IN DEX

fae NAUTIEUS, VOLO

INDEX TO TITLES.

American Association of Conchologists. — . : F F 140

Ancylus excentricus Mor. . : 64

Annotated List of the Shells of St. Peasties Fla. 108, ie 137

Anodonta fluviatilis. 2 2 ; : : 67

Arion foliolatus Gld. rediscoy ered : : : ; ; 105

Arion foliolatus, On the generic position of : : 128

Bermuda Shells. : 9

Brief Notes on the Land ea Presi Water Shells of Meveer

Co., Il. : : : . 23, 34

Bulimulus, a New Marepion : : : : 122

Bulimulus Ragsdalei, n. sp. 122

Bulimulus Hemphilli Wright. . : : 2 ‘ 2 GALS

Bythinia tentaculata L. in Ohio. : ! 46

Cast up by the Sea. . ; ; : 5

Collecting Land Shells in Southend (Walifonnita: , : : fh

Collecting Land Shells in Eastern New York. . ; 109, 129

Corolla, On the Genus, : : é ; ; ; 30

Crepidula glauca, notes on. ‘ ; , ; ; 97

Crepidula glauca vs. convexa. . ; 106

Crepidula, A few last words on Z : : : 128

Critiques and comments. . 2 ’ : ; : : 64

Cypraea, Notes on the genus. : 10

Cypraea venusta Sowb. .. ; : 60

(3)

4 THE NAUTILUS.

Floridian Shells, Notes on 53

Genus making. 5

Glandina bullata Gla. 83

Helix Roperi, n. sp. 14

Helix Dentoni, n. sp., dovetattem of. ik}

Helices new to the fauna of the United States. 25

Helix Kelleti Fbs. 30

Helix nemoralis in Virginia. : 51

Helix nemoralis, The Virginia Collin of 73

Helix hirsuta on the West Coast. : 81

Helix (Triodopsis) edentata, n. sp., Description oe 85

Helix Streatori, n. sp. 95

Helix granum Strebel. 25

Helix clausa Say. 132

~ Helix hortensis in America. 140

Helicina occulta, Distribution of 18, 20

Helicina occulta in Brown Co., Wis. abil

Hemphillia (Genus.) 59

Hyalina Sterkii Dall. 59, 96

In a Maine Conchologist’s Hunting eronnda. 97

Leaves from a Diary. 143

Limax eaten by Salamanders.

Limax agrestis in Philadelphia, Pa. 95

Limax Hewstoni in Los Angelos Co., Cal. 105

Limosina in Texas. : )

List of the Shells of the New Tere wae 27

List of the Mollusca of Colorado. 99

Lophocardium, Notes on 13

Mammoth Land Shell. 99

New American Shells. : 4 95

New Varieties of North American ian Shells. : ; 133

New Western Slugs. ; ‘ Aaa

Notes on variation of certain Mollusca ‘troduced, from

Kurope. : , 86

Notes upon Mr. yea s criticism. ; 42

Notes on some Northern Pupide with faba oe a new

species. : : : LIS £23. 135

Ocinebra (O. Jencksii, n. a, Dewees of a new 80

On a Singular Imitation in Ostrea Virginica. . , 26

On Mr. Pilsbry’s critics upon some American Shells. 39

THE NAUTILUS.

Paludina scalaris Jay.

Patula Cooperi in Colorado and Utah. 8

Patula caeca Guppy 20, 62

Patula incrustata Pfr. 63

Patula strigosa, n. var. subcarinata. . 133

n. var. bicolor. 133

n. var. lactea. 134

n. var, jugalis. 154

n. var. intersum. 135

Phenacarion n. ¢. 127

Physa triticea, Notes on 49

Planorbis Liebmanii Dkr. 60

Planorbis cultratus Orb. , 63

Poecilozonites circumfirmatus var. corneus. 95

Proceedings of Scientific Societies. 20

Prophysaon. ; : : ; ; ; 59

Publications received. : : 12, 24, 35, 47, 71, 83, 107, 144

Pupa Holzingeri, n. sp. 37, 96

Pupa calamitosa, n. sp. 61

Pupa Sterkiana, n. sp. 95

Pupa Pilsbryana, n. sp. : 123

Pyrgula, on lingual dentition, ete. of : 107

Recent addition to the United States Snail Fauna. 61

Scalaria angulata in New Jersey. 52

Scalaria, on the New Jersey coast. 106

Shells new to the United States Fauna. 60

Sheil collecting in Southern Texas. , ; 60

Shell Bearing Mollusca of Rhode Island. 21, 39 , 44, 56, 69, 82, 92

Sphaerium Cubense Prime. 19

Strobila Hubbardi A. D. B. 20

Summer Studies in Conchology. 54

Trochus infundibulum, notes on the soft nS se 2

Tylodina, on a new species of. 122

Unio complanatus in Michigan. 16

Valvata (Lyogyrus) Brownii, notes on. 67

What is a species ? : 78, 88

Word to Young Collectors. 115

Zonites Ligerus var. Stonei, n. var. 46

Zonites selenitoides, n. sp. 95

Zonites (Guppya ?) Gundlachi Pfr. 63

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Aldrich, T. H. ; 4 ; : j ; ; ; 9

Amicey;G.whe: ¢ 4 ; : u : ‘ : 39

Baker, F.C... : ; . : : ‘ . 538, 80

Binney, W. G. : 105

Campbell, John H. . : : 10

Carpenter, H. F. : ; “91, 32, 44, 56, 67, 69, 82, 92

“ Cockerell, T. D. A. . , : 8, 86, 95, 99, 111, 126, 139

Dall, Dre Wm. . : ; 2, 8, 138, 25, 80/93) am

Ford, John. : : : ; : ; 17, 27, 52, 90;aS

Ford, Frank J. ; 4 f A ; : : 106

Hemphill, Henry. : : : : 133

Hinkley, A. A. ; : ; ; : : 85

Johnson, C. W. : ; : f ‘ : “103, pa ss

Keep, Prof. Josiah. . g : , ; ; : 54, 115

Keyes, C. R. : : : : : : 18)a0

Kind, Dre G. iD: A . ; J : : . : 132

Marsh, Wm. A. : : : : é . . 23a

Marston, Geo. T. : : : ; 11S

Pilsbry, H. A. : ; 14, 20, 35, 49, 46, 51, 61, 95, 106, 122

Roper, E. W. : 4 5 . . 0,805 Ui ,nom

Simpson, Chas. T. : : . |. 10, 26"( Gaia

Stearns, Dr. R. E. C. , . ‘ : ; 29, 49, 64, 31

Sterki, Dr. V. . : : ; ; . | 87,69, 117, 123 sais

Streator, Geo. J. z : : é , : 46

Teator, W.S.. : : : ; : : "67, 109; 120%

Walker, Bryant. 4 : : ; : : OBO Sais

ialliamson, Mrs. M. Button q : , : ; 105, 148

Wright, Berlin H. . ; : : , : ‘ : Me)

NOTE.

The predecessor of the Nautilus was “The Conchologists Ex-

change,” established in 1886, by Mr. W. D. Averell. Two volumes

were published varying in size from a postal card to the form of a

small 12mo.

(6)

$1.00 per Year, lOcts. a copy.

THE

NAUTILUS

A JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS:

ESTABLISHED IN 1886 AS “THE CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE.”

No. 1

CONT ENS:

PAGE.

Introduction : : : ; : 5 : é : : 5 = ll

Notes on the soft parts of Zrochus infundibulum Watson, with an account of

a remarkable sexual modification of the epipodium. Dr.Wm.H. Dall. 2

CAST UP BY THE SEA. E. W.. Roper. : : : ‘ : : fs 5

GENUS MAKING. Chas. T. Simpson. . : : 4 : : : 5

STRIZ 3 : : ; : : : : : " 8

On Paludina scalaris Jay.—Patula cooperi in Colorado.—Limosing in

Texas.— Bermuda land snails.—A new Floridan Bulimudlus.

Nores ON THE GENUs CYPR4:A. John Campbell. : : ; aw

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED : . 4 : ; ; : : : 12

ADVERTISEMENTS. — . ; ; F : ; F : : ii; Wis Ive

PHILADELPHIA :

Published monthly by H. A. PILSBRY and W. D. AVERELL.

Entered at Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter.

ul THE NAUTILUS.

STANDARD WORKS ON CONCHOLOGY.

SOLD ONLY FOR CASH.

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC CONCHOLOGY. By Geo. W. Tryon, Jr New,

complete, cheap edition. Illustrated. 8.00, postpaid.

WOODWARD’S MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSCA., Appendix by Ralph Tate. Last

edition, $2.75, postpaid.

KEEP’S WEST COAST SHELLS. A fascinating book for collectors, young and old.

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RANDOM NOTES ON NAT. HISTORY. Containing H. F. Carpenter’s article, ‘‘ The

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THE CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE. Back numbers. Vol. 1, minus No. 1, 5o0c.:

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‘PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE SY THE CONCHOLOGIOAL SECTION, ACADEMY. 1a

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STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC CONCHOLOGY,

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BY GEO. W. TRYON, Jr.

CHEAP EDITION. Text on thin paper. Illustrations (printed on both sides of the pages),

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PLAIN EDITION. All the plates uncolored, but on plate paper. ” Letter- press same as in

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NAIN WU ATs OF CON@ELOL OGY

BY GEO. W. TRYON, Jr.

Continuation by HENRY A. PILSBRY.

FIRST SERIES.—Marine univalves, Vols I to X.

SECOND SERIES.—Terrestrial Mollusks, Vols. I to V.

Address for circulars giving contents,

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, ee

Treasurer Conchological Section,

Logan Square, Philada., Pa. Philada. Acad. Nat. Sciences.

A ee: Neat ius.

VOL. Il. MAY, 1889. No. 1.

INTRODUCTION.

HE publishers of Tue Nauritus feel that no explanation of

their object in offering this journal to the scientific public is

necessary. ‘The need of an American publication devoted especially

to the interests of Conchologists is felt throughout the country.

One of the greatest difficulties which the student of science has to

overcome is found in the scattered and fragmentary character of

scientific literature. The “Proceedings” or “ Transactions” of a

hundred societies, and the pages of innumerable journals must be

searched through before one can be certain that a given fact or

observation has or has not been recorded.

The simplest way to better this condition of things will be to

limit by some means the number of publications in which a certain

subject is likely to be treated upon; and this is most easily done by

establishing journals devoted to special branches of science. It is

the aim of THE Nautrvus to afford such a medium for all who are

interested in studying the Mollusca; and to this end the co-operation

of all friends of science is solicited.

All subscribers to the Conchologists’ Exchange (of which this paper

is the successor) will be credited on the books of THe Naurrius

with the amounts due them upon the suspension of that journal.

All subscribers will be allowed one insertion of twenty-five words in

the Exchange Column, free of charge.

THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON THE SOFT PARTS OF TROCHUS INFUNDIBULUM WATSON

With an account of a remarkable Sexual Modification of the

Epipodium, hitherto undescribed in Mollusca.

BY WM. H. DALL, CURATOR DEPT. OF MOLLUSKS, U. 8. NAT. MUSEUM.

The presence of a verge, or intromittent male organ, has hitherto,

among the Rhiphidoglossate Mollusks, been recorded only in Ner-

itina (Claparédé) and certain Limpets. The organ as it exists in

Neritina and Nerita, is so short and obscure that its function and

even its existence has been called in question. When I showed its

existence in the rather anomalous Addisonia paradoxa and Cocculina

spinigera, curious deep-sea limpets, it was questioned whether they

were not peculiarly modified Tcenioglossa.

Since then, in several deep-sea Mollusks, such as Rimula, Marga-

rita and others indisputably belonging to the Rhiphidoglossa, I have

found a well-developed verge; and there is little doubt that the an-

cestors of this group, as well as of the Twnioglossa, were so provided,

and that some of these deep-sea forms have retained the organ now

generally obsolete in their shallow water congeners. In combination

with this survival, one of the species, Trochus infundibulum Watson,

offers a singular and very interesting special modification of the an-

terior portion of the epipodium on the right side, which appears

worthy of particular attention.

The soft parts of this species afford several notes of interest. The

external parts, except the eyes, are white. The foot is wide, straight

and double-edged in front, and, as far as one can judge from speci-

mens contracted in alcohol, must have been somewhat pointed or

produced at its anterior corners in life. The sides of the foot are

nearly smooth, below the epipodial line.

The muzzle issmall and slender at its proximal end, enlarged and

transversely semi-lunar at its distal extremity. The oral surface of

the muzzle is smooth, the mouth very small; the oral disk is flat

and produced on each side into a thin linguiform lappet, with simple

and entire edge. These lappets are remarkably long, their ends

reaching as far as the ends of the true tentacles, and serve as tactile

organs, like the oral tentacles of the Lepetida, or the much smaller

lappets of Aemea. When not feeding, or seeking food, these lappets

would seem to be applied to the sides of the foot below the epipodium.

HE NAUTILUS. 3

The oral disk is entire, but is slightly indented in the median line

below a furrow running up toward the mouth.

The cephalic tentacles are very stout and large, very elongate-

conical, with moderately pointed tips. They are situated above, and

not, as in most Trochid@, on each side of the muzzle. Their inner

bases are connate, and there is no intertentacular “veil,” or any

tubercular traces thereof.

The eyes are large, strongly pigmented, ovoid, and sessile on the

outer bases of the tentacles, or perhaps I should say, just by the outer

bases, They are not pedunculate or elevated on pedicels in any of

the specimens examined, and I am quite confident that this is not

caused by the contraction due to alcohol, but is normal to the species.

The epipodial apparatus is complicated, and exhibits a certain .

amount of variation between different individuals in the situation

and number of its processes. In the males, it is subjected to a re-

markable modification for sexual purposes. The epipodium begins

immediately behind the eye and a trifle below it. In the females it

is produced into a large broadly linguiform process, half as long as

the cephalic tentacles and fringed with close-set uniform small pointed

papillze or filaments. This process exists in the male on the left side.

The posterior margin then curves in toward the side of the foot; it

becomes quite narrow and shows two lateral tentacles of moderate

size; then a vacant space ; then at the front edge of the operculum

two or three filaments, small, but larger than any in the vacant

space ; then another, but larger one; and finally another, which is

behind the middle of the operculum, and is the last on that side.

The epipodial line is continued to the end of the foot, the dorsal sur-

face above it, being transversely rugose and with a linear median

furrow. On the other (right) side we find a small, a large, two sub-

equal small, another large filament, followed by a slight gap and

then by a still larger tentacular process. The flap which corresponds

to the fringed process on the left side, is remarkably modified in

the male.

Behind, and close to the right eye, is a small tubular, longitudi-

nally striate, cylindrical verge, not exceeding (in alcohol) two mill-

imetres in length. Below it the epipodial flap is enormously pro-

duced, and its front edge is rolled backward upon itself, forming a

tube into the proximal opening of which the end of the verge may

project. The flap is rolled so that it makes nearly two layers, and

thus a very capable cylinder, which, when unrolled and released,

4 THE NAUTILUS.

will immediately coil itself up again. This cylinder is of subequal

diameter throughout, and is as long as, and somewhat stouter than,

the cephalic tentacles. Externally, near its base, it is nearly smooth s

further out, it is spirally striate; near its extremity, it becomes

thicker and rather deeply externally grooved longitudinally, with

short, even, close-set, slightly spiral, grooves. The opening at the

distal end is fringed with short, equal papillee, each one corresponding

to the thickened interspace between two of the grooves. These raised

folds, or interspaces, are also finely transversely striate. At the

base of the cylinder, the epipodium extends backward to the first

lateral filament; and the margin of this part is perfectly entire and

simple, showing neither fringe nor granulation. The object of this

apparatus is self-evident. The cylinder serves as a conduit for the

seminal fluid ejected from the verge. Whether it may be employed

in an actual copulation is doubtful ; it may merely serve to spread

the seminal matter over the eggs as they are deposited by the female.

I am not aware that anything of this sort has been observed in any

other gastropod, up to the present time.

The edge of the mantle is smooth, entire, and slightly thickened.

Within the nuchal chamber the anus is visible on the right side.

The end of the intestine, for a considerable distance, is free from the

mantle and projects like a tentacle. The termination is slightly con-

stricted, then enlarged into a cup, or trumpet-shaped ending, which

nearly reaches the mantle-edge.

The intestine itself, after leaving the stomach, is much convoluted,

but in the main, rises and is brought forward nearly to the mantle-

edge above the stomach; then turns back and is carried far into the

visceral coil before it is again brought forward and terminated as

above described. The food consists of Foraminifera.

The gill is free, except at its base, and consists of very elongate-

triangular foundation, from which depend triangular lamelle,

without a raphe and wide at their bases. These grow larger prox-

imally.

The operculum is thin, polished, amber-colored, centrally de-

pressed, having a central projection, or nipple, on its under-side, and

consists of about four whorls.

. The specimen affording the above notes has been identified with

Mr. Watson’s type specimen, and is now deposited with it in the

British Museum. It was dredged by the U.S. Fish Commission

east of Chesapeake Bay, in 1685 fathoms.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

CAST UP BY THE SEA.

BY E. W. ROPER, REVERE, MASS.

While cleaning up the trophies of a recent successful trip to the

beach, I wondered if my fellow shell cullecters, who live near the sea-

Shore, appreciate the need of closely following up the storms. It is

not enough to go occasionally. The beach ought to be searched

every time a strong on-shore wind brings ina heavy surf. And the

visit ought to be made at the first low tide. Another flood tide with

change of wind may bury the most precious treasures under the

sand. I may go nineteen times to the three-mile beach near my

home, and get nothing new, although I should never come home

empty handed ; but on the twentieth visit a shell is found of a species

I have not before collected. Once it was a little red Margarita

undulata ; and again a Bela harpularia. Only the enthusiastic col-

lector knows the peculiar pleasure of such discoveries, and only the

collector experiences a pang at the sight of some rare shell hopelessly

broken, as I have many times seen the fragile Thracia conradi. The

latter and other bivalves live beyond low-water mark, very likely

so deep in the sand that a dredge would pass over them. But in a

heavy easterly gale the great breakers, pounding on the outer bar at

low tide, plow up their home, and rolling over and over, the helpless

shells are brought to shore by the incoming tide. It is noticeable

that seldom do two storms bring in a similar class of shells.

I remember one gale which literally strewed the beach with tens

of thousands of the “ little amethystine gems” which Totten called

Venus gemma. Another time the razor shells and the pretty Mach-

era costata will suffer, and again the prevailing species will be Lun-

atia, Buceinum and Fusus. Eight times, in as many years, I have

found the large Solemya borealis, twice alive. The little S. velum ig

more common. Once I captured a living Pecten tenuwicostatus of

large size. How violently he opened and shut his shell when placed

in a shallow pan of fresh water! But in spite of assiduous collecting

I can note less than seventy marine shells found in Revere. Doubt-

less collectors on more southern shores can find a greater variety.

GENUS MAKING.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON, TAGGART, MO.

Genus making is the fashion now-a-days with a certain school of

conchologists. Parties addicted to this work have access to good

6 THE NAUTILUS.

libraries and an extensive collection of shells, and their whole aim in

life seems to be making new genera. In some one of the older groups

a few species are found, haying a certain peculiar pattern of sculp-

ture or coloring, or some little singularity in the fold of the col-

umella or hinge teeth, and presto, a genus is formed and the science

is burdened with another name!

These genus-makers never stop to see whether thisslight peculiarity

does not imperceptibly shade out into other species which are not

as marked; this is no business of theirs; the main point seems to be

the attaining of a sort of cheap reputation for scientific knowledge.

According to Tryon’s Structural and Systematic Conchology, there

were, at the time of its publication in round numbers, about 6,000 of

these so-called genera, besides a great many synonyms, a number

which has been largely increased since that date. Even the old

genus Helix, without Nanina and Zonites, has some 200 of these

names, many of which have never been, characterized. No doubt

our increasing knowledge and the good of the science has demanded

that some of these older genera should be divided. In days gone by

the name Pyrulaembraced a large proportion of the marine univalve

shells, having a short spire and lengthened canal, while Fusus in-

cluded about all with a similar canal and elevated spire. So Bue-

cinum was a miscellaneous group, characterized principally by a

notch at the base of the aperture. As now generally recognized,

Pyrula includes only pear-shaped shells of thin papyraceous structure,

Fusus a sort of spindle-shaped species, and Buccinum a small, well-

defined, perfectly natural group.

I am aware that those who favor this dismemberment of the older

genera claim that many of' these groups are too large for studying

advantageously, and that the variation from the type of a genus is

very gradual through long series of species, to forms which are so

different from the type that no description will cover the whole, and

the very ambiguous description of Helix is quoted as an example of

this. Mr. Binney, in the Manual of American Land Shells, says:

“Tn common with all who have studied the Pfeifferian genus Helzx,

I have long been convinced of the necessity of recognizing among its

species numerous distinct genera. * * * Before recognizing these

groups as distinct genera, I desire to wait until we can ascertain

whether generic characters can be found in the jaws and lingual

dentition, as well as in the shells. Convinced that characters cannot

be found in these organs, or in the genitalia, I adopted, in that work,

THE NAUTILUS. 7

(Terr. Moll., U.S.) the dismemberment of the genus so much de-

manded by the number of its species, founding the distinction on

the shell alone.”

It was as if the court had made up its mind beforehand, but had

waited for the evidence to establish the decision, and when the evi-

dence did not support it, the decree was rendered just as the court

had intended all along. Many of these so-called genera of Helix

have no value at all, and others so little as to be almost worthless

for purposes of classification. Our well-known Mesodon runs into

Triodopsis, and Arionta and Aglaia cannot always be separated.

Tryon at one time placed Helix devius, Gould, in the genus Mesodon,

and at another time he, as well as Mr. W.G. Binney, called it a

Triodopsis. Tryon put Arionta townsendiana, Lea, in the genus

Mesodon, and Mr. Binney regards Aglaia hillebrandi, Newe., as a

varietal form of Arionta mormonum. And I might give such illus-

trations to the end of the chapter, all of which go to show that even

among the savants these so-called genera are well nigh valueless.

But let us suppose that in any of the larger genera there is a chain

of species varying from the type to those which are very unlike it ;

that the variation is very gradual throughout the species. I cannot

see that dividing such a genus into a dozen, a hundred, or a thousand

genera is going to help the matter or give us any clearer insight into

the relationship of the species. I think that the classification should

be founded on nature, or in other words, that nature should do the

classifying, and that our efforts should be directed to deciphering the

Old Dame’s work. And if a distinction does not exist between cer-

tain so-called species and genera, it is useless to put it there, as it

will simply require that somebody in the future, when the truth is

reached, will have to throw it out.

The genus Unio, with its thousand species and endless variations,

has been divided into a number of sub-genera by the genus makers ;

but a Unio is a Unio for all that, and the merest novice in conchol-

ogy would recognize it as such in a moment; while probably not

one conchologist in a hundred could tell a Bariosta, Raf., from a

Hyridella, Swains. Dr. Isaac Lea showed his great knowledge of

this subject when he grouped them into mere divisions founded on

form and sculpture.

I think the time has come when a healthful reaction from this

fever of creating genera and species should set in. Such work simply

renders the science of conchology contemptible, and it is a veritable

8 THE NAUTILUS.

stumbling block to the ranks of the beginners. ‘To these the science

should be rendered as simple and attractive as possible, and they

should rather be encouraged than discouraged by a formidable array

of names without meaning. No one but an expert, a closet natural-

ist, who sits in his snug alcove, surrounded by scientific books and

collections, and who devotes his entire time to the study, can keep

track of the names introduced by this mania, and I doubt if many

of these can do it.

The old landmarks of the noble science are going one by one, and

we should seek to fill the ranks from the young and enthusiastic,

from those who have a living to make, and cannot devote their whole

time to puzzling over a lot of names that even their authors did not

comprehend, and only inflicted upon the world for the sake of

gaining notoriety.

STRIZ.

Paludina scalaris, Jay. Apropos of Mr. Pilsbry’s interesting note

on this species, I would call attention to the fact, which does not

seem to be well understood, that Ameria has been shown in toto to

belong not to the Physide, where it was originally placed, but to the

Limnaeide. As there are rounded and carinate Planorbis, so there

are rounded and carinate Ameria. Whether Ameria is more or less

than a section of Planorbis is a q’estion, but it seems to me that the

high form of the shells is at least as well worthy of recognition by a

nameas Gyraulus, Helisoma, and other forms commonly so recog-

nized. Whether A. scalaris belongs to the Limnezeinz or the Planor-

bine should be easy of determination since the form of the tentael:s

would serve to decide this at a glance. Wm. H. Dall, Smithsonian

Institution, Washington, D.C.

Patula cooperi, in Colorado and Utah. This interesting species is

extremely common in parts of Colorada, and also, it would appear,

in the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah, where it is accompanied by

four others of the same group. It is decidedly variable and for

reference it may be useful to class the principal varieties as follows :

a. typica, the ordinary form in Colorado, with two distinct bands,

diameter 19 to 25 mill.; b. e/evata, spire elevated, Utah (Hemphill)

and Colorado, a specimen found by Surface Creek, Delta Co., had

alt., 123, and diam. 16 mill; c. minor, very small, Utah (Hemphill);

d. confluens, bands confluent, shell therefore brown with a broad

white band above the periphery and a white umbilical region, Col-

THE NAUTILUS. 9

orado, by the Grand River, in Garfield Co., and by Plateau Creek,

in Mesa Co.; e. trifasciata, with three bands, one above the periphery

and two below, all distinct, the area between the first band and the

suture marbled with brown, Mam Mountains, Mesa Co., Colorado ;

f. alba, white with rough strive, Utah (Hemphill). Hemphill also

mentions a white variety of Patula strigosa, Gld., from Utah, which

may be called var. alba.

I have recently found Cochlicopa lubrica and Hyalina radiatula

near here. Also Limnea truncatula and two species of small

Pupe, which may be new. Theo. D. A. Cockerell, West Cliff, Col.

On the occurrence of Limosina in Texas. According to Prime,

the species of this group are “widely and abundantly distributed

through Central and South America and the West Indies,” to the

exclusion of the equally abundant species of Sphawrium peculiar to

the United States. Several years ago Mr. G. C. Heron sent me three

specimens of a Spherium from Cedar Creek, Hudson Co., Texas,

whose unusual shape and mottled epidermis at once struck me as

peculiar. On sending one of the specimens directly to Mr. H. A.

Pilsbry, of the Philadeiphia Academy of Natural Sciences, for iden-

tification, I was informed that he could not satisfactorily identify it

with any known species, but that it was nearer to J. cubense Prime,

than to anything else, although for the present the specific identity

of the specimen must remain uncertain. ‘Fhe occurrence of this

group, hitherto unknown to our fauna within the United States,

would seem to be a fact worthy of record. Bryant Walker, Detroit,

Mick.

H. (Fruticicola) similaris, Fer., Triodopsis appressa, Say, Sten-

ogyra decollata, L., in Bermuda. All three have been probably in-

troduced in the past 25 years. During a recent visit, I found the

first mentioned near the Government house in Hamilton. The

second species was shown me by Miss A. M. Peniston, of The Flatts,

who secured it from Mr. Bartram. It occurs near St. Georges.

The last species is so common it threatens to become injurious to the

crops there. It was introduced with some European plants, and

first made its appearance at Mt. Longdon. Stenogyra octona Chem.,

is also found upon the island, and is not mentioned by Bland. T. HN.

Aldrich, Southern Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio.

In the Western American Scientist for April, p. 8, Mr. Berlin H.

Wright has described as new, under the name of Bulimulus hemp-

hilli, the species figured by Binney (Manual N. A. Land Shells, fig.

440) as a variety of B. floridanus. The form in question should be

compared with B. marielinus Poey.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON THE GENUS CYPREA.

BY JOHN H:. CAMPBELL.

Since the publication ‘of the latest monograph on the genus

Cypreea—that by Mr. Roberts in Tryon’s Manual of Conchology

four new species have been described, viz :—

Cyprea amphithales Melvill, South Africa.

Cyprea caput-draconis Melvill, Hong-Kong.

Cyprea Hungerfordii Sowerby, Hong-Kong.

Cyprea Rashleighana Melvill, hab. unknown.

Each of them has been described, apparently, from a single spec-

imen, and it is not at all certain but that two of Mr. Melvill’s species,

amphithales and caput-draconts may turn out to be mere varieties.

In Mr. Melvill’s “Survey of the genus Cypriea,” reprinted in

pamphlet form in Manchester, England, last year, a large number

of new varieties of known species are described—some of them

founded upon mere color variations. Most of them seem to me un-

necessary additions to shell nomenclature. Tryon and Roberts

recognized 146 species of Cypreea proper and 40 species of Trivia—

making 186 species in the genus. Mr. Melvill, in his survey, differs

with them upon some points. He changes C. princeps, Gray, to C.

valentia, Perry; C. undata, Lam., to C. diluculum, Reeve; and C.

turdus, Lam., to C. ovata, Perry; reduces from specific to varietal

rank, C. reticulata, Martyn; C. coxi, Brazier; C. polita Roberts ;

C. semiplota, Mighels; C. cernica, Sowerby; C. coxeni, Cox; C.

sophie, Brazier; C. microdon, Gray; C. macula, Adams; and C.

fuscomaculata, Pease; and advances to specific rank the following

varieties: C. caput-anguis, Phil; OC. fabula, Kiener; C. coffea,

Sowerby ; C. menkeana, Deshayes; C. brevidentata, Sowerby; C.

bregeriana, Crosse; C. comptoni, Gray; C. depauperata, Sowerby ;

and C. scabriuscula, Gray.

I have lately received a fine specimen of C. bregeriana, Crosse,

New Caledonia, from Mr. G. B.Sowerby, of London, who writes to me

that he is now of the opinion that it is a good species and not a va-

riety of C. walkeri, Gray, as he thought it to be when he published

his monograph in the Thesaurus. Mr. Roberts also make it a

variety of C. walkeri. Weinkauffand Melvill give it specific rank,

as does also Mr. Richard C. Rossiter, of New Caledonia. I think it

is, undoubtedly, agood species. The white specks are characteristic

and are not found in C. walkert.

A large series of specimens of C. cervus Linn. and C. exanthema

Linn., which I have in my collection, leads me to doubt whether

these two species are really distinct. No authentic localities outside

of Panama and vicinity, West Indies, Florida and Southeastern

United States are known in connection with either of them, and

they are found indiscriminately in the localities named. A beauti-

ful set of specimens of C. cervus, from the South Florida Keys, are

in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. I have spec-

THE NAUTILUS. 11

imens of both species from several localities in the West Indies, and

the characters described in the books do not hold good to separate

them. It is a pity that some naturalist has not examined the

animals.

It is also doubtful if C. exusta Sowerby, and C. talpa, Linn, are

distinct. I have a specimen of the typical C. exusta from Mr.

Sowerby, and another which I received from Mr. Damon, of Wey-

mouth, England, seems to me to connect the two species. Weinkauff

may be right in making C. exusta a variety of C. talpa.

The opinion held by some that C. decipiens Smith, was a dwarf

variety of C. thersites Gaskoin, has been definitely set at rest by Mr.

Sowerby receiving last summer, a number of fine specimens of C.

decipiens from Australia. I was fortunate enough to obtain one of

them—probably the first specimen that has none America. It is

certainly a good species, and one of the most beautiful of all the

Cypreas. The palm of beauty probably lies between it and C.

aurantium Martyn. By the way, the fabulous prices given for the

last-named shell are things of the past. Instead of costing anywhere

from $50 to $100, a ood specimen can be obtained for $15, and the

finest kind of one for $20 to $22. It is no longer a rare species, but

can readily be obtained from any of the prominent shell-dealers of

Europe.

Philadelphia, April 10, 1889.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY FORUGE Dew ae.

Chapter inv.

SUB-ORDER INTEGRIPALLIATA.

Siphons short, not retractile ; pallial impression simple, without

sinus. This sub- order, contains fifteen families.

FAMILY CYRENID 4.

Shell regular, oval or sub-trigonal, covered with an epidermis ;

hinge with two or three teeth in each valve ; lateral teeth, two, simple

or striated ; ligament external ; pallial impression simple, or with a

short sinus

This family has been made the special study of Mr. Temple Prime,

a lawyer of N. Y. City, who is authority on this subject. He pub-

lished, in 1865, a monograph of the species inhabiting the American

Continent, illustrated with figures and giving all “the synonyms,

localities and other items of interest concerning them. In 1871 he

published a catalogue of all the species in the world (of this family),

known to date. He divided it into six genera and three hundred

and twenty-two species, of which one hundred and eleven are Amer-

ican. There are now recognized seven genera and nearly four hun-

12 THE NAUTILUS.

dred species. Four genera are represented in America, three in the

U.S., and two in New England.

Genus Spherium, Scopoli.

The genus Spheerium was characterized under its present name

by Seopoli i in 1777. It has borne some fourteen different names,

but has been better known to conchologists. especially in Europe,

by the name of Cyclas, given by Brnguiére i in 1792. Gray revived

the name of Spheerium. in 1847, and Mr. Prime was the first in

America to recognize its claims. There are seventy-five species

distributed world-wide ; they are found in rivers, ponds, lakes and

ditches, in fact, in all bodies of fresh water, but are more abundant

in species and in individuals in the northern parts of our country

than in any other section of the world. Four species inhabit Rhode

Island, and possibly more.

170.—Spherium partumeium Say.

I shall not attempt to give the synonymy of this, or any of the

species of this genus, or of the next to follow; it would be a weari-

some and a thankless task ; these shells are so little known, and the

animals inhabiting them have been so little studied that the synonymy

is but an entangled mass of errors. For the benefit of those who

might desire to ‘study deeper into the subject, and to post themselves

in regard to the views of authors who have written upon it, I would

refer them to Prime’s “Monograph of American Corbiculidze,”

published by the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington, D. oe

1865.

Spherium partumeium was first described by Say in Journ. Acad.

Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, ii, 380, 1822, under the name of Cyclas

partumeia. — [t is distributed all over the U. 8., east of the Rocky

Mountains, and its habitat is in stagnant pools and muddy ponds.

The animal is of a delicate pink, and the syphonal tubes of the same

color. The shell is rounded-oval, thin, fragile and pellucid ; nearly

equilateral; beaks central, caly culate approximate at the apex ;

epidermis glossy, light greenish or bluish in color ; interior of valves

light blue; hinge margin nearly straight, curving gradually into

the anterior margin, but cur ving behind, so as to form an obtuse

angle, causing the posterior side to appear broader; cardinal teeth

strong ; lateral teeth much elongated. The young ’ shells are more

compressed than the adult, and are of a light yellow color. Length

of shell, 9-20, height, 2-5, breadth, 4-15 of : an. inch.

(To be continued.)

NuMerovs publications received will be noticed in our next

number.

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Wolk Tit. JUNE, 1889. No. 2.

CONTENTS:

PAGE.

Notes oN LOPHOCARDIUM. Wm. H. Dall. ‘ ‘ : . ; gs

A NEw CALIFORNIAN HELIx. H. A. Pilsbry. : ; . : . 14

Unio COMPLANATUS IN MICHIGAN. Bryant Walker. : ; : eG

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THE SHELL-BEARING MoLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND. Horace F. Carpenter. 21

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MANUAL OF COC © heey -

BY GEO. W. TRYON, Jr.

Continuation by HENRY A. PILSBRY.

FIRST SERIES.—Marine univalves, Vols. I to X.

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it. N Be:

VOL. IIT, JUNE, 1889. No. 2.

NOTES ON LOPHOCARDIUM FISCHER.

BY W. H. DALL.

Any one who has been interested in the Cardiacea will remember

the beautiful shell described by Adams and Reeve in the Mollusca

of the voyage of the “Samarang,” under the name of Cardium

Cumingi. This lovely shell is elongated, inflated, rose-red, anteriorly

nearly smooth and posteriorly moderately sculptured. As described

and figured the most remarkable feature is that the vertical ridge,

which in all Cardiacea separates the generally diverse sculpture of

the posterior area from the rest of the surface, is remarkably high

and elevated while the rest of the sculpture is faint. No other

species has so prominent a ridge, but nearly all species have a ridge

of some sort. On this account Dr. Fischer in his recent Manual

(p. 1038, 1887) proposed for this shell the sectional name of

Lophocardium, in the subgenus Papyridea Swainson.

On the voyage of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross

to California, another species of Lophocardium was dredged in 25

fathoms off the coast of Lower California, near Cerros Island. This

shell is 30.0 mm. long and 25.5 mm. high with a maximum diameter

ot 12 mm. It gapes behind as in Fulvia, is of a delicate salmon-

pink, with a thin brownish epidermis. The posterior area is retic-

ulated, the somewhat irregular concentric lamelle being sparser and

higher than the radii, and with the epidermis produced on their

edges. The radial bounding ridge is notched and much less prom-

inent than in C. Cumingi, in fact is not more elevated than in many

other Cardiacea, and is fringed with epidermis. The area in front

14 THE NAUTILUS.

of it comprises more than five-sixths of the whole surface of the

valve and is finely obscurely reticulated by flat, little elevated, broad

radii and faint concentric waves; much as in Cardium peramabilis.

The epidermis rises in thin distant irregular concentric lamelle.

The most surprising feature of the shell—which, as far as I have

been able to discover, is not paralleled in any other species, recent

or fossil—is the total absence of lateral teeth. | They are not obsolete

or obscure, there is simply no trace of them; while the cardinal

teeth are well developed and even rather long, and of the normal

character. In the right valve the cardinal margin extends back-

ward as a narrow angle or ridge; not elevated, but narrow like the

mark on a piece of paper which has been opened after being folded.

In front, on the same valve, there is nothing of this; nor on either

side of the hinge in the other valve.

On writing to Mr. E. A. Smith of the British Museum, he kindly

examined the original (and still unique) type of C. Cumingi and

reported that it has a hinge identical with our new species.

It is very extraordinary that neither Adams nor Reeve should

have noticed this, and no one since has observed it.

The new form which will be called C. (Lophocardium) Annette,

will be more fully described and figured in the “ Report-on the

Albatross Voyage,” now in preparation.

It contained the soft parts which resemble those of other Cardiums

except that the siphonal septum is remarkably prolonged forward,

to and around the foot thus separating the mantle-cavity below the

visceral mass, into an anal anda branchial chamber. The septum is

membranous, thin, and only perforated for the passage of the foot.

The gills are large and normal.

It is evident therefore that the section Lophocardium will take

subgeneric rank in the genus Cardium, and be characterized by the

absence of lateral teeth, the prolonged siphonal septum, and the

prominent radial lamina. Both the species now known are from the

west coast of subtropical America, and each represented by a single

perfect specimen.

A NEW CALIFORNIAN HELIX.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

H. (Trropopsts) Roperr Pilsbry.

Shell broadly umbilicated, flattened, subdiscoidal, resembling in

THE NAUTILUS. 105)

general form H. harfordiana Cooper and H. polygyrella

Binn. & Bld.; rather thin, opaque, lusterless, reddish-

chestnut colored; surface delicately obliquely striate

above, smoother beneath, all over beset with short delicate

hairs. Spire scarcely perceptibly convex, flat; sutures

moderately impressed ; apex light-colored ; whorls 5}, con-

vex, very slowly widening, the last wider, rounded on the

periphery and below; slightly, rather abruptly deflexed

at the aperture, constricted immediately behind the peristome.

Aperture oblique, lunate-trilobate ; peristome well expanded, thick-

ened within, brownish, outer margin bearing a square tubercular

tooth within, basal margin bearing a small tubercle near its union

with the outer margin; parietal wall with a long slightly curved

transverse lamella, its upper termination opposite the superior lip

tooth. Umbilicus broad and deep. Alt. 5, diam. maj. 8, min. 7 mill.

Redding, Cal., at the head of the Sacramento Valley.

Three specimens of this species were found in river drift by Mr.

E. W. Roper of Revere, Mass. The shell seems to be intermediate

between HZ. ( Triodopsis) loricata Gld. and H. (Polygyrella) harford-

tana J. G. Cooper. It differs from the former in being flatter, much

more broadly umbilicated, with different spire and notably different

surface sculpture. As to H. harfordiana Cooper there seems to be

a great deal of confusion in the books; Binney having confounded

it with a wholly different species from Idaho. It was described and

ficured in Am. Journ. Conch. v, p. 196, pl. 17, fig. 8. Binney’s

figure 81, in Manual Am. Land Sh., p. 114, is supposed to represent

the type specimen, but is in several respects very incorrect. His

description does not belong to this species at all. The form, in fact,

belongs with H. polygyrella, differing from that species in the more

entering, less triangular parietal tooth, absence of internal rows of

denticles, and presence of small lip-teeth. It is very similar to H.

polygyrella in form, texture, shape of aperture, and the peristome,

which is not at all reflected or expanded, but is obtuse, thickened

within ; in this respect differing from both Triodopsis and Polygyra,

which have expanded peristomes. Only two specimens of Polygyrella

harfordiana have been found. H. harfordiana Cooper must not be

confounded with H. ( Triodopsis) harfordiana W. G. B.; this name

being preoccupied, Mr. Tryon very properly changed it to H. salmon-

ensis.

Academy of Sciences, Apr. 29.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF UNIO COMPLANATUS SOL., IN MICHIGAN.

BY BRYANT WALKER, DETROIT, MICH.

The first catalogue of Michigan shells was published by Dr.

Abram Sager, in 1839. The second by Dr. Manly Miles appeared

in the “Report of the Geological Survey” for 1860. In each of

these lists Unio complanatus Sol., is cited as a resident of the State,

but in neither is any information given as to the exact locality where

the species had been, or could be, found. In the several catalogues

which have been compiled since that time, no reference is made to

the species; and it seems to have been entirely unknown to recent

collectors, as an inhabitant of the State.

Such was the condition of things when I gathered together the

materials for my Catalogue of Michigan Shells, published in 1879

in the Journal of Conchology (Vol. ii, p. 325). That the species

was really to be found within our limits seemed, in view of what

was known of its distribution, very doubtful. It is peculiarly an

eastern species. Exceedingly abundant in all streams flowing into

the Atlantic, from Florida to Maine, like its associated species

Goniobasis virginica Gm., its range westward was known to be very

limited. It had not been found at all in waters tributary to the

Mississippi, nor in any of the States bordering on the great lakes

(excluding Sager & Miles’ citation) west of New York. There was

no record of its occurrence in any of the great lakes themselves, nor

in their connecting rivers west of the Niagara river. It did not

appear to be among the species found by Dr. Gould on the north

shore of Lake Superior.

~ In view of all these facts I felt justified in doubting the identifica-

tion of the specimens referred to this species by Sager and Miles,

' especially as G. virginica Gm. also appeared in their lists, and with

entire confidence expressed the opinion that the citation was “evi-

dently a mistake.”

Since that time, however, the researches of the Canadian natural-

ists have shown that the species has a wide range through British

America, extending as far west as Manitoba. But until within the

last year, no evidence had been received tending to show a similar

range through the States south of the great lakes.

lod

THE NAUTILUS. 17

In the summer of 1888, Dr. M. L. Leach of Traverse City,

Michigan, while exploring Ocqueoe Lake in Presque Isle County,

Michigan, found a Unio in abundance, which proves to be U.

complanatus. His account of this “find” is as follows:

“Tn a nameless brook that drains a small lake into the Ocqueoe

from the north, I found great numbers of the Unio referred to. You

know I had hopes of finding a ‘ giant clam shell,’ and shell heaps

made by some primitive people in the Ocqueoc. I found the heaps,

which are only beds of shells, not more than six inches in depth,

and seldom more than two or three square yards in area, scattered

irregularly about over a few square rods of ground. They are on

dry land a few rods from the brook, are very old, and are evidently

the refuse from the camps of some primitive people who ate the

clams. I could find in them only the one species of Unio, now exist-

ing in the brook. Smaller collections of refuse shells are seen at

other points on the banks of the lake, but all consisting exclusively

of this one Unio. So much for a sensational newspaper story.”

These facts show that the colony ot U. complanatus thus dis-

covered is one of ancient origin, though apparently of limited extent.

How it came to be there is a very interesting question. The very

considerable labors of our collectors in other parts of the State,

especially through the southern and western portions, have failed to

discover the species elsewhere. The existence of this isolated colony,

far from any other known locality where it is found, is one of those

peculiar facts of distribution which arrest the attention, and

challenge investigation. It may be considered practically assured |

that the species does not occur in the southern portion of the State

which has been most thoroughly worked over. Should future explora-

tions find the species inhabiting the streams of the upper peninsula

and the more northern counties of the lower peninsula the explana-

tion would be obvious. But until that is known, all is conjecture,

except the fact that the species does inhabit the Ocqueoe and its trib-

utaries and is entitled to admission to the fauna of Michigan.

DESCRIPTION OF HELIX (TRACHIA) DENTONI N. SP.

BY JOHN FORD, PHILADELPHIA.

Shell small, depressed, umbilicate, rather thin, shining; color

corneous-brown, encircled above the periphery by a faint brown

18 THE NAUTILUS.

zone. Surface under a lens presenting a roughish appearance, caused

by granules elongated in the direction of lines of growth.

Spire depressed, slightly convex ; apex obtuse. Whorls

4, gradually widening, the last depressed; deeply and

abruptly descending to the aperture, rounded at the

periphery, very strongly constricted behind the peristome.

Aperture very oblique, nearly circular; lip narrowly ex-

panded, flattened, white, upper and lower margins continu-

ous across the parietal wall, the basal margin slightly

thickened within. Umbilicus deep, rather narrow.

Height 3, diam. 7 mill.

Habitat New Guinea.

This species is allied to H. tuckeri Pfr., but may readily be dis-

tinguished from that species by the continuous peristome, more

oblique aperture and deeper constriction of the whorl behind the

lip.

The type specimen was received from Mr. Gro. W. DEAN, of

Kent, Ohio, to whom it was presented by the sons of Wm. DENTON,

a devoted naturalist who lost his life while pursuing his researches

in the interior of New Guinea.

NOTE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HELICINA OCCULTA.

BY CHARLES R. KEYES.

This operculate land shell was first described in 1831, by Say,

from fossil specimens; and it has been only quite recently that liy-

ing examples have been found. Thespecies is a characteristic fossil

of the loess (post-pleiocene) of the Upper Mississippi Valley ; and is

widely distributed over this region. It is found abundantly in the

post-pleiocene deposits of central and eastern Iowa and portions of

Illinois, while it occurs less plentifully in similar depositions along

the Missouri river. Like the large majority of loess fossils of the

region this form is strikingly depauperate, evidencing, as first pointed

out by Megee and Call,* a great diminution of vitality, doubtless

due, in great part at least, to a much lower temperature than at pres-

ent. All the shells from the loess present a peculiar chalky white-

ness which renders them easily distinguished from “dead” shells of

the same species still living. More than thirty species of land and

fresh-water mollusca are now known from this deposit in Iowa; and

* American Jour. Sci., Vol. xxiv, Sept., 1882.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

although the greater portion of these forms continue to flourish

throughout the region, some have become extinct within the limits

of the State, and occur living only in distant localities ; while several

others are known only as fossils. To the last class, Helicina occulta

Say, was, until very recently, thought to belong.

The first discovery of Helicina occulta living, was a few years ago,

in the vicinity of Iowa City, where it was found in great abundance.

Its distribution is very peculiar and very limited in extent. The

locality is a steep hill-side on the south bank of Turkey Creek, four

miles north of the town; and is covered witha dense growth of ferns

and other plants. Here, confined within an area scarcely forty

yards in extent, this little species occurs so abundantly that several

hundred have been collected in a very short time. Beyond this

secluded spot not a single specimen has been found living in the

vicinity.* A similar limited locality in which this species flour-

ishes in great numbers isin Hardin County, Iowa. It is also reported

from South Pittsburg, Tennessee. + The form is now recorded

from Winona, Minnesota, where it was found by Mr. J. M. Holzinger,

who has kindly sent specimens for examination. Its station is in all

respects’ similar to the Iowa City locality. It thus appears very

probable that a careful search in favorable situations will disclose

the presence of this interesting little gasteropod in numerous places

throughout northeastern Iowa and the adjoining parts of contiguous

States. The region referred to is topographically well adapted for

the occurrence of this species, but its peculiar and strictly-local dis-

tribution tends to render its detection extremely difficult.

GENERAL NOTES.

SPH#RIUM CUBENSE Prime has been found on the shores of Lake

Monroe, Florida, very rare— Berlin H. Wright.

Buutrutus Hempaitir Wright is a thinner shell than JB.

Marielinus Poey, and more corpulent, while the revolving bands are

redder, finer, and continuous in the last-named species. The substance

of the shell of B. Marielinus is white, while that of B. Hemphilli is

light-amber colored —Berlin H. Wright.

Limax eaten by Salamanders. In the stomach of a specimen of

the abundant little red Salamander Plethodon erythronotus (Green)

* Keyes: Annotated Catalogue Mollusca Iowa,—Bull. Essex Institute, Vol.

+ Call: Bull. Washburn College, Vol. II, p. 16, 1887.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

Bd., dissected by Mr. Witmer Stone at the Academy of Sciences,

numerous Limax campestris Binn. were found.— Pilsbry.

STROBILA HUBBARD! A. D. Brown, has recently been found by

Mr. C. W. Johnson at St. Augustine, Fla.

Disrrisution of Helicina occulta Say. To the localities given

by Mr. Keyes in his paper on this species, may be added, Lexington,

Va., where living specimens are abundant (Tryon, Amer. Journ.

Conch. 1869, p. 118). There is also the original locality in western

Pennsylvania given by Green for his “H. rubella,” a synonym of H.

occulta. The species was first reported from the West by Mr. E. R.

Leland, in 1869, who found living examples at Whitefish Bay, a

fishing station about five miles north of Milwaukee, Wis. (doe. cit.).

At Iowa City, Ia., where Prof. B. Shimek and the writer collected

the species in 1880, it is eaten by Selenites concava Say. Its oper-

culum affords the little Helicina no protection against the sabre-like

teeth of the bloody-minded Selenites, which bores an opening

through the front of the body-whorl and dines upon Helicina raw on

the shell.— Pilsbry.

PROCEEDINGS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA—-CONCHO-

LOGICAL Section, May 14. John H. Campbell in the chair. Exhibits

of series of Oliva inflata Lam. etc. made by Mr. John Ford, who

spoke at length upon the characters and variations of Oliva. Atten-

tion was called to the extraordinary variation in coloration in the

genus, and a number of the principal varieties commented upon ;

among them a remarkably thin-shelled form of O. inflata, which the

speaker proposed to call var. ovum-ralli. My. Pilsbry spoke of the

modes of specialization of the radula in rhipidoglossate mollusks.

The marginal teeth undergo but slight changes throughout the

group. The reduction in number of the teeth of the median portion

of the membrane, consequent upon the increased size of the individ-

ual teeth, takes place in the Trochide by the loss of outer laterals ;

in Turbinide and Phasianelline by the degeneration of the rhachi-

dian and inner lateral teeth. Mr. Eusélma C. Smith exhibited a

selection of Conus, and commented upon a number of the rarer

forms of the genus, which he had procured. Mr. Campbell discussed

the variations of Cyprea, mentioning the peculiarities exhibited by

the species of New Caledonia and other localities, illustrating his re-

marks by numerous specimens. Mr. Jos. Willcox spoke of his

THE NAUTILUS. 21

observations on the habits of Melongena corona on the Floridan

coast. This mollusk is very destructive to oyster beds. It does not

bore the shell, but inserts its probosis between the valves. The

speaker stated that the Melongena is preyed upon by Fasciolaria

gigantea.

Tue Cotorapo BrotoarcaL AssocraTion, Department of Mol-

lusea. The number of recent Mollusca hitherto known to exist in

Colorado is 59; we are now able to add three species, bringing the

total to 62. (1.) Pupa (Angustula) milium Gould. Rejectamenta

of Muddy Creek, Kremmling, Grand Co. An example sent to the

U.S. National Museum has been kindly reported on by Mr. R. E.

C. Stearns. “The Pupa may be regarded asa western (high) elevated-

station form of P. miliwm, larger than eastern specimens.” (2.)

Spherium striatinum Lam. Abundant in the rejectamenta of

Muddy Creek, Kremmling, Grand Co. (3.) Physa gyrina Say. A

single dead shell of elongated form, found in a lake near Squaw

Creek, Eagle Co., is referred to a form of this species. P. gyrina

was to be expected in Colo. although it is generally replaced in this

region by P. heterostropha, a condition of things opposite to that

obtaining in some eastern localities. An Ancylus from the rejecta-

menta of Muddy Creek, Kremmling, Grand Co., a dead shell, is

thought by Mr. Stearns to be probably Ancylus caurinus Cooper.

Should this be confirmed by the discovery of living examples, it

is an addition to the State fauna.

Patula cooperi var. minor Ckll. is found to occur in great numbers

near Egeria, Routt Co., where it is the prevalent form of the species.

This variety has not been noticed in Colorado.

A detailed list of the Mollusca of Colorado is in course of prepara-

tion, and it is hoped that all those who have any information bear-

ing upon the subject will kindly afford their assistance.

T. D. A. Cockerell, (Secretary.)

West Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado, May 13, 1889.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

171.—Spheriwn rhomboideum Say.

This elegant little species was described by Say in 1822, under

the name of Cyclas rhomboidea, at the same time with the preceding

22 THE NAUTILUS.

species. It has been known to conchologists generally as Cyclas

elegans C. B. Adams, but Mr. Prime, after lon g and careful investiga-

tion, finds it to answer every requirement of Say’s rhomboidea, and

he is now followed by nearly all authorities in calling it by the

above name.

S. rhomboideum is a much smaller, though stouter, shell than

partumeium ; tumid subglobular; beaks not prominent; both ends

of the shell truncate, so as to give it a rhomboidal appearance ; in-

terior of valves bluish, exterior olive-green and straw-colored mar-

gins; hinge strong; cardinal teeth rudimentary, lateral teeth large

and strong; surface elegantly marked with concentric ridges.

Length, 4, height, 7-20, breadth, 11-40 inch.

It inhabits New England and Canada along the northern tier of

States to Michigan. It is extremely local in habitat, and up to

1851 was considered a very rare shell. At this time Mr. Whitte-

more found it quite abundantly near Cambridge, Mass. In the

depression near Hammond’s Pond, in Pawtucket, where the Planorbis

jenksii was discovered, can be seen in Spring millions of rhomboideum,

adhering to stems of aquatic plants and on the dead leaves, while

under the leaves at the bottom of the pool, in mud, are obtained the

largest and most perfect specimens of partumeium I have ever seen.

172.—Spherium securis Prime.

Shell small, rhomboidal, acutely rounded in front ; posterior mar-

gin abrupt, forming an obtuse angle with the hinge margin; beaks

elevated, large, nearly central; approximate at the apex; valves

thin ; strize very delicate, hardly perceptible without a lens; epider-

mis variable in color, from greenish-horn to brilliant yellow or

straw; cardinal teeth very small; lateral teeth elongated. Length,

37-100, height, 31-100, breadth, } inch. Animal pink, with siphons

of the same color, causing the shells to appear pinkish while the

animal is inclosed within them.

Inhabits the same range of country as rhomboideum. The only

locality in Rhode Island that I have seen is just below Pontiac in

the Pawtucket River, under stones at the edge of the water. Some

years ago I described a shell found in Tyonge Reservoir, under

the name of Spherium deformis, a shell somewhat larger than typical

specimens of securis, with a brownish epidermis, anda distorted

twist in each valve; every specimen found ‘in this place was de-

formed precisely alike, but on submitting them to Mr. Prime, he

pronounced them to be only a local variety of securis.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

S. securis was described by Temple Prime in the Proc. Bost. Soc.

Nat. Hist., x, 160, 1851.

(To be continued.)

BRIEF NOTES ON THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF MERCER

COUNTY, ILL.

BY WILLIAM A. MARSH.

97.—Planorbis lentus ? trivolvis var, fallax Haldeman.

This shell seems to be quite distinct from P. trivolvis, and at pres-

ent I am unable to decide on its case. That eminent conchologist,

Dr. James Lewis, identified it as the true Planorbis lentus of Say,

and until within a few years I have always given it out in exchange

with that name. I find a great difference of opinion among our best

conchologists relative to this shell, some considering it trivolvis,

others Mr. Haldeman’s var. fa//ax, and others regard it as lentus

Say, while still others regard it P. glabratus. It is our most common

Planorbis, and is very abundant in the sloughs and lakes of the

Mississippi River. It is often found associated with trivolvis, but

may easily be distinguished from that shell by its smoother and

more shiny surface, finer strie, darker color, in having the labrum

less prominent above, in having one or more turns in its volutions,

in being rounded above and below, and in being more depressed.

98.—Planorbis (Helisoma) bicarinatus Say.

Shell pale yellow or brownish, subcarinate above and beneath,

translucent, spire sunken, umbilicate, forming a cavity as deep as

the base; aperture large and much vaulted above, within reddish-

brown; whorls three, wrinkled, and with minute revolving lines.

This species has also a very wide distribution, ranging from British

America to Kansas. It is found here only in the lakes of the Bay

Island, in the river and river sloughs.

99.—Planorbis (Menetus) exacutus Say.

Shell depressed, light horn color, often almost white, with four

flattened whorls. Sides obliquely descending to an acute lateral

edge below the middle; spire not impressed ; aperture transversely

triangular, labrum angulated in the middle, arcuated near its inferior

tip, the superior termination just including the acute edge of the

penultimate whorl. This fine shell is found around the margins of

24 THE NAUTILUS.

our small ponds, adhering to sticks, pieces of boards, bark, leaves,

and often may be found clinging to water plants and grass at or near

the surface of the water; also found in beds of moss associated with

Planorbis parvus.

100.— Planorbis (Gyraulus) parvus Say.

Shell small, discoidal, horn color to very dark brown, both sides

concave, whorls four, crossed by minute wrinkles, body generally

subearinate on the margin, aperture rounded, lip rounded and sharp,

bluish white within. Said to be common throughout all eastern

North America. It is common here in ponds, small sloughs and

ditches, found clinging or adhering to sticks, bark and moss ; almost

always associated with Physa gyrina and Planorbis exacutus.

(To be continued.)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

ANNOTATED CATALOGUE OF THE Moxtiusca oF Iowa, by Chas.

R. Keyes. This list contains 151 species ascertained by the

author to inhabit Iowa.

Moxuusca oF Easrern Iowa, by Prof. B. Shimek. This list,

together with that of Mr. Keyes, contains probably nearly every

species of mollusk to be found in Iowa. Mr. Shimek’s cata-

logue enumerates 169 species, nearly all, I believe, collected by

the author himself.

ConrTRiputions TO THE Mo iusca oF Froripa, by Charles T.

Simpson. The results of several years of collecting and of

eareful study of the shells of Florida are given in this list.

The author having resided for several years upon the South-

west coast of Florida, and collected in nearly all parts of the

State, has accumulated a collection of Floridan species which ~

includes a large number of forms not previously known to

inhabit the State.

The following species are described as new: Pleurotoma (Man-

gilia) Simpsoni Dall, Tralia (Alexia?) minuseula Dall, Pandora

buschiana Dall, Natica fordiana Simpson.

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN AMERICAN Mon.usks, by Henry A.

Pilsbry (from Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila. 1889). In this paper the

following species are described as new: Holospira elizabeth (Mexico),

Zonites singleyanus (Texas), Pecilozonites reinianus var. gooder

(Bermuda), Bythinella cquicostata (Florida), Amnicola peracuta

(Texas), and Spherium singleyi (Texas). Microphysa hypolepta

Shutt., Zonites dallianus Simpson, Hydrobia monroensis Ffld. are

re-defined. The genitalia of Pwcilozonites are described, etc., ete.

All of the species are illustrated.

THE NAUTILUS. lil

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7 hie JULY, 1889. No. 3.

LO, {ETF

| CONTENTS:

PAGE.

NOTE ON TWO HELICES NEW TO THE FAUNA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Dr. Wm. H. Dall. : : :

ON A SINGULAR CASE OF IMITATION IN Fog TREA mctareut C. T. Simpson. 26

LisT OF SHELLS OF THE NEW . COAST SOUTH OF BRIGANTINE ISLAND.

John Ford. . ; P : ; F : : ‘ Qi

A MamMotTH LAND SNaIL. R. rE. (Case P : ; rs 2 29

ON THE GENUS.COROLLA DALL. Dr. Wm. H. Dall. : : ) ; . 80

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND. Horace F. Carpenter. 32

BrigEF NOres ON THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF MERCER

County, ILL. William A. Marsh. ‘ , : : ; 2 ot

GENERAL NOTES. B}

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ll THE NAUTILUS.

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A Guide to the Study of Mollusca.

BY GEO. W. TRYON, Jr.

CHEAP EDITION. Text on thin paper. Illustrations (printed on both sides of the pages),

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IVE ACN) Asda; @ st a@rusG@ Oi @ Gaya

BY GEO. W. TRYON, Jr.

Continuation by HENRY A. PILSBRY.

FIRST SERIES.—Marine univalves, Vols I to X.

SECOND SERIES.—Terrestrial Mollusks, Vols. I to V.

Address for circulars giving contents,

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS,

Treasurer Conchological Section,

Logan Square, Philada., Pa. Philada. Acad. Nat. Sctences.

te NR rie

VOL. III. JULY, 1889. No. 8.

NOTE ON TWO HELICES NEW TO THE FAUNA OF THE UNITED STATES.

BY W. H. DALL.

(OME time since, among some shells from Southeastern Florida,

received from Mr. G. W. Webster, two small Helices were

noticed which a careful comparison with known U.S. forms failed to

identify. By the kind intervention of Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, they

were determined to be H. (Microconus) ewca Guppy, described from

Trinidad, and H. (AL) granum Strebel, previously known from Mex-

ico. This induced me to overhaul the small species in our collection

to see if these forms had by any chance crept in under other names.

The result was, that I found H. granuwm, which had hurriedly been

referred to Guppyia Gundlachi, and H. ceca which had been left

unnamed probably as the young of something else.

The localities now known in Florida for the above species are as

follows :

Hf. ceca. St. Augustine. (C. H. Johnson.) Near St. John’s

River and near Lake Worth in East Florida, and near the Hills-

borough River, emptying into Tampa Bay, West Florida (Mr. G.

W. Webster). Mr. Webster identified this species as H. diosoricola

C. B. Adams, described from Jamaica, and it is very probable that

it is at most a slightly larger variety of it, in which case Adams’ is

the oldest name.

H. granum. Archer, Alachua Co., Fla. (Dall.) ; Evans’ planta-

tion, Rogers River (C. T. Simpson); vicinity of Lake Worth

(G. W. Webster). When perfect this species is nearly the size of

HT. labyrinthica, very thin, reddish-brown, with very deep sutures

26 THE NAUTILUS.

and a rather small, deep, tubular umbilicus. It is covered with

beautiful oblique epidermal elevated ridges, which are easily lost,

and do not agree with the lines of growth. The H. ce@ca is much

smaller, olive-greenish, with a silky lustre and few inflated whorls

the first of which is usually finely punctate.

The suture is very deep and the umbilicus proportionally larger

than in H. granum.

ON A SINGULAR CASE OF IMITATION IN OSTREA VIRGINICA.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

I have before me a shell of Cerithium atratum about 18"" in

length, which has attached to it and growing on the side of its spire

a young Ostrea virginica about 16" in length, and 6™™ in width.

There is nothing at all surprising in the fact that a young oyster

should so attach itself to a Cerithium or any other shell, but it is

surprising that the oyster should attempt to pass itself off for a part

of the shell on which it grew. For, strangely enough, the upper valve

of the oyster is sculptured exactly like the surface of the Cerithium.

Each revolving ridge and nodule is repeated on the bivalve exactly

as it is found on the spire of the shell on which it grows, just as

perfect and distinct in every respect ; the only difference being that

they are not quite so strongly elevated as they are on the Cerithium.

Nor is this all. Not only is the sculpture repeated on the valve

of the oyster, but the coloring of the Cerithium is carried over upon

it; it being a yellowish-white throughout, covered with brown flecks

and spots. When I first examined the shell I supposed that its

spire had been injured, and that it had repaired it with an awkward

patch ; but only after the closest scrutiny did I discover the truth.

Two other very small oysters had attached themselves to other parts

of the shell, but as their upper valves were missing at the time

I first examined it, I could not tell whether they had been similarly

marked or not.

It is no uncommon thing for shells which attach themselves to

others, to imitate those on which they grow; though I have never

seen quite so remarkable a case as this. The shells of Anomia

glabra and sometimes Crepidula fornicata, when growing on the

Pecten imitate them by being ribbed, and Crepidula plana has

often the texture of the interior or exterior of the shells on which it.

THE NAUTILUS. 27

grows, and sometimes Crepidula convexa which I found quite

abundantly on Modulus floridanus, has the color and something of

the corrugation of that shell, so that at first glance it appears to be

merely a patch.

What is the object of this singular species of imitation? I believe

without exception it is a means of protection against the rapacity of

boring molluscs ; one of the tricks which nature is constantly exhibit-

ing by which the “survival of the fittest” is attained. The shells of

the young oyster on the Cerithium, the Crepidula convexa on the

Modulus, the Anomias and Crepidulas on the Pectens, were in every

case thinner than those on which they grew, hence more liable to be

pierced by carniverous molluscs—but by imitating the shells on

which they lived they stood a better chance of deceiving their ene-

mies, a better chance of self-preservation. Does this not look

almost like intelligence, almost akin to what we call thought in man

—like reason; like studying from cause to effect ? and I believe that

such variation as this is often perhaps one of the first steps towards

the formation of a new variety, a variation which if continued by

circumstances fixes certain characters that define a species, and

that these characters remain permanently—often after the causes

which produced them have passed away.

LIST OF SHELLS OF THE NEW JERSEY COAST SOUTH OF

BRIGANTINE ISLAND.

BY JOHN FORD.

Ep. Navurizus, Dear Sir:

As a list of the species of Mollusks found on the coast of

New Jersey, South of Brigantine Island, may be of interest to your

readers, I take the liberty of sending it.

If any others can be added it would be a pleasure to hear

of them.

Yours truly,

Joun Forp.

Phila. June 15th, 1889.

Anomia ephippium, Linn.

Arca pexata, Say.

Arca ponderosa, Say. ( Fossil.)

Arca transversa, Say

‘THE NAUTILUS.

Astarte castanea, Say.

Crepidula convexa, Say.

Crepidula fornicata, Linn.

Crepidula glauca, Say.

Crepidula plana, Say.

Columbella avara, Say.

Columbella lunata, Say.

Cytherea convexa, Say.

Donax fossor, Say.

Eupleura caudata, Say.

Fissurella alternata, Say.

Fulgur canaliculata, Say.

Fulgur carica, Gmel.

Fulgur perversum, Linn. (Dead.)

Littorina irrorata, Say.

Littorina littorea, Linn. (Dead.)

Littorina palliata, Say.

Lucina dentata, Wood.

Modiola plicatula, Lam.

Modiola tulipa, Lam. (Anglesea. )

Mactra solidissima, Chemn.

Martesia cuneiformis, Say.

Melampus bidentatus, Say.

Mya arenaria, Linn.

Mytilus edulis, Linn.

Nassa obsoleta, Say.

Nassa trivittata, Say.

Natica duplicata, Say.

Natica heros, Say.

Natica triseriata Say. (young of N. heros.)

Ostrea borealis, Lam.

Ostrea virginica, Lister.

Pandora gouldiana, Dall.

Pecten irradians, Lam.

Petricola pholadiformis, Lam.

Pholas crispata, Say.

Pholas costata, Linn.

Pholas truncata, Say.

Raeta canaliculata, Say.

Solecurtus costatus, Say.

ies)

THE NAUTILUS.

Siliquaria gibba, Adams.

Solen ensis, Linn.

Tellina polita, Say.

Tellina tenera, Say.

Teredo navalis, Linn.

Urosalpinx cinerea, Say.

Venus mercenaria, Linn.

Venus mercenaria var. notata. Say.

Additional species found by other observers.

Anomia aculeata, Gmel.

Anomia electrica, Gld.

Bela harpularia, Couth.

Fasciolaria granosa, Brug.

Fusus tornatus, Gld.

Littorina rudis, Don.

Mactra lateralis, Say.

Macoma fusca, Say.

Mytilus hamatus, Say.

Scalaria angulata, Say.

Scalaria lineata, Say.

Sigaretus perspectivus, Say.

Solen viridis, Say.

Yoldia limatula, Say.

A MAMMOTH LAND SNAIL.

In the West American Scientist for April, 1889, under the head of

“ A New Florida Bulimulus,” follows the description of an alleged

species of the group above named the dimensions of which are given

as “length, 19 inches, diameter 8 inches.” I don’t believe that my

esteemed friend Hemphill ever collected a land animal of the

molluscan type quite as large as this. I wish that he had and I am

sure if a beast of this size exists anywhere on the planet, it should

when found be named for him, for I know of no man more worthy

of such an honor. Let us return to the big Bulimus and consider

its dimensions and what these figures mean :

Bulimus ovatus of Miller, a Brazilian species “attains the length

of six inches and is sold in the markets of Rio.” It has an egg an

inch in length when hatched, say the size of a robin’s egg. With

this for a standard, the nineteen inch fellow from Florida may be

30 THE NAUTILUS.

expected under favorable circumstances and when not otherwise

occupied to furnish eggs three inches and upward in length and

of corresponding diameter. This looks like business, and here also

is a hint in the way of a new industry. I was at one time slightly

acquainted, with an old man, an alleged conchologist from the sunny

land of France, of whom it was stated with much probability of

truth, that he cooked common cowries in acid and bedeviled them

in various ways, in the effort and hope to produce the beautiful

Cypreea aurantia by an artificial process. His experiments were

inspired not by scientific zeal but the lust of mammon. He did

not succeed. His experiments rested on an imperfect ethical basis.

But with the big bulimus as above, provided one could get enough

to start the business and stock a small cochlearia or snail ranch, the

business would be interesting scientifically and commercially and in

no way contra bona mores. The proportions of the dividends com-

pared to the profits of other kinds of business, might not be quite

as large as the proportions of the big Bulimulus compared with the

rest of his relatives.

But alas there are many incongruities and paradoxes in this

world, and with this melancholy fact before us let us rest and find

consolation, while dreaming of omelets and custards made of

Bulimus eggs; and let us also in kindness overlook the infelicities of

typographic errors and lapses of proof-readers.

R. BOCAS:

ON THE GENUS COROLLA DALL.

BY We Hea Ic.

In 1871 I was suddenly called from my studies at the Smithso-

nian Institution to take charge of an expedition for a reconnaissance

survey of the Aleutian Islands, under the auspices of the U. §.

Coast Survey. The molluscan material collected by me in the

Nothern Pacific from 1865-68 had been the object of much care and

scrutiny. The types of all doubtful or supposed new species had

been sent to Dr. P. P. Carpenter, then recognized as the chief expert

on the shells of the N. W. Coast. He had held them without report

for two years, but under the circumstances it was not possible to

delay longer. They were hastily recalled, and that nearly four years

of hardship and exploration might not seem entirely fruitless, the

THE NAUTILUS. Bl

most obviously new or interesting forms were made the subjects of

brief diagnoses which were gathered into a paper for the American

Journal of Couchology. This preliminary paper included a brief

diagnosis of a remarkable Pteropod, of which the types are still extant

in the National Museum, which was described (op. cit. vol. 7, pp.

137-8), under the name of Corolla spectabilis n. g. and sp., and sup-

posed to have no shell. These animals caught in the N. Pacific, Lat.

42°50’, W. Lon. 147°25’, in the tow-net, were preserved alive for

three days and carefully drawn to scale in water colors before being

consigned to spirits for preservation. As they seemed lively and

perfect the conclusion was natural that they were normally shelless.

Subsequently, on my return to civilization in 1875, after much study

[ became convinced that these animals were more related to Tied-

mannia but had lost their shell. The latter is gelatinous, slipper-

shaped, and covered with small tubercles weighing several times as

much as the animal, which is very slightly attached to it and is

therefore detached with great facility. The genus Gleba Forskal was

similarly described from a detached animal.

In his report on the Pteropoda of the Challenger Expedition, Dr.

Paul Pelseneer received from me copies of all my unpublished

sketches and specimens of several of the species, though not of Corolla

-spectabilis as the jar containing the latter was temporarily imaccess-

ible. A brief description of the shell was also sent. In his report on

the Challenger Pteropods he combines with my sketch and diagnosis

certain defective fragments collected by the Challenger party which

appeared to him to belong to the genus Gleba, to which he accord-

ingly referred C. spectabilis; the name Corolla naturally becoming

in this way a synonym of Gleba.

But the “shell” of Gleba is of a totally different character from

that of Corolla. It is almost flat, shallow and not slipper-shaped.

‘The detached “shells” which I took in the tow-net about the time I

collected the types of Corolla do not resemble Gleba, but are nearly

identical with those possessed by Cymbulia calceola Verrill, an

analogous Atlantic species. The reception, from the Fish Commis-

sion, of specimens of C. calceo/a and of specimens of Corolla specta-

dilis, with the shell, from the Santa Barbara Channel, California,

leave no doubt of this. The soft parts of these two species also

differ materially from those of Gleba, and CO. calceola has therefore

been made by Dr. Pelseneer the type of a new group which he has

named Cymbuliopsis (Challenger Pteropods, Thecosomata p. 100, fig.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

2, 1887), which also includes C. vata Q.& G. With the identification

of the true shell of Corolla, this name becomes unnecessary, and

Corolla resumes the generic rank I assigned to it, with the addition

of a second species, Corolla calceola Verrill (sp.) from the eastern

coast of United States ; Cymbuliopsis becoming in its turn asynonym.

The details of structure I hope to publish later with illustrations;

the object of this note is merely the rectification of the synonymy.

In a general way I should be indisposed to claim priority for a name

which was imperfectly characterized in publication, but Dr. Pelseneer

has set the example by adopting Gleba, which stands in exactly the

same predicament and as it is really the best plan (except in very

glaring cases) to take the first identifiable name, I follow his exam-

ple.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

173.—Spherium suleatum Lam., 1818.

This, the largest species of the genus in America, is widely dis-

tributed throughout New England, and the Middle and Western

States and Canada, and inhabits rivers and large ponds. It presents

much variation in size and color. It has been known best in this

country by the name of Cyclas similis Say, but Lamarck’s name

has priority. The animal is white with light orange siphons. The

shell is transversely oval, nearly equilateral, very light for its size ;

valves convex, broad across the beaks, which are but slightly

elevated above the general curve of the shell; interior bluish; ex-

terior dark chestnut ; surface concentrically wrinkled with strongly-

raised lines, with a broader band corresponding to each year’s.

growth. Length, 74, heighth, 3, breadth, 4, inch. The young shells

do not resemble the adults, and might well be mistaken for another

species ; they are thin and compressed, with both ends truncated and

resemble rhomboideum ; in fact most of the specimens in cabinets

labeled rhomboideum are simply the young shells of sulcatum.

The color of the young shells is lemon-yellow, but as they grow

older a dark shade appears at the beaks and gradually spreads

downwards until it covers the entire surface. In intermediate stages.

there is a yellow zone on the lower margin. They are found in R.

THE NAUTILUS. 33

I. in the Ten Mile River, and are very abundant in the Black-

stone.

Genus Pisidium, Pfeiffer, 1821.

This genus was confounded by earlier writers with Tellina (a ma-

rine genus) and still later with Sphaerium. Pfeiffer first observed the

difference in both animal and shell and proposed the name of

Pisidium for this group.

The animal of Sphaerium has the lobes of the mantle united pos-

teriorly, into a tube, single at the base, but separated into two

siphons at the extremities, while in Pisidium it is united its entire

length.

The shells of Sphaerium have the beaks central, dividing the

hinge margin into equal parts, and the cardinal teeth are situated

immediately under the beaks; in Pisidium the beaks are terminal,

i. €., nearer the posterior extremity; the cardinal teeth also are

terminal and the ligament is on the shorter side. The teeth of

Pisidium are stronger and more robust in proportion to the size of

the shell than in Sphaerium. The habits of the animals are the

same, burrowing in mud or attached to the roots and stems of aquatic

plants. The best time to collect these shells is from April to July.

There are eight species in New England, three of which have

been found in R. I.

174.—Pisidium abditum, Haldeman.

Shell rounded-oval, elongated, margins well rounded; beaks

small, raised a little above the curve of the shell; surface smooth,

not distinctly striated; epidermis generally straw color, but some-

times dark and the surface rough and coarsely striated; cardinal

teeth small, separate ; the anterior one larger and prominent ; lateral

teeth short. Length, yo%, height, 5%, breadth, ric, inch. Inhabits

nearly all of North America, is very common and is found in

swamps and on the margins of small streams.

P. aequilaterale, compressum, ferrugineum, and ventricosum are-

species which occur in Maine, Massachusetts and New York, but

have never been found in R. I. They are widely distributed over

other parts of the country and may possibly inhabit R. L., although

not yet observed. P. abditum was described by Haldeman in Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 55, 1841, and has twenty-five synonymous

names.

(To be continued.)

By! THE NAUTILUS.

BRIEF NOTES ON THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF MERCER

COUNTY, ILL.

BY WILLIAM A. MARSH.

Sub-genus Planorbula, Haldeman.

101.—Segmentina armigera, Say.

Shell varied in color, from very dark horn color to almost white,

spire regular, slightly concave, suture well impressed, whorls four,

longer than wide, carinated above, aperture oblique, labrum

usually of a darker color on the edge. Within the aperture are five

teeth, two on the pillar lip, one near the anterior lip, one on the side

of the labrum, and two on the upper portion of the outer lip. This

interesting shell has a range from Maine to Colorado. It is rather

common here about our small ponds, being usually found associated

with P. exacutus and P.parvus. It may be found adhering to sticks,

bark and pieces of pine boards where the water is very shallow.

ANCYLUS Geoffrey, 1767.

102.—Aneylus rivularis, Say.

Shell pale yellow, opaque conic, depressed ; apex obtuse, nearer to

and leaning towards one side and one end; aperture oval, rather

narrower at one end, entire. This shell is very abundant along the

margin of the Mississippi River; found adhering to the limestone

rock in the river, also on limbs of trees, dead leaves and old valves

of Uniones. I have one valve of a Unio ellipsis in my cabinet that

had 25 of the Ancylus on it.

103.

Ancylus parallelus, Haldeman.

Shell pale, thin, fragile, lengthened, narrow, apex rather short,

sharp, conspicuous, with two-fifths of the shell posterior to it. Inhabits

Pope Creek, in this county; has never been found elsewhere.

When found at all it occurs very abundantly, adhering to sticks,

stones and dried leaves. I have found it attached to live specimens

of Pleurocera subulare.

104.—Ancylus tardus, Say.

Shell conic, depressed, apex behind the middle, obtuse, rounded,

inclining backward, line from the apex to the posterior tip rectilin-

ear; line from the apex to the anterior tip arcuated ; aperture oval.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

I found this shell in a small slough near Edwards Creek, in Green

Township, adhering to flat limestone rocks. I have never found it

in any other locality. It is probably very rare here.

GENERAL NOTES.

On Hevix (Arronta) KreLvett Fss.—Twenty years ago, Dr.

J. G. Cooper, writing of the west coast helices, mentioned the find-

ing of Arionta Kellettii F'bs., upon the seaward side of Point Loma,

at the entrance of San Diego bay. He remarked upon the great

number of dead shells and the scarcity of the living, from which it

was inferred that they were dying out. The same state of affairs

exists to day. The steep hillside is thickly strewed with dead shells

of the form of Arionta Kellettii, now generally known as A. Stearn-

siana, while living specimens are hard to find. The dead shells are

in all stages, from fresh and bright to chalky.and broken, showing

that a comparatively small number of individuals are living at one

time, yet enough survive to keep the race intact.—E. W. ROPER.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

CONTRIBUTIONS FOR A SYSTEMATIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE AQUATIC

SHELLS OF TASMANIA, by W. F. Petterd. In this valuable paper

Mr. Petterd has revised the fresh-water shells of Tasmania, giving

especial attention to the minute Paludinoid forms, which in Tasmania

as everywhere have been very imperfectly understood. Most of

them belong to the genus Potamopyrgus of Stimpson, a group in-

cluding also all of the New Zealand non-marine Rissoids. The new

subgenus Beddomeia (name preoccupied by Nevill, Handl. Moll. Ind.

Mus. i, p. 127) is proposed for Amnicola launcestonensis Johnson, and

other species, and Brazieria for the Ampullaria tasmanica Tenison-

Woods. A number of new species are described and figured as well

as the radule of various genera. The importance of work of this

sort can hardly be oyer-estimated at the present stage of Malacology.

—H. A. P.

ON CERTAIN PARASITES, COMMENSALS AND DOMICILIARES IN THE

PEARL oOysTER, by R. E. C. Stearns. (Smithsonian Report, 1886,

pt. 1, p.339.) The author of this paper discusses in characteristically

graceful style the interactions between parasites, domiciliares and

'3B6 THE NAUTILUS.

their hosts. By “domiciliares” are meant creatures which live

upon or burrow in shells, “ not for the purpose of getting at the softer

parts of the mollusk upon whose shell they have ‘ squatted,’ in order

to use said soft parts for food, but solely for the purpose of a

residence or domicile.” Such are the pholads (Penetella) which

stake out their mining claims on the Haliotis rufescens. But most

extraordinary of all is the case of certain little fishes of the genera

Fierasfer and Oligocottus. These little fellows enter the gaping shell

of Meleagrina, impelled I suppose by greed for a meal or perhaps

by a Pandora-like curiosity to see what is within the rough valve-lid.

Once inside they “ find no obstruction to their course as they push

their way towards the interior between the mantle and the smooth

inner surface of the valves until they approach the adductor muscle,

and here they find a barrier which causes them to expend somewhat

greater activity or energy, and in a corresponding degree disturb the

serenity if not the structural economy of the oyster.” And here the

explorer is “entombed in pearl.” Three plates accompany the paper,

showing the struggling, tired, little minnows as neatly over laid with

pearl as Chinese josses inside a Dipsas shell. Ol/gocottus has not

previously been observed caught in this way.—H. A. P.

An excellent list of Rhode Island Mollusks by Mr. H. F. Car-

penter has been received, and will be commented upon in the August

NAvTILUs.

Mou.tusca oF Minnesota, by Uly 8. Grant. Another brief

contribution to a knowledge of Minnesota Mollusks appears in the

recently issued report of the Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey. It

includes notes on thirteen forms not before recognized in the State,

besides additional remarks on species previously noted. It is under-

stood that Mr. Grant will shortly have ready a revised annotated

catalogue, bringing together the matter already published, and in-

corporating also notes on the material acummulated during the

progress of the Survey. His personal field work during several sea-

sons in the northern and other unfrequented portions of the State has

no doubt brought to light many important facts—C. Rk. KEYES.

| HELICIDA. PLATE 48

| romdiaiateae ws y x

| a

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y \ ,

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CONTENTS:

Pura HOLZINGERI, n. sp. Dr. V. Sterki. . ‘ ; - 3 ; i OW

ON Mr. PILsBRy’s CRITICS UPON SOME AMERICAN SHELLS. C. F. Ancey. 39

NOTE UPON Mr. ANCEY’s Criticism. H. A. Pilsbry. : : : . 42

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODEIsLAND. Horace F. Carpenter. 44

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STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC CONCHOLOGY,

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MAIN WU Ac OF Gowicrrotecy-

BY GEO. W. TRYON, Jr.

Continuation by HENRY A. PILSBRY.

FIRST SERIES. —Marine univalves, Vols I to X.

SECOND SERIES.—Terrestrial Mollusks, Vols. I to V.

Address for circulars giving contents,

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS,

Treasurer Conchological Section,

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ace) N Por ibs.

VOL. III. AUGUST, 1889. No. 4.

PUPA HOLZINGERI, n. sp.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

N the spring of 1887, Mr. John A. Holzinger, of Winona, Minn.,

sent me a lot of small Pupa, among which there was one

specimen of a new species. It was dead, weather-beaten, poor shell,

but evidently adult. | By repeated, ever so careful examinations it

broke to pieces, but not before I had made a drawing and description

of it. Mr. Holzinger as well as a few of his students then endeay-

ored to secure more specimens, but all their efforts have been in vain,

so far. In 1888, in a vial with Pupa from northern Illinois sent by

Mr. Wm. A. Marsh, I found a few more specimens of evidently the

same species, the shells fresh and good. This year, at last, among a

number of small Pupa collected at Davenport, Ia., I was lucky in

detecting three more examples. The validity of the species was,

consequently, established ; and on the other hand it proved to be a

form quite distinct, not doubtfully separable from any other species.

It is a more interesting and valuable addition to our mala-

cological fauna as it belongs to a specifically American group,* viz. :

that of P. armifera and P. contracta Say ; but it isas much smaller than

the latter of the two named as this is than the former. Yet the

three together form a well characterized and well defined group of

evidently common origin, and it may be possible sometime, and

* Tt is possible, and even probable, however, that certain species of Pupa

described from eastern Asia range among the same group; yet as I have seen no

specimens and know them only from the descriptions, I am unable to judge about

them.

38 THE NAUTILUS.

would be an interesting task of Paleontology, to detect a fossil form,

or forms, from which the recent ones are derived.

So far, it has not been possible to examine the soft parts and thus

complete our knowledge and description of the species; but it is to

be expected that the necessary fresh, if possible living specimens will

be found, and I hereby would invite the active collectors of the

north-western States to look specially for this Pupa, in order not

only to make a complete examination, but also to know more about

its geographical distribution, and possible variations.

Description.

Shell narrowly perforated, turrited-cylindrical, vitreous (or whit-

ish), very minutely striate, shining; apex rather pointed ; whorls 5,

regularly increasing, well rounded, especially the upper ones, the last

somewhat narrowed and a little ascending towards the aperture,

compressed at the base but not carinated, at some distance from the

outer margin provided with an oblique, rather prominent, acute

crest corresponding in direction to the lines of growth, extending

from the base to the suture, formed by a whitish callosity ; behind the

crest the whorl is flattened, and corresponding to the lower palatal

lamella, impressed; aperture lateral, scarcely oblique, relatively

small, inverted subovate, with a slight sinus at the upper part of

the outer wall, margins approximated; peristome moderately re-

flected ; lamellee 6; one parietal, rather long, very high, in its

middle part curved outward, towards the aperture bifurcated, the

outer branch reaching the parietal wall; one columellar, longitu-

dinal, rather high, its upper end turning in nearly a right angle

towards the aperture, but not reaching the margin ; basal exactly at

the base, short, high, dentiform ; 3 in the outer wall, viz.: the lower

palatal long ending in the callus, highest at about its middle; the

upper short, rather high on the callous ; above the upper one supra-

palatal, quite small, dentiform, nearer the margin.

Length 1:7 mill., diam. 0°8 mill. (‘068 x ‘032 inches).

As already stated, our species ranges beside P. armifera and P.

contracta Say, standing nearer the latter. Yet it is different from

this species by the shape of the aperture, the wanting callous* con-

necting the margins on the body whorl, by the longer crest behind

the aperture, which in contracta disappears in about the middle of

* In many specimens of P. contracta so strongly developed, that the peri-

stome is rendered continuous.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

the (height of the) whorl, and by the wanting constriction, especially

in the columellar wall, not to speak of the size and shape of the whole

shell. The lamellse also show some marked differences, such as the

presence of a high basal, the shorter columellar not reaching the

base, but with relatively larger horizontal part, the bifurcation of the

parietal and the presence of a supra-palatal, the last just as it is in

P. armifera.

It must be added here that the specimen first obtained from

Minnesota in several respects differs from those found in Illinois and

Iowa, which I consider as typical ; by its size which is $+ smaller, by

the basal lamella developed in a peculiar way, being rather longer

at the truncated top than at its foot, and by the stronger, thicker

palatal lamelle. Yet, as there was only one specimen, it was liable

to be an individual peculiarity—even then of interest. Should,

however, more specimens be found with the same configuration, they

would represent a distinct and well characterized variety ; possibly

it is a peculiar northern form.

New Philadelphia, Ohio, June, 1889.

ON MR. PILSBRY’S CRITICS UPON SOME AMERICAN SHELLS.

BY C. EVAN C EY.

In the 9th No. of the Conchologists’ Exchange, Vol. II, 1888, p.

113, Mr. H. A. Pilsbry wrote: “On Lyogyrus, Gill, and other

American shells,” in which several subgeneric and specific names

proposed by European scientists for N. American shells, particularly

by Dr. Westerlund and myself are sharply criticised. Of course

criticism is good whenever errors generally diffused are to be

destroyed, and when not inconsiderate. I intended, at first, to write

about this subject in “Le Naturaliste,” where “some of Mr. Crosse’s

genera are so rudely handled,” but I at length determined to insert

my article in the same paper as that in which Mr. Pilsbry published

his own note, in order to be read by the same naturalists.

It will be remarked at first, that before speaking about the new

species proposed by such a man as Dr. Westerlund, an eminent

conchologist, and certainly, together with Dr. W. H. Dall, the one

who is the best acquainted with the conchological fauna of the Arctic

countries, it would be well to compare either his shells with authen-

tic specimens of those formerly described, or his very accurate

40, THE NAUTILUS.

descriptions to those of the published species. I fail to discover the

identity of Valvata mergella, Westerlund with Valvata striata, Lewis.

The proportions of the shell, number of whorls, elevation of the

spire, ete., etc., are not the same in the two species. I must add that

Dr. Westerlund was certainly acquainted with either Valvata scncera

or striata, as in the description of his merged/a, he alludes to the 5

already described North American forms!

I have recently described under the name of Liogyrus Lehnert,

a shell that was sent me some five years ago, by Mr. E. Lehnert, who

discovered it in the Potomac, together with Gould’s shell. The

operculum which I have not seen, proved to be Amnicoloid, hence the

species should be called Amnicola Lehnerti. It is a sinistrorse, not

“distorted” shell, and owing to the number of specimens already

known, it may be termed a constant form, for not counting my two

typical examples, Mr. Lehnert sent some to Mrs. Geo. Andrews, who

wrote about these, saying in was “indeed an interesting shell,” and

besides those he undoubtedly possesses in his own cabinet, Mr. H. A.

Pilsbry saw others that permitted him to ascertain its generic position.

Distorted specimens are frequent, as the latter says, in fluviatile

shells, but sinistrorse monstrosities are very scarce, and hitherto two

or three species at most (Limnea peregra, Melantho decisa), normally

dextral, have been found sinistral, and amongst these no Ammnicola,

although specimens of this genus are profusely distributed in suit-

able stations in Southern Europe, North Africa and North America.

I hunted much for fluviatile shells in Europe, but never gathered

any sinistral Amnicolze and other fluviatile species, and frequently

occurred to my notice trochoid or distorted specimens of Planorbis,

some with part of the whorls entirely loose from the preceding ones ;

this I observed in Planorbis nautilius, Planorbis complanatus, and

some of the allied species, also in a wonderful little shell found in

1884 by myself in the river named “Gave de Pau” in 8S. W.

France, and perhaps a Paladilhia. (1 never attempted to describe

this single specimen, no other species of Paladilhia, having ever

been discovered not even in that location by myself, but in that part

of France, by other naturalists ; hence I should reasonably suppose

it is really new, as it is different from the other Paladilhie not only

in this character, the last whorl being entirely detached, but still in

shape.) The genus Liogyrus, Gill or “ Lyogyrus” appears to

possess this only conchological character (the last whorl loose from

the preceding), by which it may be distinguished from some of the

THE NAUTILUS. 41

species of Valvatze possessing an elevated spire; hence this feature

alone has but slight value, and I have always referred.it to Valvata

as a subgenus, before anything was known of its anatomy. The

said character is not generic, even subgeneric, and I must remark

that in the same species, chiefly in Cyclostomidz (Ostodes liberatus,

Mousson, for instance), the last whorl is more or less solute.

The two New Caledonia fluviatile shells, Heterocyclus Perroquini

and Valvata Petiti, were originally generically separated by Mr.

Crosse on account of this feature occurring in the former only,

although the other ones are nearly the same in the two, namely that

of the peristome being more or less expanded or reflected in both.

This very striking particular alone should justify the distinctness of

Heterocyclus from Lyogyrus or Valvata ; but nothing of the anatomy

being known we are not authorized to declare it generically separ-

able, notwithstanding the locality, the two shells being restricted to

the lakes of Southern New Caledonia.

In regard to Thomsonia and the only species, carinifera, Anc. (=

Physa (“ Paludina’’) scalaris, Jay), related to it, I must say, at first,

that the subgeneric name proposed is Thomsonia, not Thompsonia,

and should the latter be already preoccupied in another branch of

Natural History, the name proposed would stand, being at least as

much different from Thompsonia, as Helix Raimondii, Phil., is from

Helix Remondi, Tryon, Helix Raymondi, Mogq., ete. I must add

that I am not aware that even Thomsonia is not also preoccupied in

Zodlogy, for nobody is universal, and although having published on

Entomology as well as Conchology, I have not particularly studied

every part of Natural History; this should, I think, be a sufficient

apology for giving such a name.

My excuse for changing the name of Helix Harfordiana, W. G

Binney (not J. G. Cooper) to commutanda, is that my paper was

sent for printing when Tryon’s name was still unpublished or rather

when his work had not yet reached Europe. Similar facts com-

monly happen, and authors are, in this case, fairly excusable.

I will remark upon another observation in Mr. Pilsbry’s article :

“ Although American Conchologists have not been finding ‘new

“ species’ of fresh water shells in the Eastern States for the last

“decade or two, Continental writers, with delicious coolness, con-

“tinue to describe ‘novelties’ from Massachusetts, Maryland and

“other well-known localities.”

42 THE NAUTILUS.

I never described shells from these localities, but we always must

bear in mind the fact that N. American shells have never been

treated in the same way that European. There is in America a

tendency to restrain the specific forms, and not to admit a shell to

specific rank before the animal, anatomic features and particularly

dentition be known. The celebrated American scientist, Mr. W. G.

Binney, several years since, wrote me about this, concluding that

“our system may be a good one, but that he wished to be consistent.”

In Europe, we admit to specific rank whenever a shell offers sufti-

cient, even slight, but constant characters, should these characters be

the result of station, food, climate, ete., such circumstances often

being quite uneasy and generally impossible to determine.

Besides this, the Eastern States will doubtless afford a number of

small new species, when the ponds, rivers, ete.—particularly in the

drifts and alluvions—will be as much thoroughly explored as similar

places have already been searched for in France, where quite

unexpected forms of Lartetia, Paladilhia, Moitessieria in still better

known localities are discovered, and where the mountainous countries

daily yield an increasing number of Zonitide, Pupida, ete., hitherto

not discovered by earlier conchologists inhabiting the country. A

trip in the Pyrenean region in 1884 was very successful in this way,

and amongst the novelties I then found, I may mention the fine

Hyalina Anceyi, West., and the Paladilhia-like shell I have alluded

to.

NOTE UPON MR. ANCEY’S CRITICISM.

BY H. Aj PILSBRY.

Upon reading over my short article, written over a year ago, to

which the above criticism is a reply, I find that I am prepared to

stand by every word of it as far as matters of fact are concerned ;

and I feel confident that increased knowledge in the future will con-

firm my statements. I regret that it was so written as to seem to Mr.

Ancey “inconsiderate.” Nothing is more painful than a real or

fancied violation of those amenities which should characterize all the

relations between naturalists; and I am glad of this opportunity of

expressing my esteem for Mr. Ancey, whose work and attainments

are well known to all conchologists.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

As to the points of difference between us, I would say that I have

examined hundreds of Valvata sincera in all its varieties, and am

certain that V. striata and “ V. mergél/a” are nothing but extreme

forms, which imperceptibly merge into the sincera. This is shown

hy numerous British American and U.S. specimens. Lyogyrus

Jehnerti is a sinistral monstrosity, no more entitled to specific rank

and name than the sinistral specimens occasionally found in every

species of Campeloma (Paludina).

Both Thompsonia and Thomsonia are preoccupied as generic names

in Zoology.

I take this occasion to correct a mistake of my own which

apparently has mislead Mr. Ancey. Several years ago Prof. R. E.

‘Call and the writer described a species of spiny ‘rissoid from Texas

as Pyrgulopsis spinosus. The shell really belongs to Stimpson’s

genus Potumopyrgus, as the writer pointed out a few months after the

original publication. Fotamopyrgus is largely represented in New

Zealand, Australia and Tasmania, and also in the West Indies and

adjacent mainland of Mexico, Central and South America. Wher-

ever they are found, the species are nearly all subject to a dimorphism

even more puzzling at first than that of the spiny forms of Neritina

(Clithon). They may be either carinated above the periphery, the

carina armed with a corona of spines, or else rounded, the superior

aspect ot the whorls completely smooth, rather flattened, and but

slightly convex. In the case of P. spinosus C. and P., I have called

the smooth form “ Hydrobia texana,” at that time not knowing the

mutations to which these forms were subject. The P. spinosus has

been figured by Strebel (Mex. Land-u. Siisswasser Conchyl., pl. v,

figs. 54, 34a) under the name of “ Hydrobia coronata, Pfr.” There

‘are some differences between the Continental and Cuban forms, but

‘all will probably prove identical, Von Martens having already

united all of those known to him from the Americas, under the old

name of coronatus, Pfr. The American species agree with the

Australasian in the dentition, which is quite distinct from that of

other rissoid forms. The presence of a species in Liberia, W. Africa,

and of fossil forms of the same spiny type in 8. European Tertiary

strata shows that the group is ancient and wide-spread. Mr. Ancey

(Bull. Soe. Mal. France, 1888, p. 185) has lately published an Etude

Monographique sur Pyrgulopsis, 1 which he has included the

American forms of Potamopyrgus known to him (but not one-half

‘of the so-called species in our literature) in a section of Pyrgulopsis

44 THE NAUTILUS:

which he calls Pyrgophorus; describing a number of new species

from Nicaragua, probably all identical with either Pfeiffer’s or

Morelets’ forms, the latter being apparently unknown to him. About

a pint of these Nicaragua shells were sent to the writer a year or

more since ; the variability shown by them is extraordinary, and

renders it doubtful whether more than one species of Potamopyrgus

can be defined in America. Pyrgophorus Ancey, must become a

synonym of Potamopyrgus.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

FAMILY CYPRINID.

This family contains but one genus and that genus but one

species. This species, Cyprina Islandica, inhabits from the eastern

end of Long Island to the Arctic Ocean, and from thence southward

to England. It is said to have been found off Block Island in 29

fathoms’ water, but is hardly entitled to a place in the “ Shell-bear-

ing Mollusca of Rhode Island.”

FAMILY ISOCARDIID.

Three genera and twenty-three species, not represented in

America, by living species, but there are several fossil species.

FAMILY CARDITDZ.

Five genera and over one hundred and fifty species, is repre-

sented in R. I. by two genera, each with a single species. The

shells constituting this family are called Cockles. They abound.

in shallow water in sandy places and are used for food. They

are also found in deeper water. One species, Cardium edule is col-

lected in immense numbers in Great Britian, where they take the

place of clams, which are as rare with them as Cockles are with us.

Genus Cardium Linné, 1758.

There are about one hundred species, distributed world wide.

The genus is divided by some authors into several sections, into

one of which, Cerastoderma, falls the only species which inhabits.

pals

THE NAUTILUS. 45

177.— Cardium pinnulatum, Conrad.

Shell small, sub-orbicular, beaks slightly elevated, surface dingy-

white, with twenty-six ribs radiating from the beaks, separated

from each other by deep grooves; on each rib is a series of equi-

distant arched scales or spines; interior flesh colored or white, fur-

rowed to correspond with the exterior ribs. Length }, height 4-10,

breadth 3-10, This pretty little shell is found generally in the

stomachs of fishes. It inhabits from Long Island Sound to Labra-

dor. It is rare in Long Island Sound, a little more abundant in

Narragansett Bay and quite common in Buzzard’s Bay and Vin-

yard Sound in four to twelve fathoms’ water. Conrad found his

specimens in Massachusetts Bay and described the species in Journ.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 260, 1831.

Genus Laevicardium, Swainson, 1840.

The genus Cardium has radiating ribs on the exterior which

interlock at the margins. Laevicardium has a smooth surface, but

most of the species have interlocking margins. There are twenty-

one species of universal distribution, one of which inhabit R. I.

178.—Laevicardium Mortonii, Con.

Syns.

Cardium Mortonii, Con., DeKay, Stimp., Smith.

Liocardium Mortonii, Stimp., Dall, W. G. Binney.

Laevicardium Mortonii, Reeve, Tryon, Perkins.

Shell thin, sub-globose; beaks large, nearly central; surface

smooth, glossy white, yellowish or fawn color; interior bright yel-

low, excepting the margins which are white, and a dark purple

blotch on the posterior margin. Length one inch, height 9.10,

breadth 7.10.

Described by T. A. Conrad at the same time with Cardium

pinnulatum. It ranges from Cape Cod to Florida and the north-

ern shores of the Gulf of Mexico. It is quite abundant in R. I.

at times, and at others very scarce, although young specimens may

be seen on our sandy shores at all times. The young shells usually

have zigzag blotches of dark brown on the exterior surface, which

disappears as the shell approaches maturity.

FAMILY VERTICORDID#.

Not represented in America.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

FAMILY CHAMID.

Not represented in the U. S. excepting as fossils.

FAMILY HiPPURITID A:

(Order Rudistes, Lam.)

All the genera and species of this family are extinct.

FAMILY MEGALODONTID~.

All fossil. i

FAMILY TRIDACNID.

None in America.

(To be continued.)

GENERAL NOTES.

BYTHINIA TENTACULATA, LINN, IN Oxnto.—Recently while col-

lecting on Lake Erie, near Ashtabula Harbur, O., I found high up

on the beach among the drift material, specimens of above named

species. They were larger than those usually sent from Europe.

Although the animals were dead the opercula were in place and

the shells were free from wave and sand abrasion. Evidently they

were cast up by a heavy sea. As this is an introduced species it is

of general interest to learn when and where it was first introduced,

the localities where it now abounds, and any facts relative to its

natural distribution.— Geo. J. Streator, Garrettsville, O.

Mr. S. Raymonp Roperts, Treasurer of the Conchological Sec-

tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and

author of various papers on the Cypreide, has removed to New

York City.

Mr. F. C. Baker, formerly of Providence, R. I., is pursuing his

studies at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

ZONITES LIGERUS var. SroneL.—From Mr. Witmer Stone I have

received a form of Z. ligerus differing from the type in having a

coneave, broadly excavated base, with comparatively wide um-

bilicus, collected by him in New Castle Co., Del. The axis in

the type is barely perforated; but in this form it is a millimeter or

more wide, and the base around it broadly concave-—Pilsbry.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

NOTES UPON A COLLECTION OF SHELLS FROM BORNEO WITH DE-

SCRIPTIONS OF New Species, by T. H. Aldrich. (From Journ.

Cin. Soe. Nat. Hist.) Paludomus lacunoides, Trochomorpha Kusana

(this is certainly a Sitala), Alyceus broti Aldrich, and Clausilia

dohertyi Boettger are described as new. <A well executed plate ac-

companies the text.—P.

NoTEes ON QUEENSLAND LAND SHELLS, and Nores ON THE

HE icipx, by C. Hedley. (From Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., 1889.)

In these papers the genitalia, dentition and jaws of Helix blomfieldi,

fraseri, rainbirdi and pachystyla are described and figured. It is

highly gratifying to receive these valuable additions to our scant

knowledge of the soft parts of Australian land shells—P.

CATALOGUE OF THE SHELL-BEARING Mo.iuscaA OF RHODE

Isnanp, by H. F. Carpenter. This catalogue is a supplement to

the series of papers published in Random Notes and the Concholo-

gists’ Exchange by Mr. Carpenter. Two hundred and sixteen

species are enumerated as actually inhabiting Rhode Island.—P.

Report ON THE Mouuusca of the “ Blake” dredgings, pt. i,

Gasteropoda and Scaphopoda, by W. H. Dall. (Bull. Mus. Comp,

Zool., vol. xvii, 8vo., pp. 492, 51 plates.) This Report together

with that upon the ‘ Blake’ Pelecypoda published about two years

ago, constitutes, we do not hesitate to say, the most important single

contribution ever made to American Malacology. More than this:

the broad systematic and anatomical knowledge displayed, the sub-

stantial additions made to the morphology and phylogeny of

Mollusea, give the work an interest to general biologist and special-

ist alike. Nearly 500 species, and 43 divisions of higher value are

described as new. It is possible to indicate in this place, only a

few points of especial interest.

The teeth of Toxoglossa are homologous with uncini of other

Prosobranchs (p. 62). The line of descent and affinities of Voluta,

Iyria, Aurinia and Volutolithes is discussed (p. 144). The family

Triforide is proposed for Triforis (p. 242). Separatista is placed in

the family ? Adeorbide. Our impression is that it will have to take

to the road again. No two authors agree as to its family affinities.

As to Adeorbis of authors, some of its species are certainly rhipido-

glossate, while others belong close to or in the Rissoide. The true

family characters of Capulide (Capulus) are stated (p. 286). An

exhaustive discussion of the nomenclature of Sealaria Auct. is given

A8 THE NAUTILUS.

on p. 299 et seqq. The outcome is that the name Scala (Humph.)

Auct. is used in place of Sealaria. Any naturalist who has

puzzled over similar cases will appreciate the labor spent by Dr.

Dall on these three pages of solid synonymy, and be glad to accept

without question his result. The rhipidoglossate series is commenced

with the limpet-like families Scutellinide Addisoniide, Cocculinide,

families the elucidation of which is almost wholly due to Dr. Dall.

On p. 351, Turbo pulchellus C.B. Ad. is said to be synonymous with

the later name Phasianella brevis Ad. If this be a distinct species,

it cannot, nevertheless, be called P. pulchellus, for that name is pre-

occupied by Risso for a form of Phas. pulla recognized as a distinet

variety by many European authors. The name brevis has also been

twice used in Phasianella, both later than the date of Adam’s

species. The anatomical description of Plewrotomaria, and the

parts relating to the Docoglossa and Chitons are especially interest-

ing for the amount of wholly new information contained. We fail

to see why Dr. Dall uses names admitted to be merely sectional or

subgeneric in a generic sense in combination with his specific names

throughout this work. The numerous plates are finely executed

photo-lithographic reproductions of drawings by Dr. J. C. McCon-

nell.

ContrRIBuTIONS TO ScreNCcE, by C. J. Maynard. Monograph of

the genus Strophia. This monograph seems to have been written

without consulting the previous (somewhat extensive!) literature of

the group. The author takes views of species rather narrower than

we remember seeing this side of the Atlantic. In the dozen species

described in this first fascicle perhaps not more than two or three,

if that many, are really entitled to specific rank as species of this

genus were understood by Pfeiffer. A casual inspection will con-

vince any conchologist acquainted with Strophia that S. pannosa,

levigata, festiva, intermedia, fusca and nitela Maynard are certainly

one species ; S. cinerea, pallida and neglecta Maynard = S. glans

Kiister ; S. picta Mayn. = marmorata Pfr.; S. ianthina Mayn. =

alvearia var. rubicunda Mke.; ete., ete. The author should consult

the works of Leidy or Binney before publishing such figures of

anatomy as those on plate ii of this work, or such explanations; fig.

10, for instance, is simply extraordinary (compare Leidy’s figures

of S.ineana in Terr. Moll.i!). We trust that before a second fas-

cicle of this “ Monograph” appears, Mr. Maynard will consult

either a collection in which a majority of the species are represented,

or the works of Pfeiffer and other German and French authors

on this genus, and indicate the differential characters of his

species.

THE NAUTILUS. iil

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Wol Trt. SEPTEMBER, 1889. No. 5.

CONTENPS:

PAGE.

Notes ON PuHysa TRITICEA OF LEA; its Relations and Comments on the

variation, Etc., of Physz. Robert E. C. Stearns. ‘ : : > 49

HELIX NEMORALIS IN VIRGINIA. H. A. Pilsbry. . : : : ; 51

SCALARIA ANGULATA IN NEW JERSEY. John Ford. . : ¢ : . OZ

NOTEs ON FLORIDIAN SHELLS. F.C. Baker. . 3 : : ; ; 53

SUMMER STUDIES IN CONCHOLOGY. Prof. Josiah Keep. . : 5 . o4

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND. Horace F. Carpenter. 56

GENERAL NOTES. . 3 3 : F . ; , : : : 59

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VOL. In. SEPTEMBER, 1889. No. 5.

NOTES ON PHYSA TRITICEA OF LEA; ITS RELATIONS AND COMMENTS

ON THE VARIATION, Etc., OF PHYSE.

BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.

HIS California pond snail was described by Dr. Lea in 1856,

from specimens collected by the late Dr. John B. Trask, in

Shasta County. It was afterwards collected by Dr. J. G. Cooper

inferentially in “South and East Oregon,” as he adds these locali-

ties in his “ Geographical Catalogue” to that previously given. In

May, 1883, and subsequently, I detected it in springs in the vicinity

of Auburn, in Placer County, at an elevation of about 1,300 feet,

and collected at first between sixty and seventy specimens, sub-

sequently more. It seems rather to have escaped the attention of

collectors ; or if found, has perhaps been labeled under some other

name; as like nearly all, if not all, of the alleged species of Physa,

it exhibits more or less variation when numbers of individuals are

compared, even when such individuals are a part of the same colony.

The form to which Dr. Lea gave the name of triticea is, on the

whole, rather persistent, and adheres quite closely to the type, as

given in Binney *(figure 160); it is thirty-four hundredths (.54)

of an inch in length. My specimens of the same length agree

closely and generally with the figure, though the larger individuals,

forty-six hundredths (.46) of an inch in length, exhibit some differ-

entiation in the twist of the columella when compared with the

smaller ones.

The largest are hardly typical, and though collected very near

(within a half mile of ) the smaller and more nearly typical forms,

* L. and F. W. Shells of North America, Part II, p. 94; S. I. Coll., No. 143.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

were found living in one respect, at least, under a different condi-

tion. Without entering into a general revision of the North Ameri-

can Physade, a task which, sooner or later, will be required, I will

state that I regard P. triticea as simply an immature aspect of the

almost universally distributed Physa gyrina, and the larger speci-

mens collected by me at Auburn, though smaller than the average

of adult gyrina, connect the two.

The conditions under which the Auburn lots occur are as follows:

The smaller, which would surely be placed with triticea, were col-

lected close to springs, where the flow of water at its maximum is

small, and its catchment is limited and confined in small hollows.

A part of the year these springs must be quite dry, though most of

the time yielding a feeble trickling stream. Colonies of Physe

became established hereabouts, but when mature, attain a size hardly

equal to that of an ordinary P. gyrina, minus the final whorl, and

showing the characters that P. gyrina exhibits from the apex down

to and inclusive of the penultimate whorl. It is an arrested, un-

developed form, equal to P. gyrina adolescent. The larger Auburn

specimens, though still exhibiting much of the aspect of triticea, in-

dicate, as before implied, their relation to gyrina, and were collected

where the flow of water is generally permanent and the quantity

much greater than in the other instances, but still where there is

not even a permanent pool, and no runway of water that could be

called a permanent brook or streamlet.

The geological character of the region is a slate that is folded

and tilted and tipped; it seems much more favorable to the forma-

tion of small springs than to permanent brooks and flowing

streams, though the latter are occasionally met with, being fed by

the melting snows of higher elevations.

The surface of the pond snails, which authors describe with a

nicety that would be commendable if it were not so often absurd

and embarrassing, varies exceedingly in texture, sculpture and color ;

adolescent individuals of the same species or colony may be pellucid,

and mature ones opaque; young shells may have a smooth surface,

and old ones exhibit growth lines; the surface in some may be even,

in others malleated, and so on; and color is modified if the speci-

mens, when collected and placed in water, are allowed to remain

until maceration has reached a putrid stage, when the interior of

the shell becomes blackened either by the adherence of decayed

matter or by chemical discoloration; the membranaceous composi-

THE NAUTILUS. il

tion of the shell is also impaired and the limey portion made more

conspicuous through its general bleaching effect and whitening of

the callus of the columella. Mr. Tryon’s Physa politissima, col-

lected by Rey. J. Rowell, at Sacramento, and described and figured

in Am. Journ. Conch., Vol. I, 1865, is probably one aspect of Lea’s

P. triticea. It is from a lower station, with an elevation variously

stated as from thirty-one to eighty-two feet above sea level, and

within the same drainage system.

The summing up of the foregoing leads to the conclusion that the

first-named species (that made by Dr. Lea) is but a dwarfed and

arrested aspect of P. gyrina, aud Mr. Tryon’s species is but another

facies of the same.

Of the number of species that have been made upon characters

that are simply those of adolescence, it would be interesting to know.

Doubtless a great many, and not only among the fluviatile and

lacustrine forms, but among marine forms also. This fact almost

daily presents itself where one’s routine work is the selection of

specimens or examples for a great museum, and the determination

of species from a great mass of material. Sometimes one is led to

think that it is a pity, either that animals are not born fully grown,

or that those who describe them do not bear in mind the fact that

mollusks, etc., like men, have to advance by gradual growth from

babyhood and the various stages of adolescence to maturity.

HELIX NEMORALIS IN VIRGINIA.

BY H. A. PIUSBRY-

The H. nemoralis does not appear to have been naturalized in

America except at Burlington, New Jersey, where it was introduced

by Mr. W. G. Binney, many years ago. A short time since, I

received a parcel of nemoralis shells from Prof. Jas. H. Morrison, of

Lexington, Va. In response to a letter of inquiry Prof. Morrison

gives the circumstances of its introduction as follows :

“The first specimen was found in the grounds of the Virginia

Military Institute, in 1886, and was sent to Prof. Baird, who called

it ‘Helix hortensis,’ stating that this was a new locality. A few

days afterwards I found quite a number of specimens and sent part

of them to Mr. Tryon, who said they were ‘ Helix nemoralis’, and

gave all the necessary information to establish this point. I found

52 THE NAUTILUS.

upon examination that they were brought here in earth in flower

pots, though from what locality I could not fix. The banded form

was first introduced, like that in the top of the box sent by this mail.

I have planted several colonies in this region and they have all

done well and are breeding rapidly; as evidence of this I collected

over 400 specimens in about one hour’s time in a circle, the radius

of which was not more than 25 yards. I send by this mail a small

box containing the different varieties of color and stripe collected

up to date. If you can give me the names of any parties who would

be interested in them, it will give me great pleasure to send speci-

mens.”

The series comprises many of the band combinations seen in

European specimens. ‘The shells seem to be indistinguishable from

natives of the old world. The English conchologists have attempted

to catalogue and name the color varieties of these five-banded

snails—the Pentatenia of Schmidt—and with a view to ascertaining

just what forms are represented in America, I sent the specimens

from Lexington to Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, of West Cliff, Colorado,

who kindly furnished me the list of some fifteen named forms. Mr.

Cockerell writes: “The specimens could not in any way be dis-

tinguished from those of Europe. It will be interesting to compare’

another series with the present from the same locality five or ten

years hence, and see whether the environment has greatly affected

the variation. Indeed, it would be good to collect and catalogue

say two hundred and fifty specimens every year, if they are nu-

merous enough,”

It would be interesting to observe whether the several color

varieties intercross freely, or prefer to breed with individuals of

their own color-pattern, and so perpetuate and intensify the color-

races. If the latter be true, it will tend to establish the theory of

“divergent evolution through cumulative segregation,’ by which

Mr. Gulick explains the divergence of the numerous species of

Achatinella inhabiting the same districts of the Sandwich Islands,

and living apparently under identical environments.

SCALARIA ANGULATA IN NEW JERSEY.

Ep. Nautiuus, Dear Sir:

In response to the request appended to the catalogue of Southern

New Jersey Marine Shells, pubiished in the July number of the

THE NAUTILUS. 53

Navutiwus, I have received from Mr. Uselma C. Smith, of Philadel-

phia, a fine specimen of Scalaria turricula Sowb. found by him at

Anglesea, New Jersey, July 20, 1889. This is essentially a West

Indian species, and, so far as can be learned, has not heretofore been

secured north of Jacksonville, Florida, where the specimen now in

the Philad’a Academy was collected by Gen’l. F. E. Spinner.

Quite a number of Scalaria angulata Say, were also secured by

Mr. Smith and son, at the same time and place. These were all

“dead shells” but in excellent condition.

Although Prof. A. E. Verrill has reported this species as “ occur-

ring on the outer beach of Ege Harbor” it must have appeared

there very rarely indeed, as the writer has searched that particular

beach many scores of times during the last twenty-five years with-

out discovering a vestige of it.

With this single exception there appears to be no authentic

evidence of its presence on the New Jersey coast prior to the date

above given. The finding of S. turricula so far North together with

living Modiola tulipa Lam. suggests the presence of other West

Indian forms in the same locality. For this reason it is hoped that

collectors who have the opportunity will make a thorough search of

that part of the coast especially.

Mr. Smith’s discovery near the same point of living Littorina Lit-

toria Linn, is also of interest to the student, as it probably is the

most southern locality from which these well-known denizens of the

rocky coasts of New England have been reported.

JOHN Forp.

Philadelphia, July, 1889.

NOTES ON FLORIDAN SHELLS.

BY F. C. BAKER.

While pursuing Conchological studies at Micco, Brevard Co.,

Florida, this last winter, I had opportunity to compare the species

which are common to both the Northern and Southern shores.

The little Gemma gemma Totten, I found quite plentiful in the

Indian River, and specimens of Bulla solitaria Say, were not uncom-

mon. Cylichna oryza Totten, and Utriculus canaliculatus Say, both

species being common at the North, were taken in considerable

quantity in the dredge.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

I was very much surprised to find in one of my hauls with the

dredge, a number of very perfect specimens of Turbonilla interrupta

Totten, associated with Odostomia interrupta Say, and also Nucula

proxima Say.

One of the most abundant Mollusks of the South seems to be

Melongena corona Gmel. This shell is to be found upon the salt

marshes (Savannas) in great numbers, and of all sizes from a half

inch in length to over four inches, and through all degrees of per-

fection. I collected one day in a single hour 360 of these shells

comprising one of the finest series of this mollusk that could be im-

agined. I noticed among them a number of specimens having a

double row of spines, all the way around the whorls. This variety

has been named bispinosa by Philippi but the characters are not

constant and the name therefore does not stand.

SUMMER STUDIES IN CONCHOLOGY.

BY PROF. JOSIAH KEEP.

For several years past a class in Conchology has been connected

with the Chautauqua Assembly at Pacific Grove, Monterey, Cal.

This Assembly meets annually about July 1, and continues its ses-

sions for the space of two weeks. During this time there are nu-

merous lectures, concerts, and other intellectual exercises, many of

which are of a high grade of excellence. Such a programme, given at

this delightful watering place, naturally attracts many visitors be-

side those who are engaged in the regular Chautauqua course of

studies. The past season has been no exception, but the interest has

been deeper and the attendance larger than on any previous occa-

sion.

The science classes were mostly held at nine o’clock in the morn-

ing, and were followed by a public lecture. Excursions to the beach

were made at various times, particularly in the early morning, in

order to take advantage of the very low tides which occur then,

about the time of the new and the full moon.

The class in Conchology was no respecter of persons in regard to

age or occupation. Around the tables on which our shells were

spread were seated matrons with gray hair, boys and girls, young

men and women, ministers of the gospel, teachers from our schools,

here a young man from the farm, and beside him a mother leaving

THE NAUTILUS. ao

for a little the duties of home. Perhaps in all the country, asimilar

elass with a similar object could not be found.

And that object was the study of mollusks, particularly those

species which were to be found in the immediate vicinity. Not so

much a critical examination and discussion of the fine points of dif-

ference between similar species, but first of all a study of the struct-

ure and nature of the soft parts of the animal, then the mode of

growth of the shell, the names of its parts, and its general mor-

phology. After this, as far as time permitted, a study of the local

species, and of others which have their home on adjacent parts of

the coast. The apparatus was of the simplest kind. One morning

a quantity of limpets were brought in for examination. Some were

put into jars of sea-water and their motions observed. Others were

deprived of life by a fresh-water bath, and distributed around the

tables. After an examination of the foot, mantle, head, etc., pen-

knives were used to slit the head, and common pins were employed

to dissect out the buccal mass. A microscope was at hand to show

the sharp teeth, and many were the expressions of surprise and in-

terest in connection with the whole lesson. Valuable suggestions

were made by members of the class, and many cabinets of shells were

begun or received additions.

After a start had been made, the writer’s book, “ West Coast

Shells,” was freely used. Descriptions were read, engravings ex-

amined, and pronunciations recommended On the tables were

spread numerous examples of dry shells, many of them imperfect,

just as they had been gathered from the beach. From these mixed

piles the members of the class drew out specimens of the shell under

consideration at any particular time, and were given such hints and

directions as would tend to fix its main features in the mind, and

guard them on the one hand from confounding it with similar

species, and on the other from separating it from its brethren on ac-

count of mere varietal differences.

The two weeks of study passed all too quickly, but even in that

brief time good results were obtained. Not results of a critical

nature, not important contributions to the science ; very few have

the ability or the opportunity to accomplish these. But our science

ought not to be simply for the scholar and the specialist. The

people in the common walks of life have a keen sense of the beauti-

ful, and the interesting features of common objects have but to be

pointed out to be appreciated. Life is made more rich and full as

56 THE NAUTILUS.

new admiration is evoked, and what is better fitted to call it forth

than a careful study of the beautiful objects of nature. Moreover,

observation is quickened, interest aroused, and knowledge is increased.

The danger which lies in the spread of popular science is not found

in the contemplation of real facts and real objects, even if they are

studied but slightly ; it must be sought, rather, in the substitution of

fancies for facts, and a superficial reading or hearing about things

instead of an examination of the things themselves.

Among other good results of the session was the formation of a

club of subscribers for Toe Nautiius, with the prospect of addi-

tional names in the future, as its merits become known.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

FAMILY LUCINIDZ.

This family contains about one hundred and fifty species, dis-

tributed chiefly in the tropical and temperate seas, on muddy and

sandy bottom from low water to the deepest water inhabited by the

mollusca. Several of the genera are entirely fossil.

Genus Lucina, Brug., 1792.

There are two hundred and fifty fossil species and one hundred

living. Distribution universal.

179.—Lucina ( Cyclas) dentata., Wood, 1817.

Syns.:

Tucina divaricata, Gld. Lam. non Linné. JL. strigilla, Stimp.,

L. americana, C. B. Adams, D. chemnitzi, Phil., L. lamarckii, Dunker,.

L. eburnea, Reeve, L. Pilula, C. B. Adams, I. ornata, Reeve,

LL. quadrisuleata, D’Orb., Pectunculus parvus, Lister, Tellina divari-

cata, Gmel. Chemn. Dillw. Turton, Cyclas dentata, Dall, Tryon,

Verrill, ete.

Shell white, thin, orbicular, convex, sub-equipartite ; beaks cen-

tral, elevated, inclined forward; surface glossy and sculptured in a

very peculiar manner, with grooves bent obliquely downwards from

a line drawn, not through the center, but from a point at the

anterior third; they extend to the margins and crenulate the

THE NAUTILUS. om

edge; hinge teeth small, one in the right valve and two in the left ;

lateral teeth rudimentary, almost obsolete; concentric lines of

growth very strongly marked. Length 1 inch, height °,, breadth 3.

Linnaeus in 1767, described an European shell under the name

of divaricata. Lamarck in 1818 and his followers, supposing our

shell to be identical with that of Linnaeus, called it by the same

name. The above list of synonyms does not include all the names

given by authors to this shell, for several others, besides those quoted,

on discovering that our shell was a distinct species, hasten to give it

a new name without troubling themselves to ascertain whether or

not any one else had previously made the same discovery. Our

species has the greatest geographical distribution of any known shell,

but does not inhabit Europe. It inhabits from Cape Cod to Brazil,

nearly all the Pacifie coast of North and South America, the eastern

coast of Asia, Seychelles, Isl Bourbon and Australia, and not only

found living, but also as fossils in nearly all these widely separated

localities. It lives in deep water and I have never seen a living spec-

imen in Rhode Island, although single valves are plenty on Block

Island, Newport and Narragansett Pier.

Another species, Lucina filosa, inhabiting from Massachusetts

Bay to Nova Scotia, has been found some distance off Block Island

in 29 fathoms in sandy mud, but I think is hardly entitled to a place

among the ‘Shell-bearing Mollusca of Rhode Island.”

Cryptodon Gouldii, another species of the Lucinide family, in-

habiting deep water and also taken from the stomachs of Codfish,

was found at the same time and place with Lucina filosa; also a

new species, Cryptodon obesus, A. E. Verrill, described by him in

American Journal of Science, 111, 221, 1872.

FAMILY UNGULINIDZ.

Not represented on our shores.

FAMILY ERYCINIDZ.

This family contains twelve genera, three of which are represented

in New England, Montacuta, Lepton and Kellia. Species of Mont-

acuta and Lepton inhabit the shores north of Cape Cod and have

been found in New Bedford Harbor, but no species representing

this family have been found in Rhode Island excepting this:

58 THE NAUTILUS.

180.—Kellia planulata, Stimpson.

Syn.:

Kellia rubra, Gould, not of Montague.

Shell small, solid, sub-oval, inequipartite, compressed; beaks

large, in contact, having before them a deep elongated, smooth

areola; both ends broadly rounded; surface covered with a thick,

dirty brown epidermis, eroded at the beaks; interior glossy white.

Length %, height 4, breadth ¢ inch.

Inhabits from Long Island Sound to Greenland, from 1 to 15

fathoms in depth. Also under stones at low-water mark and at-

tached to the roots of seaweeds. I have found but two specimens in

Rhode Island, both dead, collected in shell sand above high water

mark,

FAMILY SOLEMYIDZ.

This family contains one genus and six species, two of which in-

habit Rhode Island.

181.—Solemya borealis, Totten.

Syns. :

Solenomya borealis, Perkins, Verrill.

Shell elongated-oblong, thin and fragile, covered with an epidermis

which extends beyond the margins of the shell, except on the hinge

margin, where it is lapped over and connects the valves together its

entire length ; the epidermis is scalloped where it projects beyond

the shell, by slits corresponding to the radiating lines on the sur-

face, extending from the beaks to the edges of the margins; the

epidermis is dark brown and the radiating lines are lighter in color,

fifteen to twenty in number; interior grayish-blue. Length two

inches, height #.

Col. Joseph G. Totten found this species in the vicinity of New-

port, Rhode Island and described it in Si!liman’s Journal, xxvi, 366,

1834. It has never been seen in our bay excepting at Newport,

but has been found at Chelsea, Nahant, Portland and other ocean

shores of New England.

182.—Solemya velum, Say.

Syn. :

Solenomya velum, Perkins, Verrill.

This species inhabits from North Carolina to Nova Scotia. It

was described by Thos. Say from specimens found on the southern coast

THE NAUTILUS. 59

in 1822, in the Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., ii, p. 317. It re-

sembles the previous species very closely, but is distinguished from

it as follows: The shell is much smaller, being only one inch in

length, half an inch in height, and {in breadth. The valves are

more convex, thinner and more transparent, the epidermis is pale

yellowish-brown and the interior purplish-white ; the scalloped edges

of the epidermis are rounded, while in borealis they have a square

appearance, very thin at the ends and rolled back. In young speci-

mens the epidermis is entire (not slit as in the older ones). It is

not a very common species but is found quite plentifully in March

and April in Narragansett Bay. They live at and below low water

in sand and in mud.

FAMILY CRASSATELLID 2.

Not represented in North America.

FAMILY ASTARTIDZ.

This family is divided into two sub-families, Astartinze and Car-

ditinze,

SUB-FAMILY ASTARTINE.

This family contains fifteen genera, thirteen of which are fossil.

(To be continued.)

GENERAL NOTES.

Mr. W. G. Bryney has in preparation a Third Supplement to the

Terrestrial mollusks vol. V, in which it is purposed to bring the sub-

ject up to date, and figure and describe the species discovered since

the publication of the Second Supplement two years ago.

Hyarrya Srerkm Dai. A tiny species of Conulus or Hyalina

discovered by Dr. V. Sterki in Ohio, is described by Dr. Dall in

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1889 (separate copy received Aug. 24). It is

scarcely over a millimeter in diameter, and about a half that height.

It will be figured in a later number of Tur Nauriuus.

HeEMPHILLIA AND PropHysaon have both been collected by

Henry Hemphill at Old Mission, Ceeur d’Alene, Idaho. (W. G.

Binney, in letter to Ed.) This extends the range of these peculiar

slugs considerably eastward. In this part of the Northwest Sipe

other Pacific slope forms extend eastward and mingle with the East

American types.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

rae Y

CypR@®A VENUSTA Sowb. (“C. thatcheri” Cox) is commented

upon by Dr. J. C. Cox, in Proce. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1889, p.

187. <A variety having much the appearance of C. thersites in color-

ation is described and figured. It differs considerably from the type

of C. thatcheri. The granular slate-colored sides meet in front and

behind, in front of the channels, and form a complete circle round

the shell, and the dorsal surface inclosed is ornamented with very

dark geographically bounded, variously shaped portions, mostly

rounded with tapering offshoots, while the intervening spaces are of

the normal bluish-amber color of the type of C. thatcheri.

SHELLS NEW to the United States fauna. We have recently

received from Mr. J. A. Singley a number of species new to the U.

S. fauna collected by him in Southern Texas. They will be

described in the October Nautiitus. Other new forms are Zonites

selenitoides Pils., a species like Z. minusculus but larger, with strongly

costate surface (like Selenites duranti), from California, and Pupa

calamitosa Pilsbry, a tiny but very distinct form from San Diego

and from mouth of the San Tomas River, L. Cal.—P.

SHELL COLLECTING IN SOUTHERN TrExas. The following extracts

from a letter received by the Editor from Mr. Singley, will be of

interest to “field-concho'» sists.”

“This is an unfavorable year for collecting fresh-water shells.

There has been rise after rise in all the streams which makes it

awkward for the collector.

“At New Braunfels where I found Planorbis Liebmaniti abundant

last fall I could not find a specimen either of the two times I visited it.

The lower Rio Grande is no good for Jand and fresh water-shells.

The river is simply a mass of shifting sand—the channel may be here

to-day and half a mile away the next rise. No Uniones are found

in it whatever, and only a few in the lakes or waterholes over the

country ; and as for land shells, I was out in the woods every day

for about six weeks and hardly a day passed that I did not search

for shells. The sending to-day will show you with what poor success.

Bulimulus is common enough but other species are like Angels’

visits.

“T found Corpus Christi vicinity a better place for Unio than lower

down; but I failed to find the Microphysa incrustata, and other

species that are said to occur there, even after searching the Nueces

bottoms for about 20 miles at different points up the river. The

dearth of shells at such (apparently) promising localities is dis-

heartening.”

THE NAUTILUS. ill

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Wools ELL: OCTOBER, 1889. No. 6.

CONTENTS:

PAGE.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE UNITED STATES SNAIL Fauna. H. A. Pilsbry. 61

CRITIQUES AND COMMENTS. ; : i 64

Notes ON VALVATA (LyoGyRus) Brownul. H. F. Carpenter. . : 5 Ba

On ANODONTA FLUVIATILIS DILLw. W-:S. Teator. . \ : ; (OF

THE SHELL-BE4aRING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND. Horace F. Carpenter. 69

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Nomenclature and Check- List

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AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.

A list of United States Land Shells, compl-te to Sept., 1889, containing the

species and varieties with their habitats, prefaced by a brief discussion of their

nomenclature.

Collectors interested in American Shells will find this a useful list for arranging

and na ning their collections, checking desiderata in making exchanges, ete.

20 pages, Octavo, Price, single copies - 1O cts:

iy oe “¢ per dozen - 50 cts.

Address :

HH. A. PIESBRY,

Academy of Natural Sciences,

Logan Square, Philadelphia, Pa.

Sea. N Aeris.

VOL. I. OCTOBER, 1889. No. 6.

RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE UNITED STATES

SNAIL FAUNA.

BY Hy A. PRESB.

[Nore.—The plate illustrating this paper will accompany the concluding

part in the next number of THE NAuTILus. ]

PUPA calamitosa n. sp. Figs. 6, 7.

Shell minute, cylindrical, very blunt at apex, chestnut-colored ;

whorls 43, the first one and one-half smooth, the following regularly

costulate-striate, the costulze separated by spaces wider than them-

selves; last whorl abruptly turning forward, rounded beneath, en-

circled by a slight central constriction or furrow; aperture about

one-third the total length of shell, rounded, truneated above, con-

tracted within; peristome thin, expanded, without crest or callous

thickening behind ; columellar margin rather dilated ; parietal wall

bearing two entering lamelle, one arising near the termination of

the outer lip, the other more deep-seated, elevated, entering less

obliquely ; columella with a strong white deep-seated obliquely en-

tering fold; outer lip with two short white lamelle.

Alt. 1.70, diam. .80 mill.

Two trays of this tiny species are before me. One received from

Henry Hemphill, collected near the mouth of San Tomas river,

Lower California, the other collected by Orcutt near San Diego,

Cal. Most specimens show the widening inward of the outer lip

shown in the figure. Several specimens have only one lamella on

the outer lip, and are rather larger than the typical form described,

measuring 1.90 mill. alt. The second parietal lamella is usually

much larger than the first, but in one or two specimens before me

62 THE NAUTILUS.

this is not the case. The umbilical rimation terminates in a tiny

depression, perhaps perforated, at the axis. The formula of denti-

cles or folds would be (according to Dr. Sterki’s scheme) AA BDE or

AABE, The species is of a decidedly different type from any

other American Pupa. P. californica, hordeacea and other West

coast forms being quite different. The former is closely allied to

the group of decora, rowelli, corpulenta; the latter to P. rupicola

and pellucida.

Another new Lower California Pupa will be described in the next

number of THE NAUTILUS.

PATULA (PTYCHOPATULA) ceca Guppy.

This species has been noticed and briefly described by Dr. Dall

in THE Nauriwus for July, 1889, p. 25. The specimens hefore me

are from Hidalgo, Texas, collected by Mr. Singley. It is also in

the Philadelphia Academy collection from Trinidad and Costa Rica,

and Dr. Dall reports it from Florida. The Texas shells are 2 mill.

high and about the same diameter. The Helix punctum of Morelet

(1851) is very close to this species, probably identical ; H. dioscori-

cola Ad. (1845) is also very similar, and, if the same, has priority.

As a section of the genus Patula I recently proposed the name

Ptychopatula. The group includes those minute conoidal Neotropi-

cal Helices, with acute thin lip, nearly circular or broad-lunate aper-

ture, thin texture, opaque or nearly so, and generally delicately

ribbed obliquely. The species are much more narrowly perforated

than Patula or Microconus. Some of the species have been referred

by authors to Acanthinula, others to Conulus, Pyramidula (a Eu-

ropean section), etc. The type is Helix ceca Guppy. The following

forms group around this type: H. punctwm Morelet, H. dioscori-

cola ©. B. Ad. (these three probably identical) ; H. ierensis Guppy,

H. granum Strebel and Pfefter, H. ewcoides Tate, H. plagioptycha

Shutt. (these four very closely allied, the last three perhaps identi-

cal). The position of this section is next to Microphysa in the genus

Patula. The dentition of H. ceca has been figured by Binney.

(Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei., iii, p. 118, pl. 5, Fig. L, under the name

“ Helic ———. Costa Rica. Dr. W. M. Gabb.”). It is similar

to that of Microphysa vortex Pfr.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

ZONITES (Guppya?) gundlachi Pfr.

This species is now for the first time recorded from west of the

Gulf. Mr. Singley collected it at Hidalgo, Texas.

PATULA (Microphysa) incrustata Poey.

Found by Mr. Singley at Hidalgo, Texas. Heretofore recorded

from Galveston and Corpus Christi. At the former locality I was

unable to find the species when there several years ago; and Mr.

Singley writes me that he did not get it at the last-named place,

although special search was made.

My attention has been called to the fact that the name Microphysa

is preoccupied. If a change is necessary, it is likely that we can

use Thysanophora Strebel and Pfeffer for the section. It was pro-

posed for Mexican species which are essentially similar to the

West Indian forms.

PLANORBIS cultratus d’Orbigny. Figures 1, 2, 3.

This is a small form, flatter than any other United States species,

very acutely keeled at the circumference ; outer whorl convex above

(considering the shell dextral), the spire slightly concave; almost

perfectly flat beneath. There are about 43 whorls on the largest

specimen before me, very slowly and regularly widening (seen from

beneath) ; the aperture is oblique, narrow, angular. The surface is

finely marked by growth-strize and has the faintest possible indica-

tions of spiral sulci near the peripheral keel. Diameter 4 mill. ;

altitude .65 mill. The specimens are from Hidalgo, Texas, sent by

Mr. Singley. The species has been found in the Mexican State of

Vera Cruz, in Guatemala and Venezuela. It was described from

Cuba. The insular form is decidedly larger than the Mexican

shells, or than ours, measuring 9 mill. diam. For the bibliography

of the species consult Crosse & Fischer, Moll. Mex. et ? Amer. Cent.,

vol. ii, p. 68; Strebel Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna Mex., p. 46,

(as “ Planorbis nov. spec?”); and Orbigny’s Mollusques de Cuba.

Mr. Ralph Tate in his article on Nicaragua shells (in Amer.

Journ. Conch., vol. v, p. 158) calls this species “ P. kermatoides.”

One of his specimens is before me. The real kermatoides Orb. is a

much larger shell.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

ANCYLUS excentricus Morelet. Figures 4, 5.

This is an Ancylus with more excentric apex than any heretofore

known in the United States. The apex is one-fourth the length from

the posterior end, and so strongly inclined to the right as to be about

midway between a median line and the right border. The shell is

horn-colored, fragile, oval, a trifle narrower behind; in outline the

profile is convex in front of the apex, concave behind it. There are

slight indications of the most delicate riblets radiating from the apex.

Length 4, diam. 3, alt. 1.1 mill. Three specimens collected by Mr.

Singley in Comal Creek at New Braunfels, Comal Co., Texas. The

range of this species includes Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica.

It has not been reported from Mexico. The identity of the Texas

shells with the Central American is reasonably certain. I have

compared specimens. Crosse and Fischer’s figures are a trifle slen-

derer posteriorly, but undoubtedly represent this species.

(To be continued.)

CRITIQUES AND COMMENTS.

N Mr. Carpenter’s article, “The Shell-bearing Mollusca of Rhode

Island,” in the August Nautrius, page 45, he mentions the

“Family Verticordiide,” and says “not represented in America.”

While the Verticordiidee are not shore shells, nor even shallow water

forms, they cannot be regarded as exotic unless Mr. Carpenter’s

America is restricted to the littoral and laminarian zones of the

main-land, and such a restriction would be absurd. Prof. Verrill

reports Verticordia from off Martha’s Vineyard and several species

occur at various depths, from Vineyard Sound, southerly, along and

off the coast of the Atlantic States to Florida and the Antillean re-

gion; and not only on the eastern side of North America, but on

the Pacifie as well, where Dall collected specimens in the vicinity

of, or at, Catalina Island in the Santa Barbara Channel, California.

On page 46 occurs the following: “ Family Chamidz ;” on this

Mr. Carpenter comments “not represented in the U. 8., excepting

by fossils.” This will be a queer surprise to the large number of

collectors who have found the beautiful Chama arcinella Linn., not

uncommon, on the beaches of Florida, and not so frequently the less

attractive shells of the roughly sculptured C. macrophylla Linn., and

the Chama florida of Lamarck (==C. sarda Rye.), to say nothing of

other alleged species, some of which probably fall to the rear of those

THE NAUTILUS. 65

above named, in the usual procession of synonyms. On the coast of

California we find three species: C. exogyra Conr., C. pellucida Sby.,

and C. spinosa Sby., all of the foregoing having been collected by

me personally, without going outside of Uncle Sam’s farm.

Since writing the above, the September Nauti_us has come to

hand. From page 57 I quote “ Family Ungulinide. Not repre-

sented on our shores.” If, by “our shores,’ he means Rhode Island,

strictly and literally, he may be right, but if “our shores” means

the North American Continent or the coasts of the United States,

he is again in error, for the said family includes, among other genera,

Cryptodon Turton, Diplodonta of Brown (—=Mysia Leach), ete., and

some authors include Teldimya in the same family. Several species

of Cryptodon inhabit the waters of the Atlantic coast from the Arc-

tic Sea to Cape Florida, at various depths from six to nearly one

thousand fathoms. Tellimya is represented by three species from

the Arctic Seato Hatteras and one of these, 7. elevata Stimpson, has

been collected from two fathoms depth, coast of Maine. Diplodonta

furnishes examples of three or four species on the west coast of N.

America, one, perhaps two, of which, have been collected by my own

hands. Felania, another group of the Ungulinide, furnishes two or

three species on the Pacific side to justify this criticism. Cryptodon

(which Mr. Carpenter mentions incidentally in connection with the

Lucinide) and Tellimya, it may be pleaded, have only quite recently

been included in the Ungulinide; this can not be said of the groups

Diplodonta and Felania.

Further on (page 59) may be seen “ Family Crassatellide, not

represented in North America.” Now Dall has described a Cras-

satella, C. floridana, from the Gulf of Mexico west of the Florida

coast (30 fms.), and said family is further represented by Eriphyla

lunulata Conrad and variety parva C. B. Ad., both of which range

from Cape Cod to Barbadoes, in from three to about three hundred

fathoms. It may again be pleaded perhaps with reason, that a part

of these latter facts have but very recently been made known.

The occurrence of Crassatella on the West coast of North Amer-

ica should have been known to him, for C. gibbosa Sby. appears in

Philip Carpenter’s Check List of West Coast Shells (Smithsonian

Mise. Pub., June, 1860), an easily accessible publication ; as will be

seen by the date issued twenty-nine years ago.

Again, while highly appreciating the convenience and value of

authentic local faunal lists, in Mr. Carpenter’s, I do not perceive the

66 THE NAUTILUS.

motive for, or any advantage in, his referring to the families or

groups that do not occur in Rhode Island ; for, in a list of shells that

are found within any limited area, it goes without saying, that

those species, groups, or families that are not listed or mentioned do

not occur. The two hundred and sixteen (216) species enumerated

as occurring in the very limited area of Rhode Island, is so small a

part of the total molluscan fauna of the globe, and the proportion of

families represented by said small number of species, is so small

by comparison with the tota/ number of molluscan families, that the

inclusion of the non-represented families in his Rhode Island list,

would, propriety considered, require the title to be changed so as to

read, “ List of Molluscan'families, ete., not represented in Rhode Isl-

and,” otherwise the suggestion arises that considering the size of

the dog the tail is rather extensive; a homely but expressive illus-

tration. It is of little value, from the point of geographical distribu-

tion, to know what is not in a place or region; the value of local

lists is their telling us what is.

In Mr. Ford’s “ List of Shells of the New Jersey Coast, ete.,” on

pages 27-29 of the July Nauriuus, he includes Fasciolaria granosa

Brug... Iam not aware, and I have been unable to discover, that

Brugiere ever described a species of Fasciolaria. Broderip de-

scribed Fasciolaria granosa, a Pacific coast form that inhabits Pana-

ma Bay and the general region thereabout. I should be pleased to

know what shell has been erroneously listed under said name.

[Mr. Ford included F. granosa among species he had not himself

seen, and which he considered doubtful. Ed.]

In the Century Dictionary, illustrative of the word Abalone, a

figure doubtless representing some species of Haliotis (perhaps in-

tended for H. corrugata), is given, with the title underneath “ Abalone

or Ear-shell;” this would be well enough if the following had not

been added: “ (Haliotis tuberculata).” Now the figure, while it fills

the first half of the measure as may be seen in the title I have quoted,

does not meet the requirements when the specific name is given, for

it is not a figure of tuberculata, as any one can see who is at all

familiar with the shells of the Haliotide.

R. H.Cos:

Washington, September 20, 1889.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

NOTES ON VALVATA (LYOGYRUS) BROWNII.

BY H. F. CARPENTER.

This species was found abundantly in Cunliff’s Pond, at Elm-

ville, three or four miles south of Providence, adhering to stones

and empty valves of Unio complanatus. I discovered them in 1870

and kept more than two hundred specimens alive all summer in a

glass globe filled with water. I read a description of it under the

name of Amnicola Brownii before a meeting of the Providence

Franklin Society, Tuesday evening, Mar. 26th, 1872, and published

the same in the “ Central Falls Weekly Visitor ” the following week.

The specific name was given in honor of Dr. W. O. Brown, who

was then President of the Society. Specimens was sent to the late

Geo. W. Tryon, who pronounced them to be a new species of

Valvata, subgenus Lyogyrus. Of late years they have been

gradually growing scarcer and the last time I examined the pond

I could find none, although I did not search very thoroughly.

Specimens of these shells are in the collections of Mr. John Ford,

of Philadelphia, Mr. F. C. Baker, Mr. J. M. Southwick and several

other conchologists. The following is my original description:

“Shell small, thin, translucent, of a light green color, when

divested of the thick, dirty epidermis which covers it, turreted,

elongate, composed of five gibbous whorls; operculated and umbili-

cated; apex very obtuse; suture very deep; aperture nearly

circular, a little broader at the base; lip continuous, simple, the

superior edge of the inner lip not touching the preceding whorl,

except in young specimens. Average size 75 inch in length, by 7¢

in breadth. Diameter of aperture j; inch. Full grown specimens

which are rare, attain a length of 25 inch.

ON ANODONTA FLUVIATILIS DILLW.

The following letter received from Gen. de Peyster is interesting

as showing the facility with which fresh-water mollusks become

established in suitable spots.

Upper Rep Hook, N. Y., Sept. 19, ’89.

Mr. DE PEYSTER:

Dear Sir:

At Dover Plains, Eastern Duchess Co., N. Y., last week I secured

sixty-three specimens of A. fluviatilis, including twenty-five or more

68 THE NAUTILUS.

young, small shells, which I will place in some water suitable for

their growth and propagation. Among the rest are two or three of

good size, while all are well suited for the cabinet.

The largest example I have observed is an imperfect dead valve,

which, with its other half, measured originally as follows: Trans-

versely, 63; vertically, 82; and in thickness 22 inches. I have no

doubt that some have been found of still larger dimensions; was

told that such had been taken, but after diligent inquiry failed to

get trace of them.

Regarding the place of their occurrence, I can give the following:

About two and one-half miles south of Dover Plains, on the farm

of Mr. Geo. Preston, is a swamp near the outlet of which a con-

siderable quantity of peat was dug thirty or more years ago. The

hole thus formed is about 100 feet by 40 in length and breadth,

and 4 feet deep, and serves as a basin to collect some of the drainage

of the marsh, it being filled with water and perhaps three feet of

black mud deposited during the intervening time: from this is

raked in limited numbers specimens of this Anodon, extraordinary

for their luxuriant growth and beautiful coloring.

That this whole tract of about twelve acres was originally a

shallow lake there is no question. Its former outlines are seemingly

well defined ; it les encircled by hills of upturned calcareous and

micaceous rocks; a narrow opening on the north has afforded an

avenue of escape for its imprisoned waters. The swamp has no

inlet ,but is springy over its entire surface, and at present is over-

grown with shrubbery and small trees. Its outlet is a small ditch

which empties into the Weebutook, or Ten Mile River—a tributary

of the Housatonic, about three-eighths of a mile distant, making a

descent of fifty feet in its course. Underneath the stratum of peat

is a bed of marl a couple of feet in thickness, consisting of fresh-

water shells—species of Sphaerium, Limnaea, Physa and Planorbis,

which lived ages ago.

Whether any of these bivalves were noticed while digging peat,

is impossible to say, but believe it is only eight or ten years since

they have attracted attention, and this because the muskrats were

bringing them to light; many recently broken shells are lying about

the shore—brought up by these rodents.

I could not find any other fresh-water shells in the pond, but

obtained about the marsh quite a number of interesting land-snails,

among them the following: Mesodon albolabris, M. thyroides,

THE NAUTILUS. 69

Patula alternata, Zonites arboreus, Z. fulvus, Vallonia pulchella,

Suecinea obliqua, S. ovalis, S. avara, Pupa armifera, P. pentodon,

P. corticaria, Vertigo Bollesiana, V. contracta and Carychium exiquum.

Of Pupa armifera it is the first time I have found it in this

County.

The above are facts, the several questions arising concerning the

presence of these clams here I will not answer.

Have they worked their way from the river during compara-

tively recent years? or are they a sort of living connecting link

between the lake era and the present?

Yours very truly,

W. 5S. TEATOR.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

Genus Astarte, Sowerby, 1816.

This genus contains twenty species; eight of these inhabit the

coast of New England, from Cape Cod to Greenland, and three have

been found south of Cape Cod, although none of them have actually

been discovered in Rhode Island waters as yet.

183.—Astarte castanea, Say.

)

OYyNS. :

Venus castanea, Say.

Crassina castanea, Lam. Hanley.

Crassina suleata, Brown.

Venus sulcata, Mont., Maton and Rackett.

Shell thick and solid, sub-orbicular; beaks elevated and much

eroded, nearly central; lunule in front of the beaks deeply ex-

cavated ; surface not strongly waved as in most species of the genus,

but only slightly undulated, covered with a light-brown epidermis,

excepting on the posterior portion, where it is almost black; hinge

strong; ligament small; valves with one stout tooth in the right

valve, and two in the left; margin crenulated in adult shells.

Length one inch; height one inch; breadth 35.

Gould says: ‘‘The foot of the animal is of a bright vermillion

color and when seen protruded, one would hardly persuade himself

that a red wafer was not embraced by the valves.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

Habitat from Great Ege Harbor, N.J.,to Nova Scotia. Com-

mon on the shores of Long Island, Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard

and Cape Cod. Abundant in Massachusetts Bay. It should be

found on the ocean shores of Rhode Island from Watch Hill to:

Newport, and also on Block Island.

184.— Astarte quadrans, Gould.

Shell small, nearly triangular; basal edge sharp and rounded ;

anterior more oblique and longer than the posterior; beaks central,

pointed and eroded; surface smooth; epidermis light yellowish-

olive ; interior bluish-white, glossy ; margin not crenulated. Length

zo; height 2; breadth +5 inch.

Described by Dr. A. A. Gould in the Invertebrata of Mass., p. 81,.

1841, from specimens obtained from the stomachs of fishes caught in

Massachusetts Bay. It is a rare shell but has been quoted from

Stonington, Connecticut, to the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

185.—Astarte undata, Gould.

This name was given provisionally by Gould to a variety of A.

suleata, described in his first edition of the Invert. of Mass., p. 80.

Binney in the second edition, 1870, p. 119, repeats the same remarks,

but all later authors accept the name of undata.

Astarte sulcata is an European species described in 1778 by

Da Costa, British Conch., under the name of Pectunculus sulcatus.

Gould, supposing our shell to be identical with the English one,

called it by the same name, giving a list of ten or more synonyms,

none of which apply to our shell, as it is a distinct species.

Prof. A. E. Verrill in Silliman’s Journal for April, 1872, p. 213,

remarks as follows: ‘This is by far the most abundant species on

the northern coast of New England. It ranges from Cape Cod to

Labrador. In the Bay of Fundy it is very abundant at all depths

from three to one hundred and twenty-five fathoms on muddy bot-

toms. It varies greatly in form and sculpture, but can easily be

recognized in all its varieties by any one familiar with the species

of this genus. The beaks are less prominent and the lunule less

deeply excavated than in A. sulcata, and other differences exist in

the hinge, etc.”

The figure in the second edition of Gould is not characteristic,

the drawing having been made from an old eroded specimen of

unusual if not abnormal form.

THE NAUTILUS. al

Astarte lutea, Perkins, described in Proce. Bost. Soc. Nut. Hist.,

xiii, 150, 1869, as a new species from New Haven, Connecticut, is a

rariety of A. undata, Gould. This species has been dredged in

Newport Harbor and various other places south of Cape Cod.

SUB-FAMILY CARDITIN &.

This Sub-family contains fourteen genera, six of which are fossil.

Of the remaining genera, one only, Venericardia, inhabits the coasts

New England.

186.— Venericardia ( Cyclocardia) borealis, Conrad.

Syns. :

Curdita borealis, Con. Reeve, De Kay, Stimp., etc.

Actinobolus borealis, H. & A. Adams.

Arcturus rudis, Humph., MSS.

Cardita vestita, Desh.

(To be continued.)

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

MIssIoN SCIENTIFIQUE au Mexique et dans ? Amerique Centrale,

Etudes sur les Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles, by M M. P. Fischer

and H. Crosse. The fascicle of this magnificent work last issued

contains part of the Cyclophoride and the Cyclostomatide, with

several plates illustrating the Ampullariide. Of particular interest

is the discussion (p. 148-150) of the genus Cyclotus. The authors

purpose the name Neocyc/otus for a genus to comprise all of the

American Cyclophoride with sharp lip and solid calcareous many-

whorled operculum ; these shells have heretofore been called Cyclotus

in American collections. The anatomy is fully worked out. The

following groups of exclusively Mexican species are also fully

described and illustrated: Tomocyclus C. & F. (containing Mexican

species formerly referred to Megalomastoma), Habropoma C. &. F.

and Amphicyclotus C. & F. (for species referred by previous authors

to Cyclophorus). The plates, drawn by Arnoul, are superb. Messrs.

Fischer and Crosse are to be congratulated on the progress of this

magnificent work, indispensable to students of the tropical Ameri-

can fauna.—P.

NOMENCLATURE AND Cueck-List of North American Land

Shells, by JH. “A. Pilsbry.' (From@troc. A.’ N:°S., Phila), A

pamphlet of twenty pages, containing a complete lisi of United

If THE NAUTILUS.

States species, including a number of species not contained in the

latest monographs. The geographical range of each form is given,

and the whole prefaced by a brief discussion of recent or original

changes in nomenclature. Collectors of American shells will find

the list a convenient one for checking their collections and their

desiderata when exchanging.

UEBER DIE BEZIEHUNGEN einiger europaischer und nordamert-

kanischer Pupiden, by Dr. V. Sterki. (In Nachrichtsblatt d.

deutchen Mal. Gesell., Juli-Aug., 1889.) Dr. Sterki discusses the

Pupe common to America and Europe in this valuable paper.

Species immediately allied to P. museorum are P. blandi (doubtfully

distinct), and P. sterri Voith; the last seem to the writer to be also

a form of muscorum. The species is a mountain form, de&cribed

from Bavaria. Virtigo simplex and P. alticolu are considered syn-

onyms of P. edentula Drap. The examination of the Vertigo species,

Dr. Sterki says “hat mich viel Zeit, Miihe und ‘ Augenmorderei ’

gekostet ;” and it is no wonder, as anybody who has been so rash as

to trouble themselves with those ridiculously little creatures will

bear testimony. The question of the identity of V. antivertigo Dr.

and ovata Say, is discussed ; and finally the new subgenus Augustula

is proposed. The principal characters are the narrowing of the last

whorl, peculiar constriction behind the peristome, the longitudinal

position of the columellar fold, and the long, narrow, high fold,

arising deep in the throat, and in venetzii uniting with the upper,

in milium with the lower palatal fold. It contains only the two

species named.—P.

Nores ON soME INDIAN TreRRITORY SHELLS, by Charles Torrey

Simpson. An interesting paper, adding considerable to our know-

ledge of the distribution of the shells of this region. H. ( Triodopsis)

copei Wetherby, formerly known from Eastern Texas, was found in

the Territory. A form of H. (Polygyra) jacksoni with elevated

deltoid parietal tooth is described as var. deltoidea.. H. (Mesodon)

Kiowaénsis, a form intermediate between thyroides and sayii is de-

scribed as new, and the rare Helicodiscus fimbriatus is reported from

near Fort Gibson. The shells described by Mr. Simpson under the

name Zonites capsella are quite distinct from that species, as I have

satisfied myself by careful comparisons. It may be called Z. Simp-

soni, in honor of the finder. Mr. Simpson’s remarks on the

Bulimulus dealbatus, schiedeanus and alternatus should direct the

attention of collectors to these forms, which are believed by Mr. 8.

to be varieties of a single variable species.

THE NAUTILUS. lil

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Wol. TIT. NOVEMBER, 1889. No. 7.

CONTENTS:

PAGE,

THE VIRGINIA COLONY OF HELIX NEMORALIS. T. D. A. Cockerell. . 73

COLLECTING LAND SHELLS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Edward W. Roper. 77

WHAT Is A SpEcIES? Charles T. Simpson. 78

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF OCINEBRA. F.C. Baker, . : : 80

HELIX (STENOTREMA) HriRsuTA SAY, ON THE WEsT COAST. : 5 isl

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUsCA OF RHODE IsLAND. Horace F. Carpenter. 82

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VOL. 111. NOVEMBER, 1889. No.

THE VIRGINIA COLONY OF HELIX NEMORALIS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Perhaps some of your readers, when they see the long list below

of varieties differing only slightly from one another, will think it a

ease of much ado about nothing, and wonder where the interest

ean be in such minute differences of color or banding.

In these days it ought to be unnecessary to apologise for going

into precise detail in scientific matters, but I will venture to point

out that the present case is one of quite exceptional interest.

Here we have an exceedingly variable species, whose varieties

have been extensively studied in its native country—Europe, and

found to differ greatly according to locality and circumstances.

A few of these varieties may be traced to definite causes—most of

them appear to occur causelessly, which is another way of saying.

that the cause is, in these cases, as yet unknown. A highly variable

species, then, is introduced into a new continent, where climatic and

other conditions differ markedly from those of its native home.

It is certain to vary—it varies everywhere—will it not, then, be

influenced in its variation by the new environment, and produce,

perhaps, new and unheard-of forms? And if so, shall we not thereby

have a valuable clue to the nature of these forms, and the general

principles which underly the phenomena of variation in this and

perhaps in other spe¢ies? In the endeavor to answer these ques-

tions I shall feel excused, both now and hereafter, if I seem to go

into these matters more minutely than is usual with conchological

work. Myself, I believe that in the noting of minute differences

TA THE NAUTILUS.

lies everywhere our best chance of ascertaining the principles of

evolution.

The varieties of Helix nemoralis are classified according to the

following principles: First, variation in the ground-color of the

shell, with the name Jibe//u/a for yellow shells, rubella for pink shells,

petiveria for pale brown or fawn-colored shells, etc. Secondly,

variation in the banding, for which a band-formula is used. The

typical shell has five bands, three above the periphery and two

below, and its formula is accordingly 12545. If a band is missing,

a 0 is placed in its stead—thus 12045 has the third band of the type

missing, while 00000 is the formula for a bandless shell. If two

or more bands are coalesced, they are bracketed together, thus,

12(345). If a band is imperfectly developed, it is indicated as a

small figure below the line, thus, 12,45. Ifa band is split into two,

the number is repeated, as 1235(45), while an extra band which

cannot he assigned to any of the usual five, is represented by an X,

as 003X00. The formula should always be taken from near the

mouth of the shell. These, then, are the ordinary kinds of varia-

tion, while other unusual characters are expressed in suitable terms,

as tenuis for a very thin variety, compressa for a depressed form,

minor for asmall form, albolabiata for a white-lipped shell, etc. These

terms are used in conjunction with one another, to indicate the differ-

ent peculiarities of any given shell. The band-formulz express them-

selves, and need not, as a rule, have the name of their author quoted

afterthem. But in introducing these band-varieties to the American

fauna, I have given the names of their first recorders, as a hint to their

history in Europe. For certain of them, I have given special names

bestowed by French authors—as brissonia for petiveria 12545. If

these names are to be adopted, it will be necessary to bestow many

new ones, as a large number of combinations have not come under

the notice of the aforesaid authors, but to my mind it is more con-

venient to use the band-formule in conjunction with the color-

names. There is only one thing to be said for the names given to

combinations, that if misprinted they can hardly lead to any real

confusion, whereas band-formulz may be misprinted easily enough

in such a way as to lead to erroneous records, which may never be

corrected. °

All the shells of H. nemoralis I have seen from the colony at

Lexington, Va., were collected by Prof. J. H. Morrison, and number

altogether 103. The first consignment, sent me through Mr. H. A.

THE NAUTILUS. ip

Pilsbry, was rather disappointing, in that it consisted entirely of

well-known European varieties ; but more recently a larger collec-

tion sent by Prof. Morrison has presented several forms of great-

interest, showing a general tendency to the splitting-up of the

bands, as in Helix multilineata. The following is a list of the

whole lot, with the numbers of specimens of each :

No. of Specimens.

(1.) libellula 00000 = libellula Risso... : ee ke

(2.) libellula (12345) = Kleinia Moquin-Tandon . 4.

(3.) Libellula 12.845 Fenn. s 2 BAoele

(4.) libellula 12345 = Pninief eee ee = the

type : ; : - : nets

(Two of these have a white rib, and thus fall also under

bimarginata Picard.)

(5.) ibellula 1233(45) Chem. : Py

(6.) ibellula 123X%45 Ckll. (X is a mere line, 4 is

very broad)

(7.) lisellula 123X(45) var. nov.

(8.) libellula 125,(45) var. nov.

(9.) libellula 125,555 var. nov.

(10.) libellula 12,..(45) var. nov.

(11.) Libellula 0,,345 var. nov. : : :

(12.) libellula 123(45) = reaumuria Mog. (Some

shows the least sign of a band between

Zand 3) . Re

(13.) Libellula 10345 — Ee entvillae Moo. re) are also

bimarginata) : : , ay

(14.) libellula 12(345) Kreglinger L 1

(15.) libellula (12)3(45) = poirctia Mog. . . 3.

(16.) ibellula 1255,45 var.nov. . : : wie

ee el ee EON

(17.) libellula 1,,545 var. nov.

(18.) libellula 10045 Kreg]. = Sionnestia ee ‘

(19.) libellula 12,45 v. nov... ‘ : ‘ 1.

(This is new only in the sense of being er oe I have

seen it with a pink ground-color (rubella) from Truro, Cornwall,

England, collected by Mr. J. H. James.)

(20.) libellula 00345 = listeria Mogq.

(21.) libellula 0345 Ckll.

(22.) libellula 12045 = = favannea Mogq.

Se ea

76 THE NAUTILUS.

(23.) libellula ,2345 Ckll. ; , ; : Babe |

(24.) libellula 00300 = cavieria Moq. : 1. (juv.)

((25.) libellula 003(45) = gmelina Mog. Saal ania

ginata) . : asd fs

(26.) libellula 1(23)45 = abba Moa. } A di.

(In this specimen bands 4 and 5 are very thick: the yellow

line between 5 and 4 is very thin.)

(27.) rubella 003X00 var. noy. : : ‘ . teGayrs

(28.) rubella 12345 Mog. . , : : . 2. (one juv.)

(29.) rubella 00300 = guettardia Moa. 1. (pale.)

(30.) rubella 00000 = rubella Mog. ele

(31.) rubella 00305 Ckll. : : : ‘ we le

(32.) petiveria 12345 = brissonia Mogq. 5

(33.) petiverta 123(45) = arcelinia Locard. (one ae

band 2 very broad) (one juv.)

(34.) petiveria 1(23)3(45) v. nov. . : : LC pave)

All the above varieties have been found in Europe except Nos.

7 to 11, 16, 17, 27 and 34. The tendency of bands 4 and 5 to

coalesce is notable in the series, but this is a frequent form of

variation. The formula 00300, generally common in Europe,

seems rare. But the most remarkable thing about the series is the

splitting up of the bands in many specimens, forming combinations

which I have never seen in European examples. This is perhaps

to be regarded as the reverse of melanism, and due to dryness (I do

not know the degree of moisture at Lexington), and it is well to

remember that H. pisana, which frequents exceedingly dry places

(sand hills, ete.), shows this splitting-up of the bands to excess.

These new varieties are very diverse, and as yet few in number of

specimens in the colony, which tends to show that they are of recent

origin. If, as I believe, they are the direct result of the new

environment, in a few years we shall see them predominate at

Lexington, and probably more pronounced i in their characters, not

showing so many ill-developed bands. Here is a problem for the

future !

Since I wrote last about this species, Prof. Morrison has sent me

the following additional varieties from Lexington, Va., new to the

North American Fauna:

(1.) libellula 1,345 Roebuck. (juv.)

(2.) libellula 10345 CkIL.

(3.) libellula 12;(45) v. nov. (juv.)

THE NAUTILUS.

(4.) Uibellula ,0045 v. nov. (two specimens.)

(5.) libellula 12,345 v. nov.

(6.) libellula 12X345 v. nov. (juv.)

(7.) libellula 123,45 v. nov.

(8.) Libellula 10300 v. nov., but also British. (juv.)

(9.) libellula (123)(45) = gronovia Moq. In Europe, this variety

is found in France, England, and Wales, and the Rev. A.

Dean recently sent me examples of it from the Tyrol, and

from the Pyrenees..

(10.) libellula 1(23)(45) = brardia Mog. (juv.)

(11.) hibellula 1(23;),(45) v. nov. (juv.)

(12.) libellula 123345 v. nov. (juv.)

(13.) libellula 000,...00 v. nov.

(14.) libellula 12;,,45 v. nov. (juv.)

(15.) hbellula 12,3(45) v. nov. (juv.)

(16.) libellula (12)345 Mog. (juv.)

(17.) libellula (12)X3(45) v. nov.

(18.) libellula 120,45 v. nov.

(19.) libellula 1,,3(X4)5; v. nov. (juv.)

(20.) libellula 12(84)5 Kregl. (juv.)

(21.) libellula 02345 = Schreteria Mogq.

(22.) libellula 1030,(,5) v. nov. (juv.)

(23.) petiveria 12,45 Ckll.

(24.) petiveria 1,545 Roebuck.

(25.) petiveria ,,345 Fenn.

(26.) petiveria 12045 == Michaudia Loe.

(27.) petiveria 125445 Borcherding, = var. sexfasciata Moq.

This remarkably variable series only emphasises the peculiarities

of the previous one. There is very little variation in the ground-

color of the shells.

West Cliff, Colo., Sept. 29, 1889.

COLLECTING LAND SHELLS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

BY EDWARD W. ROPER.

“ Look where you step” is a good rule to follow in any country,

but it is absolutely essential in San Diego county, for two reasons.

First, because it is very important, if there is a rattlesnake in your

78 THE NAUTILUS.

path, to see him before treading upon him. Secondly, because if

you carelessly step on the little round cactus so common in this

region, the spines, if they do not puncture the sole of your shoe, will

penetrate the upper leather more surely than needles. In the eyes

of an eastern collector, accustomed to look for land shells in moist,

shady places, it is not a promising country. There are no woods,

except on the mountains, and few streams of water around whose

banks mollusks might be expected. Yet there are shells all around.

Find a cactus that is dead, and turn over its fallen leaves with a

stout stick. Like the watermelon, a cactus seems to carry its own

water, and under this moist, decaying mass the little Pupas may be

found, and Helix Stearnsiana Gabb takes shelter fromthe sun. The

night dews are heavy, and doubtless when darkness falls, the snails

emerge from their hiding places, and browse around for food.

Another favorite collecting ground is a pile of loose rocks; if on

the south side of a hill, where the sun beats hottest, so much the

better. Turn over every stone until the damp earth is reached, and

your eyes will be gladdened by the sight of the elegant dark brown

shiny Glyptostoma Newberryana W. G. B. Ifthe rocks are in the

midst of shrubbery and herbage, the large beautifully banded Arianta

tudiculata Binn. is likely to be found. Very rarely do any of these

shells live on the shaded northern slopes, doubtless because where the

ground is less heated during the day, less moisture is condensed at

night. In this country, then, the collector truly earns his prizes by

the sweat of his brow.

One other land shell is the Succinea Oregonensis Lea, of a red-

dish golden hue, found on the weedy river banks, and living only a

little less in the water than its frequent companions Limneea

Adelinz Tryon, and Physa Gabbii Tryon. These are the common

shells of the open country, although far from numerous in-individuals,

when one considers the hours of diligent labor necessary to procure

a reasonable number.

WHAT IS A SPECIES?

BY CHARLES T. SIMPSON.

In view of the practice of naming everything now-a-days by the

so-called new school of conchologists, we may well ask the above

question. Agassiz in classifiying animal life says, that “species are

THE NAUTILUS. 719

distinguished by size, proportion, color, habits, and relations to sur-

rounding objects and circumstances.” Like many things which we

understand very well, the word is difficult to define. It is almost

impossible to say just what differences are required to constitute a

species or a variety. Perhaps so far as the study of conchology is

concerned this definition will answer: A mollusk which differs from

all allied forms by certain distinct constant characters is entitled to

specific rank. Asa friend remarked to me: “It is not so necessary

that the differences between species be great as that they are con-

stant.” Any character or characters of real value that are always

present on a shell ought to entitle it toa name; while no matter how

marked they may be in individuals, if they imperceptibly fade into

those belonging to what have been considered to be other species,

they are worthless for purposes of classification. The merest novice |

who has given any attention to the subject, either collecting or

examining cabinets gf shells, knows something of how individuals of

aspecies vary. This variation is very often produced by the cir-

cumstances by which a mollusk is surrounded,—locality, depth and

condition of water, different kinds of soil and bottom, height of

elevation on mountain sides, climate and the like. Baron von

Tiesenhausen states that Helix cingulata, a smooth shell, is found in

the valleys of Austria, H. cingulata var. colubrina, a little mottled

and sometimes slightly ribbed, about half way up the mountains, and

H. gobanzi, which is only perhaps a strongly ribbed form of

cingulata, lives near their summits. Fasciolaria tulipa, when found

in quiet muddy bays is a coarse shell with strongly-marked revolving

ridges, of a dirty brownish or ash color and scarcely variegated at

all ; and is in every way inferior to the much larger, finely developed,

smooth and handsomely variegated specimens taken in the open

sea. Natica duplicata, from the vicinity of New England, is a coarse

shell often flushed with brown or brownish-yellow, while specimens

from the open water in the Gulf of Mexico are smooth and polished,

livid in color, or even almost white. The same shell, though, when

found in brackish water on the Florida coast, is more like the New

England form, but is never brownish in color that I have seen.

Cyrena floridana is a most variable shell even when a number are

taken from the same bed; so much so that Conrad who just named

it, subsequently gave to other very different specimens the appellation

of C. protexta. In color it ranges from a dark purplish crimson,

through purple and pink to white, and individuals may be found of

80 THE NAUTILUS.

almost every tint of blue; and in form it may be oval, the posterior

end may be truncated as in Unio elegans, or it may be so drawn out

as to be scarcely distinguishable when small, from Venus flexuosus.

Were there no connecting links I could make a half dozen good

species from the shells in my collection. Some specimens have an

epidermis almost as rough as its congener C. carolinensis, while in

others it is almost totally lacking. In all the species I have cited

there are connecting links which show that these variations are

merely forms of one and the same thing.

In view of these facts and numberless others which could be given

of the extensive variability of species, and measured by such a

definition as I have given of the word, how ridiculous is the practice

of naming every possible variation and form, now so much in vogue

with the new school of conchologists; a practice which, I am sorry

to say, is not confined to them alone, nor to the present time. M.

Bourguignat, who may be fairly considered a representative of this

school, says he knows 162 species of Helix of the group Pomatia, and

that of these he possesses 151. And he classifies them into two grand

sections and nineteen series! One feels like using the language of the

happy father who, when the nurse presented him with triplets, the

results of a single birth, exclaimed in utter astonishment, “ Great

Scott! did any get away?” Why don’t they name and describe

every individual shell and be done with it? This would certainly

be one way out of the dilemma.

(To be continued.)

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF OCINEBRA.

BY F. C. BAKER.

‘Ocinebra jenksii Baker.

Shell fusiform, thick, ash-colored, shouldered on the whorls; whorls

72, two apical smooth, rounded, white; the second is but little larger

than the first; the third is provided with a distinct carina about

midway of the whorl; the rest are strongly shouldered and angular.

There are on each whorl nine to ten longitudinal ribs, crossed by

ten very strong, coarse lirze, which cut the surface of the shell into

coarse reticulations. The spire is high, pointed, and occupies about

half the length of the entire shell. Aperture oblong-ovate, choco-

THE NAUTILUS. 81

late-colored, and ending below in a short, open canal. Outer lip

thickened, arcuate, and five-dentate within. Inner lip smooth,

covering the columella. Canal open, short, and a little deflected to

the left. Umbilical region closed by the extending columellar

callous.

Alt. 17, diam. 10 mill. Aperture alt. 7 (excluding canal), diam.

4 mill.

This is a distinct little shell and not referable to any species with

which I am acquainted. Its nearest ally appears to be Ocinebra

circumteata Stearns, from which it is separated by its more pointed

elongated spire, and absence of the two brown bands. The ribs in

circumtexta are not so well developed, and the spiral lire are not

so coarse. There are seventeen spirial liree upon circumtexta,

whilst upon jenksii there are but ten. The greatest difference,

however, is in the embryonic whorls, which in cireumtexta are dis-

tinetly bicarinate, while in jenksii they are rounded. It bears some

superficial resemblance to Ocinebra gracillima Stearns, but is sep-

arated from that species by its more angular form. The ribs, too,

are more numerous in gracill/ima, and the canal is closed. The

embryonic apex in gracillima is corrugated whilst that of jenksii is

smooth. It is separated from Ocinebra michaeli Ford, by its much

shorter canal, more rotund form, and thickened lip.

I have seen but four specimens of this species, obtained from the

Wagner Collection at the Wagner Free Institute of Science, and as

they show little or no variation, I am led to believe the characters

‘are quite constant.

I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. C. W. Johnson, assistant

curator, Wagner Free Institute of Science, for the privilege of’

studying and describing the species. The types are now deposited

in the Wagner Collection. The habitat is unknown.

I take great pleasure in naming this interesting little species in

honor of Prof. J. W. P. Jenks, Curator-in-Charge of the Museum

-at Brown University, Providence, R. I.

HELIX (STENOTREMA) HIRSUTA SAY, ON THE WEST COAST.

Of this form Mr. W. G. Binney remarks in his “ Manual of

American Land Shells,” page 279, “a postpliocene species now found

-over the Northern and Interior regions as far as Kansas and Vir-

82 THE NAUTILUS.

’

ginia, and even into Alabama.” Mr. Pilsbry in his recent Check-

List of N. A. Land Shells credits it to the “ Eastern United States.”

The collection in the National Museum shows that it has a much

wider distribution. Upon examining certain shells collected by Dr.

Edward Palmer [Mus. No 37282] on the West Coast, several years

ago, I found that he had discovered Say’s species on the banks of the

Yaqui river near Guaymas, on the easterly side of the Gulf of

California. |The jump was so great, across the vontinent or a good

part of it, that I somewhat doubted my own eyes, and therefore sent

specimens to Tryon and Binney to learn their opinions; both of

these gentlemen confirmed my determination. Zonites (Hyalina):

Binney and Morse credited to “ North Eastern U. S.; Canada,” by

Mr. Pilsbry also makes a great leap to the westward, surpassing that

of S. hirsuta, having been detected at Vancouver Island B. C. accord-

ing to Dr. J. G. Cooper in Proc. Cal. Acad. Sciences, Dec. 31, 1887-

R. E. C. STEARNS.

Washington, D. C., Oct. 26, 1889.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

Venericordia borealis Conrad.

Shell rounded, obliquely heart-shaped, thick and strong, inequi-

partite; beaks prominent; elevated and recurved; surface with

twenty ribs radiating from the beaks; three ribs are raised, rounded.

and broad, with a narrow groove between each rib, crossed by

coarse lines of growth and the whole surface covered with a strong

rusty brown epidermis; hinge strong; teeth two in each valve;

interior white; margin crenulated. Length one inch; height one

inch; breadth 55. Inhabits from New Jersey to Labrador; gener-

ally in deep water. It is often obtained from the stomachs of fishes.

Mr. 8. I. Smith found specimens in Gardiner’s Bay, Long Island,

and one specimen was found at Sandy Hook. I have found a few

specimens at Block Island. In Maine it grows to a larger size than

those found further south. Woodward quotes it from the Sea of

Okhotsk, which if true, shows as wide distribution both in climate

and in extent of coast.

Another species, the Cyclocardia novangliz Morse, is quoted from

Connecticut to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, deep water, but has not

been found as yet in Rhode Island.

THE NAUTILUS. OD

ORDER ASIPHONIDA.

Mantle margins open; no siphons; pallial impressions without

sinus. This Order is sub-divided into three Sub-orders. | Homom-

yaria, Heteromyaria and Monomyaria.

SUB-ORDER. HOMOMYARIA.

Both muscular impressions equally distinct.

(To be continued.)

GENERAL NOTES.

Last January a living specimen of Glandina bullata Gould, was

received from Green Co., Ala.

After keeping it active for a few days it was put in a box, where

it remained dormant until placed in a pan containing damp sod

(May 4th); since then it has been out most every day.

My children delight to watch it crawl about and often handle it,

letting it crawl over their hands.

Some Patula perspectiva Say, were put in the pan; off of them it

made several meals, removing them from the shell by suction or by

cutting away the upper part of the whorls, except the last one.

A Helix muralis Miller, was eaten without injury to the shell.

A few days ago a Cut-worm was offered to it but was refused ; it was

then offered a Limax campestris Binney, which was eaten with ev-

ident relish, as were two others. They were first taken hold of in the

fissure, at the base of the palpiform labial appendages, and the fore

part of the foot; the buccal pouch was then protruded and the slug

forcibly drawn in. The mouth is round, and I judge it to be about

three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter. While in the act of swallow-

ing, the palpiform appendages are drawn back to the sides of the head

and have a slight resemblance to ears; enough so, that a boy stand-

ing by exclaimed, “see his ears; I did not know it had ears.”

Later I tried it to see how many slugs it would eat at one time.

Taking it up by the shell its head would be placed on a slug and in

that way it picked up and ate six; the seventh it would not take

hold of. This meal gorged it so that it could not withdraw wholly

within its shell —A. A. Hinkley, Du Bois, Ill.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE SHELL-BEARING MARINE

Mottusks and Brachiopods of the Southeastern Coast of the United

84 THE NAUTILUS.

States, with illustrations of many of the species, by W. H. Dall,

A.M., Honorary Curator Dept. of Mollusks, U.S. Nat. Mus. (Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 37). “This work is intended to assist students

of the Mollusca in the United States, by bringing together for their

use a large number of excellent figures of species belonging to or

illustrating the fauna of the Southern and Southeastern Coasts of

the United States, from Cape Hatteras south to the Straits of Florida

and west to Mexico, with the adjacent waters. These figures are

explained and connected by a catalogue of the mollusks known to

inhabit that region.” The extreme northern and extreme southern

range of each species is given, and its presence in New Jersey,

Virginia, Hatteras, Georgia, East Florida, Florida Keys, West

Florida, Texas, West Indies, Bermuda, Europe and West America

is indicated in parallel columns. The catalogue thus comprises a

dozen local lists rolled into one, and put into the most convenient

possible form. We would recommend students working at localities

included within the limits above given (Hatteras to West Florida),

to use this work as a foundation, and omit in lists for publication

the species enumerated by Dr. Dall, unless they are peculiar or

local in distribution. As a hand-book for collectors of our southern

marine shells, the volume is indispensable. The plates number 74,

and illustrate by excellent line-engravings about one-third of the

total number of species (1,655) enumerated.

A Srupy oF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO, by V. Sterki,

M. D. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1888, 10pp. plate). In this paper

Dr. Sterki directs attention prineipally to the form of the last whorl

and the aperture-folds of Vertigo, and the relations of American to

European species. A convenient formula is given for expressing

the combinations, positions and relative importance of the teeth, the

principal or primary folds being designated by letters, the smaller

secondary ones by dots. Several species included by him in Vertigo

(e. g., P. pentodon) are said to be real Pup, by high authorities,

and possess distinct tentacles. These tiny fellows require further

study. The subgenus Angustwa is proposed for our V. milium

and the European V. venetzii. The group is apparently a natural

one, but the name proposed must give way to Moquin-Tandon’s

Vertilla, proposed in 1855 for the last-named species. The figures

are excellent, and the whole paper is highly instructive and sug-

gestive, giving evidence of much careful research.

THE NAUTILUS, 1889. PiAsvE lr

17. 18. 19.

1, 2,3, P. cultratus. 9) P. coca: 15, B. pinguis.

4, A. excentricus. 10, B. compressicollis. 15, B. proelongus.

6, 7, P. calamitosa, 11, 16, B. pinguis vur. 14, B. geoffreyt.

8, B. armandt. IS Caedintatus: sli, Fe radiate.

18, B. alboreflexus. 19, B. cantor?, v. octonus.

ai tee" ,

‘oe

heen ye)

ral

THE NAUTILUS. ij

EXCHANGES.

Litiopa striata from Sargasso Sea; Donax Cayennensis ; denticulata; Macrocerramus Klatt-

eanus; lineatus var. (n. s.) Hayti, fine; Unio Canadensis, etc., etc., all my own collecting.

Lists exchanged. J. J. BROWN, M. D., Sheboygan, Wis-

Offered :—Helix nemoralis and Helicina occulta from Rockbridge Co., Va., for shells from.

other localities. JAS. H. MORRISON, Box 34, Lexington, Va.

Wanted :—Microscopical Journals and Books, volumes or odd numbers. Offered :—Micro-

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Offered :—Random Notes on Natural History (odd numbers or complete volumes) for Num-

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Address, W. D. AVERELL, Mt. Airy, Phila.

Anodonta suborbiculata Say.

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By Pror. JostaH Keep, Mills College, California

A familiar description of the Marine, Fresh-Water and

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Rocky Mountains. 182 Illustrations, 230 pages. The

frontispiece is a hand-painted engraving of the very rare

and beautiful Swrcula Carpenteriana, Gabb.

To aid in the study of Shells, the pronunciation of the

Latin names is indicated, and a Glossary, Key, Biographi-

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Beautifully printed and bound, Price, postpaid, $1.75.

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lV THE NAUTILUS.

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Mol. EET; DECEMBER, 1889 No. 8.

CONTENTS:

PAGE.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW AMERICAN HELIX. F.A.Sampson. . : > Sp

NOTES ON THE VARIATION OF CERTAIN MOLLUSCA INTRODUCED FROM

EUROPE. T.D. A. Cockerell. : : ; ? : : 5 tele:

Wat Is Species? Chas. T. Simpson. . : : : ‘ é 5 ie)

On CREpPIDULA GLauca. John Ford. ‘ : : : : : 0

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLuscA OF RHODE IsLaND. Horace F. Carpenter. 92

GENERAL NOTES. : 5 5 3 : ‘ ‘ ; : 5 - 9d

Published by

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ll THE NAUTILUS.

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AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.

A list of United States Land Shells, complete to Sept., 1889, containing the

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Collectors interested in American Shells will find this a useful list for arranging

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He N Mes:

VOL. III. DECEMBER, 1889. No. 8

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW AMERICAN HELIX.

BY F. A. SAMPSON.

On the Boston Mountains, Crawford Co., Arkansas, I found some

shells which may be described as follows:

Triodopsis edentata, n. sp.

Shell imperforate, depressed, with granulate striations, thickly

covered with hair-like projections; whorls 5, the last strongly con-

tracted at the aperture ; suture not much impressed ; spire short,

obtuse; parietal wall with a long arcuated white tooth ;

umbilical region impressed; aperture contracted by a

Tt deep indentation behind the peristome; on the inner

margin of the peristome are two enlargements or obsolete

teeth, one near the base, the other midway between it

and the right terminus of the peristome.

Greater diameter 133, lesser 12, height 7 mill.

T. inflecta in Arkansas varies from 9 to 12 mill. diameter, and the

larger shells in general appearance are very much like this species

with the exception of the teeth on the peristome. Had I found but

one or two specimens I would have taken them to be immature

inflecta of large size, but I found a dozen living and dead shells the

latter part of February, and they were all destitute of peristome

teeth, and are as much entitled to specific distinction as Triodopsis

Rugeli Schutt, in which the difference from inflecta is the distance

of the upper tooth of the peristome within the aperture.

In this species the enlargements of the peristome correspond in

position with the teeth of inflecta, but it is hardly proper to call

86 THE NAUTILUS.

them teeth, the thinner shells being as clear of teeth as a typical

Mesodon, and only the old thickened shells have the obsolete teeth,

They attain a size somewhat larger than the largest specimens of

inflecta in the Binney collection.

Prof. Call believes them to be Triodopsis appressa minor, but they

seem to me to be nearer inflecta than appressa, and if not a distinct

species, they certainly are a well-marked variety.

NOTES ON THE VARIATION OF CERTAIN MOLLUSCA

INTRODUCED FROM EUROPE.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

As IT have urged when writing of Helix nemoralis, few subjects can

be more interesting to the conchologist than the effect of environment

on species, which is seen so frequently in the case of variable species

introduced into new countries.

Through the kindness of Mr. W. G. Binney and Prof. J. H.

Morrison, I have been enabled to examine specimens of several

species of European Mollusca introduced into this country, and to

refer them to various varieties already known in Europe, but mostly

so far not recognized in the American fauna.

(1.) Agriolimax agrestis (L.) var. Sylvaticus. (Moq., non Drap.)

This is the mottled form of the species, and appears to be the

prevalent form at Burlington, New Jersey, whence Mr. Binney has

sent me several living examples. One of these is unusually large,

being 53 mill. long.

(2.) A. agrestis var. typica. (Less. & Poll.)

This is the spotless type, of which I found a single example at

St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada, in 1887.

(3.) A. agrestis var. reticulatus (Moq.)

Resembles var. sylvaticus, but is reddish-ochre with black irregular

spots, often tending to reticulation on the body. Sent from Burling-

ton, N. J. (Mr. Binney).

(4.) Limax (Lehmannia) variegatus Drp. var. flavas Moq. (—L. flavus ‘ L.,”’

Auctt.)

Lexington, Va., one example from Prof. Morrison.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

(5.) Limax maximus “L.,” Auctt., var. vulgaris Moq. é

This has the dorsal black bands continuous. One from Lexington,

Va. (Prof. Morrison).

(6.) L. maximus var. cellarius D’Argentyille.

The bands on the back interrupted at intervals. Fifteen speci-

méns, some tending toward var. ferussaci Moq., from Lexington,

Va. (Prof. Morrison).

(7.) L. maximus var. maculatus Picard.

The back with black spots irregularly placed. One very nice

one from Burlington, N. J. (Mr. Binney).

(8.) Helix nemoralis L.

Mr. Binney has sent me several living examples from Burlington,

N. J., among which the var. rubella greatly preponderates, guettardia

and cuvieria being the only other varieties represented. It is here

interesting to notice, that at Burlington, where the species has been

long established, it varies much less than at Lexington. The red

forms so rare at Lexington, largely preponderate in the Burlington

sendings.

Prof. Morrison has lately sent me several more varieties from

Lexington, ten being new, and two already recorded in Europe.

These latter are var. requienia Moq. (—petiverta 10545) and var,

libellula 1(234)5 Kreglinger. The new ones will be recorded later.

(9.) Helix hispida var. concinna (Jeffreys).

Mr. Binney sent me a shell found at Montreal, referable to this

form. Itis pale horn color, max. diam. 8{, alt. 4% mill. H. concinna

was considered by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys a valid species, but it cannot

be separated on sufficient grounds from H. hispida L.

(10.) Helix cantiana Mont. var. minor Moq.

Mr. Binney has sent me an example which he received from

Mr. F. R. Latchford, labelled “ Citadel, Quebec, Aug. 12, 1886.”

It is smaller and thinner than the type, with the least tinge of red

outside the outer lip. Max. diam. 15, alt. 10 mill. Figured in

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Vol. xiii, No. 2 (1886). Pl. I, fig. 13.

This form, which I believe is very constant in its characters, is a

variety of Helix galloprovincialis Dupuy, which, however, is itself

undoubtedly a variety of H. cantiana.

West Cliff, Custer Co., Colo., Nov. 6, 1889.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

WHAT IS SPECIES?

BY CHARLES T. SIMPSON.

But while we are throwing stones at the ‘new school’ across the

water, let us be sure that on this side we are not living in glass

houses. Look at the 1200 species of Unionide ; more than half of

which we proudly claim to be residents of the waters of the

United States! Look, too, at the vast number of names we apply to

our Strepomatide, our Planorbis, Limnzeas and Physas! ‘There can

be no doubt that the numbers of these genera, and perhaps those of our

Zonites and Helices will be greatly cut down when the truth con-

cerning them is at last revealed to us. How many species of shells

have we, right here in our own country, which have been thoroughly

and carefully studied; of which complete collections have been

made of specimens of various ages throughout their range, and com-

pared with anything like complete collections of allied forms? Very

few indeed! I know that in the matter of naming we are all “ prone

to err as the sparks are to fly upwards.” It is said that a naturalist

has a horror of the unnamed, and I believe it. I know collectors,

and good students too, who will not have unidentified specimens in

their cabinets, and I confess that it makes me a little fidgety to

have a shell that I cannot refer to anything. ‘Those who collect get

such things often, and when they refuse to agree with any figure

or description, it is aggravating and then often no doubt the Father

of Temptation puts it into their heads that they are new; and the

thought of seeing their names in print attached to one of the works

of nature, and the cheap glory that accompanies it stimulates them

to name and send them out, when perhaps had their relations been

carefully studied out, they would be found to be merely forms of

something already well known. I cannot forbear in this place from

quoting from a letter written by my friend, the late Miss Annie E.

Law, one of the most careful and indefatigable students and

collectors that has ever lived in this country. Shesays: “I want

to tell you what an iconoclast I would be if I hada chance! I send

you Euryeelon Wheatleyii which came from Mr. Wheatley himself.

Now can you see any reason why Anculosa praerosa wouldn’t be

just as gooda name? In the Holston and Clinch Rivers individuals

of the same species seem to grow heavier, coarser, and generally

larger as we go down stream.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

In the upper reaches we have Io fluviatilis, 100 miles lower

down we have I. spinosa, I. turrita, and I. brevis. I have collected

many thousands of these Io’s: spinosa is the most abundant form ;

then, after picking out a few turrita and brevis there are always a

large proportion that might fit one place as well as another; there-

fore I would call them all spinosa, more or less developed by local

causes. Pleurocera sycamorense in one stream becomes P. estabrookii

in another, and P. unicale ina third. Goniobasis sulcosa in a brook,

becomes G. arachnoidea in a creek. Pleurocera parvum and P.

Lyoni in a creek in the mountains, become P. fastigiatum in large

streams. Dr. Lewis regarded Goniobasis livescens and G. niagarensis

the same, and I don’t see why Pleurocera curtum and P. conicum

should need different names; and when it comes to the Strephobasis

I don’t want to name them.” Such is the opinion of one who has

spent many years of her life in exhaustive research and study among

the Molluses of Tennessee. And when a like thorough search and

comparison of all the species of North America has been made I pre-

dict that there will be a wholesale addition to the list of our syn-

onyms. No doubt in a number of the cases which Miss Law cites

the difference between selected specimens was great enough to

warrant separating them and giving them names, but the trouble

was that intermediate forms of every degree were found, which com-

pletely connected them; and asin so many other cases this variation

was produced by circumstances.

Now species founded on trivial characters, or those which in-

sensibly merge into others cannot stand. I fully agree with my

friend Dr. Singley of Giddings, Texas, who says that he wants species

which he “ can separate from others without the aid of a powerful

magnifier and a vivid imagination.”

A careful and earnest student from Kansas writes as follows: “I

have lately collected a large number of Planorbis trivolvis from the

rivers and creeks in this vicinity, and I find it a most interesting

shell. I can take Binney’s Land and Fresh-water shells of North

America and a box of these and duplicate a half dozen species figured

and described in it.” And I believe the same will be found to be

true of our Succineas which need a thorough pruning down in the

matter of names. ,

And what is a variety? If species, as they are now recognized

among conchologists, hopelessly run together, where shall the varieties

appear? What is the difference between a variety and a species, is

90 THE NAUTILUS.

a question that I have often been asked ; in fact I have often made

the same inquiry myself. When the Judge wanted to know of Sam.

Weller whether he spelt his name with a V or a W he replied:

“That depends on the taste and fancy of the speller.” And I think

that in applying specific or varietal names, much depends on the

taste and fancy of the one giving them. I think a definition of a

variety might be, a shell which evidently belongs to a given species

but which presents certain constant minor variations from the type.

Sometimes these may be color, or of size, form, sculpture; in the

* presence or absence of a tooth, or other detail, but it should always

be constant to be worth anything, and even when it is, conchologists

do not adhere to any strict rule in naming. Among the cones and

olivas, coloring is often the principal distinguishing character ; while

with shells like Donax and many of the Neritas and Neritinas, it

counts for nothing.

I believe that those of us who are more conservative should collect

and study not with a view to the formation of new species, but to cut

down and relegate to the synonymy the hundreds and perhaps thou-

sands of false ones which already exist. Instead of making the

inquiry over a puzzling form, isn’t it new, it would be better to ask,

doesn’t it connect species that are now considered separate. Mr.

Tryon gloriously inaugurated the work of cutting down the list of

our names, and I believe that as great honor and fame awaits the

iconoclast in the future, as can possibly belong to the most assiduous

member of the new school of the present.

ON CREPIDULA GLAUCA.

BY JOHN FORD.

In his recently published Catalogue of the Marine Mollusks of the

Southeastern coast of the United States, Dr. Dall appears to have

altogether ignored the existence of Crepidula glauca, Say, the figure

of the latter, taken from Gould’s Invertebrata of Massachusetts, hav-

ing been utilized by him to represent a juvenile C. fornicata, Say.

The same mistake was made by my friend, the late Mr. Geo. W.

Tryon, Jr., in one of his early publications, but a more recent

examination of a large number of specimens satisfied him that the

species was absolutely distinct from C. fornicata or any other species

belonging to the genus.

THE NAUTILUS. Sh

The writer’s first knowledge of the characters of the two species

certainly convinced him that they were widely separated, and in

order that this fact might be made apparent to others, some fine

suites of both forms were shown and commented upon at a recent

meeting of the Phila. Acad. of Nat. Sciences, and, it may be added,

that the conchologists present fully endorsed the views of the speaker.

The several prominent characters exhibited by C. fornicata are as

follows :

Ist, the dateral curve of the apex, which, though very prominent,

is, as a rule, closely attached to the body of the shell. ;

2d, the bow-like curve of the free edge of the interior arch.

3d, the well-defined nick at the junction of the latter with the

outer wall of the shell. 4th, the concave form of the septum, which is

the same in all stages of growth.

Other characters might be noted, but those given will doubtless

suffice to separate the species, as C. glauca has none of the features

alluded to.

The apex of the latter species is quite small and comparatively

free from contact with the body of the shell. — It is also horn-like in

appearance, usually shining, and but slightly inclined to curve

laterally.

The free edge of the septum is straighter than that of C. fornicata,

and the notch is not only absent but replaced by a slight advance

of that part of the plate along and against the inner wall of the

shell. Another, and perhaps the strongest character of the group is

the convex form of the septum.

This feature, which is a constant one, may be safely depended on

to distinguish the species at once trom C, fornicata in which the septum

is always depressed. The general outline of the shells will also help

the student to divide the species, C. fornicata as a rule being pear-

shaped, while C. glauca is usually disk or quoit-like in form. The

prevailing color of the latter is also a distinguishing mark, the inside

of the shells being ofa dark brown color and the outside a dark gray

or purple.

That a species so well marked as C. glauca should be dropped or

mergéd into another without a given reason, is no small matter, and

more than one, student will doubtless thank the eminent Doctor for

some explanation.

It may be of interest for some readers of the “ Nautilus” to know

that a very fine suite of the shells can be seen in the New Jersey

92 THE NAUTILUS.

collection of the Philadelphia Acad. of Nat. Sciences ; also, that the

writer, who has collected many scores of specimens, has never found

them associated with any other species of the genus.

JOHN Forp.

Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 12th, 1889.

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY HORACE F. CARPENTER.

FAMILY UNIONID.

This family formerly called Naides, embraces those shells com-

monly called fresh-water clams or mussels. They are found in

rivers and ponds all over the world, but they reach their greatest

perfection in this country. Over twelve hundred species are known

to science, named and properly classified, of which more than half

inhabit the U.S. This family has been made the special study of

the late Dr. Isaac Lea, of Philadelphia, who died at the advanced

age of ninety-five years, on the eighth of Dec., 1886. He devoted

fifty years of his life to the study of the Unionide and has described

more new species than all other conchologists together. He has read

before scientific and other societies one hundred and ‘tifty-seven

papers and has been honored by degrees and honorary membership

of twenty-five of the most prominent universities and scientific

associations of the world. His great work, “ Observations on the

genus Unio” consists of thirteen quarto volumes, illustrated by

hundreds of beautiful plates.

The shells of this family are not in general very attractive on the

outside, but the interior of the valves are always lined with a beau-

tiful pearly substance called nacre, which in some specimens are

pure white and in others salmon, rose-red, blue, green, purple, ete.

The sexes in this family are distinct, which is an exception to the

rule in a large majority of the species of Mollusca, where the sexes

are united in each individual. The shells exhibit but little varia-

tion in form except the usual one, that the females are more ventri-

cose and broader behind than the males.

The animals of this family are all capable of producing pearls,

some of which are of great beauty and value. In one instance six-

teen pearls were obtained from a single specimen. One of the

THE NAUTILUS. 93

objects of Czesar’s expedition to Great Britain was to obtain pearls

from the fresh-water clams of that country. The pearl fisheries of

Scotland in the river Tay, were continued until the end of the last

century and many large and beautiful pearls were found in the

river Tyronne, in Ireland.

One of the finest of the English pearls is now in Queen Victoria’s

crown. Old and deformed specimens are the most liable to contain

pearls, and they consist of a nucleus of some foreign substance

such as a grain of sand, covered by successive layers of nacre

secreted by the mantle of the animal. he color of the pearls varies

with its species, and is of the same shade as the nacre which lines

the interior of the valves.

In China the natives make little flat lead casts of their idols;

these they insert between the shell and the mantle of the animal, by

prying open the valves of these clams with a wedge; the presence

of these foreign substances irritates the animal and causes it to

deposit layer after layer of nacre upon them. After a time the

shells are opened and the images removed and worn as charms.

This family is divided into six genera, three of which inhabit the

U.S.: they are called Unio, Margaritana and Anodonta.

Genus Unio, Retzius, 1788.

Shell equivalve, multiform ; hinge with a short, irregular, striated,

simple or divided tooth in each valve, and an elongated, marginal

tooth.

There are about one thousand species of this genus, nearly eight

hundred of which are American and one hundred and fifty or more

inhabit the Ohio river and its tributaries; only five of these are

found in New England and but three inhabit R. I.

187.— Unio complanatus, Solander.

Syns. :

Mya complanata, Soiand. and Dillw.

Union purpurens, Say, Desh. Barnes.

Union purpuraceus, Lam.

Union violaceus, Spengl.

Union fluviatiles, Green.

Union (Naia) complanatus, Perkins.

Shell elongated-oval; beaks at the anterior fourth, almost always

eroded; surface coarsely wrinkled by the lines of growth, and

94 THE NAUTILUS.

covered with a thick tar-colored or very dark green epidermis ;

interior lined with a dark peach blossom nacre, sometimes salmon

colored. There is a single, erect, pyramidal, coarsely striated car-

dinal tooth in the right valve, and two triangular, pyramidal teeth

in the left valve; lateral teeth long, compressed and slightly curved.

Length, 33 inches; height, 2 inches; breadth, 1 inch.

This is our most common fresh-water clam. It is found in all the

rivers in the U.S. which empty into the Atlantic Ocean, but is not

found west of the Atlantic slope. It is also abundant in almost all

the ponds east of the Allegheny mountains. It might be collected

by bushels in the Blackstone River, Cunliff’s Pond, Old Warwick

Pond and many others. It is a favorite article of food for the musk-

rat, which devours them in great numbers, leaving piles of empty

shells on the edges of the streams and ponds. It is a very curious

thing how the muskrat can open the sheli and devour the animal

without leaving a mark of teeth or claw upon the shell. Specimens

freshly cleaned oftheir contents are in as fine condition for the cab-

inet as those obtained alive and prepared on purpose, the two valves

held together perfectly by the ligaments, and the edges or margins

of the shell unbroken.

188.— Unio nasutus, Say.

Syns.:

Mya nasuta, Wood.

Eurynea nasuta, Stimp, Perkins, Morse, ete.

Unio rostratus, Valence.

Unio nasutus, Say, Con. Lea, Gld. Dall, ete.

Shell slender, very inequilateral; beaks small, pointed and

slightly elevated, posterior produced so as to form a snout, from

which peculiarity its specific name. There are usually two or three

radiating lines running from the beaks to the end of the snout.

Surface smooth; epidermis glossy, of a dark olive-green color,

becoming dusky in old specimens. Nacre silvery white, iridescent,

sometimes with shades of bluish or salmon; cardinal teeth delicate,

compressed and directed obliquely forwards; cavity of the beaks

small, Length, 3.inches; height, 14 inches; breadth, 4 inch.

Described by Thos. Say in Nich. Ency. 1810. It is quite a com-

mon shell in the Middle and some of the Western States, but is very

rare in New Eng. It has been found in only four localities in Mass.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

and in one in Conn., and after searching in vain for several years

and having given up all hopes of finding it in R. L., I unexpectedly

discovered a locality in the summer of 1871. In hunting for other

species of shells in Cunliff’s Pond at Elmville, in Cranston, I saw

a few single valves of this species lying near the shore; knowing

that if dead shells were on the bank, live ones must be in the pond,

I went in, and succeeded in finding several splendid specimens of

this rare and unique species.

GENERAL NOTES.

New AMERICAN SHELLS. The following species are described

in a paper read before the Philadelphia Academy. Pupa Sterkiana,

a cylindrical species, the shape of P. muscorum, but nearly as large

as armifera, the mouth without teeth, surface strongly rib-striate,

from Lower California. Zonites selenitoides, a Californian species, a

little larger than Z. minusculus, ribbed like Selenites duranti. Helix

Streatori, from Caymon Id., south of Cuba, allied to H. gaussoini

Tryon, but more depressed, banded with chestnut color, and with

more conical spire.—Pilsbry.

Pa@cILOZONITES CIRCUMFIRMATUS Var. CORNEuS. This is different

from the typical form in lacking color-markings. Shell thin, fragile,

horn-colored. The specimens were given me by the ABBE VATHE-

LET, who collected them in Bermuda.—Pilsbry.

Pura wantep. The editor wishes to obtain specimens of Pupa

decora Gld. for comparison with Western shells. A liberal exchan ge

will be given.—Pilsbry.

LIMAX AGRESTIS IN PHILADELPHIA. I have just examined a

series of 21 examples of this species collected in Philadelphia, Pa.,

and kindly sent to me by Mr. H. A. Pilsbry. So far as one can

judge from alcoholic specimens, five color-varieties are represented.

Two specimens appear white, and may be referred to var. albidus,

Picard. Six are pale ochery, and spotless, and are referable to

typicus Less. and Poll., but approach rufescens in their color. Six

have very indistinct brownish marbling or reticulation, and may be

classed under Moquin’s var. obscurus. Five are var. sy/vaticus Mogq.

(now Drap.), and two are to be regarded as V. reticulatus, although

differing slightly from the description of that variety. One specimen

96 THE NAUTILUS.

has the mantle distinctly bifid anteriorly,

formation which I have not before seen.

a very interesting mal-

T. D. A. CoCKEREDLE.

West Cliff, Colorado, Dec. 7, 1889.

Hyawrnta Srerkit Dall, originally found near New Philadelphia

(Tuscarawas Co.), Ohio, has also been collected in the Northeast

(either Summit or Lake Co.) of the same state-—Dr. Sterki.

For THE EXAMINATION of small and minute species of Hyalinia,

Pupa, Vertigo, etc., it is just the right thing to have everything

collected in a locality mixed up; that will allow the best idea of the

malacological character of a place—Dr. Sterki.

Pura Hotztncert, Sterki, proves to be widely distributed in the

Northwest. Since the first few examples were known it has been

collected in Will and LaSalle Counties, Illinois, by Mr. J. H. Ferriss,

of Joliet, Il. From Iowa, Nebraska and Dakota (Ft. Berthold),

I found it in collections, under various names. From Minnesota I

know of none after the first examples from Winona.—Dr. Sterki.

Dr. Dawu has recently proposed a new classification of the

Bivalves, very different in some respects from the old arrangements

founded on the number of muscles or gills. An abstract will appear

in the January NAUTILUS.

AN INTERESTING little book has been received from Prof. R. E.

C. Stearns, on “ Ethno-Conchology ; a study of Primitive money ”

(Ex Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus.). Romance and love, pearls, treasures,

dashing Spanish cavaliers, and all manner of attractive things illu-

minate the earlier pages; from these the author descends to the

more sordid and commonplace money-cowries, and to strings of

purple and white wampum, Dentalium-money and Haliotis-money.

It is all so interesting that we will not quote, but recommend the

entire paper to our readers.

THE NAUTILUS. lil

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Tapes staminea for Mussels from Mississippi River and Ohio, near Cincinnati. M. BURTON

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Vol .AtT. JANUARY, 1890 No. 9.

CONTENTS:

PAGE.

In A MAINE CONCHOLOGIST’s HUNTING GROUNDS. . : ¢ ; 2 on

Nore ON CREPIDULA GLAUCA SAY. W. H. Dall. é : , ‘ . 98

A LisT OF THE MOLLUSCA OF COLORADO. T. D. A. Cockerell. ; . 99

AN ANNOTATED LIsT OF THE SHELLS OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.

C. W. Johnson. : : 3 - 3 : ; : : . 103

GENERAL NOTES. P ; : ; , ¢ : : ‘ ‘ 5 AO)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. . ‘ 3 ; : ; 3 ‘ ; . 107

NoTIcE TO YOUNG COLLECTORS. : 2 F 3 ‘ : : . 108

Published by

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he: N\ AerITUS.

VOL. III. JANUARY, 1890. No. 9.

IN A MAINE CONCHOLOGIST’S HUNTING GROUNDS.

Next to the pleasure of being in a region which has not been

scientifically explored, the student of natural history finds most

delight in visiting a place where some shining luminary in his

favorite branch has made his mark. There is the earnest resolve to

find every species mentioned by the earlier scholar, and the tempting

hope of something new. Such a spot is the beautiful town of Bethel,

Me., the old stamping ground of Edward S. Morse. Those who

have read his papers on the land and fresh water shells of Maine,

on the land Mollusks of New England, and his more general articles

on the Pupas and Vertigos, can but regret that the greater attrac-

tions of Japanese pottery and the lecture platform, drew him away

from studies of conchology. For he is a man who goes deep into

whatever subject he takes up, even the humble land snails no larger

than radish seeds. It was at Bethel that Morse discovered the

curious little Planogyra asteriscus, the lusterless steel-blue Zon-

ites ferreus, and the tiny Vertigo ventricosa. I found the former

abundant in a swampy place beneath some pine trees on the edge of

the wide Androscoggin intervales, early in October. The layers of

damp leaves were alive with many species of minute shells, Zonites

milium and Z. Binneyanus, both Morse discoveries, were very rare,

but Z. exiguus, Z. radiatulus, Z. fulvus, Patula lineata, Vertigo

Gouldii, Pupa contracta and Carychium exiguum were plentiful.

By taking up each dead leaf separately, a few brown specks were some-

times found, which a magnifying glass revealed as Punctum pygmae-

um or minutissimum. In dryer places, beneath pieces of bark, and

fallen trees were other tiny shells. Zonites ferreus, Patula striatella

98 THE NAUTILUS.

a single Patula harpa, Helix labyrinthica and Zonites arboreus.

An old oak stump in the pasture was the hiding place of Helix

monodon. Beneath fern roots in a clump of oak trees in the inter-

vale I discovered Macrocyclis concava, Succinea obliqua and

Vitrina limpida, perhaps the most slimy and difficult to handle of

all shells, after being plunged into hot water previous to cleaning.

Lastly, where the brook moistened the mossy rocks and the roots of

the great beach trees, was the home of the plainly beautiful Helix

albolabris. Only in one spot did I find the asteriscus. Perhaps

Morse found his type specimens in that identical spot. Whether he

did or not is immaterial, but he could hardly have found a better

place, or experienced more pleasure in the discovery than I did.

It was Edward 8. Morse who remarked that the multitude of

intelligent young people who spend hours in the puzzle departments

of magazines, and obtain simply an answer to clever word juggling,

could find equally entertaining puzzles in Nature’s book, the solving

of which would bring more than mere words. They would find

that the life history of natural objects had all the fascination of a

well-written story

interest in what might follow.

Our young students of conchology should be induced to look

among the little shells for new discoveries. Anybody can pick up

Helix albolabris in its home, but only those who know what they

are looking for can find Planogyra asteriscus. Let us see if the

influence of Morse and his Bethel shells can be made to animate a

new generation of pupils.

the turning of everv page, arousing increased

Epwarp W. Roper.

NOTE ON CREPIDULA GLAUCA SAY.

IBY, Wie Ete DAM.

My friend, Mr. John Ford, raises the question of the omission of

this alleged species from the list of Mollusks of our southeastern

coast and asks for an explanation. In reply, I would say that the

specimens named C. glauca by Stimpson and others among the older

THE NAUTILUS. 99

naturalists, which have come under my notice have all appeared to

me to be referable to C. fornicata (1) Lam., or to the variety of

C. convexa Say which has grown upon a broad, not very convex, or

perhaps a partly concave surface. A fine series of shells from Cape

May, submitted to me by Mr. Ford as C. glauca come under the

latter category. They are distinct from C. fornicata, but they do

not show the characters called for by Say’s description, which in

itself presents no features to distinguish the shell he describes from

the young and spotted form of C. fornicata, to which I have no

doubt it belonged. Such shells are in the National Museum labeled

C. glauca by Stimpson. It may not be-known to all our concholo-

gists that the extremely high and usually dark-colored forms of

Crepidula, such as C. convexa (typical) and C. adunca of California,

derive their peculiar appearance from roosting on some gasteropod,

and that wider and less elevated forms of the same species can

almost always be found, if not in the same locality, at least in a

geographical series of wide range. The difficulties, in the way of a

satisfactory determination of such semi-parasitic forms as the Calyp-

treide are very great, and increase in my experience with the

amount of material subjected to study. That there may be a distinct

form entitled to be called C. glauca I do not wish positively to deny,

but I must confess that I have never seen one and therefore have

grave doubts of its existence.

A LIST OF THE MOLLUSCA OF COLORADO.

(Compiled for the Colorado Biological Association.)

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

In the “ Journal of Conchology,” vol. vi, pp. 60-65, I gave some

bragn ao ye _ a

preliminary remarks on the Mollusea of Colorado, stating that from

the lack of records and other reasons, a complete list could not then

be prepared. Since then a considerable amount of material and

information has been gathered, and while much remains unknown,

there is sufficient ascertained to seem to warrant the presentation of

a faunal list. In this list the localities are not all given in detail, as

100 THE NAUTILUS.

it has been deemed unnecessary to repeat details of this kind which

have been published elsewhere. Many species are considered by the

author to be identical with those of Europe; some of these are

considered distinct by good authorities, and pending sufficient

anatomical comparisons, are retained as varieties. A distinction is

also drawn between “ forms” and “ varieties.”

LIMACID A.

Agriolimax campestris var. montanus (Ing.), Grand Co. (Ingersoll),

Agriolimax Morch presents differences from Limax proper which are

probably to be considered generic. A. montanus cannot be distin-

guished from campestris by external characters, and I do not think

its anatomical ones warrant specific separation.

A. campestris montanus form castaneus (Ing.) Blue River Valley

(Ingersoll). Probably only a young example of montanus, and

certainly no better than a variety. Vide J. of Conch. V, 558.

A. campestris montanus form typicus Ckll. Custer Co.; Chaffee

Co.; Saguache Co.; Fremont Co. (Canon City) ; Summit Co.; Eagle

Co.; Mesa Co.; Gunnison Co.

A. campestris montanus form intermedius Ckll. Saguache Co. ;

Fremont Co. (Canon City); Pueblo Co. (Wales Canon) ; Custer Co.

(Wet Mountain Valley) ; Summit Co.; Mesa Co.; Delta Co,

A. campestris montanus form tristis Ckll. Lake Co. ; Summit Co. ;

Delta Co. A few specimens of A. agrestis and Helix nemoralis, from

Burlington, New Jersey, have been liberated at West Cliff, Custer

Co.

Vitrina pellucida var. limpida (Gould). White Earth River

(Ingersoll) ; Dillon, Summit Co. ; Swift Creek, Custer Co. ; Grand

Mesa, Mesa Co.; Wales Canon, Pueblo Co.; Cottonwood Guleh,

Saguache Co.; near Mam Mts., Mesa Co.; West Fork of Surface

Creek, Delta Co.; South Park (Yarrow).

V. pfeifferi Newe. Head of Gunnison River (Binney); San

Juan Co. (Ingersoll); E. Fork Arkansas River, Lake Co.; near

Cattle Creek, Garfield Co.; near Mam Mts., Mesa Co.; Breckenridge

(Hy. Prime); Rock Creek, Routt Co.; Fort Garland (Yarrow) ;

Twin Lakes (Yarrow).

Hyalina nitida (Mill.) High alpine (Carpenter), needs con-

firmation.

Hyalina arborea (Say). San Juan Co. (Ingersoll); Williams

Canon, Manitou (M. E. Cusack); South Park (Yarrow); Twin

THE NAUTILUS. 101

Lakes (Yarrow); near West Cliff, Custer Co.; Micawber Mine,

10,000 feet, Custer County; Wales Canon, Pueblo County ; Slate

Creek, Summit Co.; Buzzard Creek, Mesa Co.; Black Lake Creek,

Summit Co. ; Chalk Creek, Chaflee Co.; Divide Creek, Garfield Co. ;

Plateau Creek, Mesa Co.; Kremmling, Grand Co.; near Egeria,

Routt Co.

H. arborea torm viridula Ckll. (Seience Gossip, 1889, 257.)

Horseshoe Bend Gulch, 10,000 ft., Custer Co., and other localities

in the same district.

HT. radiatula (Alder). Saguache Co. (Ingersoll); South Park

(Yarrow). This is electrina Gld., but it may not be viridula Menke.

Hi. radiatula form radiatula (Alder). Pueblo Co.; Smith’s Park,

Custer Co.; Mesa Co.; near Cattle Creek, Garfield Co.

H. radiatula form viridescenti-alba (Jeffreys). Smith’s Park,

Custer Co.; Mesa Co.

H. minuscula (Binney). Mountains near Ft. Garland (Yarrow).

H. (Conulus) fulva var. chersina (Say). White Earth River

(Ingersoll); South Park (Yarrow); Twin Lakes (Yarrow) ; near

West Cliff, Custer Co.; Micawber Mine, 10,000 ft., Custer Co. ;

Pueblo Co.; Kremmling, Grand Co.; near Egeria, Routt Co. ;

Buzzard Creek, Mesa Co. ; Surface Creek, Delta Co. ; Divide Creek,

Garfield Co.; Black Lake Creek, Summit Co. #7. chersina seems

to me a pure synonym of fulva, but Mr. Ancey iegards it as

probably distinct.

HELICIDZ:.

Patula strigosa (Gould). Grand R. (Bimey); Gilpin Gulch

(H. Prime); Blue River (Yarrow) ; Saguache (Yarrow).

Patula strigosa form globosula nov. Small, globose, dark above

periphery with two bands, transverse grooved striz rather well

marked. Diam. 113, alt. 84 mill. Black Lake Creek, Summit Co.

The specimen seems immature, but is remarkable as being the only

form I have seen in Colorado that is nearer to strigosa than Cooperi.

Ts is doubtless allied to var. Gouldi Hemphill.

P. strigosa var. Cooperi W. G. Binney. Grand River (Binney) ;

Blue River Valley (Ingersoll); Gilpin Gulch (H. Prime); Will-

iams Canon, Manitou (M. E. Cusack); Morrison, Lyons, and St.

Vrain Canon (A. Eastwood); Gunnison (EK. W. Roper); Middle

Park and North Park (Ingersoll); near Durango (A. Eastwood) ;

Micawber Mine, Custer Co.; Kremmling, Grand Co.; Egeria,

102 THE NAUTILUS.

Routt Co.; Pueblo Co. (R. Cusack); Hardscrabble Canon, Custer

Co.; Black Lake Creek, Summit Co.; Pottery Pass, about 11,500

feet, Summit Co.; Red Cliff, Eagle Co.; near Glenwood Springs,

Garfield Co.; near Buzzard Creek, Mesa Co.; Surface Creek,

Delta Co.; near White Earth Creek, Gunnison Co.

P. strigosa cooperi form typica Ck. Canon City (T. Morgan) ;

Cave of the Winds, Manitou (E. W. Roper), and many other

localities. 5

P. strigosa cooperi form trifasciata Ckll. Mesa Co.

P. strigosa cooperi form confluens Ckll. West Mountain Valley,

Custer Co.; Garfield Co.; Mesa Co.

P. strigosa cooperi form elevata Ckll. Delta Co.

P. strigosu coopert var. depressa nov. Shell flattish, max. diam.

213, alt. 123 mill. Specimens of this variety were sent to me by

Miss A. Eastwood, who found them in a canon near Durango.

The same variety is figured by Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells

(1885), p. 166, fig. 155.

P. strigosa cooperi form major noy. Shell with diam. 25 mill.

Near head of North Mam Creek, Mesa Co., Sept. 14, 1887.

P. strigosa coopert var. minor Ckll. Near Egeria, Routt Co.,

abundant. It is quite a distinct local race.

P. strigosa var. hemphilli (Newe.) Williams Canon, Manitou

(Binney). This perhaps requires confirmation. The examples of

strigosa | have seen from Williams Canon are ordinary coopert. The

young of cooperi is keeled.

P. striatella (Anth.) Twin Lakes and South Park (Yarrow) ;

Este’s Park (Binney); Grand Co. (Ingersoll); Gilpin Gulch (H,

Prime); Williams Canon, Manitou (M. E. Cusack); Swift Creek,

Custer Co.; Kremmling, Grand Co.; Rock Creek, Routt Co.;

Powderhorn, Gunnison Co.; Divide Creek and near Cattle Creek,

Garfield Co.; Buzzard Creek, Mesa Co.; Black Lake Creek, Sum-

mit Co.

P. striatella form albina (Morse). Near Mam Mts., Mesa Co

Differs from the type in having a white shell.

P. ruderata var. cronkhitet (Newe.) Blue River Valley (Inger-

soll) ; Cottonwood Gulch, Saguache Co. ; Micawber Mine, Chester Co.

P. ruderata cronkhitet form viridula noy. Shell greenish-white.

Micawber Mine, Custer Co.

P. ruderata var. gorktschana Mouss. Ouray Co. (Binney).

P. (Punctum) pygmea var. minutissima (Lea). Willow Creek,

THE NAUTILUS. 103

Custer Co. I doubt whether minutissima is separable even as a

variety from pygmea.

P. (Punctum) conspecta (Bland.) San Juan Co. (Ingersoll).

P. (Thysanophora) ingersolli (Bland). San Juan Co. (Inger-

soll); near Brush Creek, 10,000 ft., Custer Co. ; Clearwater Creek,

Grand Mesa, Mesa Co. A species of high altitudes.

P. (Helicodiseus) lineata (Say). Animas Valley (Ingersoll).

Helix (Stenotrema) monodon Rack. Colorado Springs (Yarrow).

Beyond this record, nothing is known of any species of the group

in Colorado. Probably the Colorado Springs H. monodon was

introduced by human agency.

H. (Vallonia) pulchella var. costata (Mull.) San Juan Co.

(Ingersoll) ; South Park (Yarrow); Micawber Mine, Custer Co. ;

Rock Creek, Routt Co.; Kremmling, Grand Co.; Pueblo Co.; near

Salida, Chaffee Co.; Black Lake Creek, Summit Co.; Buzzard

Creek, Mesa Co.; near Cattle Creek, Garfield Co. Perhaps costata

deserves to rank as a species distinct from pulchella.

HI. pulchella costata form cyclophorella (Ancey). The ribs in

this form are close and delicate, but it seems to me referable to

costata. Mr. Ancey has identified a specimen from West Mountain

Valley as cyclophorella, and indeed, if the name is to be adopted, it

will probably include at least a majority if not all of the Colorado

specimens of Vallonia. Vide 11th Rept. Colo. Biol. Assn. (1889).

H. pulcnella pulchella Mill. Binney records pulchella from Este’s

Park, but it is probable that the form was costata.

West Cliff, Custer Oo., Colorado, Dec. 10, 1889.

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SHELLS OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.

BY C. W. JOHNSON.

The following is a list of the shells which came under my observa-

tion while living at St. Augustine from 1881-88.

As very little dredging was done it is probably far from complete,

but as some of the notes may be of interest to the Conchologist, I

herewith submit it to the readers of the Nautilus.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Octopus rugosus Bose. A few which are evidently this species,

one large specimen is preserved in alcohol.

Argonauta argo I. Occasionally a shell is found after a storm.

Loligo pealii Lesueur. Quite common.

Ommastrephes bartramti Lesueur. One specimen, probably this

species, is preserved in alcohol in a private collection.

Spirula peronii Lam. The internal spiral shells are common

among the debris after storms.

Murex spinicostata Valence. Living examples are rare. I have

seen but three. By the numbers found in the shell mounds and

fields it seems to have formally been quite plentiful and a special

object of capture among the aborigines.

Urosalpinx cinereus Say. Common on oysters.

Eupleura caudata Say. A few specimens.

Purpura hemastoma L. var. floridana Cour. Common on the old

light-house rocks. It varies greatly in form. I have specimens

varying from those without a shoulder or tubercles on the body-

whorl, to those that are shouldered and bearing two prominent rows

of tubercles.

Purpura hemastoma L. var. undata Lam. A few specimens found

with the above.

Fasciolaria distans Lam. I think that this is distinct from F.

tulipa L. The specimens collected here show no intermediate form.

It seems to have a more limited distribution. JI do not remember

seeing any in the southern part of Florida, and among the quantities

of shells brought from the Bahamas I never observed one, though F.

tulipa L., is quite common. A color variety is occasionally found

here in which the maculations and revolving lines are reddish-yellow

to pink.

Fasciolaria tulipa Linn. Not common.

Fasciolaria gigantea Kien. Several specimens. I found a living

specimen in the harbor nearly two feet in length.

Fulgur carica Gmel. Common and quite destructive to the

oysters.

Fulgur carica Gmel. var. eliceans Mont. Thick and gibbous, with

fewer and larger spines, occasionally a double row of spines on the

shoulder of the whorls. More plentiful than the typical.

Fulgur perversa Linn. Common and some unusually large

specimens.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

Fulgur canaliculata Say. Not common, and smaller than those

from more northern localities.

Fulgur pyrum Dillw. Not common. .

Nassa vibex Say. Common on the sand bars between tides.

Nassa acuta Say. Rare. I doubt whether this is the same as N.

ambigua Mont. This was the most common gasteropod in a deposit

of shell brought up from forty feet below the surface in sinking the

well of the Ponce de Leon Hotel.

Nassa obsoleta Say. Common on the mud between tides.

Nassa trivittata Say. A few on the ocean beach usually sea worn.

Marginella apicina Menke. A few sea-worn specimens.

Olivella mutica Say. Common on Bird Island beach.

Olivella mutica Say var. nitidula Dillw. More plentiful than the

typical.

Oliva litterata Lam. Common. The specimens found here are

longer and more cylindrical than those from the Gulf coast.

GENERAL NOTES.

ARION FOLIOLATUS GOULD, REDISCOVERED. You may announce

in your Journal, if you wish, that Hemphill has sent one living

Arion foliolatus Gld., from Olympia, Washington. One big fellow

is over four inches long. It agrees perfectly with Gould’s descrip-

tion and figures, though not quite so deep a red as the latter. It has

the internal plate of Prolepis. The caudal mucus “ pit” is, very

plainly seen. Jaw with over 22 ribs, wide, low, scarcely arcuate.—

W. G. Bryney, Jn letter to Ed.

Liwax Hewsronr Cooper 1x Los ANGELES County. In “ No-

menclature and Cheek-list of North American Land Shells,” the

Limax Hewstoni is not quoted south of San Francisco. I have

often found a shelless snail at this place and these have been identi-

fied by Dr. J. G. Cooper of California as the Limax (Amalia)

Hewstoni—M. Burton, Williamson University, Los Angeles County,

California.

Kaysas Sueutrs. I have identified the following species of Land

Shells from Sedgwick County, Kansas: Pupa contracta, corticaria,

armifera, rupicola, fallax, Hyalina indentata and arborea; Helico-

106 THE NAUTILUS.

discus lineatus, Strobila labyrinthica, Vallonia pulchella var. costata,

Limax campestris and Bulimulus dealbatus, also Pupa fallax and

rupicola from Kingman County, 60 miles west of Wichita. Is it in

any way remarkable to find so many species of Eastern and South-

eastern Shells so far West and North of this?—Franxk J. Forp,

Wichita, Kansas, in letter to Ed.

CREPIDULA GLAUCA vs. C. CONVEXA. In the discussion of these

Crepidulas the fact seems to have been lost sight of that if identical

(as I have no reason to dispute) the name glauca has precedence

over conveva in the original paper by Say in the Journal of the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The names would

stand thus: C. glauca Say for the type form, and C. glauca var.

convexa Say, for the high rounded form, if it be considered of even

varietal importance.—H. A. P.

ScaLariA of the New Jersey Coast. Under the name of S.

angulata there have been included two species by most authors

and collectors. These have been separated and the differential

characters pointed out by Dr. Dall, in his great work on the

‘Blake’ Mollusks, who proposes for the more slender, elongated

one the name Scala sayana. This very form is, however, the true S.

humphreysii of Kiener, described and figured many years ago. The

synonymy of the two forms has become so confused that I give it

below in systematic order.

Scala angulata Say.

S. clathrus var. angulata Say, Amer. Conchol., pl. 27, two upper

0 fe)

S. angulata Say, Sowerby in Thes. Conch., I, p. 86, pl. 32, fig. 5

1847; and in Conch. Jconica, vol. XIX, fig. 14.

S. angulata Say, Tryon in Amer. Marine Conchol., p. 77, fig. 140

(bad); and in Manual of Conchology, vol. LX, p. 70.

S. angulata Say, Dall in Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 37, p. 122.

Scala humphieysti Wiener.

S. humphreysii Kiener in Species et Icon. Coquilles Vivantes,

Scalaria, p. 15, pl. 5, fig. 16.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

S. lineata Gould in Invert. of Mass., Binney’s edit., fig. 580, but

not description.

S. sayana Dall, Report on Blake Gasteropoda, p. 309; and Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 37, p. 123, pl. 50, fig. 10.

The mistake of considering S. humphreysti a synonym originated

with Sowerby. By blunder it is quoted “ hwmphreysiana” in the

Conchologia Iconica, and Tryon evidently followed that work in-

stead of the original in the Manual of Conchology. To Dr. Dall

belongs the credit of discriminating the species from S. angulata,

and I regret the necessity which compels me to place the name he

proposed in the synonymy. S. humphreysti is more plentiful than

the real S. angulata on the Southern New Jersey Coast.—H. A. P.

TreeTuH oF Snaits. The Editor has recently received from Miss

Anna Goodsell, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., a number of beautifully

mounted radulee of Western Mollusks. If conchologists who possess

microscopes of even very moderate powers will examine these

beautiful structures they cannot but become interested in them.

Odontophores of numerous Western species can be obtained of Miss

Goodsell.—P.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

ON THE LINGUAL DENTITION AND SYSTEMATIC OF PYRGULA by

C. E. Beecher. (Ex. Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc.) The dentition of

this interesting genus for many years a desideratum is figured and its

character discussed by Mr. Beecher. He concludes that Pyrgula is

most nearly allied to the Melanians. The true position of the genus

seems to us to be with Baicalia and its subgroups, Micromelania and

a few other small groups, which agree in having no basal denticles

to the central teeth. The entire anatomy, the shells, and the radula

(apart from this one character of lacking basal denticles) is that of

Amnicola and other fresh-water rissoids, not at all like Melania. Dr.

Fischer has already included Baicalia in the Hydrobiide as a sub-

family, Baicaliine. I would enlarge his subfamily to include not only

Baicalia and its sections, but also Pyrgula and Micromelania. The

108 THE NAUTILUS.

North and South American so-called Pyrgula belong to Pyrgulopsis

Call and Pilsbry and Lyrodes Doring, and group with Amnicola.—P.

NOTICE TO YOUNG COLLECTORS.

The proprietors wish to state that beginning with the February

number, the young readers of THe Navuriius will be provided

with an

AMATEUR’S CORNER

in which the rudiments of Conchology will be taught, illustrations

of well-known shells given, scientific terms explained, and any other

information given which will be of interest to young collectors. Prof.

Josiah Keep, author of that popular book “ West Coast Shells,”

Dr. V. Sterki and others have promised to contribute articles to this

department, and we look forward to a good time in our renewed

search for “Shell Knowledge” in company with you.

We would state that together with the Latin terms used we will give

the common names of shells when they have any.

H. A. Pad Weeldrene

THE NAUTILUS. lll

BXCHANGES.

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Offered.—Land and Fresh-water Mollusca from North Wtn, U.S. and Cala. for American

Helices and Pupide. LL.B: ELLIOTT, Box 1532, Iowa City, Iowa,

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Revised Edition containing a fullaccountotevery known species,

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Tilustrated prospectus for 4c. postage, I. C Greene, Fitchburg, Mass.

WEST COAST SHHhrhasS-

By Progr. Jostau Keep, Mills College, California,

A familiar description of the Marine, Fresh-Water and

Land Mollusks, found in the United States, West of the

Rocky Mountains. 182 Illustrations, 230 pages. The

frontispiece is a hand-painted engraving of the very rare

S and beautiful Swrcula Carpenteriana, Gabb.

“M\ Vo aid in the study of Shells, the pronunciation of the

Latin names is indicated, anda Glossary, Key, Biographi-

cal Index of Naturalists, and a Check List are added.

Beautifully printed and bound, Price, postpaid, $1.75.

Helix (Aglaia) fidelis, Gray, Oregon. C. 1. DILLINGHAN, 718 Broadway, New York City.

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COLLECTING LAND SHELLS IN EASTERN NEW York. W. S. Teaton. . 109

NEw WESTERN Stucs. T. D. A. Cockereli. : Sab

OcCURRENCE OF HELICINA OCCULTA SAY, IN BROWN CouNTY, re

George T. Marston. : : perl altes

ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SHELLS OF S?. ape USTINE, FL A. a W. Johnson. 114

A Worp TO YouNG CoLiecrors. Josiah Keep. , : L 5 IE

NoTEs ON SOME NORTHERN PUPIDAE WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW

SpeciEs. Dr. V. STERKI. 5 Wily

GENERAL NOTES. ZO

Published by

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Entered at Philadelphia Post-Office as second-class matter.

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i THE NAUTILUS.

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WOODWARD’S MANUAL OF ‘THE MOLLUSCA. Appendix by Ralph Tate. Last

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182 illustrations. 1.75, postpaid.

BALDWIN’S LAND SHELLS OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 25sc., postpaid.

WRIGHT’S CHECK LIST OF N. A. UNIONIDA, &c. 25c., postpaid.

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CONTRIBUTIONS to the Mollusca of Florida By Chas. T. Simpson. Price 25c., postpaid.

NOMENCLATURE AND CHECK-LIST OF AMERICAN LAND SHELLS. By H.A.

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Nomenclature and Check-List

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AMERIGAN LAND SHELLS.

A list of United States Land Shells, complete to Sept., 1889, containing the

species and varieties with their habitats, prefaced by a brief discussion of their

nomenclature.

Collectors interested in American Shells will find this a useful list for arranging

and nanin:z their collections, checking desiderata in making exchanges, etc.

20 pages, Octavo, Price, single copies - 10 cts.

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es IN AUS.

VOL. II. FEBRUARY, 1890. No. 10.

COLLECTING LAND SHELLS IN EASTERN NEW YORK.

BY] WioS.) EATON:

Near the east shore of the Hudson, midway between Tivoli and

Barrytown, in Duchess Co., New York, is Cruger’s Island. It has

an area of seventy-five acres, and is so richly endowed with beauties

and attractions—nature’s gifts, which the owners have carefully

fostered—that to the visitor it seems a place of enchantment. The

scenery is especially fine; an almost undisturbed view for miles up

and down the “ Rhine of America,” with the majestic Catskills some

ten miles distant to the west, a beautiful background to the picture;

while from its many winding paths are ever-changing vistas of water,

mountain and sky.

At the northeasta large stream, the White Clay Kill, rushes down

the rocks through a romantic glen and has its outlet. South of

this, for a long distance, fringing the east shore of the cave, and hay-

ing a width varying from an eighth to a half mile, is an extent of

heavily-wooded land of perhaps two hundred acres, part of a park-

like domain of Revolutionary days called “ Almont.” The soil is of

decided clayey character, and there are a half dozen little rivulets

coming from the hills at the east running through to the river,

With their numerous tributary branches they have cut their way

down through the plastic earth making quite an intricate succession

of deep gullies.

Here are hundreds of grand, massive white oaks, beeches, and

hickories, growing so thickly as to almost shut out a glimpse of the

110 THE NAUTILUS.

sky. It is a scene of primitive sylvan grandeur not often found

in this part of the country. Great numbers

of fallen trees and decaying logs are lying in

every ravine, and the ground is thickly

carpeted with leaves. It is thus an ideal

aos home for the land snails, which flourish in

Helix albolabris. abundance, and a “happy hunting ground ”

for the enthusiastic collector, who, if he pays it a visit during a warm,

humid day of summer—just after a shower for instance, when every-

thing among the trees is saturated, and the air is smoking with

movisture—will find the woods literally teeming with Mollusean life.

The writer on one such day

carried home actually two

quarts of splendid live speci-

mens in his pockets, besides

having filled all his collect-

H. palliata, ing boxes. They speedily

a slimy mass, not conducing in any great degree to

personal comfort, but who among the Nautilus people

could resist a like temptation ?

At such a time an abundance of Helix albolabris,

large and beautiful, and H. thyroides, crawling about

the logs, and traveling among the leaves; plentiful

supplies of H. alternata and palliata, but keeping

H.palliata. nearer at home; ocasionally a Zonites fuliginosus,—

a very pretty shell when perfect ; many of H. tridentata ; H. monodon

(fraterna), and hirsuta to be had on closer search among the stones

in the vicinity of the falls; while down at the river’s edge, on the

rushes and weeds, are thousands of Suecinea ovalis, and associated

with them though in greatly lessened proportion, is an elongated

form of S. avara of dark amber color, some individuals of which are

found reaching 11 millimeters in length.

Patula alternata.

(To be continued.)

THE NAUTILUS. ib |

NEW WESTERN SLUGS.

BY: T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Prophysaon pacificum Cockerell, n. sp.

Length (in aleohol) 173 mill. Body and mantle ochery-brown,

head and neck gray. Mantle granulated, rather broad, with a black

band on each side not reaching the anterior border ; these bands are

furthest (2+ mill.) apart near the respiratory orifice, from which

point they converge posteriorly, and anteriorly by the bending of

the band on the right side. Length of mantle 7} mill., breadth 4

mill. Respiratory orifice 34 mill. from anterior border. Body

cylindrical, rounded and very blunt at end, not conspicuously taper-

ing. Distance from posterior end of mantle to end of body, 8 mill.

Body dark grayish-ochre above, with an indistinct pale dorsal line ;

sides paler. Reticulation distinct, with indistinct “ foliations.” Sole

somewhat transversely wrinkled, but not differentiated into tracts.

Jaw dark, strongly curved, blunt at ends, with about 10 well-

marked ribs. Lingual membrane, with about 35-1-35 teeth ; centrals

tricuspid, the side cusps very small, laterals bicuspid, marginals with

a large sharp straight point, and asmall outer one. Compared with

P. humile the centrals are slightly shorter and broader. Liver dark

gray-brown.

Found by Mr. H. F. Wickham under logs in ditches by the road-

side and damp places at Victoria, Vancouver Island, 1889.

This is a very distinct species, easily recognized by its color, the

absence of dark bands on the body, the pale dorsal line, and the

blunt posterior extremity.

Prophysaon flavum Cockerell, n. sp.

Length Gin aleohol) 25 mill. Body and mantle dull ochreous,

head and neck ochreous. Mantle tuberculate-granulose, grayish-

ochre, pale at edges, and with black marbling or spots in place of the

bands of P. pacificum. Length of mantle 11 mill., breadth 53 mill.

Respiratory orifice 5 mill. from anterior border. Body cylindrical,

hardly tapering, and blunt at end. Distance from posterior end of

mantle to end of body, 14 mill. Body dark grayish-ochre above,

with a pale ochreous dorsal line not reaching much more than half

its length ; sides paler. Reticulations distinct, “foliated.” Sole

with well-marked transverse lines or grooves, those of either side

ag i) THE NAUTILUS.

meeting in a longitudinal median groove, which divides the foot into

two portions. Liver pale grayish. “ Uniform tawny as is Limax

flavus. It stretches itself out in a worm-like shape unlike other

species. Internal shell plate, jaw and tongue as in Andersoni.”

(W. G. Binney.)

Gray’s Harbor, Washington. (Hemphill, 1889.)

This is probably a variety of P. pacificum.

Prophysaon ceruleum, n. sp.

Length (in alcohol) 223 mill, in motion, 43 mill. Body and

mantle clear blue-gray, paler at sides, sole white. Mantle finely

granulated, broad, without markings. Length of mantle 7 mill.,

breadth 5 mill. — Respiratory orifice 22 mill. from anterior border.

Body subcylindrical, tapermg, pointed. (In one specimen eaten off

at the end.) Distance from posterior end of mantle to end of body,

10% mill.

The reticulations take the form of longitudinal equidistant lines,

occasionally joined by transverse lines, or coalescing. Sole not

differentiated into tracts. Jaw pale, strongly ribbed. Liver white.

Mr. Binney sends me colored drawings of the living animal; the

neck is long and white, or very pale. Mr. Binney has examined

the jaw and lingual, and finds them as usual in the genus. Several

specimens were sent from Olympia, Washington Ter., from Mr.

Hemphill to Mr. Binney.

P. ceruleum is an exceedingly distinct species, distinguished at

once by it color and the character of its reticulations.

Prophysaon ceruleum var. dubium n. var.

Length (in alcohol) 8 mill. Length of mantle 4 mill. Distance

from posterior end of mantle to end of body 34 mill. Mantle broad,

with four bands composed of coalesced black marbling, very ir-

regular in shape, and running together anteriorly. Body dark,

tapering. Sole pale, its edges gray. Liver white.

With the P. cerulewm is a small dark slug, probably a variety of

it, but differing as described above. — It will easily be distinguished

by its blackish color and the peculiar markings on the mantle.

Prophysaon humile Cockerell, n. sp.

Length (in alcohol) 162 mill. | Body above and mantle smoke-

color, obscured by bands. Mantle wrinkled, and having a broad

dorsal and two lateral blackish bands, reducing the ground-color to

two obscure pale subdorsal bands. Length of mantle 7 mill., breadth

THE NAUTILUS. he

53 mill. Respiratory orifice 2} mill. from anterior border. Body

subeylindrical, somewhat tapering, rather blunt at end. Distance

from posterior end of mantle to end of body 8 mill. Back with a

blackish band reaching a little more than half its length, and lateral

darker blackish bands reaching its whole length. Reticulations dis-

tinct, “ foliated.” Sole strongly transversely striate-grooved, but not

differentiated into tracts. Jaw pale, strongly striate, moderately

curved, not ribbed. Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth

about 55-1-55. Centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, marginals with

a large point, and one (sometimes two) small outer points. Liver

pale chocolate.

Found by Mr. A. F. Wickham under the bark of rotten logs in

the woods around Lake Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, 1889.

In its reticulations, and general external characters, this species

resembles P. andersoni, of which it is possibly a variety.

OCCURRENCE OF HELICINA OCCULTA SAY, IN BROWN CO., WIS.

BY GEO. T. MARSTON.

My first knowledge of the occurrence of this mollusk in Brown

County, was in the spring of 1886, when I found a single “ dead

shell” on the shore of Fox river about two miles south of DePere.

Again, on May 15, 1888, I found five (5) specimens, all alive, upon

the banks of a small creek which, rising in a limestone ridge about a

mile from where the specimens were procured and about three miles

east of DePere, flows into East or Devil River and eventually into

Green Bay.

The shells were found, within a space of 300 feet, along the banks

of this creek, the land above and below this being under cultivation.

They were isolated and were obtained only after careful search, my-

self and an assistant going over the place frequently.

A week later when another search was made, and in the spring of

1889, no specimens could be found.

The little tract inhabited by this shell is very rich in land and

fresh water mollusks, and seems to be a favorite resort of Helicodiscus

lineata, which lives there in great numbers.

Green Bay, Wis., January 28, 1890.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SHELLS OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.

BY C. W. JOHNSON.

Crepidula glauca Say. I think there is no doubt but that C.

glauca and C. convexa are the same species—their form depending

on the object upon which they have grown. But I doubt whether

they are varieties of C. fornicata. In the series before me the follow-

ing characters seem to distinguish them from the typical young of

C. fornicata, Apex distant from the margin, septum thinner and less

depressed.

Crepidula unguiformis Lam. Common.

Crepidula aculeata Gmel. Not common.

Scala angulata Say. Common.

Scala humphreyvi Kiener. Common.

Scala multistriata Say. One specimen.

Scala turricula Sowb. Not common.

Scala lineata Say. Not common.

Tanthina fragilis Lam. A few after a storm.

Vermetus spiratus Phil. var. radicula Stimp. A few on the ocean

beach.

Turbonilla areolata Ver. One specimen.

Odostomia impressa Say. Common on oysters.

Columbella lunata Say. Common upon sea weed.

Columbella avara Say. Common.

fancellaria reticulata, A few sea-worn specimens.

Terebra dislocata Say. Common on the sand bars in the harbor.

Clathurella plicata C. B. Ad. Common among oysters.

Daphnella cerina Kurtz & Stimp. Common among the wash of

small shells on the ocean beach.

Strombus pugilus Linn. A few sea-worn specimens. I have

never seen a trace of Sirombus costatus Gmel., in this locality.

Bahama specimens are common in the shell stores. I have specimens

from Lake Worth, Fla. (250 miles south).

Trivia pediculus Linn. Several sea-worn specimens.

Ovula uniplicatum Sowb. Common on the Leptogorgia virgulata,

a species of Gorgonia. As this varies in color (orange, yellow, white

and purple), the shells to a great extent partake of the color of the

Gorgonia on which they live.

Ovula gibbosa Linn, One living specimen on the Leptorgia.

THE NAUTILUS. delesy

Cassis cameo Stimp. One sea-worn specimen on the ocean beach.

Semicassis sulcosus Brug. var. inflata Shaw. Rare.

Dolium galea Linn. Several broken shells. D. perdix is not

found here.

Pyrula papyratia Say. A few sea-worn specimens.

Natica pusilla Say. Common.

Natiea duplicata Say. Common.

Sigaretus perspectivus Say. Not common.

Sigaretus maculataSay. Rare. I believe that this is identical with

S. Martinianus Phill., of the West Indies. The only apparent

difference is that the revolving brown bands of S. martinianus are

irregularly divided into maculations by broad longitudinal lines

which usually represent rest periods in the growth of the shell and

are frequently on S. martinianus.

Pyramidella conica C. B. Ad. Several specimens.

Littorina irrorata Say. Common.

Littoria seabra L. var. lineata Gmel. Common on the sea wall

but much smaller than those from the southern part of the State.

Cerithium atratum Born. Common around Marsh Island.

Cerithidea scalariformis Say. Common along the marshes west of

the city.

Cerithiopsis greenii C. B. Ad. Common.

Cerithiopsis terebralis C. B. Ad. Common.

Triforis nigrocinctus C. B. Ad. Common.

(To be continued.)

A WORD TO YOUNG COLLECTORS.

BY JOSIAH KEEP.

We ought to feel a great veneration for the men who have gone

before us, and who spent so much time and strength in preparing

the way for those who were to follow. Whenever we take up the

label of a shell and see the abbreviation “ Linn.” following the specific

name, how it carries our thoughts back to the great Swedish natu-

ralist who did so much to simplify the nomenclature and enlarge the

domain of science.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

And as we cannot exercise feelings of veneration and gratitude

for mere names of unknown persons, it is well for us to become some-

what acquainted with the lives of the great naturalists whose initials

meet us whenever we glance over our collections. For some of us,

perhaps, this is not an easy task; but fortunately books and papers

upon these subjects are becoming more common, and it is much

easier now to obtain this information than it was a few years ago.

Such names as Say and Gould and Binney, for instance, while they

serve primarily to identify the terms which these authors applied to

their species, may themselves be studied and identified; and as we

learn more of their pure and earnest lives, we shall have a deeper

respect and a more profound veneration for the men who studied

and wrote before we were born, and who left us the fruits of their

labors. Veneration for character and admiration for attainments

are healthful feelings, and their free exercise speaks well for the

youthful mind.

And not only for the dead, but also for the living naturalists we

should cherish these feelings, and seek for information concerning

their lives. Many of them in their youth experienced the same

perplexities and encountered the same dithculties which beset some

of us now, and as we learn of their victories we may be encouraged

to more vigorous action.

But while we entertain these sentiments of respect and esteem for

hoth the past and the present workers in science, it is well to

remember two things.

First. The men and women who are to be eminent in science

forty years hence are boys and girls now. Each year adds to the

list of the honored dead. A few, like the venerable Isaac Lea, spend

nearly a century among the scenes of their labors and pleasures ;

but others, like the lamented Tryon, are cut down suddenly, in the

midst of active vitality. The ranks are being recruited, it is true,

but the recruits must ever come from the young.

Second. Truth is greater than any of its expounders. While it

is desirable to know the names which eminent men have given to

the various species of mollusks which we collect, it is still more im-

portant to know their nature, their habits, their food, stages of growth,

and changes, and to observe their motionsand conditions of activity or

repose. Where we cannot observe the living animal, we can at least

study the shell, and notice its points of resemblance to others, also its

differences ; we can examine its structure, test its composition, note

THE NAUTILUS. abe ly

its variation in different specimens, and endeavor to find out for

ourselves its prevailing form and characteristics.

It may be that our investigations will lead us to conclusions differ-

ing from those which are commonly held ; in which case we have a

right to modestly hold and express them, until the uncertain points

are settled.

Finally, the motives which should induce us to study and collect

shells are varied; but among them may be mentioned the laudable

desire to possess a series of objects which are of great beauty, both

in outline and in color; next, the wish to learn the form, nature, and

habits of the creatures which belong to one of the great sub-king-

doms of the animate world; then an endeavor to study the questions

relating to the real meaning of the terms genus, species, and variety ;

how far they are natural and how far artificial ; and lastly, to study

modern mollusks so that we may be fitted to understand and inter-

pret the numerous fossil shells which figure so extensively in the

geological records of this grand old planet.

NOTES ON SOME NORTHERN PUPIDAE WITH DESCRIPTION

OF A NEW SPECIES.

BY. DR. Vo SPBREE

Of late, I have received, from a number conchologists in different

parts of the country, many valuable Pupidae, partly sent for

examination or determination, partly in exchange or cheerfully

given for my collection, which now contains about 575 lots (of N.

Am. Pupidae). But I need many more, especially of some difficult

and doubtful species and groups, for a thorough study of this family.

A part of these newer acquisitions are of so much importance, either

systematically, or in habits, that a few notes about them may

be welcome to the student of our malacological fauna. The latter

becomes more and more interesting, as our knowledge of the

distribution of the species is widening and their varieties and local

forms are more numerous. But also new species have been found,

and more doubtless will follow, as was and is to be expected from the

immense area of our country, of which only a small part has been

thoroughly investigated as to these little creatures.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Some species and groups are omitted here, although I have received

highly valuable materials of them, partly because they need being

studied further, partly as I intend to treat them separately.

Pupa fallax Say.

This species has been collected, in typical form, on Curacao

(Mazyck Coll), a fact which may prove, that P. modica Gld. is not

only a southern form of fallax.

Pupa arizonensis.

The shells sent out under this name by Gabb, or at least most of

them, are known to be nothing else than P. fallax, e. g., those in

Smithsonian Inst. Coll.,in Coll. ofthe Acad. of Philadelphia. When

I found nothing else, in several of the richer private collections, I also

began thinking that P. arizonensis was nothing else than a synonym

of fallax, in spite of the description and even more the figure in

Binney’s work, which seemed to point to something of another kind.

But since I have seen the (only) type specimen of that fig, in B. &

B. Coll. (Central Park Mus., N. Y.), I know that there is really

such a thing as P. arizonensis existing. The specimen is somewhat

weathered, somewhat grayish-white, the epiconch lost—so that the

original color cannot be determined exactly—but otherwise in

good condition. It is best compared with P. corticaria, of the same

shape, but larger (alt. 3, 5 m.), has no trace of lamellze, and a thick-

ened lip. Now, a short time ago, I received, by the kindness of Mr.

L. B. Elliott, of lowa City, a few examples of this same species. They

had been collected, as Mr. E. writes, “at Siligman, Arizona, by an

entomological friend, in the nests of large and fierce ants, used as

materials to build the nests.” They were also somewhat weathered,

but fair. And again Mr. Elliott sent me a number of Pupidae,

collected at Albuquerque, New Mexico, highly valuable things,

among which there were 2 examples of our species, in the same

condition. One of the Arizona specimens still bears its epiconch

and the color is a pale horn; all have rather fine, remote, rib-like

striz, more crowded near the aperture. ,

A controversy may arise about the name: Whether Gabb has seen

this shell, is not sure, but very improbable; his own description'—

not to speak of the originals mentioned above—doubtless refers not

to this species, but a form of P. fallax, not differing even as a var. from

the type. On the other hand there is no doubt but that the descrip-

17 Am Journ. Conch. II, p. 331, Oct. 1, 1866, pl. 21, f. 6.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

tion and figure in Binney’s work represent this species, and conse-

quently are the first authentic publication, Thus, in my opinion,

we have to write: P. arizonensis Binney.

Pupa holzingeri Sterki.

This species has a very wide range of distribution in the north-

west and west. I found 2 exa. among Pupidae from Helena, Mont.,

sent by Mr. T. B. Elliott, and one in the lot already mentioned

from Albuquerque, N. M., not much different from Illinois exa. In

this regard it seems to resemble its relatives, P. contracta and also

armifera which are remarkably constant ail over the country,

while some other species show a decided variability even in the same

place.

Pupa curvidens Gould.

From my studies, during about 5 years, of my own exa. (22 lots

of curvidens 34 of pentodon from all over the country) and a good

many other collections, altogether thousands of specimens, I became

satisfied that this species is to be taken up and separated from P.

pentodon Say. It is smaller, almost always more slender, and the

whorls are more slowly increasing, so that the last is relatively smaller

and less predominating than in pentodon. Quite generally, there is,

on the palatal wall near the aperture, a marked crest, and behind that

an impression, deepest at the place of the inferior palatal lamella.

The lamellz are nearly the same in both, and decidedly variable as to

their number (except the typical, apertural, columellar, basal and

the two palatals) but by far more so in curvidens than in pentodon.

A marked difference is in the station of the two. While pentodon

prefers low, moist localities, in company of Vertigo ovata, most

Hyalinias, the tumid, smooth form of Carychium (exiguum Say),

curvidens is found more in “upland” places, even on banks, steep

slopes, together with Vert. bollesiana Morse, Hyalinia exigna

Stimpson and the slender, regularly striated Carychium, where rarely

or never a Vertigo ovata will be found. It is our commonest Pupa,

here and in other parts of Ohio. P. cincinnatensis Judge is identical

with it.

Ona gravelly bank at New Philadelphia there is a peculiar form of

our species; long, slender, nearly eylindrical, with only 5 typical

lamelle, no accessory ones ; the color is somewhat greenish, and in

weathered specimens not so white as in the type. The same form

has been collected at Sewanee, Tenn., by Mr. Sanderson Smith, with

120 THE NAUTILUS.

the common, or typical, form ; and it probably will be found elsewhere.

It is so characteristic that I thought it not out of the way to name

it var. gracilis.

P. curvidens is found nearly everywhere east of the Rocky

Mountains, but it seems to go not quite so far west and north as

pentodon does.

(To be continued.)

GENERAL NOTES.

A party of naturalists from the Academy of Natural Sciences of

Philadelphia sailed from New York on the 16th of February, for

Yucatan and Southern Mexico. Extensive collections of plants,

mollusks, birds, insects, ete., will be made, and voleanic and other

geological phenomena studied. Prof. Heilprin, Messrs. Stone, Ives,

Baker and Leboutillier make up the personnel of the party.

We are indebted for the illustrations in this number of the

Naurrius to Dr. W. D. Harrman, of West Chester, Pa., author of

the excellent little book, *‘ Conchologia Cestrica,’—now becoming

and of numerous papers on Partula and Achatinella. Some

scarce

months ago we had the pleasure of going over the Doctor’s collec-

tion of these beautiful shells. In completeness it is certainly one of

the first rank, surpassing, probably, any other collection of these two

genera. In Helicina, Melania and South Sea Helices it is also very

rich.

Prof. H. A. Warp, of Rochester, N. Y., spent a few hours with

us recently. During the past year Prof. Ward has collected exten-

sively on the West Coast of South America and visited the Exposi-

tion at Paris.

W anrep.—Correspondents interested in Corbiculidae. Also

Helices of Cumberland subregion. Offered: Limnaea Adelinae,

Glyptostoma Newberryanum, Lucapina crenulata, Monoceros pancilira-

tum, ete. Epwarp W. Roper, Revere, Mass.

Errata.—lIn the January Navuritus the following corrections

should be made:

p- 102, 10th line from top, for “ West” read “ Wet.”

p. 102, 5th line from bottom, for “ Chester” read “ Custer.”

p- 103, 20th line from top, for “ West” read “ Wet.”

A blunder also occurs in the name of Mr. M. Burton Williamson,

University P. O., Cal.

THE NAUTILUS. ili

1p; GOS b/NAN (Epis Se

Wanted.—Conchological works and showy Marine Shells.— Offered L. & F. W. Shells of this

locality ; also Fossils for Shells. Send lists and get mine. W. L. McDANIEL, Box 371,

Mineola, Wood Co., Texas.

bers 1 (postal card), 3, 4, and 5 of Vol. 1, and No. 3 of Vol. 2, Conchologists’ Exchange,

or for rare shells. Address, W. D. AVERELL, Mt. Airy, Phila.

~ West Coast Shell offered in exchange for others. IDA M. SHEPARD, Long Beach, Cala.

~ Shells offered for Minerals or Sea Shells. W. F. LERC H, Davenport, Iowa. hs z

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CONTENTS:

PAGE

On A NEw SPECIES OF TYLODINA. Wm.H. Dall. . ; ‘: : pela

A NEw AMERICAN BULIMULUS. HL. A. Pilsbry. , Z 3 pe

ON SOME ae PuPID@, WITH DEsCRIPTIONS OF New SPECIES.

Dr. V. Sterki. ‘ ; ; : : ; : 2 le:

ON THE oa POSITION OF ARION Fo. LOLATUS GOULD: ele he cAT

Cockerell. : 5 ; ; F P A 26

A Few Last Worps ON CREPIDUL A. John Ford. . : s ‘ . 128

COLLECTING LAND SHELLS IN EASTERN NEw York. W. S. Teator. li29:

GENERAL NOTES. F : : ; 5 ; 5 , : . » Laz

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Catalogue of the Shells of the Southeastern Coast of

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VOL. Il. MARCH, 1890. No. 1].

ON A NEW SPECIES OF TYLODINA

BY WM. H. DALL.

In my Report on the Blake Gasteropods I have (p. 60, pl. xiv,

figs. 9, 10) described and figured a shell, which, in the absence of the

soft parts, I was obliged to refer doubtfully to the young of Um-

braculum or Tylodina, under the head of “ Umbraculum bermudense

Morch?”

This shell now proves to be a genuine Ty/lodina, different from the

species of the Mediterranean or of California, and which may take

the name of 7. americana. The shell which was well figured as

above, in life has a membranous extension 5—Jmm. wide around the

margin, continuous with the epidermis. The latter is smooth and

pale with radiating broad purplish rays of color. The animal

is much smaller than that of 7. Rafinesqui in proportion to the shell,

which abundantly covers it, and it emits a dark purple dye. It

does not seem to differ essentially in the superficial characters of its

soft parts from the species of the Mediterranean, which, however, has

not been very well figured. The gill is attached to the edge of

mantle on the right side. The other characters are much as stated

in H. & A. Adams’ generic description of the genus (Gen. Ree.

Moll. II, 42).

The Blake specimen was obtained off Havana, dead, in 80 fathoms.

The present specimen was obtained on the northern border of the

Gulf of Mexico by the U.S. Fish Commission at Station 2406, in 26

fathoms, coarse sand and broken coral, on the line between the

mouth of the Mississippi River and Cedar Keys, Florida.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

This enables us to add this interesting genus to the fauna of the

United States. At a more convenient season I hope to describe and

figure the soft parts and dentition, but at present can only notify the

conchological world of its discovery and identification.

A NEW AMERICAN BULIMULUS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Some weeks since Mr. Averell, Business Manager of the Nauritus,

placed in my hands examples of a Bulimulus differing notably from

all other American species, and which, in his opinion, was new.

Upon writing to Mr. G. H. Ragsdale, of Gainesville, Texas, from

whom the first specimens were obtained, I received six more in

addition to Mr. Averell’s. I propose for the new form the name

Buuimutus Racspaer. It is about the size and form of B.

schiedeanus mooreanus W. G. B., but rather more slender and

elevated. The surface is not smooth, as in other American Bulimuli,

but strongly ribbed-striate longitudinally. The apex is blunt ; outer

lip thickened within ; columella reflexed over the narrow but open

umbilicus. The aperture is less than half the entire height of shell.

Whorls 62.

Alt. 22, diam. 10 mill.; alt. of aperture 103, diam. 7 mill.

Color, brownish corneous, somewhat translucent, the riblets opaque

white.

Mr. W. G. Binney writes as follows of the specimens submitted to

him: |

“There is in my mind no doubt of their deserving a specific

name—unless, indeed, you are in possession of examples showing a

gradual change from the usual sculpturing to these ribs. It is not

often one gets so interesting a form to describe! Is it not nearer to

dealbatus than Schiedeanus ?”

No specimens showing a transition to B. dealbatus or schiedeanus

were found; nor have I ever seen any, although I have collected

thousands of Bulimuli in Texas and examined many hundreds more

collected by Singley, Sampson and others, from Kansas and Arkansas

to the Rio Grande. Mr. Ragsdale writes me the circumstances of its

finding as follows:

THE NAUTILUS. 1s

“T send by this mail more of the Budimulus you ask about ; they

are all dead shells. I could find no living ones ; and have found these

only in Cook and Montague Counties, Texas, at the top of the Red

River Bluff, associated with the small shell (/elicina orbiculata)

inclosed. The large Helix inclosed (H. roemeri) was at the foot of

Bluff in the Red River Bottom. The Bulimulus was discovered by

myself one mile north of St. Jo, Texas, in 1888, and again at the

lower end of Warren’s Bend, 25 miles N. W. of Gainesville, Texas,

December 28, 1889.”

An illustration will be given later.

ON SOME NORTHERN PUPIDZ, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF

NEW SPECIES.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

Pupa pentodon, Say.

Not very much is to be added to the foregoing. It may be said,

that this species is not so generally found with such a pure glassy

shell, as curvidens when fresh and living, but more or less opaque

or spermaceti white. It is decidedly variable in size and also in

shape, being shorter, and more tumid or conical, in decidedly wet

localities. I have a specimen from Helena, Mont. (Mr. Elliott), and

several from Ottawa, Ont. and Winnipeg, Manitoba (sent by Mr.

Geo. W. Taylor). Those from the latter locality are long and

slender with a very strong callus inside of the parietal wall, in which

the lamellz are in appearance nearly buried.

Pupa Pilsbryana n. sp.

Among a few examples of the smaller form of “Pupa hordacea

Gabb ” now described by Mr. Pilsbry as hordeacella from Arizona, in

’ Mr. W. G. Mazyck’s collection, there was one specimen of an evidently

new species, well formed and mature, and fresh although dead.

Possibly there are more such in lots of the species mentioned above

and sent out by Gabb. A few days ago among Pupide from Albu-

querque I found 4 examples, although somewhat different, evidently

being of the same species, which consequently is confirmed. [Known

from the region of the Rio Grande del Norte, and that of the

Colorado River, and being doubtless distinct from all the species de-

scribed, it is to be brought to general knowledge under a new name,

124 THE NAUTILUS.

for which I propose that of Mr. Pilsbry, the active student of our

Pupidee, to whom I am indebted for a number of valuable specimens

and facilities to examine such.

Description: Shell minute, narrowly perforate, cylindrical-oblong

to cylindrical, somewhat attenuated towards the rather blunt apex,

colorless (when fresh glassy) with a very delicate bluish tint, smooth

and polished, with few, irregular, microscopic strize which are more

marked near the aperture. Whorls 43-53 moderately rounded with

a rather deep suture especially in the upper half, regularly and

slowly increasing, the embryonal being relatively large, the last some-

what ascending toward the aperture; the latter of moderate size,

lateral, subovate, margins approached, peristome somewhat expanded

without a thickened lip or a callus in the palatal wall; outside is a

barely perceptible trace of a crest near the margin and behind that a

slight impression most marked upon the inferior palatal fold.

Lamelle 4 or 5; one apertural, rather high of moderate length,

simple; one columellar, horizontal, of moderate size, simple ; basal

very small or wanting; palatals the typical, inferior deeper seated,

of moderate size, superior small or very small.

Alt. 1.5-1.7 ; diam. 0.8-0.9mm.

There is a slight variation ; the example from New Mexico being

of lesser diameter, and having no trace of a basal lamella.

The soft parts have not been seen so far, but will be of high interest,

since, to judge from the shell, our species seems to be an intermediate

form between the hordeacella, etc., group, and P. curvidens, especially

its var. gracilis.

P. Pilsbryana has much resemblance in shape and size to small,

albino examples of P. hordeacella Pilsb., but, under a glass, is at once

distinguished by the shorter, simple apertural lamella not ending at

or very near the upper termination of the palatal margin, as it

is in hordeacella, and by the smooth surface; the fine bluish hue

may also be a distinguishing character if it prove constant.

Vertigo (?) variolosa Gould.

So far as I know, no specimen of this species from the continent

is existing now in collections, that or those in the B. & B. collection

having been lost sometime; but in the same, among a number of P.

contracta Say, from Jamaica, one has been detected lately. Mr.

Henry Moores of Columbus, Ohio, has had one example from Cuba,

collected some 35 years ago by John Bartlett, and he was kind enough

tolenditto me. Itis more conical than in the figure and there are two

a |

THE NAUTILUS. 1H

lamellz in the palatal wall, yet there is hardly a doubt but that it

represents Gould’s species. Messrs. Geo. W. & P. B. Webster took

much pains, last fall and winter, on their trips in eastern Florida, to

secure specimens, but so far did not succeed. Whoever visits the

Peninsula should look after it.

From the whole configuration and especially the lamellee, variolosa

appears to be a Vertigo.

Vertigo gouldii Binn.

The true V. gouldii* has been collected at Helena, Mont., by Mr.

I. B. Elliott, and at Ottawa, Ont., by Mr. Geo. W. Taylor; from the

latter place in 2 somewhat differing forms. To mention it here, my

V. callosa has not been found South of New York, nor west of

middle Ohio, so far, to my knowledge, and among hundreds of small

Pupidee collected in Northeastern Ohio, by Mr. A. Pettingell, there

was no example of that species.

Vertigo binneyana Sterki.

When this species was first published, ? I had only 2 examples

from Helena, Mont., and 2 from Winnipeg, Manitoba, but was

satisfied that it is a distinct form Since then I have seen 2 from

Glendive, Mont., and one from Albuquerque, N. Mex., the latter

differing somewhat from the northern example, but unmistakably

ranging with them. Thus it seems to live in the whole region of the

western mountains.

Vertigo bollesiana Morse.

Specimens have been collected at Sewanee, Tenn., the most

southern habitat on the continent I know of, by Mr. Sanderson

Smith. But a short time ago I saw, in a number of P. servilis Gld.,

from St. Croix, W. I., one example of this species, with rather strong

lamellae. Whether it was collected with its companions or later

accidently mixed in, is hardly to be decided otherwise than by other

specimens brought from the West Indies.

The species is variable. Most examples from New York, Ohio, etc.,

are of good size, regularly striate, and of chestnut color, while those from

New England and Canada are generally smaller, lighter in color and

searcely striate or nearly smooth ; the inferior columellar (or “basal”’)

lamella is sometimes quite small or even wanting. A peculiarity of

1 Sterki, four new Vertigo sp.in Proc. Acad. Phila., 1890.

2 Min (Cs

126 THE NAUTILUS.

this species is a very small, nodule-like supra-apertural lamella ; but

by no means constant, very often just a trace or entirely wanting. In

its European equivalent, V. substriata Jeffr., this lamella is well

formed and constant.

ON THE GENERIC POSITION OF ARION FOLIOLATUS, GOULD.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

After remaining unknown and almost mythical for nearly forty

years, the Arion foliolatus of Gould has been rediscovered by Mr.

Henry Hemphill, in Washington Territory. Specimens were sent to

Mr. W. G. Binney, which had been found near Gray’s Harbor and

at Olympia, and which are referable to two different forms, as follows:

Arion foliolatus Gould, type. One specimen agreeing with Gould’s

description and figure, from Olympia.

Arion foliolatus var. hemphilli W. G. Binney. Six specimens

from Chehalis River, near Gray’s Harbor. These slugs are described

by Mr. Binney as “ Bright yellow with bluish-black foot and edge

of foot ; reticulations dark reddish fawn.” The genitalia also differ

in some details from the type, but this may be partly due to a differ-

ent degree of maturity.

Mr. Binney has kindly sent me the internal shell, genitalia, and

skin of the typical example, as well as drawings of both, and copious

notes, and at his request I offer a few remarks on the generic position

of the species.

From the material I have examined, I should certainly have

regarded the slug as a Prophysaon with affinities to P. hemphilli.

But the Olympia example has lost the end of its body,’ and the

1 Mr. Hemphill, in his letter to Mr. Binney, relates of this example :—‘*When

I found the specimen I noticed a constriction about one-third of the distance between

the end of the tail and the mantle. I placed the specimen in a box with wet moss

and leaves, where it remained for 24 hours. When I opened the box to examine

the specimen I found I had two specimens instead of one. Upon examination of

both I found my large Prophysaon had cut off his own tail, at the place where I

noticed the constriction, and I was further surprised to find the severed tail piece

possessed as much vitality as the other part of the animal. The ends of both parts

at the point of separation were drawn in as if they were undergoing a healing proc-

ess.’ When the box containing the slug reached Mr. Binney, the tail-piece was

decomposed.

THE NAUTILUS. ; 127

special generic character, the caudal mucus pore, is lost. This, how-

ever, undoubtedly existed, for it is indicated in Gould’s description,

and Mr. Binney informs me that it is present in the examples of var.

hemphilli from the banks of Chehalis River. Hence the slug cannot

be a Prophysaon, and the question arises, is it an Arion? From the

peculiar reticulation, the position of the genital orifice, the shape of

the penis-sac, and the general character of all its parts, I think we

may safely say that it cannot be placed in Arion, nor does it agree

with any other described genus. We have therefore no option but

to propose a new generic name for it.

Phenacarion! n. g.

Animal limaciform, tapering, resembling a Prophysaon, but

possessing a caudal mucus pore or pit. Respiratory orifice on right

anterior side of mantle, about one-third of its length from the ante-

rior border. The mantle conceals a thin and subrudimentary cal-

careous plate, easily fractured. The sole is not differentiated into

parts. Genital orifice behind right tentacle. Jaw with numerous

ribs. Penis sac elongate, cylindrical, thick, not tapering.

The mantle of Phenacarion foliolatus is quite long, with the shell

situated near the respiratory orifice. There are black markings and

spots as figured by Gould. The body has large elongate or

irregular reticulations, the interspaces being minutely reticulated to

give the foliated effect on which the specific name was based. The

edge of the foot has dark transverse lines, alternating with paler

lines, much as in Arion ater. The sole is transversely and some-

what obliquely grooved, but there is no separate locomotive disc.

The jaw has about 23 ribs, denticulating either margin. The

genitalia are much like Prophysaon, and decidedly different from

Arion. The testicle (ovotestis) is somewhat subdivided. The vas

deferens enters at the end of the penis sac.

Mr. Binney’s notes concerning the typical P. foliolatus give

“general color of animal reddish-fawn, also of reticulations. On

the lower edge of the mantle, along the back from end of mantle to

tail, and above the edge of the foot, is a lighter band, and also on top

of neck almost to base of tentacles. The light band on edge of

mantle is irregularly speckled with reddish dots. Mantle minutely

tuberculated. The oblique perpendicular lines on edge of foot

alternate wide and narrow.”

1 phénax—an impostor; Arion.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Phenacarion might almost be a variety of Prophysaon hemphilli,

except for the generic character. Possibly Prof. E. D. Cope would

regard this as an instance of “the same specific form” existing

“though a succession of genera,” which he has regarded as probable

in his “ Origin of the Fittest” (quoted by Wallace, “ Darwinism,” p.

421). Indeed, it not very rarely happens that almost the only

difference between two species is a generic one. Good instances of

this are afforded among the Hymenoptera, e. g., the resemblance of

Vipio coloradensis Ashm., to Agathis vulgaris Cress., is almost exact

on superficial examination. Except the generic and family char-

acters, the Agathis is only a little larger with entirely fuscous wings,

and the posterior femora and tibise mostly orange—peculiarities

which might elsewhere be varietal only.

Norr.—Mr. Cockerell writes me that he now regards Phenacarion

as a subgenus of Prophysaon.—Ed.

‘

A FEW LAST WORDS ON CREPIDULA.

BY JOHN FORD.

In my article on Crepidula published in the 8th number of the

Nauriius, I endeavored to show that the shells described by Say as

C. glauca were altogether distinct from the C. fornicata of Linné,

and therefore the name should have been retained in Bulletin No. 30

of the National Museum recently published by Dr. Dall, instead of

discarded. As in the following number their distinctness from forni-

cata was acknowledged by Dr. Dall, no further evidence seems

necessary to sustain it.

The assertion by him however in the same issue, that the series of

shells presented by me to the National Museum under the name of

C. glauca “are distinct from C. fornicata but that they do not show

the characters called for by Say’s description,” does, perhaps,

challenge further remark ; since it appears to be partly correct and

partly conjectural. They are certainly not C. fornicata, but they as cer-

tainly do embody every character called for by Say’s description of the

true C. glauca written in 1821-2, and published in Vol. 2, Journal

of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; also in Say’s

Conchology of the United States.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

It is possible, as Dr. Dall asserts, that the series in question are

depressed specimens of C. convexa ;—the extreme convex form of

which he supposes to be caused by growing on the rounded surfaces

of small univalves, but I do not think it at all probable.

Quite a number of those in my own collection were taken from

small univalves but they are precisely the same in character as the

series alluded to, and, like them, are labeled C. glauca, Say. Asa

matter of fact the peculiarly arched forms known as C. convexa are

very rare on our immediate coasts, while those described as O. glauca

are comparatively plentiful.

Why should there be this disparity in numbers? It surely cannot

be for the want of those “roosting conditions” so needful to the

growth of C. convexa, since it is well known that the small univalves

of our region greatly outnumber the large ones.

Though many hundreds of the former have been examined by me

I have never seen a C. convexa upon them. I have also scanned

every available point on the New Jersey coast scores of times within

the last twenty-five years, and during all of that period have secured

but six specimens (all dead), corresponding to Say’s description of

C. convexa.

This fact of course proves nothing; nevertheless, until further

evidence to the contrary is adduced I shall deem it prudent to con-

sider them two distinct and well-marked species.

Should they, however, eventually prove to be the same, even

then, as my friend, Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, has stated, the name C. glauca,

having precedence over C. convexa in Say’s original paper, must

always stand for the type form, and be entitled therefore to a“ place

of honor ”’ in all monographs of the genus.

Young Collectors’ Department.

COLLECTING LAND SHELLS IN EASTERN NEW YORK.

BY DW. SS. LHATOR:

(Continued from February No.)

More careful hunting under the logs will bring to light good

specimens of Zonites arboreus, indentatus, and viridulus; the last

two rather scarce. Also a few Zonites fulvus, H. labyrinthica and

130 THE NAUTILUS.

pulchella, and Pupa contracta ; but they are more partial to swampy

situations, and with other small species are found in great numbers

in certain places farther back in the country. Just one dead shell

of nitidus has been taken—near the water, and it would seem to bea

splendid locality for them. The albolabris is worthy of special

mention on account of the superior size to which they attain: very

seldom are they less than 30 mill. in diameter, while one shell

measures 36. The H. palliata also are very perfect.

From the lower end of these woods to the ‘Vly’ is but a short

distance; a long narrow strip of woodland lies on the north side of

the causeway and forms the entire south shore of the cove. Here

the conditions are much different; the ground is not over a foot or

two above the high tides, and portions of it are occasionally

inundated. ‘The soil is of rich black mould with clay substratum,

and has produced a dense growth of trees, principally elm; and a

luxurious, almost tropical, undergrowth of shrubbery, ferns, and

weeds.

Here lives and flourishes a colony of Succinea obliqua that is

peculiarly interesting. During the warm months, May, June, July

and August, they are wonderfully abundant. After the rains they

are swarming over everything; feeding on the decaying rubbish,

crawling on the weeds and bushes, going up the trunks of trees, and

disporting themselves generally as if they really enjoyed their

existence. Sometimes I have observed eighteen or twenty large

fellows gathered around the foot of a tree as if on the point of a

forward march of ascension. They never go very high however; I

have not noticed them beyond five or six feet from the ground. Nor

do they confine their attention to the woods; for in an adjacent large

meadow many of them may be found traveling in the deep grass, some

as much as a third of a mile away on the hillsides. So congenial are

all the conditions surrounding them that they grow to surprising pro-

portions; the best shells average 24 to 25 millimeters, often exceed-

ing this. I have recently obtained one that is 28 mill. long. Mr.

Pilsbry, to whom I sent a few specimens, says of them, “they are

simply phenomenal in size.””, Mr. Binney tells me one rarely meets

such large ones. The greatest length he mentions in his Manual of

American Land Shells is 25 mill. Toward the latter part of

summer the older ones die off rapidly, and late in the fall very few

of them can be seen—but some of course survive the winter, while

plenty of young will be left in the field for another year, which

THE NAUTILUS. 131

hibernate so carefully that one is amazed when spring opens to find

such armies of them.

Living along with Succinee are H. thyroides and alternata ; shells

of the former quite pretty, some of them delicate

pink color, and a number of specimens are encir-

cled with two or three bands of white, seem-

ingly eroded. Macrocylis coneava and Zonites

fulvus also occur. Pupe are scarce ; I have only

seen a few contracta and pentodon. In the

wettest parts of the woods, in the moss, great numbers

of Pomatiopsis lapidaria can be gathered; also

Carychium exiguum; and in the cove and river in

the near vicinity are twenty or more species of fresh water shells,

many of them of excellent quality.

H. thyroides.

During the early part of the present winter, as frosty days were

quite the exception, I visited “ Almont”

frequently for collecting, all of them

delightfully successsful trips. | Have

= gleaned much of interest regarding the

SENS! 2 hibernation of the different snails there

found. Here are my notes for the 7th of January this year:

“ Particularly numerous at this time are HH. palliata, though not so

easily found as in summer. They are invariably closed with the

epiphragm, lying aperture upward, looking very pretty when first

exposed to the light, their pearly white lips contrasting beautifully

with the dark epidermis. Old bark nests seem to be a favorite place

for them to congregate for winter. Sometimes they will be found

singly, often five or six grouped together; and at times as many as

twenty or thirty distributed about a single little vicinity. A situa-

tion of this sort is often chosen by H. monodon (fraterna) ; this

species can thus be found to the extent of twenty or more individuals

in a cluster wintering along with H. palliata. Once in a while the

collector is pleased by the finding of a large Zonites fuliginosus

\ buried his whole depth in the ground, and

nothing visible save the membranous covering

over the aperture. H. albolabris, usually so

plentiful in the warm season is now apparently

very scarce ; not over a half dozen live ones found

Z. fuliginosus. | this winter, and they were among the leaves, par-

tially imbedded. In another wood near here the boys while raking

132 THE NAUTILUS.

leaves late last fall obtained for me about one hundred specimens

hibernating in the same way. H. thyroides at this time is occasionally

gotten here and more especially at the ‘ Vly,’ mostly buried in the

earth. In a few instances I find the animal out and crawling, ob-

served them to-day, and on the 26th of December. <A cluster of

very well-developed fulvus was obtained on the latter date under

stones near tide water. A goodly quantity of S. ovalis was gathered

a while ago, among and attached to broken rushes between the tides

(dormant); but their number has greatly decreased since last

summer.”

Thus the region is more than doubly interesting to the conchologist,

and it is one of the fields to which I have given considerable

attention.

Z. fuliginosus.

GENERAL NOTES.

The party of scientists in Mexico from the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia are now in the neighborhood of Vera Cruz.

When last heard from they were about to make an ascent of the

volcano of Orizaba ; after which they will travel inland.

I find Hehx clausa abundant in vacant lots within the city limits

of St. Louis. Found a dozen last summer clinging to leaves of elder

berry bushes (Sambucus canadensis) at a height of six feet or more

from the ground.—G. D. Lryp, St. Louis, Mo.

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UTILUS

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Vel, iit. APRIL, 1890. No. 12.

CONTENTS:

PAGE.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW VARIETIES OF NORTH AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.

Henry Hemphill. 2 : : : : : 5 1188

NOTES ON SOME NORTHERN PUPIDAE WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW

Species. Dr. V. Sterki. : ; : ; j 5 ISS

ANNOTATED LIsT OF THE SHELLS OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA. C. W. Johnson. 137

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VOL. HI. APRIL, 1890. No. 12.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW VARIETIES OF NORTH AMERICAN

LAND SHELLS.

BY HENRY HEMPHILL.

(1.) Patula strigosa Gld. var. subcarinata.

The shell in general form resembles a large coarse elevated or

depressed Cooperi. It has six whorls, well rounded above and

beneath, and subearinated at the periphery. The body whorl has

two revolving dark bands, one above and the other below the

periphery ; sometimes the upper band spreads over the shell to the

suture forming a dark chestnut zone that fades out as it passes

toward the apex. The lip is simple, thickened, its terminations

joined by a callus; aperture obliquely subangulate; the suture is

well impressed.

Height of the largest specimen 1 inch, breadth 12 inch.

Height of the smallest specimen } inch, breadth 1 inch.

Habitat, Rathdrum, Idaho.

(2.) Patula strigosa Gld. var. bicolor.

This shell is a colored variety of the above.

It may be characterized as being of a general dark horn color

mingled with dirty white; there are occasional zones of dark horn

color above and fine dark lines beneath, but no defined bands. In

some of the specimens the light color prevails, in others the horn

color spreads over the shell in irregular patches.

Height ¢ inch, breadth 1% inch.

Habitat, Rathdrum, Idaho.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

(3.) Patula strigosa Gld. var. lactea.

This is a beautiful clear milk-white shell, with 53 whorls, sub-

carinated at the periphery. In the elevated forms the aperture is

nearly circular, as broad as high; but in the depressed forms the

aperture is broader than high, obliquel¥ subangulate. The lip is

simple, thickened, its terminations joined by a heavy callus,—the

thickening of the lip and callus is a shade darker than the body of

the shell.

Height of the largest specimen 1 inch, breadth 14 inch.

Habitat, Rathdrum, Idaho.

The above varieties represent a colony of the largest specimens of

the Strigosa group that I have collected. They are an important

and very interesting addition to the series, and serve to confirm my

previous views on the relationship of what I call the Strigosa group.

This colony inhabits open places in the dense pine forests of the

mountains, overgrown with deciduous bushes. They hibernate among

leaves, brush and roots of trees and in protected and secure places,

generally on the north slopes of the mountains.

(4.) Patula strigosa Gld. var. jugalis.

Shell umbilicated, depressed with numerous prominent oblique

strie ; spire very moderately elevated or depressed ; whorls 53 some-

what flattened above, but more convex beneath, the last falling in

front, with two dark revolving bands, one at the periphery and the

other above; the body whorl subcarinated at its beginning but

more rounded as it approaches the aperture; suture well impressed ;

color ashy white with occasional horn colored stains; umbilicus

large, pervious, showing the volutions; aperture oblique, ovate,

but in very depressed specimens the aperture is at right angles with

the axis of the shell; lip simple, thickened, its terminations approach-

ing and joined by a thick heavy callus, making the lip in very adult

specimens continuous.

Height of the largest specimens 3 inch, breadth 1 inch.

Height of the smallest specimens 75 inch, breadth 15 inch.

Habitat, Banks of Salmon River, Idaho.

This is another interesting form of the very variable strigosa. It

inhabits stone piles, and other places where it can find shelter and

protection against the fatal rays of the summer’s sun, close along the

banks of the river. It is interesting on account of its very depressed

form and the ovate form of the aperture, the heavy callus, join-

ing or “yoking” together the extremities of the lip.

THE NAUTIJLUS. 135

(5.) Patula strigosa Gld. var. intersum.

Shell umbilicated, subleuticular, depressed, thin, dark horn color,

more or less stained with darker chestnut. Whorls 53 or 6, some-

what flattened above, more convex beneath, obtusely carinated at the

periphery and bearing numerous coarse oblique rib-like striz, and

two dark revolving bands; suture well impressed; umbilicus large,

pervious; aperture oblique, subangulated; lip simple, thickened,

its terminations joined by a thick callus.

Height of the largest specimen 3 inch, breadth ? inch.

Height of the smallest specimen 75 inch, breadth 7, inch.

Habitat. Bluffs along the banks of little Salmon River, Idaho.

RemMArkKs.—This shell inhabits stone piles at the foot of a steep

bluff back some distance from the river. It seems to be quite rare

as I found but few specimens during the two or three days of my

stay in its vicinity, and many of them were dead. I regard it as one

of the most interesting shells found by me during the season, for it

combines the depressed angulated or keeled forms of the Haydeni

side of the series, with the sculpturing of Idahoensis, two shells

representing opposite characters in every respect. It thus becomes

the companion of Wahsatchensis, a beautiful shell combining the

same characters, but much more developed and connected with the

large elevated forms. Var. intersum fills the opposite office by

uniting these characters with the small depressed forms. Taken as

a whole, this series of shells as now completed, seems to me to offer

the best guide or key to the study of species that the student can

have. Every known external character belonging to the genus

Helix, is so gradually modified and blended with opposite characters,

that if one had the molding or making of the many and various

intermediate forms, he could scarcely make the series more complete

than nature has done herself.

NOTES ON SOME NORTHERN PUPIDAE WITH DESCRIPTION OF A

NEW SPECIES.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

Vertigo tridentata Wolf.

Has a wide distribution in the northern part of the country ;

originally found in Illinois, it has been collected in different parts of

136 THE NAUTILUS.

Ohio and New York, as well as in Minnesota and Colorado. In

general it is remarkably constant in its characters; yet there are

slight differences ; here I found a few examples from low ground,

together with V. ovata; they were a trifle larger, with a thicker and

deeper colored shell than those from upland places.

Vertigo Oscariana Sterki. 1

In drift with numerous minute shells, from Guadalupe River,

Texas, kindly sent by Wm. A. Marsh, I found one specimen of this

species, which, consequently, is not confined to eastern Florida, where

it was detected by Messrs. Webster, but may be widely spread over

the southern part of our country.

vie

It may be appropriate to add here some notes concerning a few forms

of Vertigo which, in my opinion, represent new species, but of which

the specimens extant are not sufficient for a formal publication. By

this, I expect to obtain, possibly, more material in order either to

confirm the species or refer the forms to their nearest relatives.

In 1887, Mr. A. A. Hinkley, of DuBois, [l., sent me, with other

Pupidee, one specimen of a Vertigo, probably new, and in 1889

another of the same; the said gentleman and Mr. Wm. A. Marsh

kindly forwarded me all their Pupidee, for examination, but so far I

found no other example; yet I am satisfied such will be found. The

form is related to Vertigo ovata and Gouldi, but different and is

characterized by the two palatal lamelle being close together, for

what reason I gave it the mss. name V. approximans.

Among several hundred small Pupidze collected in Northeastern

Ohio (Summit and Lake counties) by Mr. A. Pettingell, there were

two examples of a doubtless new species, which I in the same way

named V. parvula. It is about of the size, shape and appearance

of V. (Angustula) milium Gld.; but ranges in quite another group,

having a quite simple palatal wall and margin, and only 3 lamelle.

In Texas, Vertigos seem to be decidedly rare. In many hundreds

of Pupidee from that state Mr. J. A. Singley and Mr. Wm. A. Marsh

kindly forwarded me, there were only about half a dozen such ; a few

milium, one rugosula, m, one oscariana, as mentioned above, and

one specimen of a form which probably will prove to be a new

species of quite a peculiar formation.

LE aes

THE NAUTILUS. 18s¢/

One single specimen of a decidedly new and interesting form was

among those Pupide from Albuquerque, N. M., sent by Mr. L. B.

Elliott. The whole formation is that of a Vertigo, but it is purely

albino (2. e., colorless or white); the only one of this kind in the genus.

Its altitude is 1-6 mm.; the lamelle are nearly those of V. Binneyana,

but the palatal wall has quite a different configuration, and the whorls

except the last are regularly striate.

New Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 10, 1890.

ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SHELLS OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.

BY C. W. JOHNSON.

Bythinella tenuipes Couper. Common in a small stream near the

city and at Tocoi on the St. John’s River.

Amnicola granum Say. Common in the upper part of Moultrie

Creek.

Paludina georgiana Lea. Common in tributaries of the St. John’s,

west of St. Augustine.

Campeloma lima Anth. Found with the above, but not as

plentiful.

Ampullaria depressa Say. Common with the two preceding

species. A less depressed variety is found in a swamp near Matanzas

Inlet.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Common.

Nerita peloronta L. One living specimen on the water battery of

Fort Marion.

Nerita versicolor Lam. Two living specimens. I believe this is

the most northern locality recorded for Nerita on the Atlantic Coast.

Neritina reclivata Say. Common at the mouth of small fresh water

streams.

Neritina virginea L. A number of specimens found in brackish

water near Matanzas.

Fissurella alternata Say. Common.

Acteon punctatus @Orb. One specimen.

Tornatina canaliculata Say. Not common.

Aplysia protea Rang. Common at low-water on a bar at the

mouth of Hospital creek.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

Glandina truneata Gmel. Common. This species is always

plentiful near the coast but rare in the interior.

Guppya gundlachi Pfr. Specimens were identified as this by Rev.

EK. Lehnert.

Zonites (Hyalina) arboreus Say. Common.

Zonites (Hyalina) indentatus Say. Common.

Zonites (Hyalina) minusculus Binn. Not common.

Zonites (Hyalina) milium Morse. Found associated with Pupa

pentodon Say.

Patula ceca Guppy.

Patula (Helicodiseus) lineata Say. Common.

Helix (Mesodon) jejuna Say. Common.

Helix (Triodopsis) hopetonensis Shutt. Not common.

Helix (Polygyra) auriculata Say. Not common.

Helix (Polygyra) pustula Fer. Common near Matanzas.

Helix (Polygyra) cereolus Mihlf. Common.

Helix (Polygyra) cereolus var. microdonta Desh. Common. It is

the form called H. carpenteriana Bland.

Helix (Polygyra) cereolus var. septemvolva Say. The large speci-

mens mentioned by Mr. Binney are common on the walls of Fort

Marion. This species varies so greatly that the separation of

varieties is merely a matter of selection and intermediate forms

remain which connect them together.

Helix (Strobila) hubbardi A. D. Brown. ‘This species is common

on the trunks and limbs of orange trees in some parts of the city.

Bulimulus dormant W. G. Binney. A few specimens found in

Cowan Swamp.

Pupa fallax Say. Common.

Pupa pentodon Say. Not common.

Pupa hordeacella Pilsbry. Common.

Strophia microstoma Pfr. One specimen among the debris on the

beach.

Strophia sp.? This and the above probably floated from the

Bahamas.

Succinea campestris Say. Common.

Suceinea aurea Lea. Common on Anastasia Island.

Succinea obliqua Say. Not common.

Succinea luteola Gould. Not common.

Carychium exiguum. Common.

Melampus lineatus Say. (M. bidentatus Say.) Common.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

Melampus flavus Gmel. Not common.

Limnea humilis Say. Common in fresh water ponds on Anastasia

Island.

Physa pomilia Conr. Common with the above species.

Physa heterostropha Say. Some young specimens evidently this

species, from Tocoi St. John’s River.

» Planorbis tumidus Pfr. Common in ponds on Anastasia Island.

Planorbis dilatatus Gld. A few specimens near St. Mark’s pond.

Aneylus (Acroloxus) filosus Conr. Common in a swamp near

Matanzas.

Ancylus sp.? At Tocoi on the St. John’s River.

Siphonaria lineolata d’Orb. Common on the old light house rocks.

HELIX HORTENSIS IN AMERICA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

There seems to be a prevalent opinion that this species does not

belong to America at all, but was introduced, like H. nemoralis.

This idea, however, is surely without foundation, and Mr. W. G.

Binney tells me that he regards the species as naturally present in

America. The distribution, though, is curious, and half suggests the

idea (which I believe is without reasonable foundation) that the

hardy Norsemen of old may have carried the snail about for food,

and so imported it where they went. At all events, it frequents the

places they visited. Starting with New England, the species goes

north to Canada, Labrador and Greenland. It appears also in

Iceland, and a small variety occurs in the Shetland Is., * and so we

come to the continent of Europe, where it abounds.

H. hortensis is readily known from H. nemoralis, when ordinary

characters fail, by the shape of its “dart.” It is also less variable

than nemoralis. I have examined specimens of the following

varieties, collected in America :—

(1.) Helix hortensis var. vallotia Moq.

There is an example of this variety from Labrador in the British

Museum.

1 The Shetland form was first named var. zaza, but not described. It is now

known as var. minor Jeffreys.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

(2.) H. hortensis var. pallida Ckll.

Magnolia, Mass. This variety is pale purplish or purplish-brown,

without bands.

(3.) H. hortensis var. quinquevittata Moq.

Magnolia. This is yellow with five bands.

'(4,) H. hortensis var. rufozonata CkIl.

Magnolia. Three specimens. Straw colored with red-brown bands,

five in number.

(5.) H. hortensis var. subalbida Locard.

Magnolia. Very pale yellow, or whitish, bandless.

(6.) H. hortensis var. lutea Moq.

Magnolia. Pale yellow and bandless. This specimen belongs

also to hybrida Jeftreys, because it has the lip of the shell tinged pale

brown. This variety, combining the characters mentioned, may

accordingly be written var. lutea-hybrida.

(7.) H. hortensis var. subglobosa. (Binney.)

Shell greenish or brownish-yellow or honey-color. Parietal wall

pale yellow, sharply defined from the darker (external) part of shell.

Outer wall within white. This example, from Magnolia, is rather

larger than the others, max. diam. 223 mill. This interesting variety

is the H. subglobosa of Binney.

The varieties above enumerated from Magnolia, Mass., were sent

to me by Mr. J. A. Singley, who obtained them from E. W. Roper.

They were marked “ introduced.”

All the above varieties are known in Europe except subglobosa.

Vars. vallotia, quinquevittata, subalbida and lutea were described

from France orginally, while pallida and rufozonata were first de-

scribed from England.

Mr. F. R. Latchford informs me that the examples he has of H.

hortensis, collected by Prof. Macoun on Anticosti Island, are some

plain yellow, and others with five brown bands. These will belong to

lutea and quinquevittata respectively.

West Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado, Jan. 28, 1890.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

For some time past the formation of an American Association

of Conchologists has been spoken of, among some members of the

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences and others. The need

of some such organization to systematize the work now being per-

formed by many specialists in different parts of America, is

almost self-evident; and, as everything must have a beginning, a

meeting took place in Philadelphia upon April 2, 1890, at the

office of Mr. John H. Campbell, the originator of the idea, and

the “ American Association of Conchologists” was the result. A

president and a secretary were selected, in order to carry into effect

the purpose of the Association and the first annual election of

officers was fixed for the first Wednesday of June next, so as to

enable all new members enrolled before that time, to take part

therein.

As it would be impossible to hold regular meetings, of members

residing at so many widely scattered points, no provision is made

therefor. At some future time, if the Association becomes large

enough, the members may determine to hold a Convention. No

dues or charges are attached to membership, as there will be prac-

tically no expenses connected with the Association, beyond postage

stamps and stationery. If such expenses, become very great, the

members can provide for them in the future, by a small annual

charge, but for the present it will be unnecessary. It is desirable

also that students and young collectors shou!d not be deterred from

joining the Association by reason of expenses attached to the mem-

bership.

Each member is required by the rules (which are given below),

to choose some special subject for study. This was considered by

the meeting to be the most important part of the rules. By con-

centrating the attention of a member upon some particular branch

of conchology or some special family or division of the Mollusca,

he will be enabled to accomplish better results, even if he be a

collector only, than he will if he attempt to cover the whole range

of subjects. Hence even a beginner is required to make a selection.

Members can afterwards widen the range of their studies, as they

progress in knowledge.

Each member is urged to make a special collection of shells, etc.,

within his particular department, and is required, so far as his

department goes, to aid the other members in naming shells, deter-

mining questions, etc. For instance, if a member desires to make

an inquiry about North American Land and Fresh Water Shells,

he will write to a specialist on that subject ; if about South American,

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Shells, he will write to Mr. Johnson, ete., etc. In this way, with a

widely extended list of members, no one may be at a loss to find a

solution to problems, which distance from Museums or difficulty in

consulting books, ordinarily puts it out of his power to obtain. By

joining the Association, a member is received into a brotherhood of

scientists, ready and willing to help him in his studies, Joining

forces in this way, must eventually be of benefit to Conchological

Science.

Below will be found the names and addresses of the members of

the Association, together with the list of subjects chosen. An

invitation is extended to all American students and collectors to

enroll themselves in the Association. All applications for member-

ship should be made to Mr. Charles W. Johnson, Secretary, Wagner

Institute, Philadelphia.

List oF MEMBERS.

John H. Campbell, President, 740 Sansom Street, Philadelphia.

Cypraeidae.

Charles W. Johnson, Secretary, Wagner Institute, Philadelphia.

South American Mollusca.

Charles T. Simpson, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D. C.

Geographical Distribution and Nomenclature.

H. A. Pilsbry, Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Land

and Fresh Water Shells generally.

Rev. A. Dean, Muncy, Pa. Fuside.

John Ford, 2602 Brown Street, Philadelphia. Olividae.

Uselma C. Smith, 707 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Conidae.

John Shallcross, 627 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Valutidae.

F.C. Baker. Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Muri-

cidae.

Wm. J. McGinty, 2103 Vine Street, Philadelphia. Marginellidae.

Theodore G. Brinton, 755 Corinthian Avenue, Philadelphia.

Mitridae.

Joseph Willcox, 1810 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Genus

Fulgur.

S. Raymond Roberts, Glen Ridge, N. J. Cypraeidae.

[Thirteen new members (including Mr. Wm. H. Dall) have been

added since printing the above lists. Their names will appear in next

number of the Nautilus—J. H. C.]

THE NAUTILUS. 143

Rules of the Association.

1. The name of this association shall be the “ American Associa-

tion of Conchologists.”

2. Its object shall be to enlist its members in the systematic study

of the Mollusca, so that by harmonious co-operation better results

may be accomplished for science.

3. There shall be no dues or charges attached to membership.

4. The officers shall be a President, vice-President and Secre-

tary, who shall be chosen annually upon the first Wednesday of

June. Upon that day each member shall send a communication to

the Secretary, designating his choice for officers, and the person

receiving the highest number of votes for each position shall be

declared elected and shall assume office upon the 15th of June

following.

5. The officers shall constitute a committee on membership. An

applicant must be proposed to the Secretary, and upon a unanimous

recommendation of the committee shall be enrolled as a member of

the association.

6. As soon as possible after enrollment, each member shall select

for special study some group, family or division of Mollusca, or

some special branch of Conchology, and inform the President of

his selection.

7. Members shall aid each other in naming shells, determining

species, settling disputed questions, ete.

8. They shall also, whenever possible, make special collections

of shells, ete. They are recommended also to make general collec-

tions, representing the leading genera and forms, both recent and

fossil.

Young Collectors’ Department.

LEAVES FROM A DIARY.

BY M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.

“We had thought the cliff at White’s Point, Los Angeles

County, hard to descend, but, when we saw the precipitous trail

down which we were to pass at Point Fermin, we almost held our

144 THE NAUTILUS.

breath! After a while, C. and J. being in advance, they ealled to

E. and I that the trail was not so bad after all. We slid down, or,

jumped down, as loose dirt or stones were under our feet, and,

sooner than we hoped for, we were on the rocky beach below.

Almost at the top of the cliff I had found, in the sandy rock, the

Acmea patina; and the first shell I found on the wet rocks, was a

live Acmea patina, Esch.! On a great mossy bed of solid stone

about 40 feet square I found the Conus Californicus, Hds. so thick,

I was reminded of wild strawberry picking in my younger days.

The Conus in almost every instance was partly hidden in the wet

moss. Near this mossy carpet.three Cyprea (Luponia) spadicea,

Gray, were found by C. and J. If the collecting of the Conus

reminded me of picking strawberries, the Zuponia in his shell with

his red mantle dotted with bright yellow dots, was a huge strawberry

himself! From under him rose his thin mantle until it almost

covered his glossy shell. The shell shaded brown and drab, with a

suggestion of the blue of the sky between the two colors, the trans-

parent mantle, so gaily dotted with yellow, rising up over the

brightly colored shell until it nearly met above in a frilled border,

was a sight all five of us stood around and gazed at in wonder and

admiration! Our delight found expression, then slowly the mantle

was drawn down and out of sight.”

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE IowA ACADEMY OF SCIENCEs, for 1887-

1889, contains a history of the organization, and the following

Conchological papers: Notes on the gross anatomy of Campeloma ;

on a new fossil Limneid; The parvus group of Unionidee, by

R. E. Call. There are also a number of papers on geology, botany

and entomology by various authors. From R. E. Call.

REPORT ON THE ANIMALS OF THE WATERS OF THE MIssIsstpPi

Bottom NEAR Quincy, ILL, by H. Garman, Zool. Assist. Ill.

State Lab. Nat. Hist. In a series of papers of which this is the

first, it is purposed to set forth in a general way an exhibit of the

animal life of the Waters of Illinois as related to fish-culture pri-

marily, but also and finally in relation to nature at large. The

present pamphlet treats of all forms of animal life observed at

Quincy, in August, 1888. <A short list of mollusks, with notes, is

given on pp. 25 to 27. From 8. A. Forbes, Director Ill. State Lab.

INSEL.

THE NAUTILUS. lil

— — —— _ ES

BxXCHAN GES.

, NOTE. A RED MARK IN THIS SPACE SHOWS THAT YOUR SUB-

} SCRIPLION TO NAUTILUS WILL EXPIRE WITH THIS NUMBER.

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Wanted.— Young developing specimens of Pelecypods and Gasteropods for the study of shell

growth. Offered— Similar material ROBERT T. JACKSON, 89 Charles St., Boston, Mass.

MRS, JAS. E. TANNER, 17 Lincoln Ave., Cortland N.Y.,hasa few sea shells to exchange

for others.

SS OE

FOR DISPOSAL :— Land, Fresh-Water, and Marine Shells from Europe, India, Cuba,

Mexico, South Africa, and Australia.— All good specimens, correctly named, and localized.

WANTED North American Shells— English specimens offered in exchange. (No Post

Cards.) Address to

DR. J.T. T. REED,

Ryhope, Sunderland, England.

Cones’ New Key to North American Birds.

Revised Edition containing a fullaccount ofevery known species,

8)0 pages, 561 illustrations. Bound in cloth or flexible leather. $7.00

Illustrated prospectus for 4c. postage. I. C. Greene, Fitchburg, Mass.

WHeSr COAST SHELLS.

By Prof. Jostau Keep, Mills College, California.

A familiar description of the Marine, Fresh-Water and

Land Mollusks, found in the United States, West of the

Rocky Mountains. 182 Illustrations, 230 pages. The

frontispiece is a hand-painted engraving of the very rare

SQ and beautiful Surcula Carpenteriana, Gabb.

y ]) ‘Yo aid in the study of Shells, the pronunciation of the

“y ) Latin names is indicated, and a Glossary, Key, Biographi-

cal Index of Naturalists, and a Check List are added.

Beautifully printed and bound, Price, postpaid, $1.75.

Helix (Aglaia) fidelis, Gray, Oregon. SAML. CARSON & CO., Publishers, 208 Post St., San

Francisco.

wy \ WS

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THE WEST AMBRICAN SCIBNTIST

Will hereafter be published by the undersigned. Mr. CHARLES R. ORCUTT of San Diego

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FOR SALE .— Mounted Odontophores of twenty-

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list to

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