INDEX

EE INA WE OSs xe oy’:

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Memes testudinalis amosna, Say 05.0.2. soe ee PRT OO

Acteocina Gray, notes on the genus ............. 44, 96, 122

Aeolis (Flabellina?) opalescens Cooper ..............- 75

Pe eeReA EMU TTTT AGN Mh eh UP een atten (8 Sis a otaae a ro as. oltey Veda anal ane 78, 80

EMA ATCA AOLE OM). 502 « sas sod ease 6 cs elles ihe ayes 84

PoMeDM ASCE N A cete, CPT ys til polis esiie'ss ai eis ional eleva a oleic oete slave 85

REMI ACTTAVOSOL IS PVT [a | os sa) aysitieis eielene @ sie sla ene Lisle aha aise 87

Amnicola lustrica gelida Baker, n. var. .............+.- 22

Pmrmmnicols teishtont Bake#r 6 ya Ui bos baka anes sites 23

BANAL MEO) NCAP UIT aay IEEE oct ot 95 de a) sie alle le) austere ovale elelelials 9

PMMIGUIGSA PIOLOSA! OAV bo Wl) caine, ies aie code cia ie ecaueine il

PANE OSE HETTMMGA TANSEY aie s es eeelald aie eleralelin oi ele tela el perenne 10

Anculose north of the Alabama drainage .............. 9

Aneviastrum bourciionat, "Type OF... 6)s.\.'s We sce iets 5

Perea NeS CLITIGT OTANI HOt e |. ss cre sea cave e. eceicrsvenelstoneda, oseiaes 6

Ancylus fluviatilis Miller, generic position of .......... 57

eM eIGrea. SOMETIME ADOUE, ‘ais sic ocishd scm oyaielaalerorula Kane 58

ASDA STG: Sia Cosa itn eel MSA len AS nar ate aN APTS Sanka sh ya sta 80

JASE ACTIN EMSS aL No A Rood OEE Bie ALA Ran Pesate gs aa ig ne pa A 78, 117

Pepe CLG UMA Maral ah oth og am cay ayaa ceva enteane goa) 'e 85

Buccinum undatum L., egg-capsules of (pl. 1)........ 33, 87

Oavotna, crassicormis Histh $2200! hes). chal sersraval eve ol cuore ale. 74

Central American species of Naides .................. 24

Chamberlain, Frederick Morton (obituary)............ 60

Chon ceralemmnray GOulene aoc CitMMsR AS ibr ti th) ee 51

Minor seray tue Sra hus iN We Lene Un lo hi! 50, 100

Phiton!) from Southern’ Bravzali.’a wWew 's\. 00.606. este ww ace eoele 4

Chrysodomus decemcostatus, egg-capsules (pl. 1)....... 30

«2 AS TIES BS eae ath ee 0 Rae ee Ro A A aM Oy 93

Collecting mollusks on a beam-trawler ................ 29

Crepidula fornicata in the British Isles ............... 62

(111)

lv THE NAUTILUS.

Cuba; mollusks of (Guantanameyeyae 2) ae Uae 120

Cyprea ostergaardi Dall, n. n. for C. pacifica Osterg.,

mOt Garay SS oC aon 00) fe)

Diala, marmorea Cpr eye spews penny.) ol ee 85

Miala: varia A, Ass Vong eM MOE Ty! 90) 0 Le ea 84

Deroceras Rak. 032) 5 Sa aera | IUCR VA) Ye a aa a le

Disculella Pilsbry, the) eheod eroup. 2... 2.3). eee 12

Dreissensia polymorpha in the British Isles ............ 63

HUiptio calamitaromi Moereleges ie). Cayce ee se 26

Eiptio ortmanniy Mriersomie us henna eee ee 25

Elliptic ravistellus;Moneleii..... ie 8) ie ae we 2

Elbptio yzabalensig Cinema... inlets el dau ee 26

Hpiphragmophora arresanient)..../. i. Sek a eee ee 35

Epiphragmophora fidelis near San Francisco Bay ...... 34

Kulimax MogumMandon. 0. 66.035 26 eee ee 78

Flabellina opalescens: Cooper’ \..).5 i006... «6 eee ee 75

Florida ‘west coast Mimemus!. 3:5 1. cic sic.. dhe, c nie oo Ee 20

Geomitra (Disculella) cenourensis CkIll., n. sp. ......... 12

Glochidia in, Surface TOWIRES 22 Lili wk. cule ke ee 16

Gray Garden Slug with notes on allied forms .......... on

Hawaiian Islands, shore reef hunting in the ........... 82

Helix: calcareay Rar yen cans ett oakiowis Geiser cian 39, 100

Helix stulata: same agi ii cle vie cisions aie alt elas meee 40, 100

Hermissenda, opalescens' erga, ora). oy aloes meen 15

Hinkley collection acces lode eoaiein wees ieheie ae 62

Koryaickillas Kalen iy ce eee hee a see a vinta I, 2 ea 79

Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, mollusca of .............. 130

lacuna vincta pertusa Conte (02 Se oe ee ie eee 89

Lampsilis gracilis lacustris Baker, n. subsp. ........... 131

Land mollusea of the Madeira Islands ................ 39

Land shells from Palm Canyon, Cal. and Grand Canyon. 48

Leptaxis, The Helicoid: cennsyc.\jananeses tte eee oer 101

Leptaxis chrysomela bifasciata Ckll., n. subsp. ......... 103

Leptaxis furva grandissima Ckll., n. subsp. ............ 103

Ticuus, a search ‘for’ oes 03 ae Moet eee mere c CORE 65

Liguus, Mlorida west coast i:3004 sore eee eee 20

Dimacella Brards 3004 hn Ee ee Ce ee eee estonia V7

j Din ove: aul Bins eam MeR MR er ILA NN Uy LAAN Ay Cie tM dR 18, aie,

Tuimax gracilis Rake (0. WU Cerne Ie Leap 1s CLAS Mave aa 19

Uuray cavern; ‘shelle imi) ea ee ee en eiee eeeee 64

Malino Gray ss 6 ood badicee Bn eRe eee 19

Margarites johnsoni Dall, nm. sp: cae beet eon see 50

Merapelta: Morel. ooo. ili Ae ae cea nen 79

Meliba. fimibriata./A GE.) oa) a eee ey ec ee 51

Mollusea of Pisgah Forest, North Carolina ............ 40

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

PASO COMEECTIOM OR te peti ere tte sie Neel aie aCe. (otal a eal aural 62

INenia) belahubbardi: Pils: miisps (ple 2) 2 os lad 93

Nentay bryantwalkert Pils). m.ispo (pl 2c ees. se ee 95

Nenia flachi tingamarie Pils., n. subsp. (pl. 2) ......... 94

New forms of Pleistocene mollusks from Illinois ....... 22

igmenelarOrral MOLES!) iho eettab tite tatalh alles Qate ahenate a 6 49

TCI SR be NA ES SNC os LAL, Se AG Ae EA AE Aaa AA 27, 62, 99, 182

Nudibranchiate mollusca from the Pacific coast of North

BARIATRIC A MLV eR NARMS UROL LYRA LOL Our ML A 74

Observation on living Gastropods of New England ..... 85

Oreohelix maculata Henderson, n. sp. ...............- 15

Oreohielsx ~walcottzana, “Bartsely ii)... )o iets wie ola 's 6 eager 48

royctyla. Tormdensig, Fils iis Se Oe SR Nak Leuk) Oe 20

SRLS UTCE DY OED MAUMEE MHC OF CUE LU Ae 28

ernviar Claasilridse Mitde CARAS Lose kU TNs 93

Polygyra columbiana shasta Berry, n. subsp. (pl. 2).... 37

Polyavrn Sierrana Berry, n. Sp. (pl. 2) oe... 6 cece. 36

ESRC ATION HECOTVEC A.C OTD vert ois 60, 97, 135

ociscusymarice PISO ms Spa soy se cape alate 0/0) bk aletareteca se 49

innyer barriers £0 aquatic animals: oo... 0.0. ks it

eines. the nomenclature Of 6. yee eo ls VOI ht) LE

Rurennenice MAS LINC SCOMETY, (2)2/0 521.2) shal. ai ahal li lany Syste os eab)'ele) 6) she 123

Spinetti METAMIOE O N/ara nui Nen ta aid uatenatals a7) Spealaiais isting 104 ©

Strobilops labyrinthica, the anatomy of ............... 91

WSEAS MG gery ae A nA A TG Be TO 99

Tethys willcoxi in New England waters ............... 80

iy ehlochiten: felipponet Dall, n. sp.) so)... See ok -

Rieke ata briGarima ba Say sic suas pte la aera eiavelanal lavatelere 23

Valvata tricarinata supracarinata Baker, n. var. ....... 24

ecleanacy collection Wie Ws ae STS SU ea 62

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

1B Bere) Bae NEG BANA eno PAE SGI GR EARNED A 22, 180

1S GALERIE BA eas UMPIRE ACN A 85, 99

ISITE tS be Me TUR HS Ag OUR SPREE RSC OIG tna PLUS RADI 35

Re erste EIEN Veree SLUH NG Ae UOTE CWA DUR LE LOS SLU AV VAAN ah 16

Ber aN BN De EO a SO 12, 39, 101

LLL CMTE EGE eee Rt CTE eet a cL LE 4, 49, 84, 96

EPSP TNA BN CAD SRE AEDS MES RA ee oa aL a 29

AE GirrVel gl OW vata IY AURORE OS UT ANA EGR cE AA a ON 5S

C5 TECTED OES A ee 123

Meaeerentey Gy ALAS ys ics) sels th euc lovee ol'od otek W's igus des 34, 60, 91, 97

Re Sane Orth) eV URTV EDS) 5 Ns lace atatiole ehcuaie rey aie) Ui artataces ala) ec ena 14

J GIS 1 Ce RTE NS eT oa eae 28, 62, 98

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Kjerschow-Agershore: EP ek. ss we «se over eneene 50

haste: ©, MAR CNet ee Seek eo os Cate 82

Miavay CRN INN imo pare latte) a eas ea cls: ote ecajicliatcvace ote spats re 6 one eee 100

INslarid Gril ihe i ee oe Sis I asta) ea letoy oveste hele 33

OD ora ose AO Eyes is Oe aga an wo deena eokr a: nee '« tor hehe 74

Ore traneg aye NO aT eNO She ute be 24

Pilsbry, UA vee NECN! Ei tae 48, 49, 77, 98, 117

Ve TAAMTMOGOTIEE, (Ss faa) sip stavayae raloicdece nie be he aie arene chs oe eee 118

PUMAOT ANNI es oh Sic Ruts Aare oo copays ches ane eee a 80

Simpson, Ces Waka Reis bie: +6: db beara dete Genta gene gee 20, 65

RSRBeSMWSS: i! fe 1c ti onebe tease ote rss (tae oat wr ape Beene RENE eves eee 16

RETA Vo VAs Ne RAR als levi iaie lara veive' we solleb omene boven me ta ei een 104

enone, A. WE tees ae tk elec s «aw cleveland weighs peal a veneer 44, 122

Wamatta, HiMGeank ooo 2 iiss aia ee elevate olka Cree ee ae 64

Walker. Bryamtiye ils t ie. s oa’ ole siemens oigcerebeenta one aaee nena 5, 57

iWinslow, Mina.) 2.0 .\.0/0. <ais site eimiak asia en ieee eae 40

THe NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXV JULY, 1921. No. 1

RIVER BARRIERS TO AQUATIC ANIMALS.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

Contending that the genus was purely a creek form, Dr.

James Lewis! questioned the existence of Gomobasis in the

Holston river. Tryon,? with little waste of good-nature, re-

torted that Dr. Lewis was in no position to know about this,

since the information upon which the assertion was based had

to do with only twenty-five miles of the Holston.

Dr. Lewis seems to have glimpsed a fact in the distribu-

tional history of Gomobasis, but not all of the fact. The

genus does exist in parts of the Holston, but it is where creek

conditions obtain or river conditions are no more than begin-

ning. It ceases to live in the true river. The twenty-five

miles which had been painstakingly explored by Lewis’s cor-

respondent were apparently below the line of creek charac-

teristics, within the barrier across which Goniobasis of the

region could not go.

Dr. Paul Bartsch,’ describing the restrictions which the

sediment-laden Missouri piaces upon the distribution of the

Unionide, remarks: ‘‘We have, therefore, the curious condi-

1 Amer. Jour. of Conchol., vol. vi, p. 216.

2 Ibid., vol. vii, p. 86.

3 Nautilus, Dec., 1916.

2 THE NAUTILUS.

tion of a river forming a barrier to aquatic animals.’’ It

may be of interest to recite similar instances as they apply to

Gonwobasis.

Say’s G. semicarinata lives in streams upon both sides of

the Ohio river. It does not, I am convinced, inhabit the river

itself. Shells that one may identify as semicarmata have

been sent out from Cincinnati, and it has been assumed that

the material came from the Ohio. The collection of the Uni-

versity of Cincinnati leads me to believe that the shells were

taken, not in the Ohio, but in the Little Miami river and in

Mill creek, close at hand. A barrier is plainly indicated by

the difference in the species on the two sides, the semicarinata

of the Kentucky streams being smaller, darker, the carine

less pronounced, than in Ohio and Indiana streams.

In the Blue river of southern Indiana, Daniels found a

Gomnobasis that Pilsbry described under the name indianensis.

So far as the records show, the race is confined to that stream.

In Hardin county, IIl., the streams of which are tributary to

the Ohio, occurs a plicate Gontobasis which is identified as

costifera Hald. In Pigeon creek at Evansville, Ind., I found

a species of the genus which, if not new, is exceedingly rare

in collections. It has no counterpart in streams explored else-

where in Indiana and in Ohio and, so far as I know, in Ken-

tucky and Illinois. To the list of isolated races of the region

ean be added G. eliminata Anth. In all these instances, the

Ohio river has acted as a barrier, preventing the interbreed-

ing of the races of one species, permitting the development of

small, distinct races, acting as a wall between the inter-

distribution of the Goniobases of the Licking, Kentucky and

Salt rivers on one part and of the Green river Goniobases on

another.

Goniobasis depygis Say is recorded as from the Falls of the

Ohio. I have collected there three times and never found

specimens of the genus. None appears in the Daniels collec-

tion, and in a large sending from this locality to Dr. Bryant

Walker, from Billups, there were no Gomobases. My own

suspicion is that depygis is a Lithasia as surely as is the G.

Louisvillensis of Lea.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

The characteristic Gontobasis of the upper Wabash river is

livescens Menke, a species which, with the possible exception

of virginica Gmel., is the most adaptive of all members of the

genus. It appears as far down the river as Logansport. But

somewhere below that point the conditions become inimical.

It does not occur in the extensive collections made by Daniels

in the Wabash at Lafayette. A small depauperate form was

taken by Hinkley under stones at the ‘‘Chains’’ in Posey

county, and he reports it also from Mt. Carmel, higher up the

river. Its relationship is with livescens. We have here the

ease of a fairly robust species that has been isolated by river

conditions but which, by reason of its adaptiveness, has been

able to plant struggling colonies in an unfavorable environ-

ment, the colonies developing subspecific characters.

This isolating effect of river conditions is compactly illus-

trated at Big Stone Gap, Virginia. In a collection from the

south fork of Powell river at this point — made without dis-

criminating among species—Pleurocera unciale Hald., a river

form, was exceedingly abundant; G. simplex Say, a race of

the creeks, was rare. In the north fork of the Powell, a

smaller stream about a mile away, nearly 16 percent of the

Pleuroceride were simplex, the rest wnciale. In a brook tribu-

tary to the south fork, 78 percent of the specimens taken

were simplex, 22 percent wnceiale. Near Arthur, Claiborne

county, Tenn., the Powell seemed to contain no Gomobases.

Conditions were suitable in the brook at Big Stone Gap. The

genus survived, but under difficulties in the north fork of the

Powell. The struggle was all but over in the south fork and,

farther down stream, the isolation had been made complete.

The inhospitable nature of the true river to most species of

Gomobasis may again be indicated by a quotation from a

letter from Herbert H. Smith to Dr. Walker in November,

1909, writing while collecting at the Muscle (Mussel) Shoals

of the Tennessee. ‘‘It is remarkable,’’ Mr. Smith says, ‘‘that

we have found no Gontobasis in the river except a few creek

forms evidently washed in. The predominating genus is

Plewrocera.’’

A great many forms of Goniobasis occur in east Tennessee.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

Yet of all the species and in spite of their seemingly great

powers for existing under such harsh conditions as those of

flood, shifting stream bed and chemical erosion, none seems

to have been able to survive the river conditions of the middle

Tennessee. Not one, present study appears to show, has

rounded Walden Ridge and become located in the streams of

central Tennessee or of Alabama. Nor, the literature to the

contrary, is there clear evidence that Goniobases characteristic

of central Tennessee thrive east of the mountains.

A NEW CHITON FROM SOUTHERN BRAZIL.

BY W. H. DALL.

Among some shells sent for identification by Dr. Florentino

Felippone of Montevideo is a chiton with quite unique sculp-

ture, and a combination of characters which does not admit

of its being placed in any of the subdivisions which have

hitherto been proposed in the restricted group of Chitonide.

I therefore suggest for it the following designation.

TYPHLOCHITON.

Chiton without dorsal eyes, the end valves with numerous

slits, the intermediate valves with one slit on each side; the

insertion plates externally grooved; the eaves not spongy;

the gill rows long but not extending to either head or tail, the

margin of the sinus entire.

Type:

TYPHLOCHITON FELIPPONEI 0. sp.

Chiton with brownish velvety girdle with rare minute,

short, silvery spicules sparsely irregularly distributed; gills

about 25 on each side with the ends of the series separated by

a marked vacant space from both head and tail; valves rather

acutely ridged and medially posteriorly produced; the an-

terior valve with ten, the intermediate valves with one slit on

each side, the tail valve with 12 slits; the eaves pale blue and

not spongy; the insertion plates are radially sharply grooved

THE NAUTILUS. 5

but the distal margins remain practically entire; sutural

plates narrow, the sinus shallow with entire margin; a brown

streak on each side of it internally but the rest of the interior

white; external sculpture of the intermediate valves with

lateral areas but no defined jugal tract; the surface micro-

scopically reticulate with, on the central and pleural tracts,

rather sparse slender bluish beaded longitudinal threads on a

brownish ground, about 15 threads on each side with wider

interspaces; lateral areas with two to four similar threads of

which not more than two run the whole length of the area,

the others being irregularly broken up and short; the anterior

valve with about 20 similar threads, tending to pairs; the

posterior valve with a feeble subcentral mucro, in front of

which it is threaded like the pleural tracts, behind it there

are about a dozen sparse feeble radial threads. There are no

eyes or visible sense organs on the surface of the valves.

Length of specimen (after soaking) 23; breadth 16; height

Smm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. no. 333091.

WHAT IS THE TYPE OF ANCYLASTRUM BOURGUIGNAT?

BY BRYANT WALKER.

In a paper recently published in the Proceedings of the

Malacological Society (XIV, 1920, p. 86), Messrs. Kennard

and Woodward, after stating that in their opinion the type of

Ancylus of Geoffrey was the Patella lacustris of Linné, and

that as that species is the type of Beck’s Acroloxus, the latter

consequently becomes a synonym of Ancylus s. s., suggest

that as fluviatilis Mull. must be placed in a distinct genus,

“‘recourse must be had to the subgeneric name of Ancylas-

trum, proposed by Bourguignat in 1853 and that name must

now be raised to generic rank.’’

Assuming that the premises of the authors are correct,

which is by no means free from doubt, the question is at once

raised as to whether Ancylastrum Bgt. can properly be used

for the group typified by the European fluviatilis Mull.

If so, it is evident that the Tasmanian species represented

6 THE NAUTILUS.

by Ancylus cumingianus Bgt., which are generically distinct

from the European group of fluviatilis, will have to be known

by another name.

As the establishment of the proper type of Ancylastrum

thus becomes of very considerable importance in the classifi-

cation of the Ancylide, and as I have not been able to agree

with the position taken by the authors of this paper, it seems

proper to state the reasons that have influenced my decision

of the question before their suggestion has been generally

accepted.

STATEMENT OF FACTS.

Ancylastrum was first proposed by Bourguignat in the

Journal de Conchyliologie, IV, p. 68. This number of the

Journal is dated February 15, 1853. His paper is entitled

“Notice sur le genre Ancylus, suivie d’un catalogue synonym-

ique des especes de ce genre.’’ Only the preliminary part,

the ‘‘Notice’’, was published at this time. On p. 68 the

author defines his new “‘S. G. Ancylastrum,’’ but neither

names a type nor lists any species that he would include in it.

In the next number of the Journal, issued May 1, 1853, in

a paper, which is entitled ‘‘Catalogue des especes du genre

Ancylus, 2e Article,’’ Bourguignat published a complete

catalogue of all of the species of the genus then known to

him. Under the caption ‘‘ANcyLASTRUM’’ (p. 170) the first

Species mentioned is Ancylus cumingianus Bet., which he

states ‘‘is the type of the section Ancylastrum,’’ and remarks

that ‘‘Cette magnifique espece, remarkable par 1l’excessive

deviation de son sommet, contourné sur lui-meme, habite la

terre de Van Diemen, dans la Nouvelle Hollande.’’ He fur-

ther states that he regrets that he is unable to give the diag-

nosis of this and eertain other new species from the Cum-

ingian collection for the reason that he had promised Mr.

Cuming that they should appear first in the Proceedings of

the Zoological Society of London. He then proceeds with his

catalogue, which shows that he included all of the known

Ancyli in Ancylastrum except those having the apex directed

to the left side.

THE NAUTILUS. %

On July 12, 1853, Bourguignat’s paper was presented to

the Zoological Society and was published on July 25, 1854.

The A. cumingianus was fully described in this paper on p. 91

and beautifully figured. And the author again states that it

is the type of his section Ancylastrum.

In 1864 Bourguignat (Mal. Algerie, II, pp. 188-9) repeated

his diagnosis of Ancylastrum, citing A. simplex Buch. (=

fluviatilis) and A. cumingianus as examples.

In 1881 Fischer in his Manual cited fluviatilis as an example

of Ancylastrum. Clessin in his monograph in the Conchylien

Cabinet (1882) gave fluviatilts as the type of Ancylastrum,

and in this has been followed by Tryon, Germain and prac-

tically all of the recent European writers.

Hedley (Prac. Mal. Soc., I, 1895, p. 118) was the first to

eall attention to the fact that Bourguignat had designated

cumingianus as the type of Ancylastrum.

ARGUMENT.

The publication of Bourguignat’s paper in 1853 in two

distinct parts with an interval of nearly three months must

be considered as two separate publications.

If so, it follows :—

I. That Ancylastrum in the first instance was a genus pub-

lished not only without any specified type, but also without

any accompanying list of species. It therefore comes within

the ruling of Opinion 46 of the International Commission on

the ‘‘Status of Genera for which No Species was Distinctly

Named in the Original Publication,’’ and consequently con-

tained all of the species of the world which would come under

the generic description as originally published. And the

generic type could be designated by the first subsequent

author dealing with the subject.

II. That the subsequent publication of Bourguignat’s cata-

logue was not a part of the original publication and that con-

sequently the subsequent designation of the type was not

restricted to the species listed in that catalogue.

This does away with the criticism that the designation of

cumingianus in the catalogue of 1853 was ineffective because

8 THE NAUTILUS.

it had not then been described and was therefore simply a

nude name.

If there is any question as to this position, it may be well

claimed that the characterization of cumingianus in the cata-

logue of 18538, taken with the subgeneric diagnosis of Ancy-

lastrum given by Bourguignat, was sufficient to identify the

species, even though he refrained from giving a formal de-

scription of it at that time. His remarks give an ‘‘unmistak-

able picture, which applies to no other form yet known.’’

The only other known species of that group, A. irvine Petterd,

is quite different in the manner of the enrollment of the per-

sistent spire, which has practically no lateral twist at all.

III. No other species having in the meantime been desig-

nated as the type, it follows that Bourguignat’s second desig-

nation of cumingianus in the P. Z.S. as the type of his section,

cumingianus having then been formally described, was fully

operative, even though that of 1853 was insufficient.

IV. When later it was discovered that cumingianus was

generically distinct from the European Ancyli, Ancylastrum,

of which it was the type by designation, necessarily followed

its type and became the name of the new genus.

The argument of Kennard and Woodward, as I gather from

several letters from Mr. Kennard, is substantially as follows:

I. ‘‘It is clear that Ancylastrum Bourg. is really a synonym

of Ancylus s. s. of authors. Bourguignat in 1853 when he

used the word type did not use it in the modern sense and

had no idea that it was generically distinct from the forms.

with which he associated it.”’

The reply to this is that under the Code the original diag-

nosis ‘‘cuts very little ice’’. The generic name follows the

type regardless of the specifications of the original diagnosis.

Very many of the ancient genera now in accepted use have

wandered far from the specifications of the original author.

II. ‘“‘Bourguignat never intended to separate cumingianus

from the rest and he uses the word type in a different sense.

He meant example, a very different thing. The present idea

of ‘‘type’’ is quite a modern one and when the older men

used it they meant example.”’

THE NAUTILUS. 9

The answer to that is that Bourguignat twice explicitly

stated that cumingianus was the type of Ancylastrum. I can-

not see how we can go behind his positive statement and argue

that he meant something else. The fact that in 1864 he men-

tions cumingianus and fluviatilis as ‘‘examples’’ of Ancylas-

trum has no bearing on the validity or intention of his orig-

inal designation. If this can be done, all of the older desig-

nations of typical species can be overthrown.

III. That when cumingianus was designated as the type in

1853 it had not been described and therefore could not be so

used.

This has been answered by my paragraph II.

CONCLUSION.

Ancylus cumingianus Bgt. is the type of Ancylastrum by

designation and consequently that name cannot be used for

the European group typified by A. fluviatilis Mull.

ANCULOSAE NORTH OF THE ALABAMA DRAINAGE.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

Work upon the Alabama drainage Anculose collected by

Herbert H. Smith, compelled a more or less thorough study

of the species and forms which occur in other parts of the

country. I submit the impressions and conclusions for what

they are worth, realizing that a painstaking examination

might greatly modify my present views.

Group of Anculosa carinata (Brug.).

1—A. cCARINATA (Brug.), 1792.

Synonyms: Paludina dissimilis Say, 1819; Anculotus m-

grescens Conrad, 1834; Anculotus monodontoides Conrad,

1834; Anculotus dentatus Couthouy, 1839; Anculosa carinata

Lea, 1841; Anculosa dentata Lea, 1841; Anculosa variabilis

Lea, 1841; Anculotus carinatus DeKay, 1843; Anculotus tri-

vittata DeKay, 18438.

Some of these may deserve recognition as local races.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

lJa—A. CARINATA NICKLINIANA Lea, 1841.

Tryon’s insistence to the contrary (Monograph of the

Streptomatide, p. 395), this is an Anculosa. I think the

reason for Tryon’s error may lie in the fact that a dwarf

form of Gomobasts virginica Gmel. was in his day distributed

as nickliniana. I have specimens from the type locality which

were sent to me by Mr. Robert Patterson of Chase City, Va.

Their generic position cannot be questioned.

2—A. CORPULENTA Anth., 1860.

3—A. CANALIFERA Anth., 1860.

4A. pILATATA Conrad, 1834.

Synonyms: Anculotus rogersi Conrad, 1834; Melania inflata

Lea, 18388; Anculotus kirtlandianus Anth., 1840; Leptomwis

rapeformis Hald., 1843(?) (on the authority of Tryon) ;

Anculotus carinatus Anth., 1860.

5—A. ORNATA Anth., 1860.

This is a form with Atlantic drainage antecedents which,

like dilatata, has crossed over into a western drainage. So far

as I know, it is confined to the Hiawassee of the Tennessee.

Group of Anculosa trilineata Say.

J—A. TRILINEATA Say, 1829.

Synonym: Melama viridis Lea, 1841.

2—A. costaTa Anth., 1840.

Synonym: Melania occidentalis Lea, 1841.

3—A. virGaTA Lea, 1841.

A distinct species, quite different from subglobosa Say

where Tryon placed it.

4A. minor Hinkley, 1912.

5—A. ARKANSENSIS Hinkley, 1915.

THE NAUTILUS. ie

Group of Anculosa prerosa Say.

1—A. pR#ROSA Say, 1824.

Synonyms: Melania cruentata Menke, 1828; Melama angu-

losa Menke, 1830; Anculotus angulatus Conrad, 1834; Mela-

nopsis neritiformis Deshayes, 1838; Melania cincinnatiensis

Lea, 1838.

2—A. TINTINNABULUM Lea, 1834.

3—A. TRYONI Lewis, 1870.

4—A. Pingus Lea, 1852.

5—A. TROOSTIANA Lea, 1841.

6—A. PLANISPIRA Anth., 1854.

The figure given of this species by Tryon suggests a variant

very common among the prerosa of the Holston and Cumber-

land rivers. The Green river material mentioned in Tryon is

Inthasia obovata Say with the spire worn away.

7—A. Lewisit Lea, 1861.

8—A. viripuLA Anth., 1860.

Cited from Tennessee. It suggests some of the forms taken

by A. picta Conrad in the Alabama river. Tryon links it

with kirtlandianus Anth. of the carinata group.

9—A. UMBILICATUS Wetherby, 1876.

10—A. HARPETHENSIS Pilsbry, 1896.

11—A. suBa@Loposa Say, 1825.

Synonym: Melania globula Lea, 1841.

12—A. aipsosa Lea, 1841.

A form from Abram’s creek, Blount county, Tenn., is the

only one I have seen which consistently corresponds with the

description of this species.

13—A. uiTtoriIna Hald., 1840.

Synonym: Melania pilula Lea, 1841.

It seems to me to be of significance that this species, re-

12 THE NAUTILUS.

corded from the Holston river, does not appear in the exten-

sive collections of Mrs. Andrews and Professor Wetherby.

Aberrant specimens of virgata agree with the description ex-

cept in the matter of size. It may be suspected that littorina

is a form of subglobosa varying in a similar manner.

The entire prerosa group is something of a confusion.

Particularly in the smaller rivers and creeks of central Ten-

nessee does it take peculiar aspects which may or may not

deserve differentiation from the parent stock. In the Elk

river are forms ranging from undeniable prerosa to subglo-

bosa. The same thing is true of the Duck river. A. pingwis

is in the Caney Fork of the Cumberland river, but typical

prerosa is there also, and I have not had means of learning

whether pinguis is a true local race or represents specimens

selected from sendings of species previously named. The

suspicion holds good against troostiana and lewis. The only

subglobosa outside of southeastern Virginia and eastern Ten-

nessee that may not be challenged as variants of prerosa

comes from Lookout creek, a tributary of the Tennessee river

in northern Alabama. There is still a great deal to be learned

about the forms of middle Tennessee.

THE HELICOID GROUP DISCULELLA PILSBRY.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Lowe gave the name Placentula to a small group of Ma-

deiran Helices, typified by H. maderensis Wood. This shell,

in general form and coloration, resembles the H. polymorpha

group (Discula Lowe), but is easily distinguished by the lack

of the surface sculpture of elongate pustuliform granules, the

round aperture (hence the synonym H. cyclostoma Menke)

and strictly continuous peristome. Eight species are referred

to Disculella by Pilsbry, and a ninth must now be added:

Geomitra (Disculella) cenourensis n. sp.

Shell with max. diam. 7.2 to 9.5 mm., with the form of G.

dealbata Lwe., to which it is nearly related, but dark reddish-

THE NAUTILUS. 13

brown, varying to whitish, with the surface dull, above and

below, minutely granular, not very conspicuously striate;

aperture round, the peristome continuous, livid brown. The

umbilicus is rounder than in dealbata; in the latter species it

is distinctly contracted, and therefore not round. In the dull

surface the shell resembles G. (Spirorbula) depauperata, but

it differs by the wider umbilical region, with much more of

the penultimate whorl showing. In the form of the umbilical

region it resembles G. (Disculella) fictilis Lwe., but it is con-

siderably larger than fictils and lacks the glistening surface.

The animal is pellucid whitish.

I found this abundantly on Cenouras Island, off the east

side of Porto Santo, January, 1921. The snails of this small

island have not previously been collected, so far as I can learn.

The island is barren, with a scanty vegetation consisting of

Microstigma maderensis (Matthiola maderensis Lowe), Lotus,

ete. I could not find any ants or millipedes. The same plants

and the same general conditions are found on the Ilheo de

Nordeste, a short distance away, yet the snail faunas of these

two islets are very different. Nordeste possesses a fine Lep-

taxis (forensis Woll.), and swarms with a Discula (gomesiana

Paiva). On Cenouras I found no Discula, except a single

dead and broken G. cheiranthicola (Lowe), which, as Mr. A.

C. de Noronha suggests, may have been brought by a bird.

On Nordeste we found a small variety of G. (Caseolus) abjecta.

(Lwe.) in some numbers, but the shells were all dead.

The group Disculella contains rather discordant elements.

G. leptoticta (Lwe.) of Madeira, and the related G. microm-

phala (Lwe.) of the Desertas stand apart, having a granu-

lated surface, small umbilicus, no keel, and peristome not

strictly continuous. They should, I think, be transferred to

Caseolus. G. spirulina n. n. (Helix spirorbis Lowe, 1852, not

Linné, 1758) is the smallest of the series, and G. compar

(Lwe.) is easily known by the elegant ribbing.

I recently received G. micromphala from the Southern De-

serta (Bugio), collected by Mr. C. B. Cossart. According to

Paiva, spirulina and leptosticta also occur there, but several

of Paiva’s Bugio records are improbable and in need of con-

14 THE NAUTILUS.

firmation. Mr. Cossart’s collection from Bugio (1921) con-

sists of the following forms:

Plebecula vulgata saxipotens (Woll.). Six.

P. punctulata avellana (Lowe). Common.

Geomitra micromphala (Lowe). Six.

G. polymorpha poromphala (Lowe). The most abundant

shell.

G. coronula (Lowe). Two examples of this beautiful little

species.

G. actinophora descendens (Woll.). This form can only be

segregated on average characters, I think. Three were found.

OREOHELIX MACULATA, NEW SPECIES.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

In 1917 I collected several species of Oreohelix in abun-

dance in Shell Creek Canyon and White Creek Canyon,

northern Wyoming. The first-mentioned canyon is the type

locality of O. pygmaea Pilsbry, and the other, near by, is the

only other recorded locality for that species. Supposing that

I was at the type locality of pygmaea, and misled by the size

and shape of the smallest species of Oreohelix I found there,

the specimens were labeled pygmaea in the field and so desig-

nated in the field notes. Apparently they were not re-

examined upon returning to Boulder, but were unfortunately

placed in a drawer and published as pygmaea (NAUTILUS,

XXVII, pp. 45-46), and specimens have since been distrib-

uted in exchange to several conchologists and institutions

under that name. A few days ago I examined a few of them

with a lens, just after looking at some true pygmaea, and at

once saw that they bear no very close resemblance to that

form or to any other described Oreohelix. Indeed, the differ-

ence may be readily seen without a lens. An examination of

the records in comparison with the latest map of the region

also shows that the pygmaea localities are several miles far-

ther up both canyons than our 1917 stations, and none of the

material found in 1917 is pygmaea.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

OREOHELIX MACULATA, new species.

Shell below medium size for the genus, spire elevated,

whorls 514, with convex periphery, somewhat flattened above

near the suture, resulting in a deeply impressed suture, con-

vex below. Embryonic whorls dark brown in most examples,

at first nearly smooth, with very fine growth-lines crossed by

microscopic spiral lines, which, at about the beginning of the

third whorl, develop into beaded ribs easily detected with a

low-power lens. The last two whorls of the shell bear numer-

ous rather strong, rude, blunt, irregular ribs, parallel with

the growth-lines, crossed by about equally numerous rude

spiral ribs, this sculpture being especially well developed on

the base of the last whorl. This sort of sculpture is typical

of the depressa-coopert group, as distinguished from the

sharp-ribbed haydeni group, but the sculpture is very much

stronger in maculata than is usual in either depressa or

coopert, and the two latter are smoother below than at the

periphery and above, while in maculata the opposite is true.

Aperture rounded, outer and inner lips approaching. Um-

bilicus deep and narrow. Color exceedingly variable, a large

number seen collectively appearing quite dark because of a

preponderance of brown. The great majority of examples

have irregular, poorly defined light brown patches on a white

ground color, particularly noticeable under a lens, with

usually one spiral band or more of the same color above the

periphery and stronger bands of darker brown, varying in

width and number, just below the periphery and on the base.

A few albinos were found, without intergradation, to the

typical color, as is also true of O. cooperi obscura at the same

locality. A considerable number of examples are almost en-

tirely dark brown, but, except in a very few specimens, there

is a wide, conspicuous Jighter band at or just above the peri-

phery of the melanistic shells, which shows just above the

suture on the spires.

Type, width, 14 mm.; height, 11.5 mm. Univ. Colo. Mus.

Cotype No. 1, width, 13.5 mm.; height, 10.8 mm. Univ.

Colo. Mus.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Cotype No. 2, width, 14 mm.; height, 11 mm. Univ. Colo.

Mus.

Cotype No. 8, width, 12.8 mm.; height, 10.6 mm. Univ.

Colo. Mus.

Cotype No. 4, width, 13 mm.; height, 10.8 mm. Univ. Colo.

Mus.

Cotype No. 5, width, 13.5 mm.; height, 12 mm. Univ. Colo.

Mus.

Cotype No. 6, width, 14 mm.; height, 10.8 mm. A. N. S.

Phila.

No. 5 is a melanistic example with no light band.

GLOCHIDIA IN SURFACE TOWINGS.

BY H. W. CLARK AND SAMUEL STEIN.

In their article on ‘‘Reproduction and Parasitism in the

Unionide,’’ by LeFevre and Curtis (Journ. of Experimental

Zoology, Vol. [X, No. 1, p. 98), under the caption, ‘‘ Behavior

and Reactions of Glochidia,’’ occurs the following statement:

*‘At the time of spawning the glochidia, already free from

the egg-membranes and more or less loosely held together in

slimy strings, are discharged at irregular intervals through

the exhalent siphon. Being heavier than water, they sink

rapidly to the bottom, coming to rest with the outer surface

of the shell directed downward and the valves gaping widely

apart.’’ The belief was formerly general that they ‘‘swim”’

about by rapidly opening and closing the valves, after the

manner of Pecten, and in spite of frequent denials by Schier-

holz (’88), Latter (’91) and others, the same statement is

still occasionally encountered. In the recent volume on Mol-

lusea in the Treatise on Zoology, edited by Lankester, this

inexcusable error is represented. ‘‘The glochidia,’’ we are

again informed, ‘‘swim actively by clapping together the

valves of the shell’’ (p. 250). They are, on the contrary, as

is now well known, entirely incapable of locomotion and re-

main in the spot where they happen to fall, and that ‘‘The

THE NAUTILUS. 17

glochidia remain in this helpless situation until they die, un-

less they happen to come in contact with the host on which

they pass through the post-embryonic development as para-

sites.’? The same statement occurs in the ‘‘Studies on the

Reproduction and Artificial Propagation of Freshwater Mus-

sels’’ by the same authors in the Bulletin of the U. S. Bureau

of Fisheries, Vol. XXX (Document No. 756, page 152).

The occurrence of glochidia in plankton is noted and com-

mented on in some fullness of detail by Kofoid in his report

on the Plankton of the Illinois River, Part 2, page 287, where,

under the heading ‘‘Lamellibranchiata’’ he remarks: ‘‘This

group is represented in the plankton by the larval stages or

glochidia of the Unionide, which form an important part of

the bottom fauna of the stream and its tributaries.’’ Among

those mentioned as occurring in the plankton are Anodonta

corpulenta Cooper, glochidia ‘‘referred with some uncer-

tainty’’ to Lampsilis anodontoides, and glochidia presumably

belonging to Arcidens confragosus.

Kofoid’s remarks concerning the abundance, numbers and

percentage of occurrence, temperature relations and seasonal

distribution, as well as his remarks on identification of the

glochidia encountered, preceding as it does the strenuous

attempts at description and identification of glochidia and

ascertainment of breeding seasons of different species of mus-

sels later entered into with such avidity in behalf of mussel

propagation, form one of the most fascinating episodes in

scientific research. His discussion is unfortunately too long

to quote in a brief article like that intended here, but too

interestingly precious to be missed by anyone studying the

history of mussel propagation.

Peremptorily dismissing the temptation to quote remarks

illuminating other but what would anciently be called imper-

tinent phases of the subject here, it only remains to remark

that what is really the one pertinent query, that of the rela-

tion of the glochidia to the surface, is left in doubt. The

wording of the one introductory sentence quoted, doubtless

perfectly clear when written, develops an ambiguity which

increases with a growing interest in glochidia rather than

18 THE NAUTILUS.

mussel. Kofoid took his plankton by means of a pump, and

at all depths, from near the bottom to the surface. He may,

therefore, have obtained his glochidia anywhere between

those extremes of depth.

During the spring and summer of 1920, in an attempt to

ascertain the relation, quantitatively and qualitatively, be-

tween the river, the reservoir and the various ponds of the

Fisheries Biological Station at Fairport, Iowa, occasional

surface towings were made with a fine bolting-cloth net in all

the places mentioned. On April 12, ten short hauls were.

made at the surface of the Reservoir near its outlet, in about

12 feet of water. In the portion of the haul examined (in

most cases, especially where a considerable amount of mate-

rial was taken, only a small portion, usually about one-tenth,

was examined carefully) a glochidium of the Anodonta type,

probably that of Anodonta corpulenta, was taken. It was at

first supposed that it was dead, but four hours after capture

it was observed to snap its valves.

On July 3, the river, which was high and muddy, showed a

slightly greenish cast, suggesting an abundance of plankton.

Accordingly several short draws, almost dips, were taken at

11:15 a. m. from the end of the pier, from the surface in

shallow water near shore. One glochidium, provisionally iden-

tified as that of Lampsilis anodontoides, and 12 shorter,

rounder, probably of some species of Quadrula, were taken.

On July 29 a towing was taken in water a considerable dis-

tanee from shore, from a boat and in the current. Only a

small amount of the material — mostly silt — was examined ;

but in the part scrutinized was found a glochidium.

On July 30, the townet was held under the edge of the mass

of water coming up from the river and falling in an inverted

bowl-shaped mass from the vertical inlet pipe, where it enters

the Reservoir. The net was held here only about 3 minutes,

and naturally strained only a small portion of the water fall-

ing from the pipe—hardly a hundredth part. A good deal of

material, chiefly detritus, was obtained and only a small

amount of this examined; but in this small amount was ob-

tained 8 glochidia of the Lampsilis type.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

On August 14, twenty-five liters of water was dipped from

the surface out in the river in fairly deep water and in the

channel. In the part examined one very minute glochidium

was taken.

On August 19, in taking a surface towing by dragging the

townet from a boat going down stream from a bar above the

station, and in fairly deep water, three glochidia were cap-

tured.

To sum the matter up, there was not a single collection of

surface plankton taken from the river in which there was not

one or more glochidia, and indeed, until the river became low

and calm, permitting the development of plankton organisms,

the glochidia usually outnumbered any other organism; the

river, except during the conditions above mentioned, being

remarkedly plankton-poor. In every instance, too, where ex-

amined repeatedly and at long enough intervals, the glochidia

proved themselves alive by a feeble snapping of their valves.

The flapping of the valves was always too feeble and too

widely separated in time intervals to be effective as a means

of locomotion. It may, of course, have been much more vigor-

ous and frequent for a time after first discharged, but there

is no probability that it could ever have resulted in swim-

ming.”’

On the assumption that the glochidia lie on the bottom

where discharged, and there die unless they become attached

to a fish, one of the most important advantages served by

parasitism is that of dissemination. In the light of the obser-

vations recorded above, it becomes evident that distribution

down stream is common and that perhaps many, if not most,

natural infections take place some distance from and below

the place of discharge. The importance of parasitism as re-

gards dispersal is therefore confined chiefly to up-stream

migration, although of course dispersal in other directions is

greatly assisted and accelerated by means of the fish.

The surface-floating habit of glochidia explains also the

occurrence of Anodonta imbecillis, a species which is capable

of developing without parasitism, in floating crates, the bot-

toms of which are considerably above the level of the bottom

20 THE NAUTILUS.

of the river, as has happened in crates moored at Fairport,

Iowa, and at New Boston, Ill.

Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa.

FLORIDA WEST COAST LIGUUS.

BY CHARLES TORREY SIMPSON.

In the April, 1921, number of the Nautmus, Mr. M. G.

Miller states that Capt. W. D. Collier, long a resident of Key

Marco, brought tree snails from Middle Cape Sable and

‘‘planted’’ them at Caxambas, Goodland Point, and Marco,

all on Key Marco. This was done forty-eight years ago and

there were no Liguus snails on Marco previous to this, but

they multiplied and spread rapidly.

As a matter of fact there have been found no less than four

subspecies of Liguus belonging to two species, and one species

of Ozystyla in the Marco region and for some forty miles

southeast of it. Liguus fasciatus roseatus has been found on

Marco Key, Horr’s Island, near it, at Gomez Old Place, ten

miles southeast, at Caxambas, and at Chokoloskee farther

down the coast. The form of Liguus which I have called

lineolatus has been found at several places on Marco Key,

Horr’s Island, Gomez Old Place, Russell’s Key, Turner’s

River, Caxambas and Chokoloskee. Inguus fasciatus castaneo-

zonatus has been found at Rabbit Key, just below Choko-

loskee, and on the island of the latter name, but nowhere to

the northwest of these places, so far as I know. Ligwus cre-

natus marmoratus, the ‘‘black snail’’, was obtained by Mr.

Clarence B. Moore, who got it from a Mr. C. G. McKinney

from land which he cleared somewhere near Chokoloskee, ac-

cording to Pilsbry in his ‘‘Study of the Liguus of Florida,’’

page 453. Some five years ago I visited Chokoloskee and was

taken by a resident to the island where he said the black

snails which Mr. Moore obtained were found. The hammock

had been cleared but diligent search brought to light some

fragments and three dead, badly-faded specimens, one of

which is marmoratus, I believe. Oxystyla floridensis has been

THE NAUTILUS. 21

found at Chokoloskee, its northernmost limit, Pavillion Key

and Seminole Point.

Now then, what I would like to know is if Capt. Collier

brought all these forms of Liguus and Ozystyla from Middle

Cape Sable and distributed them in the various localities on

the west coast I have mentioned. Forms of most of them

have actually been found on the Middle Cape, the Ozystyla,

Liguus fasciatus roasatus, L. castaneozonatus, L. crenatus

marmoratus, and a couple of other forms of crenatus which it

seems he did not bring, or if he did they never became estab-

lished. How did it come that the Oxystyla only is found as

far north as Chokoloskee, that castaneozonatus is only known

from this locality and Rabbit Key? Why did he carry mar-

moratus to a key four miles from Chokoloskee and not put it

on the trees of the latter island — why didn’t he take all the

forms and plant them on Marco Key?

As a matter of fact I have never found any snail on Middle

Cape Sable which is really very close to any of these upper

west coast forms. The castaneozonatus are a little differently

marked; the marmoratus I have from there is of a different

pattern from the Chokoloskee shells and something like a

single dead specimen I obtained on Key Vaca. I never found

during several visits to the Middle Cape anything that could

certainly be referred to lineolatus. While Capt. Collier may

have brought tree snails from Middle Cape Sable and planted

them on or around Marco, it is doubtless true that several

forms of Iiguus and the great Oxystyla crossed from the

Upper Florida Keys to the southwest coast of the mainland

of Florida over a now destroyed land bridge, that this migra-

tion was probably made many thousands of years ago and

that they reached the Chokoloskee, Marco region after the

aborigines had built and abandoned the shell mounds, that

they made part of their migrations to the region of their most

northern distribution from island to island by water, on the

trees they lived on.

This subject of the geographical distribution of the Liguus

and Oxystylas in Florida and the manner in which they

migrate will be discussed later in a separate paper. As to the

22 THE NAUTILUS.

blue tree snails of the southwest coast, I obtained several of

them from residents of Chokoloskee. These were Ozystyla

floridensis pure and simple, and they had been boiled in water

containing a little indigo. We made a number of specimens

of this new species aboard the boat in the same way and they

were just as nice as those sold by the natives. This receipt is

absolutely free to anyone desiring to make new species.

NEW FORMS OF PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS FROM ILLINOIS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.*

A recent examination of Pleistocene material from Grundy

County, Illinois, submitted by Mr. Harold E. Culver, of the

Illinois State Geological Survey, reveals several new forms

of mollusks which seem to need recognition. Upwards of

twenty species and varieties occur in the marl deposit, which

is post-Wisconsin in age.

AMNICOLA LUSTRICA GELIDA Nn. var.

Shell differing from lustrica in being narrower, with more

convex whorls, more deeply impressed sutures, a smaller,

rounder aperture, the lip of which is usually thickened

within. There are six full whorls in adult individuals.

Length, 4.25; diameter, 2.25; aperture length, 1.25; width,

1.0 mm. Topotype, Collection Museum of Natural History,

U. of I., No. P926.

Length, 4.50; diameter, 2.30; aperture length, 1.40; width,

1.0 mm. Paratype. Museum No. P927.

Length, 4.0; diameter, 2.50; aperture length, 1.50; width,

1.10 mm. Paratype. Museum No. P927.

Types from near Morris, Grundy County, Illinois, in marl

deposit.

This small Amnicola is one of the most abundant species

in Pleistocene deposits, and seems to be widely distributed,

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of

Illinois, No. 16.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

occurring in Ohio as well as in the known Illinois localities,

Chicago, Joliet, and Grundy County. In a previous paper

(Journ. Geol., XXVIII, p. 448, 1920) it was listed as Amni-

cola lustrica variety, its differentiation having been suggested

by Dr. Pilsbry. It is so markedly different from lustrica as

found recently, and as represented in some marl deposits,

that a name seems very necessary.

Three forms of Amnicola related to lustrica have come

under the writer’s observation. The typical form, wide, with

moderately convex whorls and a large body whorl; this is in

the collection of the Museum from Milwaukee, Wis. (30th

Street) ; a wide form like the type but with thickened lip and

solid shell; specimens of this form have been seen from

Randolph County, Indiana; and the form herein described,

which is narrower and more scalariform than the type. These

all represent, probably, different types of environments. The

likeness of gelida to Amnicola oneida Pilsbry, from Oneida

Lake, N. Y. (Nautitus, XXXI, p. 46, 1917) is striking, and

suggests that oneida may be the recent manifestation of the

fossil form. It will be remembered that the old Rome outlet,

in use for the discharge of the waters of the Great Lakes, was

by way of Oneida Lake, and western species had easy access

to this waterway.

AMNICOLA LEIGHTONI Baker.

This recently described Pleistocene Amnicola (NAUTILUS,

XXXIII, p. 125, 1920) also occurred in the Grundy County

material. The shells are more variable in Illinois than in the

type locality in Logan County, Ohio, the spire being long or

short and the body whorl varying greatly in obeseness. Con-

tinued study of this species in comparison with the Maine

species (winkleyt) lead the writer to consider the fossil form

as a distinct species, as indicated above.

VALVATA TRICARINATA Say.

This common species is most abundant in nearly all lacus-

trine and fluviatile deposits of the Pleistocene period. Like

the recent shells, it varies greatly in the carinate condition of

24 THE NAUTILUS.

the shell. On the whole, the fossil individuals appear to be

more variable than the recent forms. The variations in cari-

nation have been recognized to some extent and names have

been applied to the most striking of these variations. Seven

combinations are apparently possible. These are indicated in

the following table:

PTI CATIM AGE iis veep Way cnaatn UR Y te Nate tricarinata Say.

Maddle carina absenti 2 .:)./. c/s tis eee « perconfusa Walker.

Upper and lower carine absent ...... umcarinata DeKay.

Lower carina absent .............¢. basalis Vanatta.

Middle and upper carina absent ..... infracarinata Vanatta.

Middle and lower carina absent ..... supracarinata Baker.

JAN Careinige ASEM alors seis icle ede ceisler & simplex Gould.

VALVATA TRICARINATA SUPRACARINATA Nl. var.

Shell differing from the other described varieties of the

tricarinate series in lacking the carina on the periphery and

base. Otherwise similar. Length, 3.5; width, 4.5; aperture

length, 2.0; width, 1.8 mm. Topotype, Collection Museum of

Natural History, U. of I., No. P928. Type locality, near

Morris, Grundy County, Illinois.

This variation is apparently rare, as but four specimens

were found in sorting several hundred tricarinata. In the

deposit under study (Grundy County) the perconfusa form

was in much greater abundance, followed by the tricarinata

form. See Nautinus, XV, p. 124; XXXI, p. 36; XXVIII,

pp. 104, 105, for descriptions of the other variations of this

polymorphic species.

SOME CENTRAL AMERICAN SPECIES OF NAIDES, BELONGING OR

ALLIED TO THE GENUS ELLIPTIO.

BY A. E. ORTMANN, PH. D.

Frierson (NAUvTIL. 27. ’13, p. 14) has described a new species

as Unio (Nephronaias) ortmanni, and says that it ‘‘ is clearly

placed in the Nephronaias division by its evident near kinship

to melleus Lea and to persulcatus Lea’’.

THE NAUTILUS. 25

Later (Nauti. 31.’ 17 p. 47) he distinguishes as Nephronaias

(s. s.) a group of species, containing plicatulus, persulcatus,

melleus, dysoni, ortmanni, ravistellus etc., of which he says that

the anatomy resembles that of Hlliptio, but that it ‘‘ differs from

Elliptio in its sulcated disk, in its beak sculpture etc.’’? But it

should be remembered that only the anatomy of ortmanni was

Known.

My own determination of the genus Nephronaias (Ann. Carn.

Mus. 8. ’12 p. 326) rested upon the examination of the soft

parts of NV. sapotalensis (Lea), which surely is a Lampsiline shell;

but I have pointed out that it is all important to determine the

position of the type species of the genus, Unio plicatulus Charpen-

tier. Frierson now assumes, from the characters of the shell,

that plicatulus has the same anatomical structure as ortmanni.

This may be correct, but has not been demonstrated; but if

correct, the name Nephronaias becomes either a synonym of

Elliptio, or a subgenus of it, or a genus closely allied to it.

In view of the great deficiency in our knowledge of the Mex-

ican and Central American species, I prefer, for the present,

to leave those species, which have Elliptio-structure, in the

genus Elliptio. Of the following forms, the anatomy is more or

jess known to me.

ELLIPTIO ORTMANNI (Frierson) (1. c.).

Specimens, cotypes, from Rio Conchins, Quirigua, Guatemala,

have been investigated, collected Febr. 4 and 6, 1913.

Frierson (1. ¢., p. 15) has already indicated the essential

features of the anatomy of this species. It should be added,

that the anal opening has crenulations, the branchial papillae;

that the mantle connection between anal and supraanal is

moderate (in most of my specimens torn by rough handling);

that the posterior margins of the palpi are connected for about

half of their length. The inner lamina of the inner gills is free

from the abdominal sac, except at its anterior end. The mar-

supium is in the outer gills, placentae are present, sublanceo-

late, not very solid. Marsupium moderately swollen, its edge

remaining sharp, when charged. Glochidium subcircular, L.

0.23, H. 0.22 mm. Color of soft parts (in alcohol) pale. Male

26 THE NAUTILUS.

and female shells indistinguishable. The breeding season seems

to fall in the winter months of the northern hemisphere.

ELLIPTIO CALAMITARUM (Morelet) (?).

This species has been mentioned incidentally by Frierson

(1. c., p. 15) from Rio Blanco, near Livingston, Guatemala,

collected Febr. 18, ’13, but there is some doubt about the

identification; in a recent letter, Frierson thinks that this is

U. dysoni Lea. I do not want to express an opinion; the speci-

mens investigated by me belong to the same lot, and they have

absolutely the same structure of the soft parts as E. ortmanni.

Also the glochidia have the same shape and dimensions: L.

0.23, H. 0.22 mm. The breeding season also is in winter (glo-

chidia in February).

ELLIPTIO YZABALENSIS (Crosse & Fischer) (Simpson Descript.

Catal. 714, p. 276).

Two specimens, with soft parts, have been sent by A. A.

Hinkley, collected Jan. 6, 717, in Saja River, Guatemala (trib-

utary to Rio Dulce, below Lake Yzabal). Both are females,

and are gravid, but have not yet formed glochidia.

Frierson thinks that these specimens might be a new species,

but they agree, in my opinion, quite well with Simpson’s de-

scription of yzabalensis, and very well with v. Martens’ figures

(Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll. 1900, p. 507, pl. 39, f. 9-11), and

in my identification I rely chiefly on 10 and 11 of these figures.

Their chief character is the great height of the shell as com-

pared with the length. One of my specimens has white, the

other has purple nacre.

The anatomy is identical with that of E. ortmanni and calam-

itarum in every particular. Of course, the glochidia have not

been observed.

There is no question that the three above species are closely

allied to each other, both in anatomy and shell characters (sul-

cated epidermis), and I should not be astonished if finally they

turn out to be forms of one and the same species.

THE NAUTILUS. Dy,

ELLIPTIO RAVISTELLUS (Morelet). (Nephronaias rav. Simpson,

14, p. 283).

Specimens from Lake Yzabal, at Jocolo, Guatemala, are at

hand, collected by A. A. Hinkley in January, 1914. Among

them are 1 male, and 3 females with soft parts; one of the

females is gravid, but has only eggs, no glochidia. Seven

others from Lake Yzabal were collected January 9, 1917; among

them 1 male, and 6 gravid females, three of them with glo-

chidia.

The identification is undoubtedly correct, and has been made

chiefly according to v. Martens (Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll. 1900,

p. 516, pl. 88 f. 2). The color of the nacre, in my specimens,

varies from white through lead color and pinkish to dull purple.

The breeding season seems to be similar to that of the preced-

ing species (eggs and glochidia in January).

The anatomy resembles that of E. ortmanni,, but the posterior

margins of the palpi are connected at their bases only, and re-

markably enough, the inner lamina of the inner gills, in all

specimens before me, is free from the abdominal sac only for

about one-half of the length of the latter (or very slightly more),

while it is connected with it in the anterior half (or slightly

less). This is a rather unusual condition in American Union-

inae. Of course, in this case, this character cannot be regarded

as essential, before a larger number of Central American shells

have been investigated.

Gills, marsupium, and placentae of the Elliptio-type. Gilo-

chidia absolutely identical with those of E. ortmanni and cala-

mitarum: L. 0.23, H. 0.22 mm. Color of soft parts (in alco-

hol) pale, with black pigment in the region of the branchial,

anal, and supraanal openings.

NOTES.

Dr. Pau BartscH spent part of May and June in the

Bahamas and Florida, continuing his studies of Cerion.

Dr. C. Montague Cooke, who has been working on the

28 THE NAUTILUS.

anatomy of Hawaiian land snails at the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia for the past nine months, has re-

turned to Honolulu. He expects to resume his studies im

Philadelphia next September.

Pror. T. D. A. CocKERELL, of the University of Colorado,

returned from England early in July, stopping at New York,.

Philadelphia and Washington on his way to Colorado.

Mr. Frank C. Baker, curator of the Museum of Natural

History, University of Illinois, will spend the summer in

Wisconsin, continuing his study of the molluscan fauna under

the auspices of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural His-

tory Survey.

Dr. FrepD Baker has joined an expedition for work on the

fauna of Lower California.

Om Insurtina OystEers. — A suit for $200,000 has beem

brought against the Mexican Petroleum Corporation for dam-

ages done to some of the oyster beds of Narragansett Bay.

The question of sewage has also entered largely into the dis-

cussion. The oyster industry of the bay began to decline in

1914 and has steadily deteriorated ever since. Prof. T. C.

Nelson of Rutgers College, and biologist of the Shell Fisk

Commission of New Jersey, said that oil was responsible for

the death of the oyster ‘‘sets’’ in 1916 and 1917. There seems

to be a general complaint that oil and sewage is gradually

destroying the marine life of our bays and harbors. During

the winter even marine birds, such as the little auks, were

brought to the museum with their feathers thoroughly satur-

ated and discolored by oil. C. W. J.

Leslie of

tiie x ,

een ee

ate

THE NAUTILUS, XXXV.

PLATE |

1. EGG-CAPSULES OF BUCCINUM UNDATUM L.

2, EGG-CAPSULES OF CHRYSODOMUS 10-COSTATA SAY.

fue NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXV OCTOBER, 1921. No. 2

COLLECTING MOLLUSKS ON A BEAM-TRAWLER.

BY A. B, FULLER.

Collecting mollusks on a beam-trawler while not an ideal way

to collect, is nevertheless interesting. These vessels are about

135 feet long, 22 feet beam, tonnage about 150, and run by

steam. August 6, 1920, found me on one of these steel boats

bound for the Georges Bank. Our first set was made about 118

miles southeast of the Boston light in about 45 fathoms, inside

of the Georges Bank proper. The trawl consists of a sweep net

about 90 feet wide and 9 feet deep, held apart and in position

by two heavy oak doors about three feet by seven feet, shod

with heavy iron on one long side. This makes it ride upright

and prevents it from wearing as it drags on the bottom. These

doors act as kites to the net, as it were, one at each end of the

opening, and each hung by a chain bridle toa steel cable. The

cables are attached to steam winches which work simultaneously

in lowering and pulling in the net. A heavy rope cable about

three inches in diameter stretches from door to door and drags

on the bottom, acting as a ground line to which the lower edge

of the net is fastened. In the center of the net is a large pocket

of coarse meshes, but smaller than the meshes of the net proper.

This is called the ‘‘cod end,’’ and is protected by a blanket

of heavy double-meshed netting, so that in dragging on the

bottom it will not snag and tear. A portion of the ‘‘cod end”’

30 THE NAUTILUS.

is pursed and tied with a special knot; when the bag is hoisted

aboard full of fish a pull on the knot opens the purse and the

fish are dumped upon the deck.

The net is ‘‘ fished’’ two hours at a time, and the time con-

sumed in hauling, dumping and resetting is very short. The

fish are then cleaned and are often all on the ice in the hold in

about thirty minutes after being taken from the water. Three

to four thousand pounds of good fish at a haul was fair fishing

and about the average. Most of the fishing is in water ranging

from 30 to 50 fathoms, in a zigzag course across the grounds.

The net sweeps nearly everything before it of any size and all

goes back into the ‘‘cod end.’’ The collection that is dumped

upon the deck is therefore miscellaneous in character. From

two to three tons of mixed fish, sponges, mollusks and other in-

vertebrates is quite a sight to a collector. Large monk fish,

skates, cod, haddock, hake, red snapper, halibut, flounders

and sculpins, comprise the principal fish. Owing to the large

mesh the majority of the mollusks pass through, leaving only

the very large ones or a few of the smaller ones entangled in the

net.

Each haul presented three chances to collect. First, when

the net comes up; a few minutes of hasty inspection brought to

light some fine nudibranchs (Dendronotus frondosus) and many

little hermit crabs bearing various species of shells and a few

very minute shells (Cingula carinata) imbedded in the strands

of the ground line. Second, the fish are sorted by sluicing them

down the deck with a stream of water, the men pushing the re-

fuse fish along with pitch forks and picking out the good ones

as this procession goes by, the shells, etc., may be snatched up

and not much passes by without being seen. Pecten magellanicus

Gmel. were sometimes very common, at other times missing.

Oyprina islandica Linn., Modiolus modiolus Linn., Buccinum un-

datum Linn., Chrysodomus decemcostatus Say, Colus stimpsont

Morch., Polinices heros Say, and the rare P. levicula Verr., were

taken in this way, and all varied greatly in numbers according

to bottom conditions. Some of the Buccinum and Chrysodomus

were unusually large. Attached to some of the Pecten were the

egg-capsules of Chrysodomus decemcostatus, called by the fisher-

THE NAUTILUS. 31

men ‘‘sea corn.’? These were described and figured by Mr.

Charles W. Johnson, ‘‘ Occasional Papers,’’ Vol. 5, pp. 1-4,

pl. 1, 1921, Boston Society of Natural History. I am indebted

to the Society for the cut illustrating these capsules. The third

method of collecting is from the fish stomachs as the men were

cleaning the fish; I was often able to get a bucket full of material

from the haddock, later washing and sifting out the shells,

wrapping them in cheese cloth and throwing them into a can of

formaline. Sometimes the contents consisted mostly of small

crustacea mixed with sand, with but few shells. The cod pro-

duced but little in the mollusk line except fragments of Cyprina

and Modiolus, which they had evidently been able to crush.

There were also pieces of large gasteropods, probably Buccinum

and Chrysodomus. Crabs, however, seemed to be the main

food of the cod. Sometimes the net would come up plastered

with large starfish, then it would bea yellow sponge (Desmac-

idon palmata) that the fishermen call ‘* boxing gloves,’’ from

their resemblance; another haul would show large numbers of

ascidians, the ‘‘sea lemons,’’ or the ‘‘stemmed sea peaches’’

(Pyura). Many times the net was filled with hydroids, known

to the fishermen as ‘‘ moss,’’ clusters of long rubbery worm-

tubes, dubbed by the men ‘‘macaroni,’’ as it resembles that

product, was very plentiful in one place. Thus the men would

say, ‘‘ we are on the boxing gloves,’’ or on the moss, or in the

lemons, or in the macaroni, as the case might be.

The following is a list of species obtained from the fish stom-

achs, with the exception of Polypus arcticus. For their deter-

mination I am indebted to Mr. Charles W. Johnson.

Nucula proxima truncula Dall.

Nucula tenuis Montg.

Leda tenuisulcata Couth.

Yoldia limatula Say.

Pecten magellanicus Gmel. (young).

Anomia aculeata Mill.

Anomia simplex Orb.

Modiolus modiolus L. (fragments).

Musculus substriatus Gray.

Musculus corrugatus Stimp.

THE NAUTILUS.

Crenella glandula Totten.

Periploma leanum Conr.

Thracia truncata Migh. & Ads.

Cyprina islandica L. (young).

Astarte portlandica Migh.

Cardium pinnulatum Conr.

Macoma calcarca Gmel. (young).

Ensis directus Cony. (fragments).

Siliqua costata Say (fragments).

Spisula polynyma Stimp. (young).

Saxicava arctica L.

Solariella obscura Couth.

Odostomia sulcosa Migh.

Epitonium groenlandicum Perry.

Epitonium costulatum Migh. & Ads.

Natica clausa Brod. & Sowb.

Polinices heros Say (young).

Polinices triseriata Say.

Polinices immaculata Totten.

Polinices groenlandica MOll.

Velutina undata Brown.

Crepidula plana Say.

Cingula carinata Migh. & Ads.

Turritellopsis acicula Stimp.

Aporrhais occidentalis Beck (young).

Alectrion trivittata Say.

Anachis avara similis Rav.

Buccinum undatum L. (young).

Chrysodomus 10-costatus Say (young).

Colus stimpsonui Morch. (young).

Colus pygmaeus Gld.

Bela scalaris MOll.

Bela harpularia Couth.

Bela plewrotomaria Couth.

Bela bicarinata Couth.

Retusa pertenuis Migh.

Retusa gouldii Couth.

Cylichna alba Brown.

Polypus arcticus Prosch.

THE NAUTILUS. 33

EGG-CAPSULES OF BUCCINUM UNDATUM L.*

BY OLOF O. NYANDER.

The interesting paper on ‘‘ Egg-capsules of the Ten-ribbed

Whelk,’’ by Charles W. Johnson (Occasional Papers, Boston

Soc. Nat. History; Vol. 5, pp. 1-4, pl. 1, May, 1921), brings

to mind a collecting trip which in this connection may prove of

interest.

In the summer of 1906 I spent one month collecting Silurian

fossils in Cabscook Bay from Eastport to Whiting, Maine, and

as my work was mostly in the tidal zone I could not help but

observe the common marine shells while collecting fossils at

Broad Cove, near Eastport, where the average tide is about 22

feet. Shackford Head is at the west of the cove and near to the

deep water; there is an isolated rock outcrop just above low

water. Ina part of this rock sheltered from the sun and among

the rock weeds was hanging a large bunch of Buccinum undatum

ege-capsules, and three large specimens were depositing their

eggs in different parts of the bunch, which was 6 inches long,

nearly 3 inches broad and 2 inches high. As this mass of eggs

was hanging free about 5 or 6 feet above low-water mark, the

observation was perfect. I took the shells and the egg-capsules

which are now in my collection. This large egg-cluster must

have been the nest of many individuals, as I think they only

deposit a few eggs at a time and sometimes only one. During

my collecting trip I found many eggs of B. undatum deposited

on the rocks, on the rock weeds and on dead shells, ranging

from one single capsule to 25 and probably sometimes a hun-

dred or more. See Plate I, fig. 1.

I have always been interested in the eggs of shells, and at

Newport, R. I., I collected, between 1886-92, many of the egg-

capsules of Busycon carica and B. canaliculatum, as they are very

common on the east shore of the island. When collecting at

Lake Worth, Florida, in March, 1892, I found some very large

* The editors are indebted to the Boston Society of Natural History for the

use of the cut illustrating this and the article by Mr. A. B. Fuller.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

strings of egg-capsules of Busycon perversum; one in my collec-

tion is 27 inches long and full of young shells. On this same

string are attached seven capsules of Fasciolaria distans full of

young shells.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS (GRAY) NEAR SAN FRANCISCO BAY ?

BY G. DALLAS HANNA.

Several years ago Edson (Tur Nautintus, XXV, 18, 1911)

gave a list of land mollusks which he found at the high head-

land called San Mateo Point in San Francisco Bay. He there

questioned the former record by Gifford (THe Navurtizus, XIV,

p- 144, 1901) of the above species at that locality. Button

(THE Nauritus, XXV, 59, 1911) suggested that the specimens

were perhaps exotic, having been brought to that locality in the

oyster traffic which took place between Puget Sound and San

Francisco Bay some years before. This was followed by Gifford

(op. cit., p. 60) again, who stated that he was not only positive

of his identification but that he had collected the species there

a second time, in 1910.

The locality is so far from the usual range of this northern

species that the record seemed to warrant investigation on the

ground. So far as available records show it has not been taken

south of Cape Mendocino, Humboldt County, California.

The point on the bay referred to is known as Cayote Point on

many maps. It isa hill of Jurassic chert about 100 feet high

which projects into the bay about 18 miles south of San Fran-

cisco. A roadway leads to it across a salt marsh from Burlin-

game. It consists of about 300 acres, not one and one half as

stated by Edson, densely wooded with eucalyptus. A few Mon-

terey cypresses and pines have been planted here and there.

The soil is very dry. The point is an island in so far as land

snails are concerned. Under present conditions they could not

reach the place of their own accord.

It happened that in August 1921 fire swept through the forest

and consumed all leaves, sticks, grasses and underbrush, leaving

only the bare ground. Among the ashes are the charred re-

THE NAUTILUS. 35

mains of the snails that lived there, literally thousands of them.

It takes a fire such as this to bring to one’s attention the enor-

mous abundance of snails at some localities. Many of the

specimens are badly burned but there would be no difficulty in

recognizing forms so distinct as Ephragmophora fidelis and arrosa.

Of all the many thousands which I saw on August 28th, 1921

every one except three belonged to the latter species. The ex-

ceptions belonged to the E. californiensis complex, doubtless the

same as Edson recorded as FE. nickliniana. A small strip of

ground aroung the northeast side was left unburned and this

was also searched without success for FH. fidelis.

E. arrosa here is exceptionally abundant. Some 200 speci-

mens were picked up incidentally during the search. Consid-

erable variation is noted in this large series. Some approximate

the size and shape of fidelis and the umbilicus is occasionally

almost closed asin that form. Moreover, numerous shells are

very dark as compared with the usual arrosa. But in no case

is the coloration and banding of fidelis approached, and the sur-

face sculpture in all specimens is positively that of arrosa.

It must therefore be said that Gifford’s record cannot be con-

firmed. If H. fidelis existed on San Mateo Point it was a very

small and inconspicuous colony which has now apparently dis-

appeared. It will be an interesting study in the distribution of

mollusks to learn how long it will take the several species to

repopulate the area from the small number of specimens left

living.

Ariolimax californicus Cooper was found living on the Point.

It should be added to the list given by Edson.

Museum, California Academy of Sciences.

SOME LAND SNAILS OF SHASTA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

BY 8. STILLMAN BERRY.

During an automobile trip through northern California and

Oregon in the summer of 1920, that industrious collector, Allyn

G. Smith, managed to find time to stop by the way long enough

to unearth a few snails. Of particular interest is a small series

36 THE NAUTILUS.

of specimens taken as chance gave opportunity in Shasta County,

still almost a virgin field for the Californian malacologist.

Along astream band near the highway, about two miles south

of Weed, occurred a number of species, the following list of

which furnishes strange reading for California. The proportion

of eastern, or, rather, boreal types is particularly noteworthy.

A note is made of the number of specimens taken as furnishing

some indication of the probable relative abundance of the species.

Euconulus fulvus (Miller) (alaskensis Pilsbry ?), 8.

Zonitoides arborea (Say), 38.

Polita hammonis (Strom), 5.

Polita binneyana (Morse), 2.

Vitrina alaskana Dall, 1.

Polygyra sierrana n. sp., 31.

Gonyodiscus cronkhitei (Newcomb), 25.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miller), 4.

Succinea avara Say, 9.

A description of the new Polygyra is appended below.

Polygyra sierrana new species (plate II, figs. 1-2).

Description: Shell small, conical, thin. Growth lines

numerous and strong enough almost to resemble fine ribbing

under a lens. Embryonic whorls at first almost smooth, then

finely radially wrinkled, the periostracum soon showing a sys-

tem of dot-like papillae, bearing minute periostracal hairs over

most of the surface of the shell. Spire moderately low, slightly

convex, with impressed sutures. Whorls about 54. Body

whorl with a suggestion of an angle at the shoulder, and a deep,

abrupt constriction just back of the peristome, the base moder-

ately swollen; slightly decending in front. Lip light brown,

thickened and reflected, but not very wide; narrowed below the

pillar, then very slightly flaring again. Umbilicus small but

distinct; contained about eleven to fourteen times in the diam-

eter of the shell. Lip sometimes with a slight extra thickening

at base, otherwise without evidence of teeth, although a small,

whitish, narrowly crescentic parietal tooth is sometimes de-

veloped. Color close to Verona brown of Ridgway’s nomen-

clature.

THE NAUTILUS. Bie

Dimensions:

Type. Paratype. Paratype.

mm. mm, mm.

Greater diameter) cus iii ale, Nell elite 9.0 9.0 8.4

IGESSELCIAMELCL NOM sir cris et eiieile ath Uae 7.4

TRIG Eo MIE 2H ACARI Rima SEU AER 5.7 5.8 5.2

Diameter of umbilicus ....... 0.8 0.7 0.6

INomber of whorls) 2). \2)) 2) \2)\e\\ 3), 3) 53 54 5t

Type: Cat. No. 5087 of the writer’s collection. Paratypes

have been deposited in the collections of the California Academy

of Sciences, and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-

phia, as well as the private collection of Allyn C. Smith (Cat.

No. 2236).

Type Locality: Two miles north of Weed, Shasta County,

California; Allyn G. Smith, August 10, 1920; 22 adult speci-

mens, 9 juvenals.

Remarks: From the evidently nearly allied loricata the pres-

ent species differs in its larger size and more simple toothing of

the aperture. In some ways it more nearly resembles germana,

but again is larger, has a much less tumid body whorl and dif-

fers strongly in being distinctly umbilicate. From columbiana

it differs in its compactness and smaller size, but it is neverthe-

less not very unlike this species on a greatly reduced scale.

I have a small series of a similar but rather thinner-shelled

and more depressed race of Polygyra, collected in the high

Sierras of central California between Glenbrook and Al Tahoe,

by Mr. E. P. Chace in 1919. The differences are not great,

however, and they are apparently referable to the same species

as the Shasta County form.

Near La Moine Mr. Smith collected a considerable series of a

peculiar race of Polygyra columbiana (Lea) which seems suffi-

ciently characteristic to be described. The ground was very

dry and no other species were taken there, but the Polygyras

were found almost in the water, under sticks and stones.

Polygyra columbiana shasta new subspecies (Plate II, figs, 3-4).

Description: Shell of moderate size, conic, thin; smooth, ex-

cept for the numerous and fairly strong incremental lines,

38 THE NAUTILUS.

which, however, become much weaker on the base; surface pol-

ished and lustrous, especially on the base. Embryonic whorls,

where not eroded, at first rather rudely radially wrinkled, but,

at least after the first half turn, strongly, coarsely papillose, as well.

Spire low, almost straight sided except toward the summit;

sutures well impressed. Whorls usually 5? to 6. Body whorl

subangulate at the shoulder, but becoming more rounded as the

aperture is approached; slightly decending and rather abruptly

constricted just back of the peristome, the base moderately

swollen and rounded. Lip whitish or stained a very light

brown; thickened and reflexed but not very wide; obscurely

angled and narrowed below the pillar, which is somewhat re-

flexed over the narrow but permeable umbilicus; lip often

showing a slight extra thickening on the base, but aperture

otherwise without denticles save for an occasional specimen

showing the merest trace of a parietal tooth. Color of body

whorl fairly near tawny olive, deepening to snuff brown or

Saccardo’s umber on the earlier whorls.

Measurements:

Type. Paratype. Paratype. Paratype.

mm. mm, mm. mm.

Greater diameter ....... 14.0 13.5 13.3 12.7

Wesserdiameter'.: {/s 2. % sie 12.0 11.4 NES 10.6

STEM eset fat Vor’ fat se) Wis! Lost my lay Ube 9.0 8.2 8.7 8.0

Diameter of umbilicus ..... 1.0 eat 1.0 0.8

INumber/ofswhorls: «57. .)°. 2. %. 2 6 5s 52 5%

Type: Cat. No. 5089 of the writer’s collection. Paratypes

have been deposited in the collections of the California Academy

of Sciences, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and

Leland Stanford Junior University, as well as the private collec-

tion of Allyn G. Smith.

Type Locality: La Moine, Shasta County, California; Allyn

G. Smith, August 1921; 25 adult specimens.

Remarks: Although I have been gathering material of Poly-

gyra columbiana for several years, with a view to possible mono-

graphic treatment of the species, I am still uncertain how far it

will be wise to go in giving taxonomic recognition to the in-

numerable weakly differentiated races of this widespread snail.

THE NAUTILUS. 389

The present form is, however, not like anything which has been

seen by me heretofore. Its warm brown color, smooth, polished

surface, lack of any sort of persistent periostracal fringings, and

narrow, though permeable umbilicus, are features serving to set

it quite distinctly apart.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Fig. 1, 2.—Polygyra sierrana n. sp. Type, from near Weed,

Shasta County, California; x 3.

Fig. 3, 4.—Polygyra columbiana shasta n. subsp. Type from

La Moine, Shasta County, California; x 2.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON LAND MOLLUSCA OF THE MADEIRA IS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Though Porto Santo is the home of so many endemic snails,

there still seems to be room for aliens from Europe. Cochli-

cella acuta is abundant in certain spots north of Villa Baleira.

Helix pisana swarms everywhere. In a spring in the valley

of the Serra do Dentro I found specimens of a small Hydro-

biid, which Dr. Pilsbry has kindly identified as Pseudamnicola

similis (Drap.). This species was already known from Ma-

deira, but is the first record of a freshwater shell from Porto

Santo.

In 1848 (Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., p. 110) Pfeiffer described

some shells from the Cuming collection, including a species

Helix calcarea, collected by Count Vargas in Porto Santo.

This shell has since been ignored ; Wollaston does not mention

it. Pfeiffer subsequently listed it as a fossil. In the British

Museum I found the type specimen. Mr. Tomlin, to whom I

showed it, recognized Pfeiffer’s writing on the label under-

neath the slab. It is a recent shell, and is a form of Helix

pisana, white without bands. The name calcarea cannot be

used even in a varietal sense, as there is an earlier H. calcarea

Born.

Also in the British Museum, from the Cuming: collection

are five specimens of Vitrea miguelina (Pfeiffer), said to be

* Plate II will appear in next issue.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

from Madeira. They are only 11 mm. diameter, but Azores

specimens in the Norman collection are 14 mm. The species

seems to me to be the European V. lucida. Probably the

Cuming specimens did not come from the Madeira group, as

the Cumingian localities are very unreliable. I found in the

Cuming collection five other Helicoids labeled as from Ma-

deira, but all known from quite other places and, with one

exception, very distinct from anything in the Madeiran fauna.

The exception is Pyramidula retexta Shuttl., a Canarian shell

resembling P. semiplicata (Pfr.) in appearance, but brown

all over, not mottled. It must be a rare species, as Wollaston

had not seen a specimen.

In the Norman collection is a subfossil Helix ustulata Lowe,

said to be from Madeira (Rev. B. Watson). It is genuine

ustulata, but is from the Salvages, as shown by the rest of

Watson’s series in the possession of Mr. Tomlin.

Punctum pygmeum and Vitrea crystallina have been re-

corded as fossil in the Pleistocene beds at Canical, Madeira,

on the authority of Boog Watson. Mr. J. R. LeB. Tomlin hag

Watson’s specimens, and was so kind as to lend them to me

for examination. Both species appear to be correctly named,

though the V. crystallina is a single very immature shell. I

do not believe, however, that they are fossil. Such shells are

easily carried by the wind over the sand hills, and thus mixed

with the fossils. No other collectors have been able to find

these species in the Canical beds.

MOLLUSCA OF PISGAH FOREST, NORTH CAROLINA.

BY MINA L. WINSLOW.

The material on which the following list is based was col-

lected for the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan,

during a part of the months of July and August, 1916. The

Pisgah Forest region was approached by rail from Asheville

to Brevard, thence by wagon to Pisgah Forest station, and

by log railroad about seventeen miles northwest along the

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Davidson River and Lookingglass Creek. Headquarters were

made in the Schenck cabin in the Pink Beds at bench-mark

3278. The cabin was loaned through the kindness of the

United States Forestry Service, and is so located that it forms

a convenient base for work in the Pink Beds and the south-

east slopes of the Pisgah Ridge. The valley called the Pink

Beds is wide, covered with a dense growth of rhododendron

and laurel (whence the name), and lies in Transylvania

County between the Pisgah Ridge and mountains to the south.

It is all a part of the drainage basin of the French Broad

River. Asheville lies about thirty miles northeast and

Waynesville a somewhat shorter distance northwest.

It should be remarked here that an exceptionally heavy

and continuous rainfall delayed arrival and interfered with

field work, reducing the actual time spent in the field to a

mere fraction of the expected amount. Living was compli-

cated by the isolation of the community, due to flooding and

landslips, so that supplies could not come in and communica-

tion was cut off for almost three weeks.

The mountains are heavily timbered, with an occasional

“‘bald’’ at the top. In some places the trees have been thinned

by lumbering operations which have been supervised to such

an extent that the forest has been left in good condition. In

the valley and along the creeks rhododendrons and laurel

grow densely. Chestnut and oak are the prevailing trees,

with intermixture of many others, such as whitewood, maple,

beech, and so forth, with an occasional pine.

There seemed to be a decided aversion for chestnut wood

on the part of the snails. Oak forests were the more favored

habitats, the woods of Rich Mountain, a long flat-topped hill,

yielding the greatest variety of snails. Gastrodonta elliotts

was found everywhere, and a small Zonitoides arboreus was

fairly abundant. Of the larger shells, Polygyra andrewst

normalis was the common form, and often showed a decided

rosy tint. The ten specimens of Omphalina cuprea polita are

all small, possibly immature, and no others were taken. The

lack of lime in this granite country may account in part for

the scarcity of mollusks and the extreme fragility of most of

the larger shells.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

The writer is indebted to Mr. G. H. Clapp for identifica-

tions and notes on material submitted to him. AlJl the mol-

lusks listed are in the Museum of Zoology, Catalog Nos. 10331

to 10463 inclusive.

LIST OF SPECIES WITH NOTES ON HABITAT.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Rich Mountain, Pigeon Gap

Trail, Pink Beds. On the ground, on dead wood, on white

oak and maple trees as high as twelve feet from the ground.

6 specimens.

Polygyra andrewsae normalis Pilsbry. Pigeon Gap Trail,

Wagon Gap Trail, Asheville Road at about 4000 ft. altitude.

Crawling on the ground, on dead leaves; along the road,

under boards on a saw-dust pile, on maple and oak trees as

high as twelve feet from the ground, on a clay bank along

the road. 40 specimens.

Polygyra christyi (Bland). Pink Beds, Bennett Gap Road,

Rich Mountain. In woods on a north slope, on the ground,

on dead wood. 4 specimens.

Polygyra clark (Lea). Rich Mountain, south of the Pink

Beds, Davidson River. In decayed log, on clay bank along

log railroad, in river débris. 3 specimens.

Polygyra hirsuta altispira Pilsbry. Rich Mountain, Ben-

nett Gap Road, Wagon Gap Trail, Pink Beds. Under oak

logs, in forest débris, under old beech log. The species seems

to prefer dark habitats, under rather than on logs and stumps.

21 specimens.

Polygyra wheatleyi (Bland). Pink Beds, Chubb Gap Trail,

Pigeon Gap Trail, Rich Mountain, Wagon Gap Trail. On the

ground above a spring, near a brook, on dead wood and in

débris. 8 specimens.

Polygyra rugelt (Shuttleworth). Pink Beds. One speci-

men only, taken in woods on a north slope.

Polygyra zaleta (Binney). Pigeon Gap Trail. One speci-

men only, taken on leaves along the trail.

Circinaria concava (Say). Asheville Road, Rich Mountain,

Pink Beds. On clay bank beside the road, on leaves on the

ground. 4 specimens.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Omphalina cuprea polita Pilsbry. Pink Beds, Bennett Gap

Road, Asheville Road at about 4000 ft. altitude. Under dead

wood near a creek, in forest débris, under stones near a spring,

under rotten wood in rhododendron thicket. 10 specimens.

Mesomphi« rugeli (W. G. Binney). Pink Beds. Along the

log railroad. 1 specimen.

Mesomphiz andrewsae Pilsbry. Pink Beds. In decayed

wood and débris in the rhododendron and laurel tangle. 2

specimens.

Vitrea carolinensis Cockerell. Asheville Road at about

4000 ft. altitude, Davidson River débris, Bennett Gap Road.

In débris above the road, and along the river. 4 specimens.

Vitrea cryptomphala Clapp. Pigeon Gap Trail. Under a

stone. 2 specimens.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Pink Beds, Bennett Gap Road,

Asheville Road, Rich Mountain, Davidson River débris. In

leaves and forest débris, under a stone near a creek, under

stones and débris beside a spring, under dead oak log. 8

specimens.

Vitrea lamellidens Pilsbry. Pink Beds. Under moss on a

beech stump. 1 specimen.

Vitrea multidentata? (Binney). Débris from Davidson

River. 5 specimens.

Vitrea sculptiis (Bland). Débris from Davidson River.

1 specimen.

Vitrinizonites latissimus Lewis. Bennett Gap Road, Pink

Beds, Asheville Road. Under stones and in débris near a

spring, on dead leaves near a brook, in débris. 14 specimens.

Zontoides arborea (Say). Rich Mountain, Bennett Gap

Road, Asheville Road, Davidson River débris. On rotten

wood, abundant under bark on a decayed stump as high as

ten feet from the ground, on an oak log. The shells from the

high stump are smaller than normal, and have ‘‘very fine im-

pressed radial lines’’ (Clapp). 50-+ specimens.

Gastrodonta elliotti (Redfield). Pigeon Gap Trail, Pink

Beds, Rich Mountain, Asheville Road, Bennett Gap Road.

Under and in rotten wood in the open woods and in the

rhododendron-laurel thickets, under moss on a beech stump,

44 THE NAUTILUS.

in débris of Davidson River, under stones, and under a mossy

rock wet with spring water. 100+ specimens.

Gastrodonta wmterna (Say). Pink Beds, Rich Mountain,

Bennett Gap Road. In rotten stump, in charred wood, among

chips. 10 specimens.

Gastrodonta gularis (Say). Pigeon Gap Trail, Bennett

Gap Road, Asheville Road at about 4000 ft. altitude, Rich ©

Mountain, Pink Beds. Under stones beside a spring, under

logs and stones, in forest débris. 18 specimens.

Gastrodonta intertexta (W. G. Binney). Rich Mountain,

Bennett Gap Road. In decaying wood (beech and birch),

and in forest débris. 4 specimens.

Helicodiscus fimbriatus? Wetherby. Rich Mountain. Un-

der an old oak log. Two imperfect specimens, not fully grown.

Philomycus carolumanus (Bose.). Bennett Gap Road, near

Avery Creek, Pink Beds, Rich Mountain, Pigeon Gap Trail.

Under a stone near the road, on a stone at a spring, under

boards and beech and oak logs, under moss and bark of stumps

and trees, under mossy rock, on saw-dust heap. 16 specimens.

NOTES ON THE GENUS ACTEOCINA, GRAY.

BY A. M. STRONG.

Dr. Dall in his new ‘‘Summary of Marine Shell-bearing

Mollusks of the Northwest Coast of America’’ (Bull. U. S.

Nat. Mus., No. 112, p. 61) lists seven species of the Genus

Acteocina (formerly known as Tornatina), described by the

early workers on West Coast shells, and adds one new species.

The ranges given in the Bulletin would seem to add confusion

to an already badly confused situation. The following table

shows the ranges given by the different authors:

THE NAUTILUS.

Acteocina Dall! Gould? Cooper’ Arnold 4 Pilsbry ®

A. culcitella Kodiak Santa Monterey to Living Santa

Gld. Island to Barbara San Diego Monterey to Barbara

Puget Sound (Col. Jewett) San Diego San Pedro

A, cerealis (A. cutcitella, Santa Monterey to Living Vancouver to

Gld, Junior) Barbara San Diego Monterey to San Diego

(Col. Jewett) San Diego

A. eximia Bd. = Kodiak 4.6 Living Vancouver

Island to Vancouver to Island

Puget Sound San Diego

A.inculta Monterey to San Diego San Diego 6 Woe San Diego

Gld, Gulf of Calif, Monterey

A, infrequens SantaMonica, Spates SN Billie ates Panama

Cc. B, Ad. Cal, to Mazatlan

Panama

A, carinata San Diego to ests eas Mazatlan

Cpr. Gulf of Calif, San Diego

A, planata San Diego

Cpr.

A. smirna San Diego to Baiiive Gye te 3) Bae

Dall. San Salvador

To this should be added Packard’s Molluscan Fauna from

San Francisco Bay (Univ. of Cal. Pub., Vol. 14, 1918, p. 345),

in which A. cerealis Gould is listed and the statement made

that this is the furthest north that this southern species has

been found. Also Zetek’s late list of Panama Shells (La Re-

vista Nueva, Tomo V, p. 521) in which A. carinata Cpr. is

the only member of the genus given.

Most if not all of the species given in this genus are found

living on the bottom of shallow bays. It does not seem pos-

sible that the different species could have the extreme ranges

indicated by the different authors. In citing localities they

have quoted largely from other writers, and the correctness

1List of West Coast Shells, Bull. U. S, Nat. Mus., No. 112, pp, 61-202.

2 Otia conchologica, pp. 184-185.

3 Catalogue of West North American Shells, Bull. Cal. State Min. Bur.

4 Paleontology of San Pedro, Memoirs Cal. Acad. of Sci., Vol. 3, p. 189.

5 Manual of Conchology, Vol. 15, p. 187.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

of the range depends largely on the accuracy with which the

identifications were made. The type localities give an idea

of the probable range. They are given as follows:

A. eximia (Baird), Vancouver Isalnd

A. culcitella (Gould), Santa Barbara

A. cerealis (Gould), Santa Barbara

A. inculta (Gould), San Diego

A. planata (Cpr.), San Diego

A. smirna Dall, San Diego

A. carinata (Cpr.), Mazaltan

A. wnfrequens (C. B. Ad.), Panama

It does not seem reasonable that A. culticella Gould would be

found at Kodiak Island in the Arctics, or that A. infrequens C.

B. Ad. would be found at Santa Monica, California. <A. cari-

nata Cpr. looks equally out of place in Zetek’s list.

All these species are comparatively little known, and the

differences seem to be small. The confusion in range would

seem most probably to be caused by a failure to secure a cor-

rect identification. The following comparative notes are taken

from the above listed authors:

Gould. Bulla (Akera) culcitella. ‘‘B. tenwis Adams is the

only species approaching this. Some of its charac-

ters bring it close in alliance with the genus Torna-

tona.’’

Bulla (Tornatina) cerealis. ‘‘In form and size it is

scarcely to be distinguished from B. gracilis A. Ad.,

which is transversely striated. In terms, it agrees

with B. infrequens C. B. Ad., but Prof. Adams

himself considers it a different species.’’

Arnold. Tornatina cerealis Gld. ‘‘Distinguished from T.

culcitella by more angular whorls, mammillated

apex, more keeled upper edge of whorl and smaller

size.’’

Tornatina eximia Baird. ‘‘Resembles 7. culcitella,

but has a whorl narrowed anteriorly, a spire de-

pressed nearly to the rim of the body whorl, a nar-

THE NAUTILUS. 47

rower aperture and less prominent plait on colu-

mella.’’

Pilsbry. Tornatina carinata Cpr. ‘‘Resembles 7. infrequens

C. B. Ad. more than 7. cerealis Gld.’’

These notes would indicate a close similarity between at

least several of the species, but a distinction between culcitella

and cerealis which would make Dr. Dall’s statement that the

latter is a junior form of the former to seem very doubtful.

One species of Acteocina is occasionally found on the mud

flats of southern California bays in considerable numbers.

The shells average about 4 mm in length and are of the char-

acteristic shape of the genus, but the rather flat apex is always

more or less eroded and pitted. These have been identified as

A. inculta Gld. The description of this species calls for an

ivory-white shell. As found by the writer, they are colored

to varying extents with a brownish ferruginous stain. These

are found traveling just under the surface of the mud and

their presence is shown by a trail very similar to that of a

small Olivella. Like the Olivellas, a large number are always

found traveling together.

Associated with the last few specimens of a quite different

and slightly larger species are sometimes found. Under a

hand-glass the brownish surface is seen to be covered with

very fine, slightly undulating spiral lines. The shoulders of

the whorls are sharply keeled, so that in looking down on the

apex the suture has the appearance of a deep spiral groove.

The shores of a large tide pool just inside the entrance to

Newport Bay has furnished Southern California collectors

with a considerable number of specimens of a large Acteocina

which has always been classed as A. culcitella Gld. These

vary from 10 to 20 mm. in length but otherwise are very

similar to the previously mentioned form. The microscopic

brown spiral lines are quite distinct on the under side of the

shell next to the aperture, but on the opposite side are very

faint, leaving the shell almost white. It is quite probable

that the color has been worn off the portion of the shell which

is not protected by the mantle of the animal when burrowing

48 THE NAUTILUS.

through the mud and sand. This may be the adult of the

preceding, and the identification is not at all certain.

These notes are not written in he hopes of straightening

out the seeming tangle in the ranges and identification of the

different species of the genus Acteocina, but only to call atten-

tion to the matter. A careful comparison of the type speci-

mens with specimens from all along the coast will be required

to form any definite conclusion. It is hoped that others will

be able to throw more light on the subject.

LAND SHELLS FROM PALM CANYON, CALIFORNIA, AND THE

GRAND CANYON

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Dr. C. Montague Cooke and his son C. M. Cooke 34d, col-

lected shells, as occasion offered, while en route westward in

June, among them the following:

Micrarionta wolcottiana (Bartsch). Palm Canyon, River-

side Co., California. ‘‘Found under dead plants of one

species of low-growing cactus at the mouth of the canyon,

about 6 miles above Palm Springs.’’ Small specimens, 15.5

to 21 mm. diameter, only one out of 13 exceeding 19 mm.

Sonorella coloradoensis (Stearns). Bright Angel Trail,

Grand Canyon. Small, 15.8 mm. diam., like the Bass’ Trail

specimens.

Oreohelix s. depressa (Ckll.). ‘‘Collected along the Bright

Angel Trail, from about 1000 to 3400 ft. below the rim. I

found the first specimen very close to the last pine on the

trail, just below the foot of the high yellow cliffs. Dead

specimens were seen along the trail to just below the part of

the trail called Jacob’s Ladder. Unfortunately, we were

with a rather large party and I had a mule that wouldn’t

stop. I collected six specimens, which I am sending you,

and saw 15 or 20 additional along the trail.’’

This species has been found high on the northern side of

the Canyon, but not until now on the southern side.

Oreohelix yavapai angelica P. & F. About 50 ft. below the

rim, Bright Angel Trail, at ‘‘Hermit’s Rest’’.

THE NAUTILUS. 49

A RADIODISCUS FROM BOGOTA, COLOMBIA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Among a few shell received by Dr. Bryant Walker from Sefior

H”: Apolinor Maria there is a species of Radiodiscus which may

be defines as follows.

RADIODISCUS MARIZ n. sp.

The shell is closely similar to R. millecostatus, from which it

differs by the narrower umbilicus and by the perceptibly greater

height of the last whorl. The sculpture is essentially similar

except that the riblets are noticeably lower as seen where they

pass over the periphery, and the interstitial sculpture of delicate

striae parallel to the riblets and fine spiral lines, is also less dis-

tinct, though present.

Alt. 1, diam. 1.85 mm.; width of umbilicus nearly 0.5 mm.

Riblets about 21 to one mm. at the periphery.

R. herrmanni (Pir.), R. orizabensis (Pils.) and R. pata-

gonica (Suter) differ in sculpture. I have not seen the fol-

lowing species, which from the descriptions appear to belong

to Radiodiscus: Helix coppingert and H.-magellanicus BK. A.

Smith, Patagonia; Helix corticaria, H. muscicola, H. bryo-

phila, H. exigua, H. hypophlea, all of Philippi, Malak. BL,

1856, Chile.

NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES.

BY W. H. DALL.

In 1838 Sowerby figured in the Conchological Illustrations

and described in his Malacologicel Magazine an Arctic shell under

the name of Margarita acuminata. In 1842 Mighels and Adams

in the Boston Journal of Natural History identified and figured

a Margarita from the Gulf of St. Lawrence under Sowerby’s

name, at the same time pointing out (as has every subsequent

author) certain discrepancies between the two. Owing perhaps

to the rarity of the shell, which has been well figured by Morse

50 THE NAUTILUS.

in Binney’s Gould, no action has been taken. A comparison

of the figures shows at once that the two forms are distinct.

For the New England shell I propose the name of Margarites

Johnsoni, in honor of Mr. Chas. W. Johnson, author of the

valuable ‘‘ List of New England Mollusca.’’ Specimens have

been collected by the Canadian Neptune Expedition at Port Bur-

well, Ungava, Hudson Bay.

Cypraea pacifica was described by J. M. Ostergaard in THE

Navriuus for January, 1920, p. 92, and wellillustrated. I have

had the opportunity of comparing a specimen with the varieties

of C. helvola from the dump at Honolulu, to which it bears a

suspicious resemblance, though apparently very distinct, but

the bleaching of the specimens from this dredged material plays

strange tricks with the Cypraeas. However the name is long

preoccupied by Gray, in the Conchological Illustrations p. 15,

pl. 7, fig. 39*, 1832. I would suggest that this interesting form,

whether variety or good species be named ostergaardi after its

discoverer.

ON THE STATUS OF CHIORAERA (GOULD)

K. P. KJERSCHOW-AGERSBORG

From the Zoological Laboratery, University of Illinois

BERGH’s description of various species of Melibe (1875,

Melibe capucina, M. rangui; 1880, M. vexillifera; 1884, M.

papillosa; 1888, 1890, M. ocellata; 1902, M. bucephala; and.

1907, M. rosa Rang), emphasizes the following as Melibean

characteristics: ‘‘ Bulbus pharyngeus cum mandibulis ut wm

Phylliroides; margo masticatorius mandibulis fortiter denta-

tus;’’ (1875) p. 362. Perhaps the only exception to this

may be found in the species collected at the mouth of the

Columbia River, in the State of Washington (1904), in

which case, the author is not sure of the mandibles. He says:

‘¢ Bulbus pharyngeus lingua destitutus. Die Mundrohre und

der Schlundkopf scheinen sich wie sonst bei den Meliben zu

THE NAUTILUS. ow

verhalten; die gelblichgrauen Mandibel ganz zerbrock-

elt, ...’’ I have previously called attention (1919, 1921) to

the possibility that this species may be the same as the one

described by Gould (1852), from the Puget Sound region.

Not all Melibes, however, have the same characteristics as

indicated by Bergh; this is shown by Alder and Hancock

(1864), and substantiated by Eliot (1902). The generic char-

acteristics as enunciated by Bergh (1875) do not necessarily

hold, even though this author thinks that Hanecock’s (Alder

and Hancock, 1864) description is incorrect. Bergh says:

‘‘ Es kann kaum bezweifelt werden, dass die von Hancock

untersuchte Form, mit der von mir besprochenen congene-

risch. Es werden sich daher die bei dem englischen Verf.

vorkommenden, von den untenstehenden abweichenden ana-

tomischen Angaben wahrscheinlich als unrichtig erweisen,’’

p. 363. ‘‘ Besonders wird solche wohl der Fall sein, wo

Hancock den Anfang des Verdauungscanals bespricht: ‘ The

buccal organ is provided with neither tongue, jaws nor collar ;

it is not by any means very distinctly marked, formed as it

were by a mere enlargement of the oesophagus, and having

little or no increase of muscular power,’ ’’ p. 364.

But Eliot (1902) verifies Hancock’s claim when he writes:

‘‘T also found Alder and Hancock’s description of the in-

ternal anatomy to be correct, particularly as regards the

absence of jaws. ... Mr. Crossland and I have, .. . dis-

sected several specimens of Melibe fimbriata, and in all failed

to detect any trace of jaws.”’

Gould’s Chioraera leonina (1852) corresponds very closely

in the general anatomy to that of Melibe fimbriata (Ald. &

Hance., 1864) ; this is also true as regards the species discov-

ered by Rang (1829) and subsequently described by Bergh

(1875), as well as other Melibes described by Bergh (1863,

1871, 1875, 1880, 1884, 1888, 1890, 1902, 1904, and 1908).

The only difference is on the point in regard to the mandibles.

Some authors, Rang, Gould, Pease, Cooper, and Fewkes, do

not touch on this point and in that way, one cannot tell

whether the particular specimens with which they dealt

actually had such organs. Without considering the mandi-

52 THE NAUTILUS.

bles, all the generic characteristics as set forth by the earliest

writers on this type of the mollusks agree (Rang, 1829; Gould,

1852; Pease, 1860; Cooper, 1863; Alder and Hancock, 1864;

De Filippi, 1867; Tapparone-Canefri, 1876; and Fewkes,

1889; as well as the numerous descriptions of Bergh, 1863-

1908). The discovery of the genus Melibe by Rang (1829)

seems to have been unknown to Gould (1852) who created a

new genus (Chioraera) for this type. Cooper (1863) and

Fewkes (1889) employed the nomenclature of Gould. The

generic characteristics as enunciated by the original author

for Melibe (Rang, 1829) are practically identical with those

set forth by Gould twenty-three years later for Chioraera.

Tryon, Jr., (1883) p. 382, without stating a reason, classifies

Chioraera as synonym of Melibe. Owing to the fact that

Gould, and Cooper were ignorant of the actual discovery of

the genus Melibe, the name Chioraera was invented by Gould

and subsequently used by Cooper. The name is, in fact, a

mythical term that is related in meaning to the former; and

neither, of course, is descriptive of the form to which it be-

longs. Bergh (1904) describing a species from the territory

of Gould, Cooper, and Fewkes, does not hesitate to employ the

nomenclature of Rang (1829), so similar is this form to the

Melibes from other parts of the world. No other author

except Bergh gives mandibles as a generic characteristic, and.

this feature, as stated above, is not observed by Rang (1829),

Gould (1852), Pease (1860), Cooper (1863), De Filippi

(1867), Tapparone-Canefri (1876), and Fewkes (1889). Al-

though Melibe Rang (1829) and Chioraera Gould (1852) dif-

fer somewhat in shape, they are very similar in most other

respects; Rang’s description is as follows:

‘¢ Anim. pélagien, gélatineux, transparent et limaciforme;

la téte distincte et comprenant un voile membraneux, con-

tourné en fore d’entonnoir, garni intérieurement de cirrhes

dirigés a l’extérieur, et du milieu duquel s’éléve une petite

trompe terminée par la bouche; tentacules au nombre de deux,

situés a la base du voile, trés allongés, coniques, terminés par

une petite capsule, de laquelle port un organe conique et

rétractile; pied aussi long que l’animal, mais extremement

THE NAUTILUS. 53

étroit, en forme de sillon; branchies formées de deux séries

peu nombreuses de massues oblongues, arrondies a leur

sommet, pédiculées a leur base, et recouvertes de petits tuber-

cules; organes de la génération réunis au cdté droit antérieur,

anus plus en arriecre.”’

And Gould’s description of the genus Chioraera reads:

‘“ Corpus limaciformis, caput enorme, pedunculatum, semi-

globosum; pagina ventrali discoidea; ore longitudinali,

seriebus binis cirrhorum cincto; tentaculae cephalice foliate,

retractiles ; lobi branchiales flabelliformi, serie unica utrinque

ordina; foramen generativum ab anali remotum, fere dor-

sali.’’

In his comment in the English he says:

‘“ This curious and hideous animal seems to belong to

the family T'ritonvadae, with which it agrees in all respects

except its curious oral apparatus. (As regards the family

rank, vide Kjerschow-Agersborg, 1919, 1921). The mouth

is inferior, surrounded by a double series of long cirrhi, each

of which has an independent motion. Two auriform append-

ages, on the back of the head, differing in no respect from the

branchial expansions except in being destitute of reticula-

tions, seem to be the true tentacles, and are retractile. The

generative aperture is at the usual place on the right side, the

vent being distant, near the back.’’

Both Melibe Rang, and Chioraera Gould, have a series of

papille (epinotidia) on each side dorso-laterally; a large

hood, cowl, or veil; a pair of tentacles, (the so-called rhino-

phoria) carried on leaf-like stalks, and situated anteriodorso-

laterally on the veil; the veil is fringed with at least two rows

of cirrhi; and a narrow grooved foot which is blunt in front

and pointed behind; the head is distinctly separated from the.

body, by a neck, and in each ease it is very large; the gizzard

is lined with a ‘‘ keratinized ’’ secretion of its epithelium,

and this keratinized secretion is the so-called stomach-plates

of Alder and Hancock, or Magenzahnen of Bergh, which pro-

tects the delicate epithelium and may also help in the mastica-

tion of the food; these two types are carnivorous; both are

pelagic; and both are distinctly cladohepatic. On a priori,

54 THE NAUTILUS.

the species of the American west coast which falls within this

description must be of the same genus Melibe. The effort,

therefore, to build further on the nomenclature of Gould, as

has been done by Cooper (1863), Fewkes (1889) and more

recently by Dr. O’Donoghue (1921) seems to me to be inde-

fensible, and, owing to the fact, that the genus Melibe may

either possess mandibles (Bergh, 1875) or not, (Alder and,

Hancock 1864, De Filippi 1867, Tapparone-Conefri 1876,

Eliot 1902), the generic description may be modified to read

in part:

Bulbus pharyngeus aut cum mandrbilis aut sine mandibilis;

radula et lingua destitutus.

In point. of fact, Bergh (1908) pp. 94, 95, for the fatty,

Tethymelibidae Bergh (1892) pp. 1039-1048, after consis-

tently having reported mandibles for each species of Melibe

he described during a number of years (1875, 1880, 1884,

1888, 1890, 1892, 1902, 1904) finally admits of the following:

‘‘ Forma corporis quasi ut in A®olidiidis. Caput perma-

enum et cuculliforme; rhinophoria vagina magna retractilia,

clavo perfoliato; tentacula nulla. Epinotidia (papille dor-

sales) colosser sine bursis enidogenis. Bulbus pharyngeus

rudimentarius, lingua et interdum quoque mandibulis desti-

tutus.’’

In the family Tethymelibidae there are only two genera,

Tethys and Melibe. In the genus Melibe he includes eleven

species, but he thinks that continued examination will likely

reduce this number. Among the species mentioned he in-

cludes Chioraera leonina (Gould) and now, (1908) emphasizes

the following as Melibean characteristics:

‘Corpus nonnihil compressum. Branchie (proprie)

nulle. Pea angustius. Bulbus pharyngeus solum

lingua destitutus.’

It is thus seen that he admits, in anit of his controversy

with Hancock, that: the tongue and sometimes also the man-

dibles are entirely lacking.

None of the authors, (Gould, Cooper and Fewkes) who have

not employed the nomenclature of Rang for this type, have

described mandibles, and O’Donoghue, (1921) states defini-

THE NAUTILUS. 55

tely: ‘‘ The radula and jaws or any representatives of such

structures are entirely absent.’’

The reasons set forth by Dr. O’Donoghue for disagreeing

with Bergh’s classification are to my mind not warrantable.

This author, in fact, compares it with Tethys Linneus, with

which it disagrees in several respects, and he uses this as a

reason for placing it in the genus created by Gould. Neither

Cooper nor Fewkes made an intensive study of the type,

which is evident from their description; a careful study of

Gould’s Chioraera, I think, will bring out sufficient reasons

to merge it with Melibe as indicated by Tryon, Jr., (1883)

and Bergh (1908). And as shown in my work on the mor-

phology of Melibe (s. Chioraera) leonina (Gould), now in

press, the general characteristics as well as the structure of

Chioraera leonina Gould, correspond in many details with

those of the Melibes of Rang, Pease, Bergh, et al. For this

reason I have adopted, and indeed used in previous writings

(1919, 1921) the name as indicated by Tryon, Jr., and by

Bergh, and also suggested to me by my friend, Professor

Trevor Kincaid, viz., Melibe leonina. Chioraera leonina

(Gould) stands as synonym of this. The correctness of this

classification may be verified by comparing the descriptions

of Rang, Alder and Hancock, Gould, Pease, Eliot, Bergh,

and Kjerschow-Agersborg, et al.

References:

1864, Alder, J. and Hancock, A. Notice of a collection of

Nudibranchiate Mollusca made in India, by Walter

Elliot Esp., with descriptions of several genera and

species. Tethidae, Ald. & Hane. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lon-

don, 5.

1863, Bergh, R. Campaspe pusilla, en ny clegtform af Den-

n/ drofotidernes gruppe, samt bemerkinger om Dotidernes

ee Prof. J. C. Schiodte, Naturhistirisk Tids-

skrift, 3 Kekke, 1 bind, 3 hefte. Kjobenhavn.

1871. Doto, Oken; Scyllaca pelagica. Beitrage zur Kenntniss

der Mollusken des Sargassomeeres. Verh, zool,-bot.

Gesell. in Wien, Bd. 21, Seit. 1275-1276, 1288, 1292.

1875, C. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen, II, 2,

Heft. 9.

1880, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Japanischen Nudibranchien

I, (Melibe vexillifera), Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell., 30.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

1884, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gattung Melibe Rang

(Mr elibe papillosa De Filippi). Z. wiss. Zool., 41.

1888, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Aeolidiaden IX, (Meliba

ocellata). Verh. zool,-bot. Gesell. Wien, 38.

1890, Die Nudibranchien des ‘‘ Sunda-Meeres’’. C. Semper,

Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen IT, 2, Heft. 17.

1892, Ibidem, wissenschaftliche Resultite III, malacologische

Untersuchungen, Heft. 15-18.

1902, Den Danske Expedition til Siam I, (1899-1900), Opis-

thobranchiata, (Melibe bucephala). D. kel. Danske

Vidensk. Selsk. Skrif., 6 Rekke, 12.

1904. Nudibranchiata kladohepatica, (Melibe pellucida), on

the Columbia River, Washington. C. Semper, Reisen

im Archipel Philippinen, wiss. Resultate, 9, VI. Lief I.

1908, The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa; Tethymelibide-

Trans. S. Africa Phil. Soc., 17. é

1863, Cooper, J. G. On new or rare Mollusca inhabiting the

Coast of California, II. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., 3,

(1863-1867) p. 60.

1902, Eliot, C. N. E. On some Nudibranchs from Zanzibar.

Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 2.

1889, Fewkes, Walter J. New Invertebrata from the Coast

of California. Printed for the Author: Boston.

1867, De Filippi, (On Jacuma papillosa, syn. Melibe papil-

losa, ete.). Atti della R. Accademia della Scienze di

Torino pubblicati dagli Accademici Seecretari delle due

Classi. Volume 2, 1866-1867.

1852, Gould, Agustus A. Mollusea and Shells (Chioraera Ico-

mina, syn. Melibe leonina Gould). United States Ex-

pedition, during Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842,

Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Boston.

WoalO:

1919, TERRY UA palsbone. H. P. Notes on Melibe leonina

(Gould). Pub. Puget Sound Biol. Station, 2, No. 49.

1921, Contribution to the knowledge of the Nudibranchiate

Mollusk Melibe leonina (Gould). Amer. Nat., 55.

1922, The morphology of the Nudibranchiate Mollusk Meloba

(s. Chioraera) leonina (Gould). - ae

1921, O’Donoghue, Chas. H. Nudibranchiate Mollusca from

the Vancouver Island Region. Trans. Royal Canad,

Inst., Toronto, 18, No. 1.

1860, Pease, W. Harper, Description of a new species of

Mollusca from the Sandwich Islands, (Meltbe pilosa).

Proc. Zool. Soc., London, Part 28, p. 34.

1829, Rang, Sander, Mélibée melibe, Rang. Manual des

Mollusques, pp. 129-130. Paris.

M, 5.

THE NAUTILUS. 57

1876, Tapparone-Canefri, C. Genere Melibe Rang; Melibe;

papilosa De Filippi. Memorie della Reale Accademia

delle Scienze di Torino. Sér. 2, T. 28, pp. 219-220.

1883, Tryon, Jr., George W. Structural and systematic con-

chology. Mollusca, 2.

ON THE GENERIC POSITION OF ANCYLUS FLUVIATILIS MULLER

BY BRYANT WALKER

In discussing the availability of Ancylastrum Bet. as a

generic receptacle for Ancylus fluviatilis Miill., in case Ancy-

lus could not be used, (ante, p. 5) I stated that the position

of Kennard and Woodward in claiming that Potella lacus-

tris Li. was the correct type of Ancylus was ‘‘ by no means

free from doubt ’’. A subsequent and exhaustive considera-

tion of the argument advanced by them in support of their

proposition convinced me that from the data then known

their position was untenable. But Mr. Kennard has recently

unearthed an ancient paper, apparently entirely overlooked

by the bibliographers, which puts an entirely different com-

plexion on the question.

It appears that in 1823-4 there was published anonymously

ii Vol. XV of ‘‘ The Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature

and the Arts’’ of the Royal Institution of Great Britain a

series of articles on ‘‘ Lamarck’s Genera of Shells’’. In

1823 these articles were reprinted from the original type,

with only a change of pagination, bound together and

published with a new title page and a portrait of Lamarck.

This title-page reads as follows:

‘¢Lamarck’s / Genera of Shells / Translated from the

French / By J. G. Children F. R. S. / with plates / from

original drawings / by Miss Anna Children / 1823.’’

In this paper (p. 231 of the original, p. 94 of the re-

print) there is given a sufficient generic diagnosis of Ancylus

followed by this statement:

‘““Type. Ancylus lacustris (Patella lacustris Linn.).’’

A very fair figure of the type species, which is the species

commonly called lacustris, is given on pl. VII, fig. 121.

58 THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. Kennard tells me ‘‘ that Children was the first Eng-

lishman to use ‘‘ Type ’’ as we do now ’”’.

It follows, therefore, that this was the earliest designation

of a type for Ancylus and forecloses any further discussion

on that point. Acrolorus Beck and Velletia Gray conse-

quently fall into the synonymy of Ancylus.

Incidentally I would call attention to the fact that Geoffroy,

to whom the genus Ancylus is usually credited, was not a

binomial writer and, therefore, can not be recognized (see

Dall, Harriman Alaska Expedition, XIII, 1905, p. 80, as to

Planorbis). Ancylus should censequently be quoted as of

Muller, 1774.

But this leaves the position of fuviatilis Mull. and its allies

still to be determined. As I have already shown (loc. cit.)

Ancylastrum Bet. is not available and no other name has been

suggested, I would, therefore, propose Pseudancylus as the

generic name for the group with Ancylus fluviatilis Mill. as

the type.

I am under great obligations to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for the

data in regard to Children’s paper.

SOMETHING ABOUT ANGITREMA

CALVIN GOODRICH

In the Duck river at Centerville, Hickman co., Tenn., Dr.

A. E. Ortmann last summer collected nearly 200 specimens

of Iithasia (Angitrema) geniculata Hald., 1840, young and

adult. About one-third of the material was typical gemculata,

as it is known from the Cumberland river. The rest shaded

from these forms into Inthasia fuliginosa (Lea), 1841, by

scarcely perceptible gradations.

Farther up the river at Columbia, Maury co., Dr. Ortmann

took a second lot of these mollusks. Here the form geniculata

was almost rare while fulcginosa was common. Yet examina-

tion showed them all to be of the same species.

The collections of Dr. Ortmann in the Harpeth river were

equally as novel. At Belleview, Davidson co., Tenn., most

of the shells were of the form that appears in cabinets as

Angitrema duttoniana (Lea), 1841. A single specimen was

THE NAUTILUS. 59

unmistakably adult, and that would be identified by anyone

as Lithasia (Angitrema) armigera Say, 1821. Two specimens

taken corresponded to what I have found recognized as

Lithasia (Angitrema) venusta Lea, 1841. At Kingston

Springs, Cheatham co., near the mouth of the river, armigera

was collected in numbers. In addition was collected plenti-

fully a Lithasia identical in shell characters with fulaginosa

of the Duck river. A few only show the link with geniculata.

A curious thing was the fact that all of these shells of the

fuliginosa form, when banded, had the banding formula not

of geniculata-fuliginosa, but of Lithasia obovata Say.

It is perhaps useful here to explain that though any given

species of the Plewroceridae may have several banding ar-

rangements, yet in this given species will be found one for-

mula which occurs many more times than any other, constitu-

ting a characteristic the perplexed student of this family

feels he can be depend upon. Whether the Kingston Springs

shells show a relationship between gemculata through fuligi-

nosa to obovata, or blow this rule about banding formulas out

of water, is for some one more competent than myself to decide.

On the findings of Dr. Ortmann, fuliginosa cannot be recog-

nized as more important than a variety of geniculata. Under

Lithasia arnugera might be listed these subspecies:

Duttomana (Lea), nearly smooth, or smooth, and having a

prolonged basal sinus.

Angulata (Weth.), nearly smooth, or smooth, and lacking

the prolonged sinus.

Parva (Weth.), a dwarf form, seemingly occurring with,

angulata,

Venusta (Lea).

Downiei Lea, 1881, possibly only a mutation of armigera.

The genus Angitrema, with chief character ‘‘ shell spin-

ous ’’, was established by Haldeman in 1841, the type to be

Melama armigera Say. Dr. Pilsbry* reduced it to the

position of a section under Lithasia. Even that leaves gem-

culata and armigera separated from some of their offspring.

There seems to me to be no other course now than to eject

Angitrema altogether.

1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1896, p. 496.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

FREDERICK MORTON CHAMBERLAIN.

On August 17, 1921 Frederick Morton Chamberlain died of

tuberculosis in a hospital in Oakland, California. The brave

and sometimes hopeful fight lasted eight years. Mr. Chamber-

lain was associated with the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries from

1896 to 1913 and during the greater part of this time he held

one of the scientific positions on the steamer Albatross. As

Naturalist he accompanied that vessel on some of her note-

worthy cruises. Thus he helped explore the waters of Bering

Sea, Japan, Hawaii, the Philippines and the South Seas.

Thousands upon thousands of marine animals were collected

and prepared by him on these trips and many hundreds of

species have been described from his dredgings. It has been

said that Henry Hemphill collected more mollusks than any

other man who has ever lived, but if the numbers could be as-

certained in is likely that Chamberlain’s would not be far short.

Unfortunately the impersonal manner in which the work of the

personnel of the Albatross has been recorded leaves the men who

do the actual collecting almost if not entirely unknown. Thus

some pieces of iron, riveted together into a ship and named

after a bird will live for centuries in the annals of science but

the genius which made the machinery produce the treasures of

the deep sea will pass to oblivion mourned only by his circle of

personal friends. Of the enormous number of new species of

mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms collected by Mr. Cham-

berlain, I do not know of a single one which has been dedicated

to his memory. Two fishes and an Alaska bird however have

been named for him. He was not a prolific writer and his

published reports deal chiefly with fishes and fishery industries.

All of them bear the stamp of the master workman and the

thorough scientist. One of them on the salmon and trout of

Alaska really marks an epoch in the study of these important

fishes. —G. Datuas Hanna.

Museum, California Academy of Sciences.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A RevISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN TRIDACNA. By Charles

Hedley. (Records Australian Museum, vol. 13, pp. 163-172,

pls. 27-34, 1921.) A most interesting account of the giant

clams. The Tridacna are divisible into two groups, the

smaller species that burrow and the larger ones that le on

the surface. In classification the more natural place for the

family is next the Carditide rather than the Cardiide. The

THE NAUTILUS. 61

author now considers 7’. rudis Reeve as a young stage of 7.

gigas L. C. W. J.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE HABITS OF COCHLITOMA ZEBRA VAR.

FULGURATA (PFR.) AND C. Z. VAR OBESA (PFR.) IN CONFINE-

MENT. By Jane Longstaff, F.L.S., F.G.S. Proce. Zool. Soe.

Lond., 1921, 379. A specimen of C. z. obesa lived 614 years.

An interesting account is given of the reproduction, food

and habits. Three plates.

A New CLASSIFICATION OF THE SHIPWORMS AND DESCRIP-

TIONS OF SomME New Woop-soriInc Mouuusks. By Paul

Bartsch. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 34, pp. 25-32, March,

1921.) This is a preliminary paper offered in advance of a

monograph on the American shipworms. Two new sub-

genera of Bankia (Neobankia and Bankiella) and three new

subgenera of Teredo (Teredothyra, Teredops and Teredora)

are proposed and five new species described, also two new

species of Xylophaga. C. W. J.

New Marine Mouuusks FROM THE WEST Coast oF AMERICA.

By Paul Bartsch. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 34, pp. 33-

40, March, 1920.) Nine new species are described belonging

to the following genera: Turbonilla, Odostomia, Cerithiopsis,

Alvania and Vitrinella.

TERTIARY Moniusca FROM THE Lares District, Porto Rico.

By Bela Hubbard. (Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the

Virgin Islands, vol. iu, pt. 2, pp. 79-164, pls. 10-25, 1920;

N. Y. Acad. Sci.) An exhaustive treatise on the Tertiary

fossils of that region, representing various beds of the Oligo-

cene. Some 66 new species and varieties are described and

figured.

HGG-CAPSULES OF THE TEN-RIBBED WHELK. By C. W. John-

son. (Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Occasional Papers, vol. 5, pp.

1-4, pl. 1, May, 1921.)

Moxuusca or Norta DaKxota. By Mina L. Winslow. (Oc-

casional Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 98, pp. 1-18,

1921.)

SHELLS FROM ALCONA, OSCODA AND CRAWFORD COUNTIES,

Micuiean. By Mina L. Winslow. (Occas. Papers, Mus.

Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 102, pp. 1-5, 1921.)

62 THE NAUTILUS.

Fauna MOo.LLUscoRUM EXTRAMARINORUM ISLANDIL®. By

Hans Schesch. (Reprint from Report Scientific Society of

Iceland, pp. 1-85, 1921.)

HYPERTROPHY IN THE ANCYLIDH™. By Bryant Walker.

(Reprint 22nd Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1920.)

RELATIONS OF THE ANCYLINE FAuNA oF SoutTH AFRICA AND

SoutH America. By Bryant Walker. (Reprint 22nd Rept.

Mich. Acad. Sci., 1920.)

Les VARIATIONS ET LEUR HEREDITE CHEZ LES MoLLUSQUES.

Par Paul Pelsener. (Mémoires Acad. Royale de Belgique,

Classe des Sciences, 2nd ser., Tome V, 826 pp., Dec. 1920.)

Eaes AND YOUNG OF THE River Limpet, ANCYLUS FUSCUS

C. B. Ap. By William F. Clapp. (Occas. Pap., Boston Soe.

N. H., vol. 5, pp. 5-10; plate.) Interesting account of the

pairing and the early development.

NOTES.

THE HINKLEY AND Nason CoLLEcTIONS:—The Museum of

Natural History of the University of Illinois has recently

acquired the collection of the late Anson A. Hinkley. This

collection contained upwards of 200,000 specimens of land

and fresh-water mollusca. The heirs of the W. A. Nason

estate have presented Dr. Nason’s collections of insects and

mollusks to the above museum, consisting of upwards of

50,000 specimens of insects and 10,000 specimens of mollusks.

—C. W. J.

The collection made by the late Mrs. Williams of Chicago

has been acquired by Mr. W. F. Webb of Rochester, N. Y.

It is very rich in handsome shells, containing about 4000

specimens of Cyprea, 350 species of Conus, 90 of Voluta,

100 of Olava, 2 perfect Pleurotomarias, an Argonauta argo 12

inches in diameter, among many other fine things.

CREPIDULA FORNICATA IN THE BritisH Istes: The following

interesting note is taken from ‘‘Animal Life in Scotland,’’

THE NAUTILUS. 63

by Dr. James Ritchie: ‘‘Even our seas have been enriched by

strange aliens which have clung through thick and thin to

their hosts during the vicissitudes of transportation. An in-

teresting recent example is furnished by the appearance of

the American Slipper Limpet (Crepidula fornicata) in the

Thames estuary. The first sign of its presence there was a

dead shell found on the shore at St. Osyth in 1891, although

a fisherman had recollection of the ‘Crow oyster’ extending

back some fifteen or twenty years. In 1893 a living example

was found amongst oysters from the River Cronch, and there-

after records came with ever-increasing frequency, until it

was discovered that the Slipper Limpet, from being a rarity,

had become a pest. Its numbers on the oyster beds became

so troublesome that endeavors were made to eradicate it, a

special crushing apparatus being arranged for converting

into manure the ‘Limpets’ dredged from the bottom. About

1911 the Blackwater Fisheries alone yielded 35 tons of Slipper

Limpets in four weeks; and since then the multiplication of

the alien has been even more rapid, for in twelve months in

1914-15 upwards of 1000 tons, dredged chiefly from the estu-

aries of the Blackwater and the Coln, were crushed and used

for manure by the farmers of the district. The precise rela-

tionship between the Slipper Limpet and the oyster is un-

known, but whether the former be a semi-parasite or only a

constant messmate, there seems to be little room for doubt

that it was introduced with foreign and probably American

oysters brought for relaying in the oyster beds of the Thames

estuary.’

In the same work is the following note bearing on a fresh

water mussel: ‘‘ In 1824 the Linnean Society received the first

recorded British specimens of the zebra mussel (Dreissensia

polymorpha), these having been found in abundance at-

tached to shells and timber in the Commercial Docks on the

Thames. The zebra mussel lives in fresh water in the Danube

and the rivers of Russia, and in northern France, Belgium

and Germany. It is supposed to have been originally carried

to Britain with cargoes of wood from the Volga, and it has

actually been seen attached to Baltic timber ere yet the

64 THE NAUTILUS.

timber was removed from the ship’s hold. The success of the

zebra mussel as a colonist has been remarkable. It has spread

from one locality to another until it has stations in some

twenty English counties. In Scotland it is common in the

Paisley canal and in the Forth and Clyde canal, where it

used to be found ‘in vast abundance.’ Even in the most out-

of-the-way places it has succeeded in obtaining a hold and in

making headway; it is a common member of the fauna of

water-pipes, and in 1912 a stoppage of the water supply at

Hampton-on-Thames led to the discovery that the diameter

of the 36-inch main for unfiltered water had been reduced to

9 inches by masses of zebra mussels which were growing at-

tached to the inside of the pipe. Ninety tons of the shells

are said to have been removed before the main was again put

in working order.’’

These are both interesting examples of introduced species

becoming pests. It is a problem that is always confronting

us and constant care should be taken, for we already have too

many similar cases. In this country, to my knowledge, the

oystermen have never complained of the Crepidula, nor have

I ever heard of its being so prolific. The possibilities of a

fresh-water shell like the ‘‘zebra mussel’’ being introduced is

very great. There is entirely too much reckless dumping of

aquaria into our ponds and streams. A number of foreign

fresh-water shells, etc., have been introduced in this way.

Why not the mussel? This was the way the water-hyacinth

was introduced into the St. Johns River, Florida.—C. W. J.

SHELLS IN LURAY CAVERN: The loose dirt collected from

shelving places in the Luray Cavern, Luray, Page County,

Virginia, by Mr. James B. Clark on October 9, 1921, was

found to contain many fragments of Polygyra fraudulenta

Pils. and Polygyra thyroidus Say, associated with bones of

bats and mice. The material was gathered about 200 feet

down and about 14 of a mile from the entrance of the cave.

All the specimens are in the collection of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

EK. G. VANATTA.

tes

Ws Boling

‘ =

THE NAUTILUS, XXXV PLATE II

Uesophages

buccal mass)

Digestive truct of

Strobilops iatyrinthica

1, 2, 15, 16, 17, NENIA BELAHUBBARDI. 3, N. F. TINGAMARIZ.

4,5, 12, 18,14, N. BRYANTWALKERI. 6,7, POLYGYRA C. SHASTA.

8.9, P. SIERRANA. 10, 11, STROBILOPS LABYRINTHICA.

Vae NAUTILUS.

Vol. SXXV JANUARY, 1922. No. 3

A SEARCH FOR LIGUUS.

BY CHARLES TORREY SIMPSON.

For a considerable time in the past I have been making

annual trips to the Florida Keys for the purpose of studying

the life of the region, its geographical distribution and the

geology. Sometimes I have gone by boat but oftener by train,.

running to the most southern point visited and tramping back.

I formerly went alone carrying no load and like an invading

army trusting for sustenance on the territory I visited; but I

have been so regularly taken for a tramp or bad man and

driven from the doors of the natives, that of late I carry a small

tent, bedding, provision, even drinking water, and by that:

means I am independent and can camp whenever and wherever

night overtakes me.

Several islands of the lower chain have a considerable growth

of the Carribean pine (Pinus caribaea), found generally in the

- southernmost part of the State. Big Pine Key is pretty well

clothed with this kind of forest; and it is found on No Name,

Little Pine, Cudjoe and several other keys.

Big Pine is a sort of headquarters from which I make trips to

nearby islands. It is the largest of the lower keys, being over

eight miles in length and about two and a half in width at its

widest part. It runs from north northwest to south southeast

and in shape reminds one somewhat of one of the modern Ku

66 THE NAUTILUS.

Klux clothed in full regalia, its robe flowing irregularly down

its body and ending above in a comical, twisted headgear.

There are two projections on its eastern side, the southernmost

being a considerable island at high tide but connected when the

water is low, and the whole is called ‘‘ Doctor’s harm’”’ (arm).

A long strip of swamp stretches southward from its southeast

corner which suddenly turns to the westward and the projection

is called ‘‘ The helbow.’’ All the island except the long strip

on the south is oolitic limestone, the latter part being an old

coral reef and a part of the upper chain which ends with the

nearby Newfound Harbor Keys.

One who visits the islands for the purpose of collecting tree

snails may be said to almost be ‘‘ between the devil and the

deep sea.’’ It is probable that not more than 35 inches of rain

fall yearly on a considerable area of the Lower Keys, and the

greater part of this comes in the warmer season. During the

drier part of the year what few arboreal snails still remain on

the keys hide away in holes or crevices of the trees or even

deep under rocks so that it is well nigh impossible to find them.

_ This is the period which is supposed to be free from mosquitos

and the only one during which a collector can have any com-

fort. During the warm season when most of the rain falls the

keys are generally an inferno caused by these insects. Sand

flies are in order at all times of the year. I generally go the

latter part of October, hoping to find the mosquitos departing

and the snails still somewhat active, and come back early in

November.

On a recent visit to the keys I stopped as usual on Big Pine

and made my way back on the railroad to the ‘‘ helbow’’ where

a noble piece of hammock, covering perhaps forty acres or

more, once stood. Part of it was long ago cleared and planted ©

but later abandoned. Charcoal burners have cut the best of the

timber for their business and hurricanes have wrought great de-

struction in it, as it is in a badly exposed locality.

Between the railroad embankment and the hammock a tide-

way, about twenty feet wide and three feet deep, drained the

great swamp -into the open sea. I would either have to wade

it and get my clothes wet or take off trowsers, shoes and leggins

THE NAUTILUS. 67

and on my return go through the same operation. I set my

wits to work to contrive a bridge from the timbers which were

thickly scattered about by a former hurricane. I laid a track

of plank, got a piece of an oar and a broken gaff out of which I

made a couple of rollers. Then I strained and lifted onto these

a twenty-foot timber, six by twelve, which had done duty in

some old railroad bridge, and rolled it down into the water. I

shoved the far end of it into a little cove on the opposite side,

staked the near end to keep it from drifting away and triumph-

antly walked across it, saying to myself, ‘‘ When a man uses

his brains he can save himself a lot of discomfort.’’ In front

of me grew perhaps a half acre of saltwort (Batis maritima), a

dense, half-erect shrub with very succulent leaves, and I strode

through this on my way to the sandy shore beyond. Suddenly

I bogged down, going over my knees into water and mud that

the deceptive shrub had entirely concealed, and after flounder-

ing across a couple of rods of this loblolly I crawled out on the

opposite side completely bedraggled and disgusted. I reached

the sandy shore and a little farther on the hammock. This

piece of forest is doubtless classic ground. In the first half of

the nineteenth century there lived in Key West a Dr. John

Blodgett, who practiced medicine and carried on a drug store.

He became greatly interested in the botany of the keys and

made collecting trips among them. He discovered two Clusias,

tropical strangling trees, and a Cupania, a member of the soap-

berry family on Big Pine, and as this hammock was very ac-

cessible to any one coming from Key West he no doubt col-

lected in it and in all probability discovered these trees init. I

have searched the forests of Big Pine, and Dr. John K. Small

of the New York Botanical Garden has done likewise, but no

vestige of any of them has been found, and they are probably

extinct so far as our flora is concerned. Henry Hemphill, per-

haps the best conchological collector of his time, worked, I be-

lieve, on this key (perhaps in this hammock) and the adjoining

No Name and found beautiful Liguus solidus in variety.

Without a doubt these snails have lived in this hammock

until lately, perhaps until the dreadfully disastrous hurricane

of September, 1919. I visited it a couple of months later and

68 THE NAUTILUS.

found many dead and broken Liguus along the shore in front

of it, some of them still well colored, probably washed out by

the exceedingly high tide which covered much of the floor of

the forest with sand and debris. At the time of my last visit I

spent the better part of a day carefully combing it over in the

hope of finding this snail alive, but in vain. My search only

brought to light a few dead, faded shells inhabited by hermit

crabs.

This hammock although nearly ruined seems to be headquar-

ters for cacti on the Lower Keys. Chapman’s ‘‘ Flora ofthe

Southeastern States’’ only gives six species, two of which are

introduced, for the entire region covered by his book, but Dr.

Small lists no less than eight natives from this hammock alone.

Among them is a tall, columnar Cereus with trunks as large as

a man’s body and twenty feet high, and another more slender

but erect form which I discovered on Lower Matecumbe Key

several yearsago. One of the prickly pears (Opuntia) is nearly

prostate and has joints about the size and shape of an old-

fashioned hunting-case watch—a most striking form. In fact

whatever time and attention one is not compelled, when in this

hammock, to give to fighting mosquitos and sand flies, must be

devoted to crawling through and avoiding cacti.

A few days later I was joined by my friend Dr. Edward

Mercer, formerly of Philadelphia but now of Miami, who has

been with me on several recent trips. In the village of Big

Pine I was told of a man, who, not long before, had found

Liguus solidus in variety on the northeastern part of the island

where he had gathered a quantity and could have taken a

‘‘hatful.’? That has become a stereotyped word, and every

time I visit the Lower Keys I am told of some one who could

have filled his hat with them. And when traced down it turns

out that he has perhaps gotten a few Oxystyla, which still

sparingly persists on some of these islands, or Drymaeus multi-

lineatus, a very abundant but much smaller form. In some

cases the bona fide sworn-to Liguus turns out to be Litorina

angulifera. I have come to believe that the spot where Liguus

solidus is abundant is either at the end of the rainbow or where

you pick up the will-o-the-wisp. One man volunteered for a

THE NAUTILUS. 69

consideration to guide us to the exact hammock where these

snails had been found, but when we had arrived at a couple of

tumbledown houses in the northern part of the island he

didn’t know just where it was, but swept his hand around the

horizon in a vague way and said the hammock was “off

yonder.’’ We found nothing, not even a bone.

We determined to tramp across the island and make an at-

tempt to find Watson’s Hammock which lay on the opposite

shore. We had been told that we would find the walking fairly

good and were given the general direction. In two minutes we

ran into a buttonwood swamp which I have since learned covers

the greater part of the interior of the island. This is not the

‘buttonwood or sycamore of the northern states, or any kin to it,

but a tropical tree with dark, greenish, very combustible wood

which inhabits brackish swamps or their immediate vicinity.

It is a strange tree, having many forms, sometimes erect with a

height of 70 feet and a trunk diameter of two feet; again it falls

over and becomes a gigantic, writhing half-vine. On drier

ground it is a small, somewhat erect tree, and in this swamp it

grew in this fashion, only it threw out a good many stiff, crooked

branches just at the ground which admirably served to trip our

‘tired feet. It was only a short time until we came to more or

dess extensive pools and ponds of beer-colored, brackish water,

which we tried for awhile to avoid by making a circuitous

tramp around them. Soon, however, it became apparent that

we must wade, and we plunged in, often to the depth of three

feet, blundering and even falling over the very irregular bottom.

Then for a long distance we encountered stands of buttonwood,

dense scrub hammock and water. This hammock was, without

exception, the most difficult to get through I ever saw. A con-

siderable part of it consisted of a small tree or large shrub, a

Bumelia or ant’s wood, with narrow leaves and innumerable

branches. The whole purpose of the tree seemed to be to de-

‘velop and carry an immense load of long, excessively sharp

thorns which for their ability to catch hold and hang on cannot

be surpassed anywhere. It formed thickets, not quite as dense

as a haystack, but the next thing to it, and we could no more

crawl through it than we could through the side of a battleship.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

This growth which belongs in slightly brackish ground bordered:

the hammocks and we had to get through it in some way to get

across the latter. Often we got into a pocket and after fighting

our way along for a while we were obliged to turn back and get.

out the way we came in. At other times I got down and cut

my way through with my pocket knife so that we could push

our bags ahead and crawl after. In the real dry hammocks the:

Bumelia was replaced by the pull-and-haul-back (Pisonia acu-

leata), and a tropical prickly ash (Zanthoxylum), to such an

extent that they were nearly impassable. Wherever we found

hammock I strained my eyes to find Liguus but saw none.

There was only the ordinary development of sand flies and:

common gray mosquitos, but we had scarcely gotten into the

swamp before we began to encounter swarms, or herds, or

droves, whichever they might best be called, of an enormous:

black mosquito, the largest and most terrifying I have ever

seen. They shone as if freshly varnished and came on with a

steady, leisurely flight as if they were sure of their victims.

The fore part of these monsters bent down in a remarkable way,.

probably to allow the proboscis to get into action for some time

before the rest of the insect arrived. The doctor at once called:

them ‘‘ Dirigibles’’ which we soon shortened to ‘‘ Blimps’’ on

account of the inconvenience of using a word of four syllables.

whenever we encountered them. When one of these became

filled with blood and slowly sailed away with its various ap--

pendages trailing below and after, it suggested a zeppelin in a

remarkable manner.

For five dreadful hours we fought our way through this in-

ferno. Often the growth was so dense that we could not see the

sun and we constantly consulted our pocket compasses and bore:

off to the west or northwest whenever it was possible. Some-

time before sundown I saw an open spot in front, then I caught.

a glimpse of the sea and a date palm which some one had long”

ago planted near the shore. In a moment we stepped out onto.

a level, smooth, grass-covered prairie that stretched to the Torch

Key Channel, and we swung our hats and capered about like

boys. Taken all in all, I believe this was about the most diffi-

cult short tramp I ever made, and when we got near the shore I.

was glad to throw myself down on the grass and rest.

THE NAUTILUS. 71

The doctor is a delicate man of 60 whose health is none the

best, and when he first proposed to go tramping with me I felt

very doubtful whether he would be able to endure the hardships

of such a rough-and-tumble life. Instead of lying down and

resting that evening he took a long walk through the pine

woods apparently for mere relaxation. In our various excur-

sions I found him always ready to lead, and he never gave any

intimation that he felt the slightest fatigue.

We pitched our tent on a growth of sedges (Eleocharis), so

dense and tall that we could walk on it without pressing it to

the ground—an admirable bed. Then we crawled in and after

driving out the mosquitos carefully closed, as we thought, every

aperture and congratulated ourselves on the prospect of a fine

sleep. I did sleep but uneasily and was vaguely conscious that

the doctor was much disturbed. When daylight came we could

see that the inside of the walls and roof of the tent were so

covered with mosquitos gorged with our blood that in places

one could not have put his finger on them without touching an

insect. We discovered a minute opening, just large enough to

admit them in single file, and they had been industriously pass-

ing in all night.

We searched some small hammocks which lay to the north-

west of us without results and then turned southward along the

shore, finally reaching the great Watson’s Hammock. Form-

erly this covered a considerable area and consisted of a magnifi-

cent growth of tall, closely-set tropical trees. Much of it has

been cut out; but there still remains a splendid remnant, and

this we diligently searched but found only a few faded bones.

I first visited this forest in 1885, arriving just before sundown.

My boatman who was anxious to get on only consented to

allowing me a few minutes on shore, but during that brief time

I could see that the trees were full of splendid Liguus. Had I

been allowed a little time I could have actually gotten ‘‘a hat-

ful.’”? As it was I found the type of my Liguwus solidus crassus,

a form with a very solid shell and truncate columella, ivory

white with a narrow bronze-green peripheral line, also a couple

of specimens of the form graphicus.

We struck off down the island in a general southeast direc-

qo THE NAUTILUS.

tion, but in trying to avoid the swamps were obliged to zigzag

about considerably. The walking on the lower islands is much

better than that of the upper ones, the general surface being

level and comparatively smooth. This is an oolitic limestone

much like that of the Miami region, but it was deposited in a

shallow sea while the latter formed a retreating shore and is

irregularly stratified. In many places the rock of the Lower

Keys has split loose in thin layers and become broken up, and

between the pine trees there is often a dense growth of a pal-

metto (Thrinax microcarpa). The whole is generally tied to-

gether with a villainous climbing smilax which is most liberally

provided with thorns.

After a long tramp we reached the village, and the next morn-

ing had my old friend Joseph Sears take us across the strait to

No Name Key. Sears is a powerful Bahama negro, good-

natured and yoluble, and in time past he has taken me to many

of the keys in his boat, the ‘‘ Three Fannies.”’

We camped in the front yard of an abandoned place, again

getting a bed of the Eleocharis, and this time were fortunate

enough to entirely shut out the mosquitos, but we could hear

their angry humming all night, music which lulled us to sleep.

No Name is nearly three miles long and about a mile wide, its

northern part being pine forest with a dense undergrowth of

palmettos. There is, or has been, a great central hammock of

magnificent tall, closely-set tropical trees, but about 60 acres

of it have been cut out. Much of the southern part of the

island has been hammock but most of it is now destroyed. We

carefully searched this interior forest, almost tree by tree, but

found no living Liguus. In places the ground was thickly

strewn with broken and bleached shells, some of the fragments

still retaining color.

It may be asked, ‘‘ What has become of them?’’ Their dis-

appearance is due to several causes, man being the chief. The

building of the extension of the Florida East Coast Railway

wrought terrible destruction among the hammocks on the keys.

One of the finest pieces of this growth was located on Key Largo

where sparks from the engines set the timber cleared from the

right-of-way on fire and destroyed hundred of acres of splendid

THE NAUTILUS. 73

Liguus-bearing forest. There has been a series of years with a

deficiency of rainfall, twelve in number according to a well-

informed settler on one of the keys, and the snails have been

driven to take refuge in crevices of trees and under the rocks

while doubtless many have been exterminated. Birds have

killed many more. Possibly dry weather has made food scarce

and caused the birds to prey to a greater extent on the snails

than usual.

I am strongly inclined to believe that a few colonies of the

solidus may still exist on the Lower Keys. Three years ago I

found three adult specimens of the typical form of this on trees

back of the village of Big Pine. Several years ago Henderson

and Clapp found a large colony of solidulus on Stock Island,

but at my last visit to this only a few dead shells could be ob-

tained. Within a couple of years I have found several tolerably

fresh shells of graphicus on No Name, two on Sugarloaf and a

fairly good young solidulus on Summerland and Boca Chica.

There is still a good deal of hammock, some of it second growth

according to my friend, J. T. Knowles, of Big Pine Key, on

several of the islands, and the fact that settlement is decreasing

rather than extending on the lower chain makes it probable

that this growth may spread. If we could have a series of wet

years it is easily possible that these snails might increase and

be abundant again in places. There is no group of land snails

on earth with more wonderfully beautiful shells than those of

Iaguus solidus. Their texture is of a marvellously delicate por-

celain, their polish is remarkable and the colors of some are

bizarre and extremely rich.

Notrr.—The above forms part of a chapter of my forthcoming book entitled

“*Qut of Doors in Florida.’’

74 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON THE TAXONOMY OF NUDIBRANCHIATE MOLLUSCA FROM

THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA.

I. ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF Cavolina (i. e. Hermissenda)

crassicornis OF EscHSCHOLTZ.

BY CHAS. H. 0’ DONOGHUE, D. SC., F. Z. S.,

Professor of Zoology, University of Manitoba.

In 18381 Eschscholtz described three nudibranchs collected by

Captain von Kotzebue in Alaska in 1824,—the first to be re-

corded from the Pacific Coast of North America. The second

of these (7, p. 15) is named Cavolina crassicornis, and in view

of the rarity and consequent inaccessibility of this work, it may

be permissible to quote from it in some detail:

‘‘Corpore pallido; capite tentaculisque anticis crassis flavis;

collo lineis tribus rubris; appendiculis dorsalibus atris apice

rubris.

‘“‘An der Nordwestkiiste Afrika’s (sic) an der Insel Sitcha,

wo diese Art auf breitem Seetange und Ulven lebt.

‘Lange drei Zolle. Der Leib hell hornfarben, der Riicken

blass grau. Kopf und vordere Fuhler gelb; letzere sind an ihrer

Wurzel sehr dick und utbertreffen die hintere stark geringelten

braunen Fiihler, welche eine gelbe Spitze haben, an Lange be-

trachlich. Auf der obern Flache der vordern Fiihler beginnt

von der Spitze ein gelber Streifen und setzt sich auf dem Nacken

fort, wo er sich sehr breit wird und allmalig eine perlblaue

Farbe annimmt; auf der Mitte des Nackens ein brennend oranger

Streifen, ein gleicher an jeder Seite; jeder orange Streifen ist von

einer weissen Linie eingefasst. Auf der Mitte des hell horn-

farbenen Riickens bemerkt man eine Stelle, unter welcher das

Herz pulsirt; tiber dem ganzen Riicken bis zur Schwanzspitze

estreckt sich ein perlmutterfarbener Streifen. Der kiemenartiger

Fortsitze an den Seiten des Leibes unterscheidet man vier bis

funf Bundel; jeder einzelne Fortsatz is 2-4 Linien lang, an der

ganzen untern Seite hornfarben, oben schwarz mit einem breiten

weissen Langestreifen und breiter oranger Spitze. Auf dem

platten weissen Schwanze bemerkt man ausser der mittlern

Linie noch zwei weisse Liingestreifen. Auch der hornfarbige

Fuss hat eine weisse Randlinie.”’

From the itinerary and the context it is obvious that ‘‘ Nord-

westkiiste Afrika’s’’ is a misprint for ‘‘ Nordwestkiiste Amer-

ika’s,’’ and the island referred to is Sitka, Alaska.

THE NAUTILUS. 75

In 1862, Cooper (5, p. 205) described a species Aeolis (Flabel-

lina ?) opalescens with an opaline color on the dorsal tentacles

and an orange stripe between them. Again in 1863 (6, p. 60)

the same author also records this species as Flabellina opalescens,

mentioning a pale variety with white-tipped branchie (i. e.

papille).

Bergh in 1878 (1, p. 573) and again in 1879 (2, p. 81)

formed a new genus Hermissenda for this species. It is closely

allied to Phidiana but differs in the produced angles of the foot,

the form of the teeth, but especially in the absence of a hook on

the penis; and in these papers he identifies the Aeolis or Flabel-

lina opalescens of Cooper as Hermissenda opalescens, the only

member of the genus. The rhinophores are stated to be yellow

with an orange stripe between (cf. Eschscholtz). The papille

are yellow with the purple-red liver diverticula shining through.

Cockerell in 1901 (3, p. 122) also described the same form,

calling attention to the two ‘‘opal-blue’’ lines forming prac-

tically one, but dividing on the head and just behind it to ad-

mit ‘‘a bright orange streak’’. He also mentions the ‘‘ broad

orange stripe on each side of the head’’, the fact that the

papilla possess an ‘‘ orange subterminal ring’’ and that they

are ‘‘ easily deciduous.’’

The same author describes this species in conjunction with

Eliot in 1905 (4, p. 50) but strangely enough gives no reference

to his previous paper. This paper also mentions the ‘‘ opal-

escent stripe down the back, bifurcating anteriorly so as to in-

clude an oblong area of bright orange.’’

The first full account of the coloration of this species was fur-

nished by O’ Donoghue in 1921 (8, pp. 201 and 202) but at the

time this paper was written the author has overlooked Cocker-

ell’s paper of 1901 for the reason given above and had not ac-

cess to Eschscholtz’s Atlas. A second paper by the same author

(9, ) deals with the range of color variation met with in

the same species and also its spawn (11, ). In these two

papers practically every point in regard to color mentioned in

Eschscholtz is also described; the opalescent line along the back

bifurcating at the front to include a bright orange area and then

passing on to the oral tentacles; the orange area on each side of

76 THE NAUTILUS.

the head and neck; the light-colored opalescent line below this

area; the interior of the cerata may be almost black and they

have a white line on their outer border; the cerata in the dark

varieties have an orange tip; the two lateral light lines in the

tail region; and the light opalescent line along the margin of the

foot.

These points are taken from O’ Donoghue and arranged in the

order in which they are dealt with in Eschscholtz and I think

it will be obvious at once that such a closeness of description

makes it certain that the same species is under consideration in

both cases. If only the intervening observers had given a

closer account of the color of the living specimen, I think the

identity of Hermissenda opalescens with Cavolina crassicornis would

have been established earlier. Examination of the radula

shows that Bergh, Cockerell and Eliot and O’ Donoghue were

all dealing with the same specics. The name opalescens, there-

fore, must be discarded in spite of its familiarity and of the fact

that it describes the characteristic opalescent appearance of the

lines of this beautiful species so well, and the older name crassi-

cornis substituted for it.

The classification and synonymy of this form is, therefore, as

follows:

Family: Molidiz Eliot, 1910.

Genus: Hermissenda Bergh, 1878.

Species: HERMISSENDA CRASSICORNIS (Eschscholtz, 1831).

Aeolis (Flabellina ?) opalescens Cooper, 1862.

Flabellina opalescens Cooper, 1863.

Hermissenda opalescens Bergh, 1879; Cockerell, 1901; Cock-

erell and Eliot, 1905; O’Donoghue, 1921; O’ Donoghue

and O’ Donoghue (in press).

List oF REFERENCES.

1. Bergh, R. Beitr. zur. Kenntniss den Aeolidiaden, vi. Verh.

d. K. Zool-bot. Ges. in Wien xxviii, 1878, p. 578.

2. Bergh, R. ‘‘On the nudibranchiate Gasteropod Mollusca

of the North Pacific Ocean, with special reference to

those of Alaska,’’ Pt. I. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Philadel-

phia, Pt. I, 1879.

THE NAUTILUS. he

3. Cockerell, T. D. A. ‘‘Notes on Two Californian Nudi-

branchs.’’ Jour. Malacol., Vol. viii, No. 4, Dec., 1901.

A, Cockerell, T. D. A. and Eliot, C. ‘‘ Notes on a Collection

of Californian Nudibranchs.’’ Jour. Malacol., xii, Pt.

3, 1905.

5. Cooper, J. C. ‘‘Some new genera and species of California

Mollusca.’’ Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. ii, 1862.

6. Cooper, J.C. ‘‘New or Rare Mollusca Inhabiting the

Cost of California,’ Pt. II. Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci.,

Vol. iii, Pt. I, 1863.

7. Eschscholtz, F. ‘Zoologischer Atlas.’’ Viertes Heft.

Berlin, 1831.

8. O'Donoghue, C. H. ‘‘Nudibranchiate Mollusca from the

Vancouver Island Region.’’ Trans. Roy. Canadian

Inst., Vol. xiii, No. 1, 1951.

9. O'Donoghue, C. H. ‘‘ Notes on the Nudibranchiate Mol-

lusca from the Vancouver Island Region,’’ I. Colour

Variations. Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst. (in press).

10. O’Donoghue, C. H. Jbid., III. Records of Species and

Distribution. Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst. (in press).

11. O’Donoghue, C. H. and O’Donoghue, E. Ibid., II. The

Spawn of Certain Species. Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst.

(in press).

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SLUGS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In preparing a faunal work the writer had occasion to men-

tion the types of Limaz, Agriolimax and Arion. The attempt

disclosed various irregularities in the current use of these names.

Before incorporating radical changes into a formal work, it

has seemed well to give the data here, in order that others in-

terested may criticize the inferences drawn, and possibly sug-

gest some mitigation of the unpleasant situation. While the

facts bearing on the names discussed have been carefully col-

lected, it is always possible that some name or publication has

been overlooked.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

I. Limaz L. replaces Arion Fér.

Limax Linneus, Syst. Nat. (10), I, p. 652, for L. ater, rufus,

maximus, agrestis, flavus. Lamarck, Syst. An. s. Vert. 1801, p.

64. L. rufus mentioned as an example. Children, Lamarck’s

Genera of Shells, 1823, p. 99. ‘‘Type, Limaz rufus [idem.

Linn.].’’ Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 170. Type, L. rufus.

ARION Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. 1819, p. 58, for A. empiri-

corum Fér. (including as varieties ater and rufus L., etc.), A.

albus Miill., A. fuscatus Fér., A. hortensis Fér.

Férussac’s action in dividing Limax L. was perfectly proper

and a great advance. He created Arion for the first two Linn-

sean Limaces and others, and restricted Limaz to Linnzus’ last

three species. Unfortunately he did not name types for either

genus; so that his work was overturned by Children, in 1823,

who selected Linneeus’ second species (an Arion) as the type of

Timax. This restriction of Zimax to the Arions was confirmed

by Gray in 1847, though as often happened, he did not know

what he was doing.

So far as I know, the only modern author to substitute Limax

for Arion was F. Jousseaume, in the Bull. Zool. Soc., France,

I, 1876, p. 26. He took this stand on account of the publica-

tion of Limacella for the maximus and agrestis groups by Brard.

II. Kulimax Mog.-Tand. replaces Limax Auct.

Limaz being relegated to what we have called Arion, it re-

mains to provide a name for what has hitherto passed as Iimaz.

The group has been named several times, and the older names

included both the large and small limaces. Evtimax Moquin-

Tandon, Hist. Nat. Moll. France II, 1855, pp. 18, 22, origin-

ally proposed to distinguish Limaces from Amalias, has subse-

quently been restricted to the maximus group. It may be used

in a generic sense with [imax maximus L. as type.

III. Limacella substituted for Agriolimax.

In his useful Check-list of the Slugs’ Professor Cockerell

called attention to the nomenclature of the group generally

known as Agriolimaz. He found that there were several names.

1The Conchologist, II, 1893, p. 199.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

earlier than Agriolimaz, but as their authors did not mention

truly generic characters, the name in common use was allowed

to stand, though evidently with misgivings. It may be men-

tioned that Morch also had little idea of the true generic char-

acters of Agriolimax.

The names preceding Agriolimax are as follows:

LimaceLLa Brard, Hist. des Coquilles, env. Paris, 1815, p.

107, for Limacella parma, unguiculus, obliqua, concava. Limacella

obliqua (== imax agrestis L.) here selected as type. Not Lima-

cella Blainville, 1817.

Deroceras Rafinesque, Annals of Nature, 1820, p. 10; Binney

and Tryon’s reprint, p. 65. For Limaz gracilis Raf."

KrynickiA Kaleniczenko, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1839,

p. 30, for K. melanocephala Kalen. A nude name.

KrynickiILuus Kalen., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, XXIV,

1851, p. 220, for K. melanocephalus,* minutus, cristatus, maculatus,

eichwaldui, dymezeviczit, all new species.

The type of Krynickia and Krynickillus Kalen. and Megaspis

Krynicki, is K. melanocephalus Kalen.

Krynickia melanocephala was published as a bare name in 1839,

but cited as a synonym of Krynickillus melanocephalus in 1851,

together with Megaspis melanocephalus. Krynickillus therefore

takes precedence if any use is found for the name.

Maino Gray, Catalogue of Pulmonata, Brit. Mus., Pt. I,

1855, p. 178, for Inmax lombricoidss Morelet.

MeeaPeEL_ta Morch, Journ. de Conchyl., 1857, p. 282, for

Limaz (Megapelta) semitectus Morch. (Described from a draw-

1“¢Timaz gracilis. Body slender, head and lower tentacula fulvous, neck

grey, upper tentacula brownish, mantle dark fulvous, back smooth brown, be-

neath dirty white; tail brown, obtuse above, mucronate and acute beneath.—

Probably a real Limaz, yet it has the two long tentacula inserted above the

neck, while the small ones are terminal, and all slightly club shaped. It may

perhaps form a sub-genus Deroceras. Length over one inch. Found near

Hendersonville in Kentucky, and in woods.’’

There can be very little doubt that this is Limaz campestris Binn.

* With the synonyms Krynickia melanocephala Kalen.., ioe and Megaspis

melanocephala Krynicki, unpublished.

See Agriolimax melanocephalus Simroth, Die Nachtschnecken fauna des

Russischen Reiches, 1901, p. 154.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

ing. Thought by von Martens to be probably not distinct from

Inmax levis, in the wide sense. )

AGRIOLIMAX Méorch, Journ. de Conchyl., 1865, p. 378. L.

agrestis here selected as type.

Since 1865 several additional names have been proposed,

some of which have been used for subdivisions, such as Hydro-

limax Malm., for the levis group. Of the names given above,

it will probably be best to revive LimaceLLa Brard, with the

type L. obliqua = L. agrestis. Brard’s name has been discred-

ited because he founded a genus upon the shell as distinct from.

the animal; but after all, he was only following the example of

Linné, who based his genera of testacea wholly upon the shells,

prefacing the conchological definition with ‘‘ animal a Limax.’’

Brard’s nomenclature was indisputably regular, being on abso-

lutely Linnean lines. He left Zimaz for the slugs without a

shell (Z. rufus Linn. ).

Jousseaume in 1876 (Bull. Soc. Zool. de France I, p. 25),

followed by Mabille in the same publication (p. 96), used

Timacella for the L. maximus, flavus and agrestis groups, without

selecting a type.

Timacella of Blainville, 1817, was incorrectly defined, but

Prof. Cockerell has shown that its type is a Philomycus. Being

later than Brard’s Limacella, this use of the name is not admis-

sible under the existing rules of nomenclature.

TETHYS WILLCOXI IN NEW ENGLAND WATERS.

BY 8. N. F. SANFORD.

On Oct. 9, 1921, a number of those curious tectibranch mol-

lusks known as Sea Hares, Tethys (Aplysia) willcoxt (Heilprin),

appeared in the West Passage of Narragansett Bay, R. I., com-

ing in on the flood of the tide and disappearing with its ebb.

As the tide was going out only two specimens were secured by

the writer and his companion, Mr. Orville C. Minkler, although

several others had been seen during the day. A second trip to

the same station, on Oct. 16, yielded two more specimens, but

THE NAUTILUS. 81

none was found on any other R. I. or Conn. shore as far south

as New London.

All of the specimens were alive when captured, two of them

swimming by the undulation of their fleshy pleuropoda or

swimming lobes. When not in motion the swimming lobes

were folded over the dorsal organs, affording some if not full

protection. When handled they exuded from their mantlesa

red-purple fluid which became bright crimson or wine color when

diluted by sea-water or alcohol.

In life the colors were dark purplish-brown, variously mottled

with large areas of dirty white. The distribution and relative

quantity of these colors differed much, however, according to

the degree of extension or contraction of the animals. It was

also noted that the dark pigmented surfaces were thin and easily

rubbed off, making color description an uncertain factor except

with fresh specimens. In alcohol the dark portions turned

nearly black, and the light areas at first changed to a bright pea-

green, then back again, in the course of a week, to the original

dirty white.

Two of these specimens, now in the collection of the Boston

Society of Natural History, measured 8 inches in length, 7 in-

ches across the expanded swimming lobes. These measurements

were dorsal and taken before relaxation following death. The

other specimens were much smaller. |

The shell, covered by a tough membrane, was oval in general

outline, very thin and fragile, and composed of two plate-like

layers. A test with dilute acid proved the inner layer to be a

thin surfacing of lime, not quite covering the outer chitinous

plate. White, concentric lines, describing smaller arcs towards

the hook-like apex, were crossed by finer, radiating lines con-

verging at this point.

The odor of the colored fluid (possibly mixed with other

secretions) was slightly unpleasant, and the dyeing quality, un-

like the ‘‘ Tyrian purple’’ of some mollusks, was not very good.

When fresh it was readily washed from the hands, and almost as

easily from cloth, but unsized paper appeared to hold the stain

rather persistently. No fixing agents, except hot water and dry

heat, were tried, however.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

While other members of this genus are not uncommon in

Florida and the West Indies, the New England records for this

particular species are few, and, according to Mr. C. W. Johnson,’

are nearly all from Buzzards Bay, Woods Hole and adjacent

Massachusetts waters. Although the Sea Hares belong to

warmer regions, it is interesting to note that all the New England

specimens were taken in October. The mollusks disappear as

mysterously as they come, and neither the cause of their pres-

ence so far north, nor where they go, seems to have been defi-

nitely determined, although the high summer temperatures of

1906, 1910, and 1921 may be significant.

SHORE REEF HUNTING 1N THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

BY CHARLES F. MANT.

Being anxious to visit the shore reefs by night on the western

side of this Island, Oahu, a friend and myself agreed to start

on the first occasion when tides were at their lowest.

Having made all arrangements we left Honolulu at 3:00 p. m.

on October 18th., and motored to Kawaihapai, a two and a half

hours trip, part of the distance being over very bad roads and

trails, but our little car was staunch, and we arrived safely.

After a brief meal we changed into overalls, and filled our

torches—large iron cylinders stuffed with a sack for wick. Then

slinging our collecting bags over our shoulders we started off

along the railroad track which here follows the shoreline for

some miles. The scenery was very wild, the mountains coming

down almost to the shore on the one side, whilst on the other

the reef-lined shore stretched as far as one could see bordered

with a white fringe of surf.

After about an hour’s tramp we decended to the shore, and

lighting one of the torches commenced our search.

At first nothing much except a few common things were

' Occ. Papers, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, Fauna New England 13, Mollusca,

pp. 153-4.

THE NAUTILUS. 83

found, the raised portions of reef at high-water mark being

covered with thousands of Littorina pintado, L. picta, and Nerita

picea. We proceeded a mile or so further, and then examined

a rocky ‘‘ flat’’ where the reef was full of deep holes in which

brilliant little fish of many colors were swimming, whilst on the

rocks were numbers of the Rough Sea Urchin (Podophora pedi-

fera) the ‘‘ Haukeke’’ of the Hawaiians who esteem this and

other species as food. One had to be careful, as here and there

were ‘‘ blow holes’’ which spouted the water high into the air

when a wave came in.

Presently the first ‘‘ find ’’ was made of a fine Cypraea mauri-

tiana. Then a specimen of Acanthochites viridis was discovered

on a raised coral rock. It was whilst trying to remove this shell

that a big wave came in unexpectedly, knocked me over the

rock, whilst my torch, collecting bag, ete. went in different di-

rections, and a sandwich that I carried in my upper pocket was

reduced to pulp! However, things were soon put right, and

now we began to find the shells. In the rocky pockets were

many. Cypraea caput-serpentis, and various Cones, on the weedy

rock Ricinulas, on the raised reef Chitons, Helcioniscus, Littori-

nas, Purpuras, nerites, etc.

The luck of the evening came to my friend who had ventured

out to where the surf dashed from time to time on the large

rocks, for he discovered five magnificent specimens of Cypraea

mauritiana.

We had hoped to collect some specimens of Cypraea reticulata

which had been found upon a former occasion, but this time we

were disappointed.

It was now getting late, and the tide had turned; so we re-

traced our steps and returned to our headquarters, the light of

the full moon making the track clearly visible.

After some supper and a change into dry things we took our

blankets to the beach and slept until 5:00 a. m., being awakened

by the piping of Alaska Plovers busily feeding along the shore.

The view in the early hours was very lovely, the moon still

shining whilst in the distance the orange and yellow rays of the

sun rising behind a bank of dark clouds with the loom of the

mountains and coast beneath. For miles on either side of us

84 THE NAUTILUS.

stretched the shore with the blue Pacific and endless lines of

snowy surf.

We started for home at 6,30, arriving at 9:00 a. m., tired and

well pleased with our trip.

Among the shells collected were:

Cypraea mauritiana L. Nerita picea Recluz.

Cypraea caput-serpentis L. Nerita polita L.

Purpura harpa Conr. Littorina pintado.

Purpura intermedia Kien. Inttorina picta Phil.

Ricinula horrida Lam. Iittorina feejeensis,

Ricinula morus Lam. Acanthochites viridis Pse.

Ricinula ricinus L. Helcioniscus exaratus Nutt.

Ricinula tuberculatus Blain. Strombus maculatus Nutt.

Conus ceylonensis Hwass. v. Siphonaria amara Nutt.

pusillus. Siphonaria amara var.

Conus hebraeus L. Columbella zebra.

Conus lividus Hwass.

Conus abbreviatus Nutt.

NOTE ON ALABA AND DIALA.

BY W. H. DALL.

In working over some of the minuter Hawaiian shells it be-

came necessary to make comparisons with Diala and Barleeia,

etc.

Examination of the Pacific coast species referred to by Car-

penter revealed some unexpected peculiarities.

The genus Alaba was named by Arthur Adams in December,

1853, in the ‘‘Genera of Recent Mollusea,’’ p. 241. It contained

two species, both West Indian, of which the first, Rissoa me-

lanura C. B. Adams, is now selected as the type.

The genus Diala was proposed by Arthur Adams in 1861, with

five species of which the first, D. varia A. Adams, is now selec-

ted as type. This group closely related to Alaba, differs by the

absence of varices, and generally more compact and flatsided

shell. Diala was adopted by E. A. Smith in 1875, who tigured

THE NAUTILUS. 85

a shell and operculum under the name of D. leithii from Cali-

fornia, where it has not since been recognized, but probably is a

Lower Californian shell.

Alaba supralirata Carpenter, was described in the Mazatlan

Catalogue and is an abundant Lower Californian shell. An ex-

amination of a dry specimen shows it to have an operculum

paucispiral and like that figured for Diala leith Smith, with no

spur or outstanding spiny process. The radula is not quite like

that figured by Troschel. The rhachidian tooth has a squarish

base with three rounded cusps, the central one larger than the

others. The extreme minuteness of the object and the tangled

condition of the radula did not enable me to determine the form

of the stems of the inner laterals, but the outer ones and appar-

ently the others were slender, the distal ends forming a semi-

circular curve with extremely fine serrations on the edge. The

radula and operculum of Alaba have not previously been de-

scribed.

The shell listed by Carpenter as Diala marmorea though shaped

and colored like some of Adams’ Dialas, does not belong to the

genus. It has the operculum and radula of Barleeia but differs

in having a smooth nucleus while that of Barleeia rubra is

thimble-pitted. The rhachidian tooth of marmorea is more

squarish than that of B. rubra as figured by Troschel, and has

five rounded cusps, the middle one larger. The styliform pro-

cess of the operculum is remarkably long in proportion to the

size of the operculum. Whether the difference in the nuclei

warrants a distinctive name for B. marmorea need not now be

decided.

OBSERVATIONS ON LIVING GASTEROPODS OF NEW ENGLAND

By Edward S. Merse, Peabody Museum, pp. 1-29, plas. I-1X.

BY PAUL BARTSCH

Two years ago Professor Morse published his paper ‘‘ Ob-

servations on Living Lamellibranchs of New England ’’, in

the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,

(Vol. XXV, No. 5) in which forty-eight species are described.

and figured.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

The present paper is a companion to that one, dealing with,

Gastropoda and one Scaphopod. Forty-six forms are figured

in the 118 sketches, on nine plates illustrating the paper.

The first twenty-two pages are given to a discussion of the

anatomic structures figured, while the last seven are devoted

to an arraignment of modern nomenclatorial methods.

In it interesting to note that of the forty-six species figured,

ten bear names that were originally bestowed upon East

Atlantic specimens. These species were later recognized

as existing in American waters. Experience has taught me

to look upon such a distribution with a critical eye, and for

that reason I have subjected, in this instance, these ten

species to an examination, comparing our splendid collection

of Kast American specimens with the fine lot of material con-

tained in the famous Jeffreys Collection of European Mol-

lusca now resting in the National Museum, with the follow-

ing results:

Figure 2, ACMAEA TESTUDINALIS Miller. The American shells

average much larger than the European. Some of the

specimens actually attain more than double the size of

the largest contained in the Jeffreys Collection. There

are other essential differences in color pattern, etc.)

enough, I should say, as Acmaeas go, to separate the

American from the European form, at least subspeci-

fically. We may therefore call it Acmaea testudinahs

amoena Say, a name that was bestowed upon the Ameri-

can species by Say in 1821, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

vol. 2, p. 223.

Figure 8, CeMoRIA NOACHINA Linnaeus. The American shell

has long since been recognized as distinct from the Euro-

pean, under the name of Puncturella princeps Mighels

& Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 42, 1842.

Figure 14, Lacuna vincta Montagu. An examination of the

East and West Atlantic specimens passing under this

name shows that there are sufficient differences in the

form of shell, shell texture and finer sculpture to separate

the West Atlantic from the East Atlantic form, at least

THE NAUTILUS. 87

subspecifically. The name available for the West Atlan-

tic will be Lacuna vincta pertusa Conrad, Journ. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila., vol 6, p. 266, 1829.

Figure 20, MeNnrestHo ALBULA Moller. The specimens re-

ferred to under this name are not that species, but

Couthouyella striatula Couthouy.

Figure 21, VELUTINA LAEvIGATA Linnaeus, and Figure 23

LAMELLARIA PERSPICUA Linnaeus I do not know.

Figure 34, Bucctinum uNpATuM Linnaeus. This species was

described from Europe. As at present conceived it is a

most variable form and will require intensive anatomic

study and breeding to decide whether we are dealing

with a fluxed hybrid element, or whether this name is

made to cover a host of species. With the present state

of our knowledge it would be folly to attempt a differen-

tiation of the American from the European forms.

Figure 39, TROPHON CLATHRATUS Linnaeus. The size, shape

and sculpture differentiate the American from the Euro-

pean form. The West Atlantic members will have to be

ealled Trophon scalariformis Gould, Invert. Mass., p.

378, 1870.

Figure 44, ALExIA MyosoTis Draparnaud. More detailed

anatomic study will have to be made before we can be

sure that the European species is really the same as the

American.

A bit of rectification, where needed, of the rest of the

nomenclature may not be out of place, and I am sure

that Professor Morse will be only too glad to have some-

one relieve him of this task, so we give the following:

Figure 1, ENTauis srrionaATa Stimpson is now Dentaliwm

(Antalis) entale stimpsoni Henderson.

Figure 11, Trocnus occipenTauis Mighels & Adams. This

is Calliostoma occidentale Mighels & Adams.

Figure 13, Rissoa minuTA Totten is Paludestrina minuta

Totten. *

Figure 24, NATICA HEROS Say.

Figure 25, NATICA TRISERIATA Say.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

Figure 27, NaticA immacuata Totten; all three must be re-

ferred to the genus Polinices.

Figure 29, Bena pecussata Couthouy becomes Lora decus-

sata Couthouy.

Figure 30, CoLumMBELLA LUNATA Say becomes Alia lunata

Say 7

Figure 31, CoLUMBELLA AvARA Say becomes Anachis avara

Say.

Figure 32, Nassa opsoLteTa Say becomes Alectrion (Tyan

assa) obsoleta Say.

Figure 33, Nassa Trivirrata Say becomes Alectrion (Tritia)

trwittata Say.

Figure 35, Buccinum cINEREUM Say is now Urosalping

cimerea Say.

Figure 36, Fusus 1isuanpicus Gmelin. This should bear the

name Colus stimpsonii Morch. It is interesting, in this

connection, to call attention to the fact that an error has

slipped into Johnson’s ‘‘ Fauna of New England ’’, in

his citation under this species on page 137. He cites

the type locality as as Faero. The fact is, Morch states

at the reference cited that FPusus stimpsoni (F. corneus

Say, Amer. Conch.), is the American species; that the

Faero specimens differ from it, are thinner shelled, and

have flatter whorls than F. stimpsonw. Say misidentified

this as the corneus of Linnaeus.

Figure 37, Fusus pyemMarEus Gould is Colus pygmaeus Gould.

Figure 38, Fusus pEcemcostatus Say is now Chrysodomus

decemcostatus Say.

Figure 41, RANELLA CAUDATA Say is now known as Eupleura

caudata Say.

Figure 46, MrELAMPUS BIDENTATUS Say is now generally con-

sidered to be Melampus lineatus Say.

There have been so many changes and so much discussion

in the preceding remarks that it might seem as if Professor

Morse’s paper had been criticised. I wish here to dispel any

such impression. All that we have attempted is to bring up

to date an involved nomenclature that will render his con-

tribution the more intelligible to those who do not have the

mass of literature necessary to effect these needed changes.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

Professor Morse’s drawings and anatomic notes will be

always extremely useful, since they add materially to the

sum total of our knowledge of our northeastern mollusks, and

it is only to be hoped that Professor Morse will continue to

employ the wonderful gift which he possesses to fix on paper

observations on all the other forms with which he will come

in contact in the future.

The only criticism in the entire paper pertains to figure 18,

that of Aporrhais occidentalis Beck, in which an appendage

is described which is evidently an abnormality, a curious ac-

cidental development, which Professor Morse himself tells me

in a letter is the case, although he did not recognize it as such

when he prepared his manuscript.

As to the appendix, pp. 23-29, we agree with Professor

Morse that it is an arduous task to keep pace with the ever

shifting nomenclature. Some of the changes produced might

be dispensed with, but the major part reflects the advance of

our knowledge, and is necessary. I have recently had oc-

casion, in revising the Vitrinellidae, to refer specimens that

had been assigned to this family at various times, to six other

families than the Vitrinellidae, their operculum, radula and

other anatomic features demanding this shifting. Changes

like these will continue to be required until the final adjust-

ment has been made.

We in the Government offices are constantly called upon to

furnish the very latest in nomenclatorial dictum and a large

part of our time is taken up with the chase after the correct

name. I have frequently wished that some organization could

be prevailed upon to undertake the preparation of a card

catalog of scientific names, generic and specific, beginning

with Linnaeus, giving in addition to the name and citation

of publication, the family to which a given genus belongs

and for species in addition the type locality. In the case of

secondary combinations, a cross-reference card should be pre-

pared for filing under the proper places. Such a work care-

fully executed would eliminate at once almost all the changes

in nomenclature due to priority only, the names, that seem to

irritate most grievously the men who are not actually en- ©

gaged in revisional work.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

The reviser usually has only one aim, or should have only

one aim in mind, and that is to achieve stability by applying

the rules of the international code consistently, no matter

how much he may dislike to so do. No nomenclatorial

stability can be achieved if each of us follows an independent

method. <A catalog of the kind above referred to would make

a quick revision possible, the main points of which would

stand for a long time to come, and the minor shift could

easily be kept current by the small force that should pre-

pare the cards for the new things published year by year..

I wish to heartily recommend this undertaking to the National

Research Council. I am sure that the whole zoological frater-

nity, yes, not only zoological but botanical fraternity, would

be grateful for such a work.

Another point that should find expression in this review

is the fallacy, or should I say dogma, entertained by many

that the soft anatomy of mollusks expresses more nearly the

true phylogenetic relationship than does the shell. It has

come to be believed, why I do not know, that shell characters

are readily modified, and that the soft parts only remain con-

stant. The facts adduced by our breeding of Cerions do not

accord with this. Here, at least, we have found the shell

characters not affected by changed environment. By hybri-

dization we have produced not only changes in shell charac-

ters but even greater changes in the organization of the soft

parts. This would show that the soft parts are at least as

readily changeable, if not more so, than the skeletal char-

acters. Furthermore, we should not lose sight of the fact

that the gastropod shell, in its nuclear whorls, retains a lot

of embryologic and subsequent metamorphic developmental

history which is largely, if not entirely, lost in the adult

anatomy of the animal. The shell therefore furnishes ever

so much more phylogenetic information than the adult soft

parts, since it records almost the complete ontogeny of tha

species. No single set of characters tells the whole story—

shell, cytology, embryology, anatomy, not to forget physio-

logy, all furnish helpful hints to a complete understanding,

and Professor Morse’s notes and figures will prove exceedingly

useful to all of us who may not have ready access to living

material.

THE NAUTILUS. / 91

NOTES ON THE ANATOMY OF STROBILOPS LABYRINTHICA (SAY).

BY G. DALLAS HANNA.

(Contribution No. 102, from the California Academy of Sciences.)

Several years ago, some examples of Strobilops labyrinthica

(Say) were collected alive at Great Falls of the Potomac River,

in Virginia, and advantage was taken of the opportunity to as-

certain some points regarding the anatomy. Drawings and

notes were made at the time of dissection but other activities

have prevented their preparation for publication until now.

The small, ribbed, dome-shaped shells with internal lamelle

are common in the eastern part of the United States and their

familiar forms need no special mention here. Say described

the first species as Helix labyrinthica. (Journ. Phila. Acad. Scv.,

J, 124, 1817.) Morse in 1864 (Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist.,

Vol. I. p. 26, 1864) created the genus Strobila for it; but this

name, unfortunately, was preoccupied several times. Pilsbry

( Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1892, p. 403) renamed the group,

Strobilops in 1892. (See also in this connection, Pilsbry, Navr.,

VI, p. 56, 1892. Navut. XXII, p. 78, 1908.) According to

him the genus is represented by numerous species in the Euro-

pean Tertiary from the Eocene; also in America it is found from

Maine to Venezuela, west to the Rocky Mountains and possibly

it is found on the Galapagos Islands. Several species are found

in Japan, Eastern Asia and the Philippines.

A cursory examination reveals the following names which

have been applied to American material: labyrinthica (Say):

strebeli (Crosse and Fischer): virgo (Pilsbry): affinis Pilsbry: morset

(Dall): salvini (Tristram): hubbardi (A. D. Brown): vendreyesi-

ana (Gloyne): texasiana Pilsbry and Ferriss. There may be

others.

The anatomy, Plate 2, figs. 10, 11, indicates that the genus is

distinctly Pupillid in its relationships. The kidney, being par-

alle] to the rectum, separated therefrom and leading directly to

the mantle margin, places it in the superfamily or tribe, Orth-

urethra Pilsbry. Fundamental shell characters are sufficient to

segregate the group as a distinct family, Strobilopside. (When

92 THE NAUTILUS.

STROBILOPS replaces STROBILA, then STROBILOPSIDE must replace

STROBILID according to the rules of priority and synonymy. )

The following description applies only to S. labyrinthica.

How closely the other species come to this, and the amount of

variation in the group, can only be ascertained by more ex-

tended anatomical] investigation.

Animal without pedal grooves or caudal mucous pore but

having a network of incised lines on the surface of the skin.

The meshes of this are quite large. Tentacles and eyestalks,

normal. Genital opening just back of the right eyestalk. Fore

part of the body, black: tail region light gray and sole of foot

white.

Kidney, long and slender, very little larger than the duct, the

ureter, which leads directly therefrom to the mantle margin.

The duct is separated from the rectum by a distance equal to

the diameter of the latter. It appears to discharge immediately

above the breathing pore.

The genitalia are characterized by the excessively long fla-

gellum on the penis. One branch of the bifurcated retractor

muscle is attached at the junction of the penis and flagellum:

the other is attached to a bend of the vas deferens a short dis-

tance above its union with the penis. The distal end is at-

tached to the right optic retractor muscle. The vas deferens is

considerably swollen in the section nearest the penis. Here it

is almost as large as the latter organ. It gradually becomes

smaller however and discharges high up on the oviduct. The

appendix is swollen in its distal end to the diameter of the penis

and it has there an abrupt flexure. Whether this is due to the

retraction of the organs and therefore accidental or whether it is

natural, has not been ascertained. The penis and vagina unite

at the point of exit. There is no appreciable atrium or cloaca.

The vagina is a thin-walled, slightly pouched organ, smaller

in diameter at its junction with the penis than elsewhere. The

upper end corresponds to what is usually called the oviduct in

land snails, but there is not a point of demarcation between the

two in this species. The upper end is folded into a series of

lamellar pouches, all of which fit close together like plates.

The walls in this region appear to contain some glandular tissue.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

The albumen gland is large and finely granulose. Its separa-

ion from the vagina-oviduct is not well marked. The herma-

phroditic duct empties at the junction of the two. This duct is

greatly convoluted and swollen in its lower portion. Upwards,

it is thin and slender. The hermaphroditic gland is composed

of two portions, grape-like granules embedded in the coarsely

granular liver. The spermatheca is pear-shaped and empties

into the vagina a considerable distance below the termination of

the vas deferens.

The digestive tract is composed of the usual elements; buccal

mass, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach and intestine. Two

features seem to be noteworthy. The oesophagus is not a slender

duct.as usual, but the walls are ‘‘ knotty ’’ or slightly convoluted

throughout. Also on the stomach there appears to be an acces-

sory gland, closely appressed to the walls of that organ. The

salivary glands are united into one but they seem to discharge

into the buccal mass at the usual two points.

The jaw and radula were not examined but the description of

these organs has been repeated so many times that it does not

need to be quoted. Binney in the Manual of American Land

Shells, p. 263, 1885, considers them in detail.

SOME PERUVIAN CLAUSILIIDE.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The species of Nenia noticed below were collected in the

valiey of the Huallaga River, eastern Peru, by Dr. Bela Hub-

bard, in the course of geological exploration in that region. I

owe the privilege of studying them to Dr. Bryant Walker.

NENIA BELAHUBBARDI n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 1, 2, 15-17.

The shell is fusiform, rather slender, widest at the penult

whorl, attenuate above; quite thin; light brown variegated with

white, which appears on the striae only, in many small, irreg-

ular patches. Sculpture of fine, close, oblique striz, 12 or 13

in 1 mm. on the face of the last whorl. They are continuous,

very slightly irregular or waved, but appearing more so from

94 THE NAUTILUS.

the white variegation; below the suture there are spaced groups

of slightly enlarged white strie, giving the appearance of very

low, protractive folds there. The first 14 whorls are smooth

and glossy, apex flattened; following whorls are slightly con-

vex; last whorl flattened, projecting in a short, rounded neck.

The aperture is squarish-ovate, vertical, light brown within.

Peristome pale brown, rather broadly expanded. The superior

lamella is vertical, strong but thin, concave on the left side,

curving to the left where it joins the spiral lamella, which pene-

trates scarcely deeper than the dorsal side. The inferior lamella

is moderately developed, becoming strong within, and penetrat-

ing to a mid-ventral position. The principal plica is about half

a whorl long, running from the middle of the right side toa

little past the beginning of the neck. The lunella is dorso-

lateral, well developed and strongly arched.

Length 27.8, diam. at penult whorl 4.7 mm.; longest axis of

aperture 5.4 mm.; 12 whorls.

Length 26.3, diam. 4.6, aperture 5 mm.; 12 whorls.

The clausilium is bluntly pointed at the palato-distal ex-

tremity, slightly excised at the filament.

Caspisapo, Rio Huallaga, Peru. Cotypes in A. N.S. P. and

Bryant Walker coll.

Nenia pampasensis (Pils.}) has about the figure of this species

but differs in sculpture among other features.

NENIA FLACHI TINGAMARIE n. subsp. PI. 2, fig. 3.

This form agrees in the main with N. flachi Boettger, but

differs by the more widely spaced strie. In UN. flachi the strie

are crowded, 16 to 18 in one millimeter on the face of the last

whorl. In this race there are 8 to 9in one millimeter. Coarse,

low, spiral strize are present and well developed. The color is

a very pale brown, somewhat translucent, the shell being quite

thin.

Length 23.2, diam. at penult whorl 5.2, largest axis of aper-

ture 6.6 mm.; 64 whorls remain.

Length 23.5, diam. 5.2, aperture 6.8 mm.; 64 whorls.

Tinga Maria, Peru. Cotypes in A. N.S. and Bryant Walker

collections.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

The group comprising N. peruana (Trosch.), N. slosarskii

(Lub.) and N. flachi Bttg. is a rather intricate one, the species

being closely related and likely to give trouble as more races

turn up; but the striation of the new one, very much more

spaced than in the specimens of these three species compared,

appears to make another race necessary.

Two forms I have not seen, Clausilia granulosa Sykes and C.

s. rosenbergi Prest. are placed in the synonymy of UN. flachi by

Boettger, in his latest consideration of the subject (Nachr.-bl.

D. M. Ges., 1910, 77). These two and N. flachi are from

_ Chanchamayo, Peru.

Nena bryantwalkeri n. sp. Pl. 2, figs. 4, 5, 12-14.

The shell is fusiform with entire summit. Color undeter-

mined, as the type is bleached. Sculpture of slender, widely

separated riblets, 5 riblets and intervals in 1 mm. on the face

of the last whorl. On the neck they became closer. The

whorls are quite strongly convex, the last becoming free and

descending more rapidly, the neck rounded. The aperture is

carried a little forward, vertical, ovate, with strongly expanded

peristome. The superior lamella is strong, vertical, concave on

the left side, continuous with the spiral lamella, there being no

bend or sinuosity marking their junction. The inferior lamella

is inconspicuous in a front view but rapidly becomes high

within, penetrating to the mid-ventral line. The principal

plica is half a whorl long, dorsal in position. The lunella is

strong, subdorsal in position, strongly arched.

Length 15, diam. at penult whorl 3.4 mm.; 74 whorls.

The clausilium is thickened along the oblique distal end, and

pointed at the palato-distal extremity. There is a quite small

excision at the filament.

Province of Huallaga, Peru. Type in the Bryant Walker

collection.

This species is probably nearest to Nenia filocostulata (Lub. ),

a decollate species retaining 8 whorls, with a length of 17 mm.,

according to Lubomirski, or having 7 whorls, length 15, diam.

3 mm. in a specimen measured. Besides the constant decolla-

tion, it differs from our new form by the unevenly spaced cos-

tule, less swollen shape and longer neck.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTE ON ACTEOCINA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Mr. A. M. Strong in the October Nauritus calls attention to

some apparent discrepancies in the distribution of the West

Coast species of this genus as recorded in my ‘‘ Summary’? of

the West American Shells.

My record of the distribution as published is taken from the

series contained in the collection of the National Museum and

not (except when otherwise verified) from the literature. The

only real discrepancies in Mr. Strong’s table are those of A.

culcitella (+ cerealis) and A. infrequens C. B. Adams. I have

127 different lots of A. culcitella comprising about 500 specimens

and see no reason for changing my identification. Mr. Strong

errs in supposing that the Kodiak fauna is Arctic. On the con-

trary it is Oregonian and contains a large proportion of Puget

Sound species. The question of the identity of cerealis and

culcitella has been in dispute for more than forty years. The

trouble is that eliminating cerealis one finds no specimens of

young culcitella, and they are generally found together. I pre-

sume it will take anatomical study to settle the question. The

color of the periostracum varies from white to ruddy brown just

as in Cylichna alba.

In the case of infrequens, in taking off the distribution from

the collection, I did not notice that the Santa Monica specimens

were fossil. Our ‘‘live’’ series begins at Cape St. Lucas with

the Panamic fauna. Otherwise there is nothing to change in

my record of distribution.

I may add that the fine spiral striation is inconstant in

strength in these shells, as is also the carination at the shoulder.

A good example of this variability will be found in any large

series of our common East Coast Acteocina canaliculata Say,

where the channel at the shoulder varies from clear-cut and

sharp, to a state so obsolete as to be hardly perceptible.

Mr. Strong’s criticisms are welcome, and I hope he will con-

tinue his scrutiny of what appear to be doubtful cases. It is

only by such means that we shall finally attain a perfect list of

the fauna.

THE NAUTILUS. 97

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE GRAY GARDEN Siue witH Notes oN ALLIED Forms. By

A. L. Lovett and A. B. Black. Bulletin 170, Oregon Agricul-

tural College Experiment Station, pp. 1-43, pls. I-IV, text fig-

ures 1-14, June, 1920.

Under the above title two entomologists have given one of

the most instructive accounts of the ‘‘ garden slug, Agriolimax

agrestis, the greenhouse slug, Milax gagates, and the reticulated

slug, Prophysaon andersoni,’’? which has probably appeared.

The paper deals particularly with the depredations of these

mollusks, methods of control, life history, etc. The technical

descriptions of anatomy are quoted from such well recognized

authorities as Taylor (Monog. Land and Fr. Water Moll. of the

Brit. Isles, Vol. II, 1907) and Pilsbry and Vanatta (Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci., Phila., 1896 and 1898). Many original observations

on the food and breeding habits are given. It was found after

much experimentation that Bordeaux mixture made an excel-

lent repellent to prevent slugs from entering restricted areas and

a poisoned bait of calcium arsenate on lettuce was the best erad-

icator. The three species are shown lifelike in six beautiful

colored illustrations on Plate I.

From the standpoint of the conchologist there is little to

criticise. The spelling of the specific name andersona with a

single ‘‘7’’ might be mentioned since Cooper used two in his

original description. Also citations of reference are sometimes

too brief for ready location. A partial bibliography is given on

page 43.

I think our chief regret should be that workers from another

field should have had to be called upon to contribute this valu-

able investigation. Most of the original information should

have been known long ago but it was not. This paper illus-

trates forcibly the great field of research on the life histories of

the mollusks whether they be land, freshwater or marine. It

is a subject which is practically untouched. Unfortunately

there have been no Fabres in conchology.—G. DaLias Hanna,

California Academy of Science.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL Society oF LONDON, Oct.,

1921, Vol. 14, parts 5 and 6.

Notes on the Distribution of British Land and Freshwater

Mollusca from the point of view of Habitat and Climate. By

Dr. A. E. Boycott, pp. 163-167, pls. 5 and 6.

Oecological Notes. By Dr. A. E. Boycott, pp. 167-172.

Description of a New Phasianella (P. tomlini) from Western

Australia. By J. H. Gatliff and C. J. Gabriel, p. 178, figs. 1-3.

On Helicella, Ferussac. By G. K. Gude and B. B. Wood-

ward, pp. 174-190.

The Anatomy and Relationships of Helix subplicata sowerbe

By Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, pp. 191-195.

Helix pisana in Porto Santo. By Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell.

pp. 196, 197.

Molluscan Nomenclatural Problems and Solutions, No. II.

By Tom Iredale, pp. 198-208.

Notes on some Species of Pisidium. By B. B. Woodward,

pp. 209-220.

Notes on pearl formation and Japanese culture pearls. By

T. H. Haynes, pp. 221-226, pls. 7 and 8.

The Mollusca as material for genetic research. By Guy C.

Robson, pp. 227-231.

THE PxLiocENE MotiuscaA oF GREAT Britain. By F. W.

Harmer (Palaeontological Society, Vol. II, pts. 1 and 2, pp.

485-705, pls. 45-56, 1920-21), These parts are a continuation

of the author’s valuable work covering this field. The intro-

duction contains a summary of his views as to the relation of

the various horizons of the English Crag, to each other and to

those of Belgium and Holland. The nomenclature used is

largely that of Fischer’s Manual, but in the very full synonymy

most of the genera now being used are referred to. Under

Littorina littorea L. 15 vars. are recognized, six being new, and

under L. rudis 12 vars. one new. The author considers L.

palliata Say a distinct cireumpolar species and not a var. of

L. obtusata. The figures are excellent.—C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

SomE Marine MoLuuscan SHELLS OF BEAUFORT AND VICINITY.

By Arthur P. Jacot (Jour. of the Elisha Mitchell Soc., Feb.,

1921, pp. 129-145, pls. 11-13). This has been a favorite col-

lecting place since the days of Dr. Stimpson, who published a

paper ‘‘ Mollusca of Beaufort, N. C.,’’ in 1860. Being the

meeting ground of a northern and southern fauna, it is an inter-

esting locality to study distribution. The fauna is also divided

by two marked local conditions—those frequenting the ocean or

outer beach and those of the sounds or quiet waters. The

Pteria eximia Reeve, referred to, may represent only the young

or a variation of P. colymbus. Panopea floridana Heilp. = P.

bitruncata Conr., the type locality of the latter was Fort Macon,

N. C. The species figured as Alectrion ambigua Montg. is A.

acuta Say. One new species Odostomia (Menestho) beauforti is

described.—C. W. J.

NOTES.

In the Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London,

volume 14, page 202, 1921, just at hand, I find a statement by

Iredale in which he says that the name Syncera Gray, 1821, is

a nomen nudum, and therefore unavailable in the ‘‘ connexion ”’

used in my paper ‘‘ The West American Mollusks of the fami-

lies Rissoellidae and Synceratidae and the Rissoid genus Bar-

leeia.”’

If this be true, then my understanding of a nomen nudum

must be at fault. In order that there may be no misunder-

standing in the matter I quote from Gray’s paper ‘‘ A Natural

Arrangement of Mollusca, according to their Internal Struc-

ture,’’? by Mr. John Edward Gray, in ‘*The London Medical

Repository, Monthly Journal and Review,’’ volume XV, page

238, 1821.

‘‘Nerita Syncera Hepatica, N. S.—The animal of this shell

differs from all the others of this order, by the eyes appearing

to be at the ends of the tentacula; but, I believe, that they are

placed on a peduncle, as long as the tentacula, and the peduncle

and tentacula are soldered together.’’

100 THE NAUTILUS.

I am at a loss to account for the mental process which has

led Mr. Iredale to his deductions.—PavuL Barrscu.

Errata.—lIn the article: On the status of Chiorera, by H. P.

Kjerschow-Agersborg, on p. 55, second reference, for ‘‘ Den-

drototidernes’’ read Dendronotidernes, and for ‘‘ Pekke’’ read

Rekke.

The second correction should also be made in the reference to

Bergh, 1902, p. 56.

ConcERNING HELIX CALCAREA PFrr.—In his interesting notes

on Madeiran Land Shells in the October Nautitus, Dr. Cocke-

rell states that Helix calcarea ‘‘ has been ignored since its publi-

cation by Pfeiffer in 1848’’. Heis mistaken; for Lowe, as long

ago as 1854, reached Cockerell’s conclusion regarding the shell

in his admirable List of the Land Shells of Madeira in Proc.

Zool. Soc., London, p. 171, where he says of it, under H. pisana.

Miill.: ‘‘ Var. albida decolorata (nec subfossilis) est H. calcarea

Pf. in Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 110: Kust. M. et C. p. 275,

no. 757, t. 123, f. 8, 4. (Ex autopsia exempl. in Mus. Cum-

ing!)’’

On the same page Lowe names the type locality of his H.

ustulata ‘‘ In insulis ‘Salvages’.’?—WiILLiaM G. Mazycx.

The life story of Sir Marcus Samuel, who has purchased from

the Earl of Berkeley for the sum of $25,000,000 a parcel of the

fashionable residential section of London, known as Berkeley

Square, furnishes one of the real romances of the business world.

Sir Marcus, in his early days, kept a little shop in one of the

poorer quarters of the British metropolis, where he made and

sold for a shilling or two ornamental boxes made of shells from

the seashore. Later he invested his savings in oil, made money

and started a company called the ‘‘Shell,’’ thus identifying his

big new venture with his original struggling business. Since

those days he has accumulated a fortune of many millions and

has been honored with a baronetcy. And all from selling shells

from the seashore—mixed with an abundance of brains and

energy.— Washington Evening Post.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXV PLATE III

1-13. STERKI: HINGE OF SPH/ERIIDZ.

14,15. COCKERELL: ANATOMY OF LEPTAXIS.

WHE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXV APRIL, 1922. No. 4

THE HELICOID GENUS LEPTAXIS LOWE

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL

Professor Pilsbry, in his guide to the Helices, treated Len-

taxis as a valid genus, including the groups Leptaxis proper,

Pseudocampylea Pfeiffer, and Lampadia Albers. Cryptaxis

Lowe and Katostoma Lowe were merged in true Leptagis.

Unfortunately the anatomy of only one species, undaia, was

known. I am greatly indebted to Mr. C. B. Cossart for living

specimens of LZ. erubescens Lowe and L. vulcania Lowe,

which he collected last month on Deserta Grande. The geni-

talia of erwbescens prove to be of the same general type as

those of L. wndata, but with some striking differences, the

most noticeable character being the regularly globose sperma-

thecal bulb, in contrast with the boot-shaped structure of L.

undata. That this feature of the spermatheca is not purely

a specific one is shown by L. vulcania (pl. 3, fig. 14), which

has the boot-shaped form of undata. Other features of eru-

bescens (pl. 3, fig. 18) are: albumen-gland very large; penis-

sac elongate, abruptly contracted at the beginning of the

fiagellum, which is about 5 mm. long; spermatheca with duct

8 mm. long; dark-sae as usual in the genus; filiform glands

about 11, simple, three attached longitudinally. In ZL. vul-

cania the flagellum is much longer, about 12 mm., but the

snail is much larger. I examined the radule of erubescens

and undata in the Gwatkin collection. They differ appre-

102 THE NAUTILUS.

ciably, erubescens having well-developed outer cusps on first

laterals, and marginals with outer cusp bifid or trifid.

We must, I think, conclude that Pilsbry’s Leptazis s. str.

is divisible into two subgenera, if not genera. Typical Lep-

taxis includes erubescens, furva, chrysomela, fluctuosa, and I

believe membranacea, which is not to be associated with Lam-

padia webbiana (Lowe). The other subgenus, Cryptaxis

Lowe, will include undata, vulcania, leowina, nivosa, psammo-

phora, wollastoni and forensis. Pseudocampylea includes

lowez and portosanctana.

The species of these groups require some revision, toward

which I offer a few notes, partly dealing with nomenclature.

Pseudocampylea lowei Fér. First described and figured

by Lowe as Helix portosanctana var. gigantea, but Lowe’s

name is preoccupied in Helix, and cannot be taken up.

P. lowei var. minor (Paiva). This variety, with whorls

flattened above, and spire depressed, is very distinct. Mr. A.

C. de Naronha gave me a specimen, and showed me others.

It oceurs fossil at the Zimbral d’Areia, Porto Santo, and is

absent from other localities where lowe: abounds. Paiva’s

varieties must apparently be recognized as named according

to the rules, although the word in italics is always the first

word of the diagnosis, and the proposal of definite names

seems more an accident of printing than a deliberate purpose.

Leptaxis (Cryptaxis) groviana (Fér.). This must be the

name for the common Madeiran wndata Lowe, the latter name

being preoccupied (Helix undata Gmelin). The name corru-

gata Solander cannot be taken up, as H. corrugata Gmelin

was earlier published.

Leptaxis fluctuosa (Lowe). I can only conclude that this

is a distinct species, in spite of the existence of forms more

or less intermediate between it and L. chrysomela Pfr. On

Jan. 23 I was very fortunate in finding some splendid speci-

mens of L. fluctuosa, of unusually recent appearance, in the

gulch east of the Pico d’Anna Ferreira, Porto Santo. The

largest has max. diam. 20 mm. One specimen, with max.

diam. 18.5 mm., is beautifully ornamented with interrupted

THE NAUTILUS. 103

clear ferruginous bands, one a short distance below the

suture, the other just above the keel. These bands are inter-

rupted by irregular white opaque flecks at frequent intervals.

The shell is much thinner and more sharply keeled than L.

chrysomela. The species is considered to be extinct, but the

finding of such fresh specimens suggests that it may yet be

found alive.

L. chrysomela var. bifasciata n. var. Max. diam. 11 mm.,

with the usual solid form and orange mouth. Two very broad

(diam. about 1.5 mm.) grey bands, flecked with white, one

above, the other below the periphery. The bands have a faint

reddish tint, and were doubtless dark or red in life. Fossil

in Porto Santo. The typical form is chalky white, unbanded.

Leptaxis exornata (Deshayes). This seems to be the proper

name for L. erubescens, Lowe’s name being invalidated by

H. erubescens Solander, Portland Cat., 1786, as Mr. Tomlin

kindly pointed out to me. The description of exornata agrees

exactly, except that the pale band between the dark ones is

not really white, with a small elevated form of erwbescens

found in Madeira. My specimens are from the Pico do In-

fante, collected by the Rev. Drummond Paterson. H. simia

Férussac is also apparently erubescens, but if so, the figure is

extremely bad, and Pfeiffer in Conchylien Cabinet remarks

that he might have thought it a variety of H. splendida had

not Beck declared it to be from Madeira. Pfeiffer had not

seen the shell, but described it from Férussaec’s figures. The

shell is rather unusually depressed for erwbescens.

Leptaxis furva var. grandissima n. var. Shell very large,

almost 26 mm. max. diameter; last whorl swollen and aper-

ture large; one band in the usual position, but the shell is

white and the band is colored as in the specimen of fluctwosa

described above. In the R. McAndrews collection at the Uni-

versity of Cambridge. The label gives only Madeira as the

locality, but the specimen is probably a fossil from Canigal.

Leptaxis forensis (Wollaston). This is certainly very close

to L. wollastont Lowe, and if considered only a variety, it

must take the name L. wollastoni var. minor (Paiva), which

has priority.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

SOME NOTES ON THE HINGE OF THE SPHAERIIDAE

BY V. STERKI

The configuration of the hinge of the Spheriide has at-

tracted the attention of malacologists for a long time, and

there has been a good deal of discussion about some of the

features. It appears that a few points are still open to con-

troversy, and some may have been overlooked. The notes

following contain part of the results of examining many

thousands of specimens during the last thirty years. Speciai

attention has been paid to the primitive formation of the

hinges in the early nepionic stages of these mussels, with the

subsequent changes to maturity, and to the particularly in-

teresting subject of variation, with respect to the classifica-

tion and the standing of species. This last topic, however,

can be only summarily sketched here, and will have to be

considered in a special article.

General Configuration. — In all of the Spheriide now

known, principally the genera Pisidium, Spherium, Muscu-

lium and Eupera, the hinge is uniform so far as essential

features are concerned. It is much of the same configuration

as that of the Cyrenide, yet with some significant differences,

especially in the cardinals, and there are probably some dif-

ferences in the soft parts. On the other hand, this hinge is

markedly different from that of the Naiades, not only by the

presence of all ‘‘teeth’’ in all species, but also by the fact

that there is no such embryonic larval stage as the glochidium

and lasidium.

Of teeth, there are the CARDINALS at the center, in front of

the ligament, one in the right valve and two in the left, and

the LAMIN#, two anterior and two posterior in the right and

one of each in the left valve. The term ‘‘lateral teeth,’’ for

the same, is not only cumbersome but inadequate, inaugurated

at a time when the parts of the mussel, i. e. the animal, were

misunderstood. The term ‘‘lamine’’ appears to be prefer-

THE NAUTILUS. 105

able, and it has been used long ago by some writers, e. g. for

the ‘‘lateral teeth’’ of the Naiades.

It may appear somewhat surprising that the hinge of P1st-

dium, as a whole, is generally better formed, and much more

diversified, than those of the other genera. Even in mussels

two millimeters long or less when full grown, the hinges are

perfect. But there are considerable, or extreme, differences

as to the general shape, and the configuration of the several

parts, as exemplified in pl. 3, figs. 4-6.

In order to simplify description, symbols—that is, letters

and numbers— have been used by F. Bernard and vthers,

especially for the cardinals and lamelle; see pl. 3, figs. 1 to 3

and explanation.

THE RIGHT CARDINAL. It has been stated by earlier writers,

e. g. Baudon, Prime, Clessin, Westerlund, that in the right

valve of Pisidium amnicum Muller and dubium Say? there

are two cardinals, and a group, or subgenus, has been estab-

lished principally on the strength of that feature. But it was

a misconception, due to careless examination; in adolescent

and mature mussels, C3 is more or less deeply emarginate

in the middle, and the anterior and posterior parts were

taken for two teeth. (See Sterki, 1. c.) It should be noted

that in some other species of Pistdium the crest of C3 is more

or less emarginate, and also generally and markedly so in

Musculaum.

This mistaken view has been applied indiscriminately to all

species of Pisidiwm by some authors, e. g. T. Prime, and even

to all Spheriide (Prime, ’65, pp. 2, 33, 36 etc.), and it was

copied, evidently without examining a specimen, by some

American writers, e. g. R. E. Call (1900, p. 488 ete.).

While in the sense pointed out the right cardinal is single,

its posterior part is more or less distinctly complex in most

species, and also in Spherium and Musculium. In many de-

scriptions it has been stated that in Pisidiwm the posterior

1 Generally known as virginicum (Gmelin) Jenyns; but its identity

has been doubtful. Recently, upon careful investigation, Dr. Pilsbry has

restored T. Say’s name dubium (Cyclas dubia).

106 THE NAUTILUS.

part is thicker, and grooved, ‘‘sulcate’’, to bifid or bifurcate.

In fact, it is complex from its early nepionic formation, even

when quite small (see pl. 3, figs. 11, 12).

Aside from that feature, which will have to be considered

later, C3 shows considerable differences as to shape. In some

species with thin shells and slight hinges, apparently more

primitive, it is straight or nearly so, longitudinal, with its

posterior end not or little thickened, barely or not complex.

But in most, the anterior and posterior parts, especially the

latter, are more or less curved downward, and generally the

posterior is more or less complex, as in pl. 3, figs. 1, 4, 6, 8).

The extreme of this formation is reached in P. amnicum and

dubium, when C3 is horseshoe or A-shaped. These species

have another feature which may be worth mentioning: the

two shanks or rami of C3 show a slight but distinct forward

direction in their lower parts. That is evidently caused by

the growth and shape of the mussel: its anterior part be-

comes much larger than the posterior and directed downward,

the dorso-ventral axis forms a curve, and in. concordance with

that, the cardinals, C3 and C2, also grow obliquely.

THE LEFT CARDINALS. The anterior, C2, fitting in below

C3 in the closed mussel, is generally of similar shape, except

that it is simple. Its base is straight, or more or less curved,

and then its lower face is more or less concave. The crest is

rounded or more often pointed, and from being bent more or

less upward, appears to be massive in lateral view. Its posi-

tion shows marked and significant differences: in some

species it is on the edge of the hinge plate and often even

more or less projecting downward over it, while in others it

is rather high up on the plate, which then is usually broader.

The left anterior, C4, near the anterior end of the ligament

in its upper part, and adjacent to the posterior part of C3,

is usually more or less oblique and curved, its edge straight

(truncate) to somewhat rounded. In species with C3 and C2

straight and longitudinal, C4 is usually conform and parallel

with them. Generally its anterior (upper) part passes for-

ward above part of C2, and sometimes its whole length.

And very often it becomes connate with the end of the an-

THE NAUTILUS. 107

‘

terior valve margin (the ‘‘nymph’’) and may even appear

to be a downward continuation of it.?

Baupon, 1857, p. 42, etc., states that P. ammcum has two

cardinals in the right valve ‘‘réunies par leur sommet,’’ and

says the same of the two in the left, which are in fact sep-

arate from the nepionic stage. More surprising is the state-

ment that casertanum has three cardinals in each valve, due

to a misconception from insufficient examination and pre-

conceived ideas. The author evidently has never examined

young specimens and observed the devlopment from the

primitive formation to the adult.

CLESSIN, 1879, pp. 8, 9, and WESTERLUND, pp. 18, 19 divide

the Pisidia in three groups: Pluminina (P. amnicum) with

two cardinals in each valve, standing ‘“‘side by side’’; Rivu-

lina (type P. supinwm) has one cardinal in the right and two

in the left valve, also ‘‘side by side’’; in Fossarina there is

one in the right valve and two in the left, ‘‘one behind the

other,’’ which really means: one above, resp. below, the

other; just as in place of ‘‘side by side’’, above, it should

be: one behind, or in front of the other, if the parts of the

animal are considered (anterior and posterior, dorsal and

ventral). This by the way. But between the two last groups

there are intermediate forms, and it appears that they are

not clearly separable.

In Musculiwm, the right cardinal is markedly different

from that of Pisidiwm and, it might be said, of a quite pecu-

liar formation (see pl. 3, fig. 13). Its anterior part may be

strictly longitudinal, straight, and rather long, but more often

it is oblique, more or less curved with the convexity below;

at the center it is strongly and sharply curved down with

C3i directed at right angles towards the plate edge, or more

often even forward, forming a hook, C3o is large and wing-

like, somewhat different with the several species, and rather

2The fact has often been overlooked that the dorsal shell margin of

each valve is not continuous but interrupted by the ligament. The

proximal, or central, end of the anterior part is slightly bent inward

under the anterior ‘‘end’’—the initial part—of the ligament.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

variable as to size and shape. In the middle, above, there is

usually a rather deep emargination in the crest.

The anterior left, C2, is nearly straight to slightly curved

at its base, triangular, directed obliquely backward, and bent

upward, with the apex pointed, or nearly so, and opposite the

emarginate middle of C3. From its aspect in lateral view it

appears to be massive, and must be examined from other

angles also in order to see its real shape. C4 is more or less

oblique, little projecting, generally rather short, and occa-

sionally vestigial. It is evidently of less consequence in the

mechanism of the hinge than its equivalent in Pisidium.

It may be added that this combination of ‘‘teeth’’ with

their interlocking is quite an interesting object of study.

The primitive shape in the young nepionic mussel, especially

of C3, should be compared and then the gradual changes

followed up to the final configuration in the adult.

In Spherium the shape of the cardinals is somewhat the

same, but they are comparatively smaller and plainer; C4 is

quite small, short and often rudimentary or wanting. With

Eupera, the hinge is generally slight, and the cardinals are

small and plain, and C4 is more often rudimentary or want-

ing than developed.

The Lamine. It is well to distinguish between a lamina

in toto and its cusp, or apex as it is also termed, that is a

more or less projecting part of its crest, usually pointed.

Many lamine have no cusps or only rudimentary. Quite

generally the laminar cusps of the left valve, alI and pllI,

fitting into the grooves, or fosse, between al and alll an-

teriorly, resp. pl and plIII posteriorly, are projecting over

the median plane, or the level of the valve-edges, while the

right ones are not so, or only exceptionally and slightly, and

except in reversed hinges (q. v.).

In Spherium, Musculium and Eupera, the posterior lamin

are longer than the anterior, but the latter, al and all, are

generally stouter and have well-formed, pointed cusps, and

so has alll, though it is usually quite small. Spheria gen-

erally have a distal, rounded cusp on plII, and a slighter one

THE NAUTILUS. 109

on pl, and Musculia have the same, still less marked, and in

nearly all species the lamine are very slight.

In Pisidium, having the anterior part of the mussel larger,

with a few exceptions, the anterior lamine, al and all, are

generally somewhat longer and stouter than pI and pll.

The whole hinge and the lamin, with their cusps, show great

differences of configuration, that it is out of place here even

to sketch the principal forms; pl. 3, figs. 4-6 show a few of

them, and some notes will be found later on. The outer

lamine of the right valve, alII and pllIlI, are generally much

smaller than al and pI, in some species constant, in others

occasionally only vestigial or wanting.

Some lamine, especially the stouter ones, and again especi-

ally those of the right valve, on the surfaces surrounding the

grooves between them, are microscopically rugulose. It may

be noted in this connection that the feature is especially de-

veloped, locally, with species of Spherium, e. g. solidulum, sul-

catum, rivicola, etc. In these, on the upper face of al, there

is a circumscribed, rather small area, somewhat concave, and

often walled in by a more or less raised rim, not only rugu-

lose but densely beset with separate, round, wart- or tubercle-

like prominences; the opposite, lower face of alII shows the

same, though less marked: the place where the tip of the

cusp of all enters; yet the latter is smooth or shows only

very slight rugosity.

Reversed Hinges. — In some specimens the hinges are re-

versed, that is: the teeth of the left valve have the formation

of the right ones, and vice versa, as the normal ones would

be seen in a mirror reflection. The hinge is either (1) totally

reversed, each valve showing all the features of the opposite

one, or (2) only the anterior part is reversed, namely the

cardinals and the anterior lamine, or (3) only the posterior

lamine. No specimen has been seen in which only the an-

terior lamine were reversed, or only the cardinals, or the

posterior lamin plus the cardinals. This is certainly of in-

terest morphologically. Such hinges are quite frequent with

the species of Spherium, e. g. striatinum, solidulum, ete. ;

twenty-five or even more per cent of the specimens in a lot.

110 THE NAUTILUS.

have often been seen. With Pisidiwm they are less frequent,

though noticed in many species, and with Musculaum they

are apparently scarce. (See B. Walker, 1896, 1899.)

Reversed hinges, whether totally or partially so, are not

the result of abnormal growth, tantamount to monstrosity ;

for, aside from the reversal, they are perfectly formed. And

they are formed that way from the earliest stages of the

nepionic shell. On the other hand, they are not hereditary,

or at any rate not regularly or even prevalently so: nepionic

mussels with reversed hinges have been taken from normally

hinged parents, and vice versa; also, young with normal and

others with reversed hinges may be found in one parent.

What is the explanation? Has this tendency been the

same with their early ancestors and transmitted, or has it

developed later? Examination of good numbers of tertiary,

eretaceous and earlier fossils might show—and such are

needed even more for the study of phylogeny. The question

is of interest also in view of the fact that with the Naiades

reversed hinges are at least very rare. It might be worth

while to examine large numbers of the related Cyremde.

Early Nepionc Formation.

Félix Bernard (’95-’97) has made careful studies on the

hinges of the Pelecypoda. In looking over his publications,

somewhat hurriedly, I failed to find the exact statements on

the points to be considered here, and cite the following from

Pelseneer and B. B. Woodward.

‘“‘The permanent hinge teeth are only formed at a later

period, by the growth of distinct lamine on the surface of the

hinge. Thus, in the typical Eulamellibranchia, the first

lamelle originate at the extremities of the hinge surface,

below the provinculum [= a series of little transverse den-

ticulations], and grow towards the center of the hinge area;

the internal ends of the anterior lamelle become hook-shaped,

and their hooks become separated from their external ends;

the latter form the outer lateral teeth’’ (Pelseneer 1. ¢., p.

213).

‘Tn the group to which Pisidiwm belongs, in the right valve

THE NAUTILUS. oO

C8 is at first continuous with alll, and in the left valve C2

with all, C4 with a subsequently suppressed alV’’ (B. B.

Woodward, 1913, p. 3).

The mode of formation as set forth has not been seen in

any of the hundreds of young nepionic mussels carefully ex-

amined, of many species of Pisidium, Spherwum and Muscu-

lium. This does, of course, not mean to deny its existence in

other forms of Eulamellibranchia. Those under considera-

tion may be somewhat aberrant.

In the very young shelly nepionic valves, deposited on the

primitive continuous shell membrane to be the periostracum,

the initial hinge-plates are formed centrally, one in each

valve, callus-like, and growing out towards either end (pl. 3,

fig. 9). Ata somewhat later stage (fig. 10) the cardinals are

forming, as small nodules, and the lamine al and all, pI pl

and pII are beginning to form. Of alll and plll, there are

not even ‘‘vestiges’’; they appear later, at least in some in-

stances, apparently branching out from al and pI, when C3

has grown somewhat, is generally larger than alll, and well

confined. From this it is evident that the right cardinal can-

not be the ‘‘internal’’ or proximal end of allII; so far as

seen, the two are never connected.

In the left valve, as stated, C2 is present, and well confined

before there is really an anterior lamina, and so it also can-

not be the internal, and last formed, end of all. In some

Pisidia, however, e. g. pauperculum, with a peculiar thicken-

ing of the hinge-plate in the adolescent and adult, all be-

comes subsequently connected with C2; but in other speci-

mens of the same, the proximal end of C2 curves upward

and stands above C2, without connecting. In Musculium, C2

is often prolonged anteriorly, at it base, and is parallel to the

proximal part of all. Of an early formed—and subsequently

suppressed—alV, not a vestige has been seen, and C4 has

been growing out on the plate at the same time with C2

and C3.

It should also be noted that nothing of a provinculum has

been seen in any specimen, and that stage of development

appears to have been skipped in the Spheriude.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Changes with Growth.

While the morphology of the adult shells has been studied,

and also the formation of the young, the intermediate stages

and changes have been somewhat neglected. Yet they are

essential for a real understanding of at least some of the

features of the full-grown. The growth of each valve at the

periphery is accompanied by a gradual turning outward

around the axis in the ligament, to an angle of about 80 to

120 degrees in the mature mussel, or twice as much for the

two. With this turning the ‘‘teeth’’ have ‘to keep step, grow-

ing, in order to maintain their contact and interlocking.

Each cardinal thus forms a widening spiral, though somewhat

modified by growth not only towards the opposite valve and

cardinal but also upward. But at the same time its base is

lengthening, and in most of the species the anterior and

posterior ends grow more or less downward over the thicken-

ing or widening hinge-plate, and it thus becomes curved or

angular. It has been noted before that in some species C3

and C2 remain straight or nearly so, and these grow out

mostly at their anterior ends. With C4, growth is somewhat

different, except for the last-mentioned forms: it is mostly

the posterior or lower part which grows, and obliquely down-

ward. Of the posterior part of C3, the two components may

remain closely connate, as in P. compressum, variabile, cruct-

atum ete., or they grow more and more apart.

There is another element which affects the configuration of

the cardinals. With growth and the turning of the valves,

the hinge-plate grows, as in length, so in thickness. But the

increase in thickness is slight in some species and forms, and

in these the cardinals generally stand out free, e. g. splendr-

dulum, tenuissimum ete. In others the hinge-plate becomes

much thicker, broader in lateral aspect, and it grows around

the cardinals so that they are projecting only slightly, or

partially not at all; these again are: P. compressum, supinum,

kirklandi, fallax ete., and equilaterale, variabile, pauperculum

ete., In which C3i and C30 are connate in a compact mass,

as there is no space to expand in. There is a well-confined,

THE NAUTILUS. stile?

deep fossa or excavation below C3, between it and the plate

edge, which just at that place is sometimes even raised over

the general level, tooth-like, and it may be mentioned that

such a form of variabile has been described as mirabile by

Clessin. That fossa is left unfilled for the accommodation of

C2, and a similar one is in the left valve, between C2 and C4,

for the reception of the posterior part of C3.

A large number of species are in a broad sense intermediate

between these extremes, not counting dubium and amnicum,

which have been mentioned above. In many, the hinge-plate

is moderately broad with the edge in its whole length some-

what projecting, the cardinals are moderately curved, in

many partially ‘‘buried’’, with a more or less marked groove

below, and with C3i and C3o generally distinct and more or

less divergent. Some of these species are: P. noveboracense,

abditum, politum ete.

With the growth in length of the valves, the LAMIN] grow

distad, but they not only lengthen but move, change their

positions, somewhat as the adductor muscles and their inser-

tions do; that is, the lamine of the young mussel have dis-

appeared in the adolescent and adult, inclosed first in the

growing hinge-plate and later in the proximal part of the

thicker lamine. With them proceed also the cusps, the fosse

of the right valve and the rugose areas described above. As

growth in many mussels is not continuous but interrupted

by rest periods, marked by lines on the outer surface, so it is

to some extent with the lamine, and they often can be dis-

tinctly seen in al and all of the larger Spheeria.

At the same time the lamine grow medianward, as the

eardinals do, and show a more or less distinct curving up-

ward. Also they gain in thickness, though moderately so in

Spherium and little in most species of Musculium. With

both of these, the hinges do not change very much in shape

during growth, after the nepionic stages, and also the essen-

tial features of the mature mussels are rather the same in the

several species of each genus. (The shape of the lamine of

a Spherium is shown in fig. 3, with the ‘‘history’’ of its

growth).

114 THE NAUTILUS.

The same cannot be said of Pisidium. In quite young

nepionic mussels the lamine are about of the same shape in

the several species, but differences become manifest early, and

in the adolescent and mature are extreme. In some species

the lamine are at slight angles to the hinge-plate, in others

at strongly marked angles (conf. figs. 5, 4) ; in some they are

very slight, in others very massive; the cusps may be little

marked or strongly so, may be at the distal ends of the

laminz or near the center. In some they are very short at

the bases, very abrupt, spine-like, fig. 71, and there are

forms where a small cusp is about all that can be seen of a

lamina.

The Hinge in Classification.

Up to date, some authorities have insisted on treating Mus-

culium as a subgenus of Spheriuwm. There is hardly a speci-

men which cannot be recognized as being of one genus or the

other, by its hinge; but there are other features also proving

that Musculiwm is decidedly distinct.

As to specific distinction in Spheriwm, we may simply re-

peat what has been said above. True, there are very con-

spicuous differences in regard to size, curvature and heavi-

ness of the hinges, as exemplified by sulcatum and stamineum

or solidulum. But they are more of quantity than quality,

so to say, and moreover, extreme forms of one species are

often more different from each other in this respect than

some manifestly distinct species are from others. Other fea-

tures of the mussels must be considered also, such as size,

shape, prominence of the beaks, surface sculpture ete. Though

outside of the subject under consideration, it may be added

that many species show considerable variation in these re-

spects also, and exact identification is in many instances

rather difficult. The same is generally true with Musculiwm.

In Pisidium the hinge formation is much more diversified

than in the other genera, as has been pointed out, and is a

principal factor in distinguishing species. It has been pro-

posed to consider the hinges alone, excluding all other fea-

tures of the mussel as too variable, and consequently worth-

THE NAUTILUS. 115

less. But it must be stated that, in the first place, two or

several manifestly distinct species may show the same essen-

tial hinge characters, as e. g. P. compressum, supinum,® frau-

dulentum, forms of variabile, equilaterale, and one or two

others, so that they could not be recognized with certainty

by the hinges alone; in amnicum and dubiwm the hinges are

practically alike; and the same must be said of species of

some other groups. Consequently it is necessary to consider

other features also, and upon careful and judicious examina-

tion it will be found that they are not worthless.

In some species the hinges are quite peculiar, with features

‘seen in no others, just as there are some characteristic and

recognizable irrespective of their hinges.

On the other hand, in examining numerous specimens it

will be found that the hinge also shows more or less of varia-

tion in most of the species. A description carried to minute

details, as thus postulated, is liable to disrupt an actual

species the hinge of which is variable. And to state again:

if the hinge alone is considered in establishing and recogniz-

ing species, regardless of other features, manifestly distinct

species will be ‘‘lumped’’ into one.

Even Baudon, ’57, p. 17, came to the conclusion that dif-

ferences of the hinge and its teeth are applicable for the dis-

tinction of groups, but not of species and varieties. ‘‘It is

consequently necessary to rely on other features also in order

to separate each type.’’

Interature Cited.

Baupon, Aucuste, Essai Monographique sur les Pisidies

Francaises. Paris, 1857.

BERNARD, FELrx, Premiere (to Quatriéme) Note sur le de-

veloppement et la morphologie de la coquille chez les

Lamellibranches. Bull. Soe. Géol. France, sér. III, tome

XXIII & seqq., 1895-1897.

Cauu, R. E., A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue of the Mol-

3 supinum comes very close to compressum.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

lusca of Indiana, in Indiana Dept. of Geology, 24th An-

nual Report, 1900, pp. 487 & sqq. (Corbiculade).

Cuxrssin, S., Die Familie der Cycladeen, Martini & Chemnitz,

Vol, 9; pt. 3, 1879.

PELSENEER, Paun, A Treatise on Zoology edited by EH. Ray

Lankester, Part V Mollusca, London, 1906.

Prime, TEMPLE, Monograph of American Corbiculade. Smith-

sonian Inst., 1865.

SrerkK1, V., The Nautilus, XXV, p. 1, 1911.

Waker, Bryant, On Certain Abnormal Spheria, The Nau-

filus, LEX, p. 135, 1896; Conf. 1. c. XTL, py U7 3838:

WESTERLUND, CARL AGARDH, Fauna der. . . Palearctischen

. . . Binnenconchylien, VII, Malacozoa Acephala.

Woopwarp, B. B., Catalogue of the British Species of Pisi-

dium. British Museum, 1913.

EXPLANATION OF Figures, PLATE III.

Hinges of Spheriide; in all figures, the right valve is on

the right, and the left on the left hand, the posterior is above,

the anterior below.

Fig. 1: lateral view of the hinge of Pisidium, diagram-

matic; 1, ligament; m, dorsal valve margin; p. (in figs. 9

and 10, periostracum = shell membrane; pl, hinge plate;

u, umbones (beaks) ; cardinals: C3 of the right valve; C3i,

posterior part of the same, proper, or inner; C30, additional

or outer component; of the left valve: C2 anterior, C4 pos-

terior; laminz: al anterior inner or principal, alll anterior

outer of the right valve; all anterior left; pI and pIII pos-

terior inner and outer of the right valve, pII posterior left.

Fig. 2: the same, viewed from below; notice that the cusps

of the left lamine are projecting over the level of the valve-

edges, and thus over the median or sagittal plane, and the

same in figs. 3 and 7; symbols the same as in fig. 1.

Fig. 3: Spherium solidulum Prime, viewed from below in

partly open (gaping) mussel.

Figs. 4, 5, 6 to show differences in the configuration in some

species of Pisidium; 4, P. compressum Prime, form, half-

diagrammatic; mussel about 4.5 mm. long; the separate fig-

ures show cardinals somewhat in detail.

Fig. 5, P. fabale Sterki (from Montana), about 7 mm.

long (the plate of the right valve is somewhat too broad).

Fig. 6, P. vesiculare Sterki, mussel about 2 mm. long; the

THE NAUTILUS. 117

hinge, in profile, is somewhat like that in fig. 7, but of the

lamine little is to be seen but the small, pointed cusps not

much larger than the cardinals.

Fig. 7. P. ovum Sterki (Montana, Alaska), hinge viewed

from below.

Fig. 8. Cardinals of P. dubiwm Say.

Fig. 9. Very young nepionic mussel of Spherium stami:

mneum Conrad, 0.6 mm. long, showing the valves deposited on

the continuous shell membrane, the very short ligament, and

the primitive hinge plates; very fine and slight radial lines

are seen on the beaks of most Spheride.

Fig. 10. Nepionic of the same, somewhat more advanced,

1.8 mm. long; the cardinals are just beginning to form on

the plate.

Fig. 11. Young nepionic hinge of Spherium occidentale

Prime, viewed from below in the open mussel; the cusps of

the laminez are just beginning to form and are smaller than

the cardinals; alll is very small and remote from C3, which

is plainly complex; pIII is not yet formed.

Fig. 12. Musculium transversum Say, nepionic, at an early

stage; the plates are somewhat too broad.

Fig. 18. Musculium sp., cardinals.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SLUGS. II

BY H. A. PILSBRY

The notes on this subject in the January NavutTILus, p. 77,

provoked several letters on the subject, bringing out facts

which materially alter the tentative conclusions of that paper.

Mr. Tom Iredale, who has run to earth so many stray names,

writes as follows:

‘‘Upon investigation I find that when Férussae introduced

Arion (Hist. Nat. Moll., Vol. II, pt. I, 1819, p. 50), dealing

with the anatomy on p. 67 he wrote: ‘L’on peut consulter

d’ailleurs, pour se convaincre de leur analogie, les descrip-

tions que Swammerdam a donnée de l’anatomie du cochlea

nuda domestica, et du cochlea agrestis sive viarum, types de

ces deux genres.’

‘“‘As Férussac had previously cited Swammerdam’s two

118 THE NAUTILUS.

species correctly in his synonymy [of Arion empiricorum (=

A. ater) and Inmax maximus, respectively], I conclude that,

in the strictest sense, this can be regarded as type designa-

tion, and consequently the type of Arion was fixed by orig-

inal designation, and the type of Lima was first selected by

Férussac at the place cited. As this agrees absolutely with

conventional usage, it is a delightful result.’’

This passage in Férussac’s long account, which I had over-

looked or not recognized as significant, therefore leaves A. ater

the type of Arion, and A. maximus the type of Limacz.

Mr. B. B. Woodward has called my attention to the fact,

hitherto overlooked, that Turton, in his Manual of Land and

Fresh-water Shells of the British Is., 1831, p. 4, said under

Ivmacellus (evidently an emendation of Limacella Brard)—

“Type Limacella parma Brard’’. This — L. maximus L.,

thus making Limacella an exact synonym of Limaz, and fin-

ally eliminating it from zoological nomenclature. Hulimaz

Moq., with the same type, is also finally disposed of.

RAMB.ES OF A MIDSHIPMAN. I

BY P. S. REMINGTON, JR.

In 1918 I had the good fortune to receive a senatorial ap-

pointment to the U. 8. Naval Academy at Annapolis, and

entered it with visions of opportunities to collect in foreign

stations on my cruises. I went on my first cruise the follow-

ing summer, in June 1919, and began to realize these visions.

Our first port of call was St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, and

we were one and all glad to see the rocky shores of these

islands rising sheer out of the water, after a week at sea. It

was my first experience with the West Indies and I was see-

ing everything through a many-colored glass. To heighten

the tropical aspect, we had no sooner dropped anchor off the

harbor entrance than our ships were surrounded with bum-

boats loaded with fruit, corals, sea fans, huge Strombus gigas,

THE NAUTILUS. 119

and other things. The negroes dove expertly for coins, tread-

ing water and calling, ‘‘ You heave, I dive, chief !’’

I was all on fire to get ashore, and had the opportunity

next day. We went in and tied up to the dock to coal, all

hands donning khaki and going on liberty. With a friend,

whom I had managed to interest in collecting (to his subse-

quent sorrow), I set off across the hills. The heat was in-

tense and we were anxious to reach the shore for other reasons

than conchological. On the way up a large hill I turned

over some fallen boards near an old shanty, and was sur-

prised to find hundreds of live Bulimulus exilis, in company

with a few Subulina octona. I picked a boxful and we then

moved on. That was all the land collecting I was able to do

in St. Thomas, for reasons which will appear shortly.

We came out at last on a smooth beach and hastened to

strip and get in for aswim. While my companion was sport-

ing in the waves, I was scurrying over the rocks picking up

Neritas, Thais, Littorina, Planaxis, Fissurella, large Livona

pica, and many Chitons. Compared to the drab and meager

fauna of New England which I was familiar with, this was a

riot of wealth.

Alas! I reckoned not on two things. The first was the

West Indian HEchinus. I had the misfortune to stumble

through a bed of these infernal black, long-spined fellows

twice, and for a moment forgot collecting. Even the volu-

minous vocabulary of the Navy seemed inadequate to do jus-

tice to the occasion, but the worst was yet to come.

The second thing I disregarded was the tropical sun. Those

of my readers who have been in the tropics will scarcely resist

smiling when I say that after our swim we stretched out on

that beach sans raiment for two hours in the full glare of

the sun, broken by short dips in the delightfully warm ocean!

We soon repented our folly and learned to respect the power

of the sun’s rays.

At length we leisurely dressed, gathered up our concho-

logical treasures, and started back to the ship, intending to

visit the town also and pay our respects to the ice-cream

parlor there. This last we never did, for we had not been

120 THE NAUTILUS.

on the road ten minutes before the punishment we had been

taking from the sun’s rays began to assert itself and we

began to realize that we were ‘‘sunburnt’’! By the time we

reached the ship we felt exactly like two live broiled lobsters.

In addition, we had a dizzy feeling, which we tried to ease by

lying down. But we could no more lie down than fly, for

we were sunburnt on every blessed inch of our bodies! After

a night of misery, we presented ourselves at sick bay next

morning and asked to be relieved and turned in. The doctor

painted with picric acid and turned in. I had just fore-

thought enough before turning in to dump my shells in a

bucket and stow it in an unused bulkhead. For three mortal

days we twisted in agony, getting no rest or sleep, while the

skin peeled off us in slabs. Meanwhile we had left port and

put to sea. But to crown my misfortunes, while I was laid

up some able seaman found my bucket of shells and dumped

the smelly mess overboard! I didn’t mind the sunburn and

the loss of liberty (though my companion did), but I did be-

wail the loss of my beloved shells.

Our next port was Guantanamo, Cuba, where I found all

the species I had taken at St. Thomas, as nearly as I could re-

member, and more too. On the coral cliffs near the marine

encampment I found Tectarius muricatus way above high

water, four species of Nerita, two Littorinas, Trochus, Li-

vona, and many others. The rocks were just paved with

thousands of Acanthopleura granulata and Chiton squamosus.

These last were way out where the surf was crashing and

many times I had to drop my knife and hang on like a limpet

while a wave broke over me and soaked me to the skin. This

time, however, I took the precaution to keep my skin well

covered. On a nearby beach I found Modulus modulus and

Cerithium atratum in company on the eel grass, also my old

friend the Echinus. Burrowing through the mud, I found

several Strombus gigas, S. bituberculatus and Vasum muri-

catum. On the way back I noticed a white land shell plentiful

on all the bushes, which I later identified as Cepolis ovum-

THE NAUTILUS. PAL

reguit. I also found a single specimen of Macroceramus,

which I have not yet identified.

Of course I was much handicapped by the fact that I was

in uniform, and consequently rather conspicuous, also that L

had no means of properly caring for the shells on board

once I had collected them. For these reasons I didn’t collect

as intensively as I might have, and I have often kicked myself

since for it. Some day I hope to return to these interesting

islands.

The following is a list of the mollusks I collected in the

West Indies, as far as I have been able to determine them.

Mr. Charles W. Johnson and Mr. W. F. Clapp have kindly

aided me in identifying the material.

St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.

Bulimulus exilis Gmel. Subulina octona Brug.

Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

Thais patula L. Nerita peleronta L.

Thais undata Lam. Nerita tesselata Gmel.

Sistrum nodulosum C. B. Ad. Chlorostoma excavatum Lam.

Cymatium aquatile Rve. Livona pica L.

Leucozonia cingulifera Lam. Vasum muricatum Born.

Strombus bituberculatus Lam. Fissurella nodosa Born.

Strombus gigas L. Fissurella barbadensis Gmel.

Cerithium litteratum Born. Acmaea candeana Orb.

Cerithium atratum Born. Cepolis ovum-reguli Lea.

Littorina ziczac Gmel. Macroceramus sp.

Littorina z. lineatus Lam. Chiton tuberculatus L.

Tectarius muricatus L. Chiton squamosus L.

Echinella nodulosa Pfr. Acanthopleura granulataGmel.

Modulus modulus Lam. Codakia orbicularis L.

Planaxis nucleus Wood. Lucina chrysostoma Morch.

Nerita praecognita C. B. Ad. Arca occidentalis Phil.

Nerita versicolor L. Arca deshayesil Hanley.

122, THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON ACTEOCINA

BY A. M. STRONG

Dr. Dall in the January Nautiuus gives the reasons for

some of the confusion in the published ranges for the West

Coast members of the genus Acteocina to which I called at-

tention in the October number. Unfortunately he does not

give the corrected range for A. culcitella, which is much

greater than that given in his ‘‘Summary’’. For the present, -

at least, it will be well to consider that the known ranges are

fixed by the large amount of material that has accumulated

in the United States National Museum. If this is done the

ranges given in the older publications will have to be con-

siderably emended. It would also seem that the published

descriptions should be extended to cover the variations found

in the different individuals of the several species.

This would give us, as I understand it, the following known

ranges for the West Coast species:

A. eximia (Brd.). Confined to the Oregonian fauna as a

living shell, extending from Puget Sound northward to Ko-

diak Island. Also found as a fossil in Southern California

but not living as given by Arnold.

A. culcitella (Gld.). A variable species with a wide range,

Puget Sound and northward to Kodiak Island, off the Golden

Gate, and through the Santa Barbara Channel, Santa Bar-

bara to at least as far south as San Diego. Also fossil in

Southern California.

A. cerealis (Gld.). With the last and probably only a

junior of it, but listed as a separate species in collections and

literature, both as living and fossil.

A. inculta (Gld.). Through the Santa Barbara Channel

and extending northward to Monterey and southward to San

Diego.

A. carinata (Cpr.). A Gulf of California species extend-

ing as far north as San Diego, and if Zetek’s list is correct,

as far south as Panama.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

A. smirna (Dall). With the last, San Diego to San Sal-

vador.

A. infrequens (C. B. Ads.). A Panama species extending

as far north as Cape San Lucas. Also found as fossil in

Southern California.

A. planata (Cpr.). Described by Carpenter from speci-

mens labeled from San Diego, but seemingly not known from

there by present-day collectors.

There would seem to be a probability that further collect-

ing and a careful examination, both as to identification and

locality, of the material in other collections, would extend

these known ranges.

SONORELLAS AND SCENERY

BY EDWIN E. HAND

““Master of human destinies am I.

I knock unbidden once at every gate.’’

As Senator Ingalls said, it was my ‘‘hour of fate’’. For

years I have had a great desire and a standing invitation to

go snailing in Arizona with the veteran collector, James H.

Ferriss. Last summer, opportunity knocked, the gate opened,

and my dream came true.

With Dr. W. T. Miller of Los Angeles to initiate us into

the mysteries of Dame Nature’s landscape and all their beau-

ties, botanical, geological and the rest, we three left Tucson

on the afternoon of June 27th, headed toward the Grand

Canyon. We made no schedule. We were to stop whenever

and wherever any of us wished and stay as long as we could

find entertainment. A joyful trio were we. Everything was

new, strange, pleasing. We shall never forget the sights,

sounds, thrills of this Arizona trip. We not only found

“‘landscapes’’, under his magic spell, but we found snails.

And if the learned artist becomes not too deeply engrossed

in his chosen work, be not surprised to meet a ‘‘milleri’’ from

California in the near future.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Our first camp was in the desert solitude miles away from

anywhere. We made our frugal fire, our magic meal, and

then our bed in the open under the stars, amidst sand and

sage, in the shade of a palo verde. Scattering desert vegeta-

tion and sand extended in every direction, and over all the

blue, and the stars so bright, so near, so friendly to us. It

was hot awhile, then cool, and ere dawn, with all our blan-

kets, we were cold.

We are often asked: ‘‘ But weren’t you afraid of rattle-

needs only three to complete his collection. Therefore, we

were looking for them all the time but saw not one. A horned

toad, mailed home, presented her new owner with seventeen

little ones just after her arrival. That is the most exciting

adventure we had ’mongst reptilia.

The giant cacti (Carnegiea gigantea) were abundantly

decorated with what I thought were flaming scarlet flowers,

but friend Ferriss soon taught us that they were ripe fruits.

Long poles enabled us to get enough to thoroughly appre-

ciate their fig-like lusciousness. The birds, bees and other

creatures enjoy them too and it seemed a shame to rob them

of their harvest. But the miles and miles of the ‘‘trees’’ in

every direction seemed evidence that there was plenty for all.

This first taste of the quiet of the desert was repeated many

times on our trip and we city dwellers loved it so we never

tired of its restfulness.

Our chariot was a Ford, and it is still beyond my compre-

hension how anything made of metal by mere man can stand

up under the millions of maulings administered.

But on we go past Florence and Superior. Here on Picket

Post Mountain we found our first shells and got a good taste

of desert savagery, as we nearly perished from thirst in our

too eager attempt. But it taught us to go slower next time,

and after cooling off at Superior we were all right again.

Passing over the finished part of a new road, we ran upon

a peculiar and decided novelty re the road-builders near

Miami. This region used to be an Apache stronghold and as

late as fifty years ago was dangerous for a white man to

THE NAUTILUS. 125

traverse. Now, these same Indians are found to be very

faithful road workers. Their villages are pitched near by

and the braves are helping their white brothers build the

roads. But no, they are not quite willing to fraternize with

us. For in conversation with the big, young fellows, unusual

specimens of the physical man who have been educated at

the government schools, we learn that: ‘‘The teachers don’t

know anything,’’ and ‘‘All the white men are dishonest.’’

Our efforts to argue this away were unavailing, for these men

spoke from experience. Later facts, to our shame be it said,

showed that they spoke the truth.

Soon we sight Salt River and learn that it is dammed at

Roosevelt. We skip along over knolls and mesas, skirting the

south shore of the lake for twenty miles or more and detour

one mile to cliff dwellings. A stop here and a tramp up the

fine trail to the former abode of an ancient people, leads us

to our next Sonorella. A new one, Mr. Ferriss said, and right

in Chief Montezuma’s dooryard. We camped here, found

the accompanying spring of the people of long ago, drank,

bathed, loved the tropical grove of walnuts, cottonwoods,

willows, but found no more snails.

We lingered long on the Roosevelt Dam boulevard, the

most impressive work of man our eyes ever beheld. We ate

a fine dinner at that ‘‘shadow of a rock in a weary land,’’

Apache Lodge, replenished our gas, air, water, and then on

to Mills Canyon, where we easily found a large colony of

Sonorellas. On the top of a hill overlooking the water we

made our camp. The lake is nearly fifty feet lower than

usual. And now we are to see so many signs of suffering

man and beast when no rain falls in a dry climate and the

water-holes fail. One woman had a dozen young calves she

was trying to raise whose mothers had perished of thirst.

Whitening bones, some covered with dried hides, some naked,

were frequent sights.

Now we are in the Mogollon Mountains, Tonto Basin re-

gion, Zane Grey’s country. We did not see him this time and

forebore to visit his hunting lodge, sixteen miles by trail

from Payson. But we heard much about him and his Pleas-

126 THE NAUTILUS.

ant Valley and had long talks with his guide, Al Doyle, at

Flagstaff. Mr. Ferriss knows everybody, as this is his fif-

teenth trip to Arizona. We found no snails but the cutest

little cacti ever! One I mailed home is watching me as I

write and holding for me on each of its curved spines a

pleasant memory.

Three miles off our road we see two acres of grapes and

alfalfa right on top of a natural bridge. And you cannot

realize that you are on an arch 150 feet high, 140 wide, 400

long and 75 thick until you follow the path around and

down, get underneath and gaze upward. It was as interesting

as geometry to solve this ‘‘pons’’ saeculorum. A large spring

earries lime compounds in solution. It flows to the granite

canyon walls of Pine Creek. On evaporating, the deposit of

calcareous tufa tries to fill the canyon bed of the creek. Here

a battle royal is fought and the overwhelmed stream ecapitu-

lates with a subway, Q. E. D. Just like the ice bridges we

crossed in the Sierras, the avalanche blocks the stream, which

bores its way through, and the gentle murmurs from below

whisper its presence.

Before leaving this oasis we found a Sonorella which Mr.

Ferriss declared to be the queen of them all. And here L

solved my mystery—how to find new species. When I am

tired out and have said very decidedly, ‘‘Come on, let’s quit.

There is absolutely nothing here,’? my companion hears not,

heeds not, but soon sings out, ‘‘Sonorella, one bone. A fine

one. New species.’’ Then I go to work again and soon find

a ‘‘live’’ one. Dark catches us with fifteen or twenty good

dead ones and four or five live ones. And how we had to dig

for them! The sun shone merrily. It was very hot but

patience, perseverance, and hard work accomplished the im-

possible. And is not this a key to success in every walk

of life?

We were glad to run into Pine in Pleasant Valley. A

place ever to cherish and to which we are to return after our

mentor, Dr. Miller, leaves us at Grand Canyon. Pine is in a

valley about three miles long and one wide. Its elevation is

5500 feet and black lava mountains 3000 feet higher covered

THE NAUTILUS. 127

with noble pines hem it in. A clear stream, fed by springs

miles away, runs through Main Street and the people dip

their pails into this and carry the water into their homes

only a few feet away. They also use this stream to irrigate

their orchards and gardens. Peaceful Pine, Pleasant Valley,

balm for tired humans! How we worked the slides on those

lava mountains! And we worked our ‘‘secret’’ too ’midst

soaking rain and pelting hail, often finding shells after all

hope was gone. Here we decided that the rainy season is

not the best time to find snails. Scores of ‘‘marks’’ on the

rocks but no ‘‘markers’’ led Mr. Ferriss to announce that

‘‘Madam snail had gone gadding’’. We found one right

out in the open on her way home.

Through Coconino County (200 miles by 150 miles, larger

than several eastern states), over natural roads good when it

doesn’t rain, we ride to Flagstaff. As we left the desert and

approached the forest preserve, how the trees ran to meet us!

First the youths, then their parents by scores and hundreds

hemmed us in and gave us a royal welcome. The pine forest

through which we ride is second only to the President’s pre-

serve on Kaibab Plateau beyond the north rim of Grand

Canyon. (Read Emerson Hough in Saturday Evening Post.)

On past the snow-capped San Francisco peaks, Sunset

Crater, and the edge of the Painted Desert to Grand View,

we speed our way. Now we camp in the desert and now in

the pine forest. But there are no snails to be found here.

And then the sunset and sunrise views of Grand Canyon, the

pictures, mid storm and sun—the despair of artists and poets

—what can a poor snailer say or do? Just drink it in and

afterward try to remember. That’s all. Down Bright Angel

Trail, not as Dr. Cooke on a mule, but on our own feet, we

took two days for the trip. Where he saw his fifteen or twenty

we found several hundred, all dead. There is an an immense

dike of limestone here in the midst of the sandstone and

snails must have recently flourished. But there were very

few live ones. We spent the night in an old mine tunnel

"midst age-old granite walls. Theodore Roosevelt says truly:

“‘The sullen rock walls towered hundreds of feet aloft, with

128 THE NAUTILUS.

something about their grim savagery that suggested both the

terrible and the grotesque. No one could paint or describe it

save one of the great masters of imaginative art or literature

—a Turner or Browning or Poe.”’

This night, ere we went to sleep, Dr. Miller told us of the

Arnold Arboretum of Bailey’s Cyclopedia of Horticulture

and of many interesting phases of his life. He said he was

going to put us to sleep. But his stories had the opposite

effect. The morning bath in the pools edging the roaring

Colorado, the little fire on its clean sand, to boil our coffee,

the walk back, the odor of fragrant shrubs in the rain; these

are delightful memories of the Grand Canyon. We made

good use of Harvey’s restaurant, of Kolb Brothers’ studio,

and Uncle Sam’s post-office, mailing cacti, agaves, ete. to

Washington and to our homes. And we spent part of two

days and nearly all night with the grand old scout, W. W.

Bass. If you visit this region do not fail to meet Bass. And

the treatment he has received from ‘‘the white man’’ makes

that of the Indian read like a romance of benevolence. ’Tis

Sunday, July 17th, and more than one-third of our life de-

parted when Dr. Miller left for his home in Los Angeles.

Mere chance took us to Walnut Canyon, the fourth of the

great, outstanding features of our trip. Here we spent a

week under very pleasant auspices. The meeting of Mr. Fer-

riss and his old friends of the Catalina Mountains, Mr. and

Mrs. Erickson, who are now the custodians of this National

Monument, was worth traveling miles to see. The dinners

served by this estimable couple to two auto-campers were

worth traveling miles to taste. The scenery and cliff dwel-

lings of Walnut Canyon are worth a stop over at Flagstaff

to visit. They are only ten miles from town over an excellent

road. There are miles and miles of cliff dwellings, two and,

in some places, three tiers high in this rugged, twisted gash

in ‘the earth. There must have been a half-million inhabi-

tants here, judging by the broken pottery scattered so thickly

about. We found a few hundred large shells and hundreds

of thousands of little fellows. Your humble correspondent

had the wonderful privilege of going clear to the bottom of

THE NAUTILUS. 129

the canyon with Dr. Thornber of Tucson, who was making

first-hand notes on the shrubs of Arizona. Here I found for

the first time the wild potato, and an Oenothera with corolla

tube seven inches long and caulis reduced to zero. The flower

came from a dandelion-like rosette of leaves and was a deli-

cate rose color. It grew on the edge of a wet swale on the

rim and there were nineteen individuals in the colony.

Mount Elden and the craters and canyons called us. We

found small shells everywhere, but few large ones in the

next four weeks. The rain descended upon us and soaked us.

The sun or camp fire dried us. We did not catch cold as we

would have done at home. We were living the outdoor life

and loved it so. When the rainy season came we added

mushrooms to our menu. Mushrooms both edible and ques-

tionable sprang up everywhere. For weeks we saw a dozen

new kinds a day. What a paradise for a mycologist! There

were all colors, shapes and sizes. Near the forest lookout on

Mt. Mahan we measured a big one. It was only eleven inches

in diameter. We thought surely it was a foot!

We returned to Peaceful Pine, eighty-five miles, for some

property we had cached there, expecting to return to Flag-

staff to entrain. The rains had made the roads impassable,

so we turned to the right, toward Winslow. This wild road

was as good as a boulevard, and soon led us from the pine

forest to the desert edge with its scanty junipers and pinons.

This was a remarkable change and the bleak desolation of

those last twenty or thirty miles seemed to rise and strike us

in the eyes. The mirage did not plague us as it did the

prairie schooners of yore, for we had plenty of water and

gas and speed.

One of us must return to civilization, and one go on and

on, ever westward, ‘through the great desert, to California.

This is the realization of a beautiful dream of searching for

beautiful Soronellas ’midst the beautiful scenes of Arizona.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF MOLLUSCA FROM LAKE WINNEBAGO,

WISCONSIN, WITH NEW RECORDS FROM THIS STATE *

BY FRANK C. BAKER

Winnebago Lake is the largest inland body of fresh water in

eastern America as itis also the shallowest in relation to its area.

Its greatest length is about 28 miles, its greatest width about 10

miles, and its maximum depth 203 feet. The lake is fed by

several large streams, Wolf River emptying into Lake Poygon

and Fox River entering Lake Butte des Morts. Lakes Butte

des Morts, Poygon, and Winneconne extend to the west of Lake

Winnebago and are marsh-bordered bodies of water. Butte des

Morts has a maximum depth of 15 feet, as has also the lower

part of the Fox River. All of these lakes are really widened-

out parts of the Fox and Wolf rivers, which encountered these

shallow basins when the ice receded to the north during the

waning of the Wisconsin ice cap.

The Lake Winnebago region offers unusual opportunities for

the study of ecological variation. The Fox River, which flows

for many miles as a typical river, expands to form Lake Butte

des Morts, then narrows to form another river, which at Osh-

kosh again widens into the great body of water known as Lake

Winnebago; from this lake a river flows, the lower Fox, which

empties into Green Bay of Lake Michigan. The river, both

above and below the lakes, contains a typical river fauna of

mollusks. The lake fauna, however, although but a continua-

tion of the Fox River, it is not like the river fauna, the species

being smaller and otherwise differing from the typical river

species. This variation was almost universally noted among

the naides, the lake shells being easily distinguished from the

river shells. The gastropods also varied in like manner. The

fauna reached its present location by way of the Wisconsin-Fox

valley, following the retreat of the continental ice cap, and the

varieties in Lake Winnebago and Lake Butte des Morts were

probably evolved subsequently.

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of

Illinois, No. 21.

THE NAUTILUS. lio

The study of this lake region was carried on under the

auspices of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Sur-

vey as part of a wide field study to ascertain the distribution of

the molluscan fauna of the State, preliminary to the prepara-

tion of a monograph of the aquatic species. An extensive

paper is in preparation covering in detail the ecological features

of the Winnebago fauna, both molluscan and general inverte-

brate, in which all of the molluscan species are discussed.

This will be published in the Transactions of the Wisconsin

Academy of Sciences, Art and Letters. Only new forms and

the more interesting new records are discussed in this paper.

Truncilla triquetra Raf. A single specimen of this Truncilla

was dredged at Omro, Fox River, from gravel bottom, at a depth

of 84 feet. This is a young shell, measuring, length 23, height

17, width 12mm. Triquetra has not heretofore been reported

from Wisconsin and its presence in the Fox River is surprising.

It is known from southern Michigan and from Will County,

Illinois. The specimen was living when dredged.

Lampsilis recta (Lamarck). Lakes Winnebago and Butte des

Morts. The recta inhabiting the lakes are uniformly smaller

than individuals living in Fox River. The relative difference

is shown in the table below in which the largest lake shells are

measured:

Length 115, height 50, width 86 mm. Male, Doemel Point,

Lake Winnebago.

Length 121, height 52, width 34mm. Female, Long Point,

Lake Winnebago.

Length 138, height 62, width 41 mm. Male, Princeton, Fox

River.

Length 135, height 59, width 89 mm. Female, Princeton.

This is a dwarf form produced by lake conditions and is par-

alleled by Lampsilis ventricosa canadensis and L. luteola rosacea.

The Winnebago shells are somewhat different from the Lake

Erie form named recta by Lamarck, the posterior ridge not be-

ing as well marked, but they seem clearly referable to the same

type. They are different from the ordinary river form of recta

(latissima) which is abundant in Wisconsin.

Lampsilis gracilis lacustris n. var. Lakes Winnebago and

£32 THE NAUTILUS.

Butte des Morts. Common on rock and sand bottoms in water

one to ten feet in depth.

As in Proptera and Lampsilis, the lake environment has pro-

duced a shell somewhat different from typical gracilis, which is

a river species. Compared with gracilis from the Fox River at

Omro, the lake shells are rounder, higher in proportion to their

length, the dorsal margin is strikingly alate in the male, form-

ing a distinct wing, the shell is more compressed, the color is

usually pale straw-yellow with few or no radiating lines, and

the rest periods are very distinctly marked. The largest speci-

men from Plummers Point, Lake Butte des Morts (the type)

measures as noted below, a small specimen of gracilis from Omra

being also added for comparison:

Length 94, height 61, width 30 mm. Butte des Morts. Type.

Length 100, height 67, width 35 mm. Omro, Fox River.

Gracilis from Illinois and other localities in the Hinkley col-

lection (about 15 lots) are without the marked wing so well de-

veloped in the males of the Winnebago Lake individuals and

are also much larger. Female shells of lacustris are smaller,

more ovate and narrower, but there is not as great difference in

the dorsal wing as in the male shells. They are uniformly

yellowish and have well marked rest periods.

Ortmann (1920, p. 249) has noted a difference between the

Lake Erie form of gracilis and the Ohio River form, but does

not believe the difference of enough value to distinguish. The

material from Wisconsin is quite strikingly different and the

separation of the lake form seems warranted. This, as well as

the other lake forms, are true ecological varieties, produced by

the change in environment.

Strophitus edentulus rhombicus (Anthony). Lakes Winnebago

and Butte des Morts, on a rocky or sand bottom, in one to five

feet of water. The edentulus of the lakes differ markedly from

those individuals living in rivers. They are much smaller,

more regularly elongated or subelliptical, and the umbones are

more depressed. A large individual from Lake Winnebago

(Long Point Island) measures, length 57, height 35, width

23 mm. ‘This is a characteristic lake form and is probably the

same as that mentioned by Ortmann as living in Lake Erie

THE NAUTILUS. 133

(Ortmann, 1920, p. 200). Anthony’s rhombica appears to fit

this form and renders a new name unnecessary (see Amer.

Journ. Conch., I, p. 158, pl. 12, fig. 5). The same form

occurs in Lake Michigan near Chicago. Walker has apparently

recognized the variety in Michigan (1911, p. 127).

Lasmigona costata eriganensis Grier. Long Point Island, Lake

Winnebago. The two specimens of this form found in beach

debris appear to be referable to the Lake Erie form described hy

Grier. Measurements are given below:

Length 90, height 53, width 30 mm.

Length 80, height 43, width 24 mm.

These conform to the diagnosis of Grier and are certainly dis-

tinguishable from the river form.

Elliptio gibbosus sterkii Grier. Lake Winnebago, sand and

gravel bottom, in water as deep as 10 feet; Lake Butte des

Morts, gravel and stone bottom, water from one to three feet

deep.

( To be continued)

NOTES,

Fisu-catcHinc Mussets.—When the U.S. 8. Albatross went

through San Francisco Bay from Sausalito into dry dock at

Mare Island in preparation for the cruise of 1914, three mussels

which were subsequently found attached to the bottom had

made a curious mistake. They had each been so unfortunate

in closing their shells as to catch a little fish called anchovy by

the head. It would be interesting to know which animal was

most surprised by the encounter.—-Epwarp C. JoHNsToN.

Mr. Edward C. Johnston of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries has

recently transferred his large collection of shells to the California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. The collection consists

of about 30,000 specimens, chiefly land and fresh-water species

of the Mississippi Valley. Almost all of the material was cata-

loged, identified and indexed, ready for reference at once. It

is not often that a museum receives a collection which requires

134 THE NAUTILUS.

so little labor for its installation. It is hoped that a man who

has so distinguished himself as an expert collector as Mr. John-

ston has in the past, will continue his conchological explora-

tions. —G. Datias Hanna.

Nore on Diata LEITHII SmritaH.—In the last number of the

‘*Nautitus’’ Dr. Dall calls attention to this species and con-

jectures that it may be a native of Lower California.

There appears to have been some inexplicable confusion be-

tween Smith’s paper on this species and the paper on Carinifex ~

ponsonbu which immediately precedes it in the P. Z. S. for 1875.

It is obvious that the figures in these two papers are transposed.

I have examined the type lot of D. leithii in the Brit. Mus.

(eleven shells and two opercula, reg. no. 75.6.17.1) and find

that it is labeled ‘‘ Bombay Harbour, Dr. A. H. Leith.”’ I

have no doubt that this is the correct locality, and I have in

my own collection a single example collected by the late Dr.

Archer at Singapore.—J. R. LEB. Tomuin.

CYTHEREA VIRGINEA A. ADAMS AND REEVE.—This species is

described and figured in the ‘‘ Mollusca of the Voyage of H. M.

S. Samarang,”’ p. 78, pl. 24, f. 10, and the locality given is

‘‘Hastern Seas.’? The British Museum possesses the figured

type of this shell, received from the famous Lombe Taylor col-

lection, into which many of the ‘‘Samarang’’ treasures found

their way, as well as two other examples, and all three are juve-

nile specimens of Tivela stultorum Mawe.

Hinds was probably responsible for the introduction of this

impostor amongst the Samarang’s collections.—T. R. LEB.

TOMLIN.

Limax FLAvus AT Bar Harsor, Marne.—I found several

specimens of this slug in 1920, and again last year.—C. W.

JOHNSON.

In Proc. Cincinnati Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1875, A. G. Wetherby

described Lithasia plicata as from Green River, Jackson Co., Ky.

Green River does not enter Jackson county and there are no

THE NAUTILUS. 135

streams in the county large enough to require a ferry. As the

shells occur in the Kentucky River, it may be assumed that

Wetherby meant the Clay’s Ferry of that stream. It is upon a

part of the river forming the border of Clark and Madison

counties. Richmond is the nearest large town.

A letter-writers’ controversy that raged for several days in a

New York newspaper brought out little known facts about the

spelling of the ‘‘ Muscle”? part of Muscle Shoals. Philologists

who contributed to Murray’s exhaustive dictionary have mobi-

lized no less than 26 English spellings for the mollusk called

mussel. A writer of 1584 informed his readers that witches

‘¢can saile in an egge shell, a cockle or muscle shell.’”?’ A

traveler’s book of 1681 reported that ‘‘ The natives of Brasile

use muscle shells for spoons and knives.’? In Glover’s History

of Derby (1829) mention is made of ‘‘a stratum of muscle

shells.’? The poet Browning, in 1873, said that:

‘Granite and muscle shell are ground alike

To glittering paste.’’

Messrs. Wharton Huber and Fletcher Street sailed for Blue-

fields, Nicaragua, Feb. 28th. They are to collect zoological and

botanical specimens for the Academy of Natural Sciences of

Philadelphia.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Recent MoLiusca OF THE GULF OF MEXiIvo, AND PLEISTOCENE

AND PLIOCENE SPECIES FROM THE GULF States. Part 2. Scapho-

poda, Gastropoda, Amphineura, Cephalopoda. By Carlotta Joa-

quina Maury (Bull. Amer. Paleontology, Vol. 9, No. 38, pp.

34-142, 1922). A useful list with bibliography and distribu-

tion. We notice a few cases where the author has overlooked

some important changes in nomenclature. Siphonaria lineolata

is preoccupied and S. naufragum Stearns should be used instead.

In place of Oliva circinata Marr. C. sayana Ravenel should be

used (Nautitus, Vol. 28, p. 188, 1915). Scaphella junonia is

136 THE NAUTILUS.

the type of the genus Maculopeplum Dall, 1906. Busycon eliceans

is at most only a variety of carica. In using Janthina janthina

Linn. J. communis Lam. becomes a synonym. The species

showaltert is left in Neritina. There are various misspellings

such as Apicinca for Apicina, Epitomium for Epitonium, Petro-

trochus for Perotrochus, ete. —C. W. J.

FinaL REPORT ON THE STUDY AND APPRAISAL OF MusseL Re-

SOURCES IN SELECTED AREAS OF THE UppEr Mississippi RIVER. |

By N. M. Grier (Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 8, pp. 1-383, 1922).

An interesting paper on the economic problems of the mussel

fisheries. A may showing the various areas considered is given.

THe LiFE oF THE PLEISTOCENE OR GLACIAL PERIOD. By

Frank Collins Baker (Univ. Ill. Bull. 41, Vol. 17, pp. 1-476,

pls. 1-57). This great work on the ‘‘ Life of the Pleistocene ’’

was begun about nine years ago when a drainage canal called

the North Shore Channel was being excavated; all of the ex-

posures in this as well as those of the Calumet-Sag Channel

were carefully studied. The study of the Chicago region led to

the consideration of other regions once covered by the great ice

sheet, and the results of these studies are embodied in this vol-

ume. There is a most exhaustive study of the life of the old

bed of glacial Lake Chicago, with a chapter on the post-glacial

biota of the great lakes region and pre-glacial conditions and

life. The various ice invasions and a summary of the life of

the Pleistocene is followed by a full bibliography.—C. W. J.

On THE CEPHALOPODA obtained by the Percy Sladen Trust

Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905. By G. C. Robson.

Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XVII, pt. 4. The most interest-

ing form is a very minute Benthoteuthid about 9 mm. long, but

believed to be adult, for which the new genus Chunoteuthis is

proposed.

New Eocene Species FROM ALABAMA. By T. H. Aldrich

(Bull. Amer. Paleont, IX, No. 37). Many new species had

one new genus, Tenuiactzon.