THE
NAUTILUS
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL XXIIL
MAY. 1909, to APRIL, 1910.
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
H A. PiLSBRY, Curator of the Dernrtment of MoUusca, Academy of Natural Scicncci,
PHILADEI-PHIA.
C. W. Johnson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural HistoiT,
Boston.
^ ^4
INDEX
TO
THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XXIIL
INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.
Aeolidiella pupillosa 36
Aldabra, the land mollusca of 69
Alvania bakeri Bartsch, n. sp 137
Amnicola crosseana Pils., n. sp. (PI. 9, fig. 6) 98
Amnicolidae of the Panuco River system, Mexico 97
Anodonta dakota Frierson, n. sp. (PI. 10) 113
Astarte newtonensis Aldr., n. sp. (PI. 11, fig. 2, 3) 121
Auriculella 122
Bela blaneyi Bush, n. sp. fig. 1) 61
Bela ineisula Verrill 62
Bergh, Ludwig Rudolph Sophus (Obituary) 72
Bermuda, a new land shell from 63
Bermuda, a new Rissoa from. 65
Bifidaria armifera Say, and its varieties 52
Bifidaria armifera var. abbreviata Sterki, n. v 53
Bifidaria armifera var. affinis Sterki, n. v 53
Bifidaria armifera var. interpres Sterki, n. v 53
Bifidaria armifera var. similis Sterki, n. v 53
Binney, William G 60
Britts, Dr. John H 120
Bronx Borough, New York, fresh water fossils of 10
California, Mollusca of San Bernardino County 73
Carinifex sanctaeclarse Hannibal, n. sp. (fossil) 40
(iii)
iv THE NAUTILUS.
Cepolis alauda cymatia Henderson, n. subsp. (PI. 4, fig. 4) 51
Chondropoma hendersoni Torre, n. sp. (PI. 4, fig. 6) 49
Coehliopa compaeta Pils., n. sp. (PI. 9, figs. 4, 5) 99
Cochliopa picta Pils., n. sp. (PL 9, figs. 1, 2) 100
Coehliopa riograndensis Pils. & Ferr 99
Conchological museum for Japan 124
Coryphella rufibranchiatus chocolata Balch, n. var 33
Coryphella rufibranchiatus mananensis 35, 37
Cratena veronieae Verrill 36
Cuban land-shells, description of new 49, 50
Cypraea tigris, deformed (Pis. 7, 8) 85
Dohrn, Prof. Anton 84
Elasmias Pils, n. gen 122
Eramericiella Pils., n. subg 45
Emmericia (Emmericiella) longa Pils., n. sp. (PI. 5, figs.
11,12) 46
Emmericia (Emmericiella) novimundi Pils., n. sp. (PI. 5,
figs. 9, 10) 46
Essex County notes, [Mass.] 86
Ferguson, Collection 44s
Ford, John (obituary and portrait) 126
Frenchman's Bay, Maine, list of shells from 62
Grand Canyon of the Colorado 109
Helicina orbiculata clappi Pils., n. subsp 90
Helicina torrei Henderson, n. sp. (PI. 4, figs. 1-3 50
Holospira bartschi, an internal septum in 32
Homalogyra atomus in Rhode Island 83
Kaliella aldabraensis 69
Kaliella turbinata Gulick 64
Kansas, mollusks from 91
Kansas, the mollusca of Douglas County 81, 94
Lamellidea Pils., n. sect 123
Lamellovum Pils., n. sect 123
Lartetia Bgt 47
Leptogyra alaskana Bartsch, n. sp 136
Linter, Miss J. E 84
Lymnaea cubensis aspirans Pils., n. subsp 120
Lymnaea nashotahensis Baker, n. sp. (fossil) 19
THE NAUTILUS. V
Lymnaea stagnalis lillianae Baker, n. var 112, 125
Lymnaea umbilicata, range of 80
Maeroeeramus hendersoni Torre, n. sp. (PI. 4, fig. 5) . . . 49
Mexico, Mollusks from northeastern 45
Mitra (Chrysame) waltonensis Aldr. n. sp. (PI. 11, fig. 1) 121
Mitsukuri, Dr. Kakichi 120
Musculium parvum Sterki, n. sp 67
Museulium, observations and notes on 17
Musculium winkleyi Sterki, n. sp 66
Nudibranchs, notes on New England 33
Nudibranchs, rectification of the nomenclature 100
Odostomia (Evalea), cookeana Bartsch, n. sp 138
Odostomia (Evalina) katherinae Winkley, n. sp. (Fig.). 88
Odostomia sulcosa 62
Oklahoma, mollusks from 91
Olivella porteri Dall, n. sp 133
Onoba asser Bartsch, n. sp 138
Pachypoma lithophorum Dall, n. sp 135
Paehypoma magdalena Dall, n. sp 135
Paladilhia Bgt 47
Paludestrina protea Gould 78
Parreysia, Systematic position of 139
Pisidium marci Sterki, n. sp 42
Planorbis bicarinatus Say. (PI. 1, fig, 3) 21
Planorbis bicarinatus var. augistomus Hald. (PI. 1, figs.
4, 5) 4
Planorbis bicarinatus var. aroostookensis Pils. (PI. 1,
figs. 1, 2) 7
Planorbis bicarinatus var. corrugatus Currier, (PI. 1,
fig. 10) 5
Planorbis bicarinatus var. percarinatus Walk., n. n. (PI.
1, fig. 12) 6
Planorbis bicarinatus var. portagensis Baker, (PI. 1,
fig. 9) 8
Planorbis bicarinatus var. royalensis Walk., n. v. (PI. 1,
fig. 11) 9
Planorbis bicarinatus var. striatus Baker 7
Vi THE NAUTILUS.
Planorbis bicarinatus var. unicarinatus Hald., (PI. 1,
figs. 6, 8) 3
Poniaulax turbanicus Dall, n. sp 134
Planorbis binneyi Tryon, note on 41
Pterides Pils., n. gen 47
Pterides bisinulabris Pils., n. sp. (PI. 5, figs. 7, 8) 48
Pterides pterostoma Pils., n. sp. (PI. 5, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6) . . . 48
Pterides rhabdus Pils., n. sp. (PI. 5, figs. 3, 4) 48
Pyramidellidae, New England 39
Pyramidellidge, more notes of the family 54
Pyramidella (Sulcorinella) bartschi Winkley, n. sp. (fig.) 39
Ptissoa (Nodulus) stewardsoni Van., n. sp. (Fig. 1) 65
Siphonaria lineolata Sowb 132
Siphonaria naufragum Stearns 132
Somatogyrus mexicanus Pils., n. sp. (PI. 9, fig. 3) 98
Sphaerium lineatum Sterki, n. sp 142
Stearns, Dr. R. E. C. (Obituary and portrait) 70
Strobilops floridana Pils., n. sp 90
Squid, suckers from the big (figs. 1-4) 43, 83
Tornatellinidas, classification of 122
Tornatellides Pils., n. gen 123
Tornatellaria Pils., n. sect 123
Unionidae, a new system of the 114
Unionidae from an Indian garbage heap 11
Unionidae from Arkansas and Louisiana 102
Variation 15
Valvatida3 of Western North America 104
Valvata calli Hannibal, n. sp 107
Valvata whitei Hannibal, n. sp 107
Valvata humeralis Say 105
Valvata virens Tryon 106
Veronicella nilotica Cockerell, n. sp 108
Viviparus contectus in Philadelphia 60
Whiteaves, Joseph F. (Obituary) 84
Zonitoides hermudensis Pils. & Van., (Fig. 1) 63
THE NAUTILUS. Vll
INDEX TO AUTHORS.
Aldrieh, T. H 121
Baily, Jr., J. D 60
Baker, F. C 19, 41, 80, 91, 112, 125
Balch, F. N 33, 100
Bartsch, Paul 54, 136
Berry, S. S 73, 129
Blake, J. H 43, 83
Blaney, Dwight 62
Bush, Katharine J 61
Cockerell, T. D. A 108
Ball, AV. H 70, 133, 144
Ferriss, J. H 109
Frierson, L. S 113
Gwyer, C. Da3d;on 44
Hand, E. E 120
Hanna, G. D 81, 94
Hannibal, Harold 40, 104
Henderson, Jr., J. B 50
Hirase, Y 124
Humphreys, E. W 10
Morse, E. S 83
Ortmann, A. E 11, 114, 139
Pilsbry, H. A 32, 45, 63, 85, 89, 97, 120, 122, 126, 132
Smith, Maxwell 69, 108
Sterki, V 17, 42, 52, 66, 142
Torre, Carlos de la 49
Vanatta, E. G ^ 63, 102
Walker, Bryant 1, 21
Winkley, H. W 12, 39, 68, 86
THE NAUIILUS, XXIIl
PLATE I
10
11 12
PLANORBIS BICARINATUS AND ITS SUBSPECIES.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XXIII. MAY, 1909. No. 1.
NOTES ON PLANORBIS II : P. BICARINATUS.
BT BRYANT WALKER.
Planoebis BICARINATUS Say. PI. I, fig. 3.
1817. Planorbis bicarinatus Say, Nich. Encyc, pi. i, f. 4.
1822. Helix angulata Rackett, Lin. Tr. xiii, p. 42, pi. v, f. 1.
1834. Planorbis engonatus Conrad, N. F. W. Shells, sup. p. 8,
pi. ix, f. 8.
1834. ? Planorbis antrosus Conrad, Am. J. Sc. (1) xxv, p. 343.
1861.? Planorbis lautus H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1861,
p. 145.
This common and well-known species is one of the characteristic
species of the fresh-water pulmonate fauna of eastern North America.
It stands quite by itself, having, with the exception of the recently
described P. eucosmius Bartsch from North Carolina, no closely
related species in our fauna. It is the type of the subgenus HeUsoma
Swainson.
The shape of the shell is so well marked and distinctive that the
synonymy is, as shown above, comparatively small. The Helix
angulata of Rackett was, in all probability, described in entire igno-
rance of Say's previous description.
The type of Conrad's P. engonatus seems to have disappeared.
According to Haldenian, who saw the " single original specimen,"
then in the collection of a Mr. Mason, it was a monstrosity. Con-
rad's figures are poor, but Haldeman's (Mon., pi. i, figs. 5 and 6),
which are apparently excellent, confirm his opinion. It was found
THE NAUTILUS.
at Albany, N. Y. Jay (Catalogue, 4th Ed., 1852, 10267) lists P.
bicarinatus var. engonatus from Georgia. Through the courtesy of
Mr. L. P. Gratacap, of the American Museum of Natural History,
I have been able to examine tliese shells. Of the eight specimens
in the set, one is a P. campanulatus Say, nearly but not quite mature ;
the remainder do not differ from the usual form of bicarinatus, except
that the mature ones have a more or less expanded lip, and might
well be referred to the form described by Haldeman as var. angi-
stomus. None of them exhibit the peculiar flattening of the body
whorl characteristic of engonatus. It seems probable that these
specimens were referred to Conrad's species on account of the cam-
panulate aperture.
What the P. lautus of H. Adams really is, is a matter of conjec-
ture, which can be only definitely settled by reference to the type,
if it is still in existence. In the meantime Tryon's supposition that
it was a young specimen of his species seems probable enough to
warrant its reference to bicarinatus, and thus eliminate it from the
list of unknown American species.
Conrad's P. antrosus is no doubt a form of Say's species, and is
quite probably the carapanulate variety described by Haldeman as
var, angistomus, under which it will be further discussed.
Say does not give the locality of the typical form in connection
with his original description, but in describing the next species, P.
parvus, mentions that both inhabited the Delaware, so that there is
practically no doubt but that the types came from that river. The
Delaware River form (pi. I, fig. 3) is the common manifestation of
the species as it is usually found throughout the United States,
Say's description, though brief, is excellent, and leaves little to be
desired. An apparent typographical error occurs in the reprint
from the 3d Ed. of Nicholson's Encyc, and probably in the original,
as it is followed by Binney in his edition of Say's writings. The
description as printed reads: "Shell subcarinate above, and beneath
translucent." If the comma was placed after " beneath " instead of
after '' above," the sentence would be in better accord with (he facts
and in all probability with the intention of the author.
The name adopted by Say in his new s{)ecies is almost a mis-
nomer, as the typical form is really not carinated at all, either above
or beneath. In both places it is rather a more or less acute angula-
tion, and is never raised into a carina as, for instance, in Valvata
tricarinata Say.
THE NAOTILUS.
It is to be noted that Say, witli liis usual nice observation, de-
scribes the minute, revolving lines wliich are still cliaracteristic of
the Delaware River torui, and which are not uncommon in specimens
from other localities. In many instances, however, they are entirely
lacking. Say described his species as sinistral. Without going into
the question as to whether the shell is really sinistral or ultra-dextral,
it may be said that with the exception of Say's original figures, and
those of Call (Rep. Dept. Geol. Ind., 1899, p. 411, pi. viii, fig. 10),
all the published illustrations known to the writer treat it as dextral,
and in accordance with this practically universal custom the figures
for the present paper have been drawn in that position. Those who
prefer to consider the shell as sinistral have only to reverse the
plate.
Considering the enormous extent of territory which it inhabits,
and the diverse conditions of local environment to which it is sub-
jected in different parts of its range, P. hicarinatus is, for a fresh-
water pulmonate, remarkably uniform in its development, and com-
paratively few varietal forms have been described, and most of these
have been distinguished within the last few years. Taking them in
the order of their appearance, they are as follows:
I. Var. UNICARINATUS Hald., pi. I, figs. 6, 7 and 8.
Planorbis bicarinatus v. unicarinatiis Haldeman, Monograph, p. 7
(1844).
" Whorls of the right (upper) side rounded ; the carina on the left
side revolves closely, so as to form a very narrow umbilicus, and the
aperture is much extended towards the left." (Haldeman.)
Haldeman did not figure this form, but fortunately his type has
been preserved in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, and
the figures here given have been drawn from it. It is very doubtful
whether this form is entitled to varietal rank in the proper accepta-
tion of the term. It will be observed from the figure that the inner
whorls on the upper side are distinctly angulated, and that the angle
does not wholly disappear until just before the aperture is reached.
Such specimens are not uncommon in almost any large series, and all
gradations from the bicarinate to the unicarinate form can be found
in the same colony. It would seem, therefore, to be an individual
rather than a racial characteristic. The form, however, is of inter-
est as exhibiting the first step toward the purely ecarinate form
described by Filsbry as var. aroostookemis. The type came from
the Schuylkill River.
4 THE NAUTILUS.
II. Var. ANGISTOMUS Hald,, pi. I, figs. 4 and 5.
Planorhis hicarinatus var. angistoma Haldeman, Mon., p. 7
(1844).
" Shell small, aperture campanulate, with the throat narrowed."
(Haldeman.)
Haldeman did not figure this " variet}'," and his brief diagnosis
copied above gives neither the dimensions of his type nor the locality
from which it came. The type is not to be found in the collection
of the Philadelphia Academy, and is apparently lost.
The claims of this form for varietal recognition are but little, if
any, stronger than those of var. unicarinatus. In nearly all mature
shells of hicarinatus there is a tendency, more or less developed, for
the lip to become everted, and there is no difficulty in selecting a
series showing all degrees of variation in this particular from the
same locality. It is only occasionally that all the specimens in the
colony are affected at the same time and to approximately the same
degree. But sometimes this feature is very persistent; thus in the
set from which the figure was selected not only are all the specimens
(38) decidedly campanulate, but all previous lips were also campanu-
late, many of the specimens having two and some even three, the
result being that the outline of the shell is in several instances greatly
distorted. All the specimens from this locality were unusually flat,
being very wide in proportion to their height. Similar specimens in
all respects were collected in Bawbeeae Lake, Hillsdale Co., Michi-
gan, one of which, having a diameter of 16.5 mm., is only 4 mm. in
height immediately in front of the aperture, the latter being 8 mm.
in height. Some of these also are greatly distorted, showing appar-
ently the effects of an unfavorable environment. Shells from Pine
Island Lake, Kent Co., and Four Mile Lake, Chelsea, Mich., are
somewhat similar, but the peculiar form is less strongly developed.
In many cases, no doubt, the sudden expansion of the lip is to be
accounted for by unusually favorable food conditions at the time
Avhen the animal had really completed its normal growth; the con-
sequent suddenly-acquired corpulency of the animal necessitating a
special, rapid and expansive growth of the shell to accommodate its
increased size. This seems to have been the case with the colony
from which Figure 1 was taken. Up to maturity the shell was a
typical aroostookensis, when suddenly the enormously expanded lip
•was developed. In this case, too, the whole colony was apparently
THE NAUTILUS.
affected, at least the ten specimens wbicli are now in my possession
were all more or less, and that, too, without regard to size.
It seems quite probable that Conrad's P. antrosiis from Randon's
Creek, near Claiborne, Ala., is identical with this form. If so, and
the form is worthy of varietal recognition, it would have priority
over Haldeman's name.
Conrad never figured his species, and unfortunately gave no dimen-
sions in his description. His specimens seem to have disappeared,
and according to Tryon, in 1870, Conrad himself had forgotten all
about it.
It is possible, however, that some of the original lot found their
way to Europe, as the species was catalogued by Beck in 1837 as
being in the collection of Prince Christian Frederick (Index Moll.,
p. 118, 1837). Whether these specimens are still in existence I do
not know.
III. Var. CORRUGATUS Currier, pi. I, fig. 10.
Planorbis hicarinatus var. corrugata Currier, List of the Shell-
bearing Mollusca of Michigan, p. 8, 1868.
This form was never described by Currier, who simply gives the
locality as Perch Lake, Kent Co., Mich.
The figure is drawn from an authentic specimen (No. 3993, Coll.
Walker), received from the late Dr. De Camp, who, in his Michigan
Catalogue, described and figured several of Currier's species, but
unfortunately neglected this one.
I have never seen but the single specimen from this locality, and
do not know whether any more like it were found or not.
The form is peculiar in the strong, transverse plications, which
extend entirely around the whorl, and are scarcely interrupted by
the well-developed, superior and basal carinations; towards the aper-
ture, however, they become less distinct. The revolving, incised
lines are also deeply cut, and in this feature the form is similar to
the var. striatus of Baker. It is altogether the most heavily sculp-
tured form that I have seen. The specimen figured is rather small,
measuring 9 mm. in diameter and 5 in height. The body whorl
immediately in front of the aperture is 3 mm. in height. Individual
specimens of var. striatus Baker from Long Lake, Grand Traverse
Co.; Dead River, Ives' Lake, Mountain Lake, Little Lake and
Howe Lake, Marquette Co. ; Orchard Lake, Oakland Co., and Mud
Lake, Montcalm Co., Michigan, and Gelot's Lake, New Sweden,
THE NAUTILUS.
Me., exhibit a greater or less tendency to develop the transverse pli-
cations of this form, but none of them witli anything like the strength
or regularity of the specimen figured.
Similar specimens occur in the marl deposits at Bad Axe and
other localities in Tuscola Co., Mich.
It is doubtful whether this form is entitled to rank as a variety.
It is evidently an extreme development of the var. striatus, in which
the transverse plication has been added to the revolving sculpture.
If the name had not already appeared in the literature without
description, and required explanation, 1 should hesitate to describe
it as varietally distinct from striatus,
IV. Var. PERCARiNATUS n. n., pi. I, fig. 12.
Planorbis hicarinatus major Walker, Naut. VI, p. 136 (1893);
non var. major of various species of various authors.
Shell very large for the species, thick and solid, dark horn-
color tinged with purple ; superior and basal carinas elevated into a
distinct keel, which is white; lip thickened, edged with brown,
behind which externally is a broad, yellowish-white band, within
banded by deep reddish-brown; lines of growth distinct, stronger
and "puckered" around the carinse; revolving lines very faint, not
discernible except with a lens; aperture more or less expanded,
sometimes distinctly campanulate, auriculate and distinctly modified
by the extension of the carinse to the lip.
The specimen figured measures 18.5 mm. in diameter and 10 mm.
in height; height of body whorl in front of aperture 7.25 mm.; height
of aperture 10.5 mm. A larger specimen, with a campanulate aper-
ture, measures 19.75 mm. in diameter and 10.5 mm. in height.
Types (Nos. 3419 and 20074, Coll. Walker) from Crystal Lake,
Benzie Co., Mich. Also from Pine Lake, Charlevoix Co., Mich,
(Walker), and Rideau and Ottawa Rivers; Sparrow Lake, Simcoe
Dist., Ontario, and Detroit Lake, Minn. (Pils.).
The original specimens, collected by the late Dr. M. L. Leach,
were all dead shells, more or less bleached. The above description
has been prepared from fresh specimens from the same locality col-
lected by Dr. R. J. Kirkland, of Grand Rapids. Not in deference,
for I think the rule an absurd one, but under the compulsion of the
" International Code," I am forced to change the name of this very
distinct variety and add another unnecessary synonym to the burden
of systematic conchology.
THE NAUTILUS.
V. Var. AROOSTOOKENSis Pilsbry, pi. I, figs. 1 and 2.
Planorbis hicarinatus aroostookensis Pilsbry, Naut. VIII, p. 115,
1875.
Shell having the spire and umbilicus very deep, the latter funnel-
shaped, as in typical hicarinatus, but both upper and lower keels
entirely obsolete or rounded off on the last whorl, which has the
aspect of P. trivolvis. Surface minutely striated spirally, as in P.
hicarinatus. Aperture less angular and less produced below than in
hicarinatus, in consequence of the rounding of the whorls. Diameter
15 mm., alt. at aperture 7.5 mm. (Pilsbry).
Type locality, East Branch of Salmon Brook, Woodland, Aroos-
took Co., Maine (Pils.). Also Collins' Pond, Caribou River, Cari-
bou, Aroostook Co., Me.; Charlevoix; Perch Lake, Kent Co.; Bes-
semer, Gogebec Co.; Fallams, Menominee Co., and Ispheraing, Mich.
(Walker).
Figure 2 represents the typical form of this variety, and is drawn
from a topotype collected by Mr. 0. O. Nylander. Figure 1 is the
campanulate form, already referred to, which bears the same relation
to typical aroostookensis that angistonms does to typical hicarinatus.
The Michigan specimens, especially those from the Upper Penin-
sula, are much smaller than the typical form, and in some examples
there is a tendency to angulation on the whorls, but the large
majority of the specimens are quite characteristic in the rounded,
ecarinate form of the last whorl.
VI. Var. STRIATUS Baker.
Planorbis hicarinatus striatvs Baker, Naut. XV, p. 120 (1902);
Planorbis hicarinatus striatus Baker, Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis,
xvi, p. 9, pi. i, fig. 11 (1906).
In this form the microscopic, revolving sculpture commonly but
not invariably present in the typical form is greatly intensified, and
in the typical expression of the variety is quits conspicuous to the
naked eye.
In the original description this sculpture is stated to consis' of
"raised spiral lines," while in the second paper quoted above it is
said that " in some specimens the spiral lines are deeply incised."
This incongruity is an apparent one only, and depends on whether
the elevated or the depressed portions of the surface are wider or
more conspicuous. Starting with the typical form, in which the
revolving sculpture is either entirely wanting or very minute, it is
8 THE NAUTILUS.
clear that the lines, when present, are incised. As the sculpture
increases in strength, the intervals between the incised lines dimin-
ish, and when they become equal, the surface becomes typically
striate and the revolving sculpture consists of incised or elevated
lines, as the observer chooses to designate it.
Very rarely the surface is distinctly malleated, in which case there
is a series of irregular, raised, revolving lines, which are quite differ-
ent from the regular sculpture of var. striatus. The intensification
of the spiral sculpture characteristic of this form seems to be peculiar
to the northern states, as it has not been noticed from south of Mason
and Dixon's Line. The most characteristic specimens come from
the northern tier of states from Maine to Michigan.
The types were pleistocene fossils from Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
It is a common form in Michigan, varying in size and proportion
like typical bicarinatus. Specimens are also before me from the
following localities: Square Lake; Rockville, Me.; Profile Lake,
N. H.; Cedar Lake, N. Y.; Port Oram, N. J.; Gore's Bay, Mani-
tolin, Id., Lake Huron, Algoma; Georgian Bay, Ontario.
VII. Var. PORTAGENSis Baker, pi. I, fig. 9.
Planorhii bicarinatus portagensis Baker, Naut. XXII, p. 45 (1 908).
This recently described and very striking form is characterized by
its closely coiled whorls, deeply funicular upper and lower surfaces
and acute carination; the umbilicus is comparatively narrow and
deeply excavated; the aperture is large, auriculate, higher than wide,
and acutely angled above and before; the lip is sharp and but slightly
expanded.
Type locality. Portage Lake, Aroostook Co., Maine. Also Square
Lake, Cross Lake and Second Lake, Aroostook Co., Me. (Walker);
Meaches Lake, Hull, Quebec (Pils.).
The figure is drawn from a cotype kindly furnished by Mr. F. C.
Baker. Specimens from Carp Lake, Emmet Co., and Betsey Lake,
Benzie Co., Michigan, though not typical, may fairly be referred to
this form. Immature examples, especially those from Betsey Lake,
are almost identical with tlie immature Maine specimens, the whorls,
perhaps, being more regularly rounded and lacking the decided flat-
tening towards the base of the typical form. But the mature shells,
though retaining the sharp carination above and below, are more
inflated, and the aperture is wider and does not extend so far above
and below the body whorl as in the typical form, being in shape and
THK NAUTILUS.
position more like that of var. percarinatus (fig. 12). Two addi-
tional specimens from the original locality, submitted by Mr.
Nylander, agree very exactly with the Michigan form.
Mr. Nylander writes in regard to the habits of this form :
"I think the variety portagensis lives in comparatively deep
water, say 25 feet or so as only a few good specimens have been
collected and these have always been " dead " shells. The speci-
mens from Cross Lake were dredged in 25 feet of water.
This raises a question as to whether the inflated form of this
variety is not correlated with its habitat in deep water as sug-
gested by Pilsbry in regard to the Physa and PlanorUs from
Lake Patzcuaro, Mexico (Proc. P. A. N. S., 1891, p. 324).
A parallel case is found in Lymnsea mighelsi W. G. Binn,
which in Michigan, at least, lives in deep water a large part of
the year (See Naut., XIV, p. 8). In fifteen years' collecting at
Pine Lake, Marquette Co., Mich., I have found this species only
twice in shallow water and then in considerable numbers, but
only for a few days. It seems likely that the peculiar form of
Physa lordi Bd. is to be accounted for in the same way as in
Michigan; at least, it is found only in the larger inland lakes.
Planorbis muUivolvis Case is also apparently a deep-water species
(Naut., XXI, p. 61).
VIII. Var. ROYALENSis n. v., pi. I, fig. 11.
Shell thin, light greenish horn-color; superior carination promi-
nent, rounded, not acute; basal carina very strong, not acute, but
forming a heavy, rounded cord around the deep, funicular umbilicus;
upper surface concave, but more or less flattened and not as deep as
the umbilicus; sides flattened and narrowed towards the base and
contracted just above the basal carina; lines of growth strong and
distinct, the sides being longitudinally coarsely and irregularly stri-
ated; revolving sculpture strong and distinct; aperture triangular, the
upper side very nearly straight and almost flat, meeting the lip at
nearly a right angle; acutely angled below; lip thin, sharp, not ex-
panded. Alt. 10, diam. 15; height of body whorl in front of aperture
5 mm.
Types (No. 29163, Coll. Walker) from Siskowit Lake, Isle Royale,
Lake Superior, Michigan. Cotypes in the collection of the Pliila-
delphia Academy.
About twenty specimens of this strongly characterized form were
10 THE NAUTILUS.
collected by tlie University of Michigan expedition in 1905, and are
very uniform in the peculiar features above described. P. hicarinatus
was collected in 1904 and 1905 in a number of different localities in
various parts of the island, but all such were quite typical in form.
The longitudinal sculpture of this form is unusually strong for the
species, and reminds one ot the heavy sculpture of P. corpulentus
Say, but differs in being less regular and lacking the acute ridges of
that species. Royalensis is nearer to portagensis than to any other
form of hicarinatus, but differs in being wider and in the develop-
ment and position of the superior carina, wider umbilicus, stronger
basal carina and shape of the aperture.
(To be continued.)
BECEITT FBESH-WATEB FOSSILS FBOM BBONX BOBOUGH,
NEW YOBK CITY.
BY EDWIN W. HUMPHREYS.
The shells here mentioned were found at what is now 171 St. and
Morris Ave., Borough of the Bronx, New York City. The swamp
which is situated at this point lies in a long, narrow, anticlinal valley
which has been eroded in the Inwood Limestone. "When the street,
now known as Morris Ave., was filled in across the swamp, the peaty
deposit, which had accumulated here, was forced up to heights
of several feet on either side of it. This caused the peat to crack in
all directions and revealed numerous pockets which were full of small
shells. The shells were extremely abundant ; so thickly were they
heaped together that they could easily be scooped up with a garden
trowel. From the manner in which they were found it would seem
as if they had been gathered together by currents or eddies in the
waters of the swamp. All of the shells were bleached to a chalky
whiteness and were very fragile. The following species were found.
Amnicola Umosa (Say) Hald. Shells of this species, though com-
mon, were not very abundant and were usually more or less injured.
Valvata tricarinata Say. These were exceedingly numerous, hun-
dreds of them being heaped together in a single pocket. They were of
all sizes, some being so small that they were lodged in the apertures
of the larger ones. Evidently they represented individuals of all ages.
Physa heterostropha Say. This species was rather scarce.
Planorbis hicarinatus Say. This form was also uncommon.
THE NAUTILUS. 11
Planorhis parvus Say. These raried in size as much as did the
shells of Valvata tricarinata Say, and wei'e about as abundant.
Pisidium variable Prime. This species was very rare. Usually
the valves were separated, only occasionally were they found united.
Whether or not these forms still inhabit this place I am not pre-
pared to say. Though I have not been able to find any living indi-
viduals, further search may yet reveal them.
I desire to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. L. P. Gratacap and
Mr. Bryant Walker in the identification of some of the species.
UNIONIDAE FBOU AN INDIAN GARBAGE HEAP.
BT DR. A. E. ORTMANN, CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH, PA.
On the western banks of the Monongahela River in southwestern
Pennsylvania, upon the flood plain at the Point Marion Ferry, in
Greene Co., opposite the point where the Monongahela and Cheat
rivers unite, the writer found on July 9, 1908, a heap of Vmonida
shells, buried about one to two feet in the soil on the side of a road.
The soil consists of the characteristic river-silt of this region. Since
Indian " relics " have frequently been found at this place, in fact,
since it is known as the site of an old Indian settlement, it seems
beyond question that this pile (about 2 feet high) represents an old
Indian garbage heap of shells which had been used for food.
When first found, the shells were rather brittle and soft, and many
of them crumbled to pieces. But enough were secured, which re-
mained whole, and subsequently they have hardened. They look
like fossil shells in so far as in most of them the epidermis, and with
it the color, is gone (only in a few Quadrulas fragments of the epi-
dermis remain). In species, where the nacre originally is colored
(Unto gihhosus and crassidens), the color has entirely faded away, or
only very slight traces of it are discernible.
It is hard to say how long ago this pile M'as formed : it may be
less than a hundred years old. But this does not matter. The
interesting fact about it is that this shell heap has furnished a small
collection of TJnionidce, which contributes considerably to our knowl-
edge of the C/m*om(/<s-fauna of the Monongahela River drainage.
At the present time, on account of the pollution of the water, this
fauna has completely disappeared in the Monongahela proper : there
12 THE NAUTILUS.
is not a single living mussel in this river from Pittsburgh to the West
Virginia state line (which is within a mile and a half to the south of
our locality). Only a few of the tributaries contain mussels, and the
most important one is the Cheat River, in which (in Pennsylvania),
a rich fauna is yet present within two miles of our locality. The
writer has collected repeatedly in the Cheat, in Fayette Co., from a
point about a mile above Point Marion up to Cheat Haven, close to
the State line. Another locality for Unionida is about three miles
to the north, in Dunkard Creek, Greene Co., where the writer also
collected a number of species. It is interesting to compare these
faunas with that of the Indian garbage heap at Point Marion Ferry,
which either comes from the Monongahela proper, or from the Cheat.
I give first here a list of the latter.
1. Truncilla perplexa cincinnatiensis (hit^.). 3 double, 11 isolated
valves, all males of medium and small size. This is not the typical
cincinnatiensis , but a form int(;rmediate between this and the typical
perplexa (Lea); the nodes upon the disc are rather small and more
numerous than in the typical perplexa, but they are less numerous
than in cincinnatiensis.
Tuberculate forms of Truncilla perplexa have never been found
recently in western Pennsylvania; all specimens of perplexa of this
region belong to the next variety.
2. Truncilla -perplexa rangiana (Lea). 6 double, 7 isolated
valves, all males of medium and small size.
Not found at present in the Monongahela drainage, but rather
abundant in the Allegheny River from Armstrong County upward.
Also in the Shenango River in Lawrence County; the nearest locali-
ties at present are about 80 to 100 miles away from Point Marion.
3. Lampsilis ventricosa (Bar.). Fragment of one left valve;
young specimen.
At present near Point Marion, both in the Cheat River and
Dunkard Creek. Widely distributed in western Pennsylvania.
4. Lampsilis ventricosa ovata (Say). Fragment of one left valve
(beak portion); young specimen.
Not found at present in the Monongahela drainage. It used to be
in the Ohio in Allegheny County, and is yet found in the Ohio in
Beaver County and in the Allegheny in Armstrong County and
farther up.
5. Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea). 2 double, 1 single valve; me-
THE NAUTILUS. 13
dium size. Although the characteristic color of the epidermis is
gone, these specimens agree completely with this species in the shape
of the shell and of the hinge teeth.
This species is found in the Cheat River and elsewhere in western
Pennsylvania, preferring smaller streams.
6. Lampsilis ligamentina (Lam.). 4 isolated valves; one young,
the others of medium size.
At present in the Cheat River, but not abundant. It is the most
abundant species in the large rivers of western Pennsylvania.
7. Obovaria circuhis (Lea). 1 left valve; small. Not typical,
inclining toward 0. lens (Lea) in shape; probably a female.
This species (including the form lens) is found scattered over the
Ohio drainage in western Pennsylvania. From the Monongahela it
is known only from a single locality at Charleroi, Washington
County, about 35 miles north of Point Marion
8. Gyprogenia irrorata (Lea). 2 double, 4 isolated valves, of
medium size.
Not in the Monongahela drainage, and altogether rare in western
Pennsylvania; known from the Ohio below Pittsburg and from the
Allegheny River in Allegheny and southei-n Armstrong County.
No live specimens have been found recently.
9. Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hildr.). 1 double, 3 isolated valves,
of medium size.
Abundant in Cheat River; also in Dunkard Creek. Widely dis-
tributed in the Ohio drainage in western Pennsylvania, with excep-
tion of the large rivers.
10. Unio gibbosus Barn. 4 double, 7 single valves, medium and
small size.
Abundant in Cheat River; also in Dunkard Creek. Everywhere
in western Pennsylvania.
11. Unio crasstdens Lam. 7"double, 4 single valves; one above
medium size, the others medium and small.
Only in the large rivers; abundant in the Ohio and lower Alle-
gheny. Known from the Monongahela at Charleroi, Washington
County, but not farther up. No trace of it in the Cheat.
12. Pleurobema clava (Lam.). 2 single valves, medium size.
Present in Cheat River. A rare species in western Pennsylvania,
preferring smaller streams.
13. Quadrula subrotunda (Lea). 1 double, 5 single valves; me-
dium and small size.
14 THE NAUTILUS.
In the Cheat River at present. Also in the Monongahela at
Charleroi, Washington County, and in the Ohio and Allegheny
Rivers from Beaver to Armstrong Counties. A species of the
larger rivers.
We see, that of these thirteen forms one ( Truncilla perplexa cin-
chinatiensis) is not present any moi*e in western Pennsylvania, and
five {Truncilla perplexa rangiana, Lampsllis ventricosa ovata, Obo-
varia circulus, Cyprogenia irrorata, Unio erassidens) are not found
any more in the vicinity of Point Marion (in Cheat River or Dunkard
Creek). Of the latter, Lampsilis ventricosa ovata, Cyprogenia ir-
rorata, and Unio erassidens, are typical inhabitants of the large
rivers, and, near Point Marion, possibly once existed only in the
Monongahela River, the fauna of which is now destroyed. Truncilla
perplexa and Obovaria circulus may yet turn up in the Cheat River,
but, if present at all, must be very i-are at the present time. This is
the more remarkable, since the two forms of Truncilla perplexa were
represented, in the garbage heap, by a comj-aratively great number
of individuals.
The small size of all specimens shows that the Indians selected
for food only such small specimens, rejecting the big ones.
The chief interest of this little collection lies in the fact that it
gives us an idea of what damage has been done to our Unionida-
fauna in recent times. For comparison, I submit here the lists of
the species collected by myself in Cheat River and Dunkard Creek.
Cheat River (collections made on Sept. 6, 1904, Sept. 16, 1907,
July 10, 1908).
1. Lampsilis ventricosa (Bar.). 8. Symphynota eostata {'RsS.').
2. Lampsilis multiradiata (Lea). 9. Alasmidonta marginata {Say).
3. Lampsilis ligamentina (hum.). 10. Unio gibbosus (Hnrn.).
4. Lampsilis recta (Lam.). 11. Pleurobenia clava (Lam.).
5. Lampsilis iris (Lea). 12. Quadrula undulata (Barn.).
6. Ptychobranchus ph as eolus 13. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea).
(Hildr. ). 14. Quadrula subrotunda (Lea).
7. Strophitus undulatus (Say). 15. Quadrula tuherculata (Raf.).
The leading species is Unio gibbosus (30 per cent.); then follow :
Lampsilis recta (20 per cent.) and Ptychobranchus phaseolus (20 {)er
cent.). The rest (12 species) makes up the remaining 30 per cent.
The scarcity of Lampsilis ligamentina is remarkable, since this species
usually is the leading species in our rivers. Probably, this locality
THE NAUTILUS. 15
is near the limit of the range of this species, and tlie latter does not
go much farther up stream. All of the species are rather small,
which is most striking in Lampsilis recta, which actually is repre-
sented by a dwarf race.
All the species have been found alive, except Quadrula undulata.
DuNKARD Creek (collections made on July 8 and 9, 1908).
1. Lampsilis ventricosa (Barn.). 8. Slrophifus undulatus (Say).
2. Lampsilis luteola (Lam.). 9. Anodonta grandis (Say).
3. Lampsilis recta (Lam.j. 10. Symphynota costata (Rat.).
4. Lampsilis iris (Lea). 11. Unio gibhosus (Barn.).
5. Proptera alata (Say). 12. Quadrula riibiginosa (Lea).
6. Tritogoniatuberculata(Ba.rn.'). 13. Quadrula tuberculata (VLaiS).
1 . Ptythobranchus phaseolus
(Hildr.).
Of these, only Lampsilis luteola and Anodonta grandis were found
alive : the condition of the creek was not favorable for collecting
(first and second day after a heavy thundershovver). It is probable,
that the fauna is not complete, and I cannot say anything about the
frequency of the single species.
VARIATION.
BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.
First, nature never makes two individuals exactly alike ;
secondly environment. One hundred shells of the same species
from a given locality will show individuality. Compared with
a group of the same species from another region there is another
difference. Like the difference between races of the human
family, this is undoubtedly due to environment. At Eastport,
Maine, where the Bay of Fundy tides create strong currents,
chitons, limpets and other forms are in profusion and attain un-
usually large size. These ma}' be called sedentary forms and
depend on food being brought to them. A few feet away Bucci-
num is abundant but small. The same is true of Lunatia heros
found in neighboring waters. These are carnivorous forms and
are much larger at Casco Bay and its neighborhood.
Haminea solitai'ia is a white shell. A small colony from the
16 THE NAUTILUS.
Branford River has every individual a deep brown. I wonder
if this is due to the presence of a large iron foundry a short dis-
tance away. Erosion is not a characteristic, yet it does result
frona environment. This is conspicuous where unios are taken
from waters where there is decaying vegetation. The reason is
well known ; acid from decaying leaves acts on the lime of the
shell. The same effect ma}' be seen in marine shells taken from
waters where a, river meets the sea. An interesting effect of air
may be seen in the author's cabinet. Shells of Fusus decern-
costatus taken below low tide are well preserved even to the
apex ; others from a few yards away, exposed to the air at low
tide, are much eroded.
Pure white sets of Gemma gemma may be found at Woods
Hole and Branford, Conn. At Provincetown they are a very
dark purple, some specimens showing hardly a trace of white.
At Revere Beach the type is white with perhaps a third of the
shell faintly tinted purple. Reasons for this variation I cannot
give. Nor can I explain why sets found a dozen years ago at
Revere Beach should vary from specimens obtained at the same
spot a yesiT ago.
Litorinella minuta is abundant in pot holes in the marshes.
Environment there is good for it. A dwarfed variety is found
in the Branford River, and the same form occurs on dead eel
grass under the wharves at Provincetown. Evidently this form
flourishes lietter in still water. Temperature has its influence.
Planorbis trivolvis occurs throughout New England. It is
small in the Connecticut River at Springfield, the same at Bran-
ford and eastern Massachusetts. In northern Maine large, and
the largest and finest set in the author's cabinet was obtained at
Dalton, Mass., in the Berkshire hills. This last region is well
known as having northern insects, undoubtedly the other species
of shells would show aflflnity with the forms in northern New
England. Climate alone explains this variation. The forms
from the Connecticut River certainly have water enough, but
they are small. Other sets are from small bodies of water ; only
in colder regions does this giant thrive.
Environment drives out some species and retains others.
These few examples are variations in the same species which
shows the effects of different surroundings.
THE NAUTILUS, XXIII.
PLATE II.
%\^ DOMINION OF CANADA
I LLI N 0 I
DISTRIBUTION OF PLANORBIS BICARINATUS IN MICHIGAN.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XXIII. JUNE, 1909. No. 2.
SOME OBSEKVATIONS AND NOTES ON MUSCULIUM.
BY V. STERKI.
Most or all of our species of Musculium Link ( CalycuUna Clessin)
are very variable. E. g., of M. securis Pr. there are almost endless
forms, some of them so different from others that they appear to be
distinct species, even of different groups. They readily respond to
the nature of their habitats, and almost every place has its own pecu-
liar forms. It may be added that most of them are inhabitants of
quiet waters: small lakes, ponds, pools, marshes, ditches, slow
streams ; but M. transversum Say is also found in rivers with strong
current, with stony and rocky bottoms.
Years ago Clessin stated his belief that they are comparatively
short-lived and of cyclical development, annuals. The first part of
his statement is probably correct, the latter probably not, or not for
all species; specimens at all stages of growth, from newly hatched to
full-grown, can be found at any time of the year. Yet under certain
conditions their development appears to be uniform; e. g., where
pools dry up in fall, only the young mussels appear to survive, to
grow to maturity and propagate during spring and summer.
These mussels are described as having their beaks calyculate, or
" capped," and the genus has been established mainly on that fea-
ture.^ But in most and probably in all species, specimens and forms
are found with slightly or non-calyculate beaks, and such are the rule
1 Yet even without that supposed but mistaken character the genus appears
to be well founded, as will be shown elsewhere.
18 THE NAUTILUS.
rather than the exception in M. transversum Say. By the way, it
may be said that calyculate beaks are found occasionally in specimens
of Pisidium and Sphcerium.
The nepionic (embryonic) mussel when discharged from the parent
is generally well inflated (except in il/. transversum), and then the
postembryonal part of each valve is marked off from it by a constric-
tion more or less deep. This seems to be especially well marked
when the embryos have been retained by the parent for a long time,
e. g., over winter, and are overgrown, as it were.^ Under favorable
conditions the embryos are probably discharged as soon as sufficiently
developed, moderately inflated, and then postembryonal growth goes
on in the same direction without or with a slight demarcation line.
There are in my collection a number of lots of a MuscuUum, dif-
ferent from all other species described and known, from Rhode
Island, Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, and remarkably alike. The mus-
sels are somewhat like medium-sized M. securis Pr., but more elon-
gate, moderately and evenly inflated; the anterior and posterior parts
are less disproportionate, the latter is less high, less and more ob-
liquely truncate, the beaks are not calyculate, rounded, comparatively
broad and not very prominent; even under the microscope, no de-
marcation line between the embryonal and postembryonal parts can
be seen; the surface is markedly regular, without or with slight lines
of growth, with very fine strise and a slight silky gloss; the color is
dark horn, not yellowish, somewhat lighter along the margins, but
there are no sharply defined zones, as common in securis. Isolated,
this Musculium would appear to represent a distinct species; but
younger specimens, evidently of the same form, have more the out-
lines of ilf. securis, and in every lot there are some specimens of the
same, with the beaks calyculate, and generally there are intermedi-
ate ones, as to outlines and general appearance. Several of the lots
were collected in fall, from September to November, and others
probably so. It appears probable that this is a summer form of
M. securis, of fast and steady growth under favorable conditions,
consequently not a variety. Corresponding forms of other species
have also been seen. If verified by future observations, this is a
remarkable and very interesting fact.
Also the varieties and local forms of all species, and the conditions
> Under the microscope such specimens show several concentric zones along
the margins of the valves, marked by lines of growth.
THE NAUTILUS. 19
under which they grow, should be carefully studied. In order to do
this much more good material is needed from all over the continent. It
is very desirable to collect repeatedly, throughout the year, at favorable
places, wherever there is an opportunity for doing so; it is essential to
have the date of collecting with every lot, notes on the nature of the
habitat, and last but not least, to have good numbers of specimens,
not only the large ones, but also the half- grown and young. Any
material, from anywhere, will mean a contribution to our knowledf e.
It may be added that the simplest and best means for collecting
small fresh-water mollusca, Sphoeriidae and gastropods, is a sack net
of good burlap on a frame of strong wire (i-| inch), the ring of
about 6-8 inches diam., tied to a handle of suitable length, e. g., a
broomstick. In this net mud and other material, scooped up from
the surface of the bottom, is washed, the coarser things gradually
removed; the remainder is taken home and dried well, but not in too
great heat. Then, a small sieve, e. g., a strainer, or several of dif-
ferent mesh measures, are very serviceable for separating finer and
coarser material, and it will be much easier to pick out the speci-
menSf of which the smallest should not be overlooked; some Pisidium
are not larger than 1 to 2 mm. when mature. Specimens to be sent
for examination are best left mixed up, or separated only for con-
siderable differences of size. The washings and specimens must be
handled carefully, especially Musculium^ since most of them are very
fragile. The whole " stuff," dirt and all, fresh or dried, may be sent
for examination, after the coarser materials are removed.
For deep water a drag-net or small dredge of burlap will do good
service, especially if protected by an outer sack of strong canvas with
the bottom left open. It is very desirable that collecting be done in
lakes and deep rivers.
DESCEIPTION OF A NEW FOSSIL LYMNiEA.
BT F. C. BAKER.
Lymn^a nashotahensis n. sp.
Shell elongated, somewhat pyramidal; surface dull, growth-lines
conspicuous, crossed by fine, impressed spiral lines; whorls 6-6^,
rather rapidly increasing in diameter, flatly rounded, the body whorl
very large and quite convex or even gibbous; spire broadly pyramidal
or conic, longer than the aperture ; sutures well marked ; aperture
20 THE NAUTILUS.
long, ovate, much narrowed above, generally wide and flaring below;
outer lip with variceal thickening; inner lip rather broad, reflected
over the umbilical region, forming a conspicuous expansion and leav-
ing a well-marked umbilical chink; parietal callus wide and rather
thick, in some specimens rendering the aperture continuous; axis
twisted; the columella is plicate in the immature shell, but in adult
or old specimens the inner lip is raised over the umbilicus, somewhat
as in emarginata.
Length 33.50, breadth 13.00; aperture length 14.00, breadth
7.00 mm.
Length 29.00, breadth 13.00; aperture length 15.00, breadth
6.75 mm.
Length 28.75, breadth 13.50; aperture length 15.75, breadth
7.00 mm.
Length 25.00, breadth 12.00; aperture length 14.00, breadth
7.25 mm.
Length 21.00, breadth 10.00; aperture length 12.00, breadth
6.00 mm.
Length 24.00, breadth 10.00; aperture length 11.00, breadth
5.00 mm.
Length 18.25, breadth 8.25; aperture length 10.00, breadth
4.25 mm.
Types: The Chicago Academy of Sciences, 9 specimens, No.
24539; cotypes. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, No.
98521, 6 specimens.
Type locality: Marl beds, Nashotah, Waukeshaw County, Wis-
consin.
Remarks: L. nashotahensis was at first thought to be a form of
Lymncea danielsi ; it differs markedly from that species, however, in
several particulars — the spire is broader and not so acute, the body
whorl is larger and inclined to be gibbous, there is a conspicuous
umbilical chink (danielsi is usually imperforate), and the columella
is not noticeably plicate. In nashotahensis the aperture is elongate
ovate, narrowed above and broadened below, where it is often patu-
lous. The upper whorls are strongly suggestive of Lymnaa rejlexa,
the penultimate whorl having the swollen appearance so characteristic
of reflexa.
Young specimens somewhat resemble Lymnaa catascopium, diflFer-
ing in being narrower, with a more elongate aperture, longer and less
THE NAUTILUS. 21
rounded whorls and a less distinctly plicate columella. There is also
an umbilical chink, which is usually absent in catascopium.
Like Walker's Lymvaa haheri from Michigan, nashotahensis is
apparently an extinct species peculiar to marl deposits. The speci-
mens were secured by Mr. F. M. Woodruff.
NOTES ON PLANORBIS II: P. BICAKINATTIS.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
(Concluded from May Number.)
IX. Miscellaneous.
In Beck's Index Moll. (1837), p. 118, the following synonymy of
this species is given :
'■'■ Planorhis hicarinatus Say. Am. Septr. C. C.
a. major. S. g. iv, 4. W. S. vii, 12. Fl. Schuylkill.
PI. angidatus Wood.
b. minor.
an P. ehurneus Ch. ix, 1123? New Jersey."
P. angidatus Wood, Index Testaceologicus, edit. II, 1828, Suppl.,
pi. 7, f. 12, is a typical P. bicarinatus. The figures in Sowerby's
Genera, referred to by Beck (as " S. g.") are the same species.
Beck defined his minor only by a queried reference to Chemnitz's
figures of a West Indian species, really entirely different.
Distribution.
The recorded distribution of Planorbis bicarinatus is shown with
approximate exactness upon the accompanying map (pi. III). These
data are primarily based upon the collection of the Philadelphia
Academy, the complete list of which has been kindly furnished by
Dr. Pilsbry. To these have been added such additional information
as was afforded by my own collection. The localities thus vouched
for are indicated on the map by the black dots. These data have
been supplemented by such specific localities as a careful search of
the literature at my command afforded. These citations are repre-
sented by the outlined dots. Duplicate citations and those giving
simply the " State " have been omitted. A detailed list of all locali-
ties and the authorities for the same is given below. The map does
22 THE NAUTILUS.
not extend far enough north to allow the localities in Keewatin,
Canada, to be plotted.
While the exhibit as a whole afifords what is probably a fairly
accurate view of the actual distribution, yet it also shows how
lamentably small our knowledge really is of the range of one of our
most common species, and how much still remains to be done before
any generalization can be other than tentative. Still the chart is
of interest as showing what we do know, and serves to indicate the
regions to which attention of American collectors should be particu-
larly directed. Thus the apparent absence of the species from the
entire littoral Atlantic region (with the exception of a single record
from Wilmington, N. C.) from the Potomac to Florida, and along
the coastal region of the Gulf from Florida to Texas is very striking
and worthy of investigation. So, too, the exact range towards the
west is important and of considerable scientific interest. No doubt
many of the deficiencies of the present map can be supplied from
material already accumulated in the many private collections of the
country, aud it is hoped that this review ot the subject will induce
the publication of all such information for the benefit of those inter-
ested in the geographical distribution of the American fauna. For
it is only by the accumulation of detailed information, such as is
afforded by the publication of carefully authenticated local lists,
accompanied by exact localities, that any substantial advance can be
expected.
Taking the chart, such as it is, certain facts can be deduced with
a great degree of certainty, while others must still remain more or
less tinged with uncertainty until more exact knowledge shall either
prove or disprove them. On the north it seems reasonably certain
that hicarinatus extends through British America from Anticosti,
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia west to at least Lake Winnipeg
and Manitoba and north to Keewatin. In all probability it may be
found to range west through Saskatchewan and Assiniboia well
toward the Rocky Mountains.
The data already accumulated shows a distribution through the
northern United States from Maine to Oregon. The northwestern
data, though scant, tend to show that the invasion of the valley of
the Columbia was through transfer from the headwaters of the Mis-
souri or its tributaries to the Snake, Pend Oreille or other tributaries
of the Columbia.
THE NAUTILUS. 23
The accuracy of that veteran collector, Henry Hemphill, as to its
occurrence at Antioch, California, quoted by Stearns (1881), is not
to be questioned. But the fact that there is no other record of its
occurrence in California certainly tends to show that the Antioch
find was a sporadic colony, accidentally introduced, and which never
succeeded in effecting a permanent foothold.
The citation of this species from the Yaqui River, Guaymas,
Mexico, on the Gulf of California, by Stearns (1889), where it is
said to have been collected by Palmer, is open to more doubt. It
appears that Polygyra Mrsuta was also alleged to have been collected
at the same time and place. The nearest authentic locality for this
species is southwestern Missouri. There is no evidence that bicari-
natus has ever been discovered anywhere in the Colorado basin. The
occurrence of two common eastern species at the same time in a
locality so remote from the known range of either is certainly very
remarkable, and would naturally raise a question as to whether there
had not been an accidental mixing of specimens, Bicarinatus is not
quoted from Mexico at all by Crosse and Fischer, and its occurrence
at Guaymas is very improbable.
Leaving these two doubtful citations out of the question, the only
authentic occurrence of bicarinatus on the Pacific coast is along the
Columbia in Oregon; south of that the Rocky Mountains, no doubtj
mark the western range of the species.
In the Potomac River at and below Washington, D. C, bicari-
natus is an abundant species. South of that, with the exception of
Wilmington, N, C, so far as the records show, it is absent from the
entire coastal Atlantic region. In western North Carolina and
northwestern Georgia it is found in streams belonging to the western
drainage. We have no records from South Carolina and Florida.
The large amount of collecting that has been done in various parts
of the latter state goes to show that it does not occur there. South
Carolina is practically unknown conchologically. It was not found
by Henderson at Yemasee, Beaufort Co. (Naut. XXI, p. 7). Mr.
Wm. G. Mazyck, of Charleston, S. C, informs me that he has
never known of its occurrence in that state, and that it is not quoted
in either of Ravenel's Catalogues of 1834 or 1874. In Alabama,
though not abundant, it occurs in the northern part of the state, and
extends in the Alabama drainage as far south at least as Pinehill,
Wilcox Co. There are no records for either Mississippi or Louisiana,
24 THE NAUTILUS.
In Texas it is an abundant species, at times, in the central eastern
part of the state, and no doubt ranges north from there. But there
are no records from the valley of the Eio Grande and, as stated be-
fore, none from Mexico. This river would therefore seem beyond
the southwestern range of the species.
So far as the records show, it is apparently absent from the entire
coastal region on the Gulf.
Since the above was written and the map (Plate III) was pre-
pared, Mr. H. H. Smith has collected typical hicarinatus in
Beaver Creek, Conecuh Co., Ala. This " find " not only carries
the species further south than previously recorded, but brings
it into the western extension of the Atlantic fauna area along
the Gulf Coast. Beaver Creek is a tributary of Murder Creek,
which forms part of the Escambia River drainage system.
West of the Appalachian Mountains, hicarinatus is, in suitable
localities, a common species in all the states as far west as Kansas
and Colorado, and there is no great doubt but that it ranges, in suit-
able environment, west to the mountains. But the data at hand are
too few and too scattering to give any exact information as to the
limits of the western range. They are indicated on the map and
given in detail in the following list :
Distributional Data.
United States.
Alabama: Big Willis Creek, Atalla; Coosa River, Minnesota
Bend; Black Warrior River, Jefferson Co.; Cub Creek, Pinehill;
Princeton (Walker); Beech Creek, Selma; Cahawba River (Lewis);
Coosa River, Farmer (Hinkley).
Arizona : None.
Colorado : Boulder (Pils.); Lodge Pole Creek, Logan Co.; Owens
Lake, Boulder; Weld Co.; Greely (Henderson).
Connecticut : West Granby, Hartford Co. (Pils.).
Arkansas : White River, Carroll; Big Creek, Sebastian; Ouachita
River, Hot Spring (Sampson).
Delaware : Brandywine River, between Dupont's and Rockland
(Pils.).
District of Columbia : Washington (Pils.).
Florida : None.
Georgia : East Rome (Pils.); Silver Creek, East Rome; Armuchee
Creek, Rome; Dalton (Walker).
THE NAUTILUS. 25
Idaho : Old Mission (Pi)s.); Blue Creek, Cceur d'Alene Moun-
tains; Cedar Creek, Priest Lake (Walker).
Illinois: Athens; Rock Island (Pils.); Joliet (Ferriss MSS.);
Cook Co.; LaSalle Co.; Des Plaines River; Kappa, Panala, Wood-
ford Co.; Crystal and Silver Lakes and Algonquin, McHenry Co.;
Mercer Co.; Elgin, Kane Co.; Illinois River and Dogfish, Quiver
and Matanzas Lakes, Havana, Mason Co.; Fourth, Sand, Cedar,
Fox, Pistakee, Clear, Long and Slough Lakes, Lake Co.; Pope Co.;
Johnson Co.; Thompson's I^ake, Fulton Co.; Milan, Rock Island
Co.; Pekin, Tazewell Co. (Baker).
Indian Territory : Tushkahama (Ferriss, MSS.).
Indiana: Randolph Co. (Pils.); Cedar Lake; Bass Lake, Stark
Co. (Baker); Connorsville, Danville (Walker); Richmond, Wayne
Co. (Plummer); Indianapolis, Whitewater Basin, West White-
water Basin, Maumee Basin, St. Joseph Basin, Lake Michigan
Basin (Call), Franklin Co. (Moore and Butler); Lake Michigan,
Michigan City; Lake James, Steuben Co.; Clear Lake, LaPorte Co.
(Daniels).
Iowa : Iowa City; DeWitt; Clear Lake; Davenport (Pils.), Mus-
catine, Des Moines, Ruthven (Walker); Spirit Lake (Keyes).
Kansas: Walnut Creek (Pils.); Topeka; Ellis; Soldier Creek,
Silver Lake Twp., Shawnee Co.; Northern Wabaunsee Co.; Brown
Co.; Cedar Creek, Mt. Ida; Barber Co.; McDowell Creek, Riley
Co.; Kansas River, Wyandotte; Neosho Co. (Call).
Kentucky : Bowling Green (Pils.).
Louisiana : None.
Maine: Caribou, Aroostook Co.; Rockland, Knox Co. (Pils.);
Orono, Fort Kent, St. John's River; Gelot's Lake, New Sweden;
Second Lake, Fish River; Salmon Brook, Aroostook River; Wood-
land, Collins' Mill Pond, Portage Lake, Square Lake, Aroostook
Co.; E Warren; Rockville (Walker); Cross Lake Inlet; Cross Lake;
Moose River, Somerset Co. (Nylander); Moosehead Lake (Johnson);
Portland (Pickering).
Maryland : Cumberland; Hancock; Chestertown, Kent Co.; Flint-
stone, Allegheny Co.; Conecocheque River at National Road (Pils.);
Potomac River, Fort Washington (Walker).
Massachusetts: Pontoosuc Lake, W. Mass. (Pils.); Cambridge;
Amherst (Walker); Fresh Pond (Adams); Swampscot, Lynn and
vicinity (Tufts); Stockbridge (Ferriss, MSS.); Bristol Co. (Taylor
and Shiverick).
26 THE NAUTILUS.
Michigan : The writer has records from 52 of the 83 counties of
the state, indicating a general distribution throughout the state.
The counties represented are shown by the map (plate II).
Minnesota : Lake Albert Lea; Fergus Falls (Pils.); Stearns Co.;
Lake Minnetonka ; Cannon Lake, Rice Co.; Shackleton Lake
(Walker); Minneapolis; Lake Minnewaska, Pope Co.; Vermilion
Lake, Winona, Lake Co.; St. Louis Co. (Grant); Clearwater,
Wright Co. (Sargent); Harriet Lake, Hennipen Co. (Daniels);
Heron Lake, Jackson Co.; Eagle Lake, Sherburne Co. (Stearns).
Mississippi : None.
Missouri : Pettis Co.; Lamar, Barton Co. (Sampson).
Montana : Mingusville, now Wibaux (Squjer).
Nebraska : Sidney (Walker); streams of eastern Neb. (Aughey);
Omaha (Tryon).
Nevada : None.
New Hampshire : Profile Lake (Walker); Keene (Walker and
Coolidge).
New Jersey : Greenwood Lake, Passaic Co.; Raritan River;
Cedar Lake, White Pond, Warren Co.; Swartzwood Lake, Sussex
Co.; Center Twp., Camden Co.; Delaware Water Gap; Princeton,
Mercer Co.; Lake Hopatcong, Budd's Lake, Morris Co.; Hacken-
sack Valley; Closter, Bergen Co.; Trenton; Gloucester Co. (Pils.).
New Mexico : Las Vegas; South Spring River, Roseville; Tre-
mentina; Santa Fe; Arroyo Pecos, Las Vegas (Pils.).
New York : Cazenovia; Skaneatales Lake; Long Island; Niagara;
Hudson River, Fort Warren, Ridgewood; Racquette Lake, Hamil-
ton Co.; Queens Co.; Squaw Island, Niagara River; Troy (Pils.);
Gannagagee Creek. Erie Co.; Alfred; Watertown; Canandarago
Lake, Otsego Co.; Cedar Lake, Herkimer Co.; Old Forge (Walker);
Sunset Creek, Otsego Co. (Smith); Chatauqua Lake (Maury);
Schuyler's Lake, Otsego Co.; Mohawk River, Little Lakes and Erie
Canal and Litchfield, Herkimer Co. (Lewis); Onondaga Co. (Beau-
champ); Rochester (Walton); Huntington, Centerport, Long Island
(Smith & Prime); Cayuga Lake (Ferriss MSS).
North Carolina : Asheville ; Greenfield Pond, Wilmington
(Walker).
North Dakota ; Hankinson (Pils.); Fort Stevenson (Stearns).
Ohio: Columbus; Geanga Co. (Pils.); Hudson (Walker); Cincin
nati (Harper and Wetherby); Tuscawaras Co. (Sterki); " The Re-
serve " (Naturalist).
THE NAUTILUS.
27
Oklahoma: Oklahoma City (Ferriss); Cimmaron River (Call).
Oregon: Willamette River; ISalem; Portland (Pils.).
Pennsylvania: Delaware River (type locality), Say; Allegheny
River; Round Island, Clinton Co.; Port Allegheny, McLean Co.;
Youghiougheny River, (!onnellsville, Fayette Co.; Juniata River,
Hollidaysburg, Blair Co.; Susquehanna River, Muncy; Cushclishia
Creek, Indiana Co.; Emporium, Cameron Co.; Amity Twp., Berks
Co.; Beaver River, Waupum, Montgomery Co.; Germantown and
various localities, Philadelphia Co.; Nockamixon, Bucks Co.;
Schanksville, Somerset Co.; Glenolden, Delaware Co.; Gettysburg;
Ligonier, Westmoreland Co., York Furnace, York Co. (Pils.); Alle-
gheny Co. (Stupakoff); Ohio River, Coraopolis (Rhoads); Chester
Co. (Hartman & Michener); Lancaster Co. (Haldeman); Columbia;
Susquehanna River, Wilkesbarre (Walker).
Rhode Island : Providence and Worcester Canal; Cunliff's Pond
(Carpenter).
South Carolina: None.
South Dakota : Mouth of Big Sioux River (Lea).
Tennessee : Emory River and Harriman (Pils.); Chilhowee Mts..
Blount Co.; Franklin Co. (Walker); Tellico River, Blount Co.
(Lewis); Little River (Ferriss MSS).
Texas: New Braunfels (Pils.); San Antonio (Walker); Peder-
nales River, Gillespie Co.; Brushy Creek, Williamson Co.; Colorado
River and tributaries, Comal Co.; San Marcus River, Hayes Co.;
Colorado River and tributaries, Travis Co.; Burton, Washington
Co. (Singley); Hog Creek, McLennan Co. (Strecker).
Utah : None.
Vermont: Connecticut River, Hartland (Pils.); Middlebury
(A ms)
Virginia: Luray (Pils.); Orange (Walker); Harper's Ferry
(Tryon).
Washington: Cascades, Skamania Co. (Pils.).
Wisconsin: Milwaukee (Pils.); Menominee River; Wauwatosa ;
Honey Creek, Layton Park; Kinnickinnic River, Milwaukee;
Golden Lake, Waukesha Co.; Little Cedar Lake, Washington Co.;
Lake Winnebago, Calumet Co.; Kenosha (Chadwick).
West Virginia : Four miles from Romney; Kanawha River, forty
miles south of Ohio River, Wirt Co.; North River, Sedan, Hamp-
shire Co.; Warm Spring Creek, Morgan Co.; Salt Sulphur Spring,
28 THE NAUTILUS.
Monroe Co.; Patterson's Creek, Mineral Co.; Potomac River,
Cherry Run (Pils.); Potomac River, Harper's Ferry (Walker).
Wyoming : Yellowstone National Park (Stearns).
Dominion of Canada — Quebec : Meaches Lake, Hull; Chaudiere
River; Chelsea (Pils.); Caprouge (Walker); Anticosti (Latchford);
Brome Lake, Knowlton (Whiteaves MSS).
Ontario : Sparrow Lake, Simcoe District; Puzzle Lake, 40 miles
north of Napanee; Rideau River; Ottawa River (Pils); Little River,
Walkerville (Walker); Lake Simcoe (Stearns).
Algoma: Dog River, north shore Lake Superior; Gores Bay,
Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron (Walker); Moose Factory, Hudson
Bay (Dall).
Manitoba : Lake Winnipeg; Lake Manitoba (Christy).
Nova Scotia : Dartmouth Lakes (Jones).
Keewatin : Lake St. Joseph; Kawinogans River, Albany River.
Knee Lake (Whiteaves); Saskatchewan River, Grand Rapids (Dall.);
New Brunswick : Kennebecasis River and elsewhere (Matthew
and Stead).
Mexico : Yaqui River, Guaymas, W. Mexico (Stearns). See p.
Bibliography.
The following list includes all papers cited as authority for distri-
bution in the preceding part of this paper. It is no doubt imperfect,
as it embraces only such literature as has been accessible to the
writer. For the sake of brevity many other papers examined, which
afforded only duplicate records or simply a general " State " record
are omitted :
Adams, C. B Shells of Fresh Pond. (Am. J. Sci. and Arts,
O. S. XXXVI, p. 392, 1839.)
Adams, C. B. — Catalogue of the Mollusca of Middlebury, Ver-
mont, and vicinity. (Am. J. Sci. and Arts, O. S. XI, p. 269, 184L)
Aughey, Samuel Catalogue of the Land and Fresh-water Shells
of Nebraska. (Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey III, p. 701, 1877.)
Baker, F. C. — The Mollusks of Cedar Lake, Indiana. (Naut.
XVII, p. 113, 1904.)
Baker, F. C. — A Catalogue of the Mollusca of Illinois. (Bull.
111. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. VII, p. 106, 1906).
Beauchamp, W. M Land and Fresh-water Shells of Onondaga
County and State of New York (1886).
THE NAUTILUS. 29'
Call, R. E. — A Contribution to a Knowledge of Indiana Mollusca.
(Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. Ill, p. 150, 1894.)
Call, R. E. — The Hydrographic Basins of Indiana and their
Molluscan Fauna. (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1896, p. 250.)
Call, R. E. — Contributions to a Knowledge of the Fresh-water
Mollusca of Kansas. No. II, p. 54; No. IV, p. 123; No. V, p. 184;,
No. VI, p. 16.
Carpenter, H. F. — The Shell-bearing Mollusca of Rhode Island.
(Random Notes on Nat. Hist. II, p. 96, 1886.)
Chadwick, G. H. — Notes on Wisconsin Mollusca. (Bull. AVis..
Nat. Hist. Soc. IV, p. 83, 1906.)
Chickering, J. W., Jr. — List of Marine, Fresh-water and Land
Shells found in the vicinity of Portland, Maine (1855 or 6 ?.)
Christy, R. M. — Notes on the Land and Fresh-water Mollusks of
Manitoba. (J. of Con. IV, p. 248, 1885.)
Dall, W. H — Land and Fresh-water Mollusks of Alaska. (Rep.
Har. Alaska Exp. XIII, p. 87, 1905.)
Daniels, L. E. — A check list of Indiana Mollusca. (Rep. Dept.
Geol. & Nat. Resources, Ind. 1902, p. 637.)
Daniels, L. E — Records of Minnesota Mollusks. (Naut. XXII,
,p. 119, 1909.)
Ferriss, J. H. — Mollusks of Oklahoma. (Naut. XX, p. 17,
1906.)
Grant, U. S. — Conchological Notes. (14th Ann. Rep. Geol. &
Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn., p. 122, 1885.)
Grant, U. S — Notes on the Molluscan Fauna of Minnesota.
(16th Ann. Rep. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn., p. 484, 1887.)
Haldeman, S. S. — Mollusca. (Rupp's Hist. Lancaster Co., Pa.,
p. 481, 1844.)
Harper, G. W., & Wetherby, A. G Catalogue of the Land and
Fresh-water Mollusca found in the immediate vicinity of Cincinnati,
Ohio, 1876.
Hartmann, W. D., & Michener, E. — Conchologia Cestrica, p. 70,.
1874.
Henderson, Julius. — The Mollusca of Colorado. (University of
Colo. Studies IV, p. 181, 1907.)
Hinkley, A. A. — List of Alabama Shells collected in October and
November, 1903. (Naut. XVIII, p. 54, 1904.)
Johnson, C. W Shells of the Lake Region of Maine. (Naut-
XXI, p. 106, 1908.)
30 THE NAUTILUS.
Jones, J. M — List of the Mollusca of Nova Scotia, 1877.
Keyes, C R. — An Annotated Catalogue of the Mollusca of Iowa.
(Bull. Essex Inst. XX, p. 13, 1889.)
Latchford, F. R.— Shells of Anticosti. (Am. Nat. XVIII, p.
1052, 1884.)
Lea, Isaac. — Report on Mollusca. (Explorations in Nebraska,
Executive Doc. II, p. 72, 1859.)
Lewis, James. — Shells of Herkimer and adjacent counties in the
State of New York. Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1872, pp. 97-107.
Lewis, James. — Shells of Tennessee, No. 2. (Proc. P. A. N. S.,
1872, p. 108.)
Lewis, James. — Fresh-water and Land Shells of Alabama, 1876.
Linsley, J. H. — Catalogue of the Shells of Connecticut. (Am. J.
Sci. & Arts O. S. XLVIII, p. 281, 1845.)
Matthew, W. D., & Stead, G Land and Fresh-water Shells col-
lected near St. John, N. B. (Proc. Miramichi Nat. Hist. Ass.,
No. Ill, p. 49.)
Maury, C. J. — Chatauqua Lake Shells. (Element. Nat. Hist.
Series, No. I, p. 26, 1898.)
Moore, D. R., & Butler, A. W — Land and Fresh-water Mollusca
observed in Franklin County, Indiana. (Bull. Brookville Soc. Nat.
Hist., No. I, p. 43, 1885.)
Naturalist. — Miscellaneous Observations, etc. (Am. J. Sci, &
Arts O. S. XXXI, p. 36, 1837.)
Nylander, O. O — Fresh-water Shells in the northeast of Maine.
(Naut. XI, pp. 9-12, 1897.)
Plummer, J. T. — Scraps in Natural History. (Am. J. Sci. &
Arts 0. S. XLVIII, p. 95, 1844.)
Rhoads, S. N. — On a Recent Collection of Pennsylvania MoUusks
from the Ohio River System below Pittsburg. (Naut. XII, p. 138,
1899.)
Rhoads, S. N — A Glimpse at the Shell Fauna of Delaware.
(Naut. XVIII, p. 66, 1904.)
Sampson, F. A. — Notes on the Distribution of Shells. (Kansas
City Rec. of Sci. VI, p. 22.)
Sampson, F. A. — The Shells of Pettis County, Missouri, (Bull.
No. 1, Sedalia Nat. Hist. Soc, p. 10, 1885.)
Sampson, F. A — A Preliminary List of the Mollusca of Arkansas.
(Ann. Rep. Geol. Sur. of Ark. II, p. 186, 1893.)
THE NAUTILUS. 31
Sargent, H. E Annotated List of the Mollusca found in the
vicinity of Clearwater, Wright Co., Minn, (Naut. IX, p. 127,
1896.)
Say, Thomas.— Nich. Encyc, 1st Ed., 1817.
Singley, J. A.— Texas Mollusca. (4th Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey
of Texas, p. 314, 1892.)
Smith, Maxwell Shells of Richfield Springs, N. Y., and vicinity.
(Naut. XX, p. 91, 1906.)
Smith, S., & Prime, T. — Report on the Mollusca of Long Island,
N. Y., and its dependencies. (Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist. IX, p.
402, 1870.)
Squyer, Homer List of Shells from the vicinity of Mingusville,
Montana. (Naut. VIII, p. 64, 1894.)
Stearns, R. E. C Observations on Planorhis. (Proc. P. A.
N. S., 1881, p. 101.)
Stearns, R. E. C Notes and Comments on the Distribution of
Planorhis {Helisosnia) hicarinatus. (West. Am. Scientist, 1889,
p. 110.)
Stearns, R. E. C List of Shells collected by Vernon Bailey in
Heron and Eagle Lakes, Minn. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXII, pp.
135-8.)
Sterki, V List of the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Tus-
cawarus County, Ohio. (18th Ann. Rep. Ohio St. Acad. Sci., p. 6.)
Strecker, J. K., Jr The Mollusca of McLennan County, Texas.
(Naut. XXII, p. 65, 1908.)
Stupakoff, S. H. — Land and Fresh-water Shells of Allegheny
County, Pa. (Naut. VII, p. 135, 1894.)
Taylor and Shiverick. — Catalogue of Shells found in and near the
County of Bristol, Mass., 1840?.
Tryon, G. W., Jr Notes on Mollusca collected by Dr. F. V.
Hayden in Nebraska. (Am. J, of Con. IV, p. 151, 1868.)
Tufts, Samuel, Jr. — A List of Shells collected at Swampscot,
Lynn and vicinity. (Proc. Essex Inst. I, p. 30, 1856.)
Walton, John. — The Mollusca of Monroe County, N. Y. (Proc.
Rochester Acad. Sci. II, p. 13, 1892.)
Walker, R. D., & Coolidge, W. H., Jr Mollusca of Keene, New
Hampshire. (Naut. XXII, p. 32, 1908.)
Whiteaves, J. F. — List of Land and Fresh-water Shells from the
District of Keewatin. (Rep, Geol. Surv. of Canada, 1905, p. 6.)
32 THE NAUTILUS.
Whiteaves, J. F. — List of some Fresh-water Shells from North-
western Ontario and Keewatin. (Ottawa Nat. XX, pp. 31-2, 1906.)
Explanation op Plate I.
All the figures are x 2, except Fig. 10, which is x 3.
Fig. 1. P. bicarinatus aroostookensis Fils. Collins' Mill Pond,
Me.
Fig. 2. P. bicarinatus aroostookensis (topotype). Salmon
Brook, Me.
Fig. 3. P. bicarinatus Say (typical). Delaware River, Phil-
lipsburg, N. J.
Figs. 4 and 5. P. bicarinatus angistomus Hald. Independence
Lake, Washtenaw Co., Mich.
Figs. 6-8. P. bicarinatus unicarinatus Hald (type). Schuyl-
kill River, Pa.
Fig. 9. P. bicarinatus portagensis Baker (cotype). Portage
Lake, Me.
Fig. 10. P. bicarinatus corrugatus Currier (type). Perch
Lake, Kent Co., Mich.
Fig. 11. P. bicarinatus royalensis Walker (type). Siskowit
Lake, Isle Royale, Mich.
Fig. 12. P. bicarinatus percarinatus Walker (type). Crystal
Lake, Benzie Co., Mich.
NOTES.
An internal septum in Holospira bartschi. — In a specimen
of this snail cut open there is a vertical septum across the cavity at
about the middle of the eighth whorl. It is concave on the lower
side, as in many Urocoptidce. To abandon the early whorls is very
common in Antillean and the larger Mexican forms but has not be-
fore been noticed in Holospira. The internal column in H. bartschi
is very nearly one-third the diameter of the shell at the widest part,
but it decreases to about one-fourth in the penultimate whorl. —
H. A. PiLSBRY.
The Nautilus.
Vol.. XXIII. JULY, 1909. No. 8.
A 8PBIN0 COLLECTING TBIP.
Notes on Hew England NudibrancliB II.
BT FRANCIS N. BA.LCH.
In a recent number of the "Nautilus"' I recorded two occur-
rences of nudibranchs at Cobasset, Mass., indicating marked local
condensation of the partly grown Eolid population during the time
of a supposed autumn migration of the year's brood to deeper water?.
The condensation of adults at the breeding season is of quite a
different order and much more familiar. The supposition is that
the year's adults migrate from deep water to the shore, there to
spend a brief mating season, spawn, and (for the most part) die. It is
well known that early spring is the breeding season for most of the
species, while others appear to select late autumn or winter — facts
which go far to explain our woeful ignorance of this group in this
country. At times, in other countries, these mating forms have been
found abundant and gregarious to such an extent as to justify the
expression " swarming " for the habit.'
iVol. xxii, No. 2, June, 1908, pp. 13-16. "Two interesting New England
Nudibranch Records." The subtitle " Notes on New England Nudibranchs. I."
was accidentally omitted by the printer. P. 15, top line, after word "and"
insert "T." For other errata see Nautilus, xxii. No. 6, Oct., 1908, p. 60.
'I use the term "swarming" in this paper to indicate a distinct gathering
together, in relatively great abundance, for breeding.
Eliot ("On some Nudibranchs from East Africa and Zanzibar." Pt. V.; P. Z. S.,
1904, ii, p. 87) furnishes a description of such a "swarming" of Trevelyana crocea,
34 THE NAUTILUS.
From April 26 to 30, 1908, I was able to devote a short vacation
exclusively to a minute examination, as exhaustive as time permit-
ted, of the nudibranch life on two short stretches of coast suitable
for breeding Eolid nudibranchs. The first was a stretch of granite
ledges and piles of broken boulders at Rocky Neck, in Gloucester
Harbor; the second a stretch of granite ledges at Brace's Cove, on
the outer (eastern) side of Eastern Point, Gloucester, Mass. The
localities were quite unlike in biological character, though resembling
each other as shore formations. The Rocky Neck locality was
bathed by the comparatively warm and still waters of the harbor,
thick with larvae, eggs, spores and organic debris of all kinds. In-
numerable small and rather deep pools among the broken boulders,
thickly hung and often completely choked with fuci, sheltered
abundant animal life, including Metridium and hydroids. The
Brace's Cove locality was pounded by the eternal surf of the open
Atlantic, and the water was noticeably colder and crystal-clear.
The pools on the massive ledges were much larger, shallower and
more open. Corralines were abundant, hydroids and Metridium
much fewer.
a Polycerid from Zanzibar, as follows: "* * * this form provided a most strik-
ing case of the migration of molluscs in flocks to shallow water for the deposi-
tion of spawn. But a few specimens were collected before a certain period of
a few days' duration, when the sand of Chuaka Bay just below low-tide mark
was occupied by astonishing numbers * * *. These were not washed up by
accident, but were all actively ciawling on the sand among the weeds, etc.
Many were in coitu, and when placed in basins of sea-water most of the speci-
mens were soon engaged in copulation or the deposition of yellow egg-ribbons.
By-and-by the swarm disappeared to some unknown permanent habitat. If
this were in the deeper channels of the bay (1 to 2 fathoms deep at low tide)
they must have been found there by dredging. As this was not the case
it seems most probable that the migrations of these tiny animals extend to and
from the deep sea three or more miles away."
One may be permitted to guess that the "unknown permanent habitat"
to which "the swarm disappeared" was that bourne from which no traveler
returns ! Quite jjrobably the form may be found to be strictly annual with little
or no overlap of generations, as I believe is the case with various of our own
forms. Either the young escape observation till just about the breeding
season (possibly making a very sudden and rapid growth at that time which
may be marked by a change in food supply) or else, and more probably, the
young straggle back to deep water as they grow stronger, but while still small,
and, there attaining their growth, make a sudden descent (or ascent!) upon the
shore en masse at the next call of the breeding impulse.
THE NAUTILUS. 35
No temperatures were taken, for on the face of it the temperature
was uot tlie controlling factor at that time and place, the same forms
and spawn occurring indifferently in shallow, sun-warmed pools
pleasant to the hands, and in deep, unsunned crevices at extreme
low tide when one's breath condensed in clouds over the numbing
water. This is not to say that temperature may not be the control-
ling factor in the initiation of the migration impulse or even in the
actual deposition of spawn, which latter may perhaps always take
place at high water when the temperature conditions of the pools
would be equalized.
The section worked at Rocky Neck did not exceed 300 yards in
length, and at Brace's Cove about 200. Three days were given to
the former and one to the latter. Every day-light tide was worked
industriously, and attention was wholly concentrated on nudibranchs.
The " census" was as follows:
Coryphella rufibranckialis manavensis (Stimps.),^ typical, 43 speci-
mens collected and about 30 more seen — total, say 75. All but 6 at
Rocky Neck. All well-grown, if not fully adult, except three or
four apparently about half-gi-own.
Coryphella riijibranchialis chocolata var. nov. Externally not
separable by me from the foregoing except by the color of the cores
of the cerata and of the body, which is a true chocolate-brown, dark
for the cerata, light for the body, as contrasted with the varied reds
(varying from pink to ginger, salmon and scarlet) of the typical form.
The dentition and internal anatomy have not yet been examined,
but as there is undoubtedly intergrading in the color, no very dis-
tinctive character should be anticipated. I have seen this form
before, but never more than one or two specimens at a time. As a
mere color variety (and for all we actually know, a mere physiological
phase) it may be thought not worth a name. At the same time the
intergrades are few and the series incomplete; and the chocolate
forms, in life, occurred markedly segregated from the others. It is
at least possible to point out a tangible character by which it differs
from typical mananensis, which no one has yet done for the differen-
tiation of mananetisis from rvfibrancMalis. Should mavanensis prove
' So called by me for the present in the provisional belief that Stimpson's
form — if separable at all, which I doubt— is only a variety of the European
form. Our knowledge, and consequently the nomenclature, of the group of
red-gilled Eolids on this coast is in deplorable condition.
36 THE NAUTILUS.
a complete synonym (as Gould thought it), or a variety (as I con-
sider it), then chocolata should be written as above; but if mananensis
is a valid species (as Professor Verrill holds), then chocolata may be
written as its variety pending further knowledge. Ten specimens
collected, all at Rocky Neck.
Aeolidiella papillosa (L.). It is a question whether our American
form may not be as well worth a varietal name as our form of Cory-
phella rufihranchialis. Both species are, in European waters, noted
for their variability, and have enormous synonymies. I think it
much the same sort of question as that whether it is worth while to
distinoruish our form of Purpura lapillus — doubtless it is extremely
close to the European form, and no one has yet pointed out a con-
stant diagnostic difference, yet an American lot could hardly be
confused with a European lot. Our form of the present species, in
my experience, runs shorter, stouter, pinker and less variegated than
the European form, as shown by the numerous and excellent figures
accessible. No diagnostic character has been found in the dentition.
Eight specimens collected, of which four at each locality ; one a
giant of 9 cm., one of an ordinary full adult size of about 6 cm.,
three smaller adults of 4-5 cm., and one young of about 1 cm.
Cratena veronica Verrill. One specimen about 1.8 cm. long,
taken at Rocky Neck among a thick growth of undetermined hydroids,
agreed very closely with Verrill's description of this rare and un-
figured species. It was kept alive four days during which colored
drawings were made, and then preserved for dissection.
Galvina picta (A. &c H.), one specimen, adult. Rocky Neck, on
hydroids.
Doto coronata (Gmel.), one specimen, adult. Rocky Neck, on
hydroids.
Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius), three specimens, one large
adult of about 6 cm., two about half that size; the latter at Rocky
Neck, the former at Brace's Cove.
Acanthodoris pilosa (Miiller), one specimen of about 1 cra.>
at Brace's Cove.
LamelUdoris aspera (A. & H.),' eighteen specimens, 5 mm. to 12
mm. long, all but three or four at Brace's Cove, on Corallines.
iQur knowledge of the difficult and critical group of species centering
around L. aspera and including a number of quite ineufificiently characterized
American forms has not reached a point where identifications can be looked
on as reliable.
THE NAUTILUS.
Ancula crittata sulplwrea (Stimps.), one young specimen of about
8 mm., at Brace's Cove. It seems best to prestrve Stimpson's name
at any rate in a varietal sense though Bergh has united it with
cristata. The differential character of the lower origin of the ante-
rior appendages of the rhinophores is fully confirmed by my observa-
tion and seems pretty constant.
Total about 119 individuals, falling into 9 genera and 10 species
or varieties.
_».. .
The picture of local nudibranch life obtained from this bit of
intensive collecting is tolerably clear.
Goryphella rufibranchialis mananensis appears to have been "swarm-
ing," not in the sense that it was enormously numerous — for the total
figures are not impressive — but in the sense that adults were locally
gathered together in far greater numbers than normal and with
a distinctly gregarious habit, e. g., six or eight in one pool, none in
the next, rarely alone. The specimens ran remarkably uniform in
size and lent support to the view that the species is an annual.
None were seen in coitu either in the pools or in three days of cap-
tivity, but spawn was abundant and probably mating was about over
for the year. Alder and Hancock say of the British form: ''met
with * * * in April, May and June, when it has attained its full
size and is spawning. * ♦ * In August and September the young
are found considerably advanced." I believe our form will be found
to have a more concentrated breeding season.
What has been said applies equally to the chocolate variety.
Aeolidia papillosa gave some slight indication of "swarming" in
that it was considerably more numerous than normal, and gregarious
in habit. But this was not nearly as marked as in the foregoing
and the sizes were so conspicuously not uniform as to look against its
being an annual. What I have seen in this and other years would
fit well with its being a bi- or tri-annual with a "swarming" habit
slightly later than that of C. mananensis and not so well marked.
The spawn was fairly abundant and all of a deep rose color whereas
Alder and Hancock say of the spawn of the British form that it is
" occasionally white, but generally has a pinkish tinge, and is some-
times distinctly rose-colored." They give the breeding season as
" spring and summer months."
The other forms taken present no indication of a sexual " i-warm-
38 THE NAUTILUS.
in'T." It is true LamelHdoris aspera occurred in some numbers but
the individuals varied much in size, were not markedly gregarious,
and no spawn or coition was seen. The species seems to be a fairly-
common one at most times and according to Alder and Hancock
breeds in May, June and July, — if indeed our species be identical.
None of the species taken are rarities except the var. chocolata
(which, however, I have several times seen before) and Cratena
veronica, which has not before been publicly reported since its origi-
nal description, but has been taken a few times by Verrill in com-
paratively deep water. The present specimen is about three-quarters
the size given by Verrill. One may hazard a guess that it will be
found to have a shore breeding season sometime in the winter.
The other species are those we have often with us on the shore in
very small numbers. While such of them as are hydroid feeders are
almost necessarily to some extent gregarious, I know of no account
of anything like a " swarming " of any of them except Ancula
cristata}
There is a certain fascination about the mysterious appearances
and disappearances of these beautiful wanderers, and the first student
fully to master a nudibranch (or at any rate an Eolid) life-history
will have an interesting story to tell.
A collecting trip like this gives endless opportunity for alleged
" observations " on " protective " and "warning," coloration and the
like, which would be worth recording if fishes or other enemies looked
with human eyes, from air into water, in full daylight, and from on
top. Any true advance in this direction must be along the lines of
work like Herdman and Clubb's most interesting experiments.'*
52 Eliot St., Jamaica Plain, Fehmary, 1909.
1 Herdman and Clubb. Third Report upon the Nudibranchiata of the L. M.
B. C. District, Proc. and Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc, iv, 1890, p. 134. "This
species {A. cristata) was found * * * in April, 1890, and we took it in extra-
ordinary profusion * * * in March, 1890. On one reef of rocks especially, a
little way above low-water mark, there must have been many thousands of
specimens present. For yards it was impossible to walk without treading on
them, and handfuls were readily collected by scraping the specimens together
from the mud-covered rocks." It should be remembered that for some reason
the British coast supports nudibranch life in a vastly greater abundance of
individuals, as well as of species, than ours does.
^ Loc. cii., ante, pp. 150-163.
THE NAUTILUS. 39
NEW ENGLAND PYRAMIDELLID^, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW
SPECIES.
BY HENRY AY. AYINKLEY.
A very excellent work on the New England Pyramidellidce by
Mr. Paul Bartsch has just been published by the Boston Society of
Natural History. Specimens from the writer's cabinet were used in
compiling this work. Unfortunately there are some omissions. I
can blame no one but myself. My excuse is that my specimens were
packed and stored, and a few collected later had not been worked
up. Hence this supplement.
Turbonilla {Ptycheulimelld) polita Verrill. Four specimens (de-
termined by Verrill) are in the author's cabinet. The tw-o best ones
have ten whorls, and measure 7.5 mm. They are from Eastport,
Maine.
Five specimens of Odostomia, collected at Provincetown, have the
many lines of trifida hedequensis. They are about the size and
shape of the P. E. I. specimens, and probably of that variety.
Odostomia {Odostomia) modesta ^UTa\>^o-a. Two excellent speci-
mens of this species were found at Provincetown. They are slightly
larger than the specimen used to illustrate Bartsch's article.
Odostomia bisuturalis. An interesting variety lacking the revolv-
ing line, occurs at Provincetown. Mention may be made of three
pathological specimens of this species found at the same place. Deep
sutures and everted lip, they are one of nature's jokes.
Pyramidella (Sulcorinella) bartschi n. sp. Fig.
Shell broadly conic, semi-transparent, vitreous. Nuclear whorls
small, deeply obliquely immersed in the first of the succeeding turns,
40 THE NAUTU.LS.
above which only the tilted edge of the last volution projects. Post-
nuclear whorls well rounded, moderately contracted at the sutures and
appressed at the summit, which falls in the middle of the peripheral
sulcus. Periphery of the last whorl somewhat inflated, marked by a
moderately deep sulcus, which is bounded on each side by a slender
raised thread. Base short, well rounded, with a moderately broad
umbilicus. Entire surface of spire and base marked by strong lines
of growth and numerous fine spiral striations. Aperture large,
rhomboidal ; posterior angle obtuse; outer lip thin; columella slender,
curved and revolute, provided with a strong fold at its insertion.
The type is in the Winkley collection, and comes from Woods
Holl, Mass. It has seven post-nuclear whorls and measures, length
3.2 mm., diameter 1.6 mm.
I take pleasure in naming this for Mr. Paul Bartsch, of the Smith-
sonian Institution, and wish to express my thanks to him and Dr.
Dall for their help on this and other species.
Mr. Bartsch writes concerning the above: "The single specimen
is a most interesting one; it represents a group (^SnJcoriveUa) not
heretofore reported living."
A NEW CABIinFEX FItOM THE SANTA CLABA LAKE BEDS (PLIOCENE),
CALIFOBNIA.
BY HAROLD HANNIBAL.
Carinifex SANCT^CLAR^ n. sp.
Shell small (for the genus), heavy, subglobular; spire depressed ;
whorls three, inflated, subcarinate at outer margin above, from which
the shell slopes concavely upward to a raised ridge bordering a nar-
row, rather deep sutural groove. Umbilicus narrow, marked off by
a sharp carina; lip complete, semilunar, full, reflexed below. Shell
marked by moderate, diagonal growth-lines, occasionally raised into
coarse ridges. Alt. 5 mm., lat. 8 mm.
Type locality: Near Los Gatos Limestone Quarry, Los Gatos,
Santa Cruz Mts., Cal.
This species is easily recognized by the concave upper surface of
the whorls. It varies somewhat in size, some specimens being twice
as large as the type, which is probably just mature.
It and Amnicola yatesiana J. G. C. are the two characteristic
THE NAOTILUS. 41
species of the Santa Clara Lake beds. Cooper' listed it as Gari-
nifex newberryi var. minor, which he had described previously, from
Clear Lake (living). The two have nothing specific in common
except their size.
Associated with these two species at various points about the val-
ley are the following species still living in northern California :
Anodonta cygiiea nuttalliana Lea.
Anodonta angulata Lea.
Pompholyx effusa Lea.
Valvata virens Tryon.
In addition there are several indeterminate forms, an excellent
flora, and fragments of mammalian bones.
The figure, which will appear in a later issue, represents the type,
X 2, from a photograph by John Howard Paine, of Stanford Uni-
versity.
Stanford University, Cal.
NOTE OF PLAN0EBI8 BINWEYI TEYON.
BT FRANK COLLINS BAKER.
Mr. Winkley's note on " Variation " in the last Nautilus is very
interesting, and most of the examples given are characteristic. On
page 16, however, there is a reference to Planorhis which shows that
several species have been confused. The Dalton shells are hinneyt
and not trivolvit, as I have ascertained recently from an examination
of specimens in the Boston Society of Natural History, received
from Mr. Winkley.
This large Planorbi$, surpassed only by the magnijicus of Pilsbry,
has often been confused with trivolvis, most authors overlooking
Tryon's reference to this species in his review of Binney's work in
the American Journal of Conchology.
P. binneyi is a northern form, in many localities replacing trivolvit.
I have collected it in Tomahawk Lake, Wisconsin, and in the St»
Lawrence River at Thousand Island Park. It may be known by its-
large size, very wide whorls and pronounced longitudinal sculpture^
Specimens of the same size are much wider than trivolvis and more
'Cooper, J. Q., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), iv, p. 1T2, 1894.
42 THE NAUTILUS.
corpulent. It has been identified as corpulentus Say, but this is a
totally different species, the characters of which have been very fully
described by Mr. Bryant Walker in a previous volume of the
Nautilus.
It would be interesting to know the exact range of binneyi, and I
would suggest that conchologists generally examine their collections
for this species, sending the information to either Mr. Walker, of
Detroit, or to me (or to both of us).
A large amount of exact data is needed to accurately determine
the range of the various species of fresh-water pulmonates, and a few
notes on this magnificent Planorhis will aid materially in this direction.
PISIDIUM MAECI, N. SP.
BY V. STERKI.
Mussel rather small, well inflated, high, slightly inequipartite and
oblique, with outlines well rounded; superior margin short, nearly
sti'aight, with a rounded angle at its posterior end and a very slightly
marked one at the anterior; posterior and inferior margins forming
one regular, nearly circular curve, supero-anterior slope slightly
marked ; beaks little posterior, large, somewhat flattened, well promi-
nent; surface shining, with medium fine, irregular striae and several
distinct lines of growth, the upper one marking off the nepionic
mussel (as in MuscuUum); color straw to yellowish-horn,^ with
slightly marked lighter and darker zones; hinge short, rather slight,
but well formed, with a short ligament, plate narrow; cardinal teeth
somewhat curved ; the right one moderately long, its posterior part
thicker and grooved; left anterior very short, " high," abrupt, thin,
the posterior almost longitudinal, twice as long as the anterior, less
" high," slightly thicker and grooved in its posterior part; lateral
cusps short, pointed, the outer ones of the right valve smaller but
distinct, not pointed.
Long. 3.5, alt. 3.4, diam. 2.5 mm.
Habitat: Mt. Leidy, Utah, at 10,000 feet, in a stagnant pond,
collected by Mr. Marcus H. l)all (son of Dr. Wm. H. Dall), in whose
honor the species is named, on September 18, 1905.
This Pisidium appears not to be closely related to any of our
' Most specimens appear brownish from the dried soft parts.
THE NAUTILUS. AB
described species, and cannot be referred to one, even taking into
account the high altitude and the nature of the locality. It some-
what resembles some high forms of P. scutellatum St., but is less
oblique, has broader beaks, and the surface strife are coarser. The
short, pointed inner lateral cusps of the right valve are notable. The
nine specimens in the lot are remarkably uniform, two of them
somewhat over half grown, the others apparently mature. The one
opened for examining the hinge contained no visible embryos. The
types are in the U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 187491.
NOTES.
A Giant Squid. — I received a letter to-day (April 2, 1909) from
Provincetown which contains an item I think should go on record.
It is as follows:
" The schooner ' Annie Perry ' found a giant squid off Highland
Light, Truro, Mass., last week and tried to hoist it on board the
vessel, but the rope cut the body in half. It was perfectly fresh, and
the crew took some of it for bait and caught quite a number of fish.
I saw one of the tentacles which they brought ashore, and it was per-
fectly fresh then. It was seven feet six inches long, and the suckers
were as large as a silver quarter. A piece of the body was, I should
think, four inches in thickness and the tentacles must have been four
inches in diameter at the larger end."
The above must be the first record of the giant squid on our coast^
although they must exist off shore in deeper water. I have written
to see if I can secure the beaks or any part to aid in its identification.
(April 16, 1909.) I have received a little more information in
regard to the giant squid taken off Highland Light, Truro. A letter
to-day says:
" The captain of the vessel who took the squid says it was a very
little larger than their dory, w-hich is 16 or 17 feet in length. The
tentacle which they brought ashore was 1^ feet long and had ' sucker
cups ' the whole length of it." [This would show it was one of the
shorter tentacles.] " The whole animal was shaped like the common
squid, that is, the body was not globular like the cuttlefish, but had
fins or flippers on the tail just like the common squid. The piece
which I wrote about was cut out of the side, and about four inches
thick, and the whole body was about as large around (circumference)
44 THE NAUTILUS.
as a fish-barrel. The tentacle was 7^ feet long, four inches thick at
the big end, and tapering away to a point."
The above is what was written to me, but my correspondent could
not get any of the suckers, as the tentacle was thrown away before
he received my letter J. Henry Blake.
18 Prentiss St., Cambridge, Mass.
Dk. Victor Sterki, of New Philadelphia, Ohio, known for his
work on North American Sphaeriida and Pupillida, has been ap-
pointed an assistant in conchology in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg.
Dr. Sterki's collection became the property of the Museum some
years ago.
Ferguson Collection It will no doubt be a matter of in-
terest to the readers of The Nautilus to know that the large and
important collection of the late David Wilson Ferguson has been
presented to Columbia University by his sons, W. C. Ferguson, Esq.,
and Professor George A. Ferguson, of Columbia. A room has been
assigned for the exhibition of the collection in its entirety. — C.
Dayton Gwyer.
The Conchological Magazine. — "With the April number
(Vol. iii, No. 4), Mr. Y. Hirase has decided to suspend the publica-
tion of his journal until about May, 1910, when "No. 5, Vol. iii,
will be sent to you in a finer and larger form." It is to be hoped
that conchologists will support more generally this valuable publica-
tion, the plates alone being worth more than its subscription price.
In the later numbers many new species have been described.
The August number of The Nautilus will again be omitted,
owing to the absence of the editors during the greater part of July
and August. The usual number of pages will be given by increased
size of other months.
The latest test when he comes home at 2 a. m. is to make him
try to sing the chorus of the song :
She eells eeaBhellB oo the seashore,
The shells she sells are seashells, I'm sure,
For if she sells seashells on the seashore,
Then I'm enre she sells seashore shells.
If he can, he's all right.
IHE NAUTILUS, XXIII.
DISTRIBBUTION OF PLANORBIS BICARINATUS.
44
as a
the 1
T
not
he r<
U
D
work
poin
Dr.
year
F
teref
impc
pre8<
and
assig
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(Vol
tion
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The Nautilus.
Vol. XXIII. AUGUST-SEPTEMBER. 1909. No. 4
UOLLTJSKS FBOM XOBTHEASTEBN MEXICO.
BY H. A. PILSBRT.
These shells were collected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley during the past
winter, in the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The Panuco river
system has proved to be unexpectedly rich in fresh-water mollusks,
having a fine group of Umomdce, a remarkable lot of Pachychili, a
new genus of PleuroceratidcB, a Gundlachia, and various interesting
Amnieolida. Among the latter there are several genera unlike any
known American forms, and related to genera of the Old World.
I have elsewhere called attention to a little snail found by Mr.
Hinkley last year, Coilostele tampicoensis, which is closely allied to
species of Spain, Syria and Arabia, but of a genus not before known
in the western world. The two genera following, Emmericia and
Pterides, seem to be similarly allied to European groups, and are
certainly quite unlike any other American Amnieolida yet known.
Emmericia.
This genus was established by the late Professor Spiridion Brusina,
of Agram, for a group of fresh -water snails resembling Bithynia in
shape, but having a paucispiral operculum and a thickened, ex-
panded lip, behind which there is a rounded ridge or wave. The
species inhabit Dalmatia and the adjacent region around the head of
the Adriatic Sea. The commonest and typical species is E. patula
(Brumati).
Several species found in the state of San Luis Potosi by Mr.
Hinkley are so close to Emmericia in conchological characters that
I do not feel justified in separating them generically from that group,
46 THE NAUTILUS.
though when the soft parts and operculum come to hand it is quite
possible that the Mexican snails may prove to be generically distinct
from the Dalmatian. They differ chiefly by wanting a swelling be-
hind the expanded lip, and for this reason I erect for them the sub-
genus Emmericiella, type E. novimundi.
The Oriental group Tricula Benson, with a few Indian and
Philippine species, resembles Emmericiella, but the inner lip is
straightened, making the aperture narrow and piriform.
Emmericia (Emmericiella) novimundi n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 9, 10.
The shell is imperforate but openly rimate, rather solid, ovate-
conic, smooth and glossy. The spire is straightly conic, apex obtuse,
the tip being depressed. Whorls 4^, convex, separated by rather
deep sutures ; last whorl well rounded, ascending to the aperture.
The aperture is oblong, vertical, or has the basal lip a little ad-
vanced. Peristome continuous, well expanded, thickened on the
face and within ; the outer lip is just peroeptibly retracted near the
upper insertion ; basal margin well rounded ; columella concave,
thick. Parietal callus heavy, adnate, but with distinct edge in fully
adult shells, spreading forward in front of the aperture. Length 3.1,
diam. 1.9 mm.; longest axis of aperture, including peristome 1.65
mm. (fig. 10).
Bank of Choy River near the cave, State of San Luis Potosi.
The specimens are bleached ; color in life unknown. These are
two perfect examples of the same size. With these are associated
several decidedly larger shells, in which the apex is broken, prob-
ably one whorl being lost. One of these — figured in profile, fig. 9 —
measures, length 3.5, aperture 1.9 mm., 4 whorls remaining.
Emmericia (Emmericiella) longa n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 11, 12.
The shell resembles E. novimundi but is more shortly rimate, of a
turrited shape, with 5^ more convex whorls. Aperture is more
produced forward below, and the parietal callus spreads forward less.
The outer and basal margins are well expanded. Length 4,1, diam.
2, longest axis of aperture including lip 1.6 mm.
Two complete and one broken specimen, found with the preceding
species.
The new subgenus Emmericiella is proposed for American
Emmericiae, in which there is no wave or ridge behind the lip-ex-
pansion, and the columellar margin of the aperture is built forward
THE NAUTILUS, XXIII.
PLATE V.
11 12
EMMERICIA AND PTERIDES.
THE NAUTILUS. 47
more tlian in European forms, forming a conspicuously rimate um-
bilical region. Type E. novimundi.
Pterides, n. gen.
The shell is minute, rimate, long and narrow, composed of many
convex whorls, (7 to 10 in known species); apex obtuse, the first
whorl large. Aperture small, diagonal, elliptical, the peristome
thin, continuous, expanded throughout or at the ends, where it is re-
tracted to form shallow spout-like sinuses. Operculum and soft parts
unknown. Type P. pterostoma.
These remarkable little snails are without relatives among known
American genera. They may be compared only with a genus found
about forty years ago in the flood-debris of the rivers of southern
France and Spain, and described by Bourguignat under the generic
name Paladilhia,^ and with another group, Laktktia^ described
from quaternary fossils found around Paris, but now known to inhabit
subterranean waters and springs of central Europe, where most of the
German species have been described as Vitrella Clessin.
Both Pahidilhia and Lartetia are small, slender shells with the
aperture ovate, the outer lip bending forward below, retracted near
the upper insertion. In Paladilhia there is a rather narrow, Pleuro-
tomoid notch above, leaving a sort of indistinct sinus-band; in
Lartetia there is only a broad, rounded sinus. In my opinion the
two groups are not generically distinct, Lartetia being at most a
subgenus ol Paladilhia.^
These forms, and especially the Lartetia, are apparently the
nearest allies of the Mexican Pterides, which differs from them
chiefly by the diagonal, oblong aperture with broadly expanding lip.
^Paladilhia Bourguignat, Monographic du Genre Palad., 1865. The type,
P. pleurotorna Bgt., is a snail measuring 4x2 mm., found in the drift debris of
the Lez, a little river near Montpellier, dept. de I'H^rault, and believed to in-
habit subterranean watercourses.
^Lartetia Bourguignat, Catalogue des Mollusques terrestres et fiuviatiles des
environs de Paris a I'^poque Quaternaire (in E. Belgrand : Le Seine — 1, Le
Bassin Parisien aux ages Ant^historiques), pp. 15, 17 (1869). Type L. bel-
grandi Bgt.
* The normal forms of the genus are those called Lartetia, Paladilhia being
an extreme development in one or two species only ; but the latter name has
priority for the genus, having been described in 1865, while Lartetia dates
from 1869.
48 THE NAUTILUS.
Pterides pterostoma n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6.
The shell is rimate, long and slender, composed of numerous
slowly increasing, strongly convex whorls. Apex obtuse. Aperture
diagonal, obliquely oval. Peristome thin, continuous, very broadly
expanded, retracted and more broadly spreading at the two ends,
where it is somewhat spout-like. Color unknown, the specimens
being bleached.
Length 2.25, diam. of last whorl above aperture .75 mm.; longest
axis of aperture 1.1 mm.; whorls 7 (figs. 5, 6).
Length 2.75, diam. above aperture .8, longest axis of aperture 1.2
mm.; whorls 8| (figs. 1, 2).
Eight specimens examined. There is considerable variation in
length and number of whorls. Figs. 5, 6 represent the type.
Pterides rhabdus n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 3, 4.
The shell is very slender, slowly tapering to the rather large sum-
mit, composed of nearly 10 very convex whorls separated by a deep
suture ; last whorl very convex. Aperture small, elliptical, diag-
onal, rounded at both ends. Peristome thin, continuous, somewhat
expanded, deeply sinused above, the parietal margin adnate for a
short distance. Length 3, diam. above aperture .75, longest axis of
aperture .7 mm.
Choy River near the cave, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
This species is much narrower than P. pterostoma, with more
whorls and a smaller aperture. The outer lip may perhaps become
more expanded with further growth ; if so it would apparently be like
that of P. pterostoma. Described from a single specimen. While it
may possibly prove to be an extreme form of P. pterostoma, I do not
feel justified in uniting such unlike forms without evidence of inter-
gradation.
Pterides bisinulabris n. sp. PI. 5, figs. 7, 8.
The shell is rery slender, slowly tapering from the very obtuse
apex, composed of 8 smooth, strongly convex whorls, the last half of
the last whorl free from the preceding. Aperture diagonal, ellipti-
cal, the peristome continuous, free, thin, hardly expanding except at
the two ends, where it is retracted, slightly produced and flaring.
The outer margin is arched a little more than the inner. Length
2.5, diam. above aperture .7, longest axis of the aperture .65 mm.
THE NAUTILUS, XXKl
PLATE IV.
NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS.
THE NAUTILUS. 49
Gannina River, three miles S.-W. of San Dieguito, State of San
Luis Potosi. A single specimen taken.
Smaller than P. pterostoma with the last whorl free, the aperture
sinused at both ends, and the lip hardly expanded.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS.
BY t)R. CARLOS DE LA TORRE, HAVANA, CUBA.
Macroceramus hendersoni n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 5.
The shell is perforate, conic-turrited, thin, the last 5 whorls
corneous-brown, profusely and finely mottled with opaque white,
with a series of irregular, lengthened brown spots at the periphery,
showing abovt the suture on the spire ; first 2^ whorls blackish-
brown, the next two dark, broadly maculate with white. Surface
glossy, the first 4 whorls smooth, the rest closely and finely striate,
the striae low, as wide as their intervals, and very oblique. The
spire is straightly conic, apex rather acute. Whorls 11, slightly
convex, separated by a smooth suture, the last whorl well rounded
peripherally and beneath. Aperture very oblique, ovate, marked
with brown inside. Peristome expanded and reflexed, yellow or
pale red. Columella brown, short, dilated, and having a rather
strong but short fold above. Parietal callus transparent. The in-
ternal axis is slender and distinctly twisted spirally.
Length 19, diam. 9.5, length of aperture 8 mm.
Length 20, diam. 9.8, length of aperture 8 mm.
Length 18, diam. 9.5, length of aperture 8 mm.
Sierra de Cubitas, Camaguey, Cuba.
This species is very distinct from all others now known, differing
from the canimarensis group by the total absence of a basal carina,
and from the forms prevalent in Eastern Cuba by its thin texture,
sculpture and coloration. It is one of the largest and finest of the
Cuban species.
The coloration is very well shown in the figure. Besides the
profuse and fine mottling with white there are occasional longitudinal
white flames, bordered on the left side with dark, unmarked spaces.
Chondropoma hendersoni n. sp. PI. 4, fig. 6.
The shell is umbilicate, conic-turrite, narrowly truncate, rather
solid. Last four whorls rather closely and subregularly marked
50 THE NAUTILUS.
with slightly oblique stripes of red-brown, ochre, blue aiul white, the
base red with white radial streaks ; when whorls above the last four
are retained they are scarlet with some white streaks.
The surface is glossy, with traces of fine, nearly effaced growth-
striae, and under close inspection some widely spaced lines may be
seen, indicating periodicity in growth. Spiral sculpture consists of
fine, distinct but low spiral threads, larger ones at intervals : 4, 5, or
6 smaller striae between the larger ; around the umbilicus the striae
are coarser, alternately larger, and latticed by tlie growth-striae.
Above the penultimate whorl the spirals are subequal. The spire is
straightly conic, with 4 whorls below the tongue-shaped apical sep-
tum ; but an empty whorl or more persists above the septum. The
whorls are strongly convex, separated by a smooth, simple and deep
suture, which close to the aperture descends a little more rapidly, the
last whorl becoming free there for a short distance. The aperture is
vertical, slightly longer than wide ; the outer side more convex than
the inner; reddish-brown inside. Peristome thin, the inner half
nearly white, outer half brown-tinted ; broadly reflexed throughout,
a little retracted above and below, slightly produced in a short lobe
above. Operculum unknown.
Length 25, diam. 15.5 mm.; aperture with perist. 12 mm. long.;
4 whorls remaining.
Length 27, diam. 15 mm.; aperture with perist. 12 mm. long., 5
wliorls remaining.
Sierra del Anc6n, northwest of Vinales, prov. Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
This magnificent species is related to C hamlini var. major Crosse
(Jour, de Conchyl., 1890, p. 300, pi. v, f. 6 a, b). but that is a far
smaller shell, length about 17 mm., with chestnut-brown streaks ex-
tending upon the base. The figure in black and white gives a poor
idea of the beautiful coloring of this shell, which is named in honor
of my friend, John B. Henderson, Jr.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS.
BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.
Helicina torrei n. sp. PI. 4, figs. 1, 2, 3.
The shell is depressed, very solid, the last whorl cream-white,
gradually changing on the penultimate to sulphur-yellow, the color
THE NAUTILUS.
51
of the spire. The surface is lusterless, with sculpture of strongly
raised, rough spiral ridges parted by much wider concave intervals.
On the last whorl there are 18 such ridges, stronger and more
widely separated in the peripheral region. The intervals are
obliquely roughly striate, and the wider ones above the periphery
have also a few spiral threads. Six spiral ridges show on the pen-
ultimate whorl. They gradually become weaker on the spire. The
embryonic whorl is rather large (2 mm. diam ), and smooth except
for faint radial stria?. Whorls 4, rapidly widening, almost flat, the
last whorl descends shortly to tlie aperture, and is convex beneath.
Aperture large, flaring, strongly oblique, white with a trace of yel-
low within. The peristome is well expanded, thickened within
some distance from the edge. There is a transverse tubercle at the
junction of columella and basal lip. The axial callus is pure white,
not very thick, spreading within nearly to the outer termination of
the lip. Edge of parietal callus is very thin.
Alt. 15.5, diam. 26.5 mm.
Operculum calcareous, shining, bluish-white with iridescent
lights, reddish on margins and densely covered with minute granules
separated by species of about equal width.
Collected by T. Wayland Vaughan at Los Negros, 25 miles
southeast of Bayamo in the province of Oriente, Cuba, in woods on
low limestone hills.
This superb species I take pleasure in naming after Dr. Carlos
de la Torre of Havana.
Cepolis alauda cymatia n. subsp. PI. 4, fig. 4.
The shell closely resembles C. alauda avellanea (F^r.) in texture
and coloration, but differs by its more elevated, more conic spire,
and by having a strong oblique crest behind the lip. Alt. 24, diam.
28 mm.; whorls 5^.
Cuba ; exact locality of the type unknown.
This well-marked variety, not uncommon in collections, appears
hitherto to have escaped observation. I have no doubt that in a
critical revision ot the Coryda group this form will be given spe-
cific rank.
52 THE NAUTILUS.
BIFIDARIA ABMIFERA SAT, AND ITS VABIETIES.
BY V, STERKI.
It has long been known that B. armifera is variable with respect
to some of its features, but it seems that no attempt has been made
to ascertain whether there are any real, tangible varieties. Careful
examination of about 2,000 specimens from many places,* during the
last few months, has proved that, after eliminating B. clappi as a
distinct species, there are several vrell-marked varieties, with features
which are of interest also in a general way.
B. armifera (Say) typical.* Shell more or less fusiform, decid-
edly short to rather elongate and slender, vitreous, colorless to very
pale horn, or slightly milky-white; surface shining, with compara-
tively coarse, irregular striae; whorls 6|^-8, the average being about
7, the last somewhat rounded, keel-like, at the base, somewhat flat-
tened over the palate, usually with a distinct, linear scar over the
lower palatal plica; aperture rather large, rounded, peristome well
everted, continuous, or its ends approximate, often with a connecting
callus; inside the palate a rather strong, white callus into which the
palatal plicae merge; parieto-angular lamellae rather large and long,
distinctly complex, the angular connecting with the peristome, the
spur * of the parietal small but distinct; columellar massive, encircling
the column, with an annex downward and inward ; inferior col-
umellar variable as to size, shape and position, sometimes a mere
callus, often wanting ; lower palatal plica regular, rather long, stout,
upper palatal much shorter and smaller; suprapalatal distinct or slight
or wanting ; an interpalatal is not infrequent.
Alt. 3.5-5, average 4-4.5, diam. 2.2-2.5 mm.
Distributed over the whole area covered by the species.
B. a. interpres, n. var. Near the typical form, generally some-
what slender; inferior columellar lam. rather high up, the base is
narrow inside and more keel-like outside; the aperture is narrowly
rounded at the base, and from this feature specimens are easily rec-
ognized. More than any other form this shows clearly that the
so-called " basal " is really an inferior columellar.
'There are 160 entries in my collection of B. armifera and varieties, and
many others were received for examination.
' Dr. Pilsbry had the kindness to look up Say's original specimens in the
collection of the Phila. Acad., and wrote me that they are of this form.
» See The Nautilub, XXII, p. 108, foot-note.
THE NAUTILUS. 53
Distribution: Southern, especially southwestern; it appears to be
the prevalent form in Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and thus repre-
sents a geographical variety.
B. a. iimilis, n. var. Averaging somewhat smaller; more cylin-
drical, often more or less conical; whorls less convex; surface striae
slighter; shell generally more milky-whitish, as noticed especially
when a number of each, armifera and similis, are placed side by side;
peristome never continuous, somewhat less everted; the columellar
lam. is slighter, generally more protracted downward, the lower
palatal is shorter, sometimes quite short; the spur of the parietal is
larger.
Distribution; Northern New York to Iowa, Minnesota, Ontario.
£. a. affinis, n. var. Somewhat small and slight; near similis, but
less cylindrical, rather somewhat oblong; whorls 6-6^, somewhat
more convex than in similis., the last rounded at the base and little
flattened over the palate, with none or a slight scar over the lower
palatal plica; aperture somewhat rounded, peristome never continu-
ous; parieto-angular lam. well connected with the peristome, spur of
the parietal larger than in typical armifera; columellar nearly axial,
a broad lamella, reaching down to the base, with distinct lines of
growth, visible from the outside through the (fresh) shell below the
umbilicus, as in B. contracta ; inferior columellar wanting or smalll
lower palatal quite short, or even a transverse, short, abrupt lamella.
Alt. 3.5-4, diam. 2.2-3 mm.
Distribution: Northern Ohio, Michigan, Indiana to Minnesota
and Kansas; seems rather scarce in the first-named States, common
in Kansas. Found, e. g., on sandy dunes on Lake Erie in Ohio.
It is notable and significant that both the columellar and the lower
palatal in this form are of the same shape as in B. contracta, while
in typical armifera they are quite different, yet the latter shows a
tendency to having the peristome continuous, while in affinis its ends
are always apart.
B. a. abbreviata, n. var. Averaging rather small, slight, some-
what fusiform to ovate or cylindro-conical; apex low, conical or
rounded; whorls only 5^-6 (rarely 6^), little convex, with the penul-
timate comparatively broader than in the other forms, the last
rounded at the base, slightly flattened over the palate; color some-
what milky-whitish; surface with a dullish gloss, striae fine and slight;
aperture somewhat small; peristome moderately everted, its ends (in
54 THK NAUTILUS.
mo8t forms) comparatively far apart ; lamellae and plicae : parieto-
angular not or slightly connecting with the peristome, spur small;
columellar rather as in typical armifera, but smaller, slighter; infe-
rior columellar tooth-like, placed obliquely, more constant than in
other forms as to size, shape and position; lower palatal regular but
slight, often rather short; suprapalatal rather constant.
Alt. 3.3—3.8, rarely 4-4.2, diam. 1.9-2.2 mm.; some specimens are
low, almost globular, e. g., alt. 3.2, diam. 2.1 mm.
Numerous specimens seen from Bismarck, N. D.; Eastport, la.
(Missouri River drift); Lincoln, Neb.; Nickerson, Kans.
As B. a. ruidosensis, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell ^ has denoted a
form from New Mexico: "Shell only 4 mm. long, with the two
outer teeth a considerable distance within the aperture." The de-
scription is somewhat meagre, but the variety may stand on its
merits. There are, however, specimens from various places of New
Mexico with the lower palatal plica rather short and rather remote
from the margin, the columellar rather simple and comparatively
small; alt. 3.8-4.2 mm.; they may be of ruidogensit.
The interrelations of these forms will be discussed elsewhere, and
figures given.
B. armifera appeared to be rather well known, being the largest
of the genus, fairly common over a wide territory, and probably the
one best represented in collections. Yet a closer study of its forms
has shown some interesting facts with respect to morphology, phy-
logeny and distribution. As Mr. Clapp expressed it, with a view to
this variation and the externally similar B. clappi : " We can no
longer say that a Bifidaria is simply armifera because it is big and
white."
MOEE NOTES ON THE FAMILY PYRAMIDELLIDJE.
BY PAUL BARTSCH, M. S., PH. D.
In the " American Journal of Science " for June, 1909, pp. 475-
484, Dr. K. J. Bush reviews my paper on the "PyramidellidaB of
New England and the Adjacent Region," and discusses in a general
1 The Nadtilus, XIII, p. 36. The specimen referred to is not at hand, and
I cannot remember exactly what it was. The type is in coll. Acad. Nat.
Sciences.
THE NAUTILUS.
55
way a number of other papers upon the same group published by
Dr. Dall and myself, as well as some of her own and of Prof. Ver-
rill's works upon the family.
In this contribution quite a number of facts are presented, which
are at variance with the data at my disposal. I am forced to pub-
lish the following notes in order that there may be no misunderstand-
ins.
It is a great pity that Dr. Bush did not publish the manuscript
she prepared in 1896. As it is, the MS. names have no standing
and cannot enter into the discussion of the present work.
I was not aware that Dr. Bush was working upon this group at
the time 1 prepared my manuscript, her last publication upon it hav-
ing appeared nine years ago, nor was I aware that Dr. Bush had seen
Mr. Winkley's material, which was incorporated in my report, as
was implied in her review. I wish likewise to disclaim any intended
discourtesy in not acknowledging Dr. Bush's work in my intro-
duction, for I considered both of her papers as extralimital. The
one dealt with Carolinian, Floridian, West Indian and South Amer-
ican species (with a reference to Turhonilla interrupta Totten); the
other with Bermudan forms.
The matter of classification is so fully discussed in the monograph
on the West American Pyramidellidae by Dr. Dall and myself now
going through the press, that I shall not refer to any of the state-
ments concerning it here, but will refer any one interested in the
subject to the forthcoming volume. I will say, however, that
Pyrgostelis (which has no standing) was never used by us, Dr. Bush
notwithstanding, and that Triptychus and Peristichia are Pyramidel-
lid ; they have a sinistral nucleus and columellar folds, the family
characters of the group. Here also I may say that Dr. Bush is in
error when she states that Dr. Dall and myself furnished the text on
the mollusks in Dr. Arnold's paper on the Paleontology and Strati-
graphy of the marine Pliocene alid Pleistocene of California : Mem.
Cala. Acad., Ill, 1903. We contributed only that part which deals
with the Pyramidellidge.
I believe that all of the present differences of opinion could have
been avoided if Dr. Verrill had yielded to my request and had sent
me specimens of what he considered typical representatives of
some of the older species as well as some of those described by him-
self. All of the early collections of northeastern American marine
56 THE NAUTILUS.
invertebrates were placed in Professor Verrill's charge by the U. S.
Bureau of Fisheries for report, and have been in his care until very
recently, when most of them were returned to the custody of the
U. S. National Museum. It would seem only natural that I should
have had specimens for comparison ; first, because they represented
government material reported upon, and, secondly, because when
Miss Bush was at work upon her southern report, Dr. Dall furn-
ished her with cotypes and authentic material as requested, and as
duly acknowledged in her report.
I neither had nor have any desire to enter into a controversy with
any one concerning these old species, the original descriptions of
which in some instances are so poor that it is scarcely possible to re-
fer them to the proper subgenus, and which in most cases might be
applied to almost any member of a subgenus. No types are extant,
some having been burned in the Chicago and Portland fires and
others lost.
There is only one of two ways open in dealing with such names,
viz., to place them as " sedes incertae," or to fix them to some known
species. The latter method was adopted by Prof. Verrill, and I
attempted as far as it was in my power to follow his diclum, the only
logical method under the circumstances.
The subgenus Eulimella will have to be dropped from our New
England list, now that Dr. Bush has been able to show that the two
specimens identified by Prof. Verrill as Eulimella ventricosa Forbes,
are TurboniUa (Ptycheulimella) polita (Verrill) and AcUs tenuis
Verrill. I have seen no specimens of Eulimella from New England,
and quoted it on Dr. Verrill's authority as stated.
Pyramidella [Syriiold) smithii Verrill has only a single fold on the
columella, hence is a Syrnola ; not a Eulimella, which has two folds.
I have seen C. B. Adams' types at Amherst College, and feel no
need of changing my statement regarding Pyramidella (Syrnola)
fusca and producta. I agree with Dr. Bush that they are not typi-
cal Syrnolas ; that is why I placed the ? after Syrnola. It is quite
probable that these two species and /S".? winkleyi may belong to a new
group, but I have refrained from giving it a name until some knowl-
edge of the animal might be obtained.' These are by no means
Odostomias, but are nearest to if not exactly congeneric with Syrnola.
My TurboniUa (TurboniUa) nivea Stimpson, was an acceptance of
Professor Verrill's interpretation of that species. The specimen listed
THE NAUTILUS. 57
as cat. no. 45481 U. S. N. M., from station 949, off Martha's Vin-
yard, 1881, was determined by him, and the others which I listed,
were carefully compared with it and was found absolutely conspecific.
As to Turhonilla (Turbonilla) striata Verrill, I must again say that
I followed Prof. Verrill's dictum ; the 15 specimens listed as cat. no.
62340 U. S. N. M., from Naushon gutters, 1883, were determined
by him, like the 11 entered under cat. no. 203815 U. S. N. M., from
Naushon, 1883, the two last being part of the material recently re-
turned, and the other two lots listed are absolutely conspecific with
these, I am therefore at a loss to understand how I could possibly
have erred in the interpretation of the species.
I have no additional data concerning Turhonilla (Chemnitzia)
aqualis Say.
Turhonilla (^Strioturbonilla) hushiana Verrill, will have to remain in
this subgenus. It falls well within Sacco's definition : " Testa sicut
in Turhonilla (stricto sensu), sed transversim striolae parvillimae
(sub lente vix visibiles) plerumque tantum in spatiis intercostalibus,
interdum etiam supra costas decurrentes saepe suboblitae. Costae lon-
gitudinales basim versus gradatim evanescentes. Costicilla circum-
basalis nulla. Testae basis subrotunda."
Page 481. I shall reserve my judgment regarding Turhonilla
{Pyrgiscus) areolata Verrill, until I have had the opportunity to
make comparisons with the type. I may say, however, that the
afiinity of our specimens are not with Turhonilla {Pyrgiscus) vina,
as suggested by Dr. Bush, but with Turhonilla (Pyrgiscus) elegans
Verrill.
The most interesting part of the whole review comes under the
head " Turhonilla interrupta (Totten) Bush, 1899, pp. 148-151."
Of this species Dr. Bush gives her own interpretation, and empha-
sises her opinion with a figure of what she considers the true " in-
terrupta Totten " — stating that " the specimen described (p. 87),
and figured by Bartsch, unfortunately does not agree with this,
therefore I would distinguish it as Turhonilla pseudointerrupta, new
name."
There is only one fault with Dr. Bush's deductions, namely, that
our figure and description were based upon the same individual which
has served for her figure of typical interrupta. The figured speci-
men from Sta. 770, Narragansett Bay, in 8 fms., dredged in 1880,
is now entered under cat. no. 202889 U. S. N. M. It came to us in
58 THE NAUTILUS.
1907, when a large part of the Bureau of Fisheries collection in
Dr. Verrill's charge was turned over to the U. S. National Museum,
and bears the legend, " Sta. 770, Figured, T. interrupta Totten," in
Dr. Bush's handwriting. The name Turhonilla pseudointerrupta
Bush, is therefore superfluous.
Dr. Bush states that Odostomia bushiana Bartsch, is preoccupied
by Odostomia bushiana Jeffreys, 1884. 1 have been unable to find
any such name. The only reference to bushiana by Jeffries in 1884,
that I know, is to Turbonilla bushiana Verrill.
I am not in position to give any opinion upon what Dr. Bush's
young shell from Woods Holl may be, but I do know that our shell is
an Odostomia belonging to the subgenus lolcea. lolcea, like Menes-
tho, from which it is distinguished by having an umbilicus, is quite
variable in its strength of sculpture. Odostomia (lolcBa) hendersoyii
Bartsch, is neither the type species nor the norm, of lolcea, but comes
well within its definition. It does not belong to the same family to
which Aclis belongs.
A single specimen of Phasianella sulcosa Mighels, was found by
Mighels in Casco Bay. It was described in 1843, Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist., IV, p. 358, PI. XVI, f. 4, and later doubtfully referred to
Rissoella by Stimpson. It is quite probable that it really belongs to
Menestho, the subgenus of Odostomia, which it resembles in sculp-
ture, but no plication is shown or mentioned on the columella, and
nothing is said of the nucleus. The lack of positive data concerning
these characters kept me from referring it to the Pyramidellidfe.
I would be pleased to know upon what grounds Dr. Bush bases
her contention of ihe synonymy of Phasianella sulcosa Mighels, and
Odostomia {Menestho) sulcata Verrill ; for Mighels' description and
figure are entirely different from Professor Verrill's description, and
Dr. Bush's figure of Odostomia (Menestho) sulcata Verrill.
Phasianella sulcosa Mighels, is represented much more inflated
than Odotto7nia (Menestho) sulcataYerr'iW. P. sulcosa Mighels, has
three incised spiral grooves between the sutures on each whorl, and
three or four on the base, while Odostomia (Menestho) sulcata Ver-
rill is represented as having five spiral grooves between the sutures
and nine upon the base. A glance at the two figures alone is enough
to convince one that they are not at all specifically related, and this
deduction is verified by the description. I do not believe that the
author of the latter species would agree to have his species put under
THE NAUTILUS. 59
the synonymy of Mighels' Phasianella. sulcosa. Under these circum-
stances, Odostomia (Menestho) morseana will have to do duty as stated
in my text, p. 104,
I object emphatically to the lumping of Odostomia bisuturalis Say
and 0. trifida Totten, In the 1700 and more specimens that I have
seen, I have no difficulty whatever in distinguishing them. It is true
that trifida sometimes has the three suprasutural grooves poorly de-
veloped, but I have never seen them completely absent, as is the case
with bisuturalis.
I also deny that there is any special relationship between Odos-
tomia (^Menestho) bedequensis and Odostomia (Menestho) impress a Say.
The relationship of Odostomia (Menestho) trifida and Odostomia
(Menestho) trifida bedequensis I believe is parallel to that between
O. (M.) bisuturalis and 0. (M.) bisuturalis ovilensis.
Dr. Bush questions whether I intended to use the word " spiral "
in the fourth line of my description of Odostomia (Menestho) impressa
Say. I did. " Spiral" is correct.
The specimen described and figured by me as Odostomia ( Odosto-
mia) modesta Stimpson, will have to be cited as Odostomia (^Odosto-
mia) gibbosa Bush.
Dr. Bush states (p. 482, last paragraph), " that the shell which
is referred to Odostomia (Odostomia) dealbata Stimpson," is not the
same as fig. 595, given in Binney-Gould, p. 327;" of the latter she
says : " This, as indicated in a marginal note, represents a much
larger and different species, which may be called 0. gotddii, new
name." Unfortunately, the name Odostomia gouldii was used by
Dr. Carpenter in 1865, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., XV., p.
30, for a West American species, and can therefore not serve in the
present instance.
Summing up Dr. Bush's review I must say that nearly all the
questions raised in it could have been settled better by correspond-
ence than by discussion in print. It is somewhat unfortunate that
Dr. Bush should not have published her paper written thirteen
years ago, but I cannot see how this can now be helped. I have given
all my spare time to this group since 1897, and hope, now that the
West Coast is cleared up, to consider the Atlantic side of America.
The field is much larger than any one, who has given it less atten-
tion, would imagine. My card catalogue of described forms contains
somewhere between "2,500 and 3,000 names, including recent and
fossil species.
60 THE NAUTILUS.
NOTES.
ViviPARUS IN Philadelphia — A find which may be of interest
to readers of the Nautilus was made by the undersigned a few
weeks ago near Horticultural Hall in Fairmount Park. The species
was Viviparus contectus (Mill.). It has not before been reported
from Philadelphia, and as far as I know not from the State. The
females were larger than the males and outnumbered them. Most
of the adult females were pregnant. The sex was determined in 14
males and 39 females. In 18 specimens it could not be determined
readily. The specimens are in my own collection and that of the
Academy of Natural Sciences. The lily pond in which they were
collected had just been restocked with plants, and Mr. Pilsbry, to
whom I owe the identification, suggested that the snails had been
introduced on the plants. Two years ago they were unknown in
the same pond. — Joshua T. Baily, Jr.
We have to announce the death, July 28th, at Los Angeles, Cal.,
of Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, in his 82d year. Also, of Mr. William G.
Binney, on July 25th, at his home, 222 East Union St., Burling-
ton, N. J.
FTTBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
A Preliminary List of the Unionid^ of Western Penn-
sylvania, with New Localities for Species from Eastern
Pennsylvania. By Dr. A. E. Ortmann (Annals of the Carnegie
Museum, Vol. V, pp. 178-210, 1909). An interesting review on
the geographical distribution of the Unionida in Pennsylvania.
Some 46 species are recorded from the Ohio River drainage, 17
from the Lake Erie drainage, and 14 from the Atlantic drainage.
The Destruction of the Fresh-water Fauna in Western
Pennsylvania. By Dr. A. E. Ortmann (Proc. Amer. Phil.
Soc, Vol. 48, pp. 90-110, 1909). A paper of general interest to
all zoologists, showing clearly with the aid of a map the great
changes which have taken place in comparatively few years. Situ-
ated in the great oil and coal region, this section has suffered more
than areas where the streams are only polluted by the sewage of the
large towns and cities.
Shells of Maine, a Catalogue of the Land, Fresh-water
AND Marine Shells of Maine. By Norman Wallace Ler-
MOND. An up-to-date list of the shells of Maine, containing 403
species and 38 varieties, with the principal synonymy and their dis-
tribution. The introduction contains a review of the work done by
previous authors and others. Privately printed by the author at
Thomaston, Maine.
The Nautilus.
Vor>. XXIII. OCTOBER, 1909. No. 6
A NEW BEL A FROM FRENCHMAN'S BAY, MAINE.
BY KATHARINE J. BUSH, PH. D.
Bela blaneyi, sp. nov. Fig. 1.
Type locality — South of Egg Rock buoy in about 30 fathoms
mud and gravel, Frenchman's Bay, Maine.
Two dead specimens dredged by Mr. Blaney were recently sent
me for identification. They are of especial interest as they prove to
be unlike any species hitherto known from the American waters.
The only one which they at all resemble is the Bela incisula Verrill
(Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sci3nces,
vol. V, p. 461, pi. xliii, fig. 12 and pi. Ivii, fig. 14, 1882).
Fig. 1. Bela blaneyi.
They differ from that species in having more elongated whorls and
therefore appear more slender. 'I'he ribs are very little raised and
are indicated rather by the deepened interspaces than by being raised
above the general surface level along the shoulder which is roundly
angulated; on some portions of the whorls these ribs blend entirely
62 THE NAUTILUS.
with the sinuous lines of growth. The smaller specimen of four (4)
whorls is destitute of spiral lines, either raised or incised, but the
larger one of five (5) whorls has about fifteen (15) very faint incised
spiral lines on the body whorl commencing well below the shoulder
and are so shallow as to scarcely interrupt the otherwise smooth
surface; there are also occasional faint indications of one or two
spirals just above the suture on the preceding whorl. The one and
one-half (1.5) nuclear whorls are well rounded and apparently
smooth (this may be due to erosion) and regularly coiled. The-
epidermal layer has a delicate yellow tint.
The larger specimen measures 7 mm. in length by 3.5 mm. in
width. The smaller, 5.5 mm. in length by 3 mm. in width.
I take much pleasure in naming the species in the honor of Mr.
and Mrs. Dwight Blaney, of Boston, Mass., and Ironbound Island,
Maine who have long been enthusiastic collectors and students of
New England mollusks and have added much to our knowledge
of the fauna.
Tale University, September, 1909.
LIST OF SHELLS FROM FRENCHMAN'S BAY, MAINE.
BY DWIGHT BLANEY.
The following list of additions to the shell-bearing Mollusks of
Frenchman's Bay, is supplementary to the lists published in 1904
and 1906. (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 28-4U
and Nautilus, Vol. XIX, No. 10, p. 110). The writer is in-
debted to Dr. K. J. Bush and Mr. C. W. Johnson for the identifi-
cation of the various species.
Leda caudata, Loven. One fine specimen.
Odostomia sulcosa (Mighels):= O. sulcata Verrill. (See K. J.
Bush, Am. Journal Sci., Vol. XXVII, p. 475, 1909.)
"We have dredged 20 specimens of this interesting species, the
largest being 4 mm. long. Some with the distinct upturned nucleus
most perfect.
Odostomia dealbata (Stimp.) Six specimens.
Beh, decussnta var. pusilla Verrill. (Trans. Conn. Acad. Vol.
V, 1882, p. 481). A fine series dredged off Egg Rock.
Note. — Among our large series of B. incisula V., we have found
THE NAUTILUS.
63
considerable variation in the longitudinal sculpture, and have been
able to arrange good series of a form without any longitudinal ribs,
which seems worthy of being a good variety ; we have also arranged
a good series of an intermediate form showing numerous ribs which
grade into the typical form as described and figured by Prof. Verrill.
(Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. V, p. 461, pi. xliii, fig. 12.) We have
good examples of the very young of all three forms, showing the sub-
nucular whorls forming the characteristic sculpture.
Bela hlaneyi Bush. Two specimens, one immature and one
adult, (see previous article).
Philine lima (Brown) = P. lineolata Stimp. Two specimens
dredged off Egg Rock, one alive.
Retusa obtusa Montg. var. turrita Moller. Six specimens.
Note We have been able this season to dredge fine specimens,
both valves, of Pecten islandicus (Miiller.), Serripes granlandicvs
-(Gmelin), Panomya norregica (Spengler), Cyrtodaria siliqua
(Chem.), and Gochlodesma leanum (Conrad). Of all of which we
had previously dredged only single valves.
A NEW LAND SHELL FKOM BERMUDA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND E. G, VANATTA.
ZONITOIDES BERMUDENSIS n. sp. Fig. la, b, C, d.
The shell is broadly umbilicate, much depressed, with low convex
spire and rounded periphery, glossy, yellow. First 1^ whorls corn-
eous, smooth, the rest distinctly, rather irregularly striate, the base
a little smoother. Under thi^ compound microscope very faint traces
of minute spiral striae may be seen, chiefly on the uppei* surface.
Whorls 5^, convex, slowly increasing, the last less convex below
than in the peripheral region ; the umbilicus perspective, broadly
open, one-third the total diameter of the shell. Aperture lunate,
wider than high, but not much wider than the umbilicus.
Alt. 2.3, diam. 5.7 mm.; width of umbilicus 1.8, aperture 2 mm.
Church Cave, near Tuckers' Town, Bermuda. Types no, 91,1.)2,
A. N, S, P., collected by Mr, Stewardson Brown, 1905 and 1909.
This species has more whorls and a smaller apex than Z. excavata
(Bean), it is more depressed, the last whorl is less convex beneath,
and the umbilicus is larger. Z. arhorea (Say) has invariably a
64
THE NAUTILUS.
much smaller umbilicus tlian the Bermudian species, which is more
depressed than Z.^itida, with a more open and perspective umbilicus.
This shell is abundant a,t the place mentioned, where it is asso-
ciated with numerous other land shells, most of them native species.
We have been unable to find any foreign species to which this may
be referred. It seems to be indigenous. The generic reference ha&
been verified by examination of the dentition, which has teeth of the
type usual in Zonitoides. There are 6 lateral and about 17 marginal
teeth (fig. \d). The jaw is smooth, with a low median projection
(fig. Ic). We found no dart in the two dried specimens examined^
but this may have been due to their condition.
Fig. 1. Zonitoides bermudensis.
Kaliella turbinata (Gulick).
Euconulus turhinatus Gulick, Proe. A. N. S. Phila., 1904, p.
420, pi. 36, figs. 8, 9, 10.
This species is abundant at Church Cave. An examination of the
radula shows it to be a typical Kaliella. It resembles the Indian
K. fastigiata (Hutton), but is distinct from that and all other known
Indian species, according to Lieut. -Col. Godwin Austen, who kindly
compared specimens with his great series of oriental species.
K. turbinata was described from sub-fossil examples from the
lime-rock quarries. It is therefore not a recent importation; yet
the presence of this oriental genus in Bermuda can hardly be
accounted for except by the supposition of introduction with plants
during the period of human occupation.
THE NAUTILUS.
A NEW RISSOA FROM BERMUDA.
65
BY E. G. VANATTA.
RiSSOA (NODULUS) STEWARDSONI, n. Sp. Fig 1.
The shell is very minute, slightly rimate, thin, pale yellowish
corneous, smooth, slender, regularly tapering from the last whorl to
the very obtuse summit. Whorls 4^, moderately convex. Aper-
ture semi-rotund, subvertical, the peristome continuous, inner margin
nearly straight, the outer regularly curved. Length 1.5, diam. 6.5,
length aperture .55 mm.
Types No. 99041, A. N. S. P., from Fairyland, near Hamilton,
Bermuda, near the shore, collected by Mr. Stewardson Brown, asso-
ciated with Melampus coffea and Jlavus, Leuconia occidentalis Ptr.,
Blauneria, Alexia, Detracia, Pedipes, Oarychium, CcBcilioides, Biji-
daria, Thysanophora, Polygyra microdonta, and many other land
shells.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
This tiny snail has the appearance of the terrestrial genus Acme.
It is apparently a shore shell, as it was not found with any typically
marine forms. It seems to be most closely related to the Medi-
teranean and Adriatic R. epidaurica Brusina, from which it differs
by the more slender contour, more tapering spire and more convex
whorls." R. epidaurica is decidedly more' cylindrical. For com-
parison a figure is given (fig. 2) of a specimen of R. epidaurica re-
ceived from Professor Brusina, from Ragusa, Dalmatia (No. 59,-
898 A. N. S. P.) R. glahrata Muhlf. is more conical than
stewardsoni, with the aperture more rounded.
66 THE NAUTILUS.
DE8CBIPTI0NS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF MUSCULIUM.
BY V. STERKI.
MUSCULIUM WINKLEYI, n. Sp.
Mussel slightly inequipartite, high, well and regularly inflated,
outlines along the valve edges well rounded to subcircular; posterior
part higher and somewhat larger than the anterior, often subtruncate
and with a slight postero-inferior angle; beaks little anterior, rather
narrow, calyculate or plain, prominent; somewhat inclined towards
the anterior; surface distinctly rugulose, dullish or somewhat shining,
with comparatively coarse, sharp, subregular, crowded concentric
striae and some faint, shallow, irregular radial striae; color horn to
grayish or reddish, with one to a few narrow, darker zones along the
lin'is of growth, straw to light yellowish in the young, and in mar-
ginal zones becoming obsolete in old specimens; sliell thin, sul)trans-
lucent to opaque, hinge well curved, slight, cardinal teeth small, thin,
laterals with short cusps; ligament rather short, covered; scutum and
scutellum slightly but distinctly marked, rather long.
Long. 8.5, alt. 7.8, diam. 5.4 mm.
Soft parts not examined.
Habitat: Old Orchard, Me.; vicinity of Danvers, Mass.
M. winkleyi is not a variety or local form of some other species,
but markedly different and decidedly distinct. It has some resem-
blance to forms of M. securis Pr., but is higher, with more rounded
outlines, the hinge margin is more curved, tiie difference of size and
shape between the anterior and posterior parts is less marked; in
securis the posterior part is more truncate and less obliqut'ly so to
the dorso-ventral line. All these differences are especially well
marked in half-grown specimens.
It is somewhat variable: some specimens seen (years ago) from
Old Orchard were 10 and 10.5 mm. long; those seen from Uanvers
are somewhat smaller and slighter, with slighter surface strias, some
of them of a little more angular outlines posteriorly.
The type lot is No. 1396 of my collection of SphcBriidce,'^ from Old
Orchard, Me.,^ collected and sent in 1896 by the Rev. H. W. Wink-
* Now of the Carnegie Museum.
" There is no doubt that specimens from the same place are in various other
collections as M. securis cardissum or as " ?."
THE NAUTILUS.
67
ley, in whose honor the species is named, and who has collected
specimens of ail stages of growth at various places in the vicinity of
Danvers (Nos. 5343, 5355, 5356).
MUSCULIUM PARVUM, n. sp.
Siiell small, inequipartite, oblique, medium inflated ; margins gen-
erally rounded, or with a slightly marked angle at the junction of
the superior margin with the obliquely subtruncate posterior ; anter-
ior part of the mussel much smaller than the posterior ; beak some-
what anterior, little prominent, broad, calyculate or plain (form
aestivalis) ; surface shining, with slight, irregular striae; shell very
thin and fragile, transparent to translucent, colorless to pale corn-
eous ; hinge very slight, cardinal teeth nearly straight longitudinally,
the left posterior above the anterior, which is strongly curved up.
Soft parts colorless (except for the tan of the liver), also the
siphons and mantle edges ; siphons short, very shortly connected
when extended, the branchial wide ; foot strongly folded at the sole,
when emerging.'
Long. 4.7, alt. 4, diam. 2.8 mill, (average).
Habitat : Ohio ; a swamp near Uhrichsville ; also in Stark and
Summit Counties, collected by the writer, 1906-'09. Types no.
5408 of my collection of Sphieriidae.
The first specimens were doubtfully ranged under M. securis Pr.;
but with the latest ones, and their soft parts, it became evident that
they are distinct ; they are smaller, the superior margin is less
curved, the posterior is more rounded and more oblique, the surface
shining, the shell colorless, while in securh it is generally yellow ;
the siphons are mucli shorter and very shortly connected, colorless;
in securis they are yellow to orange or salmon or reddish. — M. sphar-
icum Anth., so far as known,'^ is larger, the beaks are narrow and
much more prominent.
^This may not be a specific feature.
2 The two specimens (four loose valves, the third in the lot is a young
Spkserium occidentale Pr.), in the T. Prime collection, No. 10 (conf. 1895 cata-
logue) and ranged under securis, are hardly suflficient for establishing a species ;
the one in the National Museum, No. 11612, is rather difiFerent ; in the Anthony
collection no specimens were found.
68 THK NAUTILUS.
ON COLLECTING.
BY REV. HENRY W. AVINKLEY.
" I wish I had my life to live over again " is a frequent expression.
The writer has no such desire, but I could have done better work
formerly if I had had the experience, and I wish I could give my
experience to others.
Dr. Sterki has in a recent article in the Nautilus, mentioned
some methods of work. A visit from that veteran worker a few
months ago was of great help to me. As a result I have collected
more materials this year than I have in any half-dozen years
formerly. My outfit is simple. Rubber boots, a net of scrim, frame
of steel wire so made that there is one foot straight as a scaping sur-
face, a bamboo pole in two joints. A large sieve of fine grain, small
bags of kakki and one or two jars. All can be carried on a bicycle.
With this outfit I have gone from my home on trips lasting from one to
two hours, and returned with from one to two thousand specimens of
Pisidium, Planorbis, Amnicola, etc. The same outfit serves for much
of the marine work. The importance of "when you're gittin, git"
is realized when one returns with one or two thousand specimens and
finds two or three very rare forms among them. Mud is my delight
in fresh or salt water. It is swarming with life. Eel grass is
another rich field. Dip and sift dry and examine with a lens; the
tiny chaps are easily overlooked.
Our work is a labor of love, many of our best collectors have
limited means, often limited time. Though the writer has at times
employed a sail boat for dredging, and results have been excellent,
all the new species turned up in New England during the last twenty
years, have been obtained either by trips on foot or from a row boat.
It requires hard work to dredge from a row boat, but it can be done.
Rare species of Pyramidellidae have all been obtained in that way,,
but don't be afraid of mud. A list of Prince Edwards Island species,
some new — others not before known in Canadian waters has proved
a valuable contribution. I never was anywhere near that island.
The materials all came from mud washed from the oyster shells,
miles away from their home. At present the writer is busy with
marine mud in a sheltered bay. Reports will come later, but rare
forms with one species that may prove new, are already before me»
New England needs more workers, and it is full of surprises, espe-
THE NAUTILUS.
69
cially when one considers how much can be found with a simple
outfit, and a few ounces of energy. No doubt the same is true of
the whole country. A person once said to the writer "your hobby
is the most fascinating I know. Every one admires shells." Per-
fectly true, but far too many are afraid of mud. I don't know of
any success without a bit of the disagreeable work.
THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF ALDABRA.
BY MAXWELL SMITH.
Mr. E. Dupont, who is now residing at Hell Bourg, Reunion, has
been fortunate in obtaining specimens and information of this group.
The Aldabra Islands are situated in the Indian Ocean to the north
of Madagascar and between the Conoro and Mascarene groups. Not
many years ago the land moUusca of Aldabra were unknown, in fact
not a single species had been recorded from the islands. Mr. Dupont
writes me as follows. Aldabra was visited by an American, Dr. W.
L. Abbott, in 1892, who published an account of the birds in the
Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum for 1895.
The island was visited by a German, Dr. Vodtykon in 1895, ac-
counts of which were published. I do not think that these mention
land shells. In September, 1906 my cousin, Mr. R. Dupont, Cura-
tor of the Botanical Station at Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles, investi-
gated these islands on behalf of the Seychelles government. He
collected the shells which I now send to you.
At last, quite recently an English naturalist, Mr. Fryers, has
been staying there during several months; to complete the geological
observations made by Prof. Sardina, on the separation of the islands
in the Indian Ocean.
So now the natural productions of this island, which was for long
a terra incognita, will now be fairly known. Judging from the shells,
it has more affinities with the Comoro Islands than with the Mas-
carene.
The shells known are as follows:
Ennea sp. Grande Terre. The Picard. lies Vertes. Closely
allied to the common E. dentiens. May prove to be new.
Kaliella aldabraensis, n. sp. To be described by Col. Godwin
Austin.
70 THE NAUTILUS.
Rachis aldabrce Mart, A beautiful shell of the Comoro type.
The most common of all the species from Aldabra. Mostly found
on Picard Island. 200 metres from the sea.
Succinea mascarensi's? Nevill. Larger and more strongly striated
than the Mascarene specimens.
Assiminea sp. Perhaps A, hidnlgoi Gass.^ granum Morelet.
Grande Terre. The Picard. lies Vertes.
Cyclostoma sp. Plain e Cubi. A Liga fella or Otopoma. It seems
to be a new species, but too much worn for description. Better
specimens came in Sardina's collection.
TruncatellavalidaVir. Grande Terre. The Picard. lies Vertes,
Isidora sp. Perhaps /. forskali Chr. = Pliysa cernica Morelet.
from Mauritius. The presence of this fresh-water shell at Aldabra is
very curious, the only spot provided with fresh water being a spring
at Tata maca.
DE. K. E. C. STEARNS.
Dr. Robert Edwards Carter Stearns died at Los Angeles,
Cal., July 27, in his eighty-third year. He was a native of Boston,
Mass., a son of Charles Stearns, and was born February 1, 1827.
He was educated in the schools of his native city, followed by a
K-ourse of mercantile training, and from his earliest years evinced a
deep love of nature, fostered by his father, with whom similar tastes
led to a degree of comradeship in rambles and hunting expeditions
which he always remembered with appreciation. The boy had an
unusual artistic ability, and though his early avocations were services
in a bank and on a farm, when only twenty-two years of age he
painted a panorama of the Hudson River from the mouth of the
Mohawk to Fort William, which he exhibited with much success.
He turned his attention to mining, explored the coal fields of southern
Indiana, and in 18o4 was appointed resident agent of several co[)per
mines in northern Michigan on Lake Superior. In 1858 he went
to California, where he became a partner in the large printing estab-
lishment of a brother-in-law of his wife, in San Francisco. This
firm published the Pacific Methodist, a weekly religious paper, and
in the troubled times preceding the Civil War the reverend editor
of this journal was obliged to visit the East. Stearns was requested
to fill this place during his absence. The fate of California hung in
the balance ; many of the immigrants from the Southern States urged
DR R. E. C. STEARNS
THE NAUTILUS. 71
independence for that territory when hostilities broke out. Stearns
took the responsibility of making his paper an enthusiastic advocate
of the Union cause, and to this call and the eloquence of Thomas
Starr King, old Californians believed, the decision of the people to
stand by the Union in that struggle was due in no small degree.
Through the influence of Justice Field, Stearns was appointed
deputy clerk of the Supreme Court of California in 1862, a post
which he resigned in the following year to accept the secretaryship
of the State Board of Harbor Commissioners, which he was obliged
to resign some years later on account of ill health. Coming to the
East, he made one of a party, comprising beside himself the late Dr.
William Stimpson and Col. Ezekiel Jewett, for the exploration of
the invertebrate fauna of southwestern Florida, during which large
collections were made for the Smithsonian Institution. He returned
to California, and in 1874 was elected secretary to the University of
California, being the business executive of that institution under the
presidency of the late Dr. Daniel C. Gilman. He served in this
capacity for eight years with great approval, and when ill health
again obliged him to retire from service, the University, as expressive
of their sense of his services to the cause of education in California
and in recognition of his scientific attainments, conferred upon him
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Returning to the East aftisr
the death of Mrs. Stearns, he was engaged in researches for the U. S.-
Fish Commission in 1882, was appointed paleontologist to the U. S.
Geological Survey by Major Powell in 1884, and assistant curator
of moUusks in the National Museum by Professor Baird. His col-
lection of mollusca was acquired by the Museum. Age and infirmity
obliged him to return to the more genial climate of California in
1892, where he settled in Los Angeles, continuing, as his strength
permitted, his researches into the malacology of the Pacific coast.
He married, March 28, 1850, Mary Anne Libby, daughter of Oliver
Libby of Boston, and is survived by a daughter.
Dr. Stearns was an earnest student of mollusks from boyhood; his
early experience led him to interest himself in horticulture and land-
scape gardening, and his ability in this line is attested by the beauty
of the University grounds at Berkeley, which were developed under
his superintendence. His knowledge of the Pacific coast mollusca
was profound, and a long list of papers on this topic and on the
shells of Florida was the result. He also contributed many papers-
72 THE NAUTILUS.
on various branches of horticulture and gardening to the California
periodicals devoted to this subject. He was an enthusiastic supporter
of the California Academy of Sciences in its early days, and after
the earthquake of 1868, when disaster threatened the Society, he,
with Professor J. D. Whitney and a few other friends, stood between
it and dissolution. He was a member of numerous scientific societies
at home and abroad, and of the Sons of the Revolution.
Dr. Stearns was a man of sanguine temperament, with a lively
sense of humor and high moral character. His reading was wide,
his learning never obtrusive, his interest in art, literature and all
good causes intense. He was a staunch friend and. for a righteous
object, ever ready to sacrifice his own material interests. His ser-
vices to Californian science will keep his memory green.
Wm. H. DauL.
LUDWIG RUDOLPH SOPHUS BERGH.'
Dr. Bergh was born in Copenhagen, October 15, 1824, and died
in the same city July 20, 1909. Dr. Bergh for many years stood at
the head of the small group of malacological anatomists, devoting
himself especially to the Opisthobranchiata and particularly to the
Nudibranchiata. His published works on these animals form a small
library and a mine of detailed information. The chief results of this
unremitting labor are summed up in a large quarto in which he
gives a complete systematic arrangement for these animals. Besides
this contribution to the knowledge of molluscan anatomy he published
several valuable memoirs on other groups of mollusks, an especially
notable instance being a fine memoir on the anatomy of the genus
Conus. He was largely concerned with the publication of the great
posthumous series of quartos detailing the results of the researches
in eastern seas by Carl Semper, who was his intimate friend. In
medicine also his publications, based on the treatment of thousands
of hospital patients, took a high rank.
Personally, Dr. Bergh was most genial and agreeable in manner,
ever ready to help younger students, or serve as cicerone to foreign
colleagues visiting his beloved Copenhagen. Hospitable and un-
pretentious, a staunch friend and untiring student, his death leaves
a gap in the ranks of the veterans which we may hardly hope to see
filled, and a memory which those who knew him will cherish long.
1 Abridged from the obituary notice by Dr. Wm. H. Ball (Science, XXX,
p. 304, Sept. 3, 1909).
THE NAUTILUS, XXIIl.
PLATE VI.
BEAR LAKE, CALIFORNIA.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XXIII. NOVEMBER, 1909. No. 6
THE KNOWN MOLLUSCA OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.
BY S. S. BEKKY.
In li,2;ht of the fact that accurate data bearing on the geographical
distribution of Californian land and fresh-water mollusca are still few
and far l)etween, it seems best to publish such items as may be
accumulated from time to time, and in this connection the following
notes (the result of several years desultory observation) may be of
interest.
The district under present consideration comprises one of the
largest, if not the largest, counties in the United States, being more
than equal in area to any one of a number of our smaller States. By
far the greater portion of its area is swallowed up by the vast Mojave
and Colorado Deserts, and even at this late date is still almost an
absolute terra incognita so far as the mollusca are concerned. Of
necessity, therefore, the present paper treats almost exclusively of
the extreme southwestern corner of the county alone, namely, the
so-called San Bernardino Valley, with the adjacent San Gabriel and
San Bernardino Ranges of mountains which confine it on the north
and shut it off from the desert and the remainder of the county.
Even for this circumscribed distric^t, the present list makes no pre-
tensions to completeness, but is offered merely as a resume of our
present knowledge, with the hope that it may lead to further investi-
gation. Doubtless more than one interesting form still awaits its
discovery by some diligent collector, especially in the mountain reg-
ions (see Nautilus XXI, p. 121, and below).
It is interesting to note that the above-mentioned valley is practi-
74 THE NAUTILUS.
cally the only portion ot the entire county which drains directly into
the Pacific, and that, thanks to the fertile character of its soil and
the water available for its irrigation from the neighboring mountains,
almost the whole population of the county is concentrated here,
notably in the cities of Redlands, San Bernardino, Ontario, Chine,
and Colton. All are garden spots, and by the unwitting agency of
man most of them have come to possess a fairly extensive molluscan
fauna, many species of alien origin being now far more numerous
than any of the native forms.
There have been few previous records for any of the localities of
the region. Binney ['85] gives one or two species as being found in
the county, but at least one of his records is without doubt erroneous.
Stearns ['93] is the next author to report on specimens from our area,
and his records are about all we have from the great desert region.
The few records since that time are listed at the end of this paper.
My thanks are due to Dr. R. H. Tremper, of Ontario, who has
generously supplied me with numerous specimens and data regarding
the fauna of his immediate neighborhood. Practically all of his
records are new and very interesting. I am also under obligations
to Miss Nina G. Spaulding, of Redlands, whose enthusiastic eflForts
have aided not a little in increasing our knowledge. Data supplied
through her or through Dr. Tremper are so noted by the use of
their initials. I am also indebted to Mr. oanford B. Dole, of River-
side, for the use of the accompanying photograph.
List of Species.
Helix aspersa Mtiller. Occasional around greenhouses at Red-
lands, but evidently not yet thoroughly at home.
Epiphragmophora traski (Newcomb). " Under dry leaves in
small foothill canon near Ontario " [R. H. T.] ; also in San Antonio
Canon, two miles from mouth, elevation 2500 feet [R. H. T., April
4, 1908] ; under leaves, Stoddard's Canon, elevation 2500 feet
[R. H. T., 1909].
This coast species apparently just enters the county as I have not
encountered it even in the upper end of the San Bernardino Valley.
Epiphragmophora tudiculata (W. G. Binney). Men tone, under
hedges ; Highland, by the roadside after a rain ; Arrowhead, Hot
Springs ; San Bernardino and vicinity ; greenhouse in same city
[R. H. T.] ; Ontario, under stones and woodpiles [R. H. T., 1908-
THE NAUTILUS. 75
1909] ; also southeast of Ontario, some seven miles from tlie foot-
hills [R. H. T., March, 1909] ; Frankish Canon, under stones, alti-
tude 2500 feet [R. H. T., April 1, 1908] ; at mouth of Stoddard's
Canon, at same elevation, under stones [R. H. T., 1909],
Specimens found by Dr. Tremper in January, 1908, in an orange
grove at Ontario are particularly beautiful examples of the species,
some showing a curious tendency toward albinism.
Vallonia pulchella (Miiller). Redlands, common in greenhouses
[S. S. B., 1903, '04, '06, '08J.
Vertigo occidentalis Sterki. Bluff" Lake, altitude 7,550 feet,
1907 (one specimen only) [S. S. B.] ; in 1908 quite common in
spots in the big Bluff Lake cienaga, in the cienaga just north, and
along the " New England Trail," altitude 7,500 feet ; also a few
specimens in a cienaga west of Green Valley, altitude 6,900 feet
[S, S. B.]. Many more specimens were sent from Bluff Lake dur-
ing the present summer by Miss N. G. Spaulding.
Evidently an abundant species in the more Alpine regions of the
San Bernardino Mountains, and I suspect that this or a closely
allied form will also turn up in similar localities in the neighboring
San Gabriel and San Jacinto Ranges.
Vertigo sp. Another form occurs with V. occidentalis in the
neighborhood of Bluffs Lake [S. S. B., Aug., 1908 ; N. G. S., Aug.,
1909].
Vertigo rowelli (Newcomb). San Bernardino [Binney, '85, p.
156]. At best a doubtful record.
Vitrina alaskana Dall. San Bernardino Mountains — a common
species at Bluff Lake and vicinity [S. S. B., Aug., 1907, Aug.,
1908 ; N. G. S., Aug., 1909] ; cienaga west of Green Valley [S. S.
B., July, 1908]. Especially abundant under willow trees at the
edges of a meadow.
Vitrea cellaria (Miiller). In greenhouses, Redlands [S. S. B.,
1904-'08].
Euconulus fulvus (Miiller). Cienaga west of Green Valley [one
specimen, S. S. B., July, 1908]. Altitude 6,900 feet. Bluflf Lake
Meadow (altitude 7,550 feet) and the neighboring cienages [S. S.
B., Aug., 1907, Aug., 1908 (abundant); N. G. S., Aug., 1909
(abundant)]. Near mouth of Mill Creek Canon [one specimen in
drift, S. S. B., July, 1908]. Forest Home, altitude 5,200 feet, a
colony of about 20 live individuals found by the writer under sticks
on the bank of Mill Creek, June 12, 1909.
76 THE NAUTILUS.
"San Gorgonio Pass" [Binney, '85, p. 68]. The exact locality
of Binney 's specimens is doubtful, but not of great importance as
this is evidently a commorj mountain species, occurring throughout
the San Bernardino Range. I have as yet seen no specimens from
the San Gabriels.
Zonitoides orea (Say). Mouth of Stoddard's Canon, near
Ontario, under leaves [U. H. T., 1909]. Redlands, in greenhouses
[S. S. B., 1904-1908]. Bluff Lake [S. S. B., 1907] ; Bluff Lake
and cienaga just north [S. S. B., Aug., 1908 — ten specimens] ;
several specimens, same locality [N. G. S., Aug., 1909].
Zonitoides milium (Morse). Greenhouse, Redlands, one specimen
[S. S. B., 1904].
Zonitoides minuscula (Binney). Greenhouse, Redlands [S. S.
B., 1904].
Limax maximus Linnaeus. Redlands, in greenhouses in 1904
[S. S. B.] ; now abundant about houses and in yards everywhere.
Reported from same locality by Bartsch ['04, p. 12].
Ontario [R. H. T., 1908, 1909]. The last specimens sent me by
Dr. Tremper were the most light-colored of the species I have seen
in California.
Limax Jlavus Linnaeus. Redlands, with L. maximus [S. S. B.,
1904].
Fyramidula cronkhitei C^t^w comb). Cienaga, north of Bluff Lake
Meadow, San Bernardino Mountains, altitude 7,500 feet [S. S. B.,
16 specimens, Aug., 1908 ; N. G. S., Aug., 1909, abundant].
Punctum ccdifornicum Pilsbry. Occasional in Bluff Lake Meadow
under sticks [S. S. B., Aug., 1908] ; Cienaga, north of Bluff
Lake, altitude 7,500 feet, not rare [8. S. B., Aug., 1908 ; N.
G. S., Aug., 1909]. Being in doubt as to whether these specimens
were correctly referred to this species, examples were sent to Mr.
Bryant Walker, who confirmed the identification.
Punctum conspectum (Bland). Near Green Valley, San Ber-
nardino Mountains, altitude 6,900 feet, 3 specimens [S. S. B., July,
1908] ; Bluff Lake, one specimen [S. S. B., Aug., 1908].
Succinea oregonensis Lea. Lower end of the big Cienaga at
Bluff Lake along the "New England Trail," 18 specimens [S. S.
B., Aug., 1908] 13 specimens [N. G. S., Aug., 1909].
Lymncea palustris (Miiller). Bear Lake, altitude 6,700 feet, San
Bernardino Mountains, abundant [S. S. B., 1907, 1908].
THE NAUTILUS. 77
Lymncta palusiris nuttalliana (Lea). Creek and swamp at Bluff
Lake, altitude 7,000 feet, abundant [R. D. Williams, 1905 ; S. S.
B., 1907, 1908 ; N. G. S., 1909]. These specimens very uniform
in appearance. Bear Lake, intergrading with typical (?) palustris,
common [R. H. T., Aug., 1902 ; S. S. B., Aug., 1907, 1908].
Lymnaa humilis modicella (Say). On flower pots in greenhouses,
Redlands, abundant [S. S. B., 1904-'08].
Lymnaa caperata Say. A single very juvenile specimen col-
lected by Dr. Tremper in a pool in San Antonio Creek, 2 miles from
mouth [April 4, 1908], was identified as this species by Mr. F. C.
Baker.
Lymnaa hulimoides Lea. Mojave River, near Daggett [Stearns,
'93].
Physa gyrina (Say) ? Redlands, in irrigating ditches; Garlick
Springs [Stearns, '93] ; Daggett [Stearns, '93].
I suspect that most if not all the Southern California records of
P. gyrina need re-examination, and the above will more than likely
prove to be varieties of P. virginea Gould.
Physa lordi Baird. Artificial pond, Ontario, the water of which
comes from Hermosa Canon [R, H. T.]. Specimens of this fine
large species were sent to Mr. F. C. Baker, who agrees with me in
referring them to P. lordi.
Physa virginea Gould. Ditches and reservoirs in Redlands,
common [S. S. B., 1907, 1908].
Physa virginea traski Lea. Main irrigating ditch of Ontario,
near mouth of San Antonio Canon, altitude 2,200 feet [R. H. T.].
Physa cooperi Tryon. Watering trough in City Creek Canon,
San Bernardino Mountains [S. S. B., Aug., 1907, July, 1908];
Bear Lake, altitude 6,700 feet [S. S. B., Aug., 1907-'08].
Physa politissima Tryon. Bear Lake, altitude 6,700 feet, not
uncommon [S. S. B., 1907, 1908].
Dr. Pilsbry, to whom I sent "specimens of this and the preceding
species, and to whom I owe their determinations, wrote as follows :
"It should be said that the synonymy of West Coast Physas has never
been worked up, and the ultimate names which will be used cannot
now be decided, but your specimens correspond closely to the type
lots ot the forms mentioned, whether these be species or varieties."
Planorhis trivolvis Say. England's Park, Redlands ; swamp
and creek at Bluff Lake [S. S. B., 1907, 1908; R. D. Williams,
78 THE NAUTILUS,
1905] ; Bear Lake [R. H. T., 1902 ; S. S. B., 1907, 1908] ; Dag-
gett [Stearns, '93].
Planorhis parvus Say. Mojave River, near Daggett [Stearns,
'93]; Swamp at Bluff Lake [S. S. B., 1907, 1908]; Bear Lake
[S. S. B., 1907, 1908].
The specimens from Bear Lake were identified by Dr. Dall as P.
vermiciilaris Gould, They certainly have a slightly different aspect
from the Bluff Lake specimens, but I doubt if they are distinct.
Paludestrina stearnsiana Pilsbry. Rill near mouth of Mill
Creek Canon, San Bernardino Mountains, very abundant in July,
1908 [S, S. B,], but a rather hasty search in the same locality one
year later did not yield a specimen.
Mountain Home Creek, San Bernardino Mountains, altitude
3,600 feet [S, S. B., July 11, 1909].
[^Paludestrina protea Gould. In numerous collections I have seen
large series of this species in a subfossil condition which were dis-
tributed some years ago by an unknown collector as from the " Mo-
jave Desert," They are probably from San Bernardino County, so I
record them here, although " Colorado Desert" may have been what
the label meant. As the species is known to exist in Inyo and
Riverside Counties, it may reasonably be expected to turn up in the
living condition in this county as well.]
[ Valvata lewisii Currier. San Bernardino Mountains, Cal.
[fide Dall, '05, p. 123 ; also see Walker, '06, p. 26].
I have not seen any of Dall's specimens, but I have no doubt
whatever that they really represent not V. lewisii, but the following
form :]
Valvata humeralis californica Pilsbry. Swamp at Bluff Lake,
altitude 7,550 feet [S. S. B., Aug., 1907, 1908; N. G. S., Aug.,
1909 — not very abundant].
Bear Lake, altitude 6,700 feet, the type locality [S. S. B,, Aug.,
1907, 1908].
For this form beside the references given above under V. lewisii,
see Berry, '08, p. 122, and Pilsbry, '08, p. 82.
Anodonta californiensis (Lea) var. Chino Creek. S. of Ontario
[R. H, T„ 1908],
Musculium raymondi (J. G. Cooper). Swamp and creek at Bluff
Lake, large and abundant in 1905 [R. D. Williams] ; very common
but small in 1907 [S. S. B.] ; more rare in 1908 [S. S. B.] and
1909 [N. G. S.] ; apparently being replaced by the following species.
THE NAUTILUS. 79
Pisidium californicum (Newcomb ?). Swamp and creek at Bluff
Lake, common in 1907 [S. S. B.], abunrlant in 1908 [S. S. B.], and
1909 [N. G. S.].
Pisidium ashmuni Sterki. Swamp at Bluff Lake [S. 8. B.,
1907]. Identified by Dr. Sterki.
Specimens of Pisidia have also been found in Kid Creek, San
Bernardino Mountains [N. G. S., Aug., 1909], and in Mill Creek at
Forest Home, altitude 5,200 feet [S. S. B., July, 1908], but have
not as yet been determined by Dr. Sterki.
BiBLIOGUAPHY.
Bartsch, Paul. Limax maximus L. in California. Nautilus,
XVIII, p. 12, May, 1904.
Berry, S. S. Molluscan Fauna of the San Bernardino Moun-
tains, California. Nautilus, XXI, p. 121, March, 1908.
BiNNEY, W. G. A Manual of American Land Shells. Bull.
U. S. N. M., No. 28, 1885.
Dall, W. H. Alaska — Land and Fresh Water Mollusks. Harr.
Alaska Exp., Vol. XIII, N. Y., 1905.
Grinnell, Joseph. Biota of the San Bernardino Mountains.
Univ. Cal., 1909.
PiLSBRY, H. A. Notes on Plate XI. Nautilus, XXI, p. 133,
April, 1908. Valvata humeralis californica, n. subsp. Nautilus,
XXII, p. 82, Dec, 1908.
Stearns, R. E. C. S. Report on the Land and Fresh-Water
Shells Collected in California and Nevada by the Death Valley Ex-
pedition, Including a Few Additional Species Obtained by Dr. C.
Hart Merriam and Assistants in Parts of the Southwestern United
States. N. Amer. Fauna, No. 7 (U. S. Dept. Agric), May, 1893.
Sterki, Victor. A New Californian Vertigo. Nautilus,
XXI, p. 90, Dec, 1907.
Walker, Bryant. Notes on Valvata. Nautilus, XX, p. 25,
July, 1906.
80 THE NAUTILUS.
RANGE OF LYMN^A UMBILICATA,
BY FRANK C. BAKEK.
This recently recognized and very distinct species has been re-
ported from a number of rather widely separated localities. Its
range would seem to be from Ontario and Northern Maine west to
southeastern Michigan and soutii to New Jersey. It has doubtless
been identified as humilis and will be found in many collections
under this all embracing name. L. umbilicata is not a race of L.
cubensis, as suggested by Mr. Walker, but a distinct species, the
radula having tricuspid laterals where those of cubensis are bicuspid.'
The known records are as follows :
United States.
Connecticut: Small stream emptying into Farniington River,
Unionville, Hartford Co. (Baker).
Maine: Buckfield, Oxford Co. (J. A. Allen); Woodland, Aroos-
took Co. (Nylander) ; Fox Island, Penobscot River, Knox Co.
(Jackson).
Massachusetts: New Bedford, Bristol Co. (Adams); Brook near
Caboi's Park, Newton ; Charles River above Watertown, Middle-
sex Co. (Baker) ; Swampscott, near Lynn, Essex Co. (Tufts) ;
Southborough, Worcester Co. (Bos. See, N. H.); Salem, Essex Co.
(True); Essex Co. (Russell); Westfield. Hampden Co. (Smith.
Coll.).
Michigan: Otter Lake, Lapeer Co. (Walker).
New Jersey: Drainage ditches east of Burlington, Burlington
Co. (Baker ; Pilsbry).
Neio York: Maplewood Park, Rochester, Monroe Co.; South end
Cayuga Lake, near Ithaca, Tompkins Co. (Baker); Charlotte Lake,
Columbia Co. Lea).
Rhode Island: The Fountain, Pawtucket, Providence Co. (H.
F. Carpenter); Rhode Island (Walker).
British America.
Ontario: Ottawa, Carleton Dist. (Heron); Carleton Co. (Walker).
' See Mr. Walker's excellent article in Ottawa Nat., XXII, page 89, for the
distinguishing characteristics of L. umbilicata.
THE NAUTILUS. 81
THE MOLLUSCA OF DOUGLAS COUNTY, KANSAS. GASTEROPODA.
BT G. DALLAS HANNA.
As one travels westward from the Mississippi River, the gradual
diminution of the forest growths is very apparent. Tracts of tim-
ber get smaller and smaller and the trees become more stunted in
growth until when the middle of Kansas is reached there are only a
few cottonwoods, confined to a narrow belt along the banks of
streams. Eastern Kansas is then a transition zone, where the tim-
bered regions of the east fade gradually into the vast semi-arid
plains of the southwest.
A botanical condition such as this is bound to have a very great
influence upon a group of animals as closely associated with vegeta-
ble growths as the land moUusks are. We find some species — as
the majority of the Polygyras for instance — extending only as far
west as the trees go. Moisture and shade are requisites to their
existence, and we find them becoming rarer in direct proportion to
the decrease in vegetation. They have migrated westward just as
fast but no faster than the trees.
And on the other hand there are some species of the plains area
which do not extend appreciably into the timbered regions. On the
border-line then, as we would expect, we find an intermingling of
the two faunas.
Douglas County is a typical border county. Trees exist in little
patches here and there but are mostly confined to the near vicinity
of streams. MoUusks are not plentiful and generally distributed,
but are addicted to living in colonies in the patches of trees.
Among the most important tracts of timber conchologically is
Blue Mound, situated six miles southeast of Lawrence. This little
hill wliich rises two hundred and fifty feet above the river flood
plain, supports an excellent growth of small trees. Under the dead
leaves and loose stones the small snails are to be found more abund-
ant than any place else in the county.
The outcropping limestone ledges furnish several species which
belong in general to the southwestern plains fauna. Bulimulus
dealbatus, Vallonia parvula, Bifidaria procera and Zonitoides
singleyana, are abundant in some such localities where there are no
trees for miles.
Localities i'avorable for fresh-water snails are rare. The only
82 THE NAUTILUS.
bodies of standing water in the county are small, and with one or
two exceptions are artificial ponds. Horseshoe Lake and Lake
View are natural basins but both are small and contain but few
moUusks. The small streams emptying into the Kansas River con-
tain a few shells very locally distributed. The River is too sandy
for these animals.
The family Ancylidce seems not to have a representative in these
waters.
Very little collecting previous to 1908 has ever been done in
Douglas County. Polygyra m. chadwicki, a dentate variety of
Polygyra multilineata was described by Ferriss in the Nautilus for
August, 1907, from specimens collected along the Kansas River at
Lawrence. Aside from this one reference I have never found the
shells of this county alluded to. Therefore I append the following
list, based upon two years' collecting in which the entire county has
been thoroughly searched. Probably not many more species will be
collected. Four or five are withheld from this list because of un-
certain identification.
Dr. V. Sterki has examined the Piipidce, and Mr. F. C. Baker,
the Lymneas, to both of whom I am very grateful.
Polygyra profunda Say.
Polygyra albolabris alleni Wetherby.
Polygyra multilineata Say.
Polygyra multilineata chadwicki Ferriss.
Polygyra divesta Gould. A single specimen found in drift along
the Kansas River at Lawrence.
Polygyra clausa Say. With the exception of P. profunda and P.
albolabris alleni, which range into Shawnee County on the west,
Douglas County marks the extreme western range of the Mesodons.
All the species are rare in this locality, and are found on the north-
ern shaded slopes of hillsides which have limestone outcropping.
Polygyra dorfeuilliana Lea. Dead shells were found under condi-
tions such that the species must be living here.
Polygyra monodon Rackett. This form lives on Blue Mound.
Polygyra fraterna Say. The common Polygyra of Kansas.
Found everywhere.
Polygyra fraterna aliciee Pilsbry. Occasionally found with P.
fraterna.
{To be continued.)
THE NADTILUS,
83
NOTES.
Suckers from the Big Squid. — On visiting Provincetown in
August I made inquiries regarding the Giant Squid taken the last
of March, 1909, off Highland, Truro, Mass., and mentioned in The
Nautilus for July, 1909. I was unfortunate in not securing the
beaks which had been thrown away, but I saw the 7^ foot tentacle,
which was preserved in dry salt. I obtained the cartilage of one of
the suckers, and, with permission from the owner, cut off one of the
suckers about mid way on the tentacle. As this is the only speci-
men taken in Massachusetts I have thought it might be of sufficient
interest to the readers of The Nautilus for me to give sketches to
show the shape of this cartilage and the curious arrangement of the
serration of the margin.
Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 are different views of the cartilage of one speci-
men, while Figs. 5 and 6 are the views of a sucker cut from the
middle of the tentacle. All figures are magnified twice.
The tentacle is now in the possession of a gentleman in Province-
town, Mass J. Henry Blake.
HoMALOGTRA ATOMUS IN Rhode Island In a recent number
of the Nautilus I mentioned the discovery of Homalogyra atomus
on the New England coast at Hampton, N. H. It was first disco vs
ered by Philippi in Sicily; since then it has been found in other
parts of the Mediterranean, Norway, England and France, but this
is the first time it has been recorded on this side of the Atlantic.
Miss M. W. Brooks has lately found this species in shell sand, from
84 THE NAUTILUS.
Newport, R. 1. Its occurrence north and south of Cape Cod in-
dicates a somewhat wide distribution of the species — Edwakd S.
Morse.
Joseph F. Whiteaves.' — Dr. Joseph Frederick Whiteaves, the
distinguished Palaeontologist of the Canadian Geological Survey,
died on the 8th of August, 1909, after an illness of several months.
Dr. "Whiteaves was born in Oxford, England, in 1835, and first
came to this country in 1861 on a short visit, returning the following
year to make his residence in Montreal, Canada, where for twelve
years he was officially connected with the Montreal Natural History
Society. In 1876 he was appointed Palaeontologist of the Geologi-
cal Survey to succeed the late Mr. E. Billings.
His works on the palaeozoic and mesozoic fossils of Canada are
monumental, and the broad scope of his work both in palaeontology
and zoology can only lie appreciated by a perusal of his numerous
papers which number nearly 150, in which over 450 new genera,
species and varieties are described.
Dr. Whiteaves was of a generous and kindly disposition, always
ready to aid and impart information. He was an ideal type of a
man imbued with the professional spirit, striving for the Ijest results,
not satisfied with half measure, and ever urged on by the love of his
work.
Miss J. E. LiNTER We regret to announce the death of Miss
J. E. Linter which occurred on August 30, 1909, at Twick(^nham,
England. Her valuable collection of shells will be offered (as a
legacy, on condition that it is accessible to the [tublic) to the Exeter
Museum.
We learn with regret of the death, September 26th, of Professor
Anton Dohrn, the founder and director of the Zoological Station at
Naples.
Messrs. Ferriss and Daniels are exploring the Kaibab and
Kanab plateaus for shells and ferns. In this little-known country
north of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, they report beautiful
scenery, a superb climate, and plenty of shells.
Errata In the last number the following errors should be
noted : P. 67, line 13 from bottom, last word, should be "■more " in
place of " less ;" line 4 from bottom should be " No. 10. /" in place
of " 10."
'Taken in part, from The Ottawa Naturalist, September, 1909.
THE NAUTILUS, XXIII.
PLATE VII.
CYPR^A TIGRIS FROM A. DA C. GOMEZ COLL.
THE NAUTILUS, XXIII.
PLATE VIII.
CYPR^A TIGRIS FROM A. DA C. GOMEZ COLL.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XXIII. DECEMBER, 1909. No. 7
ON SOME DEFORMED CYTHMh. TIGRIS FROM THE COLLECTION OF
A. DA COSTA GOMEZ.
BY H. A. PILSBRT.
Many years ago the conchologists of Europe were astonished to
receive from New Caledonia certain cowries which had the aspect
of such well-known species as C. moneta, lynx and mappa, yet dif-
fered by the produced and calloused ends, attended with more or
less thickening of the enamel and a degree of melanism, or clouding
of the coloi'-pattern. Several of these shells were named as distinct
species by Crosse, Marie, Montrouzier and others. British writers
generally did not admit their validity, considering them pathologic
forms, due to some diseased condition of the mantle, a view ridiculed
by Crosse in his witty review of G. B. Sowerby's monograph of
Cyprsea in the Thesaurus Conchyliorum. Mr. S. Raymond Roberts
in his monograph' treats them as varieties. M. Ph. Dautzenberg has
recently discussed these forms, figuring several of them.'' The cause
of the rostration and hypertrophic deposit of calcareous material has
never been really settled, so far as I know, by observations on the
living animals. The occurrence of so many forms modified in the
same manner, in one locality, points to the action of me specific
cause which might perhaps be recognized by an observer on the spot.
It seems, however, that the modifications do not have racial signifi-
cance. A somewhat similar formation characterizes some un-
doubtedly " good " species elsewhere, such as C. scottii and G.
prohhmatiea.
^ Manual of Oonchology, Vol. "VII.
2 Journal de Conchyliologie, 1906, p. 263. plate ix.
86 THE NAUTILUS.
Mr. A. DaCosta Gomez has called our attention to several New
Caledonian examples of Cyprcea tigris L. in his collection which
show a rostration like the New Caledonian forms mentioned above,
together .with others diversely modified ; and as such forms have not,
to our knowledge, been noticed in this species, we have figured four
of them oji plates vii and viii, the two plates representing different
views of the same specimens.
I. The upper left hand figures show a shell having a broad chest-
nut dorsal streak, the rest of the back being clouded with chestnut,
light blue and dull pale brown. On the margins may be seen the
characteristic dappled coloring of tigris. The base is normally col-
ored. At the anterior end there are large callous lumps. The
posterior end is also a little produced. Length 83 mm.
II. Upper right figures. This shell is broad and very heavy
(weighing 7^ ounces). The dorsal streak is interrupted, chestnut,
partially overlaid with bluish callus. Elsewhere it is a soiled cream-
white, obscurely and irregularly mottled. The base is stained with
yellow around the mouth. The sides are very heavily calloused and
lumpy. Length 90 mm.
III. Lower left figures. This shell is heavily calloused and pro-
duced at the ends and on the right margin. The spotted tigris
pattern appears on the other side, but is covered by a dark enamel
in the middle of the back. Base white, with some yellowish suf-
fusion in places. Length 98 mm. This shell is characteristically
New Caledonian in appearance.
IV. Lower right figures. A broad form, heavily calloused at the
sides. The dorsal streak is dark purplish-brown; remainder of the
back bluish-white, irregularly mottled and spotted with orange-brown
and purple-brown, ends blackish. The base and teeth are brownish-
yellow except for a pure white area on the inner lip. Length 85 mm.
ESSEX COUNTY NOTES.
BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.
My last article was an urgent invitation to fellow-laborers to
inspect mud. AVe may now view some results of the inspection.
Just south of Cape Ann, Mass., is a bay with many branches, form-
ing harbors for Marblehead, Salem, Beverly and Danvers. The
THE NAUTILUS. 87
inner waters, ^. e., at Dan vers, seemed to be favorable for a colony
of the forms which are common south of Cape Cod, but local and in
sheltered places north of that cape. Only a partial examination has
been made, but results are interesting. One mud flat of small area,
and uncovered at low tide, was swarming with life. Literally I ob-
tained quarts of Gemma gemma. With these were other species more
or less abundant. Columbella, Ilyanassa, PoUnices and such forms are
expected and were found as usual. Odostomia revealed trifida, hisu-
turalis, winkleyi and a new species described below. I was able to
secure here a living specimen of the disputed fusca, and observe the
animal. Unlike some of this group, that are said to be timid in
captivity, fusca was very active. Bulletin 37 of the U. S. Natl.
Mus., plate xxvi, figs. 1 and 2, are labeled animal of Turhonilla
interrupta. Slight changes would make the drawing ^ov fusca. The
plate gives the front of the foot in four lobes; for fusca it should be
a continuous curve. From the plate one would infer that the men-
turn was of two flaps, one overlapping the other. In fusca this would
not be correct, but a deep groove runs along the median line. The
front of the mentum is a double curve, and its end is held close to
the surface ahead of the foot in crawling, as if it was feeling the way.
Eye spots are easily seen at the bases of the tentacles. The animal
is semi-transparent, with parts a deep maroon. The tentacles are
slender and held close to the mentum.
The above-named species were found at the headwaters, but no
evidence of Turbonilla, as I had hoped. Rowing down river I smelt
them, and came back for my dredge. A dozen specimens of T.
winkleyi were found, good size, but badly eroded. In other parts of
the Danvers River Venus mercenaria, Astarte nucula and some other
forms occur, but I postpone exact lists until more work can be done.
One unusual find was a solitary specimen of Bela hicarinata var.
violacea on a mud flat between tides.
Later work was done at Salem. The inner harbor revealed the
last-named species, with beautiful violet coloring, especially when wet.
Salem harbor is practically all mud botlom. PoUnices, Nucula,
Yoldia, Grenella, Periploma, Lyonsia, Tellina, Nassa, Bela, Retusa,
etc., are obtained at moderate depths. Shore collecting revealed the
usual species, with some things worth noting. AcmcBa testudinalis is
very small and alveus scarce. At one small cove at low tide, with
eel grass, I found another colony of Turhonilla winkleyi.
88 THE NAUTILUS.
Passing to the outer harbor there is a slight change. More species
of Bela, for example. Here I met a surprise in finding a third
colony of Turhonilla. As the outer harbor is practically open sea,
the occurrence is unusual. In fact the only locality known to me
north of Cape Cod where that form occurs save in inner waters.
So much ground remains to be examined that this report must be
imperfect, yet the area covered showed Astarte very scarce. Thya-
sira lacking, and some other forms expected did not appear. I am
told that there are small beds of them in places not yet dredged.
A few years ago the writer was stationed near New Haven. At
that time I received much help from Dr. Bush, and together we
examined many specimens of Turbonilla, Odostomia, Bela and other
genera. It is my desire to recognize my high appreciation for her
kind help by naming the following species for her. I am confronted
with the fact that one Odostomia already bears her name. Not to be
defeated in my purpose, I will use her first name, and am sure she
will pardon me this time.
Odostomia (^Evalina^ katherina, new species.
Shell much smaller than 0. (E.) xoinUeyi, bluish-white, semi-
translucent. Nuclear whorls deeply obliquely immersed in the first
of the succeeding turns, above which the tilted edge of the last volu-
tion only projects. Post-nuclear whorls well rounded, with a very
strong beveled shoulder, marked by many very slender axial threads
and a number of fine. spiral lirations, of which one is at the angle of
the shoulder, one on the shoulder a little nearer the suture than the
angle; one forms the weak peripheral angle, and six others divide the
space between the peripheral angle and the angle at the shoulder
into subequal spaces. Sutures strongly constricted. Base short,
well rounded, marked by spiral threads, of which the second one
below the periphery is as strong as the peripheral one, the other four
being of equal strength; the two basal ones dividing the space be-
THE NAUTILUS.
89
tween the umbilical area and the stronger thread into three equal
parts. Aperture very broadly oval, posterior angle very obtuse;
outer lip thin, showing the external sculpture within; columella very
slender, slightly twisted and very slightly revolute, provided with a
very weak fold, wliich is scarcely discernible in the aperture, but
becomes apparent when the pillar is exposed by grinding ; parietal
wall glazed with a light callus.
Specimens were found in the Danvers River, on a mud flat be-
tween tides, most of which are in the Winkley collection, and seven
in the U. S. National Museum, cat. No. 208U67. The one figured
has 5i whorls and measures, length 2.15 mm., diameter 0.8 mm.
NEW HELICINA AND STROBILOPS FROM FLORIDA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Several years ago Mr. G. H. Clapp called my attention to a form
of Helicina differing in several respects from H. orhiculata Say, the
specimens having been received from Mr. C. T. Simpson, who col-
lected them at Lemon City, Florida. At about the same time Mr.
Vanatta encountered the form in material from Lee Co., Fla., col-
lected by Mr. C. B. Moore. He subsequently published a list of
these shells (Nautilus for January, 1908, pp. 99-104), mentioning
the form in question as Helicina orhiculata var. clappi Pils. MSS.
No description has been published.
Helicina orhiculata was described from the mouth of the St.
John's River. The types, four specimens, are still preserved with
Say's label. They are globose, very pale greenish-white, and meas-
ure from alt. 6, diam. 6.8 mm., to alt. 6.3, diam. 7.7 mm. There is
a distinct tooth at the junction of the columellar and basal lips. The
periphery is well rounded.
In the St. John's River valley, away from the coast, and where
calcareous material is almost wanting in the soil, there is a small
race of orhiculata, measuring, alt. 5.5, diam. 6.8 mm., to alt. 4.5,
diam. 5.1 mm.
H. orhiculata extends from Florida and Georgia west to Tennessee
and western Louisiana. West and southwest of this it is entirely
replaced by H. orhiculata tropica ' Jan.' Pfr., distinguished by its
heavier shell and very thick lip.
90 THE NAUTILUS.
Helicina orbiculata clappi, n. subsp.
The shell is less globose than orbiculata, tending to a more trochi-
form shape, the last whorl being very obtusely subangular at the
periphery. The outer lip is more broadly expanded, thin, and there
is only a weak angle or none at the junction of columella and basal
lip. The color is white, very pale citrine, white with two red bands,
or uniform red, the lip and apex pale.
Alt. 8, diam. 9 mm.
Alt. 7, diam. 8 mm.
Alt. 6.1, diam. 7.3 mm.
Distribution: Southern Florida, Dade, Lee and Monroe counties;
types from Miami, Dade Co., collected by S. N. Rhoads and H. A.
Pilsbry, 1899. On the east coast H. o. clappi extends as far north
as Palm Beach (Pilsbry, 1899); on the west coast to Evans' Planta-
tion on the Manatee River (C. T. Simpson).
Key to Subspecies of H. orbiculata.
a. Last whorl globose, periphery well rounded; a distinct tooth or
angle at base of the columella.
b. Lip thin or not much thickened, H. orbiculata.
bb. Lip much thickened, II. o. tropica.
an. Last whorl very obtusely subangular, the shape approaching
trochiform; no distinct tooth at base of the columella, H. o.
clappi.
Strobilops floridanus, n. sp.
The shell is conic with convex outlines, almost dome-shaped; the
periphery only weakly angular, the base convex; rather solid; brown,
the summit whitish-corneous. Whorls 5^, the first two smooth, the rest
sculptured with narrow, rather widely separated ribs (about 30 on
the last whorl). These ribs continue on the base, which is radially
ribbed. Aperture semilunar, the peristome thick, narrowly reflexed,
brown or whitish; parietal callus rather thick at the edge. Parietal
lamella emerging to the edge of the callus, fully a whorl long.
Infraparietal lamella scarcely emerging, penetrating as far inward as
the parietal lamella. The inner half of this lamella and the parietal
is nodose, the nodes minutely asperate. Interparietal lamella very
low, about a half whorl long, nodose, penetrating as deeply as the
parietal lamella. There is one axial lamella and four basal plicae,
THE NAUTILUS. 91
the outer one peripheral in position; a single palatal plica is generally
developed. These plica3 form a curved, very obliquely radial series,
the inner end near the aperture. The two inner basal lamellae are
much stouter and higher than the others, the second from the axis
(or third, counting the axial) being the longest and highest of the
plicae.
Alt. 1.8, diam. 2.5 mm.
Florida: Type No. 77044 A. N. S. P., from Miami, collected by
S. N. Rhoads, 1899. Also widely distributed over the State. Tal-
lahassee (C. W. Johnson, 1900), St. John's valley, Volusia and
Marion counties (Johnson and Pilsbry, 1894) and many other
localities.
This species resembles S. virgo Pils. in shape and peristome, but
it differs in the more widely spaced ribs, continued over the base.
It differs from all known North American species by the much more
deeply entering parietal lamellce, the inner ends of which pass under
the parietal callus of the aperture. In other species these lamellae
are only about a half whorl long. The inner basal plicae are also
placed more deeply within than in other species. S. texasiajia Pils.
and Ferr. resembles ^S*. jloridana in shape and in having a ribbed
base, but the sculpture is much closer and the lamellae do not extend
so far inward.
S. floridanus is a common and widely distributed species in Florida.
A depressed and angular form of S. labyrinthicus resembling S. I.
strebeli occurs in some places, and S. hubbardi (A. D. Brown) also
has a wide distribution on the peninsula and keys.
Several other races of Strobilops will be defined in a future paper.
The shells have to be opened carefully to demonstrate the internal
structure, but fresh specimens can usually be determined without
opening. Information is especially desired by the writer on the
forms of New York State, and will be duly credited in a monograph
of that fauna now in preparation.
MOLLUSES FROM KANSAS AND OKLAHOMA.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
During the past year Mr. F. B. Isely, Professor of Biology in the
Oklahoma University Preparatory School, Tonkawa, Oklahoma, has
sent to the Chicago Academy of Sciences several interesting lots of
92 THE NAUTILUS.
shells from Kansas and Oklahoma. As this region is not well
known conchologically, it has been thought that a list of the species
would be of value as a contribution to the subject of geographic dis-
tribution. The region includes Grant and Kay counties, Oklahoma,
and Sumner, Harper and Kingman counties, Kansas. The collection
is now deposited in the Chicago Academy of Sciences. My thanks
are due to Mr. Bryant Walker and Dr. V. Sterki for assistance in
determining critical material.
PELECYPODA.
Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa,
Oklahoma.
Lampsilis subrostrata (Say). Spring Creek, Grant county,
Oklahoma.
Lampsilis parva (Barnes). Bluff Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma.
Lampsilis purpurata (Lamarck), Chikaskia River, Tonkawa,
Oklahoma.
Lampsilis gracile (Barnes). Shoofiy Creek, Williston, Oklahojpa.
Plagiola donaciformis (Lea). Chikaskia River, Hunnewell,
Kansas.
Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa,
Oklahoma.
Anodonta grandis Say. Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Oklahoma;
Chikaskia River, Williston, Oklahoma.
Anodonta corpulenta Cooper. Duck Creek, near Tonkawa,
Oklahoma.
Anodonta imhecilis Say. Shoofiy Creek, Williston, Oklahoma.
Symphynota complanata (Barnes). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa,
Oklahoma; Chikaskia River, Williston, Oklahoma.
Unio tetralasmus camptodon Say. Spring Creek, Anthony, Kansas.
Unio tetralasmus sayi Ward. Spring Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma.
Quadrula undulata (Barnes). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Okla-
homa; Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas; Shoofiy Creek, Williston,
Oklahoma.
Quadrula undulata lateeostata (Lea). Shoofiy Creek, Williston^
Oklahoma.
Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Okla-
homa; Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas.
Quadrula pustidosa (Lea). Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Okla-
homa; Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas.
THE NAUTILUS. 93
Quadrula pustulosa var. Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas.
A peculiar shell is associated with pustulosa at this locality. It is
compressed, quite elongated, and the surface is ornamented with
many olive-green rays, radiating from the umbones. It is smooth,
like schoolcraftensis, but is much more elongated than that variety,
to which the Oklahoma pustulosa might quite appropriately be re-
ferred. No specimens of the typical pustulosa have been seen from
the region in question. Additional material may show this to be a
recognizable race of pustulosa.
Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea). Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas.
Quadrula coecinea (Conrad). Chikaskia River, Drury, Kansas;
Chikaskia River, Tonkawa, Oklahoma.
Sphcerium simile Say, variety. Tonkawa, Oklahoma; Wild Horse
Creek, Spivey, Kansas.
A much elongated and very cylindrical shell, which may prove to
be a race of simile.
Spharium striatinum Lamarck. Sand Creek, Argonia, Kansas.
Muscidium transversum (Say). Shoofly Creek, Williston, Okla-
homa.
MuscuKum elevatum (Haldeman). Tonkawa, Oklahoma; Meridian
Creek, South Ifeven, Kansas.
Not quite typical, the shell being more elongate ovate in outline
than in typical elevatum.
GASTROPODA.
Physa crondalli Baker. Wild Horse Creek, Spivey, Kansas;
Sand Creek, Argonia, Kansas; Meridian Creek, South Haven, Kan-
sas; Spring Creek, Anthony, Kansas; Shoofly Creek, Williston,
Oklahoma; Spring Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma.
Physa ancillaria Say. Spring Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma;
Wild Horse Creek, Spivey, Kansas; Tonkawa, Oklahoma; Shoofly
Creek, Williston, Oklahoma. '
The specimens are exactly comparable with typical ancillaria from
Philadelphia.
Physa anatina Lea. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.
Ancyhis rividaris Say. Shoofly Creek, Williston, Oklahoma.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Wild Horse Creek, Spivey, Kansas;
Spring Creek, Grant Co., Oklahoma.
Planorbis deflectus Say. Spring Creek, Anthony, Kansas.
94 THE NAUTILUS.
Lymnoea obrussa Say. Wild Horse Creek, Spivey, Kansas; Sand
Creek, Argonia, Kansas.
LymncBa parva Lea. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.
Lymncea techella Hald. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.
Succinea avara Say. Spring Creek, Anthony, Kansas.
Succinea luleola Gould. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.
AgrioUmax campestris Binney. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.
Polygyra fraterna Say. Tonkawa, Oklahoma.
THE MOLLUSCA OF DOUGLAS COUNTY, KANSAS. GASTEROPODA.
BY G. DALLAS HANNA.
(^Concluded from p. SS.")
Polygyra fraterna friersoni Pilsbry. Very rare ; a few specimens
identical with specimens of this variety from southern Kansas have
been found in this county.
Bulimulus dealhatus Say. This is evidently the form liquahilis
Reeve, but I have not seen specimens of the subspecies to make
comparison. It is found rather commonly on open rocky hillsides.
Pupilla muscorum Linnaeus. From river drift at Lawrence.
Pupilla blandi Morse. A few drift specimens have been picked up.
Pupilla hehes Ancey. Two specimens found in drift, one at
Tecumseh and the other at Lawrence.
Pupoides marginatus Say. Common everywhere.
Bifidaria procera Say. Common in open places favorable for
mollusks.
Bifidaria procera eristata P. &, V. Rare this far east.
Bifidaria hordeacella Pilsbry. One specimen found in river
debris at Lawrence.
Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki. Very rare ; it gives way to the form
Bifidaria holzingeri fordiana Sterki. Found in the woods of Blue
Mound and elsewhere.
Bifidaria contracta Say. Common in timber lands.
Bifidaria armifera Say. Abundant.
Bifidaria pentodon Say. Found sparingly in the woods.
Bifidaria tappaniana C. B. Adams. Common on Blue Mound.
Bifidaria agna P. & V. Very rare ; two specimens from drift
debris of the Kansas river at Lawrence.
THE NAUTILUS. 95
Vertigo ovata Say. Apparently rare.
Vertigo milium Gould. A few specimens came from Blue Mound.
Vertigo tridentata Wolf. Our commonest Vertigo; found on
Blue Mound and in river drift at various places.
Strohilops apnis Pilsbry. Common in woody places.
Vullonia parvula Sterki. Very common where there is no shade.
Vallonia costata Miiller. Drift specimens only have so far been
found.
Cochlicopa luhrica Miiller. Common on Blue Mound.
AgrioUmax campestris Say. Not common.
Agriolimax agrestis Linnaeus. This is the common slug of Kansas.
Vitrea rhoadsi Pilsbry. This form is rather common in the woods.
Vitrea indentata umhilicata Cockerell. Abundant everywhere.
Vitrea milium Morse. This species is associated with Z. minuscula,
but is less common in most places.
Zonitoides arhorea Say. Abundant in all woods.
Zonitoides nitida Miiller. Apparently a rare species and locally
distributed. I have found it only near Lake View.
Zonitoides minuscula Binney. This species is common in open
woodlands.
Zonitoides minuscula alachuana Dall. Found associated with the
typical form but less common.
Zonitoides singleynna Pilsbry. A species of the open plains.
Zonitoides nummus Vanatta. Found at Lake View and at Blue
Mound, in the woods on each occasion.
Euconulus chersinus trochidus Reinhardt. Found in the wood-
lands with Z. nummus.
Philomycus carolinensis Bosc. Rather common on Blue Mound.
A number of specimens have been taken.
Pyramidula alternata Say. Abundant in wooded and rocky places.
Pyraniidula asteriscus Morse. A few specimens have come from
Blue Mound and more from fiver debris at various places in the
county.
Helieodiscus parallelus Say. This species lives in colonies around
the limestone bluflfs altogether.
Helieodiscus eigenmanni Pilsbry. One specimen was picked out of,
drift from Lecompton; it probably washed there from farther west.
Punctum pygmaeum Draparnaud. Apparently rare, as it has only
been found once, and then in river drift from Lawrence.
96 THE NAUTILUS.
Succinea avara Say. Not common.
Succinea grosvenori Lea. Found in colonies in wet places.
Succinea rusticana Gould. Generally distributed, but it has not
been found common. •
Succinea stretchiana Bland. This is our common Succinea.
Carychium exile Lea. A colony of this species was found near
the top of Blue Mound.
Helicina occulta Say. Drift specimens have been found at Law-
rence in a situation that would lead one to suspect that it is a
resident.
Lymnea techella Haldeman. Abundant in a drainage ditch south
of Lawrence.
Lymnea columella chalyhea Gould. Found in the Whitcomb
greenhouse at Lawrence on the sides of flower-pots.
Lymnea dalli Baker. Found in the greenhouse with L. columella
chalybea and also in river drift.
Lymnea elodes Say. One drift specimen is from Lawrence.
Lymnea obrussa Say. Rather common in a watercress spring
west of Lawrence.
Lymnea parva Lea. Only a few specimens from river debris have
been found.
Lymnea reflexa Say. This form used to be very common in Lake
View, but the flood of 1903 swept almost all away.
Lymnea reflexa crystalensis Baker. Not common in this county.
Planorhis bicarinatus Say. Lake View and Rock Creek.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Abundant in all ponds.
Planorbis dejleclus Say. Lake View.
Planorbis parvus Say. A few specimens were found along the
Kansas River.
Physa anatina Lea.
Physa oleacea Tryon. These two species were identified by
Mr. Bryant Walker. All the specimens of this county seem refer-
able to them.
Amnicola cincinnatiensis Lea. Found in mud creek commonly.
Amnicola limosa Say. A single dead shell from the Kansas
River.
Campeloma decisum Say.
Campeloma subsolidum Anthony. These two forms live abund-
antly in the Wakarusa Creek, but are easily distinguishable.
THE NAU riLUS, XXIU.
PLATE IX.
6 5
MEXICAN AMNICOLID/E.
The Nautilus.
Vol.. XXIII. JANUARY, 1910. No. 8
NEW AMNICOLID^ OF THE PANUCO KIVEB SYSTEM, MEXICO.
BT HENRY A. PILSBRT.
In the course of Mr. A. A. Hiiiklt-y's expedition to the Panuoo
river region in 1907 he found Potamopyrgiis coroimtus (Pfr.), Paludes-
trina tampicoensis Pils., Gochliopa riograndensis Pils. & Ferr., and
an Ajnnicola identified as A. guatemalensis C. & F., but which on
further study turns out to be a new species. Several more forms
are now added by the expedition of 1909, among th^'m a south-
western representative of Somatogyrus and some very handsome
though small species of Cochliopa.
In the works of Crosse and Fischer and of von Martens, the
American spinose Aranicoloids are referred to the genus Amnicola,
in the belief that Potamopyrgus does not occur in America. This
idea is in my opinion wholly erroneous. The American P. coronatus
(Pfr.) has the dentition and the viviparous reproduction of the New
Zealand type of Potamopyrgus. In New Zealand, as in America,
both spinose and smooth forms occur. There is no conchological
difference. No Amnicola is viviparous, and there is a perceptible if
small difference in the shells, which are more compact and more
solid in Amnicola.
The genus Potamopyrgus occurs also in the Antilles, South
America, West Africa and Tasmania. Perhaps the British Hy-
drobia jenkinsi belongs to this genus. If viviparous it certainly
does; but I have not investigated the species. Like Planorbis,
Viviparus, Lymrtcea and some other fresh-water genera, it seems
that Potamopyrgus has a very wide geographic distribution. Jn
female Potamopyrgus one finds the young shells as in the genus
98 THE NAUTILUS.
Vivtparus. This character serves to differentiate it from Paludes-
trina, which the smooth phase resembles in shell structure.
Amnicola crosseana n. sp, PI. ix, fig. 6.
The shell is perforate, ovate-conic, corneous, smooth, the growth-
lines being scarcely visible. Whorls 5, the first very minute, the
rest not very convex; suture but slightly impressed, having a gray
border (by transparence) below. Umbilical region defined by an
angle. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique. Peristome thin, narrowly
olive-edged, represented by an adnate transparent callus on the
parietal wall, which is rather long.
Length 3.1, diam. 2, length of aperture 1.6, width 1.1 mm.
Found only in ponds at La Barra, near Tampico.
This species was taken in considerable numbers. It has some
resemblance to A. guatemalensis Crosse & Fischer {Faludtiia hyuHna
Morelet, not Anton), but on comparing a specimen received from
Morelet it is noticed that guatemalensis has much more convex
whorls and a shorter more rotund aperture. A guatemalensis is very
closely related to A. panamerisis Tryon. I doubt whether the two
forms are specifically distinct.
A. crosseana, named for M. Hippolyte Crosse, is distinct from
species of the Texan region by its lengthened shape, rather pointed
apex, the weak convexity of the whorls, the long adnate parietal
callus and the angulation around the umbilical region. With the
milky corneous examples there are many of a brown or russet tint,
probably owing to a thin ferrous incrustation.
Amnicola comalensis Pils. & Ferr. from Texas described in the
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1906, p. 171, fig. 37, is a much
stouter shell than A. crosseana. In the description the length was
given by error as 3.9 mm. It should have been 2.9 mm.
Somatogtrus mexicanus n. sp. PI. ix, fig. 3.
The shell is perforate, globose, higher than wide, corneous,
smooth, solid but rather thin. Whorls 4^, strongly convex, parted
by a deep suture, rather slowly increasing at first, but at the last
whorl very rapidly enlarging. The last whorl is very convex, and
descends more rapidly near the aperture. The aperture is ovate,
subangular above. The outer lip is a little curved forward in the
middle, or in other words, retracted above, thin-edged. The inner
THE NAUTILUS. 99
lip is arcuate below, straightened above, heavily calloused in adults,
especially above, and in contact with the preceding whorl only for a
very short distance. There is a somewhat flattened umbilical area
below the perforation, closely marked with growth-striae, and
bounded by an angle, which is sometimes not very distinct.
Length 5.3, diam. 4.5, aperture 3.1 mm.
Length 5, diam. 4.5, aperture 3.1 mm.
Coy river, on the road to Tampamolon; State of San Luis Potosi.
Types no. 99023 A. N. S. P.
This is the first Somatogyrus from west or southwest of the Mis-
sissippi river system.
CoCHLiorA COMPACTA n. sp. PI. ix, figs. 4, 5.
The shell is depressed, solid, rimate, pale greenish olive, encircled
with few or many dark olive or blackish lines and narrow bands,
and sometimes a few cream-white bands. Spire convex, very nar-
row when viewed from above. Whorls Z^ to nearly 4, the early
ones smooth, the last very wide, rounded, sculptured with lov^r spiral
threads or nearly smooth, descending to the aperture. The aperture
is rotund-ovate, angular above, the outer lip slightly thickened,
columellar and parietal margins thick. The umbilical area behind
the columellar lip in fully adult shells is white and wide, the basal
rimation either long or rather short.
Alt. 2, diam. 3.9 mm.
Choy river at the cave, south of Las Palmas, State of San Luis
Potosi, Mexico.
This species is closely related to C. picta, differing by the larger
aperture, compressed and generally closed umbilical region, and the
peculiar area behind the columellar lip of adult shells. It was taken
in considerable quantity.
The figures represent one of the most common color-forms. Other
examples have lines and bands oyer the base also; and in some these
markings are reduced to a few wide bands.
COCHLIOPA RIOGRANDENSIS Pils. & Ferr.
Valles river at Valles and Willis's ranch; Ganina river near
Rascon. It is an abundant and variable species. In some examples
the last whorl becomes free at the aperture, reminding one of the
small shell described as Valvata micra. That species may prove to
be a Gochliopa.
100 TIIK NAUTILUS.
COCHLIOPA PICTA n. sp. PI. ix, figs. 1, 2.
The shell is depressed, solid, narrowly umbilicate, there being a
minute perforation and a curved, semicircular rimation where it
enlarges at the last whorl; inner whorls pale olivaceous corneous,
the last encircled with many dark olive spiral lines and bands, which
are almost imperceptibly raised. The spire is convex, and narrow
viewed from above, the last whorl being very wide. Whorls 3^, the
last rounded, indistinctly plicate radially around the umbilicus. The
aperture is rounded-ovate, angular above; outer lip thin; columellar
lip rather heavily calloused; parietal wall short, calloused. Alt.
2.1, diam. 3.7 mm.
Coy river, near the ford on road to Tampamolon, State of San
Luis Potosi, Mexico. A few smaller specimens were taken in the
Ganina river near Rascon.
This species differs from C. riograndensis by its much smaller
umbilicus, opening out only at the last half whorl. The spire is also
more depressed. Many specimens were taken.
RECTIFICATION OF THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE NUDIBRANCHIATA
IN LERMOND'S " SHELLS OF MAINE."
BT FRANCIS N. BALCU.
A meritorious attempt by Norman "Wallace Lermond to list the
mollusca of Maine has recently appeared under the title indicated
above, and has been noticed in a recent number of the Nautilus.
Considering the confused state of our knowledge (or rather ignor-
ance, for knowledge we have little) of the Nudibranchs, it is scarcely
a reflection on Mr. Lermond that his list of this most interesting but
neglected group reflects the state of knowledge of nearly forty years
ago. It is a painful admission that the additions to our knowledge
since that time have been few and scattering, but such as they are
they should be recognized; and Mr. Lermond's list, otherwise of
considerable use as almost the only recent list of Nudibranchs from
the northeast coast, might do mischief if allowed to stand uncor-
rected in this particular — hence the following remarks.
Aeolis purpurea Stimps. in all probability is Cratena pustulata
(A. & H.), as Bergh believed, and should be written accordingly,
though with a query.
THE NAUTILUS. 101
Aeolis stellata Stimps. is a Coryphella only very doubtfully dis-
tinct from the same author's mananensis, which in turn is either a
synonym or a variety of Johnston's rufibranchialis — see a recent
article by me in the Nautilus,
Eolis {Cavolina) salmonacea Couth, (now universally but perhaps
erroneously treated as a Coryphella) although omitted from this list,
has been reported by Verrill from Eastport. But what Verrill
understood that species to be no one can say except that it certainly
was not the same as what European authors understand. But then,
what European authors understand is just as certainly not what
Couthouy meant! The fact is the true salmonacea is entirely enig-
matical. However it should appear in the list,
Dendronotus arborescens Miiller should be D. frondosus (Ascanius)
— this change has been universally adopted.
Cadllna repanda (A. & H.) should be G. obvelata ( Miiller )_same
remark as last.
Issa lacera should be credited to (Abildgaard) instead of (Miiller).
Doris bifida Verrill (entered twice in the list, once as a variety
of Acanihodoris pilosa and once as a variety of A. stellata), Doris
stellata Gmelin and Acanihodoris citrina Verrill, are all synonyms
of Acanthodoris pilosa (Abildgaard); while D. ornata Verrill is at
most a variety.
It is extremely doubtful whether Lamellidoris diaphana (A. &
H.) really occurs on our coast. The common Maine form I believe
to be L. aspera, mentioned below. However it correctly appears in
this check list.
Probably nothing can be done with Lamellidoris tenella and L.
grisea but to retain them as Mr. Lermond has done, though they are
practically nomina nuda.
Ancula sulphurea Stimps. is a variety of A. cristata (Alder).
With regard to Idaliella pallida (Ag.) Gould, several errors ap-
pear to have crept in. No Idaliella occurs in Maine so far as I am
aware. The only eastern American members of the sub-genus
known, I think, are pulchella A. & H., found at Salem, Mass., in
1879, by Emerton, and modesta Verrill from Vineyard Sound and
vicinity. There is, however, a Lamellidoris pallida of Ag. the dis-
tribution of which is such as Mr. Lermond's list gives, and of which
Proctaporia fusca Stimps. is a synonym as given. The citation in
synonymy of Amoeroecium pallidum Verrill 1873, is, of course, in-
102
THK NAUTILUS.
advertence. Amoeroecium is a genus of compound Ascidians. Ver-
rill, in his Rep. on Invert, of Vin. Sound, 1873. notices (on dififerent
pages) both Amoeroecium pallidum and Onchidoris pallida which
latter is of course what Mr. Lermond intended to cite.
Pallida is, however, a synonym of Lamellidoris aspera (A. & H.).
The entry, therefore, should stand as Lamellidoris aspera (A. & H.)
with Proctaporia fusca Stimps. 1860, Doris pallida Ag. 1849, and
Onchidoris pallida " Verrill," Verrill 1870 and 1873, in synonymy.
Lamellidoris muricatus should be written muricata.
Palio lessoni should be written lessonii.
TJRIONID^ FKOM SOUTHEASTEKN AEKANSAS AND N. E. LOUISIANA.
BY E. G. VANATTA.
Mr. Clarence B. Moore collected the following species of Unionida
while on an archaeological expedition during the winter of 1908-09.
Quadrula ebena Lea was everywhere the most abundant species.
Dr. Pilsbry agrees with me in considering Uiiio domheyana Val. in
Humboldt et Bonpland, Rec. Obs. Zool,, 1833, Vol. 2. p. 227, pi.
53, f. 1, a valid variety of Quadrula heros Say, instead of a synonym
of Q. trapezoides Lea.
The originally varietal name ohesa Simps, is used instead of
Tritogonia tuberculata Bar. as the name tuherculata is preoccupied in
Quadrula. Unio tuherculatus Barnes was grouped with U. apiculatus
(now referred to the genus Quadrula) by Pilsbry in 1891 (Nau-
tilus V, p. 76) ; a position confirmed by Dr. H. von Ihering in
1901 (Nautilus XV, p. 39), and by Dr. Arnold Ortmann this
year. (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 1909, Vol. 5, p. 193.)
All the specimens of Quadrula trapezoides, pyramidata, ehena,
obesa and Plagiola securis were smaller than the usual size.
I. Pyles Landing, Ouachita River, Calhoun Co., Arkansas.
Obovaria castanea Lea and Anodo7ita opaca Lea.
IL Near Pigeon Hill, Ouachita River, Union Co., Arkansas.
Obovaria castanea Lea. Quadrula plicata Say.
Plagiola securis Lea. " heros dumbeyana Val.
" elegans Lea. " metanevra Raf.
Strophitus edenlulus Lea. " asperrima Lea.
Unio subgibbosus Lea. " obesa Simps.
THE NAUTILUS.
103
Quadrula sphanca Lea. Quadrula pyramidata Lea.
" nodifera Conr. *• ehenus Lea.
" trigona Lea.
III. Caryville Landing, Ouachita River, Union Co., Arkansas.
Lampsilis hydianus Lea. Quadrula perpUcata Conr.
" ligamentinus gibbus " heros dombeyana Val.
Simps. " metanevra Raf.
" fallaciosus (Sm.) " asperrima Lea.
Simps. " nodifera Conr.
Obovaria castanea Lea. " trigona Lea.
Plagiola securis Lea. •* pyramidata Lea.
U7iio gibbosus Bar. " eJerta Lea.
" subgibbosus Lea.
IV. Seven Pine Landing, Bayou Bartholomew, Morehouse Par-
ish, Louisiana. Quadrula trapezoides Lea.
V. Alabama Landing, Ouachita River near the mouth of Basche
La Pierre Creek, Union Parish, Louisiana, 12 miles in a straight
line above Ouachita, Louisiana.
Lampsilis ventricosus satur Lea. Quadrula perpUcata Conr.
" ligamentinus gibbus " heros dombeyana Val.
Simps. " trapezoides Lea.
" fallaciosus (Sm.) " cylindrica Say.
Simps. " obesa Simps.
" purpuratus Lam. " sphcerica Lea.
Plagiola securis Lea. " pyramidata Lea.
Unio gibbosus Bar. " ebena Lea.
VI. 15 miles below Monroe, Ouachita River, Ouachita Parish,
Louisiana.
Lampsilis ventricosus satur Lea. Quadrida asperrima Lea.
Obovaria castanea Lea. " spharica Lea.
Quadrula perpUcata Conr. '♦ nodifera Conr.
" heros dombeyajia Val.. " trigona Lea.
«♦ trapezoides Lea. " pyramidata Lea.
" metanevra Raf. " eJena Lea.
VII. White Oak Landing, Boeuf River, Franklin Parish, Louisiana.
Lampsilis hydianus Lea. Quadrula trapezoides Lea.
" anodontoides Lea. " asperrima Lea.
Quadrula heros dombeyana Val.
VIII. Ouachita River, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.
Quadrula heros dombeyana Val. Quadrula ebena Lea.
" asperrima Lea.
104
THE NAUTILUS.
IX. Black River, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana.
Lampsilis fallaciosus (Sm.) Quadrula heros domheyana Val.
Simps. " trapezoides Lea.
Ohliquaria reflexa Raf.
VALVATIDAE OF THE WESTERN NORTH AMERICA.
BY HAROLD HANNIBAL.
"While preparing a paper on the tertiary fresh-water fossils of
Western North America it became necessary to go over the litera-
ture and examine all the Valvatidae available. This included speci-
mens from the type localities of V. utahensis and F. virens and part
of the original lot from which V. humeralis californica was described.
There is therefore no doubt as to the authenticity of the determinations.
Two new fossil species have turned up in the Upper Lahontan
(Quartenary) of Nevada and Southern Oregon, descriptions of
which are given here. In a paper on fresh-water fossils now in
progress, all the species will be figured together for comparison.
On account of the complex and unsatisfactory nature of a key the
following table has been devised :
THE NAUTILUS. 105
V. lewisii Currier and V- sincera Say have been reported from
T^est of the Rocky Mountains, but it is probable that all the speci-
mens will prove to be V. humeralis. This is a somewhat variable
and badly misunderstood species. It is apparently widely dis-
tributed over all the Pacific slope.
With the exception of V. humeralis all the species are abundant
wherever they occur, but they are sporadic. This species is also
sporadic but seldom occurs in large numbers.
Valvata humeralis Say.
Valvata humeralis Say. New Harm. Diss., II, 1829, p. 244.
Mexico.
Valvata humeralis californica Pilsbry. Naut., XXII, 1908, p.
82. Bear Lake, Cal.
Small, smooth, brown or blue-green, spire variable but always low,
umbilicus moderately broad, sutures slightly impressed. Character-
ized by a noticeable flattening about the umbilicus.
The barely matured specimens from Bear Lake do not show this
character as noticeably as others in the writer's collection. This
species has been identified by west coast conchologists as V. virens,
V. lewisii, and V. sincera. The latter two can be easily eliminated
but the specimens from several of the localities given with a question
mark under V. virens may on re-examination prove to be V. humeralis.
Not known as fossil.
Distribution.'
Mexico.
California.
* Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mts. (Berry).
* Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts. (Berry).
* Soap Lake, San Benito Valley (Hannibal).
* Pond, Likely, South Pitt Valley (Hannibal).
Slough, De Witte, Honey Lake Valley (Hannibal),
Oregon.
* Upper Klamath Lake (Hannibal).
Washi7igton.
Lake Washington, Seattle (Randolph).
'* Seen by writer.
? Identification doubted. ^
106 THE NAUTILUS.
Idaho.
Near Franklin (Hemphill).
Utah.
Near Salt Lake City (Yarrow and Hemphill).
Valvata virens Tryon.
Valvata virens Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1863, p.
148, pi. 1, fig. 11.
Spire moderately elevated, whorls rounded, umbilicus rather nar-
row, sutures moderately deep, shell marked by fine transverse striae,
light green to deep green color.
It has been the custom to refer any western American Valvata of
a green color or with an elevated spire to V. virens. The writer
does not know of its authentic occurrence north of Clear Lake.
Call's Great Basin specimens are V. calli. References to living
specimens from northeastern California and southeastern Oregon are
probably V. humeralis.
California.
* Clear Lake (Tryon, Cooper, Hemphill).
Alameda Co. (Cooper).
Antioch (Carlton).
* Pond near Watsonville (Laws, Hannibal).
? Willow Creek, Lassen Co. (McGregor).
Oregon.
? Grant's Lake (Cooper).
British Columbia.
? Nanaimo, Vancouver Is. (Dall).
? Lake Laggan, Rocky Mts. (Taylor).
Fossil : Santa Clara Beds (Pliocene).
Gelrich's coal mine, Santa Cruz Mts., Cal. (Cooper).
* Galabazos Canon, Santa Cruz Mts. (Hannibal).
Kettleman Beds : 10 miles east of Tulare Lake, west border of
Kettleman Plains (Watts).
Valvata utahensis Call.
Valvata sincera var. utahensis Call, Bull. 11, U. S. Geol. Sur.,
1884, p. 44, pi. vi, fig. 1-3.
THE NAUTILUS.
107
Characterized by its tabulated whorls, well elevated spire, and
very narrow umbilicus, sutures moderately deep; lip slightly diag-
onal, usually angular below. Shell smooth, pellucid.
This species is known only from near the type locality. It re-
minds one of V. piscinalis of Europe.
Utah.
* Lehi, Utah Lake, near head of Jordan River (Call).
Fossil : Semifossil, Bonneville Basin, Utah (Call.)
Valvata calli n. sp.
Valvata virens Call, Bull. 11, U. S. Geol. Sur., 1884, p. 21 (in
part).
Shell varying from a high spire as in V. virens to a very low spire
as in V.lewisii; sculpture, smooth, carinate tricarinate or marked
by numerous spiral striae. Umbilicus rather narrow; whorls rounded
in smooth or striate forms angular in carinate forms. Sutures deeply
impressed in high forms, slightly in low. Type tricarinate with
moderately elevated spire.
Measurements : Type, alt. 4.5 mm., diam. 5.5 mm., diam. of
aperture 2 mux.; flnttened specimen, alt. 4 mm., diam. 6 mm., diam.
of aperture 2 mm., Marl, Upper Lahontan Quarternary, near Sum-
mer Lake, Ore. (F. M. Anderson).
Also from " Central Nevada, near R. R.," named in honor of the
late Robert Ellsworth Call.
Valvata avhitei n. sp.
Spire depressed, barely raised above outer whorl, broadly umbili-
cate two whorls visible beneath; shell rather thick, smooth, marked
by very faint growth lines; sutures very slightly impressed, whorls
round.
Measurements: Alt. 2.5 mm. ,^ diam. 6 mm., diam. of aperture 2.5
mm.. Marl., Upper Lahontan, Quarternary, near Summer Lake,
Oregon (F. M. Anderson).
This species resembles a very large specimen of V. humeralis, but
the umbilicus is much broader in specimens of a corresponding size.
The species also has a much thicker shell.
Named in honor of the late Dr. C. A. White.
Stanford University, Cal.
108 THE NAUTILUS.
AH APPAEENTLY NEW SLUG FEOM THE EIVEE NILE.
BT T. D. A. COCKERELL.
The slug here described was kindly placed in my hands for deter-
mination by Professor H. M. Gwatkin, of Cambridge, England.
Veronicella mlotica, n. sp.
Length 43 mm., breadth 11^; unusually narrow and parallel-
sided ; sole narrow, its width about 4 mm., with 16 transverse
grooves (not counting the lesser ones between each pair of strong
ones) in 5 mm. of length ; female generative orifice 1^ mm. from
sole and 2-| from lateral margin, its distance from head about 27^
mm. Upper surface finely and densely tuberculate, some of the
tubercles a little larger and more prominent than the others ; hy-
ponotum finely and more obscurely tuberculate. Color above (in
alcohol) pale ochreous densely mottled with dark grey, the two colors
about equal in amount ; there is a faintly indicated pale dorsal band,
on each side of whiQh the dark mottling is heaviest ; on each side at
about 2 mm. from the margin, there is a very faint suggestion of a
dusky stripe. The underside is pallid, with a dusky suflfusion toward
the sides of the hyponotum. Upper tentacles dark blue-grey. Stomach
not covered by the liver, but rather broadly exposed ; course and
form of the intestine quite normal, the last loop traversing a little
less than a semicircle ; filiform glands extremely long (20 mm.),
twisted right round the gut, the fully developed ones only five in
number, but several other short ones at the base of the bundle.
The sole does not project beyond the end of the body. An appar-
ently distinct species, best known by its narrow form and very long
filiform glands. It extends the distribution of the genus about fifteen
degrees north in Eastern Africa.
Collected by the Nile, above Khartoum, by Mr. Harold H. King,
of the Wellcome Research Laboratories, Khartoum.
NOTES.
Errata. — " Land MoUusca of Aldabra," in the October number.
Line 4, " Conoro " is a typographical error for " Comoro." Quota-
tion marks should be placed at the beginning of the sentence of line
7, also of each succeeding paragraph and the finish of article. —
Maxwell Smith.
f
The Nautilus
Vol. XXIII. FEBRUARY, 1910. No. 9
A COLLECTING EXCURSION NORTH OF THE GRAND CANYON OF THE
COLORADO.
In August last Messrs. J. H. Ferriss and L. E. Daniels set out to
extend the work begun by Ferriss and Pilsbry in 1906. From
Bass' Camp they crossed the Grand Canyon of the Colorado ; scaled
the northern rim, explored and collected in the Kaibab and Kanab
plateaux, finally reaching Kanab, in southwestern Utah. Beyond
the Grand Canyon, where we had worked in 1906, this was all a
virgin field conchologically. An account of their journey is here
extracted from a letter received from Mr. Ferriss.
Friend Pilsbry :
The Arizona expedition of 1909 is in the offing, to use a nautical
term. We felt worried until your letter was found at the end of the
trip. There was some danger of getting lost in the desert in an
eflFort to find us. A settler with a team from Mt. Trumbull a day
ahead of us was three days without water and just about all in when
he reached the Pipe Springs. We supposed you would come the
back-door route by Salt Lake so that in coming or going you would
pick up the Oreohelix found by Hemphill.
Unexpectedly we made the trip to Mt. Trumbull via Fredonia,
Arizona and Kanab, Utah, and thus found the guide we had picked
out watching for you. On a side trip I went up to the lakes in the
mouth of caves along the Kanab Wash north of these villages, and
from what I saw and heard it will be an interesting conchological
trip along the mountains all the way to Salt Lake. It was at these
cave lakes that I found Succitiea hawkinsi of British Columbia.
We heard of Oreohelix with a Ions; nose but did not find them.
110 THE NAUTILUS.
There must be a difference in the ajialomy of different lots of Suc-
cinea avara sent in. We found it plentiful on llie ant hills in the
Antelope valley, a desert as dry as the St. Simon valley. Again
on the hottest and dryest of mountain rock at the Hurricane Fault.
Still again we found it virith Oreohelix at the Big Springs in the
Kaibab Mountains living in as moist a situation as we find Poiygyra
multifineata. These were of a different color, larger and more cor-
pulent.
After this I hope to go into strange countries with U. S. Geologi-
cal folios in addition to the contour maps, for the whole Mt. Trum-
bull country was of lava formation, barren of shells except the small
truck. We need limestone and shelter in our business. The Hurri-
cane Fault had lime but no shelter and was equally as barren. This
Trumbull side-trip took half of our time and cost a lot of money, but
we enjoyed it. We love the Mormons, at least their cooking, and I
am now physically perfect until next August.
I will send you a map marking our collecting stations. There
were 113 of these. Oreohelix was found at perhaps 100 stations and
80 of these are unlike any other colony in color, size or architecture,
while each colony is reasonably uniform individually. We had a
theory when we left the Two Springs canyon that the shells were
small and dark in the higher altitudes and that they grew larger in
a regular ratio as we passed to the lower levels, but in the Warm
Springs Canyon the shells were largest at the upper stations and
smaller at the lower. In the Snake Gulch they were smallest at the
midway stations, and in Quaking Asp canyon it was a skip about
between large and small. At Castle Springs, heavily shaded and in
elderberry bushes, we found the largest. At Big Springs, facing
the sun, moisture abundant, they were small with many albinos.
Thus as to elevation, shade, moisture, soil or food we have no theory
except like old- time chickens they may just happen to be large,
small and middling, ring-banded, streaked or speckled. Our largest
measured 30 mm. diam. and our smallest 8 mm. In the Huachucas
the colonies of Oreohelix are of mixed forms, but the Kaibab shells
are of one kind in each colony, with occasional albinos. Some of
the colonies apparently divided their rock slide territory into families,
designated by size or color. In one instance passing around the
point of a rock, less than one hundred feet, and good traveling for
snails, the colony on one side was as large again in size as those upon
THE NAUTILUS. Ill
the opposite side. Our prettiest shells are pure white with a green,
transparent band, like Clapp's Maine find of Helix hortensis.
Tiie Sonorellas were in small colonies and hard to dig. We did
not find any after leaving the north rim of tlie Grand Canyon and
the Kaibab-Powell Saddle. Powell and Kaibab plateaus are fairly
level and I have never seen anything more beautiful in timber land-
scapes. Powell is covered with a heavy growth of large yellow pine.
, In the Kaibab plateau or mountains, better known in Arizona as
Buckskin Mountains, blue spruce and quaking aspen with the pine
lend variety to the scenery. No landscape artist in Fairmount Park
could manage the grouping better than we saw it in a day and a half
j6urn(!y by donkey, down the Snake Gulch (known as Shinamo
Canyon on the U. S. maps.)
We camped with E. W. Nelson and C. Birdsi of the biological
survey of the U. S. Agricultural Department at Mt. Trumbull. Here
we learned that the tufted-eared squirrel of the Kaibabs was
Sciurus alberti var. kaihahensis. It is the largest American squirrel,
black as silk with a white tail. A chattering chickaree is black
throughout, and there are four chipmunks and a blue grouse. Deer
were about as common as cattle, and as tame, for the Kaibabs are in
a game preserve. The plains about Trumbull are populated with
wild horses and these are common game, to be had for the catching.
Again I visited the Grotto [on White Creek, a branch of the
Grand Canyon] and took more of the maidenhair fern. It seems to
be a new species, and it so happens I am working at that group.
The Grotto and creek have been filling up with gravel since you and
I were there togethei-. They are quite changed since our visit three
years ago. From the Grotto, Wiiite creek keeps to the north and
Muav to the west ; heading in the saddle between Kaibab and Powell
plateaus. So when you and I slept by the fire and found the colony
of Sonorellas we were in the Muav Wash and more than half way
to the north rim of the Grand Canyon. About a mile above our
sleeping place, there is a fine trout stream (without fish) and cliffs
a thousand feet high, with Sonorellas.
There were no mice this time at our old thousand-mouse camp on
Shinamo creek.* We saw but two on the whole trip. Thus John
had a fine orchard with leaves on the trees this time, also melons,
sweet potatoes and common things in plenty. Their asbestos mine
^ On the north side of the Grand Canyon, near the river.
112 THE NAUTILUS.
is very promising but it is a long road to consumption for the copper.
We found a lialf million dollar copper smelter in the Kaibabs and a
saw mill, but only two men in the mountains besides the foresters,
and these were at the saw mill. They had a wagon road to Fredonia.
In fact you can wagon from the top of the Kaibab saddle to Fredonia
or most any other place in that region. An auto was driven
through from Salt Lake while we were there to Bright Angel, on
the north side of the canyon across from the hotel. But from Bass
Station to Trumbull, 125 miles, there will be no inhabitants through
the winter, except Bass and John working out assessments on new
mines.
Yours Truly, '^
Jas. H. Ferriss.
A NEW VARIETY OF LYMNAEA STAGNALIS.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
LyMN^A STAGNALIS LILLIANS var. nOV.
Lymnaa stagnalis var., Daniels, Nautilus XXII, p. 120
(1909).
LymvcBa stagnalis var.. Walker, Ann. Rep. Mich. Geol. Surv.,
1908, 289, figure 63, No. 1 (1909).
Shell elongate-ovate, with short spire and elongated, narrow aper-
ture, which is typically longer than the spire ; whorls flattened,
elongated, very flat-sided and sloping, especially the body whftrl
which is cylindrical; spire sharply acuminated; whorls 5^ to 6 ;
body whorl elongated, flattened, roundly shouldered ; aperture long
and narrow, slightly expanded ; axis strongly gyrate ; umbilical
region with a very minute, narrow chink ; sculpture and nuclear
whorls as in stagnalis appressa.
Length, 42.00; width, 22.00; aperture length, 26.00; width,
13.00 mill.
Length, 40.00; width, 19.50; aperture length, 23.50 ; width,
11.75 mill.
Length, 30.00; width, 20.00; aperture length, 24.50; width,
11.00 mill.
Length, 37.50; width, 19.60; aperture length, 23.75; width,
12.00 mill.
Length, 40.00; width, 19.00; aperture length, 23.25; width,
11.50 mill.
THE NAUTILUS, XXIII
PLATE X.
ANODONTA DAKOTA FRIERSOI
THE NAUTILUS. 113
Length, 28.00; width, 13.00; aperture length, 17.50; width
8.50 mill.
Types: Chicago Academy of Sciences, five specimens, No. 24554.
Type Locality: Tomahawk Lake, Oneida County, Wisconsin.
Range : Michigan and Wisconsin north of the 45th parallel of
north latitude.
Records. — Michigan : Isle Royale ; various localities. (Adams ;
Gleason ; Walker).
Wisconsin: Quynoch Point, Eagle Bay, and other portions of
Tomahawk Lake, Oneida County (Baker).
Ecology : L. s. lilliancs is typically an inhabitant of sandy shores,
in shallow water, where it is subjected to heavy wave action, only
once was a specimen found in a still-water habitat, and this instance
was undoubtedly caused by drifting from its normal habitat. When
any number of specimens were found, the habitat was invariably an
exposed beach. Associated with Ulliana were Galba emarginata
and Flanorbis hinneyi. Individuals were observed crawling over
the sandy beach or attached to water-soaked logs or other shore
debris.
The animal of this race exhibits two color phases, one bright yel-
low and the other black or giayish-black. No cause for this color
dimorphism was apparent. It is not protective as both forms occupy
the same area of white sandy beach.
( To be continued.)
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANODONTA.
BY L. S. FRIERSON.
AnODONTA DAKOTA, n. sp. Plate X.
Shell elliptically rounded before (slightly cut away below) dorsal
line nearly straight, base slightly curved. Posterior nearly straight,
making the shell ti-apezoidal in outline. Epidermis straw yellow,
with dark bands marking the rest periods.
Umbonal ridge angular, beaks not high, with double loop sculp-
ture, as in Ano. grandis, Say.
Umbos inflated, greatest diameter of shell about ^ from beak to
base.
114 THE NAUTILUS.
Length, 3; height, 1.8; diameter 1.6 (inches).
Length 76, height 51, diameter 40 mm.
Found by Mr. W. H. Over, at Ulvers Point, Clear Lake, Deuel
Co., South Dakota, July 1, 1909.
To launch a new Anodonta is a perilous undertaking, but in this
instance the novelty of the form is unmistakable. The beaks ally
the shell, of course, to Anodonta grandis, Say. It is nearest to
that form called by Mr. Antliony A. snbgibbosa (and especially to
the figure of this species shown in the Conchologia Iconica, which is
much more characteristic than the figure in the American Journal
of Conchology). From any form of Ano. grandis it differs in being
more cylindrical, i. e., in lacking the swelling " amidship " so often
shown by A. grandis; in being rayless (so far as known), but especi-
ally by having its posterior point not elevated above the basal line,
and by the marked truncation posteriorly, which truncation is as
marked as in Morgaritana morginata Say, and the straight posterior,
and the resulting quadrilateral aspect of the shell. It is more
quadrate than Anodonta doliaris, Lea. The lack of any ohh'quity is
remarkable. Mr. Over also sent me from the same lake examples
of Anodonta grandis, Say, and the facies of our species was strik-
ingly dissimilar.
A NEW SYSTEM OF THE UNIONIDAE.
BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN, CARNKGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH, PA.
Since October, '09 the present writer has been engaged in the
study of the anatomy of the soft parts of the Unionidob of Pennsyl-
vania, collected during the last four years. The material at hand
being very rich, it was possible to make out the structure of most of
our species, and the results obtained are rather satisfactory, and are
apt to furnish new principles for the systematic arrangement of the
species.
Simpson (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 22, '00). in his system, has indi-
cated some of the essential principles of classification, in fact, the first
pointed out the most important feature, the shape of the marsiipium,
Yet this system must be changed considerably, if it is to represent
the natural atHnities. This is due chiefly to the fact, that Simpson.
on the one hand, had ratiier insufficient material, and on the other,
that he did not go into microscopic detail.
THE NAUTILUS. 115
Some corrections of Simpson's system have been advocated by
Sterki (Amer. Naturalist 37, '03 p. 103 ff.), and, generally, I find
that these are well supported. Yet there are other differentiations
in structure, which have been overlooked hitherto, and which are of
prime systematic value.
The most important (and gratifying) result of my investigations is,
that the gills or parts of gills, which serve as marsupium during the
breeding season, are permanently differentiated in their anatomical
structure from those gills (or parts of gills'), which never serve as mar-
supium. Thus it is possible to recognize the type of marsupium of
any species, if only sterile females are at hand.
My investigation will be published in full in the "Memoirs of the
Carnegie Museum," amply illustrated by figures of the structures
discussed. Although I am not quite done yet, and although I hope
to secure additional material next summer, I think it advisable to
publish my preliminary results as soon as possible, in order to direct
the attention of the collectors to those genera, which 1 have not
been able to investigate. It would be desirable for anybody, who
intends to collect Unionidce next summer, to make up his mind from
the beginning, that shells without the soft parts are not the thing
that is wanted, but that the soft parts, at least of some specimens,
should always be preserved in alcohol.
The family Unionidce,, in Simpson's sense (1. c, p. 514, 515, 516),
is accepted. Simpson divides it into two subfamilies, of which one,
Hyriincz (= Hyriamz Swains., Simpson, pp. 515 and 806), is extra-
limital, and which cannot be discussed at present. The other is the
JJnionincE Swains. All our North American forms belong to the
latter. But I think they should be divided into four groups, which
I would designate as subfamilies. Thus, disregarding the Hyriina,
the Unionidce are divided into four subfamilies, as shown below.
In the following I shall give a systematic arrangement of the
Pennsylvanian species. Of the characters, I have given the most
important ones of the soft parts for the subfamilies, and for the
genera where necessary. It is not my intention to go into any de-
tail, since further investigations may possibly necessitate minor
changes in the arrangement of the genera. Some notes are ap-
pended at the end, in order to explain the most striking changes
introduced here.
116 THK NAUTILUS.
1. Subfamily : Margaritanin^e.
Gills without well-defined water tubes; connections of the two
laminas by irregularly scattered prominences, but not by septa.
(This is a most remarkable character, in which Margimtana differs
from all other genera.) Supra-anal opening not separated from' the
anal opening. Diapliragm (posterior part of gills, separating anal
and branchial openings) of peculiar shape : the oxiier loniina of the
outer gill is free from the mantle for a considerable distance. Inner
lamina of inner gills free from the abdominal sac. No papillae on
edge of mantle in front of branchial opening. (Marsupium and glo-
chidia unknown to the writer.)
Genus and species : Margaritana margaritifera (L.).
2. Subfamily : Unionin^e.
Gills with rather well-defined water tubes, the latter formed by
septa, which run the whole width of the gill, parallel to the gill-
filaments. Supra-anal opening not separated or (generally) separ-
ated from the anal, the closed part rather short. Diaphragm normal
(i. e., outer lamina of outer gills connected with the mantle to their
posterior end). Inner lamina of inner gills always free from abdom-
inal sac. No papillas on mantle edge in front of branchial opening.
Marsupium formed by both gills or only by the outer gill; edge of mar-
supium always sharp (not distending). Water tubes not divided in
the gravid female. Glochidia semioval or semicircular, without
spine.
1. Genus: Qi<flc?rM/a (Eaf.) Ag. (rest r.). Both gills (inner and
outer) serving as marsupium.
Species : subrotunda (Lea) [and var. kirtlandiana (Lea)] —
rubiginosa (Lea) [and var, trigona (Lea)] — pus-
tulosa (Lea) — metanevra (Raf.) — cylivdrica (Say)
— tritogonia (Ortm)' — undulata (Barn.).
2. Genus: Rotundaria Raf. (as subgenus). Outer gills only serv-
ing as marsupium. Supra-anal opening not sep-
arated from the anal. Also with peculiar shell
characters.
' Quadrula tritogonia Ortm. = Tritogonia (uberailata (Barn.) of Simpson.
The nomenclature of this species remains to be settled. Since Qu. tuberculata
(Raf.) is now removed from the genus Quadrula, the specific name tuberculata
might become available. Qu. lachrymosa (Lea) probably is also a true
Quadrula.
THK NAUTILUS. 117
Species : tuherculata Raf.
3. Genus : Pleurohema (Raf.) Ag. (enlarged). Outer gills serv-
ing as marsupium. Supra-anal separated i'rom the
anal.
Species: cooperiana (Lea)* — cBSojo«<s (Green).
ohliqua (Lam.) [including the form pyramidata
(Lea) and the var. coccinea (Conr.).''
clava (Lam.).
4. Genus : Unio Retz.*
Species: crassidens (Lum.^—gibbosvs (Barn.) — cowplanatus
{J)\\\v{.)—productus (Conr.) (Fulton Co., Pa.).
3. Subfamily : Anodontin^,
Water-tubes similar to those of the Uniomnce, only less regular at
base of gills, chiefly so in the male. Supra-anal opening well sep-
arated from the anal ; sometimes the connection of tlie mantle mar-
gins is very long. Diaphragm normal. Inner lamina of inner gills
generally free from the abdominal sac, sometimes with the tendency
to become connected with it, or entirely connected. No papilla; on
mantle edge in front of branchial opening. Marsupium formed by
the outer gills; edge of marsuphim, when charged, distending, the
thickened tissue forming the edge stretching out in a direction trans-
versal to the gills, but not bulging out beyond the edge of the gill (or
only slightly so). Water-tubes in the gravid female divided longi-
tudinally into three tubes, one lying toward each face of the gill, the
third in the middle ; only the latter contains eggs or embryos, and
is much larger than the outer tubes. This division into three parts
is not present in the sterile female. Glochidia subtriangular, with
one spine at the tip.
1. Genus: Alasmidonta Say.*
^Pleurohema cooperiana (Lea) (= Qu. cooperiana of Simpson) surely groups
with PI. xsopus.
^ PL obliqua, pyramidata [and also joZfna (Lea)] form a natural group by
themselves, and probably are one and the same species. P. pyraviidata is only
an extreme variation of P. ohliqua., with which it occurs, while coccinea is a
good ecological variety, which, however, runs into ohliqua at certain localities.
3 The characters of the soft parts of Unio are practically identical with those
of Pleurohema. A distinction is possible only by shell characters.
*The genera of the Anodontinx are distinguished chiefly by shell characters,
but it seems as if Alasmidonta and Slrophilus are more closely allied to each
other, and then again Symphy7ioia, Anodontoides and Anodonia.
118 THE NAUTILUS.
Species: heterodon (Lea) — marginata (^Sa.y) [and var. varicosa
(Lam.)] — undulata (Say),'
2. Genus: Strophitas 'R-aL^
Species: undidatus (Say) [^^ edentulus (Say)].
3. Genus : Symphynota Lea.
Species: compressa (Lea) — viridis (Conr.).*
costata (Rat.) — complanata (Barn.).
4. Genus: Anodontoides Simps.
Species : ferussacianus (Lea) (and var. subcylindraceus (Lea).
5. Genus : Anodonta Brug.
Species : cataracta Say. — grandis Say (with several varieties)
imbecitlis (Say.)*
4. Subfamily: Lampsilin^.
"Water tubes similar totboseof the Unionina. Supra-anal opening
separated from the anal, rarely entirely closed. Diaphragm normal.
Inner lamina of inner gills rarely more or less free from abdominal
sac, generally entirely connected with it. Mantle edge in front of
branchial opening crenulated, papillose, or with a peculiar flap.
Marsupium formed by the outer gill, or {mostly) by the posterior part
of the outer gill (sometimes only a section of the latter is used for
the marsupium). Edge of marsupium, when charged, rounded^
distended and bulging out beyond the ends of the branchial filaments.
Water tubes in the gravid female simple. Glochidia generally of the
type of the Unionina, rarely diflFerent, and rectangular with two spines.
1. Genus : Ptychobranchus Simps. *
Species : phaseolus (Hildr.)
^ Alasmid. heterodon stands by itself, while marginata and undulata are more
closely related.
*The marsupium of Strophitiis is very peculiar and complex, and cannot be
explained in a few words and without figures. The discbarge of the "pla-
centae" ("ovisacs" of Simpson) is not through the walls of the gills, as Simp-
son indicates (1. c, p. 616).
^Symphynota compressa and viridis are hermaphrodites !
* As already Sterki has shown, Anodonta imbecillis is a hermaphrodite^ which
I am able to confirm. I know another species of Anodonta, from Texas, which
is also hermaphroditic ; it groups with imbecillis, and belongs possibly under
A. henry ana Lea (or may be a new species).
*The peculiar character ot the marsupium of Flychobranchus is well
known ; this form reveals what is essential in the Lampsilis-type of marsupium.
The genus Cyprogenia Ag., which I had no chance to investigate, very likely
should follow after Ptychobranchus.
THK NAUTILUS.
119
2. Genera: Ohliquaria (Raf.) Simps — Plagiola (Raf.) Ag.—
Obovaria (Raf.)^
Species : Ohliquaria rejlexa Raf.
Plagiola securis (Lea) — elegans (Lea).
Obovaria retusa (Lam.) — circulus (Lea) — ellipsis
(Lea).
Obovaria ligamentina (Lam.)'
3. Genus : Proptera Raf. '
Species : gracilis (Barn.) — alala (Say.
4. Genus: Caz-Mwctf/iwa Simps, (subgen.)
Species: parva (Barn.)*
5. Genus : Micromya (Ag.) Simps.
Species : fabalis (Lea.) *
6. Genus . Lampsilis Raf. (restr.)*
Species : iris (Lea) — nasuta (San) — recta (Lam.)'
luteola (Lam.) — radiata(Ginel) — orbiculata (Hildr.)'
' These three genera are practically identical with regard to their anatomy,
only Ohliquaria is distinguished by the marsupium consisting only of a few
ovisacs. They may be distinguished by shell characters, which, however, are
hard to define. All the species enumerated here are characterized by the
absence of papillce or flaps on the mantle edge in front of the branchial opening.
A final arrangement of the genera must be left for the future.
» Obovaria ligamentina = Lampsilis ligamentina. This species undoubtedly
belongs into this group, and not with the true Lampsilis.
'^Proptera, as defined by Sterki. F. alata is distinguished by its peculiar
glochidia (rectangular, with two spines). But P. gracilis, which agrees in all
other respects, has different glochidia; they are of the normal Lampsilis-shape,
but much smaller.
* Car. parva has the inner lamina of the inner gills not connected with the
abdominal sac, and the supra-anal opening is entirely closed ; for the rest it
resembles the tm-type of Lampsilis.
^Micromya fabalis agrees well with the tVw-type of Lampsilis, but the inner
lamella of the inner gill is partly free from the abdominal sac. Both Caruncu-
Una and Micromya form a transition from the more primitive forms to the
typical Lampsilis. Further study possibly will throw more light upon these
forms.
^Lampsilis is characterized by the development of peculiar structures on
the mantle edge. The first group has papillae, the second a flap.
' Also Lampsilis vibex nigrina (Lea) from Florida and L. anodontoides (Lea)
from Texas have been investigated, and prove to belong to this group.
8 L. orbiculata is not at all related to L. ligamentina, as Simpson thinks, but
it belongs to the ventricosa group of Lampsilis, for it has a well-developed flap
on the mantle edge.
120 THE NAUTILUS.
car{osa(Say) — multiradiata{heii)—vetitricossa(Ba.Tn.)
and var. ovata (Say).
7. Genus : Truncilla Raf.'
Species: triquelra Raf". — perplexa rangiana (Lea).
NOTES AND NEWS.
The Wendell Phillips Higli School, Chicago, in its regular
Zoology work is doing things unique with the mollusca. Each
pupil is required to make a " cigar box " collection of shells. These
are fixed up nicely and covered witli glass. The specimens are
named on inside of lid and an exhibition takes place to which parents
and friends are invited. This year over 200 boxes and 8000 speci-
mens were exhibited.
The students under the direction of Mr. E, E. Hand, the teacher
are urged to make a thorough study of their own region and in co-
operation with the Agassiz Association are arranging for exchanges
with high schools and individual collectors all over the world. Any-
one interested is invited to correspond. — E. E. Hand.
It is with sorrow we record the death of Mr. John Ford, at his
home in Pliiladelphia, on January 10, 1910. An obituary will ap-
pear in March number.
Wr also regret to announce the death of Dr. John H. Britts of
Clinton, Missouri, which occurred November 14, 1909.
Lymnaa cuhensis aspirans, n. subsp. The shell differs from L.
cuhensis by its much longer spire of very convex whorls. Length
12, diam. 6, length of aperture 6 mm.; whorls 6. Barbadoes. Types
No. 85455 A. N. S. P. This is not Limncea harbadensis Sowerby,
Conch. Icon., xviii, pj. 14, f. 100, I have seen no Antillean species
resembling that figure. — H. A. Pilsbry.
We learn with regret of the death of Dr. Kakichi Mitsukuri, the
eminent Japanese zoologist, on September 16.
• Shell characters peculiar, and also mantle edge, and in some respects also
the marsupium. The two species differ considerably, and the two subgenera
of Simpson {Truncilla and Pilea) should perhaps be elevated to the rank
of genera.
THE NAUTILUS, XXIII.
PLATE XI
BARTSCH : NORTHWESTERN MARIN E SHELLS.
ALDRICH : NEW EOCENE FOSSILS.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XXIII. MARCH, 1910. No. 10
A NEW FOSSIL MITRA FEOM WEST FLOEIDA, AND A NEW EOCENE
ASTARTE.
BY T. H. ALDRICH.
MiTRA (Chrysame) WALTONENSIS, n. sp. PI. XI, fig. 1.
Shell rather solid, thick ; apex scarcely pointed. Whorls six,
three smooth, balance cancellated and shouldered, suture deep ;
varices near the aperture predominating over the spirals and ap-
pressed to the suture. Aperture with strong outer lip which is ser-
rated on its outer edge and showing seven or eight strong lirations
within ; inner lip curved and covered with a strong enamel which
spreads over part of the body whorl, two strong quadrangular folds
on the lower central part and a pointed tooth near tlie posterior part
of the aperture, base rounded, shell slightly umbilicMted.
Height, 16 mm.; breadth, 9 mm.; length of aperture, 9 mm.
Locality: Shoal River bed. West Florida. Oligocene of Dall.
Remarks. — This is another Pacific Ocean form that adds to the
evidence of a channel between the two oceans during the Tertiary
period.
AsTARTE NEWTONENSIS, n. Sp. PI. XI, figS. 2, 3.
Shell small, rounded, nearly equilateral; beaks small, lunule
rather long, the concentric ribs dying down at the edge, but the
lines of growth run over to the hinge line and do the same on the
escutcheon also. Valves moderately convex, sculptured with nu-
merous small subequal ribs, inner margins crenulate, hinge as in
the figure.
Height, 6 mm.; length, 7^ mm.
122 THE NAUTILUS.
Locality: From tlje »' Burrstone," near Beulah P. 0., Newton
County, Miss.
Remaiks. — This little species is striliingly similai- to tlie species
named Astarte opulentora Dall, but tliat is from the Pliocene
of Mexico.
NOTES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE TOENATELLINIDJE.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
The Tornatellinidce are a group of small or minute land snails
found on the islands in and around the Paoific. An illustrated
monograph has heen prepared for the " Manual of Conchology," but
as its publication will be delayed until the appearance of iha Achati-
nellidce, a brief sketch of the classification is here published in
advance.
These shells have some resemblance to AchatinellidcB and Par-
tulidcB in shape, but differ from both families by having an entering
parietal lamella. In at least two species this is absent through de-
generation in the adult stage, and in some others it is much reduced.
Some species of the section Lamellina undergo remarkable changes
from youth to maturity, the adult stage being secondarily simplified.
Young individuals should always be collected with adults, when
possible.
Key to Genera and Minor Divisions.
I. Shell rather solid, glossy, bright or dark colored or variegated ;
axis imperforate, but usually superfically riniate in the adult
stage. Genus Auricui.ella Pfr.
II. Shell thin, light brown or corneous, not polished.
a. Axis imperforate, slender, the columella more or less
sinuous.
b. Shell globose-ovate ; columella armed with an angular
or bilobed vertical callus or plate, truncate or exca-
vated below the prominence.
Genus Elasmias n. gen.
c. Spire of few (3 to 4^) whorls; columellar callus
in form of a vertical, angular or bilobed plate.
Section Elasmia$.
THK NAUTILUS. 123
cc. Spire of 6 to 7 close whorls ; columellar callus
bilamellate, 'lamellae long; palatal plicae devel-
oped. Section Lamellovum n. sect.
bh. Shell oblong-conic or turrite, very thin ; columella
sigmoid or nearly straight, sometimes calloused or
bearing lamellae, not truncate or excavated at base.
Genus TORNATELLINA Pfr.
c. Shell oblong-conic ; whorls 5 to 7.
d. Aperture having a columellar and a pari-
etal lamella and two palatal folds.
Section Tornatellina.
(id. Aperture having columellar and a parietal
lamella and more or less serrate, vertical,
palatal ribs, at least in the neanic stage.
Section Lamelliiia Pse.
ddd. No palatal armature at any stage ; colu-
mella more or less sinuous, sometimes
lamellate, whorls 5 to 6.
Section Lamellidea, n. sect.
cc. Shell long-turrite, whorls 9 to 10.
Section Elasmatina Petit.
aa. Axis umbilicate or perforate throughout ; columella not
sinuous or truncate. Genus Tornatei.lides n. gen.
b. Columella unarmed at all stages of growth.
Section Tornatellides.
bb. Columella bilamellate, at least in the young.
Section ToriKitellaria, n. sect.
Types of the Genera and Minor Groups.
Frickella Pfr. 1855, type Achatinella amoena Pfr.
Auriculella Pfr. 1855, type A. auricida (Fer.).
Elasmias Pils. 1910, type Tofnatellina aperta Pease.
Lamellovum Pils. 1910, type Tornatellina glohosa (Petit).
Tornatellina Pfr. 1842, type Tornatellina clausa-=.bilamellata (An-
ton).
Lamellina Pease 1860, type Lamellina serratn Pease.
Lamellidea Pils. 1910. type Tornatellina peponum (Gld.).
Elasmatina Petit 1843, type E. subulata Pet. = T. turrita (An-
ton).
124 THK NAUTILUS.
Tornatellides ^ Pils. 1910, type T. simplex Pse.
Tornatellaria Pils. 1910, type T. newcombi Pfr.
Anriculella and Tornatellaria &.ve restricted to the Hawaiian Islands.
Lamellovum and Elasmatina to Rapa. The other groups have a
wider range. Lamellidea and TornatelUdes range from the Bonin,
Luchu and Hawaiian Islands to New Zealand ; Elasmias from the
Japanese Oceanic Islands to Australia, while Lamellina does not go
south farther than Micronesia and Polynesia. Tliere are some New
Caledonian species of Tornatellina, hni the absence of records of Tor-
natellinidce from the Solomons, New Hebrides and other Melanesian
islands is remarkable, and must be due to these minute shells being
overlooked. The family is represented by a solitary species in the
Galapagos.
A CONCHOLOGICAL MUSEUM FOE JAPAN.
BY Y. IIIRASE.
As I stated in the late issue of my paper I am going to establish a
conchological museum in the near future and I hope I shall be able
to contribute a little to this branch of study. Hon. S. Omori, Gov-
ernor of Kyoto-Prefecture, Dr. H. Kinoshita, Ex-President of the
Kyoto Imperial University, Dr. Y. Tanaka, a member of the
House of Peers and two or three others of eminence promised to
render assistance, if need be, and are in deep symjiathy with my
undertaking. I am well convinced that I shall be able to carry out
my plan and attain ray object, the establishment of a conchological
museum.
For the building expenses of the museum, I rely for $5,000 upon
the generosity of persons interested in science in foreign countries.
It is not intended to ask contributions, but to issue sets of Japanese
shells, the proceeds to be applied to the museum.
Each lot or set contains 500 species of Japanese shells, valued at
$100. Many sets are prepared and can be sent as soon as I receive
orders. As to the 500 species in each set, they shall be subject to
selection. Let me hear the names of the species desired.
As already said, I do not wish for cash contributions to the museum.
•The term TornatelUdes differs suflBciently in spelling and etymology from
Tomatelloides Pfr.
THE NAUTILUS. 125
Yet such donations as specimens of shells, shell fancy-work, books,
papers and pamphlets which have descriptions or pictures of shells,
etc, will heartily be welcomed. They shall be arranged in cases in
the museum, carefully preserved and duly credited to the donors.
Kyoto, Japan.
A NEW VARIETY OF LYMNAEA STAGNALIS.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
{^Concluded from page 113).
Remarks : Lymnsea slagnalis lUliance may be known by its short
spire, long and narrow aperture, and compressed body-whorl. It was
at first thought to be a form of sanctaemariae, but a comparison with
that species shows it to be uniformly narrower with compressed body-
whorl, and more acute spire. In sanctaemariae the body-whorl is
always very rotund ; the aperture is also roundly ovate, while in
lillianae it is elongate-ovate. The musculature of the male organ is
also quite different from sanctaemariae, and similar to that of ap-
pressa. Lillianse differs from appressa in its short spire, flattened
and compressed body-whorl and elongated aperture. It appears to
be a distinguishable race of L. stagnalis.
No true appressa were found associated witli this race in Toma-
hawk Lake. There were a few specimens with spires and aperture
of equal length, showing clearly that the race is a modification of the
appressa type, caused, doubtless, by a change of environment.
At Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, a form of stagnalis occurs
which at first sight appears quite distinct. A number of individuals,
however, approach very closely to var. lilUana and they may be re-
ferred provisionally to this race. Judging from the material at hand,
this is a transition form between appressa and lilliancB, representing,
perhaps, one of the stages in the evolution of the race. The Isle
Royale form " is characteristic of the quieter waters of the long,
narrow harbors which are such a remarkable feature of the Island."
(Walker). Typical lilliance lives on a wave-beaten shore, and this
precarious environment has caused the aperture to become enlarged
to provide for the larger foot to enable it to retain its hold on sub-
merged objects. The Isle Royale form, living in quieter water, has
not developed the large aperture of the Tomahawk Lake shell.
126 THE NAUTILUS.
The Tomahawk Lake shells vary to some extent, those inhabiting
the quieter bays having a longer spire and a smaller aperture.
These shells closely resemble the Isle Royale specimens and also
clearly indicate relationship with appressa. Specimens referable to
appressa were collected at one station in Tomahawk Lake, the
habitat being marshy in character. Some pathologic lorms occur in
the Wisconsin shells, the abnormalities being confined principally to
the last whorl and aperture. .Specimens from Lake Harriet, Min-
nesota, collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels, are also relerable to this
race.
In the course of time this race will probably assume specific char-
acteristics. Its remarkabk iniformity points to this.
The race is dedicated to my wife, who assisted in the discovery of
the type specimens.
JOHN FOKD.
John Ford was born in Chester, Pa., November IT), 1H27, and
died in Philadelphia, January 10, 1010, He was the son of Lewis
H. and Esther (Ogden) Ford, His father died when he was about
ten, and he was then practically compelled to shift for himself. He
lived for about three years with a farmer in Delaware county, Pa.,
and then returned to Chester and entered a store. By untiring
efibrts the boy acquired a substantial education. His great love
of nature and of music was a powerful incentive to self-cultivation.
On September 6th, 1847, Mr. Ford married Phoebe T. Flavill,
of Chester, Pa. After living for a time in Paterson, N. J., and
Shipman, 111., he returned to Philadelphia in 1861, shortly after
entering the Corn Exchange National Bank, where he was contin-
uously employed until July, 1903, when, owing to a severe illness,
he was compelled to retire from active business.
Mr. Ford was afflicted for many years by an ever-increasing deaf-
ness, which caused him to avoid social gatherings, and in his later
years even scientific and musical meetings. Yet his warm and gen-
erous nature found pleasure in the company of a few intimate friends
who shared his tastes.
Mr. Ford was an accomplished musician, many of his compositions
having much merit. He especially excelled in melody. Many of his
songs written over thirty years ago are still in favor. His first pub-
JOHN FORD.
THE NAUTILUS.
127
lished song, " Will You Love Me when I'm Old ?" had a tremendous
and immediate success, and was by far the most popular of his com-
positions, though a number of those appearing later were deemed
more worthy of consideration by his musical friends. Among tliese
were "Watching and Waiting," "Daisy and I," "Away Down
South," " Sweet Rosalie," and, best of all, " My Ships are Coming
Back lo Me " — a piece of deep poetic feeling.
As a young man, Ford was deeply interested in geology and min-
eralogy. A warm friend of Conrad, together they collected cre-
taceous fossils from the marl beds of New Jersey. With the late
Theodore D. Rand he collected the minerals of Delaware and Chester
counties. In the early sixties Ford met the Rev. Dr. E. R. Beadle.
This acquaintance ripened into a warm friendship, and turned his
attention from mineralogy to conchology. He often said — " It was
Dr. Beadle who started me in the study of conchology, and who took
all my minerals in exchange for shells." George W. Try on, Jr.,
was also his warm friend, and their bond of friendship was strength-
ened by their love of music. Another true and life-long friend who
survives him is Mr. Charles Morris, of Philadel|)hia.
Mr. Ford was elected a member ct the Academy of Natural
Sciences in 18G6 and from that time until his illness in 1903, took
an active interest in the Academy's magnificent collection of mol-
lusks. He was especially interested in the local species and those of
the New Jersey coast, making a special exhibition collection of both,
for the Academy and also for the Wagner Free Institute of Science.
Aside from the local shells he was also especially interested in the
OUvidce. His long suites selected to show specific variation are un-
equaled in this country.
He also brought together a very fine collection of Cyprceida, which
although containing none of the great rarities, is notable for its
large series illustrative of variation. His entire collection is re-
markable for the perfection of the specimens tind the great number
of representive genera and species of all the principal faunal regions.
He had little interest in fresh-water shells, aside from local species,
or for the small or minute land snails, though he possessed a very fine
series of exotic Helices andBulimi, numbering many forms now very
rare. The marine pelecypods such as Veneridce, CardiidiB, Pectens,
etc., of his collection are especially fine.
Mr. Ford published 29 articles on conchological subjects, besides
128 THE NAUTILUS.
a number of sliort notes, and a lew articles dealing with paleonto-
logical and archaeological topics. His influence was largely personal.
At the time ot his greatest activity in conchology — 1870 to 1895 —
he maintained a large correspondence, and was always ready to as-
sist students with information from the rich library of the Academy.
He was particularly helpful in naming specimens for conchologists
who had no access to large collections or libraries, much of his leisure
beinw given to this generous propaganda. Several species were named
in his honor, among them Donax fordi Conrad, Cerion fordi P. & V.,
DrymoEus fordi Pils. Pleurodonte fordiana Pils., Phasianella for-
diana Pils., and others.
The portrait accompanying this sketch, is from his last photograph,
taken when Mr. Ford was about sixty years of age.
He is survived by two sons William Henry and Albert W. Ford
and two daughters Parthenia Ford and Mrs. Charles W. Johnson.
List of the Conchological Writings of John Ford.
1. Remarks on the Argouauta. Amer. Journ. of Conch., IV,
276, 18G8.
2. Embryology of Fulgur, etc. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1884, p. 292.
3. A Day among the MoUusks. Conch. Exch., I, 21, 1886.
4. Helices in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Conch. Exch,, II,
7, 1887.
5. Succinea obliqua Say in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, with
some Remarks regarding the Relationship of Succinea totteniana
Lea. Conch. Exch., II, 23, 1887.
6. The Fresh-Water Mollusks of Fairmount Park. Conch.
Exch., II, 39, 1887.
7. Some Remarks on the Migration of Mollusks. Conch. Exch.,
II, 71, 1887.
8. Description of a New Ocinebra. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1888, p. 188, fig.
9. Description of Helix (Trachia) dentoni. Nautilus, III, 17,
1889.
10. List of Shells of the New Jersey Coast South of Brigantine
Island. Naut., Ill, 27, 1889.
11. Scalaria angulata in New Jersey. Naut., Ill, o2, 1889.
1*2. Remarks on Oliva inflata, O. irisans, and Other Species
of Shells. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 137.
THE NAUTILUS. 129
13. Notes on Crepidula. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 346.
14. On Crepidula glauca. Naut., Ill, 90, 1889.
15. A Few Last Words on Crepidula. Naut., Ill, 128, 1890.
16. A Glance at the Academy of Natural Sciencps of Philadel-
phia. Naut., IV, 75, 1890.
17. Description of a New Anctus. Naut., IV, 81, 1890,
18. Some American Cannibals. Naut., IV, 85, 1890.
19. Description of a New Species of Helix [H. deaniana]. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 188.
20. Description of New Species of Anctus and Oliva. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, p. 97, figs. 1, 3 and 4.
21. Some Remarks on New Jersey Coast Shells. Naut., VI,
25, 1892.
22. Description of a New Form of Cypraea. Naut., VI, 112, pi.
2, figs. 4, 5, 1893 ; VII, 39, 1893.
23. Remarks on a New Species of Cypraea. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1893. p. 310, fig.
24. Some Remarks Relative to Cypraea greegori. Naut., VII,
78, 1893.
25. A New Variety of Olivella. Naut., VIII, 103, pi. 2, fig. 14,
1895.
26. Notes on the Reported Extinction of the Genus Achatinella,
and Marvelous Development of a Florida Fasciolaria. Naut., VIII,
123, 1895.
27. Some References to the Genus Oliva. Naut., X, 3, 1896.
28. Cypraea lynx deformed by Disease. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1897, p. 328, figs. 1-3.
29. Description of a New Species of Olivella. Naut., XII, 66,
1898.
H. A. P.
PUBLICATIONS EECEIVED.
Some New South American Land Shells (Smiths. Misc. Coll.,
vol. 52, p. 361-364, 1909). By Wm. H. Dall. Phurodonte tenacu-
lum and Helicina heighwayana are described from the Atrato River,
Sierra Darien. The former seems closely related to P. uncigera
Petit, having a remarkable hook within the basal lip, like that species.
The altitude of the shell assigned (6.0 mm.) must be a typographical
error. Odontostomus hranneri is a new form from the province of
Bahia, Brazil.
130 the nautilus.
Repokt on a collection of shells fkom Peru, with a
Summary of the Littoral marine Mollusca of the Peru-
vian Zoological Province. 15y William Healey Dall :
Proc. U. S. N. M. 37, p. 147-294, Pis. 20-28, 1909 — Dealt with
in his usual masterly way, this paper of Dr. Dall is one of the most
notable contributions to the fauna ot Western South America which
has appeared for some years. Ostensibly l)ut a report on the rela-
tively small collection of shells collected by Dr. R. E. Coker, the
scope of the paper has been widened, first by the addition of a valu-
able bibliography, and in laler pages by the inclusion of a " List of
Species Composing the Fauna," prefaced by several pages of the
acute generalizations which we have now come to expect in nearly
all the larger works of this author. The list of synonyms at the
back is also a most useful feature.
As seems inevitable in a work of this scope a lew minor errors
and inconsistences hav.? cre[)t in, some ol which it may be well to
call to notice, as well as some of tiie more important clian;:es in
nomenclature which Dr. Dall has found it necessary to undertake.
The inaccuracies are as usual connected chiefly with the li^^t ot
Cephalopods, which has apparently been compiled from the literature
without any attempt at revision or the elimination of synonyms.
By the rules ot nomenclature the family name Philonexidoe
(used on p. 193) can have no standing and the creatures grouped
under it must either be referred to the ArgonuufidcB, as most jiuthors
now maintain ; or if segregated the name Tremoctopodidce sliould
probably be used. At any rate the only species here given under
this group, Tremoctopus miw'mvs Orb., is a synonym of Argonauta
hians Sol.
On p. 194, BoUtaena '-'• microtyla" is a misprint for B. "- imcrnco-
tyla" and Polypus '\fontaineanus " for P. '■'■ fontfniiamis."' On . p.
195 Ommastrephus gigas d'Orb. is now held the type of a distinct
genus Dosidicus Steenstrup, 1857. Also Steenstriipiola chilensis
Pfefifer is regarded by even its author as but the young sia^e of
Telcoteuthis plcttyptera (d'Orb.) which is also listed on the following
page. Onychoteuthis hracliyptera Pfeflfer may also be a synonym of
this. Taonius schneeliageni Pfeflfer (listed on p. 196) is a synonym
of Zygocranchia zygaena (Verany) Hoyle, according to Pfeflfer, but
further specimens may indicate differently.
It is a pity that original figures of Polypus fnntanianus and Loligo
THE NAUTILUS.
131
gahi were not given instead of copies of the unsatisfactory drawings
of d'Orbigny. (Plates 20-21).
The new species described are Modiolus arciformis, AUgena
cokeri, Dtplodonta {Felaniella) artemidis, Xylotrya dryas (an inter-
esting form found burrowing in the living mangroves), Bulimulus
eokerianus, and Megatehennus cokeri. Acmaea orbignyi Dall is a new
name for A. scutum Orb. 1841 (not Esch (1833), and the commonly
used terms Anomia lampe Gray, Concholepas peruvianus Lam., and
Crepidula unguiformis Lam. must give way to A. peruviana Orb.,
C. concholepas Brug. and C. crepidula Linn. res):)ectively.
The nomenclature of the faunal list presents the usual divergencies
from that in common use which are already familiar to those who
have read Dr. Ball's " Albatross " Report ' or his notable memoir
on the Oregon Miocene, 2 but there are still one or two points which
seem difficult to understand, namely the retention of the family
'' AplysiidcB" ahtr the rejection of Aphjsia for Tethys : the adop-
tion of the family name Turritidce^ but not Epitoniidoe,; of BullariidoB
and AlectrionidoR but not Architectonicidce.
Murex elenensis Dall is a new name for M. plicatus Sowerby 1840
(non Gmelin 1791), Thais peruensis Dall replaces Purpura peru-
viana Eydoux and Souleyet 1852 (not Blainville, 1832), Architec-
tonica (= Solarium) nanum (Koch) Philippi, 18o3 (not Grateloup,
1838) becomes A. koehii Dall, Fissurella aspera Sowerby 1834 (not
Eschscholtz, 1833) becomes Fissuridea asperior Dall, and Chiton
bipunctatus Sowerby 1832 (not Fisher, 1808) is changed to Tonicella
(Mopaliello) stigmata Dall. Among the Pelecypoda, Fectuvculus
minor Orhigny 184G (not Lea 1833) becomes Glycrjmeris chemnitzii
Dall, and Donax aricana Dall replaces D. radiatus Valenciennes,
1833 (not Gmelin 1791).
Another interesting point which may be observed in this connec-
tion with some propriety is that most writers on the mollusca of our
Southeastern and Gulf States seem to have overlooked the fact that
the Siphonaria lineolata of Orbigny, 1853 is preoccupied by Sowerby
1835. That name should therefore be restricted to the Chilian
1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xliii, No. 6, Oct., 1908.
» U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., No. 59, 1909.
'The correct spelling is Turridae as H. & A. Adams have shown. (Gen.
Rec. Moll. II, p. 614, 1858).
132 THE NAUTILUS.
species, while the Floridian form will then be known as S. naU'
fragum Stearns. The chief synonymy of the two species is as fol-
lows :
SiPHONAUIA LINEOLATA Sowerby.
1835 Siphonaria lineolata Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 6.
1856 Siphonaria lineolata Reeve, Conch. Icon., v. 9, Siphonaria,
PI. 3, fig. 11.
1909 Siphonaria lineolata Dall, Proc. U. S. N. M., v. 37, p. 205.
Siphonaria naufragum Stearns.
1853 Siphonaria lineolata Orbigny {non Sowerby), Moll. Cuba, I,
p. 232, PI. XVII, fig. 13-15.
1872 Siphonaria naufragum Stearns, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
XV, p. 23.
1902 Siphonaria lineolata Dall; Proc. U. S. N. M. XXIV, p.
501, PI. xxvii, fig. U) and 13.
S. S. Berry, Harvard University, Massachusetts.
The Opisthobranchiate Moli.usca of the Branner-Agas-
siz Expedition to Brazil, by Frank Mace MacFarland (Leland
Stanford Junior University Publications No. 2, 1999) — The follow-
ing species are described: Tethys dactylomela (Rang), T. cervina Dall
and Simpson, Pleurohranchus agassizi, Discodoris hranneri^ D. voni-
heringi, Peltodoris greeleyi and Spurilla braziliana nov. spp. The
internal anatomy of all the species is fully described and illustrated
with excellent figures. Professor MacFarland's excellent work on
Opisthobranchs is making amends for the neglect of the group by
American zoologists — H. A. P.
NOTES.
Albino Oliva angulata — We have recently received for
examination a large and perfect specimen of Oliva angulata which
is snow-white except for a small fleshy-brown stain on the callus at
the posterior angle of the aperture and a rusty yellow stain in front
of the callus. This albino, which may be called form nivea, is the
first to be reported of this species, so far as we know. It seems to
be an extremely infrequent variation. The specimen measures 83
mm. long, 42.5 wide. It is the property of the A. L. Hettrich Com-
pany, of San Francisco — H. A. Pilsbry.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XXIII. APRIL, 1910. No. 11
NEW SPECIES OF WEST AMEEICAN SHELLS.
BY WILLIAM IIEALEY DALL.
Several new shells have turned up lately in material received from
the Pacific Coast, of which descriptions follow.
Olivella (anazora Duel. var. ?) porteri Dall.
Shell of about the form and size of the east American O.jaspidea,
with very variable coloration; whorls about seven, spire acute with
a very deep and narrow channeled suture not obscured by callus ;
surface of the whorls brilliantly polished, smooth, except for micro-
scopic spiral close striation which is present on all, but more uniform
on particular individuals ; color pale olive, yellow, or whitish, with
sharp angular axial brown lines superposed between the suture and
the basal fasciole, sometimes forming a tent-like pattern and some-
times reduced to fine, close, more or less cloudy zigzags ; a pale band
in front of the suture, usually with vivid brown zigzag pointed for-
ward, but sometimes plain, the brown lines when present broader and
stronger than elsewhere ; basal fasciole short, with a marginal and
an adjacent narrow fold or plait anteriorly, lighter than the body,
yellow or rich bluish purple ; aperture narrow, simple, with a deep
sutural sinus and a moderate parietal callus when mature. Height
of shell 15 ; of aperture 9 ; max. diara. 6 mm.
From sandbars near the entrance to San Diego Harbor, and at
Scammon Lagoon, Lower California, Miss J. M. Cooke. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 209677. Named in honor of Captain George Porter who
collected largely in the Gulf of California, and is supposed to have
lost his life at Tiburon Island while on a collecting expedition.
134 THE NAUTILUS.
The Scammon Lagoon specimens are more grayish than those from
San Diejro.
The nearest ally to this species is the shell figured by Marrat in
the Thesaurus, plate 350, figure 419, under the name of anazora
Duclos. This, judging by the figure, is a much smaller and some-
what stouter shell, with less distinct marliings. The shell repre-
sented by figure 411 on the same plate is that identified by Dr. Car-
penter and H. Cuming for the Smithsonian collection as 0. anazora
Duclos, though it is named 0. pidla by Marrat. The heavy white
callus on the body extending beyond the suture amply distinguishes
it from 0. porleri. 1 have not access to Duclos' original paper and
hence cannot resolve the doubt as to which is Duclos' anazora.
The previously known Calil'ornian OlivcHae were none of them of
remarkable beauty, though some of the Gulf species are very attrac-
tive, but the present form is one of the prettiest shells of the coast.
It may be that its range extends further north.
POMAULAX TURBANICLS n. Sp.
Shell moderately large, rather thin, brilliantly pearly inside,
covered with a reddish brown periostracum which becomes oliva-
ceous on the base ; form rather depressed, with turgid whorls, about
six in all, the nucleus white, blunt, imperfect ; base flattened,
bordered by a s|)arsely nodulous carina; sculpture on the spire of
slightly protractive, rounded, short, rather elevated rihlets reaching
about half way forward on the whorl from the suture (17 on the last
whorl), ending in or barely separated from the same number of stout
nodules at the periphery, with a marked sulcus separating them from
a similar row of nodules on the margin of the base ; base with four
somewhat undulated spiral ridges separated by subequal interspaces,
excf^pt the inner pair which are smaller and closer to each other;
base imperforate, swollen at the base of the pillar ; ajjerture ample;,
surface of the body erased, leaving visible pearly and white sub-
stance ; the pillar arcuate, pearly ; with no anterior prominence or
tooth ; outer lip and base simple, sharp ; operculum white, rounded,,
shelly, with three partly gyrate, very prominent, granose, narrow
ribs, the spaces between theni excavated and smooth. Height of
shell 37.') ; of last whorl 30.0 ; of aperture (vertical) 21.5 ; max.
diameter 41.0 mm.
U. S. Fish Commission station 21189, in 3G fathoms, coral, off
Magdalena Bay, Lower California. U. S. Nat. Mus. 111242.
THE NAUTILUS.
135
This is remarkably distinct from any of the previously known
West American species.
PaCHYPOMA MAGDALICNA n. Sp.
Shell conic, the sides of the spire flattened, the base flattened and
somewhat concave, the basal margin compressed with a rounded and
undulate edge; whorls about seven ; the nucleus white, worn, sides
covered by a scarlet periostracum which becomes darker on tlie
base; sculpture of about thirty-four subequal protractive low riblets
which are cut into elongate nodules by four spiral sulci, the peri-
pheral nodules being longer and most prominent, giving the effect of
a pre-sutural band ; on the base are four subequal and subequally
spaced spiral riblets, which in the young are sometimes nodulous or
undulate ; pillar pearly, space about it white or pearly, as is the in-
terior of the aperture ; the suture laid on the peripheral carina is un-
dulate and in the young the base has a stellate appearance ; the per-
iostracum is strongly striate in the direction of growth. Heigiit of
shell 38 ; of last whorl 32 ; of aperture (vertical) 5 ; max. diameter
38 mm.
Station 2989, U. S. Fish Conunission, with the preceding, U. S.
Nat. Mus. 111239.
This is of the same general !\ pe as P. ivcsquale Marty n, but more
delicate, smaller and more elegantly sculptured. The operculum is
essentially like that of P. incequale, which is not authentically re-
ported south of the Santa Barbara Islands.
With these shells were taken two young specimens of Uvanilla
regina Stearns, (unfortunately not containing the soft parts) thus
adding another station to the known range of this excessively rare
and beautiful species.
PaCHYPOMA LlTHOPilORUiAI n. sp.
Shell small, turbinate-conic, w-ith about six moderately convex
whorls, the basal margin being either bluntly rounded or undulately
carinate ; suture appressed, whorls covered with a reddish periostra-
cum striated in harmony with the incremental lines ; sculpture
between the suture and periphery of nine closely and prominently
beaded, alternately stronger and weaker spiral cords, with only linear
interspaces; periphery in the type specimen with three finer threads;
the base flattish, with six subequal, more or less undulate or beaded
136 THE NAUTILUS.
cords with narrower interspaces ; umbilical area imperforate, smooth,
slightly excavated, white ; pillar arcuate ; smooth ; aperture very
oblique simple, pearly white within ; operculum ? Heiglit of shell
32.5 ; of last whorl 20.5 ; of aperture (vertical) 11.5 ; max. diameter
36.5 mm.
U. S. Fish Commission station 2983, oiF Cerros Island, Lower
California, in 58 fathoms, sand. U. S. Nat. Mus. 111241.
Of three dead specimens dredged, one had the periphery com-
pressed and roundly keeled, and on the spire were some feeble indi-
cations of axial ribbing.
NEW MARINE SHELLS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA.
BY PAUL BARTSCir,'
Assistant Curator, U. S. National Museum.
In a collection of molhisks submitted to the U. S. National
Museum for critical examination, by Dr. Fred. Baker of San Diego,
California, collected by him on the Northwest Coast, are several
new forms which are here described.
The types of these species have been kindly donated to the
National Museum by Dr. Baker.
Leptogyra alaskana new species. PI. XI, figs. 4, 5, 6.
Shell minute, depressed helicoid. Nuclear whorls one and one-
half, light yellow horn color, marked by faint incremental lines. A
single post-nuclear turn follows which is bluish white, rather bread
and gently, almost evenly curved from the well-impressed suture to
the periphery. This whorl is marked by about twelve, fine, incised
spiral lines between the suture and the periphery which are stronger
toward the periphery than at the suture. Periphery of the last
whorl rounded. Base broadly and deeply umbilicated, strongly
arched, with a slender cord at the junction of the basal and parietal
wall, surface of the base marked by incised lines which are equal in
strength and number to those occuring upon the upper surface.
Wall of the umbilicus almost flat, marked by faint spiral lines.
* Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
THE NAUTILUS. 137
Aperture very large, subcircu'ar, posterior angle obtuse ; outer lip
thin ; columella curved, somewhat expandful and thickened basally ;
parietal wall covered with a thin callus. Operculum thin, horny.
Twelve specimens of this species were collected by Dr. Fred.
Baker at Port Graham, Alaska, four of which are in the U. S.
National Museum, cat. no. 208433. One of these, the type, meas-
ures ; greater diameter 0.85 mm., lesser diameter 0.7 mm., altitude
0.4 mm. The remaining eight specimens are in Dr. Baker's collec-
tion.
Alvania bakeri, new species. PI. XI, fig. 8.
Shell minute, bluish white. Nuclear whorls one and one-third,
forming a moderately elevated spire. Upper half of the well-rounded
nuclear whorls marked by about ten very fine closely spaced spiral
striations, lower half marked by numerous closely spaced depressed
elongate granules, each of which has the long axis decidedly protrac-
tively slanted ; which lends to this part of the turn a finely blistered
appearance. Post-nuclear whorls a little more than two, well
rounded, separated by a strongly constricted suture marked by three
strong rounded spiral keels of which the strongest is a little anterior
to the posterior third between the sutures, while the anterior of the
other two, which are of equal strength, is at the periphery and the
third halfway between them. In addition to these keels the whorls
are marked by fine incised spiral lines between the keels which are
best developed on the well-rounded shoulder between the summit of
the w^horls and the strong keel below it. Base of the last whorl
slightly protracted, well rounded, marked by two broad depressed
spiral cords of which the basal one which is a little anterior to the
middle is the broader. In addition to these are numerous exceed-
ingly fine spiral striations. The axial sculpture of the entire spire
and base consists of very fine incremental lines only. Aperture very
broadly ovate, almost circular, peritreme continuous, outer lip thick
within, beveled at the margin to form a sharp edge which is rend-
ered slightly sinuous by the external spiral sculpture ; columella
strong and strongly curved, parietal wall of the aperture appressed
to the preceding whorl.
The type, cat. no. 208445 U. S. N. M., was collected by Dr.
Fred Baker at Port Graham, Alaska. It measures ; length 1.4 mm.,
diameter 1.2 mm.
138 TIIK NAUTILUS.
Onoba asser, new species. PI. XI, fig. 9.
Shell elongate conic, bluish white, semitranslucent. Nuclear
whorls one and one-tenth, smooth, a little less elevated than the suc-
ceeding turns. Post-nuclear whorls very iiigh between the sutures,
orerhanging, moderately rounded, appressed at the summit. The
preceding wliorl shines through tlie summit of the succeeding turn
and gives this the appearance of having a double suture. Sutures
well impressed. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base
moderately prolonged, well rounded. Entire surface of spire and
base marked by closely placed exceedingly fine microscopic spiral
striations. Aperture very broadly ovate, posterior angle obtuse,
outer lip thin ; peritreme complete.
The type, cat. no. 208434 U. S. N. M., was collected by Dr.
Fred 15aker at Fort Graliam, Alaska. It has four and a half whorls
and measures : length 2.2 mm., diameter .9 mm. This species is
nearest related to Onoha cerineUa Dall, from which it is distinguished
by its lesser size and more delicate structure.
Odostomia (evalea) cookeana, new species. PI. XI, fig. 7.
Shell elongate ovate, very narrowly umbilicated, yellowish white.
Nuclear whorls very obliquely immersed in the first of tlie succeed-
ing turns. Post-nuclear whorls very high between the sutures where
they are very moderately rounded and marked by ratlier strong in-
cremental lines and very numerous fine spiral striations. Periphery
and base of the last whorl somewhat inflated, the latter strongly
rounded and marked like the spire. Aperture large, oval ; posterior
angle acute; outer lip thin; columella decidedly oblique, quite
strongly curved in the middle and somewhat reflected, provided with
an oblique fold at its insertion which is strong within and tapers to a
vanishing point at the free edge of the columella ; parietal wall glazed
with a thin callus.
Two specimens of this species were collected by Dr. Baker at
Ellamar, Alaska. One of these, an immature specimen, furnished
our description of the nucleus, the other, cut. no. 208427 U. S. N.
M., gave the adult characters. The adult specimen has its nucleus
badly eroded. The four remaining whorls measure : length 3.2 mm.,
diameter 2.0 mm. The young individual which is in Dr. Baker's
collection has ?\ whorls and measures : length 2.3 mm., diameter
1.4 mm.
Named for Miss J. M. Cooke of San Diego at the request of Dr.
Baker.
THE NAUTILUS. 139
THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE UNIONID-GENUS PARSEYSIA.
BY A. E. OKTMANN.
In Nautilus, vol. 22, Feb. '09 p. 107, Frierson reports that in
Parreysia ?A\four gills serve as marsupium in the gravid female, a
character wliich does not agree with Simpson's definition of the sub-
family Hyriwce (Hyi-iavce). He concludes tiiat, in this instance, we
should not pay attention to the marsupial character, but should rely
upon the radial sculpture of the beaks of the shell.
Recently I received a number of these Parreysias through the
courtesy of Mr. Frierson, and I am much obliged to him for giving
me the opportunity to examine them. I should call the species
Parreysia wynegungaensis (Lea) altliough a number among them
distinctly incline toward P. corrugata (Muell.) There are 30 of
them, 13 males, 11 sterile, and 6 gravid females; none of the latter
had glochidia, but only eggs in various stages of development. There
was no sex differentiation whatever in the shells.
An examination of the soft parts revealed the fact, tliat not only
all four gills are marsupial in the female, but that the ivliole structure
of the soft parts is absolutely like the JS'orth American Quadrula (see :
Ortmann, in : Nautilus, 23, Feb. '10 p. 116). The only, and un-
important, differences are, tliat the svpraanal opening is rather
widely separated from the anal, and that the inner lamina of the
inner gill \s entirely connected with the abdominal sac. For the
rest, all other characters are like Quadrula, and the most prominent
features are the following.
The inner edge of the anal opening is finely crenulated ; that of
the branchial opening is papillose, and rather well defined anteriorly;
in front of the latter, there are fine crenulations on the inner mantle-
edge for a short distance, but no special structures, such as papillae
or flaps. The gills are unequal, the outer considerably smaller than
the inner. The diaphragm is normal, and the outer lamella of the
outer gill is connected with the mantle to the posterior end. In the
male, there are well developed water tubes in the gills, but they are
rather wide, and the septa separating them are far apart. In both,
the male and female, the edge of the inner gill possesses a longitu-
dinal furrow, which is absent in the outer gill. In the female, all
four gills serve as marsupium^ and possess the structure of marsupial
gills ; the water tubes are narrow, and the septa are close together
140 THE NAUTILUS.
(in the outer gill closer than in the inner). Tiie septa show, in the
sterile female, in both gills the characteristic folded epithelium.
When gravid, all four gills swell but only moderately, and the edges
always remain sharp, and do not possess the faculty of distending.
The water tubes (ovisacs) remain simple, and in each of them the
eggs form a subcylindrical, only slightly compressed, mass, a
placenta, which, however, is not very solid, the mutual adliesion of
the eggs being rather slight.
With the exception of the two features mentioned above, Parreysia
is thus identical, in its anatomy, with Quadrula. If we add to these
two differences the radial sculpture of the beaks, we would have
good generic cliaracters. But the genus, at any rate the species
wyneyungaensis which stands close to the type species of the genus,
corrugata, should be removed from the subfamily HyriincB, and
placed into the subfamily Unionince (Nautilus, 23, '10 p. llG),by
the side of, and close to Quadrula. The definition of the TJidonince
should be slightly modified with regard to the supraanal opening and
the inner lamina of the inner gills, so as to include Parreysia, but
these modifications are irrelevant.
This, of course, means that I do not attribute any significance to
the beak sculpture, but I think I am fully justified in this. If we
make radial beak sculpture the prime character of the Hyriince, we
would be compelled not only to unite the Afro-Asiatic forms, like
Parreysia, vi\i\\ the South American Hyriince, which, I believe, is a
great mistake, but we would also have to unite with the Hyriince a
number of living North American shells. For we must not forget
(and this is a fact generally overlooked) that we have radial (zig-
zag) leak sculpture in a number of species of Qiiadrida. I name the
following : Quodrula (^Rotundarid^ tuhercidata (Raf.), Qu. infucata
(Conr.) and kleiniana (Lea), Qu. lachrymosa (Lea), forsheyi (Lea),
speciosa (Lea), apiculata (Say). Also in Qu. cylindrica (Say)
traces may be seen. This zig-zag radial sculpture is best developed
in the species first named ; in the others it goes generally as
" double-looped," but, in my opinion, the so-called " double-looped "
sculpture is but the last remnant of the zig-zag sculpture.
Furthermore, radial beak sculpture is a quite frequent feature in
North American fossil Unionidce from the Mesozoic era. If we look
at the beak sculpture of Unio holmesianns White (see : 3 Ann. Rep.
U. S. Geol. Surv. '83, pi. 16, fig. 2-6) from the Laramie of southera
THE NAUTILUS. 141
Wyoming ; or at the beak sculpture of a number of species described
by Wliitiield from tlie Laramie of Montana (see : Bull. Amer. Mus.,
N. H. 19, '03 p. 483 and 23, '07 p. 623), we cannot deny, tliat we
have here a beak sculpture corresponding very closely to the " radial "
sculpture of certain Asiatic types. This is especially true in : U.
retusuides Whitf. ('03, pi. 38, fig. 6), U. hrowni Whitf. {ibid. pi. 38,
fig. 3), U. percorrv gains Whitf. {ibid. pi. 40, figs. 3, 4), and U.
pyramidatoides Whitf. ('07, pi. 41, fig. 1), U. letsoni Whitf. {ibid.
pi. 42, figs. 1-3). I have, fortunately, a number of specimens be-
fore me, coming from the same general region as Whitfield's ma-
terial ; they were collected for the Carnegie Museum at Hell Creek,
Dawson Co., Montana, and show the beak sculpture beautifully in
U. retusoides, browni, pyranddatoides, lefsoni, and in addition it is
distinctly seen in specimens of TJ. verrucosiformis Whitf. ('07, pi.
42, fig. .'';). Some of these fossil forms undoubtedly are the ances-
tors of modern species, as is sometimes expi'essed in their names (but
not always correctly ; pyramidal oides has nothing to do with Qu.
pyramidata, but belongs clearly to the f7'igona-i\]w). Thus it is evi-
dent that many North American Unionidse once had radial beak
sculpture, and some have preserved fraces of it vp to the present time.
This character probably once was more generally distributed, and
remains rather well preserved in many old v.'orld forms (and also in
South American groups), but in North America it has become more
and more obliterated. Such a character, of course, although fit to
indicate genetic relationship, is unfit to be used as a principle for
classification.
The structure of the soft parts, which indicates close relationship
between Quadrula and Parrcysia, is much more reliable, in fact ac-
cording to my experience, is absolutely reliable. In this connection
it should be mentioned that in one of our gravid Porreysias only the
outer gills were filled with eggs ; but microscopical investigation
showed that also the inner gills had the typical structure of the
female marsupial gill, and that, in this instance, the specimen was
just in the beginning of the period of gravidity, and the inner gills
were not yet charged. Similar cases might sometimes lead to mis-
takes, if investigated only superficially.
Of course, we now stand before the task of redefining the sub-
family Hyriince according to the South American typical iepresei;<a-
tives, and to investigate additional so-called Hyri'ncs from Asia and
142 THE NAUTILUS.
Africa. I hope to be able to contribute to the solution of the first
question in the future, since the Carnegie Mrseum recently has re-
ceived a good deal of alcoholic material of South American Unionid^^
which is waiting for identification and examination.
NEW SPECIES OF SPHAERIIDAE.
BY V. STERKI.
Sphcerium lineatum, n. sp.
Mussel somewhat elongate, inequipartite, well inflated ; beaks
somewhat anterior, rather large, full, rounded, projecting over the
hinge margin ; superior and inferior margins moderately and regu-
larly curved, anterior and posterior subtruncate-rounded, oblique;
scutum and scutellum distinctly marked, nairow ; surface dullish
with a slight silky glass, with the concentric striae (sulci) fine, sharp,
crowded, regular, and several (3 or 4 to 7) strongly marked, dark
lines of growth ; color grayish-horn to reddish, the latter prevalent
on the beaks and upper part of older specimens ; shell rather thin,
hinge slight, long, plate narrow ; cardinal teeth small; slight, short,
the right curved or angular, emarginate, its posterior part bifid, the
left anterior rudimentary or wanting in some specimens;* ligament
long, slight covered.
Long. 15.5, alt. 11.5, diam. 8. mill. (Turkey Lake).
Long. 14, alt. 10.5, diam. 8. 5 mill. (Wetherby).
Soft parts not seen.
Hab.: Turkey Lake, Kosciusko Co., Indiana, collected by Mr. L.
E. Daniels, of the Indiana Geological Survey, in 1902.
A Sph. from Mountain Lake, Marquette Co., Michigan (Upper
Peninsula), collected by Mr. Bryant Walker, in 1898, and sent for
examination then, appeared to be of the same species. The mussel
is somewhat smaller, with the beaks slightly more anterior, the in-
ferior margin less curved and the infero-posterior angle somewhat
more marked. These Spliajria, although well reitresented by good
specimens of various stages of growth, and regarded as distinct, were
shelved for years, in the hope of getting additional material. Lately
Mr. Bryant Walker kindly sent me a lot of the Wetherby collection,
which unfortunately has no label. Although such specimens should
*A3 occasionally found also in other specie?.
THE NAUTILUS. 143
be considered worthless, the present ones were so manifestly of tliis
same species that they may be regarded as a confirmation of it.
They are rather like the Mountain Lake mussels in shape, but some-
Avhat larger, and somewhat more inflated than the Turkey Lake
form. It appears that tlie comparatively numerous, strong, mostly
dark lines of growth and the fine (hs compared with those of other
species), sharp, crowded striae are characteristic and, combined with
surface appearance and color, let specimens be recognized at a glance.
Specimens of the tyi^e lot are in the Museum of the Geo!. Survey
of Lidiana and in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgli (No. 5465 of
my collection of Sphceriidce), in the collection of Mr. Bryant Walker
and the Mus, Acad. N, Sc. Phila.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
Kky to the Genera of Gastropoda of Michigan. By H.
BuRRiNGTON Baker. (Reprint from the llih Rept. Mich. Acad.
Sci., 1900, pp. 134-140.)
Descriptions of Nine Species of Ennea and Five Heli-
coius FROM South Africa. By James Cosmo Melvill and
John Henry Ponsonby. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, ser. 8,
pp. 485-492, pi. 7, 1909.)
Report on the Marine Moi.lusca Obtained by Mr. J.
Stanley Gardner, F. R. S., Among the Islands of the
Indian Ocean in 1905. By James Cosmo Melvill. (Trans.
Linn. Soc. London, XIII, pp. 65-138, pi. 5, 1909.) About 170
species are recorded of which 15 are new to science.
MOLLi:SCA FROM THE HOPE ISLANDS, NORTH QUEENSLAND.
By C. Hedley. (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1909, vol. 34, pp.
4*20-466, pis. 36-44.) An interesting paper treating of a rich and
varied fauna. The Hope Islands are situated near Cooktown, just
inside the Endeavor Reef. Tlie writer states that moi'e tl;an 700
species were secured; 100 species are discussed in tliis paper, half of
which are new to science. The figures are unusually fine in detail
and sculpture.
Dkscriptions OF New and Notes on Other Australian
PoLYPLACOPHORA. By C. Hedlky and A. F. Basset Hull.
144 THE NAUTILUS.
(Records Australian Mus., vol. 7, pp. 260-266, pis. 73 and 74,
1909.) Four species are descnl)ed as new.
A Revised census of the Tekkestuial Mollusca of Tas-
mania. By W. F. Petteud and C. Hedley. (Records Aus-
tralian Museum, vol. 7, pp. 283-304, pis. S2-87, 1909.) A com-
plete revision of the species, vk'itli illustrations of all Tasmanian land
shells hitherto unfigured. Cystopelta bicolor is described.
The list of San Bernardino County mollusks in the November
number of The Nautilus (Vol. XXIll, pp. 73-79) does not in-
clude Lymncea buUinoides techella Hald. I found this sjjecies in con-
sideral)le numbers during the summer of 1909, in Sec. 33, Tp. 2 S.,
R. 7 W., very near the county line, but the owner assures me that
his property is in San Bernardino County. They were in a pond
surrounding an artesian well. Dr. Frank C. Baker identified the
specimens Junius Henderson, Boulder, Colo.
Note on the Summary of the Mollu&ca of the Peruvian
Province There are some points in Mr. Berry's review of this
paper which show that even those things which are obvious, or seem
to be so, should not be omitted. In preparing this list it was not
my intention to review the whole molluscan classification or nomen-
clature, which would have taken as many years as the list I prepared
look months. In those groups which are not familiar to me, I fell
back on the only modern classified lists of the Cephalopods and
Nudil>ranclis, namely those of Hoyle and Bergh, as indicated in my
bibliography ; the experience and reputation of these authors being
such as to require no apology for accepting their results. In the
case of the BoHlsena I followed the spelling of the name as given in
the work referred to, the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. Polypus fontaineanus was named after N. Fontaine, and
though it happened to be misprinted fonlanianus in the first fasci-
culus of Orbigny's work, and this misprint was copied on the plate
by the engraver, the error was corrected in the index of the book
somewhat later. Under these circumstances we are authorized by
the rules to accept the correction, as Mr. Berry proposes to do in
the case of Turridse. However in the latter case since the deriva-
tives of Turn's in Latin {turritus) English (turrited) and so far as I
know all other languages, accept the euphonic " t " in derivatives of
Turris, I kept the earlier form which is more in harmonj with
TurrilellidcB and similar accepted locutions. The illustrations of the
work were intended for those interested in the identification of the
economic shellfish and not for anatomists, and for this purpose
Orbigny's plates are quite satisfactory. As Whewell remarked "We
are none of us infallible, not even the youngest of us." — Wtn. H.
Dull.
MBL/WHOI LIBRARY
liIH IVIJP S
19V