceratocarpa, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

Jurinea modesta, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

5@8 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCTETLTY, Vol. oa

HERBS, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE, ExstTIPULATE, SIMPLE LEAVES

erratu la paliida,

Tricholepis furcata,

CoMPOSIT#.

F. B. I. ii. 380.

Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Tricholepis elongaia,

CoMPOSIT A.

F. B. 1. 11. 380.

Himalaya, 4-8,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Tricholepis Stewartii,

CoMPOSIT A.

F. B. I. iii. 380.

Jhelum Valley (Ste-

wart).

Tricholepis tibetica,

Volutarella divaricata,

Carthamus tinctorius,

Safflower,

Kasumbh,

CoMPOSITS.

F. B. 1. iui. 386.

The Plains to 2,000 ft.

Lzrar Mareins ToorHep,

Prrats UNITED.

FLoweErs, Minute, 1n Heaps,

FLOWERS ALL TUBULAR.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate

Simple.

large, perennial, smooth, or nearly so, branched

from the base, branches long ending in a long

stalked head; leaves 2-6 by 13-23 in., oblong

with rounded ends or lanceolate, short or long

pointed, shortly toothed, surface covered with

raised points, shortly stalked ; flowers 2-1 in. long,

yellow in nodding heads 14 in.diam., bracts of

heads needle or thread-like from lanceolate base,

turned back, hairy, tips black, pappus hairs scaly

I in. long, united, bristles on floor of head shorter

than the achenes, corollas 5-lobed, anther bases

nearly entire, hardly forked, style-arms slender ;

achenes 4 in., narrowly oblong, ribbed, smooth,

flattened.

like the last species, but sparingly branched ;

leaves smaller often lobed, heads mearly erect,

corrolas 3-3 in., bristles of the floor of the head

longer than the achenes, pappus hairs + in. pale

brown, shining, achenes acutely 5-angled, pale.

like the last species, but leaves smaller, lanceo-

late, long-pointed, quite smooth, heads 1 in. diam.,

shortly stalked, pappus 4 in. stiff,

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Hxstipulate,

Lobed.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Lobed.

medium size, annual, smooth or velvety, thistle-

like; leaves 12-3by 4-liin., lanceolate, stiff, tooth-

ed and spinous or entire, sessile; flowers small,

orange-red, in terminal heads 3-1 in., diam., bracts

of heads many spinous, erect, outer leaf-like, spin-

ous or not, inner ovate-oblong, short-pointed, floor

of head flat, densely bristly, pappus none, corrollas

all tubular, deeply 5-toothed, slender, anther-bases

forked, tails short fringed ; achenes ovoid with top

broad, 4-angled, smooth, with 4 bosses at the top.

This plant is found as an escape, widely cultivated

as a winter crop; the flowers provide rouge, a

beautiful pink dye and oil is obtained from the

seeds.

{

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB.

589

HeERss, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE, ExsTIpuLATE, SIMPLE LuAvsEs.

Lear Mareins TootHen.

Perats UNITED.

- Frowers, Mrnvtz, 1n Hzaps.

Carthamus oxyacantha,

Kantiari, polt.

CoMPosITz&.

F. B. LI. ii. 386.

The Plains.

West of the Ravi.

Gujar Khan (Douie).

Rawalpindi.

Baluchistan (Lace).

Carthamus Ianatus,

FLOWERS ALL TUBULAR.

medium size, annual, stem and branches white ;

leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, lower shortly

spinous-toothed, upper half stem-clasping, very

spinous ; flowers orange-yellow, outer bracts of head

longer than the flowers, white below the contracted

portion, green above it, with yellow spines; for

other characters see the last species. This plant

may be the wild form of the last species. An illu-

minating oil is expressed from the seeds.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed

INNER Frowers Tusurar, OurTER LIGULATE,

Myriactis nepalensis,

CoMPOSIT&.

Harel i247.

Himalaya 4-10,000 ft.

Simla (Collet).

Kashmir.

Myriactis Wallichii,

ComposiITz.

Ih, IBS Vie rope BAe

Himalaya, 4-10,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Rynchospermum

cillatum,

Aster amellus,

Aster Pseudameilus,

Aster molliusculus,

Aster Thomsoni,

ComposiItz.

Tm, 185 dle shui ees

Himalaya, 7-10,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Kashmir.

verti-

medium size to large, annual, velvety or roughly

hairy, much branched ; leaves 1-3 in., lanceolate,

shortly stalked, stalks winged; flowers minute, outer

white, inner yellow in heads 3-3 in. diam., in

clusters on diverging stalks, bracts of heads in 3-4

series, short-pointed, narrow, margins thin, after-

wards reflexed, floor of heads convex, broad, naked,

pappus none, corollas inner 4-5 toothed, outer

entire, short, anther-bases entire, style-arms nar-

row, flattened, lanceolate; achenes flat, smooth,

margined. —

very like the last species, but more slender, less

hairy, heads smaller on slender stalks.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple

Entire.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

medium size to large, annual, hairy, branches

bending at the joints; leaves 2-4 by 1-23 in.,

broadly ovate, long-pointed, nearly sessile, base

narrowed, half stem-clasping, coarsely sharply

toothed; flowers, inner yellow, outer lilac or purple

in long-stalked solitary heads, 13-24 in. diam.,

Pm e)

590 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXH,

HERBS, ERECT WITH ALTERNATE, ExsTIPULATE, SIMPLE LEAVES.

Lear Mareins ToorHep.

Pretats UNITED.

Friowers, Minute, 1n Heaps.

Inner Frowers Tusunar, OurerR LIGULATE.

Aster asperulus,

CoMPosITz.

FE. B. I. iii. 252.

Himalaya.

East of the Ravi 4-

9,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Brachyactis menthodora,

Composit.

F. B. I. ni. 253.

Sind Valley.

Kashmir 12,000 ft.

(Clarke).

Erigeron linifolius,

Flea bane,

ComposiTz#.

EK, Bo fs in. 254.

The Plains to 7,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Erigoron canadensis,

bracts of heads green, linear-lanceolate, long

pointed, pappus hairs single, much shorter than the

corollas and achenes, reddish, corollas inner 5-

toothed, outer 20-30, 4-2 in. long, entire or minute-

ly toothed, anther-bases blunt, entire, style-arms

flattened ; achenes 3-2 in., flattened, hairy.

very like the last species, but the stem is nearly

smooth, leaf-stalks winged, pappus as along as the

corollas. ;

medium size, root perennial, stem annual glan-

dular, velvety, odour of mint, stiff, branches short,

erect; leaves 1-2 in., oblong-lanceolate, ovate,

sharply toothed, lower long-stalked, upper sessile,

half stem-clasping, prolonged down the stem ;

flowers, outer bluish, inner yellow in heads 3-3 in.

towards the top of the stem, or the ends of the bran-

ches, bracts of the heads green, fewin 2-3 series,

linear, velvety, 4 as long as the flowers, 1-2

outer often much larger and leafy, floor of head not

pitted, corollas, inner 5-toothed, outer minutely

ligulate, pappus 4in., reddish, anther-bases blunt,

not divided, style-arms narrow, flattened, tips

narrowly lanceolate, achenes 75> in., quite flat,

nearly smooth, rargins thickened.

medium size to large, annual, more or less hairy,

much branched ; leaves 13-4 in., linear, often entire,

sessile, crowded; flowers minute, inner yellow,

outer pale purple or white in heads j in. diam., on

many slender stalks forming a leafy flat-topped

branching raceme, bracts of heads in few series,

floor of head naked, flat or shghtly convex pappus

often double, the outer of a few hairs or bristles.

corollas inner tubular 5-toothed, outer in several

rows, ligulate, ligules short or long, entire or

minutely toothed, anther bases blunt, entire, style-

arms flattened, tips lanceolate, long or short;

achenes flattened, beaked. A garden escape.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB.

591

Hergs, ERECT wiTH ALTERNATE, ExsTIPULATE, SIMPLE LeEAvns

Lear Marains TootHen,

Perats UNITED.

Fiowers, Minute, in HEaps.

InnER FLoweERs TusuLar, OuTER LIGULATE.

Erigeron asteroides,

CoMPOSIT#.

F. B. I. in. 254.

The Plains to 4,000 ft.

Erigeron bellidioides,

CoMPOSIT&.

Th, 1B), IL, sits ZOO

Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Erigeron multiradiatus,

Conyza Japonica,

Conyza stricta,

CoMPOSIT A.

fBe be. 258.

Himalaya 1-6,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Hazara.

Kashmir.

Inula racemosa,

CoMPOSIT A.

F. B. I. iii. 292.

Himalaya 5-10,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Spiti.

medium size, annual, velvety or hairy, with

sticky glands ; leaves 1-2 in., oblong or ovate with

a broad tip, stalked, often lobulate, stem leaves

1-1 in. half stem clasping ; flowers in neads 4-3 in.

diam., stalked solitary or nearly clustered, ligules

very narrow, blue rather longer than the reddish

or dirty-white pappus, bracts of the heads very

narrow with hair points, much shorter than the

pappus, achenes ;4, in. nearly smooth— ; for other

characters see the last described species.

like the last species, but perennial, slender spar-

ingly branched, smooth, radical leaves lanceolate,

stem leaves sessile but not half stem-clasping, heads

Zin. diam., long-stalked, few, ligules3 times as

long as the red pappus hairs, achenes slightly

silky.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate Simple,

Entire.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

medium size, grey velvety or rough, leafy much

branched; leaves 3-2 in., narrowly linear to ovate

with a broad tip prolonged into a short stalk, often

entire or rarely pinnately lobed; flowers in heads

1 in. diam., long-stalked in flat-topped clusters,

bracts of heads narrowly—lanceolate, pappus in.,

reddish, corollas yellow, outer minutely ligulate

inner 5-toothed, anther-bases blunt, entire, style-

arms flattened ; achenes + in., flattened.

medium size to large, rough, stem stout, grooved;

leaves felted beneath, round-toothed, radical 8-18

by 5-8 in., oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into a stalk

as long as the blade, upper oblong, half stem-

clasping ; flowers, all yellow, in many large heads,

13-2 in. diam., in racemes, bracts of heads, inner

linear short-pointed, outer broad, green with

triangular turned-back points, outermost usually

leafy, pappus hairs 3 in., reddish, corollas inner

long 5-toothed, outer with ligules } in. slender,

3-toothed, anther-bases forked, tails simple or

branched, style-arms linear, broader above, blunt;

achenes 4 in., smooth, slender.

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

HERBS, BRECT WITH ALTERNATE, ExsTIPULATE, SIMPLE LEAVEs.

Lear Marains ToorHen.

Prrats UNITED.

FLOWERS, MINUTE, IN Huaps,

InneR Frowsrs Tusurar, Outer LIguLATE.

Inula Royieana,

ComPosiTz.

F. B. I. in. 292.

Himalaya, 7-11,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Inula acuminata,

Vicoa auriculata,

Vicoa vestita,

CoMPOSsIT».

F. B. I. iii. 297.

The Plains to 4,000 ft.

Sutlej Valley (Collett).

Dharampur.

Kangra Valley.

Lahore.

ulicaria vulgaris,

Pulicaria dysenterica,

Pulicaria angustifolia,

Pulicaria crispa, .

Burhna, bui, gidt.

CoMPOSITA.

KE. B. I. ii. 299.

The Plains.

Guizotia abyssinica,

like the last species, but smaller stem velvety or

hairy and glandular; leaves 6-10 by 4-6 in., minutely

toothed, radical ovate or oblong with a long winged

stalk, stem leaves lobed, base forked, heads 3-4 in.

diam., solitary on a stout erect woolly stalk, inner

bracts of head slender, long-pointed, pappus hairs

paler.

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Exsti-

pulate, Simple.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

small to medium size, annual, softly hairy or

woolly ; leaves 1-2 in., linear-oblong or oblong, base

broadly bluntly forked, half stem-clasping ; flowers

bright yellow, in heads 3-1 in, diam. long stalked,

bracts of heads rough with projecting processes,

tips thread-like, recurved, corollas inner 5-toothed,

outer with long narrow-spreading, 2-3-toothed

ligules, paprus hairs few, anther-bases forked, tails

slender, style-arms flattened, broader upwards ;

achenes small, hardly ribbed, tip rounded.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Simple,

Entire.

medium size, perennial, shrubby below, very

leafy, branches and leaves beneath densely cot-

tony ; leaves 3-13 in. linear-oblong, margins turned

in and toothed, sessile, lower half stem-clasping ;

flowers yellow in heads 4-3 in. solitary, bracts

of heads slender, bristle-like, pappus in two rows,

outer of short jagged teeth, inner of white bearded

hairs, 3 times as long as the achenes, corollas,

inner tubular 5-toothed, outer minute or none,

anther-bases forked, tails hair-like, style-arms

linear, blunt, achenes smoothish.

see Herbs, Hrect. Opposite, Exstipulate, Simple,

Toothed.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB.

593

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE EXSTIPULATE, SIMPLE LEAVES.

Lear Mareins ToorHen.

Prrats UNITED.

Frowers, Minuts, 1n Heaps.

InneR FiowErs Tusutar, OurER LIGULATE.

ronicum Roylei,

Darunaj-akrabi.

CoMPosITz.

F. B. I. iii. 332.

Himalaya, 10,000 ft.

Kashmir.

Senecio amplexicaulis,

CoMPOSIT A.

In, Tei, 10, aptly Sie ksy,

Himalaya, 9-15,000 ft.

The Chor (Collett).

Senecio Thomsoni

CoMPoSsIT.

He Beles 348.

Kashmir, 7-10,000 ft.

Senecio Ligularia,

ComMposiItTz&.

F. B. 1. iii. 349.

Himalaya, 9-12,000 ft.

Kashmir.

hairs many reddish, corollas,

medium size to large, perennial, somewhat hairy

or woolly ; leaves 4-5 in. long, broadly ovate.

toothed with rounded notches, radical long-stalked,

upper half stem-clasping, leaf-stalks, 4-6 in.

flowers yellow in long slender stalked heads 1-2 in.

diam., with a top-shaped swelling on the stalk, just

below the head, floor of head naked, bracts of

head in two series, green, 3-3 in. long, with fine

long points, pappus of inner flowers short, reddish,

pappus of outer flowers none, corollas, outer, 1,—

series, ligules long, entire, or 2-3-toothed, inner

tubular, 5-toothed ; anther-bases entire or nearly

forked, style-arms linear; achenes top-shaped and

oblong, deeply grooved, all smooth or outer slightly

hairy. This plant is used in Indian medicine as

an aromatic tonic.

large, perennial, stem hollow, thick as the thumb

below, nearly smooth ; leaves 12in. diam. or less,

circular-kidney-shaped, base forked or not, lower

leaf-stalks simple-or partly winged, upper with a

broad stem-sheathing wing ; flowers yellow in

many-flowered heads, 1-2 in. diam., nodding in

large flat-topped clusters, becoming racemose in

fruit, branches of cluster velvety, bracts of heads

1-1 jin., about 8 united below, smooth, oblong,

short-pointed, floor of head flat, naked, pappus

inner 5-toothed,

slender, outer 5-6, very loug, anther-bases blunt,

style-arms recurved ; achenes 1-5 in., 5-10-ribbed,

smooth.

like the last species, but more slender, smooth

below, smooth or cottony above, leaves not more

than 10 in. diam., leaf stalk of floral leaves

slender not winged, axils of clusters with long

linear bracts, heads 5-6 flowered, bracteoles linear

or thread-like, ligules 1-2 very long, achenes 4 in.

long.

very like Senecio amplexicaulis above, but the

flower-heads form an unbranched drooping termin-

al raceme, bracteles none, bracts at the base of

the main stalks small large and leafy, bracts of

heads ununited, ligules 8-10, 3-2 in., achenes 3 in.,

narrow, longer than the reddish pappus.

594 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES.

Lear Mareins ToorHen.

Prrats UNITED.

Frowers, Minutes, 1n Heaps.

Inner Frowers Tusurar, Outer LiguLate.

Senecio Jacquemontianus

Poshkar.

CoMPosiITé.

1, 1B, Mig ath, S50),

Himalaya, 10-13,000 ft.

Kashmir (Falconer).

Senecio alatus,

Senecio Kunthianus,

CoMPOSITA.

By Be mi. 804.

Himalaya, 10-14,000 ft.

The Chor (Collett).

Kashmir.

Senecio rufinervis,

ComMeosItT az.

F. B. J. ii. 355.

Himalaya.

East of the Sutlej,

6-8,000 ft.

Simla, Mahasu in

forest (Collett).

Calendula officinalis,

Calendula arvensis,

Rhagdiolus Hedypnois,

like the last species, but larger; leaves broadly

ovate heart-shaped or nearly forked at the base,

stalk of lower leaves stout winged, of upper leaves

sheathing, bracteoles under the heads few, thread-

like, stalks of clusters with oblong leafy bracts at

the base, bracts of the heads oblong, short-pointed

bases almost united, ligules many, long and broad;

achenes deeply grooved, pappus very short, un-

equal, united at the base.

see Herbs, Erect, Unbranched, Alternate, Ex-

stipulate, Simple, Toothed.

medium size, stem stout, leafy, often glandular

red when dry, often unbranched ; leaves 13-3 by 4

1 in., ovate-lanceolate, smooth above, white-felted

beneath, coarsely toothed, shortly stalked, heads

xin. long, many-flowered bracteate in broad termi-

nal flat-topped clusters, bracts of heads 5-8, narrow

short-pointed, ligules 5-7, short, pappus hairs

white, many, aslong as the tubular flowers; ache-

nes 2 in., velvety ; for other characters see the

last described species.

large, shrub-like, branches, leaves beneath and

clusters covered with flat lying white cottony wool;

leaves 5-9 by 1-34 in., oblong-ovate, short-or long-

pointed, sharply toothed, stalked, base rounded,

narrow or heart-shaped, nerves after flowering

covered beneath with reddish-felt, heads 4 in., 8-10-

flowered, many bracteolate in loose branched

racemes forming flat-topped clusters, bracts of

heads 5-8 oblong, short-pointed, very much shorter

than the flowers, ligules, 4-5, short ; achenes =, in.,

smooth ; for other characters see the last species.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Hyxstipulate,

Simple, Entire.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Hxstipulate,

Simple, Entire.

FLOWERS ALL LIGULATE.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 595

HeERzs, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPLE LEAVES,

Picris hieracioides,

Hawkweed Picris,

Composit a.

in, 1844 Ih, thts BeBe

Himalaya, 6-8,000 ft.

Murree.

Crepis fostida,

Crepis sibirica,

Crepis blattaroides,

Crepis japonica,

Crepis acaulis,

Pterotheca Falconeri,

Hieracium vulgatum,

Hawkweed,

Compositz.

F. B. L. iii. 399.

Himalaya, 6-10,000 ft.

Mahasu (Col-

Simla,

lett).

Kashmir.

Nieracium crocatum,

22,

Lear Mareins ToorHen.

Petats UNITED.

Frowers, Minute, 1n Heaps.

FLOWERS ALL LIGULATE.

medium size to large, juice milky, branches

clustered at the top, coarse, hairy, hairs straight

or hooked; leaves 2-5 in., narrowly lanceolate,

radical toothed with rounded notches, stalked,

stem leaves smaller, half stem-clasping, usually

entire; flowers yellow in many terminal long-

stalked clustered heads 3-2 in. long on bracteate

stalks, bracts of heads narrow, black, hairy, inner

equal, in one series, outer many, short, spreading,

floor of head flat, naked, pappus 3 in. long, plenti-

ful, white feathery, in one series with a few short

hairs at the base, corollas long, spreading, 5-

toothed, anther-bases forked, style-arms slender ;

achenes ? in. narrowed at both ends, ribbed,

slightly curved, shortly beaked, transversely

wrinkled.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple. ‘

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

medium size to large, perennial, juice milky,

hairy, hairs straight or star-shaped; leaves 3-5 In.,

broadly lanceolate, smooth above, hairy below,

coarsely toothed, radical many, persistent, long-

stalked, stem leaves, lower stalked, upper sessile;

flowers yellow in many black, glandular, hairy,

stalked heads 3-2 in. long; bracts of heads many,

black-hairy, narrow, short-pointed, inner nearly

equal, outer smaller, floor of head flat, bristly,

pappus plentiful, tawny, rough, rigid, bristly,

ligules long spreading, 5-toothed, anther-bases not

forked, style arms slender; achenes xo in., black,

ribbed, not beaked.

see Herbs Erect. Unbranched, Alternate, Ex-

stipulate, Simple. .

596 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

HERBS, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE, ExsTIpULATE, SIMPLE LEAVES.

Lear Mareins ToorHen.

Prtats UNITED.

Fiowers, Minvurz, 1n Huaps,

FLOWERS ALL LIGULATE.

Hieracium prenanthoides, medium size to large, perennial, hairy or smooth’

Composirz. stem leafy branched, glandular above; leaves 1-3

F. B. 1. li, 400. in., rather thin, with scattered bristles, radical

Northern Kashmir none, stem leaves oblong or ovate or linear-oblong,

8-10,000 ft. minutely toothed or entire, waxy bluish green

beneath, upper-most leaves heart-shaped; flowers

in heads 1 in. diam. forming branched leafy

racemes in flat-topped clusters, bracts of heads

velvety, achenes nearly ¢ in., ribed, red-brown ;

for other characters see the last described species.

Hieraclum umbeilatum, like the last species, but stem leaves sessile,

Composit =. linear or linear-oblong, heads usually many in

F. B. I. iii. 400. irregular umbels, stalks velvety, bracts of heads

Himalaya, 5-10,000 ft. many, black, downy, outer with recurved tips.

Matiana in woods

(Collett).

seca virosum, Qe ne Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate

imple.

Lactuca rapunculoides, see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

Lactuca Lessertiana, _see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

Lactuca sagittarioides, see Herbs, Hrect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

Lactuca polycephala, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

Prenanthes Brunoniana, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Exstipulate, Lobed.

Pridium tingitanum, see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

Souchus maritimus, see Herbs, Erect, Alternate, Hustipulate, Lobed.

FiowrErs Not IN Heaps.

Cephalostigma hirsutum, small, much branched, roughly hairy, stem

CAMPANULACES. stiff; leaves 3-1 by 4-} in., broadly lanceolate,

F. B. I. iii. 428. round-toothed, margin wavy and crisped, nearly

Himalaya, 2-5,000 ft. sessile; flowers 2 in., blue, in small, branching

Simla, racemes, upper bracts very small; flower stalks 3-3

common on banks jn, calyx sparsely hairy, 5-toothed, teeth ;4 in.

(Collett). linear-lanceolate, corolla deeply 5-lobed, lobes

Kashmir. linear-lanceolate, spreading, stumens 5, stigma

3-lobed ; capsule ;4, in. round, 3-valved seed, many

three-angled.

Wahlenbergia gracilis, small to medium size, perennial, smooth or hairy,

CAMPANULACES. sometimes nearly prostrate, branched or not;

The Plains to 7,000 ft. leaves 1-24 by ,1-1 in., sometimes opposite, linear

Simla, Boileaugunge in to narrowly oblong, more or less toothed ; flowers

fields (Collett). $-3 in., pale blue, long-stalked, solitary, or in

PLANTS OF THE PUNJAB. 597

Herps, ERECT, WITH ALTERNATE ExsTIPULATE SIMPE LHAVES,

Bhyteuma Thomsoni,

Campanula latifolia,

Blue bell of Scotland,

CAMPANULACE.

F. B. 1. ii. 439.

Himalaya, 8-11,000 ft.

Hattu (Collett).

Kasbmir.

Campanula canescens,

CAMPANULACEZ.,

F, B. I. i. 439.

The Plains to 5,000 ft.

Mahdopur.

Campanula colorata,

CAMPANULACE®.

F. B. I. iii. 440.

The Plains to 10,000 ft.

Simla (Collett).

Kashmir.

Lear Mareins ToorHen.

Perats UNITED.

branching racemes, upper bracts small, linear

calyx above the ovary, 5-toothed, smooth, teeth

1-1 in., linear, base triangular, corolla, bell-shaped,

divided into 5 broad oblong lobes, stamens 5,

stigma 3-lobed ; capsule + in., tapering into the

stalk, seeds many, small, oblong, with rounded

ends, flattened, smooth.

see Herbs, Unbranched, Alternate, Exstipulate,

Simple.

medium size to large, smooth, stout, furrowed,

leaves 21-5 by 2-3 in., broadly lanceolate or ovate ;

upper nearly sessile, roughly velvety beneath ;

flowers 1-13 in., dark purple in racemes, lower ones

long-stalked, calyx ovoid or globose, calyx-teeth

five, 4-3 in., lanceolate, corolla bell-shaped, lobes

5, short-pointed, stamens 5, dilated at the bases

stigma 3-5 lobed ; capsule 3 by 3 in. smooth, seed-

jy IM,, Many.

small to medium size, annual, hairy, slender ;

‘leaves 1 by +-in., oblong or lanceolate, round-

toothed; flowers many clustered in branching

racemes, often dimorphic, ¢.e., one flower complete,

another without corolla or stamens, calyx teeth 0

in., in the perfect flowers, #4 in. in imperfect ores,

linear-lanceolate, corolla } by 4in., widely bell-

shaped, shortly lobed, greyish-purple; capsule 0-%

in, diam., in imperfect flowers 43 in. producing

petfect seeds, seeds very minute, oblong with

rounded ends, hardly flattened; for other charac-

ters see the last species.

small to medium size, stem cylindrical, hairy,

much branched or zigzag; leaves 1 by 4-3 in.,

lanceolate, often narrowed into the blade, toothed,

with slightly rounded notches, softly sparsely

hairy on both surfaces; flowers 3 by ¢ in., purple

or greyish purple in clusters or branching racemes ;

for other characters see the last species.

598

A LIST OF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED BY CAPTAIN

F. M. BAILEY IN WESTERN CHINA, SOUTH-

EASTERN TIBET AND THE MISHMI

TEN ObI LS ILI

RICHARD SOUTH.

(Continued from Vol. XXII, p. 345.)

Sub-Family.—Pierina.

125. DELIAS BELLADONNA.

Papilio belladonna, Fabr., Ent. Syst. iii, p. 180 (1793).

Delias sanaca var subnubila, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 421,

jderero-qare tiers 7 epais) G2 (uSISie))-

Four male specimens and one female, the males referable to the form.

subnubila, Leech.

Drowa Gompa (10,000 ft.), June 21; Chikung (8,300 ft.), July 3; Tsa

Chung (7,000 ft.), July 4 9.

126. DeELIAS AGLATA.

Papilo aglava, Linn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 465 (1758).

Delias aglaia, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, p. 169, figs. 1-ld (1905); Bingham,

Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 145 (1907).

Two male specimens.

Ta Shian Liang (15,000 ft.), July 31; Digaru River (12,000 ft.), August 3.

127. DELIAS THYSBE.

Papilio thysbe, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, pl. 283, fig. ¢ (1782).

Thyca pyramus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1867, p. 347.

Delias thysbe, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, p. 171, pl. 532, fig. 1-1e. (1905); Bing-

ham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 146 (1907).

One male specimen.

Ding Manon (2,000 ft.), July 27.

128. PRIONERIS THESTYLIS.

Pieris thestylis, Doubleday, Gray’s Zool. Misc., p. 76 (1842).

Prioneris thestylis, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, p. 187, pls. 538, 539 (1905) ;

Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 151 (1907).

Two male specimens.

Tulang (7,000 ft.), July 16; Habong River (1,900 ft.), August 2.

129. HyposcritiIA INDRA.

Pieris indvra, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C.i, p. 74 (1857).

Hyposcritia indra, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, p. 226, pl. 549, figs. 1-1 (1905).

Appias indra, Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 205 (1907).

One female specimen.

Khupa (2,500 ft.), July 25.

130. HuPHINA NADINA.

Pieris nadina, Lucas, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1852, p. 333.

Huphina nadina, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, p. 214, pl. 545, figs. 2-2e (1905) ;

Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. 11, p. 188 (1907).

Three specimens.

Tila (8,000 ft.), July 23 (1 g,1 2); Ta Shian Liang (1,500 ft.), July 31.

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8S. FE. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS, 599

131. HuPrHINA HIRTA.

Pieris hirta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 490, pl. 31, fig. 17, ¢.

Huphina coronis, Moore, Lep. Ind., vi p. 207 (1905).

Huphina nerissa, Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. 11, p. 183 (1907).

A male specimen.

Pangam (2,500 ft.), July 29.

132. TacHYRIS HIPPO.

Papilio hippo, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, pl. 195, figs. B, C (1782). \

Appias hippo, Bingham, Fauna Brit., Ind., Butt. ii, p. 208 (1907)

A male specimen of the typical form.

Salamgam (4,000 ft.), July 29.

133. HEBOMOIA GLAUCIPPE.

Papilio glaucippe, Linn, Syst. Ent. i, 2, p. 762 (1767).

Hebomoia glaucippe, Moore, Lep. Ind. vii, p. 123, pl. 591, figs. 1-le

(1909 ;) Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind. Butt. 11, p. 274 (1907).

One male specimen.

Habong River (17,000 ft.), Aug. 2.

134. APoRIA AGATHON.

Pieris agathon, Gray, Zool. Misc., p. 33 (1832).

Metaporia agathon, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, p. 156, pl. 526, figs. 2-2b (1905).

_ Aporia agathon, Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. 11, p. 163 (1907).

Two male specimens.

Tsa Chung (7,000 ft.), July 4.

135. APORIA BAILEYI, sp. n.

3. Forewings black, costal area powdered with white except on the

costa itself ; a large white patch in the discoidal cell, its outer extremity

bluntly pointed ; a white patch filling up the basal two-thirds of the first

interspace ; median nervure white ; a postmedial series of five white spots,

the fourth smallest and the fifth largest, all more or less oval; white spots

between veins on termen, except towards apex. Huindwings black; a

white patch in the discoidal cell and one along costal area ; a series of five

white spots beyond the cell, the fourth very small; terminal white spots

as on forewings. Underside of forewings similar to above, but the terminal

white marks extend inwards edging black spear-points from the postmedial

white spots. The underside of the hindwings yellowish white, basal spot

orange ; venation broadly black, hastate marks between veins also black

the points extending to termen.

EExpanse 76-78 millim.

Closely allied to A harriete, de Nicéville,* from Bhutan (J. B. N. H.

1892).

Four male specimens.

Menkong (1,000 ft.), June 16; Di Chu, (9,000 ft.), July 9.

136. APORIA DUBERNADI.

Pieris dubernadi, Oberthiir. Etud. d’Entom. ix, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 6 (1884).

Aporia dubernadi, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 467, pl. xxxvi,

fig. 8) 2 (11893):

Twelve specimens including both sexes. Some specimens are referable

to chumbiensis, Moore, others are intermediate between that form and the

type.

* Journ. Bomb. Nat. His. Soc. vii, p. 341, pl, I, figs. 3 g, 4 Q (1892).

600 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

Liu Yang (7,000 ft.), May 9; Liang ho kao (10,300 ft.), May 15;

Kia la (14,000 ft.), June 10; Tsema la (15,500 ft.), June 17; Zhasha

la (15,000 ft.), June 20; Shiuden Gompa (13,500 ft.), June 29.

137. APoRIA DAVIDIS.

Pieris davidis, Oberthur, Etud. d’Entom. ii, p. 18, pl. i, fig. 5 ¢ (1876) ;

Leech, Entom. xxiv, suppl. p. 57, 2 (1891).

Aporia davidis, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 468, pl. xxxvi,

fig. 1 2 (1898).

Eleven male specimens and one female, the latter, which agrees with the

female type, from Tsema la. In one male (Kia la) the subterminal’ mark-

ing is almost entirely absent.

Liu Yang (7,000 ft.), May 9th; Liang ho kao (10,300 ft.), May 15;

Batang (12,000 ft.), June 2; between Kia la and yer ka lo (12,000 ft.),

June 6; HE. of Kia la (14,000 ft.), June 10; Ridong (12,000 ft.), and

Tsema la (15,500 ft.), June 17; Gon se (12,500 ft.), June 18.

138. APORIA MARTINETI.

Pieris martineti, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ix, p. 12, pl. i,fig. 5 ¢

(1881).

Aporia martineti, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 470 (1898).

Three male specimens.

Kia la (12,000 feet), June 10; Shiuden Gompa (13,500 ft.), Jume 27 ;

Pugu (15,000 ft.), June 30.

139. APORIA HIPPIA.

Pieris hippia, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Pet. ili, p. 464 (1861.)

Aporia hippia, Leech, Batt., China, Japan and Corea, p. 471 (1893.)

Aporia thibetana, Gr.-Gr., Hor. Ent. Ross. xxvii, p. 127.

Four specimens agreeing with specimens labelled Var. thibetana in the

British Museum.

Between Kia la and yer ka lo, Ching (12,000 ft.), June 6; La Gong

(10,000 ft.), June 11; Menkong (10,000 ft.), June 16 (2 specimens).

140. APpoRIA VENATA.

Pieris davidis var. venata, Leech. Entom, xxiv., Suppl. p. 58 (June 1891) ;

Butt. China, p. 469, pl. xxxvi. fig. 3 (1893.)

Pieris davidina, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xv, p.8, pl. iii, fig. 20 (July

1891).

oe male specimens and one female.

Liu Yang (7,000 ft.), May 9; Liang ho kao (10,300 ft.), May 15; Ta chien

lu (8,400 ft.), May 17; Nyachuka (10,000 ft.), May 20; Ridong (13,000

ft.), June 17; Gon se (12,500 ft.), June 18 ; Sanga Chu Dzong (11,000 ft.),

July 1.

| 141, APpoRIA BIETI.

Pieris bieti, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. ix, p. 12, pl. 1, figs.7 @,8 92

1884).

pee hippia, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 471 (1893).

Aporia sulphurea, Oberthiir, Leech, 1. c., 472, pl. xxxvi, fig. 2.

‘Ywo male specimens and one female, (Sanga Chu Dzong), the latter 1s

referable to ab. sulphurea, Oberth.

Drowa Gompa (10,000 ft.), June 21; Sanga Chu Dzong (12,000 ft.), June

30 and July J.

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8S. EE. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS. 601

142, APORIA PROCRIS.

Aporia procris, Leech, Entom. xxii, p. 191 (1890); Butt. China, Japan

and Corea, p. 469, pl. xxxili, fig. 10 ¢ (1893).

Pieris halisca, Oberthtir, Etud. d’Entom. xv, p. 7, pl. iii, fig. 23 (1891).

Hight male specimens and one female.

North of Tondu la (9,000 ft.), June 14; Kia la (2,000 ft.), June 10, @Q.

Ab extrema, nov.

Differs from the typical form in having all the veins and markings

strongly black, the markings on terminal area of the forewings more or

less confluent forming a broad border; a black spot at end of the cell.

Sometimes very large.

Six male specimens.

Nya Chuka (10,000 ft.), May 25; N. of Tondu la (9,000 ft.), June 14;

Menkong (10,000 ft.), June 16.

143. APORIA GOUTELLEI.

Pieris goutellei, Oberthiir, Htud. d’Entom. xi, p. 15, pl. ii, fig. 11 (1886).

Metaporra goutellei, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 465 (1893).

Two male specimens.

Ridong (15,000 ft.), June 17.

144, APORIA DELAVAYI.

Pieris delavayt, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xiii, p. 37, pl. ix, fig. 97 (1890).

Metaporia delavayt, Leech, Butt. China, Papa and Corea, p. 166 (1893).

Six male specimens.

Drowa Gompa (10,000 ft.), June 21 and 22; Sanga Chu Dzong (12,000

ft.), June 30; Chikung (9,000 ft.), July 3.

145. MESAPIA PELORIA.

Preris peloria, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. 1, pl. ii, figs. 15, 16 (1853).

Mesapia peloria, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 659 (1894).

Eleven specimens, only one of which is of the female sex.

Shiuden Gompa (13,500 ft.), June 21(@); Pugo (14,900 ft.), June 27.

146. BatrTia BUTLERI.

Synchle butleri, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 256, pl. xi, figs.

6, 6a.

’ Baltia butler, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, p. 145, pl. 522, figs. 3-36 (1904) ;

Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. 11, p. 159 (1907).

Three male specimens.

Rama la (15,000 ft.), May 26; Jo la (16,000 ft. ), June 30.

147. Levcocuig DAPLIDICE.

Papilio daplidice, Linn., Syst. Nat. i, 2, p. 760 (1767).

Synchle daplidice, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 458 (1898).

Leucochle daplidice, Réber. Seitz, Gr. Pal. p. 49 (1907).

One female specimen.

Liang ho kou, 15th May.

148. PIERIS CANIDIA.

Papilio candia, Sparman, Amcen. Acad. vil, p. 504 (1768).

Pieris canidia, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 455 (1893).

Several specimens in both sexes.

Chin pan shi (2,000 ft.), April 18; Chin jih ho (2,000 ft.), April 21; Lu

ku pa (3,000 ft ), May 5.

602 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

149. PIERIS CRUCIVORA.

Pieris brassice v. crucivora, Boisduval, Sp. Gen., p. 522 (1836).

Pieris rape var. crucivora, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 457

(1893).

Four specimens.

Mangpa (11,500 ft.), May 21; Batang (9,000 ft.), June 6; Chikung

(8,200 ft.), July 4.

150. CoLias sTOLICZKANA.

Colias stoliczkana, Moore, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, p. 229; Bing-

ham, Fauna Brit. India, Butt. ii, p. 242 (1907).

Eurymus stoliczkana, Moore, Lep. Ind. vi, p. 166, pl. 605, figs. 38, 36

(1909).

Two male specimens.

Pugo (14,900 ft.), June 27 ; Shiuden Gompa (13,500 ft.), June 29.

151. CoLiIAs HYALE POLIOGRAPHUS.

Colias poliographus, Motschulsky, Etud. d’Entom. ix, p. 29 (1860).

Colias hyale, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 132 (1893).

Two male and two ‘female specimens.

Kuan Chao Tzu (Szechuen), 1,500 ft., April 18 ; Gera (10,000 ft.), June 7;

La Gong (10,000 ft.), June 11. :

152. CoLias MONTIUM.

Colias montium, Oberthir, Etud. d’Entom. xi, p. 16, pl. ii, fig. 41, (1886) ;

Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 436, pl. xxxiv, fig. 15 9 (1893).

Three male and five female specimens.

Rama la (11,000 ft.), May ahs Nenda (12,700 ft.), May 31; Pugo

(14,900 ft.), June 27.

153. CoLIAS NASTES.

Colias nastes, Boisduval, Icones., 8 pl., figs. 4 and 5 (1832).

Colias cocandica, Kirsch, Fedtsch. 7D: 6, pl. 1, fig. 3 9 (1874).

Colias nebulosa, Oberthiir, Etud. d’ Entom. xix, p. 8, pl. 8, fig. 65 (1894).

Coltas nastes, Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 2388 (1907).

Four male specimens of a form between cocandica and nebulosa.

Pugo (14,900 ft.), June 27.

154. CoLIAS EOGENE.

Colias eogene, Feld., Reise Nov., p. 196, pl. 27, fig 7 g (1865).

Colias wanda, Gr. Gr., Hor. Ent. Soc. Ross. XXvil, p. 883 (1898).

One specimen.

Jo la (16,000 ft.), June 30.

155. CoLias FIELDII.

Colias fieldii, Ménétriés, Cat Mus. Pet. i, p. 79, pl. i, fig. 5 (1855) ; Leech,

Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 438, pl. xxxv, figs. 6d, 7 2 (1898).

A number of specimens. A male, the only example from Kuan Chao

Tzu, is of small size and has rather narrow black border.

Kuan Chao Tzu (Sze Chuan) (1,500 ft.), April 18 ; between Kia la and

Yer ka la (12,000 ft.), June 10; Menkong (10,000 ft.), See 16; Ridong

(12,000 ft.), June 18; Drowa Gompa (10, v00 ft.), June 22; Sanga Chu

Dzong (12,000 ft.), June 25; Pugo (4,900 ft.), June 27; MAzOne (3,500 ft.),

July 30.

156. TERIAS ANEMONE.

Terias anemone, Felder, Wein. Ent. Mon. vi, p. 23 (1862).

Terias mariesti, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 198, pl. vii, figs. 1-7,

— oe

BUTTERFLIES FROM S. E, TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS. 603

Terias hecabe, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 428 (1893).

Terias hybi ida, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 199.

Four specimens, the one from Trana is aberrant and seems to be referable

to hybrida, Butl.

Trana (7, 100 ft.), June 15; Minzong (3,500 ft.), July 20; “Kiipa

(2,500 ft.), July 25; Salamgam (3, 000 ft.), July 28.

157. TERIAS HECABE,

Terias hecabe, Linn., Syst. Nat. i, 2, p. 763 (1767).

Terias esiopa, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Pet. i, p. 85, pl. 2, fig. 3 (1855).

Several specimens. One from Khupa approaches the form esiopa, and a

specimen from Ding Mann has the black of outer border of forewings con-

tinued along the ‘dorsum for two-thirds its length, black border of the

hindwings is very broad on the tornal half.

Khupa (2,500 ft.), July 25 ; Ding Mann (2,000 ft.), ee 27; Tashianliang

(1,500 ft.), July 31; Dze River (1,500 ft.), Aug. 1.

158. DeERCcAS DOUBLEDAYI.

Dercas doubledayt, Moore, Lep. Ind. vii, p. 31, pl. 562, figs. 1- le (1906).

Dercas verhuell, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. ‘Lep. i, p. 71 (1847) ; Bingham,

Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p..226 (1907).

One male specimen.

Tila (8,000 ft.), July 22

159, DERCAS LYCORIAS.

Rhodocera lycorias. Doubleday, Gray’s Zool. Misc., p. 77 (1842).

Dercas brindaba, Swinhoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1899, p. 107.

Gonepteryx wallichn, Doubleday, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. v, p. xlvii (1848) ;

Dercas wallichti, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 445, pl. xxxv,

fig. 3 g¢ (1893); Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 227 (1907).

Three specimens.

Dabla (8,000 ft.), July 4; Rima (6,500 ft.), July 5; Kahao (5,000 it.),

July 15.

160. GoNEPTERYX ASPASIA.

Gonepteryx aspasia, Ménét., Schrencks, Reis, p. 17, pl.i, fig. 6 g; Leech,

Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 442 (1893); Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind.,

Butt.

Several specimens.

Liu Yang (7,000 ft.), May 9; Ta-chien-lu (8,400 ft.), May 17; Nyachuka

(10,000 ft.), May 24; Nun Chou (12,500 ft.), June 9; Kia la (12,000 ft.), June

10; Giada (9,500 ft.), July 2; Chikung (8,300 ft.), July 3.

161. GoNEPTERYX NEPALENSIS.

Gonepteryx nepalensis, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep. i, p. 71 (1847).

Colias nepalensis, Moore, Lep. Ind. vil, p. 24, pl. 559, figs. 2-2g (1906).

Gonepteryx rhammi, Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 229 (1907).

One male specimen.

Gera (10,000 ft.), June 7.

162. IxtIaAsS PYRENE.

Papilio pyrene, Linn., Mus. Ulr., p. 24 (1764).

Invias pyrene, Moore, ‘Lep. Ind. vii, p. 99, pl. 579, figs. 1-ld (1909) ; Bing-

ham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 193, pl. xviii (1907).

One male specimen.

Dze River (15,000 ft.), August 1.

604 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

163. LrUCcOPHASIA AMURENSIS.

Leucophasia amurensis, Ménétriés, Schr. Reis. ii, p. 15, pl. i, figs. 4-5

(1859); Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 482 (1893.)

Three specimens.

Oroshi (10,000 ft.), May 28; Nyachuka (9,000 ft.), May 25 ; Gera (9,000:

ft.), June 7.

164. HucHuLoxr BIETI.

Anthocharis brett, Oberthir, Ktud. d’Entom. ix, p. 14, pl.i., fig. 1 9 (1884);

xi, p. 16, pl. vi., fig. 89 ¢ (1886); Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p,

478 (1893).

Four male specimens and one female.

Shiuden Gompa (13,500 ft.), June 29.

165. EucHLoE CARDAMINES.

Papilio cardanunes, Linu., Syst. Nat. i, 2, p. 761 (1767).

Anthocharis cardamines var. thibetana, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi, p. 16

(1886).

Anthocharis cardamines, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 476

_ (1893).

One male specimen.

Wu chia Chang (Sze Chuan), (2,000 ft.), April 14.

166. HucHLoEz scoLYMUS.

Anthocharis scolymus, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix, p. 52 (1866)

Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 479 (1898).

Two male specimens agreeing in size with typical Japanese examples.

The specimens from Western China in the B. M. collection are rather below

the average size.

Chin Pan Shi (Sze Chuan), (2,000 ft.), April 13.

Famity—RIODINID AL.

Sub-family.—NemMEosBIInNa.

167. ZEemMEROS FLEGYAS.

Papilio flegyas, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, pl. celxxx, figs. H, F (1780.)

Zemeros flegyas, Doubleday, Hewitson Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii, p. 419. pl. zxix,

fig. 5 (1851): Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 290 (1893.)

A male specimen.

Salamgam (2,000 ft.), July 28.

168. DopoNAa EUGENES.

Dodona eugenes, Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix, p. 371 (1867); Leech,

Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 292 (1898).

One male specimen.

Latrong (10,000 ft.), June 13.

169. Dopona stInica.

Dodona durga var. sinica, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 291

pl. xxviii, fig. 3 (1893),

One male specimen.

Liu Yang (7,000 ft.), May 9.

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8S, £. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS, 605

170. Dopona EGEON.

Taxila egeon, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii, p. 422, pl. 69, fig. 2 (1851).

Dodona egeon, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, p. 69, pl. 396, figs. 2-2c (1901).

One female specimen.

Panye (2,000 ft.), July 26.

171. Sr1poGEs NYMPHIDIA.

Stiboges nymphidia, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1876, p. 309, pl. xxii.

fig. 1 9; Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 295 (18938).

One female specimen.

Ding Manon (2,000 ft.), July 27.

172, ABISARA FYLLA.

Abisara fylla, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 2, p. 2 (1847); Leech,

Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 296 (1898).

Sospita fylla, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, p. 78, pl. 399, figs. 1-le (1901.)

Two specimens.

Tulang (3,500 ft.), July 18 (2); Salamgam (3,000 ft.), July 28.

Famity.—LYCAINID A,

173. Lycmyna LANTY.

Lycena lanty, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi, |p. 21, pl. vii, fig. 53 (1886);

Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 310 (1893).

Hight male specimens and five females.

Nenda (12,000 ft.), May 31; Pongtramo (12,000 ft.), June 2; Pugo

(14,900 ft), June 27; Shiuden Gompa (13,500 ft.), June 29. Tsa Chung

(7,000 ft.), July 4 (Small 9).

174, Lyc#NA PHERETES.

Papilio pheretes, Hiibner, Kur. Schmett. i, p. 45 (1865).

Lycena pheretes, Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt. 11, p 352 (1907).

Plebeius pheretes, Moore, Lep. (nd. viii, p. 21 (1910).

Four male specimens agreeing with those from Western China in the

British Museum and one female.

The female (Di Chu) agrees fairly well with W. China specimens of the

same sex, but is rather larger, and the fringes are white. On the under-

side all the spots are large and white, those of outer series on forewings

are faintly coloured with greyish; the medial third of hindwings is tinged

with ochreous.

Tsong la (13,500 ft.), June 19; Zhasha-la (14,000) ft., June 20; Drowa

Gompa (10,600 ft.), June 21; Pugo (14,900 ft.), June 27; Di Chu (9,000

ft.), July 12.

175. LycNa Dis.

Lycena dis, Grum-Grshimailo, Hor. Ent. Ross. xxv, p. 453 (1891).

Two female specimens.

Compared with the type of dis, whichis in the British Museum, the

white discoidal spots on upperside are rather larger. On the underside

the forewings are suffused with whitish, and all the wings are bordered

with white, the border of hindwings very broad.

Poda (15,000 ft.), June 30.

176. Liyca@NA ARIANA.

Polyommatus ariana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1865, p. 504, pl. 31,

fig. 2; Lep. Ind., p. 26, pl. 646, fig. 2 (1910).

606 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Lycena stolizkana, Felder., Reise Norara Lep.1i, p. 283. pl. 35, figs. 10,

11 (1865) ; Bingham, Fauna. Brit. Ind., Butt; ii, p. 341 (1907).

Several specimens, including both sexes.

Sanga Chu Dzong (12,000 ft.), June 26.

177. LiycHNOPSIS ARGIOLUS.

Papilio argiolus, Linn., Syst. Nat. x, p. 483 (1758).

Cyaniris argiolus, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 320 (1893).

Cyaniris sikkima, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1863, p. 524, pl. 48, fig.

11 EH.

Lycenopsis albocoerulescens, Chapman, Proc. Zool. Soc.,Lond., 1909, p. 446.

Lycenopsis sikkima, Moore, Lep. Ind. vii, p. 214, pl. 622, fig. 2 (1910).

Sixteen male specimens and 2 females. Nine of the males are more or

less typical, two (Chikung) are referable to albocoerulescens and five (also

Chikung) to sikkima.

Ta Pen Ba (5,000 ft.), May 8; Liu Yang (7,000 ft.), May 11; Batang

(9,000 ft.), June 6 (2); Lonpo (8,000 ft.), June 15 (2); Menkong

(10,000 ft.), June 16; Chikung (8,500 ft.), July 3.

178. Lyc@NoPpsis DILECTUS.

Polyommatus dilectus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1879, p. 139.

Cyaniris dilectus, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 319, pl. xxxi

fig. 10 5 (1898).

Seven specimens.

Chikung (8,500 ft.), July 38; Mango (4,000 ft.), July 16; Minzong

(3,500 ft), July 19. ;

179. Lyca@NOPSIS LIMBATA.

Polyommatus limbatus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1879, p. 139.

Lycenopsis limbata, Moore, Lep. Ind. vii, p. 218, pl. 623, fig. 3 (1910).

Cyaniris timbata, Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 829 (1907).

Cyaniris placida, de Nicéville, J. A. 5S. B., 1883, p. 68, pl. 1, fig. 8; Bing-

ham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 326 (1907). ;

Lycenopsis placida, Moore, Lep. Ind. vii, p. 229. pl. 624, figs. 2-2e (1910).

Hight specimens referable to placida.

Mango (4,000 ft.), July 16 ; Tulang. (4,000 ft.), July 17.

180. LycaNopsis PUSPA.

Polyommatus puspa, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. H. I. C., p. 67 (1828).

Cyaniris puspa, Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind. ii, p. 323 (1907).

Lycenopsis puspa, Moore, Lep. Ind. vii, p. 208, pl. 620, figs. 2-2c (1910).

Two specimens.

Muku (3,400 ft.), July 21; Tashianliang (1,500 ft.), July 31.

181. BorHrina CHENNELLII.

Cyaniris chennelliz, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B., 1883, p. 72, pl. i, fig. 10;

Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 827 (1907).

Bothrinia chennellii, Moore, Lep. Ind. vii, p. 270, pl. 688, figs. 2-20 (1910).

One male specimen.

Tondu la (9,000 ft.), June 14.

182. CasTALIUS ELNA.

Lycena elna, Ex., Butt. v. (Lycena,) pl. 1, fig. 8 (1876).

Castalius elna, Bingham, Faun., Brit. Ind., Butt. 11, p. 430 (1907) ;

Moore, Lep. Ind. vii, p. 246, pl. 632, figs. 2-2¢ (1910).

One male specimen.

Habong River (1,700 ft.), August 2.

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8. E. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS, 607

183. ZizERA MAHA.

Lycena maha, Kollar, Hugel’s Kashmir, iv, pl. 2, p. 422 (1848).

Lycena argia, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. il, p. 12 5, Gi Ss ae (1857).

Lycena marginata, Poujade, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1885, p. ‘cli.

Zzera maha, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 325 (1893).

Twelve specimens. Some approach argia, Ménétriés, in form; others

agree with marginata, Poujade.

Kao Pen Tsai, (Szechuan) (1,500 ft.), April 19 ; Lu Pan Chiao (Szechuan),

(1,700 ft.), April 20 ; Lu Ku Pa (Szechuan), (3,000 ft.), May 2; Minzong, M.

(3,500 ft.), July 19; Salamgam (3,000 ft.), July 28.

184. EvERES ION.

Lycena ton, Leech, Entom. xxiv, Suppl., p. 58 (June 1891) ; Butt., China,

p. 331, pl. xxxi, fig. 4 ¢ (1893).

Hight specimens.

Drowa Gompa (10,000 ft.), June 21; Sanga Chu Dzong (4,000 ft.), June

23; Chikung (9,000 ft.), July 3; Kahao (9,300 ft.), July 15.

185. EvERES ARGIADES.

Papilio argiades, Pallas, Reise i. p. 472 (1771).

Lycena hillotia, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. ii, p. 124, pl. x, fig. 6 (1857).

Everes argiades, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 328 (1898).

Five male specimens and two females. Two males (Chin Pan Shi) are

referable to hellotia.

Chin Pan Shi (Szechuan) 2,000 ft., April 18 ; Kahao (5,200 ft.), July 7.

186, HEvERES xUTHUS.

Everes xuthus, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 330, pl. xxxi, fig.

fing (L893).

Four male specimens.

Ta Pen Ba (5,000), May 8; Minzong (8,500 ft.), July 19.

187. WLAMPIDES BOETICA.

Papilio boeticus, Linn., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 789 (1767).

Polyommatus boeticus, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 337 (1898).

Several specimens.

Ni Tou Yi (Szechuan) (5,000 ft.), May 4; Sanga Chu Dzong (11,00 Oft.),

July 1; Dong (4,500 ft.), July 15; Tinai (4, 200 ft.), July 16.

188. NacADUBA ARDATES.

Lycena ardates, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc., Lond., 1874, p. 574, pl. 67, fig. 1.

Nacaduba ardates, Bingham, Faun. Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 39 (1907).

Nacaduba nora, Moore, Lep. Ind. viii, p. 82, pl. 659, fig. 1-16 (1910).

Five specimens.

Pangam (2,500 ft.), July 24; Tashianliang (2,000 ft.), July 29; Dze

tiver (1,500 ft.), August 1; Habong River (1,700 ft.), August 2.

189. CHRYSOPHANUS STANDFUSSI SUBBRUNNEA, Var. nov.

Polyommatus standfussi, Grum-Grshimailo, Hor. Ross., 1891, p. 450.

Chrysophanus standfussi, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 404,

pl. xxx, fig. 19 ¢ (1893).

Two specimens. These differ from typical lines in having the underside

of the wings brownish instead of grey.

Sanga Chu Dzong (12,000 ft.), June 25; Poda (5,000 ft.), June 30.

608 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

190. CHRYSOPHANUS LI.

Chrysophanus li, Oberthiir, Htud. d’Entom. xi, p. 19, pl. v, figs. 34 ¢,

38 2 (1886); Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 402 (1893).

Several specimens. In one female (Tsong-en) the fulvous colour is

almost absent, except a narrow postmedian band.

Léng Chu (Szechuan), 4,500 ft., May 7; Ta Pen Ba (5,000 ft.), May 8 ;

Liu Yang (7,000 ft.), May 9; Tsongén (11,000 ft.), June 9.

191. CHRYSOPHANUS TSENG.

Chrysophanus tseng, Oberthi:r, Etud. d’Entom. xi, p. 19,} pl. v, fig. 35

(1886); Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Curea, p. 403, pl. xxx, fig. 7 2 °

(1893).

One male specimen.

Leng Chu (4,500ft.), May 7.

192 CHRYSOPHANUS PANG.

Chrysophanus pang, Oberthir, Etud. d’Entom, xi, p. 19, pl. v. fig. 36

(1886) ; Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 403 (1893).

Seven male specimens and two females.

Ta Chien Lu (8,400 ft.) and Boi La To (12,000 ft.), May 17; Rong Sa La

(14,000 ft.), June 1; Jara La Ka (15,000 ft.), June 2; between Kia La and

Yer Ka Lo (14,000 ft.), June 10; Sanga Chu Dzong (12,000 ft.), June

25; Poda (15,000), June 30.

193. IJ LERDA EPICLES,

Polyommatus epicles, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix, p. 646 (1822).

Tlerda epicles, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 408, pl. xxx, fig.

63 (1898).

Twelve specimens, all males.

Tulang (4,000 ft.), July 17.

194. ILERDA ANDROCLES.

Ilerda androcles, Hewitson, Gen. Diur. Lep. iu, pl. 75, fig. 2 (1852).

Heliophorus androcles, Moore, Lep. Ind. viii, p. 107, pl. 664, figs. 3—8ce,

(1910).

Two male specimens.

Chikung (8500 ft.), July 3, (7500 ft.), July 4.

195. APHNMUS SYAMA MISHMISENSIS, var. Ov.

¢. Forewings purplish blue, with greenish reflection in certain lights ;

two black spots in the cell, costal area clouded with blackish; terminal

border black, divided by an obscure pale transverse line, the inner portion

of the border not extending to dorsum. Hindwings of same colour as the

forewings, blackish on costal and dorsal areas; termen narrowly edged

with black; tornal patch orange, enclosing two silvery marked black spots.

Underside creamy white with silvery lined black markings on all wings

arranged pretty much as in Z, 2vbrina, Moore ; the terminal border of the

forewings black, transversely intersected by a thin, interrupted, pale line.

Q. Fuliginous, without trace of purplish blue; black markings of the

underside showing through.

Expanse 38—41 millim. ¢ ; 40 millim. 9.

Eight male specimens and one female.

Kahao (5,300 ft.), July 7.

In the British Museum there are four specimens (1 ¢,3 92 9) of an

unnamed Aphneus, from Western China, these seem to be of the same form

as that here described.

~~ a

BUTTERFIIES FROM 8S, E, TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS, 609

196, APHNAZUS SYAMA.

Amblypodia syama, Horsfield, Cat. Lep, E. I. C., p. 107 (1829).

Aphneus syama. Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 410 (1893);

Swinhoe, Lep. Ind. ix, p. 167 (1911).

Three male specimens and a female, all rather abraded.

Rima (6,000 ft.), July 5; Kahao (5,200 ft.), July 13.

197. Hypronyvc@NA ERYLUS.

Polyommatus erylus, Godt., Ene. Méth. ix, p. 633 (1823).

Hypolycena erylus, Moore, Lep. Ind. ix, p. 98, pl. 723, figs. 1-10. (1911).

Two male specimens.

Digaru River (1,200 ft.), August 3, (1,100 ft.), August 6.

198. StRyYMON Z NOME.

Thecla gnome, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 366, pl. xxix,

figs. 6 g,9 2 (1898).

Seven specimens.

Lompo (8,000 ft.), June 15.

199. ZINASPA TODARA NEGLECTA, Var. Nov.

Zinaspa ditorda, de Nicéville; Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea,

p. 346 (1893).

- Zinaspa todara, Moore, Lep. Ind. ix, p. 14, pl. 720, figs. 2-26 (1911).

In this form the purple colour of the male is of darker and duller tint

than in either typical todara or distorta. In the female the purple does

not extend beyond the basal half of the forewings, whereas in todara this

colour spreads over the basal two-thirds, and in distorta the purplish or

bluish colour extends across quite three-fourths of the forewings.

Expanse 36 millim.

Two male specimens and one female.

Léng Chu (4,500 ft.), May 7.

There were nine specimens from Western China in the Leech collection,

now in the British Museum. These were referred to distorta but they are

identical with the form here described as neglecta.

200. RapaLa CATENA, sp. n.

6. Purple inclining to bluish on the discal area of each wing, a small

orange mark surmounted by a cluster of bluish scales in tornal lobe ot

hindwings. Underside grey; each wing with two white lines at the outes

extremity of cell, and two wavy white lines forming chain-like postmedial

bands, the band on hindwings bent inwards at middle and angled before

dorsum.

Expanse 40 millim.

One male specimen captured at Rima (5,500 ft.), July 7th, 1911.

Allied to R. repercussa, Leech, from Western China.

201. RAPALA SCHISTACEA,.

Deudorix schistacea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1879, p. 140.

Rapala schistacea, Moore, Lep. Ind. ix, p. 58, pl. 718, figs. 2-20. (1911).

One male specimen.

Kahao (5,300 ft.), July.

_ 202. Rapaa NISSA.

Thecla nissa, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kashmir, 1, pt. 2, p. 42, pl. iv, figs. 3, 4 (1848

Rapala subpurpurea, Leech, Hntom. xxiii. p. 42 (1890).

610 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Rapala nissa, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 413, pl. xxix, figs.

12 g, 12.9 (1898).

One male specimen.

Chikung (8,200 ft.), July 4.

203. HysupRA MICANS.

Thecla micans, Bremer and Grey, Schmett. N. China’s, p. 9 (1858).

Thecla betulotdes, Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vii, p. 34, pl. iv,

fig. 2 (1881).

Rapala micans, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 414, pl. xxvii,

fig. 18 g (1898),

One female specimen of the detuloides form.

Nyachuka (10,000 ft.), May 25.

204. ARHOPALA RAMA,

Thecla rama, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kashmir, iv, pt. 2, p. 512, pl. iv, figs. 1, 2,

(1848).

Arhopala rama, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 344 (1893).

Two male specimens and one female.

Rima (6,500 ft.), July 5; Kahad (5,000 ft.), July 15 (2); Tula (3,000

ft.), July 22.

205. CURETIS BULIS.

Anops bulis, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii, p. 473,

pliglsexave ow Oi.

Curetis bulis, Bingham, Fauna Brit. Ind., Butt. ii, p. 441 (1907).

One male specimen.

Tulang (4,000 ft.), July 17.

206. CURETIS ACUTA.

Curetis acuta, Moore, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx, p. 50. (1877) ;

Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 349 (1893).

One male specimen.

Tulang (4,000 ft.), July 17.

Faminy.—HESPEHRIIDA.

207. ACHALARUS SIMPLEX.

Eudamus simplex, Leech, Entom., xxix, Suppll. p. 58 (June 1891).

Eudamus gener, Oberthur, Etud. d’Entom. xv, p. 18, pl.i, fig. 2 (July.

1891). ;

ae simplex, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 561, pl. xxxviii, fig.

12 § (1893).

Seven specimens including both sexes.

Liu Yang (7,000 ft.), May 9; Drowa Gompa (10,000 ft.), June 21.

Giada (9,500 ft.), July 2; Chikung (8,300 ft.), July 3, (7,500 ft.), July 4.

208. ACHALARUS NEPOS.

Eudamus nepos, Oberthur, Etud. d’Entom. xi, pl. vi, fig. 49 (1886).

Achalarus nepos, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 561 (1898).

Six specimens.

Leng Chu (4,500), May 7 ; Batang (9,000 ft.), June 6; Gera (9,000ft.),

June 7.

209. CELHNORRHINUS CHINENSIS.

Celenorrhinus chinensis, Swinhoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xx, p. 431

(1907).

——_

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8. E. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS. 611

Two male specimens. Probably a form of C. leucocorae, Koll.

Pangam M. (2,500 ft.), July 24; Ding Manon (3,000 ft.), July 27.

210. CEL NORRHINUS ? BADIA.

Celenorrhinus badia, Hewitson, Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist (4) xx,,p. 322

(1877).

One female specimen which seems to be referable to badia.

Tulang (4,000 ft.), July 17.

911. CELHNORRHINUS TIBETANA.

Merogospide tibetana, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1876, p. liv.

Notocrypta tibetana, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 628, pl.

XxXviii, fig. 6 (1894).

Two male specimens.

Di Chu (6,000 ft.), July 8; Kahao (5,000 ft.), July 15.

212. DAIMIO MOOREI.

Ptery ygospide mooret, Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1876, p. clii.

Daimio sinica, Leech (part), Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 565 (18983).

Three specimens.

Léng Chu (4,500 ft.), May 7.

218. HESPERIA OBERTHURI.

Syrichthus oberthurt, Leech, Entom. xxiv, Suppl., p. 59 (June 1891).

Syrichthus delavayi, Oberthur, Etud. d’Entom. xv, p. 20 (July 1891).

Hesperia oberthiiri, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 579, pl. xi,

fig. 5. ¢ (1893).

Five specimens, three of which are of the small form.

Zhasha la (14,500 ft.), June 20 ‘small form,) ; Poda (15,000 ft.), June 30.

914, HESPERIA BIETI.

Syrichthus biett, Oberthiir, Htud. d’Entom. xi, p. 26, pl. vi, fig. 50 (1886).

Hesperia bieti, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 578 (1893).

Four male specimens and one female.

Ti-zu (13,000 ft.), May 21 (2); Rama la (15,000 ft. ), May 26; Litang

(14,000 ft.), May 28; Nenda (12,700 ft.), May 31.

215. THANAOS PELIAS.

Nisoniades pelias, Leech, Entom. xxiv, Suppl. p. 60 (1891).

Thanaos pelias, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 581 (1898).

Four specimens.

Ti-zu (1,300 ft.), May 21; Nenda (12,700 ft.), May 31; Batang

(10,000 ft.), June 3; Kia la (13,000 ft.), June 10.

216. THANAOS MONTANUS.

Pyrgus montanus, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Pets. iii, p. 473 (1861).

Thanaos montanus, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 580 (1898).

One male specimen.

Shen chia chou (3,600 ft.), April 10.

217. THANAOS NIGRESCENS.

Thanaos montanus var. nigrescens, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea,

p. 581, pl. xlii, fig. 2 ¢ (1898).

Two male specimens.

Ta pen ba (5,000 ft.), May 8; Batang (10,000 ft.), June 2.

612 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

218. TAGIADES ATTICUS.

Hesperia atticus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii, p. 389 (1793).

Tagiades atticus, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 573, pl.

XXxvili, fig. 13 (1893).

One male specimen.

Muku M. (8,400 ft.), July 21.

219. KorurHAIALOS BUTLERI.

Astictopterus butleri, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As, Soe.

Beng. lii., p. 98, pl. ia, fig. 3 (1884).

Koruthaialos butlert, Watson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 77.

One male specimen.

Payne (2,000 ft.), July 26.

920. PAMPHILA PULCHRA,

Pamphila pulchra, Leech, Entom. xxiv, Suppl. p. 59 (1891); Butt. China

Japan and Corea, p. 586, pl. xl, fig. 20 3 (1898).

Carterocephalus ops., Grum-Grshimalio, Hore. Hint. Ross. xxv, p. 460

(1891).

Two male specimens.

S. of Ta hsiang ling (Sze chuan) (8,000 ft.), May 3; Liu yang (7,000 ft.),

May 9.

221. AUBERTIA NIVEOMACULATUS TIBETANUS, Nov.

Differs from typical niveomaculatus, Oberthiir*, in having a small white

spot at basal end of cell of forewings, and a larger one above it extending

almost to base of the wing, in these characters agreeing with christophi;

the white spot at outer end of cell is smaller as also is the one below it,

third spot absent ; the transverse white markings on forewings are narrower

and rather shorter ; the medial series of white spots on hindwings are not

so clearly separate.

Five male specimens. One of these (Gon se) has two extra white spots

on forewings, placed between the medial spot and the dorsum.

Gon se (12,000 ft.), June 8; La gyap (12,500 ft.), June 18; Sanga chu

Dzong (11,000 ft.), July 1.

222. AUBERTIA MONTANA, Sp. 0.

3. Forewings black; a spot at base of the costa, a central oblique

band formed of four united spots, and a double spot before apex, all

yellowish white. Hindwings black, a large central spot and two small

spots beyond, yellowish white, Fringes yellowish white, suffused with

blackish towards apex of forewings. Underside of forewings blackish,

markings as above but whiter; discoidal spot white, linear; apex tinged

with chocolate brown, a diffuse whitish dash from apex: hindwings choco-

late brown, a small whitish cloud at base of the costa, a whitish oblique

dash above dorsum, and a black ringed silvery white dot between the cloud

and dash; medial band silvery white, the inner edge almost straight and

the outer edge undulate, outlined in blackish ; subterminal spots silvery

white, eight in number, the first and last pairs united and the third and

sixth ‘larger than the others, fringes and termen white, marked with choco-

late brown below apex.

Expanse 26 millims.

One male specimen.

Litang (14,000 ft.), May 8.

* Etud: d’Entom. xi, p. 27, pl. ii, fig. 8 (1886).

BUTTERFLIES FROM 8, E. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS, 618

223, AUBERTIA POSTNIGRA, Sp. 0.

6. Forewing black, sprinkled with yellowish grey scales on basal area ; a

small yellow spot towards basal end of the cell and alarger one at the outer

extremity, between the latter and the dorsum are two other yellow spots

representing an interrupted medial band ; subapical band composed of five

yellow spots, the lower two rather out of line with the others ; fringes black,

mixed with yellow, white at apex. Hindwings black; medial spot yellow,

transversely elongate; fringes yellowish white. Underside of forewings

dark olivaceous, spots white and rather larger than above; the medial and

subapical series connected by a white streak along costal area ; some white

marks beyond medial series and two white spotsat apex. Hindwings blackish,

powdered with yellow; a white spot about middle of cell, and a long silvery

one at outer end of cell, a white point before the lower extremity of the

latter ; four silvery white subterminal spots, two near apex, and two below

middle, followed by white marks on termen.

Expanse 28 millims.

One male specimen.

The markings are asymetrical, thus on upperside of left forewing the

third spot of medial series is double; on the: underside of the left hind-

wing there is a white spot on middle of costa.

Batang (12,000 ft.), June 2

224, AUBERTIA DIECKMANNI.

Carcharodes dieckmannt, Greeser, Berl. Ent. Zeit. xxxii, p. 102 (1888).

One male specimen.

Chikung (8,500 ft.), July 3.

225, AVROMACHUS STIGMATA.

Airomachus stigmata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 690.

One male specimen.

Tila (3,100 ft.), July 28.

226. AUGIADES SUBHYALINA.

Hesperia BPE Bremer and Grey, Schmett. N. China, p. 10, pl. iii,

fig. 4 (1853).

~ Pamphila subhyahina var. thibetana, Oberthir, Ktud. d’Entom. xi, p. 28, pl.

vi, fig. 45 (1886).

“Angiades subhyalina, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 602, pl.

xli, fig. 8 g (1893).

Four specimens.

Menkong (10,000 ft.), June 16 (2 ¢ 5); Dichu (6,000 ft.). July 2 (2) ;

Giada (10,000 ft.), July 8 (2.)

227. PARNARA SINENSIS.

Gegenes sinensis, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Zool. Jr. 1877, p. 232.

Pamphila similis, Leech, Hutom. xxiii, p. 48 (1900).

Parnara sinensis, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 608, pl. xlu, fig.

11 3 (1893).

One male specimen.

Liu yang (7,000 ft.), May 9.

228. PARNARA BODA,

Hesperia boda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 688.

Parnara boda, Moore, Lep. Ceyloni, p. 167 (1881).

One male specimen.

Salamgam (8,000 ft.), July 28.

614 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

229. Baoris ELTOLA.

Hesperia eltola, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv, (Hesperia) pl. iv, fig. 40 (1869).

Parnara eltola, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 613 (1893).

Four male specimens.

Tinai (4,000), July 16; Minzong M. (3,800ft.), July 19. Pangam M.

(2,500), July 29.

230. Baoris ASSAMENSIS.

Baoris assamensis, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. Asia. Soc. Beng.

1887, p. 382, pl. xvili., fig. 5.

One male specimen.

Pangam M. (2500 ft.), July 23.

231. TARACTROCERA FLAVOIDES.

Taractrocera flavordes, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 596, pl. xl

figs. 1O2, 11¢ (1898).

Five male specimens.

Leng chu (Sze chuen) 4,500 ft., May 5; Ta pen ba (5,000 ft.), May 8;

Nyachuka (9,000 ft.), May 22.

232. PADRAONA DARA.

Hesperia dara, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kashmir iv, 2, p. 455 (1848).

Padraona dara, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Corea, p. 596, pl. xl, figs.

13, 14 (1898).

Two male specimens.

Rima (6,000 ft.), July 5; Khupa (2 500 ft.), July 25.

933. HALPE AUCMA.

Halpe aucema, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 325.

Three male specimens.

Tulang (4,000 ft.), July 17.

234, HALPE BAILEYI, sp. n.

g. Antenne black ringed with yellow, club tipped with reddish

yellowish below.

Forewings black, flecked with yellowish on basal area and on two-thirds.

of costal area ; six pale golden spots arranged as follows :—one, slightly

contracted about middle, in the cell; two, below outer extremity of cell ;.

three, representing a short band, on costal area at three-fourths. Hind-

wings black sparsely clothed with yellowish hair on basal three-fourths.

Fringes of all the wings ochreous, mixed with blackish on forewings.

Underside ochreous brown inclining to reddish; spots on forewings as

above, dorsal area blackish; a postmedial series of 4 or 5 yelfowish dots.

almost parallel with termen, dorsum streaked with blackish.

Expanse 34 millims.

Allied to H. blanchardi, Mab.

One male specimen.

Menkong (10,000 ft.), June 16.

935. HALPE SEPARATA.

Halpe separata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 407.

One male specimen.

Tulang (4,060 ft.), July 17.

BUTTERFLIES FROM S. E. TIBET AND MISHMI HILLS. 615

236. HALPE BIVITTA.

Pamphila bivitta, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Entom. xi, p. 28, pl. vi, fig. 46 (1886).

Haipe bivitta, Leech, Butt. China, Japan and Cova, p. 623. (1893),

Six male specimens.

La Trong (10,000 ft.), June 13; Drowa Gompa (10,000 ft.), June 22;

Sanga chu Dzong (11,000 ft.), July il

237. HaALpPE PERFOSSA, sp. n.

6. Dark brown inclining to black, ochreous hairs on basal area of all

the wings ; six ochreous tinted hyaline spots on forewings—one in the cell,

and three in a line from costa beyond, all these are small, upper one of trio

minute ; two below cell, the lower one largest and indented on its outer

edge. Fringes whitish ‘ochreous, marked ane dark-brown at ends of the

veins. Underside brown sprinkled with ochreous, spots of forewings

appear rather larger.

Expanse 40 millims.

Allied to H. perara, Swinhoe.

One male specimen.

Tulang (4,000 ft.), July 17.

238. RHOPALOCAMPTA BENJAMINI.

Thymele benjamuni, Guérin, Delers. Souv. Voy. Inde. ii, p. 79, pl. xxii,

figs. 2, 2a (1843).

Rhopalocampta benjamint, Leech, Butt, China, Japan and Corea, p. 641

(1893).

One male specimen.

Deng Mann. (2,000 ft.), July 27.

616

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY OF

INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

In the last number of the Journal mention was made that it was

proposed to move Mr. Crump to Kumaon. This has now been done

and he went up there in August. His first collecting camp was the

Pindar Valley at Khati, some days’ march beyond Almora. There

he collected for sometime, being beyond the full force of the monsoon,

and as that slackened, he moved gradually down to Almora. One

collection has been received and contains many species new to the

survey, viz., mouse-hares, voles, longtailed field mice and mountain

foxes. The reporton the Kumaon collections should be of consider-

able interest to members stationed in the Himalayas to the west of

that District as there are many species common to the whole of the

Western Himalayas.

From Burma Mr. Shortridge has sent in one collection from

the N. Shan States made chiefly in the Hsipaw District. This

collection also contained many species new to the Survey and

among the larger specimens were examples of two kinds of

gibbons, Bamboo rats of large size, leopard cats, etc. Another

collection is now on its way here which was made in the Myingan

District, south of Mandalay, principally at Mount Popa. On his

way down the Irrawaddy to Rangoon, Mr. Shortridge stopped at

Pagan where he searched the numberless Pagodas for bats, obtain-

ing a splendid collection. On arriving at Rangoon Mr. Shortridge

made his way straight to the South of Tenasserim, from where he

intends to work carefully up the mainland and the islands of the

Mergui Archipelago. Through the kindness of Mr. H. C. Robinson,

the Director of the Federated Malay States Museums, two Dyak

collectors have been lent to Mr. Shortridge and they will be of great

assistance in the heavy jungle of Tenasserim. The collections from

these parts will be of great value in showing how far up the Malay

element in the Fauna extends.

The climate has been much against Major Mayor’s work in the

Southern Province of Ceylon but nevertheless he has sent in a second

collection containing many specimens of considerable interest which

will be reported on shortly. He has now left the Southern Province

and gone into the Eastern Province and is working round Anura-

dhapura which is inland from Trincomalee. On account of the

exceptionally heavy rains recently Major Mayor has had great difhi-

culty in getting about. Once the low ground has been worked and

when Major Mayor can get up into the higher parts he will be able

to get many species of which very little is known and specimens

of which are much wanted,

Great assistance has been given to our collectors by many

members and others in the different districts. We would however ask

Mamma. SURVEY OF (no1A, BURMA, & Cz rion.

Map showing the dislricls worked and in process of bet17g worked by the Collectors,

a — %

ENDIAN EMPIRE

oe 350 10 200 300 #00

—

ip aa

arene 28

HYDERABAD | i

Hyderabad 16

A VE

Vecloria-y

Point

° 8

% 9

= y ~D cobars :

ll §

84 88 92 96

eh colours represent districts finished and the lined areas where the Collectors

we present, Blue MP CA Crump. RED. M"G.C.Shortridge: Yetow. Major EW. Mayor

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 617

members all over the country to send in specimens even of the

commonest species. In Burma, many people in districts not visited

by Mr. Shortridge, are continually sending in to him odd specimens.

and small collections, and in this way many rare specimens have been

procured for the Survey. In India proper, the same is being done

by Mr. M. M. Mackenzie in Bihar and Mr. P. T. L. Dodsworth at

Simla and Delhi and we hope many more will follow their example.

Arsenical soap and instructions for skinning can always be had from

the Society and we shall be only too pleased to teach the servants of

members to skin mammals, etc.

It will be noticed that the subscriptions from members of the

Society and from the various Governments now amount to

Rs. 56,630 and interest accrued comes to Rs. 1,181, making a total

of Rs. 57,811. Against this the Society expended up to 15th

October Rs. 42,574 since the commencement of the Survey in March

1911. The expenditure at the beginning was very small, but at

the present moment the monthly expenditure is no less than

Rs. 2,000. The growth of expenditure is shown by comparing

periods of six months, thus :—

March 1911 to August 1911 Rs. 2,040 .. (Only one Collector was.

employed).

March 1912 to August 1912 Rs. 4,713 .. (Two Collectors were em-

ployed—both in India).

March 1913 to August 1913 Rs. 11,450 .. (Three Collectors were

employed, onein Burma,

one in Ceylon and one.

in India)

The Burma and Ceylon expenses are exceptionally heavy, despite

the Government help received; in Ceylon especially on account

of the great cost of Cart transit, and the present rate of

expenditure must continue for sometime, if Ceylon, Burma and

Tenasserim are to be properly worked, whilst it is not likely that ex-

penses will be greatly reduced when our Collector moves into Assam.

In addition to the mainland of Tenasserim, the islands of the

Mereui Archipelago will be worked from Victoria Point

northwards,

Amongst recent contributions will be noticed a promise from the

Government of the Federated Malay States of Rs. 1,750 during

1914 and a similar amount in 1915.

From the above, therefore, it will be seen that the present balance

standing to the credit of the Fund of Rs. 15,000 plus the donations

promised of Rs. 7,900—a total of Rs. 22,900—cannot be expected

to last more than twelve months. ?

We are confident that members of this Society recognise the

good work the Survey is doing, and we make an earnest appeal

therefore for further subscriptions, so that the Survey can be carried

on in its present thorough manner.

618 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

MAMMAL FUND.

_ FURTHER LIST OF SUBSCRIPTIONS UP TO 3lsr OCTOBER 1913.

NaMEs. Amount.

Rs.

Amount previously acknowledged in Journal No. 2,

Viole Xe a 51,794 2°12

Executors and Trustees of the late Mr. N. M.

Wadia, C. I. EH. (2nd Donation) .. oe Se 500 01); ..0

Gharpurey, Capt. K.G. (2nd Donation) .. F 15 0.50

Gough, Major H. (2nd Donation) .. a oe 15 0; O

GovERNMENT or CEYLON : a f, RY 2,500 0; O

Jodhpur, H. H. The Maharaja Of Mae at us 1,000 oO} @

Montague, Hon’ble E. S., m.r. she she a 746 Toy PO

O’Brien, Major E. a sus a 50 0; 0

-Whistler, H. (8rd Donation) . ea eh “8 10 OES

Total .. 56,630 Oui iaZ

PROMISED.

Rs.

Mr. Ratan Tata (2nd Donation) .. .. 1,000

H. H. The Rao of Cutch (2nd Donation) .. 1,000

GOVERNMENT OF THE CENTRAL PROVINCES.. 2,500

GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERATED Matay

States (for 1914 and 1915) at 3,500

Ee 2 bhe Bin of tae: (ond

Donation) .. 1,000

SI UNO) by |G

65,630 9

Interest paid by the National Bank of India on

Fixed Deposits, ete., up to the end of 31st

August 1913 a oe ees 8

lee

ive)

(op)

Total, ..|, 66,829 °| Ides

619

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. 1—TIGER TAKING OFF CARCASE OF SLOTH BEAR

(MELURSUS URSINUS).

When shooting in the Central Provinces in 1911, 1 was told by the

shikari in acertain village that a year before a Sahib had shot a Sloth

Bear in the jungle; but when the villagers went to bring in the body,

it had been dragged off and partially devoured by a tiger (Felis tegris).

Cc. R. PITMAN,

Dera Ismait Kuan, 7th August 1913.

There have been several accounts in the Journal of tigers killing and eating

Sloth Bears.—Ebs. ]

No, I1—A PORCUPINE-TIGER TRAGEDY,

I was in camp in the Nizam’s Dominions two hot weathers ago with Mr.

Mackenzie, Chief Engineer, when one morning a “‘ Gond” trotted in to say

there was a dead tiger lying in his field, done to death by a porcupine! I

galloped out at once to the village, about 8 miles, and was conducted by the

villagers to the site of thetragedy. In a field as bare as one’s hand lay

peacefully dead on his side an almost full-grown well-conditioned tiger,

with five large porcupine-quills stuck in his chest, like hatpins in a pin

cushion. One hundred and twenty-eight paces distant were the remains

of a large porcupine: only quills unfortunately, the body had been roasted

and eaten before I could get there! But I was convinced after careful

enquiry that practically the whole carcase had been found intact, minus

one mouthful bitten out by the tiger. It was late evening before I got the

dead tiger into camp, where we made a careful post-mortem examination,

regretting the absence of a doctor, capable of making a correct diagnosis

of the cause of death. We found the pericardium bruised and discoloured,

but as far as we could see the heart had not been penetrated by the quills,

and was in a normal condition. On the other hand the liver and lungs

were in shreds and looked like a black sponge in fragments. Outwardly

the body was in excellent condition. It is not uncommon to find bits of

quills in tiger’s forepaws, pointing to the probability of their usually render-

ing porcupines harmless first with their paws, before going into them. We

concluded that in this case, the tiger, being young and inexperienced, had

jumped atthe porcupine, and the large dorsal quills had driven with the

impact into his chest. We found no bits of quills inside him, although the

discoloured and disintegrated condition of his internal economy appeared

to point to the probability of his having swallowed something fatal.

What was the cause of death? Perhaps some doctor-shikari will en-

lighten us. I have heard of tigers having been shot in an emaciated

condition, and bits of quills having been found inside them; but this tiger

was in splendid condition and certainly died very suddenly, because,

firstly, he had left the kill practically uneaten ; secondly, he had been able

to run only one hundred and twenty-eight paces before death overtook

him ; and, thirdly, the fact of his having died in a bare field proved a

sudden end, because, on the approach of death, if there is time, such

animals invariably reach cover to die in.

G, E. C. WAKEFIELD.

Hyperasad, Deccan, 31st August 1913.

620 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

No. III—NOTES ON THE HABITS OF THE SMALL INDIAN

MUNGOOSE (MUNGOS AUROPUNCTATUS).

I am sending you a few notes on the breeding of the small Indian

mungoose (Mungos auropunctatus).

Ihave a tame female of this species, which was given me in August

1911, when about three weeks to a month old. On the evening of the

4th July 1912, she was observed pairing with a wild male, and gave

birth to three young ones, 1 male and 2 females, on the night of the 22nd-

28rd August—a period of 7 weeks.

On the 14th April of the current year, she again gave birth to two young

ones, both females, and again on the 9th July she has given birth to two

more, both females.

Unfortunately the dates of pairing on these last two occasions were not

observed.

This mungoose makes a charming pet, and a most affectionate one, except

when about to pair, when she becomes quite savage, and her temper is also

most uncertain for a week before the birth of her young, and a month

after. The extraordinary thing is, though she has absolute trust in my

wife and self, yet she occasionally turns on us without rhyme or reason

during these times. As for the servants and strangers, she will not allow

-them anywhere near her young, but allows us to handle them. She is

a most restless mother for the first two or three weeks, constantly moving

her offspring from place to place, carrying them as a cat carries her

kittens.

The young when born are remarkably ugly, being practically hairless,

and of a dark mouse colour. The eyes open onthe 16th to 17th day.

While sucking they purr like a cat and to this day when the mother drinks

milk she purrs. We have never heard her do this at any other time,

or over any other food. When angry they growl and spit.

The mungoose, when attacked, only thinks of itself, never combining for

mutual protection. But while the young are helpless, the mother is savage

in their defence. There is no doubt that the sexes separate after pairing.

I have an idea that the male would make a meal of the young, if he got a

chance to do so. ‘Two or three years ago, I witnessed a strange thing. A

cat of mine had just had her kittens, when a mungoose, owned by a neigh-

bour, came into the room, and in a moment he had one of these kittens and

made off with it. He was so quick that I had no time to rescue the poor

little mite.

This mungoose is certainly a most useful pet, as all creeping things, such

as snakes, centipedes, etc., are eaten by her, as well as scorpions, beetles,

wasps, hornets, lizards, rats and mice, and insects of all descriptions. The

only thing she does not eat are ants, but white ants are eaten with

relish.

Our present house had a bad reputation for harbouring snakes and

scorpions, and now there 1s not one to be seen. ‘There is no doubt that the

mungoose 1s immune to scorpion sting.

If there are any other particulars you would like as to the habits of the

mungoose, I shall keep a look-out for them, as we have now five of them in

the house.

J. E. POWELL.

GuazipuRr, U. P., 3lst July 1918.

No. I1V.—HEDGEHOGS IN GUJARAT.

Referring to the note re distribution of hedgehogs (page 46, Vol. XXII,

No. 1), they are to be found in some parts of Gujarat.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 621

About 10 years ago I saw two hedgehogs, the property of some school

boys in Borsad in the Kaira District. I did not enquire where they had

found them, but as the boys had never been out of their village, it is pre-

sumable they had found them locally.

A friend of mine who lived in Gogho for seven years told me of seeing

hedgehogs stealing about on the ground in front of the verandah of his

bungalow. Atone time, when he was sitting out in the open reading in the

evenings, he watched one coming evening after evening, apparently

attracted by the light of his lamp.

In October last I went on board a boat of the Coast-guard and Customs

Service when she lay at anchor here. As we sat talking in the cabin,

a hedgehog began to move about. On making inquiries about it, [ found

it had been procured at Gogho, and that it was a great pet with the

few Kalasis on board.

K. A. MONTGOMERY.

ZENANA Mission Hospitat, Broacu,

20th June 19138.

[Should anyone come across a hedgehog anywhere in Gujarat, we should be must

grateful for specimens.—Eps.}

No. V.rPHOTOGRAPH OF A WILD GAUR (BIBOS GAURUS).

Isend a photograph taken of a bull bison in its natural state in case

you should think it of sufficient interest to publish. I also send an enlarge-

ment of the same for the Museum.

The bison had squatted in a narrow gorge trusting to our party passing

him, but two terriers coming up behind jumped him after we had passed ;

622 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

he took down the gorge scattering everybody with the terriers in attend-

ance and getting on to a steep hill from which only one path descended, I

was able to head him. On finding his way blocked, he charged a forest

guard who was with me and failing to get round the sheltering tree as

quickly as the guard could, he backed and charged the tree, shaking it to

its foundations ; after this he showed no inclination to fight and very little

energy in getting away. I took three exposures of him, but unfortunately

in the hurry some intervening grass close to the lens spoiled the two

first pictures. The animal is somewhat abnormal in having a very large

dewlap. Most bison in the Central Provinces have only a rudimentary

dewlap about the size of two hands on the neck and many have merely

a slight fold in the skin. This animal had a large swinging dewlap extend-

ing down to his chest.

A, A. DUNBAR BRANDER,

Cuikatpa, Berar, 14th May 1913.

—

No. VI.— RECORD CHEETAL (AXIS AXIS) HEAD,

I have just had the pleasure of seeing and measuring the horns of a

Cheetal Stag, shot in the Bahraich forests in May last, by Mr. T. J. C.

Acton, I.C.S. Measurements of left horn, which is slightly the longer, are

as follows :—

Length of horn a oe so .. 892 inches.

+ », brow tine .. a “he ee es a

Girth of burr .. oe ae ae ae 8 i

», above burr “s wth “3 ripen Oe es

» halfway up beam .. ae .. A os

The horns are very symmetrical, one only abnormality being the presence

of three snags on the left brow tine, and one on the right.

The only record book to which I have had access gives 38” as the record

length, but the book was an old edition, and I feel sure that larger heads

have been recorded. I would like to know what the present record is.

S. J. MARTIN,

Gonpa, 7th July 1913.

[Two cheetal heads of 39” are on record, the one shot by Lady Eileen Elliott

in the U. P. and the other by Capt. F. Pope near Jubbulpore.—Ebs. ]

No. VIIL—THE EFFECT OF CASTRATION ON A BLACK BUCK

(ANTILOPE CERVICAPRA).

The following may be of interest to the members of the Society :—

Last cold weather in campinthe Jubbulpore district I noticed when pass-

ing through a village a full-grown buck in very good condition, with heavy

horns which had been sawn off about twelve inches from the skull, and of an

exceptionally pale colour for so large a buck. I questioned the villagers

about him and they told me that they had caught him when he was quite

young and had kept him in the village for the last five or six years. As his

horns grew, he became very dangerous, and so they had them sawn off; but

even, thus mutilated, they found that he was a nuisance and so they finally

had him castrated. Before this operation he was of the usual dark colour

of full-grown bucks, but immediately after it he began to lose kis colour and

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 623

finally became the pale colour normalin does andimmature bucks. The

story was obviously true, since the villagers could not possibly have connect-

ed the two things. One has often heard of malformation of horn as a result

of injuries to the testicles, but I have never heard of such injuries or of

complete castration affecting colouration.

Perhaps some other members can tell us of similar cases.

R, A. WILSON, 1.c.s.

Yerotmat, lst August 1913,

No. VIII.—REMARKABLE VARIETY OF AN ASTOR MARKHOR

(CAPRA FALCONERI),

{shot the Markhor, a photograph of which is shown above, in the

Mayadass Nullah in Astor. On the 28rd Aprillast I went out about

6a.m., and about 7 a.m. my shikari saw a herd of about eleven males ;

they were very low down near the Indus, and at first we did not see the

freak. Suddenly my shikari said he thought there was a Bhurrel among

them; but, of course, that was impossible as they are never found in that part

of the country. We watched the herd for about two hours when they

624 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII

disappeared into a small nullah and gave us an opportunity of getting near

them. There were about three heads of 40 inches and the rest were quite

small. When we got within about 150 yards the herd began moving

slowly uphill and each in turn stood on a big rock for a few seconds

giving a very nice shot broadside on. The freak head came last but one

and seemed to be the “ boss” of the herd. When he stood still on the rock

I let him have it and he sank down and never moved again. The bullet

(256 Mannlicher Schonaner) struck him behind the shoulder, and for some

reason glanced up into the base of the neck and shattered the spine.

When we got to him the shikari was careful to lift up his leg to see if there

was any injury to his testicles to account for his horns being in that shape,

but they were quite all right, and there was no sign of any injury on his

horns. He was in very poor condition, but I think that was chiefly due to

the season of the year, the young grass not having yet come up and very

little left of the old. My shikari and all my coolies got ill from eating his

flesh, and the next Markhor I shot I would not let my shikari “halal.”

When first shot this Markhor measured exactly 45” left horn and 442”

right, but now the measurements are right 432”, left 442”; tip to tip 343”;

girth 102”. I met several old shikaris during the remainder of my stay

in Astor, but they one and all tole me that they had never seen or heard

of a markhor like mine.

E, EDWARDS, Capr.,

29th Punjabis.

CuaMaNn, 17th September 1913.

No. TIX.—MOUSE DEER (TRAGULUS MEMINNA) IN THE

CENTRAL PROVINCES.

I found the Chevrotain common on hills of granitoid gneiss in Chanda

where they lie up during the day in “forms,” under rocks, bushes, dead

trees and any convenient hollows in the ground; there is usually a soft

lining of dead leaves.

C. R. PITMAN.

Dera Ismain Kuan, 7th August 19138.

No. X.—THE INDIAN PANGOLIN (MANIS CRASSICAUDATA)

IN THE DARBHANGA DISTRICT.

Yesterday evening a specimen of this mammal along with a small Indian

Civet (Viverra malaccensis) and a monitor lizard were brought tome. The

two latter are common but I had never seen, nor had any of the natives

ever seen, a pangolin in this district before. I have met with the Malay

pangolin (Manis javanica) in Cachar and know its burrows well. Ido not

think I would have overlooked any had I seen them here. The food, as

diagnosed from the contents of the stomach was ants, white ants and some

very small grasshoppers. Now that the Mammal Survey of India is on,

giving any notes on uncommon animals should prove interesting and useful

This specimen was dug out of the soil bank of a tank.

CHAS. M. INGLIS.

BaGHowniE Factory, Laweria Sarat,

16th June 1913.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 625

No. XI.—THE PALE-BROWN SHRIKE (LANIUS ISABELLINUS)

IN THE DARBHANGA DISTRICT.

I got a specimen of this bird on the 21st February of this year; at first

I took it to be the Brown Shrike (L. cristatus) but on shooting it, it proved to

be this species. I do not think it has ever been recorded from this District

nor in any other places as far east as this, so the record is interesting.

CHAS. M. INGLIS.

Bacuowniz Factory, Darsuancea District,

16th June 1913.

No. XIJT—THE FOREST WAGTAIL (LIMONIDROMUS INDICUS)

IN THE DARBHANGA DISTRICT, TIRHOOT.

I have the pleasure of recording the obtaining of this wagtail in this

district. Though I have been collecting continually for the last sixteen

years in these parts, this is the first time this bird has come to my notice.

It was got to-day and was as would be expected in a mango grove, though

not a very large one, and when distributed flew up into a tree in the same

way as is done by the Indian Tree-Pipit (Anthus maculatus).

CHAS. M. INGLIS.

Bacuownte Factory, Laneria Sarat,

Ist October 1913.

No. XIII.—COMMON CUCKOO (CUCULUS CANORUS) LAYING

IN THE NEST OF THE PLUMBEOUS REDSTART

(RHYACORNIS FULGINOSUS).

In June this year I found two eggs of Cuculus canorus in nests of Rhya-

cornis fulginosus near Dalhousie.

The first I found on the 3rd June. The nest contained four Redstart eggs

and one Cuckoo’s egg. They were all hard set—the Cuckoo’s egg a good

deal more than the Redstart’s. The nest was built behind a thick fringe

of moss and rocks hanging down a rock face and about 4 inches clear

of it; it was about 8 ft. above a small pool in a stream.

The second I found on the 14th June. There were three Redstart’s eggs

in the nest. They were all slightly incubated, the Cuckoo’s egg least of

all, The nest was built ina hollow ina grassy bank near but not over-

hanging the stream. Both nests were near the same stream and about a

quarter of a mile apart.

The first Cuckoo’s egg measures ‘9” x ‘69. The ground colour is pinkish

buff and the egg is evenly blotched and spotted with dullpink. Itisa

broad oval in shape with the small end rather pointed.

The second egg measures *75” x ‘62”; itis very similar to the first in

colour, but has a slight tinge of grey, and the markings form a distinct

zone round the larger end: it is a Jonger shaped egg than the first and the

smaller end is only slightly narrow than the larger.

A, CRUICKSHANK, Caprt.,

32nd Sikh Pioneers.

LawoRE CanTONMENT, 25th July 1913.

[The Plumbeous Redstart is not included by Mr. Stuart Baker in his list of nineteen

birds in which the Common Cuckoo’s eggs have been taken in India, vide Journ.

B.N.H.S., Vol. XVII, p. 78.—Ebs.]

626 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

No. XIV.—THE CUCKOO (CUCULUS CANORUS) IN THE

CENTRAL PROVINCES.

During May and beginning of June 1913, I constantly heard and saw

the Cuckoo in the jungles of South Chanda, C. P., and though I never found

any proofs of their breeding there beyond the Cuckoo’s breeding season

note, I am quite satisfied that these parts may be included in its breeding

haunts. In most places Indian Pipits (Anthus rufulus) were plentiful, and

for.other foster mothers this Cuckoo would find a few Magpie Robins’

(Copsychus saularis) and unlimited numbers of the Brown-backed Indian

Robins (Thamnobia cambaiensis).

C. R. PITMAN.

Dera Ismait Kuan, 7th August 1913.

[Blanford was of opinion that the Common Cuckoo probably breeds in the

country between the Godavari and Chota Nagpur. It would be interesting to seex

skin of a Common Cuckoo shot in that district in June to see to which race it

belongs.—Eps. ]

No. XV.—OCCURRENCE OF THE HIMALAYAN PIGMY

WOODPECKER (UJYNGIPICUS PYGMAEUS, Vies)

IN RAWALPINDI DISTRICT.

The distribution of this Woodpecker is given in the Fauna of British India,

Vol. III, p. 46, as follows :—“ Forests of the base and lower valleys of the

Western Himalayas from around Katmandu in: Nepal to Mussooree.”’

Hence it appears of interest to note that at the end of September 1910

I found this species common in the lower hill jungles, northwest of Kahuta,

Rawalpindi District; they were there in parties and were climbing about

on the smaller twigs of large trees. Two specimens were obtained and

are now inmy collection [No. 205—27-9-10, Letrah 3,500 ft. 9 : 206—25-9-10

Keral. |

HUGH WHISTLER, M.B.0.U.,

Indian Police.

JHELUM, 5th September 1913.

No. XVI.—MALABAR PIED HORNBILL (ANTHRACOCEROS

CORONATUS).

I came across a pair of these birds in the Central Provinces in lat. 80° 14’

E., long. 19° 50’ N., feeding on the fruit of Peepal trees, in company with

reen Pigeons, Crocopus chlorogaster, in the early morning on either 10th or

11th May 1913. They were very wary and did not allow me to approach

close. When at all startled, they quickly made for the forest with a

flapping and railing flight. Sportsmen from further south in the Aluri

Estate between Bastar and the River Godavari came across them often

in flocks of as many as seven.

Cc. R. PITMAN.

Dera Ismart Kuan, 7th August 1913.

No. XVII.—THE HIMALAYAN WOOD-OWL (SYRNIUM

NIVICOLA, Hopes).

As the nest and eggs of this species have not been observed hitherto,

and as very little is said to be known of its habits, the following particulars

may be of interest.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 627

This Owl is by no means uncommon in the large oak forests in the

neighbourhood of Simla, N. W. Himalayas, and is to be found in these parts

throughout the year. It usually keeps in pairs, though it is not unusual

to see a solitary bird. It is purely nocturnal in its habits, and during the

day sits absolutely motionless, with eyes closed, on the branch of some

densely foliaged tree. Its colouration blends admirably with its surround-

ings, and at times it is most difficult to recognise the bird, even when its

exact position has been indicated, for it looks exceedingly like an old

stump, and must frequently be mistaken for such.

My friend, Alec. Jones, has made some excellent detailed observations

in regard to the note of this bird. He says :—

“The usual call is a double hoot (H6-hd6), and the answer to this

(apparently from the bird’s mate) is a treble hoot. The hoot of this Owl

is deeper than that produced by S. aluco. At home I could, with the aid

of my hands, generally call up a tawny Owl to within a few yards of where

I stood, but here with these Owls (S. nzvicola), I never succeeded in getting

an answer, owing to the fact that I could not get the note low enough to

deceive them.”

“‘ Besides the usual hoot, S. nzvicola has a note, which could be produced

by placing a blade of grass between the two thumbs, and then blowing

through them sharply. This, I think, is a love call. When the bird utters

this note, it is usually on the wing, and soars up almost vertically for a

few yards, and descends for some distance; with wings closed, gradually

opening its wings, and finally settling on the nearest suitable point of

vantage.”

“On a certain afternoon I heard one of these Owls hooting in an un-

usual manner. This was more like the bubbling note of the common

Cuckoo (C. canorus), but not nearly so loud.”

An adult bird, which was caught in one of the forests here, was kept in

confinement for a few days, but little information could be gleaned in

regard to its habits. During the day it would sit huddled up in one corner

of its cage, but when night came on, it became exceedingly active. It was

fed on dead birds, and it was very noticeable that the heads were invari-

ably eaten first. The food was always held down with the claws, and then

torn to bits. For some reason or another, this Owl rejected all the rats

that were offered to it, though, curious to relate, these animals form the

chief nutriment of the young (vide remarks infra).

In the “Key to the Species” (Fauna, B. I. Aves, Vol. III., p. 278),

Blanford gives the wing of this bird as 12”, but in two specimens, which I

have measured, I find that the length of the wing varies from 12:25!

to 12:5’. Then again at page 274, the colouration of the bill is said to be

“pale fleshy yellow”, but in all my specimens the bill was invariably light

grecn horny, bluish near base. Lastly, the claws are not brown, but horny

green at bases, and dusky horny at tips.

The first clue which I obtained to the nesting of this Owl was when on

the Ist July, three years ago, one of my hunters brought me an immature

bird, which had apparently recently left, or been driven away from its

nest, and lacking experience in the ways of this world, had been immedi-

ately pounced upon, and almost mobbed to death by a party of Jungle

Crows.

The year 1912 passed without any further success, but on the 13th

May of this year, the first find was made. I had sent my hunters to

examine a Kestrel’s nest, which I had found a few days previously on a

small cliff, and while ascending this cliff, one of them came across a fairly

large cavern, which had not hitherto been observed owing to its mouth

being covered over with a mass of brushwood and creepers. Pushing

628 \JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

these aside, the man peeped into the cave through mere curiosity, and

before he had time to withdraw himself, he found to his horror that a large

Owl was clinging to his bare chest! It was most fortunate that the man

had the presence of mind to kill the bird immediately by squeezing it;

and on examining the cave again, he found one young, clad in whitish

down, which had recently been hatched, and one addled egg.

There was no nest of any kind, and the young and the egg were resting

on the bare ground. The remains of a rat were found lying close to the

young bird, and with this exception the cave was very clean.

The egg is of course pure spotless white, but is much stained with

incubation. It is fairly glossy. Its shape is a broad oval nearly spherical.

It measures 1:9” x 1:6”.

The elevation of the spot was about 6,500 feet.

On my informing Jones about this, he immediately set to work, and

made a most systematic and exhaustive search in the neighbouring forests

here, with the result that a few days later, he communicated to me the

good news that he had located another nest of this species, containing two

young, a few days old. There were two partially devoured rats lying

beside the young birds.

The nest in this case was in a hollow of an old oak tree, and was placed

about 12 feet from the ground. The elevation of the spot was 8,300 feet.

Young of the Himalayan Wood-Ow! ( Syrnium nivicoia ).

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 629

A fortnight afterwards Jones visited the nest again to see how the

young were progressing, but much to his surprise, he found that one of

them had disappeared ; the other was doing splendidly. The old bird

was not in the nest at the time, and Jones, taking advantage of its seem-

ing absence, brought down the youngster from the tree, with a view to

photographing it. He had barely got the little chap into position, when

the old bird appeared on the scene, and made a most determined attack

on him, knocking off his hat, and drawing blood from his scalp and face.

From the foregoing it seems pretty clear that the normal number of

eggs of this species is 2, and that it lays about the middle or third week

in April. The nesting site is either the hollow of an old tree, or a cavern

or fissure of a precipice.

Now that we have fairly complete data, there should be no further

difficulty in finding more nests of this Owl at the proper season.

Pp. T. L.. DODSWORTH, r.z.s., M.B.0.U.

Srmza, 13th June 1913.

No. XVIII.—SOME FURTHER NOTES ON THE NESTING AND

PLUMAGE OF THE SHAHIN FALCON (F4LCO PEREGRINA-

TOR) ve. THE BLACK-CAP FALCON (FALCO ATRICEPS).

Since recording the note about this species in the Journal dated the

21st April 1913 (pp. 197-198), I have taken another nest on the 30th

March 1913, containing 2 eggs, in practically the same spot as the one

taken last year.

It will be remembered that on the previous occasion I mentioned having

shot both the old birds, and a few months afterwards, on visiting this cliff,

which had been haunted by them, I found, much to my surprise, that it

was tenanted again by another pair of Shahins. These birds did not lay

in the old nest, but in a hole of the cliff, about half a mile distant.

In the present case there was no nest of any kind, and the eggs were

reposing on the bare ground.

The colouration of the two eggsis entirely different. One—a magnificent

specimen—is a rich uniform deep brick-red, the other has a ground colour

of brownish-yellow, and is heavily blotched with reddish brown. In shape

they are broad ovals, a good deal pointed towards the smallend. They

measure (1) 1:92”x1:53", (2) 1°88’ 1:52",

The shells have a fine texture.

One egg was fresh, the other semi-incubated.

I did not shoot the birds in this instance, as I had on several occasions

watched them at very close quarters before they had laid, and had noted

full details of their plumage. The following are the characteristic points

which deserve notice :—

(t) The cheek-stripe of the male was absolutely fused into the black

of the head and nape, while in the female it was quite distinct.

(w%) The male had no fulvous whatever on the neck, a sign of great

age: the female had a rufous collar, a sign of immaturity.

(wz) The male was ferruginous about the crop and sternum: the cor-

responding parts in the female were a light salmon, slightly

darker on the sternum.

The reverse was the case, as regards all three of the above points, in

the birds shot last year.

All these facts tend to confirm my previous impressions :—

(a) That the clear “ homogeneous unbroken black cap” on which

630 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX11.

Hume laid so much stress, for according specific rank to the

Himalayan birds, is merely a sign of age; and

(6) that the Himalayan birds cannot, therefore, be separated on this

account from the birds found in other parts of India: in other

words, the Falco atriceps of Hume is identical with the Falco fer "C-

gy inator of Sundevall.

P. T. L. DODS WORTH, F.z.s., M.B.0.0.

Srna, 4th June 1913.

No. XIX.—THE LIMITS OF RANGE OF THE BRONZE-

WINGED DOVE (CHALCOPHAPS INDICA).

Isaw one of these beautiful little doves drinking at a village tank at about

8-0:a.m. on 14th Aprilj1913; this place was about 8 miles west of latitude

80° E. and 70 miles north of the River Godavari. The jungle was fairly

open scrub, trees and grass jungle. On 13th May I saw one drinking at a

pool in a pallah about 6-30 a.m. in latitude 80°14’ EH. longitude 19° 50’

N., and about 65 miles north of the River Godavari. Hills of granitoid

oneiss, thick forest, grassy plains and valleys between the hills: a great

deal of Bamboo jungle.

C. R. PITMAN,

Dera Ismait Kuan, 7th August 19138.

No. XX.—GREY QUAIL (COTURNIX COMMUNIS) IN

CUTCH AND KATHIAWAR.

Grey quail have been seen—although only a few—in Cutch, as early as the

middle of August, but one never comes across them in May or June. By

the beginning of April every bird disappears from this Province, at least

{ have never seen or héard of any after the first week of April until about

the middle of August.

I, therefore, was rather surprised to see last month (May), when I was

on the north-west side of the Gir Forest in Kathiawar, no less than seven

couple of Grey Quail.

While out riding on the evening on the 27th May, I put up a couple and

to make quite sure about them I put them up again. Next morning I was

out after black buck and put up about six couple more. The birds were

all in a patch of rather long dry grass and got up very close to me, so I

have no doubt as to their identity. I saw these quail near a spot called

Deval-Bag about a mile and a half from Mendarada, a village which lies

in a Kathi State of that name.

M. K. 8. VIJAYARAJJI OF CUTCH.

Buus, 9th June 1913.

No. XXI.—FLORICAN (SYPHOETIS AURITA) IN THE KONKAN.

In No. I, Vol. XXII. I read an article about the occurrence of the Lesser

Florican or Likh below the Ghauts. It might interest you to know that in

November 1908, I shot a female of this species at Chinchavli, near Neral,

while shooting quail i in fairly high grass.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 631

I also saw another Lesser Florican from a train between Andheri and

Malad stations on the B. B. & C. I. Railway early in December 1912. I

am sure of having made no mistake, as the bird was close to the line, and

I know the species well, having shot quite a few of them.

M. F. SUTER,

Bompay, lst July 1913.

[ In the Times of India of June 10th, a Lesser Florican was reported as having

been seen in Bombay near Churchgate station two days before, and on the follow-

ing day Mr. H. A. W. Brent wrote to that paper to say that he had shot one in

December last at Kalyan.—Eps.]

No. XXII.—BREEDING OF THE INDIAN COURSER (CURSORIUS

COROMANDELICUS) IN THE DARBHANGA DISTRICT.

On the 13th April of this year, I obtained two nestlings in the down of

this species. I had long thought that this species breed here, but none of

my coilectors ever came across the eggs or young, sol am glad to be able

at last to record their breeding here.

CHAS. M. INGLIS.

BacuHownie Factory,

Darsuanca District, 16th June 1918.

No. XXIII.—GREAT SNIPE (GALLINAGO MAJOR) IN

SOUTH INDIA.

In the Annual Report of the Madras Museum for 1912, Dr. Henderson

mentions that the Museum has received a Great Snipe, shot by Mr. G. L.

Peters, near Arkonam, on 30th March 1918. As this occurrence has not

been recorded before, as far as | am aware, in any Journal I think it is

worthwhile putting it on record in the Journal here ; otherwise it is apt to

be overlooked. The previous records of this snipe in India are near

Madras on 5th September 1899 and at Bangalore in October 1910.

N. B. KINNEAR,

Bompay Nar. Hist. Society,

September 19138.

No. XXIV.—LATE STAY OF SNIPE (GALLINAGO CELESTIS)

IN THE CENTRAL PROVINCKHS.

I know little about the migration of snipe in the Central Provinces, but

the following late dates on which snipe were observed may be of interest.

19th March.—I flushed a full snipe from a marsh by the edge of a tank

at about 5-45 p. m. in the North Chanda District.

2nd March.—About 2-30 p. m. I flushed a snipe from the edge of a tank

in South Chanda.

| 16th, 17th and 18th April.—t observed a snipe by a tank at various hours

of the day. None of them were Painted snipe, Rostralula capensis, which

breed in the Central Province in marshes round large tanks in parts not

much frequented by cattle and natives.

C. R. PITMAN.

~ Dera Ismait Kuan,

August 19138.

632 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

No. XXV.—WOOD-DUCK (ASARCORNIS SCUTULATA) IN

MANIPUR.

It may interest you to know that I have recently met with three speci-

mens of the White-winged| Wood~Duck, Asarcornis scutulata, in the hills near

here. This species is common in the Upper Chindwin District of Burma,

which adjoins Manipur, and comparatively so in Upper Assam ; but I think

I am correct in saying that it has not hitherto been observed in Manipur

itself. J was recently on tour in the hills in the north-west of the State, and

on July 24th was crossing a small hill stream below Laishan village, known

as Laishan Lokchao (height, a little over 3,000 ft.) when the Kukis who were

with me, told me that there was a deep pool further up the ravine on which

duck were usually found. They told me that the pool had been formed in

the night some 15 years ago by a landslip which choked up the ravine. It

was with some difficulty that I persuaded them to show me the way to the

pool, for they firmly believed it to be haunted, saying that two men who

shot duck on the pool a few years ago had died very shortly after. The

pool was in anarrow part of the ravine, with steep cliffs on each side. The

cliff to the west was wooded, and above and below the pool was high grass

above one’s head. The pool was about 80 yards long and 30 yards broad.

On arriving at one end, I put up a wood-duck, which flew to the other end,

where there was another swimming about. I climbed through the jungle

to the neighbourhood of the other end, and put up three wood-duck, which

flew away down the ravine. The Kukis, who were with me, told me that

they had seen that kind of duck occasionally in the rains along the banks

of the Iril River (of which this small stream was a tributary), but had never

seen them in the cold weather. I doubt, however, if much reliance can

be placed in their powers of observation or memory.

J. C. HUGGINS, tes.

Impuat, Manipur State,

14th August 1913.

No. XXVI.—FIGHTING FISH (BETTA PUGNAX).

I obtained six of these little fish from Siam at Singapore on June 26th,

1913, each one being in a separate bottle with a perforated cover, this

latter precaution being necessary as they jump out at every opportunity ;

in fact I have gone into my. cabin two or three times and found one on the

mat in quite a dry state and apparently dead, but on placing it back into

the water it always returned to life, being a very hardy fish.

I have had several of these fish at different times and have always kept

them in a simple glass jam jar, half full of water and a little water weed,

changing the water every two days.

As to food I have only given them one grain of boiled rice each fish every

two days. This fish when by itself in its own little bottle is quite a quiet,

unattractive little fellow and small, only two inches long, with one big

dorsal fin, one large and two small long fins like spikes, ventrals, on the

underside and two pectorial fins. In colour it is a dull green and red, the

fins are all closed up and look small.

The change comes however when you place the two bottles close together

and the fish catch sight of each other, suddenly up go their fins which with

the tail swell out, and as the fish get more excited, the whole body gets

more vivid in colour, red, blue, green and yellow and these colours change

rapidly as the fish rush about and the light catches them at various angles.

The pectorial fins fan the water very rapidly, causing strong currents in

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 635

the water which stirs up the sediment and two pouches swell out from the

lower part of the gills ; these pouches may be called a fringe. They get

more and more excited and try to reach each other through the glass,

dashing themselves against it and altogether looking very fierce. They have

to come up to the top of the water very often for air, each time leaving a

little bubble floating on top, then back again to fight, so they will go on

for hours, only stopping when the bottles are separated, when they calm

down into dull little fish again, their tails and fins closing up and thus

they will stay for hours without moving.

The Siamese breed these fish for sport and much betting is done, two

fish being put together in the same glass bowl and that fish which kills

the other is the winner, some being quite noted for the large number of

fights and kills they have had.

Iam told the fight does not last long, and sometimes, if taken out in

time and placed in a separate jar, the vanquished fish will come to life

again, one only wonders how any of these fish survive in their natural state,

though I understand, however, it is only the males that fight. I have never

put two of my fish together to see a fight as I have always had so much

trouble to get them, being rather rare, as however I have now given four to

the Bombay Natural History Society’s Museum, perhaps they would like to

try two; if so, they may add a note to this, of the result.

One thing I have done, put one fighting fish in a bowl with small Chinese

gold fish, with the result, he killed the lot.

F. H. S. STONE.

Bompay, 8th July 1913.

No. XXVII.—SOME FACTS ABOUT RUSSELL’S EARTH SNAKE

' (ERYX CONICUS),

On the 17th September this year, I was out on reconnaissance near

Tank, N. W. F.P., inthe Dera Ismail Khan District, and some of my

sepoys called my attention to a snake lying in a field which they said

was a double-headed one.

On looking at the beast I saw a snake, well over two feet in length,

very sluggish in movement and heavy in appearance. The shape of the

body was cylindrical, and it was of the same thickness from head to tail,

the circumference being about 23 inches or more. Of tail there was really

none, the posterior being blunt with a slight depression in the centre, two

small dark knobs on either side of the posterior rather gave the impression

of eyes when looked at from a distance.

The scales seemed very small and of a similar size all over the body,

there being no difference in the ventral scales. I did not notice its vent.

The colouration of the body reminded me at first glance of a Russell’s

Viper, Vipera russelli, but was more orange-coloured and the markings less

defined, the whole of the under surface from the sides was of a dirty white

and the actual belly black. The whole skin was very shiny and its eyes

seemed black and beady.

This snake made no attempt to get away and was apparently sunning

itself ; but my men, who vowed it was poisonous, killed it. Unfortunately 1

had no means of taking it along with me.

Now I had with me Afridis, Khattaks, Punjab Mohammedans and Sikhs,

and they all had special names for it and all swore as to its various powers.

One story was, that a man once bitten will be bitten by a snake every year

on the anniversary of the first bite, and I see that this is mentioned in the

account of this snake in Vol. XXI, No.1, J.B. N. H.S.

634 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

In regard to the food of Erya: conicus rather an interesting point crops up

here, as the men told me that this snake at that time of year was very

common and could always be found in fields where the quail came, being

very partial to a meal of quail. They moreover said that they often came

across these snakes when netting quail both by day and night; and they

told me not to worry as there were plenty about and they could always’

get me them,

As to habits I have only twice met this snake, and the nature of the

country hard “ pat” rather suggests to one that this snake, if an earth-

dweller, must he almost amphibious, for very often large tracts of country

in its habitat are flooded for months and a couple of days rain will turn

the whole of a piece of “ pat’ country into a mud-marsh. Under such

conditions where does this snake go, for is it a good swimmer or not ?

In similar circumstances other kinds of more active snakes suchas Hchis

carinata would either save themselves by putting distance between them

and the danger or escape up into bushes, small trees, etc., but what could

the sluggish conzcus do.

The only other specimen I met was a large one killed in a compound

in Tank, but I could not get a vessel capable of holding it at the time.

It measured very nearly 3 feet, which must be very large. ‘I shall be in

Tank again this hot weather and will see what I can do about getting

specimens.

Cc. R. 8S. PITMAN.

Dera Ismait Kuan,

5th December 1912,

No, XX VIII.—OCCURRENCE OF THE SNAKE (PSAMMOPHIS

LONGIFRONS) AT NAGPUR.

On the 2nd June 1913, I obtained a specimen of this snake for the

Nagpur Museum. This is the first time the species has been recorded from

here. The type (head and neck only), which is in the British Museum,

came from the Cuddapah Hills and others have been recorded from about

five localities in the basins of the Kistna and Godavery. In my specimen

the condition of the posterior nasal is abnormal; the shield instead of

being divided is only partially so and the head lacks the symmetrical un-

dulating black lines described in the type. The costals were in 17 rows

on the neck and body reducing to 13 at a point two head lengths away

from the vent. Ventrals 174, subcaudals 79 pairs, anal 21, preocular 1,

postoculars 2, labials 8, the 4th and the 5th entering the eye, 5 infra-

labials in contact with the anterior chin-shield.

It had recently fed, six skinks, some of which were M. carinata, were

found in gastro.

E. A. D’ABREU, F.z.s.

THe Musnum, Nacrpvur,

15th August 1918.

No. XXIX.—THE OCCURRENCE OF THE SLENDER CORAL SNAKE

(CALLOPHIS TRIMACULATUS) AT NAGPUR,

CENTRAL PROVINCES.

On the 5th August 1913, I secured a specimen of the Slender Coral Snake

(Callophis trimaculatus) in the Civil Station of Nagpur.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 635

This species has never been recorded in the Central Provinces before,

and in extending its habitat it also increases our list of poisonous snakes.

It is a very small snake and remarkably slender, attaining a length of

only about 13 inches. There isa great superficial resemblance dorsally

between this and another harmless species also found here, which I cannot

help noticing, the snake in question being Polyodontophis subpunctatus.

Both are roughly speaking pale brown snakes with black heads; but the

Callophis has, in addition, two black bands across the tail. Upset the snakes

and the differences are more clearly visible, for while the underparts of the

Polyodontophis are whitish or yellowish, those of the Callophis are bright

coral red, or at all events, red near the vent.

My specimen measured 9°7 inches, of which the tail accounted for

l‘linch. The ventrals and subcaudals were 249+31, the latter in pairs.

The anal divided. One pre and two postoculars. One temporal, 6 supra-

labials, the 3rd and the 4th entering the eye; 4 infralabials in contact

with the anterior chin-shield. Costals in 13 rows.

EK. A. D’ABREU, F.z.s.

THE Musreum, Nagpur,

September 8th, 1918.

No, XXX.—BANDED KRAIT (BUNGARUS FASCIATUS)

IN OUDH.

If my memory serves me, I think that Major Wall in his interesting

papers on the Common Snakes of India, says that the Banded Krait

(Bunyarus fasciatus) had not been recorded from Oudh. It will interest him

to know that a fine specimen was lately obtained by Mr. R. H. L. Clarke,

1.C.8., in the Western part of the Bahraich district, and that a few years

ago, I killed one, and saw two others on the banks of the Mahun river in

the Kheri district.

S. J. MARTIN.

Gonna, 7th July 1918.

No. XXXI.—BANDED KRAIT (BUNGARUS FASCIATUS) IN

HYDERABAD STATE.

A short time ago Mr. A. C. Hankin, C.I.E., Inspector General of the

Nizam’s Police, was in Bombay, and told us that Mr. G. E.C. Wakefield

had killed a Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus) in Hyderabad State at

Christmas time last year. On writing to Mr. Wakefield, he kindly sent

the skin and gave us further particulars as follows :—‘‘ You are interested

in the snake I shot last Xmas at Narsampett, 24 miles N.-E. of Warangal.

I shot him at nightin a running stream, a light on the bank had apparently

attracted him and appeared to hold him there entwined round a bush

growing in the running water. By lamp light that night his colour

appeared to be black and white, but in day light next morning he was

black and pale yellow. But to we, interested asI am in snakes, his

most interesting feature was this triangular formation.”

The skin which is that of an undoubted Banded Krait measures 7’-32!

362 mm.), but having been cured has been considerably stretched and

probably did not measure when alive much more than 6/-9", Major Wall

86 JOURNAL BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

gives the southern limit of this snake as “ only known from the Peninsula

in the North-East as far South as the Basin of the Mahanadi River,’”’ which

is about 190 miles North-Hast of the present locality.

i N. B. KINNEAR.

Bompay Naturat History Sociztry, 1913.

No. XXXII._KRAITS IN THE DERA ISMAIL KHAN DISTRICT.

This district seems to be rich in Kraits, and according to their habit

they are always to be found hunting in pairs. Kill a Krait and look for

its mate is a very sound principle on which to act, it will answer in every

case: otherwise one is asking for trouble. Moreover, all I have seen

here appear to be of an unusually large variety, and I have not met any

measuring under 3 feet in length. During the hot weather in August, I

saw 2 pairs which had been killed and which were fine ordinary Kraits of

the species Bungarus coeruleus averaging about 3/-6”.

In the middle of September my regiment went out to Tank, which is

42 miles north and a few degrees west of Dera Ismail Khan. There, in less

than a month, within a very small area, 3 pairs were killed: all very

large and all of the Sind variety, Bungarus sindanus. The last pair killed

were very big, each measuring over 4 feet in length, and they were very

vicious. The first one was killed lying along the step of a well and then

the mate suddenly appeared from near at hand and struck at the mali

repeatedly, fortunately it only struck him on the skirt of his clothing

and then it was despatched.

I do not know whether Sind and Common Kraits are found together but

it seems curious that these two species should be locally distributed in

places which are only 42 miles apart.

Next year, when my regiment will spend four of the hot weather months

at Tank, I hope to find out more about the distribution of these Kraits.

C. R. S. PITMAN,

Dera Ismain Kuan, 27th Punjabis.

November, 1912.

No. XXXIII—A SNAKE-CHARMER’S PERFORMANCE.

On 21st September 1913, I was visited by an old Burman snake-charmer,

and his performance was so remarkable that I requested him to come again

and repeat it before some friends, whom I invited to come and watch. I

had a double object in doing this, first, in order to give me an opportu-

nity to check my own observations, and, if necessary, correct them; and,

secondly, to procure the additional evidence of two independent observers.

Unfortunately the old man did not turn up on the next day as he was said

to be suffering from an attack of fever, and when he did appear on the third

day (yesterday) he was so obviously shaking with fever that his performance

did not come up to that given on the first day. I was able, however, to

check my original observations and conclusions satisfactorily ; and I think

it will be interesting to describe the whole performance in detail as it

appeared to the observers first, adding my own conclusions afterwards.

The old man himself would have delighted the heart of an artist. He

gave hisname as U Hla Baw of Yenaung village, about 8 miles from

Pyawbwe. He was of moderate height, spare figure, wrinkled and almost

toothless, and his hands scarred and knotted to a degree, the little finger

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 637

of one hand being permanently bent at aright angle from the middle

joint. He was accompanied by asmall orchestra, consisting of a drum

and a pipe on the first day augmented by a pair of brass cymbals and a

split bamboo clapper on the second day. When this rude band had tuned

up and really got going, the performer divested himself of his coat and

removed his “ gaung-baung” or silk head-dress which he wound round his

waist, tied his hair in a knot on the top of his head and then clad in a vest

and a pair of loose black Shan trousers, began his performance by remov-

ing the lid from a large round basket and hitting the basket on the side.

I expected to see a cobra, the usual adjunct of the snake-charming fra-

ternity, but to my surprise a very large hamadryad reared its head about

a foot above the basket and flattened its neck in menace. It wasa

magnificent specimen in very good coat—I subsequently taped it while it

was held out at full length, but for the small curves into which its body

was thrown by its struggles, and it measured from nose tip to tail tip just

over twelve feet two inches—and no one knowing the swift death that fol-

lows a bite from this species could fail to be thrilled by the spectacle it

offered. Now the band toned down its raucousness and the old man

began droning a song accompanied by a dance of the usual Burmese type,

that is, exaggerated posturing of body with a slight shuffle and much

waving of the hands. He approached the snake, put his face down close

to it and sang leeringly (or was it endearingly ?) at it. The snake never

moved. Thenhe knelt down beside the basket with his neck just below

the snake and enticed it to strike. The hamadryad lunged out over his

neck some two feet or more with half opened mouth and drew back again.

The snake-charmer then rose and continued his dance. Presently he

squatted in front of the snake and induced it to strike at him. After it

had done so several times he approached it slowly and extending his

tongue slowly licked its nose, a proceeding he followed by licking its face

all over and finally taking its nose into his mouth and closing his lips on

it. His next act was to turnit out of the basket which he did by slowly

pouring it out while he stepped backwards with the basket so that it pre-

sently lay at full length on the ground. He then placed his open hand

on its tail and when he pressed on it the snake instantly turned on him

with a rush and struck. After this he went through the same tricks he

had done with it while it was in its basket and they were all repeated not

once but several times. I then requested him to put the snake back in

its basket and he did so by deftly seizing it behind the head and lifting

as much as he could conveniently reach with the other hand while a small

boy lifted the tail. I next asked him if the snake had its fangs and he

assured me it had, so I asked him to show themto me. He caught it again

by the neck and pushing back the mucous covering said “ there,’ but I

could see no signs of them, and on the second day when I tried again I was

fairly satisfied that they had been removed and that on one side the mouth

was still sore from the operation. He told me he had caught the snake some

26 days previously, and that he had often been bitten and showed me the

scars on his hands and wrists. These, of course, may or may not have been

due to bites, but I am inclined tothink thatvery likely they were, foron

the second day, as he was releasing the snake after showing me its mouth,

he sustained a scratch on the finger from one of its teeth though this did

not appear to concern him much. I asked him what he did when he was

bitten and he said that snake-bites had no effect on him as he had taken

medicine for many years. He then produced some small pieces of a

blackish substance which, he said, was composed of a certain herb and that

when a person was bitten al! he had to do was to rub some of the sub-

stance on the palm of his hand and then swallow it. This herb, he said,

6388 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXGE

probably grew round here but the snake always had to find it, a story

most of us have heard before from snake-charmers. I begged for a piece

of this and he kindly gave me two pieces as well as two pieces of a porous

substance which he told me was to be applied to the wound in the event

of a bite.

To return to the performance, I noticed, first of all, that the snake

seemed to show very little spirit or ‘‘animus” when striking at the per-

former. Indeed his lunges in the direction of the man appeared to me to

be more of a threatening nature, as if to say, ‘be careful or I will bite

you.” Secondly, I remarked that its blows never actually went home. On

one or two occasions I could not see the finish of the blow ; but, as a rule,

when the snake struck, the old man gently turned the blow aside with his

open hand in exactly the way one turns a lunge from a sabre in fencing.

This parrying was not so noticeable on the second day, when the snake

seemed less inclined to strike than at the first performance. Thirdly, I

remarked that the snake never opened its mouth at all widely as if to

inflict a real bite but merely lunged with its mouth slightly open. I can-

not account for the snake’s docile behaviour when the Burman put his face

against its face and when he licked its nose and took other familiarities

with it, nor can I explain how it was taught to lunge close over the back

of his neck when he crouched beside it. To sum up, I arrived at the

conclusion that the snake was utterly cowed. It had, 1 presume, suffered

in the extraction of its fangs, and this operation coupled perhaps with its

subsequent treatment, had induced in it a sense of impotence resulting in

its never striking home and inflicting a wound.

Finally, it would be interesting to know whether the extraction of the

fangs had any direct effect on the secretion of the poison in the poison

glands, or stopped the flow of poison into the mouth by blocking up the

duct by inflammation or in any other way, or whether the poison was in its

mouth but sufficiently diluted with saliva to be innocuous for the time

being, but I had no means of investigating these questions. I should

mention that both performances were very closely watched by my wife and

myself from a distance of four yards, and that on the second occasion

there were two other gentlemen present not to mention servants. The

snake was an undoubted hamadryad of the distinctly banded variety and

measured over twelve feet in length and over ten inches in girth.

F. E. W. VENNING, Caprarn.

Pyawswe, 25th September 1913.

No. XXXIV.—VARIETIES OF HEMIBUNGARUS NIGRESCENS

AND HYDROPHIS TORQUATUS.

Hemibungarus nigrescens.

An unusual specimen was collected by Father Dreckmann, 8.J., at Khan-

dalla. Itis aberrant in having an entire anal shield, but is otherwise

normal in lepidosis. Ventrals 244. Subcaudals 38. If not a melanotic

specimen it deserves recognition as a colour variety, and I would suggest

the name khandallensis for it. Dorsally it is uniform blackish. A lightish

temporal oblique streak, and a similarly coloured nuchal bar alone relieve

the dorsal colouration. The belly is coral red. As far as I can ascertain

it has only once before been recorded North of Goa, viz., at Karwar

(Phipson. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Jourl., Vol. II, p. 248).

Hydrophis torquatus.

An interesting melanotic specimen of this snake was found by Father

Dreckmann, S.J., in Back Bay, Bombay. In lepidosisit fully agrees with

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 639

my many other specimens. Costals—two head lengths behind the head

are 38,in midbody 46, and two head lengths before the vent 39; sub-

imbricate anteriorly, juxtaposed posteriorly. Ventrals—326, entire in

whole belly. It is completely black, Some very indistinct indications of

the normal light bars are visible ventrally. The records of over 30

specimens show that it has only once before been taken on the shores of

Peninsula India, West of Calcutta, viz., on the East Coast at Gopalpore

(Orissa). On the Burmese Coast it is common,

F, WALL, c.M.z.s., I.M.8.

Aumora, 1913.

No. XXXV.—NOTES ON SOME INTERESTING SNAKES

RECENTLY PRESENTED TO THE SOCIETY.

Oligodon erythrogaster.

A good specimen of this little known species, with the habitat unspecified,

has been sent to our Society by Dr. Caleb. The ventrals number 163, and

_ the subcaudals 59. The type in the Indian Museum was from Nepal. I

recorded a second specimen (Bomb. N. H. Jourl., Vol. XIX, p. 1,000) from

Tindharia (KH. Himalayas) since then I have had another from Tindharia,

and the specimen now alluded to is the fourth known. The ventrals range

from 163 to 184, and the subcaudals from 47 to 59.

Dryophis pulverulentus.

Two fine specimens of this uncommon snake have been acquired by our

Society. A young one from Mr. H. E. Green is from Ceylon. The ventrals

are 183 and the subcaudals 161. The second specimen from Mr. A. Kinloch

is from the Nellampathy Hills. Itis avery fine @ measuring 4 feet 33

inches, the tail accounting for 22 inches. The ventrals are 202 and the

subcaudals 207.

Dendrophis goret.

A Dendrophis from the S. Shan States (Taunggyi) collected by Mr.

Lightfoot agrees with two specimens of gorei* from Assam in every

respect except that the anal is entire instead of being divided. The

ventrals are 195, and subcaudals 107 (tail deficient terminally). The

costals two head lengths behind the head are 13, in midbody 13, and two

head lengths before the vent 11. The anterior temporal is single. The

supralabials 8, the 4th and 5th touching the eye. The 6th infralabial very

long, equals the 4 preceding shields of the series. The maxillary teeth

are about 17 (the 2 posterior enlarged).

Dendrophis bifrenalis.

Among other snakes from Ceylon Mr. E. E. Green has sent our Society

a good 2 ? specimen of this species. The ventrals are 164 and the

subcaudals 151.

Callophis macclellandi, var goret.

In Vol. XIX, page 842 of this journal I mentioned a new colour variety

of this species from Jaipur, Assam. I have now received a fourth specimen

from Manipur which I have sent to our Society’s collection. The ventrals

number 214, and the subcaudals 29.

F. WALL, c.M.z.s., 1.M.s.

Aumora, 1913.

EEE ees, =e

* Bomb. Nat, Hist. Jourl., Vol. XIX, p. 829.

640 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

No. XXXVI—NOTES ON THE FLYING LIZARD (DRACO

MACULATUS).

Whilst hunting for specimens amongst the trees in the P. & O. Company’s

compound at Singapore on the 26th of June at 11 a.m. I saw twosmall brown

lizards basking in the sun on the trunk of a large tree. I give the time,

because they are mostly seen between 11 a.m. 2nd 2 P.m., when the sun is

strong, for the rest of the day keeping to the upper parts of the trees out

of sight.

On closer inspection I found they had “ wings,” which were spread out ;

but they were absolutely motionless. I also found that they were a pair.

Not having anything to catch them with I hurried back to my ship and got

my butterfly net and ran back again to the same place expecting they

would have vanished, but they had not; they were still in the same place.

I made a dash at the lower of the two lizards, knocked it off the tree,

caught it in the net and transferred it to a tin box without hurting it in

any way. I then looked for its mate, but he had disappeared high up into

the uppermost branches and I did not see him again. I made my way

back highly delighted with having caught even one and got the carpenter

to knock me up a box witha glass cover, into which I placed my lizard with

some earth and dried twigs, also some small grasshoppers as food. I am

not certain if she ate these, but anyway they were gone the next morning,

perhaps through the holes which were bored in the box for air. However

day after day I tried her with flies and small cockroaches, and once with a

butterfly which had lost its way and flown on board-in mid-ocean ; but even

this did not tempt her, and she did not eat anything all the time I had her

and did not seem much the worse for it.

The colour of this lizard was brown and grey, with black spots, one black

spot between the eyes and one on the back of the neck. Then 7 double

black and yellow spots along the back which merged into rings along the

tail. On the wings were lines of brown black spots with yellowish wavy

lines in between. The throat underneath was grey with a tinge of blue

green, and mottled with black. ‘The male has yellow under the throat

and a small crest on the back of its neck.” The “wings” extended from

behind the forelegs to the forepart of the hind legs and were in the form

of a parachute, just skin with 6 or 7 long ribs passing through to strengthen

them and for expanding and closing them. After being confined in

the box it seldom opened its “ wings”’ but kept them folded at its sides.

These wings are used as a parachute when jumping from branch to branch

which they do so quickly they are hardly to be seen. This lizard is

quite harmless, but it certainly looked very fierce when I attempted

to handle it, opening its mouth very wide and making faces at me.

A Malay who saw me catch it told me that it was poisonous and he evidently

believed it was. ‘he whole body is covered with scales but they are very

small. This lizard is only found in the Malay Peninsular, Sumatra, Java

and Borneo and is different to the flying lizard of India. The day after

the capture of the lizard it scraped a little hole in the earth at the bottom

of the box and laid three little oval white eggs with a soft skin, then left

them exposed and has never been near them since except to jump on them

in her excitement or anger when being looked at. Jumping on the eggs

dented them in, but after a few hours they always resumed their proper

shape again. The eggs when laid were just under half an inch long, but

on the ninth day I discovered that they were growing longer and more

rounded in the middle. I have kept the earth fairly damp the whole time

so that the eggs should have a little moisture.

The first morning after the lizard was on board I found the box full of

JOURN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 3.

x |

THE LIFE HISTORY OF A PHASMID.

CLUSTER OF Hiaes, natural size. Fig. 2. Hees x 8

OPERCULUM OF Hae x 8.

Migs a:

Fig. 4. NrwuLy-HATCHED NYMPH x 4.

Aputt InsEctT, natural size.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 641

ants, so after turning them out I painted a line of Stockholm tar round

the outside of the box, and this kept them out alright until we arrived in

Bombay, when I handed the lizard and her eggs over to the Society’s

Museum. I shall be much interested in hearing if they hatch out but the

sea air, I am afraid, may have been too much for them.

F. H. 8. STONE.

Bompay, 9th July 1918.

[Unfortunately the lizard died shortly after it arrived, and the two eggs shrivelled

up.—N. B. K.]

No. XXXVII.—THE CONTENTS OF A MARSH CROCODILE’S

(CROCODILUS PALUSTRIS) STOMACH.

On the morning of 28th April 1913, I shot a 9 feet Crocodile in the River

Weinganga, Central Provinces, and on examining the contentsof its

stomach, I found a fair sized pig, in portions, but still undigested, a pair

of metal bracelets and a leaden ball of about 2 inch in diameter.

C. R. PITMAN.

Dera Ismain Kuan, 7th August 1913.

No. XXXVIII.—MARSH CROCODILE (CROCODILUS PALUSTRIS)

KILLING A PANTHER (FELIS PARDUS).

While in camp on the banks of the River Weinganga in the Central

Provinces some villagers one day, the 27th of March, brought me a half-

grown panther measuring about 5/-6” that they had picked up dead near

the river and which from the nature of the wounds on it had undoubtedly

been killed by a crocodile.

C. R. PITMAN.

Dera Ismait Kuan, 7th August 1913.

[Sir E. Tennant in the Natural History of Ceylon gives an amusing account of a

panther falling a victim to an Esturine Crocodile (Crocodilus porosus)—EDps.]

No. XXXIX.—NOTE ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF A PHASMID.

(With A PLatTE.)

There is very little on record regarding the life-history and habits of

Indian Phasmids ; perhaps the only insect of the group about which some-

thing is known is Phylliwm scythe. As such, it is believed that this short

note on the life-history of one of these insects, however incomplete, will

contribute a little to our knowledge of this little-known but interesting

group of Orthoptera.

On the 18th September 1912, by mere chance, I came across a group of

eggs deposited on a wooden rafter in the roof of a shed up the hills

(2,000 feet) a few miles west of the Coimbatore Agricultural College. When

first observed, I had not the remotest idea that these were Phasmid eggs;

they were merely taken for the eggs of some Rhynchotid, and it was only

when the nymphs emerged a few days later that their true identity became

evident. The reason for mistaking their true nature is due to the fact

that most of the Phasmids known and described in books are known to

simply drop their eggs singly on to the soil together with their excrement.

The eggs.—The eggs are hard and seed like; they were found arranged

on the wooden rafter in two parallel rows. They were cemented to the

642 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

surface and each other at the sides by means of a sticky secretion. In

arrangement each egg is disposed in an inclined plane leaning towards the

side of its neighbour. The shape of each egg resembles an ovoid conical

jar broader at the base and gradually narrowing towards the distal free

end. At this later region there is a circular operculum or lid which is

separated off as a thin hard dise when the embryo emerges from within

the egg shell. When this lid is off, the distal end of the shell shows a

slightly raised circular rim bounding the opening. The egg capsule is

lined inside by a very thin whitish membrane. The outer surface is

rough and is covered with uneven reticulations giving it a rugose appear-

ance. The general colour of the eggs may be put down as pale whitish

with dark spots here and there. In this group there were in all 20 eggs.

The first nymph emerged on the 3rd September; as it was not known

when the eggs were laid by the parent insect; it may safely be stated that

it takes not less than sixteen days for the eggs to hatch out. The just-

hatched nymph is a slender comparatively elongate creature with the

limbs and antennze very prominent; the antenne being as long as the body

itself. At this stage the insect is 10 m.m. long. Itis of a pale whitish

green colour. Hach side of the body from the eye backwards has a darker

hue. The hinder two pairs of limbs are of an orange brown colour. The

body and limbs are hairy. When at rest the nymph keeps the front legs

and antenne stretched forwards and the hindlegs backwards almost

parallel to the body ; this gives the creature the appearance often assumed

by certain spiders. When touched the insect is so very delicate that one

or more of its legs get broken generally below the trochanter, though these

broken limbs are gradually repaired.

The first moult took place ten days after emergence from the egg and

after this the insect passed two or three moults, but these were not

correctly noted.

Not knowing the particular foodplant on which the insect generally

feeds, great difficulty was experienced in keeping alive the young nymphs

and many different kinds of leaves were tried for their food. A good many

of them died before the first moult. After afew days the nymphs—whether

due to necessity or liking I cannot say—began to appreciate the leaves of

Hibiscus esculentus, and they were fed on this leaf regularly afterwards.

The nymphs appear to be fond of water, drops of which they lapped often

with apparent satisfaction.

Out of the seven or eight nymphs that continued vigorous for several

days after hatching, only one lived to assume the adult stage. This

completed the embryonic stage on the 12th December, three months and

nine days after birth. The wing pads showed themselves early in

December.

The adult has the hind wings well developed reaching the very end of

the abdomen, while the first pair or tegmina are very short, hardly a third

of an inch in length. The insect appears to belong to Dr. Sharp’s group

of Necroscides (Cambridge Natural History, Insects, Part I, p. 278) and

the species is perhaps one of the genus ‘ Calvisia’ figured in Sharp (Joc.

cit, p. 273). Thus the developmental period from egg to adult may be-

roughly put down to be not less than four months, the following being the

periods passed in the different stages :—

Kgg—not less than 16 days.

Embryo—3 months and nine days.

Compared with that of Phylliwm scythe, which takes 15 or 16 months to pass

the embryonic stage, the life-history of our present species is probably

shorter ; but we cannot be sure of this, since the eggs might have been

laid months ago.

tus

Mt tig

Deed

ON ae Aner caer

E: i

Pde cea!

JOURN. BOMBAY NAT. HIST, SOC.

LIFE-HISTORY OF HELICOMITUS DICAX, WALK.

Fig. 1. - A row of eggs. x 2.

” 2. - A young larva. x 18.

" 3, - A full-grown larva. x 8,

” 4. - A cocoon from which the imago has emerged, the head of the

skin is shown protruding. x 8,

” 5, - The imago. x 2,

empty pupa

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Helicomitus dicaz, Walk.

. 1.—A row of eggs, x 2,

2.—A young larva, x 18,

3.—A full-grown larva, x 8.

4.—A cocoon from which the imago has emerged; the

head of the empty pupa skin is shown

protruding, x 8,

5.—The imago, x 2.

oi. ¥

SLO x

BOK) petal wot yew e

ee ; began. earl ogantti onli doitee ihoT! OBA | how

swore si stide and “rdeqarig Heh to: Read Noten

cB sel gathers

ee ‘doeant tT

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 643

A few eggs, similar to those above described, were subsequently found on

cabbage leaves on the College Farm; but these were not reared success-

fully.

It is not unlikely that the gaps in the life-history will be worked out

soon, now that something has been known of the nature of the important

stages—egg, nymph and adult.

T. V. RAMAKRISHNA ATYER,

First Asstt. to the Govt. Entomologist.

AGRICULTURAL CoLLEGE AND RESEARCH

INsTITUTE, COIMBATORE.

February 1913.

No. XL.—LIFE-HISTORY OF HELICOMITUS DICAX, Watx.

(WirH A PuaTE.)

The complete life cycle of Helicomitus dicav ordinarily occupies a year,

it may howeveryextend to more than one year and probably even two

years. The imago emerges at any time during the hot weather. Eggs

have been collected in May, July, August, October and November and

they were not in a state of hibernation or estivation. The egg, pupa and

imago stages are short, lasting for several days, while practically the whole

of the long period of the life cycle is passed in the active larval state, the

larvee being active even in winter. The period occupied by the complete

metamorphosis was in one case as follows :—

One egg-cluster was collected on the 12th August 1911.

The eggs hatched on the 16th August 1911.

Pupation took place (except of one) from 16th to 50th July 1912.

Imagos emerged from 3rd to 17th August 1912.

One larva did not pupate. It was apparently full-grown, but it did not

form any cocoon and continued to feed. It was fed and was actually

observed to feed continuously until the 25th February 1913, when it died,

probably from starvation as food was supplied to it sparingly. It was

discovered dead on 23rd March 1913, death not being suspected till this date.

The egg.—Kach egg is cylindrical, measuring about 1°5 m.m. in length

and about 1 m.m. in breadth, with the ends slightly convex or flattened.

The surface is smooth and around one end, which may be called the

anterior end, there is a marking or suture. When the egg hatches, the

shell splits along this suture, so that the end forms a lid-like structure,

which however does not fall off, but sticks to the shell at one place in a

somewhat curled-up condition. The colour is dull dirty-brown and hardly

undergoes any change. Atthe centre of each end, there is a dark coloured

or black spot.

The eggs are deposited in clusters (see plate, fig. 1) neatly arranged in

isolated straight rows, their long axis being at right angles to the length

of the row. They are gummed to the surface of the substratum and

placed side by side touching one another. The anterior ends of the

majority of the eggs in the same cluster are turned in the same direction,

and it is curious to notice how only a few may be turned in the opposite

direction there being no irregularity or a symmetry in the arrangement of

the eggs. Thus out of 43 eggs on a leaf of Polyalthia longifolia, 39 were in

a row on the upper surface near the margin in the apical half and four in a

row near the apex on the lower surface. Out of the 39, the anterior ends

of 37 were turned in the same direction towards the margin of the leaf,

while those of the remaining two were turned in the opposite direction.

644 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Again, out of the four on the lower surface, the anterior ends of first, second

and fourth were turned towards the margin, while that of the third was

turned in the opposite direction.

The following are short notes regarding five clusters of eggs collected :—

(1) 23rd May 1906:—A number of eggs were found laid in two

straight rows on opposite sides of a portion of lucerne stem, a few

inches above the ground. Only five hatched (after seven days) on

May 30th.

(2) 30th October 1908 :—Forty eggs were found laid in a single

straight row on a leaf of Dabh grass (Imperata arundinacea) at a height

of about two feet from the ground. Thirty-three hatched on the

same day and the rest did not hatch.

(3) 2nd November 1909:—One cluster was found similarly laid on

the same kind of grass as (2). These hatched on November 7th after

five days.

(4) 12th August 1911:—Forty-two eggs were found similarly laid

on the same kind of grass as (2) and (3). They hatched after four

days on August 16th.

(5) 6th July 1912:—Forty-three eggs were found laid in two rows

ona leaf of Polyalthia longifolia, at a height of about three feet from

the ground. Forty-two hatched after two days on July 8th.

No parasite was noticed. The eggs, which did not hatch, shrivelled up.

The larva.—The appearance of the larva is best understood from the

figures (see plate, figs. 2 and 3). The young larva is flattened and the

measurements of its body and different limbs are as follows :—-

m.m. from the tip of jaws to the end of the abdomen ;

' m.m. from the head to the end of the abdomen ;

m.m. from the base to the tip of the jaw in the curved state ;

m.m. from eye to eye (outside margins) ;

m.m. across the head ;

m.m. across the middle of the abdomen which is the broadest

part of the body and from which it tapers both ways.

In shape the jaws take the form of curved hooks bearing teeth on the

inner side and they are only movable laterally. The head is square, plate-

like in form and the eyes are small groups of shiny ocelli set on a pro-

tuberance on the front margin behind the jaws. The antenne are thin,

thread-like, and situated between the jaws and the eyes. The prothorax

is narrow forming a neck-like junction between the head and the mesotho-

rax and allowing free and complete movements of the head vertically and

to a small extent laterally. The corners of a fold at the posterior part of

prothorax are produced into small spines or pointed tubercles. On each

side of the body there are thirteen elongated fleshy spines covered with

longish stiff hairs, 2z., three on the mesothorax, two on the metathorax

and one on each of the eight abdominal segments. The head, body and

legs are covered with small stiff hairs. The colour of the larva, when it

hatches out of the egg, is pale yellowish grey, but it soon darkens into dull

dark brown. Small patches (some paler and some darker than the general

colour) are faintly distinguishable, especially on the head and thorax. The

legs are of the same colour as the body. The tarsi possess two distinct

joints, the terminal one having a pair of brown claws.

As the larva grows, it loses its spiny appearance, the spines being

reduced to blunt tubercles ; the surface of the body also loses much of the

hairy appearance ; the hairs remain but they are very small. The body

becomes plump and a cross section through it would be a triangle with the

three sides more or less curved outwardly, one side forming the back and

the other two the sides of the venter.

IH tole

a os

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, «645;

Out of the 42 larvee which hatched on 16th August 1911, eleven were:

living on 19th December 1911. Their measurements in m.m. were as

follows :—

Length from the Breadth across Length of the jaw

saa head to the tip of the middle of measured in the

the abdomen. abdomen. curved position.

il 10 5 Qe

2 10 5 2=

3 10 5 22

4 4 5 22

5 a 4a 92

6 8 4 a=

7 8 4 22

8 6 3 12

9 6 3 12

10 52 22 12

11 52 23 12

The measurements of the other parts of the first of the above which

looked the largest of all were :—

2im.m. from eye to eye (outside margins).

2 m.m. across the posterior part of the head.

4 m.m., length of the filiform part of the antenna.

2m.m., length of the antenna.

The colour was that of dry dust with a greenish and in places a yellowish.

tinge and scattered black specks in the snbmedian regions on the back.

On the 10th July, the same larva measured :—

16 m.m. from the head to the tip of the abdomen.

8 m.m. across the middle of abdomen.

42 m.m. from eye to eye (outside margins).

4 m.m. across the posterior part of the head.

The jaws were 4 m.m. long, measured in the curved state. The anten-

nz were of the same length as on 19th December 1911.

There was no change in shape or colour. There were four other larvee:

living on this date, and they were all grown to about the same size. They

were full-grown and began to pupate on the 16th July.

Moulting.—The larva seems to undergo only three moults, the third

revealing the pupa.

One lot of larvee which hatched on 30th October 1908 passed Hiaoncle

the first moult from 20th to 30th March 1909 ; began the second moult on

20th May 1909, but all died by 22nd June 1909.

A second lot of larvee hatched on 7th November 1908, passed through

the first moult from 25th March to 15th April 1909, began the second

moult, 3lst May 1909, and all died by 8th July 1909.

A third lot hatched on 8th July 1912, went through the first moult on Ist.

September 1912. Only one survived and moulted for the second time on

6th April 1913. Onthe 29th April, this larva was about 13 m.m. long and

was full-grown.

In moulting, the skin first bursts along the mid-dorsal line, the fissure

extending from the junction of the prothorax with the head to the third

or fourth abdominal segment. The crack then divides, extending horizont-

ally along the posterior margin of the head on both sides and then turning

646 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

forwards continuing in a downward direction and at the same time curving

inwards and approaching the mid-ventral line but not quite meeting. The

larva then draws out the head and the remainder of the body through the

big opening thus formed in the old skin. The cast skins show this big

opening gaping widely.

Larval habits —After hatching from the egg, the young larve rest for

some time upon the empty shells and then they disperse. They are very

active and move about rapidly until they find a suitable place where they

an lie in wait for small insects upon which they prey, and which afford

them food. They sit with opened jaws and as soon as any small insect

happens to cross the jaws, it is at once caught between them and

ultimately sucked dry. In order that the prey may walk unsuspectingly

over their jaws, the larve hide their presence by covering their backs

with dust when they sit on the ground. In the insectary, some larvee,

which took up their position on a piece of brick, covered their backs with

red brick-dust. The dust is actually scraped from the surface by the legs

and the jaws, and applied to the back by the jaws, the head being doubled

over the back for the purpose. In dust the larvee hide by thrusting them-

selves into the dust with a backward movement. The larvez do not run

after their prey, but always wait till it comes to them. They however

shift their position at night evidently with a view to finding a place

where food will be forthcoming. As they grow, the larve lose the

quickness and activity they exhibited when quite young. Their sole

occupation is to sit patiently and without the least movement for hours

or rather days together, waiting for food to come to them. When the

body grows large and plump, they hide just under the surface of the soil

and keep only the jaws exposed and ready to catch the unwary prey. It

seems that the whole, or at least the major part of the larval state is

passed in the soil. The large body renders them incapable of climbing

or resting upon a vertical surface. Three larve, about full grown, were

found in natural conditions, all on the surface of the ground and one

with a specimen of Trombidiwm grandissimum held in its jaws. Other free-

living Ascalaphid larve are found, one of which is mentioned in Indian

Insect Life, p. 150. This larva seemed tobelong to a different species

so far as the appearance goes.

In the Insectary the larvee were fed with aphides, small caterpillars and

silverfish (Lepisma). They used to sit hidden under earth perfectly

motionless. As soon as a Silverfish came near them, they woke up and

caught the prey with extraordinary celerity in the twinkling of an eye.

They showed much more activity and alertness in catching their prey,

when it was quick and active like the silverfish than when sluggish like a

caterpillar. A slow-moving caterpillar or a dead silverfish was hardly ever

caught even when placed between and touching the extended jaws. The

larvee will often seize prey much bigger than themselves and are dragged

out of the earth but do not let go their hold. Big silverfish always

dragged out the younger larve from their hiding places, but were soon

overcome and rendered helpless. In such cases the larvee were often turned

upon their backs and continued sucking for some time thus lying upside

down ; then they would regain their natural position and try to hide again.

The silverfish was sometimes caught between the jaws and not between

their pointed ends. In such a case it was not injured so much and

struggled violently but was held tightly, the teeth on the jaws being thus

thrust into its body. When its struggles ceased, one jaw was moved, as —

each is capable of being moved independently of the other, and the prey

pricked with its tip and apparently sucked. Then the other jaw also was

moved into a suitable position and the work of sucking went on. Frequently

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 647

young silverfish extricated themselves and escaped from the jaws of big

larve, but not without some injury. On account of the precarious nature

of their food-supply the larve often have to fast for long periods. In

order to get an idea of their capabilities in this direction, a number of

larvee were fed in the following manner :—

On the 8th July 1912, 39 larve hatched and until the 22nd July 1912,

aphides were supplied in large quantities every second or third day. On

the 24th July 1912, they were given number of silverfish. Food (silverfish)

was again supplied on the 14th August 1912, at which time many were

found dead.

Food was again supplied on the 28th September 1912. On this date only

two larve were found living. Only two silverfish were supplied and one

was seen to be caught and sucked by each of the two larve. From this

date until the 20th April 1913, the two larvee were supplied with two silver-

fish at a time at intervals of twelve to fifteen days and care was taken to

see that each of them had one silverfish for its share. This could be done

by goading the silverfish to run over the extended jaws of the larva several

times. Sometimesit was caught the first time. In the course of about eight

months the two larve fed on twenty silverfish of medium or big size. At

the end of March 1913, a calamity befell one of the larve. It had caught

and sucked one silverfish but could not get rid of the dead skin which

stuck to one of the jaws. On the 6th April, the dead silverfish was wetted

with water and removed but the jaw was found disabled, being incapable

of movement and this larva appeared weaker than the other. Then on 10th

April the stronger larva attacked and sucked its weaker brother at night.

It was evident that they wanted more food. Henceforward the surviving

larva was always kept supplied with silverfish and it fed on the average on

two every day. Some time before pupating the larve want to feed vora-

ciously, and if food is short they develop cannibalism and prey upon each

other. On another occasion a larva, before pupating, deliberately attacked

and sucked another. In winter the larvee are not dormant.

They have a peculiar way of shamming death. When they sit under the

dust with extended jaws they can be lifted by one jaw and they will not

make the slightest movement. If they are disturbed while walking they

draw in the head and legs and lie motionless.

Pupa.—When full-grown the larva builds a cocoon (see plate, fig. 4) with

silk exuded from the anal end in the same manner as Croce jilipennis. In

the Insectary the cocoons were built on the wall of the cage just touching

the surface of the layer of dust in which the larvelived. A dull or yellow-

ish white silk is thrown out from the anal end and the larva turns

continually round and round, at the same time applying the silk to

particles of sand, pellets of earth or any foreign material which may be

near. The head with the jaws is either held raised and doubled over on to

the back or at times deflexed and doubled under the ventral surface, which-

ever is convenient at the time. The cocoon is completed in about 24 hours

and then the larva rests inside withthe head doubled on the ventral surface.

The actual cocoon is about 9 to 11 mm. in diameter but leoks bigger on account

of the pellets of earth, sand and other material which stick to its surface.

The pupa remains in a ventrally curved position inside the cocoon, the larval

skin lying as it was pushed off in the form of a crumpled mass at the end

of the abdomen. All the parts and limbs of the future imago are clearly

defined and free in the pupa. The wings are folded towards the ventral

surface. There is a pair of powerful jaws.

Before the imago emerges the pupa partly comes out of the cocoon by

bursting it near the head. The pupa straightens its body at frequent

intervals thus striking the head against the cocoon in the bursting of

648 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

which the jaws also probably play a part. After the anterior part of the

pupa is free from the cocoon, the imago emerges by bursting the pupal skin

Jongitudinally along the middorsal line in the thoracic region, the fissure

also extending sideways behind the head.

The pupal stage lasts for about seventeen days. One larva began to

build its cocoon on the morning of the 23rd July. The cocoon was com-

pleted by the morning of the 24th July. The imago emerged on the 10th

August.

Another larva completed its cocoon on the morning of the 3lst July and

the imago emerged on the 17th August.

Imago.—About the habits of the imago, there is nothing to be recorded

-beyond the fact that it comes to light.

C. C. GHOSH,

Pusa, Apra 1918. Asst. to the Imperial Entomologist.

No. XLI.—THE HABITS OF THE SOLITARY WASP

(SCELIPHRON INTRUDENS.)

I am sending a rough sketch of the nest of a solitary wasp. It may be

-well known, but as I have taken an interest in these hymenoptera for many

years, and have seen nothing like it, I send on the chance of its being

‘unusual. The nest was built on the mantle piece of my study. After the

‘series of cells was finished, the wasp took special pains to strengthen the

whole with ordinary clay as usual, but then proceeded for quite a fortnight

-to model and paint it to resemble the branch of a tree. You will notice

that it is bifurcated at its top and grooved to resemble the bark, and that

various shades of green and cream clay are used, with light green and

~white chalk for its lichen. After it had finished the nest, it still went on

daubing the wall for a foot away from the cells. The nestis 52 inches.

I did not secure its inmate as I wished to see how much she would do and I

‘hoped to obtain one from the nest. I enclose in a separate parcel portions

-of the nest with some pupz nearly hatched and from which I hope you

-ean identify the insect. In a small screw of paper I have puta piece of

‘the “ lichen .”

Iam very sorry I could not get the nest off entire, but 1t was so firmly

fixed to the wall that it broke all to pieces and the bifurcated part was

-wedged into the ornamentation of the mantle piece.

The resemblance of a branch is marvellous and the painting by the wasp

“quite artistic. ;

The wall along the edge of the cells was painted intermittently as shown

-on the sketch, this if on the branch of a tree would have blended the

-eolours on the natural bark with those on the cells.

The thing which surprised me most was the bringing of grass to act as

“tiny twigs and the white chalk. I have enclosed a portion with such a

‘twig attached.

C. BACORY,

Archdeacon of Rangoon.

Maymyo, Upper Burma,

July 6th, 1918.

[The wasp was Sceliphron intrudens, a species according to Bingham found in

‘Sikkim, Burma, Tenasserim and the Celebes. Unfortunately it was not possible to

reproduce Archdeacon Cory’s coloured sketch showing the way in which the branch

-of a tree had been wonderfully copied, which in the situation chosen, was the very

reverse from having a concealing effect—Eps.]

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 649

No. XLII.—THE HABITS OF ANTS.

At this time of year the mason wasps, if that is the right name for the

wasp like insects that build mud huts on the ceiling, in the angles of the

walls, under chairs and tables or even against windows, are very busy

bringing caterpillars and storing them in these larders against the hatching

of their eggs. Ionce hada piccolo stuffed with caterpillars and sealed

with mud. One of these, rather more than an inch long, had been dropped

on my window sillanda small ant was prospecting around this leviathan

when I noticed it. When I next looked a minute or two later, a line of

some 25 or 30 of the same species was moving obliquely up the wall to the

corner where the end of the window sill projected beyond the wall. They

went straight to the caterpillar and began to catch hold ofit all round, a

proceeding which the caterpillar was inclined to resent. It was comatose,

but not completely paralysed, and time after time the ants at the tail end

were flung violently off or half crushed. The ants at the head seemed to

have no difficulty in holding that part down. Did the ants merely hold

tight with their jaws, or did they too add a little poison to the dose from

which the caterpillar was already suffering P Some minutes passed at any

rate, and when IL looked again, caterpillar, ants and all had disappeared. I

found them under the ledge of the window sill, some 8 or 9 inches from

the original spot. The caterpillar was not yet helpless ; with a final effort

he broke his nether end loose from the ants and it hung suspended, and for

the ants, out of reach. It was a tremendous strain for them to prevent the

front part from falling but they succeeded ; three or four minutes perhaps

passed, when to my great surprise a relief party appeared of at least 50

travelling up the wall in the same oblique line. This party did not go to

the place where their help was urgently required, but straight to the

place where the caterpillar was originally lying; their arrival at the

critical moment seems to have been merely a coincidence. They spent an

appreciable time hunting round the place for the caterpillar above and

then found the track by which it had been removed and very quickly

brought the hind part of the caterpillar back to a Horizontal position.

The caterpillar had been removed by almost exactly the same route by

which both parties of ants had come up; yet the second party passed it

hurriedly without the smallest notice on their way to the top of the window

sill, although some of the first party moving around the caterpillar and the

second party, must have come in contact. From this point there was no

further difficulty ; after travelling about ten feet, down the wall along the

same oblique line, along the floor and over a ledge, caterpillar and all

disappeared into a crevice in the chunam floor. These ants were of a smail

black variety, long-legged, almost spidery in appearance; but one came

with the second party rather larger and much more heavily built ; it took

an intelligent interest in the proceedings but never offered to help.

J. SLADEN, t.c.s.

Rasxot, 24th August 1913. ;

650

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 21st AUGUST 1913.

An “At Home” of members and their friends of the Bombay Natural

History Society took place on Thursday, the 21st August 1913, when

Mr. John Wallace, C.E., presided.

The election of the following 53 members since the last meeting was

announced :—

New MEMBERS.

Mr. 8. J. Martin, Gonda, Oudh; Mr. F. Newton, Rangoon; Maharaj

Kunwar Bhupal Singh Bahadur of Udaipur; Major M. P. Phelps, Colaba,

Bombay ; Mr. J. B. Wood, I.C.8., C.I.H., Indore; Capt. J. HE. Cruickshank,

Myitkyina, U. Burma; Dr. M. Barr, Bombay; Major W. M. P. Wood,

Rajkot; Mess Secretary, R.A. Mess, Jhansi; Mr. F. H. Sprott, Coorg;

Mr. C. B. Paterson, Dehra Dun; The Principal, Dharwar Training College

for men, Dharwar; Mr. F. Murdoch, Jalpaiguri ; Major H. O. Parr, Ahmed-

abad Camp; Mr. E.G. Herbert, Bangkok; Lt. A. D. McRae, Rangoon ;

Mr. E. A. Watson, Narayanganj; Capt. W. K. Blair, R.F.A., Jubbulpore ;

Major A. D. Musgrave, R.F.A., Neemuch ; Capt. F. V. Pogson, Meerut;

Mr. V. G. Bell, Kuantan, Pahang, F. M.8.; Mr. F. R. Madam, Kurnool ;

Dr. Malcolm Smith, Bangkok, Siam; The Curator, Sarawak Museum,

Sarawak; Lt. J. C. Hutchinson, Almora, U. P.; The Secretary, Srinagar

Club, Kashmir; Mr. D. Milner Moore, Abu Road; Mr. B. Stephenson,

Chittagong; Mr. J.T. Millers, I.F.S., Abbottabad, N. W. F. P.; Mr. C. L.

Philip, 1.C.8., Orissa; Mr. HE. G. Peters, Cachar; Mr. A. J. Clark, 1.C.S.,

Jhelum Dist.; Mr. E. A. Andrews, Jorhat, Assam; Dr. R. A. Murphy,

Dibrugarh, Assam; The Honorary Secretary, R. A. Mess, Trimulgherry,

Deccan ; Capt. A. D. Murray, R.G.A., Quetta; Mr. J. F. Holmes, Bilaspur,

C.P.; G. HE. R. Cooper, Mussoorie; Lt. A. H. Peppe, R.F.A., R. A. Mess,

Campbellpore; Mr. W. J. Fitz-Gerald, Gwalior, C. 1.; Lt. I. W. Thomson-

Glover, Rawalpindi; Capt. O. T. M. Leckie, Baroda; Mr. A. G. Scott,

Ellichpur, Berar, C. P.; Mr. C. H. Bristow, I.C.S., Ahmedabad ; Mr. T. F.

G. Shephard, Bulsar; Mr. R. G. Wordsworth, Murree Hills; Nawab

Burzorji Jamsetjee Subedar of Aurangabad ; Mr. A. T. Mackenzie, Hyder-

abad, Deccan; Mr. G. L. Horsfall, Ceylon; Miss L. Harkness, Bombay ;

Mr. J. Campbell, C.8.1., C.1.E., Kumaon, U. P.; Mr. C. G. Hawes, Poona ;

Mr. P. N. H. Baker, Parel, Bombay.

The Joint Honorary Secretaries acknowledged the following contributions

to the Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. Locality. Donor.

Skins of large Indian Civet, | Bhutan, Duars .. | H. V. O.’Donel.

Mungose, Brown Ferret-

badger, 11 bird skins and

2 eggs of Bengal Florican.

|Burmese Civet and Marbled| ...... L. E. C. Everard.

Cat.,

Common Ratel (alive) .. ea Cutehiemeer .. |e. JEL the “ao ok

_Cutch.

Clouded Leopard sé Se iisrivel ogi ake .. | Mrs. Jackson.

PROCEEDINGS.

651

Contribution.

Domestic Cat :

A wild pig, 3 Common Poreu-

pines, one small Indian

Civet and one Jackal.

Picked up heads of 3 Sind Ibex

and 1 Oorial.

Sind Ibex head

Skulls of 9 wild pigs, 4 Com-

mon Poreupines and, Sloth

Bear, 1 Shrew (Pachyura),

17 bird skins, 1 Russell’s

Viper and 2 Spiders,

Skins of Panther, Brown Palm

Civet (P. yjerdoni) and

Common Porcupine.

1 Persian Hare (Lepus craspe-

dotis).

2 Large Red Flying Squirrels

(Petaurista).

1 Large Red Flying Squirrel

(Petaurista) and 1 Woolly

Flying Squirrel (Hupetawrus

cimereus.)

1 Small Kashmir Flying Squir-

rel Scruropterus fimbriatus, 2

Night Herons and _ Po-

chard.

1 Arabian Desert Cat (Felis

sp?) and Snakes.

A small-toothed Palm Civet ..

A Jackal skin

” )

Wild Dog skin ..

Wolf’s skin

2 Black-buck ..

3 Frontlets of Javan Sbinbee>

A White-tailed

tat (Lpimys

blanfordt), a

long tailed

Tree Mouse and 5 Ee |

: | Various localities.

5 Birds and one nest

Skins of a Brown-headed Bull | Singapore

and brown Booby, 1 hae

Lizard (Draco maculatus), 4

Fighting Fish (B. pugnav),

2 young large headed Tur- |

tles (alive), a black cobra

and some shells.

Locality. Donor.

J. A. Graham.

M. M. Mackenzie.

Coorg

Saran, Behar

Lower Sind Hills.| H. 8S. Lawrence,

T..S:

Do. ' Maj. A. G. Gardyne.

Chanda, C. P. C. BR. S. Pitman.

N. Coorg.. L Newcome.

Shiraz Lt.-Col. J. A. Dou-

elas.

Chitral | Maj. H. L. Kennion.

Do. . | Capt. H. D. Stirling.

Do. . | Capt. R. D. O. Hill.

Koweit Capt. H. W. Sha-

| kespear.

Savoy... . | C. Beadon.

Bushire .. ite Aa Cox,

Do. Capie, i ie Bird=

wood,

Siam |G. F. W. Elwes.

Gilgit Maj. A. D. Mac-

pherson.

Indore sal

Mauritius . | Capt. D. Meinertz-

| hagen.

Khandalla

; | Rev. F. Dreckmann.

| Col. H. Delme Rad-

| cliffe.

|B. H. 5S. Stone.

652

JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST SOCIETY, Vol. XXI1

A collection of butterflies

Minor Contributions —Messrs.

Wise We

Malay States

Contribution, Locality. Donor.

A Missle Thrush .. Lahore Capt. C. A. Rocke.

A small collection of eggs Trimulgherry Major R. Sparrow.

- He Assam E. C. Stuart Baker.

a 5 : .. | Murree Col. S. E, Marshall.

4 Eges of Indian Wren Warbler | Lahore Capt. A. Cruick-

shank,

Skin of Bears Pochard and | Manipur. J.C. Huggins, 1.¢.s.

Andaman Seal.

Skin of Manipur Bush Quail .. 43 Lt.-Col. 1c Bato

Tytler.

Three eggs of Black Ibis Travancore C. H. Rhenius.

Malay Bittern ah Ceylon Maj. H. C. Ward.

Female Smew Shiraz Maj. S. Capper.

Common Crow (variety) Bikanir N. B. Parish.

A number of Snakes, Lizards, Baluchistan Capt. G. Jolly.

Butterflies and Hymenop-

tera.

A collection of Snakes, Lizards | Ceylon E. E. Green.

and Frogs.

One Arabian Chameleon (alive). | Aden H. E. Standage.

One Indian 3 (alive).. | Ratnagiri A. G. 8S. Agharkar.

Several fish and crustaceans .. | Bombay .. .. | F. Knight.

2 Marsh Crocodile heads Vehar, Bombay.. | D. C. Boyle.

Turtles skull and fossil tooth | Punjab Hon, Hy "CPO:

of elephant. Bridgeman.

C. B. Holman-Hunt.

Bulkley, B. S. Carter, D. N,

Cursetjee, A. B. D’Souza, A. A. Dunbar Brander, R. EH. A. Elliot, T. M.

Evans, F. Field, F. Foulkes, F. W. Gore, P. F. Gomes,

F, Miller, F. J. Mitchell, D. Remedios, B. D.

W. R. M. Clements, W.

G. Macdonald,

Richards, W. Sharman, W. 8. Thom, G. B. Scott, C. Meyer, Lt.-Col. E. M.

Hassard, T. W. Irvine, Majors J. W. L. Elgee,

J. Giroin, C. W. Burton,

W.H. Kenrich and A. Wilson, Captains A. G. Frere, EH. O’Brien, Llewellyn,

C. A. Rocke, Drs. De Castro, R.

mander Headlam and Archdeacon G. P. Cory.

A. Murphy, Thomson, H. Hankin, Com-

aiat d

_— ——

ree 1S

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER—Cconu.)

MISCELLANEOUS NoTES—contd.

PaGF

VII.—The effect of castration on a Black Buck (Antilope ;

cerurcapra). By, R. Ax sWilson, 1.0.8.) 4-2 os sje. 3 622

VIilI.—Remarkable variety of an Astor Markhor (Capra

falconert). By Capt. HE. Edwards................ 623

IX.—Mouse Deer (Tragulus meminna) in the Central Pro- —

yinees! ? By iC. Rath ihman ase oe ey sien 624,

X.—The Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in the

Darbhanga District. By C. M. Inglis............ H24

XI.—The Pale-bruwn Shrike (Lantus tsabellinus) in the

Darbhanga District. By C. M. Inglis............ 625

XII.—The Forest Wagtail (Limonidromus indicus) in the Dar-

bhanca “District, Tirhoos.: iio tic. a dates ha ileia se « 625

XIII.—Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) laying in the nest

of the Plumbeous Redstart (hyacornis fuliginosus). §25

XIV.—The Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) in the Central Pro-

VINES. ByiO .. Ee. Pigiiammnt, 2h oy,r shel oe epee ope dds 626

XV.—Occurrence of the Himalayan Pigmy Woodpecker

(lyngipicus pygmeus) in Rawalpindi District. By

Eee W histlere sige oy Peace ade koa s ole eess 626

' XVI.—Malabar Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros coronatus), By -

. Coma TOMA Nar iie'4 cian ge et Nth ate aoe our eh Sumy 626

XVII.—The Himalayan Wood-Owl (Synium nivicola). By P.

Te LeeDodswortle sack & NO eke re commie alana 626

XVITII.—Some further Notes on the Nesting and Plumage of

the Shahin Falcon (Falco perigrinator) Vel.The Black -

cap Faleon (Falco atricaps). By P. T. L. Dodsworth 629

XIX.—The limits of range of the Bronze-winged Dove

(Chalecophaps indica). By C. R. Pitman.......... 630

XX.—Grey Quail (Coturnix communis) in Cutch and Kathia-

war. By. M. K. 8. Vijayarajji of Cutch........ 630

XXI.—Florican (Sypheotis aurita) in the Konkan. By. M. F.

Suber ke os eee See Le Sarat CuO on aS Unc ge UR 630

XXTI.—Breeding of the Indian Courser (Cursorius coromande-

licus) in the Darbhanga District. By. C. M. Inglis, 631

XXIIT.—Great Snipe (Gallinago major) in South India. By

INNS AG Tan eh eats Paves isan biel a, Polke; Maca TE 631

XXTV.—Late stay of Snipe (Gallinago celestis) in the Central

XXV.— Wood-Duck (Asarcornis scutulata) in Manipur. By

JENA GAIN, T5090 Hie ct ei eaeae se wae Rte ec 632

XXVI.—Fighting Fish (Betta pugnaz). By F. H. S. Stone.... 632

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER —(concld.)

MISCELLANEOUS NotEs—coneld,

Page |

RXV —Some facts about Russell’s Harth Snake (Bry ‘YX CONLCUS), se

, ByoOviR, Se (Pitman 5? shut ea 633 |

XXVHI. —Ocecurrence of the Snake (Psammophis longifrons) at :

Nagpur.) By: H. A.D’ Abreu, FiZ.8. 0 ek ola dene 634 a

XXIX.—The Occurrence of the Slender Coral Snake (Callophis

trimaculatus) at Nagpur, veuteal Provinces. By

HepAs, DeAbrews Basi iie/s ts Tee uae. eves siraneat eel aay 634:

‘XXX.—Banded Krait (Gungarus fasciatus) in Oudh. By S. J.

IVE agri HIa SA eds Mate ela caas ule folly} » niey a we kste a wucede ee Pea mele 635

XXXI.—Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus) in Hyderabad

State: ., By NB. Winner wind «Heh os dey eer cbt 635

SE tiryenta 8 Foe OG eneaicg ce OVINE ae a an eb bl i aa 636

XXXIII.—A Snake-charmer’s Performance, By Captain F. ee)

Wa) Vienne fo. air acetate ahh ann ho a chines ey eer 636

XXXIV.—Varieties of Hemibungarus nigrescens and’ Hydrophis i

torquatus . By B., Wall, ¢.M.z.8.,°1I.MS.i 00.240) 0. 638°

XXXV.—Notes on some interesting Snakes recently presented.

to the Society: Oligodon e rythr ogaster, Dryophis .

pulverulentus, Dendrophis gorei, Dendroplas bifrenalis «

and Callophis macclellandt, var. Joret...... 6.00120 — 639

XXX VI.—Notes on the Flying Lizard (Draco Paces) ie ne

GEL SCURTOME TEL CMe ota e Ate it Aa nts . 640.

XXXVII.—The contents of a Marsh Crocodile’s (Crocodilus |

palustris) Stomach. By C.R, Pitman .......... 641°

XXXVIIL Marsh Crocodile (Crocodilus palustris) killing a Panther

(Hehs pavdus):) By) CRs Pitma a § 2860 b 0s Gia ta 641.

XXXIX.—Note on the Life History of a Phasmid (With a Plate). Z

By VV. Ramakrishna Aiyer i225 04.0. ewe an 641.

XL,—hLife-history of Helicomitus dicax (With a Plate). By

ON Oy IGOn te Lio: Stes IL eS ASS EN ann Ee ad 643

XLI.—The Habits of the Solitary Wasp ee ‘on intr udens).

By OEP Cory oh lin, RIS Se Mahan ee eal - 648

- XLI1.—The habits of Ants. By J. Sladen, TECES shade eet 649

ProceEDines of the meeting held on 21st August 1913........... 650

Snsuntan lustity t lay Ava

| Ps yov 12 19mt

Me, Sart: ey

J O 8) R N A L Phas £ ogee

OF THE

Bompay Narurat History Socrery.

EDITED BY

w. S. MILLARD,

—R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR.

VOL. i. -OD Es Bal BEA INO. 4,

Date of publication, 31st March 1914.

Price to Non-Members Be 2s Sus) es IO

or £.0-13-4.

LONDON AGENT:

DULAU & Go., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, W.

peewee eS

PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY,

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

PAGE

Tur Game Birps or Inp1a, BuRMA AND CeyLon. Part XII.

(With Plate XII.) The Close-barred Sand-Grouse.

By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.LS., F.Z.8., M.B.0.U......:...04. 653

Screntiric RESULTS FROM THE Mamma Survey. VI. By

Kathleen Vi. Ryley, og icc ates. acc adl cate cepncbsemsigmecnannaie's 658

Tar Patms or British INDIA AND CEYLON, INDIGENOUS AND

INTRODUCED. Part X.. (With Plates LVII to LX

and teat-figure 30.) By H. Blatter, 8.5..............00665 665

Note on THE Genus LeGGapa. By Oldfield Thomas......... 682

A New Soricu.us From THE Misumr Hiuus. By Oldfield

(GMINA A Ae Aa) anc ss, Sale ita ch, Sire a Asa ate alee elon Bie tere 683

Bompay NaturaL History Society’s MamMaL SURVEY OF

Inpia, Burma anpD CryLon. Reports No. 12 (Palan-

pur and Mount Abu), No. 13 (S. Ceylon) and No. 14

(N. Shan States, Burma). By Kathleen V. Ryley ... 684

Notes on Some MAMMALS FOUND IN THE SIMLA DISTRICT,

THE SiMLA HILL STATES AND KALKA AND ADJACENT

country. By P. T. L. Dodsworth, F.z.S., M.B.0.U....... 726

A PoputaR TREATISE ON THE Common INDIAN SNAKES. Part

XX. (With Plate XX, teat-figure and map.) Simotes

arnensis and albocinctus. By Major F. Wall, LM.s.,

CUMS pa ee oe Mine ae Sale sings Sena ieee toate eee ae 749

~ Nores on Inpian BurrerFLies—(continued). By Captain

WAGED Bias Re aire eae cee, VN Rata ca bee 761

Descriptions oF Inpian Micro-Lepipoprera. XVII. By

Hi Mley tick, Bek, SERS. HU ZsSs (erie jabawien aisigeene Vac oe tease 771.

Reviews :—“ Lepidoptera Indica” and ‘“ Indian Pigeons and

DIODES Sue ae Ree Tle ee canes cay Dee ULE ails ye cu Menor eee 782

PROGRESS OF THE MamMaL Survey or Inp14, BURMA AND

OBMGON Siesta cOdemee ass heen tec were arora ragececer beeen 785

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES :-—

I.—Notes on Wroughton’s Free-tailed Bat (Otomops

wmroughtont) By SoH, Prater‘. o/scjs% eevee cone nae a 788

II.—Possible occurrence of a Black Tiger. By T. A. |

Yau wells dre io i ctu stabs e ererecws aio gs Mlasinterate Wintel eitoiavacseye> 788

III.__Mongoose v. Cobra. By J, H. Smith ...........- 789

TIX 338d "20S ‘jsIHT ‘JeN Avquiog ‘uinof

CORRECTION.

THE GamME Birps or Inpi4, BuRMA AND UFYLON.

The letterpress published in the last number, p. 427, Part XI,

of this series, should have been that of the Closed-barred Sand

Grouse (Pierocles. lichtensteni) but in mistake the letterpress of the

Coronetted Sand Grouse (Plerocles coronatus atratus) was published

with the plate of Plerocles lichtensteint.

EDs.

“ansomen Insri;

Eat =

JOURNAL

OF YTHE

Bombay Natural History Society.

Marcy 1914. Von. XXII. No. 4.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

Be 0. STUART (BAKER, RVG. S93, B25.) MBO...

Part xOni:

With Plate XII.

(Continued from page 433 of Volume XXII.)

PYEROCLES LICHTENSTEINI.

The Close-barred Sand-Grouse.

Pterocles lichtensteni.rTemm., Pl. Col. Vol. v., pls. 25, 26,

(1825); Blyth, J. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv, p. 304; Hume.,. Str.

Beak. i, p. 219; Wise, sid, iv, p. 2380; Hume, sbhid, vu, p:

162; id. Cat. No. 800 bis; Hume and Marshall, Game-B. i, p.

66; Butler, Cat. B. of Sind, etc., p. 52; Tufnell, Str. Feath. ix,

p. 202; Barnes, B. of Bombay, p. 296; Newnham, Jour. B. N.

H. Soc. iv, p. 53; Laurie, ibid, p. 94; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. B. M.

xxii, p. 29; Oates, Game-B. Ind. i, p. 51; Ogilvie-Grant, Game

Birds i, p. 20; Le Mess, Game B, p. 57. Blanford, Fauna India,

Iv, p. 97.

Pteroclis lichensteint.—Sharpe, Hand-list I, p. 61.

Vernacular names.—None recorded.

Adult male.—The forehead with three bars of black and white

as in fasciatus, but the front white bar runs up and back into the

black, and the black in the same way into the posterior white

band, so that the two front bands are more or less V_ shaped,

whilst the third band is generally interrupted in the middle; this

is also produced backwards as a broad, short supercilium, with a

black eyebrow patch in the centre. The blackish band is also

654 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

often extended from its posterior base as a fine line under the eye

and over the ear-coverts. Rest of the head and neck isabelline

buff, each feather with a black central mark, long and forming

streaks above, but reduced to spots below; the chin and centre of

the throat often immaculate in old birds and, in colour here, a

purer buff. Remainder of upper parts very pale buff closely

barred with wavy black lines, the upper tail coverts more boldly |

barred and ochreous buff at the tips; tail feathers barred buff and

black, the bars broadening towards the ends which are again

widely tipped a richer buff. Scapulars and inner secondaries like

the back but more boldly barred and with ochreous-yellow tips;

lesser coverts like the back; secondary and median coverts pale

clear buff, in some cases almost white, barred with black and

tipped yellow : bastard wing, primary coverts and primaries brown,

edged paler. Under aspect of the wings and axillaries pale grey.

Upper breast barred buff and black; lower breast a rather rich

yellow buff, divided in the centre by a band varying from a

chocolate chestnut to black and followed again by another black

band, generally much broken and mixed with white. Abdomen,

vent and external flanks white, each feather with two half moon-

shaped bars, the terminal being black and the lower, concealed

one, chocolate; under tail coverts pale buff with arrow shaped

bars of black or deep chocolate ; feathers of tarsi white to pale buf.

The above description gives most of the details in variation of

colour but it must be noted that the bird varies in general tone of

colouration from a pale sandy-buff to a richer, almost chestnut,

buff, more especially on the scapulars and upper back.

The bird from which the plate is taken is a very typical Indian

specimen but in a good many the upper parts are slightly richer

in colour.

The colour of the breast also varies somewhat and in a few

birds the part above the central band is slightly suffused with

vinous but I have never seen the upper and lower parts contrast-

ing with one another as is often, generally in fact, the case with

fasciatus.

Measwrements.— Wing 6°85'' (17lmm.) to 7°35". (186-6mm.)

with an average of 7:06" (179-3mm.), tarsus -91'' (23-1mm.) to

1:10" (27-9mm.), the average being exactly 1:0'' (25-4mm.) ; bill

from tip along culmen to feathers of forehead -46'' (11-6mm.) to

52" (13:2mm.) and averaging -49'' (12-4mm.) full; tail from

vent about °3'’ (76-2mm.) or a little over.

“Total length 10:3 inches; wing 7; tail 2°8; tarsus 1-1”.

(Ogilvie-Grant.)

‘Legs wholly feathered in front; feet orange yellow; reticula-

tions white; claws dusky, tipped yellowish; bill fleshy brown,

darker in the female; irides brown ; orbital skin yellow.’’ (Hume.)

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 655

‘Tris brown, orbit lemon yellow, bill orange-brown, feet orange

yellow. ” (Blanford.) <‘‘ Feet chrome yellow.” (Sharpe.)

Adult female.—The female has the whole head and neck pale

earthy buff spotted with black, these spots becoming streaks on

the upper part, very fine lines on the lores and ear coverts and

fairly isolated spots below. The whole of the upper parts and

wing coverts are finely barred pale earthy buff and black, the

median and greater coverts tipped narrowly with pale yellowish and

the outer webs of the outer coverts with narrower black bars and

more, proportionate, pale buff, generally of a lighter, purer tint than

that of the back. Greater coverts and primaries like those of the

male; under wing coverts grey, obsoletely barred darker; whole

lower surface and flanks barred black and white, the latter purest on

the abdomen and buff on the breast; on the under tail coverts the

bars are broader and the tips are yellowish ; feathers of tarsi pale

buff.

The female varies to the same extent as the male in general tint;

the bird shewn in the plate representing an average bird whilst

some may range a good deal paler and sandier and others richer

with more of a rufous tint.

The wing of the female measures between 6:°55'' (166: 3 mm.)

and 7:10" (180-3 mm.) with an average of 6°85" (176-5 mm.) ;

the tarsus between 86" (21:-8mm.) and 1-0" (25-4mm.) with

an average of -93''(23-6mm. ); the bill between -50' (12-7 mm.)

and °55''(13-9mm.) with an average of -52" (13-2 mm.); tail about

-3"' (76-2 mm. ) or rather less.

It is on an average, therefore, a decidedly smaller bird than the

male but, judging from the small series I have been able to examine,

the bill islonger though more slender. Hume’s measurements refer

to one pair of birds only, but he gives the weight of both male and

female as 8 ozs.

Distribution.—The home of this little Sand-Grouse is Abyssinia,

Nubia, Egypt in the extreme South and South Arabia. Thence it

extends Hast through South Persia, Baluchistan and South Afgha-

nistan into Sind. To the South it ranges into Somali land and to

the West and North-West into the Soudan and the Sahara. The

most Northern record in Persia I can find is that of a bird from

the Tigris, N. of the Persian Gulf and it seems also not to work

much North of Mecca or Jeddah in Western Arabia, though it

thence works North and Hast round the Persian Gulf.

Within Indian limits the Close-barred Sand-Grouse has only

been obtained in Sind, West of the Indus, from Gul Mahomed,

Mehar, Upper Sind, where Hume first came across it, to Karachee

in the extreme South.

They are, of course, only winter visitors occurring some years in

fair numbers whilst in others very few, if any, visit India at

656 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

all. They appear never to arrive before January and all leave

again before April, the majority in early March. Hume says

of these birds: ‘‘ With us they are generally met with in pairs

or parties of three or four, in the neighbourhood of some little

patch of cultivation, or where broken, rocky ground, or scrub

afford some kind of cover. They lie well and though they fly

fast enough, like all their congeners when well under weigh, rise

an easy shot. %

There is practically nothing else on record about this Grouse in

India and Blanford in his Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia gives

the best description extant of the habits of this little Sand-Grouse

(p. 419 et segy.): ‘This bird has precisely the same habits as the

closely allied Pt. fasciatus of India. It is rarely if ever seen on open

sandy plains; like Pt. ewustus, it keeps to bush and thin tree jungle,

and is usually found solitary, in pairs, or at the most two or three

pairs together. I once came upon a considerable flock in January,

and possibly at that time these birds may collect in large numbers ;

but in May, June, July and August, it was rare to see more than

four together, except about watering-places. When disturbed, the

Sand-Grouse rises with a sharp cackling cry, affording a very

difficult shot. It does not rise high, and usually settles again after

a short flight. All kinds of Péerocles, as is well known, fly to

water at particular hours in the day, the hours varying with differ-

ent species. Pt. ewustus drinks about 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. In the

present case the drinking hours are at daybreak in the morning,

and at dusk in the evening, as is also the case with the Indian

Pt. fasciatus, the crepuscular habits of which are mentioned by

Jerdon, (‘ Birds of India’, vol. ii, p. 498), and have been noticed by

myself also. In the semi-desert country West and North-West of

Massowah, in which Pt. lichtensteini abounds, and there are but

few places where water is found, the scene at each spring of an

evening after a hot day especially is very interesting. At Saati,

Ailat, and Ain, there was a constant rush of these birds from sunset

till dark, and again in the morning before sunrise. Singly and

in small flocks, uttering their peculiar ‘queep-queep’ like note, they

flew up and down the watercourse on their way to and from the

water, keeping only a few feet above the bushes and low trees ; the

noise of their wings being heard in the dusk before the birds

themselves appeared. Like all other Sand-Grouse, they are excel-

lent eating, the flesh being rather hard but of delicious flavour;

and our party used generally to shoot a few each evening, not an

easy matter, for the great swiftness and power of wing possessed

by these birds rendered them, in the dusk especially, by no means

an easy shot.”

“Pt. lichtensteint appears entirely confined to the tropical coast

tegion. At some water in the Lebka Valley at Mohabar, only

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON. 657

2,000 ft. above the sea, scarcely any come to drink in the evening

and at higher elevation not any were met with.”

Occasionally, at all events the Close-barred Sand-Grouse collects

in flocks of some size for Yerbury (ibis, 1886) speaks of finding a

flock of eighty to a hundred individuals” at Shulaif near Lakey.

There is hardly anything on record about the breeding of this

Sand-Grouse, although it must breed practically throughout its

range. Ogilvie Grant, in his Game-Birds, quotes Heuglin to the

effect that he found nests of this species containing ‘‘ two cylindri-

cal eggs, much the colour of dirty and faded Pewits eggs.”

There is one egg of this species in the British Museum collection

taken at Moraul, by Malan, in 1851. In ground colour this is a

dirty yellowish stone colour, or earth colour, and it is rather

profusely covered all over its surface with largish blotches of dirty

vandyke brown and with others again underlying these of dull

lavender grey. It is of a dull, glossless surface with a texture

comparatively rough to both touch and sight. In general appear-

ance it is likea small, pale and very dull coloured egg of Pteroclurus

alchata, but it can be matched by no egg I have seen in very large

series of the latter and its texture is totally different.

It measures 1. 70''x 1. 20" (=41x 27:3 mm.). There is no

date given to shew in what month it was taken. It came to the

Museum with the rest of the Crowley Bequest and in the Crowley

Catalogue there is the following remark: ‘‘One egg from Minereh.

Revd. S. C. Malan, ew Tristram ‘Tristram says the species is not

oes

quite certain’.

(Lo be continued). .

658

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

By KatTHuLEEN V. RYLEY.

Wale

A,—TWO NEW VARIETIES OF VANDELEURIA.

In going through the Vandeleuria group, I find considerable

variation in size among the specimens available for examination.

Those from Coorg are the largest and probably represent V. nilagi-

ricus, but at present there is no example from the Nilgiris for

comparison. A series from the Kolaba District are also rather

large, but come nearest to the type of oleracea, which was taken by

Col. Sykes in ‘the Dukhun.’ On the other hand five specimens

collected by Mr. Wroughton in the Surat District are all decidedly

smaller, and I propose to describe them under the name of

VANDELEURIA WROUGHTONI, sp. n.

A Vandeleuria similar to oleracea in general appearance, but

smaller throughout, and of rather a lighter and more rufous colour.

Fur soft; tail longer than head and body ; ears rather large;

general colour above rufous fawn, base of fur ashy-grey, tips

reddish yellow; flanks paler in colour; underside pure white;

limbs the same colour externally as the body, and white on the

inner side; feet rather lighter in colour than body; tail thinly

covered with light hairs.

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—

Head and body 71 (82:8), tail 103 (115), hindfoot 18 (18:8),

ear 14 (10).

Skull :—Greatest length 20°8 (28-2), condylo-incisive length

18°38 (21:8), basilar length 16 (18:3), length of upper molar

series 3°7 (4), diastema 5 (5°9); nasals 7-3 (7:8); zygomatic

breadth 11-6 (12). The numbers in brackets refer to the average

size ot a series of six from Kolaba representing V. oleracea. All

the specimens in both series are fully adult.

Habitat :—Patal, Surat District. Altitude 200 ft.

Type :—Old male. B. M. Nos. 98. 4. 2. 31. Collected by

Mr. Wroughton, 19th February 1898, and presented by him to the

National Collection.

Furthermore, a series of four specimens from Lunwa, Palanpur

(Gujerat) are so much lighter in colour that they should apparently

be separated subspecifically.

VANDELEURIA OLERACEA SPADICEA, subsp. n.

A Vandeleuria similar to oleracea in size, but very different in

colour, having a much lighter and more reddish fawn coat. It is

also much paler than V. wroughtoni, besides being larger.

Fur very soft. Tail longer than head and body. General colour

above light sandy red, base of hairs, dark slate grey; the middle

of the back is shaded with brown; flanks lighter; belly pure white ;

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY, 659

limbs same’ colour as body and white on the inner side; feet covered

with hairs of a lighter shade than the body; tail sparsely covered

with short hairs.

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh).—Head and body

85 mm, tail 117, hindfoot 19, ear 16; weight 2 oz.

Skull :—Greatest length 23-7, condylo-incisive length 21:9 mm,

basilar length 19, length of upper molar series 3:9; diastema 6;

nasals 8-5; zygomatic breadth 12:5.

Halitat :—Lunwa, Palanpur, Gujerat. Altitude 150 feet.

Type :—Old male. B.M. No. 18. 8. 28.4. Original No. 2940.

Collected 9th April 1913 by C. A. Crump and presented to the

National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society.

This subspecies is readily distinguished by its light sandy-red

colour.—V. oleracea is darker and browner in appearance.

B.-—A NEW SUBSPECIES OF MILLARDIa.

The large series of M. meltada collected at Lunwa, Palanpur, are

so much lighter in colour than all the specimens from Dharwar,

Kanara, Coorg, etc., that 1 propose to make them a subspecies of

M. melteda, which was originally described from the Southern

Mahratta Country. A specimen from the Punjab, collected by

Major Dunn, had already been noticed by Mr. Wroughton as being

different from the ordinary M. meltada.

MILLARDIA MELTADA PALLIDIOR.

The Northern soft-furred Field-Rat.

A Millardia similar to meltada in general appearance, but differ-

ing markedly from that species in colour, being a light sandy grey,

while meltada is a darkbrown-grey.

Fur soft and silky. Tail about the same length as head and

body. General colour above pale sandy-grey with a slight yellow-

ish tinge, and some brown speckles. Hairs dark-grey at the base

and yellowish white at the end, some with brown tips; paler on

the flanks shading into a grey white underside; belly with a much

whiter appearance than in meltada, as the grey hairs, instead of

only being tipped with white, are white for more than half their

length, the base only being grey. Chin and inner side of legs

also much whiter. Feet covered with white hair, tail sparsely

covered with hair, darker above and paler below.

“Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—

Head and body 125 mm., tail 125, hindfoot 24, ear 19;

weight 25 ozs.

* There is a considerable variation in size among the individuals of the series.

One large male has a head and body measurement of 146 mm. and is proportionately

large throughout, but the one selected as type is of a more average size.

660 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Skull :—Greatest length 32:2 mm., condylo-incisive length 31:3,

basilar length 27-2, length of upper molar series 5-5; diastema 9:3 ;

nasals 12°3 ; zygomatic breadth 15-5.

Halitat.—Lunwa, Palanpur, Gujerat. Altitude 150 feet.

Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 18. 8. 23.3. Original No.

3196. Collected 13th April 1913 by C. A. Crump and presented

to the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society.

The characteristic pale-grey colour is very constant throughout

the fine series of twenty-three specimens.

C.—Two NEW SUBSPECIES OF MUNGOOSE.

Three specimens of mungoose from Palanpur are so conspicuously

pale in colour in comparison with the eighty odd specimens

already obtained during the survey, and with those in the British

Museum, that I consider that a new subspecific name appears to be

necessary for them. ;

MUNGOS MUNGO PALLENS, subsp. n.

The pale-qrey Munqoose.

A mungoose similar to Mungos mungo in size and general ap-

pearance but differing considerably in colour and in the coarseness

of the speckles.

Following Mr. Wroughton’s example, I am taking the Dharwar

group of mungoose as typical of mungo, the type locality of which

is not known; but as he has pointed out, the S.-W. Coast may be

accepted, as the name is based on the Portuguese name of the

animal.

Whereas this southern species has a general colour of dark steel-

grey, closely speckled with deep-brown, which gives a very dark

impression, the Palanpur specimens have a general colour of light

(almost whitish) grey coarsely speckled with light-brown. The

under fur of mungo is a pale brownish grey, that of pallens is

practically white. The head and feet of pallens are of a red roan

colour; the southern specimens have very dark-brown feet, and no

roan on the head. ‘he tail is also paler, the tip being nearly

white. The throat and belly are very light, being dirty white in

some cases, while mungo has a yellow-brown underside, slightly

speckled with erey.

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—

Head and body 378 mm., tail 398, hindfoot 74, ear 27,

weight 3 lbs.

Skull.—Condylo-incisive length 79-3, basilar length 73-2, pala-

tilar length 41:5; front of canine to back of carnassial 25-3;

breadth across carnassials (from outerside) 26; zygomatic breadth

41-1; least inter-orbital breadth 15:5 ; inne iemieral constriction

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 661

12; breadth across bull (from outersides) 50; squamal breadth

of cranium 28:2.

Habitat.—Palanpur, Gujerat. Altitude 150 feet.

Type.—Old male. B. M. No. 18. 8. 28.2. Original No. 2765.

Collected 21st March 1913 by C. A. Crump and presented to the

National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society.

Three specimens in the British Museum Collection from Sam-

bhar, Rajputana, agree with this Palanpur series of pallens. This

Mungoose differs from WM. ferrugineus, Blanf. (Larkhana, Sind).

in not having a red head or red tips to the hairs.

MUNGOS AUROPUNCTATUS HELVUS, subsp. n.

The small yellow Munqoose.

A small mungoose closely allied to M. auropunctatus pallipes,

Blyth, but distinguished by its paler and yellower colour and by its

yellow feet, which are scarcely perceptibly speckled.

General colour yellow grey, minutely speckled with brown ; tail

of same colour and about 2 inches shorter than head and_ body.

Under fur drab, very light-brown at base (in pallipes the base is

seal brown). Forehead of a deeper yellow buff, feet light yellow,

almost without speckles. Underside pale yellow drab,

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—

Head and body 303 mm., tail 258, hindfoot 50, ear 22, weight

Ios sSCayase

Skull.Condylo-incisive length 63:3; basilar length 58-9;

palatilar length 32; front of canine to back of carnassial 20-7 ;

breadth across carnassials (from outersides) 20 ; zygomatic breadth

30°8 ; squamosal breadth of cranium 22:4; breadth across bull 23-8.

Habitat.—Deesa, Palanpur, Gujerat. Altitude 450 feet.

Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 13. 8. 28. 1. Original No. 3191.

Collected 5th May 1913 by C. A. Crump and presented to the

National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society.

These nine specimens from Palanpur are very constant in colour,

and although they bear a strong resemblance to Mungos auropuncta-

tus pallipes from Kandahar, they are decidedly yellower in their

general appearance.

D,—FUNAMBULUS TRILINEATUS, Kel.

The Newera Eliya ground Squirrel.

1852. Scirus trilineatus, Kelaart, Prod. p. 54.

1891. Sciwrus sublineatus, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 256

(partum). ,

The Ceylon specimens of this squirrel differ sufficiently to make

it necessary to separate them from the S. Indian F. sublineatus, and

662 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

I therefore give a description of the points in which the differences

are most noticeable. The name of trilineatus must be used as

although it only appears as a nomen nudwm in 1850* and in

1851+ Blyth mentions it as a synonym of Se. delesserti, Kelaart

published a description of the Ceylon squirrel under this name in

1852, though he did not separate it from the S. Indian species and

gave Waterhouse the credit of describing it, including Sc. delesserti

and sublineatus as synonyms.

It is a small Funambulus similar to sublineatus in general appear-

ance, but differing from that species in being larger throughout, and

darker in colour, having more brown and less of the olive shading

which is pronounced on the mainland species, this browner tinge being

especially noticeable on the flanks; the tail much more bushy, the

hairs decidedly longer and more coarsely speckled; stripes down

the back wider and less distinct. The skull measurements larger.

Fur soft and very dense.

General colour dark brown finely speckled with yellow, three

slightly paler longitudinal stripes with a darker brown, less speckled,

fur between them, the stripes become indistinct on the shoulders

and rump. Underside pale tawny; flanks ruddy brown. The hair

on the tail is black at the base, followed by a narrow band of tawny,

then a wide black band tipped with pale yellow, while in sublineatus

the hairs are much shorter and evenly speckled brown and yellow

throughout.

Dimensions (measured in the flesh).—Head and body 125 (120)

mm.; tail 122 (117); hindfoot 31 (29); ear 13 (13).

Skull.—Greatest length 37-7 (85) mm.; condylo-incisive length

32°5(30) ; basilar length 27-6(25-3 ?); tooth row (upper molar series)

7 (6-6); diastema 8°4(7); nasals 11 (9-9) ; zygomatic breadth 20-8

(0:2).

a figures in brackets refer to a specimen of sublineatus from

Coorg.)

The specimen described is a young male, collected by Major EH.

W. Mayor at Kottawa, 8. P. Ceylon, on April 11th, 1913. Original

No. 13.

Five specimens from Ceylon and 19 from Southern India are avail-

able for comparison and the distinguishing characters are constant

throughout the two series.

E.—SctuRUS ATRODORSALIS SHANICUS, subsp. n.

North Shan States Blach-backed Squirrel.

A squirrel ,similar to Sciwrus atrodersalis but without the red

underside and practically without the black patch on the back.

* Journ... R.AS., Ceyl., p. 310.

+ J.AS.B., XX, p. 168.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 663

General colour rather paler than ‘deep olive’ (Ridgeway) ;

hairs banded black and yellow. ‘There is a darker, blackish tinge

on the back in some cases, mostly in young specimens, in many

adults it is very slight and hardly noticeable; even in the most

pronounced examples itis only the ends of the hairs that are black ;

in the black patch of atrodorsalis, the hairs are black throughout.

The head is similar to the body in colour, whereas in atrodorsalis it

is reddish yellow ; the ears only in @. shanicus are rufescent. The

whiskers in all these specimens are black, the type of atrodorsalis and

most of the other skins have white ones. The fur is dark slate

erey at then base and then banded yellow and black. The underside

is like the back only more shaded with yellow, especially on the

underside of the arms and legs, which in some cases are rufous, but

none of the specimens have the chestnut red underside which is so

marked in most of the atrodorsalis skins. Feet, same colour as

body, tail banded black and yellow, the same as above.

Skull characters as in atrodorsalis, as far as can be determined,

there being practically no whole skulls of the latter for comparison,

in some instances the zygomatic arch is wider in atrodorsalis.

The co-types of Sciwrus atrodorsalis are two dilapidated speci-

mens received from the Hast India Company’s Museum, and

marked as coming from ‘‘ Bhotan.” ‘This is evidently a mistake,

as they closely agree with a series from Moulmein, which may

therefore be taken as the type locality.

In addition to this present series of 32, there are 6 other speci-

mens available for comparison from the N. Shan States, and as

they are all very constant among themselves it seems necessary to

separate them subspecifically; Mr. Wroughton had, I believe, in-

tended to separate them some time ago.

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—Head and body

208 mm.; tail 183; hindfoot 48; ear 22.

Skull.—Greatest length 51-1mm. ; condylo-incisive length 45-9 :

basilar length 39-9 ; tooth row 10°5 ; diastema 11-1; zygomatic

breadth 29-9 ; nasals 15.

Habitat.—Gokteik, Northern Shan States, Burma. Alt. 2,133

feet.

Type.—Adult Male. B. M. No. 18.11.18.1. Original No. 2765.

Collected 23rd April 19138, by G. C. Shortridge, and presented to

the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society.

A NEW FieELp-MousE FRoM BurRMA.

f’.—MUS COOKH, sp. n.

The Burma Field-Mouse.

A mouse most nearly resembling Mus booduga but differing from

that species in being larger throughcut.

664 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. ‘SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

General colour above dark brown speckled with buff, flanks paler

than back, fur soft slate grey at base, tips light brown. Undersurface

grey, base of the hairs being slate grey, terminal half white, feet

white, tail dark above and pale below. Skull similar to booduga in

appearance, but larger, the teeth especially being bigger and

stronger.

Dimensions of type (measured in the flesh).—Head and body 88

(60-75) ; tail 91(55-74) ; hindfoot 19(14-17) ; ear 17(12-14).

Skull.—Greatest length 23:3; condylo-incisive length 22:8;

(18-4-19-5) ; basilar length 19-4(16-18-5); diastema 6-7 (5:4-6-4) ;

tooth row 4°2(3.6-3.8) ; zygomatic breadth 12 (9.6-10-8) ; nasals

8°5 (7:4-8°5). é

(The figures in brackets are taken from specimens of M. booduga

from Dharwar, the Southern Maharatta country being the type

locality).

Habitat.—Gokteik, Northern Shan States, Burma. Altitude

2,153 feet.

Type.—Adult male. B. M. No. 13.11.18.2.; original No. 2755.

Collected by G. C. Shortridge, 22nd April 1913, and presented to

the National Collection by the Bombay Natural History Society.

The series consists of 4 adult and immature specimens. I have

named this species after Mr. J. P. Cook. who assisted Mr.

Shortridge by sending in a small collection of specimens from

Moulmein.

———

665

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON,

INDIGENOUS AND INTRODUCED

A. BLATIDR Syl.

PART X:

(With Plates LVII—LXITI, and teat figure 30.)

(Continued from page 463 of Volume XXIT.)

O. Sub-tribe : Iriartece.

Spadix below or rarely between the leaves, simple or branched ;

peduncle clothed with several tubular spathes. Flowers oblique,

free on the surface of the stout rhachis or slender branches. Female

and male flowers in clusters of 38, or both sexes by abortion on

separate spadices (moncecious). Male flowers: calyx small,

corolla oblique, valvate, or only with the apices overlapping ;

stamens 6-0 , free; anthers erect. Female flowers: calyx short,

staminodes never united, often resembling fertile stamens ; ovary of

3 united carpels, oblique, 3-locular.

Fruit nearly always monocarpellary with 1 seed; berry with

thin endocarp ; raphe branched.

DIsTRIBUTION.—Tropical America, from Costa Rica in the north

to Juan Fernandez in the south.

Iriartea, R. & Pav., Catoblastus, Wendl., Wetiinia, Poepp.

& Endl., Cerowylon, H. B. Kth., Juania, Dr.

No representatives in India.

D. Sub-tribe: Moreniec.

Spadix below or between the leaves; spathes tubular. Flowers

free on the surface or slightly sunk in cavities, symmetrical,

unisexual on the spadix or male and female together. Calyx

short, 3-lobed or of 3 leaves ; petals free or united, valvate (except

some species of Chamceedorea and Synechanthus which have an

imbricate corolla in the female flowers). In the female flower the

ovary completely or incompletely 3-locular.

Fruit a berry of 1-3 separately developing carpels. Leaves

regularly paripinnate (rarely pinnately dentate).

DistripuTion.—All the genera (except MHyophorbe and Chry-

salidocarpus) are American, especially tropical South Mexican.

Chamaedorea, Willd., Morena, R. & P., Kunthia, Humb. &

Bonpl., Chrysalidocarpus, H. Wendl., Hyophorbe, Gaertn., Gaussia,

Wendl., Pseudophenia,, Wendl. & Dr., Synechanthus, Wendl.,

Reinhardtia. Liebm.

666 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

Key to the genera described below:

- Rais stem cane-like ... Chameedorea.

Flowers dicecious ¢ : ;

stem not cane-lke ... Chrysalidocarpus.

Flowers moncecious oe sae ... LHyophorbe. —

CHAMAEDORHA, Willd. Spec. Pl. IV. 638.

(From the Greek “chamai,”’ on the ground, and “dorea,” a

eift ; alluding to the fruits of the palm being easily reached.)

Re & JRaveProdr ly ceeruy. cn Cline gol ot

(Nunnezharia).—Otto, Gartenz, 1834, 145, 153, t. 6.—Mart. Hist.

Nat. Palm. 11, 3, t. 33 TMs 7,: 30 7ets 126-136. — Kamila aaa

Pl. III, 170.—Wendl., Bot. Zeitg. 1859, 29, 102.—Drude FI.

Brasil. ITI, Il, 527, t. 125.—Rel. Grti. 1880, 101.—Benth. &

laloole,) Grey Jel, JOLLY IL LO Sh

Stem unarmed, slender, cane-like, annulate, rarely climbing,

often soboliferous and forming small tufts. Leaves terminal,

mostly pinnate with broad-lanceolate pinnee, in some species only a

bifid apex.

Spadix, when in flower, mostly below the crown of leaves, long

peduncled, with from 3-7 tubular spathes; male spadix with

mostly yellow flowers ; female spadix with smaller, greenish flowers.

Flowers dicecious, scattered or dense on the simple or oftener on

the simple-branched spadix. Male flowers with short, cupular

trilobed calyx ; corolla of 3 petals, valvate ; stamens 6; pistillode

columnar. Female flowers: calyx tripartite, cupular; corolla

tripetalous, tripartite or tridentate, valvate ; no staminodes; ovary

trilocular, 3-ovuled; style short, stout or elongate.

Berry 1 (-3) consisting of 1 (-3) carpels with the remains of the

style at the base, the size of a pea, often brightly coloured. Seed

round or elliptic; albumen equable.

Species about 60.—Tropical America.

CULTIVATION IN HuRoPE.—The species of Chamaedorea are stove

palms. In their natural habitats they are invariably growing

under the shade or tall forest trees, and never in exposed situations.

In the stove, therefore, shade and moisture are essential. They

thrive best in a compost of two parts spongy peat, one part loam,

and one of sand, the whole well mixed together.

Dammer observes that most species do well in the drawing-room

and that some stand a pretty low temperature in winter asv. g. C.

concolor and CU. desmoncoides. Others are more delicate (as v. g.

C. geonomiformis).

Hybrids are easily produced.

CHAMAEDOREA AREMBERGIANA., H. Wendl. Ind. Palm. 66;

Kerch. de Denterg. Les Palmiers 75, f. 33.—C. latifrons and latifolia,

*[PUOA\ “H ‘swaosayn? sndimoopyvsh.vyQ 410 XIdvdg DNIUAMOT A

*‘[puaA\ ‘FL ‘swaosajn) snd.wmoopypshsy CO

ipe

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THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 667

Hort.—Spathascaphe aarenbergiana, Oerst. Palm. Centramer. in Vidensk.

Meddel. Nat. For. Kjébenhav. 1858, 30, and L’ Amérique Centrale t. 7,

£, 29-37,

Names.—English: Aremberg’s Mountain Palm, Merman’s

Shaving-brush.

German: Aremberg’s Bergpalme.

French : Chamaedore, Chamaedorée.

DescripTion.—Stem about 6 feet high, green, ringed at intervals

of 2 inches. Leaves 5-6, erecto-patent, pinnate, 6-7 feet long ;

petiole slender, with a long cylindric sheath; leaflets about 10-15

pair, drooping 1-14 feet long, alternate, oblong-lanceolate from

a broad, sessile base, gradually narrowed to a very fine point,

plicate with about 30 ribs, bright green above, rather pale beneath;

petiole nearly terete.

Inflorescence from below the leaves. Spathes many, sheathing.

cylindric, 6-10 inches long, forming a tube 1 foot long, which

completely covers the peduncle of the spadix, lightly rolled toge-

ther with subacute erect tips, the uppermost far exceeding the

spadix, green, or the lower brown. Male spadix subumbellately

branched within the spathes, the branches effuse, pendulous, 1 foot

long and as thick as the little finger, cylindric, pale, straw-coloured,

dense-flowered, terminated by the naked subulate tip. Flowers

about 4 inch in diameter. Calyx very short, 3-toothed. Corolla-

lobes rounded, concave, fleshy; stamens 6, filaments very thick,

anther-cells divaricate ; pistillode columnar, tip 3-lobed. Female

spadix simple, erect, six inches long, rather stouter than the

branches of the male spadix. Petals transversely oblong, concave;

staminodes none; ovary subglobose, 3-lobed, stigmas 3, minute,

sessile, trigonous.

HasiTaT.—Guatemala.

Cultivated in Indian gardens.

CHRYSALIDOCARPUS, H. Wendl. Bot. Zeitg. (1878), 117.

(Wendland has chosen this name because the fruit, deprived of

its epicarp, has the appearance of achrysalis. The name, therefore,

does not mean “golden fruit” as suggested in L. H. Bailey’s

Cyclopzedia of American Horticulture, Vol. 1, 301.)

Benth. and Hook. Gen. Plant III, II, 882.—Becc. Palme del

Madag. p. 3—Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 164, t. 143 (Hyoph-

-orbe).—Drude, Palmae, in Nat. Pflanzenf. p. 64.

Stem unarmed, cylindric, soboliferous, annulate. Leaves termi-

nal, pinnate; segments very numerous, straight, or slightly falcate,

bifid at the apex. Spadix ramose, Flowers dioecious. Male

flowers: fertile stamens 6, subequal, filaments subulate, anthers

versatile; rudimentary ovary conical or columnar, more or less

668 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX].

trifid or trilobed at the apex. Female flowers: ovary globose-

ovate or oblong; stigmas stout, triangular, patent at the time of

fertilization.

Fruit baccate, ovoid-elliptical; stigmas subbasilar ; epicarp very

thin; fibres of mesocarp applanate. Seed oblong-obconical, acute

at the base; albumen equable; embryo at or below the middle of

the back.

Species about 7.

DisTRIBuTION.—Madagascar (elsewhere ?).

Two species are cultivated in India :

Segments of leaves 40-60 pairs ............ C. lutescens.

Segments of leaves much more numerous...C. madagascariensis.

CHRYSALIDOCARPUS LUTESCENS, H. Wendl. Bot. Zeitg. (1878),

117; Benth. & Hook. Gen. Plant. III, Il, 882.—Areca madagascariensis,

Mart. ex Becc. Palme del Madag. p. 2.—Areca madagascariensis, Lodd. ex

Dammer, Palmenz. p. 91— Areca lutescense, Bory ex Salomon Palmen, p. 110

—Areca Indica, Hort.—Areca barbonica, Hort.—Areca Dicksonii, Hort.— —

Areca flavescens, Hort.—Hyophorbe indica, Hort. ex Drude l. c. p. 64.—

Hyophorbe lutescens, Hort. ex Drude 1. c. p. 64.—Hyophorbe Commerso-

niana, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 164, t. 143, 1, (mon H. Commersonii,

Mart. in Herb. Paris.)—Sudlimia vilicaulis, Commers. ex Salomon, Palmen,

p. 110.

Names.— Yellow Areca Palm (English).

Arec jaunatre, Arec poison, Palmiste Marron, Palmiste

poison (French).

Gelbliche Puppen-Areka (German).

DESORIPTION.—Stem about 25 feet high, cylindric, about 3 inches

in diameter, soboliferous, annulate, rmgs more or less 4 inches

distant from each other. Leaves 6-8, terminal, spreading, more or

less 8 feet long, regularly pinnatisect, vagina about 1} feet long,

cylindric; petiole about 2 feet long, narrowly and deeply cana-

liculate above, margins acute; rhachis about 5 feet long; segments

dark green, 40-50 pairs, at base and apex of leaf approximate, the

middle ones 2 inches distant from each other, narrowly lanceolate,

contracted at the base, long acuminate at the apex and unequally

bifid.

Flowers dioecious, white.

Fruit consisting of one carpel, baccate, black-violaceous, resupi-

nate, ellipsoideo—turbinate. Mesocarp consisting of applanate fibres,

adherent to the membranous endocarp. Seed oblong-obconical,

acute at the base, branches of raphe about 18, radially ascending

and slightly anastomosing on the dorsal side. Albumen equable.

Embryo below the middle height of the albumen.

Hapitat.—Madagascar (Salomon, Palacky "), Bourbon (Bailey’s

Cyclop. Americ. Horticult).

1 Palacky, J. Catalogus plantarum Madagascariensium. Prague, 1907.

ed het Pty cae OX Z

se wie ay " wes hein et 2

< Senet NE x

Dede, Os ae

Si os wee a X ‘

s 2

» *

JouRN. BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Gardens).

1an

is of Ind

AYES

dagasc

4s Ma

Bece. (Dyps

vensis,

docarpus madagascari

Chrysal

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 669

GARDENING IN HurRope.—‘‘In growing Ohrysalidocarpus in

quantity, it wili be found a good plan to sow the seeds either on a

bench, in boxes or seed pans, so prepared that the seedlings will

remain in the soil in which they germinate until they have made

two or more leaves. ‘The first leaf made above the soil is small, and

if plants are potted off at this stage they must be very carefully

watered in order not to sour the soil. In the preparation of the

receptacles for the seed, a little gravel in the bottom will be found

good, as the roots work very freely through it, and when the time

comes to separate the plants previous to potting, it is an easy matter

to disentangle the roots without bruising them. Probably the plan

which works best is.to wash the soil and gravel entirely from

among the roots. Pot in soil not too dry, and for the next few days

keep the house extra warm and humid, and the plants shaded from

the sun without any moisture applied to the soil for the first few

days.” (Cyclop. Amer. Hort.).

ILLusTRATIONS.—Plate LVIIA shows a characteristic tuft of

Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, growing in Victoria Gardens, Bombay.

There is a marked difference between this species and Chrysalido-

carpus madagascariensis, represented on the next plate. The

beautiful curves of the leaves and the smaller number of leaflets

distinguish the former at once.

Plate LVIIB shows a spadix of Chrysalidocarpus lutescens in

flower. The peduncle of the inflorescence is covered by its sheaths,

and only a few flowers are open near the tips of the branchlets.

I have to thank the Rev. Fr. Max Maier, 8. J., for the two

photographs.

CHRYSALIDOCARPUS MADAGASCARIENSIS, Becc. Engl. Bot.

Jahrb. Vol. 38 (1907), Beibl. No. 87, p. 35.—Dypsis madagascariensis, Hort.

—Areca madagascariensis, Hort. ;

DEScRIPTION.—Stem about 3 inches in diameter. Leaves inter-

ruptedly pinnate, rhachis about 8 feet long; petiole more or less 14

foot long, canaliculate above; segments very numerous, about 90

pairs linear, the larger ones 13-12 foot long, 3/5 inch broad,

long acuminate, slightly bifid at the apex.

Spadix ample, 3-plicate-ramose, first scarcely furfuraceous, then

quite glabrous ; panicle ample, diffuse, branches patent, the floriferous

branchlets filiform, about 1/12 inch in diameter and 8-10 inches

long. The glomerulate flowers in 5-seriate pits which are narrow

spirally arranged, supported by a very short subdimidiato-cupular

bract; bracteoles very narrowly semilunar. Male flowers globose,

1/12 inch in diameter; sepals orbicular; petals twice as long as

the sepals; anthers oblong; rotundate at the apex and scarcely

apiculate, with parallel loculi; pistillode trigonous-pyramidal, acute.

Female flowers ovate; sepals orbicular, petals twice as long as the

670 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXII

sepals, very broad, shortly apiculate; ovary gibbous-ovate, with

triangular stigmas; staminodes 6.

Fruit ovoid-elliptic, at both ends slightly attenuate, straight (not

sigmoidal), about 5 inch long, 4-7/24 inch ‘ensdl: remains of

stigmas basilar; fibres of mesocarp applanate, uniseriate, spirally

sinuose and anastomosing. Seed obovate, acute at the base ;

embryo about.the middle of the back.

Hasirat.—There is scarcely a doubt that the palm comes originally

from Madagascar (Beccari).

In Indian gardens the palm is generally known under the names

of Dypsis or Areca madagascariensis.

ILLUSTRATION.—On plate LVIII we reproduce a photograph of

Chrysalidocarpus madagascariensis taken by Mr. Phipson. The

crown of leaves is much denser than in the foregoing species,

owing to the greater number of leaves and leaflets. In addition

to this, the appearance of this palm is changed considerably by the

fact that the tips of the leaflets are hanging over.

HYVOPHOn iE, (Gacwim, — Hractk wile sSGeau 120.

(From the Greek ‘‘Hys,” swine, and ‘‘phorbe,”’ food)

Wendl. Illustr. Hort. 13, t. 462, 463.— Bak. Fl. Maurit. 382.—

Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. III, 11, 912, 62.

Stem of considerable height, often very thick ; petiole subterete

on the back, grooved or flat on the face with a large, complete,

basal sheath ; leaves pinnate with slightly reduplicate subopposite

pinnee.

Moneecius. Flowers superposed in linear, spirally-arranged, 3-7-

flowered clusters on the branches of a compound spadix, the females

1 or 2 at the base of the cluster. Spathes many, distichous, imbri-

cated. Inner segments of the perianth valvate, twice as long as

the outer. Male flowers: Stamens 6, included ; flaments connate at

the base ; pistillode a triquetrous or conical column, shorter than the

stamens. Female flowers: Staminodes forming a cup with 6

teeth.

Fruit a purplish drupe ; scar of the stigma subbasal ;. mesocarp

succulent and fibrous; endocarp chartaceous. Seed solitary,

ascending ; albumen homogeneous; raphe branching, but not

anastomosing ; embryo subapical or median.

SPECIES 3.—Mascarene Islands.

CuLTIvaTIoN In KuRoPpE.—Ornamental, middle-sized stove palms.

They grow well in a compost of loam, peat and leaf soil in equal

parts with a liberal addition of sand. When they are fully grown

about two-thirds of the compost should consist of loam. Propagation

is effected by seeds, which are sown in a compost similar to the one

just mentioned and placed in a moist gentle heat.

‘que ‘siynponuwwup eqloydohy a0 NUWIOHAG ONNOK

sin Nadie tte awe re

BTR 4

V XII givig ‘009 ‘LSIH{ “LVN AvaWog ‘Nuoor

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 671

The following are cultivated in India :—

Pinnze with prominent lateral nerves ; 3

no yellow line on back of petiole ... H. amaricaulis.

Pinnee with no prominent lateral nerves ;

a yellow line on back of petiole —.... H. Verschaffeltw.

HYOPHORBE AMARICAULIS, Mart. Hist., Nat. Palm. IIL, 309;

Baker Fl. Maurit. and Seych. 383; O. Drude Palmae 64.-—Sublimia

amaricaulis Commers.— Hyospathe amaricaulis, Hort.—Areca speciosa, Hort.

and Versch.— Areca purpurea, Makoy.

Namus.—Palmiste Gargoulette (French).

Bitterstielige Eberpalme, Viehfutterpalme (German).

DEscripTIoN.—Stem 60 feet high, 15-24 inches in diameter near

the base, bottle-shaped, slightly diminishing upwards to the base of

the leaf-sheaths, and there abruptly constricted. Leaf-sheath cylin-

drical ; petiole 12-18 inches long, somewhat trigonous, grooved on

the face; leaflets in 40-60 pairs, lanceolate, acuminate, 18 inches

long, 2 inches broad, with the central and one lateral vein pro-

minent on the upper surface, and several secondary veins also

prominent beneath, which are clothed towards the base with sub-

rigid, appressed, lanceolate scales.

Spadix with clustered branches; peduncle | foot long. Pistillode

of the male flowers elongated, grooved.

Fruit elliptic-oblong. Seed elliptical, #— 4 inches long, with

the branches of the raphe diverging a little above the hilum;

embryo subapical or median.

Hasitrat.—Mauritius; common on Round Island. ( Endemic.)

InLustratTions.—Plate LIXA shows a young specimen of Hyo-

phorbe amaricaulis, growing in the Victoria Gardens, Bombay. The

photograph was taken by Mr. Phipson. The specimen figured on

plate LIX B is some years older and grows in the Sibpur Botanic

Gardens. Both pictures show the characteristic bottle-shape of

the stem, and in both we notice a stick-like young leaf just at the

time when it begins to unfold.

HYOPHORBE VERSCHAFFELTI, H. Wendl., Illust. Hort. XIII, t.

462, 463; Baker, Fl. Maurit. and Seych. 383.—Areca Verscheffeltii, Lem.

and Hort.

NAMES.— Palmiste marron (French).

Verschaffelt’s Kberpalme (German).

DESCRIPTION.—Stem 25-30 feet high, 6-12 inches in diameter

at the base, bulging after a few feet, reaching 12-24 inches in

the middle, thence contracting upwards, rarely again bulging.

Petiole about 3 inches long, subterete, slightly grooved on the

upper surface, with a yellow band extending from the upper part

of the leaf-sheath along the face of the petiole to the extremity

of the blade; leaflets 30-50 pairs, acuminate, 20-30 inches long,

672 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI

1 inch broad; the central vein alone prominent, clothed on the —

under surface towards the base with short linear scales, which are

often subrigid at the base.

Spadix with clustered branches; peduncle 8-14 inches long.

_ Perianth orange. Pistillode of the male flower elongated, conical.

Fruit cylindrical-oblong. Seed sub-cylindrical, ,-1 inch long, 7

1-+ inch broad; the branches of the raphe diverging from the

middle of the seed, the embryo median and horizontal.

Hasitat.—Rodriguez, not uncommon on the hill slopes.

(Endemic).

ILLUSTRATION.—The young specimen of Hyophorbe Verscha-

feltu:, figured on plate LX, is growing in Mr. Millard’s garden

on Malabar Hill, Bombay. ‘The owner was kind enough to

supply the photograph. The stem is distinctly triangular, and as 9

to the leaves, it is not difficult to find out the differences as |

regards number, size, shape and structure, which distinguish this

species from [Hyophorbe amaricaulis.

EH. Sub-tribe: Arecece.

Spadix below or between the leaves, always with 1-3 complete

spathes, which open only when the male flowers begin to develop —

(except Arecece iquanuree). Flowers free on the surface orinopen —

cavities, moncecious in clusters of 3, the male pair behind the female

flower, the upper part of the branches bearing only male flowers.

Male flowers: often oblique; calyx small, imbricate; corolla large,

valvate; stamens 6-8. Female flowers: calyx and corolla imbricate

(exceptions sub A in the following key: corolla valvate). Ovary

of 3 completely united carpels, always 1-locular with one seed

by the abortion of 2 seeds, but with 3 apical stigmas.

Fruit a berry of 3 carpels and 1 seed. Leaves pinnate, mostly

smooth.

DistripuTion.—In all tropical regions except continental

Africa: East-African islands, from India and Ceylon to New

Zealand and the Chatham Islands ; tropical America from Brazil to

the Antilles. a

Dypsis, Noronh., Phloga, Hook., Hyospathe, Mart., Prestoea,

Hook., Oreodoxa, Willd., Gigliclia, Becc., Howea, Becc., Innos-

padiz, Wendl. & Dr., Carpoxylon, Wendl. & Dr., Ignanura, BL,

Calyptrocalyx, Bl., Somnueria, Becc., Clinostigma, Wendl., Heteros-

patha, Scheffer, Jessenia, Karst., Roscheria, Wendl., Nephrosperma,

Balf., Verschaffeltia, Wendl., Phoencophorium, Wendl., Acanthophee-

nix, Wendl., Oncosperma, Bl., Euterpe, Mart., Oenocarpus, Mart.,

Piychandra, Scheff., Cyphokentia, Brongn., Hydriastele Wendl. &

Drude, Kentia, Bl., Kentiopsis, Brongn., Veitchia, Wendl., Drymo-

phloeus, Zipp., Cyrtostachys, Bl., Ptychococcus, Becc., Piychosperma,

Prats LX.

BompBay Nat. Hist. Soc.

JOURN.

Youne SprcimEN oF Hyophorbe Verschaffeltu, H. Wendl.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 673

Labill., Zowococcus, Wendl. & Dr., Actinorhylis, Wendl. & Dr.

Rhopaloblaste, Scheft., Ptychoraphis, Becc., Dictyosperma, Wendl.

& Dr., Archontuphena, Wendl. & Dr., Nenya, Wendl. & Dr.,

Cyphophenia, Wendl. & Hook., Mischophleus, Scheff., Pinanga,

ni Areca,. Li.

Key to the genera described below + :—

A. Arecece anomale.—Spadix between or below the leaves

branching, with two spathes of which at least the upper one is

complete. Female flowers with valvate corolla. Ovary unilocular

or sometimes with 2-3 ovules. Leaves unarmed, smooth.

Male calyx of rounded imbricate sepals.

Female corolla valvate throughout Oreodoua.

B, Areceace iguanwrece.—Spadix simple with a stout rhachis

developed between the short-sheathed leaves. Spathes 1-3. The

clusters of 3 flowers in open, flat, or lipped cavities of the rhachis.

Male flowers with an imbricate calyx. Female flowers with a

broadly imbricate corolla. Leaves unarmed :

Seed not erect, albumen not equable ... Calyptrocalyz.

Seed erect, albumen equable ............ Howea.

CO. Arecece heterospathe.—Spadix branched, between the leaves.

Spathes 2, pierced by the spadix, or upper spathe opening com-

pletely on the ventral side. Male flowers with an imbricate calyx.

Female flowers with a broadly imbricate corolla. Ovary with 1

ovule. Leaves unarmed.

Pericarp smooth, albumen slightly ruminate Heterosphatha.

D. Arececee aculeiferee.—Spadix once or twice branched, between

or below the leaves. Spathes 2 or several, complete. Male

flowers with an imbricate calyx. Female flowers with an imbricate

corolla. Ovary with 1 ovule, united laterally with the wall. Leaves

with long spines :—

(a) Spadix between the short-sheathed leaves. Albumen

ruminate :

Leaves irregularly pinnatisect :

1... Spadix...twice .branched.

SS STIS O05), ed else ie c sni2 Roscheria.

2eopadix oncéa branched.

SPAMS OY Soy Gew be he ees alk Nephrosperma.

* Leaves bifid with pinnately dentate margin :

MA PSURMNCIIS) O22 fords cc eve d sels ane Verschaffeltra.

pasa hema 2.0) 4... ae a aleator Pheenicophorwm..

®) Spadix below the long-sheathed leaves :

i} Albumen equable: i244... 5.8%... Acanthopheenia.

2. , Aloumen ruminate | .........2:: Oncosperma.

7 We follow in the main Drude, Palmae, 65.

674 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

E. Arecece infrafoliacece. Spadix one or several times branched, —

below the crown, hidden before flowering in the long sheaths of

the axils. Spathes 1—3, complete. Calyx of male flowers mostly

broadly imbricate. Corolla of female flowers broadly imbricate.

Ovary with one central ovule.—Leaves unarmed.

I—Ovule and seed laterally more or less united with the en-

docarp.

(a) Albumen uniform.

1 Ovule and seed united with the

endocarp to a little beyond the ;

muodleornie: taplle tae eee Hydriastele.

2 Ovule and seed united with the

endocarp along the raphe from

tite: base GoniWe apexes. se cca Kentia.

3 Ovule broadly united with the en-

docarp near the chalaza and

consequently pendulous ......... Cyrtostachys.

(0) Albumen ruminate.

( eatlets temmcate hy a.cecce. eee Piychosperma.

2 leaflets truncate-dentate ......... Loxococcus.

3 Leaflets accuminate.

° Rumination of the albumen deep,

radial towards the centre of

UNS SECM ba soak eodmaaenmobdedanse Achnoriytis.

Rumination of the albumen ir-

regular or flat.

x Stamens 6, albumen deeply

grooved along the raphe ... Péychoraphis.

x x Stamens 6, Raphe without

STOOVE vu tnscee eee enGr aaa Dictyosperma.

x x x Stamens 9—24........ wibieoe wath te Archontophenm.

I[I—Ovule free, arising from the base of the |

loculus.

1 Female and male flowers in clusters ~

of 3 reaching high up the branches Pinanga.

2 Female flowers at the base of the

branches, solitary or few” *.....-.7 Areca.

ORHODOXA.—Kunth in Humb. et Bonpl. Nova Gen. et Sp.

Pl. I, p. 244, edit. min. p. 305 (1815).

(From the Greek ‘“ Oros,” the mountain, and ‘‘doxa” glory;

alluding to the lofty stature of some of the species.)

Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, III, 166, 310, t. 156; 163.— Jacq.,

Stirp. Sel. t. 170—Kunth. Enum. Pl. III, 181.—Walp. Ann. III,

459.—Griseb, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 517:—Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. IT,

IT, 899, 35.

“(-qaey ‘ve0v1010 wxopoaiO) ektaoepeisg Jo Veplexy o1UVJog oY} UI SWIVG ASvaavVH JO AANTAY ONNOK

‘009 ‘LSIF[T ‘LVNT AVaNOg ‘Nunor

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYTON,. 6

“I

ROYSTONEA.—O. F. Cook in Bull. Torroy bot, Club, 1901,

p-. 049.

_ Stem erect, columnar, unarmed, annulate, thickened at the base

or in the middle, leaves terminal, pinnate ; pinne narrow-lanceolate,

bifid at the top ; petiole long-sheathing.

_ Spadix at the base of cylinder formed by the leaf-sheaths, thrice-

twice divided, equalling the inner lignescent spathe. Flowen.

monoecious, small, white or yellowish. Male calyx 3—phyllous,

short, imbricate ; petals 3 ; stamens 6-12, long-exserted with versatile

anthers. Female calyx as in the male ; petals 3, valvate; staminodes

forming a 6-dentate cupule; ovary 3-locular; stigmas 3, sessile,

suprabasilar in the fruit.

Berry drupaceous, 1-seeded; putamen adnate to the testa;

albumen uniform ; embryo basilar.

Species 4.—Tropical America: Antilles and neighbouring

coast of South America.

CULTIVATION IN HuRopE.—These palms are elegant stove plants

and are easily raised from imported seeds, sown in a sandy soil in

a mild hotbed. When the seedings have attained sufficient size

they must be potted off singly into small pots with the same kind

of soilin which the seeds were sown. Later on, good turfy loam

will be better.

OREODOXA OLERACEA, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 166, t. 156

fig. 1, 2, t. 163.—Becc. Relig. Scheff. in Ann. Jard. bot. Buit. II, 150, t.

12; Palms indg. to Cuba in Pomona Journ. Econ. Bot. II, (1912) 265.—

Drude, in Mart. FI. Bras. III, II, 474.

Names.—The tree is called:

American Cabbage Palm, Barbados Cabbage tree, Cabbage

Palm, Cabbage tree (English).

Arbre au chou, Arbre chou des Barbades, Arec d’ Amérique

Aree légumineux, Arouari des Caraibes, Chou palmiste

Palmier des entourages, Palmiste blanc, Palmiste 4 chou,

te Palmiste 4 colonne, Palmiste franc (French).

_Echte Kohlpalme, Kohlpalme, Kohltragende Arekapalme

(German).

-Amerikaanische Koolpalm, Koolboom, Koolpalm, Palmiet

(Dutch).

The cabbage or heart of the tree is called :

Chou palmiste (French).

Palmenkohl Palmkohl (German).

Palmkool (Dutch).

DESCRIPTION.—Stem more or less thickened at the base, for the

rest equal, 100-130 feet high, annulate. Leaves terminal, up to

20 feet long, patent, forming a graceful crown, pinnatisect ; base

676 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,

sheathing; sheath cylindric, slightly attenuate upwards, about 1

foot in diameter, dark green ; peduncle 4 inches broad above the

sheath, and 20-25 inches long, semi-cylindric and deeply canali-

culate with acute margins; rhachis convex below, excavate on the

upper side; segments about 200 on each side with a thickened

pulvinus at ‘the base, the lowest and uppermost almost equidistant,

the middle ones slightly crowded, 3 feet long, 14 inches broad,

Janceolate-linear, acuminate, bright green, aaah glances on

the lower surface.

Spadix pene at the base of the cylinder formed by the leaf-

sheaths, 24-3 feet long, decompound. Inner spathe cylindric,

athentate = both ends, cuspidate, lignescent, opening longitudin-

ally on the ventral side; peduncle almost 1! inch in diameter,

slightly thickened at the point of branching ; branches furfuraceous-

puberulous. Flowers crowded, 3 together, the middle one female ;

bract at the base of the female flower small, membranous, trian-

gular subulate, persistent ; bracteoles 2, minute, broadly-triangular

Male flowers: sepals minute, scarcely 1 line long, broadly cordate-

triangular, imbricate; corolla 2} lines long; petals oblong-

lanceolate, acute, straw-coloured, valvate ; stamens 6, more than 1

line long; anthers linear, bifid at the base, pistillode minute, sub-

triguetrous. Female flowers half the size of the male flowers ; calyx —

3-phyllous sepals orbicular-ovate, obtuse, imbricate; petals ovate-sub-

triangular, slightly concave, valvate; staminodes forming a six-

dentate cupule ; ovary ovate; stigmas 3, sessile.

Fruit a berry, incurved, obovoid-oblong, 8-9 lines long; fibres

of the mesocarp in an oval area. Seed oblong, 4-5 lines long;

albumen horny. Embryo cylindric, basilar.

Hapirat.—Bahamas; Jamaica, common in the mountains,

Trinidad, Cuba, and other Antilles. :

USEs. “ihe ‘heart’? is made into pickles, or when boiled is

served at table. The trunks serve as gutterings. The pith

furnishes a kind of sago, and the nuts yield oil by decoction.

The wood is very hard, but so thin that it is only fit for walking-

sticks or ramrods. The leaf-sheaths, after falling off, are woody

of the sheaths, if dried, looks like vellum; this bears ink very

well on one side, on the other it seems greasy. Twenty large

sheaths may be procured from one trunk. In their native country

the broad part of the footstalks forms a hollow trough or

cradle for children; when cut up it makes excellent splints for

fractures.

IuLusTRATION.—The magnificent avenue of Cabbage palms

(Oreodoxa oleracea), pictured on plate LXI, was photographed by

Mr. Macmillan in the Botanic Gardens of Peradeniya. The stems

Journ. BompBay Nar. Hist, Soc. Prate LXII.

Mountain Guory. (Oreodoxa regia, Kth.).

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 677

on the right are more characteristic of this species than some on

the left as they do not show that thickening about the middle so

peculiar to Oreodowa regia.

OREODOXA REGIA.—Kunth in Humb. et Bonpl. Nova Gen. et

Spec. Pl. I. p. 244.-Mart.; Hist. Nat. Palm. I1f, 168, t. 156, f. III, IV,

V.-Griseb.; Cat. Pl. Cub. 222.-Sauvalle; Fl. Cub. 153.-Combs ; in Trans.

Acad. St. Louis, VIT (1897) 471, t. Il.-Sargent; Silva N. A., X, 31, t.

DV.-Hemsley ; in Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 401.-Becc.; Palms. indig. to

~ Cuba, in Pomona College Journ. Econ. Bot. If (1912) 257.—Oreodova

oleracea (non Mart.) Griseb Pl. Wright. 531, and Pl. Cub.: Wright. n.

1467.—Roystonea regia O. F. Cook, in Bull. Torrey bot. Club, 1901, p. 551.

Names :—English: Royal Palm, Mountain Glory.

French : Chou franc, Chou palmiste de montagne.

German: Koenigspalme

Dutch : Koningspalm, Palmiet.

In Cuba Palma real.

-DescripTIon'—Stem generally more or less thickened at the

middle, but sometimes almost regularly cylindrical from the base

nearly to the summit, unarmed, annulate, 40-60 feet high. Leaves

very large ; leaf sheath elongate, tightly enveloping the vegetative

cone. Leaflets alternately inserted in contrary ways along the rha-

chis, standing in four different planes, at least in its lower and inter-

mediate part, but more regularly set and almost in one plane to-

wards the end. Rhachis at first more or less sprinkled with small,

appressed, orbicular, tobacco-coloured, deciduous scales, but be-

coming glabrous by age. Leaflets firmly papyraceous, ensiform,

quite straight and very gradually narrow above from below the

middle, to a very acuminate, rather rigid, briefly bifid apex, gener-

ally more deeply split by age, attached to the rhachis by a narrow

base, having here the margins strongly reduplicate, green on both

surfaces, on the lower rather densely sprinkled with very numerous,

very small dots visible under a strong lens; midrib strong, very

prominent above, covered below by an almost continuous line of

elongate chaffy scales; secondary nerves 2-3 on each side of the

midrib ; tertiary nerves very numerous and not very prominent;

margins acute, not or very slightly thickened; transverse veinlets

obsolete. Intermediate leaflets 24 to 34 feet long and 12 to 13 inch

broad.

Spathes 2, the exterior one tubular, pervious at its upper end,

considerably shorter than the interior one, which completely envelops

the spadix before the anthesis, and is at that time flattened-fusiform

and biconvex, later deciduous. Cf. figure 30.—Spadices 3-4 at the

(1). We follow almost word for word the description given by Beccari, 1. c.

Fie. 30.—To the right: Spadix of Orecdoxa regia enclosed in

the spathes.

To the left: The same spadix after removal of the

spathes.

same time, erect when not yet open, at the base of the lowest leaf

sheath, spreading when in flower, with a very short, broad peduncu-

lar base, twice branched ; primary branches conspicuously swollen at

their bases and divided into several alternate flowering branchlets,

which are slender, terete, 3/6 to 5/6 foot long or shorter, more or

less sinuous between the flowers.—Flowers light coloured,

ternate almost to the end of the branchlets, imserted on very

superficial flat orbicular pulvinuli. Male flowers considerably

larger than the female, irregularly ovoid, obtuse, 1/5 to 1/4

inch long; calyx very small, with slightly imbricate, scarious,

subpellucid, subdeltoid, obtuse or acute, and more or less carinate

sepals ; petals considerably longer than the sepals, concave, thinly

pergamentaceous, irregularly ovate-oblong or oblong-ellipitcal,

bluntish or subacute, striately veined, with a nectariferous swelling

inside at the base. Stamens usually 6-7, occasionally 8-9, about

as long as the petals, also during the anthesis, about 4 inch long on

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON. 679

the whole; anthers relatively large, erect when in the bud, slightly

shorter than the filaments, ovate-elliptical or ovate-sagittate, obtuse,

the cells united by a broad conspicuous connective, dark coloured

in the dry state, inserted on the filament about their middle ;

filaments 4 inch long, linear subulate at the apex, somewhat

flattened ; rudimentary ovary globose, with 3 short, acute, stigmatic

points.—Female flowers open a short time after the male, hori-

zontal, 2 inch long when full grown, but not yet open, broadly

conical and apiculate; sepals reniform, entire, smooth, slightly

callous at the base ; corolla four times as long as the calyx, urceolate-

campanulate when open, divided down to a little below the middle

into three triangular briefly acuminate valvate divisions ; staminodes

forming a cup, lining the undivided part of the corolla, and crowned

by 6 obtuse lobes, 3 of them peeping forth between the divisions

of the corolla. Ovary globose, usually unicellular, with rudiments

of the two other cells, more rarely with two of these perfectly

developed, producing then a didynamous fruit ; ovule attached along

one side of its cell; stigmas fleshy, triangular-subulate, recurved.

Fruit globose-obovoid and somewhat gibbous, 34 inch long,

2 inch broad, with a perfectly round top and with the remains of

the stigmas placed a little above the base, on the less convex side ;

pericarp on the whole about ,4 inch thick; epicarp smooth outside,

thin and brittle in the dry fruit ; mesocarp scanty, softly parenchy-

matous; endocarp thinly woody and forming a shell or putamen

to the seed, its inner wall remaining adherent to and almost con-

nected with a large portion of the antiraphal side of the seed,

brittle and removeable on the side of the hilum.—Seed broadly

ovoid elliptical, rounded at both ends, slightly compressed and

flattish on the raphal side, about 4 inch long and ,% inch broad ;

raphal side conspicuously marked by a circular central area in

which, a little below the centre, is placed the hilum, whence

numerous vascular ramose venations radiate. Albumen homogene-

ous, very slightly excavate on the raphal side. Embryo obliquely

basal, penetrating deeply into the substance of the albumen.

Fruiting perianth explanate, not accrescent.

Habitat : Cuba, Jamaica, S. Domingo, St. Croix, Panama (Beccari).

CALYPTROCALYX, Bl. Rumphia II, 103, tab. 102.

(From the Greek ‘kalyptra’, an extinguisher, and ‘kalyx,’ a calyx,

in allusion to the form of the outer perianth segments.)

Kunth. Enum. Pl. ITI, 642.—Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III, 44.—Benth.

& Hook. Gen. Pl. ITI, IT, 902, 42 (partim).

Stem annulate, unarmed; leaves terminal, pinnatisect, segments

reduplicate, linear, acuminate, sometimes bifid at the apex.

Spadix elongate, spiceeform, declinate between the bases of the

leaves. Spathe longitudinally open, coriaceous, remaining on the

680 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCLETY, Vol. XXII,

peduncle for along time. Flowers moncecious in cavities of the

rhachis which are covered by a persistent scale, glumaceous, surround-

ed by bracteoles. Hach glomerule consisting of two male flowers

(one of which opens several days before the other) and one female

which develops a long time after the male flowers. Calyx triphyl-

lous, sepals cucullate, narrowly imbricate. Corolla deeply tripartite;

segments before opening valvate (according to Blume) but ‘segments

of female flowers distinctly imbricate’ (according to Scheffer).

Male flowers: Stamens very numerous; filaments subulate, conflu-.

ent at the base of the coroila; anthers linear; rudimentary ovary

present. Female flowers: Ovary incompletely trilocular; stigma

simple, sessile; rudimentary stamens small.

Fruit about 14 inches long and +9—+44 inch in diameter, crown-

ed by 3 dentiform patent stigmas. Seed globular, about 2 inch in

diameter, often slightly irregular.

SPECIES.—A bout 57.

Distrisution.—Moluccas and New Guinea.

CALYPTROCALYX SPICATUS, Bl., Rumph. II, 103, t. 102, D, 118.

161; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. II], et de Palm. Arc. Ind. 25; Scheffer in Ann,

Jard. Bot. Buit. I, 131; Kunth. Enum. PI. III, 643; Walpers Ann. IIT, 468, .

V, 814; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III, 2380, 317; H. Wendl. in Kerch.

Palm., p. 238; Becc. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buit. Il, 142.—Areca spicata

Lam. Enc. Bot. I, 241, No. 2; Willd. Sp. Pl. IV, 595, No. 4; Spreng.

Syst. Veg. II, 139, No. 4; Mart. Mee ron) IEG No. 13 Euterpe globosa

Geertn. Fruct. it 24, quoad Rumphii citatum, non quoad fruct. descriptum

et tg. illustratum (fide Mart.)

Pinanga globosa Rumph. Herb. Amb. I, 38, ¢. 5, f. 1, A.

Names.—Nibung, Pinang utan, bezaar (Malay. ); Hua niwel,,

Hua ewan (Amiboina) ; ; Hena Pion (Mernate) (ex * Blume liven:

Adhrige Haubenkelch-Palme (German).

DescripTion.—Stem erect, cylindrical, up to 40 feet high, 7-10

inches in diameter, annulate, scars subequidistant. Leaves many,

the lower ones spreading, 8-12 feet long, oblong in outline,

divided into narrow segments ; petiolar sheath elongate-cylindric,.

narrow, coriaceous, furfuraceous with minute fuscous scales ; petiole:

short, convex on the dorsal side; rhachis triquetrous. Segments.

numerous, obliquely adnate by means of callosities, subalternately

arranged, linear, very acuminate, entire or divided at the apex

into two short unequal teeth, longitudinally plicate, the median

lateral ones elongate, 2-24 feet long, 2-24 inches broad, the lower

ones narrower and slnemae subreclinate, ie upper ones gradually

more approximate, much narrower than the median ones and not:

reaching more than 15 inches at the apex.

J The four species not mentioned here (C. Albertisianus, Becc., C. leptostachys:

Becce., C. pachystachys, Becc., C.laxiflorus, Becc.) have been described by Beccari

in Webbia I, (1905) 305-313,

JouRN. BomBay Nat. Hist. Soc. PratE LXIII.

Calyptrocalyx spicatus, Bl., in the Botanic Garden of Peradeniya.

THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON, 681

Spadices arising from between the leaves, solitary, first oblique,

then declinate, elongate, cylindrical, spiceeform, rigid, virescent,

much longer than the spathe; peduncle 14-2 feet long, compressed-

terete, arcuate with scattered ferruginous scales; rhachis reaching

5-7 feet, about one inch thick, attenuate towards the base, sub-

angular. Spathe almost as long as the peduncle, narrrowly lanceolate,

above longitudinally split, coriaceous, rigid, glabrous on the inner

side, on the outer striate, obsoletely ferrugineo-punctate.

Flowers monoecious, unisexual, 3 together in cavities (2 male

and 1 female). First, one lateral male flower develops; when this

has fallen, a second male flower on the other side of the central

‘female flower opens, and when the second male flower has dis-

appeared, the female flower begins to open. ‘There are, therefore,

never 3 open flowers in one glomerule at the same time.

Calyx: Sepals 3, excavate, galezeform, slightly unequal, narrowly

imbricate. Corolla turbinate, obsoletely triquetrous, deeply tripar-

tite, slightly fleshy at the base, segments ovate, subacute, sometimes

somewhat oblique, plano-convex on the outer side, on the inner

concave and striate by the pressure of the stamens.

Male flowers: fertile stamens about 160, not much shorter than

the corolla, glabrous, unequal, the outermost and innermost ones

being shorter than those between them, all inserted at the base of

the corolla on a nectariferous disc; filaments straight, subulate ;

anthers linear, as long as the filaments, attached on the middle of

the back, slightly retuse at the apex, at the base deeply

bifid; rudimentary ovary } inch long with 3 patent stigmatic

points. Female flowers: ovary ovoid or subconical, slightly

attenuate at the apex, usually oblique at the base, subtriquetrous or

variously flattened, strigose, at the base incompletely trilocular,

uniovulate ; stigma sessile, terminal, simple, obsolete. Rudi-

mentary stamens present.

Fruit mucronate at the apex ; endocarp thick-fibrous, crustaceous,

orange coloured or red, 1-seeded.. Seed free, oval or almost round.

DisTRIBUTION.—Amboina (Rumphius, Zippel); Ternate, Halma-

heira (Miquel).

iLLUSTRATION.—Plate LXIII. Three specimens of Calyptrocalyzx

syreatus, photographed by Mr. Macmillan in the Botanic Gardens

of Peradeniya. The ringson the stems, otherwise distinctly visible,

are covered in our specimens by a thick growth of lichens.

( To be continued. )

NOTE ON THE GENUS LEGGADA.

OLDFIELD THOMAS.

In Part III of the “ Scientific Results of the Mammal Survey,”’*

Mr. Wroughton and Miss Ryley have, at my instigation, accepted

the species platythriz as the type of Leqgada, on the ground of

tautonymy, that species having according to Elliot the native name

of ‘‘Leggyede.”” From this acceptance it followed that the

platythrix group, with frontal ridges, would bear the name Leggada,

and that booduwga and its allies, including all the African species

referred to Leggada, would fall into Mus.

But it has been suggested to me by Mr. Miller that I have in

this case overstrained the admirable principle of tautonymy, and

on re-investigating the question I am prepared to agree with him.

The genus was undoubtedly primarily founded on L. booduga,

though platythriv was mentioned, and the selection of the former

Species as the type was confirmed in my paper on Indian Rats and

Mice in 1881.+ Apart from tautonymy therefore, platythria could

not be selected by Wroughton and Ryley in 1918 as “ first

revisers,”’ that position having being taken by me in 1881, even if

any selection of a genotype was needed after Gray first founded

the genus.

— Asa result, booduga being now considered a member of true

Mus, the name Leggada will have to be sunk as a synonym of

that genus, while the group of which platythrix is the type will

need a new name.

This I would suggest should be Leqgadilla, technically different

‘from Leggada, but like enough to it to recall a name familiar to

most Indian naturalists. No confusion between the two can

arise, as Leggada itself now disappears from our lsts as being

synonymous with Mus.

The genotype of Leggadilla would be L. platythriz (Mus

platythric, Benn.) and there would belong to it the six species

enumerated under Ieggada in Wroughton and Ryley’s paper.

* Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., XXII, p. 16, 1913.

+ P.Z.S. 1881, p. 552.

es ee

683

A NEW SORICULUS FROM THE MISHMI HILLS.

BY OLDFIELD THOMAS.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Musewmn.)

I owe to the kindness of Mr. Kinnear the opportunity of ex-

amining two small mammals, a squirrel anda shrew, obtained by

Capt. F. M. Bailey in the Mishmi Hills, and sent by him to the

Bombay Natural History Society. The squirrel is referable to

Dremomys lokriah, Hodgs., but the shrew appears to be new, and

may be called

SORICULUS BAILEY], sp. n.

Allied to S. caudatus, Horsf., and sacratus, Thos., but markedly

larger than either.

Size approaching that of WS. nigrescens, but proportions as in

caudatus. Fur long, rich and fine, hairs of back about 7 mm. in

length. Colour dark slaty-grey washed with blackish, much as in

sacratus, blacker than in caudatus. Undersurface drabby brown—

near ‘“‘hair-brown”’ of Ridgway. Feet brown, the digits white.

Tail slightly longer than head and body, black above and laterally,

whitish along a narrow line below, the tip slightly tufted.

Skull of type imperfect, the tooth-rows alone preserved. Upper

tooth row much longer than in the allied species, but falling short

of that of S. nigrescens. Unicuspids proportionally large, more

extended longitudinally and less transversely than usual ; owing

to this, althotigh the upper tooth row is as a whole shorter than in

S. nigrescens, the combined length of the unicuspids is distinctly

greater ; three main unicuspids subequal in horizontal area, evenly

decreasing backwards in lateral view ; all of them large in propor-

tion to the general size of the animal, especially the anterior one,

which is larger than in any other member of the genus.

Dimensions of type, measured by the collector in the flesh :—

Head and body 70 mm. ; tail 76 ; hindfoot 16-4.

Skull, upper tooth row from front of i’ to back of m* 9-6 ; front

of 1’ to front of p* 4°3; combined length of three large unicuspids

2:7 ; height of first unicuspid 1-2 ; combined length of p’, m* and

m* 5. Lower jaw, back of condyle to tip of i’ 14-1.

Hab.—Mishmi Hills. Type from the Tsu River. Alt. 7,500’.

Type.—Adult, sex unknown. B.M.No. 14.1.1.1. collected 15th

March 1913 by Captain F. M. Bailey. Presented by him to

the British Museum through the Bombay Natural History Society.

This well marked species belongs to the group in which the tail

is about equal to or slightly longer than the head and _ body.

From the two other species of the group, S. cawdatus and sacratus,

it differs by its larger size, and, as from every other species of the

genus, by its large anterior unicuspid.

684

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

Report No. 12.

BY KV. Ryiny.

With Field Notes by the Collector, C. A. Orump.

COLLECTION ae ee ‘eysdarse Ni@k ne nulieng

LOCALITY ave beh ... PALANPUR AND Mount ABw.

IDV ae a He ... Marcu-Juty 1913.

COLLECTED BYS..:. fa a, ip uC, cA CRumr:

EARLIER REPORTS 2 ... No. 1, H. Khandesh, Vol. X XI,

p. 892; 1912. No. 2, Berars, Vol. XXI, p. 820, 1912; No. 3,

Cutch,, Viol XO yp. 826, 1912; No. 4, Nimar, Vol. XK, p. 844,

1912 ; No. 5, Dharwar, Vol. XXL Dp. 1170, IES) 28 No. 6, Kanara, Vol.

XXIT, p. 29, 1918; No. 7, Central Provinces, Vol. XXII, p. 45, 1918;

No. 8, Bellary, Vol. XXTI, p. 58, 1913; No. 9, Mysore, Vol. XXII,

283, 1913; No. 10, Kathiawar, Vol. XXII, p. 464, 1913; No. 11,

Coorg, Vol. XXII, p. 486, 1913.

This collection. was made partly in the sandy open country in

the vicinity of Palanpur and Deesa, partly at Mount Abu, just over

the boundary in Rajputana, eis the last camp was at Danta,

Mahi Kantha.

The following notes on the actual collecting stations are given

by Mr. C. A. Crump :—

“ Palanpur, Gwerat.—* While collecting in this State I received

assistance in many ways from Col. W. Merewether, Political Agent

and from Nawabzada Mahomed. During my stay in Deesa Canton-

ment I was fortunate in having the co-operation of Capt. L.S.

Fenton, the Cantonment Magistrate, who secured for me many

specimens which otherwise J eam not have obtained.

The area collected over isa slightly undulating alluvial plain

of which the soil is very light with considerable areas of fine yellow

sand. The elevated and flat portions of the plain are sparsely

vegetated, cactus and babul being most in evidence. In the

depressions a good deal of irrigated cultivation is carried on and

large trees are numerous. Banas River, rising near the Abu

Range flows through the State in a south-westerly direction.

Palanpur.—Slightly undulating soil, very light. Collection made

on the outskirts of the town. With the exception of the desert

Gerbils, bats, house-rats and mice, the specimens were obtained

from the cultivation irrigated by wells.

Iunwa.—More undulating than Palanpur, otherwise similar.

No water except from wells.

Deesa.—One of the features of Deesa is the Banas River, now

nearly dry, but containing an abundance of grasses and rushes

which afford an excellent cover for animals. The Cantonment is

—

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 685

well planted with trees, otherwise the surrounding country is similar

to the last two. Thanks are due to Lt.-Col. C. J. Windham, the

Resident, for assistance when I was at Mount Abu.

Sirohi is situated in the 8. W. of Rajputana between the

parallels of 24°-20' and 25°-17' N. latitude and 72°-16' and 73°

10' EK. longitude; it has an area of 1,964 square miles. It is

bounded on the N. H., N. and W. by Jodhpur; on the 8S. by

Palanpur and Danta; on the 8. H. by Idar and on the EH. by

Udaipur. The country is much broken up by hills and rocky

ranges. The main feature is the almost isolated mountain of Abu,

the highest peak of which, Guru Sikhar, rises 5,650 feet above sea-

level.

The whole of Sirohi is occupied by schists and gneisses belong-

ing to the Aravalli system traversed by dykes of granite. Mount

Abu is formed of a highly felspathic, massive and crystal line

eneiss with a few schistose beds. On the slopes and round the

base of Abu the forests contain a great variety of trees and shrubs.

Among the most common are the bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus),

the mango (Mangifera indica), two or three species of Ahao

(Anogeissus latifolia and pendula, etc.), the bel (gle marmelos),

the haldu (Adina cordifolia), the siris (Albizzia lebbek), the jamun

(Hugenia jambolana), the kachnar (Bauhinia purpurea), the timru

(Diospyros tomentosa), the semal ( Bombax malaburicum), the

dhaman (Grewia oppositifolia), the rohira (Tecoma undulata), the

phaludra (Hrythrina arborescens), the aonla (Phyllanthus emblica)

and the horse-radish tree (Moringa concanensis).

“The annual rainfall at Abu averages between 57 and 58 inches.

Abu is 3,800 feet above sea-level.”’

(The above information was extracted from the Gazetteer).

Almost all the collection in this neighbourhood was made at Uria,

a smal] village about 5 miles to the N. HE. of Abu at an altitude of

a little over 4,000 feet above sea-level, and situated almost at the

top of a pass lying close to the western slope of the Guru Sikhar

Mountain. Large trees are not numerous, but are dotted about

among the low jungle which forms the principal cover and is in

places more or less dense, but always broken up into clumps by

rocks or grassy glades. The soil resembles clay and is very firm.

Cultivation is scant, a little wheat, barley and bajri being gtown.

The immense granite rocks are much eaten away on the under-

surface, to such an extent in individual cases that it is no uncom-

mon sight to find rocks resembling gigantic mushrooms and arches

of fantastic design.

Some distance below my camp was a small stream running for a

short distance and then again disappearing; this was the only

surface water I could find. I watched this stream assiduously and

found that surprisingly few animals drank there. Undoubtedly a

686 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

great many of the larger mammals are partially migratory on the

mountain, moving up or down as the supply of food and water

sends them. This is particularly noticeable with regard to pigs,

which during the cold weather uproot, even the bungalow compound;

but during my stay of nearly four weeks I saw no pigs and not the

slightest indication of their existence.

Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gwerat.—This is a small State lying to

the Hast of Palanpur. The range of hills, part of which cover

nearly the whole of this State, almost connects with the Abu

Mountains. The annual rainfall averages about 40 inches, although

I understand 60 inches have been usual of late. The collection

was made on the outskirts of Danta town which is about 20 miles

Hast of Palanpur. While in Danta State I was hospitably received

by the Maharajah who also rendered valuable assistance.

Danta les almost in a circle of hills composed mostly of granite

with some more recent formations of limestone. The hills are

generally well clad with trees and bushes, but large trees, such as

the Fig, Mango, Pipal, etc., are generally confined to the wide open

valley where Teak also flourishes in large patches. The soil is a firm

yellow sand, inclining to a reddish colour, and is not very fertile.

The Monsoon crops consist principally of Jowari, Bajri and Maize;

a cold weather crop of wheat is also produced. An endeavour was

made to introduce cotton but without success. During the hot

weather all the tanks become dry and water is obtained only from

wells. The nearest surface water I could find was a spring, two miles

from Danta; there was also a second spring not less than three miles

distant, I visited both of these but found tracks of animals surpris-

ingly scarce; this rarity of the larger mammals existed everywhere

in the vicinity of Danta, andthe lack of water must be partly respon-

sible for this state of things, for, otherwise, the jungle is favourable

for holding animals in large numbers. I paid particular attention

to a tank partly filled by recent rains,on one occasion watching

from sunset to sunrise; only one hare, one porcupine and one

civet (Paradoxurus wiger) were observed, I also noticed tracks of

pigs of the previous day. The Cutch Rock Rat and most of the

Spiney Mice were obtained on the hills but all other Rats and Mice

appeared to be confined to the valley. The line separating these is

abruptly defined ; Mertones hurriannee, Hpiunys rufescens and Mus

booduga may be taken right up to the base of the hills while twenty

feet higher up among the rocks only Cremnomys cutchicus and

Leggada sadhu and phillips: can be obtained. A few specimens of

spiney mice were taken in the valley in hedgerows but they were

rare.

Ants swarm here to such an extent that I lost more than half

of the rats and mice caught in traps, even specimens taken out of

the traps at 10 p. m. were ruined.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 687

The following species were not obtained :—

Simia rhesus. Not found in the neighbourhood of Palanpur.

Felis leo. According to the Gazetteer: ‘In olden days lions were

sometimes met with in the south, but they have not been heard of

since 1872, when a full grown female was shot on the Anadra side

of Abu by a Bhil skikari’’, '

Felis tigris. Occurs in the State of Palanpur; it is now rare

about. Mount Abu and Danta but is sometimes shot at the latter

place.

Felis pardus. Found in Palanpur, particularly near hills; it is

not common near Abu; but is found among the hills round

Danta where it was common. A panther here frequently kills

buffaloes.

Felis caracal. This cat has been obtained at Abu.

Felis ornata. Captain L.S. Fenton had a skin obtained locally.

Paradoxurus niger. Could not hear of this species round Palanpur,

but it has been obtained at Abu. Although seen by moonlight, I

am certain that this was the species 1 observed near the tank at

Danta.

Hyena hyena. Ratherrare in the places I visited in Palanpur ;

in Lunwa a dead cow was left untouched for several nights. Rare

at Uria and not very common at Danta; I have seen a few tracks

at the latter place.

Vulpes leucopus. Found near Deesa, I did not see one.

Melursus wrsinus occurs at Abu, no sign of it at Uria now. Moder-

ately plentiful at Danta.

Boselaphus tragocamelus. Common; is sacred.

Tetracerus quadricorms. Said to occur round Danta.

Gazella bennetti. Common in the valley between Danta and

Palanpur.

Muntiacus vaginalis. 1 did not hear this species barking, but was

informed that it was found in these jungles around Danta.

Rusa wnicolor and Awis avis. Both found at Danta.

Tragulus mennnna. Unknown.

Large squirrels. Unknown.

Otters are found near Deesa in the Banas River, but I failed to

obtain a specimen.

Bats were difficult to find at Abu; there were so many hiding

piaces and crevices in the rocks. They were not numerous round

Danta; observed in greater numbers when the heavy rains com-

menced.”—C. A. C.

The collection consists of 802 specimens made up of 45 species

in 84 genera. Rodents very largely predominate, there being

some fine series of rats and mice—Cremnomys, Meriones, Golunda,

etc., being especially well represented. The fauna is typically of

the desert variety and new sukspecific names have been given to

688 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. X_XII,

these desert representatives of Mungos mungo and Millardia meltada,

and Blanford’s name of watsoni has been revived to separate sub-

specifically the yellow variety of Golunda ellioti; these three north-

ern forms are all conspicuously lighter and paler in colour than

those from further south. Palanpur has also produced a new sub-

species of Munyos awropunctatus and of Vandelewria oleracea; a de-

scription of these new varieties will be found under “the Scientific

Results of the Survey.” This is the first time that Gerbillus gleadows

has been obtained during the Survey. One more specimen of Hip-

posideros brachyotis has been taken ; this is evidently an uncommon

bat, as only one has previously come in. It is satisfactory receiv-

ing a series of nine Leggada phillipsi, which was described from

the Berars, as only three specimens were collected before. In the

Mus booduga group the Palanpur series are of the typical drab

colour characteristic of the Mus dunni, while those from the more

wooded country round Danta agree better with the usual variety of -

M. booduga, and in the case of Oremnomys cutchicus, Tatera indica

and Meriones hurrianne the Danta examples are all of a richer

deeper shade than the desert specimens.

PRESBYTIS ENTELLUS, Dufr.

The Lungur.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

3g 3171. @ 3172. Deesa, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 11.)

“ Plentiful in and near the town of Palanpur, where it may be seen

frequenting house-tops and verandahs. Held sacred by the Hindoos.

Observed at Uria, though not in great numbers; they appeared similar

to those obtained near Palanpur.

Fairly common at Danta.’”—C. A. C.

PreROPUS GIGANTEUS, Bruenn.

The Common Flying Fox,

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

6 $6. Deesa, Gujerat.

5 go. (One skull only). Danta, Mahi Kantha.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 8, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10.)

A large fruit bat, having a head and body measurement of about 105

inches. Dark-brown and grey furon the back with an orange coloured

band across the neck and shoulders; dark-red brown on the under-side.

Weight about 1 Ib. 5 0zs. Those from Deesa are decidedly paler in colour

than any specimens previously received. i

“Common. In Deesa, the colony appeared to consist entirely of males.

A small colony about 8 miles from Danta used occasionally to come in to

Danta to feed.”—C. A. C.

CYNOPTERUS SPHINX GANGETICUS, K. And.

The Northern Short-nosed Fruit Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 7.)

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 689

266;3 22. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 4 and 7.)

A fruit bat about four inches in length, colour brownish olive. This

bat is slightly larger than Cynopterus sphinx, which is found in Southern

India.

LYRODERMA LYRA, Geoff.

The Indian Vampire Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

3 66. Deesa, Palanpur.

1 $. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.)

An ashy grey bat with very large ears united on the inner margin for

nearly half their length. Nose-leaf high and narrow. Fur rather long

and paler on the underside of the animal. Head and body about two

inches long. Weight about 13 ozs.

HIPpPosIDEROS BRACHYOTUS, Dobs.

The Dekhan Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

Q 3479. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Report No. 6.)

A small greyish brown bat; fur fairly long and soft, grey at the base

and dull brown atthe tips, very similar to H. fulivus and dukhunensis in

colour, but is considerably larger than the former and smaller than the

latter, and has much smaller ears than either. Head and body nearly

two inches, tail extending just beyond the membrane. Fairly complicated

nose-leaf. Weight about j oz.

This little bat appears to be rare, as it is only the second specimen

obtained during the Survey ; the other one was taken in Kanara and 1s.

rather darker in colour. The National collection is also badly in want of

specimens.

HIPPOSIDEROS FULVUS, Gray.

The bicoloured Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

Q 2832. Palanpur, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11.)

A very small grey-brown bat with large ears. Fur soft and long, white-

tipped with brown, dirty white on the underside, tail extending just

beyond the membrane; small nose-leaf. Head and body nearly two

inches. Weight i oz.

“JT observed only a few flying about bungalows. Comes out late.”—

C. A.C.

PrrigTRELLUS CEYLONICUS, Kel.

' Kelaart’s Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

286; 2. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11.)

690 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI1,

PIPISTRELLUS DORMERI, Dobs.

Dormers Bat,

(Synonymy in No, 1.)

1 g;2 29. Palanpur, Gujerat.

5 6 6; 2inal. Lunwa, Palanpur.

(See also Reports Nos 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 10.)

A small bat varying in colour from greyish-brown to grey; paler on the

underside, which sometimes has a yellowish shade. Head and body about

two inches long. Weight about } oz.

‘Most of these were shot flying high round trees, occasionally caught

under trees. Comes out fairly early and is moderately fast on the wing’”’.—

C. A&C.

PIPISTRELLUS MIMUS, Wrought.

The Southern Dwarf Pipistrelle.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

3 66. Palanpur, Gujerat.

6 ¢ od. lin al. Lunwa, Palanpur.

1g. 4inal. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11.)

“Fairly common near the town of Palanpur and at Lunwa; very few

observed at Deesa. Habitually flies high and is generally the first bat to

emerge. In the early evening it is fond of hunting beneath large trees. |

The usual mode of progression is a slow flutter ; a favourite trick of these |

small bats is to float on the breeze.”—C. A. C.

SCOTOPHILUS KUHLI, Leach. ;

The Common Yellow Bat. |

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

36¢63;10 99. Palanpur, Gujerat.

1¢6;10 292. 2inal. Lunwa, Palanpur.

6g¢d6;11 @Q. 2inal. Deesa, Palanpur.

299. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9.)

A brownish yellow bat, with a head and body about three inches long,

fairly bright yellow on the underside; has no nose-leaf; tail extends to

the end of membrane. It is larger and yellower than S. wroughtont.

Weight about 1 oz.

“In vast numbers everywhere. A favourite resort during the day is

between ceilings and roofs of houses. Comes out early and has a low,

rapid and direct flight, in action somewhat resembling a sandpiper. With

the wind it can move at a tremendous pace. At night, the females return

frequently to their haunts for the purpose of feeding their young, which

soon after birth are not carried by the parent during flight.”—C. A. C.

SCOTOPHILUS WROUGHTONI, Thos.

Wroughton’s Bate

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

3866;12. Lunwa, Palanpur.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11.)

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 691

“ Similar in habits to S. Ahuli, but seems content to hunt in a smaller

area.”’—C. A. C.

TAaPHOzOUS LONGIMANUS, Hardw.

The Long-armed Sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

5 66;11 [email protected]. Lunwa, Palanpur.

(See also Reports Nos. 6, 7, 8 and 9.)

A dark-brown bat, with a head and body measurement of a little over

three inches; dark-brown on the underside also; no nose-leaf and the

tail perforates the membrane in about the middle and extends free for

nearly half an inch.

“ Sexes now apart, but frequenting the same fig tree.’’—C. A. C.

TAPHOZOUS KACHHENSIS, Dobs.

The Cutch Sheath-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 8, 9 and 10.)

A fairly large bat, with a head and body, measuring about five inches ;

dark-brown fur, which does not extend to the end of the back, where there

are large deposits of fat; tail perforates the membrane in the middle

and extends free for nearly an inch. Weight about 2 ozs.

“T knew of a colony near Deesa, but after securing one specimen objec-

tions were raised.”’—C. A. C.

RHINOPOMA HARDWICKII, Gray.

The lesser Indian Mouse-tailed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

1 3;3 2 Q. Palanpur, Gujerat.

1 3;4 2 @. 43 in al. Lunwa, Palanpur.

4 99.2inal. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 7, 8 and 10.)

A grey brown bat with a long free tail extending about 23 inches beyond

the membrane. The fur is smooth and thin and does not extend the

whole length of the back; no nose-leaf. Weight about 4 oz.

‘A few specimens were shot hovering over lofty trees.’’—C. A. C.

NyctTINOMUS TRAGATUS, Dobs.

Dobson’s Wrinkled-lipped Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

S 38407; 2 3395. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 9 and 10.)

A small dark greyish brown bat, nearly three inches in length, having a

tail which extends free beyond the membrane for half its length; ears

fairly large; fur rather short. Weight about 2 oz.

‘Fairly numerous. After several showers of rain, I saw these bats

hunting during the late evening over water, when their speed was

terrific.”—C. A, C,

692 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXI.

Pacuyura, Sp.

Shrews.

1 go. Palanpur, Gujerat.

26 6;2 2 2. Lunwa, Palanpur.

5 3 gd. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

6 ¢ 6;3 2 2. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11.)

‘““T should say that shrews are scarce in the neighbourhood of Palanpur;

there were but few cases of mice being eaten by shrews. Comparatively

rare in the jungle round Mount Abu; my specimens were taken in hedges ;

an:l they were not common vut of the town at Danta’’—C. A. C.

ERINACEUS MIcROPUs, Blyth.

The Northern Pale Hedgehog.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

1 o., Lunwa, Palanpur.

185892591) Deesa, Palanpur,

(See also Reports Nos. 3 and 10.)

A pale coloured hedgehog. Fur on face and underside mostly white,

muzzle and limbs brown. Spines white with a narrow dark-brown band

and then white again at the tip. The spines commencing on the forehead

are divided by a small bare parting on the tip of the head. Length about

93 inches. Weight about 10 ozs.

“ Both E. micropus and collaris are common round Palanpur; they hide in

bushes and holes in the ground during the day.’”’—C. A. C.

ERINACEUS COLLARIS, Gray and Hardw.

Hardwicke’s Hedgehog.

(Synonymy in No, 3.)

4 2 2. Deesa, Palanpur.

(See also Reports No. 3.)

A dark-coloured hedgehog. Fur on face and underside dark-brown.

Spines white with black at the terminal end; some have white tips on the

flanks, but the general appearance is dark. Length about 10 inches.

Weight about 14 ozs.

2-38 6

Ik 8 I

4o6¢

FELIS AFFINIS, Gray.

The Jungle Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1 S. lLunwa, Palanpur.

1 go; 1 92. Deesa, Palanpur.

1 $6; 2 292. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10 and 11.)

“ All natives agree that cats are rare round Palanpur ; they are also rare

at Uria and Danta.”—C. A. C.

Munecos MUNGO PALLENS, Ryl.

The pale-grey Mungoose.

1914. Mungos mungo pallens, Ryley. Journ., B.N. H.S., Vol. XXII,

p 660.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 693

6 6. Lunwa, Palanpur.

3 6; 8 2 Y. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

2 2 2. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

A lighter coloured mungoose than the Southern common mungoose ; white

with brown speckles, pale drab on the underside. Head and body about

15 inches, tail about the same length. Weight 3; lbs.

“Mungoose not common at Palanpur; in Cutch I saw at least ten to

every one observed here. Not found in the immediate vicinity of Deesa,

where M. auropunctatus helvus takes its place. Very plentiful at Mount Abu;

I observed many in the village and in the forest. [saw some half dozen

or so at Danta.”—C. A.C.

MuNGOSs AUROPUNCTATUS HELVUS, Ry}.

The small Yellow Mungoose.

1914. Mungos auropunctatus helvus, Ryley. Journ., B. N. H. 8., Vol. XXII,

p. 661.

5 6 6; 4 2 @. Deesa, Palanpur.

A small yellow mungoose, minutely speckled with brown; pale yellow

feet (which distinguishes it from M. auropunctatus); pale drab on the

underside. Head and body about 12 inches. Weight about 17 ozs.

“ Breeds and sleeps in a hole (undoubtedly dug by itself) in the ground

and is diurnal, otherwise differing a good dealin habits from M. mungo.

It can be bold but generally is rather cautious, keeping near to cover. Its

presence may at once be detected by a well-worn tract running the entire

length of a hedge. When danger threatens, this mungoose immediately

takes cover, and if the hedge is sufticiently dense, it lies up and may be

approached to within a few feet, if then conscious of detection it dodges

about in the hedge making very little attempt to place distance between

itself and pursuer, and is with great difticulty induced to leave the hedge.

In contrast to this, M. mungo invariably takes the nearest cut to its hole

in tree or ground.’”’—C. A. C.

Mouneos smirat, Gray.

The ruddy Mungoose.

(Synonymy in No. 7.)

3 $6 6; 1 2. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

(See also Report No. 7.)

A grey-brown mungoose speckled with white, giving an iron grey

appearance, feet almost black, head and legs shaded with reddish brown.

Easily distinguished from the ordinary mungoose by having a black tip to

its tail. Head and body about 18 inches; tail about 16 inches. Weight

about 4 lbs.

“This species is generally found in thick forest, and owing to its retiring

habits is more common than is supposed. Apart from my four specimens

which were trapped, I saw only two individuals, one of which disappeared

between some rocks as I fired. :

Reported to occur at Danta, which is probably correct.”—C. A. C.

VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS, Gmel.

The small Indian Civet.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

694 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

1 2. Palanpur, Gujerat.

1 2. Danta, Mahi Kantha.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 7, 10 and 11.)

“‘ Not often observed by the natives round Palanpur ; at Mount Abu they

seemed familiar with this civet, and at Danta it is well known but always

difficult to find. It is supposed to:eat the livers of live cattle.”’”—C. A. C.

Canis 1npicus, Hodgs.

The Jackal.

(Synonymy in No. 1 under C. aureus.)

; 1 @. Palanpur, Gujerat.

] 92. lLunwa, Palanpur.

6; 292. Deesa, Palanpur.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 9,10 and 11.)

“Common round Palanpur ; not found so high up as Uria; rare in the

hot weather at Danta, but after the rain commenced I heard jackals

ealling.”—C. A.C,

VULPES BENGALENSIS, Shaw.

The common Indian Fox.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

. Palanpur, Gujerat.

Leg

7 266. Deesa, Palanpur.

1g. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10.)

“Common at Palanpur. At Mount Abu I did not see or hear any.

Said to be common in the valley between Danta and Palanpur. I heard

them also in the hills.”—C. A. C.

FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI, Wrought.

The common 5-striped Squirrel.

(Synonymy on No. 1).

9 @. Palanpur, Gujerat.

1 2. lLunwa, Palanpur.

3922. Deesa, Palanpur.

196;3 22. 3297, 3382, 3388. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

0646;3 22. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 10.)

A small speckled greyish brown squirrel, with five longitudinal yellowish

white stripes down the back and flanks, some are yellower and others

greyer in appearance ; underside dirty-white or pale-yellow. Distinguished

from F. tristriatus by being smaller and lighter in colour and having much

wider pale stripes.

“ Very plentiful everywhere.’’—C., A. C.

GERBILLUS GLEADOWI, Murray.

The little Hairy-footed Gerbil.

1886. Gerbillus gleadowi, Murray, A. M. N. H. (5) XVII, p. 245.

1891. Gerbillus gleadowi, Blanf., Mammalia, No. 268.

3.66. lLunwa, Palanpur.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 695

A small reddish fawn gerbil, pure white below. Head and body nearly

4 inches long ; tail about 53 inches longer, hairs on terminal end of tail;

hindfoot about 1 inch. Weight about 1 oz.

‘Similar in habits to Dipodillus nanus and found on the same ground.

When dug out this gerbil displays most marvellous agility getting along

with a quick succession of leaps, but not rising high off the ground. I spent

a great deal of my own time digging for this species and Dzpodillus nanus,

and though I admit that both are very difficult to find I have no hesitation

in saying that they are rare here.”—C. A.C.

DIpPopILLUSs NaNvs, Blanf.

The little Gerlil.

(Synonymy in No. 10.)

4966;4 2. 2imal. Lunwa, Palanpur.

(See also Report No. 10.)

A small pale fawn gerbil, white below; tail very long. Head and body

about three inches, tail over four inches long and the same colour as the

back with longer darker hairs at the end. Weight about 2 oz

“T have little to add to the notes on specimens obtained at Muli,

Kathiawar. Burrows examined here varied in length and design, but are

always found in soft sand and never go to any depth below the surface.”’—

C. A.C.

TaTERA INDICA, Hardw.

The Indian Gerlil.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

Q¢. Palanpur, Gujerat.

9 @Q. lLunwa, Palanpur.

22. Deesa, Palanpur.

; 1 2. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

736;3 22. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10 and 11.)

“ Found in large numbers near cultivation in Palanpur. Very scarce at

4,000 feet altitude at Mount Abu. By no means abundant at Danta.”—

C.A.C,

MERIONES HURRIANN#, Jerd.

The Indian desert Gerbil.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

19 6g; 14 9Q. Palanpur, Gujerat.

2 66;1 92. Lunwa, Palanpur.

6 5;6 QQ. Deesa, Palanpur.

5 366;7 2Q. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 3 and 10.)

A light yellow coloured gerbil, dirty-white on the underside, tail the

same colour as back, with longer dark-brown hairs on the terminal end.

Head and body about 5 inches, tail nearly as long. Weight about 3i ozs.

“Tn immense numbers wherever there is sand, the country round

Palanpur is literally honeycombed with the burrows of this species. It

must be partially migratory, for large uninhabited colonies are frequently

met with. The food consists of grass and probably roots. With a few

exceptions I have noticed that M. hurrianne does not burrow in cultivated

areas. Until now, at Danta, I have found this species only on bare

696 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

sandy plains, here it is abundant in comparatively firm soil and is found

right up to the foot of the hills and even in heavy jungle. It has become a

pest since 1908.”—C. A. C.

VANDELEURIA OLERACEA SPADICEA, Ryl.

The Sandy-red Tree-Mouse,

1914. Vandeleuria oleracea spadicea, Ryley. Journ., B. N. H.S., Vol. XXII,

p. 658.

3 66; 1 92. Lunwa, Palanpur.

-A small pale tawny mouse with a very long tail; dirty-white on the

underside. Head and body about 33 inches; tail about an inch longer.

Weight about ? oz.

“These specimens taken at Lunwa were all obtained in a large Fig

tree ; they are not easy to trap. Although this mouse is a climber, it is

not particularly sure-footed. At night several fell out of the tree under

which my camp was pitched. One fell on a box at my side and

was easily caught; others were heard to fall on earth and a search with

lamps sometimes rewarded us with a specimen. An amusing incident

occurred during one of these hunts, the mouse having evaded our clutches

for some time, suddenly vanished; after much searching the while my

dinner got cold, we were about to give up the chase when one of the

searchers appeared to go suddenly mad, when more composed he

explained, that the mouse had taken refuge in his trousers!”-—C. A. C.

GRYPOMYS GLEADOWI, Murray.

The Sand-coloured Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 10.)

76 6;422. lLunwa, Palanpur.

(See also Report No. 10.)

A small greyish sandy fawn rat, pure white on the underside. Head

and body nearly 4 inches; tail slightly shorter. Weight about 1 oz.

Hasily distinguished from Gerbillus gleadowit by its smaller hind foot

and shorter tail which is without the longer hairs at the end.

“Found in soft sand, but favours a firmer soil. Cannot be common

here, unless by any chance it inhabits burrows abandoned by Meriones

hurrianne’’.—O, A. C.

EpIMys RUFESCENS, Gray.

The common Indian Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

9$96;1692 2. Palanpur, Gujerat.

53 3; 2. Lunwa, Palanpur.

536; Q. Deesa, Palanpur.

23 3. Mount Abu, Bajputana.

43 46;629. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also all previous Reports.) '

“ Abundant in houses in Palanpur, not common in the fields, but is

partial to Fig trees. Only common in the town at Danta.”—C. A. C.

MILLARDIA MELTADA PALLIDIOR, Ryl.

The Northern Soft-furred Field-Rat.

1914. Millardia meltada pailidior, Ryley. Journ, B. N. H.&.,

Vol. XXII, p. 659,

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 697

83 o ; 132 9. Lunwa, Palanpur.

13 ; 12. Deesa, Palanpur.

23 (1 skull only). Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

A pale brownish grey rat, greyish white on the underside ; fur soft.

Head and body five or six inches long; tail nearly as long. Weight about

23 ozs.

“Common at Lunwa, trapped in hedges. Appears to be rare at

Danta.”—C. A. C.

GOLUNDA ELLIOTI waTsoni, Blanf.

The Northern Indian Bush-Rat.

1876. Pelomys watsoni, Blanford, P. A. S. B., Vol. XLV, p. 181.

1891. Golunda ellioti, Blanf., Mammalia, No. 299 (partim).

256 6;19 @ 9. Lunwa, Palanpur.

2 $ 3. Deesa, Palanpur.

17 $ 6; 18 2 2. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

8 6 d6;2 2 Q. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

In 1876 Blanford described a Golunda, collected by Mr. Watson from

near Kotri, Sind, under the name of Pelomys watsoni; later he included

this name in his synonymy of G. elliot’; however I am reviving the name for

the specimens from Cutch, Kathiawar and the present collection, which are

so conspicuously paler and yellower than the Southern form of Golunda,

that they require to be distinguished subspecifically.

A brownish yellow rat, very finely speckled with black drab on the

underside. Head and body about 5 inches long; tail about 4inches. Of

a lighter, yellower shade than the ordinary Golunda elliott which is quite

dark-brown with more black speckles. Weight about 2% ozs.

“ Common in hedges, comes out to feed very early in the evening, when,

if approached very quietly, may be observed at a distance of a few feet,

Often trapped during the day-time. It is sluggish in movement and is

generally hunched up as if cold.””—C, A. C,

Mus MANe!, Kel.

The common Indian House-Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

26 5;12. Palanpur, Gujerat.

1¢. Lunwa, Palanpur.

43g 6;22 2. Deesa, Palanpur.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11.)

“Common in houses in Palanpur, and in cultivation adjoining villages.”

—C. A.C.

Mus punni, Wrought.

The Northern Field-Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

85°35; 12. Palanpur, Gujerat.

1666; 229. Lunwa, Palanpur.

6556; 12. Deesa, Palanpur.

(See also Report No. 3.)

A very small drab coloured mouse, white on the underside. Head and

body nearly 23 inches; tail about the same length. Weight between {

and 3 02.

698 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXTI,

The Palanpur specimens agree with the type of M. dunni in colour, but

some specimens are rather large, however as the drab colour is the most

distinguishing characteristic 1 am considering them as dunni not booduga.

“ Common in Palanpur, found in hedges and long grass.’’—C. A. C.

Mus soopuea, Gray.

The Field Southern-Mouse,

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

43 $6. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

16g9d;8 2. 2inal. 3413. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 11.)

These specimens taken from the more wooded country resemble

M., booduga, while those from the open desert round Palanpur are all of the

uniform drab colour characteristic of M. dunni. The same thing occurred

in Kathiawar where the Junagadh specimens were dark and those from

Rajkot and N. E. Kathiawar, pale drab.

“Scarce at Mount Abu. Common in hedges at Danta, very nimble and

pugnacious.”—C. A. C.

CREMNOMYS CUTCHICUS, Wrought.

The Cutch Rock-Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

363 3d; 262 2. 1linal. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

8356; 12. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 8, 9 and 10.)

A medium-sized rat with a very long tail. Fur very soft and fairly done

brownish grey speckled with buff; white on the underside. Head and

body about 5 inches long, tail about an inch ionger. Weight about 23 ozs,

The Danta specimens are rather darker in colour.

‘‘Very abundant among the rocks at Mount Abu, occasionally trapped

in hedges. I observed a pair at play on a large rock when they showed

ereat activity, turning and twisting in a remarkable manner and clearly

demonstrating the use of such long tails which were waved over their backs

or from side to side for the purpose of balance. Not very abundant at

Danta, confined entirely to the hills.”—C. A. C.

LraeaDa sapHu, Wrought.

The Ashy Spiny Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

223 56; 102 2. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

3¢66;22. inal. 3459. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Reports Nos. 3 and 10.)

A grey leggad speckled with buff and white on the underside ; fur mixed

with spines. “Head and body about 33 inches in length, tail slightly

shorter. Weight about 1 oz. oy

“Common at Mount Abu. Found usually among rocks and stones. —

CL A.€;

LecGaDA PHILLIPSI, Wrought.

Phillip’s spined Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 4.)

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 699

1g; 12. linal. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

6g 6;19. linal. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Report No. 4.)

-A small dark mouse coloured leggad with tinges of drab. Coat com-

posed almost entirely of spines; white on the underside. Head and body

nearly three inches long; weight about 4 0z. Distinguished from L. sadhu

by being slightly smaller, especially in the hind foot, and also having a

much more spiny coat.

“Found generally under rocks on hills. Spiney mice are invariably

found associating with Cremnomys cutchicus.’’—C. A, C.

BANDICOTA MALABARICA, Shaw.

The Malabar Bandicoot.

(Synonymy in No. 5)

286; 222. Danta, Mahi Kantha, Gujerat.

(See also Report Nos. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11.)

“Specimens obtained from houses.”—C. A. C.

GUNOMYS KOK, Gray.

The Southern Mole Rat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11.)

“Rare at Mount Abu. No workings observed round Danta.”—C, A. C.

Hystrix LeucuRA, Sykes.

The Indian Porcupine.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

23118. Deesa, Palanpur.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 5, 10 and 11.)

“Well distributed at Mount Abu. I had the misfortune to lose one at

which I fired, and a second that I trapped got free during the night. Rare

about Danta, probably was common before.”’—C. A. C.

Lrepus payanus, Blanf.

The Sind Hare.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

93d.

19. Palanpur, Gujarat.

4g 46;829. Lunwa, Palanpur.

33 6. Deesa, Palanpur.

49 56;529. 2inal. Mount Abu, Rajputana.

23 ¢. Danta, Mahi Kantha.

(See also Reports Nos. 3 and 10.)

A yellowish sandy grey hare with some black hairs on the back ; reddish

yellow legs and feet; white on the underside. Length about 18 inches.

Weight about 5; lbs.

“Plentiful in Palanpur and Mount Abu; but scarce at Danta where they

should also have been plentiful’’.—C. A.C.

700

BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY’S

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, BURMA AND CEYLON.

Report No. 13.

BY KATHLEEN V. RYLEY.

COLLECTION ms Mit) UN Ose ales

LocaLiry bbs tue oruCevlone

COLLECTED BY ... ... Major E. W. Mayor.

HARLIER REPORTS No.1, E. Khandeish, Vol. XXI,

Peoo2 Oils No.2, Berars, Vol. XXI., p. 844, 1912 ; No. 3,

Cutch, Vol. XXII, p. 826, 1912; No. A Nimar, Vol. XXL

p- 844, TOUT INO 8, Dharwar, Vol. XXL p. 1170 ; No. 6,

Kanara, Vol. OGUE peo se - No. 7, Central Provinces, Vol.

XXIL, p. 45,1913; No. 8, Bellary, Vol. XXII, p. 58, 1913:

No. 9, Mysore, Voll XXII, De 285. LOLS eNO mals Kathiawan

Vol XXIL p. 464, 1918; No. 11, Coorg, Vol. XXII, p. 486, 1913:

No 12 Palanpur, Vol. XXII, p. 684, 1914.

This collection was made in the southern portion of Ceylon,

beginning with a few specimens from Colombo, the majority how-

ever were collected in the extreme south of the Island. Major

Mayor vives the following notes on the actual collecting stations :—

Kottawa, 8S. P.—‘“* About 10 miles inland from Galle, the ancient

port of Colombo, 280 feet above sea-level, there is a small rest-

house and one or two native huts. With the exception of a

stretch of original forest (evergreen jungle), which runs either

side of the road for a mile or so, the country is covered with

Chena jungle, very thickly matted with a kind of bracken.

‘Chena’ or “ Hena’”’ (Singalese) is the general name given to

once cultivated land or burnt down forest, on which the jungle

has been allowed to grow again. The rainfall is heavy and the

climate damp with a muggy heat—land leeches abound.

I attribute the scarcity of small rodents and everything that

lives near the ground to the general prevalence of these leeches.

Bats were very scarce. I only saw some small ones flying in the

evening.

Galle has a very fine old Portuguese and Dutch Fort in good

preservation, with ramparts, two miles round, and quite a town

inside.

Udugama, S. P.—A small village with a rest-house on the bane

of the Gin-Ganya, about 16 miles N. of Kottawa, and at the end

of the road. The country is composed of small hills running up

to 500 or 600 feet, mostly rubber estates or deserted tea or coffee,

covered with Chena. Heavy storms, practically every day and

night; rainfall about this district to the end of March (1913)

over 40 inches and before the little 8. W. Monsoon. In the

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 701

valleys and round the villages are small paddy fields. Lot of

Sambur or Elk (local name) about, and planters offer a reward of

Rs. 10 per head and Rs. 5 for Porcupines; but these are rarely

claimed, as the natives are too lazy, even though these rewards can

be almost doubled by selling the flesh. Rats and mice seem scarce,

also bats. I got practically no help at all from the villagers.

Hiniduna, S. P.—10 miles up the Gin-Ganya, thick evergreen

jungle, “‘leechy ” and no good.

Ranna, S. P.—Rest house, small bazaar and village, eight miles

H. of Tangalla; is on a small river about 3 miles from the coast

and lagoon ; these are full of esturine crocodiles, with a man-eater,

reported length about 16 feet, has killed three people and a

number of cattle. The country gets much drier here, no forest,

but one mass of “ Lantana Chena,” with paddy fields near the

village, and an old dry tank 14 miles distant. The Lantana is

about 8 or 9 feet high and practically impenetrable, except by

native tracts. Saw fresh Elephant tracks in the tank—-water

scarce. Natives here lazy, apathetic and non-observant with strong

religious scruples against killing, and objected to my setting traps

round the bazaar or gardens. Langurs plentiful along by the

river, but hard to shoot and harder still to-get when shot, as the

jungle along by the river-bank is rattan canejungle. Heard spotted

deer in Chena, but impossible to see or get round them. Peacocks

fairly plentiful.

. Hambantota, S. P.—A port and fairly large village and bazaar, po-

pulation about 2,000 with A. G. A. and Government Kacheri.and

Rest-house on the coast 18 miles EH. of Ranna. A flat, dry sandy

country, with low scrub and cactus trees surrounding several

large salt water lakes ocr ‘‘ Lewayas;”’ these dry up during

the hot weather and deposit salt which is the main industry,

fishing is also carried on. Population mixed Singalese, Tamils,

Malays and Moormen. The Malays are descendants of one of the

old disbanded Malay Regiments. The large Government: salt

store sheds are swarming with bats, but I could only get two

species. The short-nosed and fulvous Fruit Bats I found living

in a large jungle of Palmyra Palms on the sandhills by the. sea.

Practically nothing brought in by the local natives, but Mudeliyar

Bahur of the salt works gave me a great deal of help and sent me

a lot in from Kirinda, 25 miles away ; but being so far off, they

nearly all reached me too bad to skin. He is the only Mudeliyar

so far who has really helped.

Weligtta, S. P.—About 9 miles N. HE. of Hambantota in the

centre of very dry scrubby cactus and thorn jungle ; nearest village

‘4 miles; water very scarce here and drying up daily. ‘There is a

large old tank here, but it was burst in January, as at Ranna and

many other places, by the exceptional rains which took place then.

702 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Only saw some Langurs in a single clump of trees in the tank

and it was impossible to get near them. Leopard were about,

as cattle were killed, but there were no water holes near where

they came. Bats scarce here, only got a few under a road culvert.

Wellawaya, Uva Province.—A small village, bazaar and rest-

house in the S. W. of Uva on the Kirinda Oya river. Jungle

here very thick, evergreen with large forest trees and rocky hills

‘covered with vegetation ; elevation 608 feet.

The Loris is reported to have been got on an estate 8 miles

from here, when they felled the big trees in clearing, but I could

not get any. A large cavern in the hills about 5 miles from here,

‘evidently ancient nitrate workings, was full of bats, but they were

very hard to get, as the roof is very high and an electric torch

practically useless.

The natives here—the same as elsewhere—were of no assistance.

‘Some Indian squirrels were brought in, but they wanted too much,

‘as I found they could sell them inthe bazaar for eating for 35

cents. each.

In the old Kandyan days this place was densely populated, but

apparently it has anen decimated by fever, so I was informed by

the M. O. of Badulla. There are large paddy fields around the

village. Very few bats about.

Kumbukkan, Uva.—About 17 miles N.E. of Wellawaya ; this is

the beginning of the Rubber estates, that cover the Moneragalla

Hills, 6 miles further on. This is an isolated range of Rocky Hills

running up to over 3,000 feet. Kumbukkan is in the valley on

the Kumbukkan Oya river, elevation 400 feet. On the 8. H. is

about a 40 mile track of very thick evergreen jungle full of

Elephants, Buffalo, Leopards and Bears. Plenty of Langurs and

even more Macaques, but very hard to get or see even, unless

they are on the trees bordering the road. The large ftying squirrel

I found here as at Wellawaya. I was helped in every possible way

by Mr. G. L. Horsfall, the P. D. of this estate. In Singalese

‘‘Ganga’’ = a large sized river, ‘“‘ Oya,” — a medium sized river

and “ Ella’? = a small sized river. This valley is bad for fever.”

—KH. W. M.

This collection consists of 368 specimens composed of 36 species

in 28 genera.

It is particularly interesting having these specimens from

Ceylon to compare with the mainland examples, in fact, it is

absolutely necessary, in order to work out several of the Indian

species which were originally described from Ceylon specimens

and have remained rather doubtful until examples were obtained

from the type locality. There are 11 species new to the Mammal

Survey, wz:—Simia pileatus, Presbytis cephalopterus and priamus,

Rousettus seminudus, Miniopterus schreibersi, Mungos flavidens,

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 703

Petaurista lanka, Sciuropterus fuscocapillus, Ratufa macrowra and

macroura tennenti, and Funambulus trilineatus.

The Ceylon form of IF. sublineatus has proved to be distinct

from the mainland variety and must in future be known by

Kelaart’s variation of the name, érilineatus. It is interesting to

find Millardia meltada in Ceylon, this being the first time that

specimens of this rat have been received from there.

As this collection was made in rather a restricted area in the

extreme south, no attempt is going to be made to work out the

specimens thoroughly until the whole of Ceylon has been completed.

SIMIA PILEATUs, Shaw.

The Toque Monkey.

1792. Sima (Cercopithecus) sinicus pileatus, Kerr, Aaim. Kingd: No, 45.

1797. Simia sinica (nec. Linn.), Schreb. Saugth, p. 108.

1800. Suma pileata, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i pt. 1., p. 53.

1812. Cerocebus sinicus (nec. Linn.), E. Geoff. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat.,

Paris, XIX, p. 98.

1847. Macacus pileatus, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B. XVI, p. 1272.

1888. Macacus pileatus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 11.

1 g. Kottawa, S. Ceylon.

1-2. Ranna, S. Ceylon.

2299: Wellawaya, S. Ceylon.

1 2. Kumbukkan, S. Ceylon.

A yellow brown monkey of medium size, head and body length being

about 20 inches, tail rather longer. Radiating parting on top of the head,

dark fringe above eyes, tail dark grey. Neck and under-surface paler

n colour.

PRESBYTIS CEPHALOPIERUS, Zimm.

The purple faced Monkey.

1780. Cercopithecus kepalopterus, Zimm., Geog. Gesch. 11, p. 185.

1825. Cercopithecus leucoprymnus, Otto, Nov. Acad. Caes. Leop. XII,

p. 505, pl. XIV bis.

1825. Semnopithecus fulvogriseus, Desmoul., Dict. class. Hist. Nat. VII,

p. 570.

1833. Semnopithecus nestor, Bennett, P. Z.8., p. 67.

1838. Semnopithecus latibartatus, Martin, Charlesw, Mag. Nat. Hist. 11

New Series, p. 439.

1852. Presbytis cephaloptera, Kelaart, Prod. p. 17.

1867. Semnopithecus thersites, Hutton, P. Z.8., p. 949.

1876. Semnopithecus kelaati, Schleg., Mus. Pays-Bas, Simiz, p. 52.

1888. Semnopithecus cephalopterus, Blanf., Mammalia No. 17.

2292. Kottawa, S. Ceylon.

A brown black monkey, top of head light-brown, neck and bushy tufts

on side of face grey ; ashy grey also on the rump. Head and body about

22 inches, tail about 4 inches longer. Weight about 14 lbs.

PRESBYTIS PRIAMUS, Blyth.

The Madras Langur.

1844. Semnopithecus priam, Elliot, Mss. Blyth. J. A. 8. B. XIII, p. 470.

704 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII

1844.

1847.

1888.

Semnopithecus pallipes, Blyth, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 312.

Presbytis priamus, Blyth, J. A.S. B. XVI, p. 732, pl. LIV.

Presbytis thersites, Blyth, J. A.S. B. XVI, p. 1271.

Semnopithecus priamus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 14.

286,12. Ranna, 8. Ceylon.

299. Kirinda, 8. Ceylon.

1 $. Weligatta, S. Ceylon.

A light earthy brown monkey with a creamy grey tinge.

parting on forehead and slight crest on top of head, and projecting black

fringe above the eyes; some individual hairs on the back much longer than

the rest, limbs and tail a darker greyish brown.

231 inches, tail about 28 inches. Weight about 16 lbs.

1850.

1870.

1888.

A light yellow-brown fruit bat. Very scanty covering of hair both

above and below; shoulders practically bare.

RovusETTUS SEMINUDUS, Kel.

Pteropus seminudus, Kelaart, J. R. A.8., Ceyl. 11, 5, p. 329.

Xantharpyria semimuda, Gray, Cat. Monk. etc., p. 115.

Xantharpyria amphexicaudata, Blanf., Mammalia No. 137 (partim).

1 $. Hambantota, S. Ceylon.

5 inches, tail about 4 inch.

CYNOPTERUS SPHINX SPHINX, Vahl.

The Southern Short-nosed Fruit Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

1 2. Hambantota, 8S. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 6, 9 and 11.)

LyRODERMA LYRA, Geoff.

The Indian Vampire Bat

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1 2. Udugama, 8. Ceylon.

14,1 @. Nagoda, S. Ceylon.

(See alse Reports Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 12.)

HIPPOSIDEROS DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes.

Sykes Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

16 66,21 922. dSinal. Hambantota, S. Ceylon,

4 $6. Weligatta, 8. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 8, 9 and 11.)

HIPPosIDEROS FULVUS, Gray.

The Bicoloured Leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

1 2. Hambantota, 8S. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12.)

RHINOLOPHUS ROUXI, Temm.

The Rufous Horse-shoe Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

Head and body about

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 705

1 S$. Wellawaya, S. Ceylon.

8 inal. Lunugalla, S. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6 and 9.)

A small bat varying very much in colour from greyish-brown to bright

reddish yellow. Very complicated nose-leaf and large ears. Head and

body a little over 2 inches, tail extending to end of membrane.

PIPISTRELLUS COROMANDRA, Gray.

The Coromandel Purpistrelle.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 g,1 9. Nakaidiniya,S. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 9 and 11.)

PIPISTRELLUS MIMUS, Wrought.

The Southern Dwarf Pipistrelle.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

266,229, linal. Ranna, 8S. Ceylon.

266,382 9,4in al. Hambantota,S. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.)

MINIOPTERUS SCHREIBERSI, Kuhl.

The Long-winged Bat.

1817. Vespertilis schreiberst, Natterer, Kuhl, Deutsche Flederm, p. 41.

1835. Vespertiho fuliginosa, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B., IV, p. 700.

2 $4,8inal, Wellawaya, S. Ceylon.

A small dark-brown bat with small ears and no nose-leaf. Head and

body about 2 inches, tail about the same length and extending to end of

membrane.

PacHyuRa, Sp.

Shrews.

1 2. Udugama, 8. Ceylon.

1 2. Wellawaya, 8. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, Ll and 12.)

FrELiIs parpus, L.

The Panther.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 g. Tanamawilla, 8. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 9 and 11.)

FELIS RUBIGINOSA, Geoffr.

The Rusty-Spotted Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

2 66. Weligatta. S. Ceylon.

(See also Report No. 5.)

A pale fawn grey cat with dark-brown spotted longitudinal lines down

the back, the side ones being light-brown, on the head and shoulders they

706 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

appear in the form of very dark-brown lines. Underside nearly white with

black spots. Tail fawn grey. Head and body about 17 inches ; tail

nearly half that length. Weight about 3 lbs.

Mouneos sMiTHI, Gray.

The ruddy Mungoose.

(Synonymy in No. 7.)

@. Ranna, 8S. Ceylon.

9. Hambantota, 8. Ceylon.

36,12. Weligatta, S. Ceylon.

,12. Wellawaya, 8. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 7 and 12.)

moe

Mouneos FLAVIDENS, Kel.

The Ceylon Brown Mungoose.

1850. Herpestes flavidens, Kelaart, J. R. A.S. Ceylon II 5, p. 323;

1851. Herpestes fulvescens, Kelaart, J. A.S.B.. XX, p. 162.

1851. Cynictis maccarthe, Gray, P. Z.S8., p. 131 and 184.

1885. Herpestes ceylonicus, H. Nevill, Taprobanian, i, p. 62.

1888. Herpestes fulvescens, Blanford. Mammalia No. 63.

1S. Weligatta, S. Ceylon.

29 9, Kumbukkan, 8. Ceylon.

Kelaart changed the name of this species from /flavidens to fulvescens in

the following year but as it was published first in the J. R. A. S., Ceylon,

under the former name, flavidens must stand, in 1852 he again uses

Fulvescens in his Prodromus.

A yellow-brown mungcose speckled with black, some of the hairs being

tipped with reddish brown, feet almost black. Head and body nearly 16

inches, tail about the same length. Weight about 3lbs. This mungoose

is very similar to M. fuscus but smaller.

VIVERRICULA MALACCENSIS, Gmel.

The Small Indian Civet.

(Synonymy in No, 3.)

1g. Ranna, S. Ceylon.

1g Weligatta, S. Ceylon.

1 ¢. Kumbukkan, 8S. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 7, 10, 11 and 12.)

PARADOXURUS NIGER, Desm.

The Indian Toddy Cat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 g,1 92. Udugama, S. Ceylon.

1g. Nakaideniya, 8. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 7, 8 and 11.)

MELURSUS URSINUS, Shaw.

The Sloth-Bear.

(Synonymy in No. 11.)

1 $ Kumbukkan, S. Ceylon.

(See also Report No. 11.)

;

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 107

PETAURISTA LANKA, Wrought.

The Large Grey Flying-Squirel.

1891. Pteromys oral, Blanford, Mammalia No. 227 (partim).

1911. Petaurista lanka, Wroughton, H. B. N. H.S., XX, p. 1017.

1 2. Kumbukkan, 8. Ceylon.

1 ¢. Wellawaya, S. Ceylon.

A large grey flying squirrel, hairs dark-ashy grey, tipped with white ;

feet and hands black; underside greyish white; fur very soft. Head

and body about 16 inches. Distinguished from the mainland form (P.

plallippenis) by the absence of the reddish-brown tinge.

SCIUROPTERUS (PETINOMYS) FUSCOCAPILLUS, Blyth.

The Small Flying-Squirrel.

1847. Scrwropterus fuscocapillus, Blyth, J. A. S. B., XVI, p. 867.

1850. Scrwropterus layardi, Kelaart, J. R. A. S., Ceyl., 11., p. 328.

1879. Pteromys fuscocapillus, Anderson, An. Zool. Res., p. 294.

1 @. Wellawaya, S. Ceylon.

A small reddish-brown flying-squirrel. Fur dark-ashy grey tipped with

chestnut-brown. Fur very soft, especially on the tail; underside paler in

colour. Conspicuous long dark hairs surrounded the ears, these are

absent in S. fimbriatus. Head and body about 12 inches, tail about the

same length.

RatTuFA MACROURA, Penn.

The Black Giant Squirrel.

1769. Sciurus macrourus, Pennant, Ind. Zool. 1., pl. 1.

1785. Scvurus ceilonensis, Boddaert, Elench. An., p. 117.

1888. Scrwrus macrurus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 241 (partum).

2 99. Kottawa, S. Ceylon.

A large squirrel, black above, sometimes brownish black ; tail, hands and

feet black ; bright yellow buff on the underside, this colour coming round

to the outside of the arms and legs which helps to distinguish it from the

Burma species &. gigantea. Buff markings also on the face and top of the

head. Head and body about 16 inches, tail about the same length.

RATUFA MACROURA TENNENTI, Blyth.

The Grizeled Giant Squirrel.

1849. Sceturus tennenti, Blyth, J. A. S. B., XVIII, p. 600.

1888. Sciurus macrurus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 241 (partim.)

iG, 12. Ranniay Ss: Ceylon:

1 g,19. Wellawaya, S. Ceylon.

1 $6,222. Kumbukkan, 8. Ceylon.

A squirrel similar to R. macroura, but is bay coloured, grizzled with

white above; underside, legs and markings on head and face are creamy

yellow. The forehead is almost black, and in some cases the shoulders

are brown black and not grizzled. The tail is blackish-brown grizzled

with grey. Head and body about 153 inches, tail slightly longer. Weight

about 2 lbs.

Blanford has transposed the names macrowra and tennenti as Mr.

Wroughton pointed out in his paper on the “Giant Squirrels” (J. B. N

He S;, Vol. XX, -p. 885, 1910;)

708 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

FUNAMBULUS PALAMARUM, L.

The Palm Squirrel.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

266,222. Colombo, Ceylon.

266,299. Kattawa, 8. Ceylon.

464,729. Udugama, 8. Ceylon,

3 ¢ 646,12. Ranna, 8. Ceylon.

7 $646,322. Hambantota, 8. Ceylon.

3 36d. Weligatta, S. Ceylon.

366,592. Wellawaya, S. Ceylon.

4 66,1 2,1inal. Kumbukkan, S. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9).

These squirrels may represent F. brodei (Blyth), but until specimens

come in from further north this cannot be definitely stated.

FUNAMBULUS TRILINEATUS, Kel.

The Newera Eliya ground Squirrel.

1852. Sciurus trilineatus, Kelaart, Prod. p. 54.

1891. Scezwrus sublineatus, Blanford, Mammalia No. 256 (partim.)

1 g. Kottawa, S. Ceylon.

A small dark-brown squirrel finely specked with yellow, having three

slightly paler longitudinal stripes on the back, underside pale tawny. Fur

soft and dense. Tail hairs banded black and yellow. Head and body

about 5 inches, tail about the same length. The differences between this

form and F’ sublineatus will be OunaE in the “ Scientific Results ”, Vol. XXII,

p. 661.

TaTERA INDICA, Hardw.

The Indian Gerbil,

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

lin al. Undugama, 8. Ceylon.

266,329. Ranna, §. Ceylon.

IGS 16 29. Hambantota, S. Ceylon.

Oe Tellula, 8. Ceylon.

Di GUGREOMLD Q. Welligatta, S. Ceylon.

BOO or eey: S. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11 and 12.)

MILLARDIA MELTADA, Gray.

The Soft-furred Field-Rat.

_ (Synonymy in No. 1.)

3 3, 229. Ranna, 8. Ceylon.

36 6, 11 29, 1 inal. Hambantota, 8, Ceylon.

3d. Weligatta, 8S. Ceylon.

Sehr “Wellawaya, S. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10 and 11.)

LO vel bO bo

EPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray.

The Common Indian Rat.

(Synonymy in No. L.)

4 86,1 2. Colombo, Ceylon.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 709

5 635,429. Hambantota, 8. Ceylon.

2in‘al. Kumbukkan, 8. Ceylon.

VaRIETY with white underparts.

3. Kottawa, 8S. Ceylon.

$36,729, 1linal. Udugama, 8. Ceylon.

36. Nakaideniya, S. Ceylon.

22. Colombo.

$36,529. Hambantota, 8. Ceylon.

S,19.. Weligatta, S. Ceylon.

6 d6,1 9. Wellawaya, 8S. Ceylon.

$d6,629.1linal. Kumbukkan, 8S. Ceylon.

(See also all previous Reports.)

Or to HO OTH NT

Mus Manel, Kel.

The Common Indian House-Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

d,1 2. Colombo.

36 36,38 292,3inal. Udugama, 8. Ceylon.

36 6,12. Nakaideniya, S. Ceylon.

inal. Wellawaya, S. Ceylon.

inal. Hambantota, S. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.)

re bs Or

Mus Boopvuaea, Gray.

The Southern Field-Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

6,1 9. Kottawa, 8S. Ceylon.

6 6,4 22,linal. Hambantota, 8. Ceylon.

65,5 29. Weligatta, S. Ceylon.

in al. Kumbukkan, S. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.)

Db Oe

BANDICOTA MALABARICA, Shaw.

The Malabar Bandicoot.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

2 29. Udugama, 8. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 11 and 12.)

LEGGADA HANNYNGTONI, Ryl.

The Coorg lowland Leggad.

(Synonymy in No. 11.)

(See also Report No. 1).

LEPUS NIGRICOLLIS, Cuv.

The black-naped Hare.

6,222. Hambantota, 8. Ceylon.

36d. Kirinda, 8. Ceylon.

3. Weligatta, S. Ceylon.

$. Kumbukkan, 8. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 8, 9 and 11.)

ee om

710 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

TRAGULUS MEMINNA, Erxl.

The Indian Chevrotain or Mouse Deer.

(Synonymy in No. 6.)

1 g. Kumbukkan, 8. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 6 and 11.)

Manis crassicaupata, G. St. Hil.

The Indian Pangolin.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

1 3g. Kaurinda, 8. Ceylon.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 6, 8, 9 and 11.)

Report No. 14.

BY KATHLEEN V. RYLEY.

With Field Notes by the Collector, G. C. Shortridge.

COLLECTION We Ure ENCOMMIAR

ILCOVN HOAs Be ... N. Shan States, Burma.

DATE ns as ... April—June 1918.

COLLECTED BY we oe MenG: CinShorinidge:

EARLIER REPORTS ; No. 1], E. Kandeish, Vol. XXI,

p. 392, 1912; No. 2, Berars, Vol. X XI, p. 820, 1912; No. 3, Cutch,

Vol. XXI, p. 826, 1912; No. 4, Nimar, Vol. XXI, p. 844, 1912;

No. 5, Dharwar, Vol. XXI, p. 1170; No. 6, Kanara, Vol. XXII,

p. 29, 19138; No. 7, Central Provinces, Vol. XXII, p. 45, 19138;

No. 8, Bellary, Vol. XXII, p. 58, 1913; No. 9, Mysore, Vol. XXII,

p. 285, 1918; No. 10, Kathiawar, Vol. XXII, p. 464, 1913; No. 11,

Coorg, Vol. XXII, p. 486, 1913; No. 12, Palanpur, Vol. XXII,

p. 684, 1914; No. 18, 8. Ceylon, Vol. XXIV, p., 700, 1914.

This collection was made in the Northern Shan States and the

following notes on the Geography of the country in general and on

the actual collecting stations are given by Mr. G. C. Shortridge :—

‘“‘ Burma roughly consists of that portion of the Indian Empire

which lies to the east of the Bay of Bengal. Extending from about

latitude 28° to 10° North, and between 91° and 101° longitude at

its broadest part.

It mainly consists of the valleys of the Irrawaddy, Chindwin

and Salween rivers with the ranges of hills lying east and west of

the two former.

Below the mouth of the Salween river it extends as a narrow

strip between the sea and Siam until it almost meets the northern

boundary of the Malay States. The province for administrative

purposes has been separated into 8 divisions with 35 districts and in

addition to the semi-independent Shan States are grouped for the

same purpose into two portions known as Upper and Lower Burma.

The hill country of the Chins to the westward of the Chindwin

is also a separate administrative district. Population (1911) about

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 711

12,115,200. Total area about 171,430 square miles. Principal

exports— Rice, timber, beans, cotton, mineral oil, &c.

As regards the Zoology of Burma, the Gazetteer (1900) draws

attention to the fact that no systematic scientific research has as

yet been carried out.

The present collection was chiefly made in ‘‘ Hsipaw”’ one of

the Northern Shan States.

Only a portion of the Northern and Kastern frontiers of the Shan

States have been as yet defined. The total area is estimated at

between 40,000 and 50,000 square miles, and they le approximately

between 19° and 24° North latitude and 96° and 102° longitude.

The mountain ranges which run fan-wise from the high steppes of

Tibet are at first almost as sharply defined as the deep gorges

through which the rivers run. The Shan Plateau is properly the

country between the Salween and Irrawaddy rivers. On the West

it is abruptly marked by the long line of hills which begin near

Bhamo and run Southwards till they sink into the plains of Lower

Burma, and on the Hast it is no less sharply marked by the deep

narrow rift of the Salween—the most uncompromising boundary

in the worid.

The original Salween-Irrawaddy watershed is disturbed in its

continuity by the Taping and Shweli rivers, and then comes a

geographical fault where the Nam Tu takes its rise at no great

distance from the Salween and runs from east to west into the

Irrawaddy.

The average height of the Plateau is between 2,000 and 3,000

feet but it is seamed and ribbed by mountain ranges (Peaks rising

to the height of from 6,000 to 8,000 feet) which split up and run

into one another though they still preserve the original north

and south direction, and leave space here and there for broad

rolling downs, sometimes only for flat bottomed valleys which form

long riband lines of cultivation. Except in the north the hills

are covered with forest. That part of the Shan States which

extends to the east of the Salween is much less open and presents

no clearly defined ranges of mountains, but rather a confused

and intricate mass of hills, and beyond a few narrow valleys, no

open space can be seen until the basin of the Mekong is reached.

The climate of the Shan States varies considerably from

December to February, it is cool everywhere, and in the

open downs as much as 10 degrees of frost may be experienced.

In most parts during the hot weather the shade temperature does

not exceed 80°-90°. Although in the narrow valleys especially in

that of the Salween, the shade maximum reaches 100° regularly

about April. The rains begin about the end of May and with the

exception of one or two breaks are more or less continuous until

November, from July to October being the wettest months. The

712 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

rainfall varies greatly in different parts of the States but seems

to range between 60 and 100 inches.

Hsipaw State lies between 21°-56' and 22°-56' North and 96°-13'

and 98° Kast. Area, 5,086 square miles. Bounded on the north

by the Ruby Mines district and the States of Mongmit and 'lawng-

peng; on the east by North and South Hsenwi; on the south by

the Mandalay district from which it is separated for some distance

by the Nam Pia river. It is divided into four sub-States, Hsi-

paw proper, Hsumhsai, Ménglong and Méngtung. The main

State lies in the geographical fault which runs east and west from

the Salween at Kunlong to near the rim of the Shan tableland at

the Gokteik Gorge—one of the chief features of the State down

which flows a small tributary of the Nam Tu; and the country is

here broken up into a mass of not very well defined ridges and spurs.

The country is drained by the Nam Tu (Myitnge) which on the

Southern border of the State runs ina deep gorge about 2,000 feet

below the general level of the country. ‘‘Taungya” rice is grown

on the hills and “wet” rice in the valleys; other crops cultivated

are sesamum, cotton, ginger, oranges and tea.

The chief plain land is in the valley of the Nam Tu near Hsipaw

town, and the Pyaunggaung—Nawngpeng strath, south-west of the

capital of the State. Population (1901), 104,700, by far the

greater portion (90,000) beimg Shans, the remainder. chiefly con-

sisting of Burmans, Danus, Kachins and natives of India. —

In Hsipaw and probably many of the other Shan States the chief

thing to be noted from a zoological point of view is the alteration

of the natural conditions of a large part of the country due to

“Taungya” or “dry rice” -cultivation which will account for the

rarity or non-existence of many mammals peculiar to heavy

forest country. In “ Taungya”’ cultivation, an area is cleared

by fire and roughly tilled; rice is then erown for one or two

seasons after which the ground is temporarily exhausted, when

another area is similarly cleared, a low deciduous scrub growing up

in the tracts that have been abandoned. Except in such inacces-

sible places as the gorges of the rivers where the jungle is

evergreen and very thick, or in the valleys where “wet rice”’ is

grown, a very large part of the State is covered with deciduous

scrub forest of more or less recent growth, which at one time or

another has been cleared and under cultivation, while the fires lit

for this purpose during the dry season spread over and annually

burn off the undergrowth nearly everywhere, probably driving away

a large number of animals as effectually as the bush fires of

Australia do. With a few exceptions the larger Mammals are rare

except on the northern boundary of the State on the borders of

the Ruby Mines district, where Elephant, Rhinoceros (swmatrensis),

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 713

Bison, Tsaine, Sambur, Thamin, and Hog Deer are said to occur.

Tiger (Hso-Lone), Bear (torquatus and malayanus), Pig and

Serow exist mostly sparingly in suitable localities. I also received

reports of the existence of the Clouded Leopard (Hso-Awy),

Porcupine, Hare, Loris (Linciom), Otter (Moun); Flying Squirrel,

Ferret Badgers and Anteaters (Lin). While in Hsipaw State I

received every assistance from the Saw-Bwa of MHsipaw,

Messrs. H. A. Thornton, the Superintendent, and F. S. Grose,

Asst. Superintendent of the Northern Shan States.

The following are short descriptions of the actual places visited :—

Gokteik.— Altitude 2,138 feet.

The station close to the Gokteik Gorge through which flows a

tributary of the Nam Tu. The valley is here spanned by a natural

arch which is again crossed by a steel viaduct, 350 feet high and

almost 1,000 feet above the bedof the river. ‘‘Taungya”’ rice is

largely grown. The jungle in the gorge is evergreen, and on the

slopes of the hills deciduous.

Pyaungguung.— Altitude 2,794 feet.

A Shan village on the Mandalay-Lashio line, two stations to

the east of Gokteik. Situated in fairly level country where ‘“‘ wet

rice’’ is grown. Surrounding country as elsewhere under

‘“'Taungya” cultivation.

Hsipaw town.—Altitude 1,354 feet.

The capital of the State. Population 3,656. Situated in the

valley of the Nam Tu. Surrounded by large tracts of wet rice

cultivation.

Se’en.—Altitude 1,411 feet.

A small forest village two stations to the east of Hsipaw on the

banks of the Nam Yao. Hilly country and rather heavy jungle

containing a large proportion of Teak. Patches of ‘‘ Taungya”

cultivation.

Mamsam Falls.— Altitude 2,000 feet, about 10 miles to the east

of Se’en on the Nam Yao river. Country similar to Se’en.

Evergreen jungle on the banks of the river.

Maymyo.—The principal hill station of Burma. Altitude 3,500

feet. Population (1901) 6,223, The station occupies an undulating

plateau surrounded by hills covered with thin forest. Although

in the Mandalay district, Maymyo is cn the Shan Plateau and is

geographically a part of Hsipaw State. |

Through the kindness and assistance on the part of the

Honourable Sir Harvey Adamson, K.C.S.1., Lieutenant-Governor

of Burma, Messrs. G. B. H .Fell, C.I.E., the Hon. Mr. W. J. Keith

and other Government Officials, including those in the Forest and

Public Works Departments, Members of the Bombay-Burma

Trading Company, as well as numerous Burma Members of the

714. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Bombay Natural History Society, I was able to start the Mammal

Survey in Burma under exceptionally favourable circumstances.

The amount of local interest shown is particularly-welcome as on

account of being the first work of its kind to be systematically

attempted in Burma, its results are expected to be of the utmost

scientific value.’ G.C.S.

The specimens from the Ataran river were collected by Mr. J.

Pemberton Cook, while various others were received from other

members of the B. N. H. S.

The collection is made up of 439 specimens containing 37

species in 24 genera.

As was to be expected the majority of the species have not

previously been obtained during the Mammal Survey, there being

22 species to add to the list this time.

Three varieties of monkeys were sent in, viz., Hylobates hoolock,

Simia rhesus and Presbytis phayrei. Bats were very numerous,

some large series being obtained among the Hipposideros, princi-

pally armiger, larvatus and lylei, this latter species was especially

interesting as Mr. Thomas had just described it on a single speci-

men from N. Siam. The squirrels were well represented also, and

this good series from the N. Shan States made it possible to

separate the northern variety subspecifically from the difficult and

variable group of Seiwrus atrodorsalis into S. atrodorsalis shanicus,

as Mr. Wroughton had suggested some time ago. And in the

Mus booduga group I have made a new species, Mus cookn, of the

present form, on its large size. Specimens of the Tupaia have at

last been obtained, up till now Tree Shrews had been unrepre-

sented in the Survey collections.

There are splendid series of the two species of Rhizomys,

castaneus? and cinereus, among the latter there are some very

large specimens.

Thanks are due to all those members who helped Mr. Shortridge

by sending specimens, which have been included in an Appendix

to this report.

Hy opatEs HooLock, Harlan.

The Hoolock or White-browed Gibbon.

1834. Sima hoolock, Harlan, Trans. Amer. Soc., I1V., New Series, p. 52.

1837. Hylobates choromandus? Ogilby, P. Z.S., p. 689.

1888. Hylobates hoolock, Blanf., Mammalia. No. 1.

236,12. Gokteik, N. Shan States.

1 92. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

General colour black, brownish black on the shoulders, eyebrows white ;

some specimens are pale-brown shading into pale yellowish white on the

head and shoulders. Fur very thick and woolly. Head and body about

23 inches; no tail; weight about 142 lbs. In these four specimens the two

males are black throughout and the females pale whitish brown.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 7165

“‘Blanford is incorrect in stating that even in the females of this species,

the frontal band is invariably conspicuously paler than the rest of the head.

Although, as in Hylobates lar, the sexes may vary in colour, the present set

shows that in all probability the male is normally black and the female

brown.

Not nearly so plentiful in Hsipaw State as the Langur. The specimens

observed were going about either singly or in pairs, although where plentiful

they are said to be gregarious.”—G. C.5S.

Vernacular name.— Wu-Wa (Shan).

Simia RHESUS, Audeb.

The Bengal Monkey.

‘(Synonymy in No. 7.)

1 3g, 1 skull only, 2 9 2, 1linal. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

4$6,1 9. Mamsam Falls, N. Shan States.

(See also Report No. 7.)

These specimens belong to the Semua rhesus group, not Simia assamensis as

‘might have been expected, as they are without the radiating parting, and

-their colouring and general appearance are similar to rhesus.

General colour grey, washed with yellow brown; the head, shoulders,

arms and hands being the darkest, while the hind quarters and hind legs

are the most yellow. Black hairs on the supraorbital ridge; no radiating

parting onthe head. Tail short and similar in colour to the hind quarters.

Head and body about 21 inches; tail about 9 inches; weight 14 lbs. None

-of the above specimens are more than young adults.

“Fairly plentiful in Hsipaw State ; apparently more local than Presbytis.

Like other Macaques often frequenting paddy fields and other cultivated

jlands. Rather shy. Gregarious though not observed in large parties.”—

-G.C.S.

Vernacular name.— Line-Lena.

PRESBYTIS PHAYREI, Blyth.

Phayre’s Leaf-Monkey.

1847. Semnopithecus phayrei, Blyth, J. A.S. B. XVI, p. 733, pl. XXXI.

1844. Semnopithecus obscurus, Blyth, J. A. 8S. B. XIII, p. 466 (nec Reid).

(1851. Semnopithecus argentatus, Blyth, Horsf. Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. Ind.

OOS One

1870. Semnopithecus rubiceundus, var. C., Gray, Cat. Monkeys, etc., Brit.

Mus., p. 7.

1888. Semnopithecus phayrei, Blanf., Mammalia No. 23.

566,622. Gokteik, N. Shan States.

13,299. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

266,229. Se’en, N. Shan States.

1 g,1 92. Mamsam Falls, N. Shan States.

A dark earthy brown Langur with a light shade on the back of the neck

:and shoulders, the longer hairs round the ears are also paler; there is a

-radiating parting just above the eyebrows ; hair round the mouth, whitish;

tail slightly lighter than the general body colour. Head and body about

22 inches ; tail about 29; weight somewhere about 16 lbs.

“Tn adults the bare skin around the eyes is of a bright slate blue, with

a broad crescent shaped area of bluish white on the inner sides almost encir-

cling each orbit. A triangular patch of flesh colour surrounds the nostrils

:and mouth. Ears dull slate. In the very young specimens, the fur is

-traw colour while the bare parts on the face are entirely dullslate. Mr. T,

716 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

A. Hauxwell, I. F. S., informs me that he once noticed a straw or rufous co-

loured Langur on the upper Chindwin together with a number of normal

coloured individuals—probably this, or an allied species from which it

would seem that like the Javan Presbytis pyrrhus, the bright colouring of

the immature, occasionally remains unchanged through life.

Plentiful in Hsipaw State, going about in troupes like other Langurs.

A shy and apparently a not very noisy species.””—G. C. S.

Vernacular names.—Linemun, LincKane? (Shan).

CYNOPTERUS SPHINX SPHINx, Vahl.

The Southern short-nosed Fruit Bat.

(Synonymy in No, 6.)

1 g juv. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

(See also Reports Nos. 6, 9, 11 and 13.)

LYRODERMA LYRA, Geoff

The Indian Vampire Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

499Q,linal. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12 and 13.)

“In a cave near Pyaunggaung. Megaderms are seldom found in

company with other bats, probably on account of their predaceous habits,

but these specimens were found in a cave inhabited by a number of

Hipposideros armiger which were probably too large for them to attack.”’—

Gacy Ss:

This 1s probably the first time that specimens of this species have

actually been recorded from Burma.

RHINOLOPHUS PERNIGER, Hodgs.

1843. Rhinolophus pernger, Hodgs., J. A. S. B. XII, p. 414.

1888. Rhinolophus luctus, Blanf., Mammalia No. 145 (partim).

1g. Gokteik, N. Shan States. '

This species is the largest in the genus and was separated from Fh.

luctus by K. Andersen (A. M. N. H. Vol. XVI, p. 252, 1905) on its larger

size. Z

It is a large dark brown bat with soft woolly fur, having an ashy brown,

almost speckled appearance. Tail extending to the end of the membrane;

Jarge ears and large complicated nose-leaf. Head and body nearly 4

inches, weight about 14 oz.

HIPPosIDEROS ARMIGER, Hodgs.

The Great Himalayan leaf-nosed Bat.

1835. Hipposideros armiger, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. Vol. IV, p. 699.

1846. Mipposideros diadema, Cantor, J. A.S. B. Vol. XV, p. 181, nee.

Geoff.

1872. Phyllorhina armigera, Hutton, P. Z.S., p. 700.

1888. Hipposideros armiger, Blanf., Mammalia No. 159.

536,18 9 2, 16inal. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

16,729,2inal. Mamsam Falls, N. Shan States.

A large brown leaf-nosed bat. Fur thick and soft, pale at the base

with darker brown tips, paler on the shoulders ; large ears and nose-leaf.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 717

Fur on underside uniform earthy-brown; tail extending to end of

membrane. Head and body about 4 inches; weight about 12 ozs.

“Plentiful in caves around Pyaunggaung and near the Mamsam Falls ;

on one occasion found in company with H. larvatus.”—G. C. 8.

HIPPOsIDEROS LYLEI, Thos.

Lyle’s nose-leaf Bat.

1913. Hipposideros lylet, Thomas, A. M. N. H., Vol. XII, p. 88.

199,199, 36inal, Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

A fairly large leaf-nosed bat, very similar to armiger in general colour,

the fur being composed of the same two shades of brown, but it is easily

distinguished from that bat by its smaller size and its larger and more

complicated nose-leaf which is especially large in the male; it also has a

pale edge to the interfemoral membrane. Head and body about 33 inches ;

weight about 12 ozs.

When Mr. Thomas separated this bat from H. prattz, he only had amale

specimen of lylex and a female pratte on which to work, but now that this

large series of skins and spirit specimens have been obtained, the

differences in the other sexes are equally well borne out. The type locality

of H. lylec is N. Siam.

“Large colonies found in caves around Pyaunggaung, sometimes in

company with H. larvatus”.—G.C.S.

HIPPOSIDEROS LARVATUS, Horsf,

Horsfield’s leaf-nosed Bat.

1824. Rhinolophus larvatus, vulgaris, deformis and insignis, Horsfield, Res.

Java.

1844. HMipposideros larvatus and vulgaris, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. XIII, p. 488.

1872. Phyllorhina larvata, Dobson, P. A. S. B., p. 155.

1888. Hipposideros larvatus, Blanf., Mammalia No. 165.

10 6 g,119Q9,18inal. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

6 36d, 19. Mamsam Falls, N. Shan States.

A bat of the same shades of brown as H. armiger and lylei, but consider-

ably smaller in size. Large ears and nose-leaf. Head and body not

quite 3 inches.

“Tn caves. Plentiful.’—G. C.S8.

Vernacular name.—(Shan and Burmese) Lino (all bats).

HIPPOSsIDEROS FULVUS, Gray.

The Bicoloured leaf-nosed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 3.)

; 19,2inal. Gokteik, N. Shan States.

(See also Reports Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 13.)

“A small colony found roosting in the roof of the Railway Bungalow at

the Gokteik, where they occasionally flew into the rooms”.—G. C. 8.

PIPISTRELLUS CEYLONICUS, Kel.

Kelaart’s Pipistrelle.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1 2,1 imal... Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.)

“This specimen contained 3 young.”—G. C. 8. .

718 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX11.

PIPISTRELLUS COROMANDRA, Gray.

The Coromandel Pipistrelie.

(Synonymy in No. 5. )

1d . Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 9, 11 and 13.)

PIPISTRELLUS AUSTENIANUS, Dobs.

1871. Pipistrellus austentanus, Dobson, P. A. S. B., p. 213.

1888. Pipistrellus mondax, Blanf., Mammalia No. 183 (partim).

2366. Maymyo, N. Shan States. ( T. A. Hauxwell.,

A small bat, fur practically black with light brown tips; underside the

same with rather more conspicuous pale tips. ‘Tail extending just beyond

the membrane. Head and body nearly 2 inches.

Mr. T. A. Hauxwell obtained the above two specimens of this interesting

Pipistrelle, which will probably turn out to be P. austenianus, but we

cannot say for certain until specimens have been obtained from Cherra

Pungi, the type locality. Blanford considers it as a synonym of

P. mordax.

TYLONYCTERIS PACHYPUS, Temm.

The Ciub-footed Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

12,linal. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

19,linal. Se’en, N. Shan States.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6 and 11.)

“Apparently more plentiful than the Pipistrelles in the camps visited. °

—G.C.S.

ScotoPHiLusS KUHL, Lach.

The Common Yellow Bat.

(Synonymy in No. 1.)

1¢. MHsipaw, N. Shan States.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 12.)

TUPAIA CHINENSIS, Anders,

The Irrawaddy Tree Shrew.

1879. Tupaia chinensis, Anderson, Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 129, pl. 7.

1888. Tupaia ferruginea, Blanf., Mammalia No. 102 ( partim.)

266,392. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

229. Se’en, N. Shan States.

13,1 9.linal. Mamsam Falls, N. Shan States.

Anderson describes his species from the Kakhyen hills on the Irrawaddy.

Mr. Lyon is just bringing out a paper on the whole genus of Tupaia, so it is

not worthwhile to give a proper synonymy at present, as all previous species

are being split up and considerably altered by him.

General colour brown (of an olive shade ) speckled with black and buff;

underside dirty white, sometimes of a yellowish white. There is occassion-

ally a yellow stripe in front of the shoulder. Tail same colour as the

body. Head and body about 72 inches, tail about the same length ; weight

about 52 ozs.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 719

“Diurnal. Fairly plentiful, although probably local. When once recog-

nised they are not likely to be mistaken for squirrels, except at a distance.

Although active and constantly on the move they do not take the big leaps

from tree to tree that squirrels of a similar size do. Blandford gives the

mammary formula for 7upaia as 4; in this species and probably in others

there are 6.”’—G. C.S.

FELIS BENGALENSIS, Kerr.

The Leopard Cat.

1. Ruby Mines, N. Shan States.

1. Maymyo, N. Shan States (T. A. Hauxwell.)

( See also Report No. 11)

“ Not plentiful ”—G. C. 8.

Vernacular name.—HeEn-Wapr. (Shan).

FELIS TEMMINCKEI, Vigors and Horsf.

The Golden Cat.

1828. Felis temmincki, Vigors and Horsf., Zool. Journ. III, p. 451.

1831. Felis moormensis, Hodgs., Gleanings in Science III, p. 177.

1888. Felis temmineki, Blanf., Mammalia No. 34.

3145. (no skull). Maymyo, N. Shan States. (Major Stewart.)

A large chestnut-bay coloured cat, with a deeper chestnut stripe down

the back and darker markings on the head and face. Paler on the under-

surface with dark spots en the breast. Tail thick and dark red. No

measurements are recorded on the above specimen.

“This specimen, which was received from Major Stewart, was shot near

Maymyo over a calf that it had killed.”—G. C. 8.

Vernacular names.—Hso-Hra1, M1ao-Hto6n (wild eat).

FELIS PARDUS, L.

The Panther.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

1 (black) Ruby Mines, N. Shan States.

( See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 9, 11 and 13.)

‘Plentiful as in the Malay countries. Melanistic individuals seem to be

of more frequent occurrence than in India.”—G. C. 8.

Vernacular name.—Hso-Som (Shan ).

Fruis ( domestic. )

1 g. Maymyo, N. Shan States.

1g. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

( See also Reports Nos. 9 and 11. )

“These specimens are typical of those kept in the Shan villages .”—

G.C.S.

Vernacular name.—Mzao (Shan).

VIVERRA ZIBETHA, L.

The Large Indian Civet.

1766. Viverra zibetha, L., Syst. Nat. 1., p. 55.

1829. Viverra undulata, Gray, Spic. Zool., p. 9.

720 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

1842. Viverra ortentalis, hodie melanurus Hodgs, Cale. Journ. N. H. 11,

p. 47.

1841. Viverra melanurus, Hodgs., J. A. 8. B., X. p. 90.

1888. Viverra zibetha, Blanf., Mammalia No. 45.

4964,1 9. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

1 2. Gokteik, N. Shan States.

A dark brownish grey civet, with a black crest down the middle of the

pack ; black feet and black stripes along the side of the neck. Black and

white rings on the tail. Head and body about 33 inches; tail 18 inches;

weight of a male about 20 lbs.

“Plentiful. Like Viverricula this species appears to attach itself to the

ery, of villages, probably a scavenger and a poultry thief. Very easy

to trap’”.—G. C.S.

Vernacular name.—AMNGE, Hen-Hawn. (Shan.)

PAGUMA LARVATA INTRUDENS, Wrought.

The North Burma Palm Civet.

1910. Paguma larvata intrudens, Wroughton, J. B. N. H. S., Vol.

XIX, Daioae

(14,299. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

General colour buff grey, under-fur brownish grey, hairs with pale buff

tips ; in one of the three specimens the tail was the same colour as the body,

nthe other two it was black for more than half its length. Head black,

with white markings on the cheeks and below the ears; a broad white stripe

extending up the nose to the top of the head and continuing down between

the shoulders where it becomes narrower; chin dark brown; toes nearly

black. Underside of body dirty white. Head and body 27 inches, tail

about 3 inches shorter ; weight 11 Ibs.

“All of the specimens were shot in trees by day. Although arboreal,

most Paradoxures hide by day among rocks, hollow trees, and roofs of houses.

This species seems to choose thick foliage to lie up in. This is a heavier

animal than any other species of ‘“‘Toddy cat” weighed; two specimens

weighing 92 and 11 lbs. respectively’”’.—G. C. S.

Canis Inpicus, Hodgs.

The Jackal.

(Synonymy in No. 1 under C. aureus.)

1 9. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

(See also Reports Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12.)

“Considered decidedly scarce in the Northern Shan States, occasionally

appearing around Maymyo, where however they cannot be plentiful, as

when hounds were kept there, a few years ago, they were seldom put up.

Although said to be comparatively numerous in parts of Lower Burma,

Jackals in Burma generally appear to be uncommon and migratory where

they do occur.”—G. C.8.

Vernacular name.—Mavnta (Shan) (also used for the wild dog).

Ursus MALAYANUS, Raffles.

The Malay Bear,

1822. Ursus malayanus, Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soc. XIII, p. 254.

1 (not sent). Ruby Mines, N. Shan States.

“This species as well as Ursus torquatus appears to be fairly numerous

in suitable localities.’”—G. C. 8.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA. 721

Ratura GigaAntHA, McCl.,

The Assam Giant Squirrel.

1839. Sciurus giganteus, McClelland, P. Z. 8, p. 150.

1891. Serwrus dicolior, Blanford, Mammalia, No. 240 (partim).

536,722. Gokteik, N. Shan States.

1 3g. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

1g. Se’en, N. Shan States.

1 2. Mamsam Falls, N. Shan States.

A large black squirrel, sometimes brownish black. Buffy yellow below ;

sides of face (beneath the ears) and underside of legs and neck also yellow;

tail black throughout. Head and body about 16 inches; tail about the

same length. Weight about 5 lbs. This squirrel is similar in colour to the

Ceylon species &. macroura, but that squirrel is distinguished by having the

yellow markings extending over to the top of the arms and legs and having

slight pale markings on the head. Mr. Wroughton in his paper on the

“Giant Squirrels” (J. B. N. H. S. Vol. XIX, 1910), separates R. gigantea -

from the Java R. bicolor and from Hodgson’s macruroides.

“ Plentiful in all big forests especially round Gokteik, quite identical in

habits with other giant squirrels.”’”—G. C. S.

Vernacular name.— Mamar (Shan).

ScIuRUS PHAYREI, Blyth.

Phayre’s Squirrel.

1855. Sciurus phayret, Blyth, J. A.S. B. XXIV, p. 472, 476,

1891. Sciurus phayret, Blanford, Mammalia No. 247.

766,72 Q. Gokteik, N. Shan States.

338,422. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

635,629. Se’en, N. Shan States.

A grey squirrel finely speckled with black, some have a slightly brownish

yellow tinge; tail of same colour with a somewhat ringed appearance, tip

black ; underside orange yellow with a distinctive blackish band, separat-

ing the grey from the orange, on the underside of the flanks. Feet pale

yellow; whiskers black. Head and body about 10 inches, tail, slightly

longer. Weight about 133 0zs. These specimens are rather greyer and

paler throughout than the Martaban and Tenasserim examples.

“A particularly active species, its leaps from tree to tree almost rivalling

those of Ratufa. Around Hsipaw town and Se’en, even more plentiful

than atrodorsalis shanicus. Not observed at Maymyo.’—G. C.8.

ScIuRUS ATRODORSALIS SHANICUS, Ryl.

The Shan squirrel.

1914. Scvwrus atrodorsalis shanicus, Ryley, Journ. B. N. H.S. Vol. XXII,

page 662.

266,429. Maymyo, N. Shan States.

494,622. Gokteik, N. Shan States.

1365,382Q%. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

An olive brown. squirrel, finely speckled with yellow and black; ears

reddish yellow ; underside yellower than black, sometimes slightly tawny.

Middle of back shaded with black. Tail black and yellow. Head and body

about 8 inches in length, tail about 7 inches.

“The most plentiful squirrel in Hsipaw State and around Maymyo, re-

calling Funambulus palmarum of India in its habit of collecting around

bungalows. The black mark on the back was seldom conspicuous except

in immature specimens.”—G. C. S.

Vernacular name.—Sorn (all small squirrels) (Shan),

722 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXi1.

DREMOMYS RUFIGENIS, Blanf.

The Red-cheeked Squirrel.

1878. Sciurus rufigenis, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. XLVII, pt. 2, p. 156.

1891. Seturus rufigenis, Blanf., Mammalia No. 244.

246. Gokteik, N. Shan States.

86 d,429. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

General colour brown, finely speckled with yellow and black, with an

olive shade on the back; hindquarters, head and feet, rufescent ; sides of

head and underside white ; tail black, faintly ringed with white. Head

and body about 8 inches ; tail about 6 inches. Weight 83 ozs.

“ Not uncommon in forest country but much less plentiful than atrodor-

salts shanicus and phayrei.”—G. C.S.

TAMIOPS MACCLELLANDI BARBEI, Blyth.

The Striped Burmese Squirrel.

1847. Scrurus barber, Blyth, J. A. S. B. Vol. XVI, p. 875.

1891. Serwrus macclellandi, Blanf., Mammalia}No. 257 (parti).

1g, 192. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

A small greyish brown squirrel speckled with pale yellow ; 5 black longi-

- tudinal stripes on the back, with 4 pale yellow ones between, the two outer

yellow stripes being much wider and extend from the side of the face.

Kars black with a tuft of white hairs. Underside reddish yellow. Head

and body about 44 inches, tail about 5 inches. Weight 12 ozs.

“ Apparently rare, possibly local.”—G. C. 8.

EPIMYS RUFESCENS, Gray.

Variety with white underparts.

The Common Indian Rat.

(Synonymy in No 1.)

286,132 2. Gokteik, N. Shan States.

786,629. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

19. Se’en, N. Shan States.

13S. Hsipaw, N. Shan States.

26,422. Mamsam Falls, N. Shan States.

(See also all previous Reports.)

“Very plentiful in towns and villages, although all specimens were

white below, many had a grey patch on the chest, sometimes extending to

form a line down the belly.

The scarcity of jungle rats and mice, other than burrowers, can be ac-

counted for by the “‘Taungya” cultivation previously described.”’—G. C. 8.

EPIMYS JERDONI, Blyth.

The bicoloured Rat.

1863. Leggada jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. B. XXXII, p. 350.

1888. Mus jerdont, Blanf., Mammalia No. 279.

Were Wabi ey 5 Pye N. Shan States.

A red yellow rat, with a very long tail. Under-fur slate grey, tips

bright red yellow. Feet and underside pure white, line of demarcation

distinct, tail dark above pale below. Head and body nearly 6 inches;

tail about 8 inches. Weight 22 ozs.

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 723

Mus MAneI, Kel.

The Common Indian House-Mouse.

(Synonymy in No. 5.)

13,12. Maymyo, N. Shan States.

1g. Maymyo, N. Shan States. (G. B. Fell).

1g,22 2. Gokteik, N. Shan States.

236,192. Se’en, N. Shan States.

(See also Reports Nos. 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 138.)

“Plentiful in Maymyo and in towns and villages throughout Hsipaw

State.”—G. C.S.

Mus cooxtl, Ryl.

The Burma Field-Mouse.

1914. Mus cookiz, Ryley, Journ. B. N. H.S. Vol. XXII. p. 663.

266,12. Gokteik, N. Shan States.

235 5,juv. 229. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

A small dark-brown mouse, slightly speckled with buff; grey on the

underside. Head and body about 3 inches, tail slightly longer.

RHIZOMYS CASTANEUS ? Blyth.

The Bay Bamboo-Rat.

1843. Rhizomys castaneus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. Vol. X11, p. 1007.

1891, Rhizomys badius, Blanf., Mammalia No. 312. (partim.)

396,722. Gokteik, N. Shan States.

735,522. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

19,222. Se’en, N. Shan States.

12. Mamsam Falls, N. Shan States.

These specimens probably represent &. castaneus (Blyth) described from

Arrakan, but must only be left provisionally under this name, until speci-

mens are obtained from the type locality. They differ from R. badius

(Hodgs.) from Nepal in being smaller, especially in the size of their teeth

and from the representatives of . minor (Gray) from Siam in their smaller

size; and also in the shape of the bulle.

Fur very soft and silky, dark ashy brown with a brown sheen on the

tips, some have rufous tips; whiskers short. Colour of underside, much

the same as above. Feet and tail bare. Head and body 7-8 inches; tail

about 3 inches.

The rufous or dark colouration appears to have no connection with age

as there are both young and old specimens of each colour. In this series

the white spot is absent, in one case only did the collector find any indi-

cation of it.

“Blanford gives the mammary formula of Rizzomys as 10, and although

this is the case, with Rhizomys cinereus, this species has only 8, having two

pairs of inguinal mamme instead of 3. The mole hills are similar to

those of Gunomys except that this species throws up more mounds, being

probably a much quicker burrower. The tunnelsare as a rule very deep

and as all specimens had to be dug up they were not very easy to obtain,

especially as the ground they chose for burrowing in is often very hard

and stony. There were numbers of these burrows under the Gokteik

viaduct. This species can hardly be called a bamboo rat, as it feeds on

all kinds of roots including shrubs, grass and other herbaceous plants,

frequently coming into gardens.

724 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Recalling the African Georychus and equally savage when caught.

Very sluggish in its movements when above ground, and having a curious

habit of running backwards when placed in new surroundings. Its powers

of sight above ground, except for a very short distance, are very poor.

Blanford in describing its ears as hidden by the long fur of the head,

evidently judged from dry specimens, as although small, they are white

in colour and show up during life very conspicuously.’”’—G. C. 8.

RuwizomMys cINEREUS, McCl.

The large Burmese Bamboo-Rat.

1842. Rhizomys cinereus, McClelland, Calc. Journ. N. H. II, p. 456.

1877. Rhizomys erythrogenys, Anderson, P. A. S. B., p. 150.

1888. Rhizomys sumatrensis, Blanf., Mammalia No. 314 (partim.)

264,12. Gokieik, N. Shan States.

666,429. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

1 2. Se’en, N. Shan States.

1g. Mamsam Falls, N. Shan States.

McClelland described Rhizomys cinereus in 1842 from Tenasserim and

mentions its red cheeks. Anderson in 1879 puts &. cinereus into the

synonymy of Rhizomys sumatrensis and describes R. erythrogenys (from the

Salwin Hill tracts), as a new species, on account of its red cheeks, which

sumatrensis is without, at the same time he mentions a similar specimen

from Tenasserim with red cheeks, therefore it would appear that the name

R. cinereus stands for the red cheeked species as separated from suma-

trensis (described by Raftles from Malacca), and that erythrogenys must be

included in the synonymy.

A very large grey rat, the grey hairs being rather more numerous than

the black except on the head between the ears where the black predomi-

nate. The sides of the head are bright red ; tail absolutely bare. Head and

body about 17 inches; tail about 6inches. Weight about 63 lbs. (one large

specimen weighing 113 lbs.). Incisors very large and strong ; head broad.

“This species digs deep, burrows in bamboo jungle, on the roots of

which they largely feed. Very savage when comered, facing round and

making short rushes at anything moved in front of them; apparently

seeing much more clearly than the smaller species; their eyes also being

larger in proportion. Although altogether more active than R. castaneus,

they are not quick enough to make their escape readily when above

ground, their fastest movement being a clumsy gallop while they will

always face about’on the least provocation, biting savagely at any-

thing put nearthem, at the same time making a peculiar grating noise

with their teeth and grunting rather like a porcupine which they rather

resemble in some ways. I kept specimens for varying lengths of time in a

tin bath, and if they could not reach the edge, when standing on their

hind legs, they were unable to get out.

Their eyes at night give a bright red reflection.

Tail tipped with white for about a third of its length. A large specimen

weighed about 114 lbs.”—G. C. 8.

MUNTIACUS VAGINALIS, Bodd.

The Barking Deer.

(Synonymy in No. 2.)

29°. Gokteik, N. Shan States.

1 92. Pyaunggaung, N. Shan States.

(See also Reports Nos. 2, 6, 7 and 11.)

MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 72!

APPENDIX.

The following specimens were received with this collection, but were

obtained in other districts and sent in by various members of the Society,

all of whom we wish to thank. Itis of the greatest help to have speci-

mens sent in during the different months of the year as the survey

collector only obtains his skins within a limited period, thus it 1s often

difficult to know how much to allow for seasonal changes in the colour and

texture of the fur.

Mr. J. P. Cook sent in the following :—

ScIURUS ATRODORSALIS, Gray.

The black-backed Squirrei.

1842. Seturus atrodorsalis, Gray, A. M. N. H. Vol. X, p. 263.

1855. Sciurus hyperuthrus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. Vol. XXIV, p. 474.

2922. Moulmein, Burma.

A yellow grey squirrel, slightly speckled with black; black patch on

back ; head a reddish yellow ; whiskers usually white; underside generally

chestnut red, but in some cases it is yellow or even speckled like the back ;

tail black and yellow. Head and body about 8+ inches; tail about the

same length.

TAMIOPS MACLELLANDI BARBEI, Blyth.

222. Moulmein, Burma.

RHIZOMYS CINEREUS, McCl.

1 g. Moulmein, Burma.

726

NOTES ON SOME MAMMALS FOUND IN THE SIMLA

DISTRICT, THE SIMLA HILL STATES, AND

KALKA AND ADJACENT COUNTRY.

Pit i, Dopswerta: E783 MB Osu:

While working the Ornithology of the Simla District, N. W.

Himalayas, I have, during the last eighteen months or so, taken the

opportunity of devoting some of my time to the study of the

Mammalian fauna of these tracts, and the results of my observations.

are embodied in the following notes. It must not for a moment be

supposed that, the areas to which these observations relate have

either been searched systematically, or explored thoroughly and in a

business-like manner; for to do so would require a great deal of

time and means, neither of which it is my happy lot to possess.

As a matter of fact, I have collected only those animals, which have

actually come in my way in my wanderings after birds, and with-

out making any special search for them. I hope, therefore, that

due allowance will be made for these disjointed notes, which have

been hastily strung together at odd moments of leisure. Should they

prove of any interest—Mr. Kinnear flatters me that they will be of

considerable interest—it may act as an inducement for the publica-

tion hereafter of further notes on some more of the animals in-

habiting these regions.

Before entering into particulars, it seems desirable to notice, in as

brief a manner as possible, the extent and geographical positions of

the territories to which the subsequent remarks apply; their physi-

cal aspects, and their climatological conditions. Moreover, as the

fauna and flora of a country are not only connected with, but to

a great measure dependent on, each other, a few references.

to the vegetation of these hills will not be irrelevant to our

subject. ;

The districts under notice lie very roughly between the 30th and

the 32nd degree of North latitude, and between the 77th and 79th

degree of Hast longitude. They comprise—(a) the Simla District 5.

(6) the Simla Hill States; (c) a small portion of the Patiala State,

which lies in the Himalayan area; and (d) the town of Kalka and

adjacent country, including the Western Dun of the Sirmur State.

The Simla District consists of nine detached tracts in the lower

Himalayas, between 38° 58' and 31° 22’ N. and 77° 7' and

77° 43' E., with a total area of 101 square miles. It is completely

surrounded by territories of independent chiefs, and these terri-

tories are known as the Simla Hill States.

The Simla Hill States consist of 28 in number, and occupy an

area of about 4,800 square miles. The largest of these States is.

NOTES ON MAMMALS FOUND IN THE SIMLA DISTRICT, 727

Bashahr. It lies on either bank of the Sutlej River: all the other

Simla Hill States lie to the south of that river.

The small bit of the Patiala State occupies an area of about

1,000 square miles, and stretches from the Siwalik Hills to the

town of Simla, of which it forms the northern and_ eastern

boundary.

The town of Kalka is situated at the foot of the outlying range:

of the Himalayas, and has an elevation of 2,400 feet. It is entirely

surrounded by native territory.

The physical aspects and scenery of these tracts have beem

admirably described in the Imperial Gazetteer :—

“‘The Simla District and surrounding Native States, ”’ re-

marks the author, ‘“‘ form a continuous series of ranges, ascend-

ing from the low hills which bound the plains of Ambala to

the great central chain of the Western Himalayas. This cen-.

tral chain terminates a few miles south of the Sutlej in Bashahr,

the most northern of the States. The same State is broken

on its northern frontier by spurs from the snowy hills, which

separate it from Spiti, and on the east by similar spurs from

the range shutting it off from Chinese Tartary. Starting

from the termination of the Central Himalayas, a transverse

range (the last to the south of the Sutle}), runs south-west

throughout the length of the Simla States, forming the

watershed between the Indus and the Ganges—here represent-

ed by their tributaries, the Sutle} and the Jumna. A few

miles north-east of Simla, the spur divides into two main

ridges, one of which curves round the Sutlej Valley towards the

north-west; while the other, crowned by the town of Simla,

trends south-eastward to a point a few miles north of Sabathu,

where it merges at right angles in the mountains of the Outer

or sub-Himalayan system, which run parallel to the principal

range. South and east of Simla, the hills between the Sutlej

and the Tons (the principal feeder of the Jumna), centre in

the great peak of Chaur, 11,982 feet high, itself the ter-

mination of a minor chain that branches off southwards from

the main Simla range. The mountain system (excluding

Bashahr) may be thus mapped out roughly into three portions :

the Chaur Peak and spurs radiating from it, occupying the

south-east corner ; the Simla range, extending from the Cen-

tral Himalayas to the néighbourhood of Sabathu; and the

mountains of the sub-Himalayan series, running from the

north-west to south-east, and forming the boundary of the

Ambala plains. The last-mentioned group may be sub-divid-

ed into the sub-Himalayas proper, and an outer range, corres-

ponding to the Siwalik Hills of Hoshiarpur. The sub-

Himalayan and the Siwalik ranges form parallel lines, having

728 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

between them an open space of varying width, known as the

Kiara Dun, a broad and well cultivated valley.”

“The scenery in the immediate neighbourhood of Simla

itself presents a series of magnificent views, embracing on

the south the Ambala plains, with the Sabathu and Kasauli

hills in the foreground, and the massive block of the Chaur,

a little to the left; while just below the spectator’s feet a

series of huge ravines lead down into the deep valleys, which

score the mountain sides. Northwards the eye wanders over

a net-work of confused chains, rising range above range,

and crowned in the distance by a crescent of snowy peaks,

which stand out in bold relief against the clear background of

the sky.”

The principal rivers by which the drainage of these hills is

effected are the Sutlej, the Pabbar, the Giri, the Ghambar, and the

Sarsah.

The upper parts of the Bashahr principality, extending from its

northern confines of Kunawar to its eastern limits at Shipki, on

the Tibetan frontier, belong to what is generally known as the

“Alpine” zone of the Himalayas, and contain much Tibetan

admixture both in their flora and fauna. The plants here present

an arctic facies. Some of the characteristic Mammalian fauna of

these high altitudes are, Felis wncia—the Ounce; Ursus isabellinus—

the Brown Bear; Pseudois nahura—the Baral; and Capra sibirica—

the Himalayan Ibex. These animals seldom descend to lower

elevations unless driven by the rigours of an exceptionally severe

winter. This belt is beyond the influence of the Indian monsoons,

which are practically spent before they reach Chini (9,000 feet)

—almost in the centre of Bashahr-—-and much of the rainfall

is in winter in the form of snow. Close to the Tibetan border,

there is always a continuous wind, driving dust and dry snow

along with it, and stunting the whole vegetation.

Next to Bashahr are some of the other Hill States, surrounding

the sanitarium of Simla, with elevations varying from about 6,000

to 8,000 or 9,000 feet. The districts embraced between these

altitudes are generally spoken of as the ‘‘ Middle Himalayas,” and

have aptly been designated the “ Forest’? region, for nature here

wears the garb of the temperate zone. This section is subject to

the full force of the monsoons, the average annual rainfall

amounting to 65 inches, and “includes some of the largest forests

of the Himalayan cedar, especially in the neighbourhood of

WNachar, stretching on one side into the Wangur and Basra valleys,

-and on the other, along the tops of the hills, to almost the imme-

diate vicinity of Simla. About Gaora and Serahan—hbetween

7,000 and 9,000 feet—some of the finest specimens of Ulmus

-himalayensis, Pavia indica, Juglans regia, Mulberry, and other trees

NOTES ON MAMMALS FOUND IN THE SIMLA DISTRICT. 729

occur, and besides a thick vegetation of low forests and brushwood..

There exists on these moderate elevations a particularly mild

climate, and the supply of water is abundant during the whole

year.” A few of the animals characteristic of this zone are the

Flying Squirrels (P. fulvinus and NS. jimbriatus), the Serow, and.

the Musk-deer (M. moschiferus).

Proceeding southwards from the Military Cantonment of Sabathu

(4,500 feet) in the direction of Kalka, the Indian character of the

flora and fauna becomes at once prevalent, and we find ourselves.

in the ‘“ sub-tropical’? zone of the Himalayas. The Cheer Pine—

Pinus longifoha—gets rarer the lower we descend, while such

Indian forms as Ficus bengalensis, Ficus religiosa, Bombax malabari-

cum rapidly appear. Thick jungles of Bamboos, Carissa spinarum,

and Zizypus cenoplia now become the predominant feature in the

vegetation, interspersed with shady groves and gardens of Muse,

loquat, mango and orange trees. On rocky cliffs and in caverns

around Sabathu, Dagshai and Kasauli the first specimens of

Hycena hyena—the Striped Hyeena and Felis affinis—the Jungle Cat

are to be found. The common Five-Striped Squirrel—Funambulus

vennanti—and the Indian Wild Boar—Sus cristatus—abound every-

where. In scrubby jungles and brushwood are seen the common

Mungosmungo and Vulpes bengalensis ; while, at the foot of the hills,

Canis pallipes, Mellivora indica, Antilope cervicapra, Boselaphus tragoca-

melus, and other familiar Indian forms occur. Such is the neigh-

bourhood of Kalka and adjacent country, the fauna and flora of

which differ in no way from those of the plains of the upper

Punjab, and which forms the southern limit of the extent to which

my observations apply.

The arrangement followed in the enumeration of Orders and

Species is that of Blanford in his M4mmauia, Fauna of British

India, 1888-1891, to which references have been given; the nomen-

clature has, however, been altered, as far as possible, in the light of

recent zoological researches.

In conclusion, I take this opportunity of expressing my grateful

thanks to Mr. N. B. Kinnear, M.B.O.U., for all his kind help and

valuable suggestions, without which my notes would never have seen

the light of day ; to His Highness the Maharaja of Patiala, for grant-

ing me passes and facilities for travelling about in his territory ; to

Mr. L.W. Reynolds, C.1.H., 1.C.S., Deputy Secretary to the Govern-

ment of India in the Foreign and Political Department, for his kind-

ness in procuring me passes and facilities, without which it would

have been impossible for me to visit some of these Hill States ; and

to Mr. C. H. Johnstone for some of the very interesting material with

which he has supplied me for this paper. My grateful thanks are

also due to Mr. G. W. Marshall, I.S.0O., for his kindness in allowing

me access to various Government and other publications, during

730 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX11,

the course of my zoological studies; and lastly, but not least, to

Messrs. Cecil Kirkpatrick and Lionel Harrington for their kindness

in having glanced through these sheets, and for having suggested

various helpful alterations in the manuscript.

OrpDER—PRIMATES.

1. Sra ruxsus, Audeb.—The Bengal Monkey.

(Blanford No. 3.)

(Simla=“ Bandar” ; Simla Hill States (outer ranges) = “ Kailu”’. )

The following are the measurements of a very large ¢ procured in the

‘neighbourhood of Simla on the 5th September last :—

Head and body (between pegs) 507 mm. ; tail (without hair) 228 mm. ;

chand 108 mm.; ear 44 mm.

Skull. From the supraoccipital to the end of premaxillaries 127 mm.;

from the anterior margin of the foramen magnum to end of premaxillaries

93 mm. ; zygomatic breadth 90 mm.

This Monkey is very common at Simla, and occurs in large troups

throughout the lesser ranges. In the station here it has become a perfect

nuisance, and seems to be increasing enormously of late years. Blanford

-speaks of the existence of a single colony of these animals on the Jakko

Hill (elevation 8,000 feet), but it would have been more correct to say that

the hill holds several colonies.

Its courtship seems to be a prolonged affair, lasting for sual days. Love-

makings take place throughout August, September and November when

numerous pairs may be observed constantly in copula. Between each act of

cohabitation a good deal of imaginary lice or flea-picking, tickling of

heads, and other domestic reciprocities are indulged in. The young are

born about March, Apriland May. Personally I have never seen more than

a single young one clinging to its mother, but have been assured on good

authority that twins are occasionally born.

Some of the young females appear to breed in their third year.

There are two facts in connection with this Rhesus at Simla which are

very noticeable, viz. (a) the enormous sizes to which some of the males

attain; and (0) the long fur, which characterises them all, as compared

with the miserable and bedraggled specimens found in the lower hills.

Regarded as sacred throughout these tracts, its shooting is strictly

prohibited. A curious thing that I noticed was that these Monkeys in the

more remote parts of the hills here had absolutely no idea of the signifi-

-cance of a gun! Another curious fact impressed on my attention is that

‘some of the large males occasionally leave the herds for considerable

periods at a time, and live in isolation. They generally take up their

quarters near some cultivation, sneak unobserved into the fields in the early

mornings, or late in the evenings, and do incredible damage, before they

can be discovered or dislodged. These unsociable gentlemen are known

to the hillmen as “ Kalokurs. ”

I have witnessed several instances of tender devotion to their off-

spring in this species, and have great pleasure in putting the following

incident on record, if only, as a set-off against their widely chronicled

misdeeds.

During the course of a morning’s walk here towards the latter end of

May 1911, a small troup of S. rhesus crossed my path, and I noticed

one of the females dragging along with her the remains of what appeared

to be a young monkey. These relics consisted of a highly decomposed

skin, with a few bones protruding out of it. As this proceeding was

NOTES ON MAMMALS FOUND IN THE SIMLA DISTRICT. 731

somewhat unusual, I stood still and closely watched the old monkey.

But I soon became aware of a most offensive odour pervading the surround-

ing atmosphere. The closer one approached the tree tenanted by the

female and her ghastly treasure, the stronger did the stench become. I

felt some hesitation at first in associating this with the defunct animal.

Determined, however, in spite of the abominable smell, to put the matter

beyond dispute, I followed, with little difficulty, the herd of animals as

they were feeding from tree to tree ; and the lapse of a very short time was

quite sufficient to convince me that the disgusting smell proceeded from

what was left of the dead monkey, and that the latter was beyond doubt

the offspring of the oldfemale. I frequently saw the mother tenderly

fondle the remains of her young one, then hurriedly put them away from

her on a branch, then snatch them up again, look at them in a most anxious

manner, smell her hands, and utter a low pitiful moan. There was no

doubt whatever that the smell affected her greatly, but she seemed either

unable, or unwilling to account forit. How long the mother carried the

remains of this loathsome corpse about with her it is of course impossible

to say, but the strong affection and acute suffering displayed by this

dumb creature for its progeny have, I must confess, left a very strong

impression on my mind.

2, PRuESBYTIS scHIsTacnUS, Hodgs.—The Himalayan Langoor.

(Blanford No. 13.)

(Simla = “ Langoor”; Simla Hill States (Outer ranges) = “ Gholee; ”

“ Tulaundhar”’).

The following are the measurements of an adult male skull :—

From the supraoccipital to the end of premaxillaries 140 mm.; from the

anterior margin of the foramen magnum to end of premaxillaries 101

mm.; zygomatic breadth 108 mm.

A large male shot some time ago, weighed exactly one maund.

Large herds of this fine Monkey, composed of both sexes and of all

ages, are to be seen in the forests here throughout the year. I was much

surprised to find it romping about on the banks of the Koshalla stream

{elevation 2,300 feet), which is practically at the base of the Himalayas.

it is purely a tree-feeder, and its diet consists of acorns, wild fruits,

buds, and flowers. It is not destructive to crops like S. rhesus, but at Simla it

frequently steals into the gardens and orchards, and devours any fruit that

it can find. Rose-buds are, I believe, readily eaten.

In addition to the low grunting note, it sometimes utters a loud shrill

whistle, which is taken up by the whole herd : whether this whistle is used as

a cry of alarm, or is simply uttered spontaneously, I have never yet been

able to determine satisfactorily.

Blanford forgets to comment on the extraordinary acuteness of this

animal’s sense of hearing.

It has been asserted that some species of deer, chiefly Chital and

Sambhar, are frequently to be seen near a herd of Langoors, but the exact

object of this strange association is still a moot point. I once referred it

to my friend, Mr. C. H. Johnstone, a good shikari and a keen observer, who

has resided in these hills for many years, and I asked him if he had ever

had the good fortune to witness this curious fact. He informed me that he

had certainly seen Chital under fig and other jungle fruit trees (in the

Duns) on which Langoors had been feeding, and judging from the

numerous hoof-marks, he was inclined to think that the deer follow the

monkeys about, not for the sake of protection, as has been thought, but to

pick up the fruit that has fallen.

732 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

This Monkey runs with marvellous rapidity on all fours. It is easily

tamed, if taken young, and makes a most interesting pet. It has not the

vicious or depraved habits of S. rhesus.

So far as my personal observations go, the breeding season of this

Langoor extends throughout the warm weather, as during this period the

females are always to be seen with very young ones clinging to them.

These very young ones are not seen during the cold months. Mr. John-

stone thinks that most of the young ones are born towards the latter end

of June, and my own observations coincide with his in this respect.

Neither of us have ever seen a Langoor in charge of two young ones, and

we are both unanimous in thinking that they produce only one young at

each birth.

OrpER—CARNIVORA.

3. Feuis tiers, L.—The Tiger.

(Blanford No. 29.)

The following facts have been collected in regard to the occurrence of

the Tiger in these hills :

It is found, though very sparingly, in the Duns and lower hills of the

Sirmur State. Owing to its increasing rarity, the State have been com-

pelled absolutely to prohibit its shooting by sportsmen. A few tigers used

to frequent the lower hills in the Bilaspur State (Simla Hill States), but

they are now extinct there. Mr. Johnstone tells me that, about thirty

years ago, tigers frequented the jungles on the S. E. of Kalka, abutting

on the Mornee and Nahan (Sirmur) territory ; and also the jungles in the

vicinity of Pinjore (Patiala State). He has himself seen the dead bodies

of two tigers that were shot within a few miles of Kalka, and on one

occasion, while after peafowl in these jungles, he saw a tiger.

4. Fetis parpus, L.— The Panther.

(Blanford No. 30.)

(Simla Hill States and Kulu = “ Baragh, ” “ Mirigh ”; Kangra

=a evar ney)

This animal known to Europeans as the “ Leopard, ” occurs throughout

these tracts, but on account of its great acuteness and vigilance is seldom

seen. It is most destructive to cattle, goats, sheep and dogs. I have not

heard of a panther turning a man-eater in these hills.

Owing to want of sufficient material, I regret that I am unable at pre-

sent to throw any light on the much disputed point as to whether there is

only one or two forms of this animal. All the European sportsmen and

Native Shikaris, whom I have consulted, are unanimous in thinking that

there are two varieties, and will brook no contradiction on this point.

Personally 1 have an open mind on the subject, but must confess that it is

somewhat difficult to believe that the small cat-like, round-headed animal,

of from 5-6 feet in length, is identical with the powerful panther,

measuring almost 8 feet, and as huge as a tigress. It is a matter of

considerable regret that sportsmen and others, who have shot numerous

panthers in these hills, should not have availed themselves of the materials

and facilities at their disposal to try and clear up this vexed

question.

The classification proposed by Mr. Hicks in his book, “ Forty years among

the wild animals in India,” for the two (?) species of this animal, do not

appear to be founded on facts, so far as it relates to the caudal vertebrae.

Major W. W. Keys reports (J.B. N.H.8., Vol. XXII, p. 189) the number of

caudal vertebrae in a small female panthers as 23 ; last winter I counted 24 in

NOTES ON MAMMALS FOUND IN THE SIMLA DISTRICT, 733

a panther measuring 6/-1”; and Capt. A. H. Mosse found the same number

in a female panther measuring 6/-2” (J.B.N.H.S. Vol. XXI, pp. 1319-1320) :

according to Mr. Hicks the number of caudal vertebrae in all these cases

should have been 28. Capt. Mosse rightly observes that a single instance is

sufficient to dissipate what he believes to be amyth. And as we have now

no less than three specitic cases against Mr. Hicks, it is time that his

theories in regard to the classification of panthers, which savour of the

dreamings of an idealist, should be dismissed from all scientific discussions

in future.

. While shooting in some of the Native States here, I examined the drop-

pings of panthers on several occasions, and was much astonished to find the

undigested quills of porecupines, which had been swallowed whole, and

which appeared to have passed through the intestines entire!

Mr. Johnstone sent me the following interesting note on the habits of

this species :—

“During the last thirty years or so, I have shot numerous Leopards in

these hills, and I am firmly convinced that there are two varieties. One is

a large animal of a light colour, and with more open spots; the other is a

small animal, with a yellow ground, and closer spots. Leopards move about

within a large area, visiting the jungles for miles around, and taking toll of

the villagers’ goats, cows and dogs, and often picking up a wild pig, or a

“Kakur,”’ or a porcupine as a change. I once shot a leopard that had

porcupine quills embedded in its paws. I have frequently known Leopards

to catch peafowl during the night by climbing up the trees on which these

birds were roosting !

“These animals lie up during the day under some dense undergrowth

on a hillside, or in caves, or under large rocks, and begin moving about at

sunset. A leopard will visit a kill at any time from sunset to 9 P.M., and

again from 2 4.mM. to dawn, but I have never known them to turn up

between 9 P.M. and 2 a.m.”

“ Leopards have two cubs at a birth. Judging from the size of the cubs

in September, I should say that they are born about July.”

5. FELIs uncra, Schreb.—Vhe Ounce.

(Blanford No. 31.)

(Bashahr = “Thurwag” ; Tibetan = “Shun’’.)

Skins of this handsome animal, the ‘ Snow-Leopard ”’ of sportsmen, are

frequently brought from the Alpine tracts of the Bashahr State for sale in

Simla.

6. FELIS BENGALENSIS, Kerr.— The Leopard Cat.

(Blanford No. 36).

(Simla Hill States=“ Ban Billa’; this term is a.so used for the next

species; Kangra and Kulu=“ Chitti Billi ”’.)

Up to this I have only seen three specimens of this handsome Cat. One

of these animals was an adult, and was captured in a large iron jaw-trap in

the compound of a friend here. It had taken to visiting the poultry-yard,

and had committed sad havoc among the fowls and ducks. I was unfortu-

nately very ill at the time, and was unable to either measure or skin it.

The second animal, a young kitten, sex2, about a couple of months old,

was caught on the llth August 1913, while wandering about on an

unfrequented road in the station by some employés of the Simla Municipal

Committee who generously presented it tome. I kept it alive for a few

days, but it proved a more difficult captive to manage than I had anticipated.

It was horribly savage, and would sit couched in a corner of its cage, and

34 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

growl at any passer-bye. It absolutely refused to touch food, and so forced

me to take a step, which my inclination did not favour.

The third animal, an adult 2 was shot by Dr. Kedar Nath, L.R.C.P.&8.,

in September last in the Dhami SHAE elevation 5,000 ft. Its measure-

ments were: head and body 534 mm.; tail 330 mm.; ear 51 mm; hindfoot

147 mm. ; height 317 mm.

Skull : Basal length from foramen to the premaxillaries 80 mm.; width

-across the zygomatic arches 64 mm. ; extreme length from supra occipital

to end of premaxillaries 97 mm.

This species is undoubtedly rare in Simla.

7. FELLis arrinis, Gray.—The Jungle Cat.

(Blanford No. 41.)

The Jungle Cat is found throughout the outer ranges up to about 6,000

‘or 7,000 feet. It is frequently to be seen in the day-time near villages

hunting for food.

8. Fris caracaLt, Guld.—The Caracal.

(Blanford No. 42.)

This animal has never to my knowledge been observed in any of the

‘Simla Hill States, but it is interesting to note that General Osborn mentions

it (Kangra District Gazetteer, 1904, p. 12,) as having been seen in the

Kangra District, which is not very far off.

9. PARADOXURUS NIGER, Desm.— The Indian Toddy Cat.

(Blanford No. 51.)

(Kangra=“ Tutrial. ’’)

Mr. Johnstone informs me that a few of these animals are to be found

inhabiting the roofs of some old bungalows at Kalka. They issue forth

every night, generally in pairs, occasionally in small parties of 3 or 4 at a

time, and commit great depredations in the fruit gardens there. They are

very partial to loquats, guavas, mangoes, and custard-apples, but do not

touch the oranges.

10. Pacuma crayi, Bennett.—The Himalayan Civet.

(Blanford No. 55.)

(Kangra=“ Dehun Kullu”; Kullu=“ Bansuka ’’).

Skull measurements of an adult: Basal length from foramen to premaxilla.

ries 110 mm.; zygomatic arches 70 mm.; extreme length from supra-

occipital to end of premaxillaries 123 mm.

Some years back when I took little interest in Zoology, T remember

seeing three or four of these animals, which had been shot in the gardens

of some residents here. They are very destructive to the local orchards.

These Civets are tolerably common in Simla, and appear to be chiefly

frugivorous, but animal food is readily taken when procurable. Several of

these animals have been captured here in traps baited with meat. The

captives have a peculiar habit of snarling and spitting like a cat when any

one happens to go near them.

It may be interesting to mention that this species apparently extends

along the Himalayas much further westwards than Simla, as General

Osborn records it (Kangra District Gazetteer, 1904, p. 13,) from Kulu,

where it is known to the hillmen by the name of “ Bansuka.”

11. Muwneos, sp.

Two kinds of Mungooses, a large one and a small one (Mungos mungo and

NOTES ON MAMMALS FOUND IN THE SIMLA DISTRICT, 735

Mungos auropunctatus ?) are common around Kalka, but I have been

unable to procure any specimens. I hope, however, to do so before long,

and settle all doubtful points.

I have observed that the Mungoose found in parts of the United

Provinces about the Azamgarh, Ballia and Gorakhpore Districts readily

climbs a tree when pursued by dogs.

12. Hyarna HyaEena, L.—The Striped Hyena.

(Blanford No. 66.)

(Simla Hill States = “ Tarrak”; Kangra = “Tarrak”; Kulu =

“ Lagar Bagar’”’).

The Hyzna has been seen in the hills at Dagshai, Sabathu and

Kasauli. Itis fairly common about Kalka. Ihave heard its unearthly

yells on the top of the Shalli Peak (8,000-9,000 feet) in the depth of winter.

13. CANIS PALLIPES, Sykes.—The Indian Wolf.

(Blanford No. 68.)

(Simla Hill States (outer hills) and Kangra = “ Bhagiara ”’.)

‘The Indian Wolf has been seen in the neighbourhood of Kalka, but on

very rare occasions. It does not appear to enter these hills.

14. Canis inpicus, Hodgs.—The Jackal.

(Blanford No. 69.)

(Simla Hill States = “ Shial,” ‘“ Phai,” “ Gidaree ’’).

An adult ¢ shot in Simla on the 16th July 1912, measured as follows:—

Head and body 812 mm. ; tail 228 mm.; ear 64 mm.; height 482 mm.

Skull: From anterior margin of foramen magnum to anterior border of

premaxillaries 146 mm.; from supraoccipital to end of premaxillaries 153

mm.; zygomatic breadth 97 mm.

The Jackal is common at all seasons in Simla, and abounds throughout

the lesser ranges.

It is most destructive to the crops of Indian corn. When the female

has young, she becomes exceedingly bold, and frequently carries off the

Jambs and kids belonging to the villagers in these parts.

It breeds in the hills during May-June, generally producing four young

at each birth.

In addition to the usual diabolical yells, its peculiar cry ‘ Phiou,’’ is

frequently heard in the heart of the station here, and, as suggested by

Jerdon, is apparently an alarm note.

The skins of this animal shot in the neighbourhood of Simla, during the

winter months, make excellent rugs.

I do not remember to have ever “heard of a case of one of these animals

having gone mad in the hills.

Some years ago I tamed a pairof Jackals, which were taken when

quite young, and were brought up with the house dogs. One of the

consequences of this close association was that these animals learnt to

imitate the dogs in various ways. They would rush out of the house

after strangers just in the manner of dogs, hunt in company with them,

and once actually helped to kill a wild cat! They would often come to

the table for scraps, but never got rid of that horrible habit of howling

when they heard their brethren outside.

15. Cuon puKHUNENSIS, Sykes.—The Indian Wild Dog.

(Blanford No. 70.)

My object in mentioning this species in these notes is merely to draw

attention to the statement made by Blanford that Wilson discovered a

736 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII

breeding place near Simla. So far as I am aware the Wild Dog does not 1

occur in any of these tracts, but the breeding place referred to is apparent-

ly the one mentioned by Colonel Markham in his “Shooting in the ~

Himalayas,” p. 175, as being situated high up the Gangoutiie Valley, which

is in the State of Tehri-Garhwal.

16. VuLPEs BENGALENSIS, Shaw.— The Indian Fov.

(Blanford No. 72.)

This species is common around Kalka (2,400 feet}, but does not enter the

hills.

It breeds about February. I have never found more than two cubs at a

time, and can corroborate what Jerdon says about the youngsters seldom

leaving their earths till nearly full grown. y

17. VuLPFS VULPES MONTANA, Pearson,—The Hill For.

(Blanford No. 75 [partim.))

(Simla Hill States, ‘‘ Phaouta,” “ Chaura” ; Tibetan=-“ Goanu ”’.)

This very handsome animal is common at Simla, especially in the cold

weather, and is found throughout these hills.

Mr. Johnstone informs me that he has seen it at Kalka during the

winter months, and has actually shot it at that season as low down as

Chandigarh (elevation 1,500 feet.)

It brings forth its young about April-May. Unlike the Indian Fox

the cubs of this species, even when quite young, appear to come out

regularly from their earths in the evenings, and have a romp with their

mother. A gentleman here informs me that in 1912 he frequently came

across one of these foxes, with two young cubs, on the top of the Tara

Devi Hill (7,000 feet).

18. Marres FLaviguLa, Bodd.—The Indian Marten.

(Blanford No. 77.)

(Simla Hill States (outer ranges)—“ Kundrialoo,” ‘ Dikianee.”)

The Indian Marten is tolerably common, at all seasons, throughout the

outer ranges. Ihave seen it on the Shalli Hill (elevation 8,000 feet) in

winter.

It is difficult to procure owing to its habit of being constantly on the

move, and rapidly changing ground from one spot to another. It usually

keeps in pairs, occasionally in small parties—as many as seven individuals

have been noticed together—and is to be seen at any time of the day, and

anywhere, in brushwoods, coppices, ravines, or by the sides of cultivation.

it is most destructive to game birds in these hills, and is one of the

several frequent unwelcome visitors of the poultry yards in the station

here. It is very frugivorous. It is an excellent tree climber, and a very

fair sprinter on ground.

A young of this species, about a month or a month-and-a-half old, was

caught in the station towards the latter end of July, but it died shortly

afterwards.

The hillmen have a curious story about this animal. They say that

when food gets scarce in the winter months, it visits the beehives in the

villages, and secures the honey by inserting its tail into the exit holes,

which are left in the walls for the bees. The honey is supposed to adhere

to the long hairs of the tail, and the animal licks it off, and repeats the.

process till its appetite is satiated or nothing remains in the hive!

19. Mustrera, Sp.— Weasels, Sc.

A Weasel, belonging to the above Genus, was observed by me in the

day, near my poultry-yard, during the winter of 1909; but it escaped

NOTES ON MAMMALS FOUND IN THE SIMLA DISTRICT. 737

before I could shoot it. Its colour, according to notes, taken at the time,

was as follows :—

Upper parts, dark reddish-brown, lower parts, deep yellow. Total length

about a foot-and-a-half, or a little less.

In my own mind I have no doubt that it was Blanford’s No. 85.—M. cathia.

20. Merttivora inpica, Kerr.— The Indian Ratel.

(Blanford No. 89.)

This species is found in the neighbourhood of Kalka, but is rare. It does

not ascend the hills.

21. Lurra, Sp.— Otters.

(Kangra and Kulu“ Udar.’’)

Knowing that specimens of Otters were a great desideratum, I made an

exhaustive search last winter for them in some of the larger hill streams of

the outer hills here, but without success. Nota single animal was seen

anywhere. It is very possible that Otters occur in the upper portions of the

Sutlej River here, and the necessity of further observations are indicated.

These animals are certainly found in the neighbouring district of Kangra,

and the following is General Osborn’s account of them :—

“There are two Otters found in Kangra: the first is the common Indian

Otter (L. nar), which occurs right up to the foot of the Himalayas, and in

the Sutlej and Bias Rivers; but in the mountainous part of the district, it

‘is replaced by the Clawless Otter (Z.leptonyr). * * * The Common

Otter, however, has been seen at Dharmsala” (Kangra District Gazetteer,

1904, p. 13).

22. Ursus ISABELLINUS, Horsf.—-The Brown Bear.

(Blanford No. 97.)

(Kangra=“ Brahbro,” “Bhurlen” ; Kulu=“ Rattagai” ; Tibetan=

“Wampu”’),

The Brown Bear is found in the rugged and alpine tracts of the Bashahr

State, but is rare. Skins are occasionally brought to Simla for sale.

23. Ursus TIBETANUS, Cuv.—The Himalayan Black Bear.

(Blanford No. 98.)

(Simla—‘‘ Bhaloo”; Simla Hill States=“ Reech,” “ Banai” ; Kangra—

“ Reech” ; Kulu=“ Chilagai’’).

The Himalayan Black Bear is fairly common in all the large forests of

these hills. It is seldom found below 2,500 feet.

Mr. Johnstone remarks :

“This animal is tolerably common in the lesser ranges, and is most de-

structive to Indian corn, sugar-cane, wheat, honey and fruits. It is an

excellent tree climber, and gets over rocky ground as fast as any Goral

(N. goral). It frequently kills the goats belonging to the villagers, and 1

have known it to feed off the carcasses of cattle. It is exceedingly savage,

and does not hesitate to maul any one taking him unawares. It does not

maul to killlike the large cats. It sometimes charges if its path is

obstructed. The charge is made on all fours, and when close to its victim,

it rises and strikes either at the face or the head. ”’

“Its sense of smell is very keen, but its sight is not good during the

day.”

OrnpER—INSECTIVORA.

. 24, Pacuyura, Sp.—Shrews.

(Simla Hill States (outer ranges)= “ Chuchoongar ”’.)

During the last two or three years I have captured at Simla, in traps,

738 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

baited either with bread or meat, several shrews, all of the same species,

and belonging to the Genus Pachyura. These animals are not strictly

nocturnal, as two or three were caught in the day. They live here in

holes and crevices of walls in old godowns, kitchens, stables, etc.

The following are the measurements of three adults :—

Head and body 108 mm.—119 mm.; tail 66 mm.—71 mm.; hindfoot

20 mm. ; ear 12 mm,—14 mm.

The following are the measurements, etc., of two adult females, captured

in Simla, on the 24th and 28th August 1913:— ~~

Head and body 110 mm.—125 mm.; tail 64 mm.—71 mm.; hindfoot

18 mm.—19 mm.; ear 12 mm.—13 mm.

Basal lengths of the two skulls 25—26 mm.

Six mamme—all inguinal; three on each side. The specimen captured

on the 24th August contained three fully developed young in her.

Another female captured on the 23rd June 1912, and which was unfortun-

ately not measured, was also pregnant. From this it seems pretty clear

that this Shrew breeds throughout the summer and early autumn months,

and probably has at least two broods in the year.

I have already sent two specimens (in spirits) of this animal to

Mr. Kinnear, Bombay Natural History Society, and these are doubtless

available to experts for examination and identification. At present I

have ten specimens (5 adults in spirits; 8 young in spirits; and 2

adult skins), and am prepared to send them to anyone in need of further

material for working out this little known species.

I take this opportunity of pointing out that the Shrew, which is so

common in Calcutta (Genus PacHyura, sp. ? Head and body 178

mm: tail 90 mm.), is also not purely nocturnal, as I have caught it in

traps, baited with bread, 7m the day. On the 12th December 1912, I

examined a pregnant female of this species, and found that she con-

tained 3 fully developed young.

OrpER—CHIROPTERA.

25. PTEROPUS LEUCOCEPHALUS, Hodgs.—The Flying Fox.

( Blanford No. 134 [partim] ).

A Flying Fox, apparently belonging to the above form, is common all

round Kalka, which is at the foot of the hills. It generally keeps below

2,500 feet, but last October, while walking about in the verandah of my

bungalow at Simla after dinner, I was much surprised to see one of

these bats fly past overhead at a low height. It was a bright moonlight

night, and there was no mistaking it. It appeared to have come from a

S.-E. direction. Previous to its appearance here, we had been enjoying

a spell of particularly fine weather, and this makes it most difficult to

conjecture how this animal strayed so far from its regular haunts, and

found its way up here.

Since writing these notes my friend, Alec. Jones, informs me that he

has seen several of these bats near Sairee which is only about nine miles

from Simla.

The curious superstition in Seonee noticed by Sterndale in regard to

the beneficial effects to be derived from tying the bones of this bat round

the legs asa cure for rheumatism is, [may mention, also prevalent in

parts of the United Provinces, but the people there are very careful to

use only the bones from the wing.

In the Bird and Animal Market in Calcutta, I noticed several large

cages full of Flying-foxes, and on my inquiries elicited the surprising

information that they were bought in large numbers by the Chinamen, who

NOTES ON MAMMALS FOUND 1N THE SIMLA DISTRICT. 739

esteemed them a great delicacy. A large plump Flying-fox usually retailed

for about six annas !

On examining some of these bats in Calcutta, I found that they gene-

rally had one or two curious spider-like parasites, belonging to the Genus.

NyorerisiA, adhering to their bodies.

26. RHINOLOPHUS TRAGATUS, Hodgs.—Hodgson’s Horse-shoe Bat.

(Blanford No. 157.)

(Simla Hill States (outer ranges) = “ Chamchira”’; this term is applied

to all Bats).

Measurements :

Sea— (4 adults). Head and body 61 mm.—67mm.; tail 36 mm.

—38 mm.; hindfoot 13 mm.—l4 mm.; ear 27 mm.—28 mm.

Ser—Q (2 adults), Head and body 63 mm.—64 mm; tail 33 mm.;

hindfoot 13 mm.—14 mm.; ear 25 mm.

In August 1912, I found a colony of these Bats inhabiting the attic of

an office at Simla (7,000 feet), and captured several specimens. These.

animals always issued forth at dusk, in large numbers from their roosting:

places, and after flying slowly round the building, at only a short

distance from the ground, used to disappear into the neighbouring forests.

Their diet is apparently found close to the ground, as I frequently

observed them hovering about near the roots of small bushes on the

hillsides.

In order to study the habits of these bats, I kept some of them alive

for short periods in a box with a glass cover, and noticed that the cap-

tives retained their ears in a constant state of vibration: when hangine

downwards in the box, their interfemoral membranes were always.

carefully preserved by being neatly folded backwards. They were very

‘ pugnacious, and were constantly biting each other. The immature

specimens are darker in colour than the adults. I can corroborate what.

Hodgson says about this species not being migratory ; but am not quite

sure about it not hibernating, so far as Simla is concerned at any rate.

I got several curious spider-like parasites from the bodies of these Bats.

27. Nyoranus Ltasiata, Hodgs.—The Noctule Bat.

- (Blanford No. 181 (parti). }

Measurements of an adult ¢:

Head and body 84 mm.; tail 49 mm.; hindfoot 10 mm.; ear

20 mm.

Mr. Kinnear kindly identified the above specimen forme. He states

that this is the eastern representative of . noctula.

This Bat is a forest loving species, and I have generally found it solitary

in natural crevices and holes of trees. Judging from the amount of dung in

its abode, it apparently lives in the same spot for a considerable period.

Its flight is rapid and strong. As stated by Blanford, it has a most un-

pleasant odour.

28. PIPIsTRELLUS COROMANDRA, Gray.—The Coromandel Pipistrelle.

( Blanford No. 187 ).

(Vide Wroughton in J. B. N. H. 8. Vol. XXI, p. 1179).

This Bat is very common in Simla ( 7,000 feet ), and is the one that fre-

quently comes into the houses at nights. Itis not a forest haunting spe-

cies, but, as observed by Blanford, is essentially a house bat, hiding in

740 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

crevices and holes of the roofs of bungalows, old godowns, etc. It is

generally the first to issue forth in the evenings, and flies at various heights

with rapid and irregular twists and turns. It disappears entirely dur-

ing the cold months, and must therefore hibernate in these parts during

that period. A female captured towards the latter end of May had a

single young one sticking to her.

29, Myotis sirytHi, Tomes.— Himalayan Mouse-Eared Bat.

A single specimen of this rare bat was captured in August 1912, stick-

ing to the roof of a small cave, elevation 6,000 feet, in the neighbourhood

of Simla.

Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F. R. 8., F. Z. S., very kindly identified the speci-

men, which is now in the British Museum. He remarks 7m epist. :

‘‘ The Bat you have sent is a good thing, and I at first thought it was

new. Itis Myotis blythi, Tomes, wrongly put as a synonym of ‘‘Vespertilio

murinus” ( Myotis myotis ) by Blanford. Only two examples of this Bat

have been got before; one, the type, which is in the British Museum, and,

the other, procured by Abbott, the American, in Kashmir, and now in

Washington”’.

30. Myotis muriconta, Hodgs.—The Mustachioed Bat.

(Blanford No. 212.)

I found a colony of these Bats inhabiting the porch of my bunga-

low at Simla, and procured several specimens, which are now in the

Bombay Natural History Society’s Museum. These animals were always

very active during the summer months; issuing forth about dusk, and

flying at varying heights with rapid twists and turns. They seemed to

hibernate for a good portion of the year, as they invariably disappeared

about the middle of August, and were not seen again till late in the follow-

ing spring. They breed during May and June. Several females were

captured with single young ones sticking to them. The young are born

naked and blind:

31. NyctaLus montanus, Barrett-Hamilton.—The Hastern Leisler’s Bat. .

On the 2nd September last I captured a pair of these Bats in the roof

of my bungalow at Simla (7,000 feet). They always issued forth at dusk,

and after flying several times at low heights round the house, used to

disappear on the hillsides.

Their measurements were : .

Sex § (adult) —Head and body 64 mm; tail 88 mm. ; hindfoot 10mm. ;

ear 12mm.

Sex 2 (adult)—Head and body 65 mm; tail 42 mm. ; hindfoot 10 mm.;

ear 14 mm.

Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.'S., F.Z.S., was kind enough to identify these

specimens forme. He remarks :

“This Bat is the Indian representative of the Huropean Nyctalus leishi.

It has recently been named NV. montanus by Barrett-Hamilton, and may be

called by that name for the time being.”

“You are evidently in a very interesting region for Bats, getting these

Indian representatives of Huropean forms, andI hope you will go on

collecting.”

OrpER—RODENTIA.

32. PErTAuRIsTA FULVINUS, Wroughton.— The Simla large Flying Squirrel.

(Simla Hill States (outer ranges) = “ Een”; this term is applied to all

Flying Squirrels; Kangra = “ Banchiri, ” “ Gharini” ; Kulu = “ Ju”’.)

NOTES ON MAMMALS FOUND IN THE SIMLA DISTRICT. 741

Measurements :

Ser— 3S (adults). Head and body 344 mm.—385 mm.; tail 452 mm.

—456 mm. ; hindfoot 71 mm.—76 mm.; ear 43 mm.—50 mm.

Sev— (adults). Head and body 356 mm.—388 mm.; tail 483 mm.

—476 mm. ; hindfoot 73 mm.—75 mm.; ear 43 mm.—46 mm.

The extreme lengths of five skulls, from the supra-occipitals to the end

of nasals, vary from 71mm. to 73 mm.; and the breadths across the

zygomatic arches from 46 mm. to 50 mm.

This handsome Squirrel is tolerably common in all the forests here, and

generally keeps above 6,000 feet. It usually lives by itself in the holes of

large trees, but it is sometimes found in small colonies inhabiting the roofs

of bungalows, godowns, etc. Its diet consists chiefly of acorns and other

wild fruits: the mulberries and walnuts, when in season, are a great stand-

bye. Like the next species, it is confiding in its habits, and visits the trees

in the compounds here freely. When feeding it is much noiser in its move-

ments than Seiwropterus fimbriatus, and when both these species happen to

meet on the same branch, a fight generally ensues.

Its cry is a mournful “ K6-6-oh”’, repeated several times.

I have been unable to ascertain when it breeds.

According to Blanford this Squirrel is said to hibernate in Kashmir, but it

certainly does not do this here, as I have procured specimens at all seasons.

When collecting these animals, I was much struck with the curious fact

that the males predominated enormously over the females in numbers ; the

proportion works out to about 8in 1. The same was the case as regards

the next species.

These animals can easily be tamed, even if taken when they are full

grown.

The following facts showing that the death-rate is sometimes selective

among species differing little from each other in habits, came under my

observation a few years ago, and deserve notice :—A colony of these

Squirrels inhabited the loft of my bungalow in Simla for several years.

During the summer of 1911, I noticed that they began to die off one after

another, without any apparent cause. This led me to examine some other

haunts of this species which I had previously discovered at different parts

of the station, and where, to my surprise, I found evidence of a similar

high rate of mortality. In the neighbouring jungles some more dead

bodies of these Squirrels were discovered. It was out of the question to

take any measurements of the dead animals, as in all cases the remains

were ina highly decomposed state; but there were two points which

struck me at the time as worth noting, vz. (a) all the Squirrels which had

died belonged to one species (P. fulvinus) ; the other species of Flying

Squirrel, which abounds here, did not seem to be affected in anyway ;

and (6) only the very old individuals of P. fulvinus appeared to have

succumbed to the disease. It was curious that not a single dead young

or immature one was found anywhere, though special search was made

for these.

33. ScIUROPTERUS FIMBRIATUS, Gray.— The Small Flying Squirrel,

(Blanford No. 233.)

Measurements:

Sexr— g (adults). Head and body 227 mm.—267 mm.; tail 242 mm.—

267 mm.; hindfoot 45 mm.—50 mm.; ear 40 mm.—41 mm.

Sex— 9 (adults). Head and body 231 mm.—254 mm.; tail 229 mm.—

267 mm.; hindfoot 51 mm.—55 mm.; ear 41 mm.—47 mm.

742 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX11I.

The extreme lengths of five skulls, from the supra-occipitals to the end

of the nasals, vary from 55 mm. to 59 mm.; and the breadths across the’

zygomatic arches from 33 mm. to 35 mm.

This is the common Flying Squirrel of Simla. Its habits resemble in many

respects those of P. fulvinus, but it is far more active, and is generally the

first to issue forth in the evenings in quest of food. It lives in pairs in the

holes of trees and roofs of buildings, and breeds about September—October, -

producing 3 or 4 young at a birth.

When feeding, it is silent and stealthy in its movements, and is con-

sequently difficult to detect. It seldom stays long in one spot, but passes-

on rapidly by leaps or flights, from one tree to another. Some of the-

flights taken by this animal are immense, and remind one more of a bird

gliding swiftly through the air than an animal. In one case I measured

the distance, and found that the Squirrel had covered exactly 80 yards !

All the above mentioned specimens correspond exactly with Blanford’s-

description of this species, but I have in my collection a skin of one of

these Squirrels—an adult @ which is somewhat different in colouration

from S. fimbriatus, and which may, perhaps, belong to another species ?

The upper parts, especially near the hind-neck, have a tinge of rufous-

brown, and the tail is reddish-brown, darker on the tip.

The following are its measurements :

Head and body 241 mm; tail 241 mm; hindfoot 45 mm; ear 40 mm.

Skull measurements:

Extreme length, from supra-occipital to end of nasals 60 mm.; zygo--

matic breadth 33 mm.

This specimen is available for examination. It is the only one of its

kind that I have ever seen in Simla. It was procured on the 18th June

last, along with two specimens of S. fimbriatus from which it does not

appear to differ in anyway in its habits.

34, FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI, Wroughton.— The common Five-striped

Squirrel.

(Blanford No. 253 partum.)

(Simla Hill States ( outer ranges) = ‘“ Karto”’) ;

Measurements of an adult 3.

Head and body 140 mm.; tail 102 mm.; hindfoot 38 mm.; ear 19 mm.

This Squirrel is very common about Kalka. It penetrates the outer

hills to about 4,500 feet.

It lives entirely on seeds, fruits, berries, etc., and I doubt whether it

ever destroys the eggs or young of birds, as has been alleged. Its nest is

a large bulky structure, composed of rags, “sun,” and other fibrous

matters, and is generally placed in the branch of a tree, sometimes

between the rafters and beams of godowns and bungalows, and sometimes

in holes of walls. It seems to breed at very different times in various

parts of its range. Round about Kalka, Mr. Johnstone informsme that

it brings forth its young, usually 4in number, during March and April.

In the United Provinces I have found the young in May and June. In

Calcutta I noticed several young ones being hawked about for sale in the

Market there on the 22nd November, and in the Kanchrapara District,

(24 Parganas), I saw one of these animals carrying building materials to

its nest on the 4th December.

35. VANDELEURIA OLERACEA, Benn.—The Tice Mouse.

(Blanford No. 270.)

At Kalka, on the 18th January, I found a small colony of three of these

NOTES ON MAMMALS FOUND IN THE SIMLA DISTRICT. 743

mice in a nest made of grass, which was placed in the natural crevice of a

large Peepul Tree (Ff. religiosa), not more than three feet from the ground.

I sent these animals for identification to Mr. Kinnear, and he remarks

in epist :—

“The skins look rather darker than Deccan specimens. Hodgson

distinguished the Nepal form as ‘“‘ dumeticola”’.

The specimens are available for examination.

In the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XXI, p. 828,

Wroughton uses V. oleracea, Benn. for the Dekkan Tree-Mouse, and states

that V. dumeticola “must stand for the northern form (dark but bright

tawny) which undoubtedly is distinct from oleracea.” The specimens,

which I have procured appear to belong to the northern form.

Measurements of a Q (adult)—Head and body 78 mm.; tail 113 wmin.;

hindfoot 19 mm.; ear 15 mm.

I have subsequently ascertained that this Mouse is common at Kalka.

36. EPIMYS VICEREX, (Bonhote.) :

(Simla = “Chuha” (applied to all rats); Simla Hill States (outer

ranges.) = ‘‘ Moosa”’ (applied to all rats.)

Measurements of two 2 s—(adults),

Head and body 153 mm.—159 mm. ; tai] 146 mm.—198 mm.; hindfoot

31 mm.—32 mm.; ear 20 mm.—26 mm.

This is the common house-rat in Simla.

A few years ago I had occasion to have several hundred of these animals

trapped, and found that the males predominated over the females in the

proportion of about 3tol1. The males in this species appear to be very

pugnacious, for on examining a large number of the captives, I noticed

that their bodies and legs were covered with big scars and bites—

apparently the results of love encounters.

The following are the results of my investigations as regards the

breeding of this rat:

17th July—6 young ; 4th August—6 young; 15th August—5 young; 19th

August—2 young ; 2nd September—6 young.

37. EPIMYS RUFESCENS, (Gray)—The Common Indian Rat.

(Blanford No. 272). ;

In addition to the above species, there are two other varieties of rats which

are found in the Simla District and Simla Hill States. As the taxonomic

value of the belly colour of these Rats has not yet been determined (vide

Journal of B. N. H.S., Vols. X XI, pp. 1189-1190, and XXII, pp. 54-55), I

have provisionally lumped them under Lpimys rufescens.

The two varieties are:

(a) with light grey underparts, and

(6) with dark underparts.

(a) Occurs in Simla, but is decidedly rare. A special search was

made for specimens at the foot of the hills, but not a single

one was found.

(6) Abounds at Kalka (2,400 ft.), and at the foot of the hills.

Measurements of (a).

One specimen—Sex 92 (adult)—Head and body 168 mm; tail 223 mm;

hindfoot 35 mm; ear 23 mm.

Measurements of (6).

Two specimens—Sex @ and 2 (adults)—Head and body 153 mm; tail 191

mm—204 mm; hindfoot 28 mm—31 mm; ear 21 mm—22 mm.

Specimens of the above are available for examination.

744 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

38. Mus ursanus, Hodgson—The Himalayan House Mouse.

(Blanford No. 283.)

(Simla Hill States (outer ranges) = ‘“ Moosarie.’’)

Measurements :

One specimen—Sex 3 (adult). Head and body 71 mm.; tail 82 mm.;

hindfoot 16 mm.; ear 18 mm.

Five specimens—Sexr 2 (adults)—Head and body 73 mm.—83 mm.; tail

77 mm.—85 mm.; hindfoot 16 mm.—19 mm.; ear 14mm.—16 mm.

This is the common House Mouse at Simla.

Two pregnant females examined on the 17th August and 29th November

contained 5 fully developed young each. Another pregnant female

examined on the 24th August contained 4 young.

The normal number of mammz in this species appears to be 10 (5 on

each side), but in two specimens I find that one has 11 mamme (5 on one

side and 6 on the other), and the other only 9 (4 on one side and 5 on the

other).

59. Gunomys. Sp.

On the Ist July 1912 a rat (sex ¢) belonging to the above Genus was

caught in the bazaar at Simla, but unfortunately the skin was spoilt, and

it is not possible to say for certain now what it was. Mr. Kinnear, who

kindly examined the decomposed skin, thinks that it may have been G.

Ward (J.B. N. H.S., Vol. XVIII, pp. 744-745). Its measurements were :

Head and body 242 mm.; tail 178 mm.

This is the only one of its kind that I have ever seen up here.

40. Hysrrix teucura, Sykes.—The Indian Porcupine.

(Blanford No. 515.)

(Simla Hill States (outer ranges) = “ Sahil ” ; Kangra = “Seh.’’)

The Indian Porcupine ranges as high as 7,000 feet in these hills. It has

been shot on several occasions in the gardens of the residents here. Judg-

ing from the large number of quills which | have picked up at different

parts of the station, I should think that it is much commoner than is

supposed, but being so essentially nocturnal in its habits, it is seldom seen.

The accompanying photograph is of an adult Porcupine shot on the

Tara Devi Hill (7,000 feet).

It is most destructive here to Indian corn, and to potato and other

vegetable crops.

In the hills this animal appears to make its home in natural caves and in

crevices of rocks, and does not burrow as ia the plains.

NOTES ON MAMMALS FOUND IN THE SIMLA DISTRICT, 745

It has been asserted that the Porcupine has the power of discharging

its quills with great force, but is not able to direct them, and it would be

interesting to know whether any naturalists have ever observed this

action ? Ihave been present at the deaths of several Porcupines, which

have been cornered by dogs, and brought to bay, an« have certainly seen

them charge backwards, with erected spines, as related by Blanford, but

have never known these to be thrown at their foes.

There is a very curious story prevalent in the United Provinces to the

effect that these animals carry water in the quills of their tails to their

young !

4]. Lepus ruFricaupatus, Geoft.— The Common Indian Hare.

(Blanford No. 320.)

(Simla Hill States = “‘Phuraroo”; Kangra = “Seru.’’)

In view of Wroughton’s remarks in J.B. N. H.S., Vol. XXII, p. 57,1

feel somewhat doubtful about mentioning this species under the above

name, but a]l the specimens which 1 have procured in the hills here corres-

pond with Blanford’s description.

This Hare abounds in the submontane tracts, and penetrates into the

outer ranges as high as 6,000 feet. I have seen specimens, which had

been shot in the neighbourhood of Simla.

It is generally found solitary.

Mr. Johnstone remarks zm epist. as regards its habits :

“This Hare is most destructive to young wheat, barley, and gram, but

prefers nibbling ‘ doob” grass to crops after a certain toughness of stalk

has been attained.”

“There is only one time of the year when it does nct breed, and that is

during July. It produces two at a birth on an average every third week.”

OrpER—UNGULATA.

42. HuLepHas Maximus, L.—The Indian Elephant.

(Blanford No. 332.)

The Elephant was formerly abundant in parts of the Sirmur State, where

it was sometimes captured. A few still occasionally visit the Doons of

that State for short periods.

43. PsEUDOIS NAHURA, Hodgs.—The Baral.

(Blanford No. 346.)

(Bashahr = “ Wa”; Lahul = “ Miatu” ; Tibetan — “ Napoo”’.)

_ This Sheep occurs in the Bashahr State, but keeps above elevations of

10,000 feet.

Specimens with 25’—26” horns are now considered good trophies.

In his excellent little book, ‘‘ The Sportsman’s Manual in Kulu, Lahaul,

etc.,” 1907, Colonel R. H. Tyacke has given the maximum lengths of horns

of some Himalayan species of game which sportsmen are likely to

get at the present time, and it is difficult to dispute his figures. He

remarks :—

“It may be laid down that the following are the limits to the sizes of

heads that any sportsman is likely to get, and if he succeeds in reaching

this limit, he may be esteemed very fortunate :—

Ibex a nes .. 50 inches.

Tahr a. a) 2 CAA Teles:

Serow .. ee Pt

Goral ip at i Ob anes

Baral Be te 26

Barking Deer .. Mie ites

746 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

44. CAPRA SIBIRICA, Meyer.—The Himalayan Ibew.

(Blanford No. 348.)

(Kunawar = “Buz” ; Kulu = ‘“‘ Tagrole” ; Tibetan = “ Skeyn,” “ Kiu’”’.)

Only found in the Kunawar Division of the Bashahr State.

The horns of this animal are considered by the local people as very

appropriate for the adornment of temples.

45. HEMITRAGUS JEMLAICUS, H. Smith.—The Tahr.

(Blanford No, 350.)

(Bashahr = “ Jhula,” “ Tahrni,” “ Esbu” ; Kangra and Kulu = “Kurt”

or “ Karth ”’.)

Common in the Rohru Tahsil of the Bashahr State.

46. CAPRICORNIS SUMATRAENSIS RODONI, Pocock.—The Chamba Serow.

(Blanford No. 352 (partim). )

(Simla Hill States (interior) = “ Aimu”’; Kulu = “ Yamu.”’)

Few sportsmen in these hills have hitherto troubled themselves much

about the Serow, and have, I am sure, always been under the impression

that the same form ranges from Kashmir to Burma. Mr. R. I. Pocock’s

most valuable paper in the last Jcurnal has, however, opened our eyes to

the fact that there are apparently several types of this curious animal, and

that a great deal yet remains to be learnt about it.

I take it that the Serow found in the Simla Hills belongs to the Chamba

race (rodoni), but hope to clear up the point definitely before long. Speci-

mens of this animal have occasionally been procured in the rocky and

densely wooded hills to the north of Simla. It is tolerably common in the

more remote parts of the interior.

A couple of years ago one of these animals, a straggler, was shot close to

the Military Cantonment of Jutogh.

47, NEMORHEDUs GoRAL, Hard.—The Grey Himalayan Goral.

(Blanford No. 354.)

(Simla Hill States = “Ghol”; Kangra = “Bun Bukri”, “ Pij”;

Kulu = “ Ban Bukri”.)

The Goral or Himalayan Chamois is found throughout the outer ranges,

and extends as low as 2,500 feet.

It is somewhat gregarious, being usually found in small parties of 2, 3 or

4, but in localities where they are plentiful, very much larger parties are

met with. I remember some years ago counting, in succession, no less

than 21 Gorais, which were got off a range of cliffs on a single hill, in one

of the Native States here.

Tf alarmed or startled, the animals usually scatter in all directions, and

their subsequent movements are quite independent of each other.

When taken young, the Goral makes a very interesting pet.

Blanford states that Jerdon’s account of the habits of this animal is

difficult to improve upon, but I must confess that Iwas greatly fascinated

by Colonel Markham’s account in his charming book, “Shooting in the

Himalayas,” London, 1854.

My ideal of Goral shooting is not to attempt to stalk them, and thus

take them unawares ; but, if the ground is favourable, to take up a position

either opposite or at the bottom of a precipice or cliff, known to be haunted

by these animals, and to have them deliberately driven across the face of

it. This method, while avoiding all unnecessary climbing and conse-

quent fatigue, not only affords the Gorals a fair chance of escape, but at

the same time gives the naturalist-sportsman an excellent idea as to the

manner in which these animals are able to make their way across the

most difficult places.

NOTES ON MAMMALS FOUND IN THE SIMLA DISTRICT. 747

48, BosELAPHUS TRAGOCAMELUS, Pallas.—The Nilgai or Blue Bull.

(Blanford No. 355.)

»(Kangra=“ Ban Gai,” “ Roj.’’)

- Occasionally found in the jungles below Kalka, but it is very rare.

49, TETRACEROS QUADRICORNIS, Blainv.— The Fourhorned Antelope.

(Blanford No. 356.)

(Native name “ Chousingha. ”’)

Found in the Sirmur Doons; also in the Marna jungles (Patiala State),

below Kalka. Rare in the latter locality.

50. ANTILOPE cERVICAPRA, L.—T7he Black Buck.

(Blanford No. 357.)

(Kalka and Kangra—“ Hiran.”’)

A few Black Buck are to be found below Kalka, near Chandigarh, but

-are not worth shooting, as the horns rarely exceed 18 inches in length.

51. Munritacus vacinatis, Bodd.—The Barking Deer.

(Blanford No. 362.)

(Simla, Simla Hill States, Kangra, and Kulu=“ Kakar”’.)

Whether the W. Himalayan form is identical with, or separable from,

the Bengal “ Kakar” has not been determined at present (wde Wroughton

-in J. B. N.H.S8., Vol. XXI., p. 825). For purposes of these notes, it has

been assumed that the two animals are identical.

The Barking Deer abounds throughout most of the wooded ravines, glens

_and coppices in the lower hills, including the Siwaliks. Itis seldom seen

_above an elevation of 7,000 ft. Its loud barking ery is frequently to be

heard in the ravines in the station here.

As is well known this species is solitary in its habits, but it is by no

means unusual to find several individuals, whose movements are independ-

_ ent of each other, inhabiting the same patch of jungle. My friend, Mr. G.

M. Coates, informs me that no less than 24 Kakur were bagged at various

-intervals, during the shooting season of 1912-1913, in a small jungle about

six miles distant from Simla, by sportsmen here; and a most curious feature

_ of this large aggregate bag was that all but 4 were males! In the previous

year also a large number were shot in the same jungle, and on that occasion

- the majority were females.

This species is very constant to its haunts, and if not disturbed or fright-

. ened, seldom quits them. If one of them is shot ina particular ravine, its

place appears to be shortly afterwards taken by another one.

It feeds in the mornings and in the evenings. It drinks daily

. at the latter time. It usually rests under a bush, or at the roots of a tree,

-and the same lairs appear to be used for long periods. Another

peculiarity which deserves notice is its habit of depositing its dung in prac-

- tically the same spots day after day.

In the hills it breeds during June-July, generally producing one, some-

- times two young, at each birth.

The best pair of horns that I have yet seen belonged to an animal shot

by Mr. W. N. Leicester in 1896 in the Dhami State. They measure—

From base to tip along curve 83 inches and from bur (pedicel not

-ineluded) 53 inches.

I can fully corroborate what Blanford says in regard to the buck using its

.canine teeth in defence. Some years ago, a couple of my terriers cornered

.a Kakur in a ravine here, and one of the dogs was badly ripped open in

three places. The wounds were about 4 inches in length, and as clean as

-jrazor cuts.

748 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

52. Rusa unrcoLor, Bechs.— The Sambhar.

(Blanford No, 367.)

This species keeps to the low hills and forests in the submontane tracts.

Considerable numbers of these animals are to be found in the Rawin

State, where most of the temples are adorned with its horns.

Last winter I came across a herd consisting of about 7 or 10 does

wandering about in some scrubby jungles near Koti (elevation 3,600 feet)

in the Bhaghat State.

53. Axis axis, Erx].—The Spotted-Deer.

(Blanford No. 368.)

(Kangra = “ Bara Singha,” “ Jhank’’.)

Found in the Sal Forests of the Sirmur Doon, and also in Raithun

(Patiala State).

54, Axis porcinus, Zimm.—The Hog-Deer.

(Blanford No. 369.)

The Hog-Deer occurs in the tropical portions of the Sirmur State.

55. Moscuus moscuirerus, L.—The Musk- Deer.

(Blanford No. 370.)

(Simla Hill States = “ Kastura”’, “ Moskinafa” ; Kangra — “Kastura,”

“Raunsa’’ ; Kulu ==“ Beena:.”)

This Deer is found in most of the forests in the interior of these hills,

but is gradually becoming rare. It generally keeps above 8,000 feet.

56. Sus cristatus, Wag.—The Indian Wild Boar.

(Blanford No. 374.)

(Simla Hill States, Kangra, and Kulu = “Sur. ”’)

This species is perhaps the most numerous of all the game animals in

the lower hills from about 5,000 feet downwards. It abounds in the

Simla Hill States of Bhaghat, Bhajji, Baghal, Bilaspur, Nalagarh and is

most destructive to crops.

Mr. W.N. Leicester, who has shot for many years about these hills

assures me that Pigs are frequently to be found as high as 7,000 feet

He has seen a few of these animals near the “‘ Catchment area” here, and

some close to Narkanda.

So far as my observations go there seems to be only one species of wild

hog in these hills; but according to General Osborn two varieties are

found in the Kangra District. He remarks:—

“Tn these hills the boars grow to a very large size, and are very

destructive to the crops. The following measurements have been ob-

tained by a well-known sportsman: height at the shoulder, 36 inches ;

length from tip of nose to end of tail, 6 feet 2 inches; length of tail, one

foot. There is another variety occupying the same jungles, which is only

three-quarters the size of the large kind. There is no other specific

difference between them. The shikaris of the Kangra country declare

that the smaller variety of wild boar is more savage and dangerous, when

wounded, than the larger kind.”

In the lower hills here the Pig breeds about the beginning of the rains,

generally producing 4 to 8 young at a birth.

Journ.Bombay Nat Hist.Soc.

bho

Ce ;

a 2 qi

J.G.del S @.Green, Chromo.

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. (Wall).

LSimotes arnensis, harmless nat size.

G.olmotes albocinctus, harmless nat.svze.

749

A POPULAR TREATISE ON THE COMMON INDIAN

SNAKKHS.

ILLUSTRATED BY COLOURED PLATES AND DIAGRAMS

Major F. Watt, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S.

Part XX (with Plate XX, Tea! figure and Map.)

(Continued from page 568 of this Volume.)

Both the subjects of this paper belong to the genus Simotes, one

of the many into which aglyphous or fangless colubrines are

divided. The genus contained 22 species when Mr. Boulenger’s

Catalogue appeared in 1894. Its representatives are denizens of

the Southern part of the Asiatic Continent from the Punjab to

Southern China, and range through the Malayan Archipelago from

Sumatra as far Hast as Timor, and as far North as the Philippines

and Formosa. Of the 22 species no less than 11 occur within our

Indian Dominions.*

The types are the Indian arnensis, the Malayan octolineatus, and

the Malayasian purpurascens.

SIMOTES ARNENSIS (SuHaw).

THE COMMON KUKRI SNAKE.

History.—Seba appears to have been the first to depict this

snake, his illustration dating back to the year 1735. Later in the

-same Century—in the year 1796—Russell figured and remarked

upon it twice in his first volume (Plates XXXV and XXXVIII).

Nomenclatwre.—(a) Scientific.—Dumeril and Bibron are responsi-

ble for the generic name which is from the Greek “‘simos” a snub-

nose and refers to the rostral shield which is reflected back on to

the snout to aremarkable degree in all the kukrisnakes. (See figure

A of Diagram.) Arni from which the snake derives its specific

name is a town close to Arcot in the Madras Presidency, where

the subject of Russell’s Plate XX XV was captured.

(6) English.—The common kukri snake seems to me an appro-

priate name for it. As already mentioned in a previous article of

this series (Vol. XIX, p. 556) the name is suggested by the blade

*It is extremely dubious whether the two genera Oligodon and Simotes established

by Boie and Dumeril and Bibron respectively, and upheld by Dr. Giinther and Mr.

Boulenger deserve separate recognition. The characters made use of to distinguish

them based mainly on the presence or absence of palatine orpterygoid teeth

are not tenable. I haveskulls of 11 species (6 Simotes and 5 Oligodon) and can

find no important constant differences between them. A study of the lepidosis

too fails to reveal any. single character, or combination of characters that can

justify the division. I feel certain therefore that the two will have to be amalga-

mated under Boie’s title Oligodon which is the older.

750 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

like character, and peculiar shape of the posterior maxillary teeth in

all the species of Simotes aud Oligodon.

Vizagapatam District, and Mr. Muir tells me that in Bengal

around Kalna it is called “‘sanka.” I have heard no special native

names for it myself.

Identification. is not an easy matter to distinguish this from

some other kukri snakes to which it bears considerable resemblance

in colour and markings. It is safer to identify the snake by

attention to scale characters only. ‘The brevity of the sutures

between the internasal and prefrontal fellows, are, I think, if taken

together, sufficient to establish the genus as either Swmotes or

Oligodon. The internasal suture is half or less than half the internaso-

prefrontal suture, and the preefrontal distinctly less and often but

half the preefronto-frontal suture. In order to distinguish arnensis

from the other kukri snakes the following points must co-exist :—

(1) a divided anal shield, (2) presence of loreal, (3) 7 supralabials,

and (4) more than 40 subcaudals, of course taking care to see that

the tail is not imperfect.

Perhaps an easier way of putting the matter is this. Any snake

found in the plains of Peninsula India (see map of distribution)

which has 17 scale rows anteriorly and in midbody, and only

15 at a point two headslengths before the vent, together

with only 4 or 5 infralabials will almost for certain prove to

be arnensis. This remark, though will not apply to the hills for

the following species combining the same characters, may be asso-

ciated with arnensis in certain upland localities. In the Hastern

Himalayas, including of course Nepal, Oligodon erythrogaster occurs,

and in the South Indian Hills Simotes beddomei, Oligodon venustus

O. travancoricus, and O. affinis. In these Hills, and their immediate-

ly adjacent low country recourse must be had to the method of

identification first indicated.

General characters.—The body is cylindrical, rather short,

smooth, and of even calibre throughout. A neck is slightly indi-

cated behind the slightly expanded jaws. ‘The head is moderately

depressed, the snout short, rather blunt, and devoid of any canthus.

The nostril is open, and evident, and the eye is of moderate size

with round pupil, and an iris of ruddy or brownish gold. The tail

is short, somewhat compressed basally, and accounts for about one-

sixth to one-seventh the total length of the snake.

Oolowration.—The ground colour is brown of various hues, in-

clined sometimes to a ruddy, or a purplish tint. It fades to a more

or less degree in the flanks. The back is crossed with black bars

which are narrowly, but usually distinctly, outlined with whitish or

pale yellow. They do not reach the ventrals, but break up in the

flanks into streaks. They vary somewhat in width, but are, I think,

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 751

always distinctly narrower than the intervals left between them.

Their number seems to vary with the locality. In the United

Provinces, Punjab, N. W. Frontier and the Western Himalayas

my examples have shown from 4:1 to 54 on the body, and 9 to 12

on the tail. From Orissa I have had one with 37 bars on the body,

and only 6 on the tail. Russell’s Arni specimen had only 22 on

the whole length and Giinther mentions one from Ceylon with only

17 onthe body. Ihave seenas many as 62 bars in a specimen from

Behar. In the vast majority of specimens these bars are of even

width in mid-dorsum and taper costally, but I have seen a specimen

in Fyzabad, and another from Bannu in which they were indented

in the median line anteriorly and posteriorly and converted into

twin beads, or figures of eight. This form of mark is common in

many of the species of Simotes and Oligodon. In the intervals be-

tween the bars the flanks are variegated with short streaks. The belly

is usually of a uniform pearly white, but is often black spotted, or

Mr. Boulenger says the ventrals may be bordered at their free edges

with brown. The spotted specimens are, I find, not peculiar to any

locaiity, for I have seen a specimen in Almora in which most

ventrals had a spot at one or other side, and Mr. Boulenger records

“such from Nepal, and 8. India, where the majority of specimens are

unspotted. The head is adorned with three conspicuous black

marks which are often, if not usually, bordered narrowly with white

or pale yellow. The anterior mark is crescentic, and passes across

in front of the eyes to re-appear below them. The median and

posterior are sagittate, the apex of the former reaching to the frontal

and the arms to behind the gape, whilst the apex of the latter passes

to the parietals, and the arms to the sides of the neck. The posterior

sagitta is much the broader one. These three marks are nearly

always discrete, unlike the same marks in some other species which

are connected by a median shaft. In very old specimens these head

marks tend to disintegrate, and become obscured. There are usually

some dark streaks to be seen in some of the supralabial sutures.

Dimensions.—Adults usually range between 18 and 21 inches,

but I have had at least eight specimens exceeding these measure-

ments, the two largest, both females, being exactly two feet long.

Giinther mentions one 25 inches long.

Haunts.—Nearly all the specimens I have had came from within

Cantonment limits. I have come across many alive on the roads, or

the wayside, and have even met with it on the open parade ground

more than once. More usually it does not stray from within easy

touch of efficient cover. It appears to make its home for the most

part inmasonry, frequently domiciling itself in bungalows and out-

houses. Ihave received many with the report that they were found

in the house. Mr. Reid tells me that in Behar, where it is common,

it frequents buildings and old walls. I once had one sent to me

752 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

that had fallen into a well in the compound, having probably fallen

from the masonry. One received this year was found at night in

the bedding of one of the Gurkhas encamped on granite hill, Almora.

This like other kukri snakes is of course harmless, but a specimen

in Bannu was responsible for the death of a sepoy. I am

indebted to Captain Sumner, I.M.S., for the details of the incident.

It appears that the sepoy with others was on duty at Kurram

Garti (8 miles from Bannu) and under canvas. He came off

sentry at about 11 p.m., removed his uniform, and laid down on

his bed on the ground. He jumped up immediately rubbing his

buttock, and declared that something had bitten him there. His

companions searched his bedding, and there found a snake which

they killed. They examined him, but could see no signs of a bite

and tried to persuade him, though without success, that he had not

been bitten. The next morning he did not get up, and his

companions could not rouse him. The Hospital Assistant was

sent for and found him comatose. He did what he could for him,

and sent him in adhooly to Bannu, but he expired on the way.

Captain Sumner here examined the body, and could find no local

signs of the bite, and was much perplexed as to the cause of death.

The snake was put into a bottle, and kept in the hospital, and

when I heard of the case I wrote to Lt.-Col. Magrath in Bannu,

who sent me the specimen. ‘To my surprise I found the author of

the mischief was a common kukri snake, 1 foot 7} inches long.

It seems to me that the man must have died of fright, believing

himself bitten.

Disposition.—I do not consider it a malicious snake, though it

will sometimes menace, or even inflict a bite when molested,

or its liberty is jeopardised. I have had many alive, picked up

several in their natural haunts, and had more than one in captivity.

Some showed great timidity, others faced round pluckily and

menaced or struck without inflicting an injury, or more rarely

actually bit me. Russell had one that he brought face to face with

pigeons and chickens, but which he could not induce it to bite.

Habits.—\t is an active and voracious little reptile, easily taking

alarm, and hastily attempting concealment. It is often wonder-

fully adroit in evading swift movements directed towards seizing

it by the neck, and has made me realise how cautious one should be

in attempting the capture of poisonous snakes in this manner.

I have seen it inflate its body to a remarkable degree under the

a length of the body considerably in excess of the limits of the

lug, for if was observed to reach to the 13th cross-bar. Sub-

sequent dissection showed the lug ended at the 11th cross-bar. In

addition to this inflating effort, some specimens may be observed

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 753

to flatten the posterior part of the head on to the ground by the

action of the quadrates, and in so doing they make the neck much

more apparent than normal. I have nearly always encountered

it in motion in broad daylight, but some specimens I have had

sent to me were killed in bungalows after nightfall. It climbs

with facility as do most snakes that have their ventrals angulate,

this condition approximating to that of the true keeled condition

seen in the tree snakes Dendrophis and Chrysopelea. Two were

discovered in Fyzabad, evidently a pair, in the act of scaling a

mud wall, another fell off the top of a doorway in Berhampur on

to a lady when opening a godown. The situation, some six feet

from the floor, was a remarkable one for any snake, and an inspec-

tion of the place gave no clue to its probable path of ascent. It is

more frequently met with in the rains than at other times during

the year.

Food.—I have but rarely found anything in the stomach. A

specimen killed in Almora contained two sausaze-shaped gristly

masses of a yellow colour, the nature of which I could not ascertain

as the material appeared to have no structure. With these was

the flaccid envelope of a snake’s or lizard’s egg, which had been

extensively perforated at both poles. On another occasion I

found a plug of hair in the cloaca of considerable proportions.

This taken with the choice of an abode about habitations leads

me to think that it preys chiefly upon mice.

The Sewes.—In Fyzabad out of 15 sexed, 8 proved to be g and

7 Q@. In Almora of 12 sexed, 9 were g andonly 3 ¢@. The

female has a relatively longer body, and shorter tail as might be

inferred from the difference in the ventrals and subcaudals in the

sexes. There appears to be little, if any, difference in the growth

of the sexes, for although my two largest records of two feet were

both females, I have had males 1 foot 10? inches and 1 foot 113

inches.

Breeding.—The mating season in the plains is during the rains.

I have on two occasions—both in Fyzabad—acquired gravid females,

but both unfortunately were killed. One contained 5 eggs of very

considerable dimensions, the largest measuring 135 x J, inches.

There was no trace of an embryo within. My second gravid spe-

cimen obtained like the first in August had 4 impregnated ovarian

follicles enlarged to $2 of an inch. In the latter case a g was

killed at the same time, both snakes being discovered within a

couple of yards of one another scaling the same wall. This adds

another instance to many already mentioned in these papers, to show

that the matrimonial bond does not abruptly cease after sexual

gratification. The smaller gravid 9 measured 1 foot 93 inches, a

length which I estimate would be attained by the end of the fourth

year of life. Itis not known for certain whether this species is

754. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

oviparous though this is probably the case. My youngest speci-

mens which I took to be hatchlings measured 64 and 6% inches

in April, 74 and 7? inches in May and 7} and 72 inches in July.

It is probable, therefore, that the breeding season embraces three

or four months of the year.

Growth.—From my records of length it appears that the young

grow some 4 to 5 inches in their first year, and 3 to 4 inches in

the second, third and fourth years of life.

Distribution.—Peninsular India and Ceylon. In India it ex-

tends north to the Himalayas and Hast and West to the outside

limits of the territory drained by the Ganges and indus Rivers.

To the North-East it appears to be limited by the Teesta River, at

any rate I can find no record Hast of this river excepting the

Sikkim one to which I will refer again.* To the North-West it

ranges to the Frontier, but there is no record of its occurrence in

the Indus system further South, viz., in Rajputana and Sind, and

it is quite likely that it does not extend into these Provinces.

It is for the most part a snake of the plains, but is common in

Almora at 5,400 feet, so that one may suppose it occurs in other

hills up to about 6,000 feet. I have had it from the Himalayas as

far West as Bakloh (4,500 feet). There are specimens from Nepal

in the British Museum, with no altitude specified, but I discredit

the locality of the specimen in the same institution said to be

from Sikkim.t Nicholson mentions it from Bangalore (circa 3,000

feet) in Southern India, and there are examples in the British

Museum from the Anamallays, altitude not specified. 3

I found it a common snake in the United Provinces. Mr. Reid

tells me it is common in Behar, and Mr. Muir says it is fairly

common in Bengal (Kalna). Jerdon reports it rather common in

Southern India, and Haly in the low country in Ceylon. In the

last locality it does not appear to have been collected at a greater

altitude than Kandy (circa 1,600 feet).

The precise localities known to me are set forth in the accom-

panying map.

Lepidosis.—Rostral—Touches 6 shields, the rostro-internasal

sutures being equal to, or rather longer than, the rostro-nasal; the

portion visible above equal to or little less than its distance to the

* Mr. W.A. Jacob, 1.F.S., has collected assiduously in the Jalpaiguri District,

East of Teesta, for some years and has given mea list of 29 species he has found

there. This does not include arnensis. The fauna of this District agrees with

that of Assam as remarked upon by me in a previous paper in this Journal

(Vol. XIX, p. 897).

+ As already stated I can find no record other than this one from East of

Teesta ; and here, I may remark, that I have examined at least 1,200 snakes from

various altitudes in Sikkim, but never seen arnensis. It is a very significant fact

too that Messrs. Von Schlagintweit from whom this record emanates are also

responsible for the records of Hryx conicus, and H. johni from Sikkim, both of

which are discredited by Mr. Boulenger (vide Catalogue, Vol. I, pp. 124 and 128).

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 755

frontal. Internasals.-—A pair, the suture between them equal to, or

rather less than that between the prefrontal fellows, less than

half the internaso-preefrontal sutures. Preefrontals—A pair, the suture

between them less than (about half) the prefronto-frontal sutures,

touching the internasal, postnasal, loreal, preeocular and supraocular.

Frontal.—Touches 6 shields, the sutures subequal, or supraoculars

rather longest. Swpraoculars.— Length less than the frontal, breadth

about half the frontal opposite the middle of the eyes. Loreal—

Single, very small, about half the length of the nasals, rarely absent.

Prceocular.—One, not reaching the top of the head. Postoculars.—Two

Temporal—One. Supralabials.—7, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye.

Infralabvals—5, the 5th largest, and in contact with two scales

behind ; 4th and 5th touching the posterior sublinguals. Sublin-

guals.—Two pairs; the anterior rather larger. Costals.—'Two

headslengths behind the head 17, midbody 17, two headslengths

before the vent 15. The reduction of rows is caused by a dis-

appearance of the 4th above the ventrals, which is usually absorbed

into the 3rd (more rarely the 5th). Apical pits and keels absent.

Ventrals.—These vary with the sex. Inthe g 170 to 186, in the

@ 180 to 199; somewhat angulate laterally. Anal—Divided. Sub-

caudals— Divided, varying in number with sex. Inthe ¢g 48 to 59,

in the 9 41 to 50.

Anomalies.—Sometimes a fragment is detached from the parietal

to form a pseudo-temporal: The loreal is rarely absent. In

one instance where I found it so the prefrontal touched the 2nd

and 38rd supralabials. It is not very unusual to find the 6th

supralabial failing to come to the labial margin, but wedged between

the 5th and 7th shields (see figure B (a) of our Diagram). I have

once seen the 6th and 7th supralabials completely confluent. Only

4 infralabials occur somewhat commonly. I have seen one specimen

with the anal entire, and another in which the 4th, 6th and 7th

subcaudals were entire.

Dentition.* —The maxilla supports from 8 to 11 teeth markedly

syncranterian in type, the posterior especially being highly com-

pressed and bladelike. There is an edentulous space in front that

_ wouldaccommodate 3or 4 teeth. The palatine has an edentulous

space anteriorly, that might take two teeth, and a much longer

space posteriorly. Inthe middle there are from 3 to 6 teeth. The

pterygoid has an edentulous space in front behind which are from 6

to 18 teeth (6 to 11 in Almora specimens, and 15 to 18 ina

Fyzabad example). The mandibular array number 13 to 14, which

are small and subequal.

Our plate is good. Many specimens, however, show the bars even

more clearly outlined with yellow, and it is not usual for the bars

to pass as low in the flanks before disintegrating. The first head

* Taken from 3 skulls in my collection.

756 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XX7I,

mark is not usually so sagittate as represented. Figure 1 (b) shows

the somewhat unusual ventral maculation.

SIMOTES ALBOCINCTUS (Canrvor.)

THe LappER Back or LIGHT-BARRED KUKRI SNAKE.

Mistory.—Dr. Cantor is responsible for our first introduction to

this snake, which he described in the year 1839. It has been

confused with several others of the same genus by past authors,

partly on account of the great similarity in lepidosis shown by

many of the allied forms, and partly owing to the great variability

in the colour and markings of many individuals of what are still

held to be but one species. Blyth in 1854 remarked on the

variability of this species, but as he refers to specimens from

Southern India and Ceylon, we may presume that arnensis was at

least one of the forms to which he alluded. Even, as late as 1894,

Mr. Boulenger recognised these varieties in his Catalogue. One of

these, wz., Var C., I think, I have shown in (Vol. XX of this Journal,

p- 162), is entitled to rank as a distinct species which I have named

juglandifer. Besides the very distinctive dorsal marks shaped like

walnut kernels, or the quadruple spots placed crosswise and the

complete absence of light bars, such as are seen in albocinctus it

shows a short edentulous space in front of the palatine, that does

not occur in albocinctus.

Nomenclature—(a) Scientific.—The specific name is derived from

the Latin “albus,” white, and ‘cinctus,” a belt, but is not

altogether satisfactory, as the marks referred to are dorsal bars and

not belts.

wonderful uniformity in spacing remind one of a ladder and

suggested the name “ladder back,” but perhaps the “ light-barred

kukri snake” may appeal more to some.

Vernacular.—The only name I am acquainted with is “sar-vul-

saw’ which Captain Venning (Vol. XX, p. 335 of this Journal)

to this as well as to the snakes Coluber porphyraceus, and Callophis

macclellandi, all by the way reddish snakes.

Identification.— Attention must be directed to the sutures be-

tween the internasal and prefrontal fellows, to which I have already

referred in discussing the identification of arnensis. The following

combination of characters will separate the ‘ladder back” from

other kukri snakes except juglandifer :—(1) Costals 19 in midbody,

(2) anal entire, (3) a single temporal. The bars across the back

of albocinctus are very distinctive, and no trace of them is to be

seen in juglandifer.

General characters.—The body is cylindrical, smooth, stout, and

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES. 757

rather short, and the skin as in other kukri snakes is not nearly so

loose as in most colubrines and vipers. The belly is angulated at

the sides. The head is short and broad, and the snout subtruncate.

There is no indication of a canthus, and the head even at the back

is barely broader than the neck. ‘The nostril is open, and placed

between two shields. The eye is of moderate size with round pupil

and a yellow iris. The tongue is reddish at the base and black at

the tips. The tail is compressed at the base and short, accounting

for about one-fifth to one-sixth the total length.

Colouration.—Though Blyth has remarked on the variability

of the snake, and other writers have recognised three, and even

four varieties, my experience—I have examined over fifty

specimens—shows that it is variable in its general colouration,

but wonderfully constant, and distinctive in its markings. The

ground colour is brown of various tones, but often more or

less strongly tinged with purplish or red. In some the hue is

much the same as in a cigar, in others itis lke raw beef, and in

others again berry-red, and even lobster-red. In the ruddy speci-

mens the underlying hue is usually a lobster-red, which on close

inspection will be seen at the bases and edges of the scales. A

suffusion of brown on the rest of the scale tones down the general

colour, which is always however most vivid in the flanks. Rarely

there is no suffusion of darker tones, and the specimen is uniform

lobster or salmon-red.

The back is crossed by bars which differ from those seen in

arnensts, in being light centrally, and heavily bordered with black.

These bars which number from 17 to 25 on the body and 4 to 8

on the tail are seen at wonderfully regular intervals in the whole

length of the snake, and they involve two or three scales in the

body length, the intervals involving from five to eight. Hach bar

is of uniform width, and extends well into the flanks, its central

zone blending with the light underparts. The light central zone

may be whitish, greyish-white, grey, or pale yellow, the last hue

being often seen in the berry-red examples. In some specimens

some rather obscure longitudinal striping may be observed just as

one sees in S. cyclurus, and some of the other species. When

present this consists of a dark band about five scales broad which

passes down the middle of the back, and a narrower similar band on

the 38rd and 4th scale rows above the ventrals.

The head is pale greyish or yellowish and bears the usual three

marks which are so characteristic of the kukri snakes. In the

lobster-coloured specimens the marks are white. There is a great

tendency for some or all of these marks to be disintegrated and more

or less confluent, as will be seen in figure 2 (a) of our Plate, where

the median sagitta is much broken up, and its isolated central

macula is confluent with the apex of the nuchal sagitta. In many

758 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

specimens one sees a light black-edged stripe on the nape, the edges

of which may be parallel as in our Plate, or more or less U_ shaped.

The belly is pearly-white, or in the ruddy specimens more or less

mottled with pinkish, and is always spotted or mottled with dark

tones. Usually there are squarish spots just within the angulation

of the ventrals, and arranged with a tendency to miss each alternate

or third shield. These spots may be discrete, and distant, or united

by a band passing across each ventral, as seen in figure 2 of our

Plate.

A solitary specimen collected by Theobald in the Arakan Hills

was made the type of a distinct species (amabilis) by Giimther. It

is, however, considered by Mr. Boulenger only a variety of

albocinctus, differing only in having more numerous bars, viz., 55,

with correspondingly shorter intervals, involving from 3 to 4 scales.

Dimensions.—The average length of an adult is about two to two-

and a-half feet. My largest example taped exactly three feet.

Haunts, Habits, etc.—I have seen very few specimens in life, nearly

all having been spirit specimens. As nearly all of these came from

Tea Estates in Assam, or in the vicinity of Darjeeling, I may safely

infer that this kukri snake is commonly to be met with in the day-

time among the tea bushes during plucking operations. Two

specimens at least were killed actually inside a bungalow in

Dibrugarh. I know nothing of its disposition.

Food.—I1 found a mass of soil in the stomach of one, mixed with

grits, shreds of vegetable fibre and two longish hairs, which I can

only suppose were swallowed during its death throes, the scene

being perhaps a stable floor. On the other few occasions, where I

have found the stomach full, a mouse had furnished the repast. In

one case the tail only was discovered, and the quarry must have

made its escape.

The Sexes.—In the neighbourhood of Darjeeling the g appears

to be much more abundant than the ?, I having had no less than

23 of the former to 14 of the latter sex. The tail is longer in the

3g, a8 may be inferred from the numbers of subcaudals, viz., 61 to

68, compared with from 42 to 57 in the 9. There is also some

sheht difference in the relative lengths of the body in the sexes,

but this is not so obvious from the ranges of the ventrals, which

number from 181 to 199 (177, Boulenger) in the g, and from 182

to 206 in the °.

Breeding.—My only note bearing on this subject is to the effect

that a @ killed on the 10th of July in Dibrugarh was found with

three impregnated ovarian follicles measuring from 2 to 3 of an

inch. The specimen measured 2 feet 54 inches, but the tail was

imperfect, and accounted for only 4 inches of that length.

Distribution.—The light-barred kukri snake has a more re-

stricted range of distribution than most of the snakes dealt with in

THE COMMON INDIAN SNAKES, 759

these papers. but is so common within that area that it deserves

mention in the series. It inhabits the Assam Hills and plains

ranging North into the Eastern Himalayas, and Hast to the con-

terminous ranges bounding the North and West of Burma, 1.e., the

Kachin Hills, Manipur Hills, Chin Hills and Arakan Yomas. Its

probable Western limits are the Teesta and Brahmaputra Rivers.

The exact localities known to me are given in the accompanying

map, but I have not been able to include the many places referred

to in Sclater’s list of the snakes in the Indian Museum, as it is

impossible to tell from this list what are specimens of true

albocinctus and what may be juglandifer.

It appears to be a Hill snake, at any rate it is much commoner

in most of the Hills within its habitat than it is in any part of

the plains. In the Hastern Himalayas it is a very common snake

between the plains and 5,000 feet elevation, but, although Mr.

D’ Abreu got one in Kurseong at 6,000 feet, it rarely ascends to

to this altitude. At Buxa Dooars (1,200 to 1,500 feet) I found

four specimens in a collection of twenty-two. Mr. Jacob has col-

lected several in the plains at about the 350 feet elevation in the

Jalpaiguri District. It was not a common snake about Dibrugarh

but I got a few there. It is known from the Khasi Hills, but out

of 335 snakes collected in Shillong at 4,900 feet I failed to get

one specimen. In the Chin Hills Mr. Venning has met with it

up to 6,500 feet.

Lejidosis.—Rostral.—Touches 6 shields, the internasal sutures

are equal to or rather longer than the anterior nasals; visible

portion above equals, or nearly equals its distance to the frontal.

Internasals—A pair, the suture between them equals or nearly

equals that between the prcefrontal fellows less than half

the internaso-preefrontal suture. Prefrontals—A pair, the

suture between them halfor less than half the prcefronto-frontal

suture; in contact with internasal, postnasal, loreal, prceocular

and supraocular. Frontal.Touches 6 shields, the sutures are

subequal, or those made with the supraoculars, rather largest.

Supraoculars.—Length rather less than frontal, breadth half or

less than half the frontal opposite the centres of the eyes. Nasals.

—Quite divided, in contact with the lst and 2nd supralabials.

Loreal.—One. Preocular.—One. Postoculars.—Two. Temporal.

One. Supralahials.—7, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye. Infralabials

—6d, the 4th and 5th touching the posterior sublinguals, 5th largest,

and in contact with two scales behind. Sublingual.Two pairs, the

anterior rather the larger. Costals.—T wo headslengths behind the

head 19, midbody 19, two headslengths before the vent 15 (rarely

17); no apical pits; no keels. Ventrals.—Anegulate laterally ; 177

to 199 inthe g ,182 to 206 inthe 9. Anal.—Entire. Subcaudals.—

Divided, 61 to 68 in the g, 42 to 57 inthe 9. Anomalies.—The

)

i”

760 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

commonest abnormality is to find 8 supralabials, the 4th and

5th touching the eye. I have seen the preocular divided once, also

the 2nd supralabial divided once. In Evans’s specimen the loreal

and preefrontals were confluent. The costal rows reduce sometimes

only to 17 posteriorly. I have seen the 3rd and 4th subcaudals

entire in two examples.

Dentition.—The maailla has 10 or 11 teeth rapidly increasing in

length from before backwards. The palatine supports 8 to 10

subequal teeth (7 on one side in one specimen), and there is no

edentulous space anteriorly.* The pteryoid teeth number from 16

to 19, and are subequal, and much smaller than the palatine. The

mandible bears from J3 to 16 subequal teeth. Our Plate is good in

every way, but perhaps it was a pity that a specimen for painting

was selected that exhibited abnormal supralabials.

Simotes arnensis.

(x 13)

* In this respect it differs from juglandifer where a space is seen anteriorly that

would take one tooth. The teeth in3skulls of iuglandifer number 7 (6 on one

side in one specimen).

Journal, Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Map to show distribution of Simotes arnensis in red, Simotes albocinctus in erey.

WNDIAN EMPHRE

ENGUSH MILES

@ 59 190 200 300 400

£ A M

j “| Bangkok

economoecenos: lines shown thus, imply boundary doubtful

LOCALITIES IN Map SHOWING BY FIGURES DISTRIBUTION OF

SIMOTES ARNENSIS.

(1) Ceylon (Haly and B. M.), (2) Travancore (Bo. M. and Ferguson), (38)

Anamallays (B. M.), (4) Bangalore (Nicholson), (5) Arni (Russell), (6) Madras

(B. M.), (7) Hyderabad (Bo. M.), (8) Vizagapatam (Bo. M.), (9) Aska (I. M.),

(10) Berhampur (F. W.), (11) Chanda (Bo. M.), (12) Singbhum, (I. M.), (18) Kalna

(F. W.), (14) Serampur and Bankura (I. M.), (15) Caleutta (I. M.), (16) Kaliganj

(I. M.), (17) Purneah (I. M.), (18) Champaran (F. W.), (19) Muzzaffarpur (I. M.),

(20) Nepal (B. M.), (21) Almora (F. W.), (22) Fyzabad (F. W.), (23) Allahabad

(I. M.), (24) Nowgong (I. M.), (25) Bakloh (F. W.), (26) Lahore (F. W.), (27)

Bannu (F. W.), (28) Deesa (B. M.), (29) Bombay, Bassein, Kalyan, Karwar

(Bo. M.) and (30) Poona (B. M.)

B. M., implies British Museum, I. M., the Indian Museum, Bo. M., our Society’s

collection, F. W., the author.

LOCALITIES IN Map sHOWING BY LETTERS DisTRIBUTION OF

SIMOTES ALBOCINCTUS.,

(A) Darjeeling and vicinity (F. W.), (B) Buxa Dooars (F. W.), (C) Jalpaiguri

(F. W.), (D) N. Lakhimpur (F. W.), (H) Dibiugarh (F. W.), (F) Sadiya (F. W.),

(G) Sadon, Kachin Hills (Evans), (H) Jaipur (F. W.), (J) Khasi Hills (B. M.), (K)

Cherrapunji (Gunther), (L) Haflong, N. Cachar Hills (F. W.), (M) Manipur

(EF. W.), (N) Chin Hills (Venning), (O) Arakan Hills (B. M.),

B. M. implies British Museum, F. W. the author.

761

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES—(continued).

Captain W. H. Evans, R.E.

8. Occurrence of Mycalesis (Mydosama) fuscum. Fd. at Myitta, Tavoy.

Mr. O. C. Ollenbach has recently sent me a specimen of this insect caught

in March 1912. A description is given of the species in a footnote on page

132 of De’ Nicevilie’s ‘ Butterflies of India,” vol. 1. Fuscum was placed by

Moore in his genus Mydosama, which is closely allied to Nissanga, contain-

ing the Indian Junonia, etc. Fruhstorfer places it in his Group III along

with perseus, malsara, mestra, etc., all of which have similar male secondary

sexual characters. The butterfly was described from the Malay Penin-

sula and has since been found in Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Banka and Nias.

Mr. Ollenbach’s specimen is a female; above it is rather pale-brown, darker

basally ; the lower median ocellus on the forewing and all the ocelli on

the hindwing show through prominently and are surrounded by bright ful-

vous rings, though obscurely so on the forewing. Below the ground colour

is pale yellow-brown with a slight fulvous tinge; across both wings there

is a prominent narrow bright ferruginous sub-basal band followed by a

similar postdiscal band, also the ends of the cells are obscurely outlined

in the same way : the postdiscal band on the forewing is curved outwards

at the lower end near the dorsum, on the hindwing it follows the curve

of the ocelli to which it is adjacent. Beyond the postdiscal bands the outer

area is paler; there are two small apical and one large median ocellus

on the forewing, whilst on the hindwing there are seven ocelli of exactly

equal size, except for the anal pair, which are smaller. The outer marginal

lines are sharply defined and similar in arrangement to that prevailing

in all representatives of the genus. In size and shape the insect resembles

afemale of mineus or malsara.

9. Changes and corrections in the list of Indian butterflies. Since the

list was published (J. B, N. H.S. XXI, 982), Swinhoe has progressed rapidly

with Lepidoptera Indica and the work is now nearly completed ; Fruhstorfer

has nearly reached the end of the Nymphalide ; and there are a few mistakes

in the original list, which require correction. I give Fruhstorfer’s races

for what they are worth; the validity of some of them seem doubtful,

_ but I have not sufficient material In my own collection to give an

opinion.

(1) Hestia jasonia, Wd. Fruhstorfer names ab diabolica a form with the

underside suffused dark-brown. He suggests that jasonia is arace of the

Malayan lynceus, Drury.

(2) Danais melaneus, Cr. Fruhstorfer names the dry season form

neopatra.

(3) Danais plexippus, L. Fruhstorfer calls a light yellow dry season form

from Sikkim and Annam grynion.

(4) Euplea harrisi, Fd. Fruhstorfer names ab discalis from Assam, with

a blue cell spot and 5 discal spots on the forewing and two normal rows of

white spots on the hindwing.

(5) Euplea klugii, M. In the appendix to the Danaine Fruhstorfer

places dewcostictos, Gmelin, and its races as races of Klugit.

(6) Euploea diocletiana, Fab. Fruhstorfer gives the name despoliata to

specimens with no transcellular spots.

(7) Melanargia halimede, Men. Fruhstorfer gives the name of the genus

as Arge, Hub. on the ground of priority. From Bingham’s figure he

considers that the Indian form is nearest to the race montana, Leech, but

in size it is nearer leda, Leech.

762 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXUI;

(8) Orinoma damaris, Grey. Fruhstorfer names race harmostus from

Tandong, Tenasserim ; smallers spots lighter, yellow cell spot larger.

(9) Aulocera swaha, Koil. Fruhstorfer divides this into three races;

swaha from Kashmir with a narrow light yellow band above, this band

being white below; garuna, Fruh. from Kulu with a wider band, always

yellowish, especially below ; ted/u/a, Fruh. from Mardan, N. W. F. Province,

intermediate between the other two, but above the band,on both wings is

uniform straw colour, whilst in the other forms the darker yellow of

the forewing contrasts with the much paler colour of the band on the

hindwing. My own experience of A. swaha is that the form that flies in

Chitral agrees closely with that found in Simla; in the interior of Kulu,

etc., however, there flies a form with a much darker yellow band above

which may perhaps be called garuna. Fruhstorfer appears to have

received many butterflies from Mardan, “collected by officers of the

garrison ’”’;as many of these have only been found by other people at

much higher elevations, there would seem to be some mistake about the

locality.

(10) Epinephele cheena, M. The Western race, kashmirica, M., from

Chitral and Kashmir deserves to be separated; itis much smaller and

duller, the underside is paler and the discal band on the forewing is

straighter and less prominent.

(11) Erites argentina, But. I gave the Indian race as zmes, Fruh. Its

occurrence in Indian limits is very doubtful, though Moore stated that he

had received a specimen from Adamson. It should be removed from the

Indian list, as there appears to be no other record of its capture nearer to

India than Singapore.

(12) Lethe confusa, Aur. The name of the Eastern race should be

gambara, Fruh., not yamhara.

(13) Lethe minerva, Fab. The typical form flies in Java; all Indian

specimens belong to the race trtogeneia, Fruh. (not tiitogenia).

(14) Lethe mekara, M. Fruhstorfer names the spring form vajra. He

describes the Tonkin race as crijnana, stating that it probably occurs in

Tenasserim ; it differs from the typical form in lacking the discal silver

bordering of the very narrow dark-brown median areas of both wings,

thus forming a link to the Macromalayan races.

(15) Lethe gulnihal, DeN. Fruhstorfer separates pale specimens from

Saipha, Upper Burma, as ¢ssa.

(16) Lethe sidonis, Mar. Dry season form gelduba, Fruh.

(17) Lethe baladeva, M. The name of the Kumaon race should be azsa,

Fruh. not asia,

(18) Ypthima newara, M. The name of the Eastern race is sarcaposa,

Fruh., not sarcoposa.

(19) Melanitis phedima bela, M. The small pale form from the Western

Himalayas deserves to be separated == phedima galkissa, Fruh.

(20) Melanitis zitenius, Herbst. Fruhstorfer names ab decolarata,a dry

season form with no yellow band.

(21) Elymnias hypermnestra undularis, Drury. Fruhstorfer names female

ab paraleuca, with a white hindwing.

(22) Elymnias malelas, Hew. Fruhstorfer names female ab subdecorata,

with a white submarginal band.

(23) Clerome, Wd. Fruhstorfer changes the name to Fuunis, Hub., and

includes in this genus Melanocyma, Wd. Faunis certainly ought to be

adopted on the score of priority ; Melanocyma might be retained as a

subgenus.

(24) Zeuxidia doubledayi, Wd. The typical form was described from

Borneo ; the continental race is named chersonesia, Fruh.

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. 763

(25) Amathusia phidippus, Joh. The type was described from Java;

Fruhstorfer names the continental Indian race friderici.

(26) Discophora celinde continentalis, Stdg. Fruhstorfer states that

celinde, Stoll, is a Javan insect, specifically distinct from the Indian

continentalis. The latter was described from Sikkim and the Tonkin race

is seminecho, stich, which Fruhstorfer thinks is probably the form occurring

from Upper Burma to Tenasserim. Celinde has no small yellow scent patch

in a bare space on the internal nervure of the hindwing, which is always

present in continentalis. Seminecho differs from continentalis in having a

curved series of crescentic spots, dull yellow, running from the costal spot

beyond the cell as a submarginal band.

(27) Discophora tullia, Cr., was described from South China. Fruh-

storfer states that the oldest name for the North Indian form is zal, Wd.,

the wet season form being idica, Stdg. Specimens with no blue spots on

the forewing above are despohata, Stich. Stichel has named the South

Indian race muscina; it was discovered at Karwar, North Kanara, by

Davidson, Bell and Aitken (J. A. S. B. 1900). Fruhstorfer gives a complete

description of muscina, but does not say how it differs from continentalis from

North India.

(28) Discophora lepida, M. Stichel has named the wet season form

significans. FKruhstorfer separates the Ceylon race as ceylonica: the main

difference is that in the females the subapical pale band on the forewing

above is broken into spots.

(29) Cyrestis thyodamas, Bdl. The yellow variety flying in the Hima-

layas with the typical form is ganescha, Koll. ;it may occur in either sex

but more commonly in the female.

(30) Cyrestis periander, Fab, The typical form is confined to Siam, and

all Indian specimens belong to the larger race dbinghami, Martin ; the

difference, however, is trifling.

(31) Cyrestis cocies, Fab. This species occurs in three forms ; cocles was

described from Siam and is an intermediate form, outwardly dark ; natta,

Swin., described from Assam, is the darkest form with sepia bases ; the pale

form was described as earl by Distant from the Malay Peninsula ; the

three forms are connected by intermediates. Andaman specimens only

differ in being larger ; an intermediate form between earli and cocles was

described by Felder as formosa: the pale form is andamanica, Wm. and

DeN. ; the dark form does not seem to occur. In Assam the cocles and

earli forms appear to fly together in the autumn, while the zatta form

occurs by itself in the earlier months of the year, April and May.

(32) Cyrestis risa, Db. Martin has named the larger, darker spring

form transiens.

(33) Junonia iphita, Cr. Fruhstorfer separates the race from South

India, Ceylon and the Maldive Islands as pluviatalis, stating that it is

darker and lacks the paler margin of the typical form.

(84) Junonia lemonias,L. It is rather difficult to follow Fruhstorfer’s

treatment of this species. Lemonias is the wet season and aonis, Cr., the

dry season form from the Himalayas to Burma. Persicaria, Fruh., is said

to be a small form occurring at all seasons and in Fruhstorfer’s collection

from Cashmere, Ceylon and Siam ; vaisya, Fruh., is a form said to occur in

Bombay and Luzon. From the letterpress it is not clear how the last two

forms are defined or whether they are races or varieties ; per'sicaria may be

a variety with a peach coloured underside and vaisya the small form.

(35) Junonia orithyia, L. Fruhstorfer confines omthyia, the larger race,

with the blue apical spot on the forewing small, to China, and calls the

race flying from Sikkim to Tenasserim ocyale, Hub., the wet season of

which he names phycites. He separates off two further races from the

764 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Indian region, viz., swinhoe, But., from Baluchistan to the N. W.

Himalayas, always witha stone-coloured underside and patenas, Fruh., from

Ceylon, with a much dwarfed wet season form. He does not say what we

are to call the South and Central Indian form. He also states that in

Baluchistan swinhoei gradually merges into ocyale ; this is strange, as from

his statement of the distribution of the two races their meeting place

should be somewhere between Kumaon and Sikkim.

(36) Vanessa indica, Herbst. The Ceylon race is nubicola, Fruh., which

differs from zmdica in that the outer margin of the ,hindwing is com-

paratively much more broadly black. South Indian specimens are inter-

mediate and are called pholoe by Fruhstorfer.

(37) Wanessa antiopa,L. Indian specimens are stated to agree best

with the race from Siao Lou, yedanula, Fruh., as the yellow border is dusted

with black.

(38) Vanessa cashmirensis, Koll. This is the Kashmir form; Fruhstorfer

separates the race flying from Simla to Sikkim as esvs, differing in having

the yellow submarginal zone above shaded with black.

(39) Vanessa v-album, Fab. Fruhstorfer says that this should be called

l-album, Esp.

(40) Yoma sabina vasuki, Doh. The typical form has broad white bands

below ; specimens with black fungiform spots on these bands are atomaria,

Fruh., "those with no bands are sadulosa, Fruh., small, rich yellow specimens

with yellow, not grey, undersides are Fee Fruh.

(41) Hypolimnas bolina,L. Wet season males are bolina-liria, Fab. ;

specimens with two rows of marginal white dots are ornamentalis, Fruh. Dry

season males with no white are charybdis, But.; specimens lacking the light

border and median area below are luctuosa, Fruh.; if the striation on the

underside is irrorated with violet, we have subvolacea, Fruh. Jacintha,

Drury, are females with no blue on the forewing and broad cream borders

on the hindwing ; ava, Fab., are females with a blue suffused forewing ;

egna, Fruh., are small females of the dry season form with a double ante-

terminal row of white spots and a narrow pale violet to dark-blue trans-

verse band.

(42) Kallima inachus, Bdl. The Western Himalyan race is huegelz,

Koll., described from an extreme dry season form from Kashmir;

boisduvali, M.,is the wet season form and buckelyi, M., an intermediate form,

both from Kashmir ; hutton?, M., and atkinsoni, M., are wet season forms

from Mussoorie. As imachus, Fruhstorfer designates the race that flies

from Nepal to Tonkin, «nachus itself being a dry season form ; ramsay2,

M.., is the wet season form described from Nepal. As varieties based on

the undersides he names /foliacea, all pale-grey ; siecifola, with black

midrib and veins; marmorata yellow clouded red-brown and _ wredinophora,

with black fungiform spots. Limborgi, M., he treats as a distinct species,

much darker and with the outline of the wing very rounded ; its distribu-

tion is from Upper Burma to South Tenasserim. The predominating

underside variety of limborgi is “beautiful red-brown,” acerzfolia, Fruh.;

foliacea and uredinophora also oceur. He states that all the underside

varieties occur in the South Indian horsfieldii, Koll., except marmorata;.

in the Ceylon race philarchus, Wd., foliacea and w redinophora predomi-

nate, while acerifolia occurs rarely.

(43) Kallima alompra, M. Fruhstorfer separates this as a species with

knyvetti, Den., as a race.

(44) Terinos clarissa, Bdl. This was described from Java and the

Indian race is malayana, Fruh.

(45) Cynthiaerota, Fab. The dry season form is pura, Swin. = circe,

Fawcett. A variety of the female just like the male is named awiicoma,

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 765

Fruh. A variety of the wet season form with an extra eye spot on the

hindwing is triocellata, Fruh.

(46) Cirrochroa bajadeta,M. Fruhstofer states that the oldest name for

this species is emalea, God., and that the Indian race should be so named;

the dry season form is martini, Fruh. Bajadeta—ravana, M., is the Javan

race of emalea.

(47) Cirrochroa mithila, M. This is placed as a race of tyche, Fd., from

the Philippines.

(48) Girrochroa aoris, Db. Jiraria, Swin., is the dry season form. Stra-

mentica, Fruh., is a wet season form with a straw coloured zigzag band on the

underside.

(49) Argynnis maia, Cr. The Indian form probably belongs to the

eastern race pasargades, Fruh.

(50) Argynnis aglaia, L. Fruhstorfer names the dark race occurring at

low elevations in Chitral yopala. I have already given this form the name

ashretha,(J. B. N. H. 8. XXI, 982) ; the description of ashretha was publish-

ed on March 31st, 1912, and of yopala on April llth, 1912, so the name

ashretha will stand.

(51) Argynnis adippe, kL. Fruhstorfer describes a new race, mohmando-

rum, from the border between Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier

Province ; it is said to be larger and darker.

(52) Argynnis pales, W. V. The small pale form from Kashmir and Kulu

is stpora, M.; of baralacha, M., Fruhstofer merely says “separated by Seitz.”

The large form from Afghanistan and Ladak usually called generator, Stdg.,

is said to be nearer to korla, Fruh. On account of its variegated under-

side Fruhstorfer separates the Sikkim race as eupales. From the

specimens in my own collection I certainly think that the Sikkim race is

worth a name.

(53) Melitzeadidyma, Esp. Fruhstorfer gives as races chitralensis, M.

from Chitral: roderts:, But., from Afghanistan ; persea, Koll., from Rawal-

pindi, and dodgsonz, GRS., from Baluchistan. Jadhere to the opinion given

in my list of Indian butterflies that the only didyma race flying in India is

chitralensis, and that the other allied Meliteas are races of trivia, W. V.

In Chitral didyma chitralensis and trivia mixta, mihi, fly together, and I

think that the trivza race occurring from the Punjab to Baluchistan should

be called persea, though it is possible that the Baluchistan form is worth

separating under the name dodgsoni.

(54) Ergolis ariadne, Joh. The nymotypical form is from Java. Fruh-

storfer describes the race that flies from the Himalayas to Burma as

palludior, differing in being larger and having a fiery red yellow band in

the underside of the hindwing. The Southern race is minorata, M.,

described from Ceylon, smaller and with the black lines above more promi-

nent. Indica, M., said to occur in Calcutta, Madras and the Nilgiris only

differs from mnorata in being slightly smaller.

(55) Ergolis merione,Cr., was described from the Coromandel Coast

and is the form occupying the whole of South India; taprobana, M., can

only be separated from the typical form as being slightly smaller. Tapes-

trina, M., was described from Dehra Dun and is the race that flies from

Simla to Assam; it is distinguished by paleness of the dry season form

and the light grey longitudinal bands below. The Burmese form is pharis,

Fruh.; it is much lighter and more variegated above. Fruhstorfer makes

no mention of the small pale form that occurs in the Central Provinces,

with a dry season form that is much more variegated than any other

specimens of merione that I have seen form anywhere in India and Burma.

(56) Cethosia biblis, Drury. Fruhstorfer states that dcb/is is Chinese and

calls the Indian race tisamena; he does not say how tisamena differs from

766 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol, XXII.

biblis. There are three forms of the female; one like the male, a green

form, viridiana, Fruh., and an intermediate form micta, Fruh., which has

the base of the forewing red, the sub-anal area being greenish, and the

hindwing with the anterior half red and the basal half green.

(57) Papilio helena cerberus, Fd. Jordan calls a variety of the male

eumagos; on the underside of the forewing there is no pale sub-basal

streak behind the cell. The form of female with white streaks on the fore-

wing is gypsothelia, Jor., the form without these streaks is azdia, Jor.

(58) Papilio helenus heliconoides, M. The female with white streaks on

the forewing is aphnea, Jor.; rhyparia, Jor., is the form without these

streaks.

(59) Papilio darsius, Gray. Cambyses, Ehrm, is a variety of the male

with black discal spots on the yellow patches on the hindwing.

(60) Papilio jophon, Gray- Jordan treats pandiyana, M., as a species.

(61) Papilio coon doubledayi, Wall. Jordan treats Cacharensis as an

aberration.

(62) Papillo fuscus prexaspes, Fd. Does not occur in India, the only

Indian race of fuscus, Goetze, is andamanicus, Roth., from the Andamans.

(63) Papilio siateri, Hew. Fruhstorfer has named a variety with white

streaks on the hind wing as jaintinus: also ab enephas, a variety of race,

marginata, Ober., with no white patches on the hind wing.

(64) Papilio castor, Wd. Ab mesites, Jor.,is a variety of the male with

white submarginal spots on both sides of the hind wing.

(65) Papilio machaon asiatica, M., ab pendjabensis, Himer, are small speci-

mens of da ladakensis, M.

(66) Papilio demoleus, L. ab demoleinus, Ober., is the name for specimens,

which have the red spot on the hind wing separated from the blue lunule

by a dark spot.

(67) Papilio demolion, Cr. Jordan treats liomedon, M., as a separate

species.

(68) Papilio helenus,L. ab rufatus, Jor., are specimens with the white

area on the hind wing reddened.

(69) Papilio polytes,L. Jordan describes ab astreans from South India

with part of the band of the hind wing suffused with blue.

(70) Papilio bianor, Cr. Jordan states that gladiwtor, Fruh., is merely an

aberration from Tonkin; Indian specimens would appear to be true dianor.

(71) Papilio polyctor ganesa, Db. In the Khasi Hills flies ab porphyrina,

Jor., with the submarginal spots on the hind wing enlarged.

(72) Papilio paris, L. The small spring form is splendorifer, Fruh.

(73) Papilio aristeus hermocrates, Fd. ab aristeovdes, Himer = aristinus,

Fruh. has the white discal area on the forewing restricted.

(74) Papilio antiphates, Fab. Jordan treats epaminondas, Ober., as a

distinct species.

(75) Papilio doson axion, Fd. praestabilis, Fruh., is the summer form with

small submarginal spots below.

(76) Papilio eurypylus cheronus, Fruh. Potina, Jor. = acheron, Fruh., is

the small spring form with a broad border.

(77) Papllio bathycles chiron, Wall. Zigyra, Jor., is the spring form with

large spots below and a small discal spot on the hind wing before the first

metian vein.

(78) Papilio xenocles, Db. Theronus, Fruh., is the spring form with the

marginal area on the hind wing below pale-brown. Xenocrates, Fruh., is _

the corresponding rains form of race phrontis, DeN., and neronus, Fruh., the

spring form of race kephisos, Fruh.

(79) Parnassius hardwickii, Gray. Otos, Fruh., is the albinotic and

harino, Elw., the melanotic form of the typical race. After, Fruh., is the

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 767

melanotic, albicans, Fruh., the albinotic and parva, Verity, a small mountain

form of the race wiridicans, Fruh.

(80) Parnassius charltonius, Gray. Deckert:, Verity, is a variety with

very red ocelli on the hind wing.

(81) Prioneris clemanthe, Db. Fruhstorfer calls the race flying from the

Shan States to Tenasserim helferi, Fd.; darker, with the veins on the

underside of the forewing united by bands.

(82) Gonepteryx zaneka,M. Verity considers this to be a race of the

Chinese aspasia, Men.

(83) Pareronia valeria hippia, Fab. The yellow variety of the female is

philomela, Fab., not livilla, Fruh., as given by me.

(84) Lycaenesthes emolus topa, Evans. This proves to be a synonym of

Nacaduba hampsoni, DeN., and I regret having described it.

(85) MWerda androcles, Db. In separating the Eastern race as viridis, 1 am

sorry to say that i overlooked the fact that the typical form was described

from Sylhet ; the name of the race from the Western Himalayas is coruscans,

M., and the name vzzdis must be sunk.

(86) Ghrysophanus caspius evansii, DeN. Swinhoe describes this insect as

having a tail; in his figure the tail is omitted and Swinhoe gives a_ special

note to say that the tail has been omitted by mistake. There is of course

no tail.

(87) Chrysophanus phloeas,L. The Indian forms appear to fall into two

perfectly distinct races, stygianus, But., a pale form from Baluchistan to

Kashmir and timeus, Cr., a much darker form from Kashmir to Kumaon.

(88) Rapala buxaria, DeN. According to Swinhoe this should be called

rectivitta, M.

(89) Tajuria thyia, DeN. Druce, P. Z. S. 1902, describes pallescens, a pale

form from the Jaintia Hills, probably belonging to the dry season.

(90) Tajuria drucei. Swinhoe describes this as a new species from a

unique female from the Shan States. Nearly allied to longinus, Fab., which

Swinhoe gives as cippus, Fab., paler, forewing more acute: on the fore-

wing the black border is very narrow at the dorsum and there is no black

on the hind wing: the underside is much paler.

(91) Tajuria yajna, Doh. Swinhoe keeps ‘stroideia, DeN., separate and

places his teza as the dimorphic female of it.

(92) Tajuria jangala ravata, M. Swinhoe considers the very distinct

race andamanicus, Wm. and DeN., to be inseparable from rvavata.

(93) Chliaria kina,Hew. Swinhoe keeps cachara, M. separate giving it

from Sikkim and Cachar; paler, clearer colour, forewing longer and anal

angle hindwing produced: under forewing, 3 upper spots in line, secend

spot not shifted inwards.

(94) Chliaria watsoni, Swinhoe describes this as a new species from

the Karen Hills, only the male known. Closely allied to merguia, Doh., but

above purple not blue, the black border narrow and not even, but narrow-

ing towards the dorsum. It would appear to be the dry season form of

MergGULa,

(95) Biduanda thesmia, Hew. Swinhoe gives this as fabricii, M. The

Indian form should stand as thesmia fabricii.

(96) Marmessus lysias, Fab. Swinhoe records in addition moorei, Dist.,

the Malay race, which Doherty is said to have obtained in Mergui: it

differs in having no red band in the male and a very narrow one in the

female.

(97) Cherltra freja jaffra, But. Swinhoe keeps the Ceylon form sepa-

rate as pseudo-jaffra, M.; smaller and more silvery white below.

(98) Orthopaetus phanaeus, Hew. According to Swinhoe this insect does

not occur in India and what Watson called phaneus was really lalita, Doh.

768 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

(99) Capila zennara, M. Swinhoe places this in Pisola.

(100) Gelaenorrhinus clitus, Leech. The Chinese form has dark antennz,

while the Indian form has them white in front and should be known as

aspersa, DeN.

(101) CGelaenorrhinus pyrrha, DeN. Swinhoe keeps patula and plagifera,

DeN., separate, and as far as I can judge from DeNiceville’s types

quite rightly. The antennez are white in front in the male of swmtra,

M., and in both sexes of patula; they are dark in front in pyrrha

and plagifera, the latter being a larger insect with larger spots on the

hindwing.

(102) Gelaenorrhinus munda,M. Swinhoe gives this as a synonym of

leucocera, Koll., but I think it is quite distinct. He keeps putra, M., from

N. E. India and Burma separate from leucocera: with all the spots much

reduced. I have failed to recognize two forms from this part of India,

but specimens from Southern India certainly have the markings reduced ;

the type of putra came from Bengal and perhaps this name might be

applied to the race from districts South of the Himalayas.

(103) Celenorrhinus fusca, Hamp. Swinhoe says that the correct name

for this 1s a7ea, Plotz.

(104) Celznorrhinus asmara, But. The type came from Malacca: accord-

ing to Fruhstorfer the Assam race should be called consertus, DeN., and the

Burmese race cacus, DeN.

(105) CGoiadenia indrani, M. The race tissa, M., with the cilia on the

hindwing unchequered, is confined to Ceylon. Specimens from the

Himalayas are always paler than Central and South Indian ones, but

perhaps there is no need to differentiate between them. Specimens from

Burma, however, are golden yellow on the hindwing above and have been

called uposathra, Fruh. Swinhoe states that this name is only applicable to

the dry season form ef indrant.

(106) Goladenia dan, Fab. The type is from South India and Swinhoe

records it from Burma as well. Fruhstorfer calls the Burmese race dan

dhyana. From the Himalayas Swinhoe gives fatih, Koll., as a separate

species; Fruhstorfer calls this dan fatih. Fatih is said to differ from dan

in being bigger and brighter, with much larger hyaline spots; the spot in

1 on the forewing is hyaline, while the spot in the cell is large and single

not small and double.

(107) Coladenia hamiltonii, DeN. Swinhoe places this in the genus

Gerosis, Mabille.

(108) Tapena thwaitesi, M. Swinhoe places mnuscula and hampsoni, Hl.

and Ed., as synonyms, as the only difference is in the genitalia.

(109) Gaprona. Swinhoe calls this Abaratha: he puts saraya, Doh., as

a separate species from Kumaon, South India and the Punjab.

(110) Tagiades helferi ravi, M.: Swinhoe keeps helferz, Fd., as a separate

species. The correct name for the continental form is atticus, Fab., khast-

ana, M., and khasiana ravina, Fruh. Helfert is certainly conspecific and

should be called atticus helfert.

(111) Tagiades alica, M., etc. Swinhoe restricts alica to the Andamans,

the Burmese form he calls meetana, M., the Ceylon form distans, M, and

the South Indian form obseurus, Mab.

(112) Tagiades atticus, Fab. Aurivillius has discovered that this name

should be applied to the butterfly hitherto known as ravi, M.; litigiosa,

Moschler, is the oldest name for what has been known as atticus. Swinhoe

keeps separate menaka, M.—vulturna, Plotz, from Kashmir to Upper Burma ;

it has 8, not 10, spots on the forewing and a prominent black spot on the

white area of the hindwing. Fruhstorfer calls the South Indian and

Ceylon race menaka vujuna.

NOTES ON INDIAN BUTTERFLIES, 769

(118) Tagiades dealbata, Dist. Swinhoe calls this pteria, Hew., and

Fruhstorfer ptera dealbata : the type of pterza came from the Phillippines.

(114) Tagiades pralaya, M. Fruhstorfer treats this as a race of trzcho-

neura, Kd.

(115) Satarupa. Swinhoe places all, except gopala, M., and the sambara

group in Laimio.

(116) Satarupa (Daimio) milliana. Swinhoe describes this as anew species

from the Shan States and Pegu: it is apparently very closely allied to

bhagava, M., there are numerous spots and the two spots on the costa of

the hindwing and the four lower spots on the forewing are very

prominent.

(117) Satarupa sambara, M. Swinhoe places doherty:, Wat., as a synonym.

He states that affinis, Druce=var cognata, Dist., does not occur in India and

names the Indian form kirmana.

(118) Sarangesa dasahara. M. Swinhoe describes as a new species

davidsoni from Mahableshwar and Kanara: smaller than dasahara, paler,

cilia white not dark, hyaline spots on both sides more prominent,

(119) Sarangesa albicilia, M. Swinhoe describes as a new species hamp-

sont from the Nilgiris, closely allied to alicia, but differing somewhat

above.

(120) Carcharodus. Swinhoe gives alcew, Esp., from Chitral: swinhoer,

Wat., from Baluchistan, Chitral and the N. W. Himalayas; dravira, M.,

from Baluchistan, Afghanistan and the N. W. Himalayas.

(121) Hesperia. In this genus Swinhoe only places cashmirensis, M.

In Spialia, Nov., he puts galba, Fab., zebra, But., geron, Wat., and sao, Berg.,

the latter is what I have recorded as orbifer, Hub. In Pyrgus he places

pogget, Led.=standingert, Freyer, recording it from Baluchistan and Chitral,

pogget does not, I think, occur in Chitral and the specimens I recorded

from there as standingert turned out to be Carcharodus althee, Hub.

(122) Sancus pulligo, Mab. The type came from the Malay Peninsula

and the Indian race should be called subfasciatus, M.

(123) Astictopterus henrici, Holland. The typical Chinese form is darker

than the Indian race, which should be called kada, Swin.

(124) Suastus gremius, Fab. Swinhoe treats subgrisea, M., as a separate

species from Ceylon, where it flies with gremius.

(125) Taractrocera archias, Fd. The type came from Aboina ; Swinhoe

describes the Indian form as a new species under the name quinta.

(126) Taractrocera ziclea, Plotz, The type came from the Phillippines

and Fruhstorfer has named the Indian race samadha.

(127) Ampittia maro, Fab. Swinhoe gives this under the older name

dioscoroides, Fab.

(128) Aeromachus. In this genus Swinhoe places stigmata, M., and du-

bius, El. and Ed.; disereta, Plotz., he regards as a synonym of stigmata.

In Machacus, Nov., jhora, DeN., kali, DeN., and indistincta, M.; obsoleta, M.,

he puts as a synonym of indistincta.

(129) Pedestes sala, Hew. Swinhoe put sala as a synonym of Swuastus

aditus, M., and calls this insect submaculata, Stdg., placing maculicornis and

Juscicornis, Hl. and Ed., as synonyms of it. See my note on this species in

my ‘ List’.

(130) Zographetus ogygia, Hew. Swinhoe considers flavipennis, DeN., to

be a separate species as there is a prominent spot at the end of the cell.

(131) Scobura phiditia, Hew. This apparently does not occur in India.

(132) Erionota thrax acroleuca, W. M. and DeN. Swinhoe gives acroleuca

as a distinct species from Sikkim, Assam, South India, the Andamans and

Nicobars.

(133) Erionota batara, M. Swinhoe gives this as attina, M.

770 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SUCIETY, Vol. XXII.

(184) Kerana. Swinhoe re-names this Tamela.

(135) Stimula. This unfortunate genus started life as Watsoma, El.

and Ed., the name was found to be pre-occupied and changed to Stemula

DeN., Bery has discovered that this also is pre-occupied and has re-named

it Watsoniella.

(136) Plastingia callineura, Fd. Swinhoe considers this doubtfully Indian;

he adds latota, Hew., to the list of Indian butterflies on the strength of a

specimen caught on Sullivan Island.

(137) Plastingia idyalis, DeN. Not Indian according to Swinhoe.

(188) Plastingia pugnans, DeN. This was described from Borneo;

Swinhoe records it from the Ataran Valley. Tenasserim.

(139) Lotongus zeus, DeN. The type was from Borneo; Fruhstorfer

states that the Indian form is different and names it zeus optimus ; Swinhoe

gives it as Zela optimus.

(140) Zea taprobanus, Plotz. Not an Indian butterfly.

(141) Hidariirava, M. Swinhoe states that the oldest name for this

butterfly is thrax, Hub. (nec. Linnzeus).

(142) Pithauria aitchisonii, W. M. and DeN. Swinhoe gives this as Pithaw

riopsis marsena, Hew. Marsena was described from a female and aztchisoni-

from a male; Piepers, in Java, captured the two in copula.

(143) Notocrypta feisthamellii, Bdl. Swinhoe gives this from India,

Burma, Ceylon and the Andamans. Also as separate species restricta, M.,

from India, Burma and Ceylon and albifascia, M., from Burma.

10. Mr. W.M.Crawford,I.C.S.,recently sent me some butterflies caught

by himin January 1913 in the Meghasani Hills, 3,800 feet, Morbhanj

District, Orissa. Amongst them were the following butterflies, which have

not, as far as | know, been recorded from South of the Himalayas, wz:

Apatura parisatis, God.; Parhestina persimilis, Wd.; Papilio helena cerberus,

last butterfly has also been caught in Sambalpur where Mr. Crawford

has lately obtained a female of Appias libythea, Fab. The single specimen

of P. helena cerberus that was obtained is a male with a post-discal row

of prominent black spots on the yellow area of the hind wing thus resembl-

ing Papilio darsius, Gray ; ab cambyses, Ehrm. The specimens of P.

paris resemble the small cold weather form of this insect, but with the

green patch on the hind wing enlarged, thus approaching the Southern

race tamilana, M.

fer

DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

He Meyrick, BuA., FURS., FZs.

Value

(Continued from page 182 of this Volume.)

TORTRICIDZ,

Ulodemis falsa, n. sp.

SQ. 22-25mm. Head, palpi, and thorax brown, in g with a blackish

patch on upper part of face. Antenne of d without notch, Abdomen grey.

Forewings sub-oblong, in ¢ slightly narrowed anteriorly, costa anteriorly

strongly arched, without fold, posteriorly nearly straight, apex obtuse,

termen in ¢ nearly straight, little oblique, in Q sinuate, nearly vertical ;

brown, strewn with blackish-grey dots, arranged in oblique transverse

series ; markings darker, edged with faint pale striz ; outer edge of basal

patch straight, oblique ; central facia moderate, oblique, slightly narrower

towards costa, anterior edge nearly straight. posterior slightly bent in

middle; costal patch small, semi-oval, obsolete posteriorly : cilia dark-brown,

at apex and towards tornus greyish-ochreous. Hindwings rather dark-

grey, rather thinly scaled, except towards termen; in ¢ with a dorsal

pencil of long dark-grey hairs, and on lower surface with a shallow naked

prismatic groove running beneath lower margin of cell and along vein 2.

Nilgiris, 3,500 feet, from August to October (Andrewes), 9 specimens

(6 3,4 2); alsol § from Ceylon, without further particulars. Almost

exactly resembling trigrapha in all particulars both of structure and mark-

ings, except in absence of notch of antenne in 4, and in slight difference

of posterior edge of central fascia, which in trigrapha forms a very slight

but regular curve, in falsa is distinctly bent in middle and faintly sinuate

above this. Besides the original examples I have a pair (¢ 2) from Khasi

Hills which are truly referable to triyrapha. This is avery curious case,

but on the structural difference I cannot treat these forms otherwise than

as specifically distinct.

EKUcOsMIDZ.

Argyroploce eolantha, n. sp.

62. 14-17 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous suffusedly spotted

with fulvous-orange. Palpi with appressed scales, curved, ascending,

orange. Abdomen orange, segmental margins dark-fuscous. Forewings

moderate, sub-oblong, slightly dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched,

apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, somewhat oblique, deep fulvous-

orange, strewn with about twenty irregular dark indigo-blue-grey spots

and marks edged with some black scales, and some scattered minute black

strigule between these: cilia fulvous-orange, with several partially in-

dicated dark bars. Hindwings orange-yellow; dorsal and _ subdorsal

streaks of blackish suffusion, and costal whitish space edged beneath with

blackish ; an interrupted streak in disc sometimes more or less indicated ; a

broad blackish terminal band ; cilia orange, base blackish.

Khasis, in October ; Baco River, Mindoro, Philippines, in February; two

specimens. Allied to solaris and eximiana.

Argyroploce liochlora, n. sp. :

3. 15mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dull green mixed with blackish

Antenne simple. Abdomen dark-fuscous, beneath yellowish. Forewing.

772 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

elongate, rather dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen slightly rounded, little oblique; light bluish-green; costa shortly

and indistinctly strigulated with blackish; basal patch yellow-green,

edge obtusely angulated in disc, its dorsal margin suffused with blackish ;

central fascia moderate, oblique, yellow-green, narrowed at extremities,

posterior edge somewhat irregular, slightly marked with blackish and

towards middle edged with white; wing beyond this wholly light-dull

purple marbled with leaden-bluish, with some broken dark fuscous strigze

partially edged with whitish, and an irregularly triangular blackish-fuscous

partially whitish-edged blotch with one angle resting on middle of termen :

cilia bluish-fuscous, base dark fuscous ; with subbasal and apical series of

minute white specks. Hindwings dark-fuscous; cilia fuscous becoming

light-bluish-grey towards apex, with darker basal line.

Ganesh Gudi, Kanara, in May (Maxwell) , one specimen.

Laspeyresia torodetta, n. sp.

$6 Q. 9-10mm. Head light greyish-ochreous. Palpi very pale greyish-

ochreous. Thorax-light bronzy greyish-ochreous. Abdomen dark-grey.

Forewings elongate, rather dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen nearly straight, slightly oblique ; purplish-grey or purplish-

fuscous, irregularly mixed or marked with dark-fuscous suffusion in disc

and towards dorsum; costa marked with oblique whitish strigule, with

several longer dark-fuscous strigee between these, one from 2 of costa

running to termen above middle; a triangular ochreous-white blotch on

middle of dorsum, its apex somewhat produced a little obliquely posteriorly;

ocellus margined laterally by obscure violet-leaden-grey streaks, and

containing about four black dots or short linear marks: cilia fuscous

sprinkled with whitish specks, with dark fuscous subbasal line. Hindwings

dark-fuscous ; cilia whitish, with dark-fuscous basal shade.

Coimbatore, and in Malabar, bred in December and January (Fletcher) ;

eight specimens, larva pale-green, head reddish ; burrows into the growing

tips of stem of Dolichos lablab (Leguminose), causing it to droop and die;

pupation within the burrow (Fletcher).

Laspeyresia pycnota, n. sp.

10mm. Head fuscous, face whitish. Palpi whitish, second joint

loosely rough-scaled. Thorax and abdomen rather dark-fuscous. Fore-

wings sub-oblong, costa gently arched, slightly bent in middle, apex obtuse,

termen almost straight, rather oblique; dark-fuscous, crossed by thick

dark-leaden lines angulated in disc, on posterior half of costa rising from

four pairs of whitish strigule, first of these running to ocellus, others

confusedly to termen ; ocellus indicated by leaden-metallic lateral approxi-

mated streaks, without dots: cilia fuscous, with blackish subbasal line.

Hindwings rather dark-fuscous; cilia light-fuscous, with dark-fuscous

subbasal line.

Yellapur, Kanara, in October (Maxwell), two specimens.

GELECHIADZ.

Frisilia verticosa, n. sp.

3S 2. 23-24mm. Head and thorax pale-yellow-ochreous, thorax some-

times tinged with brownish. Palpi in ¢ ochreous-yellowish, base and

apex infuscated, in Y with second joint yellowish, basal 2 infuscated,

terminal joint whitish-ochreous with anterior edge dark-fuscous, Antenne

whitish-ochreous, more or less infuscated towards base. Abdomen whitish-

ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, especially in 9, posteriorly

rather dilated, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate,

rather oblique ; 3 and 4 out of 2, 7 and 9 stalked, 8 absent, yellow-ochreous,

sometimes partially tinged with brownish, more or less sprinkled with dark-

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

fuscous ; base of wing in ¢ more or less suffused with dark-fuscous ; first

discal stigma blackish ; in da patch of dark-fuscous suffusion along median

third of dorsum, anteriorly with an oblique extension across fold towards

base of costa, posteriorly emitting a suffused dark-fuscous streak across

wing towards costa at +, more or less obsolescent towards costa, second

discal stigma sometimes apparent as a darker mark on anterior edge of

this; in 2 these markings are hardly traceable, but second discal stigma

is distinct ; a more or less developed streak of fuscous suffusion along

termen, in @2 faint: cilia light yellow-ochreous. Hindwings whitish-

ochreous, faintly fuscous-tinged towards apex and on termen; a grey

discal dot on end of cell; cilia pale whitish-ochreous.

Pykara, Nilgiris, 6,500—7,000 feet, from March to May (Andrewes) ;

eight specimens.

Hypelictis albiscripta, u. sp.

¢. 14mm. Head and thorax dark ashy-fuscous. Palpi with second

joint bronzy, broadly dilated with appressed scales, strongly compressed

laterally, terminal joint deep purple, considerably thickened with scales,

projecting posteriorly towards apex, appearing obtuse. Abdomen fuscous.

Forewings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, bent

down, termen obliquely rounded; 6 to apex, 8 absent; dark-slaty-

fuscous, with violet reflections, veins sprinkled with blackish ; stigmata

small, whitish, plical beneath first discal ; a very fine interrupted whitish

line from 2 of costa to tornus, obtusely angulated above middle ; a pale

ochreous apical patch, anterior edge nearly straight, enclosing two or three

dark-grey longitudinal marks: cilia dark-ashy-grey, round apical patch with

basal half pale-ochreous barred with dark-grey. Hindwings light-bronzy

fuscous ; cilia paler, with a basal pale-ochreous dot at apex.

Anshi, Kanara, bred in January (Maxwell) ; one specimen. Reared from

a pupa found between closely-spun leaves of Salia; some very young larvae

feeding between similarly spun leaves were probably the same species

(Maxwell).

Pachnistis arens, n. sp.

2. 13mm. Head and thorax pale-greyish ochreous. Palpi ochreous-

whitish sprinkled with grey. Abdomen light-grey. Forewings elongate,

rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded;

pale-greyish ochreous irrorated with light fuscous ; discal stigmata moder-

ately large, fuscous, rather appreximated, plical smaller, hardly before first

discal : cilia pale greyish ochreous sprinkled with pale-fuscous. Hindwings

ochreous-whitish slightly sprinkled with pale-grey ; cilia ochreous-whitish.

Pusa, Bengal, in June (Fletcher) ; one specimen.

Pachnistis monodryas, n. sp.

Gur 24-27 mm. Head fuscous, sides of crown orange-ochreous, face

pale-ochreous. Palpi fuscous, posteriorly light-ochreous. Antennze whitish

ochreous. Thorax rather dark-purple fuscous. Abdomen pale fuscous.

Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched, apex

rounded-obtuse, termen rounded, little oblique ; rather glossy ochreous-

fuscous, with a faint purple tinge : cilia brownish. Hindwings rather light-

fuscous ; cilia light-brownish.

Nilgiris, 3,500 feet, in August and November (Andrewes) ; two specimens.

Brachmia crypsilychna, n. sp.

&d. 15mm. Head ochreous, crown fuscous-tinged, collar dark-slaty-

fuscous. Palpi pale-ochreous, terminal joint sprinkled with dark-fuscous.

Antenne dark-fuscous, serrate, ciliations 7. Thorax dark-slaty-fuscous.

Posterior legs dark fuscous, with whitish-ochreous rings at apex of joints

and middle of tibiz. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently

arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique ;2 and 3

774 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII. ~

stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex ; dark-slaty-fuscous, somewhat sprinkled

with blackish ; a large blackish dot beneath costa near hase ; plical and

first discal stigmata represented by round blackish adjacent spots placed

transversely ; second discal represented by a somewhat 8-shaped spot out-

lined with blackish suffusion and filled in with pale fuscous-ochreous ; an

ochreous-whitish dot on costa at 2; some blackish scales along posterior

part of costa and termen: cilia grey, sprinkled with whitish. Hindwings

light-grey, tinged with ochreous anteriorly; cilia pale-grey.

Bassein Fort, Bombay, bred in October (Fletcher); one specimen. Larva

tapering much posteriorly and slightly anteriorly, black; collar banded

with white; plate of 2 smoky-black with a triangula brownish-yellow

space ; second and third interstices creamy-white, next three dull-brown;

7,8 and 10-12 with V-shaped creamy marks between spun leaves of

Ipomea arvensis (Convolvulacee) (Fletcher).

Brachmia insulsa, nv. sp.

$62. 12-16 mm. Head and thorax pale-greyish ochreous. Palpi

whitish-ochreous, second joint dark-fuscous except apex. Antennz 2,

greyish-ochreous, ciliations in ¢ 3. Posterior tibis whitish-ochreous,

beneath fuscous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa

slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen somewhat rounded, rather oblique ;.

2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex; light greyish-ochreous; stigmata.

dark-fuscous, plical slightly before first discal; some cloudy dark-fuscous.

dots round apex and termen, sometimes almost obsolete: cilia whitish-

ochreous slightly sprinkled with fuscous. Hindwings ochreous-grey-

whitish ; cilia ochreous-whitish.

Pusa, Bengal, from April to July (Fletcher); six specimens. Allied to

episticta.

Chelaria scopulosa, Meyr.

Larva burrows in shoots of Careya arborea, showing some excrement on

opening of hole; only one found, though often searched for (Maxwell).

Anarsia melanoplecta, n. sp.

So. 10mm. Head and thorax whitish-grey. Palpi with second joint:

blackish on basal half, then with several whorls of blackish white-tipped

scales, tuft grey-whitish mixed with fuscous, terminal joint whitish with

fine oblique black lines. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, narrow,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen extremely obliquely rounded ;.

fuscous finely irrorated with whitish; an obscure darker blotch in dise

about 4; a thick black oblique streak from middle of costa, reaching half

across wing ; a semi-oval black spot on costa at +; a black preeapical dot,

preceded by whitish, area above and below it tinged with ochreous: cilia

whitish with rows of dark-fuscous points, basal third grey limited by adark-

grey shade interrupted with whitish bars. Hindwings grey; cilia light grey.

Pusa, Bengal, bred in May (Fletcher); one specimen. Larva boring

into shoots of mango (Mangifera indica) (Fletcher).

Anarsia sagittaria, n. sp.

3 Q. 18-15mm. Head pale greyish-ochreous. Palpi dark-fuscous,

apical edge of second joint whitish-ochreous, terminal joint of 2 whitish-

ochreous with dark-fuscous basal and supramedian rings. Thorax pale

greyish-ochreous, longitudinally streaked with blackish. Abdomen light

greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; light fuscous, slightly sprinkled

with ochreous-whitish ; some scattered black scales here and there on

veins ; a black streak along submedian fold, strong on basal half, attenuat-

ed posteriorly ; a blackish mark beneath this at base; a slender black

longitudinal streak in disc from before middle to 2, reduced to scattered

scales posteriorly ; a slender subdorsal streak of black irroration from +

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 775

to 2: cilia grey sprinkled with ochreous-whitish. Hindwings grey, paler

and thinly scaled anteriorly; in ¢ an expansible pencil of long fine

blackish hairs from disc near base: cilia whitish-ochreous-grey. Forewings

beneath in g with expansible pencil of long fine blackish hairs from disc

near base. :

Pusa, Bengal, in June (Fletcher) ; two specimens.

Trichotaphe geochrota, nu. sp.

¢. 13 mm. Head and thorax lilac-fuscous. Palpi whitish, second

joint dark-fuscous except apical edge, scales roughly expanded towards

apex above, anterior edge of terminal joint dark-fuscous. Antenne serrate,

ciliations 2, Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, oblique; light ashy

grey irrorated with fuscous; extreme costal edge ochreous-whitish ; a

cloudy dark-brown dot in dise at +; stigmata dark brown, obscure, discal

approximated, plical hardly before first discal, second discal connected

with dorsum by an irregular dark brown line; a fine indistinct irregular

ochreous-whitish transverse line at +, forming a small distinct spot on

costa ; several blackish dots round apex and termen: cilia pale fuscous,

base obscurely spotted with whitish-ochreous suffusion. Hindwings grey ;

cilia light-grey.

Bassein Fort, Bombay, in October (Fletcher) ; one specimen.

CoSMOPTERYGIDZ.

Cosmopteryx semnota, n. sp.

6. 11-12 mm. Head and thorax dark-bronze, with three very fine

whitish lines, face light shining bronze. Palpi white lined with black.

Antenne blackish, towards base with dotted white line, with two fine white

rings near apex and two others about 3. Abdomen dark bronzy-grey.

Posterior tibiz blackish with white median and apical rings. Forewings

narrowly elongate-lanceolate, apex slenderly long-caudate ; dark-bronzy-

fuscous ; a fine white oblique subcostal line from base to i, and short

median and subdorsal lines beneath posterior portion of this, each reaching

somewhat beyond the one above it; a lighter bronzy-fuscous postmedian

transverse band, tinged with ochreous towards costa, edged by violet-golden

fasciex, first vertical, followed above middle by a large black dot, second in-

wardly oblique, narrowed or almost interrupted in disc; a sinuate ochreous-

yellow line running from middle of this to apex: cilia rather dark fuscous,

with a white bar at apex, and a white spot oncostaon posterior edge of

band. Hindwings dark-fuscous ; cilia rather dark-fuscous.

Pykara, Nilgiris, 7,000 feet, in April (Andrewes); two specimens.

Distinct by the bronzy-fuscous band.

Trissodoris, n. g.

Head smooth-scaled, forehead rather prominent between antenne, face

flat, somewhat retreating, crown rather depressed, side tufts slightly

raised; ocelli absent; tongue developed. Antenne 1, in g¢ somewhat

thick, simple, basal joint long, somewhat dilated with scales, with slight

pecten. Labial palpi very long, recurved, somewhat diverging, second joint

thickened with rather rough scales towards apex beneath, terminal joint

longer than second, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed

to tongue. Posterior tibiz with rough projecting scales from base to ? and

apical group of expanded bristly scales, spurs with fine pecten of scales,

tarsi with rough projecting tuft of scales above on basal joint, and some-

what roughened with scales throughout. Forewings with 10 furcate, 2

remote, 3-5 approximated, 7 and 8 out of 6, 7 to costa, 11 from middle.

Hindwings 2, narrow-lanceolate, cilia 4; 2-5 remote, parallel, 6 and 7

connate.

776 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Trissodoris honorariella, Wals.

(Stagmatophora honorariella, Wals., Faun. Haw. 1, 515, pl. XV, 21;

S. quadrifasciata, Wals., ibid. 516, pl. XV, 22.)

Ambulangoda. Weligama and Barberyn Island, Ceylon, from January to

March (Fletcher). Occurs also in New Guinea and the Pacific Islands.

and is probably attached to some cultivated plant. J! have examples from

the localities quoted by Lord Walsingham ; there is only one species, the

colour characters being variable, and the curious tuft on undersurface

of forewings always present in ¢ but absent in Q.

EPIMARPTIDS.

The following curious genus may, I think, be regarded as the type of a

new family, since Iam unable to refer 1t to any existing group without

doing violence to established characters. It differs from the Cosmop-

terygide by the terminal ending of vein 7 of forewings, and the structural

features of the antennee and palpi are peculiar. Superficially it has some

resemblance to the Heliodinide (Stathmopoda group), but does not show the

characteristic leg-structure of that family, nor agree in other respects, and

even the markings are really different, being based on the stigmata, which

are never exhibited in the Heliodinide. Probably it is a development of

the Ocecophoride.

Epimarptis, n. g.

Head smooth, rounded; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennze

nearly 1, in ¢ simple, near base of stalk with a notch covered by an

oblique tooth beneath it, basal joint elongate, without pecten. Labial

palpi long, curved, ascending, with appressed scales, second joint with a

projecting pencil of scales at apex above, terminal joint shorter than

second, acute. Masillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue.

Posterior tibive rough-haired above. Forewings with 2-5 very short, ap-

proximated, 6 and 7 out of 8, 7 to termen,11 from middle. Hind-

wings 43, narrow-lanceolate, cilia 4; 2-4 parallel, 5 absent, 6 and 7

stalked.

Epimarptis philocoma, n, sp.

¢. 11mm. Head ochreous whitish, crown slightly tinged with fuscous

on sides, and behind with pale yellow. Palpi whitish, sprinkled with dark-

fuscous. Antenne whitish. Thorax pale yellow. Abdomen pale whitish-

ochreous. Forewings narrowly elongate-lanceolate, widest near base,

long-pointed ; clear brassy-yellow; basal third of costa sprinkled with

dark-fuscous ; an ochreous-brown triangular patch with violet reflections

extending along posterior half of dorsum and termen to apex, reaching

more than half across wings, anterior edge obliquely marked with two

silvery-lilac spots sprinkled with blackish representing plical and first

discal stigmata, plical anterior ; a less marked similar spot above

tornus apparently representing second discal stigma: cilia yellow-

ochreous, beneath tornus tinged with fuscous, on termen and dorsum

sprinkled with dark-fuscous on basal third. Hindwings grey; cilia light-

greyish-ochreous.

Karwar, Kanara, bred in September (Maxwell); one specimen. Larva

reddish (including head); lives in a white web on midrib of an unknown

plant, the web being on both sides of the leaf, kept off the surface by

little pillars of excrement ; the webs on either surface of the leaf are con-

nected by holes through the leaf itself, and the larva uses these alternative

abodes as a means of escaping observation, dodging through the holes

with much agility: cocoon separate, close to midrib, oval, resembling

a bird-dropping (Maxwell). These singular and interesting habits confirm

the peculiarity of the type.

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. LaF

CHicoPHORIDZ.

Tonia teratella, Walk.

Pupa erect on its tail, exposed; found on a leaf of bamboo (Maxwell).

Cryptolechia arvalis, Meyr.

Larva greyish-green, head black; feeds between two or more leaves of

Careya arborea, spun together so as to adhere flatly; pupates in same

position; abundant in larval stage, but never met with on the wing

(Maxwell).

PHYSOPTILIDS.

I propose this new family for the following genus, which at present

stands isolated as a peculiar type. I suppose it to be a derivative of the

Ayloryctide, from which it may be technically distinguished by the absence

of vein 6 of hindwings.

Physoptila, n. g.

Head smooth, densely scaled, side tufts erect; ocelli absent; tongue

short. Antenne 2, in ¢ minutely ciliated, basal joint elongate, without

pecten. Labial palpi long, recurved, very widely divergent, second joint

thickened with dense scales gradually expanded and somewhat rough

beneath towards apex, terminal joint much shorter than second, thickened

with loose scales, acute. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Thorax with

strong posterior crest. Posterior tibize clothed with dense long rough hairs

above and beneath. Forewings with tufts of raised scales on surface, apex

strongly caudate; 1b long-furcate, 2 from towards angle, 3 from angle, 4

somewhat approximated to 3, weak, 5 from middle of transverse vein, 6

absent (obsolete), 8 absent (coincident with 7), 7 to apex, 9 and 10 from

near end of cell, 1i from middle. Hindwings urder 1, subtrapezoidal, apex

long produced, termen deeply sinuate, cilia 11; 2 rather curved, 3 and 4

very long-stalked from angle, 5 from middle of transverse vein, 6 absent,

7 to apex.

Physoptila scenica, n. sp.

3S @. 11-13 mm. Head ochreous-whitish; palpi ochreous-whitish,

terminal joint with more or less indicated fuscous subbasal and subapical

rings. Antenne whitish, with grey band at 3 and two narrower ones

towards apex. Thorax whitish, with irregular zigzag light ochreous

antemedian and postmedian transverse bars. Abdomen whitish-ochreous

more or less tinged with grey. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched,

apex very long-produced, falcate-caudate, termen concave beneath it,

then obliquely rounded ; ochreous-whitish ; an irregular streak of yellow-

ochreous suffusion along fold throughout, and some irregular lighter patches

on dorsal area; discal stigmata indicated by undefined spots of yellow-

ochreous suffusion, sometimes with a few black specks, plical by a short fine

linear mark of black scales, very obliquely before first discal; a patch of

raised (probably erectile) whitish scales beneath fold in middle of wing; a

slightly projecting tuft of raised scales on middle of costa, preceded by a

blackish dot, from about which proceed two very oblique obscure pale

ochreous streaks running together into apex; an irregular transverse

brown blotch on costa at 3, reaching rather more than half across wing,

crossing these: cilia whitish-ochreous, at base beneath apical prominence

with a few black specks. Hindwings grey, thinly scaled and subhyaline in

disc and towards base ; cilia light-greyish-ochreous.

Karwar, Kanara, bred in July (Maxwell); four specimens. Larva feed-

ing internally in young (but not quite new ) shoots Careya arborea; can be

detected by excrement protruded in a bunch from the original entrance-

hole in stem ( Maxwell).

778 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

XYLORYCTIDA.

Amorbea galbanea, 1. sp.

. 80-32 mm. Head orange, forehead and face whitish except on sides.

Palpi light-yellowish. Thorax rather dark-purplish-fuscous. Abdomen

dark-fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,

termen obliquely rounded ; 3 and 4 separate ; rather dark fuscous, with a

faint purplish or orchreous gloss; extreme costal edge ochreous-whitish :

cilia fuscous, tips pale. Hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous.

Maskeliya, Ceylon, from February to April (Green, Alston ); three

specimens. ‘This differs from the two previonsly described species of the

genus in having veins 3 and 4 of forewings separate, instead of stalked,

the same variation occurs within the limits of the allied genus Ptochoryctis,

but the genera are natural without further subdivision.

Metathrinca memnon, un. sp.

¢. 24mm. Head, palpi, and antennz blackish, second joint of palpi

suffused with whitish anteriorly. Thorax silvery-white. Abdomen whitish.

Ferewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely

rounded; silvery-white; costal edge blackish towards base; a slender

slightly curved blackish streak from dorsum beyond middle, reaching about

half across wing ; several very fine linear dark-fuscous marks round apex

and termen: cilia white. Hindwings and cilia ochreous-whitish.

Hakgala, Ceylon, in April (Green) ; one specimen.

Ptochoryctis anguillaris, n. sp.

36 2. 12-15 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax, white. Antenne blackish.

Abdomen grey-whitish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex

obtuse, termen very obliquely rounded; silvery-white ; 3 and 4 separate;

a curved dark-fuscous streak running from 2 of costa to near apex ; a dark

fuscous streak running along termen from near beneath apex of preceding

to tornus, where it is expanded into an oblique bilobed fasciaform marks

reaching to middle of disc: cilia white, with dark-fuscous subbasal line, and

apical third fuscous. Hindwings ochreous-white ; cilia white.

Hambantota and Maskeliya, Ceylon, in October and December (Fletcher,

Alston) ; two specimens.

Ptochoryctis parabola, n. sp.

2. 25mm. Head, palpi, thorax and abdomen white, palpi infuscated

above towards base. Forewings moderately elongate, costa moderately

arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; 3 and 4 stalked ;

silvery-white ; costal edge dark-fuscous towards base; dorsal area tinged

with ochreous ; a submarginal series of blackish dots round apex and

termen, that between veins 5 and 6 absent, one on each side of this

minute, one above apex and two nearest tornus large: cilia white. Hind-

wings ochreous-white ; cilia white.

N. Coorg, 3,500 feet in May (Newcome); one specimen. Similar to

rosaria, but in that species the palpi are blackish, and the submarginal dots

uniform and complete.

Ptochoryctis iluvialis, n. sp.

@. 26mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous. Palpi blackish, towards

base whitish internally. Abdomen whitish. Forewings elongate, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique; 3 and 4

stalked; whitish-ochreous, with a faint grey tinge; costal edge dark-

fuscous towards base; a submarginal series of seven large black dots

round apex and termen: cilia ochreous-whitish, with dark-fuscous sub-

basal and fuscous subapical line. Hindwings ochreous-whitish; cilia

white.

Khasis, in April; one specimen.

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 779

Epimactis turbida, un. sp.

@. 14-18 mm. Head whitish. Palpi white, second joint externally

dark-fuscous on basal 3. Thorax fuscous, shoulders whitish. Abdomen

whitish-grey. Forewings elongate, costa slightly arched, apex tolerably

pointed, termen sinuate, oblique; light fuscous; costal edge ochreous-

whitish ; dorsal area towards base suffused with rather dark purplish-

fuscous ; stigmata dark-fuscous, plical small, slightly beyond first discal,

second discal rather large, connected with dorsum by dark-purplish-fuscous

suffusion, terminal area beyond this more or less darker-suffused; some

undefined cloudy-dark-fuscous spots round posterior part of costa and

termen : cilia whitish-fuscous, with faint darker subbasalshade. Hindwings

pale-grey or whitish-grey ; cilia ochreous-grey-whitish.

Khasis, in September; three specimens.

Epimactis spasmodes, n. sp.

Q@. 21mm. Head whitish-ochreous ; palpi ochreous-whitish, second joint

externally fuscous, except towards apex, terminal joint anteriorly infuscat-

ed towards apex. Thorax fuscous. Forewings elongate, posteriorly some-

what dilated, costa gently arched, apex tolerably pointed, termen sinuate,

oblique; whitish fuscous; costal edge whitish-ochreous; a suffused dark

fuscous wedge-shaped spot along base of CORES stigmata dark-fuscous,

plical, beyond first discal; a fuscous shade from ¢ of costa to dorsum before

tornus, angulated inwards to touch second Tisenlle a strongly outwards-

curved series of cloudy dark-fuscous dots from beneath costa at 2 to

dorsum before tornus ; a series of cloudy dark-fuscous dots round posterior

part of costa and termen: cilia whitish-ochreous, slightly fuscous-tinged,

with a basal series of dark fuscous dots on termen. Hindwings pale

whitish. grey-ochreous ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

Palnis (Campbell) ; one specimen.

Epimactis infulata, n. sp.

36. 14mm. Head whitish. Palpi white, second joint externally dark-

fuscous on basal 3; antennal ciliations 4, Thorax light fuscous, should-

ers whitish. Abdomen grey. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched,

apex round-pointed, termen rather sinuate, somewhat oblique; brownish-

grey ; costal edge white, costa towards base more broadly suffused with

whitish ; stigmata dark-fuscous, plical rather obliquely beyond first discal,

second discal connected with dorsum by a direct dark-fuscous rather

‘irregular streak; three blackish linear marks on posterior part of costa, and

a black line round apex and termen: cilia white, beneath tornus light-

brownish-grey, round apex with a light fuscous subbasal shade becoming

faint, spots on termen. Hindwings light-grey; cilia whitish, with grey

‘subbasal suffusion.

Kegalle, Ceylon (Alston) ; one specimen.

Epimactis strombodes, n. sp.

¢ 17 mm., 9 24mm. Head, palpi and thorax whitish-yellow, second

joint of palpi fuscous except towards apex. Antennal ciliations 4. Abdo-

men whitish-ochreous. Forewings moderate, costa rather strongly and

‘evenly arched, apex rounded, termen rounded, little oblique; whitish-

yellow: cilia whitish-yellow, round apex suffused with ochreous-orange,

with tips dark-fuscous, the orange suffusion in 2 extending over costal

-cilia on apical fourth of wing. Hindwings yellow-whitish; cilia whitish-

yellow.

Kandy, Ceylon, in March and May (Mackwood, Green); two specimens.

Antolea, n. g

Head with dense appressed scales; ocelli absent ; tongue developed.

Antenne +, in ¢ minutely ciliated, basal joint broadly dilated with dense

«scales. Labial palpi long, recurved, with appressed scales, second joint

780 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

somewhat roughened anteriorly towards apex, terminal joint as long as

second, pointed. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, appressed to tongue.

Posterior tibize with dense loose hair scales above. Forewings with discal

tuft of scales ; 1b furcate, 2 from towards angle, 3 and 4 stalked from

angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa just above apex, 11 from middle. Hind-

wings under 1, oblong-ovate, cilia nearly 1, 2 tolerable, 3 and 4 stalked, 5

nearly parallel, 6 and 7 stalked.

Antolea vanthopa:, n. sp.

S62. 18-14 mm. Head white. Palpi white, second joint tinged with

yellowish. Thorax white, dorsally tinged with yellowish. Abdomen

whitish. Forewings elongate, costa rather strongly arched, apex obtuse,

termen nearly straight, somewhat oblique ; white; a large undefined blotch

of ochreous orange suffusion occupying lower part of dise posteriorly, with

some scattered black specks within and above it, and including a tuft of

scales mixed with black representing second discal stigma, and a small

spot or group of black scales towards dorsum; a large black dot in disc

towards termen, and a few black specks above and below this: cilia white.

Hindwings and cilia white, faintly tinged with yellowish.

Khasis, in April; {wo specimens.

Odites atmopa, n. sp.

. 26-27 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen pale whitish-ochreous ;

palpi slightly brownish-tinged towards base. Forewings elongate, costa

moderately arched, apex obtuse, termen straight, nearly vertical, rounded

beneath ; whitish-ochreous ; costal edge ochreous except towards base ;,

discal stigmata minute, blackish, second immediately followed by a pale

grey cloudy spot; a curved subterminal series of a very few grey scales ;

a terminal series of cloudy blackish-grey dots: cilia whitish-ochreous, on

costa ochreous with tips dark fuscous just before apex. Hindwings and

cilia yellow-whitish.

Kandy, Ceylon, in December (Green, Mackwood); two specimens. Allied

to paracyrta.

Odites actuosa, n. sp.

@.18mm. Head and thorax pale greyish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-

whitish, second joint suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Fore-

wings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen faintly sinuate,

somewhat oblique; pale greyish-ochreous ; a black dot on base of costa,

and one at base in middle; stigmata black, plical elongate, somewhat

beyond first discal; a series of black dots round termen: cilia whitish-

ochreous. Hindwings light-grey; cilia ochreous-whitish, with light-grey

subbasal shade.

N. Coorg, 3,500 feet, in February (Newcome). Resembles sphendonistis,

but in that species the termen of forewings is not sinuate, the median

black dot is not quite basal, the terminal dots not quite marginal, and

continued round apical portion of costa.

Odites euphema, n. sp.

@. 15-17 mm. Head and thorax light ochreous-yellowish. Palpi

whitish-yellowish, second joint externally fuscous except apical third.

Abdomen whitish-yellowish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa

gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rather obliquely rounded; ochreous-

yellowish ; mecond discal stigma moderate, round, dark-fuscous: cilia light-

ikeous yellowish. Hindwings and cilia whitish-yellowish.

Mundgod and Pala, Kanara, in October (Maxwell); N. Coorg, 3,500 feet,

in August (Newcome) ; three specimens.

Odites pragmatias, n. sp.

2. 17-18 mm. Head white, palpi ante, second joint externally dark-

fuscous on lower 2, terminal joint with extreme base dark fuscous, and

INDIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 781

_ tinged with dark-fuscous towards apex. Thorax whitish, sometimes

greyish-tinged. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate, poste-

riorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen sinuate,

rather cblique; whitish, sometimes partially suffused with very pale

greyish-ochreous, with irregularly scattered blackish scales ; a blackish

transverse mark on base of costa, and a short suffused blackish streak along

base of dorsum ; stigmata black, plical obliquely beyond first discal ; a cur-

ved series of four large blackish dots in disc at 4, and one on dorsum below

second discal; a series of blackish dots round posterior part of costa and

termen : cilia ochreous whitish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 long-stalked ; pale

greyish-ochreous ; cilia ochreous-whitish.

Pykara, Nilgiris, 7,000 feet, in April (Andrewes) ; two specimens.

Odites sphenidias, n. sp.

d6. 16mm. Head ochreous-white. Palpi whitish, lower half of second

joint dark-fuscous, terminal joint with extreme base dark-fuscous, and

somewhat suffused with dark-fuscous towards apex. Antennal ciliations 3. .

Thorax ochreous-whitish, posterior extremity blackish. Forewing elongate,

costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique ;,

ochreous-whitish ; a black dot on base of costa, one at base in middle, one

towards costa at +, and one beneath fold below this ; stigmata black, first

discal large, subtriangular plical obliquely beyond first discal; a small

triangular blackish spot on middle of costa; a strongly curved series of

rather large cloudy blackish dots from } of costa to dorsum before termen,

interrupted towards dorsum; a series of blackish dots round posterior

part of costa and termen, two on costa about + enlarged and suffused

beneath with fuscous : cilia ochreous-whitish. Hindwings and cilia ochreous-

whitish.

Khasis, in October ; one specimen.

782

REVIEWS,

LEPIDOPTERA INDICA.

Entomologists in India will be glad to hear that Lepidoptera Indica has

now been completed. The work was commenced in 1890 by Dr. F. Moore

and dedicated by him to Queen Victoria. In 1907 Moore died before he

had completed the work, a fatality that befell the authors of the only other

books on Indian butterflies, thereby seriously interfering with our pros-

pects of obtaining a complete account of the butterflies of India. However,

an able successor to Dr. Moore was found in Col. C. Swinhoe and he is to

be heartily congratulated on having completed the work,

The book has been published in 123 parts, to be arranged in ten volumes;

there are 835 coloured plates. Two hundred and fifty copies have been

printed and the price complete is £85. The publishers, Messrs. L. Reeve

& Co., announce that they are prepared to supply the work on the deferred

payment system and to furnish sets with uncoloured plates or of the

letterpress only.

The book contains a full list of references, and a detailed description of

every family, genus and species: also, when known, an account of the

earlier stages and of the habits generally. There is a coloured figure of

the male, female and underside of every species, and in many cases of the

larva and pupa, and of the various seasonal forms. In the latter parts

drawings of the genitalia, head, etc., have been given. The book can, in

fact, be said to be as complete as it was possible for the authors to

make it.

The first attempt to produce a connected account of Indian butterflies

was made by De Nicéville, though Moore had some years previously

written a magnificent work in three volumes on the butterflies of Ceylon.

In his Lepidoptera Indica, Moore followed generally the arrangement adopt-

ed by De Nicéville, but he divided up many of the more important genera

into numbers of new genera based on slight differences in the venation

or in the secondary sexual characters. In addition to this, he divided up

the six families into 48 sub-families, one of which, the Nymphaline, was

further subdivided into 8 groups. This system is, perhaps, scientifically

correct ; it is certainly not popular with the collector and it remains to be

seen whether it will survive. As to species, Moore and Col. Swinhoe

belonged to what may perhaps be called the old school of entomologists

who separated any apparently constantly differing form as a species, and

many of us will, no doubt, remember the somewhat heated controversies

that raged between Watson and De Nicéville on the one hand and Moore,

Butler and Col. Swinhoe on the other. The modern school, of which the

Tring Museum and the German entomologists are the exponents, have

struck a happy mean in the “race” system, thus reviving in another form

many of Moore’s species, that Watson and De Nicéville and later Bingham

would have nothing to do with. That Moore was an extremely careful and

conscientious observer is undoubted, there is none of the carelessness in

his work that one comes across so often in Bingham’s volume on butterflies

in the Fauna of India series. It is only just to Col. Swinhoe to state that

he has fully maintained the standard set by Moore, though, perhaps, not

always so accurate. He is, however, a member of the same school and his

treatment of some of our well known species was somewhat alarming ; for

instance the hecabe group of the genus Terias, where 26 ‘“ species’ are

given for what have generally been considered to represent at most 3 or 4

really distinct species. In the descriptions of the genera and species

a detailed account is. given of each feature, a system that is excellent as

REVIEWS. 783

far as it goes, but one cannot help thinking how useful it would have been,

if we had been briefly told exactly how two closely allied species differed

from one another; as an instance Parnara flerilis and colaca may be quoted.

Vhe plates, as already indicated, are most complete, but here again the

times have changed, and one has only to look at Seitz’s work on the Butter-

flies of the world to see the difference. In the plates in Lepidoptera Indica

the uppersides of both sexes are portrayed in full, while the underside of

one-half only is given; the figures are arranged far apart so that only 3 or

4 species are to be found on one plate ; no names are given and the plate

index has to be consulted in order to ascertain the name of any particular

insect figured. In Seitz’s plates some fifty figures are crowded on to one

plate ; only half the upperside and half the underside are figured ; females

are not figured when they differ but little from the male ; and, what is most

important, the name is given under each figure. The plates of Lepidoptera

Indica are hand coloured and in most cases, especially towards the end of

the book, the work has been well done; this cannot, however, be said of

some of the plates towards the middle of the book.

We may now call a stop to criticism and conclude by saying that Lepi-

doptera Indica is a book that will stand for very many years as the most

important and complete work of reference on Indian Butterflies. Alas!

that only a few of us will be able to afford the luxury of a copy; it will,

however, be certain to find a place in every Museum and thus be accessible

to us all.

ANewista adie

“INDIAN PIGEONS AND DOVES ”

EK. C. STUART BAKER, F.z.s., F.L.S., M.B.O.U.

The Indian Pigeons were not included by Hume in his Game Birds of

India, (Witherby & Co.,) although quite as much “‘ Game Birds ” in the wide

sense of the word as many of the birds given by him, and no illustrated

work has ever been published on these interesting birds. In the fourth

Volume of the “ Birds” in the “ Fauna of British India” Series, Blanford

gives an excellent account of all the different kinds of Pigeons and Doves ;

but as that work is in four Volumes and each species is treated as briefly

as possible, it is not in the hands of many sportsmen and bird-lovers and

therefore Mr. Stuart Baker’s Volume should be all the more welcome.

The ornithologist too will find the book most useful as it brings up to date

and amplifies Blanford’s work.

Under each species full descriptions of plumage, including in many

cases young in down, which were not given by Blanford, distribution,

nidification and vernacular names are given in small type under heavy

type headings, and notes on habits and shooting in large type, so that any

information required can be easily found.

There has unfortunately been some changing of generic and specific

names, the latter necessitated by the recognition of subspecies ; but the

reasons for these have been clearly shown by Mr. Stuart Baker, and since

the sportsman and bird-lover, as a rule, confine themselves to English

names, the changes should not cause any confusion.

In his introduction the author makes clear his position as regards sub-

species or geographical races; and we think that, after a careful study of

his book, most Indian Ornithologists will agree with his views.

The total number of true species recognised by Blanford was forty-five,

while Mr. Stuart Baker gives an account of fifty-one species and sub-

species. This difference is made up by the addition of two subspecies

784 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

recently described and by four of Blanford’s species being divided into two.

subspecies each. It may also be remarked that thirteen of Blanford’s

full species have only been given subspecific rank by Mr. Stuart Baker.

The principal stronghold of the different kinds of green pigeons being:

in Assam, where Mr. Stuart Baker was long stationed, he is able to give

us some excellent personal observations on habits and interesting

accounts of the sport he has had amongst these birds. In regard to the

latter he has been fortunate enough to take part in some big shoots at.

two of which over four hundred birds were obtained by several guns on

one day shooting in the morning and evening. At these shoots it is.

interesting to note that two-thirds of the birds shot were Ashy-headed

green pigeons, while the remainder included no less than ten other kinds

of pigeons and doves’shot by mistake. Though not generally shot, many

of the doves, as pointed out by the author, give quite good shooting, and

are not by any means to be despised as an ‘addition to ; the pot when game:

is scarce,

As illustrating the tameness at times of some doves, Mr. Stuart Baker

gives an account of how a pair of Spotted Doves (Streptopelia suratensis),

which nested in the verandah of his bungalow, used to descend on to a.

table to pick up vegetable scraps.

The Little Brown Dove, too, is a confiding bird, bail often breeds in

verandahs and even inside bungalows, an instance being given of a pair

breeding in a dining room between a picture and the wall.

Of some species there is still a good deal to be learned in regard to

different plumages, distribution and as to what parts of the country they .

are resident and migratory in; and it is to be hoped that members who:

are In a position to add to our knowledge in anyway will do so and send

in notes to our Journal. The addition of a few avicultural notes at the

end of the accounts of each species will, no doubt, be an incentive to many

who have the facilities and inclination to keep pigeons or doves as pets.

There are twenty-seven coloured plates chiefly by H. Gronvold, but a.

few by G. E. Lodge. As regards the illustration, the colours are beauti-

ful, but we cannot help feeling that the method of reproducing them has in.

some cases made the appearance of the bird a little flat. We do not

think the artist can have drawn such a flat-breasted bird as that given

on plate 3. In spite of these remarks, however, the plates, as a whole, are

excellent, and should be of the greatest assistance in identifying the

different species.

The book is bound as a companion Volume to “Indian Ducks and their

Allies,” and has one great advantage over that work, and that is that it is: ~

much ‘lighter to handle.

We can strongly recommend “ Indian Pigeons and Doves” to all mem-

bers interested in birds, and Mr. Stuart Baker is to be congratulated on

producing such an excellent book. A word of praise too is due to

Messrs. Witherby & Co. for the general get-up and printing of the

Volume.

NB. ise

785

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY OF INDIA,

BURMA AND CEYLON.

There is not very much progress to report since the last Journal

was published in December 1913.

Mr. Crump has been collecting in Kumaon at Ramnagar to the

West of Almora and then moved to Naini Tal. As it was desirable

for a camp to be made a little nearer the N.-W. border of Nepal he

then went to Lohaghat and thence to Philibit. He has now left

Kumaon for Palamau and Hazaribagh in the province of Behar and

Orissa. Mr. Oldfield Thomas writes from the British Museum that

the Kumaon Collection is most interesting since it contains many

animals illustrating Hodgson’s Nepal work.

Mr. Shortridge arrived at Victoria Point, Lower Tenasserim, in

December and has been steadily collecting in that neighbourhood and

on the Pakchan River since then. As there are more than 800

Islands in the Mergui Archipelago it was decided to work the main-

land first and to leave the Islands till another dry season. He is

now leaving the extreme South for Mergui. As was anticipated the

specimens obtained from Lower Tenasserim are of much interest and

contain a large number of specimens similar to those collected by

Anderson in this locality some fifty years ago.

Major Mayor is still collecting in Ceylon and is now at Kandy

and is working the higher parts of the Island.

As regards finance many members have kindly sent in donations

since the last Journal was issued as will be seen from the list of

subscriptions received given below.

The Government of Bombay have kindly promised a further dona-

tion of Rs. 10,000 towards the expenses of the Survey in addition

to the Rs. 2,500 contributed by them in 1912.

The Trustees of the British. Museum have also promised a further

donation of £100.

The thanks of the Society are due to the following railways who

have kindly promised to carry our Collectors and their assistants

with free luggage over their systems whilst working in connection

with the Survey :—

Ceylon Railways. Bombay, Baroda and Ocentral

Oudh and Rohilkund Railway. India Railway.

North Western Railway. Burma Railways.

HKastern Bengal Railway. East Indian Railway.

Assam Railways and Trading Great Indian Peninsula Railway.

Company. Madras and Southern Mahratta

Assam-Bengal Railway. Railway.

Bengal and North Western Rohilkund and Kumaon Railway.

Railway. South Indian Railway.

Bengal-Nagpur Railway.

The British India Steam Navigation Company have also gener-

ously agreed to bring over from Burma and Ceylon boxes of

786 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

specimens free of charge, and the acknowledgments of the Society

are due to all these Companies who are so generously contributing

to what is evidently felt to be an important advance to the scientific

knowledge of the fauna of the Indian Empire and Ceylon.

MAMMAL FUND.

eens

FURTHER LIST OF SUBSCRIPTIONS UP TO 3rxp MARCH 1914.

Names. Amount.

Rs. a. | p

Amount previously acknowledged in Journal

INO. oy WiOlnexX OM LL) aA dog Healt ..| 56,630 Ou

Alston, GAC: (2nd Donation) . a ve Ai: 15 OFa0

Archibald, Mia Se A ue ai es 15 0 0

Bailey, Capt. A MES he 15 Oso

| Bannerman, Surgeon- General W. B. JC. Sale TE. M.S.

(2nd Donation) .. ; 5 5 56 50 Oreo

Boyle, D.H.M. .. a3 ut 14 en)

Budd, Lt.-Col. N.A.H. ‘(3rd Donation) he os 75 Oe fat)

Capper, Brig.-General W. .. bye Gs 15 One

Carl, Gross ee ae oe a 9 Sila

Clifford, Capt. R. (2nd Donation) m nye 38 15 O30

Cosens, Capt. 1 Yel ne a on 15) 1) ao

Culbertson, IASI TS). (3rd Donation). . oe di 10 Onl iae

Currie, A, ip : are bs 5 Q; 0

Cutch, H. H. The Rao (2nd Donation) 7 ee 1,000 0; 0

Dallaporta, J.N.(2nd Donation) .. 15 One

Enthoven, Hon’ble Mr. R. E. C.LE., I.C. Ss. (nd

Donation) . . : 35 0; 0

Evans, Col. G. i C.LE. (2nd Donation) — ft 15 O00

Fenton, Col. L. Bi, (2nd Donation) .. ae oe 15 OF) 0

Field, F.. oe 40 ois 15 O98

Forsyth, Dr. Wm. (4th Donation) ais che a 1) 2 ae

Gervers, Major F. R. 8. : Me a a 15 |; uv} O

Gladstone, H.8. - HA < or Be 16 pire 0)

Goll, E. A. : oe ik 35 OG)

Government of Bombay (and Donation) a ae 10,000 0, 0

Government of Central Provinces .. 2,500 Oni.

Government of Federated Malay States iy 000 |

Hardy, G.S., I.C.8. (2nd Donation) a ss 50 Daj 0

Heath, R. H., C.EH. (8rd rename: oe a 10 OTe

Hichens, G. W. : 25 Os ie)

Hill, Hon’ble Mr. Claude 15 che E., OS Th, IX Gy, S. 15 Dale 20

Hingston, Capt. R. W. G., I. M.S. oS : : 15 OF no

Jennings, Lt.-Col. W. E., LM. S. ne Re Ai 15 07) 20

Julius, V. A. (2nd Donation) Aa Ae is Ais 15 079

PROGRESS OF THE MAMMAL SURVEY. 787

NAMES. | Amount.

| Rs, a. | p.

Junagadh, The Minor Nawab Saheb.. 2,500 Ong

Langford, Capt. E. G.. 5 0; 0

LeMesurier, H. P. : 15 OF eG

Macnaghten, H. P. W. (2nd Donation) 50 OF O

Macphail,G. .. 8 ay le O

Magrath, Lt.-Col. H. ALF. @nd Donation).. 15 OPO

Marshall, Dro HA. . 10 OPO

Millard, W.S. (4th Donation) 200 OF 520

Millett, G.P. (2nd Donation).. 15 OF iO

Mysore, H. H. The Maharaja (2nd Donation) 1,000 Q |" 0

Oliver, A. (8rd Donation) on 15 OF)? 70

Procter, Hon’ble Sir H.E.E. 100 Oro

Purkis, F.C. (38rd Donation) .. 15 OF 0

Sale, HE. L. 1.C.8., (8rd Donation) 25 0)

Scott, Capt. F. B. (2nd ee 15 OL oO

Shepherd, ee. G. Fi 15 0}; O

Ninmelamr Re Wa. a oP 5 Op

Sladen, se 1.C.8., (2nd Donation) 15 Q0| O

Smith, J. H. be oe 10 0; O

Sprott, F. H. 10 On 0

Suter, Dr. M. F. 50 OniG

Tweedie, A. G. (4th Donation) ss a3 10 One 0

Tyrrell, Major J. R., 1.M.S., (2nd Donation 15 Oe

Wallar-t AS BL 5. ac 15 0 0

Wall, Major F., 1.M. Si, “(and Donation) 30 0} O

Waterfield, K. Ee XOe S.., ee 15 OF O

Watson, Major i We, I; M. ey Aa LO sO

Webb, Toe 15 0; 0

Webb, ME ECS. ; 15 OREO

Whately, R. (2nd Donation) . 15 OO

“Wickham, P. F. (2nd Donation) 25 Ono

Williams, E. Alban 5 0; 0

76,760 Dy |Z

PROMISED.

Rs. a. p. .

Mr. Ratan Tata, 2nd Donation .. 1,000-0-0 |

Government of Federated Malay States

(2nd Donation).. a ae 1,750-0-0

— 2,750 0| 0

Interest Gh eae received from the

Bales 693. 1,192-6-1

Interest paid by the Bank on " Fixed

Deposits, etc., up to the end of 28th

February 1SIAbd fe ae .. 224-7-10

~~ 1,416 | 13.) 11

Toran Rs.| 80,927 Sitar

788

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

No. I.—NOTES ON WROUGHTON’S FREE-TAILED BAT

_(OTOMOPS WROUGHTONI).

These bats were found at Talewadi in the Belgaum District, some 20

miles North of Castle Rock. They occupied a large cave which is locally

known as the Bara Péde (12 caves) and is reported as being a favourite

haunt of bears. The entrance is completely screened by vegetation, the

interior is very roomy and the sides and upper surface are scarred with

deep hollows and ridges. The cave contained 2 different kinds of bats,

Megaderma spasma and the present species. The Vampires seemed to

favour the innermost portion of the cave, where it was extremely dark,

while the Otomops sought shelter in the hollows about the entrance. Deep

within these holes both males and females cluster in masses and single

shot fired into one of these hollows secured some 30 specimens. As

a rule, they hang by their hind feet, head downwards, but I saw two speci-

mens clinging flat against the surface of the roof, using the claw at the

end of the wing for support. Last December, Mr. J. B. Anding, who

secured several specimens for the Society, found a female with a young

one clinging one in front of it. Out of the same lot we secured 3 or 4

fetal specimens, but never more than one from each bat. These bats utter

a very sharp cry when alarmed, which they prolong for some time. The

year I was fortunate enough to obtain a specimen alive. It lived in

captivity for about 6 days, and used to spend the greater part of its time

hanging by the legs from a ‘game carrier’ which was suspended on the

wall, though occasionally it climbed up and lay flat on it. From what I

observed this species seemed to prefer a fruit diet and invariably spat

out any flies I offered him: at first he would not eat by itself, but showed

no reluctance in swallowing pieces of banana put into its mouth, latterly

it fed itself and while in the museum ate a couple of figs that were put

into the cage.

S. H. PRATER.

Bompay Naturat History Sootety’s Museum,

20th October 1913.

No. IJ.—POSSIBLE OCCURRENCE OF A BLACK TIGER

(FELIS TIGRIS).

I say possible, as the animal was not bagged. My son, who has shot

several tigers and who knows what a black leopard is, writes as follows :—

“ Have you ever heard of such a thing asa black tiger, not leopard ?

While up the Kaukkwe in the Bhamo District, I went out to the ‘ Lwins’

(open grassy spaces in the forest) for Tsine, but on returning about 10 a.m.

near the edge of a Lwin we heard a grunting at intervals of about 10 or

15 seconds. I insisted that it was a pig wallowing, but my shikari said

he thought it was a Tsine about to calve. Wefollowed up the sound and

then hearing a deep guttural grunt, we knew it was a tiger. I told the

shikari I was off home and put up my hand to show him a road out of the

Lwin when from about 10 yards in front of us a big black mass made two

bounds and was away. I let off my ‘577 at it at about 15 yards range,

and I think, hit it in the stomach. The animal being quite black I

turned to the shikari and told him it was a pig, while he insisted it was

a bear, but on tracking up we found enormous pug marks (they measured

1'-8” round). After the shot it went on for some 5 or 6 yards, stopped

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 789

for a moment, and then went on another 100 yards and started growling

again. We then left and returned next day, but could not find it.

It was evidently hit, as it had torn up a lot of undergrowth and small

bushes.”

It is a great pity that the animal was not obtained, as even if the

remains are found later on, there will probably be no traces of its having

been black.

T. A. HAUXWELL,

Conservator of Forests.

Maymyo, Burma, lst October 19138.

[Dr. Blanford in the “Fauna” mentions a black tiger which Mr. C. S.

Buckland reported to him as having been shot near Chittagong.—Eads. |

No. 111.—MONGOOSE V. COBRA.

In the last Journal, mention is made of a fight between the above.

‘This reminds me of an incident which I witnessed while riding from Sirohi

to Anadra one day. My attention was drawn by some brown thing moving

ina small Cassia auriculata bush. It proved to be a mongoose, Mungos

mungo, attacking a cobra, Nava tripudans. The cobra (fairly young, some 4 feet

I should say) was lying in waves over the twigs, the mongoose was leaping

up at it from below, the cobra making such plunges at him as his unstrate-

gical position allowed. A forlorn babbler was hopping dismally about on

the twigs all the time; so probably the cobra had been paying attentions

to the babbler when the mongoose’s arrival drove him up to higher ground.

I brought my horse’s head close to the bush, but neither combatant seemed

to notice us. After perhaps half a minute of upward jumps of the mongoose

at the snake’s body and as many counters by the snake, the mongoose ran

off into the long grass 10 yards off. The snake lowered his hood and slid

downwards off the bush into the low grass, moving off in a line at right

angles to that taken by the mongoose. He had not gone far when the

long grass stirred, and the mongoose peeped out. The snake stopped and

raised its head, suspecting danger, but did not expand its hood. For a

second or two they remained thus, when ina second the mongoose had

sprung forwards, nipped the snake’s head and dragged him off, back down-

wards, into the long grass.

J. H. SMITH.

Buus, Cutcu, January 10th, 1914.

No. IV.—FEMALE ELEPHANT GIVING BIRTH TO

THREE YOUNG.

We think that the following may be of interest to you. On the 27th

October 1913 one of our working female elephants gave birth to triplet

calves, all males.

We have no note of the date of impregnation, but the mother was heavy

in calf in October 1912 and was said to be due in one to two months. Of

the calves, one was still-born, one was normal and one was very small; the

two latter only survived until 8th and 9th November.

790 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Everything was done to bring them up but the mother would not look

after them and kicked them away when they came to suckle, or if let

loose would run away from them.

The mother’s height is 7 feet 4 inches, she is probably about 25 years old

and has never to our knowledge had calves before.

D. F. MACFIE, Manacer,

The Borneo Coy., Ltd.

Cuienc-Mat, Siam, 20th December 19138.

No. V.—RED SEROW IN UPPER CHINDWIN.

I shot last April in the Upper Chindwin District of Burma a full-grown

male Serow with 8 inch horns. I made a fairly careful description of it

at the time, which I find answers to Mr. Pocock’s description of Capricornis

sumatraensis, subspecies 7ubidus, in his article on the Serows, Gorals and

Takins of British India. This subspecies, however, he only mentions as

being found in (Burma) in Arakan and Salween. As it is also found in

Assam, I should think it likely that it may be found here and in the Chin

Hills as well.

J. M. D. MACKENZIE,

Kinpat, Burma, 8th December 1913.

No. VI—LARGE MARKHOR FROM BALTISTAN.

I am sending you a photograph of a good (though one-horned) Markhor ~

which I got this year, as I thought it might be interesting enough to insert

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 791

among the “ Miscellaneous Notes’ of the Journal. The details of

measurements, etc., I give below :—

Over curve. Circumference, Straight.

Left horn 53! 102” 332"

Right horn. 18” Teh an

Shot, 25th May 1913, below Rondu (Baltistan).

W. M. LOGAN HOME, Capr.,

112th Infantry.

NowsuHera, N. W. F. P., 8th December 1913.

[To this note Capt. Logan Home added in a later letter (10th January 1914),

that he had been informed by the Secretary of the Game Preservation Department,

Kashmir, that the unbroken horn was the record head for Baltistan proper.—EDs. |

No. VIIL—HOW WILD BOARS FIGHT.

In the September number of the Journal of our Society I see an interest-

ing note about the wild boars and how they fight. I have several times.

seen fights.

Once, in Algeria, many years ago, I] was waiting for a panther in a

clearance of very thick jungle. It was sandy ground at this place and

the opening, under a bright moonlight, was nearly as clear as daylight.

I was sitting on the ground, screened by some branches, with my feet in

a little gully cut by running water at the very edge of the clear space,

which might have been, say, twenty yards broad by thirty or forty.

At about eleven, I heard, all at once, a sudden row in the jungle close by

and some grunts of wild boars. My first idea was that the panther was.

just attacking a boar. But as it lasted for some while, I saw, I was mistaken,

but was at a loss to account for the noise. Presently a rush in the jungle

to my right and the swaying of some branches quite close to me, with

more grunts, made me feel that my shelter would have been more comfort-

able if stronger. I then saw a large boar backing out in the clear space

suddenly stop and charge full speed into the thicket out of which he had

come out. Then more grunts and row in the wood. This was very

puzzling, but after a short time and a dead silence, a large boar walked

out in the open space just in front of me and stood motionless, head low

and hair standing on end on the back. Almost directly another, about the

same size, came out trotting and the first one charged at him as straight

as acannon ball. They kept fighting by turns for certainly a quarter of

an hour sometimes quite near my hiding place and sometimes in the

jungle. I did not care to shoot them on account of my panther which

I was afraid would be scared away. These two boars were grand chaps:

fully two hundred and fifty pounds weight, each of them seemed exactly

the same size and I had a good look at them.

Evidently, when boars fight, they go at each other full tilt, head rather

high, and they nearly always both rear up like horses on their hind legs

when coming into contact, both chins touching and trying to get at the

other for a broadside swing. Then they stop and stand motionless

a few yards apart for a rest. At this time they never utter a sound.

The grunting takes place only. when they touch each other. After

a short rest one can see the fringe of hair on the back bristling

and the boars munching a few times; then they appear to stiffen

1 their body and raise themselves on tip toe, the fore legs seem to

a ve at this time a sort of quivering motion and as soon as one o¢

792 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII

them is doing this the other goes through the same performance and

both charge together as hard as they can. The grunting takes place at

this time of the real hard tussle. It seems that as long as both heads are

held high enough and that neither of the fighters gives a broadside or flank

chance at the other, very little damage willoccur. Once, one of them got his

snout under the chest of the other and lifted it with incredible speed, the

other gave him repeated cuts on the top of the shoulder and made him

back a little then had a chance at the side and went at him with all his

power, both very nearly rolled over, but, after a short contest—difiicult to

see in the dust—both brutes were looking at each other about a yard apart

munching rapidly but none the worse. As far as I could see they never

try a direct vertical toss, but always a slanting upwards broadside cut.

The shape of the tusks and their position makes this last cut the only

effective one. I carefully observe the cuts on boars when I kill any, and

the scars are always the same ; some may be seen at the end of the lower

jaw near the neck, but much oftener on the shoulder and ribs. I never saw

but one further back than the flanks. These cuts are rarely more than

four or five inches long and generally only two. Itis common fo see old

boars with a few healed scars about, and, I believe, that they fight very:

often if two of them of about the same size are discussing family ques-

tions ; but a small one will never stand the charge of a bigger one and to

drive him away the big one has only to rise on tip toes with the quivering

motion of the legs announcing the charge. Sometimes a big chap feeding

will make a short charge at a little one who never waits for him but runs

away a short distance at once.

It is easy to see that the big one does not mean more than that, because

his charge is not made with a will, and, being heavier, even if he wanted to

catch the other, he could not manage it. When turning sharp it seems to

me that they fix firmly their fore legs on the ground and swing the hind

quarters round. Given the weight of the shoulders it is very logical,

because the heavy part of the body acts as a pivot for the lighter part. But

all these moves are well known to pigsticking people, who do not ignore

that a boar at full gallop can turn sharp on its fore legs and jump or rear

right up to the level of the saddle.

I did not see the end of the fight described above, because it was finally

carried on in the jungle ; but I was very much astonished on the morrow to

find hardly a drop of blood on the ground. Animals are proportioned to

their natural means of attack and do not injure each other half as much as

we believe. Even a rhinoceros can dig at another with all its power without

making much impression on him. It is necessary that it should be so.

If wild boars, rhinoceroses and the like could injure each other, as they can

do animals of different species there would not be many left.

Another time, in Assam, I saw two boars fighting. It was early morning

in a burnt place and not far from my camp. It was about two hundred

yards away and did not last more than a minute in sight of me. As far as

I could see it was the exact repetition of my Algerian experience.

Again in the Caucasus I saw two large boars fighting. It was in the dim —

hight of sunset and about eighty yards from us. They came out of the forest

at full gallop, one chasing the other which was dodging like a hare and all at

once wheeled on his fore legs to wait for him. Then both reared against

each other grunting and began just the same sort of thing which I had

seen in Algeria.

In Somaliland I got a glimpse of Wart Hogs fighting, but too far to see

them properly. The grass being about two feet high at this place, all I

could see was from time to time the two Wart Hogs rearing and even

jumping high up against each other, but when they were on the ground,

MESCELLANEOUS NOTES. 793

they were out of sight. I dare say they fight pretty well, the same way

as the common wild boar.

If large wild boars are fighting and anybody disturbs them, the chances

are for a charge at theintruder. In my opinion, it is very likely that

both would make straight for the manif he came unexpected quite close

to the battle, but if over, say, fifty yards away he will hardly be noticed

and if he shows himself and shouts, the Boars will stand motionless for a

while and then, as soon as one of them goes away, the other will charge

at him and both will go away together wheeling and fighting the while. I

never saw or heard any xeliable evidence of wild Boars killing each other

in a fight. I wonderif‘it is possible, given the length of the tusks and the

thickness of skin and flesh and muscles on the exposed parts. No doubt,

they can rip open a;pony., but what is the skin of a horse to compare with

that of a Boar P

VICOMTE EDMOND DE PONCINS.

Freurs, Lorre, Fraxcs, December 1913.

No. VIII.—NOTES ON THE WEIGHTS OF ANIMALS.

The following is a list of weights of a number of “ chiefly small”? Indian

mammais. In some instances it has been possible to weigh a series of each

species and so arrive at an average weight ; in others marked * only one or

two specimens were weighed.

It may perhaps. be noticed that an animal’s weight is often deceptive,

the large Indian Civet and the Mongooses being heavier than would be

expected in comparison with the Cats and Paradoxures. The Large Bam-

boo Rat is heavier than an average Cat; while the weight of a Jackal is

hardly more than that of an English Fox. “The Field” Feb. 8th, 1918,

recording a Dog Fox ftom Dorset weighing 21 lbs. Blanford records the

weight of an Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis) as being only from 7-8 lbs.

Hylobates hoolock (the White-browed Gibbon), one male weighed 142 lbs.

and two females, 13% lbs., respectively.

Presbytis entellus anchises (the Southern Langur).

Monkeys even when adult are very variable in size and weight, though,

as a rule, the males are largerthan the females. This species was found to

be heavier than any other species of Indian Monkey yet weighed, aver-

aging from 15-30 lbs., the heaviest male weighing 35 lbs., and the heaviest

female 27 lbs.

Presbytis johni* (the Nilgiri Langur) an adult male 21 Ibs.

Presbytis phayrei (Phayre’s Leaf Monkey), 174-20 lbs.

Simia sinica (the Bonnet Monkey), 8-192 lbs.

Simia rhesus (the Bengal Monkey, from N. Shan States), 12-152 is. ; the

difference in the size of the sexes was not very cee in this species.

Loris lydekkerianus (the Madras Slender Loris) 93-123 ozs. The weight

of these animals was very deceptive, they were not ite the weight of an

average bandicoot.

Felis tigris* (the tiger), weight of a male, 9 feet 1 inch between pegs,

from North Kanara, 350 lbs.

Felis affinis* (the Jungle Cat), weight of a large male, 13 Ibs.

Felis bengalensis* (the Leopard Cat), an averaged sized specimen, 6 lbs.

Paradoxurus mugen (the Indian Teddy Cat) from 53 3-8 Ibs.

Paradoxurus jerdoni (the Brown 'TFoddy Cat), 51-92 lbs.

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (the Malayan Palm Civet), 63-71 lbs.

Viverra zbetha (the large Indian Civet), three specimens 181, 193 and

20 Ibs. respectively, Blanford records specimens weighing 25 lbs.

794 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XX,

Viverricula malaccenis (the Small Civet), 54-72 lbs.

Mungos mungo (the Common Mongoose), 3-4 lbs.

Mungos vitticollis (the stripe-necked Mongoose) 6-72 lbs.

Mungos fuscus (the Nilgiri Mongoose), 33-6 lbs.

Mustela flavigula* (the Indian Marten), 42 lbs.

Canis indicus (the Jackal), specimens average from 13-18 lbs., the two

heaviest weighing 19 and 192 lbs. respectively. Blanford reeords 20 lbs.

Lutra lutra (the Common Indian Otter), 10-11 lbs., exceptionally large

specimens will probably be found to weigh more than this: Blanford

records specimens weighing 20 lbs. and more.

Aonyx cinerea* (the Clawless Otter), an adult male, 93 lbs.

Muntiacus vaginalis (the Indian Barking Deer), two females weighed 41

and 60 lbs. respectively, while a large male weighed over 75 lbs.; this is

considerably over the estimate given by Blanford, who records the weight

of a male as only 38 lbs.

Tragulus meminna (the Indian Mouse Deer), average weight from 8-10

lbs.; these are also considerably more than the weight given by Blanford,

oho gives the average weight at between 5 and 6 Ibs. ; the males and the

females weighed about the same.

Pteropus giganteus (the Indian Flying Fox), 2-33 lbs.

Lepus nigricollis (the South Indian Hare), 43-6 lbs., an exceptionally

heavy male from Coorg, 8 Ibs.

Hystrix leucura* (the Indian Porcupine), 213 lbs. (not an exceptionally

large specimen).

Petaurista philippensis (the Flying Squirrel), 44-5 lbs.

Ratufa indica (the Giant Squirrel), 33-53 lbs.

Bandicota malabarica (the Bandicoot 2-23 lbs.), a particularly large spe-

cimen weighing 113 lbs.

Epimys rufescens (the Indian Mouse Rat), 3-53 ozs.

G. C. SHORTRIDGE.

c/o NatIonaL Bank, Rangoon,

December 1915.

No. IX.—CRESTED BLACK TIT IN THE PLAINS.

Among a party of Indian Grey Tits disporting themselves in the trees

in my compound on 22nd December 1913, I noticed 4 or 5 Crested Black

Tits Lophophanes melanolophus. In the “ Birds of Kohat and Kurram ”

Whitehead, the Crested Black Tit, was noted as having been found on the

Safed Koh from 6,500 to tree limit. Its descent to the plains has not, as

far as I know, yet been recorded, and Kohat is in the plains and 50 miles

or more from forest-clad hills, the natural habitats of Z. melanolophus. The

weather was cold at the time and there was snow on the hills towards

Tirah.

H. A. F. MAGRATH, Lr.-Cot.

Kouat, 2nd January 1914.

No. X.—SYLVIPARUS MODESTUS, THE YELLOW-BROWED

TIT, IN SHHORE.

A CORRECTION.

In my notes on the Birds of Sehore, C.1I., Volume XXI, p. 169, for

Sylviparus modestus read Cephalopyrus flammiceps the firecap. The skin of

the above was originally verified in the British Museum as 8. modestus.

It has since been found to be C. flammiceps.

Kouat, January 1914. C. H. T. WHITEHEAD, Capr.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, é 795

No. XI._THE GREY-HEADED FLYCATCHER (CULICICAPA

CEYLONENSIS, Swans).

On 29th December last, in the District Board Garden at Gujranwala, my

notice was attracted by the loud notes of a small bird in a thicket of

young trees. Investigation shewed it to be a Grey-headed Flycatcher :

the next evening I saw it hawking insects from a neighbouring tree; and

securing it, found it to be an adult female. It is sufficiently rare in these

parts to be worthy of record.

Jhelum, Punjab. HUGH WHISTLER, m.2.0.0.

No. XIT.—ROCK THRUSH (MONTICOLA SAXATILIS,

Linn) IN HAZARA,

This species occurs in Gilgit on the autumn migration, and it has been

also recorded lately from Kohat and Lahore in September, yet we have

otherwise but little information about the species as an Indian bird.

Hence it is worth recording that I secured a female on September 29th

between 8,000 and 9,000 ft., on Miranjani Hill, Hazara. This bird was

perching on the tops of the one or two trees that grew on the bare hillside,

and first attracted attention by the chestnut tail which was spread in flight.

HUGH WHISTLER,

JHELUM, PunsaB, 20th October 1913.

No. XI1.—OCCURRENCE OF THE WHITE-BROWED BUSH-ROBIN

(IANTHIA INDICA, Vizitt) IN THE NORTH-WEST

HIMALAYAS.

Owing to the indefatigable efforts of my friend, Alec. Jones, I have

much pleasure in recording the occurrence of the rare Janthia indica in the

N. W. Himalayas. This find is, in my opinion, by far the best of the

season, in the Ornithological line, from these parts.

-Towards the latter end of July last, Jones sent me for inspection the

skin of a bird, shot on the 5th July, which he said he took for Janthia

indica, On examining it, I had no hesitation in referring it to this species,

but in view of Oates’ remarks (F. B. I. Aves, Vol. 11, p. 107), about the

habitat of this bird, I thought it best to consult Mr. Kinnear, M. B. O. U.,

about tne specimen, and he states im epist: “I must congratulate you on

obtaining this Bush-Robin, which, I think, is without doubt lanthia indica.

It is a great find, being so far west of all previous records. JI can find no

notice of this bird’s occurrence west of Nepal.”

Jones has very kindly sent me the following very interesting notes from

his diary in regard to the habits of this little known species:— >

“During my stay in the N. W. Himalayas, I have come across Lanthia

andica near Dalhousie, and in the Native State of Mandi, between eleva-

tions of 7,000 and 8,000 feet. This bird is the prince of skulkers, hiding

continuously in dense undergrowth, and hence probably the reason of its

having been overlooked here. Up to date, I have only seen this one bird,

but have heard several singing in suitable spots along a three mile

stretch of road, which I traversed in the Mandi State. Its song is very

characteristic, and could not, I think, be mistaken for that of any other

bird. It might be syllabalized as “I'll fleece you.” The first note, low

and prolonged, and gradually ascending the scale, and the remaining

notes being finished off with a quick flourish. Occasionally two or three

796 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

deep liquid notes are added. I tried very hard to obtain further speci-

mens, but after fruitless efforts had to content myself with only one.

Possibly other Ornithologists have been more successful!”

“The bird, which I send herewith, showed that the breeding season was

then (July 5th) in progress, its testes were much enlarged. I found

several small sun-beetles in its gizzard.”

P. T. L. DODSWORTH, F.z.s., M.B.0.U.

Simia, W., 17th October 1913.

No. XIV. THE BREEDING HABITS OF THE BROWN-BACKED

INDIAN ROBIN (THAMNOBIA CAMBAIENSIS) IN THE

JUNGLES OF THE C. P.

The following notes were on the nesting of the Brown-backed [antain,

Robin made in the Chanda District during April 1913 :-—

All the nests were found between Ist April 1913 and 31st May 1913.

This robin appears to be very versatile in its nesting habits, both in the

choice of the site for its nest, the ameunt of material used in its construc-

tion, also in the number of eggs it lays.

Oates says, four to six is the usual number, but on no occasion did I find

more than 3 eggs which was the usual number, while some nests only

contained two. Nests varied from a flimsy construction of a few bents to

a massive nest and were placed on the ground and any distance from the

ground up to twenty feet. On several occasions I found nests lined with

pieces of the “slough” of snakes. From my observations I have come to

the conclusion that this bird brings up two successive broods in the eee

Appended is a list and description. ef nests taken.

A,—Ist April 1913.—Konsuree, Chanda, one egg fresh.

2nd April 19138.—By a road in the fork of a Pitas tree about 4 feet

from the ground, one egg fresh..

Nest.—Cleverly hidden in the “tok of a Pitas tree about 4 feet from

the ground. Compesed of bents, dead grass and twigs.

Eggs.—Spotted with brown, grey, purplish and maroon: more

’ thickly and a ring at larger end. ‘82” x °59", -86" x

“G0, average — ;8I’ x 595" |

B—8th April 1913.—Huldee, Chamda. In the Jungle (scrub and thorn

thickets),-3:eggs. Incubation very advanced.

Nest.—A neat little nest of dead grass, lined with pieces of a snake’s

slough, placed in a hollow in the stump of a broken tree

about three feet from the ground.

Eggs.—Greenish white, spotted and speckled with brown and

purplish grey. Thickly spotted at larger end where there

is a ring of purplish grey.

°82!" x “641. 80" X03"). 781" x °O2" average —— Gill e"Ga

C.—9th April 1913.—Huldee, Chanda. In the jungle (scrub and thick-

. ets), 1 egg and 1 young one. Egg hatching:

young one just out of shell,

Nest.—Placed in a hole in the dead top piece of the trunk of a small

tree; about 14 ft. from the ground and about one foot

down in the hole. Composed of dead and dry grass,

bents and stalks, lined with finer grass and fibrous roots.

Nest scanty. -

£ggs.—For description and colour, see previous notes. No measure-

ments taken.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 797

D,.—10th April 1913.—Huldee, Chanda. In the fields, near the vil-

lage, 1 egg and 1 young one. Young one just

hatched.

Nest.—Placed in a well-hidden hollow, at the side of a stump. About

4 ft. from the ground and screened by a mass of

thick thorn. A very large nest with bulky foundation.

Composed of dead grass and bents; lined with finer

grass.

Eggs.—F or description and colour, see previous notes. No measure-

ments taken.

_£,—10th April 1913.—Huldee, Chanda. Just at the edge of the jungle

(well tree-ed thickets).

Two eggs. Incubation very advanced, almost hatch-

ing.

Nest.—Placed at the foot of a small tree, well concealed in a hollow

in the ground. Composed of dead grass and bents, lined

with pieces of the ‘slough’ of a snake.

Eiggs.—Pale greenish white, spotted and speckled with brown,

greyish and purple grey, more thickly at the larger end.

HOUX6 4 (00 xeO0d svaverase == -76! x 159".

F—19th April 1913.—Walsera, Chanda. At the edge of the jungle by

the village in a small thicket.

3 eggs, fresh.

Vest.—Placed in a hole in a stump about 33 ft. from the ground very

little in the way of nest. Just a few pieces of dead grass,

lined with pieces of a snake’s “ slough.”

E9gs.—Pale greenish white, thickly spotted and speckled all over

with brown, sepia, grey and blue-grey. More thickly and

merging into a ring at the larger end. One egg is blotched.

79" x -60!, °76" x °62", °74" x 62" ; average='77" x61".

G.—20th April 1913.—Walsera, Chanda. In the jungle, in a_ slight

clearing, fairly open jungle, thinly tree-ed.

1 egg and | young one.

Egg just hatching : Young one just hatched.

Nest.—Placed in a hole in a stump, about 5 feet from the ground.

Very little nest, just a few bits of dead grass placed to

soften the hollow.

Egg.—Pale greenish white, thickly spotted and speckled all over

with brown and sepia.

Young one—Darkish in colour, with tufts of black down.

No measurements taken.

H.—26th April 1913.—Huldee, Chanda. In the jungle (Teak Forest)

3 eggs. Fresh.

Nest.—Placed about two feet from the ground in the hollow trunk

of a small tree. Very narrow entrance. Composed of a

few sticks and stalks for foundation, with nest of dead

grass : no lining.

Eggs.—Pale greenish white, thickly spotted and speckled, more so

at the large end where there is a ring of colour, with brown

sepia, bluish grey and purplish grey. One egg unfortu-

nately was smashed in withdrawing it from the nest. One

egg was spotted with a fine dark ring at the larger end ;

the other is speckled andthe rings not so distinct, the

speckling being thicker.

77! 69" 77" K-63". average = °77" x°625".

798 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

I.—27th April 1913.—Huldee, Chanda. In the jungle (thin forest and

thickets), 3 eggs, fresh.

Nest.—Placed in a hole in the side of a broken stump, about 2 feet

from the ground. Composed of dead grass and fine stalks,

lined with a few bits of black hair.

Eggs.—Pale greenish white, spotted and slightly speckled with sepia

brown, bluish grey and purple grey. Spotted all over,

more thickly and ring shaped at the larger end.

80" « 62", °76" x62", °79" x62"; average — *76" x °62",

J—2nd May 1913.—Jamgiree, Chanda. Near a jungle road (forest

and scrub), 3 eggs, on the point of hatching.

Nest.—Placed in a hollow stump at the top. About 5 feet from the

ground. Quite a massive nest of small bents, stalks and dead

grass and roots.

Figgs.—Pale greenish white, speckled and spotted all over wa

sepia, brown, bluish-grey and purplish-grey.

“81” x -58", 81” x .58”, °78" x -59"; average = *80"” x °58".

K.—3rd May 1913. —Koothegaon, Chanda. By the side of a jungle path

(thin forest), * 2 eggs, one young one.

Eggs on the point of hatching. The young one

just hatched.

Nest. —Placed at the bottom of a stump in a hollow about 8 inches

above the ground. A heavy massive nest of dead grass and

stalks lined with finer materials.

Eggs.—Pale greenish white, spotted and speckled all over with

sepia, brown, bluish-grey and purplish-grey ; more thickly and

ring-shaped at the larger end.

No measurements taken.

I.—A4Ath May 1913.—Koothegaon, Chanda. Im scrub jungle on a grassy

plain. No eggs.

Nest.— Usual type, lined with pieces of a snake’s slough. Placed in

a hole at the top of a stump, about 54 ft. from the ground.

M,.—8\1st May 1913.—Vithulwara, Chanda. Placed in the eaves of a

P. W. D. Bungalow, 2 young ones and | egg.

Egg probably unfertile, young ones a few days old.

Nest.—A slight construction of dry grass and fine roots, lined with

softer materials ; about 10 feet from the ground.

Eggs not taken, so no measurements.

Average of all the eggs taken by me works out at ‘79 x 69,” which makes

my eggs a bit bulky than Oates’ measurements of ‘79x °59".

Cc. R. 8S. PITMAN,

27TH PUNJABIS.

JuNE 1913.

* These two eggs were lying on cotton wool in my tent and hatched out

on the 4th and 5th May.

No. XV.—NESTING OF ANTAUS SIMILIS, Jexvon (THE

BROWN-ROCK PIPIT).

The fact that the Brown-Rock Pipit (A. similis) is a common summer

visitor to the lesser ranges of the Himalayas is well known, but during the

last three or four years my friend, Alec. Jones, has demonstrated to me,

on more than one occasion, that a few of these birds nested every year,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 799

close to Simla, and as high as 7,000 feet. Jones has actually taken two nests

at this altitude, and he thus describes his finds :—

“16th May 1909.—This morning whilst searching the hillside for

Pipits’ eggs, I had the good fortune to flush a Brown-Rock Pipit

( A. similis) from her nest, and found 4 slightly incubated eggs

in it. The nest was beautifully concealed under a _ tussock of

grass, and had I not seen the bird leave the spot, I should never

have found its abode. The eggs resemble very closely the eggs

of the Upland Pipit (O. sylvanus). The speckling is, however,

appreciably finer, and the ground colour more of a stone or greyish-

green tinge. Nest of grass blades: lining, fine grass stems. Eleva-

tion 7,000 feet.”

“27th June 1909.—A nest and 4 hard set eggs of A. similis. Nest

well concealed, and placed under a small creeping plant. Structure

made of grass, and more substantial than the one mentioned

above. Female shot and identified. Eggs finely speckled and

closely resembling the former clutch. The ground colour was,

however, a pale creamy-white : elevation 7,000 feet.”

The following is an extract from my diary, relating to a nest of this

Pipit, taken on the 22nd June in Keonthal territory, about six miles

from Simla, N. W. Himalayas :—

The result of to-day was, among other eggs, a beautiful clutch of

4 eggs of the Brown-Rock Pipit (A. s¢milis). Wehad just emerged from

a ‘deodar’ forest, and were traversing a steep grassy slope, bordering on

some fields, when a male of the Brown-Rock Pipit flew past overhead,

uttering his characteristic note. This immediately put us on the alert,

and he had scarcely proceeded a few steps further, when our attention

was diverted to the curious behaviour of another Brown-Rock Pipit, which

was tumbling and fluttering about, close to us, on the ground, in a most

_extraordinary manner. The dogs at our heels soon caught sight of this

rolling ball of feathers, and were instantly in hot pursuit after it; but,

of course, we knew what these “injury feigning” tactics meant, and quite

disregarding the bird and its attempts to divert us from the spot,

commenced making a thorough search for its nest, which we shortly

afterwards discovered. It was placed in a hole of the bank under a tuft

of grass, and, as already stated, contained 4 eggs, which were slightly

incubated.

The nest was a shallow cup, composed exteriorly of coarse grass-stems,

roots, pieces of sticks, with some moss attached here and there to its sides,

and lined with very fine grass stems. It measured :—diameter of egg-

cavity 3”: depthof ditto 1:25”: external diameter 4:25: thickness of sides

°65”: thickness of bottom °5”.

’ The altitude of the spot was fully 6,000 ft.

On comparing 10 eggs of this Pipit with 16 authentic specimens of the

Upland Pipit (Oreocorys sylvanus), taken in the neighbourhood of Simla, I

find the following differences :—

(a) The eggs of Anthus similis are smaller than those of Oreocorys

sylvanus: 10 specimens of the former, average °83” x °65”; while 15

of the latter, average ‘89” x ‘68”.

(6) The markings are different. The eggs of Anthus similis are finely

and profusely speckled and spotted all over with various shades of

dark and dull sienna-brown and pale inky-purple, some of the

eggs are so heavily marked that they closely resemble the very

dark type of eggs of Passer domesticus. Ou the other hand the

ground colour on most of the eggs of O. sylvanus is clearly visible,

and the markings are, on the whole, much bolder and “ more spotty.”

800 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

They have a good deal of the reddish and purplish brown, with

pale inky purple, and in most of the specimens, the markings are

chiefly towards the large ends, where they show a tendency to

form irregular caps or zones.

P, T. L. DODSWORTH, F.z.8,, M.B.0.U.

Simu3a, W., 10th September 1913.

No. XVI.—NESTING OF HODGSON’S HAWK EAGLE

(SPIZAETUS NEPALENSIS, Hones).

As itis stated that this species invariably breeds on trees, it may be

of sume interest to record that on the 6th January 1913, I found a nest

in the process of construction, which was placed on the face of a huge cliff

overhanging the Ashni River, near Solon, 5,000 feet, N. W. Himalayas.

Both the old birds were noticed carrying sticks.

For almost a month after this, the weather became most unsettled, and

it was not till the 18th of the following February that I was able to visit

the spot again. On arrival, I found that the nest was tenanted—both the

old birds sat in it by turns—and immediately made the necessary “bun-

dobust”’ to lay siege to the eyrie. Owing to its dificult position, it had to

be approached with great caution ; and after several ineffectual attempts,

during which my climber twice got jammed in a narrow fissure, just

above the nest, he reached the structure and lowered me down its con-

tents—two very hard set eggs. The birds hovered about while the man

was in the nest, but made no ‘“‘ demonstrations ’’ whatever.

The specimens were broad ovals: ground colour, a dull white, and spar-

ingly blotched and spotted (one chiefly at the large end, and the other

chiefly at the small end) with shades of dingy and reddish-brown. They

measure 2°81" x 2°17" and 2°77" X2°17".

The nest was a mighty structure of twigs and sticks. In the centre

there was a depression, lined with green leaves on which the eggs reposed.

Judging from the successive layers of sticks composing the base of the

nest, I should think that it had been used by these birds for many years.

The young chicks, or rather bits of them, which were got out above,

were covered with greyish-white down.

I may add that this species is to be seen throughout the year in the

outer ranges here between elevations of 3,500 and 5,000 feet. To the

hillmen it is known as the “ Muriaree.”

Pp. T. L. DODS WORTH, \riz.s5 ae osee

Simua, 2nd October 1915.

No. XVII. PLUMAGE OF THE NESTLINGS OF (i) THE KOKLA

GREEN PIGEON (SPHENOCERCUS SPHENURUS, Vtieors),

AND (x) THE BEARDED VULIURE OR LAMMERGEYER

(GYPATUS BARBATUS, Linnevs).

(0) Kokla Green Pigeon (S. sphenurus).

The whole of the upper plumage is dull-green, slightly brighter on the

head, upper tail-coverts, scapulars and lesser and median wing-coverts.

Greater coverts dull-green and edged on the extremities of the outer

webs with pale-yellow, forming a bar. Winglet blackish, primary-coverts

blackish, primaries blackish and the majority of them very faintly edged

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 801

on the outer webs with pale-yellow ; secondaries blackish, and also edged

on the outer webs with pale-yellow ; tertiaries dull-green. ‘

In the lower plumage, the feathers of the throat, breast and upper

portion of the abdomen are pale-grey edged with greenish-yellow ; the

feathers on the abdomen and vent fluffy yellow-white, thigh-coverts pale

fluffy-grey, tipped with dark-green ; undertail coverts dull-green, broadly

- edged with pale-yellow.

Sill, light fleshy-brown, tipped with dusky ; there is a tinge of blue at the

base of the lower mandible. Orbital skin, very dull-blue. Jris, brown.

Tarsi:and feet, fleshy-brown, the former have a tinge of dull blue on their

upper extremities. Soles of feet, very pale fleshy-brown. Claws, brown

horny, darker at tips.

(uw) Bearded Vulture (G. barbatus).

Simla, 7th May 1911.—Visited the Lammergeyer’s eyrie to-day. There

was only one young about a month anda half ora couple of months old

in the nest, and we had this brought down, and subjected it to a most

careful examination.

The whole of its body, almost the whole head, neck, the upper and lower

surfaces of the wings and tarsi were covered with down of a light brownish-

grey. The primaries (which were about 3’ in length), secondaries, tertiaries,

scapulars and tail feathers (about 23” long), were beginning to sprout, and

were of a dark brownish-black colour. The back of the crown had a few

brownish-black feathers showing through the down, and a few feathers of

a pale buffy-white (much lighter than the down), and intermingled with

blackish ones, were sprouting up here and there from the neck. A few

feathers also of a buffy-white, intermingled with a few brown ones, were

sprouting from the chest and sides of the body.

The bill was of a light-greenish horn colour, darker at the tips. The

lores and base of the upper mandible were covered with the usual black

bristles, about a quarter of an inch in length. Similar bristles and ofa

similar length, projected from the base of the lower mandible.

The gape was fleshy and also the mouth; pupil of eye, black; iris,

light hazel ; sclerotic membrane, blood-shot.

The feet were of a pale leaden green; the claws, which were long and

very sharp, were of a shining jet black, their undersurfaces being whitish ;

soles of feet, whitish.

Feet absolutely bare, no feathers of any sort on side of mid-toes.

In connection with the above note, it is interesting to mention that,

according to Gurney (Raptorial Birds in the Norwich Museum, Pt. I.,

pp. 82-88) both adult and immature specimens of these birds occasionally

“present the singular peculiarity of a row of small feathers running

down the outside of the first joint of the middle toe.” The late Captain

Hutton in describing (Rough Notes, p. 40) a young bird of this species

states that one of the toes had a bunch or tuft of feathers on it. I

have never yet come across this peculiarity in any of the birds that I

have shot from time to time, and, on referring to Hume, I find that he

also comments on the absence of this peculiarity in his specimens.

P. T. L. DODSWORTH, F.z.s., M.B.0.U.

Sima, 2nd October 1913.

No. XVIII.—THE HABITS OF THE PAINTED SPUR-FOWL

(GALLOPERDIX LUNALATA),

During May 1913, I had many opportunities of studying the habits of

the Painted Spur Fowl (Galloperdix lunalata), I have found them in the

802 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

Central Provinces in vast quantities about lat. 80°-15' E. and long. 19°50.’

' N. on rocky forest covered hills grantoid gneiss grass, and they seem more

partial to those covered with Bamboo Jungle. J never saw them in the

valleys, unless they had been frightened there from the crest or sides of

the hill near the crest. The more open and grassy the crest line of the

hill, the more likely was one to find several pairs of Painted Spur Fowl

there. As the birds were very plentiful, I shot several to examine and also

for skins for the Society, although it was in the close season. However I

came across many broods and by this time ‘‘cheepers”’ were very strong

or the wing and almost as large as and similarly coloured to the adult hens.

I found the best way to beat them out, was to walk along the crest of a

hill with a beater in line with one on either side of the hill and about 60

yards down it.

The birds if on the hillside would always run up and, on seeing me at

the top, often rose at once and flung themselves headlong down the hill or

went shooting along the crest. J never saw one actually fly up a hill in,

cold blood, but in cases where birds had scuttled dewn to a lower crest

they often broke back, flying part of the way back to their original refuge.

Both seem often perched in trees when frightened. I did not find

them very difficult to flush, although if the cover and ground suited them

they much preferred to run. The males usually rose with what I describe

as a curious bubbling half scolding clucking note, which sounds rather

complex, but I find it hard to describe. I used to hear Fow! calling on the

hills during the night, but did not know whether it was this spur fowl as

well as the grey jungle cocks.

I only once saw them drinking and at that time a pair came down to a

pool in a nullah at 6-30 a.m.

At this date (May), the breeding season was apparently over. I found

two nests with the remains of 2 and 3 eggs in them, out of which the

young had been hatched. I should not say nest, as the eggs were in a

hollow in the ground under a projecting piece of rock. They were both on

the slope of a hill not far from the crest. drt

As regards their food, it seemed to be mostly vegetable matter, but in

all their crops that I examined was practically nothing but “mush” and

some rotten old and stale Mhowah flowers.

In regard to the number of spurs, I noted carefully the number carried

by all I shot, which was as follows :—

1 6343,2 6 63842,25 $6242;4' 29 9242, 3 9 P1+41,1 9140.

4 immature and almost full grown specimens had zo spurs.

Cine SEMAN,

27TH PUNJABIS.

Dera Ismait Kuan, N.-W, F. P.,

9th August 19138. \

No. XIX.—NOTES ON THE GAME BIRDS OF THE BASTI

DISTRICT, U. P.

Living in the adjoining district of Basti, I have read with interest the

article in your issue of 20th December 1913 by Mr. A. E. Osmaston, I.F\S.,

upon the Birds of Gorakhpur. The Basti district resembles Gorakhpur

precisely, save that the sal forests that covered a great portion of both

within living memory have now totally disappeared from the former.

Consequently, with the exception of purely forest forms, such as the red

jungle fowl, the Avifauna is identical. I regret that my own knowledge

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 803

of Indian birds does not extend beyond the varieties classified as game.

However, the bag of a sportsman during two consecutive seasons may be of

interest to your readers, and I append it—

1913-14 up to

1912-13. 9th January 1914.

3 Grey partridges, Fiancolinus pondicerianus. . 0

3 Quail, Coturnix communis. 1

7 Hill Pigeons, Columba rupestris a 24 0

4 Peewits, Vanellus vanellus .. a ay ar 0

372 Snipe, Gallinago celestis > ie a ae 410

2 Mallard, Anas boscas .. ae oY He 5

11 Gadwall, Chaulelasmus str eperu us we fs He 52

17 Teal, Nettian crecea a ig ss He 57

13 Garganey teal, Quer quedula ¢ CORCHE ater Pe es 7

11 Red crested pochard, Netta rujina .. re Ae 11

71 White-eyed pochard, Nyroca africana ie es 32

1 Red-headed pochard, Nyroca ferina. . de ine 6

1 Tufted pochard, Fuligula fuligula .. at be 6

1 Grebe, Podicipes p. BG a3 it L

519

Birds shot this year only are—

Spotted-billed duck, dnas ie eee 2

Pintail, Dajila acuta u th

Widgeon, Mareca penelope 6

‘Grey goose, Anser rubirostris 2

Golden plover, Charadrius fulvus 2

607

It is certain that 1913-14 has been a better year for sportsmen in the

Gorakhpur Division than 1912-13. The drought in Northern India has

driven down birds in large numbers that usually winter in colder climates.

It is instructive that there should be fewer white-eyed pochard this year

than last. These birds want plenty of water, and do not mind the heat, so

are presumably in Lower Bengal. However the ducks that feed on the

surface, such as gadwall, pintail, widgeon, mallard, find water enough in

Basti for all their necessities, and are here in exceptional numbers. I

fancy that Mr. Osmaston should include the grey goose and common.

erane as constant cold weather residents of Gorakhpur. One does not get

them, but they are there all right, the grey geese in the middle of the big

jheels and the cranes somewhere near the barred headed geese on the

sandbanks. I would like to be sure that the pintailed snipe is common.

To the best of my belief I have never seen a pintailed snipe in my life,

though I have shot snipe in the United Provinces in thousands. I would

also like to know when the favourable year for quail is coming, and what

determines it. My own experience of three years in Basti and the adjoin-

ing two submontane districts of Gonda is that one may pack up ones shot

gun, when one is away from the jheels. Yet quail were abundant (in 1895)

in the very next submontane district, namely, Bahraich. It seems to me

that jungle grass is essential to the welfare of dry game, such as hares,

partridges and quail, and that they can’t thrive in closely cultivated

districts. The absence of cover in the hot weather does not explain

everything. Quail are not affected by it, and hares ought to adopt them-

selves by taking to holes in the ground. A possible explanation seems to

804 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII,

me to be the absence of protection against heavy night dews. For 16 hours

out of the 24, the dry game has to endure a cold bath, and their constitution

will not stand it.

WB. CORTON cis.

Bastt, U. P., 9th January 1914.

No. XX.—THE SMALL INDIAN PRATINCOLE (GZAREOLA

LACTEA, TEMmM.)

In working at the plumage of this common species I have lately had

occasion to look up its history and distribution, and have been struck by

the paucity of records regarding it. In the Fauna, Vol IV, p. 217, its

distribution is summed up as follows:—‘“ Resident in suitable places

throughout the plains of India, Ceylon and Burma, as far west as the

Indus. Found in Kashmir, but not observed elsewhere in the Himalayas.

Unknown outside our area.”

Now this is not quite correct, for in portions, at all events, of its range

it is highly migratory ; for instance, Capt. Whitehead in his “Birds of

Kohat and the Kurram Valley” writes:—‘ A summer visitor from April till

August. Col. Rattray found it breeding freely on the banks of the Kurram

River in April. It was very common when we passed through Thall in

April and on our return in May.”

In my own experience I have found it as a very numerous summer

visitor from roughly March to October on some of the Punjab rivers; here

on the River Jhelum it occurred in extraordinary numbers this past year.

Now, even if the bird is a resident species, generally speaking, it is not

so in the Punjab and N.-W. F. P., which, therefore, supply an.enormous

number of individuals that must appear as winter visitors in some other

portious of our area ; the suddenness of their departure and arrival points

to the migration being a real one, and not merely a gradually southerly or

northerly movement dependent on the approach or cessation of cold

weather. Is there ther any portion of our area in which the species is a

winter visitor only? Or do these birds disperse over a large area which

has its own resident population ? And is that area so large that the addition

of these Punjab birds makes no appreciable difference? These are ques-

tions to which I can find no answer: perhaps some of our members can

enlighten me. It should be an easy matter to clear up. The species is

entirely confined to our area ; it is very common and most easily recognized,

and is known to both sportsmen and naturalists.

Surely, if each member wrote on a postcard the places and months

where and when he has met with the bird ; and any other particulars he

may be able to add about nesting and migration, and these postcards

were sent to a common destination, e.g., one of our Committee, the material

thus forthcoming might be sufficient to throw light on the problem ?

HUGH WHISTLER.

JHELUM, 21st January 1914.

No. XXI.—SWINHOE’S SNIPE (G. MEGALA) IN BURMA.

I enclose what I believe to be the skin of Gallinago megala, Swinhoe’s Snipe,

shot by me in the Tharrawady District on the 5th November. The bird

was flushed in some tall king grass while shooting Fantail and Pintail.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 805

In Vol. XIX, No. 5 of the Journal of 24th June 1910, I see that there

are only 2 records of this Snipe’s occurrence in India. I send therefore

the skin to add to any further records that may have been received since

the above date.

C. GWYKR, 1.F.s.

THARRAWADY, L. Burma,

8th November 1918.

[The skin is, as Mr. Gwyer thought, that of Swinhoe’s Snipe, Gallinago megala,

and is the fourth record of the bird within our area, Capt. Venning having

recorded one from Pyawle in 1911, in the Journal] Vol. XXI, p. 269.—Eps.]

No. XXIJI.—SOLITARY SNIPE AT QUETTA.

Since the end of September, 10 Solitary Snipes, Gallinago solitaria, have

been shot here mostly in gardens round cantonments. I think I am correct

in saying that there is no record of one having been shot here for 40 years

before this. We have had particularly mild weather so far so that hard

weather can hardly be the cause. I do not know if Solitary Snipe migrate

in numbers, but if so 1 should say the solution was that they have found

better food coming down by this route than by their old route wherever

that was. It would be interesting to know if there has been a scarcity of

them in any place where they have been observed in any numbers before.

B. L. CLARKE.

Qustta Crus, 11th November 1913.

No. XXIJII.—A NOTE ON THE SUB-SPECIES OF THE SPOT-BILL

DUCK (ANAS PHCILORHY NCHA.)

In the Bombay Natural History Journal, Vol. XVII, p. 558, the late

Mr. H. W. Oates described a new form of Polionetta (Anas) under the name

of Polionetta harington. At that time I considered that this duck had been

so named on insufficient material, and when writing “Indian Ducks” I

refused to accept the duck as a good species.

The Society are now in possession of quite a good series of skins, 10 in

number, of the supposed haringtoni, and these have been sent home for me

to examine, together with the British Museum skins of zonorhyncha, the

Chinese Spot Bill, and pecilorhyncha, the Indian Spot-bill. This material

has enabled me to modify my former opinion, and I now think we can

fairly satisfactorily discriminate between the three sub-species, pecilo-

rhyncha, zonorhyncha and haringtont.

The skins available for examination in the British Museum collection are

as follows :—

Typical pecilorhyncha. . aR ae: ee 3.) LOrskings

Typical zonorhyncha .. ss le es

Skins labelled pecilorhyncha from Burmah — ce ey Oho

The Bombay Skins .. 10

In addition to these I have been able to. examine about forty other skins

from India, Burmah and China.

The result of my examination shews that Anas pecilorhyncha haringtoni

is the connecting link between the two other forms p. pecilorhyncha and

p. zonorhyncha and that the three forms may be discriminated according to

the following key, though it must be remembered that amongst these, as

with all other sub-species, individuals are to be met with, more especially

in the area where two forms meet, which cannot well be placed definitely

in any one of the three.

806 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI1,

Key to SUB-SPECIEs.

(A.) A broad white band posterior to the speculum—

a. Ared spot at base of bill on either side,

average wing measurement 10:60, bill

from forehead to tip 2:”14 Lik .. p. pecilorhyncha.

6b. No red spots at base of bill, une avera-

ge 10°"25 and bill average 2 205 .. p. haringtont.

(B.) No white band posterior to the speculum .. p. zonorhyncha.

The measurements of the three sub-species overlap very considerably,

but the following table gives the average measurements of the bills and

wing, together with the extremes between which they range. It includes

both sexes.

Bins

LEAST GREATEST

, AVERAGE. LENGTH. LENGTH.

Anas p. pecilorhyncha A a 214 1-"95 2:30

» 9) +zonorhyncha Ns VA DA - 1:85 BUS

ay Laren tony m.. a as 2-"05 1/93 2:96

WINGS

LEAST GREATEST

AVERAGE. LENGTH. LENGTH.

Anas p. peecilorhyncha sas ss 10:-"60 O58 | tol a0

9 97 ~ZOnorhyncha e v2 VOSA. 10:20 to 11:30

Py ONTO LOND ans 10/25 9730 vtomelO27e

From this it will be seen that peecilor hyncha has a bigger bill than either

of the other two sub-species which are equal in this respect, whilst haring-

tont has, sex for sex, a smaller wing than either of the others which have

wings practically the same in size.

The under plumage of Harington’s Duck agrees with that of the Com-

mon Spot-bill in being paler below than in the Chinese bird, 7.e., a pale

buff or brownish buff, profusely spotted on breast and abdomen with circu-

lar spots of dark brown, whilst the Chinese Spot-bill has the colour of the

breast and abdomen much darker, generally a fairly uniform brown, upon

which the spots hardly show, and which contrasts quite strongly with the

pale throat and chin.

The colouration of the lower parts is not, however, very constant, and

there is a specimen of zonorhyncha from China (Canton ) and another ‘from

Shanghai which are as pale below and as well spotted as any speci-

mens of pecilorhyncha from Western India.

Another difference in the colouration of the two original species zonor'-

hyncha and pecilorhyncha which is generally commented on, is the colour

of the speculum which is blue in the former and green in the latter. This

blue or green question is always a very difficulty one to decide, but I may

say that the speculum of pacilorhyncha looks green in whatever light you

chance to hold it, though more blue and less green when held tat/ point-

ing tothe light. In zonorhyncha the speculum is always a deep purple

blue, though this too, when held Aead towards the light, is slightly suffus-

ed with green. If series of the two species are placed alongside one an-

other 2m the same light and pointing the same way the difference is quite

distinct.

Haringtont has the speculum green like that of pacilorhyncha.

Yet another difference which must be mentioned is the amount of white

on the innermost secondaries. In the Indian birds nearly the whole of

the outer webs are white whilst in the Chinese birds there is very little

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 807

white at all upon them, and in some individuals none. The Burmese birds

are intermediate in this respect.

The range of the three sub-species would seem to be as follows :-—

pecilorhyncha. India as far as Western Assam, and in Cachar, Sylhet,

Chittagong and possibly into Arakan.

haringtoni. The whole of Burmah, including Shan States and Chin Hills,

Yunnan, Cochin, China and possibly South-Western China adjoining

Burmah.

There is one typical specimen of haringtoni in the British Museum, said to

have been collected by Reeves in China, but the exact locality is not given.

It also extends into Assam in the extreme East, being met with in

Lakimpur and Teypur and, more rarely, in the district of Sibsagar in that

Province.

zonorhyncha. Southern and Eastern China from the borders of North and

North-East Burmah as far as, and including, Japan.

Tu giving the measurements above I have not been able to discriminate

between the sexes as a whole, so many of the skins in the British Museum

not having been sexed but judging from those which are sexed the females

are consistently smaller than the males in all three sub-species.

I still retain the general name Anas for these ducks, as I can see no

reason for separating them.

EK. STUART BAKER, F.z.s., F.L.S., M.B.O.U.

Lonpon,

November 1918.

No. XXIV.—BREEDING OF THE MARBLED TEAL (MARM4A-

RONETTA ANGUSTIROSTRIS) IN BALUCHISTAN.

In reply to your request for particulars regarding the breeding of the

marbled tealin Baluchistan, I will let you know the little I was able to

observe in this respect during the summer of 1913, on the Khushdil Khan

Lake, near Peshin.

After the return, migration of ducks in March and April, a few ducks were

left on the Khushdil Khan Lake. The largest porportion of these were

marbled teal which had apparently made up their minds to spend the

summer here. About June, [ observed a couple of birds, which had paired

off frequenting asmallisland. These two remained together and-did not

stay with the other marbled teal. I did not find their nest. I think it

was in August, though I do not recollect the date, that while in a boat on

the lake, on rounding a point on the same island, I disturbed a duck

which entered the water with 14 ducklings about a week old. I gave

chase and the duck went through the well-known tactics of her kind by

pretending that she was wounded and lagging behind her ducklings. She

gradually made off in a direction away from her ducklings. However, as

I wished to identify her I did not mind. This I was able to do as she let

the boat come within a yard of her and was undoubtedly a marbled teal.

When she thought her ducklings were a safe enough distance from us,

she rose quite easily and went off. These were the only ducklings I

observed at the Khushdil Khan Lake (5,000 feet above sea level) during

the year. The probability is that more ducks would breed here if there

was sufficient cover for their nests and if they were not disturbed by the

numerous flocks of sheep which graze on the shores of the lake.

A, B, AITKEN,

Quetta, 19th January 1914,

808 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

No. XXV.—OCCURRENCE OF THE SMEW (MERGUS

ALBELLUS) IN THE UPPER CHINDWIN.

Whilst shooting with a party on December 11th, two birds were seen

by myself and several others, which I have little doubt were Smews.

Unfortunately, they were far ont of shot, but the general appearance of the

bird was white, and black markings on the head and wings were clearly

visible. If they were not Smews, can any member suggest what they

were likely to be ?

CYRIL HOPWOOD, 1.f.s.

Kinvat, U. Cuinpwin, Burma,

17th December 19138.

No. XXVI.—THE COMMON AND SIND KRAITS (BUNGARUS

CHRULEUS AND SINDANUS).

A CORRECTION.

On page 401 of Volume XXII of this Journal, I commented upon a krait

that had been sent to me from our Secretary reported to have come from

Jhelum. This specimen was one with 17 scale rows, and I remarked that

it was the first that I had any knowledge of with 17 rows from the Punjab.

I have now heard from the donor Captain F. L. Hughes that he captured

it at Dera Ismail Khan, but omitted to specify the locality when sending a

small collection of snakes from Jhelum to our Secretary. The correction

is an important one in view of my remarks already alluded to, and I think

further evidence is called for in regard to the distribution of 17 scale

kraits before pronouncing the two supposed species ceruleus and sindanus

identical. I may further remark that Captain Hughes tells me he killed

several kraits at Dera Ismail Khan, and that ail had 17 scale rows.

F. WALL, Magsor, 1.M.s., 0.M.z.S.

Amora, 14th January 1914.

No. XXVII.—SNAKE-CHARMER’S PERFORMANCE.

With reference to the Miscellaneous Note (No. XX XIII) in the current

Volume (p. 636) by Captain Venning, I saw an almost similar performance

in Minbu in 1911. The snake in my case was as nearly as could be measur-

ed just under 12 feet. The fangs had not. been removed. As in Captain

Venning’s case, I noticed that it took a lot of noise and pulling about to

rouse the snake. Also that when the snake did strike, it only partly

opened the mouth or more often did not open it at all. The snake also

appeared to have a very bad aim and to strike and move heavily and

clumsily so much so that I came to the conclusion that it was heavily

drugged. The snake charmer (?) denied this. After watching the perfor-

mance closely for some time I took the snake myself and examined it close

by examining its teeth and looking for any injury and particularly for the

smell of opium, but could detect nothing wrong. The snake made no

attempt at any active movement while I was handling it nor when quietly

released did it attempt either to attack or escape. It took a good shake

at its tail from its owner to rouse it again. My man did not lick the snake

but once or twice struck the snake lightly on the point of the nose with his

fingers.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 809

I have always been firmly convinced that that snake was drugged pro-

bably by the administration of an opium pill and I am the more certain

because the owner made no objections to my handling the snake, which I

think he would have done if he had not been sure that the snake was

harmless in its then condition.

A. G. FRERE, Carr., 1a.

St. THomas Movnt,

Manpras, 8th January 1914.

No. XXVIII.—FOOD OF TROUT (SAZMO FARIO) IN KASHMIR.

With reference to cannibalism by trout, I would here note my observa-

tions in Kashmir on this point.

(1) Ihave never yet caught a trout with a trout inside it, though it is

the commonest thing to find loaches and other small native fish in trout

caught. Mr. Phelps tells me that his experience in this respect corres-

ponds with mine.

(2) During the last few days we have been collecting the small trout

eut off in parts from the rapidly drying bed of the lower Arran. In

catching and bringing these into the ponds in the warm sun, a certain per-

centage generally die. Sodhama, when feeding the big trout in one of the

ponds threw in 20 or 30 of these small dead trout. No doubt some of

them were swallowed as they were thrown in as these big trouts are

accustomed to get native fish of about the same size, but most of them

are still* lying untouched in the bottom of the pond. Sodhama says that

some of these were ejected and they bear marks confirmative of this.

The trout of the pond still* continue te take greedily any small Kashmiri

fish thrown in. My attention was drawn to what had occurred by seeing

so many small dead fish in the clear water of this pond. I think the

above seems to indicate that cannibalism is not natural among S. fario and

is only resorted to in special cases where other food is not available or

possibly asin the case of man-eating tigers where the taste has been

acquired during a period of starvation due to some special cause. When

food of other species is available in sufficient quantities there appears to

be little danger of the cannibalistic tendency developing.

F. J. MITCHELL,

SRINAGAR, Director, Trout Culture.

November 17th, 1913.

No. XXIX.—PERIODS OF FLIGHT OF CERTAIN BUTTERFLIES.

On page 26 of Vol. XIX of the Journal, in the series on Common Butter-

flies of India, it is stated that ‘‘ the vast majority breed more or less all

the year round. The matter of the number of broods seems to depend

really altogether on the food-plant, if it is one that produces young leaves

only once in the year and at a particular season, the butterfly whose larva

feeds on those young leaves will be found only at that time; if it has

eatable leaves all the year round, and if the caterpillar will feed upon

other than young leaves also, then the butterfly will have broods following

each other without intermission though the time between any two will

always be shortest when the leaves are young and fresh.”

* When this was written two or three days later.

810 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Voi. XXII.

As the words “all the year round” above, might by some be misunder-

stood to apply generally throughout India, rather than to the Plains of

India and Hill Stations of the Bombay Presidency to which more especially

Mr. Bell’s paper refers, the following few notes may be of interest :—

Having made observations and notes as opportunity occurred, both in

the hills and in tke plains, during the past 5 years, it has struck me that

the facts disagree with this statement, as regards the North-West of India

at least. Of over 100 forms observed by me in the field the majority have

their special season, or seasons ; and in a few cases it was remarkable how

nearly to date the earliest observed examples appeared in the different

years. :

Taking a few examples from Mussoorie :—

Aporia soracte. 1910. Specimens in fresh condition taken on May 10.

1912. The earliest example was observed by me on

May 6.

1913. do. do. do. May 4.

Euaspa milionea, was on the wing from 22nd May for about six weeks.

A six weeks total period of flight for a brood seems to be common for many

different forms which do not hibernate as butterflies.

Aulocera padma, ‘ May”’ to June 26.

brahminus, ‘ July’ (not met with by me in the field).

saraswati, August 27th to October 10th, or later.

ee swaha, September 5th to October 10th, or later.

From notes of captures in freshly emerged state, and the accompanying

seasonal chart, one can draw conclusions as follow regarding the broods of

these forms for the district of Mussoorie :

SC iaha eee Hee both double brooded.

s yborida

Lethe dyrta (rohria Fabr.) Three broods.

confusa, probably the same, 2 broods at least.

insana,

verma, ha double brooded.

» , vawarta,

Neope yama, one brood.

», pulaha, two broods.

In the South of India where the difference between the seasons is less

marked, the tendency for forms to breed all the year round may be marked ;

but I think that such observations as the above for the Mussoorie district

show that this is not applicable throughout India.

Incidentally the chart and captures of specimens in freshly emerged

condition would seem to prove that C. annada and C. hybrida are

distinct and not merely seasonal varieties of one form as given in most

works on the subject, for they fly together, and I have not taken any

examples truly intermediate between them.

)

H. D. PEILE.

22nd January 1914.

(For Chart, see next page.)

811

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

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812 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Ne. XXX.-—-OPPELILZ TENUILOBATAE (?) IN CUTCH.

In his work on “The Fauna of the Spiti Shales” (Pal. Ind. Ser. xv., vol. iv.)

on page 38, Dr. V. Uhlig remarks “ We should gain a clearer insight into

this matter if a larger number of Tenuilobata happened to be known from

the Katrol group of Cutch. Unfortunately, one species alone has been so

far described from that group, namely, Oppelia plicodiscus, Waag.”’ &c.

In the Katrol beds I have found several specimens or fragments of

specimens of Tenuilobata (as I judge them to be) which are not Oppelia

plicodiscus. I have placed several in our Museum, and I cannot at the

present moment describe them, but I believe that there are more than two

species. J have now in front of me a rather worn half specimen of one

species, whose suture is brilliantly clear and is, I may say, identical with

the suture of Oppelia indopicta as given in Fig. iii of Plate III in

Uhlig’s work. But though the suture seems so exact and the transverse

section seems to me the same, the ornamentation somewhat differs.

Another specimen with identical suture was recently found by Major R. S.

Pottinger, a perfect gem, though it consists of the earlier stages only.

This is in the Museum. My specimen too has no extant body chamber.

The measurements of the two appear to me to be these.

Spec. No. 1. No. 2.

Diameter. . st rh .. of mm. 78

Umbil Diam ~~... a ee 6 (?) blocked.

Height of whorl ae a al 48

' Height of whorl from preced-

ing periphery.. os ae 20

Maximum breadth .... 9 WS)

I will not vouch for absolute accuracy, but the figures are near enough.

The widest part is about the middle of the whorl.

In Indopicta there are 8 broad low coste: in this specimen before me I

count 10 on the half whorl only. In Indopicta the costs die away some-

where about the middle of the sides: in mine they run half way down the

side, and then kink slightly backwards and die off beyond half way. In

horizontal light a sort of faint ridge is seen running above the middle of

the whorl through the ends of these ribs. Beyond this ridge is a smooth

zone out of which rise imperceptibly numerous faint rounded ribs which

climb up to the siphonal edge; among these numerous intercelary costze,

the main ribs reappear again, narrower than before but clearly more

prominent than the intercelaries. In horizontal light these seem faintly

continuous with the main ribs across the smooth zone, the backward

band having righted itself again.

As I don’t profess to be giving a scientific delineation of this species,

I will not say more. I hope I have indicated enough to inform any expert

who may be interested that Cutch can still provide material which may be

useful in helping to clear up some of the many Ammonite problems, The

coarse katrol sandstone plays havoc with many of its entombed relics.

Some kinds in places are excellently preserved where there is more

iron clay—especially Perisphinctes: but Hybonote aspidoceras and Oppelie

are not often found in really good condition.

Of other probable Tenuilobates, one kind is much like the above but the

main ribs end off in low flat tubercles. Another kind has an extremely

narrow and graceful first Lateral Lobe. Of this the Museum has an admi-

rable specimen—the only one I have found. But the former kinds are so

not-uncommon that I am surprised that none were provided for Dr. Waa-

gen’s study.

Buus, 26th September 1913. J. Hy SOME

MISCELLANE O US NOTES, 813

No. XXXI.— HOLCOSTEPHANUS ? IN CUTCH.

I should like to mention a rare find in the Athleta beds of the Fakirwadi

Ridge near Bhuj—a find which I believe will be of no small interest to

Paleontologists. From studying Dr. Uhlig’s description of Holcostepha-

nus (Pal. Ind. Ser. xv., Vol. iv) 1 do not think I am far wrong in believing

my find to be of or related to that family, unless it should be a morpholo-

gical equivalent in some other series. Holcostephanus has not been report-

ed from Cutch, but the Spiti shales hold plenty: any connecting link

between the Spiti shale fauna and those of Cutch needs very close

examination. Not having found any one in India who has the leisure

or expert knowledge to deal with the matter, I venture to write this,

hoping that it may catch the eye of some one who would eare to

examine the specimen. My description does not pretend to be fully

_ scientific.

I make out the measurements of the specimen to be:—Diam: 65 mm. ;

Umbil. diam: 22; Height from umbil.: 26; Height from preceding peri-

phery : 19 (?); Breadth across spines: 25 (?), The specimen is badly worn,

the existing aperture especially so, but I believe it is not crushed. The

inner whorls have been corroded by the soft clay of the Athleta beds:

possibly a very careful handling might reveal some of the inner whorls,

but I hesitate to try this myself: for the specimen is a rarity: during my

constant exploration of these beds for over 3 years, I have only found this

one specimen of this species. Now, as to its similarities to Holcostepha-

nus, I give the following notes:—

Transverse section of outer whorl—very like Dr. Uhlig’s figure of

Holcostephanus spitiensis (Pl. viii, fig.26). The preceding whorl is extre-

mely depressed—very much broader than high—as agrees with the same

figure and description. The specimen broke in washing and showed this

very clearly. Row of spines along umbilical edge—12 in number, it seems,

to the whorl. Dr. Uhlig’s has more. In Spitiensis the edge is

rounded : in mine it is acute, nor does it slope down to the umbilicus but

falls sheer. But there is another poimt which seems to militate strongly

against identity: vz., the fact that the spines do not seem to be tubercles.

raised on the ribs and directed in the rib-direction but are fairly round

with an appearance of being pinched if at all contrary to the rib-direction ;

and they are absolutely on the umbilical edge not a bit above it. The

ribs are low and rounded, and start out of the narrow level space which

skirts the outer side of the row of spines: they number some four to each

spine, as far as discernible. They are directed slightly but distinctly

forwards and cross the siphonal in a bend, keeping the same thickness and

height as on the outer part of the side. Yet again there is another fact

in favour of the connection with Hole. spitiensis, viz., that the increase of

height in the later part of the last whorl seems to coincide with a narrow-

ing of the body chamber as Dr. Uhlig tells us of spitiensis, The very

rapid development from a low depressed beginning of the whorl to a high

conical end in a specimen so small cannot escape one’s notice here. The

transverse width of the earlier part of the last whorl seems greater than

that of the later part. The spines being a good deal worn one cannot give

the precise measurements.

The lobes are not visible. I hesitate to try to work them out, for the

specimen already broken and cracked may fall to pieces.

I hope these few notes will attract expert attention to what I believe

justifies the title of this letter. I have never seen a Holcostephanus:

but the similarity of my specimen to that figured and described by Dr.

Uhlig makes me suspect a possible connection; and my specimen is quite

814. JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol, XXII,

unlike any other species which 1 have as yet found in Cutch or has been

recorded by Dr. Waagen.

JO. SeEEEE

Buus, 27th September 1913. |

No. XXXII.—_STRAY NOTES ON OLD INDIAN NATURAL

HISTORY AND SPORTING PERIODICALS.

I think it may be of interest to recall some of the earlier publications in

India which dealt with Sporting and Natural History subjects. The earli-

est in my possession is the Oriental Sporting Magazine which was published

in Bombay in June 1828 and continued quarterly till June 18338. The

Bengal Sporting Magazine was issued at Calcutta in March 1883 monthly

at a subscription of Rs. 16 per annum raised to Rs. 20 in 1837 when its title

was altered to the Bengal Sporting and General Magazine. It ceased to

exist in 1846. The Calcutta Journal of Natural History, the first journal

of the kind established in India, was published quarterly in 1840 or 1841

and consists of seven volumes and two numbers of the 8th volume; it ended

in February 1848. The India Sporting Review began in March 1845, the

last volume I have is the fourteenth in 1851 ;it was published quarterly.

There are, no doubt, other publications of a similar character but I do not

have them. The Oriental Sporting Magazine was republished in two

volumes by Henry 8. King & Co. in 1873 and is easily procured. This

magazine in its first number contains the immortal song of “ The next grey

Boar we see ”’ sung either to the tune “ My love is like the Red Red Rose”

or “ My Highland home where tempests blow.” It was written by Captain

Thomas D’Arcy Morris who appears to have been the principal contributor

to this magazine. He did not always sign his effusions, but when he did

he (as my father who knew him informed me) signed 8. Y. 8., these being

the last letters of his three names. Morris’s forte was parody and many of

his pigsticking songs are parodies of Moore, e.g., Tales of the Tuskers

which enshrines “ The Boar of Rarah Borah ” is a parody on “ the Loves

of the angels.” “ Oh think not our spear blades are always as bright” a

parody on ‘oh think not our spirits are always as light ” and “ the spear

that once o’er Deccan Dust” a parody on “ The Harp that once thro’

Tara’s Halls ” to mention only some of them.

Captain Morris also wrote “ Saddle, spur and spear” and many other

songs which bear the signature 8. Y. 8., besides contributing several amusing

prose papers. He seems to have been of the opinion of his own verse

“Oh, who would change one hour of sport for a thousand hours with none. ”

Major Morris, as he then was, died in 1835 from illness contracted in the

campaign against the Bheels in Mahee Kanta. He was Quartermaster

General of the Bombay Army. Pigs appear to have been numerous in the

Bombay Presidency at this date. The Deal Table riders as mentioned in

the Tales of the Tuskers were a detachment from the Poona Union Hunt

established in 1815 and consisted of four members legs, as they were called,

of the table who derived their title from the circumstance of their taking

no furniture with them except a common deal plank which served them as

a dresser and dining table. The names of three of them were Jeffries,

Davis and Malet. I have forgotten the name of the fourth.

The huntsman mentioned in the Boar of Rarah Borah was Jeffries. The

members of the Nagger Hunt used in those days 80 years and more ago

to dine together in pink. I still possess the evening swallow tail coat of

my father made of scarlet mohair with black velvet collar and cufis. The

buttons are brass showing in relief a galloping boar with a broken spear in

his back surrounded by the legend “The Boar the mighty Boar”.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 815

The song in the third number of the Oriental Sporting Magazine “In

that blest land of freedom from whence we all came” was written by a

Col. Sheeldham. The initials H. W. R. to some papers on Hog Hunting are

those of Harry Reeves of the Bombay Civil Service. He was afterwards a

member of the Bombay Council and died about 1862. According to these

accounts sows used to be speared as well as boars, though in Bengal such

a proceeding was punished by a fine. I find the following rules were in

force in 1835 in Bengal :— ;

Rule Ist.—Any person spearing a sow wilfully except in self defence to

forfeit two dozen claret to the party and to ride no more that day.

_ 2nd.—Any person spearing a sow accidentally to forfeit one dozen claret

to the party.

3rd.— Whoever sees the boar first to give the Tally-ho before starting

after him,

4th.—No person to pass another who is within spearing distance of the

boar and waiting for the charge but to lay behind him and take his turn

should the boar jink.

5th.—No one to spear a boar until he charges except close to jungle and

there is a chance of the boar getting away if you do not.

6th.—Any person taking first spear is to remain with the boar till killed

or disabled under penalty of losing his claims to the tusks.

7th.— When a sounder breaks covert not more than two persons to ride

the same boar.

8th.—No person allowed to throw his spear on any pretence.

With reference to the last rule it appears from a book published in 1827,

Sketches of Indian Field Sports, that throwing the spear (the Bengal one)

was not only once allowed but enforced in fact, it is stated, it is not fair to

job or spear the hog without quitting hold of the spear and full instructions

are given with illustrations how to hold and throw the spear. The author

of this book, Daniel Johnson, states in the preface that he left India in 1809,

so his account of hog hunting refers to a period before that date. Captain

Williamson in his Oriental Field Sports published early in the last century

also mentions throwing the spear as the ordinary mode of attacking a boar,

stabbing as he calls it, only being resorted to when throwing was not prac-

ticable.

The Calcutta Journal of Natural History was conducted very much

on the lines of our own Journal. I find from it that the Thaming,

Thamin or Eld’s deer, Cervus eldii, was first discovered in 1838 in Manipur

by Lieut. Eld, Assistant Commissioner of Assam, although it was first brought

to the notice of the world by Capt. Guthrie. There are also excellent

articles in this journal on the Bear Ursus labatus and Ursus isabellinus,

on the Afghan wild-sheep and goats, on the Thibet wild-ass and wolf, on

the Indian wild-dog and the four-horned antelopes which, I think, our

journal should reprint, as the Calcutta Journal of Natural History is not

easily got. Most of these articles are illustrated with curious lithographic

prints of the animals or their horns and there is a very interesting note

on the skeletons of the wild-dog, the pariah-dog and the jackall (sic).

In the India Sporting Review, 1849, there are figured a pair of shed samber

horns which weighed 25 lbs., an éxtraordinary weight. I have a thick

single shed horn, 41 inches long and 8 inches thinnest part of the beam,

which weighs 7 lbs. 13 oz. and the horns of one I shot with a small piece of

the frontal bone weighs 191lbs. The latter is figured in our journal, vol. 17,

p. 24. The right horn of the pair that weighed 25 Ibs. has each upper tine

bifurcated, the left horn has the outer tine bifurcated. They measure 103

inches immediately about (? above) the burr and 8 inches midway up the

brain and are 42 inches in length. They are stated to have been obtained

816 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

from a batch of horns collected somewhere on the Cuttack coast or further

south towards Madras. Two pairs of Black buck horns, 253 and 242 inches

long, are stated to weigh 1 lb. 4.0z. and 1 1b. 11 0z., respectively. In the 6th

vol. (1847) a description is given of a hybrid between a female jackal and

Scotch terrier. It was a male and gathered two litters, the mothers being

smooth English terriers. The 2nd cross being therefore one-quarter

jackal and three-quarters dog, a female of this last lot was put to a Scotch

terrier and had five pups who were one-eighth jackal and seven-eighths

dog. The quarter jackal (2nd cross) and the half jackal No. 1 also bred,

the result being 3 pups, five-eighths dog and three-eighths jackal. The

writer also describes a cross between a female wolf and a pointer dog.

He also mentions that he was informed that the Rampore Greyhound was

crossed with the wild-dog, the offspring being called “all be bao” or

“Priceless Red ”’ which would grapple with a bear or hyena.

This Journal in vol.5 has a map of the Bombay Race Course as it

existed in 1847.

J. D. INVERARITY,

BomBay, 28th January 1914.

tie es eee

817

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE MEETING HELD ON 6ru NOVEMBER 1913.

An ‘At Home’ of members and their friends of the Bombay Natural

History Society took place on Thursday, the 6th November 19138, Lt.-Col.

W.E. Jennings, I.M.S., presiding.

New Memepers.

The election of the following 27 members since the last meeting was

announced :—Capt. E. O. Lewin, R.F.A., Jubbulpore; the Principal,

Ernaculam College, Cochin State; Mr. M. V. H. Collins, Simla; Mr. G. B.

Walker, Hyderabad, Deccan; H. E. the Nawab Salar Jung, Hyderabad,

Deccan; Mr. A. T. C. Sutton, Nizamabad ; the Librarian, fr perial Library,

Calcutta; Capt. A. Mactavish, Fatehgarh, U.P.; Mr. T. EH. Tunnard,

Ceylon ; Mr. E. J. Bunbury, Bombay; Mr. C. H. EH. Wilson, Vimramga ;

Mr. C. K. Hargreaves, Toungoo; Mr. H. D. Baskerville, I.C.S., Larkana ;

Mr. R. D. Thomson, I.C.8., Sialkot; Capt. E. C. Smith, Miranshah ;

Mr. H. Tessman, Andheri; Dr. D. N. P. Datta, M.D., Punjab; Capt. M.

L. C. Irvine, 1.M.S., Ahmedabad; Mr. E. B. Burke, Assam; Mr. N. J.

Strachan, Travancore; Capt. W. J. Fraser, I.M.S., Chindwara; Lt.-Col.

D. L. MacEwen, Bangalore; Mr. F. R. Roe, 1.C.8., Patna; Lt. O. B.

Foster, Ambala; Dr. J. J. F. Dunn, Mussoorie; Mr. J. G. Wakefield,

Gaya, Bengal; Capt. J. F. Turner, R. E., Gilgit.

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged the following contributions to

the Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. Locality. Donor.

Skins of Brow-antlered Deer | Paletwa,Arrakan. | Mr. W. 8. Thom.

(Cervus eldt) and 3 skulls and

one skin of Burmese Goral

(Nemorhedus griseus), Bintu-

rong (Arctictis binturong), Hog

Badger (Arctonyx collaris),

Panther skull (Felis pardus)

and 4 Butterflies.

Skins and skulls of 2 Common | Saran, Bihar .. | Mr. M. M. Mackenzie.

Mongooses (Mungos mungo), 3

small Indian Civets (Viverri-

cula malaccensis), 2 Jackals

(Canis indicus), 1 Indian Wolf

(Canis pallipes),2 Wild Pigs

(Sus eristatus), 1 Lungur Skin

(Prestytis entellus).

2 Oorial Heads (Ovis vigner) .. | Lower Sind Hills. | H. 8. Lawrence, I.¢.Ss.

Mutjac skin (Muntiacus vagi-| Talewadi er Ninos. Et Prater:

nalis),6 skins of Wroughton’s

Freetailed Bat (Otomops

wroughtont) 29 Birds and a /

number of insects.

A small collection of Rats ..| Ootacamund .. | Surgeon-General W.

B. Bannerman.

818 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Contribution, Locality. Donor.

1 Large Red Flying Squirrel | Chitral .. .. | Capt. H. F. Stirling.

(Pe neh enornatus). |

ges of Stilt (Himantopus can-| Quetta .. .. | Mr. A. B. Atken.

didus), Crested Grebe (Podi-

cipes cristatus), Little Grebe

(Podicipes albipennis) and Ken-

tish Plover (Agialitis alewand-

rina).

5 Shrews 4 Goa us Mr. N. A. Baptista.

2Blood Pheasants (Ithagenes Hypimaw, Burma Mr. H. C. Lowis.

sp.) 2 Sclaters Monals (Lopho-

phorus sclatert) and 1 Tem-

mincks Tragopan (Tragopan

temminckt),

1 Short-tailed Tropic Bird] Persian Gulf .. | Sir P. Cox.

(Phaethon indicus).

1 Yellow-legged Herring Gull | Chitral .. .. | Major Money.

(Larus cachinnaus).

2 Horned Owls ae .. | Ahmedabad .. | Mr. R. H. Heath.

17 Snakes he ; .. | Pyawbwe .. | Capt. F. EK. W. Ven-

ning.

Several Snakes.. re .. | Larkana - and | Capt. Gharpurey.

Dhulia.

8 Land Crabs .. ee .- | Chamba .. -. |. Ho he Wayamor

Chamba. ;

Minor contributions from Lt.-Col. Wodehouse, Major Carlton, Drs.

Suter and Bayley de Castro and Messrs. C. Rodgers, W.S. Thome:

Remedios, M. Hussein, F. H. Sprott, C. H. Wilson, TE S. Northey, Wise,

H. M. Dwane, and Lunatic Asylum, Poona.

An ‘At Home’ of members and their friends of the Bombay Natural

History Society took place on the 12th January 1914.

The election of the following 42 members since the last meeting was

announced :—Mr. H. Garbett, P. O. Barahapjan, District Lakhimpur;

Mr. A. C. Armstrong, Yeotmal, Berar; Mr. G. 8. Hill, Balangoda, Ceylon;

Mr. A. HE. Zolinger, Amraoti Camp, Berar; Col. T. J. R. Lucas, C. B.,

Bangalore ; Mr. H. L. Shuttleworth, [.C.S., M.A., F.R.G.S., Hoshiarpur,

Punjab; Capt. S. Sarkar, 1.M.8., Bombay; Mr. R. D. Scoble; Hodgins;

Travancore ; Capt. J. D. Venables, Mandalay, Burma; Mr. R. H. Young,

Karachi; Dr. H. Dannehl, Bombay; Mr. A. L. French, Karachi;

Lt. H. R. Wilson, Shillong ; Mr. W. 8. Hamilton, I.C.S., Lahore ; Mr. G. B.

A Helly CVE @ ICs, ) Ranvoon ; Ving oe M. D. Mackenzie, RS Se

Kindat, Burma ; Mr. uh W. Ebden, Shillong, Assam; Mr. K. R. Rane,

M.M. 8.P., Juvem, via Andheri; Capt. Vai, ney Hadow, Loralai: Capt.

J. Knowles, Bareily; Mr. HE. F. Abraham, I.C.S., Jhelum; Lt. H. M.

Heyder, Ambala; Mr. J. W. Powell, Bombay ; Mr. Y. G. Nadgir, M.S.,

Bombay ; The Professor of Biology, Canning College, Lucknow ; Mr. M. 8.

Advani, C.S., Surat; Mr. A. R. S. Hayne, Bombay; Capt. J. Anderson,

PROCEEDINGS. 819

Papun, Burma; Mr. H. D. Baker, Bombay ; Mr. R. Forshaw, Bombay ; Dr.

V. P. DeSa, L.M. & 8., Goa; Mr. Julius Graf, Dadar, Bombay; Mr. F.

Anderson, Papun, Burma; Lt. H. F. Francis, R.G.A., Rangoon; Mr. Y.

K. Rane, Juvem, Andheri; Major Frederic Harvey, R.A.M.C., Colaba,

Bombay ; Mrs. D. W. Wilson, Bombay ; Mr. J. G. Dobbs, P. O. Hutti, via

Raichur; Mr. H. Emblen, Cachar; Capt. J. F. Graham, I1.M.S.,

Jhelum ; Mr. R. H. Bullen, Corgaum, and Mr. EH. F. A. Graham, I.C.8.,

Punjab.

The Honorary Secretary acknowleged the following contributions to the

Museum since the last meeting :—

Contribution. Locality. Donor.

6 Brow-antlered Deer (Cervus| Burma .. ..| Mr, J. P. Cook.

eld), 1 Gaur head (Bibos

gaurus), | Tsaing (Bibos sondai-

cus), 1 Buffalo ‘head (Bubalis

bubalis), 158 Bird skins.

3 Heads of Marcopolo’s sheep|Pamirs .. ..|Capt. R. W. G, Hing-

(Ovis polt.) ston, 1.M.S.

1 Markhor (Capra falconert) ..| Gilgit .. bi Do.

1 Suleman Markhor (Capra|Tochi Agency ..|Capt. H. T. C. Ivens.

Falconert jer'doni.)

1 Bengal Monkey skin (Simia| Simla... ir Ey Eee ods:

rhesus), 1 WLangur — skull worth,

(Presbytis schistaceus), 3 small

Mammals, 6 Snakes, 6 Toads.

1 Tree Shrew (Tupaia wrough-| Khandalla ..|Dr. M. F. Suter.

toni).

5 Mammals and several Birds’ | Tibet os ..|Capt. F. M. Bailey.

skins.

Golden Cat (Lelis CONT): Upper Burma ..| Mr F. Atley.

10 Birds’ skins Mishmi Country .| Capt. F. M. Bailey.

Young Bar-headed hooke (An- Chitral .. ..| Major EK. D. Money.

ser indicus. )

Swinhoe’s Snipe (Gallinago|Burma .. ».|Mr. C. Gwyer.

megala.)

Wigeon (pale variety) (Mareca|Roorkee .. ..|R. G. Bagnell.

penelope.)

Painted spur Fowl (Galloperdix | Chikalda Disritct.;Mr. A. A. Dunbar

lunulata), Indian Otter Brander.

(Lutra nai), and 8 Wild Dog

(Cuon dukhunensis) skins.

White-winged Wood Duck/Burma .. ..| Mr. E. Jackson.

(Asarcornis scutulatus).

1 Laughing Gull (Larus rede-| Bombay .. +.) Mir. S:, i Prater;

bundus), 1 Brown-headed Gull

| (Larus brunicephalus), 1 Gull

Billed Tern (Sterna anglica).

2 Snakes (Zamenis diadema), 1|Ajmere .. .. | Mr. W. Shipp.

Chameleon (Chameleon

calcaratus) (alive).

30 Beetles ae ii sey | ABATE ..|Mr. J. H. Lace, I.F.S.

820 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXII.

Minor contributions from—Messrs. R. W. lL. Dunlop, C. H. Wilson, E.

C. Reid, J. M. Cairns, A. M. D’Crus, P. F. Gomes, G. Claridge, H. H. M.

Spink, G. C. Shortridge, Dr. Balley de Castro and Lt.-Col. G. H. Evans.

Mr. C. D. Mahaluxmivalla, Superintendent, Victoria Gardens, Bombay,

exhibited the flowers of three kinds of Silk Cotton trees—the common

red Bombax malabarium, the white Eriodendron anfractuosum and the yellow

flowered Cochlospermum gossypium; two Dombeyas, the white flowered

Mastersii andthe pink acutangula ; the red-flowered Kalanchoe kirkii and the -

yellow spathulata.

~MAMMAL SURVEY.

The specimens exhibited numbering about 1,500, were collected by

Messrs. Crump and Shortridge in Kumaon and Burma respectively, including

many species not previously obtained by the Survey. The primates in the

collections were represented by Macaques, probably of the same or very

nearly related species from both countries, Langurs, the common Himalayan

form from Kumaon and another species not yet determined from Burma

and one Gibbon from the last-named country.

Of the smaller Cats there were Jungle Cats and single examples from

each country of the beautiful little Leopard Cat, which, though widely

distributed, is very local and not well known. From a former collection

there were specimens from Coorg ; and some years ago the Society pre-

sented two kittens from Castle Rock to the Victoria Gardens.

One skin of the small Indian Civet and a nice series of the Malayan ~

Palm Civet, all from Burma, and two common Mungooses from Kumaon

represented the Viverride or Civets and Mungooses. Of the Canidz

there was a skin of the Indian Wild Dog from Kumaon and one of the

Malayan form from Burma, and several mountain and common Indian

Foxes from the former country. The Malayan Wild Dog, which is found

in parts of Burma, is a much paler animal than its Indian cousin, and

it was interesting to compare the two. Though Martens are found in

Burma, none have been obtained by the survey so far; but from Kumaon

several skins of the common form have been sent in, as well as two

beautiful little yellow-bellied Weasels, which are about the size of the

English stoat. One of the most interesting specimens in the collection

on exhibition was the Burmese Ferretbadger, of which four specimens were

obtained at Mount Popa, south of Mandalay. This animal, which is well

described by its trivial name, is about the size of a large mongoose, but

shorter in the body, of a greyish-brown colour with a prominent white stripe

on the head and shoulders. Very little is known of the habits of this

animal, From each district an Otter was sent in, apparently of different

species, a point which will be decided when the collection is worked out.

SHREWS AND BATS.

The Insectivora were represented by tree shrews, shrews and bats.

Of the first-named a nice series of the Yunnan species from Burma. This

little animal is frequently mistaken for a squirrel, but in India proper, there

is no reason for this, as all the small squirrels are striped, and the tree

shrew, has no stripes but is grizelled. In Burma, however, there are

several squirrels, brown or greyish all over, very similarly coloured to

the tree shrews and they are harder to distinguish. One species is not

uncommon at Matheran and Khandalla and on the Madras side while

another race is found in the Dangs, and still another in Orissa and parts

of the C. P. The species found in the N. E. of India is probably the same

as that found in parts of Burma and Assam.

Shrews were well represented from Kumaon, and both Collectors had sent

in a tiny specimen each of what is probably the smallest Indian Mammal.

PROCEEDINGS. 821

Of bats there were a good set of the common yellow bat from Kumaon and

a large number of different species from Burma, amongst which might be

mentioned the Indian Vampire and the small fruit bat. As is generally

the case, the collections are strongest in rodents. There are Burmese

hares ranging from very young animals to adults, common Indian hares or

a species very similar from Kumaon, Bengal Porcupines from Burma and

a large number of rats and mice. Of these probably the curious Bamboo

Rat with its large incisor teeth attracted the most attention.

Squirrels are well represented from Burma, and apart from the flying

squirrels of which there are three kinds, probably the bay squirrel, which is

of a beautiful rich ferruginous red colour called for most notice. A Sambar

and a Goral from Kumaon and a Mouse Deer and Muntjac from Burma

represent the Game Animals in the collection, while the two beautifui

skins of the Chinese Pangolin or Ant-eater interested many people more

than any of the other species.

The presence of Miss K.C. Ryley, at the ‘“ At Home” added to the

success of it, as Miss Ryley has been working at the British Museum

(Natural History) for the last 18 months on the specimens which have been

sent home by the Society in connection with the Mammal Survey. Miss

Ryley is now visiting India and China on a holiday, but it is hoped that

she will be able to resume her work at the British Museum later on. For-

tunately for the Society, Mr. R. C. Wroughton returns from South Africa in

May and will take up the Mammal Survey work atthe British Museum

once more.

A meeting of members and their friends of the Bombay Natural History

Society took place on the 19th February 1914, Lt-Col. W. EH. Jennings,

I.M.S., presiding.

The election of the following 21 members since the last meeting was an-

nounced :—Mr. H. EH, English, Bombay; Mr. G. W. Talbot, Bombay ; Com-

mander H. Kitson, R. N., East Indies Squadron; Mr. V. Wilcox,

Ireland; Mr. W Evans, Bombay; Mr. W. C. Shepherd, Toungoo, Burma ;

Miss A. Mac'lvaine, New Jersey; Mr. B. C. Rowlandson, Bombay; Major C.

Gregory, Ootacamund; Mrs. A. D. Barr, Jodhpur; Capt. A. L. M. Moles-

worth, Shillong; Miss Olivia da Cunha, Bombay; Mr. 8. A. H. Sitwell,

Bombay ; Lt. EK. A. W. Lake, Poona; Mr. W. G. Wooster, Monywa; Mr.

A. MacWill.am, Barisal, Eastern Bengal; Mr. A. B. Ritchie, Rangoon; Mr.

Herbert A. Eltoft, Bombay; Mr. G. H. White, Bombay; Mr. R. R. Oakley.

Ceylon; H. E. Lord Willingdon, G.C.I.E., Bombay.

ELECTION OF THE COMMITTEE,

The following gentlemen were elected as office-bearers for the present

year :—President, H. E. the Right Hon. Lord Willingdon, G.C.I.E.; Vice-

Presidents, Mr. J. D. Inverarity, B.A., LL.B., Revd. F. Dreckmann, S. J.,

and the Hon. Mr. Justice N. C. Macleod; Managing Committee :—Revd.

J. Assmuth, 8.J., Mr. T. Bainbrigg Fletcher, F.E.S., Mr, T. R. Bell, I.F.S.,

Mr. C. L. Burns, Mr. E. Comber, F.Z.8., Lt.-Col. G. H. Evans, C.1.E.,

F.L.S., Capt. W. H. Evans, R. E., Prof. G. A. Gammie, Mr. F. Hannyng-

ton, LC.S., Mr. G.S. Hardy, 1.C.S., Mr. N.B. Kinnear, Lt.-Col. K. R.

Kirtikar, I.M.S. (Retd.), Major W. G. Liston, C.I.E., I.M.S., Mr. J.

MeNeill, I.C.S., Mr. F. M. Mackwood, Dr. A. Powell, Mr. EK. L. Sale,

1.C.S., Mr. R. A. Spence, Major F. Wall, I.M.S., C.M.Z.S., Mr. John

Wallace, C.E.

Honorary Secretary, Mr. W. 8S. Millard, Honorary Treasurer, Mr. L. 8,

Savile.

822 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST, SOCIETY, Vol. B66 U1,

The Honorary Secretary acknowledged the following specimens since

the last meeting :—

Contribution. Locality. | Donor.

Skin of Striped Weasel (JZus-|Arrakan .. ..| Mr. W. S. Thom.

tela strigidorsa.)

4 Bird skins aha #5 ..|Kanara .. ..| Col. H. Delme Rad-

cliffe.

Herring Gull (Larus fuscus) ..|Karachi .. ..| Mr. T. M.S. Culbert-

son.

2 Woodsnipe (Gallinago nemo-|Tounggyi, Burma.| Mr. 8. St. Lightfoot.’

ricola), 1 Solitary Snipe (Gal- Se i

linago solitaria), 1 Pintail

Snipe (Gallinago stenura), 6

Snakes. Sad:

|Ringed Plover (Agialitis du-|Colaba, Bombay.| Mr. S. H. Prater.

bia)

Cobra (Nava tripudians) ..|Chin Hills ..| Capt. W. Massey.

Tibetan Wolf Skin (Canis laniger)|Chitral .. ..| Capt. H. F: Stirling.

Jackal skin (Canis indicus) ..| Hazaribagh ..| Major O. A. Smith.

Several Sea Snakes, Fish, Fos-|Persian Gulf ..| Capt. F.W.Townsend.

sils, Slides of Snails’ teeth.

Burmese Civet (Viverra megas-|Tounggyi, Burma.| Mr. 8. St. Lightfoot.

pia).

Large Indian Civet (Viverra| Siam Sh ..| Mr. J. F. Keddie.

wibetha). ;

Skin and Skull of female Sam-|Duars .. «|| Mites Wie eiiielals

bar.

1 Smew (Mergus albellus) ..| Sind Riis ..|H. E. Lord Willing-

don.

1 Whisting Teal (variety— Den-| Markali, Assam.| Mr. E. P. Burke.

drocycna javanica),

65 Butterflies .. Various. ..| Mr. F. M. Mackwood.

1 Jungle Cat (Felis ¢ a finis) 2 Jhelum .. ..| Mr. H. Whistler.

Rooks (Corvus frugilegus), 1

Jackdaw (Colaeus monedula),

4 other Birds.

Minor contributions from Messrs. W. R. LeG. Jacob and H. M. Dwane.

THE ACCOUNTS FOR 19138.

Mr. L. H. Savile, the Honorary Treasurer, said in presenting the

accounts for the year ending 3lst December 1913:—The opening balance

at the beginning of the year was Rs. 3,120-6-0, the closing balauce being

Rs. 2,198-3-10 showing a deficit on the year’s working of Ks. 922-2-2. .

The expenditure during the year amounted to Rs. 36,684, which is

Rs. 755 less than last year. The receipts however only amounted to

Rs. 35,768, which is Rs. 1,256 less than 1912.

The total amount received by subscription, including arrears and those

paid in advance for 1914 and 1915, amounted to Rs. 24,142. The subscrip-

tions paid for the present year, including those paid in 1912, (and allowing,

say Ks. 1,000 still to come in) amounts to Rs. 24,040, which gives the

PROCEEDINGS. 823

number of subscribing members at, say, 1,600, besides which we have 1C6

Life Members.

The number of new members who joined during 1913 was 143 as against

195 in 1912, which is a serious falling off. |

The cost of printing and issuing the Journal during the current year

amounted to about Rs. 25,000, so that, as pointed out last year, the

subscription received from members does not cover the actual cost of the

Journal.

‘As pointed out earlier, the year’s working has shown an excess of

expenditure over income of close on Rs. 1,000; and unless our member-

ship can be further increased, the question of increased subscriptions

will have to be considered, as it is unlikely that the expenses can be

cut down without impairing the value of the work now being done by the

Society.

MAMMAL SURVEY FUND.

The opening balance of this fund was Rs. 15,517, while the closing

balance is Rs. 14,848, an excess of expenditure over receipts of Rs, 669.

During the year Rs. 25,344 was received in donations to which, adding

interest on money invested, made the total receipts for the year amount to

Rs. 25,934. The expenditure during the year amounted to Rs. 26,603

which is nearly double that of last year, but we have now three

Collectors at work on this Survey, namely, Mr. C. A. Crump, Mr. G. C.

Shortridge and Major H. W. Mayor, working in India, Burma and Ceylon,

and | think the reports that have appeared from time to time in the

Journal, giving an account of the work accomplished, fully justifies this

expenditure and it is hoped that suflicient further donations will be

forthcoming to enable the Society to complete this important under-

taking.

THE MAMMAL SURVEY.

Mr. Crump is collecting near Philibhit, U. P. on the 8. W. border of

Nepal and is shortly proceeding to Behar and Orissa and Bengal.

Mr. Shortridge is doing well in Lower Tenasserim, and the first batch of

his specimens will be arriving shortly.

Major Mayor is now in the hilly parts of Ceylon completing the Survey

of this Island.

As regards finances, a very welcome contribution has been received from

the Bombay Government in the shape of a grant of Rs. 10,000 towards the

Survey and Rs. 2,500 has just been received for the same object from the

Central Provinces Government.

EXHIBITS.

The Superintendent of the Victoria Gardens exhibited specimens of the

following flowering trees:—Erythrina herbacea, Erythrina parecelli, Gliricidia

maculata, Bauhinia heterophylla, Miuliettia microstachya and Ceasalpinia

mexicana.

PAPER READ.

Some field notes on a collecting trip for Termites ate Ants) in Behar

and Orissa was read by the Rev. J. Assmuth, 8. J.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBE R—Ccontd.)

MISCELILANEOUS NotTES—contd.

IV.—Female Elephant giving birth to three young. By

DD Be. MVC save Sore mooie tated aye eeepc mera

V.—Red Serow in Upper Chindwin. By J.M, D. Mac-

Ssemzie’y ext fe lalaciyh keke Reihche dele ey oe Bik aes

VI.—Large Markhor from Baltistan (With a text-figure).

By Capt: We iM: Wogam Elome: fact cs ee nee oe

VII.—How Wild Boars fight. By Vicomte Edmond de

IPOMEIIB (FSi eis vise eile walsh ae a gele te fee a eee

VIIT.—Notes on the weights of animals. By G.°C. Short-

Tah 0 KOC Paice ne Peek i Ay Me AR ONC a NG A 8 ks 6.

IX.—Crested Black Tit in the Plains. By Lt.-Col. H. A. F.

DVD PADI para ers a. to, 3 ohare sie aoe? greg gee ac ete

X.—Sylviparus modestus, the Yellow-browed Tit, in Sehore.

A correction. By Capt. C. H. T. Whitehead

XI.—The Grey-headed Flycatcher (Culicicapa ceylonensis).

By) Huch Wiistleret. 2.0.0, oe. 94-: ee oeaeee ee eee

XII.—Rock Thrush (Monticola saxatilis) in Hazara. By

fuel: Wihistler 0) Ghee cacl-co era: ateriette Meare ene

XIII.—Occurrence of the White-browed Bush-Robiu (Lanthia

indica) in the North-West Himalayas. By P. T. L.

Dodsworthjon.z:s., MeeiO.Uecn ee oie ee ee eee

XIV.—The Breeding Habits of the Brown-hacked Indian

Robin (Thamnobia cambaiensis) in the jungles of the

CUP! By C. Re S wie rhimame ee oe) ee eee

XV.—Nesting of Anthus similis (the Brown-Rock Pipit).

By.P. T. L. Dodsworth, F.z.s., M.BoU. ......

XVI.—Nesting of Hodgson’s Hawk Eagle (Spizaetus nepa-

lensis.) By P.T.L. Dodsworth, F.z.s., M.B.0.U.

XVII.—Plumage of the Nestlings of (2) the Kokla Green

Pigeon (Sphenocercus sphenurus) and (22) the Bearded

Vulture or Lammergeyer (Gypetus barbatus). By

IPT. LL. Dedsworth)Wn.zis., M6B.O.U. | 24/4 eeater

XVIII.—tThe Habits of the Painted Spur-foul (Galloperdix

lunglata).. ByiC washes tial) eo ihe lei ese

XIX.—Notes on the Game Birds of the Basti District, U. P.

1h MeL em OO Ie Chesy Agog cldimocc oan add coc ac

XX.—The Small Indian Pratincole (Glareola lactea). By

Ebuieth SWIM SHIGE 912 aitersve secveyePotstets eutt> skeg tee Rte terames

XXI.—Swinhoe’s Snipe (G. megala) in Burma, By C. Gwyer,

PAWS... Fictawaite als Misha aread wks Meta epiatey hedeaele Ea ane ner at

XXII.—Solitary Snipe at Quetta. By B. L. Clarke........

PAGE

789

790°

790

793

794 ©

794

795

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER —(coneld.,

PAGE

MIscELLANEOUS NotEes—coneld,

XXIII.—A note on the Sub-species of the Spot-bill Duck

(Anas pecilorhyncha). By EH. Stuart Baker, F.z.s.

BALES. Mc BLOuUi dee atialrirccals Garon aayerel a thasubes ae 805

XXIV.—Breeding of the Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta angus-

tirostris) in Baluchistan. By A.B. Aitken ...... 807.

XXV.—Occurrence of the Smew (Mergus albellus) in the Upper

Chindwin. By Cyril Hopwood, 1.F.8..........04 808

XXVI.—The Common and Sind Kraits (Bungarus ceruleus and

sindanus). A correction. By Major F. Wall, 1.m.s.,

GENES NM OS Ne cede caa hes 3 anc d hae, Sedehatia defer! dielyl a ee ybaae 808

XX VII.—Snake-charmer’s Performance. By Capt.A.G.Frere. 808

XXVITI.—Food of Trout (Salmo fario) in Kashmir. By F. J.

Mpc cle ee rere ccteaieccteratdis Wiel etovele ss verses GR sifietu sale 809

XXIX.—Periods of flight of certain Butterflies. By H. D.

Heme epete mbes: esha cepa alt at pisvese! chan is a alearincdio, | Motels diets 809

XXX.—Oppelie tenuilobate (?) in Cutch. By J. H. Smith .. 812

XXXI.— Holcostephanus ? in Cutch. By J. H. Smith........ _ 8138

XXXII.—Stray notes on old Indian Natural History and

Sporting Periodicals. By J.D. Inverarity ..... eo B14

PRocEEDINGS of the Meetings held on 6th November 1913,

12th January and 19th February 1914.........- 817

nnn cscs eee esse sess ee nen cece esas eee nena ESET

Printed by H. G, Pearson for the Proprietors of the Times Press, Bombay; and

ublished by W. S, Millard for the Bombay Natural History Society.

oa No: Ler Aa

re re,

THE cat sleuke T ae

OF THE

~Boupay Natvrat History Socrery.

EDITED BY

w.sS. MILLARD,

R. A. SPENCE and N. B. KINNEAR.

VOL. 2 axxit, NO. 5.

Containing Title Page ; Contents of Vol. XXII ; Alphabetical List

of Contributors; List of Plates; Index of Illustrations ;

Errata: and Addenda; List of Office-Bearers; List of

Members ; Statement of Accounts for 1912-13; New

Generic terms proposed in the present Volume

(XXII) ; and Index of Species.

Date of publication, 10th July 1914.

Price to Non-Members ... Sealey ai, --- fs. 4-8.

PRINTED AT THE TIMES PRESS, BOMBAY.

NOTICE TO THE BINDER.

The contents of this Number should be arranged in the follow-

ing order, when Volume XXII is being bound :—

Title Page, °° +. Sea saeertod ciate

Contents of Vol. XXII 4

Wir shen ry

| WN2te eo et i. rd,

List of Plates ... ae Sh follow the canine in

this order.

List of Contributors

List of Illustrations

Errata and Addenda ...

List of Office-Bearers ...

List of Members

Accounts for 1912 and 1913 ... eat ond Gn. ha Wiolame

in this order.

New Generic terms proposed i in

the present Volume (XXII)...

eee eee) ———————

Index of Species

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

WO LUO MWE Sesser.

PAGE

ApaM, J. B. Mexcer, F.C.H.,

LE.S.; Size of Barihus gut-

tatus ..

Apamson, J. W.; Tsaing (/i-

bos sondaicus) found with

Village Cattle. (With a

Text-fiy.)

AITKEN, A. B.; Breeding of

the Marbled Teal (Marma-

ronetta angustirostris) in Ba-

luchistan

Avusar, T. V. RAMKRISHNA;

On the Life History of Cop-

tosoma cribraria, Fabr. (With

a Plate)

a Phasmid.

AssmutH, J., S.J.; Wood-

Destroying White Ants of the

Bombay Presidency. (With

4 Plates) a

(With a Plate)

Baitzy, Captain F, M.; Some

Notes

Birds

Tibet ..

on Mammals and

in South-Eastern

Baker, HE. C. Stuart, F.L.S.,

AGS ss, 1) MB OL ses hie

Game Birds of India, Burma

and Ceylon. Part IX. (With

Pigte EX) soles Partin ox

(With Plate X) 219; Part

XI. (With Plate XI) 427;

Part XII. (With Plate

XII.)

405

190

807

412

641

366

653

Baker H.C, Srvuart, F.L.S.,

F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.; A Note on

the Sub-Species of the Spot-

bill Duck (Anas pecilorhyncha)

Bamper, Colonel C. J., F.L.S.,

I. M. §.; Plants of the

Punjab. A Brief Descrip-

tive Key to the Flora of the

Punjab, North-West Fron-

tier Province and ashmir.

Parte. WS) Bart) XEr:

Berapon, C.; Mimicry in Silk-

worm Moths.

Brit, C. N., I. C. 8.; Duck in

Burma ae

Bran TAR ye. aor bbe

Common Butterflies of the

Plains of India (including

those met with in the Hill

Stations of the Bombay

Presidency). Part XIII.

(With a Text-fig.)

pa ayes pans ; Part

X,14 (With 5 Text-figs’)

320; Part XV. (With

Plates K and L, and two Text-

7igs.)

BrtHett, Capt. Leonarp, 10th

G. R.; Grey Quail (Coturnix

communis) at Sea :

Biees, Colonel H. V.;

Oorial Heads. -

Biatter, H., 8.J.; The Palms

of British India and Ceylon,

Indigenous and Introduced.

Part VIII. (With Plates

Large

805

517

AL-XEIVIII and Text-figs.

28-31); Part IX. (With Plates

ALIX-LVI and Text-fig. 29)

444; Part X. (With Plates

LVI-LXTWI and Text-fig.

30)

Bompay Natura History

Socrety’s Mammat SuRVEY

oF Inpi4 ; Scientific Results.

Til. By R.C. Wroughton,

F.Z.S. and Kathleen V. Ry-

ley, 18; IV. By Oldfield

Thomas, F.R.S. and Kath-

leen V. Ryley, 242; V. 434

and VI. 658. By Kathleen

V. Ryley

Reports No, 6 (Kanara), No.

7 (Central Provinces), and

No. 8 (Vijayanagar, Bellary).

By R. C. Wroughton, F.Z.S.,

and Kathleen V. Ryley, 29;

No. 9 (Mysore) (With one

Plate) 283; No. 10 (Kathia-

war) and No. 11 (Coorg) 464;

No. 12 (Palanpur and Mount

Abu), No. 13 (S. Ceylon) and

No. 14 (S. Shan States,

Burma). By Kathleen V.

Ryley.. tn

Progress of —385, 616 (With

a Map)

Branper, A. A. DunsBar.

Photograph of a Wild Gaur

(Bibos guarus). (With a

Text-fig.)

Broox-Fox, E.; Boldness of

Panthers.

; Chinkara

suffering fromGuinea-worm.

Pages

“I

(6)

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE.

Broox-Fox, E.; Voracity of

Vultures in the Gir Forest.

CaDELL, PB. Re LCiSe Vora

city of a Python (Python

molurus) ab '

CuipBer, H. M.; Congenital

abnormality in the bones

of the Bull Frog (Rana

tigrina). (With a Text-fig.).

; On the Leaf-

fall of the Indian Willow.

(Salva tetrasperma, Roxb.)

(With a Text-ig.)

; On Varia-

tions in the of the

leaves of Calotropis gigan-

tia, R. Br.

size

CHRISTOPHER, SYDNEY A., and

Macxenziz, Capt. Lovis H.

L., I. M.8.; Recovery of

Animals from Injuries. ..

CraRKzE, B. L.; Solitary Snipe

at Quetta. .. Fhe ae

Coney, A.; Flying pa

and welnute. ;

Coox, J. P.; A list of Kalaw

Birds, with Buird-Nesting

Notes. +n

Cotron, W. B., I.C.8.; Notes

on the Game Birds of the

Basti District, U. P.

Cory, C. P.; The Habits of the

Solitary Wasp (Sceliphron

intrudens). : A

CRUICKSHANK, Capt. A., 32nd

Punjabis ; Common Cuckoo

(Cuculus canorus) laying in

the nest of the Plumbeous

Redstart (Rhyacornis fuligi-

MOSUS) . . me f,.

395

204

206

208

192

805

191

260

648

a <n oe

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS, ST

PAGE PAGE

D’Asrev, EH. A., F.Z.8.; Effect Dopswortn, P. T.8., F. Z.S.,

of a Bite from Schneider’s M.B.O, U., On the Habits of

Water Snake (Hypsirhina the Rock Lizard (Agama

endhydris) Me oy a aes tuberculata) .. $e .. 404

——_————; The SS

Occurrence of the Himala- The Himalayan Wood- Owl

yan Yellow-Backed Sun- (Synium nivicola, Hodgs.)

Bird (4thopyga scherie) in (With a Text-fig.) .. .. 626

the Central Provinces and —_ —_ —_— ——_—_—___—__ ;

the extension of its habitat. 392 Some further Notes on the

—_—— ; Occur- nesting and plumage of the

rence of the Snake Psam- Shahin Falcon (Falco peri-

mophis longifrons at Nagpur. 634 grinator, Vel.) and The Black-

a RRO RET YS cap Falcon (Falco articeps) 629

Occurrence of the Slender = a a ED

Coral Snake ( Callophis trima- Notes on some Mammals

culatus) at Nagpur, Central found in the Simla District,

Provinces .. i ue BLL The Simla Hill States and

Dermz-Rapcutrre, TieCol: Kalka and adjacent Coun-

H., R.W.F., F.Z.S.; Taking try. (With a Text-fig.).. 726

of the nest of the Cinereous TqCRRGLA: Ge ke coe mee ae

Vulture ae, he: OA Occurrence of the White-

Dz Poncins, Vicomts Epon; browed Bush-Robin (Lanthia

How Wild Boars fight .. 791 indica, Vieill) in the North-

Dovsworts, P.T.L., F.Z.S., Wiese es Ayes ca) (eile

M.B.O.U.; Occurrence of the SS;

Red-tailed Chat (Sazicola Nesting of <Anthus sinuiis,

chrysopygia, De Filippi) in Jerdon (the Brown-Rock

the vicinity of Simla sop US Pipit).. OF: As ri She)

>, EE ; ert Foe DS OES LS adh ch

Some Notes on the nesting Nesting of Hodgson’s Hawk

and plumage of the Shahin Eagle (Spizetus nepalensis,

Falcon (Falco peregrinator, Hodgs.) bi si a5) sil

Vel. and The Black-cap a ee

Falcon (Falco atriceps). .. 197 Plumage of the Nestlings

a SS SS of (2) the Kokla Green

Eggs of the Malay Bagle Pigeon (Sphenocercus sphenu-

Owl (Huhua orientalis rus, WVigors) and (2%) the

Horsf.) ie 38 ee oon Bearded Vulture or Lam-

oes Sa Se mergeyer, (Gypetus barbatus,

Occurrence of the Emerald Linneus) . e -» 800

Dove (Chaleophaps indica, Epitors, The; Vitality of a

Linn.) in Simla District ., 398 Tiger. (Witha Text-fig.) .. 188

XxX

Epirors, The; The New Wild

PAGE

Birds and Animals Act 205

Epwarps, Capt. H., 29th Pun-

jabis; Remarkable Variety of

an Astor Markhor (Capra

falconeri). (With a Text-fig.) 623

Kyans, Capt. W. H., R.E.;

Notes on Indian Butter-

flies 2 oll

Fayrer, Major F. D. 8,

I.M.8.; Large Sambar Head.

(With a Plate) 391

FLETCHER, T. BAINBRIDGE,

F, E.S., Ant-Mimicry by a

Formicomus (Coleopt. Anthi-

cide) ..

Fooxs, Lt.-Col. H., I.M.8.;

Large swarms of Bees.

(With a Plate)

Fox, EH. Broox, see Broox-

Fox, E. af Ac so

FRERE, Capt. A. G. ; Snake-

charmer’s Performance

Guosu, C. C.; Life-History of

Helicomitus dicax, Walk.

(With a Plate)

Granam, R. J. D., M.A,

B.Sc.; Notes on a Collecting

Tour at Ramtek, C. P.

Gwver, C., I.F.S.; Swinhoe’s

Snipe (G. megala) in Burma,

Havuxwett, T.A.; Possible

occurrence of a Black Tiger

(Felis tigris) .. 4

Hiecins J.C., 1.C.8.; Baer’s

Pochard (Wyroca baert), and

other rare Ducks in Manipur

State..

Hieerns, J.C., 1.C.8.; Wood-

Duck (Asarcornis scutulata)

in Manipur ..

414

808

643

237

804

788

398

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Hineston, R. W.G., I.M.8.; A

Study of Emotional Expres-

sion in Felis pardus. (With

Plates A and B) me Br

Homg, Capt. W. M. Logan;

Large Markhor from Baltis-

tan. (With a Text-fig.)

Horwoop, Cyrrit, I.F.8.; Oc-

currence of the Smew

(Mergus albellus) .in the

Upper Chindwin of

Houmeren, Nits (Stockholm);

Termites from British India

(near Bombay, in Gujerat

and Bangalore), collected by

J. Assmuth, S.J. (With

Plates HE, F, G) a

Howrit, G. C, li, 1.C.8.,

F.Z.8.; Migration of Full

Snipe..

Recent observations on the

Murral (Ophiocephalus stria-

tus) s

Ineuis, C.M.; The Indian

Pangelin (Manis crassicau-

data) in the Darbhanga

District. 5 ae

; The Pale-Brown

Shrike (Lantus tsabellinus) in

the Darbhanga District

—_—_- ; The Forest

Wagtail (Limonidromus in-

dicus) in the Darbhanga

District, Tirhoot. 5

—— sree Oil om Or

the Indian Courser (Cuzsor?-

us coromandelicus) in the

Darbhanga District. oe

Inveranity, J. D.; Stray

Notes on old Indian Natural

History and Sporting Per-

iodicals.

PAGE

230

790

808

101

398

405

624

631

814

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

XXili

PacE Pact

Kersuaw, J. C.; Life History Maoceratu, Lieut.-Col. H. A.

of EKumastax, Sp. (With a F,; Crested Black Tit in the

Plate)... .» 416 Plains A he .. 94

Krys, Major W. W., 1.M.S.; Martin, 8S. J.; Record

Number of Caudal Vertebree Cheetal (Avis avis) Head. 622

in Panthers’ (Felis pardus) == ;Banded

Tail .. 189 Krait (Bungarus fasciatus) in

Oudh. Ly eis

Kinnear, N, B.; Rock Thrush m ae

Ee i hore 197 Meyrick, H., B.A., F.R.S.,

F.Z.8.; Descriptions of

ye a INuaeeies Indian Micro-Lepidoptera.

(Calidris arenaria) in Lower Part XVI, 160; Part XVII. 771

Burma. 200 Mircuett, F. J.; Food of

; Lesser Flo- Trout (Salmo fario) in Kash-

rican (Sypheotis aurita) in the mir 809

Konkan 202 | Montcomzry, HE. A.; Hedge-

4d : The Brown hogs in Gujarat sae 620

Palma: Civet Ft aa eaerin Osmaston, A. E., I. F.S. The

Ranara 390 Birds of Gorakhpur 532

“Mistle O’Donet, H. V.; Lesser Flori-

i ' can (Sypheotis aurita) in

Th L «» 392

Base ean Lahore ° Bhutan, Duars 201

———__—1__-—__——_; Great Snipe ———_— —_— —_ —_ — ;

India aie Oo ed Shortwing , o- OO

——_—— ;Banded Pritz, Major A. J., R.A.; The

Krait (Bungarus fasciatus) in Teeth of Snails (With a Plate

Hyderabad State .. 635 and 15 Text-figs.) 271

Macriz, D. F.; Female Ele- en SL = bh oat

phant giving birth to three et es on, tere ibe pagar a

common Butterflies, etc. .. 410

young : a aso 4

. v Ts ;

ee = et pee a zoo | Periods of Flight of certain

Te ae Butterflies paket, S09

Macxenziz, Capt. Louis H. L. Prrman, C. R. S., 27th Pun-

and UES LEI, SYDNEY jabis; Notes on the

fey Recovery of Animals from Drinking Habits of Wild

Injuries. 192 Animals and Birds .. 193

Maceratu, Lieut.-Con. H. A. F.; ae Ee Ta we aE TT Ess

A Fight between a Jackal The Colouration of the

(Canis indicus) and an Im- Eyes of the Domesticated

perial Eagle (Aquila helica) 189 Buffalo 390

XXiv

Pirman,([C. R.8., 27th Pun-

jabis; How Wild Boar

fight ..

— ——————————————— 5

Tiger taking off Carcase of

Sloth Bear (Melursus

ursinus) ae

;

Mouse Deer (Tragulus me-

minna) in the Central Pro-

vinces

The Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus)

in the Central Provinces

Malabar Pied

(Anthracoceros coronatus)

Bronze-winged Dove (Chal-

cophaps indica).

Late stay of Snipe (Gall-

nago celestis) in the Central

Provinces

;

Some facts about Russell’s

Karth Snake (£ryx conicus)

Kraits in the Dera Ismail

Khan District

The Contents of a Marsh

Crocodile’s (Crocodilus pal-

ustris) Stomach.

Marsh Crocodile (Crocodilus

palustris) killing a Panther

(Felis pardus).

Pace

391

619

626

630

631

636

641

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS,

Pirman, C.R.S., 27th Pun-

jabis; The Breeding Habits

of the Brown-Backed Indian

Robin( Thamnobia cambaiensis)

in the Jungles of theC. P...

The Habits of the Painted

Spur-Fowl (Galloperdix-

lunalata) a we

Pocock, R.I., F.R.S.; A Hy-

brid between a Lion and a

Panther. (With a Text-fig.)

—_—___—__——_-——;__ The

Serows, Gorals and Takins

of British India and the

Straits Settlements. (With

7 Plates) ae +0

Powertt, J. E.; Notes on the

Habits of. the small Indian

Mungoose (Mungos auro-

punctatus) ..

Prater, S. H.; Notes on

Wroughton’s Free-tailed

| Bat (Otomops wroughtont) ..

RapcuiFFE, Lt.-Col. H. Drtme,

see DxrtmMe-Rapcuiirre, H.

Reviews: “Indian Museum

Records,” “The Growth of

Groups in the Animal King-

dom”, 387; “ Lepidoptera

Indica ” and = “ Indian

Pigeons and Doves”

Rogpinson, H. C., C.M.ZS.,

M.B.O.U. ; Occurrence of the

Crab-Plover (Dromas ardeola)

in the Malay Peninsula..

Rytey, KatHiren V., see

Bompay Naturat History

Soctety’s Mamman SURVEY

oF InpIA.

PAGE

796

801

187

296

620

788

782

199

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE

menpewick, L. J. L.C:S.; A

third List of Mosses from

Western India

SHorrrinvgs, G. C.; Notes on

the Weights of Animals

Simcox, A. H. A., L.C.8.; The

Great Indian Bustard (Lupo-

dotis edwardst) a:

SuavEn, J.,1.C.8.; The Habits

of Ants. :

Smitu, J. H.; Notes on Cutch

Ammonites. II]. Keera

Hill (With 3 Diagrams) 209 ;

Notes of the Cutch Ammon-

ites. 1V. The Ler-Hemundra

Ellipse. (With 3 Diagrams) ..

; Cutch Ammon-

ite Beds an 30

—-; Mongoose vs.

Cobra

——— ; Oppelie tenuil-

obate (?) in Cutch

in Cutch

; Holcostephanus ?

Situ, Capt. J. Linpsay, 1A. ;

Common Grey Quail (Coturnix

communis) breeding in the

Lyallpur District

Soutu, Ricuarp, F.E.S.; A

List of Butterflies collected

by Captain F. M. Bailey in

Western China, South East-

ern Tibet, and the Mishmi

Hills, 1911 345,

Stewart, J.; Notes on the Nest-

ing of the Brown-necked

Spine-tailed Swift (Chetura

indica) and the White

Rumped Spine-tailed Swift,

(Chetura sylvatica) ..

Stons, F. H.S.; Some Fossils

in the Society’s Collection.

370

; An unusually

large Sea-snake (Distria

brugmanst), With additional

Note by Major F. Wait,

Tig [esiag) AO ly Zetex

; Fighting Fish

(Betta pugnaz) as

ive)

649 ; Notes on the

Flying Lizard (Draco macul-

atus) ..

Suter, M.F.; Florican (Sypheo-

tis aurita) in the Konkan ..

THEISSEN, F., S.J.; The Fungi

of India. Part Il. (With

Plates V—IX) : Ae

THomas, OtpFienp, F. R. 8.;

On a Remarkable New Free-

Tailed Bat from Southern

Bombay. (With a Plate and

a Text-fig.)

417

421

789

812

; Note on

the Genus Leggada ..

813

——; A New Soriculus

from the Mishmi Hills