THE
NAUTILUS
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. XVII.
MAY, 19O3, to APRIL, 19O4.
BOSTON :
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
H. A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy oi Natural Sciences.,
PHILADELPHIA.
C. W. JOHNSON, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural Histot y
BOSTON.
2
INDEX
TO
THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XVII.
INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.
Abida 115
Achatinellidae, description of new species . . . .34
Aquillus Montf. 24
Alsea .115
Alycoeus awaensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . . .117
Amastra fossilis Baldwin, n. sp. .... .35
Amastra henshawi Baldwin, n. sp. . . . .34
Amastra saxicola Baldwin, n. sp. . . . . .34
Amastra senilis Baldwin, n. sp. ...... 35
Amnicola augustina Pils., n. sp. ...... 113
Amnicola galbana Hald. ....... 39
Ancylastrum . . . . . . . ' . .14
Ancyli adhering to water-beetles . . . . .120
Ancyli, notes on Eastern American . . . . 13, 25
Ancylus diaphanus Hald. (PI. II, figs. 13-18) . . 17, 31
Ancylus excentricus Morelet (PI. I, figs. 19-21) . . 27
Ancylus fuscus Adams (PI. I, figs. 1-9) . . . 15,19
Ancylus fuscus Adams var. eugraptus Pils. (PI. I, figs.
10-15) . 17,19
Ancylus, Gundlachia and 97
Ancylus haldemani 29
Ancylus kirklandi Walker, n. sp. (PI. II, figs. 1-12) . 29, 31
Ancylus obscurus Hald. (PL I, figs. 16-18) . . .14, 25, 28
(iii)
iv THE NAUTILUS.
Ancylus peninsula Pilsbry & Johnson (PL II, figs. 19-21)^28, 31
Ancylus rivularis Say ........ 25
Ashmunella thomsoniana Coopei'se, at Pecos, N. M. . . 36
Bernier, Julien ......... 36
Bulimulus blanfordianus Ancey, n. sp. . . . 90
Bulimulus ephippium Ancey, n. sp. . . . 102
Bulimulus goniotropis Ancey, n. sp. . . . . . 102
Cancellaria rapella Johnson, n. sp. . . .143
Cataloguing a collection of shells . . . . .39
Carychium pessimum var. borealis P. & H., n. v. ,.. : . 119
Cerithium albocoopertum Davis, n. sp. (PI. IY, figs. 32, 33) . 129
Chione cancellata in the Jersey City market . . .130
Chloritis tosanus Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . . .31
Chondrus . .... • • • • • I15
Clam-orous crow. ........ 120
Clanculus gemmulifer var. pallidus Pils., n. v. . . .71
Colobostylus, distribution of Jamaican species of . . 62
Colobostylus albus Sowb. . . . . . . . 65
Colobostylus banksianus Sowb. . . . . . .65
Colobostylus bronni Ads. ....... 63
Colobostylus chevalieri Ads. ...... 63
Colobostylus humphreyanus Pfr. . . • . . .63
Colobostylus interruptus Lam. ...... 63
Colobostylus jayanus Ads. ....... 63
Colobostylus lamellosa Ads 65
Colobostylus nuttii Pils., n. sp. . . . . . 62, 65
Colobostylus redfieldianus Ads 63
Colobostylus tectilabris Ads. ...... 65
Colobostylus thysanoraphe Sowb. . . . . .63
Colobostylus yallahensis Ads ...... 65
Dentalium vallicolens Raymond, n. sp 123
Ennea iwakawa var. oshimana P. & H., n. v. . . .53
Eosinica Aldr., n. subgen 19, 20
Epiphragmophora orophila Ancey, n. sp 82
Epiphragmophora turtoni Ancey, n. sp. . . . 82
Eucore . . . . . . . . . .116
Eulota chishimana Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . .... 116
Eulota endo Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . . . . 105
Eulota luhuana yakushimana Pils. & Hir., n. v. . . .78
THE NAUTILUS. V
Eulota (JEgista) friedeliana var. peraperta P. & H., n. v. . 45
Eulota (^Egista) kobensis var. discus P. & H., n. v. . .105
Eulota (Euhadra) connivens var. diversa P. & H., n. v. . 53
Eulota (Euhadra) euterpe Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . .44
Eulota (Euhadra) quresita var. decorata P. & H., n. v. . 52
Eulota (Euhadra) submandarina var. miyakejimana P. & H.,
n. v. ... ...... 53
Eulota (Euhadra) submandarina var. niijhnana P. & H.,n. v. 53
Eulota (Eulotella) commoda var. izuensis P. & H., n. v. . 105
Eulota (Plectotropis) conomphala P. & H., n. sp. . . 45
Eulota (Plectotropis) inarginata P. & H., n. sp. . . . 44
Eulota (Plectotropis) shikokuensis var. hadaka P. & H., n. v. 105
Faula . . . . 116
Fauxulus . . . . . . . . .116
Ferrissia Walker, new section of Anc3'li . 15
Fulgur, notes on the genus . . . . . . 73
Fulgur, occurrence of zinc in . . . .144
Ganesella raoellendorffiana Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . 78
Gastrochtena mowbrayi Davis (PI. IV, fig. 21) . .128
Gastrochsena striatula Aldr. (fig. 2) ... 19, 20
General Notes ' . . . 12, 36, 58, 71, 84, 120, 130, 144
Gibbula affinis var. cognata Pils., n. v. . . . .69
Gibbula incarnata Pils., n. sp. . . .70
Gibbula vittata Pils., n. sp. ..... 69
Goniobasis, a proposed study of . . 22, 32
Gundlachia and Anc3*lus . . . . . . .97
Guppya miamiensis Pils., n. sp. . . . 77
Haldeinania . . . . . . . .14
Helicogona arbustorura in Newfoundland . .131
Helicostyla, the use of the generic name . . . .58
Helix hortensis at Perce, P. Q. . . ..... 71
Helix hortensis in New England . .... 121
Isthmia . . . . . . . . . ..114
Jaminea . . . . . . . . . .115
Japanese shells, description of new 31, 44, 52, 69, 78, 104, 116
Japonia sadoensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . . 31,105
Japonia toshimana Pils. & Hir., n. sp. .... 104
Kaliella harimensis var. sadoensis P. & H., n. v. . . .46
Kaliella nesiotica Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . . .54
Vi THE NAUTILUS.
Kaliella prsealta var. izushichitoensis P. & H., n. v. . . 54
Kaliella sororcula Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . . 107
Kaliella xenica Pils. & Hir., n. sp. ..... 32
Laevapex Walker, new section of Ancyli . . . .15
Lambert, Le Pere 119
Laux ........... 14
Lauria . . . . . . . . . .116
Law, Annie M. . . . . . . . . .86
Linearia? divaricata Johnson, n. sp. ..... 143
Lotorium .......... 24
Macrochlamys decens Pils. & Hir., n. sp 106
Macrochlamys izushichitojimana P. & H., n. sp. . . . 106
Marston, George S. . . . . . . .47
Melampus coffeus var. alternatus Davis, n. v. . . 127
Melampus coffeus var. bisbopii Davis, n. v. . . . . 127
Melampus coffeus var. verticalis Davis, n. v. . . .127
Melampus flavus var. albus Davis, n. v. . . . .126
Melampus flavus var. purpureus Davis, n. v. . . . 126
Metzgeria californica Dall, n. sp. . . . . .52
Mollusca of tbe Bermuda Islands, notes on the . . .125
Mollusca on Pike's Peak Colorado . . . . .130
Molluscan fauna of one log [Des Moines, Iowa] . . . 130
Mollusks of Cedar Lake, Indiana ..... 112
Monilea (Rossiteria) nucleolus Pils., n. sp 70
Montana Shells .....:...!
Mt. Desert, Maine, Land shells of . . . .99
Murex marcoensis Sowerby, note on . . . . .88
Murex messorius var. rubidum Baker . . . . .89
Nesopupa tamagonari Pils. & Hir., n. sp. .... 118
New land mollusca from middle America . . . .56
New species of eocene fossils from the lignitic of Alabama. 19
Odontostomus deraini Ancey, n. sp. . . . . .103
Odontostomus gemellatus Ancey, n. sp. . . . 104
Odontostomus glabratus Ancey, n. sp. . . . .103
Odontostomus squarrosus Ancej', n. sp. . . . 103
Olney, Mrs. Mary P. ... .... 60
OreoheJix .... 131
Periploma sulcata Dall., n. sp. . . . . . . 122
Phasianella tristis Pils., n. sp. . . . . .69
TffE NAUTILUS, vil
Pisidium ash muni Stei'ki, n. sp. . 42
Pisidium complanatum Sterki, n. sp. . . . . .19
Pisidium costatum Sterki, n. sp. . . . . . . 22
Pisidium cuneiformis Sterki, n. sp. . . . .Si
Pisidium danielsi Sterki, n. sp. . . . . . .42
Pisidium mainense Sterki, n. sp. . . . . . 21
Pisidium okioense Sterki, n. sp. . . . . 20
Pisidium rowelli Sterki, n. sp. . . . . . . 80
Pisidium obtusale Pfr. , . . . . 43
Planorbis magnificus Pils., n. sp. . . . . . 75
Pleistocene mollusks of White Pond New Jersey . . 38
Pleurotomaria hirasei Pils., n. sp. . . . . .36
Polygyra townsendiana var. ptychophora .... 4
Pol3rg3'ra tridentata discoidea Pils., n. subsp. . . . 142
Polyplacophora of the Conchylien Cabinet, notes on . .58
Porphyrobaphe galactostoma Ancey , . . . .89
Porphyrobaphe sarcostoma Ancey, n. sp. . . . 83, 104
Porphyrobaphe victor Pfr. ....... 90
Porphyrobaphe yatesi Pfr. ...... 89, 104
Price, Miss S. F 71
Pristiloma japonica Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . .70
Ptychochilus . .116
Publications received ... 24, 47, 58, 72, 92, 107, 132
Punctum infans Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . . .107
Pnpacea and associate forms, notes on the nomenclature of . 114
Pupilla . . .115
Pyramid ula solitaria ........ 4
Pyramidula strigosa Gld. ....... 1-5
Pyramidula strigosa Gld. var. alpina Elrod n. var. . . 2
Pyramidula strigosa Gld. var. Cooperi W. G. B. . . . 4
Quadrula, observations on the genus . . . . .111
R'ossiter, Richard ........ 36
San Nicholas Island, notes on the Mollusk fauna . . 66
San Salvador, Bahamas, a partial list of the marine mol-
lusks of . . . . . . . . . .57
Saraphia . . . . . . . . . .115
Schismope rimuloides (Cpr.) at San Diego, Cal. . . .84
Scissurella dalli Bartsch, n. sp. . . . . . . 90
Septidae, note on the family ...... 55
Vlll THE NAUTILUS.
Shell collecting clays at Frenchman's Bay, Me. . . . 109
Shells of Douglas Co., Wash. . . . . 84
Sigaretus noyesii Ball., n. sp. . . . . . 37
Siphonaria alternata var. intermedia Davis, n. v. . . 127
Siphonaria alternata var. opalescens Davis, n. v. . . . 127
Sitala niijimana Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . . .54
Somatogyrus constrictus Walker, n. sp. (PI. V, fig. 3) . . 135
Somatogyrus coosaensis Walker, n. sp. (PI. V, figs. 6, 7) . 137
Somatogyrus crassus Walker, n. sp. (PI. V, figs. 11, 12) . 138
Somatogyrus georgianus Walker, n. sp. (PI. V, fig. 13) .139
Somatogyrus hinkleyi Walker, n. sp. (PI. Y, figs. 1,2) . 135
Somatogyrus nanus Walker, n. sp. (Pi. V, fig. 4) . . . 136
Somatogyrus obtusus Walker, n. sp. (PI. V, fig. 10) . . 138
Somatogyrus parvulus Tryon (PL Y, figs. 22, 23) . . 142
Somatogyrus pennsylvanicusWalker,n.sp. (PLY, figs. 15,16) 140
Somatogyrus pilsbryanus Walker, n. sp. (PL Y, figs. 20,21) 142
Somatogyrus umbilicatus Walker, n. sp. (PL Y, fig. 5) . 137
Somatogyrus virginicus Walker, n. sp. (PL Y, figs. 17, 18, 19) 141
South America, new land snails from . . 82, 89, 102
Sphyradium . . . . . . . . .116
Streptostyla clavulata Ancey, n. sp. . ... 56
Streptostyla sumichrasti Ancey, n. sp. . . .56
Stylobates Dall, n. gen. ....... 62
Stylobates seneus Dall, n. sp. . . . . . .62
Succinea ikiana Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . ... 117
Tellina laevigata var. stella, n. v. . . . . . . 128
Tertiary fauna of Florida, contributions to the . . .94
Tonicia arnheimi Dall, n. sp. . . . . . .37
Tornatellina kitaiwojimaua Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . . . 53
Torquilla . . 115
Trishoplita mesogonia var. minima P. & H., n. v. . . 106
Trivia ritteri Raymond, n. sp. . . . . . 85
Trochidie, a new genus of . . . . . . .61
Umbraculum (Eosinica) elevatumJAldr. (fig. 1) . . .19
Unio declivis Say, the specific value of (PL III,) . 49, 51
Unio geometricus Lea. (PL III) .... 49, 51
Unio tetralasmus Say (PL III.) 49,51
Unio, notes on the structure of the shells of . .98
Unio (Quadrula) . . . . . . . .Ill
THE NAUTILUS. IX
Unionidae, observations on the byssus of . . . .76
Yelletia . . . .14
Vertigo andrusiana Pils. . . . . . . .131
Vertigo japonica Pils. & Hir., n. sp. ..... 118
Vitrea, a new British ........ 12
Vitrea radiatula var. radiata Pils. & Hir., n. v. . . .117
Vitrina depositing eggs ....... 91
Volvaria avena var. southwicki Davis, n. v. . . . 128
Wolcott, Mrs. Henrietta H. T 83
INDEX TO AUTHORS.
Aldrich, T. H. . 19
Ancey, C. P. .... . 56,82,89,102
Baker, Frank C 38, 57, 88, 112
Baldwin, D. D. . . . .34
Bartsch, Paul ... 90
Billups, A. C. ... 22
Blaney, Dwight 109
Cockerell, T. D. A. . . . . . .36, 130
Clapp, Geo. H 91
Colton, H. S. . 99
Ball, Wm. H 37,51,55,61,83,97,114,122
Davis, C. Abbott 125
Elrod, Morton J 1
Frierson, Lorraine S 49,76,98,111
Hedley, Charles 119
Hinkley, A. A 32
Hirase,Y 31,44,52,78,104,116
Jarvis, P. W , . . . .62
Johnson, Charles W. . . 24, 72, 73, 94, 96, 120, 132, 143
Lowe, Herbert N. ........ 66
Pilsbry, Henry A. 31, 36, 44, 48, 52, 58, 65, 69, 75, 77, 78,
84, 92, 104, 107. 113, 116, 131, 142
Raymond, W. J fi, 85, 123
Rous, Sloman 130
Stearns, R. E. C. . 120
Sterki, V .20, 42, 79
Van Hyning, T 130
Walker, Bryant 13, 25, 133
. Whiteaves, J. F 131
Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton .... 39, 92, 132
Winkley, Henry W 121
(xi)
$1.00 per Year. ($1.12 to Foreign Countries.) 10 cts. a copy.
THE
NAUTILUS
A MONTHLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS.
EDITORS :
H. A. PILSBRY, Special Curator of the Department of Mollusca,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
C. W. JOHNSON, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History.
Vol. XVII. MAY, 1903. No. 1
CONTENTS:
To OUR READERS . . . . I
MONTANA SHELLS. By Morton J. Elrod 1
WRITINGS OF JAMES G. COOPER ON CONCHOLOGY AND PALAE-
ONTOLOGY. By Wm. J. Kaymond 6
GENERAL NOTES. 12
Published by C. W. JOHNSON, Manager.
Boston Society of Natural History,
Boston, Mass.
Kutered at the Boston Post-Office as Second-Class matter.
11 THE NAUTILUS.
Established 1873.
L. Hettrich Sr Company,
638*640 Washington St.,
San Francisco, California.
Esrtensi-tre ^Dealers in Sea SHells
and Marine Specimens.
Give this address to your local dealer, as we sell
to the trade only.
XTo Goods a-b Pte-ta.il.
TO SHELL COLLECTORS.
I am offering a very large and varied stock of Shells, Land, Fresh
Water, and Marine, from all parts of the world, correctly named, and
localities given. Specimens required will be sent on approval to
accredited parties.
SLOMAN ROUS, 929 De Kalb Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mr. P. Geret, Conchologist,
has the honor to inform the readers of THE NAUTILUS that he has
for sale several large and fine collections of shells. There are now
in stock more than 18,000 species, all in the best condition and cor-
rectly determined.
Sendings will be made by mail, customers having the privilege
of returning all specimens not satisfactory. Lists of species of any
genus desired, with prices, will be sent on application. Let us
know your desiderata. Address,
MR. IP. GERET,
76 Faubourg St. Denis, Paris, 10e Arr'., France.
N. B.— Exchanges will be made for desirable or new species.
The following space is to be given to exchanges. Notices not exceeding three
Hnes will be free to subscribers as long as our limit of space will allow:
OFFERED : Marine, Land, and Fresh-water shells for the same.
Enw. W. GIFFORD, 3256 Briggs Ave., Alameda, Cal.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vou XVII. MAY, 1903. No. 1.
TO OUR READERS.
With the present issue, the publication office of THE NAUTILUS
is changed from the Wagner Institute, Philadelphia, to the Boston
Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. This change is in con-
sequence of the appointment of MR. JOHNSON, the Business Man-
ager and Junior Editor, to the curatorship of the Boston Society.
All subscriptions, advertisements and other business communications
should hereafter be addressed to MR. JOHNSON, at the Boston
Society ; while MSS. for publication should be sent to DR. PILSBRY,
at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Books and
papers for review may be sent to either or both of the editors.
MONTANA SHELLS -PYRAMIDULA STRIGOSA.
MORTON .1. ELROD.
The various forms of Pyramidula strigosa give a series of exceed-
ingly interesting and widely varied structure. The series found in
western Montana shows plainly the result of different environment.
The different forms of strigosa vary from the large shells along Flat-
head Lake, measuring 24.34 mm. in diameter, to the very small speci-
mens described below. On July 15, 1900, the ascent of Sinyaleamin
mountain was made. At height of 8,500 feet an alpine variety was
found among the loose rock. There was very little vegetation. No
trees were near. They had been left 500 feet below. An occasional
scrubby plant and the lichens of the rocks afford the food. Ten days
iJ THE NAUTILUS.
later an ascent was made of McDonald's Peak, fifteen miles further
north in the range. At height of 7,500 feet a hunt was made for
the shells, and the first were found at 7,800 feet, continuing until
nearly 8,500, when the rocks were so large and so steep it was useless
to search for them.
Finding specimens on the high slopes of two peaks in the same
range, at about the same altitude in each case, seems to indicate that
they are not found lower. At this altitude the summer is short.
The months of June, July, August, with possibly a little of Septem-
ber, is the period of activity. Snow was not far from the specimens
found. In one case, only a few feet from the shells was a large snow
bank.
The slope on McDonald on which they were found lies to the
west. The shells here would receive the sun early in the forenoon,
and the last rays as the sun sank behind the hills would strike the
ridge on which they were living. The conditions were much more
favorable than on Sinyaleamin peak. The snow melts sooner, the
ridge is broader with more pulverized rock and more vegetation.
The absence of snow tempers the winds. The altitude is a few hun-
dred feet lower, which might make a difference.
Search was made for an hour or more for the shells. A large shell
vial was filled, a couple of dozen live ones being placed in a separate
vial. Living specimens on both McDonald and Sinyaleamin peaks
were proof that they live there at the present. The summit of Mc-
Donald is too rough and broken, without soil or vegetation, for shells
to live. None were found.
As these shells show decided differences from any yet collected,
they are here given as a separate variety, and description follows.
They seem distinct enough to mark a separate species.
Pyramidula strigosa Gld., var. aJpina n. var.
Shell small ; brownish-gray, tending toward light horn color, in
dead shells turning to pearly white ; lustre somewhat silky ; shell flat,
little elevated ; lines of growth, under hand lens, fine, an occasional
increment of growth giving the appearance of sculpturing; suture
well impressed, the periphery well rounded ; aperture nearly circular,
slightly obovate, somewhat higher than wide; markings as in strigosa,
the upper band continuing in the spire, gradually disappearing; um-
bilicus medium, circular, deep, subcylindric.
THE NAUTILUS.
Large diam., 7-10 mm., average of ten specimens, 8.91 mm.;
greatest depth, 3-5 mm., average of ten, 4.34 mm.; aperture, 3.65—
4.38 mm., average of eight, 3.99 ; whorls, 4-4.50 mm., average of ten,
4.2G mm.
Specimens taken at 8,500 feet, on Sinyaleamin mountain, Mission
Range, Montana. Also taken on McDonald Peak, same range. Alt.
7,800 to 8,500. Types at the University of Montana.
The averages from the seven localities where shells have been col-
lected show very conclusively the effect of altitude on the size of the
shells. Increase in altitude diminishes the length of the season, the
amount of heat received, the amount of food supply, and the chances
of life. The result is to stunt or dwarf the animals attaining the
heights. This is plainly shown in the sizes of shells at the different
altitudes. As greater altitudes are reached, shells reduce in diameter,
in depth, in the size of the aperture and in the number of whorls.
Young specimens taken from the adults at Flathead Lake had shells
with 2.25 to 2.50 whorls. If all the young at different altitudes start
with the same number when born, the reduction of shell growth in
spirals is easily deduced. The very significant observation is that a
few hundred feet in altitude shows a corresponding reduction in size
of the shells. The smallest shells are but three-eighths the diameter
of the largest, one-third of the depth, have an aperture two-fifths as
large, and have but two-thirds the number of whorls. The relative
proportions of the largest, from Flathead Lake, to the smallest, on
Sinyaleamin mountain, are seen from the following approximate
ratios :
Largest shells. Smallest shells.
Large diam. to depth . . . 11 to 7 14 to 7
Depth to width of aperture . . 28 to 22 20 to 22
Large diam. to aperture . . 23 to 11 21 to 11
This story, in brief, as brought out by study, is as follows : Pyra-
midula strigosa, var. cooperi, from some source got into the Flathead
Lake region. At this altitude, 3,000 feet, it flourished and grew, but
the slow-moving animals migrated. As they ascended the mountain
sides, following the streams to the banks of the lakes, and then as-
cended the wooded slopes the difficulties in securing food for exist-
ence became more of a problem. The shorter season required more
hardy animals. Stunting or accidental variation produced smaller
individuals, which would not require so much food on account of the
THE NAUTILUS.
reduced size. The ascent of the mountain continuing, the reduction
in size became more pronounced, resulting in the specimens as found.
The shells at high altitude are less than one-half the size in any
dimensions, as a consequence being less than one-eighth in volume.
Present collecting shows that all but the two extremes have been by
some perchance killed, although later search may produce the inter-
vening specimens. But in many places in the mountains of western
Montana shells of medium size are found at from 5,000 feet to 6,000
feet or higher.
D
Pyramidula strigosa Gld., var. Cooperi W. G. B.
This species abounds along the banks of Flathead Lake and along
the banks of lakes in the Mission mountains. At Sinyaleamin Lake,
in this range, altitude about 3,800 feet, they were not uncommon, but
could not be called abundant. As-sociated with it, but occurring in
very small numbers, was Polygyra townsendiana Lea, var. ptycho-
phora A. D. Br., and Pyramidula solitaria Say. At McDonald
Lake, in the same range and fifteen miles further north, the species
was abundant, in common again with the Polygyra and P. solitaria
Say. Here some two quarts were secured by a day's search among
the dead leaves and under decaying logs. To gather them was to
crawl on hands and knees among the dense growth of small trees and
underbrush, the interlacing dead branches being a constant hindrance
as well as a menace to clothing. Many live ones were secured. A
large series was gathered which had evidently been killed and eaten
by squirrels. As the pine squirrel, Sciurus richardsoni Buck, was
rather abundant ; he is charged with the damage, though it is not
unlikely the little chipmunk, Tamias sp., takes a part in the work.
This collecting was in July, 1900.
The shells were generally opened at the apex of the spire, a large
opening being made. An occasional shell was punctured at some
other place, but not many. The enemy seems to have discovered
how and where to strike in order to secure the meal with the least
effort. Pyramidula strigosa var. Cooperi had the larger number of
shells thus injured — fifty-four. Of Pyramidula solitaria fifty were
found cut by animals, and but three of Polygyra townsendiana var.
ptychophora. The two former were much more abundant, and
cooperi more conspicuous than solitaria. P. townsendiana were quite
difficult to find, and the small number of injured shells shows how
THE NAUTILUS. 5
this affects their mortality through foes. Being of the same color as
the decaying leaves and moss, and for the most part under logs and
debris, they seem to escape their enemies more readily than the two
species of Pyramidula.
Along the banks of the Flathead Lake, near the University of
Montana Biological Station, this species' was also found in rather
large numbers. In July, 1899, numbers of shells were found con-
taining young. While they were in colonies, yet the specimens were
much scattered, and it required much care and search to find them.
The search was usually made after a rain, which was the most suit-
able time for finding them, but at the same time the conditions made
the work very disagreeable.
Pyramidula strigosa Gld., a small variety.
Shells entirely different from those mentioned in the preceding
paragraph are found on most of the lower slopes of western Montana.
They n't in between cooperi and alpina, but are not found associated
with either variety. Nowhere does it seem abundant. The small
size is probably due to the shortness of the season at which the ani-
mals can live. By July the hills and mountain slopes have become
dry and parched, although in this monlh there are occasional light
showers. Their dimensions, in millimeters, are as follows for ten
specimens taken at 5,000 feet : Large diameter, 11.95 to 16.73, aver-
age 13.83; depth, 5.30 to 7.40, average 6.12 ; aperture, 4.72 to 6.67,
average 5.57 ; number of whorls, 4.8 to 5.4, average 6.15.
Pyramidula strigosa Gld., var.
A series of shells was collected on the Tobacco Boot range by Ear!
Douglass and E. H. Murray, which the writer has examined. An-
other series was taken by Prin. P. M. Silloway,of Lewistown, Fergus-
county. These are the only collections of strigosa made in the State
east of the Rocky Mountains, so far as the writer knows. They are
immediately recognized as differing from those west of the divide.
The sculpturing is coarser and they look thicker and more earthy.
They are decidedly greater in depth than those found on the higher
slopes west of the divide. They differ in these particulars also from
the high altitude form aJpina. In general shape they are much like
cooler?', but very much smaller. The dimensions in mm., average of
ten specimens, are as follows : From Tobacco Root mountains, alti-
tude 7,000 feet. Large diameter, 15.21 ; depth, 9.30; aperture, 7.06;
G
THE NAUTILUS.
whorls, 5.05. From Lewistown, altitude 4,792 feet, Large diam-
eter, 16.80; depth, 11.78; aperture, 7.66; number of whorls, 5.28.
From the above it will be seen that the specimens at higher alti-
tude are diminished in size, as also in the number of whorls in the
shell, as is the case of those west of the main range.
The following table of comparisons of ten average specimens will
give a better idea of the differences than can be given in any other
way :
In examining the preceding table, it will be remembered that the
specimens from Lewistown and the Tobacco Root mountains were
taken east of the continental divide, all the others from the west
slope. The series ranges from 3,300 to 8,500 feet altitude. There
is a gradual diminution in each measurement, the smallest and hi<rh-
O
•est specimens showing about one-third the dimensions of the lowest
and largest, with the whorls diminished almost two, or nearly one-
third.
The two collections from the east side of the range show the same
reduction, but the series is much smaller. I thought there was an
«rror in the altitude of those from the Tobacco Root range, but as
Mr. Douglass insists there is not, it appears that conditions there
must differ from those prevailing elsewhere in the State.
WRITINGS OF JAMES G. COOPER, M. D., ON CONCHOLOGY AND PALAE-
ONTOLOGY, WITH LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED BY HIM.
COMPILED BY WILLIAM ,T. RAYMOND.
Abbreviations : Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences,
first series: Pr. C. A. S. ; second series, Pr. C. A. S. (2).
THE NAUTILUS. 7
Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences : Bull. C. A. 8.
American Naturalist: Am. Nat.
American Journal of Conchology : Am. J. Conch.
An asterisk denotes that the species was discovered by Dr. Cooper.
In addition to the species named in this list, more than eighty were
discovered by Dr. Cooper and described by Newcomb, Carpenter and
Gabbin 1863 and 1864.
1. Report of Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad to the Pacific
Coast, Washington, 1860, XII, Part 2. Report upon the Mollusca
Collected on the Survey, by William Cooper, with notes by J. G.
Cooper, pp. 369-386. Also published in The Natural History of
Washington Territory, by J. G. Cooper, M. D., and Dr. G. Suckley,
U. S. A., 4to, pp. xiv, 497, New York, 1859.
* Chrysodomus middendorffii n. sp. (William Cooper).
*Nassa gibbsii n. sp.
*Ancylus caurinus n. sp. ? (No description.)
* Planorbis planulatus n. sp.
Also Pac. Railroad Rep., I, 219-221, 1855, Natural History Re-
port. Incidental references to Mollusca.
2. Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells collected by Dr. J. G.
Cooper in the Rocky Mountains, etc., in 1860. By T. Bland and
J. G. Cooper, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1-9, PL IV, 1861.
*Helix mullani n. sp.
* Helix polyyyrella n. sp.
3. On some New Genera and Species of California Mollusca.
Pr. C. A. S. II, 202-207. 1863.
Strategics n. gen. *Pleurophyllidia calif ornica n.sp.
*Strategus inermis n. sp, *Doris montereyensis n. sp.
opahscens n. sp. *Doris sanguined n. sp.
iodinea n. sp. *Doris alabastrina n. sp.
*Tritonia palmer i n. sp. * Doris sandiegensis n. sp.
4. Strategus (preoccupied) changed to Navarclnis. Pr. C. A. S.,
Ill, 8.
5. On New or Rare Mollusca Inhabiting the Coasl of California.
Pr. C. A. S., Ill, 56-60, fig. 14. 1863.
Neaplysia n. subgen. *Triopa catalince n. sp.
*Aplysia californica n. sp. *Dendronotus iris n. sp.
*Doris albopunctata n. sp. *^%Jolis barbarensis n. sp.
6. On the Newr Genus of Terrestrial Mollusca Inhabiting Califor-
nia. Pr. C. A. S., Ill, 62-63, fig. 15. 1863.
8 THE NAUTILUS.
*Binneya iiotabilis n. gen., n. sp.
7. Descriptions of New Species of Marine Shells from the Coast
of California, by Wm. M. Gabb. Pr. C. A. S., Ill, 1865. Described
by Dr. Cooper, page 188.
* Gadinia (Howellia) radiata n. subgen., n. sp.
8. Description of a New California Helix, with notes on others
already described. Pr. C. A. S., Ill, 259-261. 1866.
* Helix sequoicola n. sp.
9. On a New Species of Pedipes Inhabiting the Coast of Califor-
nia. Pr. C. A. S.. Ill, 294-5, fig. 29. 1866.
* Pedipes unisidcata n. sp.
10. The West Coast Helicoid Land Shells. Pr. C. A. S., Ill,
331— 9. A synopsis of 55 species.
11. Geographical Catalogue of the Mollusca found west of the
Rocky Mountains, between 33° and 49° north latitude. Pamph.
4to, 40 pages. San Francisco, 1867. 795 species named, with
geographical range.
12. Cronise's Natural Wealth of California. San Francisco, 1868.
Chapter on Zoology by J. G. Cooper, M. D. 55 species of Mollusca.
mainly edible, pages 499-501.
13. The Fauna of Montana Territory. Papers in six issues of
Am. Nat. on Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes ; and the Shells of
Montana, vol. II, 486-7. 1868-9. 24 species enumerated, with
notes.
14. On a New California!! Terrestrial Mollusc. Am. J. Conch.,
IV, 209, 210, PI. 18, figs. 1-3. 1869.
Ammonitella yatesii n. gen., n. sp.
15. On the Distribution and Localities of West Coast Helicoid
Land Shells, &c. Am. J. Conch., IV, 211-240. 1869.
16. Notes on the Fauna of the Upper Missouri. Am. Nat., Ill,
294-9. 1869. Includes list of 7 Mollusca.
17. The Naturalist in California. Am. Nat., Ill, 182-9 and 470-
481. Incidental references to the Mollusca. 1869.
18. The West Coast Fresh-Water Univalves, No. 1. Pr. C. A. S.,
IV, 93-101. A synopsis of 43 pulmonate species. 1870.
*Ancylus caurimis W. Cp. is here described. See No. 1.
*Planorbis occidentals n. sp.
19. On a New Californian Helicoid Land Shell. Am. J. Conch.,
V, 196-7, PI. 17, fig. 8. 1870.
THK NAUTILUS.
Daedalochila harfordiana n. sp.
20. Notes on West Coast Land Shells, No. II. Am. J. Conch.,
V, 199-219. 1870. Additions to paper No. 15, with classification
of the Helices of the West Coast.
21. Notes on Mollusca of Monterey Bay, California. Ain. J.
Conch., VI, 42-70. 1870. A list of 197 species, with notes.
22. Additions and Corrections to the Catalogue of Monterey Mol-
lusca. Am. J. Conch., VI, 321-2.
23. Note on Gadinia and Rowellia. Am. J. Conch., VI, 319, 320.
24. Note on Waldheimia pulvinata Gld. Am. J. Conch., VI, 320.
25. Monterey in the Dry Season. Am. Nat., IV, 756-8. Refer-
ences to the Mollusca.
26. Catalogue of the Invertebrate Fossils of the Western Slope of
the United States. Part II. San Francisco, 1871. 30 pages.
Intended merely as a check-list and for labels, supplementing the
Geographical Catalogue of 1867.
27. On Shells of the West Slope of North America. No. 1.
Pr. C. A. S., IV, 150-6, notes on 51 species; No. II, IV, 171-5,
notes on 34 species.
28. On New Californian Pulmonata, etc. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Phila., 1872, 143-154, PI. 3.
*Limax (Amfth'a) hewstonin. sp. *Assiminea californica n. sp.
*Limax campestris Binney, var. *Alexia setifer n. sp.
occidentalis n. var. *Arion? andersoni n. sp.
*Ariolimax californicus n. sp. * Lysinoe diabloensis n. sp.
*Ariolimax niger n. sp.
29. On the Law of Variation in the Banded California Land
Shells. Pr. C. A. S., V., 121-5, PI. VII, VIII. 1873.
30. Note on Alexia setifer and its Allies. Pr. C. A. S., V., 172.
1873.
31. California During the Pliocene Epoch ; in the Miocene
Epoch ; The Eocene Epoch in California ; Note on Tertiary For-
mation of California. Pr. C. A. S., V, 389-392, 401-404, 419-421,
422. 1874.
32. The Origin of California Land Shells. Pr. C. A. S., VI, 12-
14. 1875.
33. On Shells of the West Slope of North America. No. III.
Pr. C. A. S., VI, 14-27. 1875. Notes on about 75 species. See
No. 27.
10
THE NAUTILUS.
34. The Age of the Tejon Group, California. Am. Jour. Sci.,
3d ser., vol. 14, 321-2. 1877. From Pr. C. A. S., Nov., 1874.
35. Notes on Some Land Shells of the Pacific Slope. Proc. Am.
Phil. Soc., XVIII, 282-288. 1879. Notes on about 30 species.
36. On Fossil and Sub-Fossil Land Shells of the United States,
with Notes on Living Species. Bull. C. A. S., I, No. 4, 235-255.
.1885.
37. West Coast Pulmonata; Fossil and Living. Bull. C. A. S.,
II, No. 7, 355-376 and map; Bull. C. A. S., II, No. 8, 497-514;
Pr. C. A. S. (2), I, 11-24. 1887.
38. Catalogue of Californian Fossils. Cal. State Mining Bureau,
7th Ann. Rep. State Mineralogist, 221-308. 879 species of Mol-
lusca, with geographical range of those in the list now living. 1888.
39. Fresh-Water Mollusca of San Francisco County. Zoe, I,
196-7. 1890.
40. The Value of Fossils as Indications of Important Mineral
Products. 9th Ann. Rep. State Mineralogist, 284-6. 1890.
41. Notes on the Subalpine Mollusca of the Sierra Nevada, near
lat. 38° (with Plate I), by W. J. Raymond. Additional Notes and
Descriptions of New Species by J. G. Cooper, M. D. Pr. C. A. S.
(2), III, 61-69 and 70-91. 1890.
Prime/la n. subgen. (of Spkceriuni).
Sphcerium raymondi n. sp.
Ancylus caurinus W. Cp., var. subalpimis n. var.
Planorbis subcrenatus Cpr., var. disjectus n. var.
42. On Land and Fresh- Water Shells of Lower California. No.
.1. Pr. C. A. S. (2), III; 99-103. 1891.
Bulimulus inscendens W. G. B., subsp. bryonti n. subsp.
Rhodea californica Pf., subsp.? ramentosa n. subsp.
43. The same, No. 2. Pr. C. A. S. (2), III, 207-217. 1892.
Bulimulus inscendens W. G. B., var. beldingi n. var.
Bulimulus sufflatus Gld., var. insularis n. var.
Columna ramentosa J. G. C. replaces Rhodea subsp. ramentosa.
Columna ramentosa J. G. C., var. abbreviata n. var.
Helix areolata Pf., var. exanimata n. var.
44. The same, No. 3. Pr. C. A. S. (2), III, 338-344, PI. XIII,
XIV. 1893. Fuller descriptions and figures of species named in 1
and 2.
Melaniella? eiseniana n. sp.
THE NAUTILUS. 1 1
Planorbis anitensis n. sp.
Planorbis peninsuJaris n. sp.
HeHcodiscus linecitus Say, sonorettsis n. subsp.
45. The same, No. 4. Pr. C. A. S. (2), IV, 130-143, PI. V, VI,
1894.
Bulimuhis (pallidiorf^) vegehts GUI., var. regexspiza n. var.
Melanietla tastensis n. sp.
4(3. The same, No. 5. Pr. C. A. S. (2), V, 163-5. 1895.
Bulimulus decipiens n. sp.
Pliocohimna n. gen.
47. Catalogue of the Land and Fresh- Water Mollnsca of Lower-
California. Zoe, III, 12-25. 1892.
48. Catalogue of Californian Fossils. Bull. No. 4, Cal. State
Mining Bureau, 65 pages and PI. I-VI. 1894. See No. 38.
Part II. Bibliography and References. Includes many titles of
papers on Recent Shells. Part III. Additions to the Catalogue of
Californian Fossils Obtained since 1888. Part IV. Remarks on
Fossils Collected by Dr. S. Bowers. Part V. Descriptions and
Figures of New Species. Thirty-seven new species Cretaceous and
Cretaceous B (or Eocene). See p. 7.
49. Catalogue of West North American and Many Foreign Shells-
Printed for the State Mining Bureau. Also a complete list of Mol-
lusca known to inhabit the West Coast of North America, from Sitka,
Alaska, to Cape St. Lucas, and inland to the Rocky Mountains, north
of Mexico. 1894.
50. On Some Pliocene Fresh-Water Fossils of California. Pr. C.
A. S. (2), IV, 166-172, PI. XIV. 1894.
Margaritana subangulata n. sp.
51. Catalogue of Marine Shells, collected chiefly on the eastern-
shore of Lower California. Pr. C. A. S. (2), V, 34-48. 1895. List
of 191 species.
52. On West Mexican Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca. Pr. C^
A. S. (2), V, 166-9. 1895. Seventeen species and varieties.
53. On Some New Cretaceous (and Eocene ?) Mollusca of Cali-
fornia. Pr. C. A. S. (2), VI, 330-337, PI. XLVII, XLVIII. 1896.
Sistrum cretaceum n. sp. Triplicosta n. subgen.
Littorina subobesa n. sp. Pholadomya (Triplicosta) pro-
Calliostoma lignitica n. sp. gressiva n. sp.
Sigaretiis costotus n. sp.
12
THE NAUTILUS.
No. 48. Bull. 4, Cal. State Mining Bureau.
Eocene species :
Cretaceous and
Terebra wattsiana n. sp.
Surcula crenatospira n. sp.
Surcula monilifera n. sp.
Surcula inconstans n. sp.
Pleurotoma perkinsiana n. sp.
Pleurotoma decipiens n. sp.
Drillia ullreyana n. sp.
Mangilia sutur alt's n. sp.
Cordiera graciUima n. sp.
Cancellaria irelaniana n. sp.
Fusiif, supraplanus n. sp.
Mitra simplicissima n. sp.
Stomatia intermedia n. sp.
CaUiostoma kempiana n. sp.
Tornatella normalis n. sp.
Bulla assimilata n. sp.
Tornatina erratica n. sp.
Siphonaria capuloides n. sj).
Astarte semidentata n. sp.
Crassatella lomana n. sp.
Ancilla ( Oliverato) calif ornica Gucidlcza bowersiana n. sp.
n. subgen., n. sp.
Bittium longissimum n. sp.
Cerithium fairbanksi n. sp.
Potamides carbonicola n. sp.
Potamides davisiana n. sp.
Miocene and Pliocene species
Agasoma barkerianum n. sp.
Trophosycov kernianum n. sp.
Limncea contracosta n. sp.
Planorbis pabloanus n. sp.
Corbula triangulata n. sp.
Mytilus dichotomies n. sp.
Crenetta santana n. sp.
Megerlia dubitanda n. sp.
Waldheimia imbricata n. sn.
Anodonta (nuttalliana} lignitica
n. var.
Amnicola yatesiana n. sp.
GENERAL NOTES.
A NEW BRITISH VITREA In the last (April) number of the
Journal of Conchology^ Mr. B. B. Woodward describes a new Vitrea
from Cheshire, v. rogersi. It stands near v. alliaria and v. helvetica,
and has been identified also as v. glabra. It is named for the late
Mr. T. Rogers of Manchester, who first (1870) found British speci-
mens.
ERRATA. — Owing to the absence of both editors from Philadelphia
during the printing of the April number, some typographical errors
escaped correction on the proofs. On p. 136, 4th line, the first word
should be Hieizan. In the second paragraph on p. 137, the second
word should be largillierti, and the 16th line from bottom of same
page should begin with a capital M. On p. 139 the term Pelecypods
is misspelled. There are also some other like errors.
THE NAUTILUS, XVII.
PLATE I.
It
IS
\
})
WALKER: EASTERN AMERICAN ANCYLI.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVII. JUNE, 19O3. No. 2.
NOTES ON EASTERN AMEKICAN ANCYLI.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
An attempt to determine the Ancyli of Michigan leads necessarily
to a critical study of all the species described from the States east of
the Mississippi. The following notes embody the results of the in-
vestigation, and are published in the hope of stimulating a more
active interest in this most perplexing and little understood group.
The amount of material examined has been considerable. In ad-
dition to that in my own collection, which includes the Jas. Lewis,
DeCamp and Lothrop collections, I have had the entire collections
of Dr. V. Sterki, Dr. R. J. Kirkland, A. A. Hinkley, Jas. H. Ferrias
and Geo. H. Clapp, and through the kindness of Dr. Pilsbry a suite
of seventy-three trays from the collection of the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences. I am also indebted to Dr. Pilsbry
for examining the type of Ancyhts haldemani, which corrected my
previous conception of that species, and established the validity of
the species described as A. kirklandi. I am also under obligations
to Messrs. Frank C. Baker and Henry Hemphill for valuable
material.
The lack of authentic examples of many of the rarer species has
been a source of great embarrassment. But by process of elimina-
tion and careful study of the original descriptions, it is believed that
in most cases the difficulty has been successfully overcome.
In studying the Ancyli well cleaned specimens are the prime
requisite. They can then be easily separated in the two sections
14 THE NAUTILUS.
characterized by the smooth or striate apex. In differentiating the
species in these groups, the shape and contour of the shell are the
main elements to be relied upon, the sculpture of the surface being an
exceedingly variable factor, which, by itself, cannot in most cases be
considered a specific character. As in all fresh-water forms, a very
large degree of variation must be allowed for. But in spite of this,
it is believed that nearly all the described species should be allowed
to stand, and, although in certain instances it is not always possible
to determine the exact specific relations of particular specimens, yet,
as a rule, the lines between the different forms can be drawn with a
reasonably satisfactory degree of certainty.
Bourguignat, in his " Notice stir le genre Ancylus," in 1853 (J. de
C. IV., p. 63), divided the genus into two subgenera : Ancylastrum,
with the apex inclined to the right, and YeUetia, with the apex in-
clined to the left.
Clessin (1882), in the Conchlien Cabinet, considered these two
groups to have only a sectional value. He also restricted Ancylas-
trum to the Eurasian species which group around A. fluviatilis ; and
with the exception of A. fragilis and oregoneiisis, which he referred
to Velletia, and the large western A. neu'berryi and patelloides, which
he placed in a neAV genus, Lanx, included all the North American
species in a separate group, Haldemania, which he characterized as
follows : " Shell conical, apex not bent backwards and only slightly
removed from the centre-line of the shell, aperture round or oval.
Type A. obscurus Hald."
Unfortunately Haldemama is preoccupied, having been used by
Tryon in 1802 (Proc. P. A. N. S., 1862, p. 95) for the group of
Viviparidse now known as Lioplax, so that his very appropriate
name cannot be retained.
As has already been shown (NAUTILUS, XVI., p. 85), the North
American species included in Clessin's Haldemania are divided into
two natural groups, characterized by the presence or absence of apical
sculpture. These groups are, at least, of sectional value, and must
be recognized.
Owing to the uncertainty which still prevails as to just what
Haldeman's obscurus really is, and the consequent inability to say
with accuracy to which group that species belongs, it does not appear
desirable to retain obscurus as the type of either section. Whenever
an examination of Haldeman's type shall definitely determine where
THE NAUTILUS. 15
the species belongs, Haldemania can be written as a synonym of that
group. Until this is done, the matter must rest in abeyance.
Leaving the position of the western species, which are outside the
scope of this paper, for future consideration, I propose to divide the
eastern American species of Ancylus into two sections, characterized
as follows :
1st. Lsevapex, sec. nov.
Shell usually depressed, apex obtuse or sub-acute, smooth. Type :
A. fuscus Ads.
2. Ferrissia, sec. nov.
Shell usually elevated, apex acute, radially striate. Type : A.
rivularis Say.
Section Lcevapex.
This section includes all the larger species of Ancylus, which are
characteristic of the lakes and slow-flowing streams of the northern
States, the Mississippi Valley and Florida. They are usually found
on the reeds, dead leaves and submerged timber in such localities,
and are rarely, if at all, found on stones, dead shells, etc., in rapidly
flowing streams, where they are replaced by the species of the section
Ferrissia. With the exception of A. diaphanus and, possibly, A-
obscurus, the spe'cies of this group seem to be wholly lacking in the
mountain streams' of the Appalachian region between the Ohio river
and Florida.
I. ANCYLUS FUSCUS Adams (1840). PI. I., figs. 1-9.
Adams' description calls for a large depressed, elliptical shell,
moderately curved at the sides, with a moderately prominent, obtuse
apex, slightly behind and to the right of the middle-, 7f mm. long,
4^ wide and 1^ high. No mention is made of the outline of the
slopes. Haldeman states that all these are rectilinear, while
Gould describes the shell as regularly convex. None of these au-
thors refer to the surface sculpture. But subsequent writers have
assumed that the surface was smooth.
Specimens answering these requirements are common, and show
that the species has an extensive range from Massachusetts west, at
least, to the Mississippi Valley and south to New Orleans. I have
not seen any specimens from Kentucky, Tennessee, the South At-
lantic or the Gulf States east of Louisiana.
The very limited amount of material examined from Massachu-
16 THE NAUTILUS.
setts, none of which is typical in size, does not show any considerable
variation in the contours of the shell. But in the west, where it is
an abundant species, there is considerable variation in this respect.
In 1896 (NAUTILUS, IX., p. 139), Dr. Pilsbry described a shell
similar in shape, though narrower and higher, with the surface
ornamented with " very fine, somewhat irregular, radial striae, more
distinct toward the periphery " as A. eugraptus.
The large amount of material examined has forced me to the con-
clusion that eugraptus is only a ribbed form of fuscus. In almost
every considerable number of specimens, all the variations can be
found from those with a smooth surface, through those with the sur-
face more or less radially rippled, to those with the fine ribs of
typical eugraptus. This variation in the sculpture is not confined to
the western specimens. In two sets of A. fuscus from Winchester,
Mass., in different collections, which, so far as shape and contour is
concerned, are entirely typical, the surface varies from the typical
smooth fuscus to examples with as well developed ribs as the major-
ity of the western eugraptus. Nor are the western specimens of
eugraplus uniformly higher and narrower than the typical eastern
examples of fuscus. While, perhaps, they average higher than the
eastern specimens, they vary insensibly from the depressed form of
typical fuscus to elevated specimens higher than tiie typical eugrap-
tus, so that I have not seen my way clear to separate the eastern
from the western form on any substantial difference in shape.
Assuming the Massachusetts form to be typical fuscus, it may be
described as a depressed, oval or slightly obovate shell, with the left
side more arcuate than the right ; anterior and right slopes straight,
posterior and kjft slopes slightly convex ; apex very obtuse, not ris-
ing above the general outline of the shell, smooth, slightly behind
and to the. right of the middle. Translucent horn-color, shining.
Surface with faint growth lines, otherwise smooth or with irregular
and discontinuous transverse ripples which tend to form irregular
radial riblets.
From central New York to the west there appears to be a much
greater degree of variation. The shells tend to become narrower and
more elevated, and with a greater convexity to the left slope. But
throughout the peculiar, rounded, obtuse apex remains as a valuable
specific characteristic in differentiating it from A. kirklandi, dia-
phanus and obscurus.
THE NAUTILUS. 17
One peculiar form can, I think, be traced directly to the habitat
of the animal. In nearly every lot of western shells are to be found
a number of specimens, very narrow and elongated, with both of the
lateral sides decidedly convex and with the sides nearly parallel.
When placed on a flat surface the shell rests on the middle of the side
and the ends are elevated and arched, giving a trough-shaped appear-
ance to the shell, when placed apex downward. Now,/?<sc«s is a
dweller upon reeds and other aquatic vegetation. When it lives
on the flat side of a reed or leaf it grows normal in shape and the
peritreme touches the surface all the way around. But when it lives
on a round reed such as Scirpus lacustris, which is narrower than the
full grown shell, it adapts itself to its position and grows to fit the
reed, the ends following the convex surface of its support and the
sides lapping down around the reed itself.
The dimensions of the specimens figured are as follows :
Fig. 1. Length 5.5, width 4, alt. 1.25 mm.
Fig. 4. Length 7.25 width 4.5, alt, 1.75 mm.
Fig. 37. Length 8.25, width 4.5, alt. 3 mm.
Variable within the limits above specified, nevertheless, A. fuscus
is a consistent and well defined species, which need not be confused
with any of its allies. It differs from A. kirklandi by its more de-
pressed and more regularly oval shape and more nearly central, more
obtuse, less prominent and less eccentric apex ; from A. diaphanus
by its elongated, oval shape and more obtuse apex and from A. ob-
scurus by its more depressed, less acute and more central apex and
straight posterior outline.
Var. eugraptus Pilsbry (1896), PI. I., figs. 10-15.
Typically slightly narrower and considerably higher than the
typical fuscus, but subject to great variation in this respect. Figures
10-12 from New Orleans and 13-15 from Reeds L., Kent Co.,
Mich., represent the extremes. Surface with "very fine, somewhat
irregular radial striae, more distinct toward the periphery."
Type : length 6, width 4, alt. 1.8 mm.
Fig. 10. Length 7, width 4.75, alt. 1.8 mm.
Fig. 13. Length 7.25, width 4.25, alt. 2.25 mm.
II. ANCYLUS DIAPHANUS Hald. (1841). PI. II., figs. 13-18.
This is a well marked species and, in all the localities where the
typical form is found, seems to be very constant in its characters and
18 THE NAUTILUS.
subject to less variations than many of the other species. For this
reason I hesitate to refer to it the more elliptical forms from the
western States, which are usually referred to it, but which seem to
me rather referable to A. kirklandi, and until a larger amount of
material shall have demonstrated the identity of these shells with the
typical form, prefer to restrict the species to the author's type, " dis-
tinguished by its circular and flattened form and central inconspic-
uous apex." As thus limited, it is found in the Delaware river at
Easton, Pa., the Ohio river at Pittsburg and Edgeworth, Pa., the
Illinois river, the Tennessee river at Knoxville, Tenn., and the Hol-
ston river, Tenn. The specimens from the last locality are those
quoted without identification by Lewis in his paper " On the Shells
of the Holston River" (A. J. of C., VI., p. 222), and later referred
to "haldemanif" (Proc. P. A. N. S., 1872, p. 110). Haldeman's
description, though brief, is quite to the point, and leaves little to be
added. It may be said, however, that the apex is smooth, the sur-
face smooth or delicately shagreened with fine transverse ripples,
which in none of the specimens examined become sufficiently raised
or connected to be called ribs ; the anterior and left slopes are
slightly convex, the posterior and right nearly straight ; the left side
is usually more arcuate than the right and often decidedly so, the
general shape, however, even then remaining subcircular. There is
some little variation in height as shown by the figures, and, in the
more elevated examples, the shell is less circular, the anterior and
left slopes become more decidedly convex and the apex rather less
central, being, as it were, tipped backward by the more rapid growth
and greater convexity of the anterior portion of the shell. The
largest examples seen are from the Ohio river at Edgeworth, Pa., col-
lected by Mr. George H. Clapp. Those from the Holston and Ten-
nessee rivers are decidedly smaller, the example measured from the
Holston being exactly typical in size.
Fig. 13. Length 7, width 5.5, alt. 2 mm.
Fig. 16. Length 7.5, width 5.5, alt. 2.5 mm.
Holston River. Length 5.5, width 4.5, alt. 2 mm.
Tennessee River. Length 5, width 4, alt. 2.
Explanation of Plate 1.
All the figures are drawn on the same scale. The outline figures
are transverse sections through the apex or point of greatest altitude.
THE NAUTILUS. 19
Figs. 1-3. A.fuscus Ads., Winchester, Mass.
Figs. 4-6. A.fuscus Ads., Grand River, Kent Co., Mich.
Figs. 7-9. A.fuscus Ads., Black Lake, Ottawa Co., Mich.
Figs. 10-12. A.fuscus euyraptns Pils., New Orleans, La.
Figs. 13-15. A.fuscus eugraptus Pils., Reeds L., Kent Co., Mich.
Figs. 16-18. A. obscurus Hald., Volusia Co., Fla.
Figs. 19-21. A. excentricus Mor., Barton Creek, Travis Co., Tex.
(2o be Continued.^)
TWO NEW SPECIES OF EOCENE FOSSILS FROM THE LIGNITIC OF
ALABAMA.
BY T. H. ALDRICH.
UMBRACULUM (EOSINICA) ELEVATUM n. sp. Fig. 1.
Shell small, outline ovate, depressed conic, substance rather thin,
apex partially immersed, pointed backwards to the left. Surface of
shell with numerous radiating folds, strongest at the margin, grad-
ually becoming weaker and dying out some little distance from the
apex, a few concentric striae or growth lines showing one-fourth the
distance down from the apex ; interior smooth, polished, rather pearly,
the apical point marked by a rounded pearly protuberance ; interior
margin fluted. Longest diameter, 18 mm., width 12 mm., height
5 mm.
Locality. Wood's Bluff, Ala., lignitic stage.
The type is in the State Museum. This shell resembles a limpet,
FIG. 1. FIG. 2.
UMBRACULUM ELEVATUM. GASTROCH^ENA STRIATULA.
and has some of the characters of Tylodina Raf., but I consider it an
Umbraculum somewhat like U. plicatalum Martens from Cuba. The
interior of our species is very different. It should be placed in a
20 THE NAUTILUS.
new subgenus, EOSINICA, which may be described as ovate-conic,
radially ridged, interior smooth, terminating in a rounded protuber-
ance and interior margin generally crenulated.
GASTROCH.ENA STRIATULA n. sp. Fig. 2.
Shell small, substance thin, ventral opening large, ovate anteriorly
and pointed at posterior with its margin turned outward towards the
anterior end of shell. The shell is pointed anteriorly, rounded pos-
teriorly with surface closely concentrically striated. Widest part of
valve 6 mm., length 10 mm.
Locality. Wood's Bluff, Ala. This specimen was found im-
bedded in a coral, and unfortunately was broken. The cavity is
rounded and smooth. It is rather wider and shorter than usual in
this genus.
Part of type in my collection, balance in State Museum.
NEW PISIDIA.
BY V. STERKI.
Pisidium ohioense n. sp.
Mussel minute, equipartite, well inflated, elliptical in outline ;
beaks in the middle, rather broad, rounded, prominent over the
hinge line ; superior margin little curved or almost straight, with
slightly marked, rounded angles at the scutum and scutellum ; the
other margins rounded or the posterior subtruncate ; surface some-
what shining, horn colored, very finely and irregularly striate,
usually with a few coarser lines of growth ; shell thin, translucent ;
nacre glassy-transparent, muscle insertions slightly marked ; hinge
fine, plate narrow, cardinal teeth fine, lamellar, the right slightly
curved, abruptly thickened and bifid at the posterior end, the left
anterior longitudinal, almost straight, the posterior slightly oblique
or longitudinal and parallel with the anterior and extending to over
about its middle ; lateral teeth comparatively stout, their cusps
pointed, the outer ones of the right valve small but well formed ;
ligament rather stout.
Size : Long 2.5, alt. 2-2.1, diam. 1.5 mill.
Long 2, alt. 1.6-1.7, diam. 1.2-1.4 mill.
Long 1.8, alt. 1.5, diam. 1.3.
Young: Long 1, alt. 0.8, diam. 0.3 mill.
THE NAUTILUS. 21
Habitat : A pond near Garrettsville, Portage Co., Ohio ; a brook
near Indian mounds, and a very small stream, Kent Co., Michigan.
In December, 1901, Mr. Geo. J. Streator collected several hun-
dred specimens, most of them immature and young. They were re-
garded as a new species and named, but not published, waiting for
more materials. Since then Dr. R. J. Kirkland has secured over
three hundred specimens from the first named place in Michigan, and
half a dozen from the latter. Last March Mr. Streator has again
found a number of examples at Garrettsville, O. Most of the spec-
imens were incrusted with a ferruginous or blackish coating, some-
times very thick.
This Pisidium is remarkable for the position of the beaks, which
are not posterior, a feature also found with Pis. medianum. The
species is somewhat variable in regard to size and shape ; the largest
specimen seen was 2.7 mill, long, and moderately inflated. There
is a more different form, found among the Ohio and Michigan speci-
mens, averaging smaller, 1.7-2.0 mill, long, comparatively shorter,
well inflated, with the anterior part a trifle longer than the posterior,
the anterior end subangular, the supero-anterior slope being slightly
marked, and the color is somewhat lighter.
In one specimen of the more typical form from Michigan, the
beaks are low, flattened on top, or rather impressed, and with con-
centric, elevated ridges around the flattened areas, somewhat like
those of Pis. ferrugineum Pr.
Pis. mainense n. sp.
Published as Pis. walker i St. var. mainense St. in.the NAUTILUS,
XII., p. 79. Since then numerous specimens were collected in
Michigan by Dr. R. J. Kirkland from Reed Lake, Green Lake, Pine
Island Lake and Little Bostwick Lake, and proved distinct from P.
walkeri, which is widely distributed and fairly constant. Pis. main-
ense is considerably smaller, less elongate, less oblique, the anterior
and posterior parts are less disproportionate in size. The hinge is of
rather the same character as that of walkeri, but in the specimens
examined from both Maine and Michigan, the left anterior cardinal
tooth is rather longer, and the cusps of the laterals are more abrupt,
especially so in the left valve.
Size : Long 3, alt. 2.6, diam. 2.
Long 3.5, alt. 3, diam. 2.3.
Long 3.7, alt. 3.1, diam 2.2 (L. Bostwick Lake).
22 THE NAUTILUS.
The original specimens had been collected at several places in
Aroostook Co., Me., by Mr. Olaf 0. Nylander.
Pis. costalum n. sp. (fossil).
Mussel small, somewhat oblique, strongly inflated, with three or
four concentric, prominent ridges on each valve ; beaks rather pos-
terior, large, much projecting over the hinge margin, flattened on
top with a sharp, prominent concentric ridge around the flattened
part ; outline of the valves rather oval or ovoid, with the supero-
anterior slope somewhat less curved, the anterior end subangular and
the posterior end subtruncate ; surface with fine, irregular striae and
lines of growth between the ridges ; shell rather thin ; hinge rather
short, stout and compact, plate moderately broad, and short, cardinal
teeth well formed, the right slightly curved, thicker at the posterior
end, the left anterior large, almost straight, ascending obliquely and
the lamella strongly curved up, its posterior part projecting over the
inferior edge of the plate ; the posterior rather parallel with the an-
terior and extending over about two-thirds of the latter ; lateral teeth
close to the cardinals and the ligament, short, those of the right valve
stout, pointed, the outer ones very slight, especially so the anterior,
the grooves short and deep, the left laterals moderately stout, high,
pointed ; ligament short and strong.
Size : Long 2.5, alt. 2.1 (with the beaks), diam. 2.3 mill.
Fossil in a marl bed at Monitor, Bay Co., Michigan, in company
with other Pisidia, collected and sent for examination by Mr. Bryant
Walker.
This species s^eems to stand near Pis. ventricosum Pr., but its beaks
are less posterior, and the outlines are rather different. It also re-
sembles P. scholtzii Cless. as described and figured, with the flattened
beaks. This feature, however, does not seem to be constant. In
two specimens of P. scholtzii which I owe to the kindness of Mr.
Clessin, the beaks are slightly " calyculate," but not flattened on top.
Also in a few younger valves of P. costatum, the beaks are less
flattened, and the ribs slighter.
A PROPOSED STUDY OF GONIOBASIS.
LAWRENCEBURG, IND., MAT, 1903.
EDITORS OF THE NAUTILUS :
For many years I have been under the impression that the infor-
THE NAUTILUS. 23
mation that now exists and is at the command of the conchologist,
in reference to the genus Goniobasis, both in the form of labeled
collections and literature, is in such shape as to be practically useless
to the average collector for the following reasons :
1st. That the local collectors and students have in their collections
recorded species and varieties of species, many of which are entirely
due to local surroundings, and which should not be recognized, as
they now are, as distinct species. These have never been brought
together in numbers sufficient to allow of a proper estimate as to
their value as separate species.
2d. That the individual study of this family, in many cases with-
out the means of comparing large numbers of so-called species and
varieties, has resulted in much confusion and caused a prevalent
erroneous conception of their value as species.
3d. That the great difficulty which the study of this family pre-
sents, the liability to error, and the dislike of any one to publish work
which may afterwards prove to be wrong, has deterred many from
putting forward their individual information, which would be of great
value when used in connection with a mass of similar information
from other sources.
With these facts before me, I believe that some step ought to be
taken to at least do something to throw additional light on this large
genus of North American mollusks.
My idea is as follows ; Take George W. Tryon's Strepomatidce of
North America, use his list of the Goniobasis as a basis, and build
up a monograph of the genus on the foundation and along the lines
laid down by him.
Many " species " very closely related in geographical distribution
are named as such simply from a variation of color, a variation which
exists in almost every known species to a greater or less degree.
With a large collection of my own, with the opportunity of exam-
ining several others of fair dimensions and containing large series ot
Gom'obasis, and with a tolerably large proportion of the existing
literature at hand, I am satisfied that with the generous help of
others interested in this matter I may undertake the task, hoping
that some good end may be obtained. I propose to send out to all
students of the subject lists of all the described species of the genus
Gom'obasis, requesting them to correct such lists to the best of their
judgment and ability, and to supply me by exchange or loan with
24 THE NAUTILUS.
sufficient material, and with such information as may tend to satis-
factorily solve all questions that may arise. By this means I might
hope to accumulate sufficiently ample and valuable information to
serve for the eventual publication of an up-to-date work on the subject.
Yours truly, A. C. BILLUPS.
PUBLICATIONS KECEIVED.
NOTES ON PROSOBRANCHIATA, No. I, LOTORIUM. — By H.
Leighton Kesteven. Proc. Linn. Soc. of New South Wales, 1902,
Pt. 3, pp. 443-483, pi. xvii.
This interesting paper again brings before us the old genus Triton,
which, being pre-occupied, has long been abandoned in Mollusca, but
regarding a substitute there seems to be a very diversified opinion.
The author has gone thoroughly over the ground, adopting Lotorium
Montfort, as proposed by Harris (Catl. Tertiary Moll, in Brit. Mus.,
Pt. 1, 1897).
Montfort's names are the earliest that can be considered (Conch.
Syst., ii, 1810). Aquillus (type M. cutaceus Linn.) appears on page
579, and Lotorium (type M. lotorium Linn.) on page 583. The right
to amend Aquillus to Aquilus and to discard it on grounds of uncer-
tain etymology is questionable ; still its similarity to Aquila makes
the name less desirable than Lotorium, and as only a few pages in-
tervene between the two names, it seems a small matter to discuss,
still strict ruling would probably make Aquillus the generic name.
The author does not agree with Dr. Dall and Simpson (Moll, of
Porto Rico, p. 416), who by elimination makes Septa Perry, 1811,
the type genus of the family Septidtz, and recognizing three other
genera, Ranularia and Lampusia Schumacher, 1817, and Lotorium
Montf.
The author's statement that, " the whole of the species included
by Tryon in Triton (sensu strictu), Simpulium, Cymatium and Gut-
turnium, form one natural genus," is apparent to any one who has
made a study of all the species based solely on conchological char-
acters.
From the figure of Perry's Septa rubicunda, and the habitat ". New
Holland" assigned, I should consider it T. australe Lam. and not T.
nodiferus Lam. The apices of twenty-nine species are described and
figured.— C. W. J.
THE NAUTILUS XVII.
PLATE II.
II
WALKER: EASTERN AMERICAN ANCYLI.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVII. JULY, 1903. No. 3.
NOTES ON EASTEEN AMEKICAN ANCYLI.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
III. ANCYLUS OBSCURUS Hald. (1844). PI. I, fig. 16-18.
I am in great doubt as to the identification of this species. Ilal-
deman's type, a single specimen, came from the Nolachucky River,
below Greenville, Tenn. It has been cited from Jamaica by Adams,
from St. Thomas and Porto Rico by Shuttleworth and from Gnada-
loupe by Fischer. The citations of Crosse (J. de C., xl, p. 38) and
of Dall and Simpson (U. S. Fish Com. Bull., i, p. 371) of this spe-
cies in their catalogues of Porto Rico mollusca, are based wholly on
the original citation of Shuttleworth. Both Bourguignat and Clessin
question the West Indian localities and Maze in his " Catalogue re-
vise des mollusques terrestres et fluviatile de la Guadaloupe," etc.
(J. de C., xxxi, p. 29, 1883), states that he had neither found it there
himself nor seen it in any of the local collections. More recently,
Dr. W. II. Dall has quoted it from several localities in Florida
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 273).
Haldeman compares the type with A. rivularis and haldemani and
his outline figure justifies the comparison.
Clessin's description is substantially taken from Haldeman, the
dimensions given being the same. But his outline figure is quit«
different and he has modified his description to agree with his figure,
placing the apex in the last third of the length and calling it " very
obtuse " instead of following (he author's statement "apex but slightly
projecting, rather more than one-third of the shell posterior." He
26 THE NAUTILUS.
quotes no other localities than those of Haldeman, Adams, Shuttle-
worth and Fischer. His figure is so decidedly different from Hahlr-
man's that it would seem to have been drawn from an actual speci-
men, but. he does not so state. He also compares obscurus with
diaphanus, saying that it differs only by its more posterior apex.
Pilsbry, in his description of A. eugraptus (NAUT. ix, p. 131)),
compares that species with both fuscus and obscurus.
These are the only references to obscurus that I have been able to
find. The only specimens 1 have seen, which are at all referable to
this species, are in the collection of A. A. Hinkley, from Volusia
county, Florida, and are said to have been identified by Dr. Dull.
There are eleven specimens in this lot, of which six are A. penhi-
sulce, the remainder are quite different and may be obsciirus. At the
time Dr. Dall's paper was published, A. pemnsttlce had not been
described and, if these specimens were identified by him, the mixture
of the two forms raises a query not only as to which form he identi-
fied with A. obscurus, but also in regard to the identity of the speci-
mens referred to that species from the several Floridan localities
quoted in his paper. Both of the forms represented in the Hinkley
lot are characteristic, wide, depressed Lcevapices and such as would
be expected from a lake country, being closely related to A. fuscus.
As has already been stated, the only species of Lavapex from the
region from which Haldeman's type came, that has been clearly
identified, is A. diaphanus. With that exception, all the Ancyli seen
from that region belong to the section Ferrissia. This tact, taken in
connection with Haldeman's figure and his comparison of obscurus
with rivularis and haldemani, raises a very serious doubt in my mind
whether the Floridan specimens referred to have been correctly
identified. It certainly seems remarkable that so acute an observer
aa Haldeman should have made such a comparison, if he had before
him a shell similar to those of the Hinkley lot.
1 regret that I have not been able to have Haldeman's type ex-
amined critically in regard to the apical characters. When that is
done, I should not be at all surprised if it proved to be a genuine
Ferrissia. In the meantime, it seems best to describe and figure the
Hinkley shell, as it may be represented in other collections under
this name, leaving the question of its identity with Haldeman's spe-
cies for future determination. When cleaned, the shell is a light
yellowish horn-color, shining, very thin, fragile and transparent;
THE NAUTILUS. 27
depressed, quite regularly oval in shape, the left side being rather
more arcuate than the right; apex subacute, though not much ele-
vated behind the middle of the shell and decidedly turned to the
right ; the anterior slope is nearly rectilinear, the right and left
somewhat convex above, concave below and flattening out toward
the periphery ; the posterior slightly concave ; surface with the lines
of growth faint but quite regular, slightly rippled transversely or with
fine radial ribs (in two of the five specimens examined, radial ribs
are developed as strong as in A. fuse us eugraptus}. Length (fig. 1C)
6.5, width 4.5, alt. 1.5 mm.
It will be observed that while this shell is larger and more de-
pressed than the typical obscurus, the proportion of the length to the
breadth is almost exactly the same. The longitudinal outline, how-
ever, is much nearer to Clessin's figure than it is Haldeman's.
The affinities of this form are with A. fiiscus, kirklandi and penin-
sula. It is, however, more closely related to kirklandi than to the
others and possibly may prove to be a southern development of that
species. It differs, however, by its more depressed, narrower and
more regularly oval shell, and the peculiar concavo-convex outline of
the lateral slopes. From fuscus, it differs decidedly in contour by
reason of the more posterior, more prominent and more excentric
apex and the peculiar lateral slopes. The shape and color are so
entirely different, that there is no reason to confuse the i-ibbed form
with A. peninsulas, which is found associated with it.
IV. ANCYLUS EXCENTRICUS Morelet (1851). PL 1, fig. 19-21.
This species is the sole representative in the United States of a
group of general distribution in the West Indies, Mexico and Central
America, characterized by the prominent, rather obtuse and very
excentric apex and, usually, well-developed radial ribs over the sur-
face. The only recorded localities are Comal Creek, New Braun-
fels, and Barton Creek, Travis county, Texas. Specimens from the
latter locality, collected by Singley, are before me and are larger
than those from Comal Creek, cited by Pilsbry (NAUT. iii, p. 64),
and agree almost exactly with the dimensions given by Morelet, the
size of the specimen figured being, length 7^, width 4^, alt. 2 mm.
A. excentricus is so entirely different in shape from all other North
American species that there is no possibility of confusing it with any
of them. Another peculiarity of this species is the depression of the
28 THE NAUTILUS.
apex. In all other North American species the apex is the point of
greatest altitude, but in excentricus, the highest point of the shell is
anterior to the apex.
There is some question as to the specific validity of this form.
Bourguignat (J. de C. iv, p. 175) considered it to be only a variety of
A. radiatus Guilding, characterized by the apex being slightly more
acute. And in this, he has been followed by Clessin (Conch. Cab.,
Ancylus, p. 67). Crosse and Fischer (Miss. Sci. Mex., ii, p. 37)
state that it differs from radiatus by its thinner shell, more pointed
and more excentric apex and the absence of the radiating striae, and
on this account prefer to recognize it as distinct, although admitting
that the two forms are very dose to each other. Von Martens (Biol.
Cent. Am., p. 402) also describes the shell as "without radial sculp-
ture " and considers it distinct. Pilsbry, in his notice of the New
Braunfels specimens, however, mentions slight indications of most
delicate riblets radiating from the apex. All of the five specimens
from Barton Creek have the radial ribs more or less developed. In
most of them the ribs are stronger along the antero-lateral slopes, the
median portion being nearly smooth or only slightly rippled. In one
example, however, the well-developed ribs extend over the entire
anterior slope.
Under these circumstances, the approximation of the Texan shells
to A. radiatus seems very probable. Whether this is also the case
with the typical form from Guatemala, must remain uncertain until
authentic material can be critically studied. I have not been able
to make any comparison of the Texan specimens with radiatus.
V. ANCYLUS PENINSULA Pilsbry & Johnson (1896). PI. II,
figs. 19-21.
This beautiful species, which is readily distinguished by "its large
size, broadly oval and depressed form, blunt apex and the dense radial
striation," is apparently peculiar to the inland waters of Florida,
where it seems to be very generally and abundantly distributed. In
addition to the original locality, the St. John's River, specimens have
been seen from Volusia and Manatee counties and from Lake Jessup,
which indicate a general range over the state. It is possible that
some of the localities cited by Dall for A. obscurus (Proc. U. S. Nat.
Museum, 1885, p. 273) belong to this species.
THE NAUTILUS. 29
VI. ANCTLUS KIRKLANDI n. s. PL II, figs. 1-12.
Shell large for the genus, thin, translucent, horn-colored; broadly
oval or obovate, sides nearly equally curved, ends broadly rounded;
quite elevated ; apex subacute, behind and to the right of the middle,
and decidedly turned to the right ; posterior and right slopes straight
or slightly concave, anterior slope quite convex, left slope decidedly
convex ; surface with the growth lines regular and distinct and more
or less rippled by transverse wrinkles, which frequently tend to form
feeble, irregular radial riblets.
Fig. 1 (type) : Length 8, breadth 5^, alt. 2.5 mm.
Grand Rapids, Mich. : Length 9.25, breadth 5.5, alt, 2.5 mm.
Grand Rapids, Mich. : Length 8.25, breadth 5, alt. 2 mm.
Hardy, Arkansas: Length 6.50, breadth 5, alt. 2 mm.
Fig. 4 : Length G, breadth 4.50, alt. 2 mm.
Fig. 7 : Length 5.75, breadth 4, alt. 2 mm.
Fig. 10: Length 5.25, breadth 3.25, height 2 mm.
This fine large species is a well-defined one and has Avide range,
extending from Trenton. N. J., west to Hardy, Ark. The specimens
from the last locality were cited as A. haldemam by Pilsbry (Proc.
P. A. N. S., 1900, p. 457), and, from this identification, that species
was placed among those with smooth apices in the NAUT. xvi, p. 88.
A recent examination by Dr. Pilsbry of the type of A. haldemani has
shown that that species has a striate apex and, therefore, does not
belong in Lsevapex at all. A. kirklandi is distinguished by its large
size, decidedly elevated shape and its prominent, subacute apex,
which is decidedly turned to the right. There is some considerable
variation in shape, as shown by the above measurements, some
examples being more elongated with nearly parallel sides. There is
also considerable difference in height. But in all cases the subacute,
prominent apex and the convex, left slope are characteristic, and
always distinguish it from fuscus, in which the apex, even in the
more elevated examples, is always bluntly rounded and the left slope
scarcely convex.
Kirklandi is more nearly related to the Florida shell herein re-
ferred to as obscimis than to any other species, but differs by its
broader form, greater elevation, more acute and more eccentric apex
and greater convexity of the left lateral slope.
The finest specimens of kirklcmdi come from Grand River, Kent
county, Mich., where they have been collected in great abundance
30 THE NAUTILUS.
by Dr. R. J. Kirkland, after whom the species is named. The
Arkansas specimens collected by Ferriss are nearly as large. Toward
the east the species seems to diminish rapidly and uniformly in size
to an extent which would almost justify their recognition as a vari-
etal race. Ohio specimens (fig. 4), collected in considerable numbers
by Dr. V. Sterki, are uniformly smaller than the type, while those
from Roaches Run, opposite Washington, D. C., and the Potomac
River at Alexandria. Va. (figs. 7—10), are still smaller than those
from Ohio. A single example in the collection of the Phil. Academy
from Trenton, N. J., is similar to these, but slightly larger. Were
it not for the intermediate character of the Ohio shells, these speci-
mens would probably be considered a distinct species, characterized
by their small size, proportionately higher and narrower shell and
more convex anterior slope. But as shown by the figures, the larger
and wider Virginian shells grade indistinguishably into the Ohio
form, as that does into the immature specimens of the still larger
typical form. That this difference in size is a local peculiarity is
shown by the fact that in the considerable amount of material col-
lected by Dr. Sterki, both in Ohio (several localities) and in the
Potomac and its tributary, Roaches Run, near Washington, not a
single specimen was obtained which by its greater size would seem
to indicate that the balance of the specimens obtained were immature
shells. There are also several trays in the Academy's collection
from "Washington " similar to those collected by Dr. Sterki. From
Michigan and several other western localities, occasional small and
medium sized, high, narrow specimens have been noticed which,
though larger, seem indistinguishable from the corresponding eastern
form (fig. 10). But these do not seem to be persistent varieties in
any one locality, being usually associated with the usual form of
kirklandi; but rather sporadic individuals which for some reason
have failed to develop normally. It is the occurrence of such speci-
mens, together with the inability to find any marked specific charac-
ter in the eastern forms, except the difference in size, that has caused
me to refrain from giving them varietal rank until additional ma-
terial shall give a better opportunity to pass _ipon the exact relations
to these various forms.
PLATE II.
Figs. 1-3. A. Mrkhmdi Walker (type), Grand River, Kent Co.,
l^fch.
THE NAUTILUS. 31
Figs. 4-G. A. kirklandi (var.), Tuscawaras R., New Philadelphia,
Ohio.
Figs. 7-9. A. kirklandi (var.), Roaches Run, opp. Washington,
D. C.
Figs. 10-12. A. kirklandi (var.), Roaches Run, opp. Washington,
D. C.
Figs. 13-15. A. diaphanus Hold., Ohio R., Edgeworth, Pa.
Figs. 16-18. A. diaphanus Hald., Ohio R., Edgeworth, Pa.
Figs. 19-21. A. peninsula P. & J., Volusia Co., Fla.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
BY II. A. PILSBRY AND Y. IIIKASE.
Japonia sadoensis n. sp.
Shell umbilicate, conic, dull dark brown ; sculpture of very deli-
cate, thread-like oblique strife, widely and irregularly spaced, and
numerous regularly spaced spiral cuticular threads, which bear rather
long hairs, very easily rubbed off, being preserved only on the latter
part of the last whorl in some specimens, wholly lost in others.
AVhorls 4|, very convex, the last tubular. Aperture oblique, circular,
the peristome thin, continuous, in contact with the preceding whorl
for a very short distance above ; columellar margin slightly expanded.
Alt. 4, diam. 4.7 mm.
Niibo-mura, Sado. Types no. 84768 A. N. S. P.
This species is clearly distinct from J. barb at a and citharella Gld.,
described from Oshima in the Riukiu group, and J. musiva Gld., of
unknown locality. Dr. von Mollendorff has recognized Gould's
J. barbata in specimens collected by Mr. F. W. Eastlake in the
Hakone mountains (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. liv, 1885, p. 67) ; this
gives another Japanese locality for the genus, but in view of the
geographic separation, I think that the Hakone form will prove dif-
ferent from that described by Gould from Oshima.
Chloritis tosanus n. sp.
Shell umbilicate, slightly convex above, convex beneath, very
thin, fragile and chestnut-brown ; densely sculptured with very short,
darker, curved hairs, arranged in oblique lines as usual, but a little
32 THE NAUTILUS.
irregular in some places. Whorls 4|, very convex, separated by a
deep suture, the last whorl large, rounded at the periphery and be-
neath. Aperture broadly lunate, slightly oblique. Peristome thin
and unexpanded, suddenly dilated and recurved at the axial inser-
tion, half covering the umbilicus. Alt. 10, diam. 17 mm.
Shiujo-mura, Tosa. Type no. 84415 A. N. S. P., from no. 1015
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
It is similar to C. perpunctatus , but nearly twice the size. In
C. frayilis the hairs stand about twice as far apart as in this species,
which is the first Ohloritis from Shikoku Island.
KalieHa xenica n. sp.
Shell minutely perforate, pyramidal, much higher than wide, the
spire with nearly straight lateral outlines and very obtuse apex ;
thin, yellowish, faintly and finely striate. Whorls 6|, slightly con-
vex, the last obtusely angular at the periphery, convex beneath.
Aperture broadly lunate, the peristome thin, columellar margin re-
flexed. Alt. 3.7, diam. 2.7 mm.
Shukunegimura, Sado. Type no. 847G2 A. N. S. P., from no.
1041 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species resembles K. prcealta in general shape, but its outlines
are noticeably more convex, the apex is more obtuse, and there are
fewer whorls. (Xenikos, strange.)
A PROPOSED STUDY OF GONIOBASIS.
BY A. A. HINKLEY.
The article in the June NAUTILUS, under the above heading, by
Mr. A. C. Billups, was read with interest. It is time something
should be done to bring this interesting group of shells out of the
present chaotic condition. The work will be difficult, owing to more
or less variations in all the species and the wide geographical distri-
bution of some, together with the meager description often given and
sometimes drawn from only two or three specimens ; added to this,
some of the types are inaccessible or lost.
There are twenty-four species of Goniolasis listed in G. W. Tryon's
monograph on StrepomatidcE as being found north of the Ohio River
or in that stream, viz. :
THE NAUTILUS. 33
G. intersita Hald. G. infant ula Lea.
G. suturalis Haiti. G. louisviilensis Lea.3
G. costifera Hald. G. pulchella Antli.
G. cubicoides Anth. G. gracilior Antli.
G. spartenburgensis Lea. G. translucens Antli.
G. iota Anth.1 G. interlineata Anth.
G. tecta Anth. G. ohioensis Lea.
G. gibbosa Lea.2 G. brevispira Anth.
G. depygis Say. G. semicarinata Say.
G. livescens Menke. G. haldemani Tryon.
G. milesii Lea. G. informis Lea.4
G. lithasioitles Lea. G. virginica Gmel.
The specific value of some of the above is doubtful, and to settle
points in question will require large series of specimens, preferably
from the localities where the types were found. I would suggest that
any one who can do so, collect such a series, including all stages of
growth, make a note of the situation where found, and send the same
to Mr. Billups, if he decides to go ahead with the work.
I am sure some new species will be found, but I hope no specimens
will be described as new until their validity is well established.
If the different groups of the Strepomatidai could be studied as
thoroughly as lo has been by Mr. Chas. C. Adams, a large share of
the doubtful species could be eliminated. There are other species
which show nearly as great a variation as the lo; for instance, Pleu-
rocera canalicidatum Say has a wide variation in form and varies
from a smooth surface to one with two well-developed grooves on the
body-whorl. Angitrema armigera Say is also quite variable in both
form and tubercles, some specimens having a row of double tubercles
on the periphery of the body whorl. I am strongly of the opinion
that the specimens described by Dr. Lea as Meseschiza grosvenorii
were young Ang. armigera Say; his description and figure fits many
of the young of that species, excepting for the notch, which is prob-
ably abnormal, as Tryon held. Angitrema duttoniana Lea and Lith-
asia doivniei Lea may only be variations of Ang. armigera Say ;
specimens I have collected in Tennessee seem to indicate it.
1 Ohio ? see Atner. Jour, of Conchology.
2 Described from two specimens and said to be a "remarkable speri>-
3 Described from two imperfect specimens.
4 Described from two specimens.
34 THE NAUTILUS.
I would like to see an interest taken in this neglected group of
mollusca.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF ACHATINELLIDJE FROM THE
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
BY D. D. BALDWIN.
Amastra henshawi n. sp.
Shell dextral, imperforate or subperforate, solid, ovately conical,
apex subacute ; surface lusterless, striated with somewhat irregular
lines of growth; embryonic whorls under a lens showing very deli-
cate radiating sulcations. Color varies from light to very dark
brown, the upper whorls generally much darker than the body whorl ;
the lower whorls with traces of a deciduous, brown epidermis.
Whorls G, somewhat convex, the last one with a light carination at
the periphery ; suture well impressed. Aperture ovate, a little ob-
lique, livid white within ; peristome acute, slightly thickened within,
extremities united with a thin, livid-white parietal callosity; colu-
mella white, flexuous, abruptly terminating in a thin lamellar plait.
Length 18, diam. 10 mm.
Habitat: South Kona, Island of Hawaii.
Found in damp woods at the roots of ferns and nearly buried in
trash, at altitudes of from 1,800 to 4,000 feet.
We take pleasure in dedicating this shell to Prof. H. W. Henshaw,
formerly of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. He
discovered both this and the following species. The Professor is at
present a resident of Hilo, Island of Hawaii, and his explorations are
contributing largely to our knowledge of the land fauna of this island.
Amastra saxicola n. sp.
Shell dextral, imperforate, rather solid, elongately ovate-conic,
apex subacute ; surface lustreless, sculptured with delicate growth
lines ; embryonic whorls smooth and polished. Color reddish-brown,
tending to lighter shade on the middle whorls ; apex pearly white ;
destitute of the usual fugacious epidermis of this genus. Whorls 7,
slightly convex ; suture well impressed. Aperture ovate, a little
oblique, pinkish within. Peristome simple, acute, not thickened
within, extremities joined by a very thin, pinkish parietal callosity;
THE NAUTILUS. 35
columella white, flexuous, terminating in a moderately-developed
lamellar plait.
Length 20^, diam. 10 mm.
Habitat : Kau, Island of Hawaii.
Tliis shell seems to live among and under rocks to an unusual
de°ree. It is found on old lava Hows attached to the under side of
o
rocks, or in loose soil and trash at the base of bunch grass growing
on lava flows. The locality is very arid.
Amastra senilis n. sp.
Shell fossil, dextral, deeply perforated, the perforation penetrating
to the apex; moderately solid, globose with a short conical spire,
apex acute ; surface sculptured with coarse, irregular growth lines,
with a few irregular cross striae or ridges on the three lower whorls ;
embryonic whorls under a lens exhibiting delicate and regular sulca-
tions. Color of the living shell unknown. Whorls 7, convex.
Aperture siuuately oval, a little oblique ; peristome simple, acute,
not thickened within, extremities joined by a thick parietal callosity;
columella terminating in a slight, flexuous fold.
Length 23, diam. 18 mm.
Habitat : Hamakua, Island of Hawaii.
This and the following species were discovered and sent to me by
Mr. Eugene Horner, of Paauila, Hawaii. They were found at a
place called Palihoukapapa on the Hamakua slope of Maunakea, at
an elevation of 4,000 feet. The shells were imbedded in the earth
about one foot below the surface.
Prof. Henshaw reports other similar localities on the island of
Hawaii where there are extensive deposits of fossilized land shells
about a foot below the surface of humus. Nearly all the known
genera of Hawaiian land shells are represented in these deposits by
species, some still extant, others probably now extinct. The deposit
of earth above the fossilized shells indicates several hundred years
antiquity.
Amastra fossilis n. sp.
Shell fossil, dextral, minutely perforated, somewhat solid ; elon-
gately conical, apex rather acute ; surface striated with somewhat
irregular growth lines ; embryonic whorls under a lens exhibiting
very delicate and regular sulcations. Color of living shell unknown.
36 THE NAUTILUS.
Whorls 7, slightly convex. Aperture oblique, ovate ; peristome
simple, very thin, columellar margin slightly expanded over the
umbilicus ; columella terminating in a flexuous thread-like plait.
Length 18, diam. 9 mm.
Habitat : Hamakua, Island of Hawaii.
This shell in shape resembles some of the forms of Amastra tnrri-
tella For., which is found on the island of Chili u.
NOTES AND NEWS.
We have lately learned, through Mr. Charles Hedley, of the death
of two New Caledonian conchologists — RICHARD ROSSITER, on Jan-
uary 10, 1903. aged 62 years, and JULIEN BERNIER, March 3d, at
the age of 55 years. Both died at Noumea. Rossiter formed a large
collection of shells, and supplied the types of many new forms to the
editors of the Journal de Conchyliologie, to John Brazier, of Sydney,
N. S. W., his brother-in-law, and to Dr. W. D. Hartman, of West
Chester, Pa. His collection will probably be acquired by the Colo-
nial Museum at Noumea. Julien Bernier was Clerk to the local
Parliament of New Caledonia, and founded the " Musee Colonial "
at Noumea. Some of his material has been described in the Journal
de Conch, and elsewhere. Placostylns bernfert Hartman, and vari-
ous other species discovered by him, preserve his memory.
A NEW PLEUROTOMARIA. — Mr. Y. Hirase, of Kyoto, Japan, has
recently discovered a new species of Pleurotomaria, related to P. bcy-
richi, from which it differs in having much more numerous, distinctly
beaded spiral cords. In shape and color it resembles P. beyriclii.
The new form will be described under the name Pleurotomaria
hirasei. — H. A. PILSBRY.
ASHMUNELLA TlIOMSONIANA Co* >PK I! .1',. 1 have jlist found this
form living in abundance at Pecos, New Mexico. The greatest
diameter of five specimens measured is 10, 15, 15, 15, 15^- mm., thus
averaging larger than the original specimens. The basal tooth is
single, with at most a faint indication of doubling. — T. D. A.
COCKERELL.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVII. AUGUST, 19O3. No. 4.
TWO NEW MOLLUSKS FROM THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA.
BY WILLIAM MICA LEY DALL.
The National Museum lias received through the kindness of Mr.
J. S. Arnheim, of San Francisco, several interesting shells collected
by Capt. William Noyes, of San Francisco, of which two appear to
be undescribed.
Sigarelus noyesli n. sp.
Shell depressed, mottled purplish brown above, pale or nearly
while below, pale purplish with two obscure revolving brown bands
internally, nucleus minute, two-whorled, translucent, subsequent
whorls two, rapidly enlarging; surface with obvious incremental
lines, and faint, very fine, partially obsolete, spiral striation ; covered
with a yellowish silky periostracum j" suture distinct but not im-
pressed ; axis rather widely pervious, body with a slight, transparent
coat of callus ; pillar lip hardly thickened or reflected, general form
gibbous; alt. 10, major diam. 36, minor diam. 26 mm.
Gorgona Islands, Colombia, in the Gulf of Panama.
This species is a West American analogue of S. maculatus Say, of
the east coast, which is more solid, more convex, with much more
conspicuous spiral sculpture, and has the coil of the whorls impervi-
ous or nearly so.
Tonlcia arnheimi n. sp.
Shell small, back rather rounded, girdle narrow, naked, yellow
brown ; color pale pink with pale brown clotting, two white lines en-
38 THE NAUTILUS.
closing a dark brown streak on the dorsal keel of the intermediate
valves; eye spots with a metallic silvery lustre; anterior valve with
seven, posterior with eight notches, the teeth radially striate ; inter-
mediate valves with one lateral notch on each side ; interior colora-
tion pinkish white with a magenta axial streak ; sculpture much like
that of T. crenulata Sowerby, but central areas with much sparser
riblcts and no defined central smooth area, the sutural crenulations
stronger and forming a wider band, the pleural ruga? mostly fore and
aft in direction, the second valve larger than the rest and with a
more conspicuous mesial smooth area. Interior with sinus square
not denticulate. Anterior and posterior plates with obscurely radial
pustules and very numerous eyes. Length 15, hit. 7, height 4 mm.
in the dried animal.
Noyes Cove, Narborough Island, Galapagos Group, in 20 fathoms;
Capt. Noyes.
This species is clearly of the group of T. crenulatus but is sepa-
rated by sufficiently distinct characters. The brilliancy of the eye
spots, each situated in a deep, minute pit, is very remarkable. There
are on this small creature nearly 1000 of them.
PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS OF WHITE POND, NEW JERSEY.
BY FKANK C. BAKER.
The Chicago Academy has recently received from Dr. Stuart
Weller, Paleontologist of the University of Chicago, a collection of
Pleistocene mollusks from the marl beds of White Pond, near Marks-
boro, New Jersey. The material consists of about a quart of mixed
shells, which, when studied quantitatively, gave some interesting re-
sults. Valvata and Amnicola made up ninety-five per cent, of the
entire lot, the former being forty-five and the latter fifty per cent.
Of the remainder, Planorbis bicarinatus made up two per cent.,
Planorbis cumpanulatus one per cent., and the rest of the species the
other two per cent. Aplexa was the rarest, there being but two
specimens in the entire lot.
I am indebted to Mr. Bryant Walker for assistance in determin-
ing some of the material. The list of species is as follows :
Pisidium compressum Prime. Normal.
THK NAUTILUS. 39
Amnicola limosa Say. Very variable and abundantly represented.
Amnicola g alb ana Haldeman. Tliis characteristic fossil is very
abundant in the White Pond formation. It shows some variation
in the height of the spire, but seems to be easily separated from A.
limosa. Several monstrosities of galbana were found in this collec-
tion ; two were scalariform and the others (G) had the spire variously
contorted, like the forms of Planorbis complanatus figured by Euro-
pean conchologists. One specimen had the spire almost concealed
by the gibbous last whorl. Monstrosities seem to be rare, as only
eight were found in a lot of over two thousand specimens.
Valvata tricarinata Say, var. confusa Walker. This is nearly as
abundant as the Amnicolas. Only a small percentage of the speci-
mens were typical confusa with two well-defined keels, the majority
having the basal keel strongly developed, the upper part of the whorl
being rounded. In some specimens the two keels are so strong that
they form elevated ridges.
Physa ancillaria Say. Not uncommon.
Aplexa hypnorum Linne. Two specimens of a small Aplexa which
seems referable to hypnorum are in the collection.
Planorbis campanuJatus Say. Typical, but not abundant.
Planorbis bicarinatits Say. Many specimens of this species show
a tendency to form spiral lines, similar to those on var. slriatus
Baker.
Planorbis deflectus Say. Common and typical.
Planorbis exacutus Say. But one specimen of this species was
found.
Limnsea galbana Say. Not common.
Limnsea humilis Say. Not common.
Succinea retu?a Lea. Not common.
ON CATALOGUING A COLLECTION OF SHELLS.
BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.
When I began to catalogue my shells I used a ledger blank book,
but in time the book looked untidy, as the space was not sufficient for
the addition of species new to the collection that from time to time
40 THE NAUTILUS.
were added to it. Then I copied the whole list, leaving space for
the introduction of species not listed. But in some cases the blank
spaces were not needed while more space was required for families
and genera not represented in the book. Again I copied the entire
catalogue, excepting the west coast species which I listed on cards to
form a card catalogue. In time this second book began to look far
from neat, so I tried a new plan. I used " Ward's Catalogue of the
Mollusca," marking with a small mark such species as I had, and
inserted blanks between the printed leaves for species that were not
found in the price list ; but this made the pamphlet rather bulky and
also necessitated my looking over two lists, the printed one and the
written one, in order to find if I had certain species. The plan was
satisfactory at first, then I thought out a better one which I will
give you.
I used a patent cover for blank leaves such as students use for
laboratory notes, examination papers, etc., in colleges and schools.
I bought paper the proper size for the cover, about eight by ten
inches. This paper had holes stamped out at the right place for the
metal clasps to be inserted. I use ruled paper, as names and locali-
ties are quickly seen on the same line, but this is a matter of taste, as
dots can mark the space between names of shells and their localities.
The classification is a matter of choice. I use the same as that
found in "Tryon's Structural and Systematic Conchology " for
marine shells, excepting the west coast shells, for which I use an-
other classification. My reason for using Tryon's is, if I get a shell
from a family new to me I know where to list it immediately by re-
ferring to the Systematic Conchology, for by constantly studying and
referring to this work I have become tolerably conversant with the
classification.
I wrote only on one side of the paper when making out this new
list, and paged only this side. This left a blank opposite each page
to be used if the page became full. This blank page I numbered
alphabetically to correspond with the numbered page. For example,
if I required the blank leaf opposite page 5, I numbered it 5% and if
I found it necessary to add new leaves at this place they would be
paged 5b, 5°, 5d, etc. on the left page, on the right 51, 52, 5s, etc.
The possibility of adding new leaves, one after another, or of taking
out and rewriting the leaves is the strong feature in favor of using
these covers. The use of the alphabet, or as much of it as is needed
THE NAUTILUS. 41
in conjunction with the figures, iruikes repaging from time to time
unnecessary when the book is enlarged.
At the front of this catalogue I liave an index of genera arranged
alphabetically. By indexing according to genera much space is
saved and it does not take much time to refer to the page for species
if one does not remember just where the species may be found in the
classification.
For the use of beginners I will tell how 1 list specimens on a page.
After leaving space at the left hand of each page for the binding of
the leaves with the metal clasps, I write the name of the shell, by
whom named and the locality all upon one line, keeping the locality
of each species at the extreme right hand of the page. At the left
hand I write the initials or some letter to indicate from what source
the shell or shells were received, also the number of specimens.
Above the name of the genera and species I write the name of the
family in large letters. I use red ink for this, as the family name is
more prominent in this way. As noted before, if the space for the
specific name becomes too crowded I write upon the opposite page
the name of the specimen I desire to list, indicating this upon the
page where the others are listed. As they are listed specifically ac-
cording to the alphabet the place assigned to it upon the blank page
is the same as upon the page that is filled.
For West Coast shells, as before mentioned, I use cards. When
a new specimen is listed upon a new card it is placed with the names
of the rest of the genus. Any data desired are written upon each
card. I got my cards cut and a hole punctured in each one by the
thousand.* All cards for the specific name are the same size, those
for the families and genera have an offset at the top. That is, a
raised margin was left at the top of each card, these were raised
sometimes at one end sometimes at the other end, and others had the
margin in the center. When genera are listed upon a few cards the
raised margins would hide each other if they were not placed at a
little distance from each other, but if one generic name is at the ex-
treme right hand of the row of cards in the box or drawer, another
in the middle, still another at the extreme left hand, these generic
names are readily detected by the eye, whereas if they followed one
another all in a row some would be hidden from sight.
* It is best to use the cards of the Library Bureau, as they are of uniform
size and quality.
42 THE NAUTILUS.
NEW NORTH AMERICAN PISIDIA.
BY V. STERKI.
Pisidium ashmuni n. sp.
Mussel somewhat elongate, moderately inequipartite, scarcely ob-
lique, moderately inflated; superior and inferior margins moderately
curved, supero-anterior slope curved down to the rounded anterior
end situated well below the median line ; posterior end subtruncate,
with more or less of an angle at the scutum ; beaks somewhat pos-
terior, rather broad, rounded, moderately elevated over the hinge
margin ; surface shining, with microscopic, shallow, rather regular,
crowded striae, and one or a few impressed lines of growth • color
pale horn, shell translucent, thin ; hinge slight, plate narrow; cardi-
nal teeth rather long, fine, lamellar, the right curved with its an-
terior end much shorter and situated much higher up on the plate
than the posterior which is somewhat thickened ; left anterior of the
same shape as the right, rather hook-like at its anterior end, the
posterior oblique, slightly curved and passing over about two-thirds
of the anterior ; lateral teeth rather long, produced far beyond the
pointed cusps; outer laterals of the right valve slight but distinct;
ligament rather slight.
Size: Long. 2.8, alt. 2.3, diam. 1.6 mill.
Long. 2.3, alt. 1.9, diam. 1.4 mill.
Most specimens are intermediate.
Habitat : San Rafaels, New Mexico, collected by Rev. E. H.
Ashmun, in whose honor the species has been named.
Pis. ashmuni ranges under the abditum group. It is easily recog-
nized, being of about the same size witli Pi's, splendidulum St. It is
more elongate and its beaks are broader.
Pisidium danielsi n. sp.
Mussel slightly inequipartite, moderately and regularly inflated,
outlines nearly short oval ; all margins well curved, or the posterior
subtruncate, anterior end rounded, rather below the median line ;
angles at the scutum and scutellum not marked in most specimens,
slightly so in some ; umbones little posterior, low, slightly projecting
over the hinge margin, moderately broad, each with a depression be-
low the apex and above a slightly raised, concentric ridge ; surface
with somewhat coarse, subregular and sharp striae, and a few coarser
T1IK NAUTILUS. 43
lines of growth, rather dull and microscopically rugulose ; color
grayish white to yellowish horn, in some specimens slightly plumbe-
ous around the beaks ; shell moderately thick, nacre white, muscle
insertions distinct but not impressed ; hinge rather stout, plate, rather
broad; right cardinal tooth strongly curved over a deep excavation,
its posterior part thickened and grooved to bifid, the left anterior
strongly curved and rather massive, placed rather high up on the
plate, the posterior oblique, curved, its anterior part reaching to or
over the middle of the anterior ; lateral teeth stout, the cusps rather
short, the outer ones in the right valve rather small but well formed ;
ligament strong.
Size : Long. 4.5, alt. 3.9, diam. 2.6 mill.
Habitat: Marsh from a spring on Lake James, Steuben Co., In-
diana, numerous specimens collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels, of the
Indiana Geological Survey, in whose honor the species is named.
During the season of 1902 Mr. Daniels has collected many and in-
teresting Pisidia and Sphasria, especially in northern Indiana, a
section from which very little had been known.
The present species has some resemblance with — typical — Pis.
strengii. but in the latter species the o.utlines are more angular, the
beaks narrower and more prominent and rounded, the striation is
finer, and the hinge slighter. Pis. daniehi is of special interest.
From the features of the surface, the beaks and the hinge, there is
no doubt but that it ranges under the same group with P. com-
pressurn, kirkhmdi, cructatum, fallax, etc., although the rounded out-
lines, the low beaks, and the moderate and regular convexity would
suggest rather the contrary at first sight. Young specimens, how-
ever, have an unmistakable similarity of the outlines with those of
Pis. compression Pr. In some of the specimens the beaks are
broader, and the depression and ridge are less marked or almost ob-
solete, just as it is with certain forms of Pis. compressutn.
Pisidium obtusale C. Pfr.
At the same place as the preceding Mr. Daniels has collected
numerous specimens which are distinct from all North American
species described, but exactly like Pis. abtusale from several places
of Europe, and appear to be identical with that species. They are
rather large and almost globular; long. 3.6, alt. 3.1, diam. 2.6 mill.
It is to be expected that the same will be found also at other places.
44 THE NAUTILUS.
NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
BY II. A. PILSBRV AND Y. HIKAS1C.
Eulota (Euhadra) eutope n. sp.
Shell umbilicate, depressed, tlie upper surface low-conic, lower
surface convex. Last 1^ wliorls white under a thin yellow cuticle.,
which is in part worn off in the type specimen ; the periphery marked
with a narrow dark chestnut band, the edge of which appears above
the suture of the penultimate and last wliorls ; the inside of the um-
bilicus of the same dark color ; inner whor/s red-brown, the apex
whitish. Surface rather glossy, rather closely plicate-striate above,
somewhat smoother below the periphery. AVhorls 6, slightly con-
vex, regularly and slowly increasing, the last scarcely descending in
front, distinctly angular at the periphery, the angle almost disappear-
ing just below the lip. Aperture oblique, lunate, white and show-
ing the brown band within, peristome reddish-brown, a little thickened
within, the upper margin slightly expanded, the outer and basal
margins reflexed, columellar margin dilated. Alt. 24, greater diam.
39, lesser 34.5 mm.
Prov. Kunchan, Riukiu. Type no. 1078 of Mr. Hirase's col-
lection.
This very handsome Euhadra belongs to the group of E. merca-
toria. It is similar to that species in the umbilicus and shape of the
peristome, and the slow, regular increase of the whorls; but it differs
from mercatoria in the depression of the whole shell, the more angular
periphery, the finer and closer sculpture, and in coloration. Only
one specimen has been received.
Eulota (Plectotropis) marginata n. sp.
Shell broadly and openly umbilicate, convexly low-conic above,
convex beneath, solid and strong; light brown, surface lustreless,
sculptured with irregular growth-wrinkles only. Whorls 7, but
slightly convex, slowly and regularly increasing, separated by a
slightly impressed suture which is distinctly margined above. Last
whorl slightly descending in front, acutely carinate at the periphery,
the keel narrowly impressed on both sides; base convex, not angular
around the umbilicus, but very suddenly curving into it. Aperture
oblique, nearly as high as wide; the peristome slightly thickened
THE NAUTILUS. 45
within, white, noticeably grooved at the position of the keel, below
which it is more thickened, expanded and narrowly reflexed. Alt.
14, diam. 27, width of umbilicus 6.5 mm.; width of aperture 11, ob-
lique alt. 10.5 mm.
Kunchan, the northern province of Riukiu Island. Type no.
84924 A. N. S. P., from no. 1080 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
A large, solid species, with the keel margined on both sides, and
projecting a trifle at the suture.
Eulota (Aeyista ) friedeliana var. peraperta n. v.
Differs from friedeliana from Nagasaki, the type locality, in the
more widely open umbilicus and the noticeably smaller aperture in
shells of the same size. Alt. 9, diam. 17 mm.; width of umbilicus
5.5 mm.
Isshochi, Higo. Type no. 84925 A. N. S. P., from no. 343a of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
Eulota (Plectotropis^) conomphala n. sp.
Shell umbilicate, depressed, low-conic above and below the acute
peripheral keel. Thin, light brown, nearly lustreless, slightly stri-
ated with growth lines, and showing very fine, close, rather indis-
tinct spiral lines under a lens, obsolete in places. On the upper sur-
face there are sparse, short cuticular processes, easily rubbed off.
Whorls 6^, slowly widening, nearly flat, the keel of the last whorl
bearing a fringe of cuticular filaments, triangular at their bases.
Base angular around the deep, conic umbilicus. Last whorl very
little descending in front. Aperture oblique, the upper margin of
the peristome simple, basal margin thin, very narrowly reflexed ;
columellar margin dilated above. Alt. 9.5, diam. 19.5 mm.
Yakujima, Osumi. Type no. 84926 A. N. S. P., from no. 905a
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
A very distinct, thin species, noticeably bi-conic in shape, and
angular around the regularly conic umbilicus. It is an interesting
addition to the fauna of Yakujima.
Hirasea planuhita n. sp.
Shell imperforate, discoidal with rounded periphery and level
upper surface. Yellowish brown, dull and very densely, very finely
radially striate above, becoming smooth and glossy beneath. Spire
46 THE NAUTILUS.
almost level, but the inner whorls are very slightly sunken. Whorls
5£ to 5|, convex, slowly widening, the last falling a little to the
aperture and noticeably contracted at the lip ; the base impressed in
the middle as usual. Aperture nearly vertical, narrowly crescentic,
the lip thickened within by a strong white rib. Alt. 1.8, diam.
3.5 mm., or a little smaller, alt. 1.4, diam. 3.2 mm.
Hahajima, Ogasawara. Type no. 82976 A. N. S. P., from 849b
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This was formerly thought to be a small form of H. biconcava,
but the study of additional specimens of both show H. planulata to
be constantly smaller, with a nearly level spire, while in biconcava
the spire is conspicuously sunken.
KaUeJla incensa n. sp.
Shell almost imperforate, depressed, the spire very low, conic, the
base convex, periphery rounded in fully mature shells; thin, yellow,
translucent and smoothish, under a strong lens seen to be minutely
and closely striate obliquely above, the strise decussate on the earlier
whorls, the base smooth.
Whorls 3|, but slightly convex, the last nearly double the width
of the preceding. Aperture slightly oblique, lunate, the peristome
thin, columellar margin suddenly dilated and reflexed near the axial
insertion. Alt. 1.6, diam. 2.8 mm.
Hakusan, Kaga. Types no. 84788 A. N. S. P., from no. 973a of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
A small species with few rather wide whorls, the last one rapidly
widening. The columellar lip is more oblique than usual. It might
be placed in Microcystina, but it has the sculpture of Kaliella.
(Incensus, unrecorded.)
Kaliella harimensis var. sadoensis n. var.
This variety is somewhat larger than K. harimensis. It also re-
sembles K. okiana, but the columellar margin is less widely dilated.
It is from Shukunegimura, Sado ; types no. 84764 A. N. S. P., from
no. 1034 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
THE NAUTILUS. 47
GEORGE T MARSTON.
We regret to announce the death of our friend and correspondent,
George Terence Marston. He was born in Chicago, Jan. 31, 18G7.
When he was five years of age his father died and his widowed
mother moved to De Pere, Wisconsin. He attended the public
schools and graduated from the high school at the age. of fourteen
years. He immediately found employment in a bank at De Pere,
but was soon called to a position of higher responsibility in a bank at
Green Bay. Here his ambition and tempermental intensity of
nature led him to overwork, and after a few years he resigned his
position and sought to regain his health by a vacation at the seaside.
He came to Quincy in 1891 and was employed in the bank of the
State Savings Loan and Trust Company. His clear mind, industry,
mastery of the principles of business and a rare talent for the accurate
and systematic management of details, made him a valued and
trusted man.
Though compelled to devote himself to business, his special de-
light was in scientific studies, especially conchology. He had col-
lected and had in his cabinet specimens of nearly every species found
in Wisconsin, and cherished a hope of some day being able to have
the time to prepare a work on the mollusks of that State.
His last work was in photographing the embryological develop-
ment of the snail, with some very good results. Among his contri-
butions to the NAUTILUS was an article on the occurrence of Helicina
occulta Say, in Brown county, Wis.
He was married to Helen E. Collins, daughter of W. H. Collins,
Oct. 3, 1898, who with two children survives him.
GENERAL NOTES.
REVIEW OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE CTRENACEA. By
William H. Dall. Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., vol. xvi, pp. 5-8, 1903.
In working over the Cyrenacea for the Memoir on the Tertiary
Fossils of Florida, Dr. Dall found the nomenclature and classifica-
tion of this super-family in much confusion, and while the details are
48 THE NAUTILUS.
reserved for the memoir a synopsis of the arrangement adopted has
been given in this pamphlet, which deals with the families of
Cyrenidse and Sphseriidse.
In the Cyrenidse twenty-three proposed genera, subgenera and
sections are listed and type specimens with synonyms are given;
to these Dr. Dall has added one new genus and four new sections.
Of the genus Donacopsis Sandberger, 1872, he says: "I suspect
tliis to be merely a subdivision of Cyrena."
Of the family Sphceriidce fourteen genera, subgenera and sections
are listed with type specimens. Section Cyclocalyx, subgenus
Cymatocyclas, and subgenus Tropidocyclas are new. The three
types are Pisidium scholtzii Clessin, P. compressum Prime, and P.
henslowianum Sheppard.
" Per a Leach, and Euglesa. Leach, 1852. are synonymous with
Comeocyclas s. s.," and Gulileja Costa; Kuglesia Leach, 1840;
Pisum Gray, 1847, not Megerele, 1811 ; Cordula Leach; Fluminina
Clessin; Cycladina Clessin, and Rivulina Clessin, are, according to
Dr. Dall, not separable from Pisidium s. s. — MRS. M. BURTON
WILLIAMSON.
LAND SHELLS OF CURACAO. — In Mr. Smith's useful review of
the land shells of this island (Proc. Malac. Soc., London iii, 113)
several species seem to have been overlooked : Gionella yloynii and
Succinea gyratn, both described by Gibbons in the Journal of Con-
chology II, pp. 135, 136, plate I, Stenogyra octonoides, Pupa fallax,
and Drymczm multilineatus noticed on p. 136; also Man. Conch.
XIII, p. 29. Perhaps CloneUa yloynii belongs to Mr. Smith's group
Neosubulina. Another species, " Macroceramus inermis Gundl.,"
is also reported. The dentition of some of these specimens has been
examined by Binney, and proves to be like that of M. yossei, so that
the Cura9ao shell is a member of the genus Microceramus. It is no
doubt distinct from the East Cuban Mac. inermis, and may be re-
lated to or identical with Pineria bonairexsis Smith. The latter is
probably a Microceramus, but I have not seen specimens. Mr. Gib-
bons' note adds six species to the fauna of Curacao, raising the total
number now known to twelve. — H. A. PILSBRY.
THE NAUTILUS, XVII.
PLATE III.
FRIERSON : UN1O DECLIVIS AND U. TETPALASMUS.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVII. SEPTEMBER, 19O3. No. 5.
THE SPECIFIC VALUE OF TJNIO DECLIVIS, SAY.
BY L. S. FKIERSON.
The synonymy of JJnio tetrctlasnnis Say, given by R. E. Call in
the Transactions St. Louis Academy of Sciences, vol. vii, 1895,
page 52, has been very generally followed ; wholly by some, and
partially by others. Mr. Call says : " It preserves its specific
character so generally that it is a matter of great surprise that so
many synonyms should fall under it. The study of the figures,
descriptions and localities above indicated will furnish convincing
evidence of identity. Of the total number [of synonyms] listed
seven came from Louisiana and contiguous territory; of these seven,
five are from the same state (Louisiana] and of those five two are
from the same bayou." I have faithfully studied the descriptions,
etc., above indicated, together with the shells themselves in their
native habitat, Louisiana, with the result that I find U. dedii'is
Say, to be readily recognizable as a perfectly distinct species from
the balance of this group, with U. geoinetricus Lea, as a synonym
(according to Dr. Lea himself). Unio declivis is, moreover, very
rare as compared with the rest of the group, and generally misunder-
stood. In order that students may recognize the shell it is figured
herewith, and the following specific differences noted:
First. It never attains the extreme size of U. tetrulasmus as
shown by the following measurements, based on adult specimens of
each :
50 THE NAUTILUS.
U. declivis, length 85, height 45, diameter 35 mm.
U. tetralasmus, length 133, height 70, diameter 50 mm.
Second. The beaks of U. declivis are more nearly terminal than in
U. tetralasmus (both Say and Lea mention this fact in describing
the species).
Third. The color of the nacre of U. declivis is " purplish" (vide
Say and Lea), while that of U. tetralasmus is always while, very fre-
quently dull, with large blotches of olive-brown. This is an in-
variable characteristic of the thousands I have collected.
Fourth. U. tetralasmus Say, is rounded or bluntly pointed pos-
teriorly, with a rounded or obsolete posterior ridge ; while U. declivis
when perfect is much more acutely rostrate posteriorly, as noted by
Mr. Say, with a " subcarinated " posterior ridge.
Finally, these species inhabit different stations, U. declivis being
found in rivers (Say's type and Lea's U. geometricus both came from
Bayou Teche, a navigable stream) while U. tetralasmus invariably
lives in the " small streams and ponds of the South," as stated by
Conrad. An apparent exception being Lea's U. symmetricus which
he said came from (Alexandria, La.) the Ked River; but he pro-
cured his shell at second hand from Dr. Hale, who no doubt was in
error, as he assuredly was in the case of other shells said to have
come from the same river. These shells can live in localities where,
from three to six months at, a time, there is absolutely no water ; in
fact living shells have been thrown out by the plowshare, and hun-
dreds have been seen killed by fire sweeping over the dried-up
ponds. (See plate III, middle figure.) This ability to withstand
droughts is no doubt a cause for tJie misunderstanding of the group.
Mr. Simpson, in his ''Synopsis of the Naiades," says: "and if
there were no connecting links, it would be easy to make half a dozen
species out of it." If the species happens to grow in constant waters,
they form more or less perfect shells, and are easily seen to be distinct
species. But on account of their drought-resisting abilities and the
preference for small streams in the case of the tetralasmus crowd, it
may easily be seen that a majority of the adult shells have had to
resist droughts and live through a succession of dormant stages.
During these dormant periods, the mantle of the animal is partially
withdrawn and the deposition of the epidermis and columnar layers
ceases, but the inner nacre is still deposited. The mantle is especi-
ally withdrawn from the end of the prominent rostrated portion of
THE NAUTILUS. 51
U. deciivis. In consequence there are produced in this way many
variations and malformed specimens.
A colony of rough, bla.ck and corroded U. tetralasmus was taken
from a stream across which a boy could jump, and planted in a rail-
road tank of fifteen acres, newly made by the K. C. S. R. R. Two
years after, one of their progeny was taken from this tank, with a
yellow, smooth epidermis as hard and glossy as glass, and as distinct
from U. deciivis as lateolus is from ligamentinus (see pi. iii, upper
figure).
In this connection, the writer would remark that in an article
published several years ago (NAUTILUS XI, 3), under the caption
" Conchological Notes from Louisiana," he spoke of the above-
mentioned difference in habitat of U. deciivis and U. tetralasmus.
But at that time all of his specimens were named according to preva-
lent tradition, and he exactly reversed their names.
Like many other young collectors, the writer has in this way sent
out numbers of shells with erroneous names, and helped to make
confusion worse confounded. He hopes herein to correct at least one
of these errors, and at the same time to render justice to that most
excellent naturalist, Thomas Say.
By comparing the figure with that given by Conrad in his Mono-
graphy, page 45 (and on which Mr. Call's synonymy is based, no
doubt,) it will be seen that the shells of U. declicis and U. tetralas-
mus are utterly unlike.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
Upper figure. U. tetralasmus Say. R. R. tank, De Soto, La.
Middle figure. U. deciivis geometricus Lea. Dried bed of Lake
Connisnia, La., showing stunting and periodicity of growth induced
by successive droughts.
Lower figure. U. deciivis Say. Bayou Plaquemine, La., at
Church Point.
A NEW SPECIES OF METZGERIA.
BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.
The genus Metzgeria Norman, has hitherto been known from a
single species, the pusilla of Sars or alba of Jeffreys. This is re-
ported from the coast of Norway and the northeastern North At-
52 THE NAUTILTJS.
lantic- in relatively deep water. A second species from the Santa
Barbara Channel, California, has lately reached me.
Metzgeria calif arnica n. sp.
Shell small, translucent white, with a pale straw-colored, dull,
wrinkled and rather conspicuous periostracum ; nucleus small,
smooth, white, obliquely inclined, of nearly two whorls; there are
four or h've rounded subsequent whorls separated by a deep, not
channelled, suture; sculpture of about nine rather prominent,
rounded axial ribs extending from suture to suture and on the last
whorl to the base, separated by wider interspaces and crossed by
numerous subequal spiral threads, covering the whole shell, their
wider interspaces striated by the incremental lines. Aperture about
half as long as the shell, the outer lip sharp, the throat smooth and
white ; the pillar white, not callous, with three distinct, oblique plaits
beside the slightly raised margin of the canal, these are only visible
from the side of the aperture ; anteriorly the pillar is tortuous,
slightly recurved, open and rather wide. Length of shell 14, of
aperture 7 ; width of shell 6 mm.
This species is easily discriminated from M. pusilla by its deeper
sutures and more convex whorls, and by having a more tortuous
pillar with three or four distinct oblique plaits instead of only two.
On a direct view, at right angles to the plane of the aperture, the
plaits are invisible, but are perfectly distinct from a point more
laterally situated. The operculum is elongate-quadrate with apical
nucleus. The shell, with other specimens from the same locality,
was sent to the National Museum by J. H. Paine.
NOTICES OF NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y, HIRASE.
Eulota (Euhadra) qucesita var. decorata n. v.
Smaller than qutzsita, and much more coarsely sculptured with
irregularly spaced, fold-like strire, which are well raised and in part
light yellow ; the ground-color of the shell being either that of
quatsita or of the form perryi, the types being of the dark pattern.
Alt. 22, diam. 35 mm. (Okuki).
Alt. 18.5, diam. 28 mm. (Chojamura).
THE NAUTILUS. 53
Okuki and Chojamura, Mutsu. Types no. 84884 A. N. S. P.,
from no. 985a of Mr. Hirase's coll.
Eulota (JSuKadra) connivens var. diversa n. v.
Shell resembling the smaller E. connivens var. phtzo gramma Anc.,
but larger, with the periphery strongly angular, like a thick Plecto-
tropis. Alt. 18, diam. 25.3 mm.
Riukiu I. Type 84877 A. N. S. P. Collector unknown.
Eulota (Euhadra) submandarina var. miyakejimana n. v.
Shell similar to E. submandarina, but the whorls of the spire are
flatter, less convex.
Alt. 18.6, diam. 25 mm.
Alt. 16.5, diam. 21.7 mm.
Miyakejima, Izu. Types no. 84879 A. N. S. P., from no. 1067 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
Eulota (Euhadra) submandarina var. niijimana n. v.
Decidedly smaller than E. submandarina ; subangular at the
periphery, with 4| to 5 whorls.
Alt. 12.3, diam. 17.5 mm.
Alt. 12, diam. 17 mm.
Niijima, Izu. Types no. 84880 A. N. S. P., from no. 1051 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
Ennea iwaJcawa var. oshimana n. var.
Differs from E. iwakawa in being much larger; from var. yaka-
shimce in the decidedly more slender form. Alt. 4.3, diam. 1.7 mm.
Oshima, Osumi. Types no. 84875 A. N. S. P., from no. 936 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
Like almost all of the species of Oshima, this is quite noticeably
differentiated from the allied form of the main islands of Japan.
TornateUina kitaiwojimana n. sp.
Shell perforate, globular, with short, very obtuse, conic spire ; thin
and fragile, transparent horn-colored, faintly and finely striate.
Whorls STT, convex. Aperture large; columella bearing a promi-
nent, squarish double fold ; parietal wall bearing a small, rather
short entering lamella. Length 2.7, diam. 2 mm.
54 THE NAUTILUS.
Kita-Iwojima, Izu. Types no. 84965, A. N. S. P., from no. 1094
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
An extraordinary species, very unlike any other yet known from
the region. Kita-Iwojima is one of the Sulphur or Volcano Islands,
a little group lying southwest of the Ogasawara group, and on a line
with the Izushichito group, or " Seven islands of Izu." They were
discovered by Bernard de Torres in 1543, and are governed by
Japan from the Ogasawara Is. Volcanic forces are still active in
this group, which is regarded by Yoshiwara as a continuation of the
Fuji chain, rather than orogenically belonging to the Ogasawaran
volcanic chain.
The following species of land shells have been found on Kita-
Iwojima :
Tornatellina inexpectata Pils.
Tornatellina kitaiwojimana Pils.
Tornatellina hataiana Pils.
Opeas gracile ogasawaranwn Pils.
Kaliella prsealta var. izushichitoensis n. v.
Shell smaller than K. praefilta, with decidedly stronger peripheral
angle. Brown, somewhat transparent.
Miyakejima, Izu. Types no. 84961, A. N. S. P., from no. 1060a
of Mr. Hirase's collection. Also, Niijima, Izu, no. 1060 of Mr.
Hirase's collection.
Kaliella nesiotica n. sp.
Shell conic, with very slightly convex lateral outlines, obtuse sum-
mit, acutely th read-car inate periphery and slightly convex base;
transparent brown. Whorls fully 6, slightly convex, parted by a
suture in which the fine thread-like keel ascends. Sculpture of ex-
tremely minute, rather widely-spaced hair-striae. Aperture basal,
squarish, the columellar margin reflexed above. Alt. 3.6, diam.
3.2 mm.
Miyakejima, Izu. Types no. 84964, A. N. S. P., from no. 1072
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Near K. crenulata Gude, but the excessively fine hair-like striae
are much more widely spaced in this species.
Sitala niijimana n. sp.
Shell minutely perforate, with conic spire, obtuse apex, strongly
THE NAUTILUS. 55
angular periphery and convex base; thin, fragile, and of a pale,
somewhat transparent horn-color. Surface faintly marked with
growth-wrinkles, and under very strong magnification, showing an
excessively minute, close decussation of radial and spiral lines.
General outlines of the spire straight. Whorls 3^, convex. Colu-
mella reflexed above. Alt. 2, diam. 2.3 mm.
Niijima, Izu. Types no. 849G3, A. N. S. P., from no. 1057 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
The rather acutely angular periphery is nearly in the middle of
the height of the shell. It is referred to the genus Sitala on account
of its spiral sculpture, which is, however, excessively minute.
NOTE ON THE FAMILY SEPTIDJE.
BY W. H. BALL.
In the Report on the Mollusks of Porto Rico, I adopted for the
family Tritonidce of authors, the name Septidce, and for the typical
genus the name Septa, proposed by Perry in 1811. Perry's list of
species comprised six, beside which he mentions the Murex tritonis
of Linne (spelling the specific name tritonia, but his meaning is ob-
vious). His genus was equivalent to the genus Triton, as ,used by
authors of the first half of the 19th century. His largest and most
conspicuous species, which he compares with Murex tritonis, belongs
to the same group as the latter, which was generally accepted as the
type of the old genus Triton and reserved for it by Montfort when he
divided the genus, a year earlier than Perry. Therefore I accepted
Septa rubicunda Perry (= Triton nodiferus Lam.) as the type of
Perry's genus and applied the name to the congeneric species of
Porto Rico, since Triton is preoccupied.
In an interesting and useful paper by H. Leighton Kesteven, re-
ferred to in the June number of the NAUTILUS, the author does not
accept the name Septa because Perry's first species is a Lotorium and
without argument is taken by Mr. Kesteven as type. He shows very
clearly that the name cannot be used for Lotorium, but does not
observe that I never proposed to so use it. I used it for the group
of Murex tritonis L., which is generically distinct from the group of
which Lotorium is a member, and which, as Mr. Kesteven shows,
56 THE NAUTILUS.
has no other name at present which is valid. I was not obliged to
take the first species of -Septa as a type, knowing it to be a Lotorium,
and did not. The species for which I used it had no valid generic
name 'and Septa was applicable, and should, I think, be adopted.
ON SOME NEW LAND MOLLUSCA FEOM MIDDLE AMERICA.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
I. Streptoslyla Sumichrasti, n. sp.
S. Sumichrasti, Crosse & Fischer, in coll. Salle.
Testa cylindraceo-oblonga, tenuis, nitidissima, obsolete et flexuosa
substriatula, Irate fulvo cornea, concolor sed ad apicem obtusulum
pallidior. Spira gradata, conoideo-attenuata. Anfractus 6^ convex-
iusculi, sutura canaliculata divisi, ultimus elongatus, iatere dextro
leviter planulatus. Apertura subauriformis, superne longe attenuata,
basi subdilatata ; lamina columellaris tennis, vix callosa, elongata,
spiraliter torta, basi antice vix truncata. Peristoma obtusiusculum,
flexuosum, medio antice dilatatum, basi recedens.
Long. 29, diam. 13, alt. 19^ mill.
Hab. in isthmo Tehuantepec, reipublicre Mexicana (coll. Ancey,
Dautzenberg, Jousseaume).
A fine large species related to the smaller S. lurida, Shutt. and S.
Bocourti, Cr. & Fisch., but much more slender than the latter and
of a more graceful oblong shape than the former. This is surely dis-
tinct from any species I examined in the collection of the late A.
Sall4, now in the possession of Mr. Ph. Dautzenberg.
II. Streptostyla clavulata, n. sp.
Testa parvula, primo aspectu Ferussaciis ex grege F. procerulne
similis, tenuis, nitida, obsolete vix striatula, verisimiliter statu re-
centi pallide cornea, sed emortua albido-hyalina, cylindraceo-elon-
gata, oblongula. Spira producta, regulariter attenuata, obtusa,
apice magno. Anfractus 6^, subplanulati, sutura appressa, parum
distincta, infra pellucido marginata divisi ; ultimus cylindraceo-
oblongus, basi subattenuatus. Apertura superne angusta, basi dila-
tata, lamina columellaris brevis, parum valida, subcallosa, leviter
THE NAUTILUS. 57
spiraliter torta, basi antice truncatula. Peristoma obtusum, medio
antice flexuoso-productum, basi recedens.
Long. 8|, lat. 3, alt. apert. 4 mill.
Hab. in America centrali (?).
A small elongate shell, quite unlike any other I am acquainted
with and resembling a Ferussacia. I am indebted for a specimen to
Mr. Ph. Dautzenberg, who procured two examples in a lot of loose
miscellaneous shells from various localities.
A PARTIAL LIST OF THE MARINE MOLLUSKS OF SAN SALVADOR,
BAHAMAS.
BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.
The following partial list of San Salvador shells is based on a col-
lection exhibited at the World's Columbian Exposition, and now in
the Field Columbian Museum, by whom it was referred to the
writer for identification.
San Salvador, or Watling Island, is one of the Bahama Islands,
and lies just north of the Tropic of Cancer. Its molluscan fauna is
like that of the West Indies and Florida. The specimens are mostly
beach shells.
Area barbata Linne. Cerithium literatum Born.
Lucina dentata Wood. Trivia pediculus Linne.
Lucina pennsylvanica Linne. Trivia qtiadripunctata Gray.
SubemarginulaoctoradiataGmelin. Lambidium oniscus Linne.
Acmaea punctulata Gmelin. Tritonium chlorostomum Lam-
Fissurella barbadensis Gmelin. arck.
Fissurella fascicularis Lamarck. Pyramidalla dolabrata Linne.
Nerita tessellata Gmelin. Columbella ovulata Lamarck.
Nerita versicolor Lamarck. Columbella mercatoria Lamarck.
Nerita peloronta Linne. Olivella nivea Gmelin.
Neritina pupa Linne. Conus mus Hwass.
Hipponyx antiquatus Linne. Conus verrucosus Hwass.
Polinices lactea Guilding Bulla occidentalis A. Adams.
Natica canrena Lamarck. Melampus flavus Gmelin.
Tectarius muricatus Linne. Cerion sp.
58 THE NAUTILUS.
NOTES, NEWS AND REVIEWS.
THE USE OF THE GENERIC NAME HELICOSTYLA In the dis-
cussion of the nomenclature of " Cochlostyla" it has not been noticed
that Morch, in 1865, used the name Helicostyla to include Axina,'
Corasia, Helicobulimus, etc. He gives a new name Pythohelix for
the species boholensis and fulgetrum and misspells Orustia ("Onistia")
and Corasia (" Coracia "). See Journ. de Conchy!.. 1865, p. 385.
-H. A. P.
THE ZOOLOGICAL RECORD, Vol. xxxix, 1902. Mollusca. By
E. R. Sykes, B. A., assisted by E. A. Smith, I. S. 0., pp. 85. The
total number of titles recorded is 611 ; this of course including many
papers purely palaeontological. As in the preceding records compiled
by Mr. Sykes, the summaries relating to Anatomy and Distribution
are especially full, and cannot fail to be of the utmost utility to many
students. Thus, on p. 45, references to all articles dealing with
inland mollusks of the United States may be found. It may be well
to call attention here to a slip, whereby the species of New Mexico are
placed under " Neotropical, Mexican Region," p. 44, and omitted
from "American Region." While New Mexico has a " Lower
Austral " element in Hotospira, this genus has occurred only in a
few places in the extreme south, and the fauna as a whole is over-
whelmingly " nearctic." Again, Washington, Oregon and Bahamas
are put in the "Transatlantic Province" (p. 50), whereas the two
former should have been placed in the " California!!," and the latter
in the " Caribbean." The systematic part seems to be very well
done ; though in treating the Pelecypoda, a further classification
would certainly facilitate reference. The several parts of the
Record may now be purchased separately, the Mollusca for 4, the
Brachiopoda 1 shilling.1 They will be found well worth the price,
even to the local naturalist, for the information on what is being
done the world over in the study of mollusks.
NOTES ON POLYPLACOPIIORA OF THE CONCHYLIEN CABINET.
The monograph on this group, by S. Clessin, has now progressed
'From the Zoological Society, 3 Hanover Square, London.
THE NAUTILUS. 59
far enough to show the general quality of the work. The figures are
all bad copies, as well as most of the descriptions ; and such classifi-
cation as there is is only right by accident ; such cases being readily
accountable for by the law of chances. If it were only a reasonably
careful compilation, the work might still have a certain value ; but
it abounds with minor blunders, such as " Chiton sowerbyanrus " for
C. sowerbyanus, " Port Jankson," " Chiton goodalii," etc.; but per-
haps the most amusing case in the part just issued is that of Chiton
sulcatus Wood. This is renamed Chiton Woodii Cles., and said to
be from " Lord Woods Insel der Gallopagos." The new name is of
course quite unnecessary, because Ch. sulcatus Wood dates from
1814, some years prior to any other use of that specific name. The
new name Chiton (CaUochiton) Carpenteri Cles. (p. 64), is a syn-
onym of Callutochiton pnlchellus Gray, besides being pre-occupied,
see p. 25 of the same work. When the monograph on Seaphopoda
in the Conchylien Cabinet \v us issued, I thought that for blunders and
general inadequacy it could not be surpassed ; but the work on Chi-
tons, by the same author, promises to be a close second — H. A. P.
Zweiter Beitrag zur Binnen-concJiylien des Miocdns I'on Oppeln in.
Schlesien.— Von Prof. Dr. A. Andreas. Hildesheim, Dec., 1902.
In this further study of a Miocene land-shell fauna, Prof. Andreae
brings out several novelties of unusual interest. The new group
Gyralina contains Hyalinia (G.) roemeri n. sp., a form very similar
to our Helicodiscus lineatus. There is a new species of Strobilops,
described under the name Strobilns. Also several interesting Heli-
ces. Adelopoma martensi n. sp., is a minute Diplommatina-like
form, in which relation is found with South American species de-
scribed under the genus Adelopoma of Doering, ranging from Argen-
tina to Guatemala. In this connection it may be well to call atten-
tion to the fact that forms of the same genus occur in eastern Asia.
" Diplommatina " pusilla Mart, of Japan, and its variety omiensis
Pils., which are placed by Kobelt (Tierreich, Cyclophoriden] in
Cylindropalaina, really have all the shell characters of Adelopoma.
Also D. amurensis Mouss. (Journ. de Conchyl., 1887), from Vladi-
vostock, which is apparently identical specifically with pusilla Mart.
Another German Miocene species, Diplommatina dietzi Elach, is re-
ferred by Dr. Andreae to Adelopoma. The distribution of the genus
60 THE NAUTILUS.
is somewhat similar to that of Clausilia and the Belogonous Helices
— European, Oriental and South American — H. A. Pilsbry.
A BIOLOGICAL RECONNOISSANCE IN THE VICINITY OF FLAT-
HEAD LAKE [MONTANA]. — By Morton J. Elrod. (Bulletin Univ.
of Montana, No. 10.) A synopsis of work in all branches of Zool-
ogy done at the Biological Station of the University of Montana.
Besides a good many notes on mollusks throughout the text, there is
a catalogue of Montana shells (pp. 170-174), and illustrations of a
series of varieties of Pyramidida strigosa (plate xxvii) and P. Elrodi
(pi. xxxii).
CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRITISH SPECIES OF THE GENUS
SOLEN L., etc. By H. H. Bloomer (Journal of Malacology, x,
1903). Mr. Bloomer, continuing the series of articles upon the an-
atomy of Sulen, gives us a description and illustrations of Ceratisolen
legumeii, Solecurtus strigillatus and S. candidus. The former has
much in common with S. enst's, while as would be expected, Sole-
curtus differs in many respects. Respecting the true Solens, Mr.
Bloomer looks upon " Solen vagina as a more primitive form, and
JSusis ensis and E. siligua as more specialized forms." Cultellus
pelluc/dus coming somewhere between. He finds anatomical differ-
ences between Solen and Ensis, sufficient to call for the generic sep-
aration of the latter group, which until very recently has been con-
sidered a subgenus of Solen. These careful, comparative studies in
Pelecypod anatomy are valuable and worthy of imitation.
MRS. MARY P. OLNEY.
•We have recently learned with great regret, of the death of Mrs.
Mary P. Olney, of Spokane, Wash. Mrs. Olney was a devoted
lover of nature, and notwithstanding her advanced years, has taken a
very active interest in the study of mollusca. Interesting notes such
as: " Odor of snails," " Young Pyramidula strigosa," etc., were fre-
quently contributed to THE NAUTILUS, and one form, Polygyra
mullani var. OLNEY^E, was dedicated to her.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVII. OCTOBER, 19O3. No. 6.
A NEW GENUS OF TROCHIDJE.
BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.
•In dredging between Oahu and Molokai in the Hawaiian Islands,
in depths varying between 220 and 436 fathoms, sandy and rocky
bottom, the U. S. Fish Commission steamer "Albatross" obtained a
number of specimens of a large deep-water gastropod shell, occupied
by hermit crabs and completely covered by the extended basal mem-
brane of a large Actinia. It is not uncommon to find gastropod
shells covered by sponges or hydroid zoophytes, commensal with a
Paguroid crab, and it often happens that the zoophyte grows beyond
the margin of the aperture forming a shield for the growing crab, to
their mutual advantage; since the crab in such cases does not have
to seek a new habitation on the ground that the old one has become
too small for him, while his movements prevent the zoophyte from
becoming smothered by the mud, as might happen if the crab sought
another domicile and left the old one lying on the bottom. In such
cases the lime of the original shell is often gradually absorbed, though
the sponge or zoophyte retains more or less of the original form. In
the present case, however, the original shell appears to be normally
so deficient in lime as to be practically of a flexible, horny consistency
and chiefly composed of a rather tough, thick layer of couchioline.
In order that it may retain its shape, it is necessary to keep it in
alcohol, as in the case of Torellia and some forms of Vehitinidai.
62 THE NAUTILUS.
STYLOBATES n. g.
Shell depressed-turbinate, few whorled, feebly calcified, with a
deep, funicular umbilicus bordered by a carina ; surface wrinkled in
harmony with the incremental lines ; aperture ample, interrupted by
the body whorl, the pillar lip straight, the outer lip and base continu-
ously arcuate; the suture appressed. Animal? operculum?
Stylobates ceneus n. sp.
Shell large, flexible, with three rapidly-enlarging whorls, winch
are moderately convex above, descending to a well-marked but not
deep appressed suture ; base convex, the margin of the umbilicus
carinate, its cavity straight-sided and funicular : last whorl expanded
at the aperture, which has a thin, simple margin, straight at the ter-
mination of the umbilical coil, slightly angular at the intersection of
the umbilical carina, the lips above separated for a short distance on
the body whorl ; shell of yellowish-gray color (in alcohol) with a
well-marked, brassy lustre ; sculpture of small, irregular wrinkles
harmonizing with the lines of growth ; outer lip somewhat sinuous
and gently excavated at the periphery ; upper margin of the aperture
advancing beyond the lower. Maximum diameter about 75, mini-
mum 40, height 35, diameter of umbilicus about 10 mm.
Habit, station 3893 of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer "Alba-
tross," in the Hawaiian Islands. There are occasional minute granu-
lations on the surface which may, however, be merely individual
peculiarities. The soft parts and operculum are as yet unknown.
This large and peculiar shell dons not closely resemble any other
deep-water form yet recorded. "While its proper classification must
remain unsettled until the soft parts are obtained, its general form
and habit recall several of the 7'mc/n'i/ce, and bear a curious super-
ficial resemblance to the New Zealand land shell formerly known as
IJe!tx (now Paryphunla) busbyi.
DISTRIBUTION OF JAMAICAN SPICIZS OF COLOBOSTYLUS.
BY P. AV. JAUVIS.
In this group there are thirteen clearly marked species :
Colobostylus interruptus (Lam.). C. nutlii Pils.
C. humphreyanus (Plr.). C. albus (Sowerby).
THE NAUTILUS. 63
C. thysanoraplie (Sowerby). C. banksianus (Sowerby).
C. jayanus (Ads.). C. yallaliensis (Ads.).
C. redneldiaiins (Ads.). C. tectilabris ( Ads.).
C. bronni (Ads.). C. lamellosus (Ads.).
C. chevalier! (Ads.).
Culobostyhis interruptus (Lam.) (Area No. 12). Living specimens
of this species are very rare, and only occasionally found on the Dal-
las mountains, but weather-beaten shells are very abundant on Long
and Dallas mountains, lying to the north of Kingston. In Mr. Henry
Vendrye's list of Jamaican Land and Fresh- Water Shells, it is classed
under Choanopoma.
Cu/obosfyltts humphreyamis (Pfr.) (Area No. 4) inhabits a very
wide area, from the Cockpit country in St. Elizabeth and Trelawny,
westward to " Silver Spring," in Westmoreland. The differencea
between specimens from distant localities are very slight and there
seems to be no tendency to vary amongst individuals.
Colobostylus thysanoraphe (Sow.) (Area No. 6) occurs on the high
mountains in the center of the island. Fairly abundant in the Cave
Valley district.
Colobostyhis jayanus (Ads.) (Area No. 7) is common throughout
Manchester. This species is somewhat nearly allied to G. thysano-
raphe. I have not yet found either any intermediate varieties or
both species in one locality.
Colobostyhis redfieldianus (Ads.) (Area No. 5) occurs in the two
parishes of Westmoreland and Hanover. Varies considerably in size
and color.
Colobostylus bronni (Ads.) (Area No. 1). The metropolis of this
shell is the highland parts of St. James and Trelawny where it
abounds, it is common in smaller numbers throughout these two
parishes.
Culobostyhis chevalieri (Ads.). The typical form of this very pretty
shell occurs somewhere in the mountains near Montego Bay. I have
not yet found it. Dr. F. A. Sinclair, who has kindly given me speci-
mens, did not take note at the time of the exact locality. The varie-
ties album and virgatwn of Adams, are found together at Green
Island in Hanover (Area No. 13).
cc
p
H
w
O
W
tn
y
M
O
w
--
O
»
O
H
in
(64)
THK NAUTILUS. 65
Colobostylus nultii Pils. (Area No. 2), is found on the Coast moun-
tains at Braco, near Duncans.
Colobosfylus albus (Sowerby) (Area No. 3). The typical forms of
this species inhabit the coast mountains from Port Maria to St. Anns
Bay and for a few miles inland. The var. fuscus of Adams, comes
from the John Crow hills in Portland (Area 14).
Colobostylus banksianus (Sowerby) (Area No. 7). This species
has its headquarters in Manchester and spreads for a considerable
distance across the borders of St. Elizabeth and through the Cockpit
country.
Colobostylus yallnhensis (Ads.) (Area No. 9). The types of this
species came from " Roaches Gully," on Creighton Hall Estate, in
St. Thomas ; it is also found at one or two other places on the Yal-
lahs hills. This species also crops up at Schwallenburg (Area 9 A)
on the slopes of Mount Diablo, in St. Anns. I do not know of its
having been found anywhere else than in these two small areas.
Colobostylus tectihtbris (Ads.) (Area 10), inhabits the central and
southern parts of Manchester. It is widely distributed over this area
but not common.
Colobostylus lamellosits (Ads.) (Area No. 11) is found on the
mountains of the South Coast of St. Elizabeth.
A NEW JAMAICAN COLOBOSTYLUS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Colobostylus nuttii n. sp.
Shell narrowly umbilicate, turbinate conic, similar in general shape
to C. chevtdieri (C. Bl Ad.); surface very finely, densely and regularly
striate throughout, the stria; more spaced and sharper on the early
whorls, exactly as in C. albus. Coloration various, but usually consist-
ing of a wide, purplish or purple-brown belt, leaving a pale or whitish
band below the suture and around the umbilicus; the penult, whorl
or whorl and a half bicolored, the lower part dark, the upper whitish;
the upper whorl always purple-black. 3 to 3^ very convex whorls
remain, the summit being truncate. The aperture is vertical, chest-
66 THE NAUTILUS.
nut-brown within, at least in large part, not quite circular, being a
little longer than wide, and with the inner margin less arcuate than
the outer. Peristome moderately broad, witli a low, brown, raised
inner rim, and whitish or white expansion, which is dilated into a
slightly recurved or concave lobe above, adnate to the preceding
•whorl ; it is also a little dilated at the columellar margin. The um-
bilicus is smooth within, but rarely shows faint traces of a few spiral
cords.
Length 17, diam. 13 mm.
Length 15, diam. 11 mm.
The operculum is white externally, slightly concave, rather coarsely
-wrinkled tangentially, and with about 2^ whorls after the blackish
.nucleus, which is situated at about the lower third, and much nearer
the columellar than the outer margin. The edge is very deeply
grooved, the sides of the groove smooth or nearly so.
Braco, Trelawny, in northwestern Jamaica, the types collected by
Mr. George Nutt, and sent by Mr. P. W. Jarvis.
This species differs from G. chevalieri in the sculpture of fine vertical
stria?, the obsolescence of spiral cords around the umbilicus and in col-
oration. C. albus, which has similar sculpture and operculum, differs
in the narrow lip, not dilated above. The latter species is the most
nearly related form known to me.
Sometimes the wide median color zone is split by a lighter per-
ipheral tract ; or it may be reduced to a narrower belt below the
periphery.
NOTES ON THE MOLLUSK FAUNA OF SAN NICHOLAS ISLAND.
BY HERBERT N. LOWE.
San Nicholas, the most bleak and barren bit of land in the whole
group of the Santa Barbara Islands, lies apart from its more favored
sister islands, sixty-five miles from the mainland. It is a small
island, barely nine miles long, by four or five wide, without a vestige
of a tree of any kind, and very little of the cactus, which grows in
such quantities on the other islands. About half its area is a great
desert of shifting sands where lie the bleaching bones of an extinct
.race of Indians which inhabited the island many years ago. Many
THE NAUTILUS.
G7
strange and interesting implements of stone, bone and shell have
been found, showing very skillfull workmanship.
On this favored spot it was the writer's good fortune to spend three
weeks in scientific research during the month of February, 1902.
The marine shells are all of rare occurrence, with the exception of
Acmsea giganten, Haliotls cracherodii and Mytilus califvrnianns, which
grow on the rocks by the thousand. The red " abalone," Haliotis
rufesce)is, used to be very abundant on the island, as was also the
giant Cryptochiton stelleri, but are now of very rare occurrence. The
smaller species, such as Ocinebra circumteyfa, Marginella varia,
Gadinia reticulata, Mitromorpkafilosa, Megatebennus bimaculatus and
a few of the smaller chitons were found under stones in little shel-
tered inlets away from the heavy surf.
The remainder of the coast line is composed alternately of great
ledges of smooth rocks and strips of smoother sand beach. Unlike
the other islands, with their sleep cliffs jutting off abruptly into deep
water, San Nicholas is low, lying with bluff's sloping gradually to the
water's edge, with shallow water a long distance from shore. A belt
of kelp, in places more than a mile wide, surrounds the island, mak-
ing a landing very difficult. A fair idea of the marine species in-
habiting the coast may be obtained from the bleached shells found on
the old Indian camp grounds, as they seemed to have eaten molluscs
of every description, principally the Haliotis, fragments of which
cover the mounds by the million, and the irridescent shells reflecting
the rays of the sun in a gorgeous and dazzling play of color, present
a picture long to be remembered.
The following is a list of marine species found on the Indian
mounds:
Cyprsea spadicea Gray.
Trivia solandri Gray.
J'rato vitelina lids.
Acmsea gigantea Gray.
Acmsea mitra Esch.
ActnseapeUa var. nacelloides Dall.
Chlorostomn brunneum Phil.
Chlorostorna montereyensis Kien.
Cftlorostoma funebrule A. Ad.
Gadinia reticulata Cpr.
Cryptochiton stelleri Midd.
Cardium quadrigenurium Con.
Cnrdium biangulittuin Shy.
Rupellaria latnellifera Con.
Luciua californica Con.
Venus fordii Yates.
Hinnites giganteus Gray.
Pec ten eequisulatus Cpr.
Tapes st(tminea Con.
Norrissia norrissii Sby.
68 THE NAUTILUS.
Lucapina crenulata Sby. Monoceros lapilloides Com.
Fissuridea aspera Escli. Olivellu boetica Cpr.
Pachgpoma inequale Martyn. Oliva biplicata Sby.
Pomaulax undosus Wood. Purpura saxicola Val.
Ocinebra circurntexta Stearns. Mytilus californianus Con.
Fusus barbarensis Trask. Haliotls rufescens Swain.
Mitra maura Swains. Haliotis cracherodii Leach.
Cancellnria cooperi Gabb. Haliotis corrugata Gray.
Ischnochiton conspicuus Cpr. Natica sp.
The reefs where the Acmaea gigantea have their liome, jutting out
between the sand beaches, are, after every storm, temporarily cov-
ered over with sand. At such times a large quantity of sand gets
under the mantle of the Acmcea, causing little nodules to be formed
on the inside of the shell, from the size of a pinhead to that of a small
bean. The shells were of unusual thickness, to withstand the con-
tinual pounding of the surf.
As I have previously stated, the island is almost destitute of vege-
tation, making the land shells few and far between. The only species
were: Helix tryoni, found alive in small numbers; H. f emits, one
fresh specimen and occasional dead ones; H. sodalis, none but dead
and bleached ones. I should probably not have obtained any live
Helices had it not been for a rain storm which came on while I was
on the island, when the tiny creatures seemed to sprout as it were
from the bowels of the earth. After every rain storm there comes a
fierce, drying, west wind, which makes the snails "hunt their holes"
in a hurry, and any unfortunate Helix not under cover is made short
work of by the scorching winds and sand blowing upon them. About
the only food for the snails is a low-growing salt bush, at the roots of
which they burrow in the dry season. At the east end of the island
are found the few scattering live Helices with comparatively few dead
shells, while at the west end of the island the dead and bleached
shells lie by the thousand on the great stretches of shifting white
sand. As there is no vegetation whatever at that end of the island,
and the prevailing winds, in the opposite direction, makes it impos-
sible for them to have been driven there by that agency, it remains
an unanswered question how came these myriads of dead and
bleached shells in this sand desert?
At the west end occasional springs of fresh water drip from over-
THE NAUTILUS. 69
hanging ledges of rock to little pools on the sand beach, and then
flow to the great ocean without having benefited the island in any
way. In these little pools a few small stunted Physas were found.
During the winter season the island is the rendezvous of Japanese
fishermen, who catch lobsters for the Los Angeles market. They
also make a business of hunting abalones at low tide. The meats are
cleaned from the shells, boiled in salt water and spread on the flat
rocks to dry, when they are sacked up and shipped to Japan and
China, and considered a great delicacy by the celestial epicures.
The shells are sent to Los Angeles and made into pearl buttons,
souvenir spoons and various "curios" to tempt the pocket-book of
the tourist.
NEW JAPANESE MARINE MOLLUSKS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRT.
Phasianella tristis n. sp.
Shell imperforate, globose turbinate, thick and solid, dark reddish-
brown, the apical whorl whitish ; smooth. Spire short. Whorls 3,
rapidly increasing, the last rounded. Aperture more than half the
length of the shell, oblique, rounded-ovate ; columellar margin regu-
larly concave, flattened and callous. Alt. 3.6, diani. 3 mm.
Rishiri, Kitami. Types no. 85222 A. N. S- P., from no. 1367 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
Near P. oligomphala, but the aperture is less oblique, the shell
more solid and of a more sombre color.
Gibbufa ciffinis var. cognata n. v.
Differs from G. affiuis of the Viti Is. in having the larger spiral
cords more equal and regularly spaced, the apical whorls rose-colored.
Riukiu I.
Gibbula vittata n. sp.
Shell narrowly but openly umbilicate, conic, fleshy-brown, striped
longitudinally with white, the white stripes about half as wide as the
darker ones. Surface nearly lusterless. Whorls subangular above
70 THE NADTILUS.
the middle of the upper surface, the last also angular at the periph-
ery ; sculptured with narrow spiral cords, of which there are four
between the peripheral angle and the shoulder, the surface nearly
smooth or with one cord above the shoulder. Base with about nine
spiral cords. Whorls nearly 6. Aperture oblique, rounded, angular
at the base of the columella, smooth within. Columella straightened
in the middle. Umbilicus smooth and white within. Alt. 6, diam.
5.3 mm.
Riukiu I. Types no. 82037 A. N. S. P., from no. 1318 of Mr.
Hirase's collection.
Gibbula incarnata n. sp.
Shell perforate or closed, turbinate, coral-red, uniform or with
some paler or whitish spots at the periphery, a small area around the
columella white. Sculptured with nearly smooth spiral cords as wide
as their intervals, nine in number on the penultimate whorl. On the
somewhat flattened base there are about 8 finer cords. Spire conic,
the apex obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, the last subangular around the
base. Aperture oblique, irregularly rounded, smooth within. Colu-
mella wide and calloused. Alt. 5.3, diam. 5.
Kumihama, Tango. Types 82141 A. N. S. P., from no. 1323 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
Monilea (Rossiteria} nucleolus n. sp.
Shell depressed globose-conic, narrowly umbilicate ; white with an
interrupted buff zone above, and conspicuously variegated with squar-
ish black-brown spots, of which there is a row of broad ones below
the suture (three or four on a whorl), a row of smaller ones just
above the periphery, and another on the base. Besides these, there
is an irregular articulation or dotting of dark brown on the spiral
cords. Surface glossy, sculptured with numerous very low and sub-
equal, nearly smooth, spiral threads, almost obsolete on the base, but
reappearing at the border of the umbilicus ; and showing under a
lens, subregular, close, longitudinal grooves, almost obsolete, but visi-
ble near the suture and umbilicus. Whorls 5, convex, the last well
rounded. Aperture oblique, the columellar margin deeply concave
in the middle ; columella abruptly truncate at the base. Outer lip
bevelled to a sharp edge, thickened and spirally lirate within. Alt.
5.6, diam. 6.3 mm.
THE NAUTILUS. 71
Compared with M. nucleus Phil., this species differs in being
smaller, with the whole sculpture much fainter, subobsolete. It is
also more depressed, and the umbilicus widens more at the opening.
Clancnlus getnmulifer var. pallidus n. v.
Differs from gcmmidffer by its pale, yellowish-brown tint, with
roseate apex, and some indistinct, paler, radial flames ; only a few of
*
the liras having sparse black beads, eacli between two white ones.
Kasliiwajima, Tosa. Types no. 83221 A. N. S. P., from no. 9106
of Mr. Ilirase's collection.
MISS S. F. PEICE.
We learn with deep regret of the death, at her home at Bowling
Green, Ky., on July 3d, of Miss Sadie F. Price. Miss Price was
born at Bowling Green. Her parents were Alexander M. and Marie
Price. For many years Miss Price had been actively interested in
the flora of her State, upon which she published a number of articles,
among them a useful illustrated work, " The Fern Collector's Hand-
book." Ornithology also claimed her attention, and in the last
dozen years she became interested in mollusks, and becoming ac-
quainted by correspondence with concliologists working upon inland
species, she collected assiduously and successfully, publishing a list of
her local collections in this journal for November, 1900. Miss Price
assisted upon the Kentucky exhibit at the Columbian Exposition,
where she exhibited plants and a series of paintings of the birds of
Kentucky, which attracted much attention. Like a true naturalist,
Miss Price passed on to many pupils the love of nature. She is sur-
vived by her sister, Miss Mary Price, with whom she had lived for
many years.
GENERAL NOTES.
HELIX HORTENSIS AT PEUCE, P. Q. — Dr. John M. Clarke reports
this species as very common in the limestone regions at Perce, Gulf
of StT Lawrence. A specimen sent is of the five-banded form.
II. A. P.
72 THE NAUTILUS.
PROF. T. D. A. COCKERELL, of East Las Vegas, New Mexico,
has removed to Colorado Springs, Colorado.
REV. A. B. KENDIG, of Brookline, Mass., has sold his large col-
lection of land shells to the Franklin and Marshall College, Lancas-
ter, Pa.
THE largest fresh-water pearl on recovd was found at Genoa, Wis-
consin, by seventeen-year-old Frank Hastings while he was fishing.
It weighs 185 grains and is pure white. It measures ||- of an inch
in diameter. A local dealer bought the pearl, just as it was when it
came from the shell, for $2,675. — Cleveland Leader.
MRS. S. L. WILLIAMS, of Chicago, has recently added to her
large and beautiful collection of Oypraidce a specimen of Cyprcza
broderipii Gray. We believe this is the only specimen in America.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
A NEW LAND SHELL FROM CALIFORNIA. By Paul Bartsch
(Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, pp. 103, 104, 1903). Sonorella wal-
cotliana is described from Palm Springs, San Diego Co., where it
occurred in crevices' of rocks.
ON SOME ADDITIONAL FOSSILS FROM THE VANCOUVER CRETA-
CEOUS, WITH A REVISED LIST OF THE SPECIES THEREFROM. By
J. F. Whi leaves. (Geological Survey of Canada, Mesozoic Fossils,
vol. i, part 5, pp. 309-415, plates 40-51.)
This part is similar to the one published in 1879, consisting of a
report of the many collections received since that time. Some 27
species of Cephalopoda are recorded, including six new species. The
Gastropoda are represented by 35 species, 12 of which are new.
Scaphapoda two species, arid Pelecypoda 48 species, 10 being new to
science. The synonymy and bibliography is given in full and the
illustrations are excellent. The work is a valuable contribution to
American paleontology. — C. W. J.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vol.. XVIT. NOVEMBER, 19O3. No. 7.
SOME NOTES ON THE GENUS FULGUE.
BY CHAS. \V. JOHNSON.
In the very interesting and valuable paper, " Studies of Gastro-
poda II, Fulgur and Sycotypus," by Amadeus W. Grabau (Amer.
Naturalist, August, 1903), the author has again brought to generic
rank the name of Sycotypus. No stronger evidence is brought forth
to uphold this view than that already given, viz., the character of the
protoconch, as pointed out by Conrad. Dr. Dall and others consider
the condition of Conrad's specimens to have been pathologic, while
the many tertiary forms seem to completely bridge all distinguishing
conchobgieal characters, leaving only the ciliated periostratum, a
feature which is lost in the fossils and in Fulgur pyrum is often obso-
lete or wanting. Still Sycotypus, as a rule, forms a recognizable
group, very convenient in tracing the origin of many of the species.
Has the protoconch of F. pyrum been studied? It may have no
bearing on the subject, but it is interesting to note that while the
egg-capsules of F. canalicalatum are readily distinguished from F.
carica and F. perversum by having a single-keeled edge, those of F.
pyrum are biangular, resembling those of F. perversum in miniature.
In tracing the ancestral relations of the various so-called species,
Mr. Grabau has brought out many points which deserve careful con-
sideration. Every one who has made a study of the tertiary species
probably has a different view in regard to the relationship of the
various forms, and these views should be freely given and the con-
sensus of opinion adopted.
All agree that the Eocene Levifusus is probably the immediate
74 THE NAUTILUS.
ancestor of Futyur, the latter being first represented in the Oligocene
and Lower Miocene by F. spiniyer and its several varieties, and in
the middle Miocene by F. fusiform* 8?
From this form was probably derived, as Mr. Grabau states, "the
large and ponderous Fulgur maximum Conr.," which apparently,
through the varieties tritonis andflosum* leads to the recent F. carica
and its variety eliceans. On the other hand, the sinistral form un-
doubtedly evolved from F. maximum in the upper Miocene much
earlier than Mr. Grabau's table would imply, and by forms such as
F. adversarium and F. obfilosum leads directly to the recent F. perver-
sum, and its rare variety kieneri Phil, presenting exact parallels to
the F. tritonis jilosum and F. carica eliceans series, thus strengthening
the theory of a common ancestry. During the Pliocene, F. pvrcer-
sum seems to have extended and found more favorable conditions
further south, for it is really more plentiful and better developed in
the Caloosahatchie than in the Waccamavv beds. On the gulf coast
at the present time it is more abundant than on the Atlantic, while
F. carica is not found at all in the Gulf of Mexico.
In the Caloosahatchie beds there appeared a new form, F- rapum
Heilp., probably derived from F. perversum (as such forms of perver-
sum as Mr. Grabau has called obrapum would indicate) and appar-
ently representing a reversion to the maximum type.
\ would not consider obrapum to be sinistral rapum, neither would
I consider obfilosum to be a sinistral Jilosum; for while admitting a
common ancestry, the immutability of the recent perversum and
carica has given us reason to believe that the same stability has ex-
isted since they originated. To admit the mutability of sinistral and
dextral forms only makes " confusion worse confounded." F. rapum,
through the form tritonoides Grabau, leads to the recent F. coarcta-
tum Sowerby of the Gulf of Mexico, an extremely rare shell which
may possibly be extinct. The long anterior canal of the monstrosity
F. candelabrum. Lam., as figured by Kiener, indicates a position here,
rather than under eliceans.
1 In a bed which overlies the Chipola and having an out-crop in a mill-race
two miles east of Argyle, Fla., I found this species, identical with specimens
from St. Mary's, Md.
2 F. Jilosum did not originate in the upper Miocene, as indicated by Mr. Gra-
ban's table; F. maximum, tritonis and Jilosum are all associated with F. indie at
Yorktowu, which moreover is the type locality for filosum.
THE NAUTILUS. I <>
The Sycnti/pits group probably originated, as Mr. Grabau suggests,
with such forms as F. bnriisii, perizGnutttin and tainpaensis in tlie
Upper Oligocene (Lower Miocene?) and F. coronulum and nujosum
in the Middle Miocene. It ^eems ratlier a doubtful conclusion to
refer to F. rugosum as the direct ancestor of F. canaliculatum.
have not seen the " Faison variety " of F. canaUferum referred to,
but I am inclined to consider F. alcealus and incite as intermediate
forms and to trace the line of ancestry of F. canaliculatum and pijrum
through the same formations in which I trace F. carlca and perver-
O
sum, viz., the Miocene of Virginia and North Carolina and the Plio-
cene of the Waccamaw and Caloosahatchie.
The typical F. incite of Yorktown seems to have evolved into two
forms in the Duplin county beds ; the one, F. conradil1 Tuomey and
Holmes, leads to the so-called canaUferum Conr., the type of which
is the F. canaliculatum T. & H., from the Waccamau, and in no way
separable from the recent form. The other form, derived from indie,
represents a very mutable species, and to the various forms had been
applied the names of F. carolinensis, excavatus, elongatus and pyri-
formis. These exhibit, however, all gradations and extend through
the Pliocene to the recent F. pi/rum Dillvv.
F. conclnnum does not belong to the " Middle Miocene." The
type locality is Sampson Co., N. C., and I found it also along the
Cape Fear River, ten miles above Elizabeth town, Bladen Co., in a
bed typically Duplin. I do not know the forms which Conrad de-
scribed as amcenum and Kerrii and a study of the form from Walker's
Bluff, N. C., might throw additional light on the subject.
THE GREATEST AMERICAN PLANORBIS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Planorbis magnificus n. sp.
The shell is very large and high, sinistral as usual, the upper or
spire half yellow or pale brown, the lower or umbilical half dark
brown. Surface glossy, finely marked with growth-lines, and usually
some spiral series of minute long granules, as in many species of pond
•That F. conradii represents an intermediate form between incile and canali-
culatum is clearly shown by a series in the Joseph Willcox collection of Ful-
gurs, presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
76 THE NAUTILUS.
snails (but without thread-like striae such as Planorbis frivol vis has).
Spire narrow, deeply sunken, with steep sides; the summit of the
whorls acutely angular. Umbilicus deeply funnel shaped, the base
of the whorls so narrowly rounded as to appear almost angular.
Whorls nearly 5, the last very large, rounded at the periphery, some-
what flattened and sloping above, more convex below it. Aperture
but slightly oblique, irregularly ovate, angular or subangular above,
broadly rounded below, the peristome slightly expanded.
Diam. 36, height 24.5 mm.
Diam. 34, height 22 mm.
Lower Cape Fear River in the vicinity of Wilmington, North
Carolina, collected by Mr. Wm. P. Seal.
This species is remarkable not more for its size than for the great
width, far exceeding any other species. It differs from P. trivolvis,
animon and their allies in the surface sculpture and narrower umbili-
cus. Planorbis corpulentus Say is also somewhat related, but its
differential features will be obvious in a comparison with Mr. Bryant
Walker's illustrations and description of that species, NAUTILUS
XIII, p. 133, plate 3 (April, 1900).
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BYSSUS OF UNIONIDJE.
BY L. S. FRIERSON.
Recently, while collecting young or very small Unionidse, two
species were obtained having a byssus. Seven or eight specimens of
Lampsilis texasensis Lea, were taken so provided, and one specimen
of Lampsilis faHaciosus Simpson. The L. texasensis varied from
one-eighth to one-half inch in length, while the />. faUaciosus was
five-eighths of an inch long.
The size of the shell and the length of the byssus did not appear
to bear any constant ratio, nor did the size (or diameter) of the
byssus vary. The most of the texasensis and also the faUaciosus were
taken by means of a combination flour scoop and sieve such as is
used in our kitchens. This was used to scrape up the bottom, and
then the mud washed out leaving the larger stuff behind. In this
way the original position occupied by the shells could not be ascer-
tained ; but several specimens were taken attached to sticks, and
these were hanging suspended in the water clear of the bottom.
THE NAUTILUS. 77
The byssus was attached to the soft parts at about one-fourth dis-
tance from the anterior to the posterior end.
One of the texasensis had a byssus cylindrical in shape, about half
the diameter of a human hair laid alongside for comparison. But
that of the others and also of the fallaciosus was roughly ribbon-
shaped, and resembled a flat piece of '' molasses pulled-candy," both
in texture and in contour. While wet they were very elastic, but
exceedingly brittle when dry, appearing to be of the same composi-
tion as the ligament of the shell. These ribbons were irregularly
twisted, now to the right, now to the left, as well as vertically undu-
latory. This gave them a sort of spiral spring effect which was
quite noticeable.
The proximal end, when separated from the soft parts by slight
traction, was bulb-shaped and attached to a style-like process which
occasionally could be drawn from between the valves. My appli-
ances were not equal to the task of determining whether this process
was an outgrowth of the foot or of the mantle. The distal ends were
attached to quite a little raft of heterogeneous material, and 1 believe
that this " raft " serves to make a float, analogous to the balloons by
which spiders sail through the air in the autumn months. None of
them seemed to be directly fastened to any large body such as sticks
or old shells, but merely entangled with the moss or algas growing on
the sticks, etc. The lengths of these byssi were about three to
eight inches.
Several very small Quadrulas were taken. But no byssus was
noted on any of them. Could this feature be a characteristic of
Lampsilis and closely allied genera?
A NEW GUPPYA FROM FLORIDA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBKY.
Guppya miamiensis n. sp.
The shell is perforate, almost exactly like Guppya gundlachi in
shape, size and color ; glossy and smooth, with no trace of spiral fines,
even under high magnification. Alt. 1.5, diam. 2.3 mm., whorls 3|.
Miami, Bade Co., Florida. Types no. 77083 A. N. S. P., col-
lected by S. N. Rhoads, 1899.
In Mr. Rhoads' list of Miami shells, published in a former num-
78 . THE NAUTILUS.
ber of this journal, (his was listed as G. yundlachi. Mr. Geo. H.
Clapp, who obtained some of Rhoads' specimens, directed my atten-
to its distinctness. G. gundlachi occurs at a neighboring locality,
Lemon City, Fla., as well as throughout the St. John's valley, and
in west Florida — probably extending all over the peninsula. It was
collected by Mr. Singley at Hidalgo, Texas, and is a well-known
West Indian and Mexican species. G. yundlachi is invariably
characterized by the presence of a sculpture of very minute regular
and close, spiral stria?, as mentioned in the descriptions of Pfeiffer,
von Martens and others, and as I have confirmed in numerous speci-
mens from Florida, Texas, Mexico and the West Indies.
NEW LAND SNAILS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE
KY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIKASK.
Eulola lulmana yakushimana n. var.
Shell small with conic spire, yellowish red-brown or bright yellow-
ish green, indistinctly streaked with darker or sometimes with two or
three bands faintly indicated; wrinkle striate with dense fine spiral
lines as usual. Whorls 5^, the last very deeply descending below
the periphery of the preceding whorl. Umbilicus very narrow and
rapidly contracting within. Aperture nearly horizontal, the upper
and lower margins subparallel ; peristome narrowly refiexed, thick-
ened within.
Alt. 17.5, diam. 23. width of umbilicus 2 mm.
Alt. 17, diam. 23, width of umbilicus 2.5 mm.
Yakushima, Osumi. Types no. 85752 A. N. S. P., from no. 895
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This race has the small, contracted umbilicus of E. I. nesiotica, but
it differs in the very small size and conic spire.
Ganesella moellendorjjiana n. sp.
Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, with low conic; spire, the base
concave around the moderately open umbilicus, one-tenth the diameter
of the shell ; thin, reddish brown, with a narrow, darker band above
and a pale band at the periphery. Surface glossy, weakly marked
with growth-wrinkles and densely engraved with minute, spiral lines.
Whorls (i, convex, very slowly and regularly increasing, the last but
THE NAUTILUS. 79
very slightly descending anteriorly, very slightly angular in front,
becoming rounded. Aperture lunate, moderately oblique; peristome
thin, narrowly retiexed. Alt. 20.5, diam. 29. G, width of umbilicus
3 mm.
Amagisan, Izu. Type no. 85753 A. N. S. P., from no. 1140 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
This is one of the finest of the japonica group of species, resemb-
ling G.jacobii in contour, but much larger, with a comparatively
wider umbilicus and darker in color. It is named in honor of Dr.
O. von Moellendorff, in whose untimely death malacology has lost
one of the most acute and industrious authorities upon Oriental snails.
Pristiloma japonica n. sp.
Shell minute, imperforate, discoidal, the upper surface very low,
conoidal, base convex, periphery rounded; pale yellow, somewhat
translucent, glossy and almost smooth, very faintly striate radially
above. Whorls 5^, slowly widening, slightly convex, the base im-
pressed in the center. Aperture nearly vertical, narrowly lunate,
the outer lip acute and thin, strengthened a short distance within by
a white, callous ridge, showing as a buff streak outside; columellar
margin narrowly reflexed at the insertion. Alt. 1.5, diam. 2.7 mm.
Toya, Kuziro, in eastern Yesso. Types no. 85754 A. N. S. P.,
from no. 1146 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
It is impossible to say whether this is really a Pristiloma until the
jaw and teeth can be examined ; but from the close resemblance of
the shell to P. lansingi, the generic reference seems probable. There
is no Oriental group to which it could properly be referred, to my
knowledge. It is a new generic type for Japan.
NEW PISIDIA.
BY V. STERKI.
Pis. complanatum n. sp. Mussel inequipartite, slightly oblique,
moderately inflated ; superior margin short, somewhat curved, with
rounded, more or less projecting angles at the scutum and scutellum ;
posterior part short, truncate, passing with a rounded angle in the
inferior margin, which rises in a strong curve to the rounded-angular
anterior end ; supero-anterior slope not well marked, slightly curved ;
80 THE NAUTILUS.
beaks rather posterior, projecting over the hinge margin, slightly
bulging anteriorly and posteriorly, flattened laterally ; surface with
very fine, almost regular stria? and a few faint lines of growth, with
a slight, silky gloss ; color light to brownish-horn ; shell scarcely
translucent ; nacre thin, with the muscle insertions visible but not
impressed ; hinge slight to moderately stout, plate rather narrow,
right cardinal tooth curved, occupying the whole width of the plate,
its anterior end abruptly thick and grooved or bifid, its ends are con-
nected by the sharp, inferior edge of the plate, thus forming a groove ;
left anterior cardinal tooth short, curved or angular, the posterior
quite short, small, oblique ; lateral teeth moderately stout, with short,
pointed cusps, the outer ones of the right valve quite small but dis-
tinct ; ligament short, comparatively stout.
Long. 3.2, alt. 2.8, diam. 1.8 mill.; long. 2.7, alt. 2.4, diam. 1.6
mill.
Habitat : Little Black Creek and lakes in Muskegon Co., Michi-
gan, sent by Mr. Bryant Walker.
This species is different and distinct from all our Pisidia. It
somewhat resembles P. ultramontnnurn Pr., but is much smaller, its
beaks are narrower, of different shape and more prominent. Some
of the specimens from the creek are higher over the beaks and in the
posterior part, and thus the mussel is of a rather different shape. In
others, the beaks are less flattened, laterally.
Pis. rowdli n. sp. Mussel well inflated, elliptical-ovate in outline,
angles at scutum and scutellum slightly projecting, broadly rounded;
posterior margin just perceptibly subtruncate, supero-anterior slope
slightly marked ; beaks a little posterior (" in normal position "),
large, rounded, projecting over the hinge margin ; surface shining,
slightly and irregularly striate, with a few coarser lines of growth ;
horn colored to brownish over the beaks, usually with a lighter zone
along the margins, not sharply defined ; shell translucent, rather
thin ; hinge slight, plate rather narrow ; right cardinal tooth angular,
with its posterior part thicker and grooved, left anterior short, tri-
angular, placed high up on the plate, the posterior much longer,
oblique, curved ; lateral teeth with rather short, abrupt cusps in the
left valve ; the outer ones in the right valve small ; ligament slight.
Long. 7.5, alt. 6.2, diam. 4.5 mill.
Habitat: Near Sisson, at the foot of Mount Shasta, California,
collected by Rev. J. Rowell.
THE NAUTILUS. 81
This large and beautiful Pisidium cannot be mistaken for any other
species. It seems to be related to abditum Hald., and some of the
old-world Pisidia. Young specimens are very little inflated, and
of a light, almost whitish color.
Pis. cuneiforme n. sp. Mussel inequipartite, oblique, moderately
to rather well inflated, mostly so near the beaks; hinge margin
slightly curved, the angles at the scutum and scutellum projecting;
anterior part considerably longer, attenuated, somewhat cuneiform,
and directed downward, the end rounded, supero-anterior slope well
marked, straight or slightly curved ; posterior part short, subtruncate ;
beaks moderately large and slightly elevated over the hinge margin ;
surface finely and irregularly striate, pale to yellowish horn-colored,
or whitish, dull to shining ; shell opaque to subtranslucent, thin ;
hinge slight, short, plate narrow ; cardinal teeth placed far towards
the anterior, well formed ; the right curved, its posterior part slightly
thicker and grooved ; the left anterior well curved, the posterior
slightly so, almost longitudinal and above the anterior, long ; right
lateral teeth slight, cusps low and rounded, the outer ones well
formed ; in the left valve the cusps are short, high, abrupt, pointed ;
ligament slight.
Long. 2.8, alt. 2.4, diam. 1.8 mill.
Habitat: Michigan and Minnesota. In Michigan: Byer's trout
pond, Kent Co. ; Blue Lake and Green Creek, Muskegon Co.; Hess
Lake, Newaygo Co.; Lake Michigan, at High Id. Harbor. Clear-
water River, Stearns Co., Minn. Collected by Messrs. Bryant
Walker, H. E. Sargent and R. G. Kirkland.
Specimens were received in 1895, and again in '98 and '99, and
then regarded as representing a distinct species. Yet the number of
specimens from each place being limited, it seemed advisable to wait
for more materials.
Pis. cuneiforme has some resemblance with P. subtruncatum Malm,
and (var.) cuneatnm Biz., of Europe ; but the beaks are broader, less
elevated ; the surface striation and appearance are different, and the
young of both show more differences between each other than the
adult. Of our North American species, it has resemblance only with
some forms of P. compressum, but our species is much smaller and
its anterior part is longer, comparatively. Young and half-grown
specimens are comparatively shorter, less inequipartite and less ob-
lique.
82 THE NAUTILUS.
A well-marked feature of the hinge is, as it seems, the relative
position of the teeth, the distance between the cardinals and posterior
lateral cusps being twice as long as that between the cardinals and
anterior laterals. In other species, e. g., Pis. compression, variabile,
noveboracense, that difference is much less marked, and in P. vir-
ginicum the cardinals are about equidistant from the laterals.
NEW LAND SNAILS FROM SOUTH AMERICA,
BY C. F. ANCEY.
Epiphragmophora orophila Anc.
Testa umbilicata, umbilico margine columellari fere prorsus ob-
tecto, depressa, solidula, subnitida, fusco-olivacea, supra medium
fascia fulva cincta, supra oblique et irregulariter striata, striis rugi-
formibus, subtus exilioribus, prteterea passim et minute malleata
atque spiraliter infra impressiuscula. Spira convexa, obtusa, late
subconoidea. Anfractus 5^ convex!, sutura impressa, in ultimo sub-
irregulari discreti, ultimus relative magnus, antice sat breviter de-
flexus. Apertura obliqua, transverse oblonga, intus fuscula, fascia
transmeante. Peristoma album, incrassatum, anguste expansum,
basi reflexum et intus dilatatum, ad columellam late supra umbilicum
eversum, marginibus sat remotis, basali declivi.
Diam. 29£, min. 24, alt, 16 mill.
Hab. in Andibus Peruvias.
This shell, received by MM. Sowerby and Fulton as E. clansottL-
phalos (?), Dev. & Hupe, is quite unlike the latter, but is related to
a species of smaller size that one of these gentlemen sent me some
years ago as E. Farrisi Higg., or rather E. Higginsi Pfr., the former
name being preoccupied. However it does not seem to correspond
with the original diagnosis. The present species is larger, its sur-
face is rough but of a plain brown color, ornamented with a brown
band and the umbilicus is nearly closed.
Epiphragmophora Turtoni Anc.
This I have described in the journal as probably Bolivian, but
subsequently my friend Mr. Gude has described from Paraguay an
E. ZW/ttm, which appears to be very close to it and of which I have
seen the type in his collection. Both are probably from the same
THE NAUTILUS. 83
country. E. turtoni is larger, a trifle more depressed , and is fur-
nished with a single median brown band. Otherwise the two species
are very much alike.
Porphyrobaphe sarcostoma, n. sp.
Testa imperforata, solida, ovato-oblonga, nitida, striis increment!
lan-ibus oblique notata, in parte infera ultimi anfrnctus obsolete et
superficiality lineis spiralibus vix impressa, sub epidermide lutescente
fuscula vel cinereo-iulva, atque strigis seu lineis undulatis vel fulgu-
ratis crebre picta, praiterea obscure saturatius 3 vel 4-fasciata,
fasciis ob lineas persaepe interrupts, duabus primis in anfractibus
superis continuatis, apice pallido. Spira conoidia, modice elongata,
obtusa. Anfractus 6^ convexiusculi, duo primi microscopice punc-
tati, ultimus regulariter oblongus, ad aperturam brevissime ascendens.
Sutura parum profunda, inferne (an casu fortuito?) impresso margi-
nata. Apertura subobliqua, elliptico-oblonga, intus ccerulescenti-
albida, fauce nitida, fusco-carnea ; superne angulata, postice ad basin
columellad tantisper subangulata. Columella intus plica supera me-
diocri alba oblique ascendente munita, postea subarcuaia. Peris-
toma callosum, crassum, undique breviter expansum et reflexum,
albido-carneum, ad basin dilute fusculum, marginibus callo valido
ejusdem coloris junctis.
Long. 74, !at. 31, alt. apert. (oblique, cum perist.) 33^ mill.
Hab. in Colombia (?).
I saw only one example of this beautiful species and it is in my
collection. I can compare it with no other, the color of lip and
throat being a striking feature.
( To be continued.*)
MRS, HENRIETTA H. T. WOLCOTT.
"We regret to chronicle the death of Mrs. Henrietta II. T. Woloott,
of Dedham, Mass., following a severe accident. She passed a\vay
after much suffering, October 8th. in the 78th year of her age. Mrs.
Wolcott was deeply interested in the study of nature, was a proficient
botanist, and of late years interested in Conchology. A wide traveler,
she was never happier than when engaged in gathering interesting
material suitable for educational purposes; and many small, well-
84 THE NAUTILUS.
chosen school collections were given by her to educational institu-
tions and public schools. In the course of her travels she frequently
obtained new or rare specimens which she shared with cordial pleas-
ure with those students to whom they were of special interest. Her
last contribution of this kind was the Sonorella Wolcottiana from
Palm Springs, in the desert region of southeastern California. Phil-
anthropic work also claimed much of her attention, to which she
brought a mind clear and sensible, broadened by experience of many
years at home and in distant countries. Mrs. Wolcott was the
daugher of Joseph and Eleanor Eustis, of Boston, and the widow of
the late John W. Wolcott. She leaves a son and two daughters, be-
sides many, not bound by ties of relationship, yet who will remember
her as a friend, benefactor, or co-laborer W. H. D.
NOTES AND NEWS.
SHELLS OK DOUGLAS Co., CENTRAL WASHINGTON. — Prof. R.
E. Snodgrass collected a small series of shells at Grand Coulee, Blue
Lake, in July, 1902, comprising the following species.
"Pyramidula" strigosa Gld. Planorbis trivolvis var. horni
(small var.). Tryon.
Agriolimax campestris Binn. Planorbis parvus Say.
Succinea nuttalliana Lea. Physa triticea Lea.
Succinea gabbi Tryon. Pisidium compressum Prime,
Limnrea nuttalliana Lea. Pisidium sp. undet.
Limnsea adelinas Tryon.
Limnaea near sumassi Bd.
This locality must be near or at the western limit of P. strigosa.
Specimens are in the coll. of the Washington Agricultural College
I O O O
at Pullman, Wash., and that of the Academy at Philadelphia H.
A. Pilsbry.
SCHISMOPE IUMULOIDES (Cpr.) at San Diego. — This species was
described by Carpenter as a Scissure/la, from Mazathm. In examin-
ing some specimens sent some years ago as " Vanikorol " by Henry
Hemphill, I found that they were the species named above. I do
not know that this genus has been reported from California hitherto.
— Pilsbry.
THE NAUTILUS.
You XVIT. DECEMBER, 19O3. No. 8.
A NEW CALIFORNIAN TRIVIA.
BY WILLIAM .1. RAYMOND.
During the summer of 1901 the University of California, with the
financial aid of friends in Los Angeles, maintained a Marine Bio-
logical Laboratory at San Pedro, California, and carried on biolog-
ical exploration along the coast from Redondo to Newport, around
Catalina Island, and from Los Coronados Islands to La Jolla in the
vicinity of San Diego. The large gasoline launch "Elsie" was
chartered for the summer and equipped with apparatus for the study
of the physical environment of marine life, including depth, temper-
ature and salinity of water and character of bottom. Collections of
specimens were made within the regions named, from shore-line to
an extreme depth of 100 fathoms. For this purpose the launch was
provided with a winch and rope, dredges, trawls, tow-nets and re-
ceptacles for the preservation of the specimens. The molluscan col-
lections, which were large and interesting, were placed in the writer's
hands for identification and report. In advance of a complete report
it is desirable to put certain observations on record, among them the
descriptions of new species encountered. A previously known but.
undescribed species of Trivia is :
Trivia ritteri n. sp. Shell small, white, form ovate, inflated,
anterior extremity slightly produced, spire completely covered, but
rather prominent, base convex, outer lip margined, strongly sculp-
tured with about twenty, smooth, sharp ribs, much narrower than the
interspaces which are nearly flat and scarcely roughened by irregular
rugae parallel to the axis of the shell, no sulcus, the ribs continuing
86 THE NAUTILUS.
unchanged in width across the back, except that occasionally a few
ribs near the spire are interrupted at the median line ; a few short
intercalary ribs are usually present on the sides of the shell ; aperture
rather wide, armed with 17 to 18 denticulations on the outer lip,
and 14 to 16 on the inner. Two extreme specimens in size measure :
length 11.5, breadth 8.6, height 7.2 mm.; length 9.2, breadth, 6.5.
height 5.7 mm.
Catalina Island, 60 fathoms (Cooper) ; Monterey (Dall) ; Cortez
Bank, 54 fathoms (Dall) ; Catalina Island near Avalon, 40 fathoms
(Sta. 21, U. C. M. B. L.) ; off San Pedro, about 50 fathoms (Sta.
83, U. C. M. B. L.).
A dead specimen and a fragment of a second, collected more than
thirty years ago by Dr. Cooper, as cited above, but wrongly identi-
fied as Trivia sanguined Gray, are now in the museum of the Uni-
versity of California. If the admission of T. sanguined to the Cali-
fornian fauna rests solely upon this identification, the name should
be removed from our lists. See Cooper's Geographical Catalogue of
the Mollusca Found West of the Rocky Mountains, 1867, No. 626.
To Dr. Dall is owing the citation of localities which considerably
extend the known range of T. ritteri. A specimen was submitted by
Dr. Dall to Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, of Manchester, England, who
considered it new after comparison with T. multilirata, europxa,
candidula, pelhicidula, etc. In the character of the ribs it somewhat
resembles T7. buttoni Melv., but differs in color, being white instead
of straw-colored, in having about twenty instead of fourteen ribs, and
in its size, the latter species being 5.5 mm. in length. T. ritteri
differs from T. europaa in the ribs, which in the former species are
less numerous, sharp, and much narrower than the interspaces, while
in the latter they are more rounded and wider. The shell of the
latter is also more inflated. From T. panamensis Dall, the present
species differs in much greater size and more numerous ribs. It
gives me great pleasure to dedicate this beautiful species to Professor
William E. Ritter, in charge of the University of California Marine
Biological Laboratory at San Pedro, 1901.
ANNIE M. LAW.
For much of our knowledge of the mollusk fauna of east Tennes-
see and western North Carolina we are indebted to two ladies, Miss
THK NAUTILUS. 8T
ANNIE M. LAW and MRS. GEORGE ANDREWS. Before them>
RUGEL had made a beginning in this beautiful but difficult mountain
country. Until FERRISS and his friends began their explorations,
these three enthusiasts were the only naturalists to exploit the region
for land mollusks.
Miss Law ' came from distinguished English ancestry. Her par-
ents were John and Ann Law, of Carlisle, England. Her uncle,
Richard Law, was governor of Malta. Other relatives who rendered
services to the State were Chief Justice Lord Ellenborough, the
Bishop of Bath and others. The Law family records were destroyed
during the Civil War, so that the exact date of Miss Law's birth
cannot be ascertained ; but her father, John Law, came to America
about 1850, Miss Law being about nine years old at that time.
" Mr. Law located some nine miles from the town of Maryville,
Blount county, Tenn., a wild, mountainous country, though there
was a watering-place about two miles distant where the elite of the
South came through the summer for health and rest. Otherwise our
neighbors were illiterate. There were no schools or churches, so that
our parents were our teachers and companions. My father died in
1852 or '53. During his lifetime on the farm, my sister would ride
into Maryville and recite Latin and algebra to Dr. Anderson (the
founder of Maryville Theological Seminary) once or twice a week.
Then moving into the town, she still continued these studies. She
passed the examination for teaching school, and received a certificate
at the age of thirteen. Being large for her age, she was given .a
school. She was proficient in music and gave lessons.
" Through Col. W. G. McAdoo, of Knoxville, she was introduced
to Dr. James Lewis, of Mohawk, N. Y., who wished her to collect
shells. She had from childhood a taste for shells, mineralogy, ento-
mology, botany, in fact everything connected with nature. She
began a correspondence with Dr. Lewis about 1868, which continued
until his death. She had also a number of other correspondents in
America and abroad.
" I might write a long story about some of her trips while collecting.
After being in California four years, she returned to Tennessee and
spent several months there. On one occasion, Dr. Lewis wished some
1 The following account is from data and a biographical sketch furnished by
Mrs. Fannie Law Andrews, Miss Law's younger sister.
88 THE NAUTILUS.
particular shell from Bald Mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains.
She procured a young man friend and two horses, and setting out
from Concord, Knox county, went to the top of the Big Bald and
procured the shells desired. They had to spend the night there.
During the night (here was a terrific thunder-storm far beneath
them. She never enjoyed a trip more. Another trip she made in
Monroe county was from Jalapa to Telico Plains. The distance was
not great, but it was a bitter cold morning, the banks of the river
covered with ice. She wore rubber boots, and wading in, got beyond
her depth ; but she got the shells. On this trip, I was her com-
panion. As there was no house on the side I was on. I followed with
bare feet. She suffered very much, not having dry footwear ; but
we soon reached a comfortable fire at a friend's, dried our things and
were made comfortable. My sister never seemed to think of her own
comfort when engaged in the search for shells. Many such exposed
trips she made, the effects of which I think undermined her health.
" When she returned to California the second time, I was with
her. We came by way of Mohawk, N. Y., visited the family of
Dr. Lewis, and had the pleasure of seeing his collection. We also
made a flying trip to Florida, visiting Jacksonville, St. Augustine,
Palatka and Silver Springs. Wherever we were, she collected shells."
In California, Miss Law made her home at Watsonville, Santa
Cruz county, with her sister, Mrs. Andrews, until her death, January
1'2, 1889.
Among the species discovered by her are Gastrodonta acerra, Vit-
rinizonites fatissimus, Polygyra chilhoweensis and P, lawi.
NOTE ON MUREX MARCOENSIS SOWERBY.
HY FKANK COLLINS BAKER.
In the Journal of Malacology, volume 7, p. 162, Mr. G. B. Sow-
erby has described a Murex marcoensis from Marco, Florida. This
form was previously noted by Dr. W. H. Dall and the writer of this
note, it being considered by them a color variety of Murex mes-
sorius Sowerby. Dr. Dall, in speaking of Murex messorius says
(Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., v. 18, p. 196), "The Florida specimens
are often of a deep rose-pink." In Trans. Acad. Sciences, St.
THE NAUTILUS. 89
Louis, the writer remarked on p. 377, " Dr. W. H. Dall has char-
acterized a variety rubidum, from Cedar Keys, Florida, the shell
being of a deep pink color." The writer was in error in stating
that Dr. Dall had characterized the variety rubidum, he having
simply referred to the rose color.
The history of this variety will therefore stand as follows :
1889. Dall : Murex messorius (Sowb.) Reeve, pink variety, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool, v. 18, p. 196.
1897. Baker: Murex messorius (Sowb.) Reeve, var. rubidum
" Dall," Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, v. 7, p. 377.
1900. Sowerby : Murex marcoensis, Journ. of Malocology, v. 7,
p. 162.
If the two forms are the same, which I have no reason to doubt,
it will stand as Murex messorius var. rubidum Baker.
NEW LAND SNAILS FROM SOUTH AMERICA.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
Porphyrobaphe galactostoma Anc.
P. galactostoma Anc. in Bull Soc. Malac. Fr., 1890, p. 153 (juv.).
P. yatesi Pfr. var. albolabris Dohrn, in Cat. Staudinger.
Testa imperforata, solidula, subglutinosa nitens, oblongo-attenuata,
vix lineis incrementi notata, epidermide luteo-virenti induta, fasciis 4
badiis (supera angusta, infera late sed parum distincta), strigis ful-
guratis luteis interruptis in ultimo anfractu eximie picta, fasciis 2
superis in anfractibus prioribus conspicuis. Spira conoidea, regu-
lariter attenuata, apice obtuso, pallide lutescenti-albo, microscopice
punctato-rugoso seu vermiculato. Anfractus 6^ convexiusculi, su-
tura linear!, albida, infra linea fusca marginata, ultimus oblongus, ad
aperturam breviter ascendens. Apertura subobliqua, inferne dis-
tincte recedens, elliptico-oblonga, utrinque angustata, ad basin colu-
melloe angulata, nitide lactea, fauce alba. Columella superne late
calloso-plicata, postea fere recta, cum basi sinulum latum efficiens,
expansa et dilatata. Peristoma candidum, callosum, late expansum
et reflexum, nitidum, marginibus callo eximie candido junctis.
Long. 78, lat. 33, alt. apert. (oblique cum perist.) 38 mill.
Hab. Eastern Peru (fide Staudinger).
90 THE NAUTILUS.
This is closely allied to P. sublabeo Anc., P. vicaria Fult., and P.
Yatesi Pfr., all from Peru, but is remarkable for its pure white re-
flected lip. It was originally described from a juvenile specimen,
imperfect in several respects.
Porphyrobaphe victor Pfr.
I secured an authentic specimen of P. Augusti Jouss. (Bull. Soc.
Zool. de France, 1887, p. 1, pi. Ill, h'g. 10), and cannot see that it
differs from Pfeiffer's species.
BuUmulus Blanfordianus, n. sp.
Testa anguste et obtecte rimata, oblongo-attenuata, parum solida,
lineis increment! grossiusculis, sub suturam pliculosis, infra et prope
aperturam lajvioribus, et striis exilibus, in ultimo anfractu parum
conspicuis crebre sculpta, castaneo-fulva, punctulis luteis parvis
passim notata, apice nudo, pallide fuscescente. Spira conica, lateri-
bus convexis, acutiuscula. Anfractus Gj convexiusculi, ultimus ob-
longus, subattenuatus. Apertura distincte obliqua, intus nitide
coerulescens, ovalis, supra attenuata. Peristoma simplex, obtusum,
margine dextro regulariter convexo, basali rotundato, columellari
dilatato, perforationem fere omnino tegenta, adnato, lacteo, dextro et
columellari callo ccerulescente junctis. Columella intus pliciformis,
spiraliter recedens.
Long. 55, lat. 25^, alt. apert. 27| mill.
Hab. Iquico, Bolivia, 3500 met. above the sea (fide Fulton).
A very large Bulimulus, respectfully dedicated to Mr. W. T.
Blanford, the well-known writer on Indian shells. It is closely
allied to Bulimulus an'hisanensis Pfr., from Ecuador, but is much
larger and more capacious. In that respect it resembles R. wca
d' Orb., more than any other species from the same country, but the
two species are clearly distinct.
A NEW SCISSURELLA FROM PATAGONIA.
BY PAUL BARTSCH.
Scissurella dalli spec. nov.
Shell minute, moderately elevated, whorls increasing uniformly
and rapidly in size from the extreme apex to the aperture. Nepionic
THK NAUTILUS. 91
Avhorls one and one-half, not enlarged, dextral, translucent, shining,
without sculpture. Post-nepionic whorls two, decidedly inflated,
with the slit about half way between the suture and the periphery,
open only in about one-twelfth of the last turn, marked on the rest
as a narrow, moderately deep, depressed groove, which is bounded
on each side by a raised thread. The remaining ornamentation of
the whorls consists of feeble, raised, equally-spaced, axial riblets,
which follow the curve of the outer lip. These riblets are best de-
veloped between the suture of the whorls and the slit, becoming en-
feebled toward the periphery and quite obsolete on the base. In
addition to these, a few ill-defined spiral lirations manifest themselves
under high magnification between the suture and the slit. Suture
strongly impressed. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base
rather depressed and somewhat concave toward the umbilical region,
marked by the faint continuation of the axial riblets and many ex-
ceedingly tine spiral stria?. Umbilicus narrow, deep, bounded by a
\veak basal fascicle. Aperture large, broadly pyriform with continu-
ous peritreme, posterior angle obtuse, somewhat patulous anteriorly ;
outer lip thin ; columella oblique, thin ; parietal wall distinct, re-
flected upon the body whorl, partly closing the umbilicus.
The type is in the U. S. Nat. Museum collection, No. 171400, and
comes from the Gulf of St. George, Patagonia. It measures, long.
0.8 mm., diam. 1.4 mm.
GENERAL NOTES.
VICRINA DEPOSITING EGGS — You maybe interested to know
that on November 8th, and again to-day (November loth), I found
Vitrinu limpida Gld., depositing their eggs. The eggs are white,
almost round, some of them being slightly pointed at one end, and
about 1 mm. in diameter. They are laid in bunches of six or eight,
under rotting wood on the ground.
In the ten years during which I have been watching this "colony,"
I have never seen a young shell, but think the eggs are hatched in
the early spring, the snails reaching maturity in the autumn. From
October to January is their active season, and during those three
months they can be found moving around on any pleasant day. Have
found them very active when the temperature was below 40° — GEO.
H. CLAPI-, EDGEWORTH, PA.
92 THE NAUTILUS.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
MOLLU3KS OF OUR SOUTHEASTERN COAST — The United States
National Museum has recently published a reprint of its Bulletin No.
37 : "A preliminary catalogue of the shell-bearing marine mollusks
and brachiopods of the southeastern coast of the United States, with
illustrations of many of the species," by William Healey Ball. The
first edition of this work, published in 1889, having become exhausted,
the reprint has been found advisable to meet the requests for copies.
The body of the reprint is a verbatim copy of the earlier edition,
but the usefulness of the work has been much increased by the addi-
tion of 21 new plates, containing 188 figures.
It is a classified list of the shell-bearing marine mollusks foil ml
bi-tween Cape Hatteras and Mexico. For each species the author
has indicated the extreme northern and southern range, and some of
the more important intermediate localities ; the range in depth ; the
range in time, and its occurrence in Europe, if it be known to occur
there. The average length of specimens of part of the species is
given. 95 plates, containing many hundreds of excellent figures,
illustrate a great many of the species. The reprint is obtainable by
those properly entitled to receive it — W. B. M.
LIST OF BRITISH NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA — By B. B. Wood
ward (Journal of Conchology, x, pp. 352-367, Oct. 1, 1903).
British conchologists have been among the most conservative in
matters of nomenclature and taxonomy. For many years it seemed
that no material innovation from the arrangement in Jeffrey's Brit-
ish Conchology could obtain recognition in the non-marine mollusks
of the tight little isle. In the last few years all this has been
changed. The great progress of malacological science abroad and
the i-evival at home, signalized by the formation of the liveliest
Malacological Society in the world, has finally lead to the revision of
the British list now before us. The general classification followed is
that of Fischer, but greatly modified in details of family and generic
divisions. A few points of especial interest to American concholo-
gists may be mentioned here. The name Vitrea radiatula is pre-
ferred to that of V- haminonis. Mr. Woodward concludes that
" there is a costate form of Vallonia in America distinct from the
Til K NAUTILUS.
costate variety of F. pulcheUa present in Britain, and I recommend
tliat until it can be demonstrated more conclusively than has at
present been done that there are two British species, the costate form
be classed as a variety of the typical V, pulcheUa." The name
Tachea being preoccupied for a genus of birds, Cepcea Held is substi-
tuted. The nomenclature of '• Biiliminus " is discussed, and that
name is replaced by Ena of Leach, and the family name is changed
to Enidse. Pupa is discussed at length. It appears that that name
was first used for species of Actason and Oerion, and finally by
Drapernaud for what is now known as Pupa, Mr. Woodward con-
cludes that Jaminia Risso, 1826, is the earliest available name for
the Pupa muscorum group.
In the Basommatophora, Phytia myosotis replaces the familiar
Alexia, preoccupied in Coleoptera, and Ovatella takes the place of
Leuconia, being earlier. Planorbis alaber J;ffr. is definitely sep-
arated from the American P. parvns. Mr. Woodward disputes the
propriety of Ball's course in substituting Corneocyclas for Pisiditim,
but otherwise the generic nomenclature of bivalves calls for no
special comment.
Mr. Woodward uses the emended form&''Drei'ssensia," " Vivipara"
'' Aplecta" and '" Assemania," a course against the general usage
in this country — H. A. PILSBUY.
ON SOME MOLLUSCA KNOWN TO OCCUR IN INDIANA — By W. S.
Blatchley and L. E. Daniels (27 Ann. Rep. Dept. Geology and Nat.
Resources of Indiana for 1902). This paper of 100 pp. is supple-
mental to the report on Indiana mollusks by Dr. R. E. Call, pub-
lished in 1899. Some 92 species are added to the fauna of the
State, a large number of them being figured and all described. Some
little known or new forms are among those illustrated, such as
Succinea calnmetensis Calkins, Limn/za woodruff, Baker, Ancylm
shimekii Pils.. Lithasia obovata biconica and Goniobasis indianensis
Pils., various Plsidia described recently by Sterki, Lampsilis
blatchleyi Daniels, etc., so that the report is of general interest to
those studying our inland mollusks.
The same Annual Report includes A CHECK LIST OF INDIANA
MOLLUSCA WITH LOCALITIES, by L. E. Daniels. 277 species have
been ascertained to occur within the .State.
94 THE NAUTILUS.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TERTIARY FAUNA OF FLORIDA. — By
Wm. H. Dall. Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadel-
phia, vol. iii, pt. vi.
This constitutes the concluding part of Dr. Ball's extensive work.
The entire volume (iii) comprising 1654 pages and 60 plates, consti-
tuting the most valuable and exhaustive treatise on the American
Tertiary fauna ever presented, and forming a work indispensable
both to the conchologist and palaeontologist.
Parts I and II are devoted to the Gastropoda, and the remaining
parts to the Pelecypods, Part III being given up entirely to a new
classification of the latter. All the parts as they have appeared have
been reviewed in the pages of THE NAUTILUS.
The present work takes up the family Veneridtz, with a history of
the various generic names employed ; most of the changes in nomen-
clature have, however, been noted in the "• Synopsis of the Veneridse"
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvi, 335), but this work in many cases
covers the ground more thoroughly, giving the complete generic and
specific synonomy of many of the recent forms which extend into the
tertiary. 41 new species are described.
In the family Lucinidse there are 33 new species, and in the
Chamidse seven. The subgenus Echinochama Fischer is given gen-
eric rank. The family Carditidse is also well represented in the ter-
tiary, 18 new species being described. The Cyrenidse contains sev-
eral new forms, the section Cyrenodonax Dall., the type of which, C.
formosana Dall, n. sp., " Recent in Formosa, at the mouth of the
Tamsui River," is described in a foot-note. Miodontopsis is proposed
for Miodon Sandberger 1870, not of Carpenter, 1865. 7' geria Roissy
is adopted in place of Galatea Brug. (Galathea Lam.) 1803, not
Fabr. 1793. Type G. radiata Lam.
In regard to the small fresh-water forms usually referred to the
Cyrenida, Dr. Dall says: ''While closely related, it seems more
convenient to place Sphaerium and Corneocyclas (= Pisidium Pfeif-
fer) in a separate family," Sphaeriidce.
Crassatellites Kriiger 1823, which supplants CrassateUa^Lnm. 1801,
not of Lam. Prodotne 1799, is largely represented in the American
tertiary. The recent C.floridana Dall, described from a young shell,
proves to be the same as C. ff/bbesit T. & H. Crassinella Guppy is
given only subgeneric standing. C. lunulatus Conr. is restricted to the
fossil, the recent form being C- mactracea Linsley.
THE NAUTILUS. 95
The Astartidse number 22 species, of which seven are new. Gyclas
Bruguiere 1798 (1st species Venus islandica Linn.) replaces Cyprina
Lam. 1818, and is located with Trapezium and Coralliophaga in the
family Pleurophoridse. Pandora carotinensis Bush is considered the
same as the Miocene P. arenosa Conr. Laternida Bolten 1798 =
Anatina Lam. 1809.
To the readers of THE NAUTILUS the many recent changes in
nomenclature may, perhaps, be better understood by the following
extract from the author's preface : " In the years which have elapsed
since this Memoir was begun, the subject of zoological nomenclature
has been much discussed and the general consensus of opinion seems
to trend towards the acceptance of names for which no diagnosis was
originally supplied, provided the species cited under them are identi-
fiable. This change from the British Association rules of 1842 is
responsible for much unnecessary overturning of formerly accepted
names with no visible benefit to science, but since it appears to ex-
press the will of the majority, it seems useless to oppose it, and in
Parts 1V-VI it has been complied with, except in the case of the
anonymous auctioneer's catalogue, known as the ' Museum Calonni-
anum.' This compilation from a manuscript of Hwass, edited by Da
Costa, and printed for the auctioneer, George Humphrey, has usually
been credited to the latter. I confess, my desire to settle the. nomen
clature on a firm basis, though great, has not been equal to the ac-
ceptance of these anonymous, undefined, worthless names, which
would involve the loss of much that is fundamental in the nomencla-
ture of mollusks. I still hope that the common sense of naturalists
will find a way — if necessary, an arbitrary way — to eliminate this
publication from authorized sources of nomenclature. The ' Museum
Boltenianum' stands on a different footing, and the principal change
which its acceptance involves in the earlier part of this work is the
substitution of the name Busycon for the more familiar Fulgur."
The part closes with a " Discussion of the Geology," followed by
descriptions of the several stages or horizons and lists of the species
recognized in each, also a summary in tabular form, showing the re-
lations of the faunas to one another. Some idea of the amount of
labor involved in preparing this great work may be derived from a
foot-note on page 1552 : " It may be of interest to note that during
the progress of this work approximately eight thousand three hun-
dred and fifty species have been discussed or compared, and eight
96 THE NAUTILUS.
hundred and sixty new forms described. More than fifty new group-
names, from sections to genera, have been proposed, and more than
five times as many reduced to the rank of synonyms as unnecessary
or belated. The number of species known at present between the
beginning of the Oligocene and the present fauna is between three
and four thousand, probably less than half as many as will eventually
be obtained and discriminated."
The richness of the tertiary fauna is clearly shown by the lists of
species, the bed of the Caloosahatchie River alone containing 639
species, of which 48 per cent, are recent and 28 per cent, are peculiar
to the bed. From the Chipola beds 333 species are recorded, about
one-half being peculiar to it, thirty-five species surviving to the exist-
ing fauna. The Oligocene marl of Bowden, Jamaica, is also very
productive, thus far yielding 435 species, of which 12 per cent, ap
pear to be identical with recent species. — C. W. J.
A LIST OK SPECIES OF MOLLUSCA FROM SOUTH AFKICA, form-
ing an appendix to G. B. Sowerby's Marine Shells of South Africa.
By EDGAR A. SMITH (Proc. Mai. Soc., London, v, 354-402, pi. xv).
This valuable fauna list enumerates 390 species, including over 300
species not in Mr. Sowerby's work. Nine species are described as
new. The region covered includes only the coasts of Cape Colony
and Natal. It may be of interest to know that the so-called Fulgur
•africanus Sowb., based on a half-grown shell in poor condition, is a
Fusus ; a figure given of the adult shell shows a columellar callus de-
tached from the whorl at the lower part, forming an umbilical
rimation — C. W. J.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW GASTROPODA FROM THE
PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF OMAN, AND NORTH ARABIA SEA. By
JAS. COSMO MKLVILL and ROBT. STANDEN. (Ann. and Mag. of
Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, vol. xii, pp. 289-324, pi. xx-xxiii.)
This paper contains some very interesting forms, among them two
species of the genus Homalaxis, a species of Scissurel/a, one Kleinella,
and a Fluxinu. All of the species are excellently figured — C. W. J.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vox,. XVII. JANUARY, 19O4. No. 9.
GUNDLACHIA AND ANCYLUS.
BY WM. H. DALL.
During the last ten years I have frequently announced to acquaint-
ances and assistants interested in conchology, my belief in certain
propositions hitherto unsupported by proof, bearing on the so-called
genus Gundlachia, viz :
1. That Gundlachia is merely an Ancyhis which has under favor-
able circumstances been able to form a calcareous epiphragm and
survive the winter, which ordinarily kills the great mass of individ-
uals, and, while retaining the shell of the first year, to secrete an en-
larged and somewhat discrepant shell during its second summer.
2. That not all Ancyli necessarily have the ability to do this, but
the practice may have developed in certain small species ; and in
tropical regions where the dry season takes the place of winter it is
possible that survival may become more or less habitual with some
of these species, though evidence of this is still needed.
On no other hypothesis could I account for the fact that single
specimens, or a small lot of specimens on a single occasion (after a
specially favorable season ?), of Gundlachia have been reported from
.various parts of the world and described as species, but which no-
body has been able to find a second time or in any considerable
numbers. Also that the young Gundlachia cannot be distinguished
from an Ancyhis and usually resembles some common species of
Ancylus of the same ponds in which the Gundlachia appears ; while
the only species which have been repeatedly collected as Gundlachia
98 THE NAUTILUS.
come from tropical or southern countries. There is nothing dis-
tinctive in the radula or soft parts of Gundlachia, as far as yet ob-
served, to separate it from the analogous Ancylus.
A paper which, for the first time, brings to bear on this hypo-
thesis facts which seem to render it sufficiently acceptable to publish,
has been contributed by Erland Nordenskiold to the Zoologische
Anzeiger, XXVI, pp. 590-593, July, 1903, with seventeen figures.
In this paper to which the reader may profitably refer, a process
such as my hypothesis assumes is fully illustrated in Ancylus mori-
candi d'Orbigny, from the Chaco region of Brazil, up to the point of
the completion of the epiphragm and the determination of the
identity of the forms bearing it with the typical first year Ancylus.
The formation of the second-year shell or Gundlachia by these indi-
viduals, alone remains to be demonstrated to establish the hypothesis
as a fact.
NOTES ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE SHELLS OF UNIO.
BY L. S. FRIERSON.
The shells of Unio are slated by most authors to be composed of
three layers, known as the " epidermis," the " columnar " or " pris-
matic " layer, and the " nacreous," or simply called the " nacre."
As a matter of fact, however, these shells are composed of four
layers, the nacre being composed of two distinct layers. These may
be readily noted in a polished section of some thick-shelled species,
and especially if a species be chosen, such as Obovaria retusa
Lamarck, showing the two layers in different colors. A clearer idea
of the two layers may be obtained if the secreting " mantle " be
studied. This part of the animal, though called by a single name
" mantle " really is composed of two distinct portions, and should
have two names. That portion extending from the beaks to the
pallial line is thin, and one is tempted to say structureless, while
from the pallial line to the margin, it is thickened, and plentifully
supplied with nerves and muscles. The extreme edge of this is
thickened, and secretes both the epidermal and columnar layers.
From this edge to the pallial line is secreted a layer of nacreous
material which may be called the extra-pallial layer. If a section
of any thick-shelled species be made, it can easily be seen that the
THE NAUTILUS. 99
elements of growth of this layer are diagonal to the general surface
of the shell. From the pallia! line to the beaks is deposited the
fourth, or intra-pallial layer — the elements of which are parallel to
the general surface. The sectionized shell will show the extra-
pallial layer wedge-shaped, with the apex at beak, and base occupy-
ing the distance from the pallial line to the margin, while the intra-
pallial layer is also wedge-shaped, with its apex at the pallial line.
Because the pallial line is composed of very many small muscle-
scars disposed in a line, if the two layers could be separated, a sur-
face would be exposed " radially ridged." Sometimes, by decay,
this separation is effected, partially, near the beaks, and the " false
beaks " so exposed are strikingly " radially ridged " — so much so as
to deceive an expert like Dr. L^a. If a thick-shelled Unio like
Quadrula trigona be burnt, this structure can be very readily demon-
strated.
It is not impossible that this appearance of decayed or fossilized
Unios has given rise to the opinion, as stated by Mr. Chas. T. Simp-
son, that the primeval Unios were provided with " radial beak-
sculpturing." The difficulty experienced by every collector of ob-
taining living shells showing beak-sculpturing, and the a priori im-
probability of fossil shells retaining this very perishable character,
lends an air of probability to the above theory, which may be further
strengthened by the curious fact that no North American Unio re-
tains the slightest tendency to show their beaks so sculptured.
LAND SHELLS OF MX. DESERT, MAINE.
BY H. S. COLTON.
On Mt. Desert Island last summer I found land shells in six local-
ities. At Hall's Quarries I found Zonitoides arboreus near the shore
at the edge of the woods. From Seal Harbor I received Vitrea ham-
monis Strom, Pyramiduia striatella Anth., Helicodiscus lineatus Say
and Carychium exiguum Say. At Coryledge point under boards
within a yard or two of the place where the beach began, I found
100 THE NAUTILUS.
Pupa muscorum in untold numbers, CochUcopa lubrica Mull, Vilrea
hammonis Strom, Zonitoides arboreus Say and Succinea obliqua Say.
At Southwest Harbor Village, under planks, by the road-side I
found:
Vitrea hammonis Strom. Vertigo ventricosa Morse.
Zonitoides arboreus Say. Sphyrudium edendulum Drap.
Zonitoides milium Morse. CochUcopa lubrica Mull.
Vitrina limpida Gld. Pyramidula striateila Anth.
Euconulus fulvus Mull. Vallonia excentrica Sterki.
Strobilops labyrinthica Say.
The great majority of the species that I found were in Sea Wall
and McKinley Villages. These two villages were about three miles
apart. Here the conditions were the same. New board-walks were
being built along the road and the planks of the old one were thrown
into the gutter and into the adjoining fields. I found the following
under these boards or in the grass near the boards :
Sea Wall Village. McKinley Village.
Vallonia excentrica Sterki, abun. Vollonia excentrica Sterki.
Pupa muscorum L., abundant. Vertigo ventricosa Morse.
CochUcopa lubrica Mull, abun. CochUcopa lubrica Mull.
Vitrina limpida Gld. abun. Vitrina liinpida Gld.
Vitrea hammonis Strom. Vitrea hammonis Strom.
Euconulas fulvus Mull. Euconulus fulvus Mi.il!.
Zonitoides arboreus Say. Zonitoides arboreus Say.
Zonitoides exiguus Stimp. Agriolimax agrestis L.
Agriolimax compeafris Binn. Agriolimax compestris Binn.
Pyramidula striateila Anth. Pyramidula striateila Anth.
Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Helicodiscits Jineatus Say.
Succinea obliqua Say. Succinea obJiqua Say.
Succinea avara Say. Succinea avara Say.
Acan/hiuula harpa Say. Acanthimila harpa Say.
I visited a number of islands but explored only a few carefully.
I spent an hour on the evergreen woods of Suttons and found a few
Zonitoides arboreus Say. An hour on Baker's Island, an hour on
Black Island and six hours on Little Goat's Island, revealed me noth-
ing. On Little Ram Island, a rock about a hundred feet long cov-
ered with about three feet of soil which supports a number of dead
spruce trees, I got Zonitoides arboreus and Succinea obliqua under
some dead wood. On Greening's Island, where I lived and explored
THE NAUTILUS. 101
most carefully, I discovered two specimens of Succinea avara Say
under a board in a swamp. On Little Cranberry Island, under
boards near the woods, I found :
Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. Agriolimax compestris Binn.
Vitrea hammonis Strom. Pyramidula striatella Anth.
Euconulus fulvus Mill I. Succinea avara Say.
With the exception of the places where the board-walk was be-
ing repaired, land shells were the most plentiful on great Cranberry
Island. The island is shaped like the letter G and is about four
miles long. I explored the western part of the island or the back of
the G most carefully. The western shore is composed of ledges of
solid rock behind which lies an extensive bog. Where the rock
wall is low the surf has built " sea walls " by piling up cobblestones,
making a steep beach back of which lies the swamp. This swamp
and the higher places near the shore are covered with grass, on top
of which the sea in times of storm has cast old planks, stumps, boxes
and all kinds of rubbish. It was under these that the shells were
found. There was one exception however. Pyramidula alternata
Say, I found under stones. I found them within a foot of where the
vegetation ended and the rocks began that went down to the sea.
Indeed all the species enumerated below were found within twenty
feet of the beach. Sprinkled through the grass are the shells of
Buccinum nndatum, Littorina and Mytilus edulis. Some have been
washed up, others have been carried by the crows and gulls. It has
been suggested that it is owing to the abundance of calcium carbon-
ate in the soil due to these decomposing shells that land shells are
so very abundant at the edge of the sea.
Vullonia costata Mull. Agriolimax compestris Binn.
Pupa muscornm L. Pyramidula alternata Say.
Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. Pyramidula striatella Anth.
Vitrea hammonis Strom. Helicodiscus lineatns Say.
Zonitoides arboreus Say. Succinea obliqua Say.
Euconulus fulvus Mull.
Little Duck Island lies about eight miles to the southward of Mt.
Desert and is the most isolated that I visited. It is about a half a
mile in diameter and is half covered with a dense growth of woods,
principally spruce. Half is bare of trees and is covered with coarse
grass, granite ledges out-cropping here and there. Between the
woods and the field there is an area of trees. It was here under
102 THE NAUTILUS.
sticks that I found nearly everything. I did however find Zonitoides
arboreus Say and two specimens of Helix hortensis and P. alternata
Say away from any trees. A year ago Succinea obliqua was found
in great abundance around a spring, but I did not notice them there
this year. This year I found them in the area of dead wood.
Pupa muscorum L. Helix hortensis Mull !
Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. Pyramidula alternata Say.
Euconulus fnlvus Mull. Pyramidula striatella Anth.
Zonitoides arboreus Say. Helicodiscus lineatus Say.
Vitrea hammonis Strom. Succinea obliqua Say.
NEW LAND SNAILS FKOM SOUTH AMERICA.
BT C. F. ANCEY.
Bulimulus ephippium Anc.
Testa anguste et profunde perforate (perforatio supra columellari
margine obtecta), conoideo-ovata, tenuissima, papyracea, sericea,
parum micans, pallide fulvo-lutea, concolor, obsolete et oblique pli-
culosa, plicis parum regularibus. Spira regulariter conoidea, apice
obtusiusculo, microscopice spiraliter striato atque longitudinaliter un-
dulato. Anfractus 6 convexiusculi, sutura impressa, ultimus amplus,
initio vix subangulatus, subattenuatus, antice leniter et longiuscule
deflexus. Apertura ovata, superne subattenuata et angulata. Per-
istoma tenue, brevissime expansiusculum, hand reflexum, margine
columellari late in trianguli forma dilatato, callo parietali nullo.
Long. 20^, diam. 12, alt. apert. (oblique) 11^ mill.
Hab. Bahia, Brazil (teste H. Fulton).
This is a member of the Eudioptus section.
Bulimulus goniotropis, n. sp.
Testa angustissime perforata, pyramidata, fulvo-cornea, concolor,
tenuis, microscopice et confertim spiraliter impressa, striis vix per-
spicuis, haud profunde incisis, lineis incrementi obliquis subnotato,
nitidula. Spira regulariter conica, producta, lateribus rectis, apice
sat minuto, oblique et flexuose costulato et striis microscopicis spira-
libus sculpto. Anfractus 7 planiusculi, regulariter crescentes, sntura
appressa linea impressa marginata divisi, ultimus medio angulatus,
infra convexo-declivis, supra angulurn vix convexus. Apertura ob-
T1IK NAUTILUS.
103
liqua, emarginato-ovalis, extus baud angulata. Perisloma stibin-
crassatum. Undique breviter patens, ad basin et colurnellam magis
dilatato-expansum, marginibus distantibus, supero strictiusculo, colu-
mellari supra perforationem in trianguli forma reflexo.
Long. 2<H, lat. lH, alt. apert. (oblique) 1(H mill.
Hab. Espirito Santo, Brazil.
In texture like B. pileiformis Moric., but in general form more
like B. perlucidus Spix.
Odontostomus squarrosus, n. sp.
Differt a peratfini 0. exeso, Spix, impressionibns testae magis
numerosis, parvulis, minus elongatis, testa subinde minus undata,
plica columellari debiliore, dente supero marginis dextri magis ob-
lique sito, minore ac minus lato ; cseterum 0. exeso sim ill ima. An
ejus varietas?
Long. 39^, lat. 14^, alt. apert. (perist. incluso), 18^ mill.
Hab. Brazil.
Odontostomus ylalratus, n. sp.
Testa oblongo-fusiformis, perforata, solidula, nitidula, laevigata,
obsolete sed in anfractibus prioribus distinctius suboblique striatula,
alba, cinereo irregulariter multinotata et strigata. Spira conoideo-
attenuata, apice sat minuto, sub lente costulato. Anfractus 9 con-
vexiusculi, sutura impressa, simplici discreti, ultimus ovato-oblongua,
ampliusculus, latere dextro depressus et late scrobiculatus, basi
parum attenuatus. Apertura superne angulata, subovalis, fere recta,
ringens, scilicet : dente lamelliformi parum crasso in pariete, plica
columellari supera oblique intrante, dente basali uno sulco extero
correspondente et dentibus 2 in margine dextro, primo parvulo,
secundo majore, in meclio sito. Peristoma expansum, prope insertio-
nem strictiusculum, postea leviter angulatum, marginibus remotis,
callo incrassato junctis.
Long. 25, diam. 9, alt. apert. 8| mill.
Hab. Sierra de Cosquina, Argentina.
Intermediate, as it were, between 0. Wagneri Pfr., and leptodon
Mart.
Odontostomus Deraini Anc.
Testa rimato-perforata, fusiformis, subnitida, sordide alba, corneo
vel cinereo (statu emortuo) conspersa et irregulariter strigata, con-
104 THE NAUTILUS.
fertim et oblique rugoso-plicata, rugis infra magis laevibus. Spira
elongata, conoideo-aitenuata, producla, apice obtuso, sat parvo, quasi
subtruncato, sub lente microscopice costulato. Anfractus 9, con-
vexiusculi, sutura impressa, ultimus oblongus. Apertura irregulari-
ter ovalis, supra angulata, basi ad columellam leviter angulata, parum
obliqua, ringens, scilicet : dente lamelliformi magno, compresso in
pariete, plica columellari supera oblique intrante, subquadrata et
mediocri ; dente basali acuto, scrobiculo extero profundo correspond-
ente ; et dentibus 2 in margine dextro, primo minutissimo, secundo
majore plicae columellari opposite. Peristoma initio strictum, turn
undique expansiusculum, subincrassatum, album, marginibus callo
nitido junctis.
Long. 22, diam. 6|( alt. apert. 7 mill.
Hab. Sierra de Cosquina, Argentina.
Allied to 0. Riojanus Doering, but larger and with different
aperture.
Odontostomus gemeilatus Anc.
The ground color is brownish in fresh specimens, not white as in
the type (a bleached example). A small tooth is sometimes present
just above the large columellar plate. The apex is like in 0.
punctatissimus Lea.
Porphyrobaphe sarcostorna Anc.
Since I sent the diagnosis of Porphyrobaphe sarcostoma, I have
seen the figures given in the Manual of Conchology of some varieties
of P. Yatesi, and acknowledge that my specimen was an extreme
form of Pfeiffer's species.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.
Japonia toshimana, n. sp.
Shell narrowly umbilicate, turbinate, covered with a dark brown
cuticle, roughened by delicate wide-spaced thread-like or lamellar
striae and two series of long curved bristles near the periphery.
Spire conic. Whorls nearly 5, the first 2i rounded, the next sub-
angular in the middle, the last obsoletely binngular, fringed at the
angles. Aperture slightly oblique, circular, the peristome simple
THK NAUTILUS. 105
and thin, in contact with the preceding whorl for a short distance
above. Alt. 5, diatn. 5 mm.
Toshima, Izu. Types no. 85755 A. N. S. P., from no. 1133 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species is larger and more conspicuously fringed than J.
sadoensis, and darker colored. It does not correspond to any of
the species described by Gould.
Eulota (Aegista^) kobensis var. discus n. var.
This form is almost flat above, though the individual whorls are
convex. The last whorl is angular at the shoulder, and very convex,
beneath. The umbilicus is extremely wide and shallow, its width
contained 2^ times in that of the shell.
Alt. 5.5, diam. 17, width of umbilicus 7 mm.; whorls 5£.
Alt. 6, diam. 16. width of umbilicus 6 mm.; whorls 5^.
Amasaki, prov. Tosa. Types no. 85770 A. N. S. P., from no.
1108 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Eulota ( Eulotella) commoda var. izuensis n. var.
The shells of this race are similar to E. commoda from Kayabe,
Ojima except in having a much narrower umbilicus. Alt. 5.5,
diam. 7, umbilicus 1 mm. wide.
Oshima, Izu. Types no. 85790 A. N. S. P., from no. 1138 of Mr.
Hirase's collection.
Eulota (Plectotropis) shikokuensis var. hadaka n. var.
Differs from Plectotropis shikokuensis by having comparatively
few long low tubercles in place of the dense clothing of scales of
shikokuensis, and there is no peripheral fringe.
Irazuyama, Tosa. Types no. 85802 A. N. S. P. from no. 1099
of Mr. Hirase's collection. [Hadaka, naked.)
Eulota endo n. sp.
Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed-globose with low conic spire;
chestnut brown, glossy, smooth except for slight growth-lines. Spire
conoidal, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5, slowly and gradually increas-
ing, a little convex, the last convex peripherally, very slightly de-
scending in front. Aperture oblique, rounded-lunate, the peristome
thin, narrowlv expanded, the columellar margin dilated and white.
Alt. 5.7 diam. 7 mm.
106 THE NAUTILUS.
Seta, Omi. Types no. 85784 A. N. S. P., from no. 1113 of Mr.
Hirase's collection.
This small, pea-like species differ from E. commoda (A. Ad.) by
its much less convex whorls (Endo a pea).
Trishoplita mesogonia var. minima n. var.
This race differs from T. mesogonia in being much smaller, with
the peripheral angle decidedly weaker. It is thin, pale brown or
brownish corneous, with a tendency to be paler below the suture,
and frequently with some whitish spots there; whorls 5^.
Alt. 6.5, diam. 8.5 mm.
Alt. 6, diam. 8 mm.
Tokushima, Awa (Shikoku). Types no. 84713 A. N. S. P.,
from no. 832 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Macrochlamys izushichitojimana n. sp.
Shell minutely perforate, depressed, with low conoid spire and a
distinct peripheral angle in front, the last whorl becoming rounded
on the latter part; very thin, brown, somewhat translucent. Sur
face somewhat glossy, sculptured with irregular, low, coarse wrinkles
along the growth-lines above, smoother and more glossy beneath.
Whorls 4|, slowly and regularly increasing. Aperture lunate, the
lip simple and acute, with a small triangular dilation at the axial in-
sertion.
Alt. 3.8, diam. 6 mm.
Miyakejima, Izu. Types no. 85944 A. N. S. P., from no. 1058a
of Mr. Hirase's collection. Also occurs on Niijima, Hirase's no.
1058, the specimens being slightly smaller with 4^ whorls, and a
little paler.
This species is related to M. semisericata, but it is larger with
more elevated spire, rougher surface and a distinct peripheral angle.
Macrochlamys decens n. sp.
Shell minutely perforate, depressed, biconvex, the spire low con-
oidal, the periphery obtusely angular, and the base convex; thin,
amber-brown, somewhat translucent. Surface somewhat glossy, with
slight, irregular sculpture of fine growth-wrinkles. Whorls fully 6,
convex, very slowly and regularly increasing. Aperture lunate, the
peristome simple and acute, with a small triangular dilation at the
axial insertion, the columella noticeably thickened within. Alt. 3.3,
diam. 5.3 mm.
THE NAUTILUS. 107
Omi-mura, Echigo. Types no. 85782 A. N. S. P., from no. 1119
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species of the Discoconulus group is larger than most other
Japanese forms of that type, and has more numerous closely-coiled
whorls than the related species.
Punctum infans n. sp.
Shell depressed, openly umbilicate, chestnut brown, the inner
whorls corneous ; sculptured with irregular, low and curved, rather
widely spaced, obliquely radial wrinkles, which are nearly obsolete
beneath, where a faint, close and fine spiral striation may be seen.
Spire flattened, the inner whorls projecting slightly. Whorls 3, the
last wide, obtusely angular at the periphery, much more convex be-
neath. Peristome thin and acute. Alt. 1, diam. 1.9 mm.
Hachijo, Izu. Types no. 85781 A. N. S. P., from no. 1067a of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
This shell is more angular than the allied P. amblygonum. The
generic reference is uncertain.
Kaliella sororcula n. sp.
Shell minutely perforate, trocliiform, the spire conic with very
slightly convex lateral outlines and obtuse apex, base convex ; thin,
brown, nearly lusterless above, the base somewhat glossy. Whorls
nearly 6, convex, the last with an acute, thread-like peripheral keel,
which may usually be seen in the suture of the preceding whorls.
Aperture oblique, rather narrow. Peristome thin and acute, the
columellar margin arcuate, narrowly reflexed and thickened. Alt.
3, diam. 4.8 mm.
Amasaki, Tosa. Types no. 85771 A. N. S. P., from no. 1109
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
With the shape of K. (?) ceratodes Gude, this species lacks the
brilliant gloss of that, the surface being dull, like the much larger
K. yudei Pils. and Hir., and it is seen to be faintly striatulate under
a strong lens.
PUBLICATIONS EECEIVED.
THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE MARINE
PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE OF SAN PEDRO, CALIFORNIA — By
Ralph Arnold (Mem. Cal. Acad. Sciences III, 1903). 4to, 420
pp., 37 plates. This important work, which has engaged Mr.
Arnold's attention for some years, consists of three parts, of which
Part I is devoted to general descriptions of the Pliocene and Pleisto-
cene beds, their stratigraphy and faunal relations. Mr. Arnold
concludes that during the latter part of the Pliocene the climate was
much colder than at present, 18.5 per cent, of the species of the
108 THE NAUTILUS.
Deadman Island Pliocene being now found living only to the north,
many of them not south of the Puget Sound district. During the
Pleistocene, warmer climate ensued, the upper San Pedro beds indi-
cating more tropical conditions than those now prevalent. The
marine Pleistocene has been found to be enormously developed on
the West Coast.
Part II, the descriptions of species, occupies the greater portion
of the volume. Nearly all of the species are fully described, and
illustrated by good pen-drawings. Since most of the forms are still
living, the full descriptions and illustrations will render the work of
great use to students of the recent shells of the West Coast ; and it
should have a wide circulation among West Coast conchologists.
Many new forms are described, a large proportion of which will
doubtless be found to be also recent. The nomenclature is fairly
brought up to date, but there are some exceptions which one might
reasonably expect to see corrected, such as the retention of Trophon
belclieri in " Chorus," the use of " Runella " for Gyrineum, of
" Hipponyx " for Amolthea, and of " Phorcits " for Cltlorostoma
puUigo. Neither of the species bimaculata and caUomarginata be-
longs to Ciypidella, as was shown over ten years, ago. The Chitons
seem to have gone astray as to family classification. The two species
of Planorbis described and figured are incorrectly named. In the
Scap/iopoda, Mr. Arnold admits Dentaliinn hexagonum Sby. and
D. preudohexagomun Dall, placing D.neohexagonum S. & P. in the
synonymy of both. The fact is that " hexagonum is an oriental
species not found in California, and pseudohexagonum is a MSS.
name, not before published. The common California!! species is
rightly known as D. neohexagonum. Similarly, Cadulus fasiformis
S. & P., a species published and figured some years ago, is placed in
the synonymy of the hitherto undefined MSS. name " (7. ni/entior
Cpr." The figure and description given fix the name nitentior on
what seems to be the tube of a serpulid annelid. Notwithstanding
these and various other oversights, the nomenclature is in the great,
majority of species abreast of the times. Among many interesting
facts brought out, is the absence of Haliotis before the Pleistocene
in Californian strata. The plates illustrate not only the fossils, but
also characteristic views of the principal terranes.
Part III, bibliography, gives a useful list of works dealing with
West Coast mollusks, including a complete bibliography of the
writings of Dr. R. E. C. Stearns.— H. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVII. FEBRUARY, 1904. No. 10.
SHELL COLLECTING DAYS AT FRENCHMANS' BAY.
BY DWIGHT BLANEY.
It is with the desire to return some of the pleasure the writer has
derived from the interesting accounts of collecting trips which have
appeared in the NAUTILUS, that the following description of a di-edg-
ing trip in Frenchmans' Bay, Maine, has been written:
Taking a calm morning, with the tide nearly at low-water mark,
we start off in a small scow in tow of our fifty-foot steamer. A calm
day is to be preferred, as the labor is much reduced, a rough sea
making it very uncomfortable in the pitching scow.
The scow is fitted with seats, and gives us plenty of room to coil
the 100 fathoms of rope, places for pails, tubs and sieves, with safe
corners for glass jars of sea water. We usually dredge in what we
know as good fishing-ground, as more shells are found in such places,
though all kinds of bottom are tried.
The dredging stations for the day are planned beforehand and we
look forward with no little anticipation to the hauling up of the
dredge.
We are always hoping to find alive the Pecten islandicus, Thracia
conradi, or the Aporrhais occidentalis* as we have only dredged dead
specimens before ; and the chance of adding new species to our
collection keeps us continually hard at work.
To-day we try first, some hard bottom off the northern end of
Long Porcupine Island and the first, haul brings in about a dozen
fine live specimens of the large scallop, the Pecten tenuicostatus. This
110 THE NAUTILUS.
great scallop, six or seven inches in diameter, is good eating, and we
lay them aside to appear later in a different form on the breakfast
table. The large stones and dead shells are looked over carefully
and we find attached to them the Crucibulnm striatum, and the Chi-
tons, Tonicella marmorea, Tachydermon albas, and the Tachydennon
ruber. On a previous trip we dredged a single, fine specimen of the
Hanleya mendicaria. This rare Chiton is usually found in much
deeper water than the bay.
The remaining sand and mud is now poured into large sieves with
handles and looked over carefully. We find alive the beautiful
Margarita obscura, Margarita undulata and Margarita cinerca.
These are not uncommon, however, and are hurried into the glass
jars of water, to be studied later under the microscope. We are
always glad to find the Scalaria groenlandica, though we find few
alive. Many kinds of Bela are found, among which are the common
Bela incisula, also the Beta scalaris, Bela harpularia, B?In plcnroto-
maria, and the more rare Bela violacea and Bela gouldii. Also in
this section we find the Velutina halio'oidea, Tricliotropis boreulis,-<\\\&
the Lunatia groenlandica, and the Trophon clathratus.
The contents of the sieves are now washed over the side of the
scow; the mud washed away and the cleaned sand and shells poured
into pails, labelled with the station, depth of water and c.haracter of
bottom, to be looked over after being dried at home.
A great many specimens are in this way obtained, and much ma-
terial collected to be separated on rainy days.
We move on now a quarter of a mile to a station \\iili muddy bot-
tom at 2o fathoms, where in a few hauls of black, sticky mud we find
numbers of Ledatenuisulcata, Yoldia t/traciac, trim's and Yoldiasupo-
tilla, with quantities of Astarte uiidnta, Cardita borcalfs, a few of [he
Card.it d novangliae, Cardtum pinnulatnm, Tliracin frnn<-atnt silso, of
course, great numbers of Nucula proximo, Nacula di'Iplu'no<lonla and
Nucula tennis.
Another haul nearer shore, on harder bottom, brings us Rissoa
carinata and Rissoa exarata. Here also we .find the Clirysodomus
decemcostalm, the Siplio stimpsonii and Siplio pyymueit*, and a few
young Serripes groenlamficus, with the pretty zig-xag markings which
disappear in the older specimens.
The material is also washed and sifted after being picked over,
and with aching backs we rest in the scow as we go ploughing
THE NAUTILUS. 11.1
through the water on the way home. It is by no means easy work
hauling the dredge, leaning over the side of the scow to wash the
contents of the sieves, and we have narrow escapes from sea-sickness
on rough days.
Outside the islands, in deep water, we have dredged the Denta-
linm striolatum, valves of the Panomya norvegica, Mya truncata and
Liocyma flnctuosa, and alive the Menestho albula, Admete couthouyi,
Puncturella noachina, Lepeta caeca, Modiolaria nigra, Modiolaria dis-
cors and Modiolaria corrugata, also the Cardium islandicum.
On arriving home, the material collected is spread in the sieves to
dry in the sun, and we find it difficult to wait until it is dry enough
to bring into the work room. It is only by careful picking over that
the smaller species are obtained and it is in this way that we get good
series of the Rissoidie. The Rissoa, or rather Oingnla castanea,
Rissoella eburnea, Turbonella nivea, Turritella acicula, and Turritella
erosa, Molleria costulata, Retusa gouldii and Retusa petemn's, and the
Diaphana debilis.
Many live specimens are put into shallow dishes, and under the
microscope it is most interesting to watch the Margaritas, Belas,
Lunatias and the active Yoldias moving about.
A day's dredging thus means a good deal of work, and after all
comes the labelling and putting in the cabinet, last but not least of
a day's dredging.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS QUADRULA.
BY L. S. FRIERSON.
In his admirable Synopsis of the Naiades, Mr. Chas. T. Simpson
says (page 766), that although he had examined thousands of ani-
mals of the plicata group of Quadntla, he had never seen but a
single one having eggs in the gills, and that other students had found
them equally barren. In NAUTILUS (vol. xv, no. 4, p. 39), H. von
Ihering speaks of the specimen of Q. heros Say, examined by Lea, and
of the specimen seen by Sterki, and he seems to be rather doubtful
whether Quadrula (of this group at all events) always carry eggs in
all four gills. My observations of late have been singularly lucky in
this respect and will, I think, settle this point. The h'rst specimen
112 THE NAUTILUS.
found gravid by me (of this group) was a Q. trapezoides, May 10,
1901. Since that time I have opened and examined dozens of gravid
specimens. They are gravid from May to September, after which I
have never found eggs in their gills. Of Quadrula perplicatus Con-
rad, 1 have taken but two specimens, June 7, 1901, and August 19,
1903. In one the gills (all four) were but one-half filled with eggs,
the lower half of each gill being empty. The other was a normal
Qaadrula. Quadrula heros had never been taken gravid by me
until October 8, 1903, a young specimen proved to be in that condi-
tion. Its gills (four) were packed full of uncountable ova. These,
under the microscope, were perfectly spherical and undeveloped,
showing that they were recently extruded from the ovary.
On November 24, 1903, a batch of about fifty were brought me by
a negro, to -be sent to Mr. Chas. Conner, of Philadelphia. After
packing fifteen or twenty for him, the remainder were opened, and to
my surprise, fully half were gravid. Mr. Conner reported several of
his also gravid. Most of these eggs were not yet developed into
glochidia, several specimens having eggs in the " mulberry stage."
January 7, 1904, out of seven specimens opened, four proved to
be gravid. These were full of glochidia, but they did not seem to
be perfectly developed or ready to be extruded, being very sluggish.
These observations prove two points : First, that the plicata group
belongs safely to Quadrula, as defined by Mr. Simpson, and that the
specimen noted by Sterki and H. von Ihering must have been ab-
normal. Secondly, that the seasons of ovulation are different in
different species of the same group, Q. trapezoides being a summer
breeder, while Q. Jieros is an autumn or winter breeder.
THE MOLLUSKS OF CEDAR LAKE, INDIANA.
BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.
Some months ago, the Monon Railroad invited the writer to visit
Cedar Lake, Indiana, to witness the seining of the lake for " pirate"
fish, such as carp, gars and pickerel. Incidentally a collection of the
mollusks was made, which seems of more than passing interest. The
lake is a body of cold water, of considerable extent and of great depth
in places. The species collected are as follows :
THE NAUTILUS. 113
Valvata tricarinata Say.
Valvata tricarinata var. confusa Walker.
Valvata bicarinata Lea.
Valvata bicarinata var. normalis Walker.
A quantitative study of the Valvata s collected is very interesting.
275 specimens were collected, of which 117 were typical tricarinata,
104 bicarinata var. normalis, 31 tricarinata, var. confusa, 21 bicari-
nata, 1 specimen was 4-carinate and 1 specimen of bicarinata was
almost ecarinate.
The most common forms of the carinate Valvatas would seem to
be tricarinata and bicarinata var. normalis ; typical bicarinata seem-
ing the rarest.
Amnicola limosa Say. Common.
Amnicola walkeri Pilsbry. A single specimen of this very distinct
species was found, but a careful search of the lake would probably
reveal a number of specimens. It is one of the most characteristic
of the fresh-water mollusks.
Planorbis campanulatus Say. Very common.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Common.
Planorbis exacutus Say. Apparently rare, as only two specimens
were found.
Planorbis parvus Say. Very common.
Limncea caperata Say. Fairly common.
Limntza humilis Say. Not common.
Pliysa heteroslropha Say. Not common.
Physa gyrina Say. Not common.
Succinea, retusa Lea. Common.
A NEW FLORIDIAN AMNICOLA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Amnicola augustina n. sp.
Shell narrowly umbilicate, brown or olive-brown, smooth, ovate-
conic ; spire convexly conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 4|,
quite convex, separated by deeply-impressed sutures. Aperture
about half as long as the shell, broadly ovate, obtusely angular above;
peristome acute, continuous, dark-edged, adnate to the preceding
114 THE NAUTILUS.
•
whorl for a short distance above. Operculum as usual in the genus.
Length 3.2, diam. 2.2, longest axis of aperture 1.6 mm.
A small stream near St. Augustine, Florida. Types no. 58088,
A. N. S. P., collected by Charles W. Johnson.
This species is larger than A.floridana Ffld., with a longer spire
and more obtuse apex. It was collected in some quantity by Mr.
Johnson many years ago. It was at first identified as Bythinella
tcmiipes Couper, and so recorded in NAUTILUS iii, p. 137 ; but fur-
ther investigation has shown that it belongs to a different group of
.species.
NOTES ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE PUPACEA AND
ASSOCIATED FORMS.
BY W. 11. DALL.
The publication of Mr. Woodward's list of British land shells and
.certain work on which I have been engaged, have recently drawn
my attention to this subject, which I have found so involved and so
'imperfectly represented in many publications on the group as to lead
me to a tolerably thorough investigation, some of the results of which
save here expressed.
I take it as axiomatic that (1) the type of a group must be one of
ithe species mentioned when the name of the group was first pub-
lished ; (2) that in consolidating several old genera one of the old
names and not a new one must be employed for the consolidated
group ; (3) that when a heterogeneous group is subdivided, its name
must be retained for one of the resulting subdivisions; and (4) that
we are under no obligation to accept the first species of a list as the
type of a group for which no type has been selected by the original
author, but that we should accept the decision of the first subsequent
author who undertakes to select types from the original list in revis-
ing it.
In the following notes only the question of nomenclature is con-
sidered, the validity of the sections is left to the specialist in this
difficult group. In matters of specific synonymy, I have depended
•on L. Pfeiffer, Pilsbry and Sterki.
hthrnia Gray, 1821. The sole example cited is Vertigo pygmaa
Drap., which must be regarded as the type. Staurodon Lowe, 1852,
and Dexiogyra Stabile, 1864, are synonymous.
THE NAUTILUS. 115
Jaminea Risso, 1826; not Brown, 1827. Brown cites tht name
as of Bruguiere, but I have found no reference to this origin of it
elsewhere. Risso's group is heterogeneous, and was intended for the
large Pupas in which the body whorl interrupts the peristome, while
for the small species of Vertigo, etc., with a continuous peristome, he
proposed a genus Saraphia, none of the species contained in which
can be positively recognized. Risso's first species is Vertigo minu~
tissima Hartmann, which should properly have been placed in Sara-
phia. Those which agree more or less with his diagnosis have since
been separated into a number of groups in the following order chro-
nologically : Abida, Sphyradium, Eucore, TorquateJla. There are
also three unidentifiable species. Risso's second species was the last
to be separated and should have been reserved for Jantinia, of which
Torquatella must be regarded as a synonym. This type is Turbo
muscorum Linne, not Draparnaud.
Ghondrus, Cuvier, 1817, not of Lamouroux, 1813. Cuvier's
C/wndrus was divided into two groups not named and with no type
cited. In 1821, Gray cited Pupa ciuerea Drap., as an example, but
Cuvier's name is pre-occupied in Polyps. The next name for this
group is Torquilla Studer, 1820, type P. secale Drap. Torquilla had
been used by Brisson in 1760 for a bird. Now Brisson is a non-
binominal writer and his genera have only been adopted by an arbi-
trary over-riding of the rules of nomenclature. Nevertheless I am
inclined to believe that such arbitrary acts are sometimes beneficial
to science and to be praised rather than blamed, when the occasion
is suitable, and the consensus of opinion of the specialists in the de-
partment affected, practically unanimous. Rejecting Torquilla, the
next name in order is Abida Leach, in Turton, 1831, sole example
cited P. secale, which must be regarded as the type. Several other
names have been proposed to take the place of Chondrus by too hasty
writers, such are Granaria Held, 1837, Pupella Swainson, 1840,
Chondrina Reichenbach, 1847; while further subdivisions of the type
are Sandahlia and Granopupa Westerlund, 1887.
Alxa Jeffreys, 1830. This heterogeneous group, beside species of
hthmia and Jantinia, contained originally Pupa edentula Drap.,
afterward separated as Sphyradium and Pupa minutisslma Hartmann,
which must be taken as the type.
Pupilla Leach, in Turton. 1831. Two species are cited, one being
already the type of Jaminiu, the other, namely, P. umbilicata Drap.,
116 THE NAUTILUS.
necessarily becomes the type of Pupilla. Gastrodon Lowe, 1852,
not of Rafinesque, 1815, and Reinhardtia Boettger, 1878, are syn-
onymous. Lauria Gray, 1840, was proposed for P. umbilicata and
P. anglica Fer.; if Lauria is retained at all it must be for the latter,
in which case Leiostyla Lowe, 1854, is synonymous.
Encore Agassiz, in Charpentier, 1837, was proposed for P. tridens
and P. quadridens Drap. Gonodon Held, Dec., 1837, Chondrula
Beck, 1838, and Chondrulus Westerlund, 1890, appear to be syn-
onymous.
Sphyradium Agassiz, 1837, has been adopted for P. edentula Drap.,
by the process of elimination ; Palndinelkt Lowe, 1852, not of Pfeif-
fer, 1841 ; Edentulina Clessin, 1876, not of Pfeiffer, 1855 ; and Col-
umella Westerlund, 1876, are synonymous. Sphyradium (ferrari)
Hartmann, 1840, has been named Coryna by Westerlund, 1887.
Sphyradium Martens, in Albers, 1860, is a synonym of Orcula Held.
Faula H. and A. Adams, 1855, not of Blanchard, 1850, was re-
named Fauxulus by Schaufuss in 1869. P. capensis Kurr, appears
to be the type.
Ptychochihts Boettger, 1880, founded on Pupa tantilla Gould,
seems to have priority over Nesopupa Pilsbry, 1900. Bifidaria
Sterki, in Pilsbry, 1891, contained two species, P. contracta Say and
P. servilis Gould. P. contracta being taken as type by Sterki in
1892, for his section Albinula, P. servilis must be considered the type
of Bifidaria s. s., and not P. hordacea, for which Sterki's Eubifidaria,
1893, will stand, if the sections are valid otherwise.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.
Eulota chishimana n. sp.
Shell umbilicate, depressed globose, with conic spire, rather thin,
pale yellow, becoming white on the spire, the last whorl encircled
by three bands, that at the periphery dark chestnut and sharply de-
fined, the others much paler, reddish-brown, and indistinctly defined,
one in the middle of the base, the other on the upper surface, as-
cending the spire midway between sutures on the penult, whorl, or
obsolete except on the last whorl. There are also one or two dark
THE NAUTILUS. 1 17
oblique streaks indicating places of growth-arrest. Sculpture of
irregular, rough and coarse wrinkles in the direction of growth lines,
and under the lens, irregular fine spiral lines are seen. The spire
is much smoother than the last whorl. Whorls about 6, moderately
convex, regularly increasing, the last rounded peripherally, not de-
scending in front. Aperture not very oblique, lunate, white and
conspicuously banded within. Lip broadly reflexed, strengthened by
a narrow callous ridge within, the face flat or concave, the thin outer
portion dark flesh colored, the ridge lighter or white. The peri-
pheral band extends to the lip-edge.
Alt. 20.5, diam. 26.5 mm.
Alt. 19.5, diam. 25 mm.
Kunashiri Island, in the Chishima (Kuril) chain. Types no.
86324 A. N. S. P., from no. 1153 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This fine Euhadra, of a type unknown in the main island of Japan,
is the first to be reported from the Kuril chain. Other land shells
from Kunashiri will be described in a future communication.
Vitrea radiatida var. radiata n. var.
This variety is smaller than radiatula, and of a pale reddish -brown
tint, not greenish. It is decidedly larger than V- radiateUa (Reinh.),
and less depressed. Alt. 2, diam. 4 mm.
Toya, Kuziro, in eastern Yesso (Hokkaido). Types no. 85788
A. N. S. P., from no. 1147 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Alycoius awaensis n. sp.
This shell is larger and more elevated than A, reinhardtt, pale
brown. Sculptured with spaced riblets, which on the swollen last
half whorl became fine and densely crowded. The neck is moder-
ately contracted and smooth. The aperture is circular, lip thin, nar-
rowly reflexed. There are sometimes some spiral striae on the spire,
not visible in all specimens. Alt. 3.8, diam. 2.6 mm.
Hiyama, Awa, Island of Shikoku. Types no. 84958 A. N. S. P.,
from no. 1083 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Succinea ikiana n. sp.
A species of the S. avara group, but more solid that that species
and of a bright amber color. Whorls 3, very convex and parted by
deep sutures. Sculpture of irregular, coarse wrinkles. Aperture
ovate, the upper insertion of the outer lip arcuate.
118 THE NAUTILUS.
Length 8.5, diam. 5, length of aperture 5 mm.
Length 7, diam. 3.6, length of aperture 4 mm.
Wataramura, Iki. Types no. 85747 A. N. S. P., from no. 1148
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
Vertigo japonica \\. sp.
Shell minute, oblong, about equally obtuse at both ends; brown,
nearly smooth. Whorls 5, parted by deep sutures, the last whorl
tapering downwards, impressed by a deep furrow terminating above
the middle of the outer lip. Aperture irregularly ovate, contracted
by four teeth : a long parietal lamella, a strong columellar lamella
and two short, deeply-placed palatal plicte. Peristome thin, very
narrowly expanded, the outer lip projecting forward and bent inward
at the upper third, at the termination of the external furrow. Alt.
1.7, diam. 1 mm.
Ikusagawa, Ojiuia. Types no. 85746 A. N. S. P., from no. 1143
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species from southern Yesso is related to V. hirasei from
Kyushu, but differs from that species in having much larger teeth.
Both belong to a group of Vertigines which lives throughout the
whole northern part of the Holarctic region.
Nesopupa tamagonari n. sp.
Shell extremely short and broad, very obtuse at both ends,
chestnut-brown, nearly smooth, somewhat glossy. Whorls 4^,
rapidly increasing, parted by slightly-impressed sutures ; the last
whorl forming more than half the length of the shell, tapering down-
wards, bearing a strong crest or ridge close behind the outer lip.
Aperture small, squarish-oval, obstructed by six teeth : a long, enter-
ing parietal and a much shorter angular lamella ; a deeply-placed
columellar lamella ; a small, tubercular basal plica, and two short
but high lamellar palatal plica?. Alt. 1.3, diam. 1 mm.
Chichijima, Ogasawara. Types no. 85745 A. N. S. P., from no.
855a of Mr. Hirase's collection.
A peculiar, almost globular Nesopupa, related to N. dedecora, but
shorter, with a weaker crest, which is nearer to the lip. (Tamagon-
ari, egg-shaped.)
This is the second Ogasawaran species of a Polynesian genus, dis-
covered by Mr. Hirase's collectors. These little strangers are per-
THE NAUTILUS. 119
haps the only exclusively Polynesian element in the snail fauna of
the Bonin Islands. Tornatellina also is doubtless a group of Poly-
nesian origin, though in the ages of its existence it has spread to the
borders of the Pacific, from New Zealand to the Japanese islands.
Garychium pessimum var. borealis n. var.
Differs from C. pessimum in being smaller and less conic, more of
an oblong shape. Harutori, Hokkaido. Types no. 85772 A. N. S. P.,
from no. 1144 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
LE PERE LAMBERT, S. M.
BY CHARLES HEDLKY.
Half a century ago, a little band of Marist missionaries landed in
New Caledonia to convert to their faith the cannibal savages of that
island. For yeaiv-, lance or casse-tete daily threatened them with
cruel death. They knew no society but the disgusting companionship
of brutal savages. From the danger, hardships and squalor of their
life, these cultured gentlemen turned for relaxation to the pleasant
paths of science. To them we owe most of our knowledge of the
fauna, flora, geology and ethnology of New Caledonia. One by one,
Montrouzier, Thomassin, Rougeyron — this noble company of hero,
pauper, saint and savant — have gone to their rest. The last patri-
arch. Father Pierre Lambert, died in Noumea, on November 3,
1903, aged 82 years.
He wrote a few short papers in the Journal de Conchyliologie, but
he will be chiefly remembered as a collector. One of the finest of
the cones bears his name, as does one of the largest Placostylus.
Souverbie dedicated to him species of Pecten, Melanopsis, Trocfnis,
Euclielus, Xenophora, Mitra, Cancellaria, Pleurotoma, Rissoina and
Eidima, also the genus Lambertia.
Pere Lambert published a memoir on Ethnology — Moeurs et
Superstitions des Neo-Caledoniens, Noumea, 1900, pp. vi, 360, with
60 illustrations. An important but little known book.
120 THE NAUTILUS.
GENERAL NOTES.
ANCYLI ADHERING TO WATER BEETLES — Two interesting ex-
amples of Ancyli attached to the elytra of water beetles, recently
came under my observation through the kindness of Mr. Albert P.
Morse, who collected them at Wellesley, Mass. One a Dinutes
(whirligig beetle), collected April 26, 1900, has an Ancylus fuscus
Adams, 4x2.5 mm., situated dorsally and extending about equally
over each elytron ; whether it adhered with sufficient strength to
prevent the beetle flying, can only be surmised. The habit of Dinutes
in gyrating on the surface of the water, often in the bright sun-light
for hours at a time, is not strictly conducive to the life of an Ancylus
thus situated, for it would be entirely out of water while the beetle
was on the surface, although during the early spring the beetle prob-
ably spent most of its time beneath the water.
The other, a Dytiscus, collected in October, 1898, carried an An-
cylus parallelus Hald., 5 x 2.5 mm., near the end of the left elytron.
Both cases present an interesting factor in the distribution of species,
which probably in many instances accounts for the sudden appear-
ance of mollusks in small, artificial ponds. — C. W. JOHNSON.
CLAM-OROUS CROWS. — The following newspaper clipping, if true,
shows that the amiable, inoffensive clams of the Northwest coast are
having a hard time of it, and are entitled to the sympathy of all con-
chologists without distinction of age, sex or color :
" Scare-crows are now placed upon slate roofs in Victoria, B. C.
The crows, which swarm on the beach and dig for clams, fly over the
buildings and drop the clams on the roof, by this means breaking the
shells and leaving the meat free to be eaten. In many cases, when
the clams were dropped, the slate would be broken."
Such conduct on the part of the crows is certainly discreditable ;
they should be placed on the black-list.
Ill fare the clams to hungry crows a prey,
And brought to grief in such a crow-ill way.
The clam is probably Saxidomus giganteus Desh., quite common
in the Vancouver region and the principal edible clam of both
" Injuns" and white folks thereabout, and solid enough to break roof
slates if not political ones, when dropped from a considerable elevation.
S. giganteus is abundant between ordinary tide marks ; it is great in
soup ; an excellent clam. — ROBT. E. C. STEARNS, Los Angeles, Cal.
THE NAUTILUS, XVII.
PLATE IV.
DAVIS: BERMUDA SHELLS.
THE NAUTILUS.
Voi,. XVII. MARCH, 1904. No. 11.
HELIX HORTENSIS IN NEW ENGLAND.
BY REV. HENRY VT. WINKLEY.
The following is a suggestion. I cannot say that I am convinced
that it is a proof, but I offer these thoughts for what they are worth.
We must associate H. hortensis with northern European forms rather
than with the American land shells. Its distribution in New Eng-
land is most singular, limited as it is to widely separated spots,
mostly small islands of the east coast. It certainly cannot have had
the same migration as Polygyra or Pyramidula or it would be dis-
tributed as they are. Undoubtedly at the close of the glacial period,
the American types worked north and east into New England ; but H.
hortensis was not one of them. That it came from Europe is evident.
Commerce-voyages of Norsemen or other explorers have been sug-
gested. This theory becomes absurd when one examines the locali-
ties where H. hortensis lives. These places are not ports and never
have been. Some of them are the last places a man would land, not
the first. Let us now ask the question of an earlier migration.
Circumpolar species 'exist. Other forms common to Europe and
America would make an interesting study. That there was a pre-
glacial period when forms migrated around the northern regions is a
settled fact. Did H. hortensis come then and survive? The writer
has been much interested in the glacial theory, and has done some
field work on the New England area. That the glacier covered all
of New England is an accepted fact, but when we say all, is there
not a chance for exceptions. Along the southern coast we may point
122 THE NAUTILUS.
to Long Island as a terminus. The sound is not deep and tides not
great, this barrier would be and was crossed. The eastern coast is
different. The trend of the ice, though slightly deflected towards
the east, was in a southerly direction ; comparatively little passed off
the east coast. Add now a study of Greenland, as it is under conti-
nental glaciation conditions and probably exactly as New England
was. Peary's exploration shows a range of animals like the musk-
ox, arctic wolf and others at Independence Bay, and practically the
extreme northern limit of Greenland, and this implies food on which
they live. In other words, Greenland under a glacier yet has a
shore line of animal and vegetable life. The distribution of H.
hortensis fits the theory that it is a survivor. The present abodes
are such that it could not have been carried from one to the other
and not have found a home on the mainland more than it has. On
the other hand Grand Manan, outer islands in Casco Bay, the ex-
tremity of Cape Ann and Cape Cod, are places that would be last
resorts. A more exhaustive treatment of the subject would deal
with elevation and subsidence, possible islands or land in the east
now submerged. The stronger tides that would break up a mass of
ice extending seaward. I leave these topics and present only the
•imple suggestion.
A NEW SPECIES OF PERIPLOMA FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY WILLIAM HEALET DALL.
Periploma sulcata n. s.
Shell rotund, white, with the left valve flatter, thin, sculptured
with numerous, close-set, irregularly concentric, more or less inter-
rupted, low ridges, separated by subequal shallow interspaces ; the
surface is also microscopically shagreened, and there is a low rib ex-
tending from the beak to the lower margin of the ill-defined rostrum
and an ill-defined furrow radiating from the beak toward the anter-
ior base, in the right valve; beaks low, distinctly fissured ; anterior
dorsal hingeline rounded, posterior ditto, shorter, nearly rectilinear,
forming with the elevated rib a subtriangular space which is free
from the undulations which cover the rest of the shell ; interior
shining, hardly nacreous, the muscular impressions very small, the
pallial line obscure ; chondrophores pvominent, spoon-shaped, extend-
THE NAUTILUS. 123
ing obliquely forward, and with their connecting resilium sustaining
a proportionately large triangular lithodesma ; the chondrophores
are supported behind by well-developed clavicular props, which are
inserted posteriorly on the surface of the valve below the linear
hingeline. Length 32, height 27, diameter of right valve 6 and of
the left valve 4 mm.
This elegant shell, in a somewhat damaged condition, was thrown
upon the beach at San Pedro, Cal., after one of the heavy winter
storms and collected by Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd, to whom we owe so
many additions to the fauna of this region.
This species is, we believe, the first Periploma known to possess an
undulated sculpture, and bears to those of the ordinary type such a
relation as that of Cyathodonta to Thracia or Lnbiosa to Raeta. The
differences of sculpture and in the form of the lithodesma suggest
that, as in the case above cited, P. sulcata is entitled to a sectional
name for which Halistrepta is proposed.
A NEW DENTALIUM FROM CALIFORNIA.
BT WILLIAM J. RAYMOND.
Dentalium vallicolens n. sp.
Adult shell large, rather slender, moderately curved posteriorly,
the latter half nearly straight; cream-white, often yellowish toward
the mouth, shining where not eroded, earlier portion usually dull and
chalky because of erosion ; growth-lines fine, irregular, distinct,
rarely an encircling groove due to repaired fracture ; at the apex
there are longitudinal, low, rounded, inconspicuous threads, of which
seven or eight are more prominent and three to six in each inter-
space are less prominent ; these die out, and fine, superficial striae
appear, visible under the glass and continued to the mouth of the
shell, seven or eight per millimeter of circumference ; aperture
simple, circular, mouth slightly oblique.
Two specimens measure : length G4.5, diam. of aperture 5.3, of
apex 1.5, at middle 4.6, height of arch from chord 2.5 mm.; length
64.0, diam. of aperture 4.7, of apex 1.4, at middle 4.2, height of
arch from chord 3.0 mm.
Young shell strongly curved, very slender for the first eight or
ten millimeters of length, then rapidly enlarging; at first seven or
124 THE NAUTILUS.
eight angled, the angles defined by sharp ribs with channeled inter-
spaces, then passing into the sculpture of the adult by successive in-
terpolations of secondary riblets, while the primary ribs lose in prom-
inence and the section of the shell becomes circular.
Length 16.7. diam. of aperture 2.0, of apex 0.3, at middle 0.1,
height of arch from chord 1.8 mm.
University of California Marine Biological Laboratory : Station
12, Vincente (or Redondo) Submerged Valley, Santa Monica Bay,
145 fathoms, temp. 45.5° F., bottom sand and mud ; also scattering
•pecimens from station 14 off Point Fermin, 100 fathoms, temp.
46°; station 70, La Jolla Submerged Valley, between 117 and 54
fathoms ; station 79, off San Diego, 64 fathoms.
The Vincente submerged valley where this species was found in
considerable numbers, is one of a series of such valleys described and
mapped by Prof. George Davidson, of the University of California,
in Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 3 Ser. Geology, Vol. 1, No. 2. Opposite
Redondo the 100-fathom line marks the edge of a gently sloping,
•ubmarine plateau which extends seaward about seven miles. Out-
side of this plateau the bottom descends much more abruptly. The
Vincente valley is nearly 300 fathoms deep and about one and one-
half miles wide where it breaks through the edge of the plateau. It
carries a depth of 100 fathoms to within one and one-half miles of
the beach, thus bringing the colder water of greater depths, with
its accompanying fauna, close inshore. It is probable that the
Dentalium here described will be found in deeper water as marine
exploration proceeds along the coast of southern California.
The sculpture of this fine, large species recalls D. ceratum Dall
(Florida, Cuba, Barbados), but the former is larger, the adult shell
is proportionately wider, tjie young is more attenuated at the apex,
and the superficial striae are continued to the mouth, even on the
largest specimens. At the length of Dall's species, D. vallicolens is
more than twice as wide. The peculiar sculpture of the earlier por-
tion and the striation of the latter, readily separate the present
species from D. pretiosum and D. indianorum, even if the angled
apex be lost, as is almost invariably the case in the adult. Erosion
has in some specimens proceeded so far that patches only of the
outer layer of shell are left. In others it seems to have attacked the
shell beneath the outer layer so that longitudinal lines and encircling
rings of opaque white appear beneath the outer, i-hiniug layer which
then begins to scale off.
THE NAUTILUS. 125
NOTES ON THE MOLLTJSCA OF THE BERMUDA ISLANDS.
BY C. ABBOTT DAVIS, S. B.
Last July and August were profitably spent in collecting insects
and mollusks among the three hundred beautiful islands now called
the Bermudas. Like the Hawaiian group, they are chiefly interest-
ing because of their isolated geographical position, being nearly 700
miles distant from any other land. Commerce, however, is rapidly
changing the fauna and flora of Bermuda to such an extent that old
records, /. e., records of twenty years standing, are obsolete or unre-
liable. Large quantities of West Indian shells are constantly being
brought to the island to sell to the unsophisticated traveller, and some
of the stores actually sell these shells as Berinudian. Even the
native colored boys are anxious to sell shells for " tuppence," and
they are not particular about the historical side, so that one has to
beware of all shells not collected in situ.
The expeditions of Prof. Helprin in the summer of 1888, and of
Prof. Verrill in the spring of 1898 and of 1901, form the nucleus of
most of the authentic published data. I had planned a trip to Ber-
muda for July and August 1903, but upon learning of the Bristol-
Mark expedition, I decided to go with them, and the following notes
are a part of the records of our trip.
In 1900, Dr. Pilsbry revised the " Air-breathing Mollusks of the
Bermudas," and my research differs little except in minor details.
For instance, he agrees with Mr. Smith that Succinea bermitdensis
Pfr., is S. barbadensis Guild., but states that the animals need a
careful study. I agree with the latter statement and as proof of it
illustrate three Bermudian forms. Fig. 1 is the common form, Fig.
2 was occasionally taken at Flatts, Fig. 3 is the fossil variety.
Physa acnta Drap., has not been recorded since G. Brown Goodes'
record of 1888. We took it from rain-water tanks in Devonshire
Swamp.
The variety pulchetta Pfr., of TruncateUa caribzeensis Sowb., is
always found dead. This, taken with the fact that this mollusk lives
at the high-tide mark, and is therefore apt to be water-worn, makes
pulcliella simply a worn carribxensis.
In a lot of several hundred carribseensis received recently from the
West Indies, there is a complete series showing the wear on these
126 THE NAUTILUS.
shells, even to fresh transparent specimens. Prof. Verrill has lately
addeu the following to Dr. Pilsbry's list :
Blauneria heteroclita Montg., Hyalina Jucida Drap.
Pceciloronites zonata Verr. (Fig. 17), Siphonaria henica Verr.
My records add the following:
Carychium exiguum Say. (var.). Sub-fossil.
Vitrea cellaria Miill. Several at Hamilton.
Helix piscina Miill. Several at St. Georges (Fig. 18).
Planorbis dilatatus Gld. Dev. Swamps, (Brackish water).
Paludestrina tenuipes Cooper (var.). Eve's Pond.
The beautiful genus Melampus needs revision, and as I collected
(personally) several quarts of these bewildering shells, I will attempt
the following key to the Bermudian forms :
A. Aperture narrow and short, shells small, pointed at both ends,
greasy, brownish or blackish, no teeth (see Fig. 4).
M. bulloides Mont.
B. Aperture wider and longer, at the extreme base a very promi-
nent fold, shells larger, apex pointed, greasy, color brownish
or purplish, with one or more revolving white or yellowish
bands, row of teeth within the outer lip very numerous, (Fig.
5). M. flavus Gmel.
1. Color plain brown or purple, no stripes, (Fig. 6).
Var. purpureus n. v.
2. Size and shape same as purpureus, immaculate white
when alive, rare, found only at Hungry Bay, (Fig. 7).
Var. albus n. v.
C. Aperture still wider, shell wide at the top, apex abrupt, two or
more well developed teeth on the inner lip, often attaining to
double the size of flavus, not green, (Fig. 8 is the Florida
form). M. cojfeus Linn.
1. Larger, and apex more pointed than in coff'etis, the row
of teeth in outer lip very irregular and uneven, banded
spirally, with brown and white, width of bands very irreg-
ular, (Fig. 9). Var. yuudlachi, Pfr.
2. Pilsbry says : " Scarcely if at all to be distinguished from
the prior M. gundlachi Pfr., but not attaining so large a
size." These are probably the juvenile gundlaclti, the
lack of color and lustre in the large ones being due to
longer exposure and yet they look like another variety so
the smaller ones are called (Fig. 10). Var. redfieldi, Pfr.
THE NAUTILUS.
127
3. Size and shape same, but the revolving bands of light and
dark color alternate evenly, (Fig. 1 1).
Var. dlternatus n. v.
4. Smaller, darker, polished, beautifully mottled vviih more
or less prominent vertical stripes, (Fig. 12).
Var. i"ertf call's n. v.
5. Stout, plain broivn form, with no markings whatever.
(Fig. 13). Var. bishopii n. v.
Named in honor of mine host Mr. Geo. A. Bishop, Supt. of Public
Gardens, Hamilton, Bermuda.
As to Siphonaria, Verrill has described in the " Transactions of
the Conn. Academy of Science," a species called S. henica. So far
as is known, only one specimen — the type — is in existence. This
was taken at Bailey Bay on the north shore. We collected over
three pints of S. alternata Say, and found many of the var. brunnea
Hanley, also two others.
2. Shell small (size 16x13 mm.), blackish, opaque opalescent,
rare, Hungry Bay, south shore (Fig. 15). Var. opalescens n. v.
3. Intermediate in size and coloration between brunnea and opal-
escens. Very thin, translucent, always distinguished by radial black
lines from apex to margin, covering the whole or a part of the inner
surface. Common on the south shore at high-tide mark (Fig. 16).
Var. intermedia n. v.
There are undoubtedly many marine species which might be
added to the published lists of Ball, Heilprin. Verrill, and others;
but the great difficulty just now is to eliminate equivalent nomencla-
ture. I have not seen records of the following species taken by us
in Bermuda :
Acmsea punctulata Gmel. Ocinebra intermedia Ads.
Anachis catenata Sowb. Nassa consensa Eav.
Alabina adainsii Dall. Natica livida Pfr.
Asaphis deftorata Linn. Nltidella cribraria Linn.
Bittium vart'um Pfr. Olivella rosalina Duel.
Chione beaui Reel. Ostrea folium Linn.
Chione pygmsea Lam. Pecten ornatus Lam.
Coralliophila abbreviata Lam. Pitaria fulminata. Mke.
Gyprseacardia hornbeckiana Pnrpnra undata Lam.
Morch. Rissoina pu/chra Ads.
Cythara simulata Rve. Semela proficua Pult.
128 THE NAUTILUS.
Eulima gracilis Ads. Spirula austral is Lam.
Gastrochsena ovata Sby. Teilina prom era Dall.
(Fig. 20.) Teilina sijbaritlca Dall.
Litiopa bombyx Kein.
Vermetns erectus Dall. Tliis shell is quite common, but generally
has the erect portion broken off, as in Fig. 19.
The following are undoubtedly new forms. Cotypes of each are
deposited (with the Melampus and Siphonaria) in the museums at
Washington, Philadelphia, Boston and Providence.
Gastrochxna moiobrayi sp. n. (Fig. "21 ).
This has often been mistaken for a juvenile G. ovata, (Fig. 20) as
it resembles ovata in shape and color, but neither in size, nor habitat.
In Bermuda G. ovata has an alt. of -20 mm. and bores a hole about
10 mm. in diameter in the solid brain-corals, or shell-rock.
On the other hand, G. mowbrayi is found in the dead or dying steins
of the branch coral (^Oculina) the entire stem of which could be put
into a tube of ovata. G. mowbrayi occupies a cavity a little larger
than the shell (which is about 6x3 mm., the cut showing an ex-
tremely large specimen) with a small opening to the outer surface of
the coral. These shells are often grouped so closely together, as to
undermine the strength of the coral, (see Fig. 22). Locality, Har-
rington Sound, dredged in 20 to 40 ft. Named in honor of Mr.
Lewis Mowbray an enthusiastic Bermudian naturalist.
Teilina Isevigata Linn., var. Stella n. v.
T. Isevigata is called the " sunset shell" by the natives, and it
well deserves the name on account of its beautiful bands of orange
or pink alternating with delicate yellow tints. About one out of
twenty of these shells has diverging, radial pink rays (like I.
radiata). For this nameless variety I propose the name stella
(Fig. 34) collected at Flatt's Inlet.
Volvaria avena Lam., var. soutkwicki n. v.
Volvaria avena (Fig. 23) is common along the north shore of
Bermuda, and is widely known and easily recognized by its con-
spicuous transverse orange bands, size 9x3 mm.
On Hamilton Beach I found a smaller constant variety (Fig. 24)
which had a uniformly dark, mottled ground with no bands of color.
Alt. 6x2 mm. This variety is named after my friend, Mr. Jas.
THE NACTJLUS. 129
M. Southwick, Curator of the Roger Williams' Park Museum,
Providence, R. I.
Key to the Bertmidian Species of the Genus Cerithium.
The species of this genus were the hardest to revise owing to the
fact that the descriptions being brief and often inaccurately figured,
no two museums have them named alike. A generous use of the
microscope is necessary to distinguish species, and while there are
undoubtedly intergrades, the majority are I think, distinct species
and not varieties. They are so dissimilar that they can he readily
separated. Most of the species may be picked up in Bermuda by
the thousand. I brought home at least a half bushel for studv.
o ^
A. Very small, jet-black inside and out, often decollate, nodules
in vertical rows of three dashes. Bermuda form, Fig. '25 ; Haiti
form, Fig. 26 ; white-tipped Florida form, Fig. 27.
C. tn/'niuinin Gmel.
B. Larger, stouter, plain black or dirty brown inside and out,
spirals very uneven, nodules in vertical rows of tliree dots
(Fig. 28). C. nigrescens Mke.
C. Shell stout, spirals uneven, handsomely variegated black and
white or yellow and white, nodules in vertical rows of three
dots (Fig. 29). C. variablte Ads.
Note. — This shell has been called eriense Val., and even
placed as a variety of ferrugincum Say, which it does not re-
semble in the least. (See the original figure and description
offerrugineum by Say.)
D. Long, narrow, yellowish-brown, spirals very irregular, tliree
vertical nodules united, forming vertical ribs, by far the rarest
form in Bermuda (Fig. 30). C. ferrugineum Say.
E. Long, narrow, apex sharp, black with a white revolving band
below the suture, the black band contains dashes and the white
band dots, spirals regular, blackish inside (Fig. 31).
C. septenstrialum Say.
F. Larger than any of the above, spirals regular. A whitish
calcarious deposit distinguishes this shell (Fig. 32). When
this covering is removed by acid or wear as in Fig. 33, it re-
veals a brownish interior with white bands on which the
nodules are shaped like an exclamation point (!), the two
upper dots being united. The apex is always very sharp.
G. albocoopertum sp. n.
130 THE NAUTILUS.
Any other Bermudian records would be gratefully received by the
writer, as he has in press a " Check-List of the Bermudian Mollusca."
GENERAL NOTES.
MOLLUSCA ON PIKE'S PEAK COLORADO — Last fall I collected
Pupa muscorum (L.), Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey, Euconulus
fulvus (Miill.) and Zonitoides arboreus (Say) by the printing office
on Pike's Peak, 10,000 ft. alt. I put them on record because of the
altitude; the dominant vegetation of the place consists of Achillea,
Dasiphora, Fragaria, Salix, Rosa, Populus tremuloides, Oarduus,
Geranium, Epilobium, Delphinium, Arctostaphylos nva-ursi, Cam-
panula, Potentilla, Allium, Pedicularis, Gentiana, Picea, Pinus,
Juniperus, Antennaria, Artemisia, Pentstemon, Machaeranthera, Rud-
beckia, Frasera and Galochorlus : nearly all circumpolar genera, it
will be observed, the last five only being exclusively American. I
have a note that I found also Succinea avara, but kept no specimens.
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
CHIONE CANCELLATA LINN. IN THE JERSEY CITY MARKET. —
A strange shell in the market always interests the conchologist. A
short time ago my brother gave me a Ghione cancellata which he had
found with some clams ( Venus mercenaria) purchased of Mr. Brittain,
a fish dealer on Bergen ave., Jersey City, N. J. He said there were
several in the basket from which the clams were taken. Desirous
of knowing whence they came, I inquired of Mr. Brittain where the
clams were gathered and he said he believed they came from North
Carolina — SLOMAN Rous.
THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF ONE LOG. — On October loth, 1 col-
lected from the under side of an old log, 12 inches in diameter and 9
feet long, in the vicinity of Des Moines, Iowa, 634 living specimens of
the following species :
Polygyra albolabris Say, 1.
Polyc/yra appressa Say, 140.
Zonitoides arboreus Say, 244.
Zonitoides minusculus Binn., 69.
Conulus fulvus Mil 11., 12.
Succinea avara Say, 5.
THE NAUTILUS. 131
Corychium exignum Say, 4.
Bifidaria peniodon Say, 1.
Bifidaria armifera Say, 143.
Strobilops labyrintltica Say, 3.
Agriolimax campestris Binn., 12.
Many other logs yielded abundantly of the same and other species.
— T. VAN HYNING.
MR. JAS. H. FERRISS is collecting shells and ferns in Arizona.
He reports great success, and the specimens sent in give evidence
that he has not lost the knack of finding the finest kinds of snails.
There are several forms of Sonorella, Ashmunella chiricahaana and
some new forms of the levettei type, two new species of Oreohelix,1
one of them ornamented with whorls of hairs, besides the " small
stuflf."_H. A. PILSBRT.
VERTIGO ANDRUSIANA Pils. when fully adult has two teeth on the
parietal margin, at least in some specimens, and a very minute tooth
above the upper palatal plica. Until nearly adult, the basal fold is
not developed. — H. A. P.
HELICOGONA ARBUSTORUM IN NEWFOUNDLAND Adult living
specimens of this common British and European land snail were col-
lected by Dr. Robert Bell in the middle of July, 1885, on grassy
slopes facing the sea, near the narrows of St. John's Harbor, New-
foundland. So far as the writer is aware, this is the first time that
this species has been found, in a living state, on the American side
of the Atlantic. Dr. Bell says that many wrecks of vessels take
place on this part of the coast, and that a little farther to the south
of the locality where these snails were found, there is a small patch
where the common heather (Calluna vulgaris] grows. This marks
the spot, he adds, where an emigrant ship was stranded, and the
beds of the emigrants, which were stuffed with heather, were taken
ashore and emptied out J. F. WHITEAVES, in The Ottawa Natural-
ist, vol. xvii, no. 11, p. 192, Feb., 1904.
1 Oreohelix is a new genus for the Rocky Mountain Helices of the //. strigosa
group, hitherto wrongly placed in " Patula '' or Pyramidula, from which they
differ by the lack of pedal farrows. — II. A. P.
132 THE NAUTILUS.
PUBLICATIONS EECEIVED.
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE TRAWLING EXPEDITION OF H.
M. C. S. THETIS, MOLLUSCA Ft. II, SCAPHOPODA AND GASTRO-
PODA— By Charles Hedley (Memoirs Australian Mus. IV, pp. 327-
402, plates 36-38). This interesting and valuable paper contains
the descriptions of 37 new species and three new genera : Epiyrus,
Myxa, and Fascinus. The new forms together with many others are
illustrated by 52 excellent figures in the text. The author has
adopted Calcar Montfbrt, 1810, in place of Astralium Link, with
the following note : " It is obvious that Astralium Link cannot
honestly be said to have been published in 1807. Probably as a
published name Astralium should date from Herrmannsen's article in
the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1851, p.
231. Unless the rules of the zoological nomenclature are to be
broken, Calcar must be used instead of Astralium. Cassidea Brug.
1789 is used in place of Semicassis (Klein 1753, pre-Linnean) Mo'rch
1852.— C. W. J.
DIAGNOSES OF NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSKS FROM THE SANTA
BARBARA CHANNEL, CALIFORNIA. By William Healey Dall
(Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., Dec. 13, 1903, pp. 171-1 70).
In this interesting paper Dr. Dall describes ten new west-coast
species. Of this number all, excepting Mitra dolorosu from the Gulf
of California, were dredged at Santa Catalina Island during the
summer of 1903, by Messrs. Lowe and Paine. One genus, Macrom-
phalina, is new to the west coast. New species are : Actaon (Ric-
taxis) painei, Clathurella lowei, Mangelia fancherce^ Mitra lowei, Mitra
dolorosa, Murex (Ocinebra ?) painei, Lunatia draconis, Macromphalina
catt/ornica, Scala sawince and Ischnochiton biarcuatus. As will be
seen by the feminine endings two species are named for ladies. Be-
sides the species from the Gulf of California, Lunatia draconis has
been dredged at Drake's Bay, Monterey and the Farallones Islands.
Of the specific name draconis Dr. Dall says: "As Drake was long
known to the Spaniards as ' El Drako,' I have named the species
draconis in his honor." Scala sawinse has been dredged off the
Coronada Islands, Avalon and at the Isthmus. The type is from
the harbor side of the isthmus at Santa Catalina and was dredged by
Dr. Dall in 1873. With these exceptions all the species were
dredged off Avalon. Another new species of a genus not before
known to inhabit the west coast was described by Dr. Dall in THE
NAUTILUS, Sept., 1903, under the title, " A New Species of Metz-
gefia." This species collected by J. H. Paine, Dr. Dall named
Metzgeria californica. — Mrs. M. Burton Wilhamson.
THE NAUTILUS, XVII.
PLATE V
WALKER: ON SOMATOGYRUS.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XVII. APRIL, 19O4. No. 12.
NEW SPECIES OF SOMATOGYRUS.
I5Y UUYANT WALKER.
Through the kindness of Mr. A. A. Hinkley, of Du Bois, 111., I
have had the opportunity of examining the Amnicolidce collected on
his recent trip to the Coosa river, and the larger portion of the
species herein described are from his collection. The others have
been received from the different sources stated in the descriptions.
The new species collected by Mr. Hinkley are remarkable for the
diversity of form exhibited, which was quite unexpected in view of
the very general similarity in that particular of the species already
discovered. The collection also shows that the earlier collectors on
the Coosa practically ignored the smaller forms in the more exciting
pursuit of the peculiar Pleuroceridae of the river, and that there yet
remains much to be done before the molluscan riches of that wonder-
ful stream will be exhausted.
The late Dr. Jas. Lewis in his " Fresh Water and Land Shells "
(1876), lists four species of Somatogyrus as occurring in Alabama,
viz :
S. aureus Tryon. S. parvulus Tryon.
S. currlerianus Lea. S. subglobosus Say.
Having Dr. Lewis' collection in my possession, I am able to check
up his determinations in the light of our present information. It is
evident, from the condition of his specimens, many of which are not
even washed, to say nothing of having the black and ferruginous de-
posits removed, with which they are frequently covered, that Dr.
134 TUB NAUTILUS.
Lewis had not given any critical study to the group, and that his
determinations were at the best superficial. It is of interest there-
fore to consider his list seriatim, and to make such corrections as are
necessary. S. aureus. Dr. Lewis confounded this species with S.
parvulus Tryon and georgianus herein described. For the first error
he is not wholly responsible, as the only genuine parvulus he had
was received from Dr. Lea as aureus. His specimens from the
" Tennessee River" and " Cahawba River " are georgianus. Those
from the Coosa are partly georgianus and partly aureus. Those from
the Alabama river are correctly named.
It may be added that aureus was found in the Coosa at Wetumpka
by Mr. Hinkley, where it has also been collected by Mr. A. C.
Billups. It is also in the Lewis collection from the Holston river,
Tenn., the Etowah river, Ga., the Tennessee river, Jackson Co.,
Ala., and from Bridgeport, Ala. It was also collected by Dr. Pils-
bry and myself in the Tennessee river at Knoxville, Tenn., on our
return from the Pentadelphian expedition in 1901. I have it also
from Decatur, Ala., collected by De Camp.
S. currierianus, Dr. Lewis' specimens from Decatur, Ala., are
labelled " Type " and seem to be correct. See PI. v, figs. 8 and 9.
S. parvulus. As stated above, the only specimens referable to
this species (see PI. v, figs. 22 and 23) from the Connesauga river,
Ga., were received from Dr. Lea under the name of aureus. His
specimens from the Tennessee river at Bridgeport, Ala., are imma-
ture aureus, as are also those from the Coossi.
S. subglobosus. There are no specimens under this name from the
Coosa river in the Lewis collection. Those from the Alabama river,
while differing somewhat in contour from the typical form of the
Ohio valley, seem substantially the same.
The characteristic feature of the Coosa river species of Somatogy-
rits is the heavy flat columellur callus, which usually quite obliterates
the umbilicus. This is present in nearly all the species. The
former connection of the Coosa with the Tennessee drainage is shown
by the occurrence of S. subglobosus, aureiis and georgianus in both
systems and the narrow, rounded columellar callus in S. obtusiis and
umbilfcatus, which is characteristic of all the species of the Ohio and
Tennessee drainage, except S. georgianus and the form referred to
S. currierianus by Tryon in Mon. F. W. Univ. Moll., p. 62, PI. 17,
fig. 13.
TII?: NAUTILUS. 135
All the figures are drawn on the same scale so that the relative
size of the different species is represented on the plate.
Somatogyms hinkleyi n. sp. PI. v, figs. 1 and 2.
Shell globose-conic, imperforate or with a mere chink at the um-
bilicus, light horn-colored, smooth, growth lines scarcely evident.
Spire elevated, apex obtuse. Whorls 4—4|, those of the apex con-
vex, penultimate and body whorls more or less shouldered; suture
deeply impressed ; body whorl large, convex or in shouldered ex-
amples somewhat flattened at the periphery and obtusely angled
below. Aperture large, rounded above, somewhat flattened at the
base and decidedly angled at the junction of the lip with the base of
the columella and angular at the upper insertion of the lip; lip
simple, in aged examples somewhat thickened within. Columella
heavy, callused. flattened and nearly straight, callus thinner on the
parietal wall. Alt. 4|, diam. 3| mm. Alt. 5, diam. 3^ mm.
Coosa river at Wetumpka, Ala. (type locality), five miles above
Wetumpka, Wilsonville and Fort Williams' Shoals. Also Talla-
poosa river at Tallassee, Ala.
This fine species was collected by Mr. Hinkley in considerable
numbers at all the localities above mentioned, except at Tallassee,
where only a single specimen was found. It occurred " on rocks in
swift water, generally on the under side. Sometimes several indi-
viduals were found close together." It differs from all the known
species in the elevated spire and conical form excepting S. pcnnsyl-
vanicus and virginicus herein described, but those species are much
smaller and decidedly different in contour. Young shells have the
whorls decidedly convex, the shoulder not appearing until after the
third whorl. The penultimate whorl shown in its entirety in half-
grown specimens is usually quite quadrate, owing to the shoulder and
flattening of the periphery. In mature specimens the shoulder tends
to become less evident and often entirely disappears. I take great
pleasure in naming this unusual form after its discoverer, Mr. A. A.
Hinkley, whose recent trip to the Coosa was so fruitful in novelties.
Somatogyms constrictus n. sp. PI. v, fig. 3.
Shell small, conic, light horn-colored, smooth, except for the fine
growth lines. Apex eroded in all specimens seen, the portion re-
maining consisting only of the last 2-2^ subcylindrical whorls, which
are very convex with a deeply-impressed suture, the body whorl is
136 THE NAUTILUS.
somewhat inclined to be gibbous. Aperture small for the genus and
nearly round, obtusely angled above. Columella concave with a
heavy, flat callus, which extends unbroken between the extremities
of the lip leaving the umbilicus scarcely exposed. Lip simple, some-
what flattened along the basal portion and obtusely angled at its
junction with the columella. Alt. 3, diam. 2^ mm.
Coosa river, five miles above Wetumpka, Ala. (type locality), also
at Wetumpka and near Wilsonville.
Only a few specimens of this species were found by Mr. Hinkley
at any of the above localities, " never more than one in the same
place, and always on the under side of rock in swift water." Un-
fortunately all the specimens are badly eroded so that it is impossible
to give the apical characters. No young specimens that can be re-
ferred to the species were found. This species is remarkable for its
elevated amnicoloid shape and deeply constricted whorls, but the
heavy columellar callus reveals its generic affinities.
Somatogyrus nanus n. sp. PI. v, fig. 4.
Shell very small, imperforate, conic-globose, pale greenish-yellow,
smooth, shining. Spire very short and rapidly acuminating to the
sub-acute apex. Whorls 3, those of the spire but slightly convex,
separated by a shallow suture; the body very large, forming most of
the shell, convex, somewhat flattened toward the suture. Aperture
quite narrowly-angled above, widening and regularly-rounded below.
Columella concave, flattened, with a heavy callous, which entirely
covers the umbilicus and becomes thin and transparent on the pari-
etal wall. Alt. 2|, diam. 2^ mm.
Coosa river, five miles above Wetumpka, Ala. (type locality), also
at Wetumpka, Wilsonville and Fort Williams Shoals above Farmer,
Ala.
This little species is apparently the most abundant form in the
Coosa. It was "found in all places on rocks in swift water, scattered
or collected in bunches of any number up to 25 or 30." It is well
characterized by its small size and the short, acute apex, which with
large body whorl and slightly-impressed suture, gives a peculiar
mamilliform shape to the shell. The shells are almost invariably
covered with a thin, greenish deposit, which under the microscope
appears to consist of innumerable, oval granules, closely but irregu-
larly agglutinated on the surface.
THE NAUTILUS. 137
Sumntogynis umbiiicatus n. sp. PI. v, fig. 5.
Shell small, globosely depressed, umbilicate, light greenish-yellow,
smooth, except for the fine, rather unequal, lines of growth. Spire
short, obtusely elevated. Whorls 3|> those of the spire convex and
separated by a well-impressed suture ; body whorl large, gibboiisly
convex, Aperture sub-circular, rather longer than broad, obtusely
angled above and slightly flattened along the basal margin. Colu-
mella concave, narrowly reflected ; colurnellar callus, moderately
heavy, rounded, reflected over but not concealing the round, deep
umbilicus, thin and transparent on the parietal wall. Alt. 3, diam.
3 mm.
Coosa river at Wetumpka, Ala. -(type locality), also at Fort Wil-
liams Shoals above Farmer, Ala.
This species is remarkable for its depressed, valvata-like form and
round, deep umbilicus, which readily differentiates it from all other
known species of the genus. It does not appear to be very abundant
at AVetumpka, and only a single example was collected at Fort Wil-
liams Shoals.
Somatogyrus coosaensis n. sp. PI. v, figs. 6 and 7.
Shell small, globose, imperforate, light yellow, smooth, with very
fine lines of growth. Spire very short, apex obtuse. Whorls 3^,
rapidly increasing, those of the spire but slightly convex and sepa-
rated by a very shallow suture ; body-whorl inflated, large and
convex. Aperture large, very oblique, expanded and well rounded
above, obliquely flattened at the base. Columella concave, with a
heavy, flat callus, which entirely covers the umbilicus, but rapidly
attenuates above the axis ; parietal wall with a thin transparent
callus. Lip simple, the upper extremity projected along the body
whorl at its insertion, at which point it is abruptly curved in to meet
the parietal wall and rapidly drawn back below, forming a decided
angle where it unites with the base of the columella. Alt. 3^, diam.
4 mm.
Coosa river at Wetumpka, Ala. (type locality), also five miles
above Wetumpka, and at Fort Williams Shoals above Farmer, Ala.
Very abundant at the first two localities, but only a single specimen
was taken at the last. This species is about the size of S. currier-
ianus (Figs. 8 and 9) to which it is closely related, but differs in the
less elevated spire, slightly impressed suture, regularly rounded body
138 THE NAUTILUS.
whorl, which is not shouldered as in that species, and in the decided
angle at the junction of the columella with the basal lip. The bright
honey-yellow color is eminently characteristic. It resembles young
specimens of S. crassus, but differs in the particulars stated in con-
nection with that species.
Somatogynts obtusus n. sp. PL v, fig. 10.
Shell small, globular, narrowly umbilicate, greenish white, smooth,
shining. Spire very short, apex obtuse. Whorls 3-|, those of the
spire convex and slightly shouldered, separated by a well impressed
suture, body whorl large, globosely convex. Aperture subcircular,
rounded above, obtusely angulate below. Lip simple, meeting the
body whorl at nearly right angles at its insertion on the parietal
wall, expanded below and somewhat thickened within along the
basal margin. Columella concave, narrowly reflected : columellar
callus not very heavy, and rounded; parietal wall covered with a
thin transparent callus. Umbilicus distinct, narrow, somewhat con-
tracted by the reflected columellar lip. Alt. 3, diam. 3 mm.
Coosa river, just above the railroad bridge at Farmer, Ala.
Only eight examples of this distinct, little form were obtained, but
they are very uniform, varying only in size. S. obtusus differs from
nearly all the Coosa river forms in the narrow, rounded columellar
callus and distinct umbilicus. In this respect it is allied to the
species of the Tennessee and Ohio drainage, grouping around S.
integer, but differs from them all in the obtuse apex, globular form
and the decided angle at the junction of the columella with the basal
lip.
Somatogyrus crassus n. sp. PI. v, figs. 11 and 12.
Shell small, globose, very solid, imperforate, light greenish yellow,
smooth, lines of growth very fine. Spire short, apex obtuse.
Whorls about 4, those of the spire slightly convex, suture well im-
pressed. Body whorl large, somewhat gibbous and swollen above.
Aperture large, rounded above, somewhat flattened basally and ob-
tusely angled at the junction of the lip with the columella. Lip
simple, thickened within, by a deposit of callus. Columella con-
cave, with a heavy, flat callus which extends from one extremity to
the lip of the other, and entirely covers the umbilicus. Alt. (apex
eroded) 4.25, diam. 4.25 mm.
Coosa river at Wetumpka, Ala. (type locality), also five miles
above Wetumpka.
THE NAUTILUS. 139
Only a single adult specimen was found. But quite a number of
half-grown individuals occurred. This species differs from all the
others known from the Coosa, except S. georgianus, in the solid
shell, heavy columellar callus, thickened lip and in the inflation of
the upper part of the body whorl. In these respects it resembles S.
georgiamts, but differs in size and in being imperforate, lacking the
axial groove, less gibbous, and more globose. The apex is eroded in
all the specimens so that the exact number of whorls could not be
determined. The immature shells are about the size of S. coosaensis
and somewhat resemble that species, but differ in the thicker shell,
color, smaller and more regularly rounded aperture, which is scarcely
angled at the base, the upper extremity of the lip is also less curved
in at its insertion.
Somatoyyrns georyianus n. sp. PI. v, fig. 13.
Shell globose, turbinate, perforate, thick, .solid, light greenish-
yellow, smooth, except for fine growth lines. Spire short, obtuse.
Whorls about four, those of the spire convex with a well-impressed
suture, body-whorl large, very convex and inflated above. Aperture
large, obtusely-angled above and broadly-rounded below. Columella
concave with a very heavy, narrow callus, \vhich extends to the
upper insertion of the lip and is adnate to the body whorl only at its
upper end, and below the narrow umbilicus is separated from the
body whorl by a deep axial groove. Lip simple, but thickened
within, its insertion on the parietal wall is below the periphery. Alt.
(apex eroded) 5, diam. 4^ mm.
Chattanooga river, Chattanooga Co., Ga. (type locality), also
Tennessee river, Cahawba river and Alabama river, Ala. (Lewis
Coll.).
A couple of indifferent specimens have been in my possession for
several years, which were found among some Pleuroceridss collected
by R. E. Call. A larger suite in Mr. Hinkley's collection from the
same source, and three lots from the Lewis collection have served to
confirm the distinctness of the form. This species resembles S. sar-
genti (pi. v, fig. 14) in the inflation of the upper part of the body
whorl, but differs in lacking the shoulder characteristic of that species
and in the peculiar formation of the columella, which is unlike that
of any other species except S. pumihis Con. and S. trotht's Doh. It
also resembles S. crassns, hut is larger, the bodv whorl more elong-
140 THE NAUTILUS.
ated and more inflated above and has an entirely different form of
colurnellar lip. Dr. Pilsbry has kindly compared some of the Ten-
nessee river specimens with the unique type of Conrad's pumilus,i\i\d
writes that while pumiius has the same peculiar axial groove, it is
smaller (alt. 3.9, diam. 3 mm.), different in color and has the aperture
more oblique. Doherty's species is smaller, about the size of S. in-
teger, and has the axial groove only slightly developed. The three
species, however, form a natural group more closely related to each
other than to the other species in the genus. Many of the specimens
in the Lewis collection have the aperture rather more expanded
below than in the typical form.
This species is apparently ovoviviparous. In four out of fifteen
examples in the lot from the Tennessee river, young shells of about
2^ whorls and about 1^ mm. in height and breadth were found lodged
behind the opercula of the adults in various degrees of extrusion. In
two cases the young shells dropped out in the cleaning process, the
outer edge of the operculum being forced out of its normal position
to allow the passage of the young. In the other two, the young are
further within the shell and the operculum is set in nearly its usual
position. An interesting monstrosity, which apparently belongs to
this species, occurred in the lot from the Cahawba river. Nearly the
whole of the body whorl is encircled at the periphery by a strong
carina. It appears from beneath the upper insertion of the lip and
continues around the whorl about three-fourths of the circumference,
when it rapidly subsides and entirely disappears before the lip is
reached. There is no trace of it on the upper whorls that remain.
The axial groove is bounded on the inner side by a sharp angle, which
merges into the edge of the lip at the base.
Somatogyrus pennsylvanicus n. sp. PI. v, figs. 15 and 16.
Shell small, obtusely conic, narrowly umbilicate, sometimes im-
perforate, light horn-color, smooth, with very fine growth-lines. Spire
elevated, apex obtuse. Whorls about 4^, convex, slightly flattened
toward the suture, which is well impressed. Aperture ovate, less
than half the length of the shell, angled above and rounded below,
slightly flattened along the basal lip. Columella nearly straight with
a rather heavy, but narrow, rounded callus, which is thin and trans-
parent in the parietal wall. Umbilicus a mere chink or entirely
covered by the callus deposit. Lip simple, somewhat thickened
within, especially on the basal part. Alt. 3|, diam. 2^ mm.
TIIK NAUTILUS. 141
Columbia, I'a.
About tliirty specimens of tliis amnicola-sliaped species were in (lie
collection of tlie late Dr. G. A. Lothrop,, labelled Amnicola decisa,
but unfortunately with no indication from whom they were obtained.
The large number of species from that locality in the collection would
indicate that Dr. Lothrop had been in correspondence with some col-
lector residing in that vicinity. At first sight, it would be taken for
an Amnicola, but the columellar callus is decisive on its generic posi-
tion, which is confirmed by the allied S. virginicus and by Mr.
Hinkley's discovery of a somewhat similar elevated form (S. Irink-
teyi) in the Coosa. It is similar in shape to that form, but is smaller,
the whorls more rounded, the columellar callus is narrower and
rounded, and there is no decided angle at the junction of the basal
lip with the columella. In shape it resembles also somewhat S.
virginicus but differs in the particulars pointed out in connection with
that species.
Somatogyrus virginicus n. sp. PI. v, figs. 17, 18 and 19.
Shell small, globosely conic, imperforate, light greenish-yellow,
smooth, shining, lines of growth very fine. Spire elevated, obtusely
conic. Whorls about 4, those of the spire convex, with a well-
impressed suture, body whorl subglobose, regularly convex. Aper-
ture ovate, angled above and broadly rounded below. Umbilical
region impressed, but covered by a rather broad, rounded columellar
callus which becomes thinner and transparent on the parietal wall.
Columella nearly straight. Lip thin and sharp. Alt. (fig. 18) 3|,
diam. 3 mm. Alt. (fig. 17) 3^, diam. 2^ mm.
Barnard's Ford, Rapidan R., Va. (W. J. "Fairer Coll.)
This species in its elevated form resembles S. pennsylvanicus, and
the two with S. hinkleyi form a natural group quite distinct in shape
from all the other known species. It differs from the latter in its
smaller size, more convex body whorl and narrow, rounded colu-
mellar callus, and from the former in being somewhat larger, less
solid, more globose, thin lip, color and especially in the impressed
umbilical area, which is one of the most distinctive specific charac-
ters. Like many of the Amnicolte, there are two forms represented
in the series, one being decidedly more slender than the other as
shown by the figures, otherwise they are entirely similar. This is
probably a sexual difference, but has not been observed in any other
species of this genus.
142 THE NAUTILUS.
Somatogyrus pilsbryanus n. sp. PI. v, figs. 20 and 21.
Shell small, gibbous-globose, scarcely perforate, rather thin, light
yellow-horn colored, smooth, lines of growth very fine. Spire short,
conic, obtuse. Whorls 3^, those of the spire convex, separated by a
well-impressed suture, body whorl large, very convex, gibbous.
Aperture large, widely ovate, obtusely angled above and regularly
rounded below. Umbilical region impressed. Umbilicus a mere
chink. Columella concave, with a heavy, flat callus, which becomes
thin and transparent on the parietal wall. Alt. 3, diam. 3 mm.
Tallapoosa river, Tallassee, Ala.
This is another of the new species discovered by Mr. Hinkley. It
occurred quite abundantly and is a well marked and distinct form.
It is related to S. parvuhis, Tryon (PI. v, figs. 22 and 23), in gen-
eral appearance, but differs in the wide, gibbous body whorl, more
obtuse apex and in the heavy, flat, columellar callus, S. parvuhis
being more acutely conical, with the body whorl regularly rounded
and with a narrow, rounded, columellar callus. Dr. Pilsbry has
kindly compared it with the types of Tryon's species and concurs in
its specific distinctness. I take great pleasure in naming it after him.
A NEW SUBSPECIES OF POLYGYRA TEIDENTATA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Polygyra tridentata discoidea n. subsp.
The shell is larger than tridentata^ more depressed, the spire
usually nearly flat. Whorls 5^, closely and sharply striate. Umbili-
cus more widely expanding at its opening, showing more of the pre-
ceding whorl. The aperture is more or less " dished," the parietal
tooth directed towards the upper lip-tooth, which while varying
somewhat in shape has a tendency to be rather wide and flat-topped.
The lower lip-tooth is more acute, both being strictly marginal.
Alt. 9^, diam. 201 mm.
Alt. 8, diam. 19 mm.
Alt. 8-5, diam. 18^ mm.
Charleston Landing, Clarke Co., Southern Indiana. Cotypes in
coll. A. N. S. P. and of L. E. Daniels.
During a recent visit, Mr. G. H. Clapp called my attention to the
form of P. tridentata found around Cincinnati, and widely known in
THE NAUTILUS.
143
collections. A recent sending from Mr. L. E. Daniels of the same
race from a point further down the Ohio valley is made the occasion
for describing it. The subspecies seems to be a characteristic and
abundant form along the lower Ohio river, its range southwestward
as well as up the river still remaining to be ascertained.
It resembles the large P. tridentata complanuta in shape, but is in-
variably sharply striate and does not reach so large a size.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS.
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.
Cancellaria rape/la n. sp.
Shell very fragile, spire but slightly elevated, depressed and ex-
cavated near the suture, with three and one-half whorls including the
protoconch, the latter smooth and consisting of one and one-half
whorls ; body whorl with about twenty-
five spiral ridges, those on the central
portion flattened and obsoletely
grooved, lines of growth prominent
and on the spire give the interstices
between the spirals a punctated ap-
pearance; columella with two promi-
nent folds and a slight umbilical
rimation. Length, 29 mm.
Miocene, Magnolia, Dauphin Co.,
North Carolina.
One specimen of this delicate shell
was found while cleaning the marl
from the interior of a large Busycon
maxima var. tritonis Conr., collected
by Mr. Joseph Willcox. It is related
to C. venusta Tuomey and Holmes,
but the shell is much thinner, spire less elevated and excavated
near the suture. Type in the museum of the Wagner Free Insti-
tute of Science, Philadelphia.
Lineariaf divaricata n. sp.
Shell very thin, compressed, nearly equilateral, umbones smooth,
CANCELLARIA RAPELLA.
144
THE NAUTILUS.
from which extend upwards of sixty radial ribs, those of the anterior
and posterior divaricating toward
their respective margins, a few of
the upper ones curving upward
to the hinge line, the larger ribs
frequently forked near the mar-
gin, lines of growth quite promi-
nent. Length 15, alt. 8, diam.
4 mm.
Eocene (Lower Claiborne), Berryman's place, two miles northeast
of Alto, Cherokee Co., Texas. Type in the Lea collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (Ace. no. 9706).
This interesting specimen represents both valves intact, the matrix
filling the interior is quite hard and the shell so thin that an attempt
to develop the hinge would undoubtedly destroy the specimen. I
can therefore only refer it doubtfully to the genus Linearia until
more material is obtained.
LINEAHIA mVAKiCATA.
GENERAL NOTES.
OCCURRENCE OF ZINC IN FULGUR — In Science for January 29,
1904, P. 196, Mr. Harold C. Bradley, of Yale University, states
that : " In the course of an investigation on the chemical physiology of
certain invertebrates, undertaken under the direction of Dr. Lafay-
ette B. Mendel, it was found that the ash of the hepatopancreas of
the large carnivorous gastropod Sycotypus canaliculatus contains an
element hitherto unobserved in such connection, namely zinc * * *
samples of ash from Sycotypus canaliculatus gave approximately
eleven per cent, and twelve per cent, respectively of ZnO."
" At the same time qualitative examinations were made of speci-
mens dredged from various parts of Long Island Sound about New
Haven and in all cases zinc was found in large quantities in the ash
of Sycotypus and Fulgur carica * * * The significance of this
unique occurence of zinc in the economy of Sycotypus and Fulgur ia
still to be determined, as is the nature of the combination in which
it exists. These points, together with the distribution of the element
in other marine forms about the Sound, are at present being in-
vestigated."
THE SENIOR EDITOR OF THE NAUTILUS is on a collecting trip
through Florida and Cuba. He will return the latter part of April.
* ••
MBL WHOI LIBRARY
UH 17UK N