I
THE
NAUTILUS
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. XVI.
MAY, 1902, to APRIL, 19O3.
PHILADELPHIA
Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON
INDEX
TO
THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XVI.
INDEX TO SUBJECTS AND SPECIES.
Acanthopleura granulata, habits of 138
Adaptation of mollusks to changed conditions . . . 112
Adeorbis picta T. Wood ==Chlorostoma fasciatura Born . 49
Alycseus harimensis var. sadoensis P. & H., n. var. . . 129
Alycaeus vinctus Pils., n. sp. . . . 53
Ampelita gonost}Tla Ancey, f. major . . 67
Ampelita robillardi Angas ... 67
Ancylus, surface sculpture in .... .85
Angitrema verrucosa at Lawrenceburg, Ind. . . 72
Anomia navicelloides Aldr. (PI. IV, f. 13, 14) . . 99
Arinia japonica Pils. & Hir., n. sp 136
Ashmunella, a new fossil ..... . 105
Ashmunella levettei (Bid.) . . .59
Ashmunella thompsoniana pecosensis Ckll., n. supsp. . . 105
Astele turbinata T. Wood = Chlorostoma scalare Anton . 49
Aurora Simpson, not Cossmann == Simpsonella Ckll.,n. n. . 118
Bulimini from Central Asia, two new . . . . .47
Buliminus albocostatus Ancey, n. sp. . . . . 48
Buliminus andersonianus var. echigoensis P. & H., n. var. . 130
Buliminus hiraseanus Pils., n. sp. . ... 56
Buliminus larvatus Ance}7, n. sp. ... .47
Buliminus luchuanus var. oshimanus Pils., n. var. . . 56
Bulimulus dealbatus parsonis Pils., n. subsp. . . 32
Bulimus carinatus Perry == Cantharidus peronii Phil. . 72
(Hi)
IV THE NAUTITUS.
Calycnlinae, some notes on the North American . . .89
Calyculina ferrissii Sterki, n. sp. . . . . . .91
Calyculina hotlgsonii Sterki, n. sp. . . . . .91
Campeloma milesii, on the specific validity of (Plate V) . 121
Cancellaria annosa Aldr. (PI. Ill, f. 2) . 98
Cancellavia bifoliata Aldr. (PL IV, f. 24) . . . .101
•Cantharidus peronii Phil. + Bulimns carinatus Perry, not
Brug . .72
Car\*ehium hachijoensis Pils., n. sp. . . . . . 57
Chama monroensis Aldr. n. sp. (PL IV, f. 15) . . . 100
Chloritis albolabris Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . .76
Chloritis bracteatus Pils., n. sp. . . . . . . 21
Chloritis echizenensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp. .... 116
Chloritis tosanus Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . . . 134
Chondropoma superbum Henderson & Simpson, n. sp. (fig.) 88
Chromodoris mcfarlandi Cockerell, n. sp. . . . .21
Chromodoris porterae Cockerell, n. sp. . . . .20
Chromodoris universitatus Cockerell n. sp. . . .19
Clausilia japonica var. okinshimaua Pils., n. var. . . 6
Clausilia rowlandi Pils. & Gulick, n. sp. . . . .69
Clavator balstoni Angas var.? herculea Ancey . . .68
Clavator humbloti Ancey, n. sp. . . 80
Clavilithes columbaris Aldr., n. sp. (PI. Ill, f. 7) . . 98
Cochlicopa lubrica var. hachijoensis Pils., n. var. . . 57
Conchological Section, Brooklyn Inst. of Arts and
Sciences 96, 119
Conus from tertiary of Florida, a new . . . .131
Conns nicholii Wilson a synonym of C. prometheus Hwass. 143
Conus waltonensis Aldr., n. sp. (fig.) ..... 131
Cooper, Dr. James G. . . . . . . . .73
Crassatellites from Brazil, a new ..... 101
Crassatellites brasiliensis Dall, n. sp. ..... 102
C3rclinella Dall, n. gen. ....... 44
•Cyclinella singleyi Dall, n. sp. . . . . . .44
Cyclostoma alayerianum Ancey, n. sp. . . .81
Cyclostoma carnicolor Ancey, n. sp. . . . . .HI
Cyprrea arabica var. atra Dautz . . . . . .141
Cyprsea argus var. concatenata Dautz . .... 141
Cyprsea argus var. minor Dautz ....:. 141
THE NAUTILUS. V
Cyprtea bregeriana var. barbara Kenyon . . . .24
Cypraea carneola var. propinqua Garrett . . . .141
Cyprsea carneola var. rubicola Kenyon . . . .24
Cypraea caurica var. pallida Dautz. ..... 141
Cypraea eglatina var. pallida Dautz. . . . . .141
Cypraea errones var. albida Dautz. . . . . .142
Cypraea errones var. pallida Dautz. ..... 142
Cypraea helvola var. borneensis Kenj'on . . . .24
Cypraea helvola var. timorensis Kenyon . . . .24
Cypraea histrio var. luctuosa Dautz. . . . . .141
Cypraea mappa var. viridis Kenyon . . . . .24
Cypraea miliaris var. diversa Kenyon . . . . .24
Cypraea nuculoides Aldrich, n. sp. (PL III, f. 4, 6) . 98
Cypraea poraria var. insignis Dautz. ..... 142
Cyprsea poraria var. vibex Kenyon . . . . .24
Cypraea talpa var. saturata Dautz. ..... 141
Cypraea tigris var. lineata Kenyon . . . . .23
Cypraea tigris var. rossiteri Dautz. ..... 142
Cypraea vitellus var. sub rostra ta Dautz. .... 142
Cypraea walkeri var. rossiteri Dautz. . . . . .142
Cypraea ziczac var. decolorata Dautz. . . . . 141
Cypraeidae de la Nouvelle-Caledonie Dautz . . . .142
Dalliella, Simpson not Cossmann, = Simpsonella CklL, n. n. 118
Diplodon websteri Simpson, n. sp. . . . .30
Diplommatina kobelti var. ampla Pils. . . . .57
Enteroxenos ostergreni, a new endo-parasitic Gastropod . 36
Epiphragtnophora circuracarinata and Pjraraidula elrodi . 62
Epiphragmophora exarata var. rubicunda Rowell, n. var. . 52
Erato oligostata Dall, n. sp. ...... 44
Ethalia tasmanica T. Wood -= Modulus modulus L. . . 49
Eulimidae, a new genus of Eocene . . . . .18
Eulota aperta var. mikuriyensis Pils., n. sp. 45
Eulota caviconus Pils. ....... 46
Eulota cavitectum Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . . . 134
Eulota despecta var. kikaiensis Pils., n. var. ... 4
Eulota hachijoensis Pils., n. sp. . . . . . .45
Eulota intonsa Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . .77
Eulota kinsiuensis var. oshimana Pils. & Hir.,n. var.. . 115
Eulota koliensis var. gotoensis Pils. & Hir., n. var. . .76
VI THE NAUTILUS.
Eulota mackensii var. formosa Pils., n. var. . . .46
Eulota minima Pils., n. sp. ....... 45
Eulota omiensis var. echizenensis Pils. & Hir., n. var. . 76
Eulota peliomphala var. septentrionalis Ehrm. . . .68
Eulota eadoensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . . . 115
Eulota submandarina var. compacta Pils. n. var. . . 46
Euplecta oxyacme Ancey, n. sp. . . . . . .64
Fissuridea infrequens Aldr., n. sp. (PI. Ill, f. 8, 9) . 98
Fossil land shells of the old forest bed of the Ohio River . 50
Ganesella eardiostoma var. kagaensis Pils. & Hir., n. var. . 116
Ganesella notoensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . .116
General Notes . . . 9, 58, 72, 84, 95, 106, 119, 143
Glyptostoma newberryanum var. depressum Bryant n. var. 70
Hainesia crocea Sowb. in Madagascar, not Mauritius . .81
Haliotis rufescens Swain., notes on . . . .84
Helicarion (?) dautzenbergianum Ancey, n. sp. . . .64
Helicina japonica and related forms ..... 130
Helicina japonica var. echigoensis Pils., n. var. . . . 131
Helicina sadoensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp. .... 128
Helicina tantilla Pils., n. sp 53
Helicophanta alayeriana Ancey, n. sp. . . . . . 66
Helix var. circumcarinata and Pyramidula elrodi . . 62
Hemiplecta oleata Ancey, n. sp. ...... 65
Hemiplecta profuga Ancey, n. sp. ..... 65
Heude, Prof. P 96
Hirasea acuta Pils., n. sp. . . . . . . .5
Hirasea diplomphalus var. latispira Pils., n. var. . . 47
Hirasea major Pils., n. sp 47
Hirasea profundispira, n. sp. . . . .47
Homonymous generic names . . . . . .118
Japanese Empire, notices of new land shells of the, 4, 21,45, 53,
68, 75, 114, 128, 134, 136
Kaliella gudei Pils. & Hir., n. sp. ..... 79
Kaliella hachijoensis Pils., n. sp. . . . . . .55
Kaliella hizenensis Pils., n. sp. . . . . . .7
Kaliella kugsensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp 79
Kaliella okiana Pils., n. sp. ....... 6
Kaliella pallida Pils., n. sp 55
Lampsilis blatchleyi Daniels, n. sp. (PI. II) . . .13
THE NAUTILUS. Vli
Latirus elaboratus Aldr., n. sp. (PI. Ill, f. 11, 12) . 99
Leg rand, William . . . . . . .60
Leucotaenius ellipticus Ancey, n. sp. . . . . . 67
Leucotaenius procteri Sowb. ...... 68
Lima agassizii Dall, n. sp. ....... 16
Lima excavata Fabr. . . . . . . . .16
Lima goliath Sowb. ....... 15, 16
Lima patagonica Dall., n. sp. ...... 16
Limas, notes on the giants . . . . . . .15
Limax maximus in Southern California .... 133
Limutea auricularia in America . . . . . .58
Limnoea, notes on ........ 97
Lower California, cruising and collecting off the coast of . 25
Lucina filosa Stimp. ........ 16
Macrochlamys humbloti Ancey, n. sp. . . . .66
Macrochlamys granosculpta Ancey, n. sp. . . . .65
Macrochlamys kagaensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . .78
Macrochlamys perfragilis var. shikokuensis Pils. & Hir., n.v. 129
Macrochlamys semisericata Pils., n. sp. . . . .54
Madagascar, contribution towards the knowledge of the
mollusca .......... 64
Mandarina mandarina var. conns Pils., n. var. ... 6
Mesoclon exoleta, reversed . . . . . . .119
Microcystina circumdata Pils., n. sp. . . . . .55
Microcystina higashiyamana Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . 129
Microcystina nuda Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . . .79
Microcystina yakuensis Pils., n. sp. ..... 6
Miodontiscus n. n. for Miodon Cpr., 1864, not Dumeril, 1859 143
Mollusca of the Chicago area . . . . . .33
Mollusca of the Mt. Mitchell region, N. C 107
Mollusks occurring in Southern California .... 133
Naiad from New Zealand, a new ...... 30
Neocorbicula fischeri, note on . . . . .82
New England marine collecting . . . -14, 119
Omphalina rugeli oxycoccus Vanatta, n. var. . . . 106
Ovula symmetrica Aid., n. sp. (PI. Ill, f. 10) . . . 99
Pearl, a large ......... 60
Pearl buttons manufactured from fresh-water mussels . . 70
Pecten subminutus Aldr., n. sp. (PL IV, f. 16, 17) . .100
Vlll THE NAUTILUS.
Pholas truncatus in Salem Harbor ..... 8
Physa compacta Pease from Hawaii . . . . .106
Physa gyrina Say . . . . . . . .17
Planorbis parvus Walkeri Vanatta, n. var. . . . .58
Pleurodonte anomala Pfr., P. atavus Sp. .... 1-3
Pleurodonte bronni Pfr., P. browneaua Pfr. . . . 1-4
Pleurodonte invalida Ads. ....... 1-3
Pleurodonte lindsleyana Chitty ...... 1-3
Pleurodonte okeniana Pfr. ....... 1-3
Pleurodonte pallescens Pfr., P. peracutissima Ads., P. pic-
turata Ads. ......... 1-4
Pleurodonte schroeteriana Pfr., P. simpson Pfr. . . . 1-4
Pleurodonte sinuata Mull., P. sinuosa Fer. .... 1-4
Pleurodonte sinuata group, notes on the distribution . . 1
Pleurodonte sloaneana Sh., P. soror Fer.. P. strangulata
Ads. .......... 1-4
Pleurodonte tridentina Fer. . . . . . 1, 2, 4
Pleurodonte valida Ads. . . . . . . .1,2
Pleurotoma (Drillia) caseyi Aldr., n. sp. (PI. Ill, f. 1, 2) . 97
Pleurotoma weldiana T. Wood = Drillia fucata Rve. . . 49
Polygyra alabamensis Pils. , n. sp. . . . . .30
Polygyra profunda, reversed . . . . . .119
Polygyra texasensis Pils., n. sp. . . . . . .31
Prime, Temple . . 138
Pruvotina Ckll., n. n., for the typical Paramenia Pruvot . 118
Ptereulima elegans Casey, n. gen. and sp. (fig.) . . .18
Publications received . . . .22, 33, 60, 107, 120, 139
Puncturn conspectum Bid. ....... 133
Punctum morseanum Pils., n. sp. 5
Pupisoma japonicum Pils., n. sp. . . . . .21
Pyramidula conica Pils. & Hir., n. sp. .... 77
Pyramidula elrodi and Helix var. circumcarinata . . 61
Pyramidula elrodi and Epiphragmophora circumcarinata, 62, 83
Pyramidula elrodi, notes on (illustrated) . . . 109, 144
Pyramidula pauper var. hachijoensis Pils., n. var. . . 56
Pyramidula strigosa concentrica in Colorado . . .106
Quadrula andrewsae Marsh, n. sp. (PI. I) . . . .8
Quadrula beauchampii Marsh, n. sp. (PI. I) ... 7
Quadrula trapezoides var. pentagonoides Frierson, n. v. , 39, 40
THE NAUTILUS. IX
Rissoa kelseyi Dall and Bartsch, n. sp. . . . .94
Rissoina bakeri Bartsch, n. sp. ...... 9
Semele werburtoni T. Wood == Codakia orbicularis L. . 49
Shell-bearing mollusca of Rhode Island . . . .16
Shells of Caihoun Falls, South Carolina . . . .125
Shells collected on Cliff Island, Casco Bay, Maine . . 119
Shells collected on San Martins Island, L. California, Mex. 40
Shell collecting on the Mississippi ..... 102
Shells collected in the Sacramento Mts., New Mexico . . 57
Shells from North Carolina, notes on some. . . . 106
Sitala latissima Pils., n. sp. ....... 56
Slugs as medicine ........ 84
Sonorella granulatissima Pils., n. sp. . . . . .32
Sphaerium deformis H. F. Carpenter . . . . .84
Sphyradium edentula Drap. in Eastern Asia . . .75
Tasmanian and West Indian Conchology, notes on .49
Tertiary mollusca from Alabama, Mississippi and Florida,
new 97
Tornatellina biplicata Pils., n. sp. . . . . .57
Trishoplita lischkeana var. hizenensis Pils. & Hir., n. var. . 135
Trishoplita mesogonia var. shikokuensis Pils. & Hir., n. var. 135
Tritonia palmeri Cooper, note on . . . . .117
Trivia atomaria Dall, n. sp. . . . . . . .43
Trivia panamensis Dall, n. sp. ...... 43
Unio from Tennessee, description of a new (Plate I) . .7
Unionidie in Texas and Louisiana, collecting . . .37
Unio popeii Lea, in New Mexico . . . . .69
Veronicella sloanei Cur., as medicine . . . . .84
Verticordia dalliana Aldr., n. sp. (PI. IV, f. 8) . . . 100
Verticordia quadrangularis Aldr., n. sp. (PI. IY, f. 22, 23) . 101
Verticoidia sotoensis Aldr., n. sp. (PL IV, f. 19-21) . . 100
Vertigo coloradensis and V. ingersolli . . . .58
Vitrea draparnaldi Beck in Washington, D. C. . . .94
Wetherby, Albert Gr. (portrait) 10
Zonitoides arboreus in Japan . . . . . .119
Zonitoides subarboreus Pils., n. sp. . . . .54
INDEX TO AUTHORS.
Aldrich, T. H. . . . . . .97,131
Ames, Frank H 9,96,119
Ancey, C. F. . . . . . . .47,64,80
Baker, Dr. F. ....... .40
Baker, Frank C. . ... .25, 102
Bartsch, Paul 9, 94
Billnps, A.C 50,72,112,119,125
Bryant, F. W. . .... 70
Carpenter, Horace F. . . . . . . . .17
Casey, Thos. L. . 18
Clapp, Geo. H 84
Cockerell, T. D. A. . . 19,69,95,105,107,117,118
Ball, Wm. H 15, 43, 82, 94, 101, 106, 143
Daniels, L. E 13
Elrod, Morton J. .... 109, 144
Frierson, Lorraine S. . . . . . . . .37
Gnlick, Addison ......... 68
Hamilton, S. H
Harper, Geo. W. . . . ... .10
Heclley, Charles 49, 60
Heraphill, Henry ........ 84
Henderson, J. B., Jr. ........ 88
Hirase, Y . 75, 114, 128, 134
Hodgson, C. S. . . 60
Jarvis, P. W. 1
Johnson, Charles W 23, 36, 139, 143
Marsh, Wm. A. . . . . . . . . .7
Morse, E. S. .... 8
Pilsbry, Henry A. . 4, 21, 30, 36, 45, 53, 58, 62, 68, 72, 114,
119, 128, 130, 134
Raymond, W. J. . . . . .73
(ad)
Xll THE NAUTILUS.
Roberts, S. Raymond . . . . . . . .138
Rowell, J . .12
Simpson, C. T 30,88
Soelner, G. W. H. .94
Stearns, R. E. C. . . 61, 83, 133
Sterki, V. 89
Vanatta, E. G . 57, 58, 106
Walker, Bryant 33, 85, 121
Weeks, Wm. H., Jr., ... . 119
Winkley, Henry W. . .14
ALBERT G. WETHERBY
THE NAUTILUS.
Vol.. XVI. MAY, 1902. No. 1.
NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLEURODONTE SINUATA GROUP
BY P. W. JAHVIS.
Jamaican Pleurodontae fall into two distinct groups: those that
have two teetli on the peristome, with P. acuta as type (see last
article), and the four-toothed species, with P. sinuata and peracu-
tissima as types.
The species of this second group are :
1. P. valida (Ads.). 11. P. picturata (Ads.).
2. P. strangulata (Ads.). 12. P. atavus (Sh.).
3. P. sinuosa (Fer.). 13. P. lindsleyana (Chitty).
4. P. siinpson (PtV.). 14. P. schroeteriana (Pfr.).
5. P. invalida (Ads.). 15. P. tridentina (Fer.).
6. P. anomala (Pfr.). 1(5. P. browneana (Pfr.).
7. P. pallescens (Sh.). 17. P. sinuata (Mull.).
8. P. bronni (Pfr.). 18. P. soror (Fer.).
9. P. sloaneana (Sh.). 19. P. peracutissima (Ads.).
10. P. okeneana (Pfr.). 20. P. cara (Ads.).
Pleurodonte valida (Ads.) (No. 1 in ma|>), John Crow Mountains,
in the extreme east of the island. This common woodland species
is very abundant in the north and eastern parts of this area.1
Pleurodonte strangulata (Ads.) (Area No. 2), not a common shell,
though rather widely distributed. The remarkable shape of the
aperture at once distinguishes it from its allies.
^Specimens of P. valida. were taken near Hope Bay by C. W. Johnson and
W. J. Fox, in 1891.
THE NAUTILUS.
THE NAUTILUS. 3
Pieurodonte sinuosa (Per.) (Area No. 3). Common on the moun-
tains in the eastern half of the island ; often found from 2,000 to
3,000 feet above sea level.
Plenrodonte simpson (Pfr.) (Area No. 4). If this is not a good
species, it is the small globose local form of H. sinuata found in the
Richmond Valley district, where it abounds to the exclusion of the
other forms of sinuata.
Pleurodonte invalida (Ads.) (Area No. 5) is limited to the low-
lands of St. Catherine and common all over this district, even in the
wooded swamps near the sea. It is found in company with the var.
sublucerna of acuta, and possibly is a diminutive or lowland variety
of H. sinuata.
Pleurodonte anomala (Pfr.) (Area No. 6) is a very remarkable and
readily distinguished species, limited to the Manchester district.
The var. convexa of Adams occurs at Balaclava.
Pleurodonte pallescens (Sh.) (Area 7) is limited to the cock-pit
country, and very common in the " sink-holes" at Mulgrave, in St.
Elizabeth.
Pleurodonte bronni (Pfr.) (Area 8) is not a common shell, being
limited to a few miles of the coast hills on the north side of the island,
near Rio Bueno and St. Ann's Bay.
Pleurodonte sloaneana (Sh.) and P. okeniana (Pfr.) (Area 9) are
both distributed throughout this area. P. sloaneana is very common
and found living everywhere, whilst P. okeniana (the larger of the
two species) is represented by dead shells alone in the southern and
eastern parts of this area, and at present only found living at Han-
over.
Pleurodonte picturata (Ads.) (Areas 7, 9, 10, 11, 12). This ex-
tremely pretty shell spreads from the- cock-pit country through St.
James, Hanover, Westmoreland and the western parts of St. Eliza-
beth. The var. A. of Adams with the more elevated spire and
closed umbilicus, occurs in the western parts of Westmoreland and
common near Negril.
Pleurodonte atavus (Sh.) (Area 11) is very local, limited to low
coast hills lying west of Little London in Westmoreland, where it is
far from abundant. The arrangement of the teeth on the peristome
and general build of the shell at once distinguish it.
Pleurodonte lindsleyana (Chitty) (Area 11). A few poor speci-
mens of this shell come from the same locality as P. atavus. This
4 THE NAUTILUS.
is also Ciiitty's type locality where he obtained a few good
specimens.
Pleurodonte scliroeteriana (Pfr.) (Area 12). This species abounds
in the wood of the western part of Westmoreland, it occurs much
less commonly in the other parts of this area.
Plenrodonte tridentina (Fer.) and P. browiieana (Area 12) are
found in the woods on the northern parts of this area, at a higher
elevation than P. schroeteriana. These two species are allied to P.
schroeteriana, and if not good species, the types are very highly dif-
ferentiated varieties. These shells are also subject to considerable
individual variation.
Pleurodonte sinuata (Mull.) is the only species of this group which
is found almost all over the island. Slightly specialized local forms
do occur, but it is remarkable that a shell so widely distributed and
so abundant should be so constant.
Pleurodonte soror (Fer.) (Area 9). This shell occurs in the
Parish of Hanover and the bordering mountains of Westmoreland.
Pleurodonte peraculissinia (Ads.). This shell is generally dis-
tributed over the higher regions of Manchester, Clarendon, St. Ann,
Trelawny and St. Elizabeth. In spite of this species being so
widely distributed and varying very much in size, and other minor
characters, there is little doubt as to the extreme varieties belonging
to the same species. Several localities have their typical varieties
of this species.
Pleurodonte caret (Ads.) inhabits the western part of the Island
(the part shaded on the map), and a few stragglers have been found
in the mountains on the north of Manchester and St. Elizabeth.
There are two very distinct varieties of this shell, the type with the
" very thick, strong lip" from St. James and Hanover, and the com-
mon and more widely distributed variety which is of a much lighter
build and with thinner lip.
NOTICES OF NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
BY H. A. 1MLSBRY.
Kulota de.specta var. kikaiensis n. var.
Smaller and more solid than despecta, pink-tinted, at least near
the aperture; the cuticle thin or wanting, hardly yellowish. Inner
THE NAUTILUS.
border of the lip more or less thickened, pink or lilac colored, the
throat paler. Whorls 5 to 5^.
Alt. 17, diam. 19 mm.
Alt. 15 to 15^, diam. 17 mm.
Kikaiga-shima, Oshima group, Osumi.
The fossil specimens from Kikaiga-shima belong to the larger
typical form, which also still exists in the living fauna of the island,
practically indistinguishable from the Okinawa shells, and showing
the same color variations, from brownish-pink to a whitish straw tint.
) .
Punctnm morseannm n. sp.
Shell umbilicate, depressed, convex, low conic above, convex be-
neath, thin, brownish-corneous. Surface slightly shining, nearly
smooth, but there are a few irregular and low thread-like striae of
growth. Whorls 3^. convex, separated by a well-impressed suture,
the last whorl rounded at the periphery, convex beneath. Aperture
oblique, rounded, somewhat less than one-fourth of the circle excised
at the parietal wall. Peristome simple and thin, the columellar
margin dilated. Width of the umbilicus one-sixth the diameter of
the shell. Alt. 0.73, diam. 1.9 mm.
Hirado, Hizen, in western Kyushu. Types no. 83024 A. N. S. P.,
from no. 5535 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species is much larger than P. japonicum Pils. It differs
from P. amblygona (Reinh.) and its variety pretiosum (Gude) in the
rounded periphery and smoother surface. P. leptum (Westerl.), de-
scribed from Nagasaki, which is not known to me by specimens, is
apparently different in its sculpture of delicate, crowded, cuticular
lamella;, and in tiie obtuse angulation of the last whorl.
Prof. E. S. Morse informs me that he has demonstrated the exist-
ence of the genus Punctnm in Japan by examination of the jaw.
The species he worked on has not been determined, but it may not
unlikely prove to be amblygona Reinh., as that occurs in the region
of Tokyo. The described Japanese species mentioned above I have
referred to Punctum from their shell-characters only. All of them
are extremely small.
Hirasea acuta n. sp. Shell solid, biconvex, acutely carinate at
the periphery, densely and finely striate above, and decussated with
fine spirals below; brown, paler or whitish around the perforation ;
whorls slightly over 4, flat, the last deflexed in front, contracted at
6 THE NAUTILUS.
the month. Aperture small, acutely angular at the position of the
keel ; basal lip strengthened within by a strong, white, callous rib.
Alt. 1^, diam. 3^ mm.
Imotoshima, Ogasawara (Mr. Y. Hirase).
Not quite so depressed as the slightly larger H. acutissima, and
beautifully decussated beneath.
Mandarina mandarina var. conus n. var. Shell much elevated,
the spire pyramidal, with obtuse apex. Nearly black brown, 2 or 3
early whorls reddish ; sometimes with a pale patch at the middle
of the base. Alt. 21, diam. 22 mm.
Imotoshima, Ogasawara (Mr. Hirase, no. 896).
Clausilia japonica var. okinoslrimana, n. var. Larger than japon-
ica, coarsely fold-striate, with fine spiral striae visible in most of the
interstices; whorls 11^. Dark purplish-brown, with a yellowish
border under the sutures on the middle whorls. Aperture, lamella}
and plicae as in C. japonica. Length 31-34, diam. 7-8 mm.
Okinoahima, Tosa. Types no. 80846 coll. A. N. S. P., from no.
585 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Distinguished by its large size, dark color and strongly developed
sculpture. It is not, however, different from japonica in any im-
portant structural feature.
Microcystina yakuensis n. sp.
Shell imperforate. depressed, biconvex, thin, somewhat trans-
lucent, pale yellow, glossy and smooth. Spire low conoidal, com-
posed of 4^ convex, slowly increasing whorls separated by a well
impressed suture. Last whorl rounded peripherally, convex beneath,
impressed at the axis. Aperture lunate ; peristome thin and fragile ;
columellar margin reflexed, somewhat thickened. Alt. 1.2, diam.
2.3 mm.
Yaku-shima. Types no. 83035, A. N. S. P., from no. 900 of Mr.
Hirase's collection.
This species is a miniature of " Macrochlamys " tanegashimce, of
Tanega-shima and Satsuma.
Kaliella Okiana n. sp.
Shell subperforate, conic-depressed, thin, brownish, somewhat
glossy, the upper surface slightly striatulate, base whorl glossy.
Spirally striate. Spire conic, composed of 5 convex whorls, the
last slightly angular in front, becoming rounded. Aperture lunate,
TilK NAUTILUS. 7
the lip single and thin, columellar margin suddenly dilated and
reflexed at the axial insertion, a little thickened. Alt. 2.1, diatn.
2.7 mm.
Hirado, Hizen. Types no. 82969 A. N. S. P., from no. 891 of Mr-
Hirase's collection. Named for Mr. Oki, Mr. Hirase's correspond-
ent in Hirado.
Kaliella hizenensis n. sp.
Shell minute, imperforate, depressed-conic, thin, yellowish, some-
what transparent. Surface sculptured with excessively minute,
densely crowded radial stria? above, nearly smooth beneath. Spire
low-conic, composed of slightly more than 4 very convex, slowly in-
creasing whorls, the last rounded at the periphery, convex beneath,
impressed at the axis. Aperture oblique, rounded-lunate, the peri-
stome thin and simple, dilated and reflexed at the columellar inser-
tion. Alt. 1.4, diam. 1.9 mm.
Hirado, Hizen. Types no. 82970. A. N. S. P., from no. 892 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
This very small species, of which 10 specimens were sent, is some-
what like K. pagoduloides, but more depressed and not so large.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW UNIO FROM TENNESSEE.
BY WM. A. MARSH, ALEDO, MERCEK CO., ILLINOIS.
•Qiiadrula Beauchampii n. sp. PI. I, lower two figs.
Shell subtriangular, inflated over the umbones and beaks; shell
very thick and solid, thicker before, beaks solid, raised and incurved,
inequilateral, rounded before, obtusely angular behind, ligament
short, thick, light brown, epidermis yellowish-brown, growth lines
close and very prominent, almost sulcate. Shell compressed at the
base, slightly flattened on the sides, umbonial slope rounded, poster-
ior slope rather wide, with a dark impressed line from beaks to basal
margin. Beak sculpture unknown. Cardinal teeth heavy and
solid, rather compressed, corrugate and sulcate, lateral teeth short,
thick and slightly curved. Anterior cicatrices small and deep,
posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed, shell cavity wide,
cavity of beaks deep and obtusely angular, nacre white. Dimen-
sions of an adult specimen: diam. 1.4, length 2.2, breadth 2.3 inches.
THE NAUTILUS.
Hab.: Little Tennessee, River, Tenn., Wm. U. Beauchamp, and*
Holston River, Tenn., Mrs. Geo. Andrews.
Remarks: I obtained three specimens from Wm. U. Beauchamp
a number of years ago; afterwards Mrs. Geo. Andrews sent me
several of them from Holston river, Tennessee.
They are near globatas Lea, but were too different to place with-
that species. In outline they are subtriangular, not spherical, and
rounded like that species. They are more solid and heavy, and a
larger species than globatus. They have a lighter colored epider-
mis, with closer growth lines, and the surface of the shell is rougher.
They need not be confounded with my Andreivsii, as they differ
in outline, teeth and character of the rays, and are a very much
larger species, and more solid and heavy.
They vary greatly in character of the rays; some are rayless, two
have obscure maculations, while some have very obscure, indistinct
rays. I name this shell after Wm. U. Beauchamp, who first sent
me these shells, and who formerly was greatly interested in this
family of shells.
Quadrnla Andrewsce Marsh. PL I, upper two figs. NAUTILUS
XV, p. 115.
PHOLAS TRTJNCATA IN SALTM HARBOR.
BY KDWAIIU S. .MOUSE.
Pliolas truncata, first described by Say in the Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, in 1822, with distribution indicated
as southern, has been reported by others in Connecticut, Vineyard
Sound and New Bedford Harbor. It has never to my knowledge
been found north of Cape Cod. Lately Mr. J. J. Connor, connected
with the Peabody Academy of Science, in digging for P/iolas
cri'spata, in Salem Harbor, Mass., found large numbers of another
species, which proved to be P. truncata. They were found at ex-
treme low-water mark in very hard, fine clay, in company with very
small specimens of P. crispata and large specimens of Petricola
pholadiformis. Many young of P. truncata were also found. The
burrows of this species were very large, in some cases exceeding an
inch in diameter. Prof. Verrill states that in Vineyard Sound they
are found at all elevations between tides. In Salem harbor they
appear only at low tide.
INK NAUTI1.LS. 9
A NEW RISSOINA FROM CALIFORNIA.
KV I'All. l:.\ KTSCII.
Rissoina bakeri spec. nov.
Shell small, sub-diaphanous to milky white. Nuclear whorls two,
quite large, with beveled shoulder, smooth. Later whorls well
rounded, somewhat angulated about one-fourth below the summit,
ornamented by about twelve to fourteen quite well developed axial
ribs and a series of prominent axial striations, between them in the
intercostal spaces, which are about four times as wide as the ribs ;
both ribs and striations extend from the summit of the whorls to the
umbilical region, which is bordered by a basal fascicle. Sutures
simple, well marked. Aperture large, very oblique, sub-oval, slightly
notched at the posterior angle. Outer lip varicose.
The type, No. 130562, U. S. Natl. Museum collection, is from
San Pedro, California. It has seven whorls (nucleus included),
which measure: Long, 2.7 mm.; diam., 1.0 mm.
Other specimens examined were collected at White's Point and
Pacific Beach, Cal., and San Martin Island, Lower Cal. One of
these has as many as sixteen axial ribs. On some specimens these
are quite prominent, while in a few individuals they are but feebly
expressed.
This species is nearest related to R. newcombei Ball, differing
from it in having the whorls more inflated, slightly angulated with
much less conspicuous axial intercostal sculpture, and in having the
base rather prolonged and provided with a much stronger fascicle.
The species is named after Dr. Fred. Baker, of San Diego, Cali-
fornia, whose collecting at San Martin Island has largely increased
the number of species known from that locality.
GENERAL NOTES.
At the March meeting of the Section on Conchology of the
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, two topics were discussed ;
The Preparation and Care of Cabinet Specimens and the genus
Nassa. Under the first topic several very practical suggestions were
made by Prof. R. Ellsworth Call, President of the Section, based
upon his long experience in that work. The discussion of Nassa
was illustrated by many specimens from the rich collection of Mr.
10 THE NAUTILUS.
Charles A. Dayton, and also by the specimens in the Children's
Museum, in which building the meetings are held. — FRANK H.
AMES, Secretary.
ALBERT G. WETHERBY.1
Professor Albert G. Wetherby was born in Pittsburg, Pa., in
1833. While yet a boy his parents removed to the vicinity of Cleve-
land. Here he obtained a rudimentary education, and afterwards
went to college. After his graduation his time for several years was
spent in farming in the summer and teaching a country school in
winter. In 1861 he removed to Cincinnati, where he was appointed
principal of the Woodburn public school. He filled this position
with great acceptability during nine years; but his friends, recog-
nizing his broad scholarship and his special fitness to teach the
natural sciences, urged his appointment to a professorship in the
Cincinnati University, and in 1870 he was elected to the chair
of natural history. But as the University was new, and spending its
money in new buildings and equipment, the chairs of geology and
botany were added to his duties. Professor Wetherby was young,
full of energy and enthusiasm, and during these six years of his
university work accomplished more than mortal man should have
attempted. But even if he had nerves of steel, he saw that he would
soon break down under this overwork, and so he resigned to accept
a more lucrative position in the business world.
Professor Wetherby was a born teacher, and some -of his friends
thought he made the mistake of his life in resigning his chair in the
University to accept a business position. But the trustees had
placed upon him burdens too heavy for one man to bear, and he was
too conscientious a teacher to slight his work.
His enthusiasm for his favorite studies was contagious. No one
could be in his society long without feeling the wonderful magnetic
power of this man. On one of his excursions with his class in
geology he penetrated the wild mountain region of South Carolina.
Little did he then think that this region would be his future home ;
that he would spend his last years among these strange people, the
xThe portrait is reproduced from the last photograph which he had taken
and represents Prof. Wetherby at about fifty years of age. — EDITORS.
THE NAUTILUS. 11
followers of Cromwell, who sought to hide from the wrath of Charles
II. in these mountain fastnesses.
He resigned his position in the Cincinnati University to become
the general manager of the American and European Investment
Company, which position he held for two years.
In 1886 he was made manager of a large tract of timber and min-
eral lands belonging to the Roan Mt. Steel and Iron Co. This ap-
pointment compelled him to remove with his family to North Caro-
lina. Here his home was located in one of the most beautiful valleys
in the world, about 3000 feet above the sea level and surrounded
with towering mountains. To one who was such a lover of nature
this was an ideal place. Here surrounded by his interesting family
he varied his other duties, which were many, by communion with
nature.
His hospitality was unbounded, and his home was always open to
friend or stranger and especially to any strolling naturalist, who was
always sure of a hearty welcome from the professor and his estimable
wife.
Professor Wetherby, while connected with the Cincinnati Univer-
sity, organized five expeditions for field work and study, in all of
which the writer had the pleasure of being one of the party. As an
organizer of a camping party he had no superior. He was a very
companionable man, could tell a story, sing a song or play on his
violin to drive away the blues, when the weather was unpropitious,
and could cook a meal under the most unfavorable circumstances
that would satisfy the most fastidious epicure.
The naturalist's best hunting grounds are generally far from the
lines of civilization. No mountain roads, however impassable, or
swollen streams, could turn him from his course. Difficulties which
would appall ordinary men only seemed to stimulate his indomitable
will power, which always carried him safely through.
Among his numerous friends in Cincinnati, perhaps none
mourned his death more than those who shared with him the joys
and hardships of camp life.
Professor Wetherby was taken sick Jan. 1st, with congestion of
the lungs, at his home in Magnetic City, N. C. He seemed to
slowly improve, when on Feb. 10 he was taken with sinking spells
due to heart failure. He died Feb. 15, and was buried jil Magnetic
City, N. C., Feb. 18, 1902.
I '2 THE NAUTILUS'
The following papers by Prof. Wetherby appeared in the Journal
of Cincinnati Natural History Society, Vols. II to VI, and Vols.
XVI and XVII : Descriptions of new fossils from the Cincinnati
group ; also from the Subcarboniferous. Descriptions of new species of
crinoids from the Kaskaskia Group ; also from the Subcarboniferous.
Remarks on the genus Pterocrinus. Some notes on American land
shells. Trenton rocks at High Bridge, Kentucky. Remarks on
the Trenton limestone of Kentucky, with descriptions of new fossils.
Geographical distribution of some fresh- water mollusks of North
America. Descriptions of Crinoids from the Subcarboniferous of
Pulaski county Kentucky. Descriptions of new fossils from Lower
Silurian and Subcarboniferous of Ohio and Kentucky. Notes
on Trenton fossils of Mercer Co., Ky. Descriptions of new fossils
from the Lower Silurian and Subcarboniferous rocks of Kentucky.
Directions for collecting and preparing land and fresh-water shells.
Relation of mollusks to shells. Natural history notes from North
Carolina.
Journal of Science, Vol. I. Description of Lepidopterous Larvae.
The following articles were published in the NAUTILUS, Vols.
VIII and IX : A few notes on Helix appressa. A few notes on
Helix tridentata. New records of Reversed American Helices. Re
marks on the Variation in Form of the Family Strepomatidae, with
descriptions of New Species; read before the Cincinnati Natural His-
torical Society, December 7, 1875.
Quarterly Journal of Conchology, No. 11, May, 1877. •' Review
of the Genus Tulotoma, with remarks on the geographical distribu-
tion of the North American Viviparidae."
The above list of papers published by Professor Wetherby, though
not complete, gives some idea of the versatility of his mind and his
great capacity for work. His last years were spent in a careful
study of the mosses and grasses of the Roan Mt. region, which work,
had he lived to complete it, would have been a valuable contribution
to the botany of North Carolina. He made a fine collection of the
smaller mammals peculiar to the Roan Mt. region, which he pre-
sented to the Smithsonian Institution. His large and valuable col-
lection of minerals he presented to the Cincinnati University. His
collections of plants, of fossils, of land and fresh-water shells, are
very valuable, as they contain many unique specimens and all the
types of the species described by him.
GEO. W. HARPER.
THE NAUTILUS, XVI.
PLATE I.
MARSH: NEW UNIONID^.
THE NAUTILUS, XVI.
PLATE II.
DANIELS: LAMPSILIS BLATCHLEY1.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVI. JUNE, 1902. No. 2.
A NEW SPECIES OF LAMPSILIS.
BY L. E. DANIELS.
Lampsib's blatchleyi n. sp. Plate II.
Shell long, elliptical or obovate, compressed, thin, inequilateral,
slightly gaping behind ; beaks low, but little inflated, pointed, with
minute nodulous sculpture; dorsal and basal outlines lightly curved;
anterior end somewhat narrowed, rounded ; posterior end rounded
and lightly and obliquely subtruncate above ; surface with singular
growth lines ; epidermis somewhat concentrically wrinkled, project-
ing beyond the border of the shell, yellow green with faint green
rays ; pseudocardinals rudimentary, smooth, subcompressed ; laterals
straight, single in the right valve, partly double in the left; nacre
brilliant, iridescent, having a somewhat coppery luster in the cavi-
ties, becoming very thin and greenish at the edges.
Length 45, height 21, diameter 10 mm.
Length 40, height 17, diameter 8^ mm.
Soft parts : Mar su pi urn very large, occupying the posterior two-
thirds of the outer gills, each lobe containing apparently about forty
narrow ovisacs, the whole rounded and projecting well below the
inner gills ; inner gills united to the abdominal sac throughout their
length; palpi large, elliptical, projecting backward but little;
mantle much thickened on the border, its edges being decidedly
double wavy and dark-colored ; branchial opening rather large, with
stout papilla? ; anal opening small, crenulate ; super-anal opening
long, closed below ; foot rather large.
Habitat : Wabash River, Section 32, Linn Township, Posey
14 THE NAUTILUS.
County, Indiana. Found only on gravel bars in swiftly running
water.
Fourteen specimens were collected by the author in August, 1901,
while working for the Indiana State Geological Survey.
The smaller of the two type specimens (figured a little enlarged
on pi. II) is in the Indiana State Museum, the other in the author's
cabinet. Soft parts in the U. S. National Museum.
I am under obligations to Mr. C. T. Simpson for assistance in
preparing the description of the soft parts.
The species is closely allied to Z/. leptodnn Rat., particularly in its
anatomical characteristics ; the shell differs from that species by not
having the wing and by the posterior end being rounded and in llir
full-grown shell being not more than on^-lialf the size.
The two small shells found at Hardy. Ark., by Mr. J. H. Ferriss,
by him referred to L. simpsoni (NAUTILUS, Aug., 1900, page 39),
are without doubt this species.
Mr. C. T. Simpson informs me that Mr. Paul Bartseh of the
National Museum believes he has found the same species in tie
Iowa River at Iowa City, Iowa.
I take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Prof. W . S.
Blatchley, State Geologist of Indiana.
NEW ENGLAND MARINE COLLECTING.
BY RKV. IIKXHY W. \\ INK I, I \.
Occasional letters ask the following questions : " Can I stork up
duplicates by a week or two in New England ? Where is the best,
place to collect?" An answer to all may be made by narrating my
own experience. During fifteen years I have devoted much time to
collecting. Considerable dredging has been done, but not below
2o fathoms. The most careful searching has been done at. Eastport,
Wiscasset, Casco Bay and Old Orchard. Maine, and Wood's Hull,
Mass. Other places have had some visits. This area contains per-
haps 250 shell-bearing mollusca ; of these I have 200 and lack oO.
Of the 200 found by me, 113 species I have only for my own cab-
inet, 12 more I have spared for exchange perhaps once, and 20 more
have yielded a few exchanges. This leaves 5o species that I have
had in quantity.
HIE NAUTILUS. 15
Let me add notes on the fifty-five : Litorina, Nassa, llyanassa,
Mytilus, Mya, Tottenia, and. a few others are general in distribution.
Many others are limited, as follows : Ostrea, Venus, Urosa/pinx,
Bitlinm, Sycofypus. etc., common south of Cape Cod, but rare or
wanting to the north. Again, Buccinum, Lunatia, Cyprina, and
others should be sought in Maine. Many shells are found abun-
dantly in limited portions of the coast. Acmaea tesludinalis, common
at Eastport, is scarce even in other parts of Maine. Chiton albus
and marmoreus, with Margarita groenlandica, must be gathered at
extreme tides in the Bay of Fundy. To be sure they occur else-
where, but they are small and not abundant. The harvest season
for Lunatia and Gyprina is after certain storms at Old Orchard.
Sometimes these occur once or twice in a winter, or a year or more
may pass without the harvest, but when they roll in they are very
abundant. Dredging has an element of luck. One haul in the
Penobscot Bay gave Nucula proximo, enough for some years of ex-
changing. Pecten magellunicus is abundant in small areas, but it is
easy to miss the spot. Another fact is the best region. Buccimim
is common at Eastport, but small. The finest specimens are from
Casco Bay. Yet other things, like Limpets and Chitons are at their
best in Fundy waters.
The New England shells are very much in demand, but the lack
of stock compels one to send frequent regrets. There is an amusing
side to the work. One well-disposed friend asked for a dozen Pecten
islandicus ; I never saw a dozen. Prof. Verrill tells me that the
government dredgings only yielded three or four in a summer.
It must be understood by the readers of this article that I speak
of my own experience. Some forms that have not been found abun-
dantly by me may be found in quantities at times, yet I think one
may form an estimate of the difficulties we meet in New England.
NOTES ON THE GIANT LIMAS.
BY WILLIAM HEALEY UAI.L.
The reception of a specimen of Lima goliath Sowerby (1883) the
other day led to comparisons of and annotations on the great deep-
water species. The dean of this assembly is the well-known Lima
16 THK NAUTILUS.
excavata Fabricius (1779) from Norway (150-300 fms.). Next
comes L. goliath from .Japan (775 fms.), which reaches about the
same size as excavata. A third form is recorded from the West
coast of Patagonia (245-481 fms.), which I shall call L. patagonica,
and a fourth L. ayassizii n. sp., from the Gulf of Panama in 322
fathoms. A section, Acesta, has been proposed to include these
species by H. and A. Adams.
All of them have fine microscopic radial striae and coarser radial
sculpture, which is more pronounced toward the ends of the shell.
In all there is a concentric grooving in the channels between the
ribs, which, when the channels are narrow, takes on the appearance
of punctation. All have a very narrow gape for the byssus and a
flattened or impressed lunular area. All have a very general simi-
larity externally. The Patagonian species has an astonishing like-
ness to L. excavata. It may be useful to record the distinctive
characters.
L. excavata. Convex ; the whole disk radially grooved, the
grooving feebler mesially ; the most impressed part of the lunule
close to the hinge line, the shell moderately arcuate, the posterior
outline roundly convex ; color grayish white ; resilium broad, some-
what oblique. Alt. 140 ; lat. 106 ; diam. 55 mm.
L. goliath. Flatter, broader, the middle of the disk smooth,
posterior radials fine and close-set ; most impressed part of the lunule
lower down, the lunule itself longer, the shell more arcuate ; color
milk white, sometimes with a yellow flush inside, hinge line longer
and resilium slightly more central. Alt. 140 ; lat. 106 ; diam. 36 mm.
L. patagonica. Narrower and less convex, the whole shell
straighter vertically, the lunule narrower and less impressed, a
slight tendency to divarication in the obsolete radials of the middle
of the disk, otherwise like L. excavata. Alt. 100; lat. 72; diam.
31 mm.
L. agcissizii. Moderately convex; the radial grooving quite uni-
formly distributed distally, feebler mesially near the beaks, the inter;
spaces smoothly convex, and not sharp and corrugated anteriorly;
lunule short, deep and narrow, anterior end of the hinge-line very
short; area of the hinge narrow, and the resilium and pit very
narrow and oblique ; color chalky white, with a yellow periostracum.
Alt. 97 ; lat. 78 ; diam. 30 mm.
L. goliath and L. patagonica show distinctly obsolete lateral teeth
THE NAUTILUS. 1 7
near the angles of the hinge-line, hut in L. excavata there is no trace
of them, and the hinge of L. agassizii is too chalky to he certain
about their presence or absence. They are most distinct and prom-
inent in the young shell. L. agassizii was dredged by the U. S.
Fish Commission steamer Albatross, as were our specimens of L.
patagonica.
THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF EHODE ISLAND.
BT II. F. CARPENTER.
The following species are additional to those hitherto described in
this series, and complete the list of known species from Rhode Island:
214. Lucina filosa Stimpson.
Lucina radula Gould, Inv. Mass., 1st ed., p. 69, 1840; Mighels,
Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., iv, 318.
Lucina contracta De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1843.
Lucina filosa Stimp., Shells of New Eng., 17, 1851.
Shell white, thick, orbicular, moderately convex; hinge margin
straight; beaks small, pointed, projected over a small, indented,
smooth, lanceolate lunule. Exterior covered with remote, concen-
tric lamellar ridges, between which are round, thread-like striae.
Interior chalky-white, polished around the margins. Hinge straight,
with one cardinal tooth in the left valve and two small, diverging
teeth in the right valve. Length and height 2 inches: breadth,
1 inch.
This is a rare, deep water shell and was not published in the de-
scription of the "Shell-Bearing Mollusca " of R. I. because it had
never been found and was not likely to be found in our waters; but
several specimens were dredged in Narragansett Bay, about two
years ago, by Prof. Herman C. Bumpus, then of Brown University,
in Providence, to whom I am indebted for the specimens now in my
collection.
215. Physa gyrina Say.
Shell heterostrophe, oblong ; whorls 5 to 6, terminating in an
acute apex ; suture slightly impressed ; aperture a little more than
half the length of the shell ; labium a little thickened on the inner
18 THE NAUTILUS.
margin. This species was found in Stafford's Pond, Tiverton, R. I.,
by Mr. John Ford and the writer while on a trip to the south-
eastern part of R. I. in search of some of the rare land shells de-
scribed by Mr. John H. Thompson, of New Bedford, Mass. I am
sorry to state that our search for these rare shells was not rewarded
by a single specimen.
216. Sphaerium deformis H. F. Carpenter.
Shell transversely oblong, elongated, both sides of nearly the same
length ; anterior margin curved ; posterior margin abrupt, forming
an angle with the hinge margin ; basal margin having a twist to one
side, as though some one had given it a pinch in the middle, squeez-
ing it together and at the same time twisting it downwards; beaks
large, inclined towards the anterior ; valves thin, smooth, of a dirty
brown color.
This species was found in Tiogue Reservoir, in the town of Coven-
try, R. I., by Mr. Richard Allen, who presented them to the writer.
This species, with the somewhat doubtful Cyprina islandica, which
(it is claimed) has been found in Rhode Island, brings up the num-
ber of species to 217, as per catalogue published by me in 1889,
copies of which may be had free by addressing H. F. Carpenter, 58
Page St., Providence, R. I.
A NEW GENUS OF EOCENE EULIMIDAE
BY THOS. L. CASEY.
As far as available literature discloses, the following genus seems
to represent a new and very interesting type of Eulimidae, which
may be outlined by the following characters:
Ptereulima n. gen.
Conical, devoid of sculpture, finely attenuate, wilh simple direct
nucleus, umbilicated, the columella as usual without folds; anterior
whorls having a large flattened process or wing at each side.
This genus appears to be more closely allied to the Chinese
Hoplopteron of Fischer than any other known at present, but the
latter is imperforate and has the apex obtuse.
Ptereulima elegans n. sp. — Almost evenly conical, the surface
TIIK NAUTILUS. 19
sliining, the more recent wliorls perhaps a little more rapidly in-
creasing in size than the first three or four, the apex acute with the
embryonic whorls two in number and very minute, the next three
small and simple, the five succeeding similar to the
preceding three except in possessing, at each side, a
large obtuse aliform process as shown in the figure.
Umbilicus rimate. Inner lip defined throughout by
callus, which is slightly reflected along the umbilicus.
Surface of all the whorls feebly and evenly convex,
the suture fine and simple but distinct. Length 3.5
mm.
Lower Claiborne Eocene (St. Maurice, La.)
The outer lip is broken away in the unique type, but undoubtedly
possessed an aliform projection similar to that immediately above
it. The processes are of the nature of thin varices which served to
protect the animal, and the growth of the shell between these tem-
porary arrests was probably very rapid.
THBEE NEW SPECIES OF CHROMODORIS.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
The species here described are obviously different from C. cali-
fornicnsis, Bergh, and C. agassizii, Bergh, and I do not find any
descriptions applicable to them.
CHROMODORIS UNIVERSITATIS, n. sp. Length about 67 mm.,
rather narrow, mantle less ample than in O. mcjarlandi, not ex-
panded at the sides; rhinophores and branchiae wholly retractile;
rhinophores stout, with numerous transverse lamella? ; branchia? of
about 12 large simply pinnate plumes, several more or less branched,
and so bipinnate at the ends ; oral tentacles just concealed by
mantle ; hind end of mantle gibbous ; foot projecting 20 mm. behind
end of mantle ; breadth of sole when crawling 8i mm.
Color rich dark ultramarine blue, the edge of the mantle and the
edge of the foot bright cobalt blue ; rhinophores very dark blue ;
mantle with two longitudinal series of oblong very bright orange
spots, about seven in a series ; five round orange spots on the anterior
part of the mantle, in front of the rhinophores ; under surface of
posterior lobe of mantle with a series of eight round white spots, the
20 THE NAUTILUS.
hindmost four large, the others smaller and rather faint; sides of
foot with a series of over ten round or oval orange spots ; branchiae-
very dark blue, speckled with orange within ; sole deep blue.
The splendid blue pigment of this animal is dissolved out after
death, even in sea-water; but very fast in formalin, producing a blue
liquid which is turned pink by hydrochloric acid, but is not affected
by alkalies, except that strong alkalies rapidly bleach it. Curiously,
the orange spots of the animal seen through the blue solution, appear
red, though in reality their color is not altered.
Hob — In rocky pools between tides, San Pedro, Calif., July 28th,
and La Jolla, Cal., early in August, all collected by Wilmatte P..
Cockerel!. The name of the species was suggested by the fact that
it carries the colors (blue and gold) of the University of California.
It was also collected at San Pedro by the naturalists of the Uni-
versity of California Marine Laboratory.
CHROMODORIS PORTERS, n. sp. Length about 11 mm., form of
G. universitatis, but uniforrnily much smaller, and quite different in
markings. Deep ultramarine blue, including the whole of the foot ^
mantle with two rather broad longitudinal stripes of bright orange,
not united posteriorly, and ending anteriorly at the rhinophores, but
anterior to the rhinophores is a transverse orange stripe ; median
stripe of C. mcfarldndi represented by an inconspicuous lighter blue
line ; margins of mantle very narrowly pure white ; foot wholly
without marks, except that the hind end has a suffused whitish
stripe. Rhinophores and branchiae entirely retractile. Branchial
plumes eleven, in a circle, simply pinnate, entirely of the blue color
of the mantle. After death, a number of conical white papillae
(about 9 on each side) appear beneath the hind part of mantle.
After death, the blue dissolves out, and the body becomes a sort of
pale greenish-blue, with the dorsal stripe very white ; and the orange
bands as in life.
Hob. — In rocky pools at low tide, La Jolla, Cal., early in August,,
rather common. (Wilmatte Porter Cockerell.)
CHROMODORIS MCFARLANDI, n. sp. Length about 35 mm.;
mantle ample, covering head, but pointed end of foot projecting far
beyond mantle posteriorly ; rhinophores short and stout, lamellate,,
with over twenty transverse lamellae ; branchiae entirely retractile,
arranged in the shape of a horseshoe, not entirely surrounding the
anus, which is produced into a truncate cone : branchial plumes-
TUK NAUTILUS. 21
twelve, simply pinnate, some of the posterior plumes bifid ; oral
tentacles short, wholly concealed under mantle ; eyes apparently
absent. Mantle brilliant purple with a yellow margin (continuous
in front and behind), and three longitudinal yellow stripes; the yel-
low of the margin is really bright orange, bordered with white; the
median yellow stripe begins a short distance before the rhinophores,,
and runs between them ; rhinophores dark purple ; foot white with a
purple tint, or quite purple when contracted after death ; the end of
the foot is purple with a dorsal longitudinal orange stripe. The
purple color does not dissolve out in formalin.
Hub — In rocky pools at low tide, La Jolla, Cal., beginning of
August; San Pedro, Cal., July 27th. All collected by Wilmatte
P. Cockerel!. Quite common at La Jolla. Named after Prof.
F. M. McFarland of Stanford University, who has done some excel-
lent work on the nudibranchs of Pacific Grove, Calif.
NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIEE.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Cldoritis bracteatus n. sp.
Shell depressed-globose, almost imperlorate, very thin and fragile,
brown. Surface dull to the eye, under a strong lens seen to be very
densely covered with very small crescentic scale-like cuticular pro-
cesses, densely crowded, and arranged in nearly regular descending
rows. Spire convex. Whorls 4^, the inner slowly, the last rapidly
widening; separated by a deep suture. Aperture rounded, lunate,
the peristome simple and thin, at the columellar insertion abruptly
dilated, almost closing the umbilicus. Alt. 13^, diam. 18 mm.
Nishigo, Uzen. Types no. — A. N. S. P., from no. 'J04 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
This most northern of all its genus is strongly distinct by its ex-
cessively minute, curved cuticular appendages, unlike the hairs of all
other species of CMorltis.
Pupisonta japonicum n. sp.
Shell globose-turbinate, umbilicate, light brown, very delicate and
fragile. Surface delicately striatulate. Spire conic, the apex ob-
tuse. Whorls 3|> strongly convex. Aperture very obliquely ovate.
THE NAUTILUS.
the peristome thin, fragile, unexpanded, the columellar margin
broadly dilated and reflexed. Alt. about 1.6, diam. about 1.5 mm.
Hirado, Hizen. Types no. 82974 A. N. S. P., from no. 81)0 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
This is, I have not much doubt, the species collected by Hilgen-
dorf at Yedo and in Idsumo, recorded by Prof, von Martens as
"eine der H. orcula Bens, hochst almliche Art;"1 but it differs
from that Bengalese species in the much larger umbilicus and
smoother surface, as well as in the noticeably smaller size.
Some immature specimens from Kashima, Harima (Mr. Hirase's
no. 901) are probably the same species. With the two localities
given by Prof, von Martens, this gives Pupisoma a wide range in
central and southwestern Nippon. Until mature shells can be
examined, the identity ot the Nippon shells with the types from
western Kiushu cannot safely be assumed, although it is likely.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
Catalogue of the Binney and Bland collection of the Terrestrial
Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States and Territories, in the
American Museum of Natural History, with enumeration of types
and figured specimens, and supplementary notes. By L. P. Grata-
cap (Extr. from Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. xiv, article xxiii, pp. 335-
403. Dec. 3, 1901).
The ''Binney and Bland collection" was formed by Mr. Binney,
consisting in part of specimens from the collection of Dr. Amos
Binney. It was given by him to Thomas Bland, from whom the
Museum acquired it in 1882. The collection derives its importance
from containing many of the shells illustrated in Terrestrial Mollusks
Vol. Ill (the plates of which were reprinted in T. M. vol. V),
besides many of Mr. Binney's types. The present list, of which the
scope is stated in the title, is therefore important for reference to
those who have occasion to study critically the land shells of the
U. S. Mr. Gratacap has added notes upon many of the species. In
some cases these record varietal names found upon the original
labels, but elsewhere unpublished.
Five interesting plates showing generic distribution, and the relative
1 Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde in Berlin,
1877, p. 101 (Sitzung vom 17, April).
THE NAUTILUS. 23
numbers of species in different parts of the areas covered by the
genera have been added by Mr. Gratacap. To some extent these
charts indicate, incidentally, areas in which but little collecting has
been done. This is especially the case with plate xlii, representing
the distribution of typical Polygyra.
The following names seem to be new to us:
Glandina truncata var. minor Binney MS. (p. 338, Cat. no. 16).
Based upon "Variety of Glandina Texasiana Pfr.?," Terr. Moll, iv,
pp. 141, 205, pi. 77, f. 21. Seems to be a very slender specimen of
G. truncata minor Pils., NAUTILUS xiii, p. 46 ; Proc. A. N. S., Phila.,
1899, p. 404.
Macrocyclis vancouverensis var. semi-decussata Binney on label (p.
340). Astoria, Oregon. This is doubtless identical with Oircinurin
sparteHu hybrida Anc., which we have from Astoria.
M. concava var. minor (p. 341). No locality or definition.
Zoniles (Gastrodonta) lifjems var. sagdinoides Gratacap (p. 344)^
"A very high 'bee-hive' form from Indiana."
Zonites (Hyalina] placentuhi Shuttl. (p. 350), Catal. no. 294 was
Binney's earlier identification of placentula, subsequently becoming
the type of Z. lawi. The specimens from Monroe Co., Tenn., and
St. Giles Co., Va., are true phtcenttda, as afterward identified l.y
Binney. Through the kindness of Mr. Gratacap, I have been aide
to examine this series.
Helix (Patula) alternata var. costigera Bid. MS. ^p. 357).
Helix (Patula) perspective* ''var. carinata (p. 358) from Union Co.,
Tenn., is almost planate, and below the periphery the stria? approach
extinction." Under H. (P-) bryanti, Mr. Gratacap writes, "Cer-
tainly interchangeable with var. carinala of perspective!."
Triodopsis muJlani (Bland), Cat. no. 1275 (p. 383), can hardly !>»•
that species.
Macroceramus (p. 397). Tli(j specimens recorded under M. pon-
tificus as from Texas are probably M. iexanus. That from Central
America is no doubt kieneri, as recorded by Mr. Gratacap (see Man.
Amer. Land Shells, p. 41 G, fig. 457).— H. A. P.
SOME UNDESCRIBED VAKIKTIES OF CYPR.EA. — By Mrs. Agnes
Kenyon (Jour, of Conchology, Vol. X, p. G, April, 1902). — In this
paper the following varieties are described as new :
Cyprcea tiyris var. Hneuta. From Fiji. Differs from the type in
possessing a number of longitudinal hair-like lines.
'24 THE NAUTILUS.
Cyprcea mappa var. viridis. New Caledonia. Both back and
base colored green or with only the dorsal surface suffused with a
greenish tint.
Cypr&a breyeriana var. barbara. New Caledonia. " Shell dif-
fering from C. bregeriana in the fineness of the dentition and without
the violet coloring interstices, interior lined with white, not violet-
purple as in (J. bregeriana."
Cyprsea ftclvola var. borneensis. Borneo. Shell smaller, with nar-
rower sides, not incrassated or angulated, dorsal surface reddish-pink
sprinkled with white, sparsely overlaid with brown spotting, base and
extremities white.
Cyprcca helvola var. timorensis. Timor Island. Differing from C.
heluola in having white, not lilac, extremities, which are calloused,
twin callosities at the posterior extremity.
Oyprcea poraria var. vibex. New Caledonia and New Hebrides.
Considerably larger than normal examples, and distinguished by a
white porcellanous band or stripe, extending from one extremity to
the other, thus dividing the dorsal surface into two equal parts.
Cyprcea miliaris var. diversa. Shark's Bay, West Australia.
" Specimens very light in color, almost white, but showing spotting
perfectly : they are quite distinct from C. eburnea, the teeth are not
so coarse, the enamel of the dorsal surface is not so shining, the in-
terior is colored pink or pale violet, while the interior of C. eburnea
is either white or orange ; specimens are comparatively small."
Cyprcea carneola var. rubicola. Hawaiian Islands. The color of
the teeth is a '' bright rose-pink, in contradistinction to the purple-
hued dentition of C. carneola or the colorless base and dentition of
C. lxbbeckiana."—C. W. .1.
THE MARINE WOOD-BORERS OF AUSTRALASIA AND THEIR
WORK. A paper read before the Australasian Association for the
Advancement of Science. By Chas. Hedley. An exceedingly inter-
esting paper, giving an account of their method of propagation and
boring ; their ravages, remedies, natural enemies and classification.
The ship-worms of Australasia belong to two genera, Uperotis and
Nausitoria. The genus Teredo is at present unknown in that region,
although " Teredo navalis " is indiscriminately applied by engineers
to all ship-worms. The paper is illustrated by four plates — C. W. J.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vox,. XVI. JULY, 1902. No. 3.
CRUISING AND COLLECTING OFF THE COAST OF LOWER CALIFORNIA.
BY FRED. BAKER, M. D., SAN DIEGO, CAL.
Cruising on our southern Pacific coast is less indulged in than
along the Atlantic seaboard, because there is a marked dearth of the
land-locked harbors into which our eastern yachtsmen can run al-
most every night, or in case of a threatened storm. Nevertheless,
two years ago, tempted by our summer promise of continued good
weather, a party of seven, including my wife and two children,
started from San Diego harbor for a run down the coast of Lower
California in the staunch little schooner " Lura."
A late start made it advisable to anchor over night at the mouth
of the harbor, but this gave a chance to get under way at daylight
for a beautiful run of seventy miles to " Todos Santos " bay, on the
sloping shores of which lies " Ensenada," the capital of the northern
department of the Mexican territory of " Baja California."
As we ran we left broad to the starboard the Coronados, a group
of seven small islands belonging to Mexico, but lying only twenty
miles off San Diego, and a common terminus of our short cruises.
They, like most of the off-shore islands, are bold volcanic masses,
the largest, though less than three miles long, rising 880 feet above
the sea, in many places sheer for hundreds of feet. This is a type
of all the coast line for several hundred miles south. Bluffs and
headlands, with here and there a narrow or broad valley sweeping
down to the sea, but above all and crowning all, the foot-hills and the
great mountains of the Coast Range.
26 THE NAUTILUS.
It was just turning dusk as we rounded Ensenada Point into
Todos Santos Bay, which is little better than an open roadstead,
except for the protection offered by the chain of Todos Santos
islands a dozen miles to sea, and the shelter of the Point from north-
west winds. Immediately on dropping anchor we were boarded by
the Comandante of the porl, Don Luis Fernandez, and the quaran-
tine officer, our old friend, Dr. Peterson, who courteously waived all
examination, allowing us to go ashore at will. The two nights spent
here with a nearly full moon shining down on us, just enough ground
swell to keep in mind that we were cruising, and the balmy breeze
of semi-tropical summer blowing over us, make a memory picture a&
near perfection as this world gives.
The day was busy. First we had the usual difficulties with the
Mexican officials. In the absence of specific instructions, they were
unable to determine whether we should register our craft as a private
yacht or a passenger vessel. In either case they notified us that we
must bear the expense and delay of telegraphing to the City of
Mexico for instructions and license. Fortunately our schooner had
on a former occasion been used in fishing down the coast, and after
much argument Seiior Victorio decided to grant us a three months'
fishing license, at the same time clearing us with a clean bill of
health for the return trip to San Diego. Under this very satisfac
tory arrangement we could run down the coast as far as the juris-
diction of the northern department reaches — something like 300
miles — land where we chose, collect what we liked, and when we
were ready, sail away home without touching again at " Ensenada."
While our sailing master was arranging all this, the rest of us
passed the day in seeing the few sights of the town, observing Mexi-
can life, and visiting a few old friends. Among these Mrs. Gastelum
holds first place, not for her society alone, though she is a woman of
wide experience and much knowledge, but because in a former phase
of her existence she was married to a Mexican customs cffiehi], who,
during his sojourn at various ports on the Pacific Coast, had collected
many bushels of shells which she has stored away in many boxes
and barrels. This was the second time I had overhauled the lot,
and as before I was astonished at the low price placed on my pick-
ings, after a long conference between herself and her husband — a
later acquisition. As I paid the bill I reflected that while I should
undoubtedly have enjoyed the society of the former husband with,
TflK NAUTILUS. 27
his evident love of shells, the later acquisition was probably more in
harmony with the size of niy pocket-book.
Away at daybreak Sunday morning, looking our last on " En-
senada," one of the goodliest sights to look upon it has been my
fortune to see in a fair amount of knocking about. A great sweep
of unbroken sand beach from " Ensenada Point" to " Punta Banda,"
a distance of eighteen miles, the high range of Punta Banda break-
ing off abruptly into the sea to the south, the horseshoe being
completed by the low mesa-crowned Todos Santos islands. The
town of Ensenada nestles on the low beach under the high ridge
which forms Ensenada Point to the northwest, the broad valley
reaching back with few breaks for twenty miles — then the foothills,
and back of all, as always, the great mountains ! It is our dry season
and everything is parched and brown, and the near-by ridges show
great outcroppings of black volcanic rock, but the blending of color
under our brilliant California sun, and the foreshortening of great
distances giving the effect of haze and softness, make a scene of
marvelous beauty.
A glorious sail — free with the prevalent northwest wind — out
through the narrow gate between Punta Banda and the easterly
island of the Todos Santos group, which was alive with seal and
waterfowl, and down a bold coast for twelve miles to cast anchor
under the lee of the " Santo Tomas " headland noted all along the
coast for its frequent storms. Here we divided up, one to sleep, two
to fish, two to hunt deer, and two to collect shells and algae. All
were successful but the deer-hunters. Unfortunately I did not keep
my Santo Tomas collections apart from others, so I can give no fair
idea of my catch, but a single Haliotis rufescens, Swainson, repre-
sents the only species not appearing in the list which closes this
article.
Away again at sunrise for our final southward stretch. All day
we ran almost before the wind, the coast growing generally more
bold and culminating in Cape '' Colnet," a great promontory pre-
senting an almost unbroken face to the northwest, a cliff many miles
long and many hundred feet high. We round the Cape with a half
gale, and bear away southeasterly to our final destination, the little
island of San Martin, lying five miles off the coast and ten miles
from San Quintin, the first land-locked harbor in 200 miles from San
Diego. We cast anchor at 3 a. m., and all hands slept late.
28 THE NAUTILUS.
Of San Martin a few words' description must suffice. Roughly it
is a round conical island, three miles in diameter, with two peaks,
the higher a typical extinct volcano rising 471 ft., with an almost
perfectly regular crater about 250 ft. in diameter, and between 75 and
100 ft. deep. The island is a solid mass of very hard volcanic rock
with frequent small caves — evidently blow-holes — covered imper-
fectly where reasonably level by a thin soil which supports a mod-
erately abundant vegetation in which various species of cactus are
very plentiful. Up the slopes are great slides of loose rock, and
owing to the cacti and the roughness of the way, the climb of a little
over a mile to the top proved a very serious undertaking.
On the north side of the island a moderately level space, covering
between 500 and 1,000 acres, is occupied by rookeries, mostly of
pelicans and cormorants. The birds were most of them just begin-
ning to fly, and a rough estimate convinced us that there were cer-
tainly some millions of them. We spent the greater part of one day
watching them. The young cormorants waddled to the bluffs, spread
their wings evidently for their first trial, and sailed or flew awk-
wardly into the ocean. There they were perfectly at home and
could not be distinguished from the old birds, swimming and diving
with perfect ease. But the pelicans had a harder time. They could
fly very well indeed, but like the Irishman " had a divil of a toime
loighting." Starting from some slight elevation they would sail
away majestically, managing their great wings and bodies remark-
ably well. After a turn of one or two hundred yards they would
light without slowing up perceptibly, come down with a thud that we
could hear a hundred yards away ; turn two or three somersaults,
and straighten up with the same appearance of surprise and offended
dignity which we have all seen drunken men assume when suffering
from similar mishaps. We actually laughed till we cried, and it was
hours past our dinner time before we could agree unanimously to
start for the boat.
Running easterly at a tangent from the southerly edge of the
island for nearly 1000 yards is the so-called breakwater, a nearly
straight line of enormous beach-worn boulders arranged like some
huge artificial jetty. The acute angle has filled in with sand over a
space of about fifty acres. In the bight there is safe anchorage
except in a northeast storm. At two places dips in the breakwater
bring it below high tide level, one opposite the little harbor, and the
THE NAUTILUS. 29
other opposite the sand bar, and here the constant tidal current has
excavated a little circular bay, covering two or three acres. This
bay and the breakwater, with another little bight not much over
thirty feet across, furnished nearly the only good collecting ground
on the island. Otherwhere I found only a few of those hardy
shells capable of standing any amount of buffeting by the waves,
Chitons and Limpets, an occasional Chlorostoma, and the Monoceros
liiffxbre Sby., which is in evidence along the whole coast from
Ensenada south.
Dredging at moderate depths gave little results, but some of my
fishermen friends who spend much time about this island, which
furnishes some of the great fishing of the coast, make a practice of
bringing up to me rocks which they haul up on their lines from con-
siderable depths, attached to kelp roots. I am, therefore, able to
list a considerable number of deep-water species. It has seemed to
me advisable to publish the following list of shells secured from this
small island and its immediate vicinity as a contribution to our
knowledge of geographical distribution. I have to thank Dr. Wm.
H. Dall of the National Museum, and Mr. Henry Hemphill of San
Diego, Cal., for determining a very large share of the species about
which I was in doubt.
After commenting on the fact that many of the specimens which
I sent to him were too young or too worn to be identified specifically,
Dr. Dall writes, " There was a small Rissoina among the shells
which we have had for some years from San Pedro, but had not
named, and with your permission we propose to call it R. Bakeri,
Dall and Bartsch. There are also some of the new Pyramidellida
described in the paper on W. Am. PyramideUidte which Mr. Bartsch
and I have in preparation."
Our return trip was made much more slowly than the outward
one, as the prevalent wind made it a long tack to windward. The
only break was a night run against a sharp storm to make the
doubtful shelter of Santo Tomas, where we lay for twenty-four
hours with two anchors out, estimating the chances of a shift of the
wind driving us to sea again. Our cruise lasted seventeen days, and
was unanimously voted a success.
30 THE NAUTILUS.
A NEW NAIAD FROM NEW ZEALAND.
BY CHARLES T. SIMPSON.
Diplodon websteri Simpson.
Shell long, rhomboid, compressed or subcompressed, inequilateral ;
beaks subcompressed, pointed, their sculpture apparently a few
irregular lachrymose nodules arranged in a somewhat radial pattern ;
surface with uneven growth lines and impressed rest marks, sculp-
tured throughout with lachrymose nodules which are often V-shaped,
those along the upper part of the low posterior ridge slightly
knobbed; epidermis dark olive green, clouded with lighter green,
rather dull; pseudo-cardinals small, subcompressed, granulose, two
in each valve ; laterals straight, two in the left valve, one in the
right; muscle scars small, shallow and irregular; nacre bluish,
lurid purple near and in the beak cavities, thicker in front.
Length 67, height 32, diam 14 mm.
Length 62, height 32, diam. 17 mm. New Zealand.
Specimens of the above were sent by Rev. William H. Webster,
of Wauiku, New Zealand, to the U. S. National Museum. They
proved to be a new species, apparently allied to the Diplodon novse-
hollandise Gray of Australia, but smaller, less inflated and less solid
than that species. In D. novce-hollandite the anterior third of the
shell is almost destitute of nodules ; in the present species the whole
surface is covered with them. These resemble somewhat those
found on the Unio tuberculatus of Barnes, but are less elevated.
The exact locality was not given.
NEW AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Most of the following species were discovered by Mr. Jas. H.
Ferriss during a recent flying visit to the Southwest. I am indebted
to Mr. G. H. Clapp for various suggestions regarding them ; both
Mr. Clapp and Mr. Ferriss agreeing with me that they are new.
PoJygyra alabamensis n. sp.
Shell depressed, about like P. vannostrandi in general contour,
CUE NAUTILUS. 31
yellowish brown, glossy, finely rib-striate above and below ; umbili-
cate. Spire low dome-shaped. Whorls about 6, very closely coiled,
the last having the periphery situated high ; a trifle deflexed in front.
Aperture oblique, lunate ; peristome white, narrowly reflexed, thick-
ened within, the outer lip bearing a small, squarish tubercle, bent
inward ; basal lip bearing a marginal tubercle, abrupt on its outer,
sloping or buttressed on its inner side. Parietal lamella short, erect,
a trifle curved. Alt. G, diani. 11^ mm.
Auburn, Alabama. Types no. 82556 A. N. S. P., collected by
Carl F. Baker.
The aperture is exceedingly similar to that of P. inflecta, from
which this species differs in the sculpture, closely coiled whorls and
open umbilicus. P. cragini is more depressed, with fewer whorls.
P. vannostrandi has differently proportioned teeth and less closely
coiled whorls.
Polygyra texasensis n. sp.
Shell narrowly umbilicate, but the umbilicus rapidly enlarging at
the last whorl, where it becomes more than one-fourth the diameter
of the shell; depressed, light brown, glossy, lightly and rather dis-
tantly striate, usually with several coarse, strong wrinkles behind
the lip. Spire low, convex. Whorls 5^, slightly convex, slowly
widening, the last abruptly descending in front, deeply and narrowly
constricted behind the lip, convex beneath. Aperture small, oblique;
peristome reflexed, thickened, the outer and basal lips each bearing
a, compressed tooth, parietal wall with a strong, erect V-shaped
tooth which connects the ends of the lip, the upper branch of the V
slender and low.
Alt. 5, diam. 13.5 mm.
Alt. 5, diam. 12.3 mm.
Colorado City, Mitchell Co., Texas. Types no. 83258, A. N. S.
P., collected by J. H. Ferriss, 1902.
This species is clearly related to P. texasiana (Moricand), which
occurs at the same locality, as well as throughout the greater part of
Texas. It differs from texasiana in the larger size, with about the
same number of whorls, the more regular increase of the whorls in
width, and the proportionally wider umbilicus. In the great num-
ber of P. texasiana I have seen from many localities, none approach
P. texasensis.
32 THE NAUTILUS.
Sonorella granulatissima n. sp.
Shell depressed, in general shape much like S. hachitana and S.
rowclli ; narrowly umbilicate, the umbilicus between one-eighth and
one-ninth the diameter of the shell ; pale corneous-brown, becoming
somewhat whitish around the umbilicus, with a conspicuous red-
brown band above the periphery, and an inconspicuous, ill-defined,
faint and wide one below the suture on the last whorl. Surface
lustrous to the naked eye, but not glossy, under a strong lens seen to
be very densely and evenly granulose, the granulation extending to
the apex, but becoming more effaced on the base, subobsolete around
the umbilicus, where some specimens show faint spiral lines. Spire
very low. Whorls hardly 4^, rather slowly widening at first, the
last whorl very much wider, gradually and rather deeply descending
in front, far below the periphery of the shell. Aperture very
oblique, very shortly elliptical, almost circular, the peristome thin,
narrowly expanded, the columellar margin dilated, ends approaching,
Alt. 10, diam. 19 mm.; oblique alt. apert. 9.7, width 11 mm.
Alt. 9.8, diam. 18 mm.; oblique alt. apert. 8.5, width 9.8 mm.
Huachuca Mts., Arizona; collected by Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss.
The umbilicus is narrower than in S. hachitana and S. rowelli,
and it differs from both in the dense granulation. It is a species of
delicate beauty, evidently distinct from any form collected by
Ashmun and others in the same region.
SonoreUa roivelli Newc., originally described from Arizona, was
taken by Mr. Ferriss at Sanford, and in the Patagonia Mts. Mr.
Ashmun also brought the species from the latter locality, and Dr.
Geo. H. Horn collected a specimen at Fort Grant, Arizona. It is
much like S. hachitana in miniature.
Mr. Binney rejected rowelli from the U. S. list because he
considered it identical with Helix lohrii of Gabb from near Moleje,
Lower California ; but the two species are clearly distinct, and there
seems to be no sufficient reason to doubt the truth of the original
statement that the type of roiv elli was taken by Frick in Arizona.
Bulimulus dealbatus pasonis n. subsp.
Much more slender and smaller than any described form of
dcalbatus, schiedeanus or mooreanus, but larger and stouter than B.
durangoanus v. Mart. Reddish-corneous, with opaque white streaks
and mottling ; smoothish. Whorls nearly 6, quite convex. Aper-
THE NAUTILUS. 33
ture small, ovate, less than half the length of the shell, the ends of
the lip approaching. Length 15, diara. 7.3, longest axis of aperture
6.5 mm.
El Paso, Texas. Types no. 83259, A. N. S. P., collected by Jas.
H. Ferriss, 1902.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
THE MOLLUSCA OF THE CHICAGO AREA: Part II., The Gas-
teropoda. By Frank Collins Baker, Chicago Academy of Sciences.
Bull. No. Ill, pt. II.
This handsome volume of 288 pages and 9 plates, which completes
Mr. Baker's work on the Mollusca of the Chicago Area, will be a
most welcome addition to the library of every American concholo-
gist.
It has been for years a source of regret to all students of the
American mollusca that so little attention has been given by our
leading conchologists to the study of our fresh-water species. For
more than thirty years practically nothing, except here and there a
description of some supposed new form, has been published on this
subject. The invaluable monographs published by the Smithsonian
Institute have not only been out of print and scarcely attainable for
years, but are quite out of date from a scientific standpoint. There
is at present no work which gives the results of the material which
has been accumulated in the public and private collections of this
county, since the publication of those monographs, or embodies the
modern ideas of classification. The land mollusks have apparently
absorbed the attention of our working conchologists and the fluviatile
forms have been almost totally ignored. The recent synopsis of the
Naiades by Mr. Simpson has filled a long felt want, and placed that
group in an enviable condition. The studies of Dr. Sterki are
rapidly bringing the species of Sphasrium and Pisidium out of their
chaotic condition. Similar work upon the fresh-water univalves is one
of the greatest needs of American Conchology to-day. Mr. Baker's
book is an important advance in the right direction, and should be
an incentive for others to undertake similar work in other states. It
is the first publication in this county, which attempts to treat the
fluviatile forms with the same detail and thoroughness, which has
been given to the terrestrial species. Both the author and the
34 THE NAUTILUS.
Academy are to be congratulated upon the success with which the
undertaking has been carried out.
Beginning with the Pulmonata, the land species, 51 in number,
are first described, a sufficiently full synonomy of each is given with
figures of the shell, and in nearly all cases of the jaw and radula.
Full details of local distribution and of the habits and characteristic
peculiarities of the different forms are also given. Pilsbry's classi-
fication is of course followed, and the whole treatment of the subject
is in accordance with the latest scientific methods.
The most striking innovation in this portion of the work is the
adoption of Say's name of ovalis for the species commonly known as
Succinea obliqua. This is, however, in accordance with the recog-
nized rules of nomenclature, and it is surprising that it has not been
done before. The Succineas need a thorough revision. The specific
characters exhibited by the shells are slight, and most of the de-
scribed species seem to be exceedingly variable. It is possible that
dissection will show reliable characters in the soft parts that can be
relied on for specific determination. This work has yet to be done
and would be a very valuable contribution to science. The jaws and
radulse if examined in sufficient quantities to determine the amount
of variability in each species, might furnish a sufficiently reliable
basis for classification. The difference shown between the author's
figure of S. ovalis and Binney's figure of that of S. totteniana and
that between his figure of the radula of ovalis and Binney's figure of
the same, and the remarks on the same subject with reference to the
published figures, the jaw of S. retusa is very suggestive, and shows
the necessity for additional work in that line. It is unfortunate that
the author did not make an original figure of the jaw of S. avara, as
there is reason to believe that Morse's figure, adopted by Binney, is
not correct.
The treatment of the fluviatile univalves is a welcome addition to
the scanty literature on the subject. The only regret is that the
fauna of the Area is comparatively small and that so many of our
common species are not represented in it.
The keys supplied under the different genera serve to bring out
the differential specific characters, and will be of great assistance to
the student in identifying his specimens. The jaws and radulae of
many of the species are figured for the first time and many anatomi-
cal details of value are given. This branch of the subject is practi-
THE NAUTILUS. 35
cally the first effort in a new field and forms the most valuable
portion of the entire work. The synonymy is practically that of
Binney with the addition of more recently described forms. Until
a thorough revision of the subject can be made, based on abundant
material from all parts of the country, and the study of the original
types, this is no doubt the wisest course to pursue. The advisability
of printing the MSS. names of Calkins, all of which stem to be
synonyms, may be perhaps questioned.
The treatment of the Limnceidce will in the main commend itself
to the student. The author declines to follow Crandall in separating
Physa ellfptica Lea from P. yyrina oleacea Tryon. Judging from
the figures given, it seems possible that elliptica as differentiated by
Crandall does not occur in the Chicago Area. Certainly as species
go in Physa, there is room for a difference of opinion on this subject.
The elaborate descriptions of the Pleuroceridtz are worthy of notice,,
and are a refreshing improvement upon the descriptions that do not
describe, of the older authors in treating of this most difficult family.
The union of Goniobasis depygis to G. livescens seems a rather
radical innovation and will likely provoke dissent. If it serves to
incite discussion and careful study, it will have accomplished a use-
ful purpose.
The author's figure of the radula of Gincinnatia cincinnatiensis is
tbe first that has been published of that species. It is remarkable in
not showing the " tongue shaped process from the middle of the
anterior surface, reaching beyond the base," which is given by
Stimpson as a generic characteristi-: of Amnicola. If the figure is
correct, Oincinnatia must be removed from under that genus and
placed elsewhere. We do not understand the statement on p. 335
that figures 4 and 11 on Plate I. of Haldeman's Monograph are mis-
named. In the copy before us, both the description and plate give
the proper references. The author also seems in error in his re-
marks on page 33G in regard to Binney 's figure 162 as copied from
Troschel. Neither Binney nor Troschel refer the radula there
figured to Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anth. Both refer it, and prob-
ably correctly, to A. sayana Anth., which is a synonym of Pornati-
opsis cincinnatiensis Lea, an entirely different thing. The synonymy
of the Campelomas is that established by Call and, barring the
reference of Lea's milesii to subsolidum, is entirely acceptable. There
is reason to believe that Lea's species should rather be referred to
decisum. The large specimen figured as decisum on plate 36, fig. 5,.
36 THE NAUTILUS.
looks very much like C. integrum. Possibly that species should have
been included in the Chicago fauna.
The paper concludes with a full bibliography of the literature of
the Area, and a list of all the works referred to, which in itself will be
of valuable assistance to the student who desires to familiarize him-
self with the literature, especially that published since Binney's
Bibliography was issued. BRYANT WALKER.
ENTEROXENOS OSTERGRENI, A NEW ENDO-PARASITIC GASTRO-
POD.— In the current number of the Zoologische Jahrbiicher (xv,
pi. 4, p. 731) a new parasitic gastropod of unusual interest is
described by Kristine Bonnevie. It lives in the body-cavity of the
N. European holothurian Stichopus tremulus, usually near the
anterior end of the intestine, to which it is attached. The adult
animal is vermiform, 6-15 cm. long, 4-5 mm. in diameter, without
visible external opening, suddenly contracted anteriorly, into a
slender style which is run into, and attaches it to the intestine of the
host. The largest individuals sometimes lie free in the body-cavity.
The integument is smooth, white and opaque. Under the epithelium
there are circular and longitudinal layers of muscle. The internal
anatomy is very simple. There is a narrow, long, central cavity,
running backward from the end of the peduncle of attachment, the
large ovary opening into it distally, while the testis lies anterior.
The eggs are fertilized in the central cavity of the animal, and
undergo development there. No trace of an alimentary canal is
present. The gastropodous nature of the parasite is shown by the
development and embryo.
The relationships of Enteroxenos are apparently with Entocolax
and Entoconcha, but it is a more advanced evolution-product. The
author gives provisional and guarded adherence to Schmiemenz's
theory of the mode of derivation of Enloconcha from Stylifer-\\ke
ectoparasites, but wisely abstains from homologizing the parts of the
endoparasitic forms with those of normal mollusks, preferring to
leave open the questions of the homologies of the body-wall, style of
attachment and central cavity. — H. A. P.
A REVISED CENSUS OF THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TASMANIA.
By Prof. Ralph Tate and W. L. May. (Proc. Linnean Soc., New
South Wales, pp. 344-471. Issued Dec. 19, 1901.)
This valuable contribution consists of an introduction to and history
of marine conchology in Tasmania; a systematic list of species ; a
catalogue of synonyms with the corresponding names adopted ; criti-
cal remarks on some species, and descriptions of two new species and
one new genus — (Legrandina). The work is illustrated by five
plates, containing 107 figures and 14 figures in text. A summary of
admitted species shows : 10 Cephalopoda, 504 Gastropoda, 4 Scapho-
poda and 157 Pelecypoda, a total of 653 species. It is a truly up-
to-date catalogue, very few of the more recent improvements in
nomenclature being overlooked. — C. W. J.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVI. AUGUST, 19O2. No. 4.
COLLECTING UNIONIDJE IN TEXAS AND LOUISIANA.
BY L. S. KRIERSON, FRIERSON, LA.
In July, 1901, Dr. W. S. Strode, Mr. H. G. Askew, and the
writer, took a trip through eastern Texas, collecting Unionid*. Dr.
Strode first took a "still hunt" on the Sabine river, at Loganport,
where he duplicated the experience of the writer, the results of
which have already been given the readers of NAUTILUS (xiii. 79).
We met Mr. Askew at Sheperd, a small town northeast of Houston,
and in close proximity to " Big creek," and Trinity river.
From Big creek we obtained a few Lampsilis lienosus. This shell
had never before been obtained so far west, nor had it been listed as
a Texas species by Mr. Singley. The Trinity river, though shallow
at this time and place, was swift, with a sandy bottom, a combina-
tion not favorable to unio life, and we had therefore poor luck. We
obtained some magnificent QuadruJa pauciplicata ; big, glossy, black
and nearly devoid of plications. They were otherwise interesting on
account of the females being gravid, an unusual condition in this
group. It is a true Quadrula in this respect. Some very fine Q.
trapezoides were also taken. They were remarkably compressed,
and some of them were likewise gravid. They bore their young (or
ewo-s') in all four sills. This we believe has never before been noted,
OO / ~
and effectually places this species in the genus Quadrula, as defined
by Mr. C. T. Simpson, who placed it here without having the advan-
tage of seeing a gravid female. We captured a trio of L. an/p/ti-
chsenus, which extends both the habitat and size of this remarkable
species, one of them being 5^ inches in length. (The writer has
since obtained a dead shell from the upper Brazos river.) A fine
38 THE NAUTILUS.
series of shells were found which are in my cabinet as yet unnamed.
They seem to be a perfect connecting link between Q. aurea, hotis-
tonensis, and pustulata. We were fortunate enough to find a couple
of Q. chuirii, Lea. This is the river in which the types were
obtained and the specimens were typical in every respect. This
shell is a very rare species, and one sadly abused. Whenever a
uniologist gets a shell belonging to the group headed by Q. trigona,
and about whose name he is in doubt, he at once dubs it Q. chtmif.
I may be rather harsh on my brother uniologists, but these two shells
are my only chunii to date.
The next day we were at Nacogdoches, Texas. Here we saw the
celebrated " Stone Fort," an ancient structure over whose walls the
flags of seven governments have floated. How many of my readers
must plead guilty, as I did, of never having heard of the Republic of
Fredonia?1 The full history of this structure was given us by Mr.
1In April, 1825, Hayden Edwards made a contract with the government of
Mexico for the introduction of 800 families into Texas. They were to settle in
the neighborhood of Nacogdoches, and be provided with lands under the gen-
eral colonization law. The location proved unfortunate. Nacogdoches had
been settled many years, partly by Mexicans and partly by a roving class of
people who had a prejudice against the Anglo-Americans. When the colonists
selected their lands and commenced improving, some older claimant would
appear. The courts were appealed to, but would invariably decide in favor of
the Mexican constituents. These conditions continued until finally (1826) the
Mexican governor of the province decreed the annulment of the contract and
the expulsion of Edwards and his brother from the territory. But Edwards
had expended several thousand dollars in this enterprise, and his colonists too
had expended considerable in building their homes. The Indians (principally
Cherokees) also had settled near-by under the provisions of the colonization laws,
and being greatly dissatisfied, allied themselves with the Edwards colonists,
who, assuming the name of Fredonians, declared their independence of Mexico.
They proceeded at once to organize a legislative committee composed of eight
Americans and five Indians. Learning that C.ol. Bean was preparing to resist
their movements, they took possession of the old stone fort. Norris, the de-
posed Mexican Alcalde, collected some friends and on Jan. 4, 1827, entered the
town ; they were attacked by the Americans and Indians and driven off with a
loss of one killed and several wounded. The Fredonians were sadly disap-
pointed in not receiving the co-operation of the Austin colonists, who joined
the 200 soldiers sent from San Antonio to suppress the infant republic. Seeing
the hopelessness of maintaining the Republic of Fredonia, Major Edwards and
his forces retired across the Sabine into the United States and disbanded.
We are indebted to Mr. Askew for the above notes from Thrall's History of
Texas. — EDITORS.
THE NAUTILUS. 39
Askew, who is as loyal a son <>t T>jxas MS ever drew Invatli. It is a
shame to the to vn that this tort lias been recently torn down and
replaced by a sordid brick store. As soon as we had breakfasted,
we went to the La Nana creek, where we obtained the new species,
Q. lananeusis recently described. We also obtained a number of the
most deeply corrugated Q. laticostata we have yet seen. A solitary
Obovuria castanea was taken. Numbers of Tritogonia tuberculata
were found, but much to our disappointment, not a single gravid
female was noted. (This species has not as yet been observed in
that condition.) In this creek we obtained some L. nigerrimus and
Strophitus edentitlits, neither of which was listed by Mr. Singley.
While cleaning up our catch in the hotel yard, we were joined by an
intelligent-looking party who gravely asked if the " fossils " we were
cleaning belonged to the Devonian formation ! I shall never forget
the guileless look' of the doctor, as he gravely replied that they did.
By high noon next day we were at Rockland on the Neches river;
we had taken our dinner, and by 5 p. m. were loaded with all the
unios we wanted. This place is the metropolis of Q. askew'ii, of
which some examples require a " Philadelphia lawyer" to differenti-
ate from Q. beadleanus. The unios of this river are precisely the
same as in the Sabine river. We obtained some bona-jide Q. nodifera,
a species of the validity of which we had had doubts, but these are
now forever laid aside. From Rockland we then took flight towards
Lake Charles (Louisiana). En route we were compelled to stop
over at Beaumont, Texas; while there we were fortunate enough to
witness the striking of oil by one of the wonderful "gushers "of
that place. It was a grand sight, the memory of which will never
leave us. Lake Charles we found to be a shallow expansion of the
Calcasieu river, about two miles wide, with sandy bottom, and
covered by floating masses of the " Water Hyacinth," acres and
acres of them. Calcasieu river is an extraordinary stream ; for
fifty miles it is sixty feet deep and a quarter of a mile wide, with no
current excepting after rains, and not a shoal or sand-bar. The salt
water comes up 40 or 50 miles during storms, and kills most of the
fresh-water shells.
Those left alive were the following : Q. apiculata (typical),
Q. mortoni, L. texasensis, L. hydiana, L. anodontoidcs, Q. trapezoides,
variety pentagonoides (new var.), and finally Glebula rotundata. I
have in my cabinet two specimens of fresh water mussels (Unto)
40
THE NAUTILUS.
having growing on them a shell of the salt water mussel (Mytilus)}
both host and mess-mate were alive when taken.
The G. rotundata were unusually fine, the shades of color exhib-
ited by them I have never seen excelled. These were otherwise in-
teresting as a number of them were gravid, and we felt all the im-
portance of being true discoverers, as no student had ever before
noted them in this condition. As regards this part of their physi-
ology they are a true Lampsilis. The possession however of several
unique characteristics will probably keep them in a separate genus.
Mention was made above of a new variety of Q. trapezoides.
This shell differs from the type in having its dorsum very much
arched or bent midway. The posterior is widely biangulated. The
anterior is singularly truncated like W. comscus, Gld. The effect
being that the outline forms nearly an equilateral pentagon, hence the
name. Aside from its form, it differs in being much smaller, and
frequently entirely devoid of plication on either its sides or posterior
slope. A striking peculiarity is that the posterior end of the liga-
ment is perpendicularly over the centre of the base, whereas in the
ordinary trapezoides the end is situated about three-fourths of the
distance from the anterior to the posterior.
LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED ON SAN MARTIN ISLAND, LOWER
CALIFORNIA, MEXICO.
BY FRED. BAKER, M. D.
Loligo sp? Giant squid.
Cavolina tridentata Gmel.
Cerostoma nuttalli Conr.
Ocinebra circumtexta Stearns.
Ocinebra gracillima Stearns.
Ranella californica Hds. 30
fathoms.
Fusus luteopictus Dall. On
breakwater at low tide.
Macron kellettii A. Ad.
Macron lividus A. Ad.
Nassa fossata Gld.
Nassa perpinguis Hds.
Monoceros lugubre Sby.
Marginella regularis Cpr. 30
fathoms.
Marginella jewettii Cpr. Drift.
Marginella pyriformis Cpr.
Volvarina varia Sby. Drift.
Olivella biplicata Sby.
Astyris gouldi Cpr. 30 fathoms.
Astyris aurantia Dall.
Astyris gausapata Gld.
Astyris carinata, var. hindsii Rve.
Astyris tuberosa Cpr.
Anachis penicillata Cpr.
THE NAUTILUS.
41
Engina carbonaria Rve. 30
fathoms.
Amphissa versicolor Dall.
Surcula carpenteriana, var.
tryoniana Gabh.
Clatliurella affinis Dall.
Mitromorpha filosa Cpr.
Mangelia interlirata'S teams.
Mangelia variegata Cpr.
Conns californicus Hds.
Cyprrea spadicea Gray.
Poliriices uber Val.
Crepidula aculeata Gmel.
Crepidula aculeata, var. cali-
forniea Nutt.
Crepidula dorsata, var. ligulata
Glcl.
Crepidula rugosa Nutt.
Capulus sp ?
Hipponyx antiquatus Linn.
Hipponyx tumens Cpr. In drift.
Scala hindsii Cpr.
Scala tincta Cpr.
Turritella goniostoma Val.?
Mesalia tenuisculpta Cpr.
Vermetus fewkesii Yates.
Caecum californicum Dall.
Crecum crebrieinctum Cpr.
Cascum laeve C. B. Ad.
Crecum orcuttii Dall.
Eulima compacta Cpr.
Turbonilla similis C. B. Ad.
Turbonilla tenuicula Gld.
Turbonilla torquata Gld.
Dunkeria gracilenta Cpr.
Dunkeria laminata Cpr.
Odostomia nuciformis, var.
avellama Cpr.
Odostomia americana Dall &
Bartsch.
Odostomia (Ivara) turricula
Dall & Bartsch.
Miralda calitbrnica Dall &
Bartsch.
Ividia armata Cpr.
Mumiola amiantis Dall.
Chrysallida aequisculpta Cpr.
Chrysallida cincta Cpr.
Oscilla aequisculpta Cpr.
Littorina planaxis Nutt.
Littorina pulchra.
Littorina scutulata Gld.
Lacuna unifasciata Cpr.
Diala marmorea Cpr.
Bittiuin armillatum Cpr.
Bittium attenuatum Cpr.
Bittium esuriens Cpr.
Bittium quadrifilatum Cpr.
Cerithiopsis columna Cpr.
Cerithiopsis metaxae D. C.
Cerithiopsis munita Cpr.?
Cerithiopsis tuberculata Mont.
Triforis adversa Mont.
Cerithidea californica Hds.
Rissoina aequisculpta Cpr.
Rissoina bakeri Dall & Bartsch.
Rissoina infrequens C. B. Ad.
Rissoina interfossa Cpr.
Barleeia acuta Cpr., banded var.
30 fathoms.
Barleeia haliotiphila Cpr.
Barleeia subtenuis Cpr.
Rissoa acutilirata Cpr.
Rissoa aequisculpta Cpr.
Alvania aequisculpta Cpr.
Alvania carpenteri Weink.
Alvania notabilis Cpr.
Alvania purpurea Dall.
Amphithalamus inclusus Cpr.
Truncatella calitornica Pfr.
42
THK NAUTILUS.
Truncatella stimpsoni Stearns.1
Liotia acuticostata Cpr.
Liotia fenestrata Cpr.
Ethalia supravallata Cpr.
Phasianella compta Gld.
Phasianelia compta, var.
pulloides. 30 fathoms.
Eulithidium sulistriatum Cpr.
Pornaulax undosus Wood.
Clilorostoma fiiriehnile A. Ad.
Clilorostoma gallina Fhs.
Gibbula succincta Cpr.
Leptothyra hacula Cpr.
Leptothyra carpenieri Pile.
Leptothyra paucicostata Dall.
Cnlliostoma splendens Cpr.
Tmchiscus norrissii Sby.
Margarita acuticostata Cpr. 30
fathoms,
Scissurella rimuloides Cpr.
Haliotis cracherodii Leach.
Haliotis fulgens Phil.
Fissnrella volcans Rve.
Cly])ide'la calliomarofmata Cpr.
Megateheimus himaculatus Dall.
Acma?a persona Esdi.
Acmrea srabra Nutr.
Acmasa rosacea. 4 fathoms.
Acmsea spectrum Nutt.
Nacella incessa Hds.
Nacella paleacea Gld.
Williamia peltoides Cpr.
Lottia gigantea Gray.
Ischnochiton conspicnus Cpr.
Isclmochiton magdalenensis Rve.
Rather common, but no large
ones found.
Is(;lmocliiton mertensii Midd.
Ischnochiton sarcosus Dall.
Callistochiton crassicostatus Pils.
Callistochiton intbrtunatus Pils.
Mo|ialia muscosa Gld.
Lepidopleurus (Oldi-oydia) per-
crassus Dall. ''Not in Pils-
l»i-y's Monograph.''
Chaetopleura hartwegii, var.
nuttalli Cpr.
Tornatina inculta Gld.
Tornatina harpa Dall.
Tornatina recta d'Orb.
Gadinia reticulata Sby.
Helix stearnsiana Gabb.
Saxicava arctica Linn.
Semele decisa Cour.
Cumingia californica Conr.
Tellina bodegensis Hds.
JMacoma seota Cour.
Petricola carditoides Cour.
Venus fordi Yate<.? V. toreuma
Gld.
Psephis salmonea C1pr.
Psephis tantilla Gld.
Tivela crassatelloides Cour.
Saxidomax nuttalli Cour.
Tapes staminea Cour.
Chama exogyra Cour.
Chama pellucida Sby.
Chama spinosa Sby.
1 In "NAUTILUS," Nov., 1901, Dr. Pilsbry describes T. stimpsoni ffuadalupensis,
found by Mr. R. E. Snodgrass in Nov., 1899, as the first specimens of this genus
found on any of the islands off Lower California. The above two species were
collected in August, 1899.
THE NAUTILUS. 43
Lucina californica Com-. Modiola (Gregariella) opil'ex
Lucina mittalli Cour. Say.
Lucina tenuisculpta Cpr. Septifer bifurcatus Rve.
Diplodonta orbella Gld. Philobrya setosa Cpr. 30
Lasea rubra Mont. 30 fathoms. fathoms.
Lasea rubra Mont., var. sub- Lima orientalis Ad. & Rve.
viridis Cpr. 30 fathoms. Young, dead. 30 fathoms.
Kellia laperousii Desli. Pecten latiauritus Conr. Young.
Kellia suborbicularis Mont. 30 30 fathoms.
fathoms. Hinnites giganteus Gray. 30
Milneria minima Dall. fathoms.
Lazaria stibquadrata Cpr. Monia foliata Brod. In Hinnites,
Area gradata Brod. 30 fathoms.
Mytilus californica Cour.
NEW SPECIES OF PACIFIC COAST SHELLS.
BY WILLIAM IIEALEY DALL.
Trivia atomaria n. sp. Shell minute, of a livid pink, with a sub-
stratum of olivaceous cast, the whole giving a pinkish brown effect;
form subglobular, with a feeble dorsal sulcus, across which the ribs
usually pass without interruption ; in all there are about 18 ribs,
with about equal interspaces, which are slightly sagrinate or minu-
tely irregularly rugose, though the ribs are smooth ; these ribs form
an equal number of fine denticulations on the inside of the outer lip
and over the pillar-lip anil internal lobe ; the extremities are very
slightly or not at all produced ; the spire is completely obscured.
Length 3.2, breadth 2.6, height 2.2 mm.
Half a dozen specimens of uniform size were dredged in 18
fathoms, Panama Bay, by the U. S. Str. Albatross. This is the
smallest species I have seen ; even the dwarfs of the allied T. sub-
rostrata Gray of the West Indian fauna are larger.
Trivia panamensis n. sp. Shell small, strongly sculptured, sub-
ovate, inflated, with its posterior extremity slightly produced; sculp-
tured with about 15 rather sharp-edged strong ribs, of which about 4
are intercalary and the others continuous over the shell ; in the
middle line of the back they dip slightly but are not interrupted or
attenuated ; aperture narrow, strongly and nearly equally toothed on
44 THE NAUTILUS.
each lip ; the spire wholly concealed ; the interspaces are smooth
and somewhat wider than the ribs. Length 4.2, breadth 3.0, height
2.5 mm.
Two specimens were obtained with the preceding. Both forms
have been submitted to Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, of Manchester, Eng-
land, who now possesses the types of Gaskoin's species, and has given
especial attention to the group. He regards both as new.
Erato oligostcita n. sp. Shell small, very nearly the shape of
Trivia atomaria, but not ribbed, of a pale olive green, with the
extremity of the canal deep rose pink; spire entirely concealed by a
microscopically pustulate layer of greenish white callus ; aperture
narrow, very slightly shorter than the spire and not angulate exter-
nally behind ; pillar lip with two anterior pliciform and half a dozen
small pustular more posterior deposits of callus, the outer lip minu-
tely dentate, the teeth smaller in front ; the canal very short.
Length 3.2, breadth 2.25 mm.
Found with the preceding. This is perhaps the smallest known
Erato, and while, perhaps, nearest to dwarf specimens of the West
Indian E. maugeria Gray, it differs from them in its more rounded
form and less trigonal outline, as well as by the pustulated surface.
The European genus Mysia (Leach) Lamarck, of which the type
is Lucinopsis undata Forbes and Hanley, has two right and three left
cardinal teeth. A very similar type is found in American waters,,
represented in the Antilles by Artemis tennis Recluz, and on the
Pacific coast by Dosinia subquadrata Hanley. These forms however
differ from Mysia by having three cardinal teeth in each valve.
For this American type I propose the name of Cyclinella, and add
the following new species to the fauna of the Pacific coast.
Cyclinella singleyi Ball. Shell solid, nearly orbicular, yellowish
white, with an extremely thin periostracum, moderately inflated ;
surface with very fine close concentric sulci, giving a silky texture
to it ; an obscure depression radiates from the beaks near the pos-
terior margin ; lunule lanceolate, defined by an impressed line ;
pallial sinus narrow, high, rather blunt, pointing at the umbo ; in-
ternal margins plain, the middle cardinals strong, the posterior right
cardinal bifid. Length 40, height 39, diameter 22 mm.
Gulf of California in the Yaqui delta ; Singley. It is smaller,,
more convex and solid, with vastly larger muscular scars than
C. subquadrata Hanley.
THE NAUTILUS. 45
NEW LAND MOLLUSKS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Enlota {Aegista) minima n. sp.
Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, convex above and below,
broadly rounded at the periphery, light yellowish-brown. Surface
densely covered with fine, short cuticular scales, readily rubbed off.
Whorls about 5, convex, separated by an impressed suture, slowly
increasing, the last wider, convex beneath, not noticeably descending
in front. Aperture broadly crescentic, oblique ; peristome slightly
thickened, very narrowly expanded and subreflexed. Alt. 3, diam.
6.3 mm.
Oshima, Osumi. Types no. 83,369 A. N. S. P. from no. 929 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
Much smaller than any other Japanese species of the group, but a
true Aegista in form and sculpture.
Enlota (Plectotropis} hachijoensis n. sp.
Shell narrowly umbilicate, biconvex, acutely carinate, pale brown
or whitish corneous. Surface glossy, finely and faintly striate, and
under a lens seem to be very closely and distinctly engraved with
spiral strice beneath, more obsolelely so above. Whorls 4^r
moderately convex, the last descending below the keel in frontr
slightly concave above and below the peripheral keel. Aperture
oblique, irregularly oval ; peristome slightly expanded above, re-
flexed below, scarcely thickened, the ends somewhat approaching.
Alt. 5.4, diam. 10 mm.
Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83,368 A. N. S. P., from no. 943
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
The pale color of the somewhat translucent, acutely carinate
shell, and its beautiful sculpture of spiral striae beneath are the more
prominent features of this species. It has the shape, but not the
surface, of Plectotropis, and does not seem closely related to any of
the known species from the adjacent islands of Japan, but resembles
closely the Riukiu species E. inornata Pils., differing chiefly in the
smaller number of whorls.
Enlota {Aegista) aperta var. mikuriyensis nov.
Similar to var. trachyderma Pils. & Gude, but more elevated and
covered with very much coarser, less crowded, ragged cuticular
46 THE NAUTILUS.
scales, or where they are rubbed off the surface is roughened with
comparatively coarse, short striae. Whorls 5| ; periphery subangular
at the beginning of the last whorl. Peristome thin, narrowly ex-
panded and subreflexed. Alt. 7.5, diam. 12.5 to 13 mm.
Mikuriya, Suruga. Types no. 83317 A. N. S. P., from no. 937
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
The peristome of this species is of the same character of that of
trachyderma. Mr. Gude dissents from the course I took in subordi-
nating trachyderma to aperta. He writes : " I decidedly consider
trachyderma as more nearly related to mimvla than to aperta. Only
look at the peristome, which is so decidedly thickened in aperta (and
you must remember that your types of aperta were immature shells).
If you will examine them again I think you will agree with me, and
if trachyderma must be degraded to varietal rank, by all means place
it under nrimula" (G. K. G. in fitt. Jan. 7, 1902).
I am now much disposed to adopt this view ; but pending a
thorough study of the group, I allow the published status of the
form to remain.
Eulota (Plestotropis) mackensii var. formosa, nov.
Shell similar to E. mackensii and vulgivaga except that the umbili-
cus is less widely open and the lower margin of the lip is less deeply
curved. Alt. 1<H, diam. 23^ mm., whorls 6^.
Taihoku, Formosa. Types no. 83332 A. N. 8. P., from no. 429
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Schmacker& Bottger have already commented upon this Formosan
form of mackensii, which they had from Tamsui (Nbl. D. Mai. Ges.
1890, 136).
Eulota (Ccelorus') caviconus Pils.
NAUTILUS XV, p. 117 (February, 1902). The locality should be
Goto, Hizen, in Kyushu. Mr. Hirase has sent specimens from Ojika-
jima, Hizen (no. 928), which are a little larger than the type lot,
diam. 7.6 mm.
Eulota siibmanda-nna var. compacta nov. Differs from the typical
form by the larger umbilicus, more elevated spire of 6^ very convex
whorls ; very solid, light chestnut colored, without a peripheral band.
Lip expanded and strongly thickened within. Specimens measure :
Alt. 19.5 to 20, diam. 21.5 mm., and alt. 19, diam. 22.5 mm.
Yakushima. Types no. 82498 coll. A. N. S. P., from no. 777 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
THE NAUTILUS. 47
Hirasea major n. sp. Shell depressed, lens-shaped, brown, dull
and densely, finely obliquely striate above, paler, somewhat glossy
and more faintly striate beneath. Spire convex ; whorls 5, but
slightly convex, the suture superficial, filled by the peripheral keel ;
last whorl very acutely carinate, the keel narrowly projecting, base
convex, deeply impressed in the middle. Aperture oblique, obscurely
trapezoidal-lunate, the peristome thin in the specimens seen. Alt.
3.3, diam. 6.7 mm. Chichijima, Ogasawara (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 865).
Much larger than the related H. hypolia, less polished below, and
with a more acute peripheral keel. The specimens may not be fully
mature.
Hirasea diplomphalus var. latispira n. var.
Similar to the typical form except that the spire is wider and less
sunken. Chichijima.
Hirasea profundispira n. sp.
A species similar to H. diplontphulus, but differing in the much
narrower spire, not one-third the diameter of the shell, and quite
deeply sunken. Alt. '2.3, diam. 3.3 mm. Chichijima.
TWO NEW BULIMINI FROM CENTRAL ASIA.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
1. Buliminus larvatus, Anc.
Shell rather solid, cylindrical, attenuated and conic towards the
apex, with an oblique and compressed umbilical fissure, somewhat
shining, whitish flesh-colored, with irregular and oblique rather
straight stripes of a darker hue. Apex brownish or horn-colored.
Spire produced, obtuse. Whorls 7-^-8. slowly increasing, not much
convex, suture simple, not deeply impressed ; the first 4 or 5 whorls
gradually becoming broader, the following of nearly the same diame-
ter, the last one cylindrical, compressed near the chink and obscurely
and obtusely angular at the base, not ascending in front. Aperture
oval, angulated superiorly, a little oblique. Peristome thickened
and labiated internally, but slightly expanded, more broadly so at
the columella. Margins distant, the columellar one simple and
arched. Parietal callosity more or less conspicuous, sometime^
thickened on each side.
Length 14|-15i, diam. 5^, length of apert. 5 mm.
48 THE NAUTILUS.
Loc.: Valley of Urmara, Talas-Alatan, Turkestan. Alt. 8500
feet (O. Rosen).
A distinct form, recalling in shape Bui. Kuschakewitzi, Anc., of
Namangan, Khanat of Khokand, but very distinct and with the
peristome less developed.
Some of the Bulimini that I have described from the same
•countries bearing only the very vague locality, Turkestan, I now
avail myself of the opportunity of mentioning the precise localities of:
Bui. Ujfalvianus, Anc., Usgent.
Bui. Turanicus, Anc., Usgent.
Bui. trigonochilus, Anc., Samarkand.
Bui. Annenkowi, Anc., Margelan.
Bui. Kuschakewitzi, Anc., Namangan.
Bui. Bomalotianus, Anc. (emend.), Alai. A smaller, highly
•colored variety which I propose to call var. colorata.
Bui. intumescus is also found at Osch, Eastern Turkestan, with
Bui. albiplicatus, von Mart. The former appears to be a widely
spread species.
2. Buliminus albocostatus, n. sp.
Shell small, rather thick, slender, cylindrical, turreted, rimate,
shining, brownish horn-color or brownish, sculptured with strong,
numerous, rather regular, white folds. Apex obtuse, smooth, horn-
colored. Spire long, regularly attenuated, subcylindrical below.
Whorls 8-9, somewhat convex, slowly increasing, suture simple,
moderately impressed ; the last whorl not much broader than the
preceding one, barely attenuated or narrowed towards the base,
minutely ascending in front. Aperture nearly vertical, ovate, some-
times produced externally, angulated superiorly. Peristome white,
thickened, superiorly straightened, flatly expanded, margins not dis-
tant, joined by a heavy callosity. Columella simple, internally
simple, not folded, externally broad.
Length 81-10, diam. 3, length of apert. 2-| mill.
Loc.: Valley of Karagoin, Turkestan (0. Rosen).
A charming and sharply defined, graceful species which I received
at first labeled as 'k Bui. albiplicatus, von Mart., variety," and sub-
sequently as " Bui. albiplicatus, West." I am not aware it was ever
published by Westerlund. From B. albiplicatus it differs in being
smaller, more slender and the characters of aperture, as well as the
relative proportions, are altogether dissimilar.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vor,. XVI. SEPTEMBER, 1902. No. 5.
NOTES ON TASMANIAN AND WEST INDIAN CONCHOLOGY.*
BY C. HEDLEY, F. L. S.
The study of Tasmanian conchology has been facilitated by an
excellent catalogue published last year by the late Prof. Tate and
Mr. W. L. May in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New
South Wales. Therein certain species ascribed to Tasmania by the
Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods were rejected from the fauna chiefly
because no later observer had taken them. Though apparently of
foreign origin, their exclusion could not be wholly justified until that
origin was ascertained. At the invitation of Messrs. A. Morton and
W. L. May I undertook their examination. From the result it
appears that five West Indian species were supplied to Tenison
Woods, which he erroneously described as Tasmanian, and as new
to science. They are :
Pleurotoma weldiana, T. AVoods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1876
(1877), p. 137, identical with Drillia fucata, Reeve, Conch. Icon.,
pi. xx, f. 169.
Ethalia tasmanica, T. Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1876 (1877),
p. 146, is the common West Indian Modulus modulus, Linne.
Adeorbis picta, T. Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1876 (1877), p.
146, is Chlorostoma fasciatum Born. Wood's type answers well to
fig. 2a of pi. 63 of Fischer's Monograph in the " Coquilles Vivantes."
Astele turbinata, T. Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1876 (1877), p.
145, is Chlorostoma scalare, Anton, another well-known West Indian
shell.
Semele werburtoni, T. Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1876 (1877),
p. 158, is Codakia orbicularis, Linne, a common Antillean species.
* From the Proceedings Royal Society of Tasmania for 1902.
50 THE NAUTILUS.
FOSSIL LAND SHELLS OF THE OLD FOREST BED OF THE OHIO EIVER.
BY A. C. BILLUPS, LAWRENCEBURG, IND.
During the spring of 1902, owing to the unusually heavy rains
which caused much cutting to be done on the banks of the Ohio and
Great Miami rivers, near Lawrenc«burg, Indiana, I had a fine
opportunity to examine this interesting formation, the Old Forest
bed, from a conchological point of view.
I had many years previously found large numbers of broken and
bleached shells of species which are foreign to this locality in drift
piles of the Great Miami and Ohio rivers, which I had always put
down as dead specimens which had floated from some point far
above where they were found. 1 found that this conclusion was
erroneous and that these shells were washed from the deposit which
contained them, and floated to the various drift piles where they first
attracted my attention.
The Old Forest bed is a stratum of several feet in depth, six to
eight feet below the present surface of the bottom lands of the Ohio,
and contains in many places the well-preserved remains of mammoth
trees ; these are covered with a thick layer of yellow clay of an
exceedingly hard and solid texture, which renders very difficult the
extraction of fossils so delicate in structure as the land shells.
About the only satisfactory way to obtain good specimens is to wash
out with water until the clay is softened and then, if good luck
follows you, you may obtain a respectable specimen. The use of a
knife or chisel is absolutely useless, as in nearly every case the fossil
extracted by these means is cracked or broken.
The comparison between these fossil forms and the species TIOW
found in this section is extremely interesting and worthy of study.
To give a general idea of the species and to illustrate the difference
between the fossil and recent faunas, I give the following list with
notes on each species, which will show clearly what time has done
to modify the molluscan fauna to the changed conditions of the
present time.
It is remarkable how well the red coloring matter of all species is
preserved, particulariy in the case of P. alternata Say.
Vallonia pidclieHa Mull. Traces only of this minute shell.
Polygyra tridentata Say. Not many found, and these much more
elevated and more deeply striated than the local living specimens.
THE NAUTILUS. 51
Polygyra tridentata Say. Variety, region of the mouth much
compressed and very deeply striated.
Polygyra infiecta Say. A few broken specimens.
Polygyra profunda Say. Very large well-preserved shells, heavy,
and bands very plainly marked.
Polygyra albolabris Say. Very scarce.
Polygyra exoleta Binn. Common and of usual form.
Polygyra multilineata Say. Perhaps about the most plentiful of
all the species found. This shell has never been found alive within
twenty miles of this deposit.
Polygyra palliata Say.
Polygyra apprcssa Say. Several broken specimens.
Polygyra elevata Say. Fairly common and well preserved.
Polygyra pennsylvanica Green. Quite common in the deposit,
but rare in this vicinity alive, only ten or twelve specimens having
been found in the last six years after careful search.
Polygyra tliyroides Say. Good specimens and fairly common.
Polygyra nritchelliana Lea. Common in the deposit, but rare and
very local alive, only one locality known near Lawrenceburg.
Polygyra stenotrema Fer.
Polygyra monodon Rack. Very rare.
Pupoides marginatus Say.
B'fiduria contracta Say.
Bifidaria armifera Say. Common.
Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. A few broken specimens.
Circinaria concava Say. Quite common.
Vitrea hammonis Strom. Several broken shells.
Gasfrodonta llgera Say. Common and in good condition.
Pyramidula alternata Say. Very large forms with distinct and
beautiful color markings.
Pyramidula solitaria Say. Plentiful, large, heavy shells.
Pyramidula. perspectiva Say. Rare.
Pyramidula striatella Anth. Rare.
Helicodiscus h'neatns Say. Rare and broken.
Succinea sp. Very large, quite common, and in fine condition,
nothing nearly as large found here alive.
Pomathpsls lapidaria. Common. I have never taken this shell
alive in the vicinity of Lawrenceburg.
Subsequent search will no doubt increase the numbers of this list,
52 THE NAUTILUS.
as only those shells are mentioned which are perfect enough to
render identification complete.
Poly-multiUneata Say, which occurs plentifully in the middle
portions of the State, seems at Lawrenceburg to be conspicuous by
its absence, but is represented in the fossil state in large numbers,
and is an exceedingly well-developed form for this species. In fact
all these fossils are much larger and better developed than the
species which are found alive here at the present time, with the
exception of Pol. albolabris Say., which is in the deposits a very rare
shell, but most abundant in the surrounding woods. This may be
due to the fact that albolabris is a thin and fragile shell, and has not
been able to withstand the pressure of the surrounding soil so well as
elevata and its more solidly-built brethren. However, this theory
would not seem to hold good, as Succinea, one of the most fragile
land shells, occurs in numbers, of large size, and in a splendid state
of preservation.
A NEW HELIX FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY J. ROWELL.
Epiphragmophora exarata var. rubicunda Rowell.
Shell umbilicate, conic, less depressed than exarata, rather thin,
sculpture somewhat malleated, the malleation lying in ridges parallel
with lines of growth, color dark chestnut-brown, with one black
band, summits of ridges and malleation dark orange-red, interior
ruby-red ; whorls seven, rounded, suture impressed, the upper
whorls much less wrinkled than in exarata.
Alt. 21, diam. 27-30 mm. (Occidental.)
Alt. 25, diam. 31^ mm. (Freestone.)
Habitat, Sonoma Co., on a high, dry ridge, in the town " Occi-
dental," on our " Cal. North Western R. R." I have visited the
place three times, hoping to get other mature shells besides my
original pair, but have searched in vain. All around are exarata
proper and a few mfumata, in the redwoods. But on my last trip,
I stopped over at the town " Freestone," six miles this side of Occi-
dental ; I chose the place because there the redwoods and the open
country meet, and I thought that for this reason it would be the
right place for my shell, and a dense fog helping me, I was delighted
to find quite a number of fine specimens.
THE NAUTILUS. 53
A NEW FLORIDIAN HELICINA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Helicina tantilla n. sp.
.Shell very small, much depressed, finely and weakly striate.
Spire low, convex, with rather straight outlines. AVhorls 3^, rather
slowly widening, the last much wider, rounded at the periphery,
convex beneath, impressed around the central callus. Aperture
quite oblique, semi-circular, the lip obtuse, not noticeably expanded.
Umbilical callus but slightly convex, not filling the cavity to the
level of the surrounding convexity of the base. Alt. 1.3, diam.
2.5 mm.
Palm Beach, Florida. Type no. 77349 A. N. S. P., coll. by H.
A. Pilsbry.
This tiny Helicina is quite distinct from all the Antillean species
I have been able to compare. A single bleached specimen was
gathered in June, 1899, with other small land shells, in the woods
about a quarter-of a mile from the Atlantic beach. I did not notice
it at the time, or I would have made search for more ; it was only
detected when the material was being sorted at home. No further
specimens have turned up in the three years since this one was taken,
and it is now published in the hope that some reader of the NAU-
TILUS who may visit that most beautiful of the winter resorts of
east Florida, may search for the species, and complete the descrip-
tion by finding living specimens. It has no resemblance to the
young of H. orbiculata.
NEW LAND MOLLUSKS FEOM THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Alycaus vinctus n. sp. Moderately umbilicate with conic spire
and the general aspect of other described Japanese species of
AJycceus. Whorls 3§, the first 1^ smooth, corneous-brown, follow-
ing whorls dull, whitish, sculptured with lamellar rib-striae and finer
spiral threads, the riblets as usual much more crowded on the back
of the last whorl. Constriction of neck rather strongly marked,
and with the portion following it, smooth, free from riblets, or with
weak striae only. '' Tube " long, reflexed, lying in the suture.
54 THE NAUTILUS.
Aperture oblique, circular, the peristome blunt, continuous, strength-
ened by a very strong external rib which is beveled to the lip-edge.
Operculum yellow, thin. Alt. 2.7; diam. 3.6 to 4 mm. Tanega-
shima, Osumi. (Mr. Hirase, no. 916.)
Readily distinguished by the excessively heavy collar behind the
lip and the comparatively conspicuous spiral threads. ( Vinctus^ bound,
in allusion to the heavy, hoop-like lip-rib.)
MacrocJilamys semisericata n. sp. Shell perforate, moderately
depressed, dark reddish-brown, thin and somewhat translucent ; the
surface polished below, dull with a silken sheen at the periphery and
above. Sculpture of excessively fine, close, slightly waved, parallel,
slightly oblique rib-striae above, extending from the apex to below
the periphery, the base smooth. Whorls 4^, slowly increasing,
convex, separated by an impressed suture, the last much wider,
rounded at the periphery. Aperture oblique, lunate ; ppristome
thin and simple, dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt. 3, diam.
5.2 mm.
Kurozu, Kii, Types no. 83374, A. N. S. P., from no. 935o of Mr.
Hirase's collection. Slightly smaller specimens were found at
Nachi, Kii, Mr. Hirase's no. 955.
Distinguished from M. cerasina \. aiuaciisis and M. taneyaslima
by the silken lustre of the upper surface, produced by fine parallel
strire. It is much smaller than awaeiisis. (Semisei-icatits, clothed half
in silk.)
Zonitoides sularboreiis n. sp.
Shell extremely similar to Z, arbornis (Say), from which it
differs in the wider, less deeply lunate aperture, and the slightly
wider umbilicus. The shell is brownish yellow. Surface glossy,
irregularly striate, smoother lelow, without spiral stria\ Whorls
4-^, convex, separated by an impressed suture. Alt. 2.7, diam.
6 mm., or slightly smaller.
Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83375, A. N. S. P., from no. 951
of Mr. Hirase's collection; collected by Mr. Nakada, 1902.
This species is more depressed than Z. nitidus, and tl.e base is
less convex. Tf found in the United States, the differences from Z.
arloretts would hardly be noticed ; but its location on an island over
one hundred miles oft' middle Japan, together with the slight diver-
gence noted above, seem to indicate a distinct species. (Sularloreiis
THE NAUTILUS. 55
might mean under trees, but here it refers to the resemblance to
Zonitoides arboreiis, one of the commonest snails of North America.)
Microcystina circumdata n. sp. Shell perforate, depressed, with
low, conic spire, glossy, light yellowish-brown, somewhat trans-
lucent. Sculpture of slight growth-lines, and under a strong lens
there are seen to be excessively minute, close, engraved spiral lines
above, and shallow, weak, and much coarser spiral sulci beneath.
Whorls 4^, convex, slowly increasing, joined by an impressed suture,
the last whorl rounded peripherally, impressed around the perfora-
tion. Aperture lunate, oblique ; outer margin of the peristome thin
and simple, the columellar margin thickened within, narrowly
dilated at the insertion. Alt. 2, diam. 3.4 mm.
Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 8337G, A. N. S. P., from no. 949 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species is larger and less depressed than M. yahtensis, which
resembles it more than any other species which I have compared.
(Circumdatus, surrounded, i. e., by the sea.)
Kaliella hachijoensi's n. sp. Shell imperforate, gloliose-conic,
smooth except for faint growth-stria?, yellowish-brown. Spire conic
with slightly convex lateral outlines, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5±>
convex, separated by an impressed suture, the last inconspicuously
and bluntly angular at the periphery, convex beneath. Aperture
lunate, but slightly oblique ; peristome thin and simple, the columellar
end reflexed, whitish. Alt. 2.7, diam. 3.4 mm.
Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83377, A. N. S. P., from no. 941 of
Mr. Hirase's collection, collected by Mr. Nakada, 1902.
Kulieila poUida, n. pp. Shell minutely perforate, depressed conic,
glossy and smooth except for faint growth-lines, translucent, pale
yellowish-corneous, becoming whitish towards the apex. Spire
conoidal, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4^, convex, the suture impressed.
Last whorl rounded at the periphery, a little angular in front of the
apertjiire, convex beneath. Aperture broadly lunate, the peristome
thin 'and simple, triangularly dilated at the columellar insertion.
Alt. 2.5, diam. 3 mm.
Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83378, A. N. S. P., from no. 952 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
These species are somewhat similar in contour to K. nanodes
(Gude) and K. reinhardti (Pils.), but are apparently different from
any of the described Japanese species. (Pallidus, pale.)
56 TUB NAUTILUS.
Sitala latissima n. sp. Shell minutely perforate, low trochit'orm,
dull brown. Surface nearly lustreless, showing two or three spiral
cuticular threads on the upper surface of the last and next earlier
whorls. Spire conic. Whorls 4^, convex, separated by a deep
suture, the last whorl angular at the periphery, flattened, only
weakly convex beneath. Aperture oblique, somewhat square, the
periphery thin and simple, dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt.
1.5, diam. 2.3 mm.
Yayeyama, Riukiu group. Types no. 83379, A. N. S. P., from
no. 953 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Distinct by its very broadly conic shape. (Latissimus, widest).
Pyramidnla pauper var. hachijoensis n. var.
Shell low-conic above, convex beneath, higher than P. pauper,
angular at the periphery ; regularly rib-striate, dark brown. Whorls
4^ ; umbilicus about one-fourth the diameter of the shell, being much
narrower than in pauper or depressa. Alt. 3.7, diam. 6.5 mm.
Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83324, A. N. S. P., from no. 950 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
Although there is now a tendency to regard island races, where
intergradation with the stem-form can not occur, as of specific rank,
yet it seems to me that the relationships of such forms as this are
best indicated by the use of a trinomial. The elevation of the spire
and the narrower umbilicus readily distinguish this sub-species.
Buliminus luchuanus var. oshimcmus nov. Shell similar to B.
luchuanus, but differing in being thinner, with more conic spire, far
less copious dark variegation, 7 to 7-g- whorls, and a thinner lip.
Length 18.3, diam. 7 mm.
Length 16.3, diam. 6.3 mm.
Oshima, Osumi. Types no. 83381 A. N. S. P., from no. 930 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
BuUmiuus hiraseanus n. sp. Shell rimate, egg-shaped, »being
short, broad and compact, the spire short, conic with convex outlines,
apex obtuse; yellow or brown; surface minutely decussate. Whorls
about 6, hardly convex. Aperture oblique, ovate; peristome white,
expanded and somewhat reflexed, thickened within, a small nodule
on the parietal wall defining a narrow channel at the upper angle.
Length 8.5-9, diam. 5 mm. Mukojima, an islet southwest of
Hahajima, Ogasawara. (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 919.)
THE NAUTILUS. 0V
Diplommatina kobelti var. ampla Pils.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1902, p. 28. The locality is Goto,
Hizen, not Uzen as given in the original description.
Carychium hachijoensis n. sp. Shell ovate-conic, whitish, slightly
translucent, nearly smooth, the growth-lines being very faint. Spire
conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4^, convex, separated by a deep
suture. Aperture ovate, a little less than half the length of the
shell; the peristome reflexed, much thickened throughout, white;
Outer lip bearing a strong tubercle on its inner margin above the
middle; columella conspicuously truncate, ending below in a strong
tooth-like fold, and bearing a stout, projecting lamella above.
Length 1.5, diam. 0.8 mm. ,
Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83,382 A. N. S. P., from no. 946
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species differs from C. noduliferum Eeinli. in its shorter spire
of fewer whorls, the absence of striation, and the smaller size.
Tornatellina biplicata n. sp.
Shell imperforate, pyramidal, thin, brown, nearly smooth ; spire
straightly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5^-, convex, separated by
a well impressed suture. Aperture oblique, rather narrow, some-
times' showing a strong narrow, white rib within; peristome simple;
columella spiral, forming a strong callous fold; parietal lamella thin
but high. Length 3, diam. 1.7 mm.
Hachijojima, Izu. Types no. 83,380 A. N. S. P., from no. 948
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species is more lengthened than T. ogasawarana, or T,
varicifera, but less so than T. nakadai (biplicatus, two-folded).
Cochlicopa lubrica var. hachijoensis nov. Shell short and wide,
with very obtuse apex; whorls 5^. Length G, diam. 2.7, length of
aperture 2.4 mm.
Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83,383 A. N. S. P., from no. 940
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
LIST OF LAND SHELLS COLLECTED IN THE SACKAMENTO MTS., NEW
MEXICO.
BY E. G. YANATTA.
During April and May of the present year Messrs. J. A. G. Rehn
and H. L. Viereck collected natural history specimens in the Sacra-
mento Mts., Otero Co., New Mexico, for the Academy of Natural
58 THE NAUTILUS.
Science of Philadelphia. Collecting was done at Cloudcroft, in James
Canon, elevation 9500 feet, in the Canadian zone, where the follow-
ing species were taken :
Ashmunella rhyssa hyporhyssa Vitrina pfeiflferi Newc.
Ckll. Euconulus fulvus Mull.
Vallonia cyclophorella Anc. Zonitoides arboreus Say.
Thysanophora ingersolli Bid. Zonitoides milium Mse.
Pupa sonorana Sterki. Punctum pygmaeum Drap.
Bifidaria pilshryana Sterki. Succinea avara Say.
Vertigo concinnula Ckll.
Ashnmnclla rhyssa hyporhyssa Ckll. was found in great abundance
under logs and branches at Cloudcroft, the type locality.
At Highrolls, Otero Co., New Mexico, elevation 7000 feet, in the
Upper Sonoran zone, the following species were collected :
Ashmunella rhyssa hyporhyssa Bifidaria armifera Say.
Ckll. Zonitoides arboreus Say.
Vallonia cyclophorella Anc. Succinea avara Say.
Hulospira roemcri Pfr. and Vitrea indentata umbilicuta " Singl."
Ckll. were taken at 4GOO feet elevation in the Middle Sonoran zone,
in the Alamo Canon near Alamogorda, Otero Co., New Mexico.
GENERAL NOTES.
AURICULARIA IN AMERICA. — In Science, July 11, 1902,
p. Go, Dr. R. E. Call records the occurrence of a well-established
colony of this species in Flatbush, Brooklyn, N. Y. They were
probably introduced on plants.
PLANORBIS PARVUS WALKERI n. var.
This variety is similar to P. parvus, but distinguished by having
the lip internally thickened.
Types in coll. of Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 81143 from
Hart land, Vt., gift of Mr. Bryant AValker; cotypes in coll. Walker.
It also occurs at the following Michigan localities: Oakland Co.;
Detroit; Cambridge, Sewell Co.; Antrim Co.; Fenton, Genesee Co.;
Lake near Cliarlevoix; and Grand Rapids, all communicated by
Mr. Bryant Walker. — E. G. VANATTA.
VERTIGO COLORADENSIS ANI> V. INGERSOLM. — In our Revision
of Puprc, 1900, pp. 599, G03, Mr. Vanatta and I stated that we had
not seen the descriptions by Mr. Cockerell published in the British
Naturalist, 1891. The missing number of that journal has now been
NAUTILUS. 59
received, and as there are probably but few copies accessible to
American conchologists, we reprint below the passages relating to
American Pupidse.
" In the ' Journ. of Conch.," 1889, p. 63, a small species of Pupa
from Colorado was named P. coloradensis, but not described. It is
a distinct species allied to corpulentct, but decidedly smaller (length
1^ mill.), more striate and slightly narrower. There are four
apertural lamella?, [p. 101] one on the parietal wall, one on the
columella, and two — the lower one the largest — on the outer wall.
"Pupa ingersolli Ancey MS., mentioned on p. 64 of the same
volume, has also never been described. It is allied to coloradensis.
but 2 mill, long, cylindrical, dull brown, with half a whorl more,
and a double lamella2 on the parietal wall. P. montanella, indicated
on the same page as P. coloradensis, proves to be a form of P. pento-
don—T. D. A. C." (The British Naturalist, 1891, part v. pp«
100, 101.)
The description of P. ingersolli is so abbreviated that in a critical
group like the modesta group of Vertigo it may be doubted whether
it is sufficiently diagnostic. Prof. Cockerel!, who has affirmed the
identity of ingersolli with his concinnula, seems to have held a differ-
ent view when describing the latter. As the original description of
ingersolli is only about two lines long, and quite inexact for con-
cinnula, it may fairly be held, I think, that it was not recognizably
defined, and the name concinnula should not be displaced. — H. A.
PlLSBRY.
ASHMUNELLA LEVETTEi (Bid.). Specimens of this species
(formerly referred to Polygyrd) were taken alive in the Huachuca
Mts., Arizona, by Mr. J. H. Ferriss, and have been dissected by
Mr. E. G. Vanatta. It proves to be a typical Ashmunella anatomi-
cally. Since this is the case, it is altogether likely that the related
'Polygyra mearnsi Dall will follow suit ; so that Ashmunella will
include numbers 84 to 89 of the check-list of 1897. It should be
mentioned that Mr. C. F. Ancey had already, on conchologic or
distributional grounds, referred levettei to Ashmunella, but Mr.
1 It will be noticed in this connection that the number of whorls is not stated
in the description of -P. coloradensis. H. A. P.
'The term "a double lamella" may be applied to the parietal process of
Bifidaria procera, armifera, contracta, etc., but it is conspicuously inexact when
used for a species with two separate and distinct lamellae upon the parietal
wall, as in Vertigo. H. A. P.
60 THE NAUTILUS.
Vanatta's investigation places the generic position of the species on
an indisputable basis. — H. A. PILSBRY.
A LARGE PEARL. — A short time ago, one of the students of the
Southern Collegiate Institute, of Albion, 111., had occasion to use a
live Unio in illustrating some point in zoology. When the shell
was opened there was found in the mantle quite a large, regularly-
formed pearl, 12 mm. wide, and 7 mm. high. The pearl was found
in the anterior side of left valve. There is quite a depression in the
valve where the pearl was found, although it was not connected with
the shell. The Unio from which the pearl was taken is U. multi-
plicatus Lea, and is a mature shell. It was found in the Bonpas
Creek, not far from where it empties in the Big Wabash River. — C.
S. HODGSON.
MR. SLOMON Rons, whose stock of Cape shells is well known to
many of our conchologists, has removed to 929 DeKalb Ave.,
Brooklyn, N. Y. He reports the receipt of large consignments of
South African shells, including most of the recently described species.
NEW PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN NAIADES, by B. H. Wright
and Bryant Walker. Svo, pp. 19, Detroit, 1902. An alphabeti-
cally arranged list of species with the genera and groups indicated,
and the distribution briefly stated. It will prove useful for checking
collections, as well as for determining the modern genera of collec-
tions labeled by Lea's system. It is based upon Simpson's
Synopsis.
NECROLOGY.
A veteran conchologist, WILLIAM LEGRAND, of Tasmania, has
just died, aged 82. He was a book-seller in Hobart, and printed
(with his own hands) a little book, Collections for a Monograph of
Tasmanian Land Shells (1871), which Tryon noticed in Volume III.
of the Manual of Conchology. Much of the Tasmanian material
described by Hanley was, I believe, obtained by him, and Tenison-
Woods described many shells from his collection. Tate and May
named a genus Legrandina after him. Turris legrandi Ten.-Wood ;
Columbella legrandi T.-W.; Calliostoma legrandi T.-W.; Gibbula
legrandi Petterd ; Zidora legrandi Tate, perpetuate his memory.
His collection was purchased by C. E. Beddome. — C. HEDLEY,
Sydney, N. S. Wales, July 9, 1902.
We regret to record the death of DR. J.G. COOPER, at Haywards,
California, on July 19, at the age of 72 years. Extended notice
will follow.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVI. OCTOBER, 19O2. No. 6.
HELIX VAR. CIRCUMCARINATA AND PYRAMIDULA ELRODI.
BY ROBT. E. C. STEARNS.
I have to thank Mrs. M. Burton Williamson of this city for the
opportunity to examine a specimen of Pyramidula elrodi described
by Dr. Pilsbry on pages 40-41 of THE NAUTILUS for August, 1900.
As the example was sent to Mrs. Williamson by Professor Elrod
there is no doubt as to its authenticity. The form is unquestionably
the same as that described by me in the Annals of the N. Y. Acad.
of Sciences, Volume I, November, 1879, as Helix var. circumcari-
nata? Mrs. Williamson's specimen differing only in size, being .85
as compared with .92 and 1.01 of an inch, greater diameter, of my
examples.
Several specimens of circumcarinata were given to me by the late
A. W. Crawford, of Oakland, some before and some after my de-
scription was written. He had numerous examples, received from
an acquaintance or friend, who gave " Turloch, in Stanislaus county,
Cal.," as the locality where he had found them. Subsequently Mr.
Crawford discovered he had been deceived and stated the true local-
ity as being " near Columbia, in Tuolumne county." His friend
may have been guilty of a second fib. As I noticed certain charac-
ters suggestive of possible relationship to the well-known Epiphrag-
mophora morrnonum, which occurs in the Tuolumne region, I have
regarded the later habitat given by Mr. Crawford as quite probable.
1See Binney's Manual of Am. Land-Shells, 1885' p. 141; also, Pilsbry's
Catalogue, Phila., 1898, p. 4.
62 THE NAUTILUS.
The oreneral region in which Columbia is situated remains to be
O O
explored ; it has been barely glanced at. Though the occurrence of
circumcarinata thereabouts has not been verified by subsequent col-
lectors, its non-occurrence there cannot safely be assumed upon the
ground of extreme remoteness from the Montana region explored l.y
Professor Elrod, when we have the more extraordinary fact in the
matter of distribution, exhibited by the occurrence of Pyramidula
hemphiUi Newc. (heretofore credited to Arizona, Nevada, Idaho,
Utah and Colorado), on Catalina Island, twenty-five miles distant
from the mainland of southern California, where Mr. Hemphill,
some months ago, collected numerous living examples, fifty or more,
which he kindly showed me.
Here is a conundrum in geographical distribution, of great interest
and certainly "a hard nut to crack."
Hemphill's original find of this peculiar form was in the White
Pine mining district, extreme eastern Nevada.
A few years ago the distribution of Yallonia pulchella1 was given
as "Montana eastward, from Canada to, or nearly to the Gulf of
Mexico. Europe." In September, 1900, it appeared suddenly
upon my grounds in Los Angeles and continued to be abundant for
some months ; it is now scarce. Whence it came and whither it is
going, who can tell ?
Los Angeks, Gal, August 26, 1902,
PYRAMIDULA" ELRODI AND EPIPHRAGMOPHORA
CIRCUMCARINATA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Dr. Stearns, having expressed the opinion that the two Helices
named above are specifically identical, I have again compared them,
and find my previous idea of their distinctness confirmed. My
material consists of the types and numerous other specimens of P.
elrodi and two specimens of E. circumcarinata, an adult and a
young one, received from Dr. Stearns years ago, about the time the
species was described. The difference between Dr. Stearns' views
and my own, of the affinities of the two Helices, may be due to his
'See THE NAUTILUS for October, 1900.
THE NAUTILUS. 63
having, perhaps, no examples of circumcarinata at hand for direct
comparison with elrodi.
The following differences appear on comparing the shells : With
the same general figure and size, P. elrodi has a wider umbilicus,
and viewed from above, the last whorl is wider ; the base is more
convex, being swollen and almost subangular around the umbilicus ;
the rib sculpture is coarser ; the finer spiral sculpture is much de-
veloped in P. elrodi, especially beneath, while E. circumcarinata
shows no spirals there, but only minute papilla; scattered between
the ribs. The shape of the apertures differs : In P. elrodi the trans-
verse axis does not much exceed the longitudinal, while in circum-
carinata it is conspicuously greater. In Dr. Stearns' species, the
basal lip is narrowly reflexed, while in P. elrodi it is at most merely
expanded a little. Finally, the apices show important differences.
In K. circumcarinata the first H whorls appear smooth, a high
power showing a minute, even, criss-cross pebbly sculpture, like that
of E. mormonum, and the next whorl shows only very weak riblets,
with papillae between them ; while in P. elrodi the strong riblets be-
gin earlier, and there is no trace of the mormonum type of sculpture,
even in young removed from the uterus of the mother.
These facts indicate, in my opinion, that the great general simi-
larity between the two species in question is merely superficial, and
probably the result of similar conditions acting upon organisms
originally diverse, and indeed not closely related. P. elrodi belongs
undoubtedly to the P. strigosa group ; while, although its soft
anatomy is unknown, circumcarinata will probably prove to belong
where Dr. Stearns placed it, near mormonum, although with present
knowledge it is in all probability distinct from that specifically. In
other words, I think the two species belong to different genera.
It might be as well to say here that the strigosa group of snails
is not correctly placed in Pyramidida. They do not belong in the
EndodontidcB at all, but are Hdicidce, nearer Sonorella than any other
group, but constituting a new genus which will be suitably defined
in the near future.
In South Australia there is a group of snails called Glyptorhagada,
some species of which resemble P. elrodi remarkably in form, sculp-
ture and color. They belong, however, to a different sub-family of
Helicida>,, and the resemblance, as in the case of E. circumcarinata,
is a case of convergent evolution.
64 THE NAUTILUS.
CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOLLUSCA OF
MADAGASCAR.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
Helicarion (?) Dautzenbergianum Anc.
Testa imperforata, convexo-depressa, angulata, tenuis, pellucida,
nitens, corneo-virens, supra angulum medianum fascia rubrofusca sat
angusta circumdata, indistincte et obsolete lineis radiantibus sub-
plicosa. Spira depresso-conoidea, subobtusa, convexa. Anfractus
4-5 celeriter crescentes, subconvexi, sutura distincta sed baud pro-
fun da ; ultimus magnus, dilatatus, utrinque convexus, medio angu-
latus, basi subtumidus. Apertura ampla, distincte obliqua, extus
angulata, lunato-oblonga, leviter supra convexo-producta, basi regu-
lariter usque ad columellam arcuata, marginibus remotis.
Diam. maj. 18, min. 15^, alt. 9^, alt. apert. (oblique) 9 mill.
Hab.: " Montagne d' Ambre," N. Madagascar.
A very remarkable species on account of the keel and its very
peculiar shape and coloration. It may, perhaps, be referable to
Euplecta or Hemiplecta.
Enphcta oxyacme Anc.
Testa fragillima, subimperforata, conico-trochiformis, parum
nitens, opacula, corneo-lutescens, concolor, sub valida lente lineis
confertissimis incrementi notata et striis argutis permultis spiralibus
decussata, subtus paulo nitidior. Spira elevata, perfecte conica,
rectilinearis, acuta. Anfractus C regulariter crescentes, priores con-
vexiusculi, infer! applanati, sutura lineari, appressa ; ultimus acute
et compresse in medio carinatus, infra convexus, supra carinam
planodeclivis, antice haud deflexus. Apertura lunata, extus angu-
lata, subobliqua, marginibus distantibus, supero recto-declivi, basali
regulariter arcuato, columellari leviter supra perforationem parvulam
expansiusculo, earn fere prorsus occultante.
Diam. maj. 13^, min. llf, alt. apert. oblique of, alt. 9^ mill.
Hab.: Antankaratra Country (Humblot).
Of the same shape and size as Rotula argentea, Reeve, but of
thinner texture and different color. It may belong to the same
genus, but is perhaps related to Euplecta (T) fenerrff'ensis, Angas.
The generic reference, therefore, is doubtful.
CUE NAUTILUS. 65
Hemiplecta oleata Anc.
Testa globoso-depressa, tenuis, anguste perforate, oleoso-nitens,
supra tenuissime et irregulariter granulata ; subtus magis nitida,
lineis radiantibus increment! notata et sub valida lente striolis ppi-
ralibus undulatis valde confertis cineta, superne fusca, ad peri-
pheriam zonula pallida cingulata, infra peripheriam intense castanra,
denique basi pallidior. Spira convexa, obtusa. Anfractus 5 con-
vexiusculi, regulariter crescentes, sutura appressa nee profunda
divisi, ultimus ampins, vix rotundato-angulatus, basi convexus.
Apertura subobliqua, lunata, marginibus distantibus, callo nitido
tenuique junctis, supero convexo-declivi, basali regulariter arcuato,
columellari anguste in trianguli forma expanse, subincrassatot
Peristoma acutum, rectum.
Diam. maj. 37, min. 3<H, alt. 23, alt. apert. oblique 17^ mill.
Hab.: Antsianaka Country (E. Perrot)~
Very distinct from Hemiplecta Balstoni, Angas, H. Cleamesi, E.
A. Smitb, and H.formosa, Anc., all also from Madagascar.
Hemiplecta profuga Anc.
Testa depressa vel subgloboso-depressa, tenuis, perforata, nitida,
supra subsericea, luteo-cornea, infra angulum medianum zona fusca
angustaque cingulata. Spira plus minusve convexa, conoideo-
depressa, obtusa. Anfractus 5-5^ convexiusculi, regulariter cres-
centes, oblique obsoleteque lineis increment! confertis vix sculpt!,,
supra passim et inconspicue subgranulati, sutura parum profunda
discreti, ultimus ante medium angulo ad aperturam paulatim evan-
eseente aut subrotundata cinctus, basi convexior. Apertura sub-
obliqua, lunata, transverse irregulariter oblonga, extus subangulata,
marginibus remotis, basali antice subsinuato, columellari in trianguli
forma supra perforationem circularem et minutam anguste dilatato.
Diam. maj. 22, min. 181, ai(. apert. oblique 8 mill.
Hab.: Antankaratra, N. Madagascar (Humblot).
Tbis is allied to H. oleata, but is much smaller, more depressed
and of lighter color. The sculpture also is more obsolete.
Macrochlamys granoscnlpta Anc.
Testa perforata (perforatio parva, sed aperta, circularis), tenuis
depressa, oleoso-micans, sordide luteo-cornea, vix lineis increment!
notata, striis confertissimis spiralibus passim, sed ad suturam
prassertim, granulosis decussata, apice lasvi. Spira depresso-sub-
66 THE NAUTILUS.
conoidea, obtusa. Anfractus 4^ convexiusculi, regulariter'crescen-
tes, sutura appressa, superficiali ; ultimus supra convexiusculus, infra
convexior. Apertura subobliqua, lunata, sat ampla, transverse
oblonga. Peristoma acutum, marginibus distantibus, columellari in
trianguli forma everso.
Diam. maj. 15, min. 13, alt. 8^, alt. apert. oblique 7-| mill.
Hab.: Antankaralra Country, N. E. Madagascar (Humblot).
The two specimens I have seen of this species probably are young
ones, altogether the species is quite distinct from any other from
Madagascar on account of its peculiar sculpture.
Macrochlamys Humbloti Anc.
Testa anguste perforata, conoideo subdepressa, tennis, nitidissima,
fusco vel purpureo-cornea, zona pullida, albescente, dilutaque infra
suturam ornata, subloevigata, infra lineis increment! radiantibus
obsolete notata et sub valida lente exiliter striis spiralibus incisula.
Spira conoidea, subobtusa. Anfractus 5^ regulariter et sat lente
accrescentes, convexiusculi, sutura levi, appressa; ultimus supra
convexo-declivis, infra convexus, subdepressus. Apertura parum
obliqua, lunata, truncato-oblonga. Peristoma simplex, marginibus
distantibus, columellari minute in trianguli forma expanse.
Diam. maj. 12^, min. 12, alt. 8, alt. apert. oblique 6 mill.
Hab.: Anlankaratra Country (Humblot).
Quite unlike the other species hitherto recorded from the island,
the suttiral white band being an unusual feature in the genus.
Helicophanta Alayeriana Anc.
Testa imperforata aut vix subrimata, depressa ovato-globosa, soli-
dula, primum loete fulva et inconspicue griseo multifasciata, deinde
in ultimo intense brunnea et paulatim nigricans, ac prreter zonam
pallideorem initio ultimi anfractus supni peripheriam concolor,
epidermide nigra glutinosa decidua induta. Spira brevissima, con-
vexa, obtusa, apice subplanata. Anfractus 4, celerrime accrescentes,
convexiusculi, sutura impressa in ultimo sublacerata divisi ; embryo-
nales tenuiter oblique striati, penultirnus granulis parvis et elongatis
irregulariter asperatus, ultimus ab initio granulis destitutus, irregu-
lariter plicatulus, maximus, inflato-depressus, ad aperturam super-
ficialiter atque spiraliter submalleatus, basi convexus. Apertura
perobliqua, diagonalis, late ovalis, sublunata, intus atro-cyanea, mar-
garitacea, nitida. Peristoma incrassatum, expansum, basi breviter
THE NAUTILUS. 67
reflexum, hepaticum, margine columellari crasso, albo, nitido, dila-
tato, medio late et indistincte subtuberculato, parietali albescente,
callo nitido crassiusculo obtecto.
Diam. maj. 69^, min. 52, alt. 41 mill.
Hab.: Bora County, S. Madagascar (Sikora).
This is a beautiful species, between H. yloriosa Pfeiffer and H.
Ibaraoensis Angas, but nearer to the latter one. It is however
smaller, moi'e globose, the aperture is larger, of a more oblique
shape and the columellar margin is thicker.
Ampelita Robillardi Angas.
This does not appear to be a very variable species. The shell is
more or less depressed and the upper line is sometimes wanting.
Hab.: Fort-Dauphin, S. Madagascar (F. Sikora).
Ampelita Madagascariensis Lam.
Hab.: Fort Dauphin, S. Madagascar.
Ampelita gonostyla Anc., f. major.
Hab.: Bora Country, Madagascar (F. Sikora).
The specimen is larger and has a bluish lip, thicker than in the
typical form.
Leucotcenius elllpticus Anc.
Testa elliptico ovalis, glandiniformis, solida, alba, strigis subrectis
fuscis nonnullis angustisque passim picta, subobliqua conlertim cos-
tulata, costulis infra medium ultimi anfractus evanidis. Spira satis
producta, regulariter conoideo-attenuata, obtusa. Anfractus 8^ sub-
plani, regulariter crescentes, sutura subirregulari propter costulas ;
ultimus oblongus, dorso comexo-attenuatus. Apertura subrecta,
pyriformi-ovalis, superne angulata, lactea. Peristoma vix incrassa-
tum, obtusiusculum, basi leviter effusum, ad columellam late dilata-
tum ac supra perforationum angustam reflexum, marginibus remotis,
callo nitido junctis.
Long. 54, lat. 23|, alt. apert. 25 mill.
Hab.: Andrahomana, S. Madagascar (Sikora).
1 at first supposed this species might be L. Favanni Lam., var. /?
elongatula, of Crosse (Journ. de Conch., 1868, p. 185), also found
in southern Madagascar, but the present form is quite different in
shape, number of whorls and sculpture from the true L. Favanni
Lam., the latter being similar in sculpture to the Bulimulus dealba-
68 THE NAUTILUS.
tus var. Ragsdalei Pilsbry. It is the fourth species recorded of the
genus, the others being:
L. Favanni Lam.
L. crassilabris Gray.
L. Procteri G. B. Sowerby.
The latter is much like a dwarfed example of Favanni, but is
shorter and more conic.
Clavator Balstoni Angas.
Hab.: Imerina (F. Sikora); also Antankaratra Country (Humblot).
The specimen of Imerina is shorter and more ventricose than
others I have seen.
Clavator Balstoni Angas, var.? herculea Anc.
Testa eximise magnitudinis ; differt a Cl. Balstoni Angas, non
solum statura insigni sed etiam spira magis producta, anfractibus 9
(nee 8), testa magis elongata, paulo solidiore, apertura magis incras-
sata, margine columellari longiore, crasso, summo subacuto.
Long. 144, diam. 4.^, alt. apert. 48 mill.
Hab.: N. W. Madagascar (Humblot).
Owing to the variability of the species, I dare not separate this
very large and remarkable specimen from Cl. Balstoni, which is
looked upon by some conchologists as a synonym of Cl. eximius
Shutt., but considered as distinct by Crosse & Fischer; altogether it
might prove to be a different species.
(To be concluded].
LIST OF LAND MOLLUSCA FROM THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF
SAPPORO, YESSO.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND ADDISON GULICK.
A number of land shells collected by Mr. Paul Rowland at and
near Sapporo, in Ishikari province, Yesso, and submitted to us for
study, adds to our scanty knowledge of the Hokkaido species.
Eulota (Euhadra} peliomphala var. septentrionalis (Ehrm.). Mt.
Moiwa, two miles from Sapporo, and Maruyama, 1^ miles from the
same place. Specimens from the former place are typical in color,,
having two broad dark bands and an umbilical patch. At the second
locality two of three shells have a narrow band above the upper wide
one, and the third has opaque creamy streaks, interrupting the
THE NAUTILUS. 69
bands, as in ordinary peliomphala. All have the characteristic
dark apex.
Eulota (Euhadra) blakeann (Nevvc.). Mt. Moiwa.
Eulota (Mastigeulota) gainesi Pils. Maruyama.
Eulota (Mastigeulota) gainesi var. gudeana Pils. Sapporo Park.
Clausilia micropeas var. hokkaidoensis Pils. Mt. Moiwa.
Clousilia rowhmdi n. sp. Garukavva, 10 miles from Sapporo.
This is a very distinct new species of Eitphaedusa, named in honor
of Mr. Paul Rowland.
Gochticopa lubrica (Miill.). Garukawa.
Pyramidula pauper (Gld.) Yubari, oO miles from Sapporo.
Kaliella sp. Mt. Moiwa. A large species, identical with Mr.
Hirase's no. 678.
Succinea lauta Gld. Maruyama.
Helicina hakodadiensis Hartm. Mt. Moiwa.
The Kaliella is one which has been the subject of some corre-
spondence between one of us and Mr. G. K. Gude, and there seems
to be no doubt that it is an undescribed form. The new Clausilia
will be described and illustrated in " Additions to the Japanese
Land-snail Fauna," No. 7. The range of Helicina, Eulota pel.
septentrional! s and Clausilia is extended some distance northward
by Mr. Rowland's collection.
UNIO POPEII, LEA, IN NEW MEXICO.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
In the list of New Mexico mollusca the genus Unio has not
appeared, but I always hoped that some species would turn up in the
eastern portion of the Territory. When recently at Roswell, in the
Pecos Valley, Miss Bessie Peacock, of that town, brought me some
single valves of a Unio which she had found in North Spring river,
Roswell. I was, of course, greatly interested ; and next day, guided
by Miss Peacock, visited the place and had the good fortune to find
a complete specimen. The shells are fresh and the species is evi-
dently still living in the river.
I sent the specimen I had found to Mr. C. T. Simpson, who kindly
reports as follows : " This is Unio popeii, Lea, and it is quite a long
way out of its known range. The type came from the Rio Salador
a tributary of the Rio Grande, and since that was found other speci-
70 THE NAUTILUS.
mens have been taken in Southwestern Texas. A few years ago
Dr. Edgar A. Mearns collected it abundantly near Ft. Clark, South-
western Texas, and obtained a number of living specimens, which
he sent to me. Some of these were gravid and showed it to be a
true Unio."
A NEW VARIETY OF GLYPTOSTOMA NEWBERRYANUM.
BY F. AV. BRYANT.
G. neivberryanum var. depression.
This variety differs from typical Glyptostoma newberryanum (W.
G. Binney) in being very much depressed, the altitude of shells with
an equal number of whorls being less than two-thirds that of Binney's
species. The diameter is correspondingly reduced. The aperture
is also less round than in G. neivberryamim. A specimen measures,
alt. 11, diam. 27 mm.
Dead shells of this variety are found in abundance on the bluffs
north of Ensenada, Lower California.
It has also been collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill near Wilming-
ton, Los Angeles Co., California.
THE MANUFACTURE OF PEARL BUTTONS FROM FRESH-WATER
MUSSELS.
In the manufacture of pearl buttons the centre of activity has
shifted from the China Sea to the river towns of the Mississippi.
Altogether unknown in this region a dozen years ago, this industry
has grown to such proportions that it now employs the services
of thousands of people, and the output has become so great that it
materially affects the button market of the world.
About twelve years ago a German buttonmaker named Boeple
wandered into Muscatine from the old country. He saw for the
first time the mussel shells of the Mississippi river. He examined
them closely and expressed the opinion that they were good material
for buttons. Up to this time fresh-water shells were considered
unsuitable for any such use, and authorities on the subject were
naturally skeptical in regard to Boeple's opinion of their usefulness.
He persisted in claiming that the " niggerhead " mussel from the
waters of the Mississippi river would make, if properly handled and
finished, the finest pearl buttons yet produced. He took some
NAUTILUS. 71
specimens to the factories at Waterbury, Conn., and after consider-
able experimenting one concern there determined that with some
changes in their machinery the shell of the strange mussel from the
'• Father of Waters " would make a button to compete with the best
of those from other parts, of the world.
First one concern and then another began to use the Mississippi
shell, until the foreign one was almost abandoned. In the beginning
the shells were shipped east in the rough and prepared for use after
their arrival there, but the freight rates were so high that one enter-
prising firm soon shipped that part of its machinery which makes the
"blanks" out to Muscatine, and, what generally results when some
pioneer leads the way to a good thing, others soon profited by the
example and came also. The industry has spread both up and down
the river, until almost every town of any importance, from St. Paul,
Minn., to Alton, 111., is now engaged in some form of the industry.
The manner of catching the mussels is interesting. A fisherman
equips himself with what is known to the clan as a " John boat."
This is a flatboat on the order of a scow, about 20 feet long and 3£
feet wide. Upon the inside of the boat are placed eight uprights,
which are between three and four feet high and have crotched tops.
Four of the uprights are placed on each side of the boat, at just
enough distance apart to accommodate the four 10-foot pieces of inch
gaspipe that rest upon them. To each of the gaspipes are attached
20 four-foot stagons, similar to those used on an ordinary trout line,
and each stagon has four hooks, with four prongs.
The fisherman goes out in his "John boat " with as much con-
fidence as if it were the finest craft afloat. Once in the stream, be
casts his gas-pipes, one by one. As the hooks drag along the bottom
of the river they come in contact with the open shells of the mussels,
which immediately close up on them. Thus attached, they are
brought to the surface and taken off. The distance the hooks are
dragged each time depends altogether on the thickness of the bed,
and varies from three boat-lengths to an eighth of a mile.
The rivers of Arkansas are said to be so thick with mussel beds
that they crop out of the water when it is low. The men put on
rubber boots and shovel the shells into the boats. In the Upper
Mississippi district, shells are quoted in car-lots, ranging from 15 to
30 tons in weight, but the Arkansas dealers have astounded every-
body in the business by sending out quotations on 500-ton lots and
72 THE NAUTILUS.
promptly filling all orders sent them. The men sell the mussels to
the button factory operators at so much per 100 pounds. The \vages
they make depend upon their diligence and the luck they meet with in
getting in a thick bed, but range from $1.50 to $5 per day. There
is one big mussel bed near Canton, Mo., about eight miles in length.
The process of making the shells into buttons is interesting.
The shells are first cut up into blanks the exact size the buttons are
to be; then they go to the grinder, a machine which grinds the black
back off of them; after that to the facing machine, which cuts the
face on them; next to the backer, which bevels .the back; then the
drill, which puts in the eye-holes ; from here they go to the polish-
ing room, where the glossy finish is put upon them ; after that they
are sorted, put on cards and boxed up.
There are about 40 factories in Muscatine, and the amount paid
out weekly in wages is $10,000. There are factories in Davenport,
Fort Madison, Burlington, Quincy, LaGrange, Canton and many
other points.
There is an added interest in the business of mussel fishing on
account of the likelihood of finding pearls. It is not an uncommon
thing for a fisherman to find a pearl valued at $100, and one lucky
fellow found a beauty which sold for $5,000. Every follower of the
business has a little bottle filled with specimens, which eventually
find their way to the market — Phila. Record.
GENEKAL NOTES.
CANTHARIDUS PERONII Phil. In this journal for May, 1901
(xv, p. 8), I noted that it was Perry who first gave a name to this
species, Bulimus carinatus. I find that this name cannot stand on
account of the earlier Bulimus curinalus of Bruguiere, and the name
given by Philippi will be retained. In the same note, the second i
was omitted from the name Bulimus eximius Perry, by typographical
error — H. A. Pilsbry.
ANGITUEMA VERKUCOSA AT LAWRENCEBURG, INDIANA. — I am
able to list an entire new shell to this locality, Angitrema verrucosa
Raf. This shell had so far never been found in the upper Ohio,
the mouth of the Wabash. 275 miles below this point, being its
locality according to Say. I was fortunate enough to obtain 60
specimens of this shell, and send you a set for the collection. — A. C.
Billups.
DR. JAMES G. COOPER.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vox,. XVI. NOVEMBER, 19O2. No. 7.
DR. JAMES G. COOPER.
On the nineteenth of July, Dr. Cooper, a man prominent in the
scientific history of Western America, died at his home in Haywards,
California. For nearly fifty years he labored with zeal and earnest-
ness for the advancement of zoological knowledge. Trained as a
physician and for years engaged in the practice of his profession, he
yet found time for work of lasting value in the domain of nature-
study. He suffered from ill health for many years, yet as one of the
pioneers in the western field, his name will be held in grateful re-
membrance for what he has done in zoological science.
His father, William Cooper, one of the founders of the Lyceum
of Natural History, now the New York Academy of Sciences, was
eminent as a naturalist. From him Dr. Cooper received the early
training which in large measure prepared him for his later career.
Born in New York, June 19, 1830, James commenced his school life
at the age of ten years, while living with his family on a farm near
Hoboken, N. J. On his way to school it was his delight to collect
birds or shells or anything else in animate nature which he might
find, thus showing those traits which were afterward a dominating
factor in his life work. Later he studied medicine, and received his
degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York in
1851. After two years spent in the city hospitals, he was appointed
physician on a government survey for a railroad between St. Paul
and Puget Sound. A part of his duty was to make zoological and
botanical collections, and in this way he began the observations and
discoveries for which the scientific world is permanently indebted to
him. During the succeeding years he spent most of his time in col-
74 THE NAUTILUS.
lecting on the Pacific coast. Jn 1855, after the abandonment of the
survey, he was at Gray's Harbor, then at Whitby's Island, then for
six weeks in the Santa Clara Valley, in California, after which he
went to Panama to collect shells for his father, who wrote the article
on West Coast Shells for the Pacific R. R. Reports. Until 1860,
Dr. Cooper continued his field work on the Pacific coast, much of
the time at his own expense. In that year he was appointed Zoolo-
gist of the California State Geological Survey under Whitney. While
engaged in this work, he collected along the coast from San Diego
to Bolinas, as well as inland. His observations on the land birds
were embodied in the report on Ornithology, edited by Professor
Baird and justly regarded as " by far the most valuable contribution
to the biography of American birds that has appeared since the time
of Audubon." (Baird.) Dr. Cooper's report on Conchology still
remains in manuscript form in the library of the University of Cali-
fornia. This report contains information of the highest value, especi-
ally in its voluminous notes on geographical distribution.
Through the latter part of the Civil War, Dr. Cooper served as
surgeon in the Second Cavalry, California Volunteers. In 1866, at
Oakland, California, he married Miss Rosa M. Wells. His later life
was spent in the practice of his profession, until, with failing health,
he retired to Ventura county, then in 1875 to Haywards. Although
no longer as active in collecting as in earlier years, his scientific work
was continued with the ripe experience and knowledge of zoology
which the years had brought him. Some of his later work was done
for the State Mining Bureau in the identification of fossils, in the
description of new species, and in the publication of a Catalogue of
Californian Fossils. For the Academy of Sciences also, of which he
was an early member and at one time vice-president, he performed
valuable service, both in conchology and in palaeontology. Some ot
his latest papers were based on material collected by members of the
Academy.
Dr. Cooper published more than forty papers on conchology be-
tween 1859 and 1896. His discoveries of new species and varieties
of mollusks were numerous. Of the 116 new forms credited to him,
65 were described by Dr. Philip P. Carpenter, 16 by W. M. Gabb,
17 by Dr. Cooper himself, and the remainder by William Cooper,
Gould, Bland, Newcomb and Tryon. It is noticeable that so few
were described by Dr. Cooper. Owing to a lack of scientific books
THK NAUTILUS. 75
and authenticated collections in California, he sent most of his new
species to more favored workers for description. Dr. Carpenter says
of the species collected by Dr. Cooper : " The diagnoses . . pub-
lisd in the Proc. Cal. Ac. N. S. . . . should be credited to the
zealous zoologist of the survey, rather than to the mere artist-in-
words who endeavors to represent their forms to the reader." Dr.
Cooper described a few species collected by other workers in the
field, but of these there is no enumeration at hand.
Dr. Cooper was a man of noble character and kindly disposition.
He was tall and slender, not very fluent in conversation unless the
topic under discussion was one of special interest to him. Many of
the younger students of zoology in California remember with grati-
tude his aid so freely given them in their studies. Since his death,
besides extended notices in the daily papers, there have appeared a
memorial by AVm. H. Dall in Science for August 15, and one by
\V. 0. Emerson, together with a list of ornithological papers, in the
current number of the Condor. The last is the Bulletin of the
Cooper Ornithological Club and contained in its first issue, 1899, a
much longer account of Dr. Cooper's life work. A partial list of his
conchological papers will be found in Bulletin 4, California State
Mining Bureau. The present portrait is from a photograph taken
in 1865, and was sent to the writer by Mrs. Cooper, who still lives
in Hay wards. WILLIAM J. KAYMOND.
University of California, Oct. 15, 1902.
NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.
Mr. Nakada, who collected so successfully in the Bonin Is.
(Ogasawara-jima), has now gone into western Hondo, through the
provinces Echizen and Kaga, and continuing northward will collect
in Noto and Sado Island. Among many other interesting discov-
eries, he lias found Sphyradium edentalum Drap. (new to eastern
Asia), Bifidaria, piicidens Bs. (described from India), magnificent
specimens of Eulota (Euhadra) senckenbergiana, one of the finest
helices in the world, and many other beautiful shells.
76 THE NAUTILUS.
Chloritis albolabris Pilsbry & Hirase, n. sp.
Shell depressed, the alt. about half the diameter, but slightly con-
vex above, several earlier whorls being coiled in a plane, the tip of
the apex turning down ; umbilicate, the width of umbilicus about
one-fifth that of the shell, thin but moderately strong, greenish,
somewhat russet tinted above. Surface dull, marked with low
growth-wrinkles, and set with rigid, short, black-brown, tapering
bristles, arranged in oblique lines as usual, but in part irregularly
placed. On the latter part of the last whorl the bristles stand nearly
a half mm. apart. Whorls 4|, convex, slowly widening to the last,
which is fully double the width of the preceding whorl, is well
rounded at the periphery and beneath, and descends slowly in front.
Suture deeply impressed. Aperture quite oblique, widely lunate,
the peristome white, narrowly reflexed, thickened with a narrow rim
within, the ends approaching.
Alt. 9.6, diam. 20 mm.
Alt. 9, diam. 18 mm.
Yaku-shima, Osumi. Types no. 83883 A. N. S. P., from no.
958 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This line Chloritis needs comparison with no other Japanese
species. The wide umbilicus, stiff, dark-colored bristles, and thick
white lip, are conspicuous features differentiating it from other forms.
(Albolabris, white-lipped.)
Eulota (Aegista) kobensis var. gotoensis P. & H., n. var.
Much smaller than kobensis, with narrower umbilicus ; whorls 5^;
sculpture and color as in kobensis. Aperture more nearly circular,
the lip thick and white, as in kobensis. Alt. 6.5, diam. 12 mm.
Goto, Hizen. Type no. 83877 A. N. S. P., from no. 969 of Mr.
Hirase's collection.
E. kobensis (Schm. & Bttg.) has hitherto been known from Awaji,
Setsu and Yamashiro, adjacent provinces, though the former is
insular. The occurrence of a race far to the southwest is therefore
interesting.
Eulota (Plectotropis) omiensis var. echizenensis P. & H., n. var.
Shell depressed, conic or low-conic above, convex beneath, um-
bilicate, the width of the umbilicus one-third the diameter of the
shell ; brown ; surface nearly lusterless, sculptured with slight and
THE NAUTILUS. 77
irregular growth-lines and bearing sparse triangular cuticular pro-
cesses, nearly wanting in some individuals. Whorls 5 to 5^, con-
vex, the last angular at the periphery, the angle disappearing be-
hind the outer lip, slowly descending below the angle of the pre-
ceding whorl. Aperture very oblique, rounded, about one-fourth of
the circle excised by the preceding whorl. Peristome thin, expanded.
Alt. 4.5, diam. 7.3 mm.
Alt. 5, diam. 7 mm.
Arato, Echizen. Types no. 83879 A. N. S. P., from no. 752a
of Mr. Ilirase's collection.
This western race is distinguished from onriensis by its more conic,
elevated spire, and sparser cuticular shreds.
Eulota (Aegista?) intonsa Pils. & Hi rase, n. sp.
Shell depressed, somewhat lens-shaped, umbilicate, the umbilicus
less than one-fourth the diam. of the shell; thin; light brown with
some indistinct corneous streaks, and corneous around the umbilicus.
Surface somewhat shining, rather roughly papillose-striate, the last
whorl densely set with short, hair-like cuticular processes, in part
rubbed off. Whorls 5 to 5^, slowly widening, somewhat convex,
the last whorl strongly angular at the periphery, much more convex
below the angle than above, shortly descending in front. Aperture
oblique, oval ; peristome thin, the upper margin slightly expanded,
outer and lower margins expanded and narrowly reflexed, the termi-
nations converging, parietal wall covered with a thin varnish.
Alt. 6, diam. 12 mm.
Alt. 5.3, diam. 11.5 mm.
Suimura, Awa (Shikoku). Types no. 83378 A. N. S. P., from
no. 960 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
A species with much the contour of Plectotropis, but more like
Aegista in sculpture and texture, so that both of us are disposed to
refer it to the latter group. It is quite unlike any Japanese species
yet described. The aperture reminds one somewhat of Trachia.
(Intonsus, unshaven).
Pyramidida conica Pils. & Hir., n. sp.
Shell umbilicate, conic, rather thin, dark purplish-brown, closely,
finely and rather irregularly striate. AVhorls H, very convex, sepa-
rated by a deep suture, the last rounded at the periphery and beneath.
THE NAUTILUS.
Aperture oblique, rounded, about one-fourth of the circumference ex-
cised at the parietal wall by the preceding whorl ; peristome simple
and thin, the columellar margin a little dilated. Alt. 1.5, diam.
2.7 mm.
Suimura, Awa, Shikoku. Types no. 83884 A. N. S. P., from no.
9G1 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species is excessively similar to the common European P.
rupestris, type of the genus Pyramidula, In fact, if found in the
western Palasarctic area, it probably would not be separated more
than as a subspecies. However, the whorls are more tubular, espec-
ially the last one. The Chinese Pyr. orphana (Heude) is also
closely related, bat comparison with a specimen received from Pere
Heude shows it to be perceptibly rougher and with the last whorl
more depressed.
The species of the typical group of Pyramidula differ from those
of the more widely distributed section Gonyodisciis in wanting
regular rib-striae. This is more constant than the degree of eleva-
tion, which varies widely in both groups. Some large forms, such
as Pyr. solitaria, also want the ribbed sculpture. It has elsewhere
been shown that the teeth and jaw of P. rupestris are like those of the
ordinary discoidal species; so that Dr. von Moellemlorff 's hope that
it will prove generically distinct does not seem likely to be realized.
Macrochlamys kayaensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.
Shell very narrowly umbilicate, globose-depressed, thin, greenish-
yellow. Surface very glossy and smooth, marked with faint growth-
wrinkles, the inner whorl densely and finely engraved with spiral
stria?, which are obsolete or nearly so on the last whorl. Whorls
4^, rather rapidly increasing, the last about double the width of the
preceding, rounded peripherally, convex beneath, impressed at the
axis. Suture shallow, edged by a fine white line. Aperture slightly
oblique, wide lunate, the peristome thin and simple, slightly dilated
at the axial insertion. Alt. 9.5, diam. 15 mrn.
Hakusan. Kaga. Types no. 83881 A. N. S. P., from no. 974 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
A fine large species, allied to M. dulcis Pils., but much more
globose. M. perfrayilis Pils., from Oshima, is very similar in form,
but has an even smaller umbilicus and more oblique aperture, be-
sides wanting the incised, clear-cut spirals on the inner whorls.
THE NAUTILUS. 79
Microcystina nuda P. & H., n. sp.
Shell minute, imperforate or nearly so, depressed, yellowish, glossy
and smooth. Whorls 4, slowly increasing, the last indistinctly and
obtusely subangular at the periphery, above the middle ; impressed
around the axis. Aperture lunate, subvertical, the lip simple, acute,
dilated at the axis, the columellar margin a little thickened. Alt.
1.2, diam. 2.6 mm.
Hakusan, Kaga. Types no. 83880 A. N. S. P., from no. 973 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
Apparently related to the smaller M. siriapidium, both belonging to
Reinhardt's group Discoconulus. (midus, naked).
Kaliella kagaensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.
Shell subperforate, low-trochiform, yellowish and glossy. Surface
marked with faint growth-lines, the second whorl delicately and very
minutely costellate ; base showing some faint spirals. Whorls 5,
somewhat convex, slowly increasing, the last angular at the peri-
phery, convex below. Aperture lunate, oblique, the peristome
simple and thin, columellar margin subvertical, narrowly expanded.
Alt. 2.4, diam. 3.2 mm.
Hakusan, Kaga. Types no. 83882 A. N. S. P., from no. 971 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
A shell almost identical in contour with K. okiana, but smooth
and glossy, and a little larger.
Kaliella gudei Pils. & Hir., n. sp.
Shell large for the genus, perforate, conic, thin, pale yellowish,
somewhat translucent, smooth except for slight, irregular growth-
lines. The outlines of the spire are slightly convex, nearly straight,
last whorl with a narrow, thread-like peripherel keel, which ascends
the spire and is visible as a narrow border above the suture. Whorls
6 to 6^, quite convex, the last convex above and below the keel,
slightly impressed around the perforation. Aperture truncate-lunar,
the lip simple, columellar margin dilated, reflexed. Alt. 5, diam.
6.2 mm.
Kayabe, Ojima. Types no. 81922 A. N. S. P., from no. 678 of
Mr. Hirase's collection. Also Hakodate, Ojima. Mt. Moiwa, two
miles from Sapporo, Ishikari (Paul Rowland); all in Yesso.
This is the largest Japanese species, and one of the largest of the
80 THE NAUTILUS.
genus. It is related to K. (f) ceratodes Gude, but that is a much
smaller and smoother shell. K. gudei was at one time identified
with H. labilis and with H. pupula of Gould, both described from
Hakodate, but Mr. G. K. Gude directed attention to its distinctness
from these species.
CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOLLUSCA OF
MADAGASCAR.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
Clavator Johnsoni E. A. Smith.
Hab.: Central Madagascar (Humblot).
Clavator obtusatus Gmelin.
Hab.: Fort Dauphin, S. Madagascar (F. Sikora). Also found at
the northern er.d of the island (Alluaud).
Clavator Humbloti Anc.
Testa magna, imperforata, elongato-attenuata, solidula, epidermide
fusco lutescente infra, transverse et exiliter fusco multifasciata in-
duta, sub epidermide alba, nitidula. Spira regulariter usque ad
apicum attenuata, elongata, obtusa. Anfractus 9? (supremi fracti),
regulariter crescentes, convexiusculi, sutura mediocri in ultimis
minute et leviter subcrenulata discreti, longitudinaliter striis confertis
incrementi exarati, in 5 inferis lineis spiralibus impressis magis dis-
tantibus decussati ; ultimus elongatus, inferne attenuatus. Apertura
subobliqua, basi leviter recedens, irregulariter oblongo-attenuata,
superne angulata, basi ampliata, intus ccerulescens. Columella
antice angulatum producta, intus contorto-subplicata, crassiuscula.
Peristoma obtusum, supra columellam dilatatum et adnatum, mar-
ginibus distantibus, callo nitido basi proecipue conspicuo junctis.
Long. 95, diam. 27^, alt. apert. 31 mill.
Hab.: Antankaratra Country (Humblot).
This fine species appears to be allied to CL MoreJeti Desh., but is
much larger and is very distinct.
Pachnodus rufoniger Reeve.
Hab.: " Montagne d'Ambre," Diego Suarez ; Antankaratra (Hum-
blot).
THE NAUTILUS. 81
Planorbis Madagascariensis E. A. Smith.
Hab.: Vinaninony and Fenoarivo.
Planorbis trivialis Morelet.
Hab.: Same localities.
Acroptychia cequivoca Pfeiffer.
Hab.: Antankaratra (Humblot).
I think that A. mam'cata, Cr. anil F. is the same as this.
Hainesia crocea Sowerby.
Hab.: Anclrahomana, S. Madagascar (Sikora).
I do not see that any precise locality was ever given for this
species, erroneously ascribed to Mauritius by Benson.
Cyclostoma carnicolor Anc.
Testa pro genere mediocriter sed profunde umbilicata, globoso-
conica, solida, supra parum, inferne magis nitida, superne spiraliter
multisulcata, prreterea lineis incrementi sub lente decussata, carnea
vel rubella, ad apicem luteola, fascia fuseo-coerulea infra peripheriam
cincta. Spira conoidea, apice sat minuto, obtuso. Anfractus 5^
convexo-rotundati, ultimus bene rotundatus, subtus fasciam Isevi-
gatus, dein iterum circa umbilicum et in umbilico ipso confertim
concentrice liratus, antice breviter ascendens. Apertura albida,
intus Candida vel luteola, fascia transmeante. Peristoma expansum,
marginibus approximatis, callo subemarginato junctis, columellari
dilatato-reflexo. Operculum testaceum, sordide album, anfractibus
4, nucleo subcentrali.
Diam. maj. 23i-26£, min. 18-20, alt. 21-26 mill.
Hab.: Andrahomana (Sikora).
Nearly related to C. aspernm, Pot. and Mich., but much less
rugose and of different color. It may be the southern analogue of
aspcmm, which lives in the northern end of Madagascar.
Cyclostoma Alayerianum Anc.
Testa globoso-turbinata, pro genere anguste umbilicata, parum
crassa, spiraliter confertim acutique lirata, liris in ipso umbilico con-
spicuis, infra peripheriam ultimi anfractus lasvioribus, ochraceo-
fulvescem, fasciis angustis 2 fuscis, quarum una angulo superiore
aperturas incipit, altera minus conspicua supra peripheriam ultimi
cirigulata. Spira turbinata, apice lasvi, obtusulo. Anfractus 5
valde convex!, sutura profunda, inferne minute plicatula, ultimus
8*2 THE NAUTILUS.
rotund Jit us, ad finem brevissime et leviter subascendens. Apertura
parum obliqua, subcircularis, intiis luteola. Peristoma subinter-
ruptum, anguste, ad columellam paulo niagis expansiusculum.
Diam. 9£, alt. 9^, alt. apert. vix 5 mill.
Hab.: Region of Fort Dauphin, S. Madagascar (F. Sikora).
Although this small species bears some resemblance with others,
like C. undatoliratum Boettg., etc., still I cannot identify it with
any of them.
Gyclostoma obsoletum Lam.
Hab.: Province of Boeni.
Cyclostoma filostriatum Sowerby.
Hab.: Fort Dauphin (F. Sikora).
About the geographical distribution, it may be of interest to note
that Helicoplianta magnified has been found in Imerina, where it is
said to be very scarce (Sikora), and Heliophanta cornu-yiyanteum,
Chemnitz, in southern Madagascar, near Fort Dauphin (Sikora).
NOTE ON NEOCORBICULA FISCHER.
BY W. II. DALL.
In a small collection of freshwater shells from Uruguay, recently
received, are specimens of Corbicula obsoteta Deshayes and C. Umosa
Maton. Tlie latter is the C. varieyata Orbigny, and the type of
Fischer's section Neocorbicula, proposed for the American Corbiculas,
which have separate siphons and a small pallial sinus, while the
European types of the genus Corbicula have an unsinuated pallial
line.
Several of the specimens above mentioned hud the animal matter
dried up within the shell, and in removing this it was discovered that
the shells contained a large number of nepionic young of varied size,
some nearly two millimeters in length and already showing radiating
lines of color. There were 15 to 20 of the young fry in each indi-
vidual, and while the dried matter gave no distinct indication of the
original arrangement, the fry in each case were in the umbonal
cavities.
THE NAUTILUS. 83
I have run over the literature and manuals and have not found
any reference to viviparity in Corbiculo or Cyrena, though of course
it is well known in the allied Sphcerinm and Pisidium. If it is a
characteristic of the Old World Corbiculas, it is singular that it has
not been hitherto noted.
The prodissoconch in these young shells is rounded, polished and
translueent, and presents no remarkable peculiarities.
If the brooding of the nepionic young in a marsupial sac is a fur-
ther point of distinction between the New and Old World forms, it
is probable that it may be regarded as raising the value of the sub-
division to higher than sectional rank.
TYRAMIDULA" ELRODI AND EPIPHRAGMOPHORA CIRCUMCARINATA.
BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.
In connection with my remarks upon the above-named forms in
the October number of THE NAUTILUS, and Dr. Pilsbry's com-
ments that follow, he says : " The difference between Dr. Stearns'
views and my own, of the affinities of the two Helices, may be due
to his having, perhaps, no examples of circumcarinata at hand for
direct comparison with elrodi." This suggestion is correct. I have
not seen an example of circumcarinata for ten years, and only a
single specimen of Elrodi, that heretofore referred to by me.
The dominant features of these shells are surprisingly alike. The
many though less conspicuous characters indicated by Dr. Pilsbry in
their bearing on the distinctive point, must therefore be accepted.
The remarkable similarity exhibited between the forms in question
are presumptively, as Dr. Pilsbry observes, the result of similar envi-
ronmental conditions " acting upon organisms originally diverse, and
indeed not closely related."
Closeness of relationship or otherwise, among land-snails inhabit-
ing the same geographic or physiographic area, though the area may
include a broad extent of territory, is another and very interesting
question.
Regarding the relations of the strigosa group of snails, I have for
a long time held the opinion that it was decidedly out of place in
84 THE NAUTILUS.
Pyramidula, and am pleased to learn on the authority of Dr. Pilsbry
that the proper position of this large and varied group will soon be
made known.
Los Angeles, Cal., October 12, 1902.
GENERAL NOTES.
" SLUGS " AS MEDICINE — While in Port Antonio, Jamaica, last
March, I collected some Veronicella sloanei Cuv., and having noth-
ing to put them in, wrapped them in paper and left them on a table
in my room at the hotel. During my absence they escaped and be-
gan crawling around, much to the disgust of the colored chamber-
maid who happened in about that time. On my return she filed a
vigorous protest against the " nawsty things," and wanted to know
what I intended to do with them. She then informed me that they
were good for all forms of lung trouble and asthma. They are used
as follows : Take a green cocoanut, cut off the end. and drop a good
sized "slug" into the milk, in which it will dissolve. The milk is
then drunk and is a " sure cure for asthma."
It would be interesting to know whether this is a survival of the
old European belief in the efficacy of the slime of " slugs " in pul-
monary troubles, carried to the island by the early English settlers,
or whether it is a part of the African pharmacopoeia introduced with
the slaves. — GEO. H. CLAPP.
NOTES ON HALIOTIS RUFESCENS Sw. — For several months a
company of Japanese fishermen has been engaged in collecting
abalones on San Clemente Island, and drying the animals for the
Japanese and Chinese markets.
Among the shells sent from this island to San Pedro for shipment
I recognize quite a large number of fine Haliotis rufescens Sw.,
which is not, or is only very rarely found along the shore of the
mainland of southern California at the present time.
Last year I collected an interesting series of this beautiful shell in
the shell-mounds on San Nicolas Island, but most specimens of the
shell in those mounds are broken or in an advanced stage of disin-
tegration.
Recent collectors of abalones report living specimens of the red
abalone very rare on San Nicolas Island. — HENRY HEMPHILL.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vol.. XVI. DECEMBER, 19O2. No. 8.
SURFACE SCULPTURE IN ANCYLUS.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
Owing to the simple character of tlie shell, which presents but few
of tlie salient specific features which enable the more specialized
groups to he readily determined, the North American Aiicyli, like
the Succineas, have received but scant attention from our collectors,
and great confusion exists in regard to the identification of nearly
all the described species.
The species of the earlier authors were based almost wholly upon
the shape, contour of the slopes and position of the apex. The sur-
face sculpture was as a rule overlooked. With the exception of tl.e
few species characterized by radial ribs or incised lines, in only four
of tlie eastern American forms is the character of the surface men-
tioned at all in the original descriptions, and then only with reference
to the growth lines.
Uourgiiignat, in 1853 (Journal de ConcJiyliologie, IV, p. G3), was
the first to point out the apical scar as a peculiarity ot ihe genus, and
Pilshry (NAUTILUS, IX, p. 13!>) is the only American author \\ho
has noticed its presence in any American species. It is present in
all of them, but is much less conspicuous in those species which group
around A. fuscus than in those of which A. ricularis is the leading
form.
Pilshry also was the first (lac. dt.} to call attention to the fact
" that nearly all specimens are more or less coated with foreign mat-
ter, sometimes calcareous, but generally ferruginous (which ) must be
removed before the color and liner sculpture can be observed," and
to give a practical method for cleaning the shells.
86 THE NAUTILUS.
A recent study of the eastern North American species has devel-
oped some unexpected peculiarities in regard to their surface sculp-
ture, which are of value in determining many of the species and
which may prove to be of importance in reference to their phylogeny
and classification.
In studying the Ancyli, it is necessary to have the shells thor-
oughly cleaned with dilute oxalic acid and to use a compound micro-
scope of at least 50 diameters; not unfrequently a power of 100 diam-
eters is required, especially with the smaller species, to reveal the
characteristic sculpture. Under a simple lens of 10 diameters the
shell, when cleaned, appears to be smooth and shining, but under a
higher power a more or less developed system of sculpturing is vis-
able in nearly every species. This consists of two elements: first
the concentric lines of growth, and second, a radial sculpture more
or less evident, which in its fullest development, as in A. peninsula;
and euyraptus, presents a series of fine, conspicuous, radial riblets
extending from the apex to the peritreme.
The concentric sculpture formed by the growth lines is not usually
very strongly developed. It never presents the regular clear-cut
striation such, for instance, as is presented by Planorbis trivolns,
but is irregular and more or less indented, varying in the different
species.
The radial sculpture in all the species examined, when present,
consists of fine transverse elevations varying from very fine, irregu-
lar, discontinuous ripples to continuous riblets covering the entire
surface. When present at all, their position is radial.
The only species in which any other kind of radial sculpture has
been noticed is the A. borealis Morse, in which the surface is marked
" with fine, regularly interrupted radiating lines." It is not ex-
pressly stated that these are incised, but such would seem to be the
inference. Unfortunately no authentic specimens have been acces-
sible for examination.
There is a large degree of individual variation in the development
of the radial sculpture, even in those species which have been estab-
lished upon its presence and in which it is best developed. A. pen-
insulas is the only one in which it seems to be uniformly present.
A. filosus is frequently nearly smooth and, judging from specimens
from both the Coosa and the Cahawba, the radiating sculpture is
decidedly irregular. The same holds true in regard to A. euyraptus.
A. avails has not been examined.
THE NAUTILUS. 87
On the other hand, in nearly all the so-called smooth species there
is a distinct tendency toward the formation of a minute, transverse,
irregular and discontinuous rippling of the surface, which, especially
on the lateral slopes, tends to form irregular riblets extending anter-
iorly. The median portion of the anterior slope is less apt to be
affected in this way.
While it is, as yet, too soon to speak positively, it seems possible
that an examination of a large amount of material may lead to dis-
carding the presence of a well-developed radial sculpture, unaccom-
panied by other peculiarities of size and shape, as a ground for spe-
cific distinction. The A. excentricus Morelet may be cited as an
example of this kind. It is described as smooth or with very fine
concentric lines only, and apparently on this ground alone is dis-
tinguished from the A. radiatus Guilding. Bourguignat (J. de C.,
iv, p. 155), on other grounds, only allows it varietal rank ; but
Crosse & Fischer (Moll. Alex., ii, p. 37) hesitate to follow him on
account of the absence of the radiating striae, which are so prominent
in radiatus. An examination of specimens of A. excentricus from
Texas, collected by Singley, shows that in all of them the radiating
sculpture is incipiently present and that in some there are well-
developed riblets present on the antero-lateral slopes, the median
portion of the anterior slope being practically smooth. (See also
Pilsbry, NAUT., iii, p. 64.) A larger series would probably necessi-
tate the uniting of the two forms.
The most striking feature, however, in the radial sculpture of the
Ancyli is the presence, in many of the species, of a circle of fine rib-
lets or strias on the apex, radiating from the apical scar. These
apparently have not been noticed before. When present iir a species,
they are invariably to be found, and that quite independent of the
presence or absence of a radial sculpture over the entire surface, and
they may be entirely wanting in species with a well-developed ribbed
surface, as in A. eugraptus. When the radial sculpture is persistent
over the whole surface, the riblets originate from these apical stria?,
but when that sculpture is not present, they cease a very short dis-
tance from the apex. This apical sculpture is characteristic of the
more elevated species with an acute apex, of which A.rivularis is the
leading form. The scar in these species is situated on the tip of a
sharp, prominent apex and, with its circle of radiating ribs, is very
conspicuous and easily observed.
THE NAUTILUS.
In a large number of species, however, the apex is smooth and the
radial rihlets when present originate below the apex. These are the
wide, ovate or subcircular species, usually more or less depressed, of
which A. fiiscits may be considered the type. In these the apex is
blurt and smooth and the apical scar is not conspicuous. Jn A. pen-
insiilce, however, the riblets in some specimens seem to extend clear
up to the scar, but not into it. While in this respect this species
seems an exception to the rule, that the depressed species have the
apical region smooth, nevertheless its affinities are all with that group,
and in spite of the apparently intermediate character of its apical
sculpture, it seems better to class it with them. A similar tendency,
though much more feeble, has been observed in one set of A. diu-
phanus.
The eastern American species, so far as examined, fall into two
natural groups characterized by their shape and contour as well as
this difference in apical sculpture. Pilsbry has already indicated
them (loc. cit.) on other grounds, and it is interesting to find that
the distinction apparently also holds good on structural grounds of
some importance.
The following list of eastern American species is arranged with
reference to their apical character:
Apex striate. Apex smooth. Not examined.
rtculnris. fuscus. obscurus.
tardus. difiphamis. efuh'or.
parallelus. excentricus. calcarius.
sliiniekii. hoJdeniani. borealls.
filosus. euyraptus. ova/is.
peninsulce.
Any collector, who has any of the unexamined species as here
listed, will confer a favor by communicating with the writer.
A NEW HAITIEN CHONDROPOMA.
BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR., AND CHAS. T. SIMPSON.
Cfiondropoma superbum.
Shell having a small umbilicus, usually truncated, subsolid, some-
what shining; whorls 7, the two nuclear ones smooth and waxy;
those remaining in the truncated shell 4 ; sculpture consisting of
THE NAUTILUS.
80
rather fine axial threads, becoming finer behind the aperture ; suture
narrowly canaliculate, its lower edge finely denticulate; last whorl
decidedly solute, free about one-fifth of its length ;
aperture almost regularly oval, vertical when viewed
from its outer edge, oblique when viewed from the
front; outer lip heavy, rounded and well reflexed;
inner lip narrov/er, scarcely reflexed above; base
within the umbilical reg'on with faint spiral lira?;
color brownish white, marked with brown spots
arranged in longitudinal and revolving series.
Operculum paucispiral, finely ridged, calcareous
without, horny within ; nucleus exeentric.
Length 25, greatest diameter 14, least diameter
11 mm. Length of aperture 10, diameter 7 mm.
Another shell. Length 21, greatest diameter 13, least diameter
7 mm. Length of aperture 9, diameter G mm.
Found on a high limestone hill back of Thomazeau, Haiti, many
specimens, living and dead.
This species is somewhat closely related to Chondropoma wein-
landi Pft iffer, which is found on the plain about Thomazeau, but it
is larger, solider, more finely developed and painted, and has the
last whorl much more solute and the outer lip more solid and
reflexed. It varies a good deal in size and color pattern. There
are occasionally faint longitudinal brown bands, and the darker
spots which are usually longest in a spiral direction may become
angular, rounded or almost blunted into axial rows.
C 7
It is a magnificent species, often quite as beautiful as C. magnificum.
SOME NOTES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CALYCULINJE, WITH NEW
SPECIES.
BY DK. V. STERKI.
The genus Calyculina has been pointed out by T. Prime1 without
a name, and named by Clessin.2 It seems well-defined, since no
species have been seen which were in doubt whether to be ranged
under Sphrerium or Calyculina.
1 Mon. Corbiculidae, 1865, p, iv.
2MaLBl. xix., 1870, p. 150, and used in "Cycladeen," p. 253.
90 THE NAUTILU3.
One of the features, however, considered characteristic, and from
which the generic name was derived, is not constant. The beaks are
not always capped, or calyculate, and in C. transversa,e. g., they are
simply rounded, as a rule, while in all other species, examples with
rounded, not calyculate, beaks, are occasionally found, and some-
times at a large percentage. As stated elsewhere, it seems that this
is caused, at least partly, by the seasons during which propagation is
effected.
It has been asserted, and repeated, that the Calyculinae have a
cyclical period of life, within one year, depositing their young in
spring. This seems not to hold good. Of Col. transrersa Say, e. g.,
I have collected specimens at all stages of growth, and also gravid
animals in all seasons, also in midwinter, and nearly the same can be
said of C, partumeict, truncata and securis. And among materials
sent for examination from different places and collected at various
seasons, the mussels were found of different ages and sizes.
Since the publications of T. Prime and Clessin, little has been
said about our Calyculinas. During the last eight years I had
chances to examine many thousands of specimens, owring to the
efforts and the kindness of a number of conchologists. Yet the
materials extant are still insufficient, especially from the Southern
and Western States. Most of the species seem to be rather variable,
and some considerably so, in regard to size, shape, surface appear-
ance and color, and some forms could be referred to certain species
only after careful examination and often repeated comparison, and
even then doubtfully in some instances. More materials from many
localities are very desirable.
They preferably inhabit quiet waters, to which they are best
adapted, with their thin and fragile shells. Pools, ponds, ditches,
slow rivers and creeks often abound with them, where they are
crawling among plants and dead leaves. In fast running streams,
with coarse bottoms, they are scarce, and so along the shores of
larger lakes.
So far as 1 know them now, the species are the following:
1. C. elevata Hald. A southern species, with comparatively
strong shells. The specimens are not always so high and of such
circular outlines as in T. Prime's figure. A rather small, but well
inflated form from Kansas sems to range under this species.
2. C. contracta Pr. Seems to be a good species. Seen from
THE NAUTILUS. 91
Alabama and Louisiana. Specimens from Kentucky (Bowling
Green, collected by Miss Price) are slightly different in shape,
being more rhomboid, but probably range with contracta.
3. G. hodgspnii n. Somewhat like contracta, but rather larger,
somewhat more elongated ; the shell is thicker, the nacre whitish,
the hinge stronger ; the posterior end is not so markedly or so ob-
liquely truncated. The surface is rather dull, the color a vivid yel-
low, to plumbeous around the umbones, in older specimsns. It has
some resemblance with C. transversa, but is less elongated, more
equipartite, the shell and hinge are stouter, the superior margin and
the hinge more curved, especially so the posterior lateral teeth.
Size: long. 14, alt. 11. diam. 6.5 mill.
From a mill pond at Albion, 111., collected years ago by Mr. C. S.
Hodgson. It is in many collections under various names, e. g.,
Sphaerinm aureutn Pr., from which it is very different. So well
marked a form must be described and named, even if known from
only one place, so far, and even if it should ultimately prove to be a
variety, e. g., of C. contracta, which, however, is not probable. I
take pleasure in naming it after its discoverer, Mr. Hodgson.
4. G. transvcrsa Say. Widely distributed and common in all
kinds of waters. Fairly constant in shape, but rather variable as to
size and color.
5. C. ferrissii n. sp. Shell elongated, equipartite, rather well in-
flated, beaks in the middle, narrow, moderately prominent, somewhat
inclined forward, slightly or not calyculate ; superior margin curved,
sloping from the beaks anteriorly and posteriorly ; scutum and scu-
tellum slight but distinct, long and narrow ; inferior margin well and
regularly curved ; anterior and posterior part rounded, without any
angles, the former somewhat less high ; surface with some irregular,
not sharp, but partly rather deep striae, more or less arranged in
zones, polished ; color plumbeous around the beaks, with broad light
yellow zones along the margins; shell thin, hinge fine, plate quite
narrow, teeth thin and slight, the laterals placed at angles with the
longitudinal axis, rather long ; ligament fine and very long.
Size: long. 13, alt. 10, diam. 7 mill.
Hab.: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Frierson, Louisiana;
in the former States collected by Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss, in whose honor
the species is named, in the latter by Mr. L. S. Frierson.
So far as known, the present Calyculina is decidedly distinct, and
92
THE NAUTILUS.
moreover, was found in company with C. transcersa, which it resem-
bles in being so elongated. But its beaks are not anterior, narrowt r
and less full, the hinge margin is not so straight, and the anterior
and posterior ends are rounded, not truncate.
6. (7. partumeia Say. Widely distributed and decidedly variable,
some forms being hardly recognizable. At Garrettsville, Ohio, Mr.
Streator has found a form with exceptionally broad, full, rounded
beaks, quite unlike those of a Calyculina.
7. C.jnyeiisis Pr. (Sphaerium jayanum, in Mon. Corb.). One of
the rarer species, and known from Indiana and Michigan to Wiscon-
sin and Iowa. Seems to be valid.
8. C. truiicata Linsley. Rather common, and somewhat variable.
]n regard to shape and surface appearance, it usually resembles
more C. partumeia than securis. Yet in some forms the posterior
end is rather obliquely truncated, and the beaks are rather strongly
inclined towards the anterior. The mussel is more inflated, as a
rule, than the dimensions given in Prime's description.
Clessin (Cycladeen, p. 246) says: " It appears to me somewhat
doubtful whether C. truncata can be regarded as a good species.
Around the type of Cal. securis are grouped several species (Sph,
contractum, rosaceum, sp/taericuin, truncation, lenticiilu}, which, ac-
cording to European principles, would unhesitatingly be regarded as
varieties." In all probability, Clessin had insufficient materials on
hand.1 C. truncata has been collected in many places over a wide
territory, and has been found distinct. Quite commonly, I have
found C. securis and truncata associated, and the two often also with
C. partumeia, C. contracta is evidently of another type. As to
rosacea and sphcerica we refer to the following.
9. C. rosacea Pr. There is a small Calyculina with a thin, trans-
parent, horn-colored, or almost colorless shell, narrow, moderately
high beaks, which is evidently distinct from the other species. It
is known from different places in Michigan, Illinois, New York and
Virginia. For years it has been a stumbling block, since most forms
did not agree exactly with Prime's description of rosacea, and yet
they could not well be ranged under any other species. After all, it
seems that they are rosacea.
1 As directly evident from some of his descriptions and notes. E. g., he say3
in the description of C. securis : " shell shining," which is rather an exception
than the rule. Some of his descriptions were made from single specimens, &s
he states.
THE NAUTILUS. 93
10. G. securis Pr. Widely distributed, common, and quite vari-
able in size, shape, surface sculpture and color. Tlie shell is more
or less inflated ; the beaks are more or less prominent, broader or
narrower, often not calyculate, but simply rounded; the posterior end
is more or less truncate, the disproportion between the anterior and
posterior parts various ; the surface of the shell is usually dull or even
rough from fine scales of the epiconch, but sometimes smooth or even
glassy. The color varies from brown to a vivid yellow or orange
(crocea Lewis).
11. C. sphcerica Anth. I have seen no authentic specimens and
no Calyculinse from the original place, and consequently am unable
to judge about it. It appears to be very near securis, also from some
Michigan specimens received as spharica.
12. G. rykolti Normand. From Traverse City and from Straits
Lake, Michigan, Mr. Bryant Walker lias sent specimens of a Caly-
culina, which so closely resemble C. rykolti from Germany and
Sweden that they can hardly be regarded as distinct. More materi-
als may bring additional evidence.
Larger specimens (of the size given as typical by Clessin) from
Saguache, Colorado, were in the collection of the late Dr. James
Lewis, now in possession of Mr. Bryant Walker. The agree with G.
rykolti, but must also be compared with the following :
13. C. raymondi Cooper. The specimens I have from Washing-
ton (Spokane, Mrs. Olney, and Seattle, Mr. Randolph), are evidently
not mature. They have much resemblance with C. rykolti, and it
would be of special interest to know whether such forms also inhabit
eastern Asia.
14. G. deformis Carpenter. My specimens are from Rhode Island
and New Jersey, not authentic but probably true. Whether this
Calyculina is a good species, or a form of securis, as has been as-
serted, I am unable to decide, for the present. At any rate, it is a
remarkable form, seems to be distinct.
15. C. lacttstn's Mull. (?). To Mrs. M. Olney I am indebted for
a few specimens from the Spokane river, Washington, which can in no
way be distinguished from C. lacustris, from several European coun-
tries. They appear absolutely identical. More specimens from other
places would be very welcome.
Of G. subfranversa Pr., lenticula GUI., and tenue Pr., I have no
materials. Under the first name, G. transversa from Texas have been
sent out.
94 THE NAUTILUS.
A NEW BISSOA FROM CALIFORNIA
BY W. H. DALL AND PAUL BARTSCH.
Rissoa keheyi Dall and Bartsch.
Shell of medium size, elongate-conic, white, variously banded, or
uniformly chocolate brown. Nuclear whorls mammillate, smooth.
Post- nuclear whorls slightly rounded, ornamented axially by a few
broad, depressed, almost obsolete ribs which are best seen near the
summit of the whorls, and many irregular, more or less deeply im-
pressed striations, which extended almost undiminished to the um-
bilical region. The spiral sculpture however is more conspicuous
than the axial, and consists of deeply impressed lines which are
more closely placed and less strongly developed near the summit of
the whorls than at the periphery, grading gradually in this respect
between these two regions. Sutures simple, well marked. Per-
iphery and base of the last whorl well rounded, the latter ornamented
by spiral sculpture similar to that between the sutures, but a little
more distantly spaced and more strongly impressed. Eighteen of
the spiral lines appear between the sutures upon the penult whorl
and ten upon the base. Aperture large, oblique, decidedly effuse
anteriorly ; posterior angle acute, peristome continuous ; columella
strong, short, somewhat twisted and slightly revolute.
The type has seven post-nuclear whorls and measures: long. 6.3
mm., diam. 2.5 mm.
Seven specimens were sent to the National Museum by Mr. F.
W. Kelsey, who collected them at Pacific Beach, California. The
type and two specimens now form no. 168605 of the U. S. N. M.
collection, the remaining four being in Mr. Kelsey's collection.
This species appears to be nearest related to Rissoa albolirata
Carpenter, but is larger in every way than that form ; there are also
minor differences in sculpture.
VITREA DRAPARNALDI, BECK., IN WASHINGTON, D. C.
BY GEORGE AV. II. SOELNER.
On the 22d of May, 1901, I visited a greenhouse in this city for
the purpose of investigating its snail life, and was rewarded by find-
ing a colony of what I at that time firmly believed to be finely de-
THE NAUTILUS. 95
veloped specimens of Vitrea cell aria. A number of specimens were
collected and labeled accordingly, and as many have since passed
into the hands of friends, it may be well to state, in the interest of
those who may not be familiar with the specific characters which
differentiate this species from V. draparnaldi, that my identification
of these shells was erroneous.
A recent search among the disintegrating ruins of an old mill in
Georgetown, one of the oldest sections of the city, very unexpectedly
brought to light specimens of a V'drea which, notwithstanding its
quite close resemblance to draparnaldi, is undoubtedly, I think, cel-
laria, although the shells obtained are unusually small and fragile,
which is probably due to their out-of-door life. The largest measured
only 8.75 mm. greater diameter. Owing to their smaller size and
the different color of the animal and shell, I was at once impressed
with the belief that I had found two species. A re-examination of
specimens was, therefore, necessary, and after carefully comparing
my first lot with Mr. Frank C. Baker's description and remarks on
V. draparnaldi,1 I was delighted to find that I had discovered this
species ; the specimens agreeing exceedingly well with his description
in every detail. Dr. Pilsbry and Mr. Geo. H. Clapp, of Pittsburg,
Pa., to whom I have sent examples, have kindly verified the identi-
fication.
Being anxious to know if the colony was flourishing, I again vis-
ited the nursery on November 3, 1902, and again secured a number
of fine specimens, the largest measuring 16 mm. greater diameter.
This interesting find not only adds another species to the list of
the mollusks of the District of Columbia, but another locality, and
that a remote one, to the geographical distribution of this handsome
introduced species, which seems to be gradually spreading over the
United States. As far as I know, this is the first record for this shell
east or southeast of Chicago, Illinois.
Washington, D. (7., November 15, 1902.
NOTES AND NEWS.
NOTES ON LIMN^A. — The receipt of Mr. F. C. Baker's very ex-
cellent work on the Mollusca of the Chicago Area suggests a few
remarks on Limn sea. It seems unfortunate that American workers
1 Mollusca of the Chicago Area, Part II ; Chicago Academy of Sciences, April
25, 1902.
96 THE NAUTILUS.
do not pay more attention to the European forms of the circutnpolar
types. Judging from the names, one would suppose that the Ameri-
can variations ot' L. paiustris, etc., were quite different from those
found in Europe, If this is the case, it is a fact of much interest;
but it has never been demonstrated by comparisons, nor is it sug-
gested by the figures in Mr. Baker's work. The variety esptu/sa
llald., of L. prtlustns, is to lie compared with the European var.
couifnrmts Bourg., which on the face of things appears to be the
same ; while other American palnslris seem referable to varieties
eloiigata Moquin (Baker, PI. xxxii, first three shells of fig. 1), and
perhaps conica Jeffreys. In fact, it is not yet clear that there is any
American variation of L. patustris which cannot be duplicated in
Europe. With regard lo L. sUig»alis, it is well said that the typical
European form is not that found in America, but it is apparently not
true that the American form (upprcssa, Say) is absent from Europe.
I have seen plenty of European specimens which could not, I think,
be distinguished from the American ones; such appear to pertain to
the variety fruyilis (Linne) and its allies. Some one should
minutely examine the anatomy of these forms, to see whether it is
not possible that there are two species, viz.: (1 ) L. stagnalis ( L.),
European; (2) L. fragilis (L.), Europe and America, including
cssti. Sav, raphidia Bourgt., vulgaris Westerlund, etc.
Linnisea Woodriiffi Baker, appears from the figures to be the
European L. pet'eya, in which case it must have been introduced. —
T. D. A. CoCKEKELL.
THE death is announced of the Jesuit Father Prof. P. HF.UDE,
on January 3d, at Zikavei, near Shanghai, at the age of 06 years.
At the NovEMr.KR MEETING of the SECTION ox CONCIIOI.OGT,
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Mr. S. C. Wheat exhibited
two specimens of fresh water mollusca taken from a stream in New
Jersey, \\ hich, upon careful inspection by Dr. R. Ellsworth Call,
were pronounced to be hybrids between Margaritana marr/inata and
Aiiodnntii untJulata. The specimens aroused much interest, as such
hybrids are very rare. A specimen of Anodonta implicata seven
inches in length taken from Prospect Park Lake was also shown.
These specimens were added to the collection in the Children's Mu
seiim. — F. II. AMES, Sue.
Description dr Diofl/isques nonreaux provennnt. de fife Obi ( Moluques).
In LH Naturaliste, Nov.. 11)02, p. 247, Mr. Dautzenberg has described
and figured a series of Helices and two Leptopomas. Of the former
//. (Alftersin) omissn seems to he- identical with ff.(Albefsia) obiensis
Mart. (Archiv f. Naturg. 1MO'.», pi. .'5). //. (I'upnina) ob'ensis
Dautz. is ap|iarently //. (P.) p'Vsctts Mts. //. (Papuinn] groulti is
a fine, pyramidal, carinate species of the pileolus group, somewhat
similar to P. rynchostoma Pfr — //. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS • ', :
PLATE III.
W 11
ALDRICH: EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
THE NAUTILUS. XVI
PLATE IV
13
24
21
ALDRICH: EOCENE MOLLUSCA.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVI. JANUARY, 19O3. No. 9.
NEW SPECIES OF TERTIARY FOSSILS FROM ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI
AND FLORIDA.
BY T. II. ALDRICH.
The following species are principally Eocene ; descriptions of two
species have already appeared in THE NAUTILUS and they are now
figured for the first time. One new species from the Oligocene of
Oak Grove, Fla., has been added. The Oligocene deposit of Oak
Grove has been pierced by a deep well near Mobile, Ala., and no
doubt it will be found still further to the westward. I am indebted
to C. W. Johnson, of the "Wagner Free Institute of Science, for
comparisons with types in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia. All the drawings have been executed by Dr. J. C. McCon-
nel, of the Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C.
PLEUROTOMA (DRILLIA) CASEYI n. sp. PI. Ill, fig. 1, 2.
Shell fusiform, whorls ten to eleven, first four smooth, apex pointed,
the balance of the whorls nodular with a connecting line situated at
the periphery. About nine nodes on each whorl. The balance of
the spiral sculpture consisting of close-set, rounded lines, which are
stronger on the lower part of each whorl ; suture nearly concealed by
a strongly raised and rounded band which is wavy and closely ap-
pressed. On the humeral area the spiral lines are cut by fine curved
lines formed by the former retral sinus, sinus nearly semi-circular.
Canal open and slightly spatulate.
Length 11 mm., width 3 mm.
Localities : Red Bluff, Miss., Byrams Ferry, Pearl Rv., Miss., and
Vicksburg, Miss.
Resembles Drillia texanopsis Harris, but is carinated at the periph-
98 THE NAUTILUS.
ery, more strongly striated and with a deeper retral sinus. Maj.
Thos. L. Casey, U. S. Engineers, has sent me examples from the
upper part of the bluff at Vicksburg. The shell is named in his honor.
CANCELLARIA ANNOSA Aldr. PI. Ill, fig. 3.
This species was described in THE NAUTILUS, Vol. XI, p. 97,
January, 1898.
CYPR^EA NUCULOIDES n. sp. PI. Ill, figs. 4, 5 and 6.
Shell broadly ovate, rounded, globose, extremities slightly pro-
duced, surface smooth, basal callus heavy and extending upwards
about one-third on each side, base flattened, rounded into the aper-
ture, resembling in this respect C, pinguis Con., but broader. Aper-
ture rather narrow, denticulated.
Length 17 mm., greatest breadth 14 mm.
Localities : From the Claibornian at De Soto, Miss., McLeod's
Mill, Miss., and Dubose's Mill, in West Alabama.
This species has a more flattened base than (7. spheroides Con. and
has a much heavier basal callus. The inner lip is smooth below the
denticulations.
CLAVILITHES COLUMBARIS n. sp. PI. Ill, fig. 7.
Shell fusiform, whorls ten, apex bulbiform, consisting of three
whorls, the third constricted ; the next four spirally striated and
tuberculated, the last two strongly turreted and excavated below the
sutural shoulder. Aperture small, constricted at posterior. Canal
long, narrow.
Length of figured specimen 52 mm.
Localities : Claibornian of De Soto and McLeod's Mill, Miss., also
in West Alabama, same horizon. This species approaches the form
described by Harris as Clavilithes humerosus Con., var. texanus, but
the size and extremely prominent shouldered whorls and the constric-
tion below are peculiar. The figured example is the most perfect
one obtained, but the shoulder is even more prominent in other speci-
mens. On comparing this species with C. longesvut Lamarck, I find
it has one less embryonic whorl and a higher spire.
FlSSURIDEA INFREQUENS, n. Sp. PI. Ill, figs. 8, 9.
Shell medium size, with broadly ovate periphery at base, rather
depressed ; substance of shell thin, foramen in anterior half, small and
narrowly ovate.
THE NAUTILUS. 99
Greatest breadth at base 22 mm., height 6 mm.
Locality : On the Chickasawhay River, three and one-half miles
below Quitman, Miss., below the 0. sellceformis bed, Claibornian.
This species differs from any Tertiary species known by the very
thin shell in comparison with its size, and its very fine cancellation.
The interior is filled with matrix.
OVULA SYMMETRICA n. Sp. PI. Ill, fig. 10.
Shell smooth exteriorly, spire produced, pointed and slightly spat-
ulate, outer lip reflected, margined on the interior with numerous
crenulations, and curved from spire to base. Aperture narrow, the
inner margin of same denticulated near the spire and with three or
four folds at base.
Length of figured example 9 mm.
Localities : McLeod's Mill and on the banks of the Chickasawhay
River, three and a half miles below Quitman, Miss.; close to the
Wautubbee beds of the Claibornian. This species differs from both
0. subtruncata and 0. texana of Johnson, and it has been kindly
compared with the types by C. W. Johnson.
The specimen from the bluff" below Quitman is broken, but if per-
fect would be about 13 mm. in length.
LATIRUS ELABORATUS n. sp. PI. Ill, figs. 11, 12.
Shell small, whorls nine, the first three smooth, the fourth partly
so, the balance nodular and crossed by spiral lines, the lines faint on
the upper part of each whorl, becoming coarser below and developing
plaits at the top of the transverse nodes; the younger whorls hare
two coarse spiral lines about their centre.
Suture irregular, closely appressed. Outer lip nodular within, the
pillar lip smooth with the exception of two slight raised plaits about
the centre of the aperture within ; canal produced and but slightly
curved.
Length of the largest specimen 11 mm., breadth 4| mm.
Localities : Matthew's Landing bed, at C. Jones, Wilcox Co., Ala.,
and in the Black Bluff" clays near Grave Yard hill, Ala. The figures
are of a small specimen and do not show the two plaits on the pillar
lip because they are too far within the aperture.
ANOMIA NAVICELLOIDES Aldr. PI. IV, figs. 13, 14.
For description see THE NAUTILUS, Vol. XI, p. 97, January, 1898.
100 THE NAUTILUS.
CHAMA MONROENSIS n. sp. PI. IV, fig. 15.
Shell of medium size, strongly rugosely plicated, lamellar. Upper
valve with 6-8 leaves turned up to nearly a vertical at their ventral
edges, each leaf covered with radial raised lines running in couples.
Upper valve slightly convex, lower valve convex and inequilateral.
Resembles somewhat O. corticosa Con., but is smaller and more
profusely ornamented. One lower valve has twelve leaves or corru-
gations. The upper valve is shown in the figure natural size.
Locality : The 0. sellseformis bed, at White's Marl bed, Monroe
Co., Alabama.
PECTEN (PSEUDAMUSIUM) SUBMINUTUS n. sp. PI. IV, figs. 16, 17.
Shell minute, thin, surface smooth, not polished, valves rather flat,
ears small, subequal in the right valve and unequal in the left. Fine
rugose stria? on the ears of the right valve, vertical to the hinge line
but not reaching it, but they run down over the submargin. One
ear in the left valve with five or six radiating ribs, the other smooth ;
interior smooth, the cardinal margin cross striated.
Alt. 3 mm., lat. 3 mm. of the largest specimen.
Localities : Red Bluff, Miss., Jackson, Miss.
This little shell is evidently adult. It is probably found at Vicks-
burg also. It is not rare, closely resembles Pecten Guppyi Dall in
form, but is smaller.
VERTICORDIA DALLIANA n. sp. PI. IV, fig. 18.
6
Shell small, rather flat, surface ornamented with sharp curved ribs,
in the present specimen thirteen in number, nine on the anterior,
then a concave space as if one rib was missing, then two more ribs
about the middle of the shell, then a wide concave space and then
two more ribs, the last one almost at the margin. Ribs serrating the
ventral margin. Cardinal tooth strong, erect ; lateral tooth long and
curved.
Breadth 2^ mm., height from beak to base 2 mm.
Only one valve found ; it is about the same size as V. eocense
Langdon. The muscular scars are slightly impressed. Pallial line
not perceptible.
VERTICORDIA SOTOENSIS n. sp. PI. IV, figs. 19-21.
Shell small, strongly ribbed with twelve ribs, then a blank space,
then two ribs near the margin, beaks blunt and rounded, ventral
THE NAUTILUS. 101
margin serrated ; lateral tooth long and curved. Interior very por-
cellaneous ; muscular scars slightly impressed.
Localities : Claibornian of De Soto and McLeod's Mill, Miss., and
also in West Alabama, same horizon.
This species closely resembles V. dalliana Nobis, but differs in the
number of ribs and the absence of one space which appears on the
other. It is also more rounded.
VERTICORDIA QUADRANGULARIS n. sp. PI. IV, figs. 22, 23.
Shell stout, valves nearly quadrangular, rather thick and globose.
Surface with numerous coarse, rounded ribs. Entirely covered with
granulations ; deeply excavated behind the beaks ; possesses both
cardinal and lateral teeth. Muscular scars are deeply impressed.
Pallial line strongly marked. Internal basal margin showing the
ribs.
Height and breadth equal, 7 mm.
Several valves were found. This species belongs to the Section
Haliris Dall. The laterals are more strongly developed than in most
forms of this section. It is distinct from V- mississippiensis Dall in
having fewer and more rounded ribs and a more depressed lunular
area.
CANCELLARIA BIFOLIATA n. sp. PI. IV, fig. 24.
Shell small, whorls six, first two smooth, the third partially so,
and the. last three strongly cancellated. The ribs prominent, spiral
lines alternately coarse and fine. Umbilicus open, pillar lip with
two plaits. Shell appears to be turreted from the strong ribbing.
Length 7 mm., breadth 4 mm.
Locality: Oak Grove, Florida, Oligocene of Dall.
This little species 'differs from C. mississippiensis Con. in its less
number of plaits on the pillar, its higher spire and open umbilicus.
A NEW CRASSATELLITES FROM BRAZIL.
BY WM. H. DALL.
Among some dead shells dredged by the fT. S. Fish Commission
in fifty-nine fathoms mud, east of Rio Janeiro, Brazil, were a num-
ber of valves which were inadvertently put away among a lot of
Astartes. On overhauling the latter, lately, these valves were found
102 THE NAUTILUS.
and re-examined, proving to be an undescribed species of Crassatel-
lites from a region where none had been reported hitherto.
CRASSATELLITES BRASILIENSIS n. sp.
Shell solid, small for the genus, yellowish-white, covered with a
thin brownish periostracum ; valves ovate, slightly squarish behind,
rapidly descending and rounded in front, with pointed, slightly flat-
tened beaks, sculptured with a few (5 to 10) low concentric waves
beyond which the disk is smooth, or concentrically striated with
some very obscure, fine, radial lines near the anterior base ; lunule
narrow, elongate, bounded by an obscure sulcus inside of which the
area is excavated ; escutcheon similar but much larger; basal margin
minutely crenulate within, hinge normal, the resilium immersed but
rather short and wide ; muscular impressions well defined. Height
27.5 : length 36 ; diameter 15 mm., some specimens being propor-
tionately a little shorter.
The posterior end is obscurely truncate, but in some specimens
slightly rostrate. On the whole, the species has much the aspect
externally of a smoothish Astarte. The bottom temperature where
dredged was 57° Fahr. The beaks are usually a little behind the
anterior third of the valves.
SHELL COLLECTING ON THE MISSISSIPPI.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
For a number of years it has been the custom of the Chicago
Academy of Sciences to have a Field-day some time during the
month of July and to spend the day investigating some notable or
particularly interesting locality, from a zoological, botanical or geo-
logical standpoint. These excursions are not only attended by mem-
bers of the Academy, but by the faculties and students of the Chicago
University, the Northwestern University and kindred scholastic
bodies.
Saturday, July 12th, was chosen as the field-day for 1902, which
dawned bright and pleasant. About one hundred and fifty people,
including many of the charming " co-eds " from the Zoological De-
partment of the Chicago University, met at the Chicago, Milwaukee
and St. Paul depot, from which the special train left at eight o'clock
THE NAUTILUS. 103
for Savanna, Illinois, our objective point. The ride consumed sev-
eral hours and we arrived in sight of the Mississippi about noon.
Our first thought was for the " inner man," and we hastened in a
body to the river bank, where we bargained with the boat renters
and secured row-boats. No sooner were our bargains completed than
we scrambled into our boats and rowed across the river toward a
group of islands, where we ate our lunches.
The, pull across the river was very interesting, especially to several
of the " co-eds," who bravely volunteered to row one or two of the
boats, for there was a seven-mile current which made this a matter
of great exertion. The writer had never before seen the '' Father of
o
Waters," and he must confess that a peculiar feeling came over him
as he rowed across the swiftly-flowing stream and thought of the
many historic scenes which had taken place on or near this mighty
river since De Soto first saw it. But the most interesting fact to him
in connection with this river was that it afforded a home for more
Unios than any other stream in the world.
As soon as lunch was out of the way we began a hunt for clams,
and before the time arrived for the departure of our train we had
accumulated several bushels, beside numerous examples of fresh-
water gastropods, such as Campeloma and Vivipara.
About a mile above Savanna we found several men engaged in
" fishing" for clams, which they sold to the button-factories at Mus-
catine and other places in Iowa and Illinois. Their method of fishing
was ingenious. A bar of iron (frequently a gas pipe) six or seven
feet long is strung with four-pronged hooks, made of bent and twisted
telegraph wire. The strings are about five inches apart and two or
three hooks are attached to each string, making two or three rows of
hooks attached to the bar. As many as forty hooks are frequently
strung on one bar, the whole appliance being locally known as a
" crowfoot " dredge or grapple. A piece of rope is tied near each
end of the bar, forming a sort of bridle, and to this is fastened an-
other rope, twenty-five or more feet in length, by which the dredge
is pulled over the bottom of the river.
At first sight one would hardly suppose that with such an instru-
ment a person would be able to gather very many clams, but the
fishermen told us that several tons could be obtained with this appa-
ratus in a comparatively short time, The clams are caught in this
way : in many parts of the river the Unios lie packed by thousands,
104 THE NAUTILUS.
their shells half -protruding from the mud and slightly gaping, as is-
natural with all these mollusks when at rest. As the fisherman pulla
the dredge along the bottom over these Unio beds the prongs of the
hooks become caught between the open valves of the shell, which
immediately close and fasten themselves to the prong. A single
haul may yield over one hundred shells caught in this way.
The inordinate collecting of shells for the button industry bids fair
to exhaust the supply before many years have passed unless wise laws
are enacted and enforced. Not only are many tons of these sheila
taken every year, but a large number are wilfully wasted by the
fishermen. An example of this waste came under the notice of the
writer on this occasion. Having failed to secure as many specimens
as were wanted, a fisherman was asked if he knew a good place to
gather clams. He replied that just above a large grain elevator some
fishermen had dumped a boat-load on the shore. Not realizing fully
what he meant, we walked to the spot indicated and there beheld a
sight which made at least one of the party both glad and sad. Piled
on the shore for a distance of a quarter of a mile were thousands upon
thousands of clams, some alive, others with gaping shells and a few
entirely devoid of the animal. Not less than twenty-five species were
represented, many of them useless for the manufacture of buttons, but
of great value to the conchologist of the future who may wish to study
these species. The fishermen were either too lazy to throw them
back into the water or else thought that, if they threw them on the
shore they would avoid catching them again on their hooks. Such
wanton destruction as this, if not stopped, will s'oon exterminate many
of the species. Those which were thus destroyed were comparatively
thin shelled, such as Anodonta, Alasmidonta and Symphynota.
The species collected by the different parties were as follows :
Lampsilis ventricosa Barnes. Plagiola securis Lea.
ligamentina Lamarck. elegans Lea.
anodontoides Lea. Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque.
fallaciosa (Smith) Simpson. Strophitus edentulus Say.
recta Lamarck. Anodonta corpulenta Cooper.
parva Barnes. Arcidens confragosus Say.
alata Say.1 Symphynota costata Rafinesque.
gracilis Barnes. conaplanata Barnes.
leptodon Rafinesque. Unio gibbosus Barnes.
1 One specimen of alata was curiously deformed, one valve being perfectly
flat while the other was very convex.
THE NAUTILUS. 105
Unio crassidens Lamarck. obliqua Lamarck.
Pleurobema aesopus Green. ebena Lea.1
Quadrula plicata Say. tuberculata Rafinesque.
undulata Barnes. metanevra Rafinesque.
heros Say. Vivipara intertexta Say.
lachrymosa Lea. Campeloma integrum DeKay.
pustulosa Lea. subsolidum Anthony.
pustulata Lea. Polygyra multilineata Say.
trigona Lea.
The last was found to be a common inhabitant of the islands in
the river and in the woods bordering the Iowa side of the river.
At Carroll Creek, ten miles from Savanna, Mr. C. C. Adams, of
the University of Chicago, collected the following species, all being
very common :
Amnicola limosa Say. Physa integra Haldeman.
Physa gyrina Say. Succinea ovalis Say.
A NEW FOSSIL ASHMUNELLA.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
ASHMUNELLA THOMPSONIANA PECOSENSIS subsp. nov.
Small (diam. max. 12, min. 10.5 ram.) ; last half of last whorl
very distinctly transversely ribbed, recalling A. altissima ; lip and
teeth strongly developed, basal tooth single.
Hob.: Valle Ranch, Pecos, New Mexico, in a light reddish deposit
of uncertain age, Nov. 30, 1902. (T. D. A. and W. P. Cockerell.)
The commonest shell in the deposit is Pyramidula strigosa cooperi.
Vallonia cyclophorella is also abundant.
Last year my wife collected a dead shell of a recent Ashmunella at
the old Pecos Pueblo, which is only a few miles from the Valle Ranch.
It is A, thomsoniana, with max. diam. 13.5 mm., basal tooth single.
There is no sign of the ribbing of the fossil form.
1 This species is called " nigger-head " by the fishermen, and is considered
the most desirable shell for the cutting of pearl buttons.
106 THE NAUTILUS.
NOTES ON SOME SHELLS FKOM NOBTH CAROLINA.
BY E. G. VANATTA.
OMPHALINA RUGELI OXYCOCCUS n. var.
This variety is distinguished from the typical 0. rugeli Binn. by
being densely microscopically granulate above and having the base
nearly smooth.
The type is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, No. 68743, collected by Mr. H. W. Wenzel, June,
1896, at Cranberry, N. C.
Locality : Cranberry, N. C., collected by Mr. H. W. Wenzel, Dr.
Henry Skinner and Mrs. Geo. Andrews ; also at Banners Elk,
Watauga Co., N. C., by Mrs. Geo. Andrews.
The following species were collected by Mr. Joseph Willcox during
July, 1902.
At Blowing Rock, Watauga Co., N. C., the following were taken :
Goniobasis proxima Say (3500 PolygyraandrewssenormalisPils.
feet elevation). Circinaria concava Say.
Polygyra albolabris Say. Philomycus carolinensis Bosc.
And at Cranberry, Mitchell Co., N. C., the following species:
Polygyra andrewsae normalis Pils. Polygyra tridentata Say.
monodon fraterna Say. Vitrinizonites latissimus Lewia.
stenotrema Fer. Circinaria concava Say.
thyroides Say. Pyramidula perspectiva Say.
subpalliata Pils.
NOTES.
HAWAIIAN PHYSID^E. — It has been held by Pease and others that
the reversed fresh-water shells resembling Physa, found in the
Hawaiian Islands, are all Limnaeids belonging to Ameria or some
related group. Part of them certainly are, but a species, believed to
be Physa compacta Pease, received from Mr. H. W. Henshaw, of
Hilo, Hawaii, proves, on anatomical examination, to be a Physa,
though whether referable to Physa s.s. or to Aplexa cannot be deter-
mined, owing to the contraction of the mantle edge which, in spirits,
appears not to be digitate. — W. H. DALL.
"PYRAMIDULA" STRIGOSA CONOENTRATA. — I have lately re-
TUE NAUTILUS. 107
ceived a couple of specimens of this form (max. diam. barely over 12
mm.), collected by Mr. C. S. Onderdonk, at Alpine, Chaffee county,
Colorado, at between 10,000 and 12,000 ft. This is a long way from
the original locality, but I sent one to Dr. Ball, who certified that it
is the genuine concentrata. There are two dark bands, both narrovr
but strongly developed. This var. concentrata is extremely close to
my var. minor (max. diam. 14 mm.), described in Journ. of Con-
chology, 1890, p, 175. The latter, however, is not alpine.
No doubt the Colorado concentrata have evolved independently
from the New Mexico and Arizona ones, and, therefore, might per-
haps be considered entitled to a different name. — T. D. A. COCK-
ERELL.
ERRATUM.
NAUTILUS, p. 96, line 8 from top: For coniformis read corvi-
formis T. D. A. COCKERELL.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
THE MOLLUSCA OF THE MT. MITCHELL REGION, NORTH CARO-
LINA By Bryant Walker and H. A. Pilsbry. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci., Phila., 1902, pp. 413-442, Pis. xxiv, xxv.— In vol. xiv, p. 45,
we noticed Professor Pilsbry's account of the Mollusca of the Great
Smoky Mountains. The present paper sets forth the results of the
exploration of the French Broad river region by Messrs. Ferriss and
Walker "and two ladies" in 1901. The Roan Mountain fauna
being pretty well known from the investigations of Wetherby, Walker
and others, it now becomes possible to determine with some degree
of accuracy the range of the different species in this part of North
Carolina and adjacent Tennessee. It had previously been made
clear that the Roan Mountains and Great Smoky regions, though
only about seventy-five miles apart, possessed molluscan faunae which
were by no means identical ; the expedition of 1901 sought to deter-
mine whether the valley of the French Broad river might be the
dividing line between the Roan and Great Smoky faunae, and whether
Mt. Mitchell, with an altitude of 6,711 ft,, might not produce some-
thing peculiar to itself. With the results of the expedition before
them, the authors conclude that the French Broad river is not the
dividing line between the two faunae just mentioned, and, in fact,
108 THE NAUTILUS.
that there is probably no sharp line of demarcation anywhere. It is
found, however, that the French Broad river region has itself some
of the characteristics of a distinct faunula, although Mt. Mitchell, the
centre of the explorer's hopes, proved disappointing. A comparative
list, showing the distribution of the species, is presented on pp. 420,
421. To the Roan Mountains list should be added Philomycus
secretus, described from thence, and Vitrea carolinensis wetherbyi,1
sent to the present writer from Roan Mountain by Wetherby. The
true V. carolinensis probably does not occur at Roan Mountain, as
I gathered from Wetherby's letter when sending the wetherbyi, that
he knew only the latter.
Leaving out a few probably erroneous records, we find 105 species
and races of land mollusca recorded from the whole region discussed.
Of these, only 33 are recorded as common to all three faunulae, i. e.,
the Roan, F'rench Broad and Great Smoky. Three are common to
the Roan and Great Smoky regions, and have very likely been over-
looked in the French Broad. 25 are from the Roan alone, 10 from
the Roan and French Broad, 8 from the French Broad alone, 7 from
the French Broad and Great Smoky and 19 from the Great Smoky
alone.
The same peculiar features of the fauna as were observed in the
Great Smokies are seen in the Mt. Mitchell region. The Pupidae
are represented by a single example of Strobilops, and this a southern
form. Not a single Limnasid was found anywhere ; not even Physa.
The new forms described in the paper are : Polygyra tridentata
tennesseensis W. & P., P. andrewsa intermedia W. & P., Vitrea ap-
proxima W. & P., V. vanattai P. & W., Gastrodonta gularis theloides
A. D. Brown MS., and G. gularis decussata Pils. & Van. ; while
Polygyra hirsuta vars. altispira and pilula are raised to specific rank.
Pyramidula alternata mordax was rediscovered by the expedition,
and is fully discussed and figured.
Altogether, the paper is certainly a most satisfactory one, and we
can only hope that it will be followed by a long series of similar ones.
It will be some time before Messrs. Pilsbry, Walker, Ferriss and
their friends exhaust the possibilities of the Appalachian Mountains,
which seem to contain an extraordinarily varied and interesting mol-
luscan fauna. — T. D. A. COCKERELL.
1 On page 430, the date of publication of wetherbyi is said to be 1901. It
should be 1900.
V ''
1 \\V\\
THE NAUTILUS.
Vor,. XVI. FEBRUARY, 19O3. No. 10.
NOTES ON PYRAMIDULA ELRODI PILS.
BY MORTON J. ELROD.
This shell was first collected on the sides of the Mission Mountains,
above Post Lake, in the summer of 1899. About forty were taken,
all dead. Specimens were sent to Dr. Pilsbry, of the Philadelphia
Academy of Sciences, who described the species in NAUTILUS, Vol.
XIV, 40, naming the shell after the collector.
During the collecting expedition of the University of Montana
Biological Station, in July, 1900, a stay of ten days was made at
McDonald Lake for the express purpose of making further investiga-
tions of this species. During this time some three quarts of speci-
mens were collected, of all sizes and varying colors, from the dark
brown of the living shells to the bleached white of the dead ones.
Also some three dozen living snails were secured, which were
drowned, and in a number of cases, beautifully expanded.
The distribution of the species, so far as known, appears to be quite
local, and is deserving of further study. At present it seems con-
fined to the mountain slopes forming the amphitheatre around and to
•the east of Post Lake. On the south side of the lake, owing to the
dry ness of the rocks and soil, it appears very scarce, one living and
several dead shells being the result of an afternoon's search. A search
on the north bank during the same time on the same day resulted in
a quart of shells, a dozen living. While no search has been made in
the mountain slopes east of the lake, there can be little doubt of its
presence, since the shell is found on both sides of the lake.
On the north slope of the lake four small streams tumble over the
110
THE NAUTILUS.
rocky wall of the mountains, making beautiful little cascades. The
first of these, beginning next the plain, appears to come out of the
rocks high up, flows through a small canon between the cliffs, and
shortly afterward disappears in the loose talus below. Earlier in the
year these loose, talus rocks are wet with melted snow, but at the
time of collecting, in July, they were hot and dry.
On the talus below the first fall, shells were found abundantly.
On the talus of the ravine, a few feet to the west, only a few were
found, while still further west none whatever could be found any-
where. This little stream from the mountain, therefore, seems to
mark its distribution on the mountain towards the west. Acting on
this basis, the rocks were followed upward along the sides of the
mountain, following the little gully of the stream mentioned. Shells
were found as high as we went, a distance of 1,500 feet, or up to a
total elevation of 5,000 feet above the sea. Time did not permit a
search higher.
The limit of distribution of the shells, as mentioned, ends abruptly.
A search eastward from the mountain stream caused the discovery of
shells in abundance for a mile; beyond this we did not go. There
is a great deal of difficult mountain climbing necessary to explore
these regions, and a half day does not permit one to go far. But
from the fact that they have been found on the slopes of Mt. Mc-
Donald, across the lake to the south, it would appear evident that the
unexplored canons and mountain sides forming the large amphithea-
ter supplying the lake's waters, support the Pyramidulas.
The writer has been in different places in the Mission range, from
one end to the other, on the western slopes, and nowhere else have
I'HE NAUTILUS. 11 1
the shells been found. Whether or not they are on the eastern
slopes, on the Swan river side, is yet to be determined.
The habits of the shells are very peculiar. Shells are rarely found
among the bushes or where there is much vegetation. They are
found on the surface among the loose rocks of medium sizfi, but not
among the large boulders or the finer talus. When bleached, they
are a beautiful white, their color against the dark brown or lichen-
colored sandstone making them very conspicuous objects. The cor-
rugations show plainly from a distance, and there is no difficulty
whatever in seeing the dead shells when in the region where they
are to be found.
The living ones are not so easily discovered. They are dark
brown, almost identical in color with the rocks among which they
live, and very easily overlooked. When the animal dies the color
changes to a delicate pink, and later the shell becomes a beautiful
clear and pearly-white.
A search was begun for living shells by following up the talus
where the shells were found most abundantly. After descending
over a thousand feet, we came to a small ledge of rock forming a
sharp promontory with a cliff below, on which we stopped to take a
photograph of McDonald Peak, which showed up beautifully from
this point. This ledge forms the western wall for the small canon
through which the aforementioned stream comes. Tlie loose rocks
on the top of the cliff were overturned. It was with much surprise
that shells were picked up, and among them one apparently alive.
Diligent search revealed the fact that this small ledge, not more than
thirty feet in extent, was the home of a colony of these interesting
creatures. A quart of shells was secured, among them a dozen live
ones, the first ever found. This ledge is shown on the left of the
picture.
This home of the shell is very interesting and romantic. Living
on the cliffs of one of the most rugged ranges in the State, with scant
vegetation, it has a life common to few shells. It prefers the crannies
among the loose rocks, hiding there from enemies.
After finding this first colony, a second trip was made over the
same route, only farther up the mountain. Other colonies were
found, with occasionally a live one. Search was then made lower
down, among the rocks near the lake, resulting in finding live ones
at different places, though to do so required considerable digging in
112 THE NAUTILUS.
the rocks, in order to get down below the hot, dry rocks to where
there was a little moisture.
It seems apparent that the living shells live among the loose stones,
in the early spring crawling around over the damp rocks. As the
warm spring and summer days approach, the rocks become dry. The
snails previously crawling over them cease activity, and instead of
all of them crawling for protection under the loose rock, some throw
their protective film across the opening of the shell while yet on the
rocks ; the sun kills the animal, which dies, leaving the dead shell to
bleach and become a conspicuous feature on the rocks. Here the
shells remain, very few of them washing any distance.
All of the living shells taken appeared dead except a few. Invari-
ably, however, when a shell sank in water the snail within was alive.
It is probable that the species is continued by the hibernation of
some of the more fortunate individuals which are deeper in the rocks,
where there is more moisture.
ADAPTATION OF MOLLUSKS TO CHANGED CONDITIONS.
BY A. C. BILLUPS, LA WRENCEBURG, INDIANA.
Many years ago the Ohio river at and below Cincinnati, Ohio, was
one of the most prolific hunting grounds of the collector of the fresh-
water species of mollusks. At that time abounded in immense
numbers (as is shown by the large quantities of duplicates in the
collections of all the old collectors) Anciilosa praerosa Say. About
twelve years ago this shell disappeared almost entirely and for many
years not a single specimen was found ; this year, however, a few
adults and large numbers of young shells have been found in locali-
ties where it is certain that no shells have existed for many years.
The explanation of this occurrence is as follows; A. praerosa Say
was a long time ago one of the most common of the river snails ; the
growth of the city of Cincinnati and the numerous factories along the
banks of the river, each and every one adding to the filth of the water,
pouring in sewage and acids, have rendered the water so foul that the
Anculosa of the old day have been exterminated, all but a few of the
most hardy of the species, which probably crawled to the lowest and
most inaccessible parts of the river, where they managed to exist and
to produce young : the young shells have become more used to the
changed conditions, which worked such havoc with their ancestors,
THE NAUTILUS. 113
and their descendants are so little affected by the foul water that they
are now thoroughly acclimated and are producing young in large
numbers used to the surrounding conditions. As this is the case, we
may now look for Anculosa praerosa Say in nearly all its old haunts,
where it will thrive under conditions which would have proved fatal
to its ancestors. Many of our forest snails have been forced, by the
clearing of the timber and tilling of the soil, to more or less adapt
themselves to conditions not slightly, but very materially changed
from those to which they were originally used. One of the most
ready to take to the new mode of life was perhaps Pyramidula alter-
nata Say, which is now one of the most sociable snails that exists in
North America ; this snail can be found in all our cities and doing
well surrounded by conditions which are, without the slightest doubt,
entirely strange to its nature — the rubbish heaps in every back yard
harboring hundreds of fine and well-developed specimens in every
sta"-e of growth. Another forest snail which has taken kindly to
C O
open country life is Polygyra appressa Say. By setting a trap (a
board greased with lard, placed about one inch above the ground) in
a dark and damp alley between two houses in a low part of the town,
I captured in ten nights the following number of snails: 9, 12, 10,
13, 26, 23, 18, 21, 12, 11 — in all 155 adult specimens; young and
immature specimens were not counted. This trap cleaned up all the
snails in the immediate vicinity, as after that date the captures began
to drop off and at the end of three weeks no more were taken. P.
monodon Eack. and ivflecta Say have in a smaller degree taken to
open country life and are now common on nearly every railroad cut
or fill under old cross-ties, but in nearly every instance deprived of
the shade of the trees which seemed to be so necessary to their orig-
inal abode. With Pol. albolabris Say and exoleta Binn., however,
the change from woodland to open country does not agree. I have
for years tried the experiment of transporting these eminently forest
snails to places which, while being favorable for their maintenance,
were still very different from their native haunts, and the result has
been with both species a signal failure, and of three thousand that I
transported three years ago, a very few only have managed to sur-
vive. They laid many eggs but very few of them ever hatched, and
at the present time I doubt if there are twenty living snails to be
found. Pol. thyroides Say is perhaps of the larger snails the most
hardy, and the least affected by changed conditions. Mr Geo. H.
114 THE NAUTILUS.
Clapp, of Pittsburg, Pa., informs me tliat Vallonia has adapted itself
to open life and can now be collected in immense numbers in places
very different from its original haunts. Tlie question of the adapta-
tion of mollusks to changed conditions is one of great interest, and in
no country can the subject be so well studied as in America, where
man and man's inventions change the whole face of an immense tract
of country in a very short time. We know that the object of mol-
luscan life (and in fact all life) is to preserve its own existence and
to reproduce its own species. With rapidly-changing conditions, the
snail must either adapt itself to these conditions or cease to exist, and
it will be most interesting for many years to come to watch the strug-
gle and to record the cases of success or failure. Complete local lists
of species carefully made up, collections of large series of species from
every possible locality and a knowledge of that locality and its con-
ditions, will enable all students in this branch of molluscan evolution
to arrive at a convincing and satisfactory conclusion. While in the
older countries of Europe the forest snail has become now adapted to
open country life, we have no records to bear upon the time when
this change was taking place, and in all probability it was much more
gradual than will be the case in this country of rapid and great
changes.
£>
NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.
As already stated in a former number of the NAUTILUS, Mrt
Nakada spent the autumn in exploration in the Hokuriku region,
which includes provinces along the west coast of middle Hondo.
The material examined shows that area to have but few endemic
species, most of those collected being widely-distributed forms, already
well known from other places. He reached Sado Island, where he
found numerous species, the more interesting being a handsome new
Euhadra, a sharply-carinate new Helicina, and specimens of Blan-
fordia japonica A. Adams. This last is perfectly distinct from the
mainland form I called B.jap. van simplex, which will now be raised
to specific rank. B. japonica has a strong rounded ridge or varix
behind the lip, such as is seen in many Truncatellas. Mr. Nakada
returned to Kyoto, and started, November 5th, for Tosa province, in
THE NAUTILUS. 1 15
Shikoku, with Mr. Adzama. We hope to have still more good things
from this prolific province.
Mr. Hatai, who assisted Mr. Nakada in Ogasawara (Bonin Islands),
continued to collect thereafter Mr. Nakada's return. On September
25th he started from Chichijima to go to Yuo-jima, small islands
southward from the Ogasawara group. He reached Kita- Yuo-jima
safely, but owing to stormy weather, a landing on Naka-Yuo-jima
could not be made. The vessel stayed at sea, but the storm in-
creased, and the ship was lost. After more than eighty days, no
tidings of him have come. Mr. Hatai was faithful to the work, and
his untimely loss through his efforts to increase our knowledge of
these island faunas is deeply felt.
Eulota (Kuhadra) sadoensis P. & H., n. sp.
Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, somewhat trochoidal, buff-
whitish, with a sharply-defined dark chestnut band just above the
periphery, a wider one, fading at the edges, on the upper surface, and
a very broad band extending over most of the base, the interior of
the umbilicus also dark ; these bands leave the pale ground-color in
narrow belts below the suture, above and below the periphery, and
around the umbilicus. Surface glossy, irregularly obliquely striate,
and showing the usual very fine spiral lines. Spire elevated, conic,
the apex obtuse. Whorls 5^, moderately convex, the last depressed
but not angular, very slightly descending in front. Aperture very
oblique, somewhat, lunate ; peristome expanded and reflexed, dilated
half over the umbilicus, white, except where colored by the bands.
Alt. 17, diam. 24 mm.
Sotokaifu-mura, Sado. Type no. 83909 A. N. S. P., from no.
994 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This seems quite distinct from other members of the peliomphala
group of Helices. The coloration reminds one of Epiphragmophora
mormonum var. cala.
Eulota (Ptectotropis) Iciusiuensis var. oshimana n. var.
Similar to E. kiusiuensis in texture, sculpture, umbilicus and per-
ipheral keel ; but the spire is higher, and the color chestnut-brown
instead of yellowish.
Oshima, Osumi. Types no. 83891 A. N. S. P., from no. 914 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
THE NAUTILUS.
Ganesella notoensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.
Shell im perforate, resembling G. stearmi and G. papilliformis in
general shape ; pale greenish-buff, thin, dull with the luster of silk,
but the early whorls are glossy, and there are some narrow, oblique,
glossy streaks. Smooth to the eye, but under a lens showing slight
growth-lines and almost obsolete spiral striation. Spire high, with
slightly convex outlines. Whorls 6^, moderately convex, the last
slowly descending in front, convex beneath. Aperture very oblique,
round-lunate, the peristome narrowly expanded, subreflexed ; colu-
mella vertical, narrow, dilated over the umbilicus and appressed.
Alt. 23, diarn. 19 mm.
KitanoshO, Noto. Type no. 83892 A. N. S. P., from no. 289 c of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
This is a pale species, differing from G. stearnsi in color and the
less convex whorls, which in stearnsi are swollen just below the suture.
In G. pagodula and G. papilliformis the columella is different in
shape.
Ganesella cardiostoma var. kayaensis Pils. & Hir., n. var.
Shell imperforate, somewhat globosely conic, light chestnut-colored,
with an indistinct, pale, peripheral band; thin, somewhat transj ar-
ent, smooth and glossy, slightly wrinkled by growth-lines, and very
densely, minute striate spirally. Spire conic, with convex outlines.
Whorls 5J;-, convex, the last rounded peripherally, very convex be-
neatk, especially at the last half; slightly descending in front, and
contracted behind the lip. Aperture oblique, lunate- triangular, the
lip thin, brownish, expanded, reflexed below, the steeply-sloping
baso-columellar margin straightened, dilated over the umbilicus,
where the base is deeply impressed. Alt. 13, diam. 14 mm.
Hakusan, Kaga. Type no. 84321 A. N. S. P., from no. 975 of Mr.
Hirase's collection.
This form differs from G. cardiostoma Kob. (described from Kyoto,
but not yet found there by Mr. Hirase), in the darker color (cardi-
ostoma being yellowish-corneous, like japonica*), and the very convex
base, while cardiostoma is said to be flattened there.
Chloritis echizenensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.
Shell shaped almost exactly like C. bracteatus, but glossy, the
raised dots (not hairs) far less crowded, though still close ; the apex
THE NAUTILUS. 1 17
more obtuse, earlier 2^ whorls coiled about in a plane. The sculp-
ture is about as close as in C. pumila, but the processes are shorter,
the shell larger, more elevated and glossy. C. perpunctatus is more
depressed, smaller and narrowly umbilicate, while in echizenensis the
perforation is almost closed by the reflection of the lip at its axial
insertion. Alt. 13, diam. 19 mm., whorls 4^.
Omiishi, Echizen. Type no. 84256 A. N. S. P., from no. 981 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
Related to the several species mentioned above, and best described
by a comparison with them.
NOTE ON TRITONIA PALMERI COOPER, 1882.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
The type locality of this species is San Diego, California, where it
is said to be common. Cooper's description would hardly distinguish
it from allied species, but as 1 know of only one species from southern
California according with the description of T. palmeri, I assume that
it is in fact the animal Cooper had in hand. The following notes,
based on a specimen collected by Dr. AV7. R. Coe at Deadman's Island,
San Pedro, California, July 18, 1901, may serve to facilitate the
recognition of the species. The description is from life.
Length about 17 mm.; white, suffused with yellow dorsally ; ten-
tacles pale yellowish-brown ; ends of lamella? yellowish ; dorsum
rugose with small warts. Close to T. lineata A. & H., but differs by
its strong yellow suffusion above and absence of opaque white dorsal
lines. Ramose branchial lamella? irregularly bipinnate, five on each
side. Veil bilobed, each lobe produced into five or six finger-like
filaments (two in T. lineata). Tentacles almost as in T. lineata; with
the principal axis cylindrical and truncate, and numerous lateral
branched processes, not so long as central axis. No eyes visible.
The species of Tritonia seem to be most easily distinguished by the
character of the veil. T. palmeri has more processes on the veil than
T. lineata, but very much fewer than in T. holmbergii, in which,
however, they are very short.
118 THE NAUTILUS.
SOME HOMONYMOUS GENERIC NAMES
BY T. I). A. COCKERELL.
In the course of some recent investigations, I found that certain
names proposed by Mr. C. T. Simpson (Proc. U. S. Natl. Museum,
1900) for groups of Naiades were homonyms. I wrote to Mr. Simp-
son, asking him to propose substitutes, but he has preferred to leave
this in my hands. The names are :
Dallidla Simpson, t. c., p. 832 (not Dalliella Cossmann, 1895).
This may be called SimpsoneUa ; type SimpsoneUa purpurea (Ano-
donta purpurea Val.).
Aurora Simpson, t. c., p. 849 (not Aurora Rag.. 1888, nor Aurora
Sollas, 1888). This may be called Diaurora.
Anodontoides Simpson, is later than Anodontodes Hamps., but the
difference of a letter is sufficient to prevent homonymy.
The name Carinella Mabille, pertaining to a tolerably distinct sec-
tion of Arion, is a homonym of Carinella Sowerby, 1839. If it is
thought worth while for the section mentioned to have a name, a new
one must be found.
Geyeria Buckman, 1899, for a genus of Ammonites, is a hom-
onym of Geyeria Buchecker, 1880.
Paratropis Boettger, 1891 (sect, of Omphalotropis), is a homonym
of Paratropis Simon, 1889.
In 1890, Brauer and Bergenstamm gave the name Paramenia to
a genus of Diptera from New Zealand. In 1891, Pruvot applied the
same name to a genus of Aplacophora (Arch. Zool. Exper., ix).
Under these circumstances, Pararrhopalia Simroth, 1893, regarded
as a subgenus of Paramenia Pruvot, may stand as a genus; type
Pararrhopalia pruroti (Paramenia pruvoti Sims.). Typical Para-
menia Pruvot may be called Pruvotina.
Ridleya Ancey, 1901, is later than Ridleia Dendy, 1888, but I
think both may stand, by the difference of a letter.
Ischnodaclylus Cossmann, 1890, is a homonym of Ischnodactylus
Pels., 1886. Pasithea Hartrnan, 1881, invalidates Pasithea Meyrick,
1883, the first being a genus of Mollusca, the second of insects.
Zyy&nopsis Felder, 1874, prevents the use of Zygatnopsis Roche-
brune, 1884, proposed for a genus of Mollusca.
THE NAUTILUS. 119
GENERAL NOTES.
ZONITOIDES ARBOREUS (Say) IN JAPAN. — In a recent lot of shells
sent by Mr. Hirase, there are specimens of this common North Amer-
ican species, from Tokyo. The shells are quite indistinguishable
from American specimens. One with the soft parts dried in enabled
me to compare the dentition, which proves to be substantially that of
the American species, the formula being 20.6.1.6.20. In a Philadel-
phia arboreus examined there are 19.6.1.6.19 teeth, the shapes of the
individual teeth being the same in both. A slender, nearly straight
dart, in a club-shaped sack, was found in the Tokyo specimen.
The form described by me as Z. subcoboreus, from Hachijo island,
Izu, is distinguishable chiefly by the somewhat larger size, and the
same seems to be true of H. yessoensis Reinh., described from Hako-
date, which is probably also a Zonitoid.es, but I have not yet seen
specimens — H. A. PILSBRY.
1 have recently found a very fine reversed specimen of Polygyra
profunda Say in Hamilton Co., Ohio, not far from Laurenceburg.—
A. C. BILLUPS.
At the December meeting of the Section on Conchology of the
Brooklyn Institute, the president of the Section, Dr. R. Ellsworth
Call, exhibited a reversed specimen of Mesodon exoleta, which is very
rare in that form.
Mr. Win. H. Weeks, Jr., reported on a collecting trip on the coast
of Maine, as follows : -
" Shell Collecting on Cliff Island, Casco Bay, Maine. — So much
has been said regarding the conchologist at Casco Bay that little can
be added. The writer spent a most delightful ten days at Cliff Is-
land during last August and much of that time was spent in hunting
mollusks. Shore collecting gave fine suites of Purpura lapillus, Lit-
torina palliata, Littorina littorea, Littorea rudis, Acmaea testudinalis
and Macoma fusca. A diligent search on shore for the famous
Buccinum nndatum revealed only dead specimens, but fishermen
brought in fine suites found in lobster traps, also fine specimens of
Neptitnea decemcostata and Sipho islandicus found well out to sea.
Dredging gave sparingly such forms as Astarte sulcata, Nucula prox-
irna, Lyonsia Jtyatina, Nassa. trivittata, Pecten magellanicus, Modiola
modiolns, etc. Polinices heros was obtained at low tide well offshore
120 THE NAUTILUS.
and Helix hortensis was in abundance on the island. A few Helix
albolabris were also captured."- — F. H. AMES.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
AN ANNOTATED CATALOGUE OF SHELLS OF THE GENUS PAR-
TULA in the Hartman collection belonging to the Carnegie Museum.
By Herbert H. Smith (Ann. Carnegie Mus. I, no. 3). The rich
series of Partula? brought together by Dr. W. D. Hartman, having
passed with his collection into the possession of the Carnegie Museum,
has now been catalogued, with full details concerning each of the
240 suites contained therein. The total number of species is 83,
besides many named forms which Dr. Hartman regarded as varieties ;
in all 1,647 specimens. We feel rather skeptical about the specimens
considered hybrids by Hartman (Catal., pp. 471-473). There is not
much evidence of hybridism between really distinct species of Gas-
tropods. The notes comprise the data accompanying each lot and
more or less descriptive commentary on the shells themselves, but
consist largely of extracts from the letters of Mr. Andrew Garrett,
who collected the major part of the specimens. Within his province,
Garrett was one of the best conchologists of his time, and his experi-
ence in the field gives his opinions on these shells great weight. The
catalogue is arranged according to Dr. Hartman's latest MS.; and
embodying as it does the results of both Hartman's and Garrett's
mature thought on this difficult genus, it must be regarded as one of
the most important papers on South Pacific land snails. Although
Mr. Smith has modestly "abstained from expressing opinions and
made only a few suggestions," his judicious notes earn for him the
thanks of conchologists.
PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE of [Japanese] Marine Shells in the
collection of the Natural History Department, Tokyo Imperial
Household Museum. By T. Ivvakawa. Part I, consisting of Cepha-
lopoda, Pteropoda and Pectinibranchiata forms a book of 84 pp.,
recording 893 suites. Localities are carefully noted, botli in English
and Japanese, and the list will be chiefly useful to students of the
Pacific fauna for the numerous definite Japanese localities. The
known faunas of the Riukiu and Ogasawara groups, hitherto but little
known, are largely increased by these records.
/o.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVI. MARCH, 19O3. No. 11.
ON THE SPECIFIC VALIDITY OF CAMPELOMA MILESII LEA.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
There has been considerable difference of opinion expressed, both
in regard to the specific validity of this form and in regard to its
relations to the other recognized species of the genus.
The types were collected by the late Manly Miles, formerly State
Geologist of Michigan, in Branch Lake, Antrim county, in the ex-
treme northwestern part of the State, and were described by Dr. Lea,
in 1863. ' Binney, in 1865,2 included it in the aggregation which he
assembled around Gampeloma decisa. Dr. James Lewis, in his re-
view of Binney's work in the Am. Jour, of Conchology,3 declared
that it " has claims to the rank of a species that must be recognized."
And later, in the same Journal,4 associated it with decisa in the group
characterized by " shells of thin texture, whorls usually regularly
rounded, suture well impressed, spire regular in proportion and, when
perfect, acute."
Tryon, in his continuation of Haldeman,5 concludes that " it does
not exceed the usual variation of decisa," and does not allow it even
varietal rank. Call, in his elaborate paper " On the Genus Campe-
loma," 6 refers it to C. subsolida Anth. And in this he is followed
c. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1863, p. 156.
3L. & F. W. Shells, Pt. Ill, p. 42 (1865).
SA. J. of C., IV, p. 60 (1868).
*A. J. of C., V, p. 33 (1869).
5 Mon. F. W. Univalve Moll., p. 28 (1870).
8 Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab. N. H. I., p. 155 (1886).
122 THE NAUTILUS.
by Baker,' in his recent work on the " Mollusca of the Chicago Area."
Lea's figure,2 which is copied by Try on, is either very poor or else
represents an abnormal specimen. Binney's figure, which is stated
to be from one of the types, is more accurate and represents the spe-
cies as usually found at the present time.
Campeloma milesii has not as yet been recorded from outside the
state of Michigan. In that State it has a well-defined and somewhat
peculiar distribution and, wherever found, seems to preserve its essen-
tial characteristics as fully as any of the other recognized species of
the genus (figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9). It is an interesting coinci-
dence, if nothing more, that its range is substantially the same as that
of Limnsea catascopium and Physa ancillaria magnalacustris, which
are the characteristic univalves of the shores of the Great Lakes and
of the rivers and lakes in close proximity to them. The localities
thus far recorded for milesii are the Detroit River, Saginaw Bay,
Carp Lake and Crooked Lake Emmet county, Branch Lake Antrim
county, North Lake on Beaver Island in Lake Michigan and the
Pine River Marquette county. In most of these localities it is asso-
ciated with O. decisa and in some with C. rufa. On the other hand,
the range of O. subsolida in Michigan is quite different. This species
on the eastern side of the State has not been found north of the Clin-
ton River. On the western side it is abundant in the St. Joseph and
Grand Rivers and apparently ranges as far north as Charlevoix,
which is the only place where it has been found associated with
milesii. Neither form has been reported from the interior of the
State, and subsolida does not $eem to be found in waters of any of
the Great Lakes. From this, it is evident that the ranges of the two
forms are quite different and only impinge in the extreme northwest-
ern part of the lower peninsula.
Compared with C. subsolida, as found in the southern part of the
State (fig. 11), and which is quite typical, it differs both in form and
texture. Subsolida is a large,, thick, heavy shell, with a blunt apex,
sinuous lip and with a heavy white deposit on the parietal wall. It
is practically free from erosion. On the other hand, milesii has a
thin shell, a regularly-tapering, acute spire, a thin, transparent pari-
etal callus, a much less sinuous lip, and is usually only about half the
'Moll, of Chi. Area, p. 361 (1902).
"Observations, XI, pi. 24, fig. 114.
THE NAUTILUS. 123
size. It is extremely subject to erosion, and mature specimens with
a perfect apex are comparatively rare. If, as has been stated, milesii,
like exilis, is a sexual variation of subsolida, it is remarkable that it
has not been found associated with that species in localities where
that species is abundant, and it is still more remarkable that where
it is found, its slender form is persistent and equally characteristic of
both sexes. The only form of subsolida with which milesii can at all
be compared, is the slender form from the Mississippi Valley known
as C. exilis Anth. (fig. 10). Just what the relations of this form
with the typical subsolida are, have never been satisfactorily ex-
plained. If, as generally considered, it is merely a sexual variation,
it is a curious fact that it has never been found in any of the Michi-
gan rivers where the typical form is abundant. But however that
may be, while superficially resembling milesii in its slender elongated
form, it differs, like the typical subsolida, in the shape of the spire,
the less rounded whorls, and consequently less impressed suture,
shape of the lip and texture. It seems clear, therefore, that milesii
cannot be referred to subsolida even as a varietal form.
There yet remains to be considered its relation to the congeneric
forms, with which it is frequently found associated. The character-
istic color and texture of C. rufa are always sufficient to distinguish
it, even when the erosion of the upper whorls has destroyed the out-
line of the more elongated milesii.
Lewis was quite right when he grouped decisa and milesii together,
and it must be confessed that the exact relation of the two forms is
not free from doubt. Milesii is more closely related to decisa than to
any other species, and it is possible that when a greater abundance
of material can be had, it may be relegated to varietal rank. But
from our present kii3\vledge, the forms seem quite as distinct as any
of the more closely-related species of Campeloma, which are recog-
nized, and it would seem better to keep them separate until their
specific identity can be unquestionably established. Compared with
decisa as it is commonly found, milesii is a thinner, more elongated
shell, with a more acute apex; the upper whorls are more convex
and the suture rather more deeply impressed ; the aperture is smaller
and narrower. This difference is well shown in the two forms as
found together in the Pine River, Marquette county (figs. 9 and 12).
Then, too, there is a marked difference in the shape of the young
when ready for extrusion. It will be remembered that Dr. Lewis
124 THE NAUTILUS.
laid great stress on such differences in his study of this group, rely-
ing on the well-recognized principal that " marked differences in the
embryos and young of a class of beings are specific." The young
milesii when ready for extrusion is uniformly larger than the young
of decisa (milesii 4.75x3.50, decisa 4.25x3.50 mill., specimens fig-
ured). The shell is more slender and noticably more elongated, the
apex being well elevated above the next whorl, while in decisa the
apex is depressed, giving a planorboid shape to the apex, and rises
scarcely if at all above the second whorl. This difference, shown by
figs. 5 and 6 from the two species as found together in the Detroit
River, is characteristic and persistent. There is no substantial vari-
ation in the young of the Detroit River milesii, and none in fourteen
different lots of decisa, from localities as widely separated as Port
Cram, N. J., Detroit River, Grand Rapids and Marquette county,
Michigan. The color in both forms is the same, a pale green, and
both have raised revolving lines of epidermal tissue.
It is unfortunate that no detailed anatomical examination of either
species has ever been published. It is quite possible that when that
is done, other differences will be found which will confirm the view
herein expressed. In the meantime, it certainly seems advisable to
recognize the specific validity of this interesting form.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
1. Campeloma milesii Lea. Detroit River, Michigan.
2. Campeloma milesii Lea. Detroit River, Michigan.
3. Campeloma milesii Lea. Detroit River, Michigan, e
4. Campeloma milesii Lea. Saginaw Bay, Michigan.
5. Campeloma milesii Lea. (Young.) Detroit River, Michigan-
6. Campeloma decisa Say. (Young.) Detroit River, Michigan.
7. Campeloma milesii Lea. Charlevoix, Michigan.
8. Campeloma milesii Lea. Carp L., Emmett Co., Michigan.
9. Campeloma milesii Lea. Fine River, Marquette Co., Mich.
10. Campeloma exilis Anth. Illinois River, Illinois.
11. Campeloma subsolida Anth. Clinton River, Macomb Co., Mich.
12. Campeloma decisa Say. Pine River, Marquette Co., Mich.
T1IK NAUTILUS. 125
THE LAND SHELLS OF CALHOUN FALLS, S. C.
BY A. C. BILLUPS, LA WRENCEBURO, 1ND.
Local lists of shells, no matter how incomplete they may be, are
always useful to those interested in the study of geographical distri-
bution, and without them no work could be done in that branch to
any degree of satisfaction.
Many collectors fail to make these lists because they deem them
of little special interest, and because they feel they can give no ac-
count of any new thing. These lists of themselves form no article
of great interest when taken singly, but when a large number of
them, covering a large area of country, are brought together, they
form a most valuable source of information to the specialist. It
should be the aim of every naturalist to add his share to the sum of
general knowledge, no matter how small that share may be, and for
these reasons I feel it not wasted time to give the result of one day's
hunt, in what most likely is an unworked locality.
This day's work took place at a bad time of year, on a cold, bright
morning on the 9th of December, 1900, at a place known on the map
as Calhoun Falls. I say on the map, as the Falls proper are a long
three miles from the hotel, general store and saw mill bearing that
name. They treated me well, however, at the hotel, as some sports-
men had spent the day there and had added a quantity of delicious
game to the usual southern country fare of " hog and hominy."
Between the combined resources of hotel and sportsmen, I put away
one of the best dinners I ever sat down to, and one which I shall
long remember.
Calhoun Falls, S. C., is in Abbey ville county, on the Sea Board
Air Line, about twenty-five miles southwest of Greenwood, South
Carolina, and fifty miles east of Athens, Georgia.
The country two miles back from the river is of a very sandy soil,
interspersed with red clay, and the timber principally pine. The
creeks are all small, sandy and swift, running over a bottom com-
posed only of sand, and occasionally a few yards of bare rock buried
in sand ; they contain no molluscan life whatever, and time spent in
their investigation is wasted.
The Savannah River, at a point about half a mile below the rail-
road bridge, breaks into a series of falls, or rather rapids, full of small
126
THE NAUTILUS.
islands and rocks, and two miles below attains a width of nearly
three-fourths of a mile. A few of these islands are of fairly large
extent and heavily wooded with pine and oak.
The rapids extend for a distance of five miles and bear the same
character throughout, the rocks all rest upon a clean, sandy bed, and
over the entire length of the rapids I could find no trace of water
shells of any description. The streams in this section of the country
a\\ seem to be alike in this respect, with the exception, perhaps, of
Clear Creek, a stream about three miles from this point, which is
said to contain large quantities of Unio of which, however, I have
had none other than oral evidence.
The banks of the river on the South Carolina side are in many
places very steep and covered with hard-wood timber. I may here
state that it is only wasted time to attempt to find shells under pine
logs. I have tried it often and always with the same results, namely,
a tired back, torn hands, a considerable gain in bodily temperature,
and few if any specimens to add to the bottle. As an athletic exer-
cise it is without an equal, but from a collector's point of view, a
decided failure.
Beginning at the railroad bridge and working down stream, comes
a stretch of bottom land covered by one of the most dense cane brakes
I ever saw, extending to the water edge, and which gives evidence
of being submerged at high water. I turned many logs at this point'
but they were in too close contact with the clear sand and produced
nothing.
Beyond and below this cane brake the banks of the river rise at a
distance of fifty yards from the water to quite steep hills, thickly
timbered with oak and maple, and the soil of a much more solid con-
sistancy. Here, under logs on the hill side, I found Polygyra ap-
pressa Say, Polyyyra stenotrema Fer. and several Zonitoides, together
with a few specimens of Polygyra tridentata Say. Under one log I
found a colony of Polyyyra barbigera Redf., but a most careful search
under many other similar logs near by failed to discover any more.
On the bottom land several water-soaked and spongy logs produced
Gastrodonta interna Say and Zonitoides elliotti Say in great numbers,
they were all obtained by picking the wood apart with a knife and
shaking out the shells into a handkerchief. The contrast between
the light delicate pink of the former and the pale green of the latter
was very marked and beautiful.
THE NAUTILUS. 127
After leaving this part of the bank I traversed two miles of red
clay soil, covered with pine and shrub, which, though most carefully
searched, produced nothing whatever. Below this, several streams
were crossed, containing nothing but the usual sand and water.
The banks now become very steep and in many places the bare
rocks are exposed, badly cracked and weather-worn. Here in the
crevices of the limestone, so far back as to require the aid of a stick
to reach them, I found some beautiful specimens of Polygyra obstricta
Say, a few alive and many dead, at the base of the cliff.
Numerous specimens of Polygyra and Pyramidula were found
among the loose and broken fragments of stone, which were here
piled in great profusion, between the cliff and the river, but which
were all above high -water mark.
Beyond this place, where the rocks are less numerous and covered
by a rich, black soil, I took a few fine specimens of Polygyra albola-
bris major Binn. alive and also found many dead and broken shells.
From this point I left for the hotel, by what I took to be a short
cut through the woods but which proved to be very far from an air
line. I reached home, however, after about a two hours' tramp, hav-
ing spent one of the most enjoyable days I can remember, and well
satisfied with the results of my trip. It must be remembered that
this tramp was made at a very bad time of year and when all shells
were in their winter quarters.
The following is a complete list of all the material taken :
SHELLS TAKEN AT CALHOUN FALLS, SOUTH CAROLINA.
Polygyra tridentata Say. A large, dark-colored shell, found quite
plentifully among the loose rocks and broken fragments.
Polygyra tridentata var. A much smaller shell than the preceed-
ing, showing a pinkish shade about the lip. Scarce, and in company
with the above.
Polygyra rugeli Shutt. Quite common under logs.
Polygyra inflecta Say. Under logs and among loose stones.
Polygyra albolabris major Binn. Under logs and chips in the
black soil.
Polygyra palliata Say. Eight specimens from the heavily-timbered
hill side.
Polygyra obstricta Say. From the cracks in the limestone cliffs.
Polygyra appressa Say. Among the loose stones with tridentata.
12H THK NAUTILUS.
Polyyyra devata Say. Four dead shells only, in drift near the
river.
Polyyyra thyroides Say. Two dead and one living, on the hill side.
Polyyyra barbiyera Redf. A numerous colony under one log only,
evidently in their winter quarters.
Polyyyra stenotrema Per. A small number, not common and gen-
erally distributed.
Polygyra stenotrema exodon Pi Is. Very common under the logs
and loose stones. (Determined by Bryant Walker.)
Polygyra hirsuta Say. One or two specimens only.
Circinaria concava Say. Five adult and several partly-grown
shells found, under leaves, logs and stones on the hill side.
Omphalina fuliyinosa Griff- Several specimens, deep in thick
beds of leaves.
Gastrodonta intertexta Binn. A few fine shells, in the earth under
the logs.
Gastrodonta interna Say. Large numbers, in water-soaked logs
near the river.
Zomtoides arboreits Say. Quite common, under the bark and in
rotten wood.
Zonitoid.es eUiotti Redf. Large numbers, in water-soaked logs.
Pyramidula alternata Say. A strongly-ribbed variety. Quite
plentiful, under the large loose rocks.
Pyramidula perspectiva Say. Quite common, in decayed logs on
the hill side.
Pyramidula striatella Anth. Scarce, in company with P. striatella.
Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Ten specimens, under bark of dead
wood.
NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. IIIRASE.
Helicina sadoensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.
Shell depressed and acutely carinate, about equally convex above
and below, dull red or reddish-yellow, sculptured with fine, irregular
wrinkle-strias and very fine, crowded spirals above and below. Spire
low-conic with somewhat convex outlines. Whorls about 4, the last
convex below, not descending in front. Aperture oblique, of the
THK NAUTILI'S. 129
usual shape ; lip well expanded and thickened ; a noticeable angle at
the base of the columella. Umbilical callus small but rather thick,
pox-marked. Operculum is sparsely granulose and retracts barely
within the lip. Alt. 2.5, diam. 4.5 mm., to alt. 3, diam. 5 mm.
Sotokaifu, Sado. Types no. 84380, A. N. S. P., from no. 901. of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
Related to H. hakodadiertsis Hartm., but quite distinct by its acute
peripheral keel.
Alyc&us harhnensis var. sadoensis n. v.
Similar to A. harimensis in size, form and striation, but the strongly
constricted neck is quite smooth, the umbilicus is noticeably wider,
the reflexed sutural process is more prominent, and the peris to me is
much thickened outside and beveled towards the edge.
Aikawa, Sado. Types no. 83895 A. N. S. P., from no. 996 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
Macrochlamys perfrayih's var. shikokuensis Pils. & Hir., n. v.
Shell depressed, yellow, subtransparent, with the form of M. per-
frugilis Pils.,of Oshima, Osumi, but with the same number of whorls
it is much smaller. It is also very similar to M, duJcis Pils. in shape,
but the umbilicus is narrower and almost closed by the triangular
re-flection of the columellar lip. and the very glossy surface, is smooth,
without the spiral lines of M. dukis. Whorls 4|, alt. 6.5, diam.
13 mm.
Kotsuzan, Awa (Shikoku). Type no 84259 A. N. S. P., from no.
1000 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Microcystina higashiyamana Pils. & Hir., n. sp.
Shell minutely perforate, conic, brown, somewhat transparent,
glossy, and marked with fine, indistinct growth-lines. Spire conic,
the apex obtuse. 5| convex whorls, very slowly widening, the last
distinctly angular at the periphery, convex beneath, a little impressed
in the middle of the base. Aperture oblique, somewhat lunate, the
outer lip simple, columellar lip turned bark, strengthened by a nearly
vertical white callus a little way within. Alt. 2.2, diam. 3 mm.
Higashiyama-mura, Awa, Shikoku Island. Type no. 84379,
A. N. S. P., from no. 1002 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Distinguished by the conic, Kaliella-\\\ie shape and the white cal-
lus within the columellar margin.
130 THE NAUTILUS.
Buliminus andersonianus var. echigoensis P. & H., n. var.
Shell similar to B. andersonianus Mlldflf. except that the spire is
a little wider, not quite so straightly conic, and the size is much
greater. Dark vinous-brown with a green-buff border below the
suture, the mouth purple-bordered inside.
Length 29| to 30^, diam. 11 to 1H mm.; whorls fully 8.
Myokozan, Echigo. Types no. 83896 A. N. S. P., from no. 750a
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
R. andersonianus was originally described from Yesso ; but Mr.
Hirase has found it not only in Ojima, the southern province of that
island, but also in the province Uzen, in Nippon (Hondo); the speci-
mens being typical. This large race is from still farther south.
HELICINA JAPONICA AND RELATED FORMS.
BY II. A. P1I.SBRY.
Helicina japonica was described from " Tabn-Sima," that is, Tobi-
shima, an islet of the Province Ugo, on the west coast of Nippon.
Adams gave no dimensions; but the figures in Sowerby's Thesaurus
Conchyliorum, which were evidently drawn from his specimens,
measure alt. 8, diam. 9.6 mm. However, even where no size-mark
is given in the Thesaurus, the figures of many small species are
slightly enlarged. Thus, on the same plate with H. japonica, the
figures of H. convexa, concinna, etc., are enlarged, while those
of some other species are not so. Therefore the dimensions of these
figures cannot be relied upon as showing the true size of H. japonica.
The specimens before me from Tobishima, the type locality, measure
alt. 6, diam. 8 mm., or are a little smaller, alt. 5, diam. 7.2 mm. The
surface is glossy or dulled by slight erosion, and is rather finely but
deeply striate. The lip is expanded and in fully adult shells is dupli-
cate, and very much thickened on the face. The moderately thick
basal callus is densely, conspicuously roughened. The specimens
from Sado are like those of Tobishima, but of a dull red-brown color.
A larger race, diam. 0.5 to 10.5 mm., red, or sulphur-yellow, glossy
and handsome, occurs at Kashima, Harima. It has the fine sculpture
of typical japonica.
H. reinii Kobelt, described as a variety of //. japonica, is much
larger, alt. 10, diam. 14 mm. The type locality is unknown, but
THE NAUTILUS. 131
specimens exactly typical occur at Ibuki, Omi. It is much less stri-
ate than japonica. In the specimens I have seen the surface is dull
from loss of the cuticle, which is evidently deciduous and very thin.
It varies in color from white or sulphur-yellow to deep crimson.
Some shells from Kotsuzan, Awa (Shikoku) having all other charac-
ters of reinii, have the last whorl covered with glossy cuticle like the
small form expolita. Reinii may prove to be specifically distinct from
H. japonica, and for the time being may be so considered.
The various forms may be tabulated thus:
I. Shell distinctly striate or costulate (H. japonica}.
1. Striation close and fine.
a. Diam. 7 to 8 mm., typical H. japonica.
b. Diam. 9 to 11 mm., H. japonica, var. from Harima.
c. Diam. 15 to 16 mm., H. japonica var. uzenensis.
2. Very coarsely ribbed; diam. 10-11 mm., H. japonica var.
echigoe.nsis.
\\. Surface not distinctly striate (H. reinii).
1. Surface dull, denuded of cuticle; diameter 12 to 15 mm.,
typical H. reinii.
2. Surface covered with a smooth, polished cuticle ; diam. 10
to 13 mm., H. reinii var. expolita.
H.j. echigoensis is a new variety from Omimura, Echigo, types no.
84384, A. N. S. P., from no. 575a of Mr. Hirase's collection. It is
strongly and coarsely ribbed.
A NEW CONUS FROM THE TERTIARY OF FLORIDA.
HY T. H. ALDRICH.
Conus waltonensis n. sp.
Shell medium in size, substance rather thin ; spire elevated, with
nine whorls, including the apex, which is rather sharp, profile of
spire slightly broken by a shoulder just above the suture on each
whorl, the suture impressed, each whorl of the spire concave, and
marked by numerous curved lines; periphery sharp; body whorl
below the keel in some specimens over one-half smooth, then below
this bearing two or three spirals of evenly-spaced nodules without
any grooves between, gradually changing to rows of nodules on bands
132
THE NAUTILUS.
between grooves, which are eight or ten in number, the nodules fading
away as the canal is reached, but in the type specimen the nodules
are present over the whole of the smooth part without, however, any
grooves between. Anal notch rather deep, and marking the spire
with its former positions; outer lip thin, pillar lip straight with a
very slight twist ; aperture straight above, widening near the base.
Length 20 mm., max. diameter 12 mm.
Locality : Shoal Creek, Walton county, Florida.
Remarks : This shell bears a close resemblance to Conns puncti-
culatus Hwass, and is doubtless an ancestral form, thus adding an-
other link to the chain of evidence of a connection between the At-
lantic and Pacific Oceans during Tertiary times.
This species has been in my possession for many years and until
lately was not known to me from any other locality, but on looking
over some specimens of fossils from the Number 2 well of the Mobile
Oil Co., bored near Mobile, Alabama, I found two or three speci-
mens of it, and from its position over three hundred feet above the
Oak Grove (Fla.) horizon in this well, it would seem to indicate that
this deposit on Shoal Creek is much younger than the Oak Grove
beds. The assignment of these beds to the Oligocene must, in the
writer's opinion, be better substantiated than at present. There are
so few species common to the " Chipola" of Ball and the Vicksburg
formation, it would seem better to confine the use of the term " Olig-
ocene " to the latter, which is in accordance with Conrad's original
diagnosis, and put the Chipola, Shoal Creek and Chattahoochie beds
into one formation, calling them all Miocene, and if this should
eventually be done, then this formation should bear the name its
discoverer, D. W. Langdon, Jr., gave it of " Chattahoochie."
D. G. Harris figures a Conus puncticulatus Hwass from the Gal-
veston deep well. It is probably the same species as the one herein
described. The pustules on the living shell appear to be in the
grooves while on the fossil form they are between them.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vol.. XVI. APRIL, 1903. No. 12.
MOLLUSKS OCCURRING IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
The following species, not heretofore made known as occurring in
Southern California, have been detected in Los Angeles and else-
where in this part of the State within the past two years. The large
slug Limax maximus first observed in the southeasterly part of Los
Angeles, has been quite numerous. It is found in considerable
abundance in many localities in the Walnut Grove Tract, including
my own grounds. Its color caused me to doubt its identity, so I
sent specimens to Dr. Pilsbry. He referred them to the foregoing
species with the comment, " that it was not the common form, but a
melanistic variety which I have never seen from the East." An-
other slug determined by Dr. Pilsbry for Mr. Williamson is Limax,
flavns, occurring in Los Angeles, apparently rare as yet. Jn March,
last year, I detected a few examples of Punctum conspectum Bland,
on my lawn near the water faucet; some 9 or 10 specimens; these
were named by Professor Dall. I have failed to find further ex-
amples after careful search. V<dlonia putchella, so exceedingly
abundant on my grounds in August, 1900 (see the NAUTILUS, Vol.
XIV, pp. 65-67) is now quite scarce.
Mr. Hemphill reports Limax maximus as occurring in San Diego
in the nursery of the well known florist, Miss Kate O. Sessions of
that city.
The appearance and disappearance of forms like V. pulchella and.
P. conspectum is not easily explained.
Helix aspersa became exceedingly abundant on my premises, saj
numerous as to be a pest ; by persistent search it is now nearly ex-
134 THE NAUTILUS.
terminated. The liunt will have to be kept up, else it will soon be-
come as abundant as ever. ROBT. E. C. STEARNS.
Los Angeles, FeVy 24, 1903.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
BY H. A. PII.SBRY AND Y. HIRASE.
Clfiloritis tosanus n. sp.
Shell umbilicate, depressed, the spire but slightly convex, very-
thin, uniform brown. Surface slightly glossy, closely set with short
hairs arranged in regular oblique rows. Whorls 4|, very convex,
separated by a deeply excavated suture, the last whorl rounded peri-
pherally and beneath. Aperture slightly oblique, rounded-lunate;
peristome thin, acute and not expanded except at the columellar in-
sertion, where it is widely dilated, partly covering the umbilicus.
Alt. 10, diam. 17.5 mm.
Shinjo-mura, Tosa. Type no. 84415. A. N. S. P., from no.
1015 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species is the first Chloritis found in Shikoku. It is very
like C. perpimctatus, but about twice the size. In G. fragilis the
hairs are much more widely spaced. C. hirasei is far more widely
umbilicate.
Eulota (Ccelorus) cavitectum n. sp.
The shell resembles E, caviconus, but is larger, not quite so high,
the umbilicus contracting more rapidly within. Brown ; covered
with oblique cuticular threads and small scales, the scales predomi-
nating on the last whorl and base. Whorls 6^, slightly convex, the
last strongly carinate at the periphery, a little convex beneath, de-
scending rather deeply below the keel in front. The aperture is
nearly horizontal, transversely oval. The peristome is brown, thin,
the upper margin not expanded, lower margin reflexed, bearing a
white tubercle on the inner margin. Alt. 5, diam. 10 mm.
Kochi, Tosa. Type no. 84416. A. N. S. P., from no. 1033 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
E. caviconus of western Kyushu is smaller, has more whorls, a
well-like umbilicus, and finer sculpture, the cuticle of E. cavitectum
TI1K NAUTILUS. 135
being roughened like that of a Plectotropis. It is the first Ccelorus
found in Shikoku Island.
Trishoplita Jischkeana var. hizenensis n. var.
Tlie shell is transparent-whitish, with a red-brown band at the
periphery, which is angular in front, becoming rounded on the latter
part. The band ascends above the suture. The surface is glossy,.
and under the lens is seen to be very finely striate, and decussate by
very close, fine, shallow spiral striae. Whorls 44. The umbilicus
is about one-eighth the diameter of the shell. Peristome thin, ex-
panded below, hardly so above.
Alt. 5.8, diam. 9 mm.
Alt. 5.3, diam. 8.8 mm.
Ukujiina, Hizen. Types no. 84414. A. N. S. P., from no. 1019
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This little shell has the red-brown band and decussate surface of
the much larger shell I described as T. coUinsoni var. okinoshimcB
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1901, p. 547. It is also related to
T. c. var. casta (NAUTILUS XV, fp. 19), also a larger shell, from
the province Hiuga, in eastern Kyushu ; and to T. tischkeana
(Kobelt), from Hagi, Nagato, on the northwestern coast of south-
western Hondo (Nippon). T. lischkeana is more elevated than
hizenemis, and though compressed, the last whorl is not angular.
Otherwise the two forms seem to be alike, so far as we can tell from
the published description and figures of Jischkeana.
One of the present authors, in referring these forms to A. Adams
coUinsoni some years ago (NAUT. XV, 19), was influenced by the
belief that the locality " Tago " given for that species was situated in
western Shikoku • but this was an error, Tago being a seaport of the
province Izu, on Suruga Gulf; and as coUinsoni is described as a de-
cidedly more globose shell than casta, etc., though similarly colored,
it will probably prove to be specifically distinct from the forms casta
and
Trishoplita mesogonia var. shikokuensis n. var.
The shell is similar in form to T. mesogonia (Pils.), but differs in
sculpture, being very closely and finely striate spirally. The types
are red-brown, fading towards the suture and base, with a pale line
at the angular periphery, and more or less streaked with whitish-
corneous. Whorls 5i. Alt. 7.3, diam. 11 mm.
136 THE NAUTILUS.
Sodayama, Tosa. Types no. 84412. A. N, 8. P., from no. 1016
of Mr. Hinise's collection.
T. mesogonia is from the province Tango in western Hondo,
Hilizan on the western side of Lake Biwa, etc. It varies from
reddish-brown to nearly as pale as T. goodwini. Tlie variety from
Shikoku is similar in shape, but constantly different in sculpture.
'The types are variegated as described above. A series from Koclii,
Tosa (Mr. Hi rase 's no. 580), has neither the pale peripheral band
nor the streaks of the shells from Sodayama, and varies from pale
brown to nearly as light a tint as T. goodwini. Specimens of this
lot were compared by Mr. Glide with his T. goodwini var. carinata,
and said to " differ in the body-whorl, and the aperture is smaller
and more rounded." Others were found at Suimura, Awa (Shikoku),
Mr. Hirase's no. 823, like the Kochi lot.
Arinia jitponica n. sp.
The shell is very minute, gray, cylindric, terminating above in an
extremely short, low brownislt cone of hardly two whorls. Surface
iusterless, sculptured with narrow ribs, like a Diplommatina. These
ribs are fine and rather close, but on the last whorl they become
very widely spaced. Whorls o^, convex, the last whorl distorted,
being smaller than the preceding whorl, and strongly ascending in
front. It is very shortly and inconspicuously rimate. The aperture
is vertical and circular. The peristome is continuous, very narrowly
expanded, and thickened outside behind the edge. The columella is
simply concave. Length 2, diam. 1.2 mm.
Goto, Hizen. Types no. 84413. A. N. S. P., from no. 1018 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
This tiny snail is the first Arinia from Japan, and by far the
most northern 6f its kind. It is remarkable ior the very obtuse
summit.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF SOME JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
Several of the Japanese snails described in the NAUTILUS during
the past year or two are illustrated on the plate accompanying Mr.
Hirase's catalogue of Japanese shells inserted in our advertising
pages this month. As some of them have not before been figured, it
seems proper briefly to refer to them.
THE NAUTILUS. 137
The Euhadra section of Eulota is represented by two fine species.
Fig. 3 is E. callizona var. dixoni Pils. (NAUTILUS XIV, p. 60).
This elegant shell is from the province Idzumo. It is named for the
President of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Fig. 4, E. sencken-
bergiana var. awaensis Pils., is a race from f-Jhikaku of the species
from western Japan, the largest Japanese Helix. Figs. 5, 6, Plecto-
tropis elegantissima var. cara Pils. (NAUTILUS for Jan., 1901, p.
107) is from Great Riukiu Islands.
Ganesella Pargillierti Phil., from the same island (fig. 13), is a
very characteristic Riukiuan snail ; and fig. 1, G. myomphala Mart.,
is the largest Japanese member of the same genus, and to my eye,
one of the most beautiful Helices. It is rather widely distributed in
southern Japan.
Glausilia marlensi var. reiniana Kob., is the largest living Clau-
silin. It is not an uncommon species in central Japan.
Cyclophorus hirusei Pils. and Pupinella oshimce Pils. are two
operculate forms from the island of Oshima, in (he " Riukiu Curve."
Figs. 7—10 belong to the wonderful fauna of the Bonin Islands
(Ogasa\vara-jima). These mere dots on the great Pacific have a
varied snail population of about 50 species, all but half a dozen dis-
covered by Mr. Hirase's collectors, chiefly by Mr. Nakada, whose
work is deserving of high praise. Fig. 7 is the var. trifasciata of
mandarina mandarina Gray, from Nakanojima, a little islet not
shown on ordinary maps. The genus Mandarina comprises a half
dozen species, the largest, M. mschenberyeriana Pils., NAUTILUS
IV, p. 64, figs, in text, exceeding our big Polyr/yra chilhoiceensis in
size. It was supposed before Mr. Hirase's explorations, to be from
the Riukiu Is. The species of Mandarina are all from the Bonin
Is., and are strong, solid shells, related to a Chinese group of which
the common Camsena cicatricosa is a well-known member. Fig. 8
is Fcimetesta mirabilis Pils., from Hahajima. the southern large island
of the Ogasawara group. The name " wonderful starved shell " is
from its lank, emaciated appearance. Hirasea profundispira Pils.,
fig. 9 (NAUTILUS XVI, p. 47), is one of the numerous genus
Hirasea (NAUTILUS XV, p. 118), consisting of small shells very
peculiar in shape. Hirasiella clara Pils., fig. 10 (NAUTILUS XV,
April, 1902), is the sole representative of a related genus. These
genera are all confined to the Ogasawara -jima.
138 THE NAUTILUS.
HABITS OF ACANTHOPLEURA GRANULATA.
BY S. H. HAMILTON.
The south coast of Cuba west of Santiago cle Cuba is a sharp, dock-
like escarpment bounded by very deep water. In the cavities of the
coraline rock, from ebb water to that just wetted by each wave, are
the homes of this chiton. The impact of the waters of the Caribbean
against this coast, not being broken by any beach or shallow water,
is often very powerful and destructive. I observed that with each
successive wave the chitons brought their girdles flush and tight with
the rocks, while during slack water they raised, so as to let the re-
ceding fluid circulate freely around their gills. At the time of my
visit to Cuba I was unacquainted with the visual organs of the
tegmentum, and supposed that Acanthopleura granulata had acquired"
a rythmic movement by experience and was so enabled to live in a
more exposed situation than other mollusks. It now seems evident
to me that the megalapores are so well developed in this species that
it can perceive the oncoming wave before it strikes.
TEMPLE PRIME.
In the death of Temple Prime, which occurred on the 25th of
February last, another of the old-time Confihologists has passed away.
Mr. Prime was born in New York City seventy years ago, and after
graduating at Harvard, studied law but never practised. He was
greatly interested in science, particularly Conchology, and studied
with Professors Agassi/ and Silliman. In the early sixties he pub-
lished numerous papers, mostly in the Proceedings of the Acad. Nat.
Sciences, Philada., upon the Cyclades, in which he was especially
interested and an authority. His exhaustive Monograph of the
Corbiculidse was published under the auspices of the Smithsonian
Institute, Washington.
Mr. Prime was also a student of Genealogy and History, and at
the time of his death was at work on a French history. He was
actively interested in political affairs, being what is called an Inde-
pendent, and in 1860 was secretary of legation at The Hague, Holland.
As president of the Citizens' League for good government in Hunt-
ington, he took a lively interest in local affairs and was a large con-
THE NAUTILUS. 139
tributor towards its educational and other interests, notably the
Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Association, the indebtedness of which
he greatly reduced and finally cancelled.
Personally Mr. Prime was a generous friend, ever ready to help
any worthy cause with purse or counsel, and lie will be greatly
missed in the community in which he spent so many years of his life.
S. RAYMOND ROBERTS.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY VENERIDAE AND OF THE NORTH
•
AMERICAN RECENT SPECIES. By. Wm. H. Dall (Proc. U. S. Natl.
Mus. xxvi, 335-412, plates xii-xvi, 1902).
This synopsis gives in condensed form the results of another of
Dr. Dall's elaborate studies on the Pelicypods. The revision of the
nomenclature involved a great amount of work, necessitating many
generic and specific changes. A complete bibliography is given,
followed by the synopsis of classification of the genera and sub
genera, and a revision of the species with descriptions of twenty new
species.
Dr. Dall divides the Veneridce into four sub-families: Dosiniince,
Meretn'cina:, Venerince, Gemminse ; represented on the Atlantic coast
by 59 species, and on the Pacific by 80 species, two being natives of
both oceans.
From the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States the fol-
lowing species are recorded : Dosiniu concenfrica Born.; D. eleyans
Con.; JD. discus Rve.; Tratiftfnne/la cubaniana Orb.; T. stunpsoni
Dall; T. conradiawi Dall; GouJdia cerina C. B. Ads. is now placed
in the genus Gctfrarium Bolten 1798, and MacrocaUisla nimbosa
Solander 1786, is adopted in place of CaJlista yigantea Gmel. 1792 ;
M. maculata L.; Gallocardia (Ayi'iopoma) morrhuana Linsley, re-
places Cytherea convexa Say (not Brong.), and C. sayana Con., the
two latter names were applied to the Miocene form which is con-
sidered distinct from the recent. CaUocardia texasiana, Dall ; C.
zonata Dall; Pitaria albida Gmel.; P. fulminata Mke. (Cytherea
varians Hanley); P. simpsoni Dall ; P. eucymata Dall, and P.
(tfysteroconcha} dione L. The latter is more familiarly known as
Dione dione or /). veneris Desh. By elimination the genus Cytherea
Bolton 1798 should be restricted to form like C. listeri Gray (Venus
140 THE NAUTILUS.
crispata Desh.), C. rigitla Dillw. 1817 ( V' rugosa Gmel. 1772, not
Linn. 1771), C. rugatina Heilp. and (7. strigillina Dall. Cyclinetta
tennis Reel. (Lucinopsis tennis}; CJtione cancellata L. ( Venus cancel-
/«<«), G. subrostrata Lam. ( V- beaui Reel.), C. mazyckii Dall ; C.
intapurpurea Con.; C. grus Holmes ; C. pygmaea Lam.; C. paphia
L.; C. latiiirata Conr. {V.varicosa So\vb.); Anomalocardiabrasiliana
Gmel. ( Venus flexuosa Born, not Linn., and V- macrodon Hanley are
syn.) A. cuneimeris Con. ( F- rostrata Sowb.); Venus mercenaria L.;
V- campechiensis Gmel. ( V- mortoni Con.), Liocyma fluctuosa Gould ;
Gemma gemma Tott.; G. purpurea H. C. Lea (G.concentrica Dall.),
and Parastarte triquetra Con.
From tlie Pacific coast north of Mexico the following are received :
Dosinia ponderosa Gray (Pleistocene only, on the California coast),
Tramennella tantilla Gld.; Tivela (Pachydesma] stultorum Mawe.
(more familiarly known as Pachydesma crassatelhides Conr.),
Amiantis callosa Con.; Pitaria newcombiana Gabb.; Cytherea fordi
Yates ; Saxidomus nuttaUii Conr.; S. gigantea Desh.; Chione ftucti-
fraga Sowb.; C. undatella Sowb. ( V- simillima Sowb.); C. succincta
Val.; Venus kennicottii Dall ; Marcia kenneileyi Rve.; M. subdiaphana
Cpr.; Paphia (Protothaca~) slaminea Conr. The genus Paphia
Bolton 1798, replaces Tapes Megerle 1811, the latter is however
used as a sub-genus. Five varieties of P. staminea are recognized
Petiti Desh. (rigida Gould); laeiniata Cpr.; ruderata Desh.; orbella
Cpr., and sulculosa Dall. P. tenerrima Cpr.; Liocyma beckii Dall ;
L. viridis Dall ; L. scammoni Dall ; Venerupis lamellifera, Psephidia
lordi Baird (Psephis lordi}, P. ovalis Dall, and Gemma gemma Ton.,
the latter introduced into San Francisco Bay on " seed " oysters.
A number of forms on the Pacific coast are closely related to
species of the Atlantic fauna, and probably had a common ancestry
when the two oceans were connected at the isthmus. Dosinia
ponderosa " recalls somewhat the Atlantic D. contentrica ; " Tivela
byronensis Gray (71. radiata Sowb.), is "the analogue of T. mac-
troides Born of the Antilles ;" Macrocallista squaUida Sowb., is the
analogue of M. macuJata of the Atlantic fauna, and CaHocardia
catharia Dall, is represented in West Indies by (\ aresta Dall and
Simpson ; Pitaria tomeana Dall is " the apparent analogue of P.
fulminata of the Atlantic fauna." P. (Hysteroconclta) lupanaria
Less, is '' a larger but less elegant analogue of the Antillean P. dione
L., easily recognized by the violet spots at the base of the spines; "
f UK NAUTILUS. 141
P. (Lamelliconcka) circinata of tlie Atlantic can hardly be separated
from P. alternata of the Pacific ; Cythereu magdalense Dull is the
analogue of C. slrigelliwt Dal!, of the Atlantic fauna; C. rigida
Dilhv. is found on both shores; C. multicostata Sowb. is allied to
0. listen' ; Chione subrostrata lives on both coasts; forms of C. un-
datella often resemble C. cancellata; C. purpurissatu Dall is elosely
related to C. puber Val.; C. pulicaria is the analogue of C. intapur-
purea of the Atlantic fauna; while C. obliterata Dall "is the an-
alogue of C. latilirata Conr., and C. marise Orb. of C. paphia L."-
C. W. J.
RKVISION DKS CYVRJEIDJE DE LA NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE, par
Ph. Dautzenberg, Journal de Conchyliologie, Vol. L, pp. 291-384,
1902. In this interesting paper the author records about 70 species,
and a number of varieties including several which are described as
new. The following is a brief review of the new forms :
CYPRAEA ARGUS var. MINOR, applied to specimens under 55 rnm.
in length.
C. ARGUS var. CONCATENATA, shells with numerous small ocellated
spots disposed in small chains, which cross each other more or less
regularly ; at the points of intersection the remarkably large rings
sometimes transform into brown spots.
C. CARNEOLA var. PROPJNQUA Garrett (Cat'l Cyprseidse), very
short, reflected, approaching in form C. arenosa, dorsal region with a
violet ring more or less apparent.
C. TALPA var. SATURATA. In this variety the three dorsal bands
are less clearly defined, the entire shell being tinted with a deep
brown.
C. TABESCENS. 0. rashlei gho.na, C. alveolus, and G. elaiodes are
all considered varieties of C. tabescens.
C. CAUKICA var. PALLIDA. This has the form of var. obscura
Rossi ter, but tending to albinism, while var. obscura tend- to
melanism.
C. ARABICA var. ATRA. Tinted with black over the entire dorsal
surface. This var. corresponds to the var. nigricans of (/. eglatina.
C. EGLATINA var. PALLIDA. Based on two shells with very
marked tendencies to albinism.
C. IIISTRIO var. LUCTUOSA. This presents exactly the same ex-
142 THE NAUTILUS.
tent of melanism as the var. nigricans of C. eglatt'na, but without a
tendency to rostration.
C. TIGRIS var. ROSSITERI. Is characterized by the dorsal surface
being a beautiful orange, the scattered brown spots being few in
numbers.
C. VITKLLUS var. SUBROSTRATA. Based on a specimen showing
a tendency to rostration.
C. ERRONES L. Under this species three varieties are recognized,
var. ovum Gme\.=sophise Brazier, a color var. afbida, entirely white
except for light spots of brown on each side of the extremities, var.
pallidior, with dorsum very pale, base recurved, callus very thick,
white, without spots at the extremities.-
C. WALKERI var. ROSSITERI is based on Luponia bregeriana
Rossiter (1882) not Crosse (1868).
C. ZIC/AC var. DECOLORATA. Specimens tending to albinism.
C. mf Hart's Gmel. and C. ebunia Barnes are both considered varieties
of C. latnnrcki ; but in uniting these forms why make C. laniarcki
Gray 1824 the species and 0. miliaris Gmel. 1790 a variety?
C. POHARIA. var. INSIGNIS is unusually shining or seemingly
translucent, dorsal region orange, without spots, base beautifully
tinged with violet. — C. W. J.
BIOMETRIKA, a new journal for the statistical study of biological
problems (Cambridge, England) contains several papers on mollusks.
In vol. 2, part 1 (Nov., 1902), Miss Abigail C. Dimon has studied
at length the variation and correlation of Nassa trivittalanml obsoleta
from Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. She discusses the influence
of density and stillness of water on depauperization. Both species
were found at that locality to be smaller than normal type, this be-
ing attributed to lack of density of the waters of Long Island Sound
as compared with the open ocean. While this explanation may
apply to N. trivittata which is a snail inhabiting open beaches, it is
certain that the small size of N. obsoleta is not thus to be explained,
because this h a species of the salt meadows and inlets, and the
largest individuals we have ever collected were taken in a stream in a
mud-flat, which ran fresh at low tide, and being far from the open
ocean, could not have been very dense when submerged at high tide.
There is great need for improved mechanical devices for rapidly de-
termining quantitatively the various characters both of form and
THE NAUTILUS. 143
•color in shells. We do not see much use in carrying the decimals
•of mm. to two or more places in measuring the length of shells of the
:size of these, hut then it does no great harm if the measurer 1 as
plenty of time. There is a wide field for this kind of work among
•our mollusks, and the data to be obtained are of great value. — H. A. P.
Part 4 of Vol. I of the same journal contains a valuable statistical
investigation by C. Hensgen on the band variations of Helix nenwrah's,
at several places in Strasburg. The paper is too extensive for ab-
stract, but it may be mentioned that the curve for number of bands
has its major mode at 0 with a well-marked minor mode at 3 bands.
-H. A. P.
GENERAL NOTES.
CONUS PROMETHEUS Hwass. — A synonym of this species which
I have not seen noticed in the monographs is Conus nicholii Wilson,
1831 ; figured in James Wilson's "Illustrations of Zoology," pi. 36.
The specimen described measured 8i inches long.
In the revision of the CARDITACEA, lately printed by the Academy
of Natural Sciences, I preserved the name Miodon for a form of
Venericardia found on the Pacific coast and applied by Carpenter in
1864. For Miodon Sandberger, 1870, given to a fossil form of
Cyrena the name Miodonlopsis was proposed. In Sharp's Index
Zoologicus just received, I find Miodon however was used for an
ophidian in 1859 by Dumeril, and therefore Carpenter's shell will
have to have a new name also. In this case I would propose
Miodontiscus for the Venericardian — W. H. DAI.L.
Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss and the senior Editor of the NAUTILUS are
collecting mollusks and ferns in the Southwest.
So many years have elapsed since a general work covering the
entire mollusca has appeared, that it is of interest to many readers of
THE NAUTILUS who have not access to the larger libraries to know
-what are the general views of leading biologists regarding the relative
144 TllK NAUTILUS.
position of (lie larger groups. This feature is very clearly shown in
an excellent " Manual of Zoolog} ," by Richard Hertwig, recently
translated by Prof. J. S. Kingsley. " This American edition is not
an exact translation. Witii the consent of the author, the whole text
has been edited and modified in places to accord with American
usage."
The Mollusca (Phylum VI) are divided into five classes, of which
the Ainphineura, including two subclasses, Placophora (Chitons) and
ApJacophora are considered the most primitive. Class II comprises
Acephaltt or Pelecypoda, in which the views of Pelseneer are closely
followed. The order Protuchonchice includes most of the families
grouped by Dr. Dall under Prionodesmacea, except the Naiodse, which,
with the remainder of the families, are placed in the order Hetero-
conchise. The Nuculidse a re considered the most primitive, while the
more highly specialized families, like the Teredidtz and Gastrochse-
nidse, are placed at the other extreme. Scaphopoda (Class III) are
placed between the Pelecypoda and Gasteropoda; the latter being
divided into three orders : Prosobranchia, Opist/tobranc/tia and Pul-
monuta. The Prosobnmchs are divided into two suborders: Aspido-
branchia — of which the Docoylossa ( Limpets) are the most primitive —
andthe Pectinibranchia. Heteropoda " in all details of gills, genitalia,
heart and nervous system are true Pectinibranchi, but from an ex-
clusively pelagic life have acquired peculiar modifications." The
Opisthobranchia consists of three suborders : Tectibranchia, Ptero-
poda — " pelagic forms which in most points of structure agree with
the Tectibranchi" — and Nudibranchia. Class V comprises the Cepha-
lopoda.— C. W. J.
The junior editor of the NAUTILUS has been appointed Curator of
the Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. This will be
his future address.
ERRATA In the article " Notes on Pyramidula elrodi Pils." in
the February NAUTILUS, McDonald Lake of the Mission Mountains
should be read instead of Post Lake. There are two McDonald
Lakes in Montana, and the authorities seem to think the same name
for two lakes within a hundred miles of each other must stand. — •
M. J. EL ROD.
CATALOGUE
LAND SHELLS OF JAPAN
TO BE HAD OF
Y. HIRASE
SHIMOCHOJA-MACHI,
KARASUMARU, KYOTO, JAPAN.
1903.
HAVING collected Japanese land, fresh-water and marine
shells for many years, the number of species in my possession
has now reached several thousand. Among these are many
new species, found by myself and my assistants. In the land
shells especially, the new species outnumber those known before
my researches began.
With the aid of numerous assistants 1 have been able to ex-
plore many parts of Japan, including the Riukiu (Loo-choo)
Islands, and the Ogasawara (or Bonin) group, where a rich
fauna of new and strange land shells was found. I hope in
future to extend the work, and send collectors to China, Corea
and Formosa.
All the species are sent to Dr. Pilsbry, of Philadelphia,
U. S. A., who kindly determines them, so that 1 believe that
those receiving specimens from me may place confidence in the
names, and will find them an important and useful addition to
their collections.
Attention is called to the importance of securing authentic
specimens from the original localities of the many new species in
my collections.
j
Catalogues of marine and fresh-water shells are in preparation.
Specimens will be sent on approval to purchasers known to
me or giving satisfactory reference.
Y. HIRASE.
CATALOGUE:
OF
LAND SHELLS,
TO BE HAD OP
Y. HIRASK,
SHIMOCHOJA-MACHI, KARASUMARU, KYOTO, JAPAN.
NOTE. — Species and varieties marked thus * are new forms, described from
specimens from my collection. Where no prices are given, specimens are not
always in stock.
ACMELLA.
*853 vagans, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, $0.08-. 12
*856 minima, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .07-. 10
ALYCAEUS.
*831b biexcisus, Pils. Suimura, Awa. (Shikoku), .05-08
*29S harimerisis, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .05-. 08
*996 harimensis, var.
sadoensis, P. & H. Aikawa, Sado,
*476 hirasei, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .04-. 07
*499 melanopoma, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga, .04-. 07
*29Sb reinhardti, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .05-. 08
*704 satsumanus, Pils. Kagoshima, Satsuma.
*723 tanegashimse, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.
*916 vinctus, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.
AURICULA.
lirado
(-5)'
442 reiniana, Kob. Hirado, Hizen, .07^12
6 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
BIFIDARIA.
619 armigerella, Reinh. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .05-.08
*798 ogasawarana, Pils. Chichi jima, Ogasawara.
*797 chichijimana, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
757 plicidens, Benson. Riozen, Omi.
BLANFORDIA.
412 bensoni, A. Ad. Shikunobe, Ojima, .03-.05
*406 simplex, Pils. Nishigo, Uzen, .03-.05
990 japonica, A. Ad. Sotokaifu, Sado.
BULIMINOPSIS.
621 meiacoshimensis,
A. Ad. & Rve. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .07-. 12
*455 turrita, Gude. Loochoo, .05-. 08
BULIMINUS.
311 andersonianus,
Mlldff. Shikunobe, Ojima, .06-. 10
*750a andersonianus, var.
echigoensis, P. & H. Myokozan, Echigo.
*468 callistoderma, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .05-. 08
*758 callistoderma, var.
hachijoensis, Pils. Hachijo, Izu.
*602 callistoderma, var. t
Ogasawara?, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .08-. 15
*597 eucharistus, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo.
*478 hirasei, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, .08-. 12
919 hiraseanus, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.
*598 luchuanus, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo.
*930 luchuanus, var.
oshimanus, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.
509 reinianus, Kob. v. Shirakata, Sanuki.
582 reinianus, Kob. Arakura, Tosa, .08-. 12
587 reinianus, Kob.
(small var. ) Okinoshima, Tosa.
549 reinianus, var.
extorris, Branc. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .06-. 10
HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS. l
*411 reinianus, var.
hokkaidoensis,Pils. Shikunobe, Ojima, .12-. 20
*484 reinianus, var.
omiensis, Pils. Ibuki, Omi, .08-. 12
CARYCHIUM.
*618 cymatoplax, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .05-. 08
*946 hachijoensis, Pils. Hachijojhma, Iza,
555 noduliferum, Reinh. Nishigo, Uzen, .04-.07
*729 pessimum, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .06-. 10
CASSIDULA.
445 labrella, Desh. Hirado, Hizen, .03-.05
CHLORITIS.
*958 albolabris,
Pils. & Hir. Yakushima, Osumi.
*354 eucharistus, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .25-. 40
*981 echizenensis,
Pils. & Hir. Omushi, Echizen.
*13 fragilis, Gude. Kyoto, Yamashiro.
*786 hirasei, Pils. Kurozu, Kii.
*843b perpunctatus, Pils. Totsugawa, Yamato.
*735 pumila, Gude. Mikuriya, Suruga.
CLAUSILIA.
424 addisoni, Pils. Kagoshima, Satsuma, .05-.08
*663c agna, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi.
*1014 aenea, Pils. Tosa.
501 attrita, Bttg. Ibuki, Omi, .05-. 08
*764b attrita, var. in-
fausta, Pils. Tomisato, Kii, .07-. 10
*1013 aratorum. Pils. Tosa.
*450b aulacophora, Pils. Fukura, Awaji, .05-. 08
*733b aulacopoma, Pils. Hirado. Hizen, .06-. 10
503 aurantiaca, Bttg. Nohara, Yamato, .05-. 08
738 aurantiaca, var.
erberi, Bttg. Gojo, Yamato, .05-. 08
782 aurantiaca, var.
plicidens, A. Ad. Kasbima, Kii, .05-. 08
HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
*450a awajiensis, Pils. Fukura, Awaji, .05-.08
*818 bigeneris, Pils. Goto, Hizen.
254 bilabrata, Smith. Senzan, Awaji.
*1002 bilabrata, var.
tosaensis, Pils. Shiujomura, Tosa.
593 brevior, Mart. Oshima, Izu, .05-. 08
*634 callistochila, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo.
*894 caloptyx, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi.
*770o caryostoma, var.
jayi, Pils. Jomura, Kii.
434c caryostoma, Mlldff. Banzai, Awa.
*306b comes, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .06-. 10
*632a crenilabium, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo, .08-. 12
*632b crenilabium, Pils.
(var.) Kunchan, Loochoo.
*874 dsemonorum, Pils. Kikai, Osumi.
*819 dalli, Pils. Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku), .07-. 10
410a digonoptyx, Bttg. Nishigo, Uzen, .05-.08
739a ducalis, Kob. Miyamura, Hida, .10-. 15
*913a ducalis, var.
decapitata, Pils. Kashima, Harima.
740 ducalis, var.
dorcas, Pils. Miyamura, Hida, .10-. 15
*765b ducalis, var.
mediocris, Pils. Tomisato, Kii.
*986 echigoensis, Pils. Myokozan, Echigo.
*663a entospira, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.
*563 euholostoma, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga, .07-. 10
687 fultoni, Sykes. Ushirogawa, Tosa.
*794 gracice, Pils. Nachi, Kii, .07-. 10
592 hakonensis, Pils. Oshima, Izu.
*306a harimensis, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .06-. 10
*764a heteroptyx, Pils. Tomisato, Kii.
*423 hirasei, Pils. Kagoshima, Satsuma, .04-. 07
*586 hiraseana, Pils. Okinoshima, Tosa, .06-. 10
*546b hokkaidoensis, Pils. Kayabe, Ojima.
*7S9 holotrema, Pils. Nachi, Kii.
686 hyperolia, Mart. Oshima, I/AI, .06-., 10
HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
*457 hyperoptyx, Pi Is. Loochoo, .05-. 07
*733 subignobilis, Pils. Hirado, Hizen, .05-.07
*486b iotaptyx, Pils. Ibuki, Omi, .08-. 12
*292 iotaptyx, var.
clava, Pils. Senzan, Awaji, .05-. 08
*657a ischna, Pils. Kioragi, Higo, .06-. 10
*754 jacobiana, Pils. Tanegashima, Os'umi, .05-. 08
56a japonica, Crosse. Senzan, Awaji, .04-. 06
198 japonica, Crosse.
(large var. ) Takeya, Izumo, .04-. 06
*403 japonica, var. inter-
plicata, Pils. Nishigo, Uzen, .05-. 07
11 japonica, var.
nipponensis,Kob. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .03-. 05
*56e japonica, var. per-
obscura, Pils. Shirono, Buzen, .OS-. 12
*657b kochiensis, Pils. Kioragi, Higo, .08-. 12
*934 kurozuensis, Pils. Kurozu, Kii.
564 martensi, Herklots. Mikuriya, Suruga, .07-. 10
500 marteusi, var.
reiniana, Kob. Ibuki, Omi, .07-. 10
*768 martensi, var.
tinctilabris, Pils. Nachi, Kii. .08-. 12
737 micropeas, Mlldff.
(var.) Mikuriya, Suruga, .05-. 08
*486a mikado, Pils. Ibuki, Omi, .05-08
*654 mima, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.
*762 mitsukurii, Pils. Tomisato, Kii, .10-. 15
*546a monelasmus, Pils. Kayabe, Ojima, .05-. 08
*646 munus, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .06-. 10
*932 neniopsis, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.
*652 nesiothauma, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .10-. 15
*434 nolani, Pils. Fukura, Awaji, .07-12
463 oostoma, Mlldff. Mikuriya, Suruga, .04-. 06
*926 oostoma, var.
goniopoma, Pils. Wakayama, Kii.
*696 oostoma, var.
dactylopoma, Pils. Kashio, Awaji.
10 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
*748 orthatracta, Pils. Akasaka, Mino.
*674 oscariana, Pils. Fukuregi, Higo, .08-. 15
*653a oshimse, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.
*695 oxycyma, Pils. Kagoshima, Satsuma.
*954 pachyspira, Pils. Miyai, Kii.
*5S4 perignobilis, Pils. Okinoshima, Tosa, .06-. 10
*410b perpallida, Pils. Nishigo, Uzen, .08-. 12
*306c pigra, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .06-. 10
*663b pinto, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .06-. 10
*S17 plagioptyx, Pils. Goto, Hizen.
473 platyauchen, Mart.
(var. ) Nishigo, Uzen, .05-. 08
669 platyauchen, Mart.
(small var. ) Mikuriya, Suruga, .04-. 07
502 platydera, var.
lambda, Bttg. Nohara, Yamato, .05-. 08
*763 platydera, var.
kiiensis, Pils. Tomisato, Kii, .06-. 10
*434d platyderula, Pils. Aki, Awa.
*653b pseudoshimee, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.
*664a ptychocyma, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .08-. 12
*664b ptychocyma, var.
yakushimse, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, .07-. 10
*993 sadoensis, Pils. Misakimura, Sado.
656 schmackeri, Sykes. Kochi, Tosa, .07-. 10
987 sericina, Mlldff. Omimura, Echigo.
*736b sericina, var.
rhopalia, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga, .08-. 15
*506 shikokuensis, Pils. Ushirogavva, Tosa, .07-. 10
*820 shikokuensis, Pils.
(small var. ) Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku), .05-. 07
*506c shikokuensis, var.
inokuchiensis, Pils. Inokuchimura, Tosa.
*345 sieboldi, .var.
diptyx, Pils. Hirado, Hizen, .04-. 06
622 stearnsii, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .08-. 12
*594 stearnsii, Pils.
(small var.) Loochoo.
HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS. 11
*670 stereoma, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, .08-. 12
*661 stereoma, var.
cognata, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .06-.10
*670a stereoma, var.
hexaptyx, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi.
*671 stereoma, var.
nugax. Yakushima, Osumi.
*505 subaurantiaca, Pils. Toyonishikami, Nagato, .06-. 10
*4S8 subjaponica, Pils. Ibuki, Omi, .05-. 08
*766 subulina, var.
leucopeas, Pils. Tomisato, Kii.
*688 surugensis, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga, .06-. 10
*1007 sus, Pils. Muya, Awa.
*662 tanegashima?, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .08-. 12
*813 tantilla, Pils. Goto, Hizen, .08-. 12
8 tau, Bttg. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .01-. 02
*550 tosana, Pils. Ushirogawa, Tosa, .07-. 12
*63Sbtryoni, Pils. Hachijo, Izu, .08-. 12
*816 una, Pils. Goto, Hizen.
462 valida, var.
fasciata, Sykes. Miyako, Loochoo, .04-. 06
*633 valida, var.
perfasciata, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo, .05-. 08
732 (Reinia) variegata,
A. Ad. Hirado, Hizen, .04-. 07
*942 (Reinia) variegata,
yar. nakadai, Pils. Hachijojima, Izu.
675 vasta, Bttg. Fukuregi, Higo.
" CRYSTALLUS."
* ... velatus, Gude. Kyoto, Yamashiro.
* ... sulcatus, Gude. Kyoto, Yamashiro.
COCHLICOPA.
362 lubrica, Mull. Shikunobe, Ojima, .05-. 07
CYCLOPHORUS.
2 herklotsi, Mart. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .02-. 04
12 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
*421 herklotsi, var.
expallescens, Ehrm. Kngoshima, Satsuma, .05-. 07
*644 liirasei, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.
*574 kikaiensis, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, .06-. 10
*684b kikaiensis, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, (fossil.) .10-. 15
372 turgidus, Pfr. Loochoo, .03-. 05
684a turgidus, Pfr.
(fossil, large var. ) Kikai, Osumi, .10-. 15
*713 turgidus, var.
angulatus, Pils. Loochoo, .12-. 20
CYCLOTUS.
54 campanulatus, Mart. Senzan, Awaji, .04-.06
*612 hirasei, Pils. Loochoo, .06-. 10
*307 micron, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .03-. 05
DIPLOMMATINA.
*604 cassa, Pils. Kodakari, Hida, .04-. 07
512 collarifera, S. & B. Ihuki, Omi, .04-.07
*870 dormitor, Pils. Kikaigashima, Osumi.
*620 insularum, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .05-.08
*S22 kiiensis, Pils. Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku), .05-.08
*305b kobelti, Ehrm. Kashima, Harima, .04-06
*812 kobelti, var.
ampla, Pils. Goto, Hizen, .05-. 08
*629 luchuana, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo.
305a nipponensis, Mlldff. Kashima, Harima, .04-.06
*647 oshimas, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.
*836a pudica, Pils. Nachi, Kii, .06-.08
521 pusilla, Mart. Kashima, Harima, .04-.07
*487 pusilla, var.
omiensis, Pils. Ibuki, Omi, .04-.07
*649 saginata, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .06-. 10
*639 septentrional is, Pils. Kayabe, Ojima, .05-.08
*668 tanegashimae, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .06-. 10
*296 tenuiplica, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .04-. 06
*648 turris, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .06-. 10
*510 uzenensis, Pils. Nishigo, Uzen, .05-.08
*679 yakushimae, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, .06-. 10
HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS. 13
ENNEA.
*295 iwakawa, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .04-.06
*680 iwakawa, var.
yakushimee, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, .05-. 08
EULOTA (AEGISTA).
*451 aperta, Pils. Fukura, Awaji, .07-. 12
*761 aperta, var.
cavata, Pils. Tomisato, Kii, .08-. 12
*787 aperta, var.
trachyderma, Pils. Ikoma, Kii.
*937 aperta, var.
mikuriyensis,Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga.
343 fried eliana, Mart. Hirado, Hizen, .04-. 07
*960 intonsa, Pils. & Hir. Suimura, Awa.
288 kobensis, S. & B. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .10-. 15
*969 kobensis, var.
gotoensis, P. & H. Goto, Hizen.
*353 martensiana, Pils. Seclake, Osumi, .15-. 25
*929 minima, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.
*590 mimula, Pils. Kayabe, Ojima, .08-12
*753 mimuloides, Gude. Itanami, Omi.
475 oculus, Pfr. Loochoo, .06-. 12
998 subchinensis, Nev. Loochoo.
272 vermis, Rve. Loochoo, .20-. 30
EULOTA (COELORUS).
*9 cavicollis, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .06-. 10
*815 caviconus, Pils. Goto, Hizen.
EULOTA (EUHADRA).
359 blakeana, Newc.
var. blakei, Kob. Shikunobe, Ojima, .10-. 15
528 blakeana, var.
sericea, Gude. Nobusayama, Teshiwo.
271 caliginosa, Ad. & R. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .08-. 12
224 callizona, var.
amaliae, Kob. Tadachi, Shinano, .05-. 08
14 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
82 callizona, var.
congenita, Smith. Kobe. Settsu.
*87 callizona, var.
dixoni, Pils. Inga, Hoki, .12-. 20
399 callizona, var.
maritima, P. & G. Hagi, Nagato, .05-. 08
*239 callizona, var.
minor, Gude. Hagi, Nagato, .06-. 10
393 connivens, Pfr. Itoman, Loochoo, .04-.0&
472 connivens, var.
phaeogramma, Anc. Kikai, Osumi, .05-.08
*556 grata, Gude. Nishigo, Uzen, .30-. 50
73 luhuana, Sowb. Hirado, Hizen, .04-. 07
*547 luhuana, var.
aomoriensis, G., P. Chojamura, Mutsu, .08-. 15
*186b luhuana, var.
arimensis, G., P. Tadachi, Shinano.
248 luhuana, var.
eoa, Crosse. Mikuriya, Suruga, .10-. 15
199 luhuana, var.
idzumonis, P. & G. Takeya, Idzumo.
*73b luhuana, var.
nesiotica, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.
*682 luhuana, var.
pachya, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, (fossil) .15-. 20
19 luhuana, var.
tsushimana, Mlldff. Izuhara, Tsushima, .04-. 07
*116 luna, Pils. Iwamizawa, Ishikari.
371 mercatoria, Gray. Loochoo, .05-. 08
496 mercatoria, var.
atrata, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo, .10-. 30
*683 mercatoria, var.
dffimonorum, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, (fossil.) .15-.20
*357 oshimse, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .15-. 30
231 peliomphala, Pfr. Gomei, Kai, .05-. 08
319 peliomphala, Pfr.
(large var.) Kyoto, Yamashiro, .08-. 15
560 peliomphala, var.
brandtii, Kob. Manabe, Hitachi, .07-. 10
HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS. 15
90 peliomphala, var.
herklotsi, Mart. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .04-. 06
139 peliomphala, var.
nimbosa, Crosse. Toyado, Shimotsuke.
*358 peliomphala, var. sep-
tentrionalis, Ehrm. Shikunobe, Ojima, .06-. 10
402 quaesita, Desh. Nishigo, Uzen, .05-. 08
*994 sadoensis, Pils.&Hir. Sotokaifumura, Sado.
225 scaevola, Mart. Ibuki, Omi, .20-. 30
186a senckenbergiana, K. Kokubu, Hida, .15-.25
199 senckenbergiana,
Kob. (var.) Takeya, Izumo, .08-. 15
*828 senckenbergiana, var.
awaensis, Pils. Suimura, Awa (Shikoku), .20-.30
*660 submandarina, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .12-.20
*835a submandarina, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, (fossil.) .15-.25
*777 submandarina, var.
compacta, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, .25-. 35
*672 submandarina, var.
magna, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi.
291 yaeyamensis, Pils. Loochoo, .40-. 60
EULOTA (EULOTELLA).
4 sirnilaris, Fer. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .02-. 04
545 commoda, A. Ad. Kayabe, Ojima, .06-. 10
EULOTA (PLECTOTROPIS).
*431 aemula, Gude. Takeya, Izumo, .06-. 10
*774 deflexa, Pils. Tobishima, Ugo, .12-20
396 elegantissima, Pfr. Naha, Loochoo, .05-. 08
*536 elegantissima, var.
cara, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo, .07-. 12
*943 hachijoensis, Pils. Hachijo-jima, Izu.
*407 horrida, Pils. Nishigo, Uzen, .12-. 20
*596 inornata, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .15-. 35
*479 kiusiuensis, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, .15-. 25
*914 kiusiuensis, var.
oshimana, P. & H. Oshima, Osumi.
16 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
*464 lepidophora, Gude. Loochoo, .04-.07
273 mackensii,
A. Ad. & Rve. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .10-. 15
*752 omiensis, Pils. Itanami, Omi, ' .15-.25
*752a omiensis, var.
echizenensis, Pils. Arato, Echizen.
*773 pannosa, Pils. Atsumi, Uzen, .12-.20
461 scepasrna, Pfr. Loochoo, .06-. 10
*694 shikokuensis, Pils. Yoshida, lyo.
110 trochula, A. Ad. Izuhara, Tsushima, .05-.08
lOa vulgivaga, S. & B. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .05-.08
lOb vulgivaga,S.&B.var. Ibuki, Omi, .05-. 08
*825 vulgivaga, var.
lanx, Pils. Suimura, Awa (Shikoku), .10-. 15
EULOTA (ACUSTA).
394 despecta, Gray. Naha, Loochoo, .04-. 07
459 despecta, Gray.
( large var. ) Loochoo.
685 despecta, Gray.
(large var. , fossil.) Kikai, Osumi.
*474a despecta, var.
kikaiensis, Pils. Kikai, Osumi.
*249 gainesi, Pils. Ushika, Teshiwo, .10-. 15
216 gainesi, var.
gudeana, Pils. Kiyokawa, Ojima, .06-. 10
409 sieboldiana, Pfr. Nishigo, Uzen, .03-. 05
*14 sieboldiana, var.
minor, Gude. Kyoto, Yamashiro.
GANESELLA.
*352 adelinse, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .25-. 40
*783b cristata, Pils. Nachi, Kii.
*975 cardiostoma, var.
kagaensis, P. & H. Hakusan, Kaga.
*734 fausta, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga,
*508 ferruginea, Pils. Ushirogawa, Tosa, .10-. 15
*309 jacobii, Pils. Ibuki, Omi, .15-. 25
12 japonica, Pfr. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .07-. 12
HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS. 17
*513a japonica, var. cari-
nata, Pils. & Gul. Ibuki, Omi, .10-. 15
*548a japonica, var.
granulosa, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .07-. 12
*252 japonica, var.
heteroglypta, Pils. F'ukura, Awaji, .10-. 15
106 japonica, var.
satsuma, Pils. Kamo, Shi ma.
460 largillierti, var.
cincta, Pils. Loochoo, .08-. 12
535 largillierti, var.
cosmia, Pils. Shimaziri, Loochoo, .08-. 12
74 myomphala, Mart. Hirado, Hizen, .15-.25
328 myomphala, var.
fusca, Gude. Kokubu, Hida, .15-. 25
96 myomphala, var.
minor, Gude. Toyonishikami, Nagato, .10-. 15
*260 myomphala, var.
omphalodes, Pils. Omikado, Inaba.
*289c notoensis, Pils.&Hir. Kitanosho, Note.
*824 optima, Pils. Suimura, Awa (Shikoku).
*61 pagodula, Ehrm. Nohara, Yamato, .12-. 20
*788 selasia, Pils. Nachi, Kii.
*834 sororcula, Pils. Kikai, Osumi (fossil).
289 stearnsii, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .30-. 40
*689a tanegashima?, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.
*689b tanegashimae, var.
dulcis, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.
*577 wiegmanniana, Pils. Kochi, Tosa. .10-. 15
GEORISSA.
*471 japonica, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .04-.07
*623b luchuana, Pils. Yaeyama. Loochoo.
HIRASEA.
*897 acuta, Pils. Imotoshima, Ogasawara.
*848 acutissima, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.
*849 biconcava, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara. .10-. 15
18 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
*800 chichijimana, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
*863 diplomphalus, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
*S47 eutheca, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.
*864 goniobasis, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
*850 hypolia, Pils. Hahajima. Ogasawara, .08-. 15
*865 major, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
*854 (Fametesta)mirabilis,
Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.
*801 nesiotica, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .10-. 15
*863c profundispira, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
*802 sinuosa, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .10-. 15
HIRASIELLA.
*867 clara, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
HELICINA.
*806 capsula, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.
595 hakodadiensis,
Hartm. Kayabe, Ojima, .05-. 08
*852 hirasei, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .10-. 15
759 japonica, A. Ad. Tobishima, Ugo (typeloc.), .08-.12
*575 japonica, var.
uzenensis, Pils. Nishigo, Uzen, .06-. 10
*808 ogasawarana, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .10-. 15
*809 ogasawarana, var.
discrepans, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
*862 ogasawarana, var.
optima, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
*558 osumiensis, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, .05-. 08
308 reinii, Kob. Ibuki, Omi, .04-.06
*55 reinii, var. expolita,
Pils. Senzan, Awaji, .03-. 05
*991 sadoensis, Pils.&Hir. Sotokaifa, Sado.
470 verecunda, Old. Loochoo, .04-. 07
*624 yaeyamensis, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .04-. 07
*807b }'oshiwarana, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.
*807a yoshiwarana, var.
arata, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.
HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
*S57 yoshiwarana, var.
microtheca, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,
KALIELLA.
448 acutangula, A. Ad.
*627 austeniana, Pils.
*641 borealis, Pils.
*482 ceratodes, Gude.
*518 circumcincta, Reinh.
var. elata, Gude.
*609 crenulata, Gude.
*519 fraterna, Pils.
*678 gudei, Pils. & Hir.
*655 .harimensis, Pils.
*971 kagaensis,
Pils. & Hir.
*697 kyotoensis, Pils.
*678 gudei, Pils. & Hir.
* ... lioderma, Pils.
*941 hachijoensis, Pils.
*892 hizenensis, Pils.
*720 modesta, Pils;
*300 multivolvis, Pils.
*466 nahaensis, Gude.
*625b nahaensis, var.
kunchana, Pils.
*490 nanodes, Gude.
*846 ogasawarana, Pils.
*891 okiana, Pils.
*514 pagoduloides, Gude.
*952 pallida, Pils.
*743 praealta, Pils.
*302 reinhardti, Pils.
*607 ruida, Pils.
* ... subcrenulata, Pils.
*625a yaeyamensis, Pils.
*606a yamatoensis, Pils.
Kyoto, Yamashiro,
Yaeyama, Loochoo.
Ka}-abe, Ojima.
Kashima, Harima.
i
Kashima, Harima.
Kochi, Tosa.
Kashima, Harima.
Kayabe, Ojima.
Kashima, Ojima,
Hakusan, Kaga.
Kyoto, Yamashiro,
Kayabe, Ojima,
Kashima, Harima.
Hachijo-jima, Izu.
Hirado, Hizen.
Oshima, Higo.
Kashima, Harima,
Loochoo,
Kunchan, Loochoo.
K}7oto, Yamashiro.
Hahajima, Ogasawara,
Hirado, Hizen.
Kashima, Harima.
Hachijo-jima, Izu.
Ryozen, Omi.
Kashima, Harima,
Gojo, Yamato.
Kochi, Tosa.
Yaeyama, Loochoo,
Gojo, Yamato,
19
.08-. 12
.05-. 08
.06-. 10
.05-08
.08-. 12
.05-. 08
.04-. 07
,10-. 15
.05-. 07
.06-. 10
.06-. 10
20 .HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
LEPTOPOMA.
275 vitreum, Less. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .05-. 08
MACROCHLAMY'S.
*S3S cerasina, Pils. Tobishima, Ugo, .08-. 15
*821 cerasina, var.
awaensis, Pils. Tairinji, Awa (Shikoku), .08-. 12
495 doenitzi, Reinh. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .06-. 08
*785 dnlcis, Pils. Nachi, Kii.
*465 fulgens, Gude. Loochoo, .05-. 08
*635 gudei, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo.
*974 kagaensis, Pils. Hakusan, Kaga.
*282 micrograpta, Pils. Kashima, Harinia.
*637 perfragilis, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo.
*1000 perfragilis, var.
shikokuensis, Pils. Kotsnzan, Awa.
935a semisericata, Pils. Kurozn, Kii.
*666 tanegashima?, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .06-. 12
MANDARINA.
*S05 exoptata, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .25-. 40
*845 exoptata, var.
obtusa. Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.
*860 hirasei, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
467a mandarina, Gray. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .10-. 15
*858 mandarina, var.
hahajimana, Pils. Hahajima. Ogasawara, .25-. 40
*467b mandarina, var.
ponderosa, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .15-. 25
*896 mandarina, var.
conns, Pils. Imotoshima, Ogasawara.
• 906 ruschenbergeriana,
Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
859 pallasiana, Pfr. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
MELAMPUS.
446 caffer, Krauss. Hirado, Hizen, .03-. 05
H1RASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS. 21
MICROCYSTINA.
*949 circumdata, Pils. Hachijojima, Izu.
*482 ceratodes, Gude. Kashima, Harima.
*667 liiraseana, Pils. Tanegashima, Osunii. .0(3-. 12
*803 hahajimana, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .08-. 12
*973 nuda, Pils. Hakusan, Kaga.
483 sinapidium. Reinli. Kashima, Harima, .06-. 10
*900 yakuensis, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi.
*1002 higashiyamana,
Pils. & Hir. , Higashiyama, Awa.
NESOPUPA.
*855 dedecora, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .08-. 12
OMPHALOTROPIS.
*588 japonica, Pils. Kashiwashima, Tosa. .05-.08
OPEAS.
*286a brevispira, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .08-.12
456a gracilis, Hutt. Loochoo, .05-. 07
*286b kashimge, Pils. Kashima, Harima. .04-. 07
*3l3b kyotoensis, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .04-. 07
*456b obesispira, Pils. Loochoo, .05-. 07
313a pyrgula, A. Ad. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .04-.07
OTESIA.
673 japonica, Mlldff. Kagoshima, Satsuma.
PUNCTUM.
*553 amblygonum, var.
pretiosum, Gude. Fukura, Awaji, .04-. 07
*517 japonicum, Pils. Kashima, Harima.
*553b morseanum, Pils. Hirado, Hizen.
PUPINELLA.
*665a funatoi, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .06-. 10
*645 oshimse, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .06-. 10
51 rufa, Sowb. Senzan, Awaji, .03-.05
rufa, var. alba, Pils. Hirado, Hizen, .06-. 10
HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELL?.
;;G65b rufa, var. 'tane-
gasliimar-, PiK Tanegashinia, Osumi, .04-. 07
PUPISOMA.
*972 edentuliini, Drap. Hakusan, Kaga.
PYRAMIDULA.
*961 . c-nniea, Pils. Suiinura, Awa.
40") pauper, Gld. Nishigo, Uzen, .02-. 03
529 pauper, var.
depivssa, A. A«l. Xnliusayania, Te.shiwo, .05-. 07
* 950 pauper, var.
haehijoensis, Pils. Hachijo-jima, Izu.
PYTHIA.
*7101> aegialites, Pils. Lnochoo.
444 .cecil lei, Phil. Hiraclo, Hizen, .05-. 08
*709 pachyodon, Pils. Loocnoo.
458 Pythiasp. Loochoo, .04-. 06
SITALA.
*717 circumcincta, var.
elata, Glide. Takayania, lyo, .05-. 08
*953 latissinia, Pils. Yaevama.
*f
SPIROPOMA (FORMERLY COELOPOMA).
53 japonicum, A. Ad. Senzan, Awaji, .03-.05
*658 nakadai, Pils. Tanegashinia, Osumi, .06-. 10
SPHYRADIUM.
972 edentulum, Drap. Hakusan, Kaga; Kiyotaki, Omi.
SUCCINEA.
*642 hirasei, Pils. Tsuchiura, Hitachi, .05-. 08
312 horticola, Reinh. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .04-.07
408 lauta, Gld. Nishigo, Uzen, .03-05
*617a ogasawara? Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .06-.08
*617b punetulispira, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.
TTIHASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELL?. 23
TORNATELLINA.
*948 biplicata, Pils. Hachijojima, Izu.
*626 inexpectata, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo, .05-.08
*799 ogasawara, Pils. Chi.chijima, Ogasawara,
*8ol tryoni, Pils. Habajima, Ogasawara.
TRISHOPLITA.
*600 collinsoni, var.
casta, Pils. Obi, Hiuga.
*691 collinsoni, var.
okinoshimse, Pils. Okinoshima, Tosa.
*565 cretacea, Gude. Usbirogawa, Tosa, .12-.20
*566 cretacea, var.
bi partita, Pils. Toyonishikami, Nagato, .10-. 15
*507 dacostci?, Gude. Kagosbima, Satsuma.
*344 dacosta?, var.
strigata, Pils. Hirado, Hizen, .06-. 10
*643 dacostte, var.
a\vajiensis, Pils. Anaga, Awaji, .06-. 10
7 goodwini, Sinitb. Kyoto, Yamasbiro, .05-.08
;|;5 goodwini, var.
kyotoeusi's, Pils. Kyoto, Yainashiro, .06-. 10
310 bilgendorfii, Kob. Ibuki, Onii, .05-. 08
*74(5 bilgendorfii, var.
chikubushinise, Pils. Chikubushima, Omi.
*751a hilgendorfii, var.
tennis, Pils. Ibuki, Omi, .06-. 10
*303 hilgendorfii, var.
rufa, Pils. Kashima, Harima.
*601 biugensis, Pils. Obi, Hinga.
580 tnesogonia, Pils.
(var.) Kocbi, Tos;t, .06-. 10
581a pallens, Ebrni. Arakura, Tosa, .10-. 15
*387 pura, Ebrm. Inga, Hoki.
"*581b stuitbiana, Pils. Arakura, Tosa, .10-.15
*389 tosana, Gude. Ushirogawa, Tosa, .10-15
*7olb tosana, var.
anozona, Pils. Akasaka, Mino.
24 HIRASE: JAPANESK LAND SHELLS.
TROCHOMORPHA.
*650 gouldiana, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .06-. 10
631 horiomphala, Pfr.
(fritzei, Bttg. ) Kunchan, Loochoo.
TRUNCATELLA.
*811c kiusiuensis, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .05-. 08
VERTIGO.
*570 hirasei, Pils. Yanagawa, Chikugo.
VAL.LONIA.
281 tenera, Reinh. Osaka, Settsu.
ZONITOIDES.
1005 arboreus, Say. Tokyo.
554 minusculus, Binn. Fukura, Awaji, .04-. 07
*951 subarboreus, Pils. Hachijojima, Izu.
EXPLANATION or PLATE.
Fig. 1. Ganesella myomphala Martens. Hirado, Hizen.
Fig. 2. Clausilia martensi var. reiniana Kob. Ibuki, Omi.
Fig. 3. Eulota callizona var. dixoni Pils. Tnkeya, Idzumo.
Fig. 4. Eulota senckenbergiana var. awaensis Pils. Suimura,
Awa.
Figs. />, 6. Eulota elegantissima var. cara Pils. Riukiu.
Fig. 7. Mandarina mandarina var. trifasciata Pils. Nakano-
shima, Ogasavvara.
Fig. 8. Fametesta mirabilis Pils. Habajima, Ogasawara.
Fig. 9. Hirasea profundispira Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
Fig. 10. Hirasiella clara Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.
Fig. 11. Cyclopborus hirasei Pils. Oshima, Osumi.
Fig. 12. Pupinella oshimse Pils. Oshima, Osumi.
Fig. 13. Ganesella largillierti Phil. Riukiu.
Figures 8, 9, 10, 12 are enlarged, the others are natural size.
JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
M'
UH 17UJ